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THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS
FLOBA
OF
BBITISH INDIA.
Dates of Publication of the Several Parts of this Volume.
Part X. pp. 1-256, was published June 1883.
„ XI. pp. 257-512 „ Jan. 1884.
„ XII. pp. 513 to end, „ Aug. 1885.
THE JlkMt^cL^.
FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA.
SIR J. D. HOOKER, C.B., K.C.S.I.
M.D., F.E.S., D.C.L. OXON., LL.D. CANTAB.
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, AND HON. MEMBER OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
ASSISTED BY VARIOUS BOTANISTS.
VOL. IV.
ASCLEPIADEjE to amarantaceje.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR
INDIA IN COUNCIL
LONDON:
L. REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1885.
LIBRARY
UNIVERSi 1 Y OF CALIFORNIA
LONDON":
FEINTED BI GILBEBT AND RiVINGTON, LIMITED,
ST. JOHN'S SQUAEE.
FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA.
Order XCV. ASCLEPIADEiE. (By J. D. Hooker.)
Herbs or shrabs, usually twining. Leaves opposite or obsolete, very rarely
alternate, quite entire, exstipulate. Inflorescence various, usually an axillary
umbelliforni cyme ; flowers regular, hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Calyx inferior,
lobes or segments imbricate. Corolla lobes or segments valvate or overlapping to
the right, very rarely to the left ; tube or throat often with a ring of hairs,
scales, or processes (the outer or corolline corona). Stamens at the base of the
corolla, filaments free in Periplocece with or without interposed glands ; in other
tribes, connate into a generally very short fleshy column, which usually bears a
simple or compound ring or series of scales or processes (inner or staminal
coroHa) that are attached to the filaments or to the back of the anthers, or to
both ; anthers crowning the column, connate or free, adnate by the connective to
the stigma, 2-celled ; tip often produced into an indexed membrane ; pollen
forming one or two granular or waxy masses in each cell, the masses united in
pairs or fours to a gland (corpuscle) which lies on the stigma. Ovary of' two
distinct superior carpels, enclosed within the staminal column ; styles 2, short,
uniting' in the stigma, which is 5-angled short and included between the
anthers, or is produced beyond them into a long or short simple or 2-fid column ;
ovules many, rarely few, 2-seriate in each carpel. Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds
compressed, usually flat ovoid winged and surmounted with a dense long brush
of hairs (coma) (absent in Sarcolobus) ; albumen copious, dense ; embryo large ;
cotyledons flat, radicle short, inferior. — Distrib. Species about 1,000, chiefly
tropical. — \
The analysis of the plants of this order is most difficult, and in dried specimens
never satisfactory, from the fleshiness and complexity of the coronal processes and
anthers. I have spent many months over the Indiau ones, and have kept pretty closo
to the generic limits adopted in the '• Genera Plantarum." I have, however, been
obliged to abandon .the tribe Stapeliece, to suppress Vincetoxicum, and to propose
several new genera.
Suborder I. Periploceae. Filaments usually free ; anthers acuminate
or with a terminal appendage ; pollen-masses granular, in pairs in each cell.
Tribe I. Periploceae. Characters of the Suborder.
* Coronal scales or processes 0.
Anthers with bearded appendages 1« Pentanura.
** Coronal scales corolline, free, short, thick.
Corolla very small, rotate, lobes valvate- .- 2. Hemidesmus.
VOL. IV. B
2 xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.)
Corolla small, rotate, lobes overlapping 3. Cryptolbpis.
Corolla large, funnel-shaped, lobes overlapping *3. Ceyptostegia.
*** Coronal scales 5, free, close to or adnate to the filament?.
t Coronal scales short, broad; filaments without interposed glands,
A pubescent twining shrub ; leaves opposite 4. Brachylepis.
An erect tree ; leaves alternate 5. Utleria.
ft Coronal scales filiform or subulate.
a. Filaments free ivithout interposed glands.
Cymes stout, pubescent. Corolla-lobes short, broad ... 6. Fint.aysonia.
Cymes slender, glabrous. Corolla-lobes slender, straight . 7. Atherostemon.
j3. Filaments free, with interposed teeth or glands.
Cymes slender, glabrous. Corolla-lobes short, triangular . 8. Atherolefis.
Cymes slender, glabrous. Corolla-lobes long, slender. . . 0- Atherandra.
Cymes short, sessile. Corolla-lobes short, ovate . . . .10. STBEPtocAUTXJN.
Cymes loosely panicled. Corolla-lobes lanceolate . . . .11. Mybioptbbon.
ttt Coronal scales short, broad; filaments connate, with interposed glands.
Cymes peduncled. Corolla-lobes ovate, valvate . . . .12. Decalepis.
**** Coronal scales connate into a lobed ring ; filaments without interposed
glands.
Corolla rotate, lobes overlapping 13. Ferifeoca.
Suborder IT. Euasclepiadeae. Filaments connate ; pollen-masses
waxy*.
Tribe IT. Secamonese. Anthers with a membranous inflexed tip :
pollen-masses in pairs in each cell (20 in all), sessile in lours (2 pairs) on the
corpuscle.
Corolla rotate, lobes overlapping to the right 14. Secamonb.
Corolla rotate, lobes overlapping to the left 15, Toxocarpus.
Corolla sotate, lobes valvate 16. Geni antius.
Tribe III. Cynanchese. Anthers with a membranous inflexed tip;
pollen-masses solitary in each cell (10 in all), sessile or pedicelled in pairs on
the corpuscle, pendulous.
* Corona single, corolline, 5-cleft 17. Geossonema.
** Corona double, corolline and staminal . . . .18. Oxystkeica.
*** Corona staminal, of 5 processes adnate to the anthers ; or 0.
f Stem erect.
Corolla valvate • Coronal processes laterally compressed . 19. Calotropis.
Corolla valvate. CoroDal processes spathulate *10. Asceeplas.
Corolla-lobes overlapping. Coronal processes short, fleshy . 20. Pentabothra.
ft Stem twining. Corolla-lobes overlapping.
Corolla campanulate. Coronal processes ligulate . . . .21. Raphfstemma.
Corolla rotate. Coronal processes laterally compressed . . i}2„ Prwtatropn*.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Coronal processes laterally compressed 23. Djbmia.
Cbrolla campanulate. Coronal processes 0 24. Adeeostemma.
xcv. AscLEPiADEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 3
**** Corona single, staminal, cupular or annular. Corolla rotate.
Corona of a 10-lobed ring, and 5 horny processes behind the
anthers 2"». Holost;
Corona annular. Leafy erect or twining herbs or shrubs . 26. Cynanchcm.
Corona annular. Leafless straggling shrubs ...... 27. Sarcoste?.'
Tribe IV. XMEarsdeniese. Anthers with a membranous inflexed tip
(absent in Physostelma and rarely in Hoya) ; pollen-masses solitary in each cell
(10 in all), sessile, or pedicelled in pairs on the corpuscle, erect (rarely horizon-
tal or pendulous in Tylophorci).
* Corolla-lobes overlapping. Corona 0r or corolline.
Stem twining. Corolla-lobes- short, Corona 0 28 Sarcolobtts.
Stem pendulous. Corolla-lobes long. Stigma included . . 29. Pentasacme.
Stem twining. Corolla lobes short. Corona on the corolla-
tube 30. Gymnema.
** Corolla-lobes overlapping. Coronal processes on the staminal column,
rarely 0. -
f Corolla urceolate companulate or salver-shaped.
Corolla urceolate. Coronal processes minute or 0. Stigma
included 31. Gongronema.
Corolla urceolate or salver-shaped. Coronal scales on thr
back of the anthers, simple -. Mabsdenia.
Corolla rotate or salver-shaped. Coronal scales on the back
of the anthcrf-, notched y -■'. Pergularia.
Corolla salver-shaped, coriaceous. Coronal scales 0 (in . ,
Indian species) '•■''■ S rEPHANOTis.
Corolla-lobes long, doubled down inwards in bud .... •••>. r ygisma.
ft Corolla rotate.
Cymes various. Column minute. Coronal processes fleshy . 36. Tylo^i
Cymes umbelliform. Column large; coronal processes simple ?~. ">
Cymes racemiform. Column minute, fleshy ; coronal pro-
cesses 2-fid $8. Cosmostk;
Cymes umbelliform, pendulous. Coronal scales spreading,
cuspidate 39. Drkgka.
*** Corolla valvate. Coronal processes adnate to the staminal column.
Corolla small, rotate. Column short, corona stellate. Fol-
licles slender 40. ITeterostf.mma.
Corolla large, rotate. Column short, corona stellate. Fol-
licles stout 41. Dittoceras.
Corolla urceolate or disciform. Corona cupular, fleshy . . 42. Oianthus.
Corolla minute, urceolate. Coronal scales membranous, erect 43. Dischidia.
Corolla rotate. Corona very large, stellate 44. Hoya.
Corolla cupular. Corona large, stellate ...... ■*"> ■ Phvs ■■istbi.ma.
Corolla-tube short, lobes long subulate. Ovary sunk in the
calyx-tube 46. Pycnorhachis.
Tribe V. Ceropegiese. Anthers incumbent on the stigma, without a
membranous tip ; pollen-masses one in each cell (10 in all) sessile in pairs on
the corpuscle, erect or horizontal. Corolla-lobes valvate in all.
b2
4 xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.)
* Corona double ; corolline lining the corolla-tube and forming minute
processes in the sinus of its lobes, staminal annular.
Calyx turbinate, 5-lobed. Corolla rotate 47. Leptadenia.
Calyx 5-partite. Corolla salver-shaped 48. Orthanthera.
** Corona staminal, simple or compound, annular, 5-10 lobed, with 5 pro-
cesses from its inner face which overlap the anthers.
t Leafy herbs ivith terete stems and branches.
Corolla rotate, lobes very narrow. Stem very slender, erect
or twining '49. Brachystelma.
Corolla-tube long. Stem stout or slender, erect or twining . 50. Ceropecha.
Corolla rotate. Stem erect and branches short, stout, fleshy . 51. Frerea.
ft Leafless he?'bs, with fleshy Wangled stems and branches.
Corolla rotate, lobes very narrow. Flowers lateral, subsolitary 52. Caralt.uma.
Corolla rotate, lobes very broad. Flowers terminal, umbelled 53. Boucerosia.
GENUS KNOWN BY NAME ONLY.
Odontanthera, Wight in Lindl. Veg. Kingd., 626.
Tribe 1. PEEIFLOCEffi.
1. PENTANURA, Blume.
Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, elliptic, strongly nerved.
Flowers small, fascicled on a short axillary peduncle, purplish. Calyx small,
5-glandular within. Corolla subcampanulate, fleshy ; lobes concave, over-
lapping to the right. Coronal scales 0. Filaments free, arched, bases distant ;
anthers oblong, adherent below to the stigma, tipped with bearded appendages;
pollen-masses granular ; appendages of the corpuscles stipitate, fiabellate. Stigma
capitate, 5-angled. Follicles divaricate, cvlindric. Seeds comose. — Species 2;
a Sumatran and the following.
P. khasiana, Kurz in Herb. Calcutt. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceo-
late acuminate at both ends, petiole slender. Pentanura sp., in regione Yunan
and Periploca khasiana, Benth. in Gen. 1*1. ii. 740 and 746.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., J. B. H. $ T. T., Kurz.— Distrib. Yunan.
Branches smooth. Leaves 4-5 by lj-1^ in., reddish when dry beneath and finely
reticulated, midrib stout; nerves 8-10 pairs, arched ; petiole ^-f in. Peduncle stout,
) in. in the Khasian specimen, |-1 in. in the Yunan ones. Corolla about i in., diam. ;
lobes pubescent within, pink. Filaments and back of anther pubescent as in Bhyllan-
thera (which is perhaps not generically distinct) in the Yunan specimens, glabrous in
the Khasian. Style elongate ; stigma 2-lobed at the top. Follicles (young) in
Khasian specimen £-f in. long, ovoid, incurved, obtuse. — I have not seen the
Sumatran species which is the type of the genus.
2. HEIVXIDESIVXUS, Br.
Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, hoary or pubescent beneath. Flowers
small, in opposite crowded subsessile cymes, greenish -purple. Sepals glandular
within, acuminate. Corolla rotate ; lobes thick, valvate. Coronal scales 5, on
the corolla-throat, alternate with its lobes, short, thick. Filaments distinct ;
anther-tips connate, inflexed, membranous; pollen-masses cohering in pairs in
Hemidesmus."] xcv. AscLEPiAPEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 5
each cell, granular ; appendages of the corpuscles dilated or hooded. Stigma
5-angled, crown flat. Follicles long, slender, divaricate, terete, smooth. Seeds
comose.
H. indicus, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 57 ; leaves from broadly obovate
to oblong elliptic linear or linear-lanceolate obtuse or apiculate. Wall. Cat.
82^3 ; Wight Contrib. 63 : Wight Ic. t. 594 ; Deless. Ic. Sell v. t. 55 ; Dalz
&f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 147 ; mah. Vat. Bomb. PI. 122; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii.
494; Benth. fy Trim. Meet. PI. t. 174. H. Wallichii, Miquel PL Hohenack.
No. 359. Periploca indica, Wilhl. Sp. PI. i. 2251. Asclepias pseud o-sarsa,
JRoxb. Hort. Ifeng. 20, and JR. Ind.h. 39, excl. syn.—Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 83,
f. 1 ; Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 34.
Northern India ; from Banda to Oudh and Sikkim, and southwards to Travancore
and Ceylon. ^^
Leaves most variable in fq^Bllength, and breadth, the shorter and broader 1-1 £ by
1-1<j in., the longer 4 by ^ inr^ne broadest sometimes retuse at the tip, the narrowest
finely acuminate, those on the young shoots often white along the midrib ; petiole
£ in. Pedicels clothed with ovate acute imbricating bracts. Corolla £ in. diam.,
green without, purple within. Follicles 4-5 in. Seeds £ in., ovate-oblong, flattened,
black ; coma l in.
Var. pubescens ; stem and leaves beneath and sometimes above pubescent. H.
pubescens, Wight $ Am. Contrib. 63; Wight Ic. t. 1320; Wall. Cat. 8244; Bene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 495. — Behar on the Soane river, J. P. H.; Decean Peninsula,
Wight, &c.
3. CRYPTOLEPIS, Br;
Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flotvers in very lax slender
dichotomous few-flowered peduncled terminal or axillary cymes. Calyx with
5 scales within. Corolla-tube short, cylindric or bell-shaped; lobes linear,
overlapping and twisted to the right. Coronal scales 5, about or above the
middle of the tube, linear or clavate, conniving. Filaments subconnate by
their broad bases -T anthers short, adhering by their base to the stigma, tips
conniving, acuminate ; pollen-masses cohering in pairs in each cell, granular, ..
appendages oblong. Stigma broadly conic. Follicles divaricate, terete,. smooth.
Seeds comose. — Distrjb. Species 14 ; Tropical Asiatic and African.
1. C. Buchanani, Roem. fy Sch. Syst. iv. 409; glabrous, leaves oblong
or elliptic, glaucous beneath, nerves very many slender nearly horizontal, cymes
axillary many-flowered. Wight Lc. t. 494, and III. t. 182, f. 8 ;. Falc. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. 53, t. 5 ; Brandts. For. Fl. 330 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
148. C. reticulata, Wall. Cat. 1640; Royle III. 270. Nerium reticulatum,
Roxb. Hort. Beng. 19, and Fl. Ind. ii. 8. Echites reticulata, Both Nov. Sj>.
134. E. cuspidata, Heyne in Herb. Rottl. — Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. .11.
Throughout India, from Western Kashmir to Assam and Birma, aseending the
Himalaya to 4000 ft. ; and southwards to Travancore and Ceylon.
Leaves 3-6 by l-2£ in., coriaceous, shiDing above, sometimesobovate, apiculate or
acuminate,- base acute; petiole \ in. Cymes very shortly peduncled, paniculate;
branches short, divaricate. Sepals short, acute. Corolla yellow, \ in. diam. ; tube
very short, lobes lanceolate. Coronal scales clavate. Follicles 2-4 in., straight, rigid,
gradually narrowed from about the middle where they are £--£ in. diam. Seeds \ in.
long, oblong-ovate, contracted below the tip, compressed ; coma 1 in.
2. C. g-randiflora, Wight Ic. t. 831, and III. ii. 169, t. 155 5, f. E;
glabrous, leaves obovate oblong or elliptic obtuse or mucronate, pale beneath,
6 xcv. Asclepiadkji. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cryptolepis.
nerves 5-6 pairs arched, cymes axillary and terminal few- or many-flowered.
C. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4457. Echites coriacea, Heyne in Herb. Rottler.
Deccan Peninsula ; the Mount, Madras, Hcyne, &c. ; Balaghaut Mts., Wight.
Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., very variable in form, coriaceous, hardly glaucous beneath,
base acute ; petiole £ in. Cymes sparingly branched, usually long-peduncled; branches
stout, prominently distantly scarred by the fallen bracts. Sepals large, ovate, acute.
Corolla 1 in. diam ; tube ventricose, lobes falcate lanceojrf-^ Coronal scales ciavate.
Follicles 2-4 in., curved and conniving or straight and<0^, aricate. Seeds very large,
£ in. long, linear-oblong ; coma a little longer.
3. C. elegans, Wall. Cat. 1639 ; glabrous, leaves oblong or linear-oblong
or -lanceolate apiculate, rounded at both ends or acuminate, glaucous beneath,
nerves numerous very faint and spreading, cymes axillary and terminal few-
flowered. G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 82. C. paucitiora, Wight Ic. t. 493. C.
laxiflora, Blume Mas. Hot. i. 147. Aganosma EdBLse, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat.
Ser. 5. v. 227. Echites pauciflora. Herb. Rottl^^er'mm paucifioruin, Roxb.
Ic. ined.
Sikkim ; Terai, J. D. H. Orissa, Heyne. Assam, Bengal, Khasia Mts.,
Chittagong, Tenasserim and Andaman Islds. — Distrib. Java, S. China.
A slender climber. Leaves l\-2,^ by f in., rarely ovate or linear-lanceolate, tip
sometimes retuse, base rarely cordate ; petiole J-J in., very slender. Cymes 2-4 in.,
peduncles long, branches few and pedicels slender. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Corolla
yellow, 1-1£ in. diam., tube short, lobes lanceolate, tips twisted. Coronal scales
ciavate. Follicles 5-8 in., slender, nearly straight. Seeds much as in C. Buchanani.
— The mss. name of Apecynum orixense, in Bottler's Herbarium, indicates the Oiissa
habitat of this plant. Flower fragrant.
3*. CRYFTOSTEGIA, Br.
Lofty climbers. Leaves opposite. Flowers large, in terminal 3-chotomous
cymes. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube short, throat campanu-
late ; lobes broad, overlapping and twisted to the right. Coronal scales at the
base of the throat, subulate, entire or 2-cleft. Filaments short ; anthers adnate*
to the stigma, acute ; pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, granular, appendages
subspathulate. Stigma convex. Follicles thick, divaricate, hard, 3-winged,
furrowed between the wings. Seeds comose. — Dtstkib. Madagascar.
C. grandiflora, Br. in Bot. Reg. t. 435 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic obtuse,
coronal scales cleft into two filiform segments. Wall. Cat. 1635 ; Wight $ Am.
Contrib. 36; Wight Ic. t. 832, and III. ii. t. 182, f. 9; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI.
122; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. PI. Suppl. 64; Bene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 492;
Miquel PI. Rar. Jard. Buitenz. t. 8 ; Reichb. Ic. Exot. t. 132. Nerium grandi-
flomm, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 19, and Fl. Ind. ii. 100.
Cultivated in various parts of India.
Branches stout. Leaves 3-4 by 1^-2 in., coriaceous, glossy above; nerves many,
spreading, arched, faint, base acute ; petiole £-•§ in. Cymes short, spreading,
peduncle and branches -stout, hoary or glabrous; bracts caducous. Sepals ^-f in.
Corolla pale pinkish purple, tube and throat l£ in. long, limb often 2 in. diam., lobes
acute. Follicles 4-5 by 1-1 \ in., broadest near the base, straight, woody. Seeds
\ in. long, oblong-ovate, compressed, narrowed upwards; coma 1| in., very fine. —
Supposed to be a native of Africa or Madagascar, from which latter country another
species is described with leaves pubescent beneath and entire coronal scales, but this
is only known from Mauritian garden specimens. Schweinfurth found C. grandiflora
cultivated at Khartum on the Nile.
Brachylepis.'] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.)
4. BRACHYLEPIS, Wight Sf Am.
A pubescent or tomentose twining shrub. Leaves opposite. Flowers small,
villous, in terminal or axillary dichotomous cymes. Sepals ovale, glandular
within. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft ; lobes short, overlapping and twisted to the
right. Coronal scales 5^flfcd, membranous, close to the stamens. Anthers
sessile, cohering in a fl^HRng, tips acute conniving ; pollen-masses in pairs
in each cell, granular ; T^pendages of the corpuscles orbicular. Stigma 6-
angled, top flat. Follicles divaricate, acuminate, thick, smooth.
B. nervosa, Wight Sf Am. Contrib. 64 ; Wight Ic. t. 1284 ; Dene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 405 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. v. t. 56. — Tylophora sp., Miquel in PL Hohen.
n. 1389.
Nilgherry Mts., alt. ~)~,r^^WEt... common, Wight, &c.
Leaves 3-4 by 1-2 in.,V#K?ptic or ovate, acuminate, base acute or rounded,
coriaceous, glabrous and gioBy above ; nerves 8-10 pairs, spreading and arched;
petiole stout, £ in. Cymes villous, peduncles and pedicels short, stout; bracts
persistent ; bracteoles numerous, imbricate. Corolla £ in. diam., green outside,
purple within, lobes ovate. Follicles not seen.
0
5. UTLERIA, Bedolome.
A 'Ammps tree. Leaves scattered, narrow, subcrenulate. Flowers minute,
towards^We ends of the long branches of terminal peduncled dichotomous
cymes. Sepals rqunded, glandular within. Corolla subrotate, 5-cleft, lobes
overlapping and twisted to the right. Coronal scales 5, small, opposite and
close to the stamens. Filaments short ; anthers ovate, conniving over and adnate
to the stigma ; pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, granular ; appendages of the
corpuscles dilated. Stigma convex. Fruit unknown.
V. salicifolia, Beddome mss.
Deccan Peninsula ; Anamallay Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., Beddome.
Branches stout. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, 7-9 by £-1 in.,
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, margin thickened waved or crenulate,
base very acute ; nerves many, very slender, nearly horizontal, reticulations fine ;
petiole 1-2 in. Cymes 4-6 in., sparingly branched ; bracts on the terminal branches
numerous, imbricate, obtuse ; pedicels short. Corolla T^ in. diam., lobes ovate, acute.
6 FINLAYSONIA, Wall.
A lofty glabrous climber. Leaves opposite. Flowers in 2-3-chotomous
axillary cymes, yellowish and purple. Sepah rounded, short. Corolla rotate,
5-cleft ; lobes ovate, overlapping to the right. Coronal scales 5, close to the
stamens, filiform. Stamens on the throat of the corolla, filaments slender ;
anthers adnate by the middle to the stigma, beardless, tip membranous inflexed
acute. Pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, granular ; tips of the corpuscles
slightly dilated. Stigma 5-angled, top flat. Follicles divaricate, turgid, nar-
rowed at both ends, 1-3 winged, tip with a revolute beak. Seeds margined
with soft retrorse hairs.
F. obovata, Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 48, t, 162, and Cat. 4466 : Wight $
Am. Contrib. 65 ; Wight III, t. 182, f. 0 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 70, and Ic. PI, Asiat.
t. 407; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 404. Gurua obovata, Ham. in fligt Hort.
Sub. Cole. 544.
8 xcv. asclepiadEjE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Finlaysonia.
From the Sunderbtjnds to Tenasserim and Malacca ; Wallich, &c.
Branches stout. Leaves 3-4 by 1^-2^ in., obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse
or apiculate, thickly coriaceous, reticulate beneath, base acute ; nerves very numerous,
horizontal, very slender; petiole \-\ in. Cymes 2-3 in. long; peduncle and branches
very thick; bracts short, persistent; pedicels short, thick. Corolla \ in. diam., lobes
bearded within. Follicles 3 by. 2 in., distantly ribbed between the wings, pericarp
thin. Seeds f in. long, flat, obovate-oblong, hairs browjj. — Flowers foetid (Voigt).
)wn.-J
r, Biu.
7. ATHEROSTEMON, Blume.
A very slender glabrous twining shrub. Leaves opposite. Flotvers in axil-
lary and terminal slender peduncled dichotomous cymes. Calyx minute, tube
turbinate, eglandular within. Corolla rotate ; ld^s long, slender, overlapping
to the right, straight and forming an oblon -- vlindru; bud. Coronal processes
5, filiform, at back of the bases of the.filamenf^^^ptfnews at the base of the
corolla ; filaments very short, distinct, withoir^^fterposed glands or teeth ;
anthers conniving over and adnate to the stigma, tips membranous, acute ;
pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, granular ; appendages of the corpuscles
dilated. Stigma rounded. Fruit unknown.
■
;:rched:
)ng and si
A. javensis, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 126, t. 23.
Tenasserim ; banks of the Gyna, Moulmein, Lobb. — Distrib. Javj
Leaves 2-3£ by f-lf in., oblong-elliptic or linear-oblong, apical klaucous
beneath, base obtuse or rounded ; nerves 6-10 pairs, very slender, arVHp petiole
slender, ^-\ in. Cymes much longer than the leaves ; peduncle long and slender,
branches filiform; bracts minute; flowers very few, distant ; pedicels capillary, tip
turbinate. Calyx-lobes small, rounded, membranous, with sometimes a very obscure
scale in the sinus. Corolla-lobes long, linear, obtuse, f in. long, erect and recurved.
Stamens very minute.
8. ATHEEOLEPIS, Hook. f. Nov. Gen.
$
A pubescent slender climber. Leaves opposite, very narrow, membranous.
Flowers very small, in very short few-flowered axillary pubescent cymes. Calyx
^-superior, tube turbinate ; lobes short, eglandular within. Corolla rotate ;
lobes triangular, overlapping to the right. Coronal scales 5, subulate, at the
back of the stamens. Stamens at the base of the corolla ; filaments very short,
distinct, with interposed rounded glands ; anthers oblong, conniving over and
adherent to the stigma, tips obtuse, connate ; pollen-masses in pairs in each cell,
granular; appendages of the corpuscles dilated. Ovary half sunk in the
calyx-tube and adherent to it ; stigma small, tip obtuse. Fruit unknown.
A. Wallichii, Hook. f. Atherandra Wallichii, Benth. in Gen. Plant, ii.
744. Hemidesmus Wallichii, Wight 8f Am. Contrib. 63 ; Wall. Cat. 8245 ;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 495.
Pegu, at Prome, Wallich ; Kangoon, M'Clelland.
Branches glabrous below. Leaves 3-7 by ^-l^ in., narrow, oblong or linear-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, puberulou« above, softly pubescent beneath ; base
acute; nerves rather distant, spreading, slightly arched, very slender ; petiole^- in.
Cymes shorter than the petioles ; bracts minute ; pedicels very short, top turbinate.
Corolla ~q in. diam., shortly conic in bud, lobes glabrous within. Filament's alternat-
ing with obscure low glands. — The habit, foliago, inflorescence, eglandular calyx,
obtuse anthers and short stigma well distinguish this from Atherandra.
Atlierandra.'] xcv. asclepiadeje. (J. D. Hooker.)
9. ATHERANDRA, Dene.
Slender glabrous twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary and
terminal slender peduncled dichotomous cymes. Calyx-tube turbinate, lobes
with quadrate crenulate glands within. Corolla rotate ; lobes long, slender,
overlapping and sharply touted to the right, forming a long-beaked bud.
Coronal processes 5, filiforfflf at the back of the bases of the filaments. Stamens
at the base of tlie corolla ; filaments distinct, alternating with large erect
glands ; anthers sagittate, conniving over and adnate to the stigma, tips elongate,
filiform ; pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, granular ; appendages of the cor-
puscles dilated. Ovary partly sunk in the broad calyx-tube ; stigma elongate-
conical, 2-fid. Fruit unknown.
A. acutifolia, DcnefjmjpC. Prodr. viii. 497. A. pubescens, Blume
Mas. Bot. i. 147, t. 2. A. CTispidata, Blume I. c. Cryptolepis filiformis, Wall.
Cat. 4458.
Penang, Wallich. — Distrid. Java.
Branches and leaves beneath glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves 1-2 by
\-\\ in., oblong or obovate-oblong, finely abruptly acuminate; nerves 6-8 pairs,
strong beneath, arched ; petiole £-£ in. Cymes numerous, quite glabrous, spreading,
longer than the leaves; bracts small, deciduous; pedicels thickened towards the
turbinate tip^ Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, erect or reflexed. Corolla \-% in. diam.,long
and slenderljpbeaked in bud.
10. STREPTOCAULON, Wight £ Am.
Twining tomentose herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Floioers small or
minute, in lax sessile or peduncled trichotomous panicled cymes. Calyx minute,
glandular within. Corolla rotate ; lobes ovate, overlapping to the right ; buds
shortly conical. Coronal-scales 5, filiform, adnate to the back of the filaments.
Stamens at the base of the corolla ; filaments very short, alternating with
minute teeth ; anthers conniving over and adnate to the stigma, tip with an
obtuse triangular process ; pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, granular ; append-
ages of the minute corpuscles dilated. Stigma convex, 2-lobed. Follicles
divaricate, terete, smooth, not winged. — Distrib. Species 6 ; Indian and
Malayan.
1. S. Kleinii, Wight $ Am. Contrib. 65; shrubby, climbing, leaves
cuneate-obovate base cordate with softly appressed white tomentum beneath,
nerves 7-10 pairs, cymes pubescent shorter than the leaves. Dene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 490.
Dgccan Peninsula ; Klein. •
Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 f in., coriaceous, above puberulous closely reticulated with
sunk nerves, beneath pale buff when dry ; nerves and reticulation faintly seen
through the tomentum; petiole £-£ in. Cymes with a stout peduncle ^-l£ in.,
sparingly shortly di-tri-chotomously branched, branchlets very short 1-2-fid; bracts
tomentose, persistent. Sepals hirsute, ovate, subacute, 1-2-glandular.^ Corolla £ in.
diam.; lobes ovate, subacute, sparingly hirsute externally, glabrous within.
2. S. Wallichii, Wight $ Am. Contrib. 65; shrubby, climbing, leaves
broadly or narrowly elliptic acute at both ends finely acuminate softly brown-
tomentose beneath, nerves 6-8 pairs, cymes much branched many-fid. hispidly
pubescent, flowers quite glabrous. Wall. Cat. 8249; Dene, in DC. Prodr.
viii. 496.
10 xcv. ASCLEPiADEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Streptocauloii.
Penang, Phillips, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1100), &e. Singapore, Wallich.
Branches stout, young densely shortly pubescent ; bark brown, lenticellate.
Leaves 2-3 by 1-2 in., very variable in breadth, coriaceous, opaque and puberulous
above, reticulations minute ; nerves faint beneath ; petiole J-^ in. Cymes spreading,
1-2 in. long and broad; 2-3-chotomously branched; branches divaricate, slender,
ultimate with persistent sometimes imbricate minute bracts ; pedicels slender, tips
turbinate. Sepals glabrous, minute, obtuse. Corolla ^ in. diam., red, lobes broad
acute. Follicles 3 by ^ in. divaricate, straight, acuminate, pubescent. Seeds \ in.,
oblong, narrowed below the tip; coma l£ in.
>
3. S. tomentosum, Wight \ Am. Contrib. 64 ; shrubby, climbing,
leaves cuneate elliptic or oblauceolate acuminate base rounded or truncate,
softly fulvous-tomentose beneath, nerves 16-20 pairs, cymes many-flowered
densely pubescent, corolla quite glabrous. Wight III. t. 182 f. 2. ; Wall. Cat.
8248 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 496.
Ava, at Taongdong and Moulmein, Wallich. Pwaj JMClelland. Distrib. Yunan.
Cochinchina.
Branches smooth, ultimate finely densely pubescent. Leaves very variable in
breadth, 3-5 by 1 h-3j in., usually broadest beyond the middle and truncate at the
base, puberulous above ; nerves straight, prominent or concealed in the tomentum
beneath ; petiole ^- § in. Cymes short, 1 in. long and broad or less, branches divari-
cate; bracts persistent. Sepals pubescent. Corolla ± in. ; lobes broad ovate, acute.
Fruit unknown.
4. S . G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; shrubby, climbing, leaves obov^e-oblong or
oblanceolate acuminate base cordate, scaberulous above, densely rusty-tomen-
tose beneath, nerves 14-18 pairs, cymes hispidly tomentose, corolla glabrous.
Streptocaulon, Griff. Notul. iv. 71, § Ic. PL As. t. 406.
Texasserim, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 3754, under tomentosum) ; Mergui, Griffith.
Branches stout, lenticellate, ultimate hispidly tomentose. Leaves 3-6 by 1^-2 in.,
variable in form, often broadest above the middle, hard and coriaceous, finely im-
pressedly reticulate above; nerves and reticulations, usually prominent beneath.
Cymes 1-2 in. long and broad, densely hispid, branches rather stout divaricate ; bracts
persistent ; pedicels short. Calyx strigose. Corolla jt in. diam. ; lobes broad,
acute. Follicles 3-4 by ^ in., straight, acute, finely pubeseent. Seeds nearly ^ in.,
narrowly oblong, coma 1 in.
5. S. sylvestre, Wight Contrib. 65; herbaceous, prostrate, leaves sub-
sessile orbicular or broadly ovate pubescent or tomentose beneath, base rounded
or cordate, nerves 6-7 pairs, cymes small few-fid., corolla nearly glabrous. Wall.
Cat. 8251 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 496.
Bengal, Hamilton ; foot of the Sikkim Himalaya, Clarke.
Root woody, giving off many slender pubescent flexuous branches, 12-18. in. long
with distichous leaves that lie flat on the ground. Leaves 1-lj in. long and nearly
as broad, apiculate, glabrous or puberulous above ; nerves arched, prominent beneath.
Cymes £ in., pubescent ; peduncle slender ; branches and pedicels short, not spread-
ing; bracts minute ; Calyx small, strigose. Corolla ^ in. diam., purple, very slightly
pubescent, lobes lanceolate acute. Fruit unknown.
11. MYRIOPTERON, Griff.
A glabrous or pubescent slender twining shrub. Leaves opposite, long-
petioled. Floivers small, in lax paniculate cymes from opposite axils. Sepals
minutely glandular within. Corolla rotate ; lobes narrow, overlapping to the
right, twisted to the left, broadly conic in bud. Coronal scdes 5, at the back
of the filaments, filiform from a broad base. Stamens at the base of the corolla,
Myriopteron.] xcv. ascleplabej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 11
filaments connate below into a ring with alternating teeth ; anthers conniving
over and adherent to the stigma, ^ips membranous ; pollen-masses in pairs in
each cell, appendages of the corpuscles 2-tid. Stigma convex, 2-fid. Follicles
short, turgid, straight ; with many longitudinal membranous wings. Seeds
comose.
1WC. paniculatum, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 385 ; fy Notul. iv.
71. c/ Its. PI. Asiat. 408. Streptocaulon extensum, Wight Contrib. 65, 8c III. t.
182. f. 3. ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 406. 8. Horstieldii, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.
470. Vicarya cristata, and Jenkinsia cristata, Wall. mss. in Voigt Hort. Sub.
Calc. 544.
Assam, Chittagong, Pegu, and Tenassekim. Distrib. Java.
Branches smooth, herbaceous. Leaves 3^-5 by 2-2^ in., very variable in length and
breadth, rounded oblong or elliptic, acuminate or subcaudate, base rounded or acute,
membranous, finely pubescent or glabrate beneath ; nerves 5-7 pairs, slender, arched ;
petiole very slender, ^-1^ in. Cymes 3-7 in., peduncle and brachiate branches very
slender, quite glabrous ; bracts few, chiefly at the forks ; pedicels capillary, top tur-
binate. Sepals minute, rounded, ovate. Corolla % in. diam. ; lobes lanceolate.
Follicles 3 by | in., straight, narrowed to the obtuse tip, base rounded, pericarp thin.
Seeds ^ in. long, ovoid, nairowed to the tip, coma 1 in.— M. Horsfieldii, agrees with
the perfectly glabrous leaved states of the plant from Tenasserim.
12. DECALEPIS, Wight Sf Am.
A glabrous twining -shrub. Leaves opposite. Floivers small, in axillary
peduncled cymes. Calyx eglandular within. Corolla rotate ; lobes valvate,
bearded within, ovoid in bud. Coronal scales 5, ovate, adnate to the back of
the base of the filaments. Stamens at the base of the corolla, filaments connate
at the base with alternating minute glands ; anthers ovate, conniving over and
adnate to the stigma, tip acute inflexed ; pollen-masses in pairs in each cell,
granular ; appendages of the corpuscles dilated. Stigma convex, 5-grooved.
Fruit unknown.
D. Kamiltonii, Wight $ Am. Contrib. 64 ; Wight III. t. 182. f. 6. ; $
Ic. t. 1285 ; Dene, in A. DC. Prodr. viii. 495, Streptocaulon Hamiltonii,
Wight mss. Apocynum reticulatum, Herb. Madr. ; Wall. Cat. 8247.
Deccak Peninsula ; Balaghaut Mts. near Madras ; A namallay hills, Wight.
Branches stout, smooth. Leaves coriaceous, orbicular or elliptic-obovate, tip
rounded, base acute or rounded, finely reticulated ; nerves 6-8 pairs, strongly arched ;
petiole %-jj in. Cymes in single axils, glabrous or puberulous ; peduncle £ in.;
branches few, short, spreading.; bracts persistent, scattered or subimbricate. Sepals
oblong, obtuse. Corolla £ in. diam., coriaceous ; lobes ovate-oblong, subacute, beard
dense white.
13. PERIPLOCA, Linn.
Erect or twining glabrous sometimes leafless shrubs. Leaves opposite.
Floivers in lax terminal or axillary cymes, greenish externally, purplish within.
Calyx 5-glandular within. Corolla rotate ; lobes obtuse, usually bearded within,
overlapping to the right. Coronal scales connate into a 10-lobed ring often
produced behind the stamens into 5 subulate or branched processes. Stamens
within the corona, filaments broad short flat ; anthers bearded on the back, con-
niving over and adhering to the stigma, tips cohering, with incurved appen-
dages ; pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, granular ; appendages of the corpuscles
dilated. Stigma convex. Follicles conniving spreading or divaricate, cylindric,
smooth. Seeds comose. Distrib. S. Europe, West Asia and Africa, Species 12.
1
12 xcv. asclepiadejE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Periploca.
1. P. aphylla, Dene, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 109. t. 116; and in DC Prodr.
viii. 499 ; erect, leafless or nearly so, flowers purple, coronal lobes very long
filiform glabrous. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 50. Oampelepis viminea, Falc. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. 109, in note.
Western Panjab, in the plains, 'Fa Iconer, &c. Scind, Stocks. Distrib. Aff-
ghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Nubia.
A shrub; branches as thick as a goose-quill or less, smooth or tips pubescent.
Leaves, if present, £ in., oblong, acute, very thick, nerveless. Cymes often opposite,
£-1 in. long and broad, branched from the base or on short thick peduncles, glabrous ;
branches short, thick ; bracts caducous. Sepals broad, rounded-ovate. Corolla ^-§
in. diam., dark purple, glabrous externally, lobes ovate-oblong, densely bearded above
the middle within. Follicles f by ^ in., rigid, woody, terete. Seeds \ in., narrowly
oblong ; coma 1 in. — " Used for cordage ; flowers fragrant, eaten by natives, taste like
raisins " {Stocks).
2. P. hydaspidis, Falc. in Ann. fy May. of Nat. Hist. viii. 449 ;
twining, leafless or nearly so, flowers yellow, coronal lobes subulate hairy.
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 498.
Western Himalaya; Southern Kashmir and Kishtwar, ascending to 4000 ft., and
the adjacent Panjab, Falconer, Thomson,. &c. Distrib. AfTghanistan.
Quite glabrous. Branches tortuous, wiry, sometimes fascicled, as thick as a crow-
quill, smooth. Leaves (if present) ^-\ in., linear, subacute, thick, nerveless. Cymes
|-1 in. long and broad, often opposite, very numerous ; peduncle stout, erect,
branches divaricate ; bracts caducous. Sepals rounded, quite glabrous. Corolla % in.
diam. ; lobes oblong, obtuse, pubescent or villous within, glabrous externally.
Follicles (old only seen) broader and less woody than in P. aphylla.
3. P. calophylla, Falc. in Ann. Sr May. Sc. Nat, viii. 449 ; twining,
quite glabrous, leaves narrowly lanceolate caudate-acuminate,, nerves very many
horizontal, flowers yellow or pinkish, coronal lobes hairy. Brandis For. Fl.
330. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 498. Streptocaulon calophyllum, Wight
Contrib. 65, and III. t. 182, f. 1 : Wall. Cat. 8252.
Temperate and subtropical Himalaya, alt. 3-5000 ft. from Kumaon to Sikkim,
Khasia Mts. alt. 4000 ft.
A small shrub, branches slender. Leaves 1 j-3 by ^-fj in., coriaceous, shining on
both surfaces, margin undulate ; petiole \ in. Cymes numerous, often in opposite
axils, sessile, ^-1 in. long and broad; branches and pedicels slender; bracts caducous.
Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla \ in. diam., lobes ovate-oblong acute. Follicles
4-8 by \ in., quite straight or curved, parallel or divergent, never divaricate, smooth,
terete; pericarp thin but firm. Seeds ^-§ in. long,. linear ; coma 1-1^ in.
Tribe 2. SECAITCONEJE.
14. SECABXONE, Br.
Climbing or straggling shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. Floioers
small or minute, in sessile or shortly peduncled lax axillary 2-3-chotomous
cymes. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft; lobes (.in Indian species) overlapping to the
right. Coronal scales 5, adnate to the staminal tube, laterally compressed, tips
free. Filaments short, connate ; anther-tips small, membranous, intiexed ;
pollen-masses in pairs in each cell, small, globose, waxy, corpuscles minute.
Stigma beaked, 2-tid, or low and conical. Follicles stout or slender, acuminate,
smooth, terete or angled. Distrib. Species about 24, tropical Asia, Australia,
and Mascarene Islands.
Secamone."] xcv. asclepjadeje. (J. D. Hooker.) 13
S. emetica, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 56 ; slender, glabrous, except the
puberulous cymes, climbing, leaves lanceolate, or linear- or elliptic- lanceolate
subacute narrowed into the short petiole, cymes much shorter than the leaves,
corolla glabrous, coronal-scales broadly subulate incurved much shorter than
the column, stigma 2-lobed, follicles slender straight terete narrowed from the
base to the tip. Dcneyin DC. Prod?', viii. 501; Wight Contrib. 60; Ic. t.
1283, and III. t. 155. b.Jig. D. ; Wall, Cat. 8236. Perij>loca e?netica, Retz. Obs.
ii. 14.
Mountains of the South Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon.
Leaves 1^-3 by ^-h in-, rather glaucous beneath, nerves very faint. Cymes few-
or many-fid. ; peduncle £-| in. Sepals ciliolate. Corolla £ in. diam., segments
oblong, obtuse, bases saccate. Follicles 2-2^ in. — S. Finlaysoni, Wight ; Wall. Cat.,
a native of Siam, has much broader leaves and longer cymes.
15. TOXOCABPUS, Wight S> Am.
Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, in axillary dichotomous
cymes. Calyx minute ; lobes oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube, short ; lobes narrow,
spreading and. recurved, glabrous, overlapping to the left. Coronal scales
minute, obtuse or acute, adnate to the column. Filaments connate ; anthers
small, retuse, often in append iculate ; pollen-masses 2 in each cell, very minute,
pendulous, waxy. Stigma produced far beyond the column. Follicles smooth.
Seeds comose. Distrib. Species about 14, tropical Asiatic and African.
I am unable to determine accurately from herbarium specimens the characters of
the very minute staminal column and its scales in this genus.
* Cymes rusty-pubescent. Corolla-segments without an adnate scale.
t Corolla-seg?nents villous or hai?'y at the base only.
1. T. villosus, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 506; leaves elliptic-oblong sub-
i cuspidate rusty-pubescent beneath, cymes ]ax, coronal scales with
subulate tips overtopping the anther-cells, stigma slender quite entire. Miq.
Fl. Ind. Hot. ii. 475. Secamone villosa, Blume Bijd. 1050.
Tenasskrim; Mergui, Griffith. — Distrib. Java.
Leaves 2-3^ by 1-1^ in., base acute, glabrous in age; petiole \-% in. Cyme-
branches stout and sepals densely villous. Corolla \ in. diam., segments slightly
hairy at the base.
2. T. G-riffithii, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 505 ; leaves elliptic-oblong or
lanceolfite\ispidate, young glabrous beneath, cymes short, coronal scales not
overtopping \he anther-cells, stigma short enlarged upwards, tip notched.
Toxocarpus sp. Griff. Notul. iv. 69, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 404 (Asclepiadea),—
Connaracea, Wall. Cat. 8550.
Tenasserim, Griffith, #c. Malacca, Mai?igay (Kew distrib. 1105). Singapore,
Lobb. Penang, Porter.
Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., base acute or rounded; petiole £-£ in. Cymes few-fid.
Corolla-segments slightly hairy at the base, the hairs disposed in a triangle like the
adnate scale of T. acuminatus. Follicles 12 in., very slender, fiexuous, cylindric.
Seeds 1 in., very slender, not beaked.
3. T. himalensis, Falc. mss. ; leaves elliptic-oblong or lanceolate or
orbicular obtusely cuspidate, young pubescent beneath, coronal scales over-
topping the anther-cells, stigma slender unequally 2-fid.
14 xcv. ASCLEPiADEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Toxocarpus.
Western Himalaya ; Chaumussoore, Falconer. Assam and Khasia Mts., Jen-
kins, Griffith, H. f, $ T. &c.
Leaves 3-5 by 1^-3 in., quite glabrous when old, base acute or rounded, petiole
J-| in. Corolla ^ in. diam. ; lobes membranous, slender, villous at the base within.
Follicles 4-6 by ^-| in., young rusty-pubescent. Seeds ovate, beaked, § in. long. —
The only Himalayan specimen is Falconer's, and probably from Garwhal.
ft Corolla-segments glabrous throughout.
4. T. Roxburg'hii, W. $ A. Contrib. 61 ; stem cymes and calyx sparsely
hirsute, leaves broadly elliptic cuspidate membranous glabrous base subacute,
cymes spreading much shorter than the leaves, flowers few sessile, coronal
scales acute hardly overtopping the anther-cells, stigma fusiform. Wight Ic. t.
475; Wall. Cat. 8239; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 505; Asclepias longistigma,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 46.
Thk Circars, Heyne ; Boxburgh.
Leaves %\ 3 by 1^-2 in., midrib sparsely puberulous beneath; petiole \-\ in. and
nerves very slender. Cymes shortly peduncled ; flowers solitary or clustered, \ in.
diam. ; bracts very minute. — I am in doubt about this plant, for which Wight cites
n. 1561 as his catalogue number, for the solitary specimen in his "Herbarium" has
no number, locality, or collector's name attached. Good specimens are however in
Rottler's " Herbarium," sent by Heyne as Echites dichotoma, Herb. Heyne (not the
plant published under that name), and in Wallich's also from Heyne. Roxburgh
gives no locality for it in his "Flora," but Wight gives the Circars on Roxburgh's
authority. The flowers in his (Roxburgh's) drawing are twice as large as in the
specimens. Wight and Arnott and Decaisne describe the corolla-throat as hirsute,
which is perfectly glabrous in Roxburgh's drawing and in the specimens ; and the
cymes as longer than the leaves, whereas they are much shorter. As a species it is
very near T. Kleinii, but is a much more slender less villous plant, with very short
coronal scales.
5. T. Kleinii, Wight Sf Am. Contrib. 61 ; leaves from elliptic-ovate or
obovate or lanceolate to* orbicular acuminate or cuspidate glabrous or pubescent
beneath Vise acute, cymes spreading and calyx densely tomentose, flowers few
sessile and pedicelled, coronal scales overtopping the anther-cells, stigma long
fusiform tip slender notched. Wight Ic. t. 886; Dene, in DC. Prodj-. viii.
505.
Hills of the Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ceylon; Matu-
ratte district alt. 3000 ft. Thwaltes ; Galle, Champion.
Very near T. Boxburghii, but stouter, with more coriaceous leaves, longer more
densely tomentose cymes, larger usually pedicelled flowers l in. diam., less mem-
branous calyx and corolla, and longer coronal scales. Follicles quite glabrous, more
or less curved, some 3 by \ in. and flattened, others 7 by \ in. and nearly cylindric.
Seeds \ in. ovate, hardly beaked.— In some specimens, both Peninsular and
Ceylonese, the leaves are narrow, 2 by A in., quite glabrous and shining on both
surfaces, in others they are 2\ in. long and broad, rusty -pubescent beneath. I do not
find the tube of the corolla to be pubescent within as figured by Wight.
6. T. concanensis, Hook. f. ; leaves obovate or elliptic cuspidate
mottled and glabrous or pubescent beneath, cymes densely tomentose much
branched many-fld., coronal scales hardly overtopping the anther-cells, stigma
long slender.
Canara ; on the Bababoodan hills, Law.
This again closely resembles T. Kleinii, but the leaves are much larger, 3-5 by
2^-3 in., more obovate, with petioles ^-| in. long, and the cymes are more divided,
very many-flowered, densely tomentose. The leaves are dark green, minutely mottled
between the nerves beneath in a branching reticulated manner, a character I do not
To.rocarpns.'] xcv. asclepiadej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 15
find in its allies, though there are traces of it in T. Kleinii. Fragment of a follicle
cylindric, glabrous.
7. T. XLurzii, Hook.f. ; leaves large broadly elliptic-ovate broadly cuspi-
date coriaceous shining, cymes small, flowers few sessile, calyx nearly glabrous,
coronal scales obtuse hardly overtopping the anther-cells, stigma long slender.
Middle Andaman Island, Kurz.
I have seen but one specimen, which is nearest to T. Kleinii, differing in the large
(4-5 by 2^-3 in.) coriaceous leaves, long (§ in.) petioles and nearly glabrous calyx.
** Corolla lobes with a triangular erose scale adnate to their bases.
8. T. acuminatus, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 747 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate quite glabrous shining base acute, cymes branching from the base
branches and branchlets very long slender few-fld., flowers pedicelled. Gonio-
stemma acuminatum, Wight Contrib. 62; Wall. Cat. 8242; Bene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 504.
Silhet, Wallich.
Stem glabrous, pustular. Leaves 4-5 by I5—I5 in., shining on both surfaces;
nerves many, faint, spreading; petiole J-J in. Cymes almost glabrous, nearly
equalling the leaves ; pedicels very slender ; bracts very minute. Sepals very small,
rounded. Corolla \ in. diam., quite glabrous, lobes lanceolate twice as long as the
tube. Coronal scales triangular, shorter than the column. Stigma long, fusiform.
DOUBTFUL AND IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.
T. eriocarpus, Hook.f. ; leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute at both
ends quite glabrous, petiole slender, nerves slender very oblique, follicles long curved
terete finely pubescent, seeds linear-oblong tip not contracted.
Travancore ; at Courtallan, Wight.
Branches glabrous, woody. Leaves 2^-3 by 1-1 ^ in. firm, pale when dry;
petiole j-^ in. Flowers not seen. Follicles 5-7 by § in. woody. Seeds f in.
long.
T. Roxburghh, Griff. Notul. iv. 68 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 386« f. 4, 5, not of W. $ A.
from Mergui. This, though referred by Griffith to Roxburgh's Afdepias longistigma
(T. Hoxburghii, W. & A.), is certainly not that plant, and is, I suspect, T. Griffithii.
? T. Wigutianus, Hook. Sf Am. Bot. Beech. Voy. 200 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii.
506 ; 6tem very slender, young densely rusty-torn en tose, leaves small 1-1J in.
elliptic oblong cuspidate glabrous above rusty-pubescent beneath, base rounded,
nerves 2-4 pairs, slender oblique, petiole £ in. — Specimens in leaf only collectedj by
Dr. Thomson and myself at the Bor-panee river, Khasia Mts. alt. 2000 ft., quite
resemble the Chinese T. Wightianus, which may be known by its very small cymes of
flowers, like those of T. himalensis, and its short tomentose pods.
1G. GENIANTHUS, Hook.f., Gen. Nov.
Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Floioers small, in axillary subsimple or
dichotomously branched cymes. Calyx minute, lobes oblong obtuse. Corolla-
tube short ; lobes narrow, spreading and recurved, villous to the tip on the
inner face, valvate. Corona of 5 scales adnate to the column. Staminai-column
minute ; pollen-masses 2 in each cell, minute, waxy. Stigma sessile and capitate,
or long and slender. — Distkib. Species 3 or 4 tropical Asiatic and Malayan.
This genus is distinguished from Toxocarpus by the bearded corolla-lobes and
valvate aestivation.
Stigma sessile, capitate. Cymes very compound.
16 xcv. asclepiade^e. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Genianthus.
1. G-. laurifolius, Hook. f. : leaves glabrous broadly elliptic obtusely
acuminate, base acute, petiole slender, cymes rusty-tomentose much branched
many-fld., coronal scales obtuse hardly overtopping the anther-cells. Toxo-
carpus laurifolius, Wight Contrib. 61, and Ic. t. 598 ; Wall. Cat. 8241 ; Dene,
in DC. Prodr. viii. 506. T. crassifolius, Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 148. As-
clepias laurifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 49.
Sikkim Himalaya, in hot valleys, J. D. H. Sf T. T. Chtttagong to Pegu, Box-
burgh, Kurz, &c. Concan and Canara. Stocks, &c.
Stem glabrous, pustular. Leaves 3-4 by 2-3 in. or larger ; nerves slender,
spreading; petiole ^-1J in. Cymes very variable, 1-4 in. long and broad; flowers
A-| in. diam., sessile and pedicelled, of two forms on the same cyme, one small with
narrow densely bearded segments, the other much larger with broader oblong nearly
glabrous segments. Follicles in Eoxburgh's figure 5 by i in., very slender, terete,
straight. — Wight & Arnott give Cawnpore, Genl. Hardwicke, as a locality for this,
but I suspect some mistake.
** Stigma elongate, columnar. Cymes subsimple, branches long stout with
distant clusters of sessile jioioers.
2. G-. crassifolius, Hook.f. ; branches cymes and midrib beneath rusty-
tomentose, leaves thickly coriaceous broadly elliptic acute or acuminate, coronal
scales overtopping the anther-cells. Toxocarpus crassifolius, Wight Contrib.
61 ; Wall. Cat. 8240; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 506.
Silhet, Wallich.
Leaves 3-5 by 2-2| in., base rounded or subacute, margins narrowly recurved,
nerves very spreading ; petiole stout, \-^ in. Cymes simple, or twice or thrice
branched, stout, flexuous, as long as the leaves ; flowers ^ in. diam. Stigma very
stout, subclavate.
3. Cr. lYIaing-ayi, Hook. f. ; branches and cymes rusty-pubescent, leaves
glabrous oblanceolate obtusely acuminate, coronal scales overtopping the
anther-cells.
Singapore, Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1106).
Leaves 2|-3| by lj-H in., coriaceous, narrowed into the petiole, midrib beneath
glabrous or pubescent, nerves ascending; petiole \-\ in. Cymes, flowers, staminal
column aod stigma as in G. crassifolius.
Tribe 3. CVNANCHEJE.
17. GLOSSONEKA, Dene.
Diffuse, hoary undershrubs or herbs, branched from the base. Leaves oppo-
site. Cymes small 2-6-flowered, sessile or shortly peduncled ; flowers small.
Sepals glandular within. Corolla subcampanulate, tube short, lobes overlapping
to the right. Corona near the base of the tube, 5-cleft ; lobes large, broad,
hyaline, obtuse acuminate or ligulate. Staminal column short ; anthers tipped
by an inflexed membrane ; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, oblong, not com-
pressed, pendulous, waxy. Stigma exserted, fleshy, conical clavate or peltate.
Follicles thick, acuminate, muricate or spinous. Seeds comose. — Distkib.
Species 6 ; tropical African, Arabian and Scind.
Cr. varians, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 748 ; leaves fleshy ovate or rounded
obtuse or acute, margin crisped or entire, upper narrower, cymes subsessile,
pedicels very short, corolla-lobes rounded. Mastostigma varians, Stocks in
Hook. Ic. PI. t. 843 j Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 51.
Glossonema.~\ xcv. asclepiadejE. (J. D. Hooker.) 17
Scind, Vicary, Frere, Stocks. — Dtstrib. Beluchistan, Persia.
Annual? Branches 4-6 in., stout, erect or decumbent. Leaves 1-2 in., often, as
broad, base acute, "nerves obscure; petiole }-l in. Flowers yellowish, £ in. diam.
Follicles 2-3 in., ovoid, turgid, beaked, fleshy ; spines very stout, soft, scattered.
Seeds g- in., broadly ovate, flattened, pale yellow-red, margins thin.
18. OXYSTELMA, Br.
Twining glabrous herbs or undershrubs. Leaves narrow, opposite. Flowers
large, in loose racemose or unibelliforai cymes or solitary, pedicels filiform.
Calyx small, 5-co -glandular within. Corolla broadly nrceolate, or campanulate
or rotate ; lobes ciliate and subvalvate below, tips overlapping to the right.
Corona double, corolline annular, at the base of the corolla, papillose within,
margin membranous, truncate ; staminal of 5 scales adnate to the bases of the
stamens with cordate or dilated bases, 2-keeled within. Filaments short,
connate ; anther-tips membranous, inflexed ; pollen-masses one in each cell,
oblong, compressed, pendulous, waxy. Stigma depressed, or subconvex. Follicles
thick, oblique or curved, smooth or narrowly 2-winged. Seeds comose. —
Distrib. Species 4; tropical Asia and Africa.
O. esculentum, Br. ; leaves lanceolate linear-lanceolate or linear finely
acuminate, base acute rounded or cordate, corolla 1 in. diam. ciliate, follicles
oblong lanceolate or ovoid. Wight Contrib. 54; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 121 ;
Bah. # Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 150; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. t. 22; Griff. Not id. iv,
61, and Ic. PL Asiat. t. 399, 400; Wall. Cat. 8219; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
483 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 542. O. Wallichii, Wight Contrib. 1. c. ; Dene.
I. c. ; Wall. Cat. 8220. Periploca esculenta, Linn. f. Suppl. 168 ; Boxb. Cor.
PI. i. 13, t. 11. Asclepias rosea, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 40, and
As. Besearch. iv. 268 (Doogdhdika).
Throughout the plains and lower hills of Inbia; from the Punjab to Ceylon,
Assam, Pegu and Tenasserim. — Distrib. Ava, Java.
A deciduous-leaved very slender climbing perennial. Leaves 4-6 by |-1 in.,
membranous, nerves many, uniting far within the margin ; petiole \ in., very slender.
Cymes few-fid., peduncles and pedicels capillary. Flowers white and rose-coloured
with purple veins. Follicles 2-3 in., rather membranous. Seeds very numerous,
£ in., broadly ovate, flat. — O. Wallichii of Wight differs only in the more oblong
follicles rounded at the end.
19. CALOTROPIS, Br.
Erect, glabrous or hoary shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, broad, sub-
sessile. Flowers medium-sized in umbelliform or subracemose cymes. Sepals
glandular within. Corolla broadly campanulate ; lobes broad, naked, valvate.
Coronal-scales 5, fleshy, laterally compressed, radiating from the large staminal
column, dorsally spurred. Anther-tips membranous, infl'exed ; pollen-masscH
one in each cell, pendulous flattened, waxy. Stigma depressed, 5-angled or
-lobed. Follicles short, thick. Seeds comose. — Distrib. Species 3 ; tropical
Asia and Africa.
1. C. g-ig-antea, Br. in Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, ii. 78; sub-arboreous, leaves
sessile beneath and umbels cottony, corolla-lobes spreading, coronal-scales
truncate hairy. Hamilt. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 245 ; Wight Contrib. 53, and
III. t. 155, 156 A.; Dalz. # Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 149; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 120;
Brand. For. FL 331 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 68, and Ic. PL Asiat. t. 397, 398 ; Dene,
in DC. Prodr. viii. 535; Bot. Beg. t. 58. Asclepias gigantea, Willd.\ Boxb.
Hort. Beng. 20, and FL Ind. ii. 30.
VOL. IV. C
18 xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Calotropis.
Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft. in the Himalaya from the Punjab to
Assam, Ceylon and Singapore. — Distrib. Malay Islands, S. China.
Trunk stout, bark pale, shoots woolly. Leaves 4-8 by 1-3 in., cuneate-obovate,
base cordate, axils bearded, smooth above, cottony beneath, Umbels peduncled,
simple or compound ; bracts oblong. Corolla \-2 in. diam., pale purple ; segments
ovate-lanceolate, revolute and twisted in age. Follicles recurved, 3-4 in. Seeds | in.,
broadly ovate.
2. C. procera, Br. in Ait. Hort. Keiv. Ed. 2, ii. 78 ; shrubby, leaves
sessile young and umbels cottony old glabrous, corolla-lobes erect, .coronal-
scales acute glabrous or pubescent. Hamilt. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 246 ;
Wight Contrib. 53, and Ic. t. 1278 ; Balz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 149 ; Brand. For.
Fl. 331 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 57 ; Bentl. $ Trim. Med. Fl. t. 176 ; Bene, in
DC: Prodr. viii. 585. C. Hamiltoni, Wall. Cat. 8215 ; Wight I. c. C. Wallichii,
Wight I. c. 53 ; Wall. Cat. 8216. C. heterophylla, Wall. Cat. 8217 ; Wight I. c.
54. Asclepias procera, Bot. Reg. t. 1792.
"Western and Central India, ascending to 3500 ft. from Scind and the Punjab to
Behar and Bombay. — Distrib. Ava, Persia, trop. Africa.
A shrub 6-15 ft. Leaves as in A. gigantea, but more oblong and acute, sometimes
8-9 by 4 in. Umbels long-peduncled, cottony. Follicles 4-5 in., recurved. Seeds
± in., ovoid.
3. C. Acia, Hamilt. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 247 ; herbaceous, leaves
petioled obovate oblanceolate or oblong glabrous, corolla-lobes erect, coronal-
scales 2-lobed. 0. herbacea, Wight Contrib. 54, and Ic. t. 492; Wall. Cat.
8218; Bene, in BC. Prodr. viii. 536. Asclepias herbacea, Roxb. Hort. Beng.
21, and Fl. Ind. ii. 50.
N. Bengal and Sikkim Terai ; from Tirhoot to Mymensing, ascending the
Himalaya to 3000 ft.
Stem erect. Leaves 6-8 by 3-4 in., very thick, narrowed into the petiole ; nerves
few, stout ; petiole £-1 in. — Flowers as in C. procera.
19.* ASCLEPIAS, Linn,
Perennial erect herbs. Leaves opposite, alternate or whorled. Cymes um-
belliform ; flowers medium-sized or small. Sepals glandular within. CoroUa
rotate, lobes often reflexed, naked, valvate. Coronal-scales 5, erect, aduate to
the column, spoon-shaped. Anther-tips membranous, inflexed; pollen-masses
one in each cell, pendulous, flattened, waxy. Stigma depressed, 5-angled.
Follicles turgid, beaked, smooth. Seeds comose— Distrib. Species 60; all
American, except 2 African and the following cosmopolitan one.
A. curassavica, Linn.-, Bene, in BC. Prodr. viii. 566; perennial,
leaves opposite lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acute narrowed into a short
petiole glabrous, umbels many-fid. shortly peduncled, corolla orange-red, lobes
reflexed, column stipitate. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 20 ; Balz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
Suppl. 54 ; Gibs. Cat. Bomb. PI. 120 ; Bot. Reg. t. 81.
Bengal and various parts of India, a weed introduced from the West Indies
throughout the tropics.
20. PENTABOTBBA, Hook./. Gen. Nov.
A dwarf erect glabrous herb. Leaves opposite, linear. Flowers in axillary
unibelliform short-peduncled cymes. Sepals oblong, minutely glandular within.
Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes oblong-ovate, overlapping to the
Pentabothra.] xcv. asclepiadej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 19
right. Corona of 5 pouch-like folds at the base of the column alternating- with
the anthers, and 5 fleshy laterally compressed processes with free obtuse tips
adnate longitudinally to the backs of the anthers. Anthers large, horny, mem-
branous tips large oblong ; pollen-masses one in each cell, elongate, compressed,
falcate, with long pedicels, pendulous, waxy. Stigma, a depressed 5-angled
cone, included.
P. nana, Hook. f. Ic. PL 1426. Cynanchum nanum, Ham. in Wight
Contrib. 59 ; Wall. Cat. 8230.
Northern Camrup (Lower Assam), at Sanyashikata, in grassy hills, Hamilton.
Stem 5-6 in., rigid, divided below. Leaves 4 by |— £ in., spreading, exactly linear,
acute, base cordate, midrib stout, nerves faint ; petiole ~ in. Umbels clustered,
many-fld. ; pedicels \ in. ; bracts lanceolate. Sepals puberulous. Corolla i-^ in.
diam., purple within, glabrous. — A very remarkable plant, of which the specimen in
Wallich's Herbarium (from which fragments were sent to Wight) is the only one
known. It is evidently near Holostemma and Asclepias itself.
21. RAPH2STEMMA, Wall.
Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, membranous. Cymes axillary,
umbelliform, long-peduneled ; flowers large, white, long-pedicelled. Calyx
5-glandular within. Corolla campanulate, 5-fid ; lobes spreading, twisted in
bud and overlapping to the right. Coronal-seal is 5, membranous, adnate to
the column, produced into long slender linear ligules. Column large, anthers
with an inflexed membranous tip ; pollen-masses one in each cell, not com-
pressed, pendulous, waxy. Stigma depressed, flat, 2-lobed in the middle.
Follicles thick, acute, smooth. Seeds coinose. Distrib. Species 2 ; Asiatic.
1. R. pulchellum, Wall. PI. As. Ear. ii. 50, t. 163, and Cat. 8221 A. ;
leaves cordate acuminate, flowers 1-1 £ in. long. Wight Contrib. 55. Dene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 516. Paxt. Fl. Gard, iii. t. 101 ; Paxt. Mag. xiv. 27 with fig. ;
Fl. des Sevres, t. 223. Asclepias pulchella, Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 54.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft., J.D.H. Assam, Silhet and Cachar, Hamilton,
&c. Peou, Wallich. Moulmeist, Parish.
Branches slender, smooth, herbaceous. Leaves 3-7 in., sinus at base wide, midrib
glandular at the base above ; petiole 2-5 in. Cymes 4-6 fid. ; peduncle 4-5 in. ;
pedicels very slender, 1^-2 in. Sepals broad, very variable in size. Corolla thick,
pure white. Follicles (from a drawing) solitary? 6 by 1| in. diam., sharply deflexed
from the very base, fusiform, turgid, terete, green, slightly upcurved. — Wallich's
8221 B. from Finlayson seems to be R. Hooperianum, a native of Java and Siam.
22. PENTATROPIS, Br.
Twining slender herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, small. Cymes
umbelliform, axillary ; pedicels slender. Flowers small, purplish. Calyx 5-
partite. Corolla rotate, 5-fid ; lobes elongate, overlapping to the right, twisted
to the left. Corona of 5 laterally compressed scales adnate vertically to the
backs of the anthers with free tips and spurred bases. Column short ; anther-
tips inflexed ; pollen-masses one in each cell, not compressed, pendulous, waxy.
Stigma hardly umbonate. Follicles smooth. Seeds comose. Distrib. Species
8 ; tropical Asiatic, African, and Australian.
1. P. spiralis, Dene, in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1838, 327, t. 11 E. and in DC.
Prodr. viii. 536 ; glabrous, leaves ovate lanceolate or oblong base rounded or
cordate, corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate elongate caudate. Edgcw. inJourn. Linn.
Soc. vi. 204, t. 1, f. 9 ; Boiss. FL Orient, iv. 58. P. microphylla, Walk Cat.
c 2
20 xcv. asclepiade^e. (J. D, Hooker.) \_Pentatropis.
8213 D. Oxystelma ? caudatum, Herb. Ham. Asclepias spiralis, Forsk. Fl.
Eg. Arab. 49.
The Panjab, Scind, and Eastwards to the Jumna river. Distrib. Affghanistan
and Westwards to the Ked Sea and Nubia.
Leaves 1-1| in., very variable in breadth, obtuse or acute, usually apiculate, coria-
ceous, nerves obscure; petiole £-^ in. Peduncles very short or 0; pedicels capillary,
top obconic. Calyx minute. Corolla green, \ in. diam. ; segments narrowed from a
triangular base. Follicles 2^-3 in., fusiform, narrowed to the base and to the long
straight rather slender point. Seeds % in. long, ovate, flat, broader end crenate.
2. P. microphylla, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 52; glabrous, leaves oblong
ovate or rounded, base rounded or cordate, corolla- segments triangular-lanceolate
obtuse. Wight Ic. t. 352; Wall. Cat. 8213, excl. Z>. ; Bah. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 149 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 120 ; Bene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 536. Asclepias
microphylla, Boxb. Fl. 2nd. ii. 35 ; Both Nov. sp. 177? Oynanchum acu-
minatum, Thunb. Obs. in Cynanch. 5; Dene. I.e. 548. Eutropis, gen. nov.
Falconer in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 15.
Bengal, in the Sunderbunds ; Pegu ; Deccan Peninsula, from Bombay south-
wards. Ceylon, not uncommon.
Habit and general characters of P. spiralis, but the flowers are much smaller,
and the corolla-lobe's have not the long tails.
23. DffilHIA, Br.
Twining pubescent or tomentose undershrubs. Leaves opposite, cordate.
Cymes axillary, racemiform or corymbiform, pedicels filiform. Sepals glandular
within. Corolla greenish-white, tube short infundibular ; lobes large, broadly
ovate, spreading, overlapping to the right. Corona of an outer annular 5-10-
crenate or -lobed membrane, and 5 laterally compressed scales vertically adnate
to the anthers and spurred behind, with free long subulate tips. Column large,
anther-tips inflexed ; pollen-masses one in each cell, subcompressed, pendulous,
waxy. Follicles echinate. Seeds comose. — Distrib. Species 6; Asiatic and
African.
Z>. extensa, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc.i. 50; subhispidly hairy or glabrate,
leaves membranous broadly ovate acuminate deeply cordate pubescent beneath,
lobes rounded incurved, peduncles long racemose, corolla ciliate, follicles
clothed with long soft spines. Wight Contrib. 59, and Ic. t. 596 ; Wall. Cat.
8231, excl. F.; Dalz. f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 150; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 122;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 544. Cynanchum extensum, Ait. ; Jacq. Ic. Bar. U
54. C. cordifolium, Betz. Obs. ii. 15. O. echinatum, Thunb. Obs. in Cynanch.
8 ; Dene. I.e. 549. Asclepias echinata, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii.
44. Raphistemma ciliatum, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5704.
Throughout India ; from the Salt-range and the N.W. Himalaya (ascending to
3000 ft.) to Lower Bengal and Ceylon (not seen from the Malay Peninsula, Birma,
or Pegu). — Distrib. Affghanistan.
A foetid climber, hairs on stem spreading. Leaves 2-4 in. long and broad ; petiole
2-4 in. Peduncles 2-6 in. ; pedicels capillary, ±-2 in. Sepals small, ovate, pubes-
cent. Corolla § in. diam., pale yellowish green and red. Column large, tips of inner
coronal processes often twisted together. Follicles l£-2 in., lanceolate, beaked. Seeds
£ in. long, broadly ovate, pubescent, margin quite entire.
24. ADELOSTEMMA, Hook f. Gen. Nov.
A slender glabrous twiner. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, cordate. Flowers
small, in axillary peduncled corymbiform cymes. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla
Adelostemma.] xcv. asclepiade^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 21
campamilate, glabrous, shortly 5-lobed ; lobes erect o-patent, overlapping to the
right. Corona 0. Column very shortly stipitate, conical, 5- angled ; anthers
with veiy long oblong membranous tips; pollen-masses one in each cell, ovoid,
pedicellect, waxy, corpuscles large. Stigma clavate, tip exserted, obtuse.
1. A. gracillimum, Hook.f. Ic. PI. t. 1427. Cynanchumgracillimuni,
Wall, in Wight Contrib. 57.
Burma ; at Segaen, Wallich.
Leaves in distant pairs, li-2| by 1-1^ in., very membranous, acuminate ; basal
lobes rounded, incurved with a broad sinus; nerves very slender; petiole 1-1£ in.
filiform. Cymes puberulous ; peduncles shorter than the petioles, pedicels A-i in.
Sepals half as long as the corolla, which is £ in. long, pale and quite glabrous inside
and out. — I find no traces of the 5-fid tubular corona at the base of the stipes of the
column described by Wight.
25. HOLOSTEMMA, Br.
Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, membranous, cordate. Cymes
axillary, few-fid. ; flowers large, purple. Sepals eglandular. Corolla subrotate ;
lobes thick, ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona low, annular, 10-lobed,
fleshy. Anthers very large, oblong, horny, shining, cohering in a 10-winged
column, tip small inflexed membranous ; pollen-masses one in each cell, elongate,
falcate, compressed, pendulous, waxy, pedicels long black. Stigma included,
5-winged. ■ Follicles short, thick, smooth, acute. Seeds comose. — Distrib. Two
Indian species. '
H. Rheedei, Wall. PL As. rar. ii. 51, and Cat. 4469 ; leaves acuminate
basal lobes rounded, flowers subglobose red-purple and white. Wight Contrib.
55, and Ic. t. 597 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 532. H. fragrans, Wall. 1. c. ;
Dene. I. c. ; Dak. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 148 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 121. H.
Brunonianum, Boyle III. 276. t. 66 ; Dene. 1. c. 533. H. Adakodien, Boem. #
Sch. Syst. vi. 95. Asclepias annularis, Boab. Fl. hid. ii. 37. Sarcostemma
anuulare, Both Nov. sp. 178. Gomphocarpus volubilis, Herb. Ham. (in Wight
I. c.) — Bheede Sort, Mai. ix. t. 7.
Tropical Himalava, from Sirmore to Sikkim, alt. 3-5000 ft. Deccan Peninsula,
from the Circars and Canara southwards. Pegu and Birma.
Quite glabrous, or the leaves faintly puberulous. Leaves 3-6 in., basal lobes
spreading or incurved and meeting ; petiole 1-3 in., glandular at the base of the mid-
rib above. Cymes umbelliform or in irregular racemes ; peduncles 1-2 in. ; pedicels
as long. Corolla 1-1 £ in. diam. ; lobes subacute, incurved, white on the back and
margin. Follicles, according to Kheede's figure, like those of Raphistemma. — Sprengel
is given as the authority for the name H. Rheedei, on the supposition that it is his H.
Rheedianum, which being described as erect with oblong cuspidate strongly nerved
leaves must be a very different plant. As Sprengel's other species, H. Candolleana,
is a Fischeria, his genus must be abandoned.
26. CYNANCKUM, Linn,
Erect or twining herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled. Cymes
axillary, umbelliform racemose or subpaniculate ; flowers small, greenish or
purplish. Calyx fi-partite. Corolla rotate, 5-partite, lobes overlapping to the
right or valvate. Corona adnate to the base of the column, 5-partite or cupular
or campanulate, variously toothed or lobed, with or without scales or tubercles on
the inner face opposite the lobes. Anthers sessile or stipitate, tip membranous
inflexed; pollen-masses one in each cell, not compressed, pendulous, waxy.
Stigma flat, umbonate or apiculate. Follicles terete or shortly 2-winged, elon-
22 xcv. asclepiade^:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cynanchum.
gate, moderately ventricose, smooth (in C. corymbosum densely clothed with
soft spines). Seeds comose. — Distrib. Species about 100; tropical and tem-
perate.
I cannot retain Vincetoxicum as distinct from Cynanchum ; the presence or
absence of processes or scales within the corona affords no character (see C. acutum).
The corona itself affords very inconstant characters even for many of the species.
* Stem erect. Corona simple, 5-lobed or -partite, lobes without internal
processes.
1. C. Vincetoxicum, Pers. ; pubescent or glabrate, leaves broadly
cordate or ovate acute, cymes sessile or ped uncled, flowers corymbose or pani-
culate, corolla yellow, segments glabrous or nearly so, coronal-lobes triangular
oblong or rounded. C. Kenouriense, Wight Contrib. 58. Vincetoxicum
officinale, Moench; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 54; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 524.
V. Kenouriense, Dene. I.e. 525. Asclepias Vincetoxicum, Linn.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 7-11,000 ft. — Distrib.
Westwards to Norway and Spain.
Stem 6-10 in., and leaves beneath usually pubescent, sometimes glabrous; leaves
broader, greener, shorter petioled and less coriaceous than in the two following species.
The coronal-lobes are very variable indeed.
2. C. glaucum, Wall, in Wight Contrib. 58; erect, hoary or puberu-
lous pale or glaucous, leaves ovate oblong lanceolate or cordate, cymes usually
sessile, flowers umbelled, corolla yellow segments hirsute or bearded within,
coronal-lobes 5 rounded broader than long fleshy. Wall. Cat. 8229. Vince-
toxicum canescens, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 523 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 52.
Temperate Himalaya, from Nepal Westwards, alt. 5-9000 ft. Western Tibet,
alt. 10-12,000 ft. — Distrib. Afghanistan and westward to the Greek Archipelago.
Stem 6-18 in., erect, flexuous ; rootstock with dense fascicles of roots as in C.
Vincetoxicum. Leaves 1-3 by l|-2£ in., extremely variable in length and breadth,
coriaceous, acute acuminate or apiculate, nerves very oblique ; petiole J— J in. Cymes
pubescent, few or many-fld. ; pedicels short. Corolla £ in. diam., very variable in
size, segments subacute. Coronal-lobes variable. Follicles 2-4 in., slender. Seeds
j-^ in. long, broadly ovoid, concavo-convex. — Boissier says that C. glaucum differs
from canescens in the narrower leaves, few-fld. cymes, and smaller corolla with ovate
segments, but none of these characters hold good. In some Tibetan specimens the
coronal-lobes are narrow, and the filaments form a rather long column.
3. C. Arnottianum, Wight Contrib. 58 ; erect, puberulous or hoary,
leaves ovate oblong or lanceolate, cymes sessile, corolla dark purple, segments
hirsute or bearded within, coronal-lobes 5 fleshy oblong or rounded. Vince-
toxicum Arnottianum, Wight Lc. t. 1614 ; Dene, m DC. Prodr. viii. 523; Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 52. V. montanum, Dene. I. c. 525. V. luridum. Stocks mss.
Western Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 6-8000 ft., Boyle, &c. — Distrib. Belu-
chistan.
Habit and foliage of C. glaucum, with the leaves sometimes whorled, and smaller
dark purple flowers. I suspect that it is only a variety of that plant, and both of
C. Vincetoxicum.
** Stem twining. Corolla glabrous. Corona without internal processes,
t Peduncle of cyme short.
4. C. ovalifolium, Wight Contrib. 57 ; twining, glabrous, leaves
elliptic or oblong acuminate base rounded or subacute, peduncles short, flowers
racemose or panicled, corona short irregularly toothed, teeth often curved.
Cynanchnm.'] xcv. asclepiadeze. (J. D. Hooker.) 23
Wall. Cat. 8226. Cynoctonum ovalifolium and C. Blumei, Bene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 529, 528. Holosteinma lseve, Blume Bijd. 1055.
Penang, Wallich ; Malacca, Maingay. — Djstrib. Java.
Leaves 3-4 by 1± in., coriaceous, pale beneath, nerves spreading; petiole £-f in.
Sepals ovate. Corolla ± in. diam. ; segments broadly ovate, quite glabrous. Column
sessile. Follicles 5 in. long, thickly coriaceous, terete, tapering to a narrow but
stout point, tip recurved. Seeds ^ in., very broad and flat. — "Produces an excellent
caoutchouc" (Wallich). Making allowance for the variability of the corona in this
genus, I am disposed to unite with this the C. formosanum, Maxim. (Diagn. PI. Nov.
Asiat. 801), and Cuming's No. 774 from the Philippines.
5. C. alatum, Wight 8r Am. Contrib. 56 ; twining, puberulous or
glabrate, leaves linear ovate or oblong acute base contracted cordate pale
beneath, umbels shortly peduncled pubescent, corona short cupular plaited
irregularly crenate, follicles narrowly 2- winged. Cynoctonum alatum, Dene,
in DC. Prodr. viii. 529 ; Wight Ic. t. 1280.
Nilgherry Mts., Gardner, &c. Travancore, at Coimbatore, Wight.
Stem slender, sometimes softly pubescent. Leaves 1^-2^ in., rarely more, very
variable in breadth, glabrous or puberulous above ; basal lobes rounded, sinus open
or almost closed ; petiole £-§ in. Umbels 1 in. diam., peduncle and pedicels pubes-
cent. Calyx lobes ovate. Corolla \ in. diam., glabrous, segments oblong-ovate.
Follicles 2-2£ in., dorsally compressed. — Wight's figure represents the whole plant as
far too hairy ; he gives Coimbatore as the only habitat, but his specimens are marked
from the Nilgherries, as are all the others I have seen (Gardner, Hohenacker,
Schmidt, G. Thomson). In the " Contributions " he gives Coromandel as the only
natiye country, which is unlikely. The plaited corona has obscure thickenings on
some of the folds of the inner face which are rudimentary inner processes.
6. C. pauciflorum, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 45 ; twining, nearly
glabrous, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base broadly cordate, lobes
rounded, umbels shortly peduncled. and flowers glabrous, corona much longer
than the sessile column 5-lobed with 5 intermediate teeth, follicles terete.
Wight Contrib. 56 ; Ic. t. 354 ; Wall. Cat. 8223 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
148? C. inconspicuum, Griff. Nbtul. iv. 66, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t- 401. Cyuo-
ctonum pauciflorum, Dene, in DC Prodr. viii. 528. Periploca tunicata, Retz.
Obs. ii. 15 ; Willd. Phytogr. i. 7, t. 5, f. 3. Asclepias tunicata, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 35.
Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards to Travancore. Ceylon, very
common in the Central Province.
Stem slender. Leaves 2-2| by 1-1 \ in., broadest at the base, rather coriaceous ;
petiole £-1 in., glabrous or puberulous ; stipular leaves rounded, \ in. diam. or less.
Peduncle shorter than the petiole. Flowers \ in. diam. Sepals lanceolate. Corona
nearly equalling the corolla, campanulate, plicate, large lobes sometimes 2-fid at the
tip. Follicles 2^ in. long, thinly coriaceous, beak slender. Seeds orbicular, flat, \ in.
diam. — This at first sight resembles C. alatum, but the leaves broad at the base at
once distinguish it. The name 'pauciflorum is not very distinctive.
7. C. Wallichii, Wight Contrib. 56 ; twining, glabrous, leaves ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate finely acuminate membranous base deeply cordate with
rounded decurved or incurved lobes, umbels shortly peduncled and flowers
glabrous, corona campanulate plicate shortly 5-6-lobed lobes toothed. Wall.
Cat. 8224. Cynoctonum Wallichii, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 528. f
Khasia and Jyntea Mts. ; at the foot of the hills, Wallich, &c.
Stems slender. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., pale beneath, nerves very oblique, basal
sinus rounded, open or almost closed by the incurved lobes; petiole 1-U in.
Peduncles much shorter than the petioles, pedicels slender. Sepals ovate. Corolla
24 xcv. asclepiadej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cynanchum.
greenish ; segments oblong-lanceolate, longer than the corona, which is membranous
and pale. Filaments forming a column longer than the anthers.
8. C. Callialata, Ham. in Wight Contrib. 56; twining, glabrous or
very sparsely hairy, leaves coriaceous from rounded or oblong or ovate to
linear acuminate glaucous beneath, base contracted cordate, nerves spreading
obscure, umbels shortly peduncled nearly glabrous flowers glabrous, corona
short cupular irregularly 5-toothed and crenate, follicles 2-winged. Wall.
Cat. 8225; Wight Ic. t. 1279. C. auriculatum, Herb. Ham. _ C. angustifolium,
Wight fy A. I. c. 57. Oynoctonum Callialata and angustifolium, Dene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 528, 529. Periploca tunicata, Herb. Madr.
Behar ; summit of Parusnatb, J. D. H., &c. Deccan Peninsula, from the Con-
can to Travancore. Burma at Hengadah, Wallich.
Stem robust, glabrous or sparingly hairy. Leaves 3-5 in., very variable in
breadth, basal lobes small rounded, sinus narrow, midrib broad, nerves very slender
spreading ; petiole ^-1 in. Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Flowers ^ in. diam.,
quite glabrous Corona follicles and seeds as in C. alatum. — Very closely allied to
C. alatum, but quite distinct in the much larger size and glabrous habit.
ft Peduncles of cyme long, slendf-r.
9. C. corymbosum, Wight Contrib. 56 ; quite glabrous, leaves ovate-
or orbicular-cordate cuspidate or acuminate membranous glaucous beneath,
basal lobes rounded decurved or incurved, peduncles long equalling the long
petioles, corona campanulate plicate with longitudinal thickenings within, mouth
irregularly crenate, anthers sessile, follicles large clothed densely with long
fleshy spines. Wall. Cat. 8222, 8231, F. Cynoctonum corymbosum, Dene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 528.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2-4000 ft. Clarke. Khasia Mts., Silhet and Cachar, alt.
1-3000 ft. Wallich, &c. Pexang, Wallich. Nicobar Islds. Kurz.
Stem rather stout. Leaves 2-6 by 1-3 in., membranous, white beneath ; petiole
1^-3 in. Peduncle slender; flowers racemose or corymbose, ^-i in. diam. quite
glabrous. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Corolla-segments obtuse. Corona large, much
longer than the short column, with internal thickenings as in C. alatum. Seeds
\ in. long, orbicular-ovoid, with a wrinkled nucleus surrounded by a very broad
wing deeply crenate at the lower end. — The large lanceolate almost fleshy follicles,
4-5 by l-l£ in. diam., densely clothed with soft reversed hooked spines ^-| in. long,
are quite peculiar, and recall those of DcBmia. It is remarkable that this species,
though collected both in the Nicobar Islands and Penang, should never have been
found in Burma or thff Malay Peninsula.
10. C. deltoideum, Hook, f, ; twining, glabrous or nea.rly so, leaves
deltoid-cordate acuminate membranous, peduncles slender, flowers small
umbelled glabrous, corona 10-lobed to the middle, 5 lobes large ovate obtuse,
5 intermediate very small rounded.
Khasia Mts. ; Kalapanee and Moflong, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. $ T. T.
Stem slender. Leaves 2-3 in. long and nearly as broad, pale beneath, basal lobes
large. rounded, sinus broad; petiole l-l£ in. Umbels many-fid.; peduncle longer
than the petiole, and pedicels hairy. Sepals ovate, glabrous. Corona concealing the
e column, the large lobes elliptic and thickened, smaller membranous.
*** Stem-twining or suberect. Corolla glabrous or pubescent. Corona with
processes on its inner face (sometimes absent in C. acutum).
t Corolla glabrous ivithin.
'11. C. acutum, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 60; twining, glabrous or
nearly so, leaves narrowed from a broad 3-lobed or hastately cordate base
CynancJium."] xcv. asclepiadej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 25
linear or lanceolate acuminate, peduncle long or short, flowers umbelled or
corymbose, corolla glabrous, corona variable, follicles long flattened, seeds
narrowly oblong. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 547. C. Ion gi folium, Martens ;
Dene. I. c.
Western Tibet, alt. 11-13000 ft., Thomson &c. — Distrib. Afghanistan, Central
and Western Asia, Mediterranean region to Spain.
Leaves 1-5 in. long, very variable in width and in the size and spread of the basal
lobes which are rounded at the tip and sometimes 1^ in. long; petiole £-l| in.
Peduncle equalling or exceeding the petiole, pedicels pubescent. Sepals ovate, usually
pubescent. Corolla ^-| in. diam. ; segments ovate-oblong. Corona sometimes quite
simple and cleft deeply into triangular lanceolate erect or spreading simple lobes,
sometimes cupular and 5-lobed or with 2-5 subulate lobes, and furnished within with
a tongue -shaped process. Anthers sessile, or stalked by the column of filaments.
Follicles quite unlike those of its congeners, 4-6 in. long, ^-^ in. diam., thinly coria-
ceous, straight or slightly curved, somewhat compressed, hardly turgid, narrowed to
a slender point. Seeds £ in. long flat.
12. C. Heydei, Hook. f. ; twining, nearly glabrous, leaves lanceolate
acuminate deeply cordate the lobes incurved often overlapping, sinus long
narrow, peduncle slender, flowers corymbose, corolla glabrous, corona campanu-
late, mouth with 5 long subulate exserted processes each with a short process
at its inner base.
Western Tibet ; Ladak, between Saspo and Kala-tse, Heyde.
I have seen only Heyde.'s specimens, which differ entirely from C. acutum in the
long incurved basal lobes of the leaf and the long teeth of the corona projecting
beyond the corolla.
13. C. Dalhousiae, Wight Contrib. 55; twining, nearly glabrous, leaves
elongate linear-lanceolate acuminate base cordate, lobes rounded, peduncles
short, flowers umbelled quite glabrous, corona campanulate 5-10-lobed with a
low conical process opposite to each lobe near the base within. Dene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 548.
Western Temperate Himalaya, from Sirmore to Kumaon, alt. 5-7000 ft.
Stem slender, with sometimes a line of hairs. Leaves 3-7 by £-1 in., membranous,
basal lobes short rounded pointing backwards, sinus open, nerves very oblique;
petiole 5-I in. Peduncles shorter than the petioles ; pedicels slender, glabrous or
puberulous. Flowers | in. diam., pale green. Sepals ovate. Corona equalling the
corolla.
ff Corolla pubescent within.
14. C. auriculatum, Herb. Boyle; Wight Contrib. 58; twining,
puberulous, leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate deeply cordate
membranous, basal lobes incurved rounded, peduncles long, flowers corymbose,
corolla pubescent within, corona short cupular deeply 5-lobed, lobes oblong
obtuse with adnate fleshy processes on their inner faces. Endotropis auriculata,
Dene, in DC. Prodr, viii. 546.
Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 6-12000 ft.
Leaves usually large, 4-6 by 2^-3^- in., very membranous, basal lobes sometimes
meeting or overlapping; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles 2-4 in., often stout; pedicels
slender; flowers numerous, yellow, \-\ in. diam. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla-
segments linear-oblong or lanceolate. Follicles 4 by £ in., straight. Seeds \ in. long,
flat, flask-shaped with a crenulate broader end.— Nearly allied to C. Wilfordi, Maxim.
(E. caudata, Miguel; Symphyoglossum hastatum, Turczan. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Mosc. 1848, i. 255), of China and Japan, which has smaller flowers.
15. C. Roylei, Wight Contrib. 58; suberect, softly pubescent, leaves
26 xcv. ASCLEPiADEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cynanchum.
small deltoid-ovate or -lanceolate from a broadly cordate base, finely acuminate,
sinus open, peduncles very long, flowers corymbose, corolla pubescent, corona
short 5-lobed lobes rounded with a tubercle on their inner faces. Endotropis
Roy lei, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 547.
Western Himalaya ; Kunawur, Royle, Jacquemont, &c.
A span to a foot high, branches flexuous. Leaves 1-1 £ in., pubescent on both
surfaces; petiole \-\ in. Peduncles sometimes twice as long as the leaves, pedicels
slender; flowers numerous, ~-£ in. diam. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla pubescent
within and without. Follicles 2 in. long, fusiform, turgid, puberulous. Seeds $ in.
long, orbicular-obovate, flat.
16. C. Jacquemontianum. Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 106, t. 112 ;
nearly glabrous, suberect, much branched, leaves small lanceolate from a
broadly cordate base finely acuminate, sinus open, peduncles very loDg, flowers
corymbose, corolla pubescent within only, corona equalling the corolla 5-cleft,
lobes subulate-lanceolate entire or cleft with a small flat process below them.
0. humile, Herb. Falconer. Endotropis Jacquemontii, Dene, in DC. Prodr.
viii. 547.
"Western Himataya; Kashmir, Falconer, Jacquemont.
A span to 2 ft. high. Branches slender, spreading, or erect from a woody stock.
Leaves l-l£ by £-§ in., sometimes faintly puberulous ; petiole \-\ in. Peduncles
sometimes twice as long as the leaves ; pedicels slender ; flowers numerous, £-£ in.
diam. Sepals ovate.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
C. Heyneana, Poem. $ Sch. Syst. vi. 101 ; Bene, in BC. Prodr. viii. 549. Periploca
reticulata, Roth. mss. — May be C. Callialata.
C. pedtjnculatum, Thunb. Obs. in Cynanch. 5 ; Bene, in BC. Prodr. viii. 548,
from Ceylon is undeterminable.
C. tomentosum, Lamk., is probably Tylophora asthmatica, according to Wight
(Contrib. 51, in note).
27. SARCOSTEWMA, Br.
Trailing leafless jointed shrubs with pendulous branches. Cymes terminal
or at the nodes, umbelliforni ; peduncle clavate. Flowers small. Calyx 5-fid.
Corolla rotate, 5-fid; lobes broad, overlapping to the right. Corona cup-
shaped, membranous, adnate to the base of the column, 10-crenate or -lobed,
the lobes opposite the stamens bearing large fleshy processes which are adnate
to the backs of the anthers. Column short ; anther-tip intiexed ; pollen-masses
one in each cell, pendulous, slender, waxy. Stigma conical or shortly fusiform.
Follicles smooth. Seeds comose. — Distrib. Species 5 or 6; Asiatic, African,
and Australian.
I am unable to determine the described species of this genus from dried specimens.
There are probably differences in the fruit and seeds between the four supposed
Indian ones, but I have no sufficient materials to verify this, and those may be
reduced to two.
1. S. brevistig-ma, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 59; umbels terminal, flowej
whitish, column very short, inner processes of the corona almost concealing t-H
anthers, stigma very shortly conical, follicles slightly diverging thinly coriaceotL
narrowed to the base. Wight Ic. t. 595 ; ? Wall. Cat. 8233 ; Dalz. $ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 149; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 538, and in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 107,
t. 113. Asclepias acida, Roxb. Hwt. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 31. A. aphylla,
Roxb. 7H8S.
Sarcostemma.'] xcv. asclepiadeje. (J. D. Hooker.) 27
Deccan Peninsula ; not uncommon in dry rocky places. Burma, Wallich.
Stem as thick as a goose-quill, green ; joints 4-6 in. long. Umbels sessile, 1-1 £
in. diam., many-fld. ; pedicels \ in., puberulous. Sepals small, ovate. Corolla ^ in.
diam., pale greenish-white ; lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse. Corona and column to-
gether rounded, very obtuse. Follicles 4-5 by £ in., thinly coriaceous, tip fine
straight. Seeds flattened, £-| in. long, OA'ate.
2. S. Brunonianum, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 59 ; umbels chiefly
lateral, flowers yellow, column very short, inner processes of corona almost
concealing the anthers, stigma very shortly conical, follicles as in S. brevistigma.
Wight Ic. t. 1282; Bene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 538; Bot. Mag. t. 6002.
Deccan Peninsula, ascending to 4000 ft. in the Nilgherries. Ceylon.
Apparently more slender than S. brevistigma, with .smaller, chiefly lateral, umbels
of bright yellow flowers. '
3. S. intermedium, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 538; umbels terminal
and axillary, flowers white, column ovoid, inner processes of corona oblong
subacute, stigma fusiform simple or 2-fid, follicles broad at the base narrowed
to the tip thinlv coriaceous. S. viminale, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 59 ; Wight
Ic. t. 1281 ; ? Wall. Cat. 8232, not of Brozvn.
Deccan Peninsula, in arid jungles.
The elongate column, narrower dorsal processes of the anthers and longer stigma
are the characters of this. The follicles when in pairs spread but do not divaricate
as in the following.
4. S. Stocksii, Hook. f. ; umbels terminal, column very short, inner
processes of corona almost concealing the anthers, stigma very shortly conical,
follicles short spreading horizontally poinard-shaped nearly cylindric subacute
hard thickly coriaceous. S. brachvstigma (by error for brevistigma), Hook. Ic.
PI. t, 861.
Scind, Stocks.
Apparently a much more robust plant than any of the preceding, with the flowers
of S. brevistigma, but widely different follicles, which are 2^-3^ in. long, rigid, almost
woody, cylindric but tapering very gradually from the base to the straight stout
point; peduncle very short and thick; the seeds are nearly \ in. long, linear-oblong,
thicker than in its congeners.
Tribe 4. MARSDENIEX.
28. SARCOLOBUS, Br.
Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite. Floivers small, crowded in
axillary corymbiform cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla sub-campanulate ;
lobes 5, ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona 0. Column very short ;
anthers broad, tip inflexed.; pollen-masses one in each cell, erect, waxy, elongate,
with long twisted pedicels. Stigma flat. Follicles thick, fleshy, globose and
smooth, or oblong and 2-keeled. Seeds large, coma 0.— Distrib. Species 2-3 ;
Malayan and E. Asiatic.
1. S. grlobosus, Wall, in Asiat. Research, xii. 568, t. 4, and Cat. 4468;
leaves 3-4 in. oblong or ovate acuminate or obtuse and apiculate, corolla-lobes
pubescent within, fruit large globose. Wight Contrib. 47, and Ic. t. 1273;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 625. S. carinatus, Griff. Notul. iv. 53, and in Ic.
PI Asiat. t. 410 (not of Wall.).
Sunderbunds and eastwards to Mergui, Malacca and the Nicobar Islands.
28 xcv. asclepiadej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Sarcolobus.
Branches stout. Leaves brown when dry, thinly coriaceous, nerves arched, base
usually rounded ; petiole ^-1 in., slender. Peduncles and pedicels very short. Sepals
oblong, obtuse. Corolla ^— ^ in. diam., pale purple within, lobes obtuse. Anthers
very broad, shortly stipitate. Fruit globose, 4 in. diam. ; pericarp very thick, brown.
Seeds § in. long, broadly ovate, flat with a thick raised border, dark brown.
2. S. carinatus, Wall, in Asiat. Research, xii. 570, t. 5, and Cat. 4467;
leaves 1-2 in. elliptic obovate lanceolate or linear-oblong obtuse or acute,
corolla nearly glabrous within, fruit small ellipsoid. Wight Contrib. 47 ;. Bene.
in DC. Prodr. viii. 625. Sarcolobus sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 55, and Ic. PL Asiat.
t. 405.
Sunderbtjnds and eastwards to Mergui and the Andaman Islands.
A much smaller plant than S.globosus, more slender, with smaller narrower leaves
very rarely 3 in. long, thicker in texture, the nerves very obscure, petiole ^-\ in.,
corolla smaller, yellow, with lines of brown dots ; anthers sessile. Fruit 3 in.,
curved, turgid, beaked, with several narrow undulate keels, pale yellow, fleshy.
Seeds \ in., like those of S.
29. PENTASACME, Wall.
Pendulous tufted glabrous herbs, with simple stems. Leaves opposite, sub-
sessile, membranous, narrow. Flowers long, yellowish, in sessile axillary
umbelliform cymes; pedicels filiform. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube short,
campanulate ; lobes long, caudate, twisted, overlapping to the right. Coronal-
scales 5, on the corolla-tube, entire or toothed. Column very short ; anther-tips
membranous ; pollen-masses one in each cell, pedicelled, erect, ovoid, waxy, tips
pellucid. Stigma included, conical or beaked. Follicles very slender, terete,
straight, smooth. Seeds comose. — Distkib. Species 3-4 ; Indian and Chinese.
1. P. caudatum, Wall. Cat. 8234 ; very slender, leaves linear-lanceolate
caudate-acuminate, corolla-lobes triangular at the base suddenly ending in long
almost filiform tails. Wight Contrib. 60 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 627.
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft., common. Patkoi Mts. in Upper Assam, Griffith.
Pegu, McClelland, Kurz.
Densely tufted, flaccid, stems 12-18 in., rarely forked, leafy throughout their
length. Leaves 2-3 by £-§ in., thin, bright green, nerves obscure. Flowers £ in.
long, longer than the capillary pedicels. Sepals subulate. Corolla-lobes with obtuse
tips; coronal-scales 4-fid. Anther-tips obtuse. Stigma obtuse. Follicles 2^-3 in.,
with long slender points. Seeds ^ in. long, ovate, flat, red-brown.
2. P. Wallichii, Wight Contrib. 60 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate
base acute, corolla-lobes gradually narrowed to the long obtuse tip. Wall. Cat.
8235 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 627 ; Deless. Ic. Set. v. t. 87.
Western Himalaya; Kumaon, alt. 3500 ft., Madden, &c. Silhet, Wallich.
Mishmee Mts., Griffith.
Habit of P. caudatum, but stems stouter ; leaves 2-3 by f-l| in., nerves beneath
distinct, setulose ; flowers much longer, with broader corolla-lobes ; coronal-scales
minute; anthers acuminate; stigma shortly beaked; follicles rather stouter; seeds
much the same.
30. GYITCNEITCA, Br.
Twining shrubs or undershrubs. Leaved opposite. Flowers small, in
crowded umbelliform cymes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla subrotate, campanulate
or urceolate ; lobes thick, twisted, subvalvate or narrowly overlapping to the
right. Corona 0; or of 5 fleshy processes adnate to the corolla-throat or tube.
Ggmnema.'] xcv. asclepiadeje. (J. D. Hooker.) 29
Column short; anther-tips small, membranous ; pollen-masses one in each cell,
ovoid-oblong, waxy, pedicelled, erect. Stigma large, conical, clavate or capitate,
exserted. Follicles slender or turgid, terete, smooth, acuminate. Seeds comose.
— Distrib. Species 25; Asiatic, African, and Australian.
* Corolla-tube short, with fleshy coronal processes on the throat, the free
points of which (except in rotundatum) protrude above the sinus, and are
produced downwards on the tube as double villous ridges. Bracts obsolete.
1. Cr. sylvestre, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 33; branches slender and
petioles cymes and sepals finely closely pubescent, leaves l-2£ in. elliptic or
obovate acute rarely cordate glabrous or puberulous beneath, cymes small 2-nate
peduncled nearly flat, corolla ~ in. diam. lobes glabrous, follicles slender
glabrous, seeds narrow. Wight Contrib. 44, and Ic. t. 349 ; Wall. Cat. 8184 A;
Dak. # Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 151 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 120; Dene, in DC. Prodr.
viii. 621. G. melicida, Edgew. Banda Fl. 50. Periploca sylvestris, Willd. Sp.
PI. i. 1252. Asclepias geminata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 45.
Banda, Edgcworth. Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan to Travancore. —
Distrib. Trop. Africa.
A stout large woody climber. Leaves rarely pubescent above, thinly coriaceous ;
petiole slender or stout, |-| in. Cymes ^ in. diam., subglobose, pedicels slender.
Corolla-lobes short. Follicles 2-3 by ^ in., terete, rigid. Seeds -| in. long, narrowly
ovoid-oblong, flat with a broad thin wing, pale brown. — The leaves in Wight's figure
are unusually large.
Var. ceylanica ; leaves ovate base cordate softly pubescent on both surfaces. G-.
sylvestre, var. Decaisneana, Thw. Enum. 197, excl.syn. — Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft.
2. Cr. hirsutum, Wight 8f Am. Contrib. 44 ; branches petioles leaves on
both surfaces and cymes densely softly pubescent, leaves 1£-2| in. broadly ovate
or cordate acute or acuminate, cymes 2-nate subsessile few- or many-fld., corolla
\ in. diam., lobes thick ciliolate, follicles slender glabrous. Wight 1c. t. 1272 ;
Wall. Cat. 8185; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 622. G. Decaisneanum, Wight Ic.
t. 1271.
Behar; at Eotas, J. D. H. ; Nilgherry Mts., Wight, &c.
Much stouter than G. sylvestre, with broader more'ovate and cordate leaves softly
pubescent on both surfaces with shorter thicker petioles, and much larger flowers, in
more sessile cymes with shorter thicker pedicels. — The Behar specimen is in fruit only
and may belong to G. sylvestre, though the leaves are pubescent on both surfaces. I
have seen no ripe seeds of the Nilgherry plants. In Wight's figure of G. Decaisneana,
the leaves are glabrous above, which is opposed to his description and specimens. The
distinctions he indicates between this and hirsutum do not exist.
' 3. Cr. molle, Wall, in Wight Contrib. 45, and Cat. 8186 ; branches petioles
leaves beneath and cymes finely pubescent, leaves ovate oblong or cordate acute
or acuminate, cymes subsessile dense-fid., corolla £' in. diam. lobes ciliate,
follicles woodv broad turgid below the middle pubescent, seeds ovate. Dene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 622.
Upper Burma ; Irawaddi, near the Petroleum wells, and at Taong-dong, Wallich.
A stout climber. Leaves very variable, some 2-2£ by l-l£ in., others 3 in. and
as broad, deeply cordate, above glabrous or. .puberulous ; petiole slender, -|-f in.
Cymes small, irregular. Sepals hirsute. Corolla-lobes thickened, glabrous. Follicles
2|-3 in., |-1 in. bread at the thickest part. Seeds i in. long, very different from
those of the preceding species. — This is very near the Chinese G. affine, Dene. (G.
parviflorum, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 50), which has broad seeds and similar follicles,
but the flowers are larger. Thoiigh Upper Burma is beyond British India, the species
is so likely to be found in the latter that I (as in like instances) introduce it.
30 xcv. asclepiade$. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gym
4. G. acuminatum, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 50; Cat. 8187; bra;
stout, petioles leaves beneath cymes and sepals densely tomentose, leaves 3-6 in .
coriaceous ovate acuminate, cymes peduncled globose, corolla | in. diam. lobe.s
glabrous not ciliate, follicles turgid ovoid beaked woody, seeds large elliptic
broadly winged. Wight Contrib. 45 ; Dene, in DC. Prod)', viii. 622. Oynanchum
acuminatum, Herb. Ham. Asclepias acuminata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 21, and
Fl. Ind. ii. 55.
East Bengal, Griffith. Silhet and Tenasserim, Wallich. Chittagong, Roxburgh.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay.
A large climbing: shrub, bark of old wood spongy and split (Roxburgh). Leaves
coriaceous, rather shining above ; petiole |-1 in. Calyx villous. Follicles 3 in. long,
base cordate, thickly woody, narrowed into a stout beak, glabrous. Seeds § in. long,
flat, wing broad membranous.
5. G. latifolium, Wall, in Wight. Contrib. 45, and Cat. 8188; branches
stout petioles leaf-nerves beneath cymes and sepals finely pubescent, leaves large
orbicular acute or cuspidate, cymes 2-nate peduncled very many-fid. globose,
pedicels slender, corolla-lobes ciliolate thickened and puberulous, follicles
slender punctate, seeds narrow. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 623.
Silhet ; Burma, at Trogla and the Saluen river, Wallich.
Leaves 4-5 in. long and nparly as broad, base rounded or subacute, glabrous above
except the puberulous midrib, pale beneath ; nerves spreading ; petiole ^-£ in.
Cymes %-\ in. diam. ; peduncle £-| in. ; pedicels very slender. Sepals broadly ovate,
obtuse". Corolla ^ in. diam. Follicles 3 in. long, thinly coriaceous. Seeds as in G.
sylvestre.
6. Cr. glabrum, Wight Contrib. 45 ; branches stout and petioles leaf-
nerves beneath and cymes and sepals finely pubescent, leaves large broadly ovate
or oblong acuminate, cymes 2-nate peduncled globose many-ild., pedicels
slender, corolla very minute, lobes glabrous not ciliate thickened, follicles fusi-
form. Wall. Cat. 8189; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 623.
Burma ; at Taong-dong, Wallich.
Very similar in foliage to G. latifolium, but the leaves are hardly so rounded and
the petioles l-l£ in. long; the flowers Tlj,— ^ in. diam., and the follicles are lanceolate
in outline, 4 by 1 in., thinly woody, glabrous, smooth; the seeds broadly ovate ^ in.
long, flat.
7. G-. rotundatum, Thwaite* Enum. 197 ; branches petioles leaves
beneath cymes and sepals tomentose, leaves long-petioled rounded-ovate obtusely
acuminate subpilose above, petiole glandular, cymes 2-nate peduncled densely
many-fld., sepals rounded, corolla-lobes not ciliate quite glabrous, coronal pro-
cesses wholly below the sinus.
Ceylon ; cenfral province, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites.
I have seen but one specimen ; it differs from G. latifolium chiefly in the longer
petioles, 1-lg- in. and peduncles. The fruit is wanting to tell its affinity. It differs
from all others of this section in the coronal processes having no free points between
the sinus.
8. Cr. lactiferum, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 33 ; branches petioles and
nerves beneath glabrous or puberulous, leaves ovate oblong or lanceolate acumi-
nate point often long, cymes peduncled and broadly oblong or rounded, sepals
glabrous or sparsely hairy, corolla £ in. diam. lobes short ciliolate glabrous.
Wight Contrib. 44; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 622.
Khasia Mts., Malay Peninsula, and Ceylon. — Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo.
A stout climber. Leaves 2-4 by f-lf in., coriaceous, brown when dry ; nerves
Gymuema.] xcv. asclepiade^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 31
3-4 pairs, very oblique ; petiole slender, |-£ in. Cymes few or many -fid., peduncle
shorter than the petiole, flowers subglobose, £ in. diam. Follicles not seen.
Var. 1 . lactiferum proper ; branches pubescent, leaves glabrous on both surfaces,
sepals nearly glabrous. G. lactiferum, Br. I.e. G. zeylanicum, Dene, in DC. Prodr.
viii. 622. A^sclepias lactifera, Linn. — Ceylon.
Var. 2. nitens; branches glabrous, leaves glabrous or the midrib and nerves
beneath pubescent, sepals glabrous or sparsely hairy. G. nitens, Blume Mus. Dot. i.
149, t. 29 ; Miqucl Fl. hid. Bat. ii. 49.8. G. malayanum, Griff. Notul. iv. 56, and Ic.
PI. Asiat. t. 394. — Malay Peninsula from Mergui to Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo.
Var. 3. khasiana ; branches and nerves of leaf beneath pubescent, leaves often
lanceolate.— Khasia Mts. at Churra, J. D. H. # T. T.
Vak. 4. Thwaitesii ; leaves softly pubescent beneath, sepals membranous pubes-
cent.— Ceylon, Thwaites (N. 2.549). This resembles G. sylvestre and acuminatum,
but the flowers are larger and the calyx is very different.
Var. 4? Walkeri; branches and leaves quite glabrous, cymes sessile puberulous,
sepals puberulous membranous. — Ceylon, Walker.
9. Cr. ItXaing'ayi, Hook. f. ; branches slender petioles leaves beneath
cymes and sepals softly finely pubescent, leaves small ovate or ovate-cordate
acuminate few-nerved, cymes sub-sessile, flowers few minute, corolla-lobes not
ciliate.
Malacca, Main gay (Kew. Distrib. 1111).
Leaves 1-2 in. and branches bright yellow-brown when dry, nerves 2-3 pairs;
petiole ^-\ in. Pedicels slender, —-£ in., bracts most minute. Sepals oblong.
CoroMz glabrous, i in. diam., lobes rather narrow. — This resembles a good deal G.
affine of China and G. sylvestre, but the cymes are sessile and leaves much smaller.
** Corolla-tube with double villous (rarely glabrous) ridges below the
sinuses, not produced .into fleshy points (see also G. rotundatum). Bidaria,
Dene.
t Corolla-tube, short, broad, hardly exceeding the linear-oblong sepals ;
coronal-processes large.
10. Cr. ting" ens, Wight Sf Am. Contrib. 45 ; glabrous or nearly so, leaves
membranous broadly ovate usually cordate acute acuminate or caudate, petiole
1-1£ in., cymes 4-6 in. corymbose at length racemose, peduncle shorter than
the petioles, sepals glabrate, corolla-lobes glabrous broadly ovate or oblong.
Wall. Cat. 8190. G. tingens var. cordifolia, Wight Ic. t. 593. Bidaria tingens,
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 623, partly. Asclepias tingens, Roxb. Jlort. Beng.
21, and Fl. Ind, ii. 53.
Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim ; Assam ; Silhet ; Lower Bengal
at Monghyr ; Pegu and Travancore ; Annamallay hills, alt. 4000 ft. Beddome.
An extensive climber; branches soft, not woody. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., bright
green ; nerves 4-6 pairs. Cymes many-fld., elongating into a spiral raceme ; bracts
oblong; pedicels rather exceeding the peduncles; flowers ^ in diam., pale yellow.
"■Follicles 4 by 1 in. ovate-lanceolate, spreading, smooth fleshy" (Roxb.). — The western
localities for this plant are doubtful, a specimen from Royle's Herb, is labelled by
Falconer "Kh aria Pass," another from Vicary " Gomulepore." The Annamallay speci-
men is indistinguishable and suggests the probability of this and G. montanum being
forms of one species.
11. G-. montanum, Hook. f. ; glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 4-5 in.
large coriaceous oblong or ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate obtuse acute or
acuminate, petiole \-% in., cymes corymbose at length racemose, peduncle
shorter than the petiole, sepals ciliate g-labrate, corolla-lobes oblong. — G.
tingens var. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 592. Bidaria tingens, Dene, in DC. Prodr.
32 xcv. asclepiade^:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gymnema.
viii. 623, partly. B. elegans, Dak. $* Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 161. ? Asclepias mon-
tana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 45.
Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan Southwards, on the Ghats.
This may, as Wight suggests, be a variety of &. tingens, but I find no intermediate
forms ; it differs in the shape and coriaceous nature of the leaves, their short petioles,
and in the shorter peduncles. I have seen no fruit. There appear to be three forms
of it.
Var. 1. Leaves usually ovate, petiole short, cymes many- fid., corolla glabrous. —
The Concan.
Vak. 2. Beddomei ; leaves more oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petiole \-^ in.,
cymes few-fid., flowers larger, corolla glabrous. — Annamallay hills, alt. 5000 ft.
Beddomc.
Var. 3. pubiflora ; leaves of var 2., cymes few-fid., corolla pubescent externally. —
Nilgherry hills at Nedawullum, alt. 7000 ft., Wight. Clarke. Clarke's specimens have
longer peduncles and petioles and densely pubescent cymes.
12. G-. eleg-ans, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 46 ; glabrous or shoots and
cymes puberulous, leaves 2-4 in. membranous ovate-cordate acute or acuminate,
cymes few-fid., peduncles slender shorter than the petioles, sepals ciliate, gla-
brate, corolla-lobes obovate- oblong. Wight 1c. t. 830; Wall. Cat. 8191.
Bidaria elegans, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 623.
Deccan Peninsula ; hills of the South Carnaticfrom the Nilgherries to Travancore,
Wight, &c.
Much smaller and more delicate than G. tingens, with smaller leaves, more slender
petioles and pedicels. Follicles 2i-3 by ^ in., narrowly lanceolate, glabrous, straight.
Seed? % in. long, ovate, with a broad border. — As Wight well remarks, it is difficult
to distinguish this from G. tingens except by habit, size, and the few-fld. cymes.
tt Corolla-tube much exceeding the sepals ; coronal-processes elongate, nearer
to the base than to the lobes, often faint and glabrous.
13. G-- pergularioides, Wight fy Gardner mss.-, branches very slender
and petioles and cymes puberulous, leaves membranous elliptic- or oblong-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate base rounded or acute, peduncles equalling the
petioles, pedicels very short, corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate. Bidaria pergula-
rioides, Thicaites Enum. 198 P Cynanchum cuspidatum, Thunb. Obs. in
Cynanch. 5 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 548.
Ceylon, Walker, Gardner, &c.
Leaves very variable, 1-6 by £-2 in , nerves arching or very oblique ; petiole f-$
in., slender. Cymes dense-fld. ; flowers almost capitate. Sepals broadly oblong, not
half as long as the corolla-tube, which is } in. and as long as the lobes. Corolla-tube
yellow, tinged with red, £ in. long. " Follicles 5-6 in. long, \ in. broad, linear-lan-
ceolate, much attenuate, puberulous, at length glabrate," Thwaites.
Var. Gardneri, Thwaites I.e. ; leaves smaller 1-1$ in. elliptic-lanceolate more
coriaceous, follicles shorter.
14. Cr. stenoloba, Hook. f. ; glabrous or nearly so, leaves membranous
lanceolate acuminate, cymes few-fid., peduncles equalling the petioles, pedicels
short, corolla-lobes linear, stigma bifid.
Ceylon, Walker.
Closely allied to G. pergularioides, but the cymes are few-fld., the flowers much
larger, the corolla-tube \ in. long, the lobes narrowly linear, the column much longer
and more slender and the stigma 2-fid. The follicles answer to the description of
those of G. pergularioides, but are quite glabrous.
15. G. 1 Thomsoni, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves linear-lanceolate
coriaceous, cymes simple or branched long-peduncled, pedicels long, corolla-
Gymnema.] xcv. asclepiadeje. (J. D. Hooker.) 33
lobes linear with reflexed margins, anthers with membranous margins and a
membranous ligule behind and below the inflexed tip, stigma broadly turbinate.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft., Thomson.
Stems slender. Leaves 3-6 by f-3^ in., base acute or narrowly rounded ; nerves
oblique, very faint ; petiole stout, \- 1 in. Peduncle £-l£ in., rather slender; flowers
umbelled, pedicels twice or thrice as long as the corolla-tube. Sepals very small,
broadly oblong. Corolla-tube i in. ; lobes as long, spreading, thick. — A very remark-
able plant, resembling G. stenoloba, but differing totally in the texture of the leaves,
the reflexed margins of the corolla-lobes and especially in the winged anthers with a
membranous ligule behind the tip and parallel to it. It is probably a new genus, but,
without the fruit, I do not venture to propose it as such.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
Bidaria inodora, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 624. " From sandy places near Pondi-
cherry (Cynanchum inodorum v. Ganosma inodora, Lour. Fl. Cock. 166). A climber
with fistular glabrous stems, leaves rounded-ovate or -lanceolate quite glabrous base
rounded or cordate, petiole slender, peduncles short, pedicels longer, flowers puberu-
lous, tube hairy within, stigma conical emarginate exceeding the anthers " (Dene. I.e.).
I have no idea what this is ; it is probably a very common plant.
»
31. GONGRONEMA, Dene.
Glabrous twining shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. Cymes various,
axillary ; flowers small. Calyx 6-partite. Corolla urceolate subrotate or
broadly campanulate, lobes narrowly overlapping to the right. Column short ;
coronal scales adnate to the bases of the anthers or 0. Anther-tips inflexed,
concealing the stigma ; pollen-masses solitary in each cell, ovoid, waxy, erect ;
stigma convex clavate or conical. Follicles acuminate. Seeds comose. Distrib.
Species about 10 ; Asiatic, African, and Australian.
* Corolla nearly rotate, tube short.
1. G-. nepalense, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 624; glabrous or cymes
puberulous, leaves large oblong or ovate acuminate base rounded or cordate,
cymes very long-peduncled bracteate, corolla-tube short open, lobes ovate,
coronal process small recurved or obsolete. Gymnema nepalense, Wall. Tent.
Fl. Nep. 50, t. 38, the left-hand leaf only, and Cat. 8192 ; Wight Contrib. 46.
Subtropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 2-4000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 3-5000 ft.
An extensive twiner, shoots and cymes puberulous. Leaves 3-6 by l£-3£ in.,
membranous, nerves arching ; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncle 2-6 in., generally branching
into 3 long divaricate arms, each bearing three many-fld. umbels, pedicels short.
Sepals ovate. Corolla \ in. diam., yellow. Follicles slender, 2^-3 by % in.
Var. sagittatum ; leaves linear-oblong base rounded or cordate. Gr. sagittatum,
Dene. I.e. Gymnema sagittatum, Wall. Cat. 8194 ; Wight Contrib. 46. Gr. nepalense,
Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 38 (except the left-hand cordate leaf). G. columnare, Wall. Cat.
8193; Wight $ Am. I.e. Grongronema columnare, Dene. I.e. — Silhet, Assam, and
Chittagong. Except the narrower leaves and usually shorter peduncles I can And no
difference between G. sagittatum and nepalense. The processes at the base of the
column vary very much.
** Corolla-tube inflated, equalling or exceeding the lobes in length.
2. G-. "Wallichii, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 624 ; quite glabrous, leaves
elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate acute or acuminate, cymes subsessile few-fld., ^
corolla-tube hairy within lobes short ovate. Gymnema Wallichii, Wight*
Contrib. 46 ; Wall. Cat. 8195 A.
VOL. IV. D
34 xcv. asclepiade^:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gongronema.
Malacca (? Finlayson), Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib, 1113).
Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., firmly membranous ; nerves 5-6 pairs, arched ; petiole
|— | in. Cymes small ; pedicels very unequal. Sepals small, oblong. Corolla | in.
diam., lobes spreading. Coronal- scales broad, recurved, apparently confluent with
the anther-base. Anther-tips large, exserted. Follicles 6 by ^ in., gently curved
from base to tip, smooth. Seeds ^ in. oblong, wing broad recurved. — Finlayson's
specimens in Herb. Wallich have no locality given.
3. G-. ventricosum, Hook./.: quite glabrous, leaves coriaceous ovate
or ovate-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate, cymes subsessile few-fid.,
corolla-tube glabrous within, lobes as long linear with recurved margins.
Khasia Mts. (Herb. Calcutta).
Leaves 3 by 1-1^ in. ; nerves 2-3 pairs, very prominent beneath, strongly inarch-
ing far within the margin ; petiole stout, ^-^ in. Flowers very shortly pedicelled.
Sepals very small. Corolla ^ in. long. Coronal- scales broad, recurved. Pollen-masses
smaller than the corpuscle. — In form of corolla this a good deal resembles Gymnema
Thomsoni. I have seen only a solitary indifferent specimen of this plant.
G-. ? Finlaysonii, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 625 (Gymnema Finlaysonii, Wight
Contrib. 46 ; Wall. Cat.), is probably, like most of Finlayson's plants, from Siam. It is
glabrous with ovate-cordate leaves, and has peduncled cymes of large flowers ^-\ in.
diam. The pollen-masses have long spiral pedicels.
32. IttARSDENXA, Br.
Twining, rarely erect, shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. Cymes
umbelliform, simple or branched, terminal or axillary ; flowers medium-sized
or small. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla campanulate or urceolate or salver-shaped,
lobes narrow or broad, overlapping to the right. Coronal scales 5, usually
subulate flattened (or 0), adnate to the anthers dorsally, erect. Column short;
anthers with an inflexed tip ; pollen-masses pedicelled, oblong or ovoid, waxy,
erect. Stigma flat convex or beaked, sometimes very long. Follicles lanceolate
or poniard-shaped. Seeds comose. — Distrib. Species about 50 ; chiefly tropical
or subtropical, with one S. European.
A heterogeneous assemblage, amongst which perhaps M. tinctoria, eriocarpa, and
thyrsoidea should form one natural genus, and the remainder a second. M. thyrsoidea
is very remarkable in wanting the coronal scales.
Sect. I. Eumarsdenia. Flozvers small. Corolla cylindric, shortly
5-cleft, mouth closed with a brush of short hairs. Column minute ; anther-
tips and coronal scales very short. Stigma truncate.
1. DX. tinctoria, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 30; nearly glabrous, leaves
ovate or cordate acuminate or caudate, flowers in dense thyrsoid or rounded
panicles, coronal scales subulate longer and narrower than the anther-tip,
follicles finely pubescent. Wight Contrib. 40, and Ic. t. 589 ; Wall. Cat. 8173 ;
Griff. Notul. iv. 52, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 389; GraJi. Cat. Bomb. PI. 119;
Brand. For. Fl. 332; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 201 ; Bene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 615
excl. syn. of Rheede. M. monostachya, Wall. mss. Asclepias tinctoria, Roxb.
Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 43. Pergularia tinctoria, Spreny. Syst. i. 844.
P. parviflora, Blume Bijd. 1056. Cynanchuni tingens, Herb. Ham.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2-3000 ft. Assam, Silhet, Khasia Mts., and Birma at
Prome, Wallich (cultivated in the Deccan and elsewhere in India). — Distrib. Sumatra,
Java, China.
Marsdenia.] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 35
A tall climber; stem stout, smooth, glabrous or finely pubescent, as are the
petioles, sometimes the leaves below, and cymes. Leaves 3-9 by 1-3 in., nerves
spreading, glandular above at the petiole; petiole 1-2 in. Cymes short- or long-
peduncled, rounded and ^-1 in. diam. or elongate 3-6 in. long, thyrsoid, formed of
interrupted clusters ; pedicels short. Sepals ovate, pubescent. Corolla -i in. long,
yellow, fleshy, glabrous externally ; tube with deflexed hairs within. Follicles 3 in.
long, ^ in. diam., narrowed at the base. Seeds narrowly ovoid, £-§ in. long. — In tho
absence of any description or figure of the follicles, or of authentic specimens in fruit
of the Sumatran plant on Which the genus was founded, I am in doubt whether this
or the following is the true M. tinctoria. The flowers are often deformed, very large,
and the column is often replaced by rudimentary leaves. Decaisne erroneously quotes
Eheede's Kada Kodi (Hort. Mai. ix. 72, t. 8) for this plant.
2. XIX. eriocarpa, Hook. /.; foliage of M. tinctoria, follicles shorter
broader turgid at the base softly villous with long spreading hairs, seeds
broadly ovate.
Silhet, Herb. Wallich (Asclep. 145 A). Assam, Masters.
Wallich on the ticket of his specimen (which has no Catalogue number) says of
this "Marsdenia, tinctorige affinis, sed differt ; E. Sylhet, introd. in H.B. Calc. Feb.
1840." Brandis describes the pod of M. tinctoria as "covered with long soft hairs,"
whence he probably has assumed that this is referable to M. tinctoria, and, if so, the
plant I have described under that name must be named afresh. A reference to
Marsden's Sumatran plant can alone solve the difficulty.
Sect. II. Macrocentrttm. Flowers larger. Corolla subcainpanulate ; tube
short, globose or subcylindric ; lobes large, fleshy, spreading, and throat glabrous
or villous. Staminal column large, filling the tube; coronal scales usually
large, often exceeding the anther-tip.
* Stigma not extended beyond the anthers.
3. Ml. XLoylei, Wight Contrib. 40 ; branches petioles leaves beneath
and cymes finely pubescent or tomentose, leaves ovate-cordate acuminate,
cymes corymbose, corolla-lobes pubescent without villous within, coronal scales
slender subulate far exceeding the short anther-tips. Brand. For. Fl. 333 ;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 615.
Eastern and "Western Himalaya; from Simla to Kumaon,. ascending to 5000 ft.
Sikkim, alt. 4000 ft., Clarke.
Leaves 3-6 by 2-4 in., often velvety beneath ; petiole 1^-2 in. Cymes 1-1 £ in.
diam. Corolla £-$ in. diam. Stigma dome-shaped. Follicles turgid, 3 in. long 1-1 £
diam., straight, beaked, pericarp thick transversely rugose puberulous. Seeds £ in.
long.
4. BX. tenacissima, Wight $ Am. Contrib. 41 ; branches petioles
leaves beneath and cymes velvety or tomentose, leaves broadly ovate base
cordately 2-lobed acuminate, corolla-lobes pubescent without glabrous within,
coronal scales coriaceous subulate hardly exceeding the ovate anther-tip.
Wight Ic. t. 590 ; Wall. Cat. 8176 ; Brand. For. Fl. 333 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 201 ;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 616. Asclepias tenacissima, Boxb. Cor. PI. iii. 35,
t. 240, and Fl. Ind. ii. 31. A. tomentosa and A. echinata, Herb. Madr. Gym-
nema tenacissima, Spreng. Syst. i. 844.
Western Himalaya ; Kumaon, ascending to 4500 ft. Northern Oudh, Thomson.
Bengal ; Rajmahal hills, Roxburgh. Chittagong, Wallich. Ava, Kurz. Ceylon,
hotter parts of the Island, not common. Thwaites. — Distrib. Timor (Miquel).
Stem very stout. Leaves 4-7 by 3-5 in., often velvety above; petiole 2-3 in*
Cymes much corymbosely branched. Corolla \ in. diam. ; lobes oblong, ciliate
Stigma between conical and dome-shaped. Follicles 5-6 in. long by \\-2 in. diam.,
d2
36 xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Marsdenia.
lanceolate ; pericarp very thick, longitudinally wrinkled, finely pubescent. Seeds ovate-
oblong, £ in. long. — Pergularia crocea, Zipp. (Miqicel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 497), of Java is
very closely allied, but the coronal scales are much laterally compressed, project
radially, and are 2-keeled towards the base.
5. Iff. Hamiltonii, Wight Contrib. 41 ; branches petioles nerves beneath
and cymes furfuraceously puberalous, leaves oblong or oblong-ovate obtuse or
acute base cordate, cymes corymbosely branched, corolla-lobes glabrous without
and within, throat densely villous, coronal scales membranous subulate exceed-
ing the anther-tips. Wall. Cat. 8174; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 614. Cynan-
chum reticulatum, Herb. Ham.
Northern Oudh, Hamilton. Western Himalaya ; Subsewaliks, Edgeworth.
Leaves coriaceous, 2-3 by 1|— 2 in., pale; petiole ^-1 in. Cymes corymbosely
branched. Corolla ^ to \ in. diam. Stigma quite flat with a central cone. Follicles
not seen.
6. XIX. Brunoniana, Wight # Am. Contrib. 40 ; glabrous or cymes and
petioles puberulous, leaves orbicular-cordate acuminate membranous, cymes
short few-fid. corymbiform, corolla-lobes glabrous within and without, anthers
with a double flattened obtuse spur (or fold) at the base, coronal scales ovate
acute a little longer than the short anther-tip. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 614 ;
Wight Ic. t. 356.
Coromandel ; near Cotermala, Wight.
Branches and petioles sometimes puberulous. Leaves 4-5 by 3-4 in., base shortly
cordate, nerves slender ; petiole 1-2 in., slender. Cymes ^-1 in. diam. ; peduncle
shorter than the petiole. Corolla % in. diam., lobes broadly oblong. Stigma broadly
conical, 2-toothed.
7. IKE. Jenkinsii, Hook. f. ; glabrous or puberulous, very stout, leaves
broadly elliptic or orbicular cuspidate thickly coriaceous, corolla- tube globose,
lobes glabrous without villous within, coronal scales subulate much exceeding
the very short anther-tip.
Assam, Jenkins (Herb. Calcutta).
Branches as thick as the little finger. Leaves 7-10 by 5-7 in., pale beneath ;
nerves 6-8 pairs, diverging, straight or a little arched ; petiole 2-4 in. Cymes small ;
peduncle short, very thick ; flowers subumbellate, bracteate ; pedicels stout, 1 in.
Sepals £ in., lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla f in. diam., lobes rounded fleshy. Stigma
dome-shaped.
** Stigma protruded far beyotid the anthers.
8. JUL. lucida, Edgew. mss. ; branches petioles cymes and leaves beneath
finely pubescent, leaves elliptic or ovate acute or obtusely acuminate, cymes
corymbiform very shortly peduncled, corolla-lobes ciliate glabrous without
sparsely hairy within, coronal scales subulate equalling the anther-tips, style
many times longer than the column tip bifid. Brand. For. Fl. 333.
Western Himalaya; Kumaon, Strach. <$f Winterb.; Nynetal, alt. 5-7000 ft.,
Madden.
Leaves 4-5 by 2-3 in., rather coriaceous, pale beneath; nerves arched; petiole
1-2 in. Corymbs many-fld. ; peduncle stout, £ in- Corolla £-% in. diam. Follicles
5 in, long by 1 in. diam., straight, lanceolate ; pericarp thickly coriaceous, glabrous.
Seeds § in. long, ovate-lanceolate.
9. JUL. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; glabrous except the puberulous cymes, leaves
elliptic obtusely acuminate coriaceous base rounded or cordate, cymes corymbi-
form shortly peduncled, corolla-lobes glabrous without sparsely hairy within,
Marsdenia.'] xcv. asclepiadeje. (J. D. Hooker.) 37
coronal scales small obtuse shorter than the orbicular anther-tips, style as long
as the column, tip 2-toothed. M. lucida, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; at Mungbrea and Myrung, Griffith, H.f. $ T.
Stem stout. Leaves 3-7 by l^-3£ m-> Pale beneath ; nerves slightly arched ;
petiole l-l£ in. Umbels and flowers greenish yellow, very like M. lucida. Follicles
not seen.
Sect. III. BXicrocentrum. Clarke mss. Floivers small. Corolla
urceolate or tubular, shortly 5-cleft, glabrous within. Anthers spurred at the
base behind. Stigma exserted, obtuse.
10. IK. Calesiana, Wight Contrib. 41 ; branches petioles and leaves
beneath and cymes densely pubescent, leaves broadly ovate-cordate acuminate
membranous, cymes much corymbosely branched, corolla sparsely hairy with-
out lobes narrow, coronal scales subulate shorter than the long anther-tips.
Wall. Cat. 8175 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 616. Pergularia Calesiana, Herb.
Ham.
Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nepal Morung, Hamilton. Sikkim, alt. 2000 ft,
Clarke.
Stem stout. Leaves 4-6 in. long and nearly as broad, pubescent or glabrate
above ; petiole 1|~3 in., slender. Cymes shortly peduncled, 3 in. diam. Corolla-tube
cylindric, £ in. long ; lobes spreading and recurved, thick. Column nearly filling the
tube.
11. IK. thyrsiflora, Hook./.; nearly glabrous except the puberulous
cymes, leaves broadly ovate or oblong- or deltoid-ovate deeply cordate acumi-
nate, cymes elongate of clusters of shortly peduncled flowers on a long rachis,
corolla urceolate glabrous without and within, lobes lanceolate, coronal scales
short rounded wholly adnate to the long subulate anther-tips. M. tinctoria, in
part, Herb. H. f. $ T.
Bengal ; in the Jheels, Griffith, J. D. H. $ T. T. Assam, Masters. •
Leaves 4-8 by 2-6 in., membranous ; petiole 1-3 in. Cymes 4-6 in. long; rachis
flexuous ; pedicels very short. Sepals nearly glabrous, obtuse. Corolla i^-io *n'
long ; lobes coriaceous. Anther -tips longer than the column, basal spurs very small.
Stigma fusiform. Follicles 2 in. long, dagger-shaped, turgid below ; pericarp thinly
coriaceous, glabrous. Seeds ovate, £-j in. long. — So similar to some forms of M.
tinctoria in foliage and inflorescence as to be easily mistaken for that plant. The
coronal scales may be said to be absent.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
M. rotundifolia, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 615 ; " branches thick glabrous ; leaves
rounded, obsoletely cordate, glabrous, shortly acuminate ; petiole rather long, slender,
puberulous ; cymes subcontracted, many-fld. ; peduncle equalling the petiole ; corolla-
lobes ovate-oblong, densely bearded within ; coronal scales ovate-deltoid, equalling
the column." — Communicated from the Calcutta Garden to Paris Herb, by Griffith.
33. PERGULARIA, Linn.
Twining subglabrous undershrubs. Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate, mem-
branous. Cymes subumbelliform. Flowers greenish or yellow, rather large.
Calyx 5-partite. Corolla salver-shaped, tube swollen at the base ; lobes oblong
or linear, overlapping to the right Column rather large ; coronal scales large,
membranous, adnate to the back of the anthers, erect, flattened dorsally or
laterally, acute, simple or transversely bifid (2-lamellate above the middle),
pollen-masses one in each cell, subcylindric clavate or globosely obovoid, waxy,
erect. Stigma umbonate or capitate, rather longer than the anther-cells.
38 xcv. asclepiade^;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pergularia.
Follicles lanceolate, terete, rather turgid. Seeds ovate, concave. — Distrib.
Species about 10 ; Asiatic and African.
The excessively sweet-scented P. odoratissima, Smith (Icones Pictae, t. 15), is stated
to be Indian, but the plant so called by Roxburgh, Wight, &c, is P. minor. Smith's
figure exactly resembles P. pallida, which is nearly scentless.
* Pollen-masses elongate-clavate or subcylindric.
1. P. pallida, Wight $ Am. Contrib. 42 ; leaves ovate-cordate acuminate,
flowers scarcely fragrant, corolla yellowish white, lobes linear much larger than
the tube which is glabrous within, coronal scales with broad points not spurred
behind. Wall. Cat. 8181 ; Wight Ic. t. 585 ; Brand. For. Fl. 334 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 203 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 619. P. coromandeliana and P. montana,
Dene. I. c. Asclepias pallida, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 48.
Tropical Himalaya; from Murree ascending to 5000 ft. eastward to Sikkim and
southward on the plains to Bombay and Central India, Behar and Birma.
Except by the absence of the sweet scent and pale flowers I do not know how
this can be distinguished from Smith's figure and description of P. odoratissima.
Follicles in Roxburgh's figure 6 in. long and 1 broad (1| as drawn partially open),
lanceolate. Seeds ^ in. long, broadly ovate.
** Pollen-masses globosely obovoid or obscurely broadly obconic.
2. P. minor, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 184 ; leaves orbicular or ovate cordately
2-lobed acuminate, flowers very fragrant yellow or green, corolla-lobes oblong
about equalling the tube or shorter, tube pubescent above within, coronal
scales double inner witb a long subulate point. Bot. Mag. t. 755. P. odora-
tissima, Wight Contrib. 43, and Ic. t. 414. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 203. Asclepias
odoratissima, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 20 ; and FL Ind. ii. 46 ; Wall. Cat. 8182 ;
Orah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 120.
Cultivated or native throughout India, and the Eastern Islands, China and Japan ;
native of the Himalaya (Brandts). Tsegai hills in Ava, Griffith.
Though confounded with P. odoratissima, this appears to be perfectly distinct in
the smaller flowers and short broad corolla-lobes. Follicles lanceolate, 3 in. long
by f in. diam. ; pericarp thick, glabrous. Seeds i in. long, broadly ovate. — The
coronal scales vary excessively in length acuteness and in the comparative length
of the outer and inner divisions.
3. P. puberula, Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 495 ; leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate acuminate, base rounded or cordate, sepals broadly ovate, corolla pubes-
cent without and within, lobes linear longer than the tube, coronal scales
laterally compressed 2-winged dorsally below produced into an inflexed subu-
late point exceeding the anthers.
Penang, Phillips.— Distrib. Java.
Habit of P. pallida, from which the short sepals, pubescent corolla, and laterally
much-flattened scales which project far outwards from the column, and the form of
the pollen-masses, at once distinguish it.
34.STEPHANOTIS, Thouars.
Twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, coriaceous. Cymes umbelliform,
axillary ; flowers large, white. Calyx 5-partite, segments large. Corolla
coriaceous, tubular or salver-shaped, tube cylindric, base swollen ; lobes twisted,
overlapping to the right. Coronal scales 0 in the Indian species (in others
adnate to the anthers, erect, dorsally flattened). Column very short ; anthers
with an inflexed tip; pollen-masses one in each cell, erect, waxy, shortly
Stephanotis.'] xcv. asclepiadejj. (J. D. Hooker.) 39
pedicelled. Stigma conical or shortly beaked, hardly or not exserted. FoUicles
very thick, obtuse or acuminate. Seeds comose. — Distrib. Species 14, Mada-
gascar, Malay Islds. and China.
S. Maing'ayi, Hook./.; quite glabrous, leaves broadly ovate-cordate
acuminate, cymes on long stout peduncles, sepals large lanceolate acuminate,
corolla-tube 1 in., lobes lanceolate acuminate, anther-tips long, coronal
scales 0.
Malacca; Maingay (Kew distrib. 1112).
Branches stout. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., basal sinus acute, nerves about 8 pairs ;
petiole £-1 in. Peduncle 2-3 in., few-fld. ; pedicels 1-1^ in.; bracts subulate.
Sepals f in., acuminate, coriaceous. Corolla-tube with 5 hairy ridges at the base
within, lobes about equalling the tube. Column § the length of the tube. Anther-
tips as long as the rest of the column, obtuse. Stigma capitate.
35. X.YGXSBXA, Hook.f. Gen. Nov.
A puberulous slender much diffusely branched twining shrub. Leaves
small, opposite, lanceolate. Flowers small, in numerous axillary umbelliform
cymes. Sepals ovate, eglandular. Corolla salver-shaped, tube very short, lobes
longf, linear, waved, obtuse, the lobes overlapping to the right below the middle,
the upper half sharply doubled down inwards (buds hence truncate). Corona
of minute obtuse appressed teeth at the back of the anthers. Column minute,
fleshy, low, cylindric ; anthers very short, with small rounded membranous
tips ; pollen-masses cylindric, clavate, waxy, erect, subsessile on the long cor-
puscle. Stigma included. * >
Zi. ang-ustifolia, Hook. f. Ic. Plant, t. 1423. Marsdenia angustifolia,
Wight. Contrib. 40 ; Wall. Cat. 8172 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 614.
Birma ; hills near Prome, Wallich.
Leaves 1-2 by \~ in., acute, glabrous when mature, base rounded, triple nerved
at the base ; petiole very short. Cymes in all the upper axils, many- fid. ; peduncle
§-^ in., very slender, pedicels \ in. Sepals obtuse, pubescent. Corolla glabrous, \
in. diam. — A very curious plant, the only Indian Asclepiad one known to me with the
corolla-lobes doubled down inwards in aestivation, rendering the bud truncate.
36. TYLOPHORA, Br.
Twining, rarely erect, herbs or undershrubs. Cymes umbelliform or race-
mose ; flowers small or minute. Sepals ovate or lanceolate. Corolla rotate ;
lobes broad, slightly overlapping to the right. Coronal processes fleshy, adnate
to the very short column. Anthers very small with an inflexed tip ; pollen-
masses one in each cell, minute, globose or ovoid, waxy, erect or ascending
rarely transverse or pendulous from the ascending pedicel. Stigma disciform,
5-gonal, included. Follicles acuminate, smooth. Seeds ovoid, flat, winged,
comose. — Distrib. Species about 40 ; Asiatic, African, Australian and Oceanic.
The minute anthers (larger in T. Iphisia), forming a small ring round the disci-
form stigma, which is more or less overlapped by the short anther-tips, and the
adnate usually gibbous or globose coronal processes are the best characters for this
genus. The position of the pollen-masses, ascending, horizontal, or pendulous, can-
not be depended upon, and is most difficult to ascertain in dried specimens ; as is the
exact form of the fleshy coronal processes.
* Stem short, erect or suberect, 1-2 ft. (perhaps longer and twining in T.
Iphisia), sometimes twining at the tips.
40 xcv. asclepiadej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tylophora.
1. T. Govanii, Dene, in DC Prodr. viii. 610 ; stem simple pubescent,
leaves subsessile oblong elliptic or obovate, umbels simple peduncled, sepals
linear, corolla-lobes lanceolate, coronal processes gibbous. Iphisia Govanii,
Wight Contrib. 52 ; Wall. Cat. 8212. Vincetoxicum montanum, Dene. I. c.
525.
Western Himalaya; Kunawur to Kumaon, alt. 7-8000 ft., Govern, &c.
Rootstock slender, creeping. Stems 8-16 in., naked below. Leaves l-l£ by A-
l^- in., rarely linear or almost orbicular, obtuse or apiculate. Umbels rarely sessile ;
pedicels capillary ; flowers dark purple, § in. diam. Anthers large for the size of the
column ; pollen-masses pendulous. Stigma umbonate.
2. T. Kelferi, Hook. f. ; softly pubescent, stem simple, leaves sessile
ovate or lanceolate acuminate, umbels simple long-peduncled, sepals linear,
corolla-lobes elongate-lanceolate, coronal processes gibbous.
Tenassebim; Heifer.
Stem 8-12 in. Leaves 1.^-2 by ^-1 in., pubescent on both surfaces, base rounded.
Peduncle strict, equalling the leaves" pedicels capillary. Corolla \ in. diam., purple ?,
lobes caudate. Follicles ]\ in., poniard- shaped, pubescent. — The position of the
pollen-masses I could not ascertain, owing to the imperfection of the specimens.
3. T. fasciculata. Ham. in Wight Contrib. 50 ; Ic. t. 848 ; stem
simple or branched glabrous below finely puberulous above, leaves petioled
ovate or lanceolate acute glabrous, cymes peduncled umbelliforni simple or
compound, sepals lanceolate, corolla-lobes broadly ovate, coronal processes
globose, follicles short turgid. Wall. Cat. 8204; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 608;
Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 151.
South Nepal ; at Sukanagur, Hamilton. South Concan ; Bababoodan hills, &c. ;
Law, Dalzett, &c.
Stems several from the root, 12-18 in., flexuous or climbing amongst grass.
Leaves 1-2 by f-1^ in., coriaceous; petiole \-\ in. Peduncles slender; pedicels
capillary. Corolla £ in. diam., fleshy in the Nepal specimens. Pollen-masses hori-
zontal according to Wight, but I think erect. Follicles I3-2 by \-~ in., ovoid-lanceo-
late ; pericarp very thick, glabrous. Seeds \ in. long, broadly ovoid, quite flat. —
Wight correctly observes that the corpuscles in this and the following are almost
2-partite.
4. T. macrantha. Hook. f. ; stem simple or branched finely pubescent,
leaves petioled ovate acute glabrous, cymes peduncled simple or subcompound,
sepals lanceolate, corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, coronal processes globose. T.
fasciculata var. macrantha, Wight Contrib. 50 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii.
608.
Nllgheeet Mts., Wight, &c. Pegu, Col. Eyre {in Herb. Calcutt.)
This has the habit and foliage of T. fasciculata, but the flowers are twice as large,
and the corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate. The Pegu specimens seem identical with the
Nilgherry ones. Fruit unknown.
5. T. Iphisia, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 610; quite glabrous, stem
branched flexuous, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate acuminate, cymes branched,
sepals ovate, corolla subglobose, lobes ovate, coronal processes ovoid wholly
adnate to the base of large anthers. Deless. Ic. Sel. v. t. 82 ; Wight III. t.
155 bis f. e. $ Ic. t. 1276. Iphisia multiflora, Wight 8f Am. Contrib. 52. T.
fasciculata, Thwaites Enum. 197. T. pauciflora, Hohenack. PI. Ind. Or. n.
1386.
Nilgheeey Mts., Wight, &c. Ceylon; Central province, alt. 4-7000 ft.,
Walker, &c.
Tylophora.] xcv. asclepiadejE. (J. D. Hooker.) 41
Stem rather stout, 2-3 feet long. Leaves l$-2* by f-l| in., dark green, rather
coriaceous ; petiole i-| in. Peduncles longer than the petiole ; pedicels short. Sepals
quite glabrous. Corolla % in. diam., yellow or dark purple. Anthers large for the
size of the column, horny, with broad inflexed tips ; pollen-masses horizontal.
Follicles 3-3£ in. long, poniard-shaped, glabrous. Seeds § in. long, narrowly ovate. —
The anthers of this are much larger than in any of its congeners. Hohenacker's is
the only Peninsular specimen that I have seen ; it is identical with the Ceylon ones.
The corpuscles are long, linear with a central groove, quite different from those of
T. fasciculata.
** Stems and branches long, twining-, and cymes perfectly glabrous ; sepals
always glabrous (see also T. Iphisid) ; coronal processes without free points
(except T. himalaica).
6. T. capparidifolia, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 51 ; quite glabrous,
leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong obtuse acute or apiculate pale veined coriaceous,
cymes shortly peduncled or sessile, pedicels capillary, flowers minute, sepals
ovate, corolla subglobose, lobes short ovate, coronal processes globose. Dene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 610; Wall. Cat. 8208. Asclepias tenuis, Herb. Heyne.
Travancore ; Courtallam, Heyne, Wight.
Branches rigidly fiexuous. Leaves 2-4 by \-\\ in., rigid ; petiole \-\ in. Cymes
much shorter than the leaves, pedicels \-\ in. Corolla £ in. diam. Follicles 3 in.
long, poniard-shaped. — Wight describes the coronal processes as toothed on the inner
margin below the tip, a character I fail to verify.
7. T. globifera, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves short-petioled oblong
or ovate acuminate or apiculate, cymes long-peduncled compound few-fld.
pedicels capillary, sepals ovate-lanceolate, corolla-lobes short ovate, coronal pro-
cesses very large globose as high as the anthers.
Malacca, Griffith. South Andaman Island, Kurz.
Leaves 1-3 by \-l\ in., dark brown when dry, base rounded or cordate, nerves
few; petiole \-\ in. Peduncles 1-1^ in., very stout; pedicels £-1 in. Corolla £ in.
diam. Staminal column very short, depressed.
8. T- pauciflora, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 44; quite glabrous, leaves long-
petioled ovate-lanceolate or cordate acuminate, cymes long-peduncled few-fld.
compound, sepals ovate acute, corolla-lobes short ovate, coronal processes very
large globose as high as the anthers. Wight Ic. t. 1274 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr.
viii. 607. T. asthmatica (3 glabra, Thwaites Enum. 19. " Cynanchum flavens
and bracteatum, Thunb. ; Dene, in DC. I.e. 549 " (Thwaites).
Deccan Peninsula; from S. Canara to Malabar and Travancore, Wight, &c.
Ceylon, not uncommon, Thwaites.
Branches rather stout. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., rather thin, nerves slender ;
petiole ^-1 in. Peduncles longer than the petioles ; pedicels very variable. Corolla
\ in. diam. Column and coronal processes much as in T. globifera, from which this
differs in the leaves and long petioles. — The North Bengal locality attributed to this.
in DC. Prodr. is doubtless an error. Thwaites' specimen of T. asthmatica 0 glabra is
very imperfect, but I think referable to this.
9. T. purpurea, Wall, in Wight Contrib. 51, and Cat. 8208 ; quite gla-
brous, leaves oblong-lanceolate apiculate base cordate, cymes long-peduncled
few-fld., sepals ovate, corolla-lobes short ovate, coronal processes gibbous.
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 611.
Blrma ; banks of the Irawaddy, Wallich.
Kesembles T. pauciflora, but the leaves are narrower, more cordate at the base, and
the coronal processes less developed. The specimens are very insufficient. Wight
42 xcv. asclepiadej;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tylophora.
describes the processes of the column as toothed on the inner margin below the tip,
and the pollen-masses as transverse.
10. T. long-ifolia, Wight Contrib. 50 ; quite glabrous, leaves lanceolate
from a broad cordate base acuminate, cymes elongate bearing small distant
umbels on the very long slender rachis, sepals ovate, corolla-lobes short ovate
obtuse, coronal processes gibbous. Wall. Cat. 8205; Dene, in DC. Prodr.
viii. 608.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft., Clarke. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Wal-
lich, &c.
Stem and branches slender. Leaves 3-6 by f-l£ in., membranous, nerves distant ;
petiole ^-| in. Cymes very slender and few-fld. Corolla £ in. diam., yellow. Follicles
not seen.
11. T. himalaica, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves petioled ovate-
lanceolate acuminate base acute or rounded, cymes bearing short distant umbels
on the very long slender rachis, sepals lanceolate, corolla-lobes oblong-ovate
obtuse, coronal processes gibbous.
Western Himalaya (Suhunsudhara), Falconer. Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 3000 ft.,
Thomson, Clarke. Khasia. Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft., Griffith, &c.
Very closely allied to T. longifolia, but the leaves are very different; always
contracted, generally acute, and never cordate at the base ; and the flowers are twice
as large, with narrow longer sepals, more membranous longer corolla-lobes, and a
much larger column. Follicles 4-5 in., narrowly poniard-shaped. Seeds £ in. long,
broadly ovate. — I have observed a very few hairs on the sepals.
12. T. zeylanica, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 608; quite glabrous, leaves
large fleshy ovate elliptic or almost rounded acuminate acute or apiculate,
cymes elongate bearing few- or many-fld. umbels or racemes on the divaricate
branches, sepals ovate obtuse, corolla lobes oblong-ovate obtuse, coronal pro-
cesses gibbous. T. micrantha, Thwaites Enum. 197. Cynanchum micranthum,
Thunb. Diss. 6; DC. I.e. 548.
Teavancore, alt. 2000 ft., Beddome. Ceylon ; Central province, alt. 2-4000 ft.
A tall climber. Leaves 4-6 by 2-4 in. ; midrib thick with a gland above at the
insertion of the petiole; nerves spreading; petiole 1-1| in. Flowers £ in. diam.;
pedicels slender. Follicles 4-6 in., slender. Seeds i in. long, linear-oblong. — In one
of Beddome's specimens the flower-bearing tips of the branches are thickened and
covered with spirally placed scars, each subtended by a minute bract at the insertion
of the pedicels.
13. T. tenuis, Plume Pijd. 1062 ; very slender, quite glabrous, leaves
small fleshy ovate elliptic or oblong obtuse acute or apiculate, base acute or
rounded, peduncle capillary simple or branched bearing few-fld. sessile umbels,
pedicels capillary, sepals ovate acute, corolla-lobes short ovate obtuse, coronal
processes gibbous or globose. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 608. T. carnosa, Wall,
in Wight Contrib. 49 ; Wall. Cat. 8200 ; Wight. Ic. t. 351 ; Dene. 1. c. 607 ; T.
tenuissima, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 47 ; Wight Ic. t. 588 ; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 150. Dene. I. c. 607. Asclepias tenuissima, Poxb. Hort. Peng. 20, and
Fl. Ind. ii. 41. A. dichotoma, Rottl. in Wall. Cat. 8200 B.C. Ceropegia
Decaisneana, Miquel PI. Hohenack. n. 634.
Bengal, Roxburgh ; Salt Lakes near Calcutta and Sunderbunds, Clarke. Deccan
Peninsula, from Canara southwards. Birma, Wallich. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay.
Ceylon, hotter parts of the Island, Walker, &c. — Distrib. Java, Borneo.
Very slender, prostrate or twining. Leaves rarely \\ in. long, very variable in
form and breadth, base sometimes cordate, nerves few indistinct ; petiole ^-^ in.
Flowers rarely £ in. diam., dark purple; pedicels ^-^ in. Pollen-masses suberect.
Follicles 3 in. long, poniard-shaped, pericarp membranous. Seeds \ in., ovate.
Tylophora.] xcv. asclepiade.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 43
* * Stem and branches long, twining, and leaves glabrous or pubescent ;
sepals always hirsute or pubescent.
t Coronal processes wholly adnate to the column without free points above.
14. T* Belostemma, Benth. Gen. PL ii. 771; softly hirsute through-
out, leaves ovate-cordate acuminate, cymes simple subsessile, flowers few um-
belled, coronal processes linear radiating from the base of the column. —
Belostemma hirsutum, Wall, in Wight Contrib. 52, and Cat. 8211.
Nepal, Wallich. Khasia Mts. ; Churra and below it, alt. 2-4000 ft., J. B. H.
# T. T.
Hairs reflexed on stem and branches. Leaves 1^-2 in., pale green when dry,
hirsute on both surfaces ; petiole £-| in. Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Sepals
lanceolate, hirsute. Corolla £ in. diam., dull purple ; lobes ovate, pubescent within.
Staminal column contracted below the anthers. Follicles not seen.
15. T. hirsuta, Wight Contrib. 49 ; stem densely softly tomentose,
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate pubescent or tomentose on
both surfaces, base rounded obtuse or cordate, peduncles long flexuous bearing
distant few-fid. umbels at the flexures, corolla puberulous within lobes short,
coronal processes subglobose. Wall. Cat. 8201 ; Dene, in DC. Proclr. viii. 607.
T. Jacquemontii, Dene. I. c. Gymnema hirsutum, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 50.
Tropical Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft. in Kumaon, from the Punjab east-
wards (Pathankola, Clarke). Assam, Jenkins. Khasia Mts., alt. 2000 ft., J. B. H.
Sf T. T. Cachar, Keenan. -— 1
Stem rather stout; hairs reflexed. Leaves 3-7 by l£-4 in., sometimes only
faintly hairy ; petiole f-l£ in., stout. Peduncle very variable in length, villous or
hirsute; pedicels capillary, short or long. Sepals lanceolate, hirsute. Corolla ^-^
in. diam, Follicles 2-l\ in., poniard-shaped, glabrous. Seeds \ in. long, narrowly
ovate.
Var. ? penangensis ; leaves minutely pustular on the upper surface at the bases of
the hairs. — Penang, Phillips. — This, of which the specimens are very imperfect, may
be T. villosa, Blume of Java, which stronglv resembles T. hirsuta, and also T. mollis-
sima, Wall. (Cat. 8202) of China.
16. T. mollissima, Wight Contrib. 49; Ic. t. 1275 (not of WaUich),
stem densely softly tomentose, leaves oblong or linear-oblong acute or acuminate
base rounded tomentose or villous on both surfaces, peduncles flexuous bearing
distant few-rid. umbels, sepals lanceolate, corolla glabrous within* lobes oblong,
coronal processes subglobose hispid. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 607.
Nilgherry and Pulney Mts., Wig Jit.
Very similar to T. hirsuta, differing in the form of the leaves. Fruit unknown.
17. T. rotundifolia, Ilamilt. in Wight Contrib. 50; stem pubescent,
leaves very shortly petioled orbicular or very broadly ovate obtuse or acute
beneath and margins- pubescent, base rounded or cordate, cymes many-fld.
umbellate sessile or peduncled, pedicels long, sepals lanceolate hispid, corolla-
lobes ovate, coronal processes globose. Wall. Cat. 8203 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr.
viii. 608.
Assam ; Dongtala and Habora Ghat, Hamilton. Northern Oude, Vicary. The
Concan, Law. Stocks. Travancore; Annamallay hills, Beddome.
Leaves 2-3^ in. long and often as broad, coriaceous, glabrous above ; petiole 4— | in.
Pedicels |-1 in. long, nearly glabrous or pubescent. Corolla \ to nearly £ in. diam.
Follicles not seen.
18. T. Dalzellii, Hook. f. ; stem and cymes sparsely pubescent, leaves
eoriaceous or fleshy ovate oblong or cordate acute or acuminate glabrous or
44 t xcv. asclepiade^. (J. T>. Hooker.) [Tylophora.
nearly so, cymes sessile or peduncle short, rachis flexuous with umbels or
racemes at the flexures, pedicels long capillary, sepals ovate hispid, corolla-
lobes short, coronal processes gibbous. — T. carnosa, Dalz. # Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
150. Tylophora n. 23 and T. pauciflora ? Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
Concan and Malabar, Stocks, Law, &c.
Leaves very variable, 2-4 in., quite glabrous or puberulous on the petiole margins
and nerves beneath ; petiole ^-A in. Peduncles nearly half as long as the leaves;
rachis often zigzag, sometimes clavate, hispid at the insertion of the pedicels ; flowers
always numerous, sometimes in a globose mass \\ in. diam., usually laxer ; pedicels
^-1 in. 'Corolla £-£ in. diam. Follicles 3-4 in. poniard-shaped, glabrous. Seeds
^ in., broadly ovate. — This is the T. carnosa of Dalzell and Gibson, but not of Wight,
from whose plant it differs in the pubescence, larger leaves, shorter peduncles, and
many-flowered umbels. It differs from T. rotundifolia in the much smaller flowers
and longer petioles ; it also closely resembles T. asthmatica, but has shorter sepals and
wholly adnate processes.
19. T. exilis, Coleb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 358, 1. 16 ; stem slender and
cymes finely sparsely villous, leaves ovate-oblong or -lanceolate acuminate
nearly glabrous, peduncles long slender flexuous simple or branched bearing
few-fld. sessile umbels, pedicels very short, sepals ovate hispid, corolla-lobes
short, coronal processes gibbous. Wight Contrib. 50 ; Wall. Cat. 8206 ; Dene*
in DC. Prodr. viii. 608. Pergularia exilis, Spreng. Syst. i. 844.
Assam, Masters. Silhet, Wallich. Chittagong, Colebrooke. Malacca, Griffith*
Very similar to T. tenuis, but with larger leaves, hairy branchlets cymes petioles
and midrib of the leaf above, and very short pedicels rarely \ in. long. Follicles
3£ in. long, very membranous. Seeds |- in. long, ovate.
ft Coronal processes adnate below to the column; tips free, reaching as high
as the stigma.
20. T. cordifolia, Thwaites JEnum. 196 ; nearly glabrous, leaves small
coriaceous ovate-cordate apiculate, peduncles very short 1-2-fld., sepals ovate
glabrous, corolla-lobes short, coronal processes strongly laterally compressed,,
dilated upwards.
Ceylon ; common in the central provinces, Walker, Thwaites.
Stem slender and petioles puberulous. Leaves ^-1 in., thin, firm, shining ; petiole
fa-£ in. Peduncle ^-^ in., capillary. Corolla £ in. diam., dark purple, lobes obtuse.
" Follicles usually solitary, 2 in. long, slender, glabrous" {Thwaites). — The column
with its processes is obconic (as in some non-Indian species) from the upward dilata-
tion of the processes which radiate from it.
21. T. tenerrima, Wight Contrib. 50 ; nearly glabrous, leaves ligulate
or linear-lanceolate obtuse apiculate or acuminate, cymes peduncled 2-4-fld.,
sepals ovate-lanceolate hispid, corolla-lobes linear-oblong puberulous within,
coronal processes gibbous or globose with free incurved cuspidate tips. Wall.
Cat. 8207 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 610. Homostyles tenerrima, Wall. mss.
Subtropical Himalaya ; alt. 3-6000 ft., from Kumaon, Boyle, to Sikkim, J. D. H.
Stem very slender and much branched. Leaves 1-2 by fa-fa m-> nerveless ; petiole
very short. Peduncles capillary, usually shorter than the leaves ; pedicels £-| in.
Corolla \ in. diam. Follicles not seen.
22. T. asthmatica, Wight 8f Am. Contrib. 51 ; glabrous pubescent or
tomentose, leaves ovate rounded or oblong apiculate acute or acuminate, base
usually cordate, peduncles shorter than the leaves bearing 2-3 sessile few- or
many-fld. umbels, pedicels long capillary, sepals long lanceolate hispid, corolla
large lobes short acute, coronal processes gibbous or globose with free cuspidate
Tylophora.] xcy. asclepiadejj. (J. D. Hooker.) 45
tips. Wall. Cat. 8210; Wight Ic. t. 1277; Date. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 150;
Thwaites Enum. 197, excl. var. 0 ; Bentl. 8? Trim. Med. PI. t. 177 ; Bene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 61]. T. pubescens, Wall. mss. Asclepias asthmatica, Willd. ;
Roxb. Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 33. A. tunicata, Hort. Calc. A.
vomitoria, Koen. mss. Cynanchum vomitorium, Lamk. Diet. ii. 235. 0.
viridiflorum, Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 1929. u C. flavum and bracteatum, Thunb. ; "
Thwaites ; Dene, in DC. 1. c. 549* 0. Ipecacuanha, Willd. C. indicum, Herb.
Burm. Hoya planiflora, Wall. mss.
N. & E. Bengal, Assam, Cachar, Chittagong and Birma to Malacca ; Deccan
Peninsula, abundant. Ceylon, common in the hotter districts. — Distbib. Siam,
Malay Islds., Borneo.
Stem slender. Leaves 2-4 in., rather thickly coriaceous, very variable in width,
rarely pubescent or tomentose on both surfaces ; nerves few, spreading ; petiole ^-h|
in. Cymes always more or less pubescent, hispid at the bases of the umbels. Corolla
^ in. diam., dull yellow and purple within. Follicles very variable, poniard-shaped,
divaricate, 3-4 in. and slender in Deccan specimens with a thin pericarp ; turgid in
the lower half, and only 2 in. long, with a thick pericarp, in some Ceylon specimens.
Seeds % in. long, broadly ovate.
23. T. Wallichii, Hook. f. ; stem stout, cymes and petioles sparsely pubes-
cent or puberulous, leaves fleshy oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate base cordate,
peduncles long stout branched bearing few-fid. irregular umbels or clusters,
sepals ovate pubescent, corolla subglobose fleshy shortly 5-lobed, coronal
processes gibbous with free cuspidate tips (or 0), follicles very large ellipsoid
ventricose. Gymnema Wallichii, in part, Wight Contrib. 46. G. sagittatum,
Watt. Cat. 8194 B.
Singapore, Wallich. Penang, Maingay. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay (Kew
Distrib. 1142). — Distrib. Borneo.
Leaves thickly coriaceous, 4-6 by |— 2 in., narrowed at the cordate base, nerves
spreading ; petiole |-§ in. Cymes often exceeding the leaves, branches divaricate.
Flowers ^ in. diam. ; often fleshy and deformed with the column imperfectly developed
cylindric and without coronal processes. Follicles very different from those of any
congener, 4-5 by 1-1| in., elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed equally to the base and tip,
pericarp coriaceous. Seeds ^ in. long, broadly ovate. — This very closely resembles in
habit when dry Gongronema Wallichii.
37. TREUTLERA, Hook./. Gen. Nov.
A stout glabrous twiner. Leaves opposite, thickly coriaceous. Flowers
large, in axillary simple stoutly peduncled umbels. Sepals very small, ovate,
^glandular within. Corolla rotate, shortly 5-lobed ; lobes broadly ovate, cilio-
late, overlapping to the right. Coronal processes adnate to the backs of the
anthers and equalling them, ovate, obtuse, fleshy. Column prominent ; anther-
tips inflexed, rounded ; pollen-masses one in each cell, subcylindric, pedicelled,
waxy, erect. Stig?na hemispheric, 2-cuspidate, included.
T. insignis, Hook.f. in Hook. Ic. Pl.t. 1425.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 8-10,000 ft., J. D. H., Anderson, Treutler.
Branches terete, smooth. Leaves in distant pairs, 3-5 by l£-3 in., ovate elliptic
-oblanceolate or elliptic-oblong, apiculate or acuminate, midrib thick; nerves 4-5 pairs,
spreading, secondary indistinct ; petiole stout, \~\\ in. Peduncle 1-2 in.; pedicels
1-1^ in., stout ; bracts small, lanceolate. Sepals ciliate. Corolla 1-li in. diam.,
coriaceous, glabrous', dark purple. Fruit not seen. — This genus is very near Marsdenia,
from which it differs conspicuously in the large rotate corolla with short rounded
lobes. It is named after Dr. Treutler, a native of the province of Sikkim, who pre-
sented to Kew in 1875 a very large and valuable collection c>f its plants, inclusive of
the present which is one of the most handsome of the Sikkim Asclepiads.
46 xcv. asclepiade2E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cosmostigma.
38. COSftXOSTXGftXA, Br.
A twining glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite, ovate or cordate. Cymes
axillary, racemiform ; flowers small, greenish. Sepals small. Corolla rotate,
lobes overlapping to the right. Coronal scales adnate to the base of the anthers,
and shorter than they are, erect, broad, membranous, truncate or 2-fid. Column
very short, filaments fleshy; anther-tip broad, rounded, inflexed ; pollen-masses
obovoid-oblong, waxy, erect, pedicels long flexuous. Stigma broad, flat, 5-angled.
Follicles large, linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth. Seeds comose.
C. racemosum, Wight Contrib. 42, and Ic. t. 591; Bah. fy Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 151 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 119 ; Bene, in BC. Prodr. viii. 613. 0.
acuminatum, Wight Ic. t. 1270. Asclepias racemosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 20,
and Fl. Ind. ii. 32. Nerium piscidium, Hort. Calc. — Rheede Hort. Mai. vii.
t. 32.
Silhet, Chittagong, and the Western Ghats, from the Concan southwards.
Ceylon, common. — Distrib. Java.
A tall stout climber. Leaves deciduous, 3-5 by 1^-2^ in., rather coriaceous,
rounded or ovate, finely acuminate or tip obtuse, base sometimes cordately 2-lobed,
lobes conniving; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles equalling the petioles, stout, straight ;
pedicels \ in., stout, spreading, spirally arranged round the rachis ; bracts 0. Corolla
£ in. diam., fleshy, speckled with brown. Follicles 7 in. long by 1| in. diam., lanceolate
or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth. Seeds § in. long, broadly ovate.
39. DREGEA, E. Meyer.
Twining shrubs, glabrous or hoary. Leaves opposite, ovate or cordate,
acuminate. Cymes axillary, umbelliform ; flowers green. Sepals small.
Corolla rotate, lobes broad, overlapping to the right. Coronal scales 5, hemi-
spheric, fleshy, adnate to the column, spreading, inner angle cuspidate, the tooth
incumbent on the anthers. Column very short, fleshy; anther-tips short
inflexed ; pollen-masses one in each cell, cylindric-oblong, shortly pedicelled,
waxy, erect. Stigma conical or dome-shaped. Follicles thick, hard, winged or
ribbed. Seeds comose. — Distrib. Species 6 or 7 ; Indian, Malayan, and tropical
and S. African.
D. volubilis, Benth. Gen. PI. 775 ; glabrous hoary or mealy, leaves
ovate suborbicular or cordate acuminate, peduncles equalling or exceeding the
pedicels many-fld., pedicels slender, flowers green, sepals triangular-ovate.
Hoya viridiflora, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 27 ; Wight Contrib. 39, and in
Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 98, t. 1, and Ic. t. 586 ; Wall. Cat. 8168; Bah. 8f Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 153; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 119; Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 387,388.
Asclepias volubilis, Linn. f. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 36. Apocynum tiliaefolium,
Lamh. Encycl. i. 214. Wattakaka viridiflora, Hassk. in Flora, 1857, 79. —
Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 15.
Bengal, Assam and the Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan, southwards.
Ceylon, in the hotter parts of the island. — Distrib. Java. v^
A stout tall climber, branches often pustular. Leaves 3-6 by 2-4 in., rather
coriaceous, base rounded or cordate ; nerves 4-5 pairs ; petiole 1-3 in. Peduncles
1-3 in., rather slender ; umbels drooping, very many-fld., subglobose ; pedicels \ in.,
slender. Corolla \ in. diam., cupular, lobes triangular. Stigma dome-shaped.
Follicles § in. long by 1-1^ in. diam., broadly lanceolate, turgid, glabrous. Seeds 2 in.
long, broadly ovate, pale, smooth and shining, border thick.
Dregea.] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 47
Var. Lacuna, all parts hoary or mealy. Hoya Lacuna, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 8169 ;
Wight Contrib. 39 ; Bene, in Jacq. Voy. JBot. 108, t. 114, and in DC. Prodr* viii. 639.
— North-West India from Kumaon to Oude and the Bombay Ghats. Bengal. Birma.
Var. angustifolia, suberect, densely mealy or velvety, leaves ovate-lanceolate
small. — Malabar and Bombay (a starved form).
40. KETEROSTEMMA, W. 8f A.
Twining nearly glabrous shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, often
cordate, base 3-5-nerved. Flowers rather small, in shortly peduncled umbelled
or racemose cymes. Calyx small, 5-fid or -partite. Corolla rotate, lobes broad
triangular valvate. Corona of 5 large lobes spreading horizontally from the
column and lying flat on the corolla. Column very small, depressed ; anthers
very minute, tip very short ; pollen-masses one in each cell, minute, broad,
compressed, sessile, waxy, erect. Stigma included, truncate, o-angled. Follicles
slender, straight, terete, pointed, pericarp thin. Seeds comose. — Distrib.
Species about 10; Indian and Malayan.
* Coronal processes orbicular, sessile.
1. H. Wallichii, Wight Contrib. 42 ; branches hairy chiefly along two
lines, leaves ovate broadly oblong or elliptic acuminate, coronal processes
sessile orbicular with or without a small conical boss near the base. Wall.
Cat. 8179 : Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 630. Heterostemma, sp. 4, Herb. H. f.
8fT.
Nepal, Wallich. Assam, Jenkins. Khasia Mts. at Nowgong, J. D. H. $
T. T.
Leaves 3-7 by 2-4 in., base rounded or subcordate, bright green, thinly coriaceous ;
petiole £-2 in. Cymes small, peduncle stouter than the petiole ; flowers \-\ in.
diam., greenish. Fruit not seen.
2. XX. alatum, Wight Contrib. 42 ; branches with two lines of hairs,
leaves elliptic-ovate oblong or -lanceolate acuminate, nerves beneath winged,
coronal processes ovate-lanceolate acuminate with a large ovate acute concave
appendage on the surfaces. Wall. Cat. 8180; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 630.
Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Kumaon, Boyle ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim,
alt. 2-6000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Lobb, J. D. H. $ T. T.
Leaves 3-6 by 1^-3^ in., rather coriaceous, light green, base acute or rounded,
rarely cordate, nerves 3-4 pairs ; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles very short, stout ; pedi-
cels |— ^ in., flowers |-f in. diam., yellow. Follicles (immature) very slender,
straight.
3. XX. stellatum, Hook. f. ; branches with very obscurely pubescent
lines, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, nerves beneath winged,
corona stellately 5-lobed to below the middle, lobes triangular acute without
appendages. Heterostemma, n. 3, Herb. H.f. 8f T.
Khasia Mts. ; at Myrung, alt. 6000 ft., J. D. H.
This resembles H. alatum, but the leaves are narrower with a more regular inter-
marginal nerve, and the corona is very different.
4. II. tanjorense, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 42 ; branches quite glabrous,
leaves broadly or narrowly ovate oblong or oblong-lanceolate obtuse or apicu-
late, base rounded or subcordate, coronal processes orbicular-obovate with a
large erect fleshy appendage on the surface. Wight 1c. t. 348; Wall. Cat.
1178; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 630. Stapelia involucrata, Herb. Madr.
Glossostelma, nov. gen., Wight mss.
48 xcv. asclepiadej;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Heterostemma.
Western Peninsula ; the Carnatic, in sandy places, Wight.
Leaves very variable, 3-5 by 1^-3 in., tip usually rounded and apiculate.
Cymes usually sessile, flowers | in. diam. ; coronal processes with an erect acute
appendage. Follicles very slender, 4 in. long by \-\ in. diam., glabrous. Seeds \
in. long narrowly ovate.
Var. zeylanicum ; leaves acute or acuminate, flowers dark purple, appendages of
the coronal processes larger obtuse or acute. H. tanjorense, Thwaites Enum. 198. —
Ceylon, central province, ascending to 4000 ft.
5. K. Dalzellii, Hook.f. ; branches glabrous or nearly so, leaves broadly
or narrowly elliptic or ovate- or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, coronal processes
spathulate without an appendage. H. Wallichii, Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 152
{not of Wight). Heterostemma, sp. 2, Herb. lnd. Or. H.f. 8f T.
The Concan ; at Vingorla, and Mai wan, Dalzell, Stocks.
Leaves as in H. tanjorense, of which this may be a variety, differing greatly in the
corona, the lobes of which have no appendage proper, though there are traces of
swellings at the bases in some specimens and at their backs in others, as if in the
latter case the process was reduced and its appendage enlarged. In some specimens
the apex is obscurely 3-lobed, in others the tip is subquadrate with a simple or bifid
tip, and the sides acutely angled. The follicles appear shorter than in H. tanjorense,
but they are not quite ripe in either species.
41. DITTOCERAS, Hook.f. Gen. Nov.
A stout pubescent twining shrub. Leaves opposite, long petioled, elliptic-
ovate, acute. Flowers large, in sessile umbelliform few-fld. cymes. Sepals
minute, ovate, obtuse, glandular within. Corolla rotate; lobes short, tri-
angular, subacute, valvate in bud. Corona large, deeply 5-lobed, lying flat
on the corolla, lobes orbicular-spathulate, with a minute boss at the base of
each. Column depressed. Anthers minute, tips very short, incurved ; pollen-
masses very minute, subglobose, sessile on the minute corpuscle, waxy, erect.
Stigma pentagonal, included. Follicles sub-cylindric, obtuse, recurved, pericarp
very thick fleshy, endocarp hard shining. Seeds very large, narrowly ovoid-
oblong, compressed, winged at the rounded base ; coma short.
1. Z>. Andersoni, Hook, f in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1422. Heterostemma,
sp. 6, Herb. Hook.f. $ T.
Sekkim Himalaya, alt. 2-4000 ft. ; J. D. H., T. Anderson, Clarke.
Branches leaves beneath, petioles and pedicels rusty-pubescent. Leaves 4-5 by
2-3 in., sometimes cordate, dark green, sparsely hairy above, nerves 4-5 pairs ;
petiole 1^-2 in. Corolla \\ in. diam., sparsely hairy without, dark purple. Follicles
4-5 in. long, by | in. diam., green when ripe. Seeds l\ in. long, black, coma as long
as the rest of the seed, hairs spreading andreflexed. — Closely allied to Heterostemma,
but widely differing in the large flowers, follicles, and seeds.
42. OIANTHUS, Benth.
Twining glabrous undershrubs, branches with two lines of pubescence.
Leaves opposite. Cymes small, subsessile, few-fld. Sepals small, obtuse or
acute. Corolla ovoid-urceolate or disciform, mouth contracted ; lobes 5, very
short, broad, valvate. Corona cupular, adnate to the column, spreading, fleshy,
lobulate or toothed. Column minute, short, depressed ; anther-tips short, in-
flexed ; pollen-masses very minute, one in each cell, semi-ovate, compressed,
inner margin pellucid, sessile, waxy, ascending. Stigma broadly conic, not ex-
ceeding the anthers.
Oianthus.~] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 49
I think it possible that the following species are abnormal forms of Hetero-
stemma.
1. O. urceolatus, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl.t. 1191; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate acuminate base rounded or subcordate, cymes sessile or shortly
peduncled, corolla ovoid-urceolate, corona 5-lobed, lobes incurved 3-toothed.
Heterostemma urceolatum, Dalz. in Hook. Keio Journ. iv. 295 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 153.
The Concan ; Belgaum and hills to the north of it, Dalzell.
Stem purple. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in. ; green, nerves 2-3 pair with strong con-
necting nervules. Corolla coriaceous, f in. long, red-purple without, dark purple
within, sparingly villous at the base within ; lobes minute, triangular.
2. O. disciflorus, Hook. f. ; nearly glabrous, leaves elliptic- or ovate-
oblong subacute or obtuse, petiole 1-1| in., corolla disciform vertically de-
pressed, corona 5-lobed lobes entire margin very thick somewhat incurved.
Western Peninsula, the Concan? Herb. Law. and Stocks.
This in foliage entirely resembles Heterostemma Balzellii, of which it may be a
singular form, but the flowers are quite perfect (about \ in. diam.)
3. O. Beddomei, Hook.f. ; branches and petioles very pubescent, leaves
ovate-cordate acuminate reticulately nerved, petiole 2-3 in., sepals lanceolate
acuminate, corolla discoid.
•
Mysore in the Beigoor forests, Wynaad, Becldome. ^_
Described from an excellent drawing, Col. Beddome having lost his specimen.
43. DISCHIDIA, Br.
Herbs or undershrubs, usually rooting and climbing on trees or pendulous.
Leaves various, fleshy, sometimes forming into pitchers (ascidia). Flowers very
small or minute, white or red, in axillary fascicles umbels or racemes. Sepals
5, ovate, membranous. Corolla urceolate, mouth contracted ; lobes 5, very
short, valvate. Coronal-scales 5, membranous, adnate to the back of the
column, erect, tips entire notched or 2-fid or with recurved arms. Column very
short ; anther-tip membranous ; pollen-masses one in each cell, compressed,
waxy. Stigma flat or conical. Follicles small, slender or thick, smooth, acu-
minate. Seeds minute, coma long. — Distrib. Species about 24 ; tropical In-
dian, Malayan, and Australian.
The species of Dischidia all want a careful study. They cannot be described
satisfactorily from dried specimens. The leaves change in form, and it is not ascer-
tained in respect of many species whether they may or may not be converted into
pitchers (ascidia).
1. D. Nummularia, Br. Prodr. 461 ; glabrous, leaves subsessile \-%
in. orbicular acute obtuse or apiculate, 'corolla scarlet, throat with a ring of
hairs, follicles 1-1 £ in. curved obliquely ellipsoid below the middle, above it
contracted into a long slender beak. Wall. Cat. 4204 ; Wight Contrib. 43 ;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 632 ; Blume Bijd. 1059. D. orbicularis, Dene. I.e.
Collyris minor, Vahl. in Act. Soc. Hafn. vi. Ill ; ex Wight Contrib. 67.—
Humph. Herb. Amboin. v. t. 176, f. 1.
Cachar, Keenan, and Malay Peninsula, from Chittagong, Clarke, Tenasserim
and the Andaman Islands, to Singapore and Malacca, Wallich, &c. Distrib. Malay
Islds., Australia.
A very slender herb, rooting on tree trunks. Leaves whitish when dry, with
VOL. IV. E
50 xcv. asclepiadej;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dischidia.
often recurved margins, nerves 2-3 pairs horizontal reticulating. Seeds ^ in. long,
slender.
2. D. hirsuta, Dene, in DC. Prod?', viii. 632; papillose and more or less
pubescent, leaves £-1 in. sessile broadly ovate acute lacunose above between
the horizontal nerves, corolla red, throat with 2 rows of hairs. D. fasciculata,
Dene. I. c. D. Brunoniana, Griff. Notul. iv. 44, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 410, A. f. 1.
Leptosteinma hirsutuni and fasciculatum, Blume Bijd. 1058.
Tenasserim, Heifer; at Mergui, Griffith. Singapore, Hb. Wight. Malacca,
Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1120). Distrib. Java.
Stem very slender and leaves on both surfaces papillose and sometimes sparsely
hairy. Leaves pale when dry, the 2 or 3 pairs of nerves very prominent above.
Corolla ^ in, long " blood red, with a row of ascending shining hairs in the middle
of the tube, and a similar row on the throat inserted below a row of 5 adnate fleshy
convex scales. Pollen-masses linear, connate at the base." Maingay.
3. D. albida, Griff. Notul. iv. 46 ; glabrous, leaves petioled ovate or
rounded-ovate or ovate-cordate acute or acuminate nerveless.
Malacca ; at Toondook. Griffith.
Stems very slender, creeping and rooting. Leaves fleshy ; petiole |-£ in. " Peduncles
subaxillary equalling the petiole, perennial. Flowers umbelled, few, small, white.
Corona-throat closed with white hairs. Pollen-masses oblong, scarcely compressed,
as long as their caudicles. Follicles very long-beaked, deeply channelled on the
inner face." Griffith.
4. X>. khasiana, Hook. f. ; glabrous or very sparsely hairy, leaves £-§
in. petioled orbicular tip mounded, nerves very slender, follicles 2£ in. slender
throughout straight or curved. Dischidia, n. 9, Herb. H. f. § T.
Khasia Mts. at Churra and Nunklow, alt. 3-4000 ft. J. D. H. § T. T.
Stem very slender, creeping, papillose. Leaves quite orbicular, tip rounded or
ipiculate, nerves 2-3 pairs horizontal; petiole %-% in. Follicles about £ in. diam.
below the middle, gradually tapering to the obtuse tip and to the base, pale. — This
resembles D. formosana, Maxim., but the leaves are much larger ; the habit and
foliage are precisely those of Hoya Nummularis.
5. D. beng"halensis, Caleb, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 357, t. 15 ; gla-
brous, branches flagelliform pendulous, leaves linear elliptic obovate oblong or
.anceolate midrib and nerves obscure or 0, flowers fascicled subsessile. Wight
Contrib. 43; Wall. Cat. 4205; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 631; Bot. Mag. t.
.'016. D. cuneifolia, Wall. Cat. 4206; Dene. I.e. D. spathulata, Blume Bijd.
1069; Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 513.
Eastern Nepal and Sikkim, J. D. H. Assam and southwards to Malacca. —
Distrib. Java, Borneo.
Stems often matted, pale green, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves in distant pairs,
subsessile, 1-2 by £-f in. obtuse acute or apiculate, very fleshy. Flowers minute.
Corolla £ in. long, yellowish, tube globose, throat glabrous. Follicles l^-2£ in. slender,
straight, acuminate, pericarp thin.
6. D. Raffle siana, Wall. Plant. As. Bar. ii. 35, t. 142, and Cat. 4208;
glabrous, climbing and pendulous, leaves orbicular 1 in. diam. subsessile chang-
ing into oblong pitchers 2-5 in. long, flowers umbellate on a long or short stout
peduncle, sepals pubescent, corolla ovoid, teeth minute pubescent within, throat
glabrous. Grif. Notul. iv. 47, t. 386, f. 6, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 387
and 396, t. 17, 18 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 632. Collyris major, Vahl. ;
Wight Contrib. 66.
Cachar, J. D. H. $ T.T.; and from Tenasserim, Griffith, to Malacca.— Distrib.
Borneo, Australia.
DischidiaJ] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 51
Stem and branches stout. Leaves very similar to those of D. hirsuta -when dry,
but not papillose ; ascidia irregularly compressed, obtuse, fleshy, base gibbous, the
cavity filled with rootlets from the adjoining node. Flowers £ in long. Sepals obtuse.
Corolla fleshy, teeth 3-gonous and throat thickened. Follicles 2-3 in. long, curved,
^ in. broad below the middle, tapering thence to both ends, pericarp thin. Seeds i in!
linear oblong.— Griffith's Mergui plant may be different from the Malacca one, which
has longer peduncles and more numerous flowers. I find no difference in the corollas.
7. D. acutifolia, Maingay mss. ; glabrous, stems slender twining,
leaves shortly petioled 3-4 in. long ovate-lanceolate acute coriaceous penni-
nerved, peduncles elongate, flowers subsessile, corolla throat hairy.
Malacca; . Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1122).
Leaves shining, nerves 5-7 pair, prominent on both surfaces ; petiole £ in. or less.
Peduncle £-l£ in. " Corolla very minute, urceolate, pale yellow with the short
limb pink, throat closed with a row of fine horizontal or slightly ascending hairs.
Coronal-processes very minute, closely ap pressed to the anthers," Maingay. Follicles
2£ in. long, very slender, terete, slightly curved, narrowed from the base upwards.
8. X>. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; glabrous, twining, leaves 1-1 1 in. petioled
obovate acute very fleshy nerveless, peduncles very short few-fid. D. obovata,
Griff. JSotul. iv. 51, and Lc. PI. Asiat. t. 386, A. f. 7.
Tenasserim ; at Mergui, on trees, Griffith.
Branches as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves f-1' in. diam., base cuneate ; petiole
:£-£ in. Peduncles perennial, ovoid, obtuse, as thick as the branch. " Flowers few,
small, inconspicuous, white. Sepals minute, rounded. Corolla urceolate, 5-toothed,
throat closed with hairs. Coronal-processes white, fleshy, angular, base 2-fid. Pollen-
masses tumid, obovoid." Griffith.
9. D. Colly ris, Wall. Cat. 4207; glabrous, leaves sessile orbicular 1-1£
in. diam. fleshy convex papillose with the nerves distinct beneath, corolla
glabrous within white. Conchophyllum imbricatum, Blume Bijd. 106# ; Dene,
in DC. Prodr. viii. 630. Oollvris major, Vahl. ; Wight Contrib. 66; Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 513. ? D. albiflora, Griff. Notul. iv. 47, and lc. PI. Asiat. t. 410,
A. f. 8.
Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1114). Singapore, Walker. —Distrib. Java,
Borneo.
Stems creeping and rooting, the roots protected by the leaves. Leaves sometimes
pruinose beneath, nerves 2-3 pairs, horizontal. Flowers subsessile on the short
peduncles. Corolla ~ in. long, globose with erect teeth, " white glabrous within,
lobes tipped with lilac," Maingay.
10. D. coccinea, Griff. Notul. iv. 45, and lc. PI. Asiat. t. 409 ; gla-
brous, leaves sessile orbicular £-f in. diam. convex papillose with the nerves
distinct beneath, corolla glabrous within scarlet.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 3780).
More slender and smaller than D. Collyris, of which Maingay considers it a variety.
Flowers fascicled on a very short peduncle ^ in. long. Follicles 1 in. long, lanceolate,
curved, broadest near the base.
•11. D. complex, Griff. Notul. iv. 50; glabrous, ascidia subreniform com-
pressed lamina inflexed at the orifice, peduncle long, corolla white, throat
closed with hairs.
Malacca, Griffith.
Twining. Ascidia large ; orifice small, near the petiole, its outer margin inflexed
formed into a second pitcher much smaller than the outer one, opening on each side
by an oblique aperture, deeply lobed or furrowed on the upper carinate on the lower
side ; outer cavity crammed with radicles, inner surfaces of both lurid purple.
e2
52 xcv. ASCLEPiADEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dischidia..
Peduncles 3 in. ; flowers subumbellate (in bud), white. Corolla subglobose. Coronal
. scales with very long narrow arms dilated at the tips ; pollen-masses subobovat
caudieles much dilated — Description from Griffith.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
D. "Wallichii, Wight Contrib. 43 ; Wall. Cat. 8183 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. vim
633 ; flowers and fruit unknown; is probably not a Dischidia.
D. clavata, Wall. Cat. 4209, from Attran, is unknown to me ; I have not found it
in "Wallich's Herbarium at the Linnean Society.
44. HOYA, Br.
Twining pendulous or rambling and rooting, rarely erect shrubs. Leaves
opposite, thickly fleshy or very coriaceous. Flmvers in axillary or terminal
umbels. Calyx small, 5-partite. Corolla rotate, fleshy or waxy ; lobes 5, often
convex and spreading or reflexed, valvate^in bud. Coronal-scales 5, large,
membranous fleshy or horny, adnate to the column, stellately spreading or
ascending, turgid or compressed laterally or vertically, often concave on the
upper surface, margins usually recurved so as to enclose a hollow space, the
inner angle often produced into a tooth or spur which is £rect or incumbent on
the anther. Column short ; anthers conniving over the stigma, membranous,
tips inflexed or erect, rarely 0 ; pollen-masses various, solitary in each cell,
waxy, pedicelled, erect. Stigma included, flat or the centre apiculate. Follicles
various, usually slender, acuminate, with a thin pericarp ; rarely turgid with
very thick walls. Seeds very small, ovate or linear-oblong ; coma long. Distrib.
Species about 60 ; tropical Asiatic, Malayan, and Australian.
A most difficult genus to describe from dried specimens. I am quite unable to
adopt the sections established by Blume on the development of the coronal-processes.
The description of the nervation of the leaves applies to herbarium specimens solely.
The secondary nerves, and in most the primary, in perhaps all except H. coriacea, are
invisible in the living plants, and there is no exact line to be drawn between those
with 3-5 principal basal nerves, and those with alternate arched or straight, and more
or less horizontal nerves. The peduncle is in very many species persistent and peren-
nial, giving off a succession of flowers from tubercles towards its tip ; the result is a
cylindric thick end to the peduncle : it is not known whether this feature is common
to all the species, nor even whether it is constant in any. The incurved or recurved
form of the corolla probably affords a good character, but is lost in dried specimens*
The coronal-processes are greatly distorted in drying, and the characters I have drawn
from them must be accepted with reserve. The pollen-masses present great variations
in size, form, and length of pedicels, and probably afford excellent characters. The
follicles present wonderful variations, from the most slender and terete with thin
pericarp of H. globulosa, to the thick cylindric with rounded lobed ends and exces-
sively thick pericarp of H. coronaria. The seeds of all are very small for the Order.
Sect. I. Crytoceras. Corolla reflexed, lobes longer than broad. Column
stipitate ; coronal-processes very long, erect, with a long spur diverging from
the base of each.
1. H. mult iflora, Blume Cat. Hort. Butt. 49, and Bijd. 1064. H.
coriacea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1839, t. 18, not of Blume. Crytoceras reflexum,
Bonn. Fl. Jav. 90, t. 21 . C. floribundum, Maund Botanist, iv. t. 178. Cen-
trostemma multiflorum, Dene, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. ii. ix..272, and in DC.
Prodr. viii. 084 ; Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 45 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5173. O.
Lindleyanum, Dene, in DC. I. c.
Malacca ; on Mt. Ophir, Maingay. Penang {drawing in Herb. Kew). — Distrib.
Java, Borneo, Philippine Islds.
Hoya.~\ xcv. asclepiadeje. (J. D. Hooker.) 53
Quite glabrous. Stem stout, climbing. Leaves 3-8 by 1^ to 2 in., linear-oblong,
acuminate, base acute ; petiole £ in. Umbels terminal and axillary, very many-fld.,
peduncle 1-2 in. ; pedicels slender, as long. Sepals small, oblong. Corolla-lobes £-$••
in. long, tube bearded at the base. Column ^ in. long. Fruit not seen.
Sect. II. Fterostelma. Corolla reflexed, lobes longer than broad.
Column sessile, obconic ; coronal-processes laterally compressed, semi-cordate,
2-winged, with an erect subulate point in the inner angle. Plocostemma, Bl.
2. K. acuminata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 777. II. Griffithiana, Dene,
mss. Pterostelma acuminatum, Wight Contrib. 39 ; Wall. Cat. 8170 ; Dene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 633.
Khasia Mts.; alt. 2,000 ft., Wallich, &c.
Quite glabrous. Stem stout,, 1-2 ft., subscandent and pendulous. Leaves 3-4 by
1-1 £ in., elli'ptic-lanceolate, nerves obscure; petiole \-^ in. Umbels terminal and
V axillary, few-fld. ; peduncle ^ in., pedicels 1 in. Sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliolate.
^^Corolla-lobes 1 in., glabrous, tube puberulous within. Corona shining. Fruit not seen.
Sect. III. Ancistrostemma. Corolla reflexed, lobes longer than broad.
Column sessile; corblijTPpi'ocesses gibbous and 2-lamellate below, produced
upwards into long erect points each with a 2-fid incurved hooked tip.
3. H. Edeni, King in Herb. Hort. Cale. Centrostemma sp., Herb. 2nd.
Or. H. f. 8f T.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 3-6000 ft., Herb. Griffith, J. D. H, &c.
■Stem rather slender, climbing and rooting. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 J in., elliptic- or
obovate-lanceolate, obtusely caudate-acuminate, base acute, thinly coriaceous, puberu-
lous or glabrate beneath ; petiole 3^ in. pubescent. Umbels terminal ; peduncles |-£
in., pedicels 1 in. Sepals small, ovate, obtuse. Corolla pubescent within ; lobes ^ in.
long, subacute. Coronal-processes horny, deeply grooved down the back, mueh ex-
ceeding the anthers. Follicles 4 in. long, slender, straight. Seeds £ in. long.
Sect. IV. Euhoya. Corolla-lobes broader than long, spreading or re-
curved. Column sessile or subsessile; coronal-processes stellately spreading,
inner angle acute or produced into an erect or recurved simple spine.
* Inflorescence terminal, or terminal and axillary.
t Leaves terete.
4. H. linearis, Wall, in Wight Contrib. 37, and Cat. 8155; ends of
branches and umbels hirsute, leaves 1-2 in. ^cylindric terete acute, umbels
terminal sessile many-fld., corolla glabrous or papillose within, coronal-processes
horizontal. Don Prodr. 130; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 637.
Subtropical Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 3-6000 ft., J. D. H,
Treutler.
.Stem pendulous, 1 ft. and more, flaccid. Leaves 1-2 by \ in. diam., straight,
midrib glabrous or hirsute; petiole very short. Pedicels 1 in., and linear-oblong
calyx hirsute. Corolla ^-^ in. diam., and corona white. Follicles 2£ in., slender,
straight, pericarp thin glabrous. Seeds £ in. long. — The following varieties are so
identical in habit and inflorescence, that I cannot doubt their being conspecific.
Wight's character is drawn from specimens sent him by Wallich consisting of leaves
of one plant {linearis) and a detached flower of another, of which specimens (also
detached) are fastened on Wallich's sheet of linearis, and which have glabrous pedicels
and minute glabrous sepals ; these may belong to another species.
Vak. nepalensis; corolla papillosely puberulous within, coronal-lobes ovate
flattened above concave beneath. — Nepal.
Vab. sikkimensis ; corolla glabrous within, coronal-lobes longer narrower sub-
««ylindric. Bot. Mag. t. 6682.— Sikkim.
54 xcv. asclepiadejE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hoy a.
5. H. teretifolia, Griff, mss. ; quite glabrous, stem very slender creeping
and rooting, leaves 5-7 in. very slender cylindric quite terete.
Upper Assam ; Patkoy hills, alt. 4000 ft., Griffith.
A very singular plant, mentioned under the above name by Griffith in his Journal
(p. 69). The leaves, which are rather distant, are curved and (as dried) about £ in.
diam. I have seen no flowers.
ft Leaves fiat.
6. H. lanceolata, Wall, in Wight Contrib. 33, and Cat. 8164 and
8156 b (H. parviflora) ; nearly glabrous, leaves 1-2 in. subsessile lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate fleshy, umbels terminal, peduncles and pedicels stout puberulous,
corolla puberulous within. Don Prodr. 130 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 637.
Tropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Bhotan and Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft.
Stem stout, climbing; branches long, pendulous. Leaves close set, somewhat
elongate -trapezoid, base acute, midrib very obscure. Umbels 6-10-fld. Sepals
oblong-lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla £ in. diam., lobes acute. Coronal-lobes as-
cending, short, thick, obtuse, terete, with a short flat area above, inner angle erect as
long as the anther-tip. Follicles 5-6 in., very slender.
7. H. Lobbii, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, branches very stout, leaves 2-3
in. subsessile elliptic or ovate acute or acuminate very fleshy, nerves 6-8 pairs
arched spreading, umbels terminal and axillary subsessile, corolla puberulous
within, corona very large.
Khasia Mts. ; Nowgong, alt. 1500 ft , Thos. Lobb.
Branches as thick as a goose-quill, woody. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., base narrowly
cordate ; midrib rather slender. Pedicels 1 in. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, glabrous.
Corolla purple, £-f in. diam., lobes subacute. Coronal-processes ascending, thick,
terete, obtuse or subacute, inner angle raised acute as long as the anther tip.
8. K. polyneura, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, branches stout, leaves 3-4
in. subsessile rhombic-ovate or -lanceolate acuminate very fleshy, nerves very
many oblique straight parallel, umbels axillary very shortly peduncled, corolla-
lobes papillose within. Hoya, No. 29. Herb. Ind. Or., H.f. 8f T.
Sikkim Himalaya; Herb. Griffith, alt. 3-5000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke.
Branches long, flexuous. Leaves very variable in breadth, broadest 1-2^- in the
middle, base narrow but rounded ; midrib slender, nerves very close. Peduncle at
length thickened and scarred ; pedicels slender. Sepals oblong, obtuse, glabrous.
Corolla £ in. diam., white, disc glabrous. Coronal-lobes red-purple, very short, orbi-
cular, flat above, inner angle produced upwards in some specimens into a stout, erect
beak which equals the long subulate anther-tip, and downwards into 2 auricles ;
other specimens have a very short inner angle and short anther-tips. Follicles 4 in.,
slender, falcate, smooth. Seeds ^ in. long, ovate-lanceolate.
** Flowers in axillary (rarely also terminal) umbels. (Solitary in H retusa.)
t Corolla small, less than £ in. diam., revolute, villous within. Staminal
column conical.
9. H. parviflora, Wight Contrib. 37 ; quite glabrous, leaves lanceolate
acuminate very thick and fleshy, peduncles long slender, corolla revolute villous
within, column conical. Wall. Cat. 8156 A ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 637.
Tenasserim ; Moulmein, Wallich.
Stem climbing, slender. Leaves 2^-4 by £-f in. ; petiole short, thick. Peduncles
almost as long as the leaves; pedicels ^ in., very slender. Sepals ovate, glabrous.
Corolla $-\ in. diam. Coronal-processes membranous, united into a conical vertically
5-lobed column, each lobe again longitudinally folded and bifid at the spreading tip.
Hoya.] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 55
Follicles 4 in. long, very slender. — This approaches an unnamed Javanese species, but
the leaves are more fleshy and the column different.
10. XX. revoluta, Wight mss. ; quite glabrous, leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate acuminate very thick and fleshy, margins strongly recurved, peduncles
long slender, corolla revolute villous within, column conical. H. ovalifolia,
Wall. Cat. 8160 b.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1127). Singapore, Wallich.
Stem climbing. Leaves 1^-3 in., midrib and nerves not visible, base acute;
petiole £-£ in., very thick. Peduncle equalling the leaves ; pedicels very slender.
Sepals ovate. Corolla £ in. diam., pink. Coronal-processes membranous, united into
a conical vertically 5-lobed column, each lobed again, longitudinally folded and pro-
duced upwards into an acute point.
11. XX. micrantha, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves ovate or elliptic-
lanceolate acute very thick and fleshy, margins flat, peduncle long or short,
corolla revolute pubescent within, column conical.
Tenasserim ; Mergui, Griffith.
Stem rather stout. Leaves 2^-4 by lj-l^ in., midrib and nerves not visible ;
petiole very short. Peduncle shorter than the leaves ; pedicels |-| in., filiform.
Stpals ovate, obtuse. Corolla £-5- in. diam. Coronal-lobes lanceolate, suberect,
outer angle 2-fid, back with a boss ; anther-tip much longer than the process.
12. XX. lacunosa, Blume Bijd. 1063; quite glabrous, leaves ovate or
rounded-ovate acute base rounded margins thickened, nerves horizontal, peduncle
stout, pedicels very short. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 525 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr.
viii. 638 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4826, 5272. Otostemma lacunosum, Blume Mus. Bot.
i. 59, t. 11.
Malacca ; between Jarsing and Aya Bomboo, Maingay. — Distrib. Sumatra, Java,
Borneo.
Stem slender, twining. Leaves 1-1£ in., very thick, but nerves distinct beneath,
3-5 pairs, base rounded ; petiole very short. Peduncle longer than the leaves ;
pedicels \-\ in. Sepals very small, ovate, obtuse. Corolla £ in. diam., pubescent
within. Coronal-lobes ovate, inner angle produced into an ovate obtuse lobe almost
as large as the body, incumbent on the anther (which has no tip?). — This differs from
the Javanese H. lacunosa, in the much larger inner produced angle of the coronal-
processes.
ft Corolla £ in. diam. and upwards, rarely less ; lobes usually spreading
or incurved. Leaves flat in all.
a. Leaves very small, rarely more than 1 in. long.
13. H. Nummularia, Dene. mss. ; stem slender minutely rough, leaves
very small orbicular shining, flowers many in very long-peduncled umbels.
Khasia Mts. ; at Moosmai, Griffith.
Stem creeping and rooting, angular (when dry). Leaves § in. diam., shining and
reticulate on both surfaces ; petiole \ in., rather slender. Peduncle 2 in. ; pedicels
\-% in. Sepals ovate-oblong. Corolla £ in. diam., "white, pubescent," Griffith.
Coronal-processes too young for description. — Eesembles Dischidia khasiana.
14. H. serpens, Hook.f. ; stem very slender minutely rough, leaves very
small suborbicular opaque papillose on both surfaces, flowers many on long
peduncled umbels, corolla tomentose within, coronal-lobes ellipsoid.
Sikkim Himalaya {Herb. Griffith).
Stem creeping and rooting. Leaves i-f in. diam., ovate or very broadly elliptic,
base rounded or subcordate, nerves obscure ; petiole very short, ^~h m« Peduncle
56 xcv. asclepiade2E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hoy a.
l\ in., stouter than the branch ; pedicels 1 in. Sepals ovate. Corolla i-| in. diam.,
white, lobes obtuse. — Very similar to H. Nummularia, but the leaves are covered with
minute papillae (when dry).
15. K. obcordata, Hook./. ; stem very slender minutely rough and here
and there hairy, leaves obcordate or obreniform.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Chakoong, alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. H., Yoksun, Clarke.
Stem creeping and rooting. Leaves \ in. long, sometimes broader than long, lobes
rounded, sinus acute, base rounded or subacute, rather thin, opaque, nerves obscurely
reticulate ; petiole A-^5 in. Flowers in a drawing in Herb. Kew (by Jerdon) in a
loose peduncled umbel ; pedicels slender. Corolla £ in. diam., white, lobes triangular
with villous margins. — Possibly a form of H. Nummularia or serpens, but if so a very
remarkable one.
16. K. vaccinioides, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, branches very long
slender pendulous, leaves £ in. elliptic subacute fleshy nerves obsolete.
Upper Assam ; Mishmi Mts., by the Thumat river, Griffith.
Follicles 3 in. long, slender, straight, pericarp thin.
17. H. bella, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4402 ; stem petioles and peduncles pu-
bescent, leaves 1 in. sub-bifarious ovate acute, peduncles very short, pedicels
longer, sepals oblong ciliate. Paxt. Magaz. xv. t. 243 ; Fl. des Sevres, iv. t. 399
(copied from Bot. Mag.).
Tenasserim ; Taungkota mountain, Moulmein, T. Lobb.
Leaves deep green, recurved, nerveless when fresh, midrib strong beneath ; petiole
— in. Peduncle f in. ; pedicels f in. Sepals small. Corolla f in. diam., pure white,
glabrous within ; lobes very short, subacute. Coronal-processes violet, boat-shaped,
concave above, inner angle acute. — I have seen no specimens.
b. Leaves very narrow, lanceolate oblanceolate or linear, rarely 1 in. broad;
nerves invisible or very obscure.
18. XX. retusa, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 294 ; quite glabrous,
leaves very narrow gradually dilating from the base to the obcordate broad
tip fleshy, flowers subsolitary, corolla puberulous within. Dalz. 6} Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 153.
The Concan ; on the Ghats, Dalzell, &c.
Stem very slender. Leaves \\-2 in. by \-^ at the broad tip, midrib very strong ;
petiole ~o~£ in. Flowers 1-3-nate ; pedicels slender. Sepals minute, ovate. Corolla,
| in. diam., white with a pink corona; lobes very broad, acute. Coronal-lobes hori-
zontal, ovate, shorter than the corolla-tube, broad end outwards, inner angle acute.
19. K. pauciflora, Wight Ic. t. 1269 {parviflora in text) ; quite glabrous,
leaves 1-2 in. linear-lanceolate obtuse very thick, peduncles very short few-
fld., pedicels long slender, corolla glabrous within. H. Wightiana, T/nvaites
Fnum. 199.
Malabar and Travancore; Cochin and Courtallam, Wight. Ceylon; central
province, alt. 3-5000 ft., Walker, &c.
A ver^ slender climber. Leaves rarely more than \ in. broad, margins often
recurved; petiole -^-^ in. Peduncle scarcely exceeding the petiole. Sep>als small,
narrow. Corolla £ in. diam., white. CoronaUprocesscs pink, short, ovoid, obtuse,
concave above, inner angle produced into a recurved spur. — I see no difference
between the Ceylon and Deccan plants.
20. K. long-ifolia, Wall, in Wight. Contrib. 36 ; Cat. 8154 ; glabrous,
leaves 4-8 in. narrowly oblanceolate acuminate very fleshy, peduncle long or
short smooth and pedicels glabrous, corolla glabrous margins pubescent,
&oya.~\ xcv. asclepiade^ (J. D. Hooker.) 57
•coronal-processes horizontal. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 627 ; ? H. Shepherdii,
Hook. Hot. Mag. t. 5269.
Tropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 1-3000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 3-4000 ft., Griffith, &c.
Stem stout, climbing ; branches long, pendulous. Leaves very variable in breadth,
h-llt in-> midrib obscure, base narrow acute or rounded ; nerves hardly visible, very
oblique almost parallel to the midrib ; petiole very stout, ^-1 in. Peduncle some-
times 2 in. ; pedicels 1-1^- in. Sepals ovate, acute, glabrous. Corolla f-1^ in.
diam., lobes subacute. Coronal-processes broadly ovate, flat above with a central
boss, convex beneath ; inner angle acute, shorter than the broad anther-tips. Follicles
4-6 in., slender, straight. Seeds £ in., lanceolate.
21. H. oblanceolata, Hook. f ; glabrous, leaves 4-6 in. narrowly
oblanceolate acuminate very fleshy, peduncles very short and thick and pedicels
glabrous, corolla puberulous within, coronal-processes sub-erect.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., J. D. H. $ T. T.
Stem, stout, climbing. Leaves as in H. longifolia, but smaller. Peduncles \-l in.,
■clavate or cylindric, when old 4-J in. diam. and densely scarred ; pedicels slender.
Sepals ovate, acute. Corolla | in. diam., pale flesh-coloured. Coronal-lobes broadly
oblong or subspathulate, inner angle produced into a short obtuse lamella which is
much shorter than the subulate anther tip.
c. Leaves broad, ovate oblong elliptic or lanceolate, strongly 3-5-nerved from
the base to the middle or higher.
22. H. latifolia, G. Don. Gen. Syst. iv. 127 ; glabrous, leaves 5-10 in.
ovate or oblong-ovate acute or acuminate very thick shining 5-nerved margins
recurved, peduncles solitary or fascicled very thick, pedicels very short puberu-
lous, flowers small, coronal-processes shorter than the corolla-tube. Dene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 638. H. macropliylla, Wight Contrib. 38, not of Blume.
polystackya, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 45, t. 9.
Penang, Wallich. Singapore, Maingay. — Distrib. Java.
Stem very stout. Leaves variable in breadth, 3-5 in., base rounded or cordate,
petiole very short and thick. Peduncles 1-2 in., at length cylindric and covered with
raised pitted tubercles. Sepals minute, ovate. Corolla^ in. diam., pubescent within.
Coronal-processes suberect, ovoid, apictilate, upper surface flattened, inner angle acute,
under surface deeply grooved.
, 23. H. parasitica, Wall, in Wight Contrib. 37, and Cat. 8159;
glabrous, leaves 3-5 in. ovate elliptic or lanceolate acute or acuminate 3-5-
nerved, peduncles solitary or in pairs short or long slender or stout, pedicels
'slender long glabrous, coronal-processes longer than the corolla-tube. Wight
1c. t. 587 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 637. H. Hookeriana, Wight Contrib. 37 ;
Wall. Cat. 8153 ; Dene. I. c. 636. Hoya sp. Wall. Cat. 8153. H. pallida,
Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 951 ; Pa.vt. Fl. Gard. t. 26, copied in Lemaire Jard. Fleur.
t. 64. Asclepias parasitica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 42.
Assam ; Conulla, Clarke. Khasia Mts. ascending to 2000 ft. Sunderbunds, and
from Chittagong^ to Singapore, Malacca and the Andaman Islos.
A tall climber, stem stout or slender. Leaves extremely variable in length and
breadth, much the largest in Khasian specimens, nerves obscure ; petiole £-f in.,
very thick. Peduncles 1-3 in., slender or stout and becoming much thickened and
scarred; pedicels f-1 in. Sepals small, ovate. Corolla^ in. diam., pearly white;
lobes glabrous within, always inflexed in dried specimens with the coronal-processes
projecting between them ; these are ascending, ovate, acute, concave with a mesial
ridge above, with the narrow end outwards, and the inner angle very short, white,
pink at the junctures. — I have seen no fruit. Except in the large leaves, sometimes
9 in. long, I can find no character for H. Hookeriana. H. cinnamomifolia, Hook. Bot.
58 xcy. asclepiadeje. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hoy a.
Mag. t. 4347, has very similar flowers and leaves. Lindley figures the flower of H.
pallida as nearly white, Paxton both figures apd describes them as yellow.
d. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or linear-oblong, penni-nerved, nerves very horizontal
{sometimes oblique in H. Griffithii).
24. K. fusca, Wall. PL As. Ear. i. 68, t, 75, and Cat. 8157 ; glabrous,
leaves 6-9 in. linear-oblong acuminate fleshy midrib very thick, peduncles
short and pedicels very stout, corolla pubescent within. Wight Contrib. 37 ;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 639.
Nepal, Wallieh ; Sikkim, alt. 1-4000 ft. Khasia Mts. and Pegu.
A stout climber. Leaves 1^-2^ in. diam., sides nearly parallel ; nerves numerous,
quite horizontal ; petiole thick, £-1 in. Peduncles sometimes terminal, A-l in., pedi-
cels as long. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla \ in. diam., yellow-brown, lobes
spreading. Coronal-processes short, very thick, obtuse, concave above, inner angle
ending in an erect or recurved spur as long as the anther-tip. Follicles 4-5 in. long
by ^ in. diam., rather thick-walled, straight. Seeds £ in. long.
25. XX. obtusifolia, Wight Contrib. 38; more or less puberulous, stem
very stout, leaves 4-6 in. oblong rounded at both ends or tip acute or apiculate
very thick, margins flat, midrib stout, peduncle stout, pedicels and calyx pubes-
cent, corolla coriaceous pubescent without glabrous within. Wall. Cat. 8167 ;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 638; Pot. Mag. t. 4969 {excl. syn. H. velutina). H.
Teysmanniana, Miquel Fl. Lnd. Bat. 522.
Tenasserim or Andaman Islds., Heifer. Penang ? Wallieh. — Distrib. Sumatra,
Java.
Branches as thick as the little finger or less. Leaves l\-%\ in., broad, shining,
nerves visible only when dried ; petiole very thick, ^-1 in. Peduncle 1-3 in., at
length terminating in a cylindric mass of scarred close set tubercles ; pedicels £-1 in.
Sepals large for the genus, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous. Corolla dull yellow, 1^ in.
diam. ; lobes erect, acute. Coronal-processes short, obtuse, suberect, concave in fruit,
inner angle ending in an erect or recurved spine longer than the anther-tip. Follicles
not seen.
2Q. XX. coronaria, Blume Bijd. 1063, and Humph, iv. 31, t. 182, f. 2 and
t. 104 ; leaves 3-4 in. elliptic or elliptic-ovate abruptly acuminate very thick
pubescent beneath, base rounded, margins recurved, peduncle stout and pedicels
large, sepals pubescent, corolla coriaceous pubescent without glabrous within,
follicles very thick. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 516. H. velutina, Wight Contrib.
35 ; Wall. Cat. 8150. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 635.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1125), Penang, ? Wallieh. — Distrib.
Sumatra, ^Borneo.
Stem stout, twining; young shoots, petioles, leaves beneath and inflorescence
finely tomentose. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., nerves very obscure ; petiole thick, |-4 in.
Peduncles ^-1 in., pedicels as long. Sepals rounded, thick. Corolla l-\h in. diam.,
thick, " cream white or yellowish speckled with purple," Maingay; lobes erect or
incurved. Coronal-processes small, waxy, white, nearly hemispherical,. very concave
above and convex beneath, the inner angle shortly horizontally produced, obtuse.
Follicles 6-8 in. long by 1J-2 in. diam., subcylindric, obtuse, base gibbous, walls very
thick, endocarp hard. Seeds \ in. long. — The smaller shorter leaves with revolute
margins distinguish this at once from H. obtusifolia ; Wallich's habitat of Silhet is
probably an error for Penang, from which island there is a drawing of this species in
Herb. Kew. Perhaps two species mixed here, a purple- and white-flowered.
27. H. elliptica, Hook.f. ; glabrous, leaves 1|-2| in. elliptic obtuse at
"both ends thin in texture nerves very prominent, peduncle very short, pedicels,
long slender, sepals very small, corolla glabrous without puberulous within.
Hoy a."] xcv. asclepiade^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 59
Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1137).
Stem rather slender, twining. Leaves 1-1^ in. diam., intramarginal nerve very
distinct ; petiole £- \ in. Peduncles ^ in., pedicels 1-1^ in. Sepals ovate, obtuse,
puberulous. " Corolla white," Maingay ; lobes obcordate, apiculate, inflexed (when
dry). Coronal-processes longer than the corolla-tube, suberect, laterally subeom-
pressed, ovate-oblong, obtuse, upper (inner) surface grooved, inner angle produced
into a short subulate erect point.
28. K. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves 6-9 in. narrowly oblanceo-
late or linear-oblong acute or acuminate very thick, nerves nearly horizontal,
peduncle long stout, sepals large coriaceous, corolla 1£ in. diam. glabrous
within.
Khasia Mts., Griffith ; Nowgong, alt. 2-4000 ft. J. D. H. $ T. T.
A stout climber. Leaves distant, 1-2 in. diam., midrib stout, nerves quite obscure
in some, in others distinct and forming large areoles ; petiole |— 1 in., very thick.
Peduncle 2-4 in., as thick as the branch ; pedicels 1-1^ in., very stout. Sepals \-^
in., oblong, obtuse, coriaceous. Corolla purple ? glabrous within, lobes acute. Coro-
nal-processes produced upwards from a suborbicular base into an erect stiff obtuse
spur as long as the anther-tip, the orbicular base is 2-lamellate below. — In the large
calyx this approaches H. coronaria. It has been flowered at Fallowfield (Manchester)
by Mr. Swan.
29. H. imperialis, Lindl in Bot. Reg. 1846, t. 68 in note, and in Journ.
Hort. Soc. v. 80, with woodcut ; leaves 6-9 in. elliptic or linear-oblong obtuse
apiculate very thick puberulous or glabrate beneath, peduncles and pedicels
long stout, sepals rounded-ovate, corolla 2^-3 in. diam., follicles stout woody.
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3397, copied in Fl. des Serres, iv. t. 393, 394 ; Ann. de Gand,
1848, t. 228. ? H. speciosa, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 635. ? Asclepias Sus-
suela, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 31, excl. syn.
Malacca, Maingay. — Distbib. Borneo, ?Amboyna.
A lofty stout climber. Leaves l^-2£ in. diam., rarely acute, shining, base often
narrowed and cordate, midrib very stout, nerves quite horizontal ; petiole £-£ in.
Peduncles 3-10 in. ; pedicels 2-3, and sepals pubescent. Corolla leathery, dull
purple, puberulous near the corona, lobes triangular acute. Coronal-processes white,
laterally compressed, erect, turgid, obtuse, inner angle shortly produced into a subu-
late point. Follicles 9 in. long, by 1£ in. diam., straight, lanceolate, finely acuminate,
pubescent; pericarp thickly coriaceous, endocarp hard. Seeds \ in. long.
30. XX. Wig" htii, Hook.f. ; quite glabrous, leaves 3-4 in. long-petioled
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate rarely orbicular acute at both ends thick, margins
recurved, nerves distinct horizontal or nearly so, peduncles much shorter than
the pedicels, sepals linear-oblong, follicles slender. H. pendula, Wight 8f Am.
Contrib. 36 {excl. syn.) ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 685 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Fl.
119. H. pallida, Dalz. cy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 152.— Hoya, n. 27, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f. Sf T.
Deccan Peninsula ; from the Bombay Ghats to the Nilgherry Mts.
A stout climber. Leaves \\-2 in. broad, margins often revolute, tip obtuse often
produced, nerves loosely netted ; petiole £-1 in. Peduncles £-$ in. ; pedicels stout,
1 in. Sepals glabrous. Corolla £-f in. diam., cream-coloured, glabrous within, margins
puberulous. Coronal-processes ascending, short, inflated, obtuse, concave above, inner
angle produced into a short erect spur. Follicles 4 in. long, slender, straight, pericarp
thin. — For the distinctions between this and H. ovalifolia see the latter plant. The
vars. Rheedei and nilgherrensis, Wight, are not distinguishable.
e. Leaves orbicular ovate-oblong or broadly elliptic, rarely lanceolate, penni-
nerved, nerves arching {not prominently Z-h-nerved from the base). See also
H. polyneura and H. Lobbii.
60 xcv. asclepiade^:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hoya.
31. H. caudata, Hook.f. ; glabrous, leaves ovate acuminate very shortly
petioled very thick margins corrugate, pedicels short filiform, corolla pubescent
within lobes tailed.
Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1128).
Stem rather slender but woody. Leaves 2-3 in. diam., sparsely papillose on both
surfaces, midrib and arching nerves faint; petiole £ in., so thick as to appear globose.
Peduncle (one only seen) nearly 2 in., with a thickened scarred tip ; pedicels £ in.
Sepals linear-lanceolate, glabrous. Corolla |-£ in. diam., "white, suffused with pink,"
Maingay ; lobes triangular, ending in slender tails of their own length. Coronal-
processes horizontal, elliptic-ovate, broadest end outwards, concave above, inner angle
produced into a long subulate spur, which is much shorter than the very long filiform
anther-tips.
32. K. Arnottiana, Wight Contrib. 36 ; quite glabrous, leaves 3-8 in.
elliptic or lanceolate thick acute or acuminate, nerves distinct, peduncles long
or short stout, pedicels long, corolla glabrous within, coronal-processes large
■exceeding the tube. Wall. Cat. 8161 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 638. — Hoya
n. 38, Kerb. Ind. Or. H.f 8f T.
Tropical Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich. Sikkim ; alt. 1-3000 ft,, J. D. H. Upfeii
Assam ; Suddya, Griffith.
A lofty climber. Leaves very variable, 2-4 in. diam. ; petiole ^-1 in. Peduncle
1-3 in. ; pedicels 1 in. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla § in. diam., scarcely
papillose within, cream-coloured, lobes spreading, subacute. Coronal-processes white,
ovate, subacute with the narrower end outwards, concave above, inner angle acute,
shorter than the anther-tip.
33. ZZ. ovalifolia, Wight ty Am. Contrib. 37 ; quite glabrous, leaves
2-4 in. elliptic or elliptic-ovate or -oblong or -lanceolate obtuse or acute very
thick, nerves distinct, peduncles and pedicels stout, corolla glabrous within,
•coronal-processes exceeding the tube. Wight Ic. t. 847 (not good) ; Wall. Cat.
8160 a; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 638 ; Thwaites Enum. 198 ; Paxt. Fl. Gard.
t. 23, copied in Lemaire Jard. Flew. t. 64, f. 2.
Nilgherry Mts. and Mangalork, Wight. Ceylon, in the Anibagamowa district,
Walker, &c.
Stem slender. Leaves often subfascicled, 1-1^ in. broad, very variable, acute at
both ends ; petiole ^-\- in. Peduncle short ; pedicels £-f in. Sepals ovate, obtuse,
glabrous. Corolla ^-^ in. diam., pale straw-coloured ; lobes broad acute. Coronal-
processes ovate, obtuse, broader end inwards, concave above, inner angle cuspidate.
Follicles 5-6 in., very slender, curved, pericarp thin. — The arching nerves, flat leaf-
margins and large corona distinguish this from H. Wightii.
34. K. globulosa, Hook.f. in Gard. Chron. 1882, ii. 732, f. 115; more
or less hairy, leaves 5-7 in. long-petioled elliptic or oblong cuspidate or acumi-
nate base rounded midrib very stout, nerves distinct, peduncle long, pedicels
villous, corolla nearly glabrous within. Floral Magazine, 1860, t. 406. — Hoya
n, 30 and 33 ; Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8? T.
Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 1-3000 ft., J. B. H., Clarke. Assam; Muku hills,
Simmouds. Cachar, Keenan. Chittagong ; at Seetakoond. J. D. H. <$f T. T.
A stout climber, more or less hairy, the hairs long but very deciduous. Leaves
2-3^ in. diam., much like those of H.fusca, but with arching nerves ; petiole ±-l in.
Peduncle 3-4 in. ; pedicels 1 in. Sepals rounded. Corolla | in. diam., cream-
coloured ; lobes short, incurved. Coronal-processes short, broadly elliptic, pink,
concave above, inner angle produced into an erect spur which is shorter than the
large broad anther-tips. Follicles 12-16 in. long, very slender, cylindric, pericarp
thin. Seeds ^ in. long, slender.
Hoya.'] xcv. asclepiadej;. (J. D. Hooker.) 61
35. K. Thomson!, Hook.f. ; petioles and leaves beneath sparsely pilose,
leaves 2-3 in. oblong or obovate-oblong acuminate very thick, umbels axillary,
peduncle short puberulous tip at length thickened and scarred, corolla-lobes
with fringed margins glabrous or pubescent within. — Hoya, n. 12, 11. f. §• T.
Khasia Mts. ; Churra, alt. 3-4000 ft., J. D. H. # T. T.
Stem slender, rooting. Leaves not very fleshy, §-l£ in. broad, midrib obscure,
base obtuse or rounded, nerves very faint, arched ; petiole \-\ in. Peduncle ^-1 in.,
pubescent; pedicels glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Sepals glabrous, ovate, acute.
Corolla ^ in. diam., lobes acute. Coronal-processes obovate with the broad end out-
wards, concave above with a boss, iniier angle produced into a short erect spur as long
as the anther-tip. — The pubescence of the leaves is very obscure in dried specimens.
38, K. diversifolia, Blume Bijd. 1064; quite glabrous, leaves 2-3 in.
broadly obovate or elliptic obtuse or apiculate very thick margins recurved,.
nerves indistinct, peduncles and short pedicels stout, corolla puberulous within,
follicles very thick. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 518 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii.
637. H. orbiculata, Wall, in Wight Contrib. 36; Wall. Cat. 8151 ; Dene. I.e.
— Sussuela esculenta, Rumph. Herb. Amb. v. 467, t. 175, f. 2.
Burma; at Prome, Wallich. Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1130). — Distrib.
Java, Amboyna.
A stout climber. Leaves l|-2£ in. diam., base acute or rounded, nerves arched;
petiole \- £ in. Peduncle £— £ in., very thick; pedicels about ^ in. Sepals small,
elliptic, obtu- ts (ciliate, Maingay). Corolla ^ in. diam., cream-coloured;,
lobes broad. Coroiial-procc^^cs pale pink, short, thick, ovate, with the broad end out-
wards concave above, with a boss near the centre, inner angle produced into a short,
erect spur shorter than the anther-tip. Follicles 6 in. long., £ in. diam., falcate,
sublinear ; pericarp thick, apparently £ in. or more. Seeds about \ in. long.
37. XX. coriacea, Blume Bijd. 1063; Rumphia, iv. 1. 187 ; nearly glabrous,
leaves 3-5 in. long-petioled elliptic or oblong or obovate-oblong acute or acumi-
nate thinly coriaceous reticulated, base rounded, midrib and slender nerves
very distinct, peduncles and pedicels long, sepals linear pubescent, corolla
villous within. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 521 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 638;
Bot. Mag. t. 451 8, copied in Fl. des Serres, t. 578 ; Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. f. 55 ;
Lemaire Jard. Fleur. t. 37. II. Brunoniana, Wight Contrib. 37 ; Wall. Cat.
8163 ; Dene. I. c. 636.
Penang, Wallich. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1131, 1134).—
Distrib. Java, Borneo.
A stout climber. Leaves variable, 1^-2^ in. broad, shining above, far more thin
than in any Indian congener; petiole -£-- f in. Peduncle 2-5 in.; pedicels f-1 in.
Sepals as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla f in. diam., dirty straw-coloured or
reddish ; lobes incurved when dry. Coronal-processes white, ovoid, inflated, subacute,
the narrow end outwards, inner angle cuspidate shorter than the anther-tip, " pollen-
masses very slender, with trigonous pedicels and minute corpuscles." Maingay. — The
comparatively membranous leaves with conspicuous reticulate nervation, unlike that
of Hoya, at once distinguish this species.
38. ZZ. pendula, Wight Ic. t. 474 {not of Contrib.) ; branch lets and .
umbels sparsely hairy, leaves l£-3 in. elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate acute thick
nerves distinct, margins recurved, peduncles short, pedicels longer, sepals lanceo-
late, corolla-lobes silkily villous. Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 152. Asclepias
pendula, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 36.
Deccan Peninsula; the Circars, Roxburgh; Western Ghats, and the Concan,
Nimmo ; Nilgherry hills, Wight.
Stem ratner slender, hairiness very inconspicuous. Leaves l\-2\ in. diam., like
those of H. ovalifolia, but margins recurved when dry, base narrow or rounded ;
62 xcv. ASCLEPIADE.E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hoy a.
petiole ^-| in. Peduncles £-£ in. ; pedicels l-l£ in. Sepals shorter than the
corolla-tube. Corolla § in. diam., white. Coronal-processes (mutilated) as long as the
corolla-tube, apparently ovate, with the inner angle shortly spurred. — The only
specimen I have seen is an unnamed one in Wight's Herbarium ; the plate in his
Icones is a copy of Eoxburgh's drawing, which represents a much larger leaved plant
than the specimen.
39. XX. BXaing'ayi, Hook./.; quite glabrous, leaves 7-8 in. elliptic-lan-
ceolate or oblanceolate finely acuminate very thick nerves reticulate distinct
very qblique, peduncle very short thick, pedicels longer, sepals small obtuse,
coronal-processes longer than the villous corolla-tube.
Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1136).
Stem stout. Leaves 2^— 3| in. diam. at or above the middle, reticulate on both
surfaces, base narrow ; petiole £-| in., very thick. Peduncle ^-1 in., thickened and
scarred ; pedicels 1 in. Corolla ^-f in. diam., pale pink, lobes short, obtuse. Coronal-
processes ovate, acute, narrow end outwards, above concave ^with a mesial ridge, inner
angle apiculate shorter than the anther-tip.
DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.
H. ckassifolia. Haw. Succ. PL Suppl. 8 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 640. Scholera
crassifolia, Jacq. Eclog. t. 2 ; Traill, in Trans. Hort. Soc. vii. 22 ; from India ; with
leaves described as excessively thick, obsoletely spotted, petals truncate or obtuse, is
unknown. Wight {Contrib. 38) refers it to the Chinese H. carnosa, Br., which name
it would supersede.
H. Finlaysonii, Wight Contrib. 38; Wall. Cat. 8166; Dene I.e.; stem stout,
leaves 5-7 by 2 in. ovate-lanceolate obtusely acuminate densely thick penni-nerved,
nerves prominent on both surfaces arched, intramarginal very distinct, petiole short
stout. — Singapore, Wallich; Siam,? Herb. Finlay son.
H. gymnanthera, Wight. Contrib. 37 ; Wallich's sheet of this consists of a leafless
twig of a Hoya with buds, and a good specimen of Parsonsia spiralis.
H. nicobaeica, Dr. in Wight Contrib. 36 (note under H.pendula, W. & A.); Dene.
I. c. — Nothing is known of this.
H. opfosita, Don Gard. Diet. iv. 128 (Sperlingia opposita, Vahl; Wight Contrib.
67), is H. Kumphii, Blume, a Moluccan plant.
H. Wallichiana, Dene. I.e. 635; said to be mixed with Wallich's n. 8165 (H.
latifolia), appears from Decaisne's description to be H. coronaria, Bl.
H. verticillata, G. Don Gard. Diet. iv. (Sperlingia verticillata, Vahl. Skrivt.
Naturhist. Selsk. Kiobenh. vi. 113), said to be a native of India, is unknown to me.
H. sf. ? Amongst the drawings in Herb. Kew is one of a Hoya from Penang,
with ovate-lanceolate acuminate 3-ple nerved leaves 6 in. long suffused with purple,
red and white • flowers £ in. diam. having long flexuous hairs on the corolla, the
corolla-lobes are obtuse and the coronal-processes red.
45. PHYSOSTELMA, Wight.
A twining glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, shining. Flowers
large, umbelled. Sepals small, narrow. Corolla cup-shaped, lobes very short.
Coronal-processes 5, very large, ovoid-oblong, obtuse, adnate to the anthers,
spreading and ascending ; margins reflexed. Column very small ; anthers con-
niving over the stigma, tips inappendiculate ; pollen-masses one in each cell,
ovoid-oblong, erect. Stigma flat. Follicles long, cylindric, smooth. Seeds
comose.
P. Wallichii, Wight Contrib. 40 ; Wall. Cat. 8171 ; Dene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 633. P. campanulatum, Dene. 1. c. Hoya campanulata, Blume
Bijd. 1064 ; Bot. Reg. 1847, t. 54 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4545. Cystidianthus cam-
panulatus, Hassle. Cat. Hort. Boj. 126 ; Blume Mus. Bot. i. 57.
JPhysostelma.] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 63
Singapore; Wallich. — Distrib. Java?
Leaves 3-5 by 1^—2^ in., elliptic-oblong, acuminate, coriaceous, nerves reticulate ;
petiole \ in. Cymes globose, 3-4 in. diani. ; peduncle 1-2 in., stout ;" pedicels as long,
slender. Corolla 1-1^ in. diam., pale yellow, lobes apiculate. Column £ in. diam.,
the radiating coronal-processes narrowly oblong, horny and yellow when dry.
46. PYCNORHACHIS, Benth.
A hairy twining undershrub. Leaves opposite, very shortly petioled, mem-
branous, villous. Flowers black-purple, in reflexed pairs spirally disposed round
the long fleshy branches of an axillary racemiform cyme. Sepals subulate.
Corolla-tube short, thick, throat annulate ; lobes elongate, subulate-lanceolate
from a broad base, hairy within, valvate in bud. Coronal-scales 5, spreading
at the base of the column opposite the anthers. Column short, adnate to the
middle of the corolla-tube ; anther-tip long, subulate, hyaline ; pollen-masses
one in each cell, long, slender, shortly pedicelled, cylindric, waxy, erect. Ovary
sunk in the calyx-tube ; stigma obtusely conical, 5-angled, much shorter than
the anther-tips ; ovules many. Follicles curved, cylindric, obtuse, glabrous.
Seeds comose.
P. Xftaingrayi, Hook.f.
Malacca ; very rare, Maingay.
Branches hispidly hairy. Leaves 4-6 by 1^-2 in., oblong-obovate, acuminate,
villous on both surfaces, base narrowly cordate or 2-lobed at the insertion of the
petiole ; nerves 10-12 pair, spreading ; petiole J— \ in., villous. Cymes 3-6 in. long,
branches few, ^ in. diam. Corolla ^ in. long, dark purple ; annules of throat fringed
with hairs. Corpuscle slender. Follicles 5 in. long by § in. diam., sickle-shaped. —
Description chiefly from that and the drawings of the discoverer of this very curious
genus, which resembles no other.
Tribe V. CEROFEGIEiE.
Erect, rigid, almost leafless, or twining, hoary or glabrous, leafy shrubs.
Leaves elliptic or ovate-cordate. Flowers small, in crowded axillary umbelli-
form cymes. Calyx turbinate, shortly 5-lobed. Corolla rotate ; lobes pubescent
or bearded, margins recurved, valvate in bud. Corona double, corolline of 5
scales between the corolla-lobes ; staminal of a raised undulate wing at the
oase of the anthers. Column short ; anthers inflexed, obtuse1, tips appendicu-
late ; pollen-masses one in each cell, globose, sessile, erect, tips pellucid. Stigma
included, flat, 5-gonal, 2-cuspidate. Follicles rigid, acuminate, smooth. Seeds
comose, flat, winged. — Distrib. Species 12 ; tropical Asia and Africa.
1. Xi. reticulata, Wight § Arn. Contrib. 47 '; twining, leafy, leaves ovate-
cordate or elliptic acute glabrous or hoary beneath, cymes peduncled hoarv.
Wight Ic. t. 350 ; Wall. Cat. 8197 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 628. L. appen-
diculata, Dene. I.e. L. imberbe, Wight Contrib. 48; Wall. Cat. 8198. L.
brevipes, Wight Cat. 1536 ; Dene. I. c. Cynanchum reticulatum, Retz. Obs.
ii. 15. C. asthmaticum, Herb. Ham. ? 0. ovatum, Thunb. ; Dene. 1. c. 548.
Secamone canescens, Sm. in Rees Cycl. Asclepias tuberosa, Ro.vb. Fl. Lnd.
ii. 38. A. volubilis, Herb. Madr. Gymnema aurantiaca, Wall. mss.
Eastern Punjab, at Amballah, Edgeworth ; and from Band a southwards through
the Deccan Peninsula. Burma, Wallich. Singapore, Lobb. Ceylon, at Amoor-
adhapoora, Gardner. — Distrib. Ava.
Bark corky ; young branches, &c, hoary. Leaves 1-2 in., coriaceous, pale, both
64 xcv. asclepiadejE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leptadenia.
surfaces alike, nerves very faint ; petiole £-£ in. Cymes solitary or in pairs, |— 1 in.
diam. ; many-fid. ; peduncles shorter or longer than the petioles. Calyx-lobes
obtuse. Corolla \ in. diam., thick, pubescent on both surfaces ; tip of lobes keeled
and thickened on the face, most so at the tips ; tube glabrous, shining from the adnate
corona which is continued halfway down the middle of the lobes. Follicles 2|-3 in.
long, ^-f in. diam., turgid, straight, smooth, almost woody ; beak thick, curved.
Seeds | in., long, narrowly ovoid. — I think this hardly differs from an East African
species.
2. Zi. Spartium, Wight Contrib. 48 ; erect, leaves narrowly linear or 0,
cymes subsessile few-fld. hoary. Wall. Cat. 8199 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii.
629 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 63. L pyrotechnica, Dene, in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1838.
269, and in DC. Prodr. I. c. L. Jacquemontiana and gracilis, Dene. II. cc.
Oynanchum pyrotechnicum, Forsk. ; Del. Fl. Egypt, t. 20. Sarcostemma pyro-
technica, Br. Prodr. 453. Microloma pyrotechnica, Spreng. Syst. i. 855. M.
angustifolia, Herb. Ham.
The Punjab and Scinde, eastwards to the Jumna. — Distrib. Beluchistan, Arabia,
Egypt, Senegambia.
A glabrous shrub 3-4 ft. high, with long erect twiggy branches. Leaves when
present 3-4 by \ in., acuminate, shortly petioled, leathery. Flowers as in L. reticu-
lata, but smaller, ^ in. diam. Follicles 5 in. long, ^ in. diam., terete, straight, pro-
duced into a very long slender straight beak.
48. ORTHANTHEHA, Wight.
An erect twiggy leafless shrub. Flowers small, in dense-fid. peduncled
woolly cymes. Sepals lanceolate, eglandular. Corolla salver-shaped, tube
ovoid, equalling the lanceolate valvate lobes. Corona double ; corolline of
minute scales between the corolla-lobes ; staminal a raised undulate ring below
the anthers. Column ovoid, anther-tips inappendiculate ; pollen-masses globose,
sessile, erect. Stigma included, flat, 5-gonal. Follicles elongate, cylindric,
opening out flat after dehiscence. Seeds cdmose.
O. viminea, Wight $ Am. Contrib. 48 ; Boyle III. t. 66 ; Dene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 626, and in Jacquem. Toy. Bot. 109, t. 105. Apocynea viminea,
Wall. Cat. 7478.
North-west India ; along the base of the Himalaya, alt. 1-3000 ft. fromPeshawur
and the Punjab to Oudh.
Branches stout, erect, as thick as a crowquill. Peduncles \-\ in.; flowers
shortly pedicelled, very woolly. Sepals equalling the corolla-tube. Corolla villous
outside, glabrous within ; lobes keeled down the centre of the face. Follicles erect,
5 in. long. — The long sepals and salver-shaped corolla are such strong generic
characters that I do not follow the " Genera Plantarum " in uniting this genus with
Leptadenia.
49. BBACHYSTELKA, Br.
Erect or twining pubescent or glabrous herbs with tuberous roots. Leaves
opposite, sometimes very narrow or minute. Floiuers few, in axillary sessile
umbels or solitary, pedicels very slender. Corolla (in the Indian species)
rotate ; lobes 5, elongate, valvate. Corona short, adnate to the column, annu-
lar, variously 5-10-lobed or -toothed, lobes or teeth erect or incumbent on the
anthers. Column very short ; anthers ovoid, tips inappendiculate, refuse ;
pollen-masses one in each cell, sessile, globose, erect, one margin pellucid.
Stigma nearly flat. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Distkib. About
14 African species, and the following.
Brachystelma.] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 65
There are probably in India many species of this singular genus, which owing to
their slender habit and inconspicuous flowers may be overlooked. I cannot find any
character whereby to distinguish Eriopetalum, Wight, from Brachystelma. The fol-
lowing descriptions are all very imperfect.
* Stem erect.
1. B. laevig'atum, Hook. f. ; leaves minute subulate, umbels sessile,
corolla glabrous or puberulous, segments thrice as long as the tube, corona with
a broad 2-toothed lobe between the anthers, and as many narrow oblong ones
opposite them. Eriopetalum lsevigatum, Wight Contrib. 35 ; Wall. Cat. 8149 ;
Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 646. Gomphocarpus laevigatus, Ham.
Northern Oude ; at Gorukpore, Hamilton.
Root the size of a small potato. Stem 12-18 in., pubescent upwards. Umbels
minutely hispid, as are the subulate sepals. Flowers pendulous, £ in. diam., pale
dirty purple, with pale green segments. Follicles 3 in. long, erect. — Described partly
from a drawing in Herb. Kew.
2. B. parviflorum, Hook. f. ; leaves long slender almost filiform
glabrous, flowers solitary very long-pedicelled, corolla villous segments twice
as long as the tube, corona shortly irregularly toothed. Eriopetalum parvi-
florum, Wight Contrib. 35; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 646.
North-western India; Doongie, Royle {Wight).
Leaves 4 in. by ~ in., acuminate. Pedicels 1-2 in. long, bracteate at the base.
Flowers f in. diam., white with a few spots on the tube and purple hairs on the
margins and segments. Sepals subulate. — Described from a flower and drawing in
Herb. Wight.
3. B. attenuatum, Hook. f. ; segments of corolla filiform 4-5 times as
long as the tube villous, corona shortly irregularly toothed. Eriopetalum
attenuatum, Wight Contrib. 35; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 646.
North-western India; Doongie, Royle (Wight).
Flower f in. diameter. — I have seen only a single flower in Herb. Wight.
4. B. maculatum, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves long slender almost fili-
form, umbels sessile, corolla-lobes' 2-3 times as long as the spotted tube keeled
above down the middle glabrous except a few scattered long cilia, corona with
5 subulate teeth opposite to and much higher than the anthers.
Canara or Mysore, Law.
Stem 10-12 in. Leaves 3-4 by 5- in. Flowers 2-3 together, § in. diam. Sepals
quite glabrous, subulate.
5. B. glabrum, Hook./.; quite glabrous, leaves narrowly linear-lanceo-
late or strap-shaped acute, umbels sessile, corolla puberulous lobes linear obtuse
three times as long as the tube, corona very short, minutely toothed.
Deccan Peninsula, Beddome.
Stem 6 in. Leaves 1-3 by £-| in. Flowers £ in. diam.
** Stem twining.
6. B. volubile, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves long linear slender,
umbels peduncled, corolla-lobes many times longer than the tube with very long
scattered hairs, margins incurved, column very depressed discoid, corona form-
ing a low broad obtusely 5-angled cup round its base.
The Carnatic ; on the Cuddapa hills, alt. 2000 ft., Beddome.
Stem several feet long. Leaves 3-5 by fc*% in., acuminate. Umbels 2-3-fld.
VOL. rv. F
66 xcv. ASCLEPiADE^E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Brachystelma.
Corolla 1 in. diam., purplish, lobes crenulate. Column inserted by a very small
7. B. Beddomei, Hook./. ; glabrous, leaves very slender elongate acu-
minate, umbels peduncled 3 fid., corolla-lobes many times longer than the tube
glabrous cohering by their tips corona with 5 very broad rounded lobes. Oero-
pegia brevitubulata, Beddome Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 174.
Mysore; Vellore hills, alt. 1000 ft., Beddome.
Glabrous, except the puberulous cyme. Leaves in distant pairs, 3-4 by |— \ in.,
narrowed to the sessile base. Peduncle £ in. ; bracts setaceous ; pedicels £ in. Sepals
setaceous. Corolla quite glabrous, pale without, purple within ; segments 1 in. long,
very narrow, flat. Corona with the processes opposite the anthers so entirely confluent
with them as to appear to be absent. — This singular species has the corolla of
Brachystelma with the segments cohering by their tips as in Ceropegia ; it unites the
characters of these genera.
50. CEROPEGIA, Linn.
Twining, rarely erect herbs, often with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves
opposite, sometimes minute or 0. Flowers in axillary peduncled umbelliform
cymes, rarely solitary, often large, white or greenish and purple. Sepals nar-
row. Corolla-tube elongate, straight or curved, often swollen at the base,
throat dilated or not ; lobes very various, broad or narrow, erect or incurved
with cohering tips, often at length recurved or refiexed. Corona adnate to the
column, annular or cupular, 5-10-lobed and with 5 long or short ligulate pro-
cesses within that are free or adnate to the anthers. Column short ; anther
short, obtuse ; pollen-masses one in each cell, short, erect, sessile, with one pel-
lucid margin. Stigma depressed or shortly 2-lobed, included. Follicles usually
slender, terete, smooth. Seeds comose. — Distkib. Species about 50 ; tropical
Asian, African and South African, with a few Malayan and Australian.
Herbarium materials do not suffice to enable me to discriminate satisfactorily the
species of this most difficult genus, and still less to describe them accurately. The
classification I here propose is quite artificial.
* Stem erect, rarely fiexuous or twining.
1. C. pusilla, Wight Lc. t. 1261 ; dwarf, puberulous, leaves linear, corolla
straight, lobes linear erect much shorter than the tube, tips puberulous. Wall.
Cat. 8140 ; Bene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 643.
Deccan Peninsula ; Nilgherry and Anamallay Mts., alt. 7-8000 ft., Wight, &c.
Tuber £-1 in. diam. Stem 3-6 in. Leaves rather crowded, 1-3 by ^-g- in.,
narrowed at the base. Flowers solitary or 2-3-nate, erect. Sepals ^-\ in. Corolla
1 in., tube narrow, base ovoid. Coronal lobes 5, triangular, acute, 2-fid, ciliate ; pro-
cesses narrowly linear, three times as long. Follicles 2 in., narrowly fusiform.
2. C. spiralis, Wight Ic. t. 1267 ; quite glabrous, leaves very narrowly
linear, corolla straight, lobes narrowly linear contorted as long as the tube
fimbriate at the base.
Deccan Peninsthla ; Balaghat hills, Madras, Wight ; Cuddapa hills, Beddome.
Stem slender, 4-6 in. Leaves 4-8 by i-£ in., margins recurved. Flowers solitary,
shortly peduncled. Sepals filiform, $-% in. Corolla 2 in. long, base slightly inflated,
mouth hardly dilated. Coronal lobes 5, triangular, acute, glabrous ; processes slender,
three times as long.
3. C. fimbrifera, Beddome in Madras Bit. Soc. Journ. 1861, 53, and Ic.
PL Ind. Or. i. 172 ; finely pubescent, leaves narrowly linear, corolla straight,
CeropegiaJ] xcv. ascleplade^i. (J. D. Hooker.) 67
lobes as long: as the tube narrowly linear erect or twisted together, fimbriate at
the base with gland-tipped hairs. ? C. Munroi, Wight Ic. 1. 1264.
Travancore ; rocky place on the Anamallay hills, alt. 3-4000 ft., Beddome.
Stem 4-9 in., slender, glabrous below. Leaves 4-6 by %-% in., narrowed at the
base and gradually from the middle to the tip. Peduncles £-1 in., ]-4-fld. Sepals
filiform, \ in. Corolla-tube subcylindric, green outside, purple within ; lobes narrowed
downwards from above the middle, basal margins reflexed, fimbriate with long slender
hairs. Coronal lobes 10, triangular, ciliate; processes linear-spathulate, four times
as long. — C. Munroi is only known from the very insufficient drawing engraved in
Wight's Icones. Beddome has suggested to me its being a twining or flexuous form of
this species, which becomes scandent in cultivation.
4. C. attenuata, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 867 ; pubescent, leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, corolla straight lobes linear erect as long as the tube naked. Dalz.
Sr Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 154; C. angustifolia, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 259;
Dalz. 8f Gibs. I.e. C. spiralis, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
The Concan ; near Vingorla, and rocky pastures near the sea in Malwan, Dalzell,
Stocks, &c.
Stem 6-12 in., slender or rather stout. Leaves 2-6 by £-£ in., narrowed at the
base. Peduncles short, axillary, usually 1-fld. Sepals filiform, £-£ in. Corolla 2-2^
in. long, base swollen, mouth dilated, lobes very narrow from a triangular base, the
margins of which are not reflected. Coronal lobes ft, triangular, entire or 2-fid, ciliate;
processes narrow, 4 times as long. Follicles 3 in. long, very slender, terete, torulose.
Seeds ^ in., oblong, compressed, margins very thick, coma ^ in. —
5. C. Lawii, H. f. ; pubescent, stout, leaves long-petioled ovate, peduncles
many-fld., corolla slightly curved lobes small elliptic naked incurved very much
shorter than the very narrow tube. Oeropegia n. 25, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
South Concan, Law, Stocks.
Tubers 2-5 in. diam. Stem often as thick as a goose-quill, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves
2-4 by 1^-2 in., acute, sometimes rounded ; petiole \-\ in. Peduncle \-l\ in.
strict ; bracts minute ; pedicels short. Sepals minute, recurved. Corolla 1-1? in-
long, base scarcely swollen ; lobes £-£ in., incurved, forming a small subglobose head.
Coronal lobes 10, obtuse, short, ciliate ; processes slender, four times as long.
6. C. Wallichii, Wight in Bot. Mag., note under t. 3267, and Contrib. 32 ;
puberulous, stem very stout, leaves ovate or rounded subsessile, flowers fasci-
cled, corolla straight lobes oblong obtuse densely fimbriate within erect much
shorter than the tube. Wall. Cat. 8143; Royle III. t. 66, f. 3 ; Dene, in DC.
Frodr. viii. 644.
Central and Western Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Kumaon at Nainital, alt.
6500 ft., Strachey and Winterb.
Stem 8-12 ft. in., as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 2-2£, puberulous or glabrate
above, tip obtuse acute or rounded. Peduncle very short ; pedicels crowded, \-^ in. ;
bracts setaceous. Sepals filiform, \ in. Corolla^ l£ in., tube narrow, base inflated,
mouth funnel-shaped acutely 5-angled : lobes forming a narrow oblong obtuse crown
^-£ in. long, ciliate with short fusiform stout hairs. Coronal-lobes 10, triangular,
ciliate, processes four times as long. Follicles 1 foot long.
**
Stem twining. Leaves fleshy. Calyx minute. Corolla small, straight
(rarely 1 in. long) narrow ; mouth slightly dilated ; lobes short, narrow, erect,
7. C. bulbosa, Roxb. Cor. PL i. 11, t. 7, and Fl. Ind. ii. 28 ; leaves
various, corolla-tube slender, lobes linear from a triangular base villous within,
corona glabrous lobes minute or obsolete, processes filiform straight.
f2
68 xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Ceropegia.
From Western India ; the Punjab and Upper Gangetic plain as far east as
Allahabad, southwards to Travancore.
Root tuberous. Stem very slender. Leaves excessively variable (see the varieties).
Peduncles £-1 in., 3-5-fld. ; pedicels short. Sepals ± in. long. Corolla rarely 1 in.
long, greenish, base moderately inflated mouth obtusely 5-angled; lobes ^-^ the
length of the tube, purple within. Follicles 4 in. long, slender, terete, pericarp thin.
Seeds ^ in. long, linear-oblong, wing membranous.
Var. 1. bullosa proper; leaves petioled 1-2 in. rarely more orbicular oblong
elliptic obovate or obcordate acute or apiculate, rarely elliptic lanceolate, base acute
rounded or cordate. C. bulbosa, Roxb. I.e., Wight Contrib. 32, and Ic. t. 845, and in
Hook JBot. Misc. v. 99 and Suppl. t. 2 ; Wall. Cat. 8141 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
153 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 117 ; Bene, in BC. Prodr. viii. 643.
Var. 2. Lushii; leaves subsessile very narrowly linear 4-8 by £-£ in. C.
Lushii, Grah. in Bot. Mag. t. 3300 ; Balz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 154 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb.
PL 117; Bene. I.e. 644. Bombay, in the Kasersaya jungles, Br. Lush.
Var. 3. esculenta, leaves 4-5 by 1 in. shortly petioled linear-lanceolate. C.
esculenta, Edgew. in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. 204; Aitchison Cat. Punjab. PL 90. Punjab
and Mooltan.
8. C. Wig-htii, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 3267 ; leaves subsessile or shortly
petioled elliptic-lanceolate apiculate or acute, corolla-tube slender, lobes linear
from a triangular base, corona glabrous, lobes 5 minute obtuse, processes short
broad curved. Wight Contrib. 30; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 641.
East Indies, formerly cult, in the Edinburgh Bot. Gardens.
Probably a form of C. bulbosa, from Bombay.
*** Stem twining, stout. Leaves very small or 0.
9. C. juncea, Roxb. Cor. PL i. 12, t. 10; quite glabrous, fleshy, leaves if
present elliptic-lanceolate acute, calyx small, corolla funnel-shaped above the
middle, lobes erect nearly as long as the tube. Wight Contrib. 30 ; Wall. Cat.
8134; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 153; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 117 ; Dene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 641.
Deccan Peninsula, from Bombay and the Circars to Tanjore and Mysore.
Root tuberous. Stem simple, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves very remote,
often suppressed, rarely 1 in. long, subsessile. Peduncle stout, \-l in., 3-5-fld. ;
pedicels short, stout. Sepals % in., subulate. Corolla greenish, speckled and veined
with purple, base inflated, lobes linear from a triangular base, tips fimbriate within.
Coronal lobes 10, short, ovate, obtuse, ciliate ; processes filiform with hooked tips.
Follicles 7 in. long.
**** Stem twining, leafy. Leaves membranous. Flower 1 in. long and
upwards, rarely less.
t Corolla-lobes much shorter than the tube, very broad, forming a hemi-
spherical or broadly conical crown over the much-dilated broadly funnel-shaped
throat of the tube. Corolla curved, base much inflated in all.
10. C. eleg-ans, Wall, in Bot. Mag. t. 3015, and Cat. 8135 ; quite gla-
brous, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, corolla-lobes broadly ovate acute ciliate
with very long hairs, coronal lobes 10 subulate or linear glabrous almost as
long as the straight linear processes. Wight Contrib. 31, and Ic. t. 1265 ; Dene,
in DC. Prodr. viii. 642. ? C. sphenanantha, Wight & Am. Contrib. 31 ; Wall.
Cat. 8138 ; C. sphenanthera, Dene. I. c. 643.
Malabar and Travancore, on the mountains from the Nilgherries southwards.
Ceylon, alt. 3000 ft., Walker, &c.
Leaves 2-4 by l-l£ in., acute or acuminate ; petiole f-1 in., very slender. Peduncles
£-2 in. ; flowers subumbellate ; pedicels short ; bracts subulate. Sepals filiform,
Ceropegia.] xcv. asclepiade;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 69
glabrous. Corolla lj-lf in., spotted with dark purple, base globose or oblong and
gibbous, crown f-1 in. diam. Follicles 7-9 in., very slender, terete, membranous.
Seeds nearly ^ in. long, linear, convex on one face, deeply grooved on the opposite
one.— I can detect no character, except perhaps the shorter and more obtuse coronal
lobes, whereby to distinguish C. sphenanantha.
The coronal lobes are described by Wight as hirsute, but they are perfectly glabrous
in ten flowers I have examined, and they are so represented in a drawing made in the
Calcutta Garden, and in another made from specimens grown at Kew. Wight's
specimen is accompanied with a loose sketch of a hairy corona, placed in a cover with
a loose flower, in which latter the corona is glabrous.
11. C. mysorensis, Wight Ic. t. 846; glabrous or petioles and leaf-
nerves beneath minutely hairy, leaves ovate acuminate, corolla-lobes ovate
naked, coronal lobes long subulate glabrous, processes Aliform.
\ Mysore and Trayancore ; on the Pulney Mts., Wight.
This very closely resembles C. elegans in habit, and the form and size of the
flowers, but the latter are of a very pale straw colour or greenish, and the lobes are
entirely naked. Leaves 1^-2 in. long. Sepals £ in. subulate. Corolla 1-1^ in.
12. C. Walkeriee, Wight Ic. t. 1266; quite glabrous, leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate acuminate, corolla-lobes ovate naked, coronal lobes 10 linear,
glabrous nearly as long as the linear processes.
Ceylon, Walker, Wight.
Very similar to and probably a variety of C. mysorensis, but the leaves are 3-4
in. long, the sepals are longer, ^-£ in., the corolla much larger, 2-2^ in. long, blotched
with purple, the tube narrower above the globose base, and the coronal lobes different.
13. C. G-ardneri, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5306; quite glabrous, leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, corolla-lobes ovate-cordate ciliate,
coronal lobes 10 linear ciliate, processes rather longer linear. Thwaites JEnum.
199.
Ceylon; Eamboddy. alt. 4-5000 ft., Gardner, &c.
Except by the ciliate coronal lobes I do not see how dried specimens of this can
be distinguished from C. elegans. According both to the figure in the Botanical
Magazine, and to a sketch made in Ceylon, the leaves are purplish beneath. Thwaites,
who joins both C. mysorensis and Walkerice with C. elegans, regards Gardneri as
distinct, but does not say on what grounds. According to drawings sent by him to
Sir W. Hooker, the Cingalese plant called by him C. elegans has very broad leaves,
a greenish corolla spotted pale-purple with a hemispheric crown of green cordate
lobes tipped with dark purple and fimbriate at the tips only, whereas C. Gardneri has
a deep purple black corolla with a depressed crown of much broader lobes ciliated at
the base only. The follicles and seeds of Thwaites' specimen of Gardneri precisely
accord with those of C. elegans.
14. C. long-ifolia, Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 56, t. 73, and Cat. 8136 ; sparsely
puberulous, leaves shortly petioled elongate- or linear-lanceolate acuminate,
corolla-lobes ovate ciliate, coronal lobes 10 lanceolate ciliate, processes linear
twice as long. Wight Contrib. 31 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 642. C. lanceo-
lata, Wight I. c. ; Wall. Cat. 8139 ; Dene. I. c. 643.
Central Himalaya, Nepal, Wallich ; Kumaon, alt. 4-5000 ft., Edgeworth.
Stem with a line of pubescence. Leaves 5-8 by f-l£ in., base acute or rounded ;
petiole \-% in. Peduncle 1-1^ in., hairy ; pedicels fascicled, \-\ in. ; bracts subulate.
Sepals ^ in., very slender. Corolla l£ in., green spotted dark purple, tube curved;
lobes very broadly ovate. Follicles 6 in. long, very slender. Seeds ^ in., linear-
oblong, concavo-convex. — Approaches C. lucida, differing in the much broader shorter
head of the corolla and longer sepals. Wight describes C. lanccolata as glabrous and
as having the coronal lobes shorter than the column, thus placing it in a different
70 xcv. ASCLEPiADEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Ceropegia*
section from C. longifolia, but there is no difference whatever between the authen-
tically named specimens of these species in either Wight's or Wallich's Herbaria.
The foliage closely resembles that of C. angustifolia.
tt Corolla-lobes shorter than the tube (nearly as long in C. pubescens)r
oblong obovate linear or elliptic, forming a conical ellipsoid ovoid or beaked
crown over the not greatly dilated throat.
a. Leaves and peduncles perfectly glabrous.
15. C tuberosa, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 12, t. 9; quite glabrous, leaves fleshy
from orbicular apiculate to lanceolate acuminate, corolla straight, lobes ^ shorter
than the tube suddenly contracted from a triangular base into linear cohering
appendages that are at first connate throughout their length and villous within.
Wight Contrib. 33, and Ic. t. 353 ; Wall. Cat. 8145, excl. A ; Dalz. $ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 154 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 117 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 644. 0.
acuminata, Dalz. 8f Gibs. 1. c. not of Roxb. C. mucronata, Roth Nov. Sp. 179,
C. Candelabrum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 27, not of Linnceus.
Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards, common.
Root tuberous. Stem 3lender. Leaves 1-4 in. (fleshy, Dalzell), base acute or
rounded ; petiole ^- § in. Peduncles 1-3 together, |~3 in. ; pedicels fascicled or sub-
paniculate ; bracts minute. Sepals subulate, £ in., recurved. Corolla 1-2 in., base
somewhat inflated, mouth slightly dilated. Coronal lobes ciliate, very short. Follicles
4-5 in. long, slender. Seeds | in. long, linear.
16. C. Candelabrum, Linn. Sp. PL 211 ; glabrous, leaves oblong acute
or apiculate base cordate, peduncles pendulous, flowers whorled erect, corolla-
base globose, lobes very short ovate acute united by the tips only. Dene, in
DC. Prodr. viii. 643.— Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 16.
Malabar, Rheede ; at Mangalor, Perrottet (Dene.).
Stem slender, Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 \ in.; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 3 in.; pedicels
i in. ; flowers 10-12 in a whorl. Sepals small. Corolla l\ in. — I have seen no
specimen of this striking species.
17. C. Elliottii, Hook.f. ; quite glabrous, leaves elliptic acute, peduncle
pendulous, flowers erect, corolla straight green base somewhat inflated, lobes
very short ovate acute united at the tips only, coronal lobes obsolete, processes
glabrous linear.
Deccan Peninsula ; Sinhachalam hills, near Vizagapatam, Sir W. Elliot.
Root tuberous. Stem rather stout. Leaves 4 by 1^-2 in., base subacute ; petiole
1 in. Peduncles 2^-3 in. ; pedicels upcurved, ^-f in. Corolla \\ in., rather narrow
above the swollen base, striped purple within, lobes pubescent at the tips within.
Follicles 4 in. long, beaked. — Described from an excellent drawing given by Sir W.
Elliot to General Beddome. It comes far nearer to C. Candelabrum than does any
other species.
18. C. acuminata, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. xii. t. 8, and Fl. Lnd. Ii. 29; quite
glabrous, leaves short-petioled succulent elongate-lanceolate finely acuminate,,
peduncles short, corolla small straight, lobes short linear connate by their tips
only, coronal lobes 5 minute, processes long filiform. Wight Contrib. 32 ; Dene,
in DC. Prodr. viii. 643.
The CracARS ; at Samulcottah, Roxburgh.
Root tuberous. Stem slender. Leaves 3-4 by ^ in., base acute, not 3-nerved ;
petiole £ in. Peduncle ^ in., 4-6-fld. ; pedicels \ in. Sepals small. Corolla f in.,
white with purple streaks and lobes, base swollen, mouth dilated ; lobes \ in., cohering
by the tips only. — Described from Roxburgh. Wight suggests its being only a variety
Ceropegia.~] xcv. asclepiade^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 71
of C. bullosa, but the short corolla-lobes are very different. Roxburgh's locality,
Samulcottah, has never been explored by a subsequent botanist.
19. C. intermedia, Wight Ic. t. 1263 ; quite glabrous, leaves long-
petioled ovate or elliptic-lanceolate finely acuminate base 3-nerved, corolla
straight, lobes subspathulate villous within connate by their tips only, coronal
lobes 5 very short or 0 ciliate or glabrous processes long dilated upwards. C.
tuberosa, Wall. Cat. 8145 A. 0. Candelabrum, Thwaites Enum. 199.
Travancore; Courtallam and Dindygul, Wight; Anamallay hills, alt. 2500 ft.,
Beddome. Ceylon, in the hotter part of the island, Walker, Thwaites.
Root fibrous {Beddome). Stem slender. Leaves 2-3 by f-l£ in., pale yellow-
brown when dry ; petiole ^-f in. Peduncles 1-2 in., 3-6-fid., pedicels %-$ in. Sepals
subulate. Corolla 1-lj in., pale purplish, base inflated, lobes much shorter than in
C. tubcrosa. — Wight figures the coronal lobes as obsolete and the processes as hairy at
the base ; I find 5 minute glabrous lobes. He further figures the lobes of the corolla
as linear, but describes them as subspathulate. An excellent drawing from Thwaites
of what appears to be this species (his C. Candelabrum, C.P. 774) has purple branches.
Wallich's 8145 A, from Heyne, appears to be the same.
? Var. Wightii ; leaves lanceolate acuminate, corolla-lobes broader glabrous,
coronal lobes ciliate. — Courtallam, Wight. — "Wight calls this C. acuminata, but it
differs from Roxburgh's drawing in the leaves with slender petioles and strongly
3-nerved at the base.
20. C. Thwaitesii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4758; quite glabrous, leaves
elliptic ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, peduncles 2-3-fld., corolla 2-2£ in.
base ovoid, throat funnel-shaped, lobes oblong, tip not contracted obtuse erect
half the length of the tube, coronal lobes subulate ciliate half as long as the
linear straight processes.
Tkavancore ; at Courtallam, Wight ; Peermede Ghat, Beddome. Ceylon ; central
province, Gardner, &c.
Stem, rather stout. Leaves 3-4 by 1^-2 in., petiole f-l£ in. Peduncles stout,
1-2 in., pedicels £-1 in. Corolla curved, green with purple blotches above the
middle of the tube, and a purple band across the lobes above the middle. Follicles
(in Peninsular specimens) 10 in. long, very slender. Seeds % in. long. — The leaves
are figured and described in Bot. Nag. as ciliolate, but I do not detect this in the
only Ceylon example I have seen (a most incomplete one).
f$. Leaves and peduncles pubescent or' hispid.
21. C. hirsuta, Wight 8f Am. Contrib. 33 ; hirsute or pubescent, leaves
from linear or lanceolate to ovate-cordate acuminate, peduncles hispid, sepals
long slender, corolla 1^-2 in. long, base ventricose, lobes suberect oblong obtuse
ciliate £ of the length of the tube, coronal processes hooked.
Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan to Travancore.
A coarse climber, more or less clothed with subhispid spreading hairs. Leaves
2-4 in. ; petiole £-1 in. Peduncles \-2 in., very hispid : pedicels J-j in. Sepals
^ in., very slender. Corolla greenish, blotched with purple. Corona very variable,
but the processes always broad and curved or hooked at the tip. Follicles 4 in. long,
slender. Seeds ^ in., narrowly oblong. — After a very tedious examination of the
corona in specimens collected at various places between Bombay and Travancore I
conclude that the following are referable to one variable plant, an opinion in which I
am confirmed by Colonel Beddome; vars. 1-4 are all mixed in Stock's and Dalzell's
Herbaria, and none being authentically named I cannot positively say which answers
to the species described in the Bombay Flora.
Var. 1. hirsuta proper ; all over hirsute except the corolla, coronal lobes 5 short
triangular 2-fid ciliate much shorter than the processes. C. hirsuta, Wight I. c. ; Bene,
in BC. Prodr. viii. 641.
72 xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Geropegia.
Vab. 2. vinccefolia ; branches glabrous, leaves less and more softly pubescent
ovate-cordate, peduncles hispid, coronal lobes 5 short rounded emarginate ciliate. C.
vinosefolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3740 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 153 ; Bene, in BC.
Prodr. viii. 642. — I have seen no authentic specimen of this.
Var. 3. ophiocephala, hirsute all over except the corolla, leaves hispid on both
surfaces, lobes of corolla oblong obtuse narrowed and purple at the base yellow in the
middle, tips green, coronal lobes 10 obtuse 2-fid connate nearly to the tips yellow
bordered with purple. C. ophiocephala, Balz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 259 ; Balzell
$ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. i. 54.
Vab. 4. Jacquemontiana ; hirsute all over except the corolla, leaves softly tomen-
tose, "lobes of the corolla broader upwards entirely green," Balzell, coronal lobes
imited to the middle ciliate. ?C. Jacquemontiana, Bene, in BC. Prodr. viii. 641 ;
? Balz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 153. — Carli, Jacquemont. I am doubtful if Dalzell's plant
is Jacquemont's. Decaisne describes the latter as having the lobes of the corolla
nearly as long as the tube, which is not the case with any of the forms I have re-
ferred to hirsuta.
Vab. 5. stenophylla ; leaves narrowly linear, margins flat or recurved. — Pulney
Mts., Herb. Wight; Anamallays, alt. 3500-5000 ft., Beddome. One of Wight's
specimens has no coronal lobes, the other and Beddome's have 5 rather large 2-toothed
ciliate ones. Beddome describes the roots as fibrous.
22. C. oculata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4093 ; branches glabrous, leaves ovate
or ovate-cordate acuminate ciliolate, peduncles hispid, corolla 2-2£ in. long
base large much inflated, lobes erect lanceolate half the length of the tube, tips
contracted pubescent, coronal lobes short ciliate 2-toothed, processes slender
straight erect. Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 151.
The Concan ; Bombay, Miss Jones, Balzell.
Leaves 4-6 by l£-2| in., membranous ; petiole £-1 in. Peduncle l|-2 in., 4-8-fld.
Sepals 5-^ in., slender, nearly glabrous. Corolla A^ery pale, spotted with purple below
the lobes ; lobes green above the middle, pale, each with a large purple blotch below
it. — Described chiefly from the Bot. Mag., where the leaves are said to have glands
above at the insertion of the petiole, which is cot the ease with the plants in Dalzell's
Herbarium which I refer to this species. It no doubt varies greatly from the above
characters. But for the erect straight inner coronal processes 1 should be disposed
to refer this to C. hirsuta (see also 30, C. Stocksii).
23. C. ciliata, Wight lc. t. 1262 ; branches hairy above, leaves linear- to
ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate pubescent above and beneath, peduncles
very long hispid very many-fld., corolla f in. gently curved, base slightly
swollen, lobes very narrow linear erect one-third the length of the tube, coronal
lobes 5 very short 2-toothed ciliate, processes slender hooked.
Nilgherry and Pulney Mts., Wight, Beddome.
Hispidly pubescent nearly all over. Boot tuberous. Leaves 2-3 by ^—2 in., base
acute rounded or cordate, petiole \-\ in. Peduncles 1-5 in., very stout, sometimes
shortly branched and 20-fld. ; pedicels \-\ in. Sepals slender, hispid, \-± in.
Corolla greenish, lobes lead-coloured, tips forming an oblong head. Follicles 3 in.
long.
24. C. ang"ustifolia, Wight Contrib. 31 ; branches and peduncles
pubescent on one side, leaves narrowly elongate-lanceolate pubescent above
ciliolate, peduncles few-fld., corolla I5— 2 in. nearly straight base slightly in-
flated, lobes short suberect broadly obovate glabrous one third the length of the
tube, coronal lobes 10 lanceolate ciliate, processes straight linear rather longer.
C. longifolia, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
Khasia Mts. alt. 4-6500 ft., Wallich, &c.
An extensive slender climber. Leaves 2-9 by ^-§ in., rather coriaceous, minutely
pubescent above, finely acuminate, margin often recurved ; petiole £- £ in. Peduncles
€eropegia.] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 73
1-1. \ in. 3-6-fld. ; pedicels ^-^ in, Sepals glabrous, subulate, £ in. Corolla pale
purple, lobes quite glabrous forming an ovoid crown. — Except in the small sepals,
much narrower corolla mouth and form of the lobes and crown, this is almost identi-
cal with the Nepalese C. longifolia.
25. C. pubescens, Wall. PL As. Rar. ii. 81, 187, and Cat. 8144 B. ;
sparsely pubescent or glabrate, leaves long-petioled ovate acuminate, peduncles
glabrous 3-<x> -fld., sepals small, corolla 2-2^ in. straight base hardly swollen
lobes linear erect from an ovate base cohering from the middle glabrous nearly
as long as the tube, coronal lobes minute or obsolete ciliate, processes linear
erect. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 644.
Temperate Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 3-8000 ft., J. B. H.,
Treutler. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., J. B. H.
Branches slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves 3-7 by 1^-3 in., very membranous,
base sometimes cordate, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces or glabrous, ciliolate ;
petiole 1-2 in. Peduncle £-2£ in. Sepals £-£ in., recurved. Corolla-tube pale dirty
purple, sub-cylindric, mouth hardly dilated ; lobes yellow with purplish tips forming
a long-beaked crown. — This approaches closely C. tuberdsa, but is always more or
less pubescent and it has much longer corolla-lobes. Amongst Cathcart's drawings
(in Herb. Kew.) is one apparently of this species having a green corolla with yellow
bases to the lobes. Wallich's 8144 A. (Herb. Heyne) is probably C. tuberosa, but the
specimens are undeterminable.
26. C. Hookeri, Clarke mss. ; minutely pubescent, leaves short-petioled
ovate acuminate, peduncles 1-2-fld., sepals minute, corolla 1 in. long straight
base swollen, lobes short linear-lanceolate one third the length of the tube,
coronal lobes minute or obsolete ciliate, processes slender erect. Oeropegia,
n. 23, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachen, alt. 8-10,000 ft., J. D. H.
Stem very slender and as well as the petioles leaves on both surfaces and peduncles
sparsely minutely hairy. Leaves 1-2 by f-1 in., very membranous ; petiole £-£ in.
Peduncles shorter or rather longer than the petioles. Corolla shorr, dark purple,
narrow from above the base to the mouth, which is rather contracted, lobes gently
curved forming a short ellipsoid crown.
ttt Corolla-lobes as long or nearly as long as the tube (or shorter in C.
odorata).—See also 25, C. pubescens.
a. Corolla-tube broadly funnel-shaped upwards from above or below the
middle.
27. C. lucida, Wall. PL As. Rar. ii. 33, t. 139 and Cat. 8133 ; quite
glabrous, leaves ovate or lanceolate, peduncles many-fid., sepals small, corolla
1 £-2 in. curved, lobes linear from a lanceolate base tips dilated ciliate, coronal
lobes 10 short triangular ciliate, processes linear-spathulate. Dene, in DC.
Prodr. viii. 641.
Silhet, at Terrya Ghat, Wallich, J. B. H. $ T. T. Cachae, Keenan. Burma at
Prome, Wallich.
An extensive climber; root irregularly tuberous. Leaves 4-7 by 1^-3 in., mem-
branous; petiole ^-1^- in. Peduncles short, 4,-1 in.; pedicels as long. Sepals ^-^
in. Corolla scarcely dilated at the base, green spotted with purple, lobes inflexed
from above the base, tips brown connate by all the dilated part.
28. C. Decaisneana, Wight Ic. t. 1259 ; quite glabrous, leaves short-
petioled elongate- or linear-lanceolate acuminate, peduncles 1-3-fld., sepals long
filiform, corolla 2£-3 in. curved base very largely inflated, lobes linear from a
74 xcv. ASCLEPiADEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Ceropegia..
lanceolate base, coronal lobes 5 linear forked at the tip villous half as long- as
the slender linear straight processes.
Nilgherry Mts. ; at Sispara Ghat, Wight, &c.
Boot tuberous. Stem rather stout. Leaves 4-7 by f-1^ in., membranous, base
acute, margins obscurely ciliolate ; petiole ^-\ in. Peduncle slender, 1-5 in. ; pedi-
cels 1-3 in. Sepals ^-§ in., sometimes puberulous. Corolla large, pale, spotted with
pale purple, inflated base sometimes § in. diam., lobes sometimes longer than the
tube, tips slightly dilated. Coronal lobes rigid, yellow with purple tips.
29. C. brevicollis, Hook. f. ; leaves ovate or lanceolate acuminate
puberulous on both surfaces, peduncle sparsely hairy 3-6-fld., sepals filiform,.
corolla 2 in. long curved, base very broadly inflated, tube with a very short neck
and broad funnel-shaped limb, lobes erect linear from an ovate-lanceolate base,
tips incurved, coronal lobes obsolete, processes linear erect.
Travancore; Anamallay hills, alt. 2500 ft., Beddome.
Stem slender, glabrous. Leaves very variable, 2^-6 by 1^-2 in., membranous,
sometimes linear-oblong; petiole f-l£ in. Peduncles slender, 1-2 in., glabrous or
sparsely hairy ; pedicels slender, f -l£ in. Sepals ^. Corolla-base obliquely inflated,
dilating again shortly above the inflation into a broad funnel ; lobes longer than the
tube, linear for half their length.
30. C. Stocksii, Hook. f. ; leaves ovate or ovate-cordate acuminate
puberulous on both surfaces, peduncles 3-oo -fid. hispid, sepals filiform ; corolla
2^-3 in. straight base slightly inflated, lobes erect linear from a small base,
tips incurved, coronal lobes 5 short broad ciliate, processes linear straight.
The Concan, Stocks.
An extensive climber. Leaves 2-5 by J-2 in., membranous; petiole |-1 in.
Peduncle stout, 1-1^ in. ; pedicels very short, hispid. Sepals \-% in. Corolla large.
— This closely resembles C. oculata, differing in the long linear corolla-lobes. It may
be a form of that plant ; if so, the corolla affords a most treacherous character.
0. Corolla-tube narrow, subeylindric above.
31. C. mac rant ha, Wight Contrib. 31 ; nearly glabrous, leaves short-
petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, peduncles short pubescent many-fid.,
sepals filiform, corolla curved tube narrow base swollen, lobes slender erect
linear glabrous cohering from above the middle, coronal lobes ovate-lanceo-
late villous, processes straight linear. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 642.
Tropical Himalaya ; Kumaon, alt. 4500 ft., Boyle, &c; Sikkim, alt. 2-5000 ft.,
J. J). H., Treutler.
An extensive rather stout climber; branches glabrous. Leaves 4-7 by H~3g in.,
very membranous, glabrous or sparsely puberulous on both surfaces, base acute ;
petiole ^-^ in. Peduncles longer and stouter than the petioles; pedicels £-f in.;
bracts many, subulate. Sepals ± in. Corolla pale, base sometimes globose, lobes
with a broad ovate base, above it forming a long straight beak. Follicles 4-5 in.
long.
32. C. Arnottiana, Wight Contrib. 32; nearly glabrous, leaves short-
petioled narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, peduncles short
few-fid., sepals small, corolla 2 in. narrow straight base hardly inflated, lobes
very slender erect longer than the tube, coronal lobes 5 short obtuse notched
subciliate, processes linear straight. Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 644.
Khasia Mts., Lobb. Burma at Prome, Wallich. Tenasserim; Moulmein,
Lobb.
Stem very slender, glabrous. Leaves 3-5 by |-1 in., rather firm, glabrous or
minutely puberulous above, ciliolate; petiole \-^ in. Peduncle \-\ in. slender;.
Ceropegia.'] xcv. asclepiade^. (J. D. Hooker.) 7&
pedicels very short; bracts setaceous. Sepals J in. Corolla sub-cylindric ; lobes
lanceolate at the base, tips slightly dilated. Follicles 4 in. long, slender. Seeds -~ in.
long, linear-oblong.
33. C. odorata, Nimmo in Orah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 118 ; nearly glabrous,
leaves short-petioled lanceolate acuminate, peduncles short hispid many and
dense-fld., corolla 1 in. slender straight base not swollen, lobes very narrow
erect, coronal lobes minute glabrous.
The Concan ; Salsette, Nimmo, Law.
Stem slender, glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by |-§ in., rather firm, glabrous or minutely
puberulous above; petiole £-£ in. Peduncles ^-f in., pedicels very short; bracts
squarrose. Sepals % in., recurved. Corolla one of the narrowest of the genus, yellow,
sweet-scented, lobes variable in length, at first united by the tips, soon free.
34. C. ensifolia, Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 173; stem glabrous, leaves
subsessile or short-petioled elongate linear acute or apiculate nerveless finely
reticulate, peduncles hispid often very long, sepals small, corolla 1 in. slender
straight base inflated, lobes linear erect, coronal lobes 5 short obtuse ciliate,
processes long linear erect.
Teavancobe ; Anamallay hills, alt. 3-3500 ft., Beddome.
Root tuberous. Stem very slender. Leaves 4-7 by £-^- in., firm, glabrous or
minutely puberulous above, finely reticulate beneath ; petiole 0-^ in. Peduncles 1-5
in., often bearing a succession of fascicles of flowers ; pedicels very short. Sepals £
in. Corolla greenish-white, lobes as long or longer than the tube. Follicles
6-7 in.
35. C. albiflora, Hook. f. ; pubescent, leaves short-petioled ovate- or
linear-lanceolate nerves distinct oblique, peduncles hispid often very long,,
sepals subulate, corolla 1^-2 in. slender straight base not inflated, lobes linear
erect, coronal lobes 5 very short ciliate processes long linear erect.
Travancoee ; hear Peermede, alt. 3500-4500 ft., Beddome.
Very similar to C. ensifolia, in habit, inflorescence, bracts, &c, but, as I am assured ,
by Colonel Beddome. quite distinct, more hispidly pubescent, with much broader
distinctly nerved leaves and white flowers. The peduncle is sometimes 8 in. long, and
bears 4 or 5 remote sessile fascicles of flowers.
36. C. Beddomei, Hook. f. ; sparsely pubescent, leaves subsessile elon-
gate linear-lanceolate acuminate, nerves very slender, peduncle stout hispid
few-fld., sepals filiform, corolla 3 in. long slightly curved, tube slender swollen*
below funnel-shaped above, lobes slender elongate erect villous within, coronal
lobes very short notched ciliate processes broad hooked.
Travancoee ; Peermede, alt. 2500 ft., Beddome. Cochin, Johnston.
Stem hispid above. Leaves 5-6 by 4-£ in., rather firm, finely acuminate, narrowed
to the base, sparsely puberulous on both surfaces, midrib strong, nerves few and
extremely fine. Peduncle 1-3 in. stout, pedicels short. Sepals \-% in. Corolla d;irk
purple, ^ in. diam. at the mouth, lobes gradually narrowed from the base to the tips.
— I have seen but one good specimen of this, Colonel Beddome's ; that from Cochin is
imperfect, and appears to have straight coronal processes.
DOUBTFUL AND UNDESCEIBED SPECIES.
C. micans, Nimmo, and C. aecta, Nimmo, from the Concans, and mentioned by
name only in Graham Cat. Bomb. PL 118, are unknown to me.
C. bifloba, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 46, and Sp. PI. 211 ; from Ceylon. The only charac-
ter given for this, "peduncles 2-flowered," may apply to any Ceylon species. Wight
refers it doubtfully to C. tuberosa, which is not a Ceylon plant.
76 xcv. asclepiadej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Frerea.
51. FREREA, Dalz.
A low fleshy quite glabrous erect shrub, branches terete. Leaves oppo-
site, oblong. Flowers large, solitary or in pairs, axillary. Sepals tri-
angular-ovate, acute. Cwolla rotate, lobes broad, acute, valvate. Corona a
low broad, 5-angled ring round the column, with 5 broad short truncate or
retuse spreading lobes alternating with 5 long narrow processes opposite the
anthers and inflexed over them. Column very short ; anthers retuse, inappen-
diculate; pollen-masses one in each cell, short, erect, one margin pellucid.
Stigma flat, included. Follicles terete, smooth. Seeds comose.
F. indica, Dalz. in Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 10, t. 3.
The Concan ; hill foot near Hewra, alt. 3000 ft., Dalzell.
Branches very short, £ in. diam., nodose. Leaves sessile, 1 in., sometimes spathu-
lately obovoid, obtuse or retuse. Flowers very shortly dicelled. Corolla purple.
Corona as in Boucerosia, from which the genus differs in habit. — Described from
Dalzell's figure and characters.
52. CARALLUMA, Br.
Fleshy, erect, nearly leafless herbs, with very thick subterete or angular
stems and branches. Leaves minute and caducous, or 0. Flowers solitary, or
in pairs at the upper nodes. Sepals acute. Corolla broadly campanulate j
lobes 5, narrow, valvate. Corona annular, adnate to the column, 5-lobed, lobes
2-cuspidate, with a ligulate process at the sinus on the inner face which over-
laps the anther. Column very short ; anthers short, retuse, incumbent on or
confluent with the stigma, tips inappendiculate ; pollen-masses one in each cell,
short, erect, one margin pellucid. Stigma flat. Follicles slender, smooth,
terete. Seeds comose. — Distrib. Species 4 ; Western India and Arabia.
The corona is that of Boucerosia, but the habit and inflorescence are very different,
the stem and branches gradually narrowing upwards and becoming very slender. I
have had to describe the species for the most part according to drawings in Herb.
Kew.
* Corolla glabrous within.
1. C. edulis, Benth. Gen. PL 782 ; stem and branches subterete 4-grooved,
corolla glabrous, tube inflated, lobes ovate-lanceolate. Boucerosia edulis,
Edgew. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 205, t. 1. B. ascendens, Wall. Cat. 8146, in
part. B. Stocksiana, JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 64.
The Punjab ; at Eawul Pindee, Aitchison ; Mooltan, Edgeworth. Scinde, Stocks.
Erect, 6-18 in. high, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves -| in. long, ovoid-lan-
<jeolate, acute, fleshy, caducous. Flowers ^ in. diam., purple within.
2. C. adscendens, Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 25 ; stem 4-angled slender
terete above, branches glabrous, tube short funnel-shaped, lobes lanceolate
acute. Wight Contrib. 33; Wall. Cat. 8146, in part-, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii.
647. Stapelia adscendens, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 28, t. 30.
Deccan Peninsula; in arid places, Wight.
Stem ascending, 1-2 ft. high ; branches slender above. Flowers £ in. diam., dark
purple within.
** Corolla fringed or hairy within.
3. C. attenuata, Wight Lc. t. 1268, and 111. t. 155 b, fig. B. ; stem
Caralluma.] xcv. asclepiadej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 77
4-angled, branches slender and terete above, corolla-tube short funnel-shaped,
lobes fringed with long hairs.
South Deccan Mts. ; Nilgherries, Pulneys, &c, Wight, &c. Cochin, Johnstone.
Ceylon ; between Kandy and Badulla.
Habit of C. adscendens, but differing according to Wight's plate in the larger
flowers with deeply fringed petals. The Ceylon plant, according to a drawing from
Thwaites, is smaller with much smaller flowers borne on the 4-angled stems, not on
slender terete branches as in the Peninsular one ; it is possibly C. Jimbriata.
1. C. fimbriata, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 7, t. 8 ; stems much diffusely
branched 4-angled to the ends of the branches, corolla rotate, segments
copiously fimbriate. Wight Contrib. 34 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 155.
Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards, in arid rocky places. — Distrib.
Ava.
Wight refers the Peninsular to the Ava plant, remarking that the flowers of the
former are much larger (they are 1 in. diam. in Wallich's drawing), but finds no
other difference. In both the arms of the coronal lobes are long subulate and hooked.
— Amongst Wight's drawings is one of a plant with the habit of Jimbriata, that is,
bearing the flowers on the curved 4-angled ends of the branches, but with short ovate
ciliate corolla-lobes, green, banded with purple, ending in fimbriate linear tips. If
this is Wight's fimbriata, it differs much from Wallich's.
53. BOUCEROSIA, Wight $ Arn.
Fleshy leafless herbs, with thick 4-angled stems, angles toothed. Flowers
terminal, rather large, solitary or umbelled, more or less purple. Sepals narrow.
Corolla campanulate or rotate ; lobes 5, short, broad, valvate. Corona annular,
adnate to the column, 5-lobed ; lobes 2-fid, subulate, erect or spreading with a
linear fleshy process on the inner face at the sinus inflexed over the anther.
Column minute, short ; anther-tips inappendiculate ; pollen-masses one in each
cell, sessile, erect, suborbicular, compressed. Stigma low, conical, 5-angled, tip
truncate depressed. Follicles slender, straight, terete, smooth. Seeds flat,
winged, comose. — Distrib. Species 12 ; Spain, North Africa, Arabia, Western
India.
For the definition of the species of this genus (as of Caralluma) I have had to
depend mainly upon published and unpublished drawings and definitions.
1. B. umbellata, Wight fy Am. Contrib. 34; stem very stout, flowers in
dense umbels, corolla glabrous. Wight Ic. t. 495 ; Wall. Cat. 8147 ; Dene, in
DC Prodr. viii. 648. Stapelia umbellata, Boxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 241. S. Calla-
mulia, Ham.
Deccan Peninsula ; common in arid localities. Ceylon ; rocks near Kornegalle,
Stem erect or ascending, simple or sparingly branched, 1-2 ft. high, 1-2 in. across
the obtuse thick crenate angles. Umbels 2-4 in. diam., globose, dense-fld. Corolla
l-l£ in. diam., streaked closely concentrically with purple. Follicles 4-7 in. long by
|- in. diam. Seeds % in. long, oblong.
? Var. campanulata ; angles of stem thin, corolla smaller without the purple
streaks more tubular. B. campanulata, Wight Ic. t. 1287.— Wight distinguishes this
as above, but Thwaites unites it with umbellata, and in the Herbarium they are in-
distinguishable, except by the smaller flower and narrower lobes of the corona ; its
native locality is unknown.
2. B. crenulata, Wight § Am. Contrib. 34; stems very stout, flowers
in dense umbels, corolla with long scattered hairs over the whole inner surface.
78 xcv. asclepiadeje. (J. D. Hooker.) [Boucerosia.
Dene, in DC. Prod?: viii. 648. B. lasiantha, Wight Ic. t. 1286. Caralluma
crenulata, Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 6, t. 7.
Deccan Peninsula ; Nuggur hills, near Madras, Wight. — Distrib. Ava.
Apparently similar in habit to B. umbellata, differing chiefly in the hairy inner
surface of the corolla.
3. B. diffusa, Wight Ic. t. 1599 ; diffuse, branches very stout, flowers in
dense umbels, corolla-lobes fimbriate on the margin only.
Travancore ; arid rocks, alt. 2000 ft., Wight.
"The very diffuse habit, a single plant corering many square feet of surface, the
minute cauline teeth, small sepals, and distinctly tubular corolla of this plant, com-
bine to mark the species as very distinct from any of its Indian congeners," Wight I.e.
4. B. Hitchinia, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 649; stem slender diffusely
branched, flowers few in an umbel, corolla hairy within. Hitchinia indica,
Wight 8f Am. Contrib. 35 ; Wight Ic. t. 355 ; Wall Cat 8148.
The Carnatic and Circars, Wight, &c.
Branches ^ in. diam. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Corolla f in. diam. Coronal
lobes shorter than in B. umbellata, inner process larger in proportion and decurrent.
5. B. pauciflora, Wight mss. ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 648 ; stems
slender diffusely branched, teeth or angles recurved, flowers solitary, corolla
hairy within.
South Carnatic ; at Palamcottah, Wight.
I have an unpublished lithograph of this plant made for Dr. Wight, and there are
specimens in his Herbarium, but not sufficient for full analysis ; the stems are as
slender as in B. Hitchinia, the corolla campanulate, 1 \ in. diam. with broad short
acute lobes banded closely with purple, and the inflexed process from the corona is
short and very broad.
6. B. Aucheriana, Dene, in DC. Prodr. viii. 649 ; stem short branched,
flowers capitate, corolla-lobes lanceolate glabrous pustular above. JBoiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 63.
Dry hills in the Western Punjab; the Saltrange, &c. — Distrib. Affghanistan,
Beloochistan, Persia, Arabia.
Plant 2-6 in. high ; branches ^-\ in. diam. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Corolla
^ in. diam., dark purple, more deeply divided into narrower lobes than in any of the
southern species. Follicles 3-4 in., tips capitate.
Order XCVI. LOOANI ACE2E. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite (rarely ternate), undivided ; stipules
various or 0. Inflorescence cymose, terminal or axillary, simple or compound ;
cymes sometimes subcapitate, sometimes reduced to solitary flowers. Flowers
regular. Calyx inferior, small, 4-5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla 4-5-lobed or
-partite. Stamens £-6, inserted on the corolla-tube, alternate with the lobes ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, 2-celled ; style simple, stigma capitate bifid or
2-partite ; ovules one or more in each cell, placentae on the dissepiment or basal
in the inner angle. Fruit capsular septicidal, or baccate indehiscent, 1- oo-
seeded. Seeds various, albumen copious; embryo straight, long or short. —
Species 350, tropical and subtropical.
Tribe I. Eulog-anieae. Ovary with many ovules in each cell.
Mitreola.'] xcvi. loganiacej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 79
* Herbs ; corolla valvate ; capsule compressed, didymous.
■Cymes 2-3-chotomous. Corolla 5-lobcd 1. Mitreola.
Pedicels solitary or clustered. Corolla 4-lobed 2. Mitrasacme.
** Shrubs or trees.
Corolla imbricate. Capsule 2-valved 3. Buddleia.
Corolla valvate. Capsule 2-valved 5. Norrisia.
Corolla contorted. Fruit indehiscent 4. Fagr^a.
Corona valvate. Fruit indehiscent 6. Stbychnos.
Tribe II. Gaertneriae. Ovary with 1 o\>ule in each cell.
Corolla tubular. Anthers nearly included in the tube .... 7. Gaertnera.
Corolla subrotate. Anthers large, exserted 8. Gardneria.
1. IVHTREOLA, Linn.
Herbs. Leaves opposite, membranous ; stipules membranous or small. Cymes
2-3-chotomous, terminal or peduncled, axillary. Flowers small, white, often
unilateral on the ultimate cyme-branches. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla urn-
shaped ; lobes 5, small, valvate. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 2-celled ; styles
2, short, connate under one small hairy stigma, ultimately divergent ; ovules
many in each cell, placentas peltate. Capsule obovoid, laterally compressed,
truncate or 2-horned ; carpels dehiscing by separating from each side of the
septum from above. Seeds very many, minute, globose or elongate, albumen
fleshy ; embryo linear. — Species 4 ; 2 American and the following.
1. HE. oldenlandioides, Wall. Cat. 4350; leaves oblong nearly glabrous,
cymes terminal and axillary 2-chotomous, capsule 2-horned, seeds elongate
trigonous, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 9; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 155 : Hook. Ic. PI. t.
827 ; Benth. in Jou?m. Linn. Soc. i. 91. M. paniculata, Wall. Cat. 4349 ;
Wight Ic t. 600 (flowers of principal figure inaccurate) ; A. DC. I. c. (as to the
Asiatic plant). M. inconspicua, Zoll. et Mor. Verz. (1845-6) 55.
Central Provinces, alt. 0-3000 ft. ; extending to Bombay and to Chota Nagpore,
frequent. Pegu ; J. Anderson. Distrib. Burma, Malaya, N". Australia.
Annual, 6-18 in., erect. Leaves 2 by f in., narrowed at both ends ; petiole £ in.
Cymes 2-6 in., often numerous; bracts -^ in., lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, scarcely
A in. Capsules § in., unilateral on the branches. Seeds twice as long as broad.
The American M. petiolata united with this by A. DC. is exceedingly like it, but has
globose seeds.
2. IMC. pe die ell at a, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 91 ; leaves oblong
hairy beneath, cymes on long axillary peduncles 3-chotomous, capsule truncate,
seeds globose tuberculate. Parophiorrhiza khasiana, Clarke; Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind. iii. 85.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4200 ft. ; Cherra, Limestone Hill, Griffith, J. D. H., Clarke.
Perennial, 2-8 in., decumbent, branching. Leaves 3£ by 1 i in., narrowed at both
ends; petiole ^ in. Cymes 6-12-flowered, lax, irregular, peduncle 1-3 in. Flowers
nearly as of M. oldenlandioides, obscurely unilateral, fruiting pedicels sometimes ±-±
in., but not longer than sometimes in M. oldenlandioides. Capsules ±% in., succulent,
little compressed. — The specimens on which the genus Parophiorrhiza were founded,
were mislaid when tho Eubiacese were described for this work.
2. IttlTRASACBIE, Labill.
Small herbs. Leaves opposite stipules forming a minute sheath. Flowers
small, white, terminal or axillary solitary clustered or in irregular umbels.
80 xcvi. loganiaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mitrasacme*
Calyx campanulate, 4-fid. Corolla urn-shaped ; lobes 4, valvate. Stamens 4,
included ; anthers „<ovate. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, connate, separating from
the base upwards, usually finally divergent, stigma capitate or 2-lobed ; ovules
many in each cell, placentae peltate. Capsule siibglobose, laterally sub-com-
pressed, truncate or sub-2-horned ; carpels dehiscing by separating from each
side of the septum from above. Seeds very many, minute, subglobose, testa
smooth, reticulated. — Species 28 ; from Bengal to Japan and New Zealand,
common in Australia.
1. IVX. nudicaulis, Reinw. in BlumeBijd. 849; leaves snbradical elliptic
minutely hairy, scapes terminated by a lax simple or compound umbel. A. DC.
Prodr. ix^J.2 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 92. M. chinensis, Griseb. in PL
Meyen. 51 ; A. DC. I. c. 560.
Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 4000 ft., frequent. — Distrib. China, Malaya.
Annual. Scape 3-5 in., very slender. Leaves \ in., subsessile, obtuse or acute,
minutely hispid-floccuiose. Pedicels ^-1 ^ in., glabrous ; bracts ~ in., lanceolate.
Calyx ± in., divided halfway down into acute lobes, glabrous. Corolla' £ in., throat
hairy. Capside — in. diam.
2. 1*1. alsinoides, Br. Prodr. 453 ; leaves oblong acute glabrous, pedicels
axillary solitary or 2-3 clustered in the upper axils. A. DC. Prodr. ix. 11. 3Vf,
indica, Wight Ic. t. 1601 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 92. M. pusilla, Dalz.
in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 136 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 155. M. crystallina,
Griff. Notul. iv. 87, and Jc. PL Asiat. t. 383, Jig. 2. *
India, alt. 0-2000 ft., widely scattered ; Assam and Bengal ; Chota Nagpore ;
Deccan Peninsula; Pegu and Tenasserim. Ceylon. — Distrib. Borneo, Philip-
pines, Australia.
Annual; stem 6 in., weak, branched, nearly glabrous. Leaves \-% in., ?
scaberulous. Pedicels £-f in., scaberulous. Calyx -— in., acutely lobed half-way
down. Corolla ± in., throat hairy. Capsule ~ in. diam. — The Bengal examples are
lax straggling, exactly agreeing with the Malay and Australian ; the Madras and
Ceylon ones are shorter (2-3 in. high), suberect.
3. 2*1. polymorpha, Br. Prodr. 452 ; stems patently glandular hairy
below, leaves oblong, umbels terminal or from the upper axils, pedicels long
unequal glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. ix. 10 ; Benth. FL Austral, iv. 353 with syn.
M. capillaris, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey fy Wall. i. 420 and Cat. 4348 ;
Don Prodr. 129 ; A. DC. I.e. 11 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 92. M.
trinervis, Spanoghe in Linncea. xv. 335 ; A. DC. I. c. 560. M. malaccensis,
Wight Ic. t. 1601. Limnophila campanuloides, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 390s.
Nepal; in the valleys, Wallich. Pegu to Malacca, frequent. Deccan Peninsula ;
Mangalore, Hohcnacher, n. 590. Distrib. China, Japan, Malaya, Australia.
Annual ; stem 2-15 in., erect. Leaves \ by £ in., sessile, glabrous or pubescent.
Umbels 1-8 in., compound or simple, capillary ; pedicels j-l^ in. Calyx^-^ in., lobed
acutely halfway down, ciliate pubescent or glabrous. Corolla- % in., throat hairy.
Capsule nearly \ in. — The Pegu examples of M. capillaris are 14 in., and agree
altogether with Australian ones named M. polymorpha by Bentham. The tropical
Australian plant has larger capsules and is said to be perennial. The Nepal and
Mangalore specimens are 3-4 in. high only, resembling the Japanese.
Var. Parishii ; umbels small dense long-peduncled, flowers large. — Tavoy ; Parish.
Distrib. Cochinchina. Peduncles 1-3 in., with a terminal umbel, and sometimes a
sessile umbel in the middle ; pedicels numerous, 0-i in. — This is not much like any
one of the numerous forms of the Australian M. polymorpha, but some of the Malay
examples of M. polymorpha show a tendency to th j Var. Parishii.
Buddleia.] xcvi. loganuce^. (C. B. Clarke.) 81
3. BUDDLEIA, Linn.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or crenate, united by a
stipulary line. Cymes dense, globose or corymbiform, axillary or in a thyrsoid
terminal panicle. Calyx campanulate, 4-merous. Corolla urn-shaped ; lobes 4,
imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, on the corolla-tube ; anthers subsessile, ovate
or oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; style linear, clavate ; ovuW very many in each
cell. Capsule septicidally 2-valved. Seeds very many X, oblong or fusiform,
testa usually loose or expanded into a wing or tail, albumen fleshy ; embryo
straight. — Species 70, tropical and subtropical Asia, America, and Africa.
1. B. Colvillei, Hook. f. III. Himal. PL t. 18 ; sub-arboreous, leaves
oblong acuminate crenate-dentate, cymes lax in large terminal panicles, flowers
1 in. crimson. Gamble List Darjeeling PI. 56.
Sikkim ;' frequent on Tonglo, alt. 9-12,000 ft., J. D. H., &c.
A small tree 15-20 ft., or a large shrub. Leaves 6 by l£ in., attenuate at the base,
densely rusty-woolly when young, obscurely pubescent when mature ; petiole 0-£ in. ;
stipules small. Panicles 4-8 in., rusty-villous ; pedicels 0-|- in. Calyx 3- in., shortly
toothed, rusty-villous. Corolla tubular-campanulate, glabrous without ; lobes short,
round. Ovary hairy. Capsule § by £ in. Seeds rhomboid-ellipsoid, testa lax little
longer than the seed.
2. B. macrostachya, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 6407, and Scroph. Ind. 42,
and in DC. Prodr. x. 447 ; shrubby, leaves oblong acuminate crenulate-dentate
stipulate, spikes terminal elongate subpanicled, corolla narrow tubular fulvous-
woolly without, seeds tailed. B. Martii, T. A. Schmidt in Trimen Journ. Bot.
1868, 245.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 6000-7000 ft., Choongtam and Lachen, J. D. H. Khasia
Mts. alt. 3000-5000 ft. frequent.
Shrub 3-8 ft. ; branches quadrangular upwards, woolly. Leaves 8 by 2 in.,
attenuate at the base, rusty-woolly beneath or ultimately brown-pubescent , petiole
0-£ in., stipulary line much developed often eared \ in. broad. Spikes 4-10 in.,
dense-fld., rusty-villous, usually continuous. Calyx £ in., campanulate ; teeth lanceo-
late, acute. Corolla \ by £ in., white tinged with pink and yellow, throat orange.
Capsule ^-\ in., oblong, acute, villous. Seeds elongate, testa lax 3-6 times as long as
the nucleus, tailed at both ends. — The Sikkim plant does not essontially differ, but has
a grey pubescence, the calyx is smaller, and almost a silvery white. " Flower very
sweet, corolla-tube yellowish, limb patent blue, throat deep orange," J. H. B. Martii
is described as having glabrous branches, which is never the case in our specimens.
Var. Griffithii; corolla \ by Tg in., capsule I in. — Bhotan ; Griffith (Kew Distrib.
n. 3743). Mishmee ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. nn. 3746, 3747). " Flowers lead-blue,
throat orange," Griffith.
3. B. paniculata, Wall. Cat. 6403, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $
Wall. i. 412 ; shrubby, leaves ovate or oblong sinuate-dentate crenate or sub-
entire, flower-heads in interrupted panicles, corolla narrow-tubular woolly,
seeds ellipsoid not tailed. Don Prodr. 92 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 43, and in DC.
Prodr. x. 444; Brand. For. Fl. 318 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 251. B. crispa, Benth.
in Wall. Cat. 6404, and Scroph. Ind. 43 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4793 ; T. A. Schmidt in
Trimen Journ. Bot. 1868, 245; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 1198. B. nepalensis,
Colla ; Benth in DC. 1. c. 447 ?
Himalaya, alt. 4-7000 ft., common westwards, becoming rare in Sikkim and
Bhotan.— Distrib. Ava, Cabul Beloochistan. [The locality Silhet given by Mr.
Bentham is believed to be erroneous.]
A shrub or small tree. ' Leaves 5 by 2 in., hastate, sinuate -dentate (on the flowering
VOL. IV. &
82 xcvi. loganiace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Buddleia.
branches usually much smaller, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, crenate or subentire),
woolly beneath ; petiole Q-\ in. ; stipules usually very narrow or obsolete. Flower-
heads woolly. Calyx £-£ in., urn-shaped, woolly, teeth short. Corolla-tube pink,
lobes short lavender-blue, throat orange. Style short or long. Capsule \ in., ellipsoid,
woolly. Seeds ellipsoid, testa lax scarcely longer than the nucleus. — B. paniculata
was founded on the ends of the flowering branches with panicled heads and sub-
entire oblong leaves ; B. crispa on lower portions of the same branches with large
hastate deeply sinuate-dentate leaves and flower-heads subsolitary on short axillary
branches.
4. B. asiatica, Lour. Fl. Cochineh. 72; shrubby, leaves lanceolate
acuminate entire crenate or toothed, spikes terminal and axillary often panicled,
corolla \-% in. tubular white, seeds not tailed. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 446;
Bot. Mag. t. 6323 ; Date, c/ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 180 ; Bedd. For. Man. 163, and
Anal. Gen. t. 21 ; Brand. For. Fl. 318 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 250. B. Neemda,
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6401 ; Ro.vb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. i. 411 ; Reich Ic.
Bot. Exot. t. 21 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 43, and in DC. 1. c. B. discolor, Both
Nov. Sp. 83* Benth. Scroph. Ind. 42 ; Wight III. 1. 165, b. v. and Ic. t. 894. B.
salicina, Lamk. III. i. 291. B. acuminatissima, Blume Bijd. 743. B. serrulata,
Roth I. c. 82. B. subserrata, Don Prodr. 92. B. virgata, Blanco Fl. Filip. 57.
Throughout India, ascending to 6800 ft., very common ; not known from Ceylon.
— Distrib. Malaya, Cochin-China, and China.
A shrub, 3-6 ft., rarely subarborescent 15 ft. Leaves' 5 by 1J in., usually nar-
rowed at the base, grey white or fulvous-tomentose or pubescent beneath ; petiole
0-£ in. ; stipules narrow. Spikes 2-8 in., dense, usually continuous, fulvous or grey
tomentose or pubescent. Calyx £-£ in., campanulate, lobes triangular-oblong.
Corolla-tube hairy without or glabrescent, lobes short. Capsule 5- in., ellipsoid. Seeds
ellipsoid, testa lax little longer than the nucleus.
4. FAGRffiA, Thunb.
Trees or shrubs, often epiphytic, sometimes scandent. Leaves opposite,
entire (crenulate in F. crenulata) ; petioles dilated at base or united by a stipulary
sheath. Cymes collected in corymbs racemes or elongate panicles, terminal or
axillary ; bracts small. Flowers large or small, white, yellowish or rarely pink.
Calyx deeply 5-fid ; lobes thick, broad, much imbricate. Corolla-tube long,
narrow or funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, broad, twisted to the left in the bud.
Stamens 5, filaments filiform ; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled, or 1-celled
above ; style filiform, stigma capitate ; ovules very many in each cell. Berry
1-2-celled. Seeds very many, immersed in pulp, testa crustaceous, albumen
horny ; embryo small, straight. — Species 30 ; India, China, Japan, Malaya, and
Australia, Pacific Islds.
* Cymes few-fid . (except F. crenulata), corymbose near the ends of the
branches, flowers large.
t CoroUa-tube more than 3 in., linear, dilated only near the top.
1. F. carnosa, Jack in Mai. Misc. ii. n. 7, 81 ; leaves obovate obtuse
petioled, flowers solitary subsessile terminal, corolla-tube 5£ in. DC. Prodr.
lx. 30 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 97 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 204.
Tenasserim ; Lobb, Kurz. — Distrib. Sumatra.
An epiphytic shrub. Leaves 3 by 2 in., truncate-obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate ;
petiole \-% in. Calyx § in. ; lobes | in., ovate, much imbricated. (Jomlla-tubr 4 in.,
mouth wide; lobes \\ in., obovate, obtuse, mucronate. Berry "size of a hen's egg,
ovate, rather pointed " (Kurz).
Fagrcea.] xcvi. loganiace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 83
2. P. zeylanica, Thunb. Nov. Gen. ii. 35; leaves obovate oblong,
corymbs terminal few-flowered, rorolla-tube 3£ in. Lamk. III. t. 167, fig. 2;
Blume Rumph. ii. t. 78, fig. 2 : DC. Prodr. ix. 29 ; Bot. Mag. t. 6080. Solandra
oppositifolia, Moon. Cat. 15.
Ceylon; central province, not common, Bottler, Gardner, Thwaites.
A small tree. Leaves 7 by 3 in., subobtuse, base much attenuate ; petiole £ in.,
or obscure. Cymes subsessile, 1-6-flowered; bracts £ in., ovate; pedicels \ in.
Calyx i-f in.; lobes j-^ in., ovate, obtuse. Corolla-tube | in. jnouth wide ; lobes
\\ in., elliptic, obtuse. Berry l^by 1 in., ovoid, subacute.
Var. brevituba; corolla-tube \\ in. Wall. Cat. 1594. — Deccan Peninsula, Heyne.
— Differs only in the corolla-tube rather less dilated upwards.
ft Corolla-tube less than 3 in. funnel-shaped at least in the upper half (see
also F. zeylanica, var. brevituba).
3. P. auriculata, Jack in Mai. Misc. ii. n. 7, 82; leaves obovate-oblong,
cymes terminal few-fid., corolla-tube 2£ in., lobes 2£ in. Wall. Cat. 1596, and
in Boxb. Fl. hid. ed. Carey # Wall. ii. 34, and PI. As. Bar. iii. 15, t. 229 ;
Blume Bijd. 1020, and Rumph. ii. t. 72 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 29. F. auricularia,
Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i 98 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 204. F. imperialis, Miq.
in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 226, t. 5. Willughbeia auriculata, Spreng. Syst.
cur ce post 71.
Tenasserim, Malacca, and Singapore ; Griffith, Heifer, &c. — Distrib. Malaya.
A large shrub. Leaves 9 by 4 in., subobtuse, base cuneate or attenuate ; petiole
i-^ in., base auricled. Cymes 1-5-flowered, subsessile. Calyx-lobes 1 by § in.
Corolla-mouth 2 in. wide ; lobes 2 in. broad, obovate-oblong. Berry 2f by 1^ in.,
oblong. — Griffith's examples have smaller flowers; Lobb's have the flowers nearly as
large as in Miquel's picture.
4. P. crenulata, Maingay ms. ; leaves large broadly obovate crenulate,
cymes trichotomous rigid'many-flowered, corolla-tube 1 in. funnel-shaped.
Malacca ; Maingay.
A tree 40 ft. high; trunk slender, unbranched {Maingay). Leaves ll£ by 8f in.,
obtuse, base narrowed; petiole ^ in., very thick. Cyme 6£ in. broad, depressed;
peduncle 2 in. ; bracts \ in., ovate ; pedicels £- \ in. Calyx-tube ^ in. ; lobes \ in.,
obtuse. Corolla-mouth ^-§ in. broad, wide campanulate for fully half its length ;
lobes \ in., ovate-oblong. Capside f by £ in., ellipsoid. Seeds very many.
5. P. obovata, Wall. Cat. 1595, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall.
ii. 33 ; leaves obovate-oblong or elliptic abruptly acuminate, stipules inter-
petiolar, cymes few- oo -flowered rigid, corolla-tube 1 in. upper half campanulate.
Blume Bijd. 1021, and Rumph. ii. t. 75; DC. Prodr. ix. 29; Bot. Mag. t.
4205 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 35, and It: PL Ind. Or. t. 382 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.
369 ; Thwaites Enum. 200 ; Bedd. For. Man. 164 ; Kurz For.^ Fl. ii. 205. F.
crassifolia, Blume Rumph. ii. t. 78, fig. 1, and Mus. Bot. i. 166; Thwaites
Enum. 200 ; DC. I. c. 30 ; Miq. I. c. 373 ; ? F. crassifolia, Wall. Cat. 1602. F.
malabarica and obovato-javana, Blume Rumph. ii. 29, and Mus. Bot. i. 164;
Wight. Ic. t. 1317. F. Blumei, Steud. ; DC. I. c. 30. F. coromandeliana, Wight
Ic. t. ] 316 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ii. t. 224. F. celebica, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 167. F.
globosa, Wall. Cat. 1598 ; DC. I. c. 29. Willughbeia obovata, Spreng. Syst. cures
post 71. — Rheede HoH. Mai. iv. t. 58.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, alt. 0-6000 ft., common. Khasia Mts., alt.
0-4000 ft., Wallich, Griffith, H. f. $ T. Bhotan; Gamble. Malay Peninsula;
from Pegu to Singapore, frequent. — Distrib. Malaya. \
Trunk stunted in the Deccan, erect 30 ft. in the Malay Peninsula. Leaves 6£*by
3 in., base narrowed; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules often partly free within the petiole,
g2
84 xcvi. loganiace^e. (0. B. Clarke.) [Fagrcea.
embracing the branch. Cymes 1-5- (sometimes 12-15-) fid., subsessile ; pedicels
short. Calyx § in.; lobes ^ in., ovate, obtuse. Corolla-throat f-lj in. wide ; lobes
1-1^- in., broadly elliptic, obtuse. Berry 1| by 1 in. — Primary nerves of the leaves
distinct in F. obovata, "Wall., obscure in F. crassi folia, Blume. The corolla in
Wallich's Silhet example is considerably larger than in his Singapore one. Fagrsea
crassifolia, Wall. Cat. 1602, is not in the Li nngean Herbarium.
Var. Gardneri ; scandent. F. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 200 ; Bedd. For. Man.
164. — Ceylon; central province, alt. 3-6000 ft., Thwaites. Thwaites says that this
hardly differs from, ^ obovata, except in habit.
6. P. khasiana, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 96 ; leaves oblong-elliptic
acuminate, cymes laxly trichotomous few-fid., corolla-tube f in. funnel-shaped
nearly from the base.
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-5000 ft., Griffith, H.f. Sr T. Assam, Griffith, Simons.
A tree, 30 ft. Leaves as of F. obovata. Cymes 3-12-fld., branches lax, often
nodding ; bracts £ in., elliptic ; pedicels 0-£ in. Calyx % in. ; lobes £ in., ovate,
obtuse. Corolla-throat § in. wide; lobes \ in., broad-elliptic, obtuse. Berry £ by §
in. — Closely allied to F. obovata, having smaller flowers and fruits, and a much laxer
inflorescence.
** Cymes short, few-flowered, in a more or less elongate raceme.
7. F. BXaing'ayi, Clarke ; leaves large oblong, calyx £ in. campanulate,
corolla-tube § in. widely funnel-shaped from the base.
Malaya ; Tamoosoo Kufoo, Maingay.
Leaves 11 by 4^ in., parallel-sided, shortly acute at both ends ; petiole § in., very
thick. Peduncle 3 in. ; raceme 2 in., few-fid. ; cymes subsessile on the rhachis of
the raceme ; pedicels ^ in., thick, terete. Calyx nearly o-partite ; segments round.
Corolla-throat £ in. wide ; lobes \ in., subquadrate. Berry not seen. — This by its
large calyx differs from all the species of this section except F. crassipcs, Benth.,
which has a tubular corolla only slightly funnel-shaped upwards.
8. F. racemosa, Jack.; Wall. Cat. 1601, and in Roxb. FL Ind. ed.
Carey fy Wall. ii. 35 ; tree, leaves large oblong or elliptic base cuneate, racemes
terminal condensed, calyx \ in., corolla-tube § in. lower half cyliudric, upper
half campanulate. DC. Prod/: ix. 29 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 99; Kurz
For. FL ii. p. 205. F. coarctata, Blume Rumph. ii. 33, and Mus. Bot. i. 170.
Willughbeia racemosa, Spreny. Syst. cures post. 71.
Penang and Malacca, Wallich, Griffith, Maingay.
Attains 50 ft. Leaves 10£ by 3^ in., nerves distinct; petiole ^ in. Peduncle l£
in. ; raceme l£ in. ; pedicels £ in., subfascicled on the rhachis. Calyx divided more
than halfway down ; lobes round. Corolla-throat \ in. wide ; lobes scarcely ^ in.,
round. Berry " \ in., ovoid," Kurz.
9. F. morindaefolia, Blume Rumph. ii. 79, and Mus. Bot. i. 169 ; a
rambling shrub, leaves large oblong or elliptic base rounded, racemes terminal
elongate, calyx \ in., corolla-tube § in. upper half campanulate or funnel-
shaped. DC. Prodr. ix. 29; F. appendiculata, cuspidata and robusta, Blume
Mus. Bot. i. 169, 170. F. Thwaitesii, F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral, ii. 137.
Kuhlia morindaefolia, Reinw. in Blume Bijd. 777. Kentia morindaefolia, Steud.
Nomenti. Bot. 2nd ed. i. 845. Utania morindaefolia, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 663.
Andaman Islds., Kurz. — Distrib. Malaya, to the Philippines and Australia.
Panicle usually 8-14 in. long ; lateral branches rarely simple. — Very near F.
racemosa, Jack, and reduced to it by Benth. (Fl. Austral, iv. 367). As to F. volicbilis,
Jack (Wall. Cat. 1610, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 36), it is a climber; the racemes weak,
curved, axillary, sometimes 2 from the same axil, and seems nearer F. racemosa than
the present species. The whole may be (as Bentham considers) one; but the F.
Fagrcea.] xcvi. loganiace^. (0. B. Clarke.) 85
racemosa of the Malay Peninsula is well represented in the herbarium and uniformly
differs from all the Malay F. morindafolia.
10. P. lig ustrina, Blume Rumph. ii. 33, and Mus. Bot. i. 171 ; leaves
elliptic not very large, racemes terminal slender erect short, calyx § in., corolla-
tube | in. narrowly funnel-shaped upwards. Benth. inJourn. Linn, Soe, i. 100.
Singapore, Lobb. — Distrib. Malaya, Philippines.
Arborescent (Blume) ; branches round, slender. Leaves 4^ by 2 in., suddenly
acute, base broadly euneate ; petiole % in. Peduncle 1 in.; raceme 1 in.; pedicels
X in., subfascicled on the nodes of the rhachis. Calyx divided halfway down ;
lobes round. Corolla much slenderer than in the preceding 3 species, -^ {n. wide
below ; throat scarce \ in. wide; lobes £ in., round.
*** Flowers small, in compound corymbs.
11. P. fragrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8r Wall. ii. 32 ; leaves elliptic
acute, corymbs many-flowered, calyx ~ in., corolla-tube ^-| in. upper half
narrowly funnel-shaped. Wall. Cat 1597; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 205. F.
peregrina, Blume Rumph. ii. t. 80 ; Field, fy Gardn. Sert. t. 6. Cyrtophyllum
fragrans, DC. Prodr. ix. 31. C. peregrinum, Reinw. ; Blume Bijd. 1022;
DC. I. c.
From Martaban and Andaman Islds. to Singapore ; frequent. — Distrib. Malaya.
A small tree, 25-30 ft. Leaves 4 by 1\ in., shortly acute at both ends ; petiole
£-£ in. ; stipules often connate. Corymbs axillary towards the ends of the branches,
often 50-100-flowered, sometimes 6-8-flowered ; pedicels \ in. Calijx deeply divided,
lobes round. Corolla subcylindric below ; throat \ in. wide ; lobes \ in., obtuse.
Stamens much exserted. Berry " \ in., subglobose, reddish," Kurz.
12. P. "Wallichiana, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc.i. 98; leaves lanceolate,
corymbs few-fid., calyx £ in., corolla-tube f in. slender widened only towards
the apex. F. lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 1599, not of Blume. Cyrtophyllum
P lanceolatum, DC. Prodr. ix. 31.
Penang, Wallick, Maingay.
Leaves 4 by 1^ in., acute at both ends; petiole £ in. Corymbs terminal and
axillary, 3-fid. mostly where attached (but the detached flowers are very numerous
sent by Maingay); pedicels f in. Corolla-tube narrowly funnel-shaped from the
middle upwards ; throat \ in. wide ; lobes ^ in., elliptic, obtuse. Berries £ in.,
ellipsoid, subacute. — This seems very near F. fragrans, but has a larger calyx, corolla,
and berry, while the corymb is more slender.
5. NOERISIA, Gardn.
A shrub ; young parts pubescent. Leaves opposite ; petioles dilated at the
base, subconnate. Cymes dense, trichotomous, in terminal corymbs. Flowers
small, white ? Calyx small, 5-lobed. Corolla-tube narrow, cylindric ; lobes 5,
small, ovate, valvate. Stamens 5, on the corolla-throat, filaments filiform ; anthers
ovate. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate ; ovules in each cell
very many. Capsule oblong, septicidally 2-valved ; carpophore finally free.
Seeds very many, testa lax 4-6 times as long as the linear caudate nucleus,
albumen fleshy ; embryo straight or curved.
1. 27. malaccensis, Gardn. in Hook. Keiv Journ. i. 327. Antonia
Griffithii, Wight. III. ii. 172, t. 156 b.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. — Distrib. Borneo.
Branchlets round, fulvous-villous. Leaves 3 by l£ in., shortly acute at both ends,
fulvous-villous beneath or finally glabrescent except the midrib ; nerves 7 pairs,
86 xcvi. loganiaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strychnos.
oblique, strong, secondary distinctly reticulate ; petiole | in. Cy?nes in dense heads
£-1^ in. diam., villous or tomentose. Calyx ^ in. Corolla-tube | in., grey or
fulvous hairy without ; lobes ^ in. Capsule | by ^ in., fulvous-tomentose, the 2
elliptic valves finally splitting again from their tops. Seeds minute.
6. STRYCHNOS, Linn.
Scandent shrubs with short tendrils, or trees. Leaves opposite, 3-5-nerved
(except sometimes S. potatorum) ; scandent species bear short clavate tendrils
in some of the axils, the adjacent leaf then often suppressed ; in the sub-
terminal axils both tendrils often developed, both the leaves and the point of
the branch then generally suppressed, in which case the species has been said
to produce terminal bifurcate tendrils. Cymes terminal or lateral; bracts
small ; flowers white or yellowish. Calyx small, 5-4-lobed. Corolla 5-4-fid ;
tube short or long or hardly any ; lobes valvate. Stamens 5, on the corolla-
tube, filaments short. Ovary 2-celled (or 1-celled above) ; style long or short
or hardly any, stigma capitate or small or sub-2-lobed ; ovules many in each
cell. Berry globose or oblong-, many- (or 2-1-) seeded. Seeds globose, discoid
or oblong, albumen horny ; embryo small. — Species 60 ; in the tropics of both
hemispheres.
Strychnos grandis, Wall. Cat. 4454, is Anisophyllea grandifolia, G. Hentloiv
(vol. ii. p. 442).
Strychnos sp. Wall. Cat. 7500, with subalternate leaves, is not of this Order.
* CoroUa-tube shorter than the calyx or hardly any.
1. S. hypog*yna, Clarke: leaves elliptic-lanceolate 3-nerved glabrous,
cymes axillary sessile compound pubescent, petals 5 hardly connate, ovary
hairy.
Tenasserim ; Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3830). — Distrib. Borneo.
Tendrils 0 on the examples ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 4^ by If in., base
broadly rhomboid ; petiole \ in. Cymes 1-2 in. ; pedicels hardly any. Calyx pubes-
cent. Petals ^ in., villous within. Stamens obscurely attached to the petals, some-
times persistent after the petals have gone, filaments sometimes villous ; anther-cells
oblong, glabrous or nearly so. Ovary hairy ; style hardly any. Fruit not seen.
2. S. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 1593 in part-, leaves ovate acute 5-nerved
glabrous, cymes axillary weak minutely pubescent, petals 5 shortly connate,
ovary hairy. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 166, not of A. DC.
Tenasserim; Wallich. Pegu and South Andaman Islds., Kurz, Heifer (Kew
Distrib. 3728).
A large climber, with tendrils, Kurz. Leaves 4£ by 2f in., base cuneate obtuse
rounded or subcordate, marginal nerves distinct ; petiole £ in. Cymes 1-2 in., sub-
sessile, lax ; pedicels Q-A in. Calyx minutely pubescent. Corolla ~ in. ; petals
free, glabrous fide Kurz (shortly connate and villous within in Heifer's). Berry \ in.
diam., crustaceous, 1-2-seeded. Seeds ■§ in. diam., discoid. — Kurz's examples are in
ripe fruit ; "Wallich's are leaves only ; on his A sheet are two plants, one (b) with
5-nerved leaves is that taken up by Kurz.
3. S. micrantha, Thwaites Enum. 425 ; leaves elliptic acuminate sub-
orner ved glabrous, cymes axillary short dense minutely hairy, corolla-lobes 5
oblong 3-4 times longer than the tube, ovary glabrous.
Ceylon; not uncommon, Thwaites (C. P. 3720, 1866).
Tendrils often in pairs. Leaves 2| by 1 \ in., widest often above the middle, base
cuneate or obtuse, nerves not impressed above ; petiole £ in. Cymes 1-2 in. ; pedicels
rolla ^ in. ; tube exceedingly short ; lobes
Strychnos.] xcvi. loganiace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 87
villous within. Anther-cells oblong, sparingly villous or glabrous. Style as long as
the ovary. Berry £ in. diam., crustaceous, 1-2-seeded. Seeds % in. diam., discoid. —
Thwaites says the ovary is villous, but it is absolutely glabrous in C. P. n. 3720.
This is the only constant character to distinguish it from S. colubrina.
4. S. colubrina, Linn. Sp. PI. 271 (not of Wall., Wight or A. DC.) ;
leaves elliptic acute 3-nerved glabrous, cymes axillary small compound puberu-
lous, corolla-lobes 5 oblong 2-3 times as long as the tube, ovary hairy upwards.
Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 101 ; Thwaites Enum. 201 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 155. S. bicirrhosa, Lesch. ; Wall. Cat. 1589, and in Boxb. Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey $ Wall. ii. 267 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 16. S. minor, Blume Bumph. i. 70 ;
A. DC. I. c. U.—Bheede Hort. Mai. vii. t. 5.
W. Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan to Cochin, frequent.
Tendrils often in pairs. Leaves 4 by If in., base cuneate or obtuse; nerves not
impressed above, marginal pair obscure ; petiole \ in. Cymes 1-2 in. ; pedicels 0-
in. Calyx puberulous. Corolla i in., tube hardly longer than the calyx, lobes
villous within. Anther-cells oblong, glabrous, or nearly so. Ovary glabrous below,
fulvous-hairy upward ; style as long as the ovary. Berry ^ in. diam., crustaceous,
1-2-seeded. Seeds ^ in. diam., discoid. — All authors previous to Bentham took
Rheede Hort. Mai. viii. t. 24 as the type of Linnaeus' S. colubrina, whereas Linnaeus
founds his S. colubrina on t. 5, which has totally different fruit, and on which Blume
founded his S. minor. Hence the confusion of synonyms.
Vab. zeylanica ; leaves rhomboid cuneate at both ends coriaceous 5-nerved, ovary
glabrous. — Ceylon; Thwaites C. P. 2516, &c. This is taken by Thwaites as S. colu-
brina, Linn.
5. S. Dalzellii, Clarke; leaves ovate acute 3-nerved glabrous, cymes
very short dense axillary and terminal puberulous, corolla-lobes 5 oblong 2-3
times as long as the tube, ovary glabrous. S. axillaris, Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 155, not of Colebr.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; Concan, Malabar and Bababoodan Hills ; Law, Dalzell,
Bitchie.
Scandent, Bitchie, no tendrils on the specimens. Leaves 4 by If in., widest near
the cuneate or rounded base, coriaceous, nerves often impressed above ; petiole \ in.
Cymes \-\ in., subcapitate. Calyx puberulous. Corolla ^ in., tube hardly longer
than the calyx-lobes, villous within. Anther-cells ovate, hairy. Style as long as
the ovary. Berry 1-1^ in. diam., crustaceous, many-seeded. Seeds £ in. diam.,
discoid.
6. S. Benthami, Clarke ; leaves short-petioled elliptic acute 3-5-nerved
glabrous, cymes very short subcapitate axillary pubescent, corolla-lobes 4 ovate
longer than the tube, ovary glabrous. S. minor, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i.
101 ; Thwaites Enum. 201, not of Blume.
Ceylon, frequent ; Thwaites, &c.
Tendrils often present. Leaves 2 by 1 in., base obtuse or rounded, secondary
nerves distinct ; petiole scarcely \ in. Cymes % in. diam. ; pedicels hardly any.
Calyx glabrous, margin puberulous. CoroUa ^ in., villous within. Anther-cells
ovate, hairy. Style as long as the ovary. Berry ^ in. diam., crustaceous, 1-2-seeded.
Seeds ± in. diam., discoid. — The 5-merous species referred to by Bentham is S.
micrantha, Thwaites. S. minor, Blume, is founded on Bheede Hort. Mai. viii. t. 24,
which has totally different fruit.
Var. parvifolia, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 101 ; leaves f by £ in. coriaceous
with recurved margins. — Ceylon, Gardner, &c.
7. S. Rheedei, Clarke; leaves short-petioled elliptic acute 3-nerved,
cymes small peduncled few-fid. lax, corolla short-tubed 5-merous, berry very
88 xcvi. loganiace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strychnos.
large, many-seeded. S. colubrina, Blumc Humph, i. 70 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 14,
not of Linn, nor Wall. — Rheede Hort. Mai. viii. t. 24.
Malabar ; Rheede.
Tendrils present ; branches stout. Leaves 3£ by If in., base obtuse or rounded ;
petiole ^-£ in. Peduncles £ in., axillary, 3-4-flowered ; pedicels £-£ in. Berry 2%
in. diam., globose. Seeds | in. diam., circular, discoid. — Only known from Bheede's
figure, which may be incorrect as to the flowers. It appears from Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey & "Wall. ii. 264, and from Beddome, that there probably exists a stout scandent
species in Malabar with fruit like 8. Nvx-vomica. (See 16, 8. cinnamomifolia.)
8. S. Maing ayi, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acute 3-nerved glabrous, cymes
large dense very many-fld., corolla-lobes 5 linear-oblong 5 times as long as the
tube, ovary hairy upwards.
Malacca, Maingay (Kew Dibtrib. nn. 1041, 1042).
Branches glabrous ; tendrils 0 (in the examples). Leaves 4£ by 2 in., base obtuse;
petiole | in. Cymes 4 in., divided from the base, nearly glabrous 100-300-flowered.
Calyx glabrous, margin obscurely pubescent. Corolla £ in., throat villous, tube hardly
any. Filaments linear ; anther-cells ovate, hairy. Style twice as long as the ovary.
Berry not seen.
Var. "i fructuosa ; bearing tendrils, berry 2\ in. diam. globose, rind thick, seeds
many § by ^ in. oblong-ellipsoid, testa silky, albumen horny, embryo small. — Penang ;
Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1038). This may be the fruiting state of S. Maingayi,
or of some totally different species. The seeds closely resemble those of S. Ignatii.
Bergius {Bentl. # Trim. Medic. PI. t. 179).
** Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, not much longer than its lobes.
9. S. laurina, Wall. Cat. 1591 ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate
3-nerved glabrous, cymes large compound fulvous-pubescent, ovary hairy
upwards, berry 1 in. diam. globose 1-2-seeded. A. DC. Prodr. ix. 13; Benth.
in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 102 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 166. S. ovatifolia, Wall. Cat.
1592 ; A. DC. I. c. ; Benth. I. c. 103.
Cachar ; Keenan. Pegu and Tenasserim to Singapore, common ; Wallich,
Griffith, &c. — Distrib. Burma, Malaya.
Tendrils often in pairs ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 5 by 2 in., lanceolate, or
in 8. ovatifolia, Wall. 5 by 2£ in. and ovate-lanceolate, 3- or sub-5-nerved ; petiole
\ in. Cymes 2-5 in., axillary and terminal, sessile (or in S. ovatifolia peduncled) ;
pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx glabrous, or margin obscurely pubescent. Corolla £ in.,
villous within ; tube rather longer than the lobes. Anther-cells oblong, slightly hairy.
Style much longer than the ovary, hairy downwards. — There are no tendrils on
Wallich's example of S. ovatifolia, which Mr. Bentham considers, though imperfect,
to indicate a distinct species.
10. S. septemnervis, Clarke; leaves elliptic acute 5-7-nerved glabrous,
cymes stout large fulvous-pubescent, ovary hairy, berry 1 in. diam. globose
1-seeded.
Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1036).
Scandent, Maingay. Leaves 4 by 2\ in. ; petiole £ in. Cymes 2-5 in., sessile,
very many-fld. Calyx puberulous. Corolla | in., villous within ; tube about as long
as the lobes. Anther-cells oblong, hairy. Style longer than the ovary, hairy down-
wards.— Perhaps only a large-flowered variety of S. laurina, but the nervation of
the leaves differs considerably.
11. S. Beddomei, Clarke; leaves elliptic acute 3-nerved glabrous, cymes
small fulvous-pubescent, ovary hairy, berry £ in. diam. globose 1-2-seeded. S.
laurina, Thioaites Enum. 201. S. colubrina, Wall. Cat. 4455, second sheet
only.
Stryclinos.'] xcvi. loganiace^. (0. B. Clarke.) 89
Travancore ; Beddome. Ceylon ; Thwaites.
Tendrils often in pairs ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves S\ by 1^ in., base obtuse,
rarely obscurely 5-nerved ; petiole ± in. Cymes £-l£ in., sessile; pedicels ^-i in.
Calyx puberulous. Corolla £ in., villous within; tube rather longer than the lobes.
Anther-cells oblong, glabrous or nearly so. Style longer than the ovary, hairy down-
wards.— This differs from 8. laurina in the small cymes, pedicelled flowers, and much
smaller berry. It seems more closely allied to 8. colubrina, Linn., from which it only
differs by the longer corolla-tube.
Var. coriacea ; leaves coriaceous, petiole ^ in. 8. coriacea, Thwaites Enum. 425.
— Ceylon ; Thwaites.
12. S. malaccensis, Benth. in. Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 101 ; leaves ovate
acute 5-nerved glabrous,' cymes small subcapitate shortly peduncled fulvous-
pubescent, ovary glabrous. S. Gautheriana, Pierre ms. in Herb. Kew.
Tenasserim or Andamans ; Heifer. Malacca; Griffith.— Distrib. Cambodia.
Tendrils present ; branchlets puberulous. Leaves 3£ by If in., base obtuse ;
petiole \ in. Peduncles \-% in. ; cymes j-f in. diam. ; pedicels hardly any. Calyx
puberulous. Corolla £ in., villous within, tube shorter than the lobes. Anther-cells
ovate, densely hairy. Berry not seen. — Easily distinguished by the perfectly glabrous
ovary and style, and densely hairy anthers.
13. S. axillaris, Colebr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 356, t. 15; leaves
elliptic acuminate 3-nerved glabrous, cymes small subcapitate sessile pubescent,
ovary glabrous. Wall. Cat. 1587 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 13 ; Benth. in Journ,
Linn. Soc. i. 101.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft; Wallich, Griffith, H.f. $ T.
Tendrils present ; branchlets puberulous. Leaves1\ by 1 in., base obtuse ; petiole
£-i in. Cymes \-\ in. ; pedicels hardly any. Corolla £ in., villous within, tube
shorter than the lobes. Anther-cells oblong, somewhat hairy. Berry not seen. —
Very near S. malaccensis ; the leaves are smaller more acuminate, the cymes sessile or
very nearly so, the anther-cells not acute upwards.
14. S. pubescens, Clarke; leaves ovate acute 3-5-nerved hairy be-
neath, cymes small axillary dense, ovary glabrous, berry £ in. diam. globose
1-seeded.
Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1040).
Tendrils present; branches hairy. Leaves 2 by 1 in., base obtuse; petiole \ in.
Cymes \-\ in. diam., sessile or nearly so, puberulous, pedicels hardly any. Corolla £
in., 5-merous, tube longer than the lobes, throat with a dense ring of hairs. Anther-
cells subsessile below the ring of hairs, ovate, acute, apiculate, base only hairy.
Ovary small, style hardly any. Pericarp crustaceous. Seeds % in. diam., peltate,
hemispheric. .
15. S. rufa, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acute 3-5-nerved rufous-hairy beneath,
cymes dense axillary, berry 1£ diam. globose many-seeded.
Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1034).
Branches patently rufous hairy, without tendrils (in the specimen). Leaves 4 by
2 in., base obtuse or subcordate, glabrescent above, harsh, scabrous; petiole £ in.,
rufous-hairy. Cymes § in. diam., axillary, sessile, pubescent. Flowers not seen.
Seeds compressed.
Var. Candollei ; leaves nearly glabrous beneath 3-nerved. . S. acuminata, Wall.
Cat. 1593 partly ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 14.— Amherst, Wallich.
*** Corolla-tube linear, 5-10 times longer than the calyx.
16. S. cinnamomifolia, Thwaites Enum. 201 ; leaves elliptic acute 3-5-
nerved glabrous, cymes terminal short-peduncled many-fld., berry 1£ in. diam.
90 xcvl loganiace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strychnos.
globose many-seeded. S. colubrina, Wall. Cat. 1589, and in Boxb. Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey # Wall. ii. 264 ; Wight Ic. t. 434, not of Linn.
Ceylon ; Hantani district, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites.
Tendrils present ; branchlets glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 4 by 2 in., base
obtuse ; petiole £ in. Peduncles \-1 in. ; cymes 1-2 in. diam., puberulous ; pedicels
hardly any. Corolla-tube \ in., lobes less than \ in. glabrous, a few hairs lower down
the tube. Anther-cells oblong, glabrous. Ovary glabrous ; style very long, glabrous ;
stigma large, capitate. — Altogether resembles S. Nux-vomica, but is scandent with
tendrils. Though Eheede {Hort. Mai. viii. t. 24) represents the peduncles lateral
and the buds subglobose, it may be suspected that Wallich and Wight were right in
identifying that picture with their S. colubrina. If so S. Bheedei (n. 7 above) be-
comes a synonym of the present species.
17. S. Wallichiana. Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 102; leaves oblong
suddenly caudate 3-nerved shining, cymes terminal short-peduncled many-
flowered. S. lucida, Wall. Cat. 1590 partly.
Silhet; Pundua, Wallich. Assam; Kufoo Forest, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n.
3726) ; Mikir Hills, Simons.
Tendrils often in pairs. Leaves 5h by If in., parallel-sided, base broadly cuneate,
3 nerves very strong, 2 additional sometimes close to the margin very slender ; secon-
dary nerves very prominent, numerous, subparallel, nearly at right angles to the
primary; petiole § in. Cymes and flowers as in S. Nux-vomica or S. cinnamomifolia.
Corolla very villous in the throat. Anther-cells broadly oblong, obtuse. Style exsert
stigma small. Berry unknown.— Wallich' s n. 1590 includes this and S. Nux-vomica,
whence Steudel's name S. Wallichiana applies to both ; A. DCs S. Wallichiana
(Prodr. ix. 13), from the ovate leaves and naked corolla-throat, seems described
from one of Wallich's examples of S. lucida which have been since referred by
Bentham to S. Nux-vomica. The broader shorter leaved specimens of this species,
mentioned by Bentham, are those collected by H. f. & T. at the base of the Khasia
Hills, without flower or fruit, and in which the lower leaves are ovate ; they look
like first year's shoots.
18. S. Nux-vomica, Linn. ; Boxb. Cor. PL i. 8, t. 4, and Fl. Lnd. ed.
Carey $ Wall, ii. 261 ; leaves ovate 5-nerved glabrous, cymes terminal short-
peduncied manv-fld., berry 1£ in. diam. globose many-seeded. Gaertn. Fruct.
ii. t. 179, fig. 7 ; Wall. Cat, 1586 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 15 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. i. 103 ; Griff. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 411 ; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 155 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 243; Brand. For. Fl. 317; Benth. $ Trim. Med. Pl.t. 178 (syn.
S. colubrina, Wall, fy Wight, to be excluded from all authors) ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
166. S. lucida, Wall. Cat. 1590, partly. ,—Bheede Hort. Mai. i. t. 37.'
Throughout tropical India, alt. 0-4000 ft. ; rare in Bengal, common in Tenas-
serim and Madras.
A tree, attaining 40 ft. Leaves 3£ by 2 in., base obtuse ; petiole f in. Peduncles
£-2 in.; cymes 1-2 in. diam., puberulous; pedicels hardly any. Corolla-tube \-%
in. ; lobes less than £ in. glabrous, a few hairs lower down the tube. Anther-cells
oblong, glabrous. Style long, glabrous, stigma small capitate. Seeds h in. diam.,
discoid. — Bentham also reduces to the present species S. ligustrina {Blume Bumph.
i. 68, t. 25), which does not differ by any tangible character, but has smaller, somewhat
different-looking leaves.
19. S. potatorum, Linn. f. Suppl. 148 ; leaves elliptic subsessile gla-
brous or nearlv so, cymes axillary nearly sessile, berry ^-f in. diam. 1-2-seeded.
Boxb. Cor. PI. i. 9, t. 5, and Fl. Ind, ed. Carey # Wall. ii. 263 ; Wall. Cat.
1585 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 15 ; Wight III. ii. t. 156 ; Benth. inJourn^ Linn. Soc.
i. 103 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 156 ; Bedd. For. Man. 163 ; Brand. For. Fl.
317 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 167. S. Tettankotta, Betz. Obs. ii. 12 ; Gaertn. Fruot.
i. 477, t. 179.
Gaertnera.~\ xcvi. loganiace2e. (C. B. Clarke.) 91
Deccan Peninsula, extending north-west to the Sone river. Peome ; Kurz.
Ceylon frequent.
A tree, attaining 40 ft. Leaves 2\ by 1 in., acute at both ends, hardly acuminate.
3-nerved from the base or more often the lateral nerves springing much higher, or
(as depicted by Roxburgh) sub-penninerved ; petiole i in. Peduncles 0-| in. ; cymes
1 in. diam., nearly glabrous ; pedicels hardly any. Corolla-tube £-£ in., hardly twice
as long as broad, hairy within, nearly glabrous in the throat; lobes ^-jq in. Anther-
cells oblong, glabrous. Style long, glabrous ; stigma small, capitate. Seeds \—% in.
diam., hemispheric, subpeltate, hardly discoid — The clearing-nut.
7. GAERTNERA, Lamh.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely ternate, entire, coriaceous, feather-
nerved; stipules connate into a cylindric sheath. Cymes terminal (axillary in
G. obesa) many- (or 3-1-) flowered. Calyx small, funnel-shaped or campanu-
late. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx or elongate ; lobes 5-4, valvate in bud.
i Stamens upon the corolla-tube j filaments short. Ovary 2-celled ; style short
or long, stigmas 2 linear or clavate ; ovule 1 in each cell, erect. Berry didy-
mous, subglobose, crustaceous. Seeds often compressed, albumen horny or
fleshy ; embryo small. — Species 25 ; tropical Asia and Africa.
So closely resembling Psychotria (except for the inferior ovary) that it has been
confounded therewith, and it has been proposed to append the genus to Psychotria as
an aberrant section. Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8341, without habitat, is a Gaertnera,
but probably non-Indian.
1. Cr. XLoenig-ii, Wight, 1c. t. 1318 ; leaves elliptic or obovate-oblong
shortly acuminate glabrous, panicles terminal trichotomous, calyx wide-funnel-
shaped sub-truncate, corolla 5-merous tube about twice as long as the calyx,
stigmas thick. Benth. in. Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 112 ; Thwaites Enum. 202 ; Bedd.
For. Man. 164, and Anal. Gen. t. 21, fig. 3. G. thyrsiflora, Blume Mus. Bot.
i. 174 ; Benth. I. c. 112. G. acuminata, Benth. I.e. G. Junghuhnii, Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 383. Sykesia Koenigii and thyrsiflora, Am. Pag. PI. Lnd. Or. 35 ; DC.
Prodr. ix. 35. Psychotria vaginans, DC. Prodr. iv. 520 ; W. 8? A. Prodr. 434.
—Psychotria sp., Wall. Cat. 8342, 8388.
Singapore ; Wallich. Ceylon%; alt. 0-3000 ft., very abundant, Thwaites, &c. —
Distrib. Malaya.
A large shrub. Leaves 6 by 2g- in., base narrowed; petiole \-^ in. Panicles 2-6
in., pubescent or nearly glabrous, sometimes with leafy bracts below; pedicels 0-| in.
Calyx ~o m- long an(l broad. Corolla-tube £ in., throat very villous. Anther-cells ^~
jq in., slightly exserted. Berry ^-^ in., obovoid or subglobose. — The flowers are, as
stated by Beddome, somewhat dimorphic.
Vab. oxyphylla ; leaves smaller lanceolate acuminate, style short, stigmas small
linear. Psychotria oxyphylla, Wall. Cat. 8374 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. y^2.
—Singapore, Wallich. United with G. Koenigii by Thwaites ; the differences in the
stigma are probably sexual.
Vab. divaricata ; panicle lax, pedicels divaricate, flowers rather smaller. G. di-
varicata and Pristidia divaricata, Thwaites Enum. 149 and 420. — Ceylon ; Thwaites.
United with G. Koenigii by Beddome, and it does not seem separable from some of
the Ceylon G. thyrsiflora which has flowers smaller than usual in lax panicles.
2. G-. viminea, Hook. f. ms. ; leaves lanceolate caudate-acuminate
glabrous, panicles terminal trichotomous, calyx very small substellate, corolla
4-merous tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx, stigmas linear. Psychotria
viminea, Wall. Cat. 8354.
Singapore; Wallich.
Branchlets terete, smooth. Leaves 3£ by f in., base cuneate ; petiole £-£ in.
92 xcvi. L0GANIACEJ3. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gaertnera.
Panicles 1-4 in., nearly glabrous; lowest bracts sometimes f in., linear; pedicels
hardly any. Calyx scarcely ^ in. long and broad. Corolla-tube ^ in., throat villous.
Berry § in., obovoid-globose.
3. Cr. rosea, Benth. in. Journ. Linn. Soc. i. Ill ; glabrous, leaves elliptic
acuminate, flowers 1-3-nate, terminal subsessile, corolla 5-merous tube 3-4
times as long as the calyx glabrous in the throat. Thwaites Enum. 201.
Ceylon ; Walker ; ascending to 2000 ft. ; Thwaites.
A shrub, 8-10 ft. Leaves 2\ by 1 in. ; base cuneate ; petiole £ in. ; stipular
sheath crowned by two linear teeth. Calyx £ in., campanulate, subtruncate. Corolla
rose-purple, tube £ in., hairy in the middle ; lobes £ in., oblong. Stamens on the
middle of the tube ; anther-cells oblong, obtuse, included. Berry %-% in. diam.,
subspherical, "pale blue," Thwaites.
4. G-. Walkeri, Wight Til ii. 172, t. 156, b. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic
acuminate, panicles terminal trichotomous few-fld., calyx widely funnel-shaped,
corolla 5-merous tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx glabrous in the throat,
style very long, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. Ill, partly; Thwaites Enum.
202 ; Bedd. For. Man. 164. Sykesia Walkeri, Am. Pug. PI. Lnd. Or. 36 ; A.
DC. Prodr. ix. 35.
Ceylon, alt. 3-6000 ft. ; Walker, &c.
A shrub, 8-10 ft. Leaves 2f by 1 in., base cuneate; petiole \ in. Cymes 3-12-
fld. ; bracts | in. lanceolate ; pedicels 0-jj- in. Calyx £ in. long and broad ; teeth
small, triangular. Corolla-tube \ in., funnel-shaped upwards. Stamens inserted about
the middle of the corolla-tube amidst hair. Berry spherical, " blue," Thwaites. —
Resembles the smaller-leaved forms of G. Koenigii forma thyrsiflora, and does not
much differ but by the stamens (with the ring of hairs) being situated lower down
the corolla-tube, a point not properly shown in Wight's figure.
Var. Gardneri; leaves If by ^ in. linear-lanceolate, cymes 3-1 -flowered obscurely
pubescent, flowers rather smaller. G. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 202. — Ceylon.
5. Cr. ternifolia, Thwaites Enum. 2Y2 ; leaves small linear often ternate,
flowers solitary terminal, calyx-teeth lanceolate, berry ^ in. wide didymous
subglobose. G. Walkeri, var. angustifolia, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. Ill,
partly.
Ceylon ; near Adam's Peak, alt. 4-5000 ft. ; Thwaites.
Branchlets minutely pubescent. Leaves § by ~ in. Flowers as G. Walkeri var.
Gardneri. — Thwaites calls this a very beautiful and distinct species, but sends a
specimen stated to be " an undoubted hybrid between G. Gardneri and G. terni-
folia ; " some of the leaves on his specimens of G. Gardneri (C. P. n. 363) are
ternately whorled : Mr. Bentham considers all to be merely high-level forms of
G. Walkeri.
v%6. G-. obesa, Hook. f. ms. ; leaves very large obovate-lanceolate glabrous,
panicles dense axillary, calyx widely funnel-shaped, corolla-tube exceeding the
calyx, lobe3 5. — Psychotria obesa, Wall. Cat. 8328.
Singapore ; Wallich, Walker, Maingay.
Leaves 17 by 5$ in., base tapering; petiole l£ in.; stipules \\ by § in., ovate,
acute, connate for half their length. Panicles 2-3 in., dense, obscurely pubescent,
from the upper axils forming a quasi-thyrse. Calyx £-£ in. long and broad. Corolla-
tube £-i in., lobes | in. Stamens near the base of the tube ; anther-cells lanceolate-
linear below the ring of hairs on the corolla-tube. Style short, linear, glabrous ;
stigmas linear, Berry not seen.
7. Cr. g-risea, Hook. f. ms. ; leaves large oblong acute hairy beneath,
panicles terminal dense, corolla-tube grey-pubescent longer than the subtruncate
calyx. Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8389.
Gardneria.] xcvi. loganiacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) 93
Singapore ; Wallich.
Branches softly hairy. Leaves 9^ by 2f in., base cuneate or rounded ; petiole \
in. ; stipular sheath silky, § in. long, crowned by 2-4 teeth. Panicles 1-3 in. diam.
trichotomous, grey-pubescent; lower bracts sometimes leaflike; flowers clustered.
Calyx \ in. long and broad, campanula te, grey-pubescent. Corolla-tube \ in., lobes
|-i in. Anther-cells narrow oblong, immersed in the dense hair in the upper part of
the corolla-tube which hardly extends to the throat.— This and the preceding species
are allied to G. longifolia, Bojer, and other large Mascarene species.
8. GARDNERIA, Wall.
Large, scandent, glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire; petioles con-
nected by a stipulary line. Peduncles axillary, l-oo -fld. Calyx small, deeply
4-5-lobed. Corolla subrotate ; lobes 4-5, thick, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5,
on the corolla-tube ; anthers subsessile, cells ovate, connivent or subconnate,
erect, exserted. Ovary 2-celled ; style cylindric, stigma shortly 2-lobed;
ovules 1 in each cell, on the dissepiment. Berry globose, 2-celled. Seed com-
pressed parallel to the septum, albumen fleshy ; embryo small. — Species 2-3,
Indian and Japanese.
1. G. ovata, Wall. Cat. 816, and As. PL Par. iii. 17, t. 231, and in Roxb.
Fl. Lnd. ed. Carey fy Wall. i. 400 ; leaves elliptic acute, cymes trichotomous,
corolla-lobes obtuse, anthers connate. DC. Prodr. ix. 20 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. i. 109. G. Wallichii, Wight : Wall. PL As. Par. iii. 49, t. 281 ; Wight 1c.
t. 1313.
Khasia Mts., Wallich, H.f. $ T. Nilgherry Mts., Wight, &c.
Learns 3 by \\ in., base obtuse; petiole \ in. Cymes usually 1-2 in., 5-1-fld. ; in
the Nilgherry examples sometimes peduncled, and 12-fld. ; in a Silhet one compound,
panicled, 5—6^- in., and 90-flowered. Calyx £6 in., lobes rounded. Corolla-tube
hardly longer than the calyx ; lobes £-£ in., patent, tomentose villous or subglabrate
within. Anthers in a cylinder | in. long. Berry £ in. diam., scarlet. — A single
specimen in Herb. Hook, is marked "Ceylon, Mrs. Walker," but I suspect some
error.
2. G-. angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 817, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $
Wall. ii. 318 ; leaves lanceolate acuminate, peduncles 1 (rarely 2)-fld.,
corolla-lobes acute, anthers free. DC. Prodr. ix. 20 ; Benth. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. i. 109.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-7000 ft. ; from Kumaon to Bhotan ; Wallich, &c.
Leaves 4£ by 1 in., base acute or rounded; petiole \ in. Peduncles nodding in
flower. Corolla-lobes densely villous or nearly glabrous within. Berry £ in. diam.,
scarlet. — Closely allied to G. ovata, which Bentham reduces to the present species,
with G. nutans, Sieb. $• Ziccc. from Japan, which has elliptic acute leaves and
rather larger flowers ; and may be a geographic form of G. angustifolia.
Okder XOVII. GENTI ANACE2E. (By C. B. Clarke )
Herbs, rarely minutely hairy. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, entire, or
alternate and 8-foliolate in Menyanthes. Flotoe?'s cymosa capitate or um-
belled, rarely solitary, rarely bracteate, regular; irregular in Canscora and
Hoppea. Calyx inferior, lobes 5-4 imbricate in bud. CoroUa funnel-shaped or
rotate, lobes twisted to the right, in Menyanthes induplicate-valvate. Stamens
on the corolla-tube, as many as its lobes and alternate with them, or unequal
or suppressed in Canscora and Hoppea; filaments linear, sometimes dilated
94 xcvn. gentianace^. (C.B.Clarke.) [Cotylanthera.
below ; anthers oblong. Disc of 5 glands at the base of the ovary or 0. Ovary
superior, 1-celled, or rarely only the placentas intruded and meeting ; style short
or linear, simple, stigmas 2 small ; ovules numerous. Capsule membranous,
rarely fleshy and berried. Seeds numerous, small, sometimes winged ; albumen
copious. — Species 520, throughout the globe, more abundant in mountainous
regions.
Tribe I. Exaceae. Leaves opposite. , Corolla-lobes twisted to the right.
Ovary completely 2-celled. Style filiform.
Leafless parasites, anthers dehiscing by terminal pores ... 1. Cotylanthera.
Corolla blue, purplish or white 2. ExAOtJM.
Corolla yellow, anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits ... 3. Sebjea,
Tribe II. Chironieae. Leaves opposite. Corolla-lobes twisted to the
right. Ovary 1-celled. Style filiform.
Ilowers regular in axillary clusters 5. Enicostema.
Flowers regular panicled or terminal subcapitate 6. Erythryea.
Flower irregular, stigma scarcely divided, minute herbs ... 4. Hoppea.
Flower irregular, stigmas 2 7. Canscora.
Tribe III. Swertieae. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate. Corolla-lobes
twisted or imbricate. Ovary 1-celled. Style short, rarely elongate.
* Corolla without pits or dep?-essions near the base of its lobes (viscid spots or
hairy glands sometimes present).
Twiners, corolla tubular-campanulate 8. Crawft/rdia.
Corolla tubular-campanulate, stamens attached on the tube. . 9. Gentiaxa.
Corolla tubular-campanulate, stamens attached between its
lobes 10. Jaeschkea.
Corolla rotate, stamens attached at its base 11. Pleurogyne.
** Corolla with 1 or 2 depressions pits or spurs near the base of each of its
lobes.
Depressions or pits of the corolla shallow 12. Swertia.
Pits of the corolla prolonged into spurs f3. Halenia.
Tribe IV. RXenyantheae. Aquatic herbs, leaves radical or alternate.
Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud.
Leaves 3-foliolate 14. Mentyanthes.
Leaves simple, cauline deeply cordate lo. Limnanthemum.
1. COTYLANTHERA, Bin me.
Parasitic, small, glabrous herbs. Leaves scale-like, opposite. Flowers
solitary or few, terminal. Calyx deeply 4-lobed. Corolla rotate; lobes 4,
oblong. Stamens 4, on the corolla-tube, filaments linear ; anther-cells oblong,
slightly curved, dehiscing by 1-2 terminal pores. Ovary completely 2-celled ;
placentae large ; style filiform, stigma small capitate. Capsule globose, septici-
dally 2-vaived. Seeds numerous. — Species 3, in the Himalaya, Java, and
Ladrone Islands.
1. C. paucisquama, Clarke in Herb. Calcutta; pairs of scales on the
stem 1-2 only.
Sikkim ; alt. 6000 ft., King.
Stem 2-4 in., white, fleshy. Leaves £ in., elliptic, white. Calyx-lobes £ in., oblong,
white. Corolla-lobes £ in., linear-lanceolate, dark blue. Filaments £-£ in. Anthers
Fxacum.'] xcvii. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 95
with two pores, King. Style % in. Fruit not seen. — Cotylanthera tenuis, Blume
Bijd. 708, and Eophylon Lobbii, A. Gray in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 23, differ chiefly by
having numerous pairs of leaves on the stem ; but all may be one species.
2. EXACUM, Linn.
Herbs, usually branched. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, usually 3-5-nerved.
Cymes terminal and axillary. Calyx deeply 4-5-lobed ; lobes keeled, winged,
or flat. Corolla rotate ; tube short, globose ; lobes 4-5, ovate or oblong, blue
purple-blue or white. Stamens 5-4, on the corolla-throat, filaments short;
anthers large, oblong, apical pores at length extending usually to the base.
Ovary more or less completely 2-celled ; style long, stigma small subcapitate ;
placentae large. Capsule globose, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds very many,
minute, subcuboid, testa granular. — Species 20, mostly Indian ; a few Ma-
layan, Chinese, and African.
* Stem 4-angular (except E. teres) ; corolla large, lobes 4, blue,
1. E. teres, Wall. Cat. 4354, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall.
i. 414 ; stem terete, leaves lanceolate 3-nerved, calyx subquadrangular hardly
winged. Griseb. Gentian. 108, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 44 ; Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xiv. 424. — Exacum sp., Griff. Itin. Notes, 71 n. 1098.
Tropical Himalaya, alt. 0-5000 ft. ; from Nepal to Bhotan, frequent. Assam
and Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft., frequent.
Stem 1-4 ft., hardly branched, sometimes with 2-4 obscure lines. Leaves 3£ by
f in., sessile or the lower petioled, acute. Cymes from the upper axils forming a
lax long panicle. Calyx-lobes % in. ovate, acute, with thickened green keels. Corolla-
lobes % in., obovate-oblong, acute. Anthers % in. Style £ in. Capsule £ in., ovoid.
— Keduced states occur at the higher levels.
2. E. tetragronum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 10, and in Fl. Ind. ed. Carey fy
Wall. i. 413 ; stem quadrangular, leaves sessile broad-lanceolate 5-nerved,
calvx-lobes ovate acuminate keeled scarcely winged, anthers \ in. straight.
Wall. Cat. 4356, and PI. As. Rar. iii. 47, t. 276; Don Prodr. 128, and in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 531 ; Am. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xi. 175 ; Griseb. Gentian.
107, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 44 ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 233 ; Clarke in Joum. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 424. E. Hamiltonii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 213. E. bellum, Hance
in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 472.
N. India, ascending to 5000 ft., common from Kumaon to Central India, Bhotan,
and the Khasia Mts. — Distrib. China.
Stem 1-4 ft., little branched below. Leaves 5 by 1£ in., acute, or l£ by § in.,
subobtuse. Panicle large and compound, or depauperated few-fld. Buds nearly
straight, and corolla subsymmetric. Calyx-lobes ^-§ in., sometimes sub-3-winged.
Corolla-lobes f in., broadly elliptic, acute, full azure blue (not violet-purple as de-
picted by Wallich, nor golden yellow as stated by Don). Style j in. Capsule £ in.,
Var. stylosa ; leaves narrower, corolla smaller, anthers rather longer more
attenuate. E. stylosa, Wall. Cat. 4355; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 46. E. chiro-
nioides, Griseb. Gentian. 109, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 45. E. Horsfieldianum, Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 556. E. sulcatum, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 425, not of
Roxb. — Burma ; Prome, Wallich. Tenasserim ; Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n.
5809); Pegu, M'Clelland; Malacca, Lobb. — Distrib. Malaya to Borneo and the
Philippines. — A few flowers on the Pegu example are 5-merous.
3. E. Perrottetii, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 45 ; stem quadrangular,
leaves sessile 5-7-nerved, calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate keeled, anthers £-£ in.
straight. Wight Ic. t. 1322.
96 xcvii. gentianace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Exacum.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards.
Stem 2-5 ft., subsimple below. Leaves 2-5 in., from oblong to subcordate-ovate.
Cymes dense, forming a narrow interrupted panicle. Calyx-lobes f-1 in., narrowly
(or not) winged. Corolla-lobes \\ in., ovate, acute. Anthers ^-£ in. wide at the
base. Capsule \ in., ovoid. — The finest species of the genus : in its straight buds and
subsymmetric flowers it resembles A. tetragonum on a large scale.
4. E. bicolor, Roxb. Catal. PI. (1813), and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall
i. 413 ; stem quadrangular, leaves sessile ovate-lanceolate 5-nerved, calyx-lobes
ovate suddenly caudate, keel winged, anthers ^-£ in. curved. Wight Ic. t.
1321 ; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 45 ; Bah. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 156 (sijn. excl.) ;
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 425. E. grandiflorum, Wall. Cat. 4358 ;
Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 47. E. Metzianum, Herb. Hohenacker, n. 857. E.
sulcatum, Herb. Wight, not of Roxb. E. tetragonum, £. tricolor, Rot. Mag.
t. 4340.
^Deccan Peninsula, frequent from the Concan and Orissa to Courtallum.
Considered by Mr. Bentham only a form of E. tetragonum, but differs from that
(and the larger E. Perrottetii) in the unsymmetric flowers, the buds distinctly curved
at the tips, and the anther-cells curved and tapering upwards. The calyx-lobes do
not taper gradually as in E. Perrottetii. The flowers are larger than those of E.
tetragonum, smaller than those of E. Perrottetii. The corolla-segments are (very
generally) white in the lower half, full azure-blue in the upper.
5. XS. axillare, Thwaites Enum. 203 ; stem quadrangular, leaves ovate-
lanceolate 3-nerved thin succulent, flowers mostly solitary on axillary peduncles,
calyx-lobes with a dorsal cordate-lanceolate reticulated wing, anthers \ in.
straight shortly suddenly beaked.
Ceylon ; in the Pasdoon Corle, Walker, Thwaites.
Stem 6-18 in., procumbent and branched or erect and simple. Leaves 2£ by 1 in,
base tapering, lower mostly long-petioled, very thin, dried reticulately nerved.
Peduncles J-f in., numerous, often from the lower axils ; upper imperfectly corymbed.
Calyx-lobes ^ in. ; wing (in young fruit) * in. broad. Corolla-lobe \ in., lanceolate,
acute, cyaneous {Thwaites). Capsule ^ by § in.
Var. pentamera ; corolla-lobes 5 broader shorter obtuser than in E. axillare type.
— Ceylon, Thwaites. — A dubious plant, perhaps more nearly allied to E. Walkeri, but
in the thin succulent leaves and cordate calyx-wings altogether resembling E. axillare.
** Corolla large or medium-sized, lobes 5 (all from the Deccan Peninsula
or Ceylon).
6. E. Walkeri, Am. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xi. 176 ; leaves ovate or lan-
ceolate acute 3-nerved, peduncles axillary solitary and terminal subcorymbose,
calyx-lobes with an ovate-lanceolate dorsal wing, corolla-lobes £ in. broadly
elliptic, anthers £-? in. subtruncate. Griseb. Gentian. 110, and in DC Prodr.
ix. 45; Wight III. t. 157,6. fig. 1. E. ovale, Griseb. Gentian. Ill, and in
DC. Prodr. ix. 46 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 426. E. foliosum, Griseb.
in DC. Prodr. ix. 45. E. zeylanicum, var. £ only, Thwaites Enum. 203.
Ceylon ; Walker, &c. ; central province, alt. 5000 ft., Thwaites (C.P. n. 38).
Stems 1-3 ft., suberect, often with long branches from near the base, quadran-
gular or obscurely 4-lineolate. Leaves (in the original E. ovale) 1 by § in. ovate,
acute, base rounded, subsessile (in Thwaites E. zeylanicum, var. fi), 2| by § in., lan-
ceolate, acuminate at both ends. Calyx-lobes | in., base of wing narrowed or rounded,
rarely cordate. Corolla-lobes acute, white or pale blue. Capmlc \-^ by | in. — E.
ovale of Griseb. has been reduced by Thwaites to E. macranthum, but the corolla-
lobes are described by Grisebach as 8 mill, long, and it was doubtless = E. Walkeri,
as is E. ovale of Wight's and Gardner's Herbarium. In this species 1 -flowered
peduncles from the lower axils are frequent.
JSgeacum..] xcvn. gentianacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) 97
7. E. atropurpureum, Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 119; leaves subsessile
round-ovate shortly acute 5-nerved, flowers 5-1 terminal, calyx winged, corolla-
lobes f in., anthers \ in. E. Beddomei, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 427.
Deccan Peninsula ; Quilon, Gen. Cullen ; Pulney Mts., Beddome.
Stems erect, terete. Leaves 1^ by 1 in., coriaceous. Peduncles | in., solitary from
the penultimate axils. Calyx-lobes ^ in. Corolla-lobes obovate-oblong, acute, deep
blue. Capsule oblong {Beddome).
Vab. anamallayanum, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 154; leaves larger ovate or oblong
acute or obtuse margined, flowers corymbose. — Anamallays and Pulneys, alt. 6-7000
ft., Beddome.
8. E. courtallense, Am. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xi. 176 ; stem quadran-
gular much branched, leaves lanceolate 3-1 nerved succulent sessile, corymbs
terminal few-fld., corolla-lobes ^-£ in., anthers | in. shortly attenuate. Griseb.
in DC. Prodr. ix. 47 ; Wight Ic. t. 1323.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Courtallum, Wight.
Stem often almost woody below, 3-8 in., densely ramous, or 14 in. with fewer
longer branches. Leaves If by £ in., narrowed below, nerves often obscure. Peduncles
0-f in., often 1 -flowered in the ramous form, corymbose in the less divided. Calyx-
lobes j? in., wing oblong or lanceolate. Corolla-lobes obovate-oblong acute, blue.
Capsule \ by \ in., ovoid.
Var. travancorica ; peduncles J-l^ in. solitary, flowers and capsule rather larger.
E. travancorica, Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 118.— Travancore, alt. 5000 fi., Beddome.— The
examples are only 2-7-fld. and look like alpine forms of E. courtallense, but Beddome
says that E. travancoricum is sometimes 50-fld.
9. E. Wig-htianum, Am. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xi. 176 ; leaves elliptic-
lanceolate 3-5-nerved, calyx winged, corolla-lobes f in., anthers \-\ in. scarcely
attenuated upwards. Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 45 ; Wight Ic. t. 840. E.
zeylanicum, Wall. Cat. 4357, letter a. E. foliosum, Griseb. I. c. 45.
Nilgherry Mts., alt. 4-7000 ft., frequent. Travancore, Beddome.
Only differs from E. zeylanicum in the much shorter anthers, which have a
minute papilla at the summit of the connective behind.
10. E. zeylanicum, Boxb. Catal. PI. (1813), and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey %■
Wall. i. 414 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate 3-5-nerved, calyx winged, corolla-lobes
f in., anthers ^-^ in. attenuated upwards. Wall. Cat. 4357, letter b ; Am. in
Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xi. 176; Griseb. Gentian. 110, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 45;
Thwaites JEnu?n. 203 (excl. var. 0) ; Bot. Mag. t. 4423. Ohironia trinervis,
Linn. Sp. PL 272 ; Moon. Cat. 16. Lisianthus zeylanicus, Spreng. Syst. i. 586.
—Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 67.
Ceylon ; common up to 5000 ft., Thwaites, &c.
Stem 1-3 ft., quadrangular, erect, little -branched below. Leaves 4 by 1 in.,
narrowed at the base, subsessile. Corymbs terminal, many-fld., 1-fld. peduncles
from the lower axils sometimes added. Calyx-lobes § in. ; wing lanceolate, in fruit
ovate or cordate. Corolla-lobes blue, obovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute. Capsule
^ by ^ in.
Var. macrantha ; stem terete, corolla purplish-blue, anthers £ in. broad. E.
macrantha, Am. in Ann. Nat. Sc. 2, xi. 176; Griseb. Gentian. Ill, and in DC.
Prodr. ix. 46 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4771 ; Thwaites Enum. 203. — Ceylon, frequent. The lobes
of the corolla are not always acuter than in many examples of E. zeylanicum type.
*** Smaller slenderer plants with small 4-merous flowers.
11. E. pedunculatum, Linn. ; Griseb. Gentian. 112, and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 46; stem erect much-branched, leaves subsessile elliptic or lanceolate
3-nerved, cymes terminal many-fld., pedicels suberect rigid, corolla blue. Vahl
VOL. IV. H
98 xcvii. gentianacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Exacum.
Symb. iii. 15 ; Wall. Cat. 4359 ; Thivaites Enum. 203 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 427. E. pedunculare, Am. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xi. 176 ; Wight Ic. t.
336. E. sulcatum, Boxb. El. Ind. ed. Carey # Wall. i. 415; Griseb. in EC.
Prodr. ix. 46, syn. excl. E. rivulare, Edgew. Catal. PI. Panda, 51.
Throughout India, ascending to 3000 ft., from Oudh and Bengal to Ceylon,
Thwaites (C.P. 1876 in Herb. Kew), &c.
Stem 3-12 in., quadrangular. Leaves If by £ in. Peduncles ^-£ in. Calyx-lobes
£-i in., ovate, acuminate; wing distinct, lanceolate. Corolla-lobes \-^ in., elliptic.
Anthers ^ in., scarcely attenuate upwards, dehiscing finally halfway to the base.
Capsule £ in., subglobose. — Linnaeus' species is founded on Pluk. Aim. Mant. t. 343,
fig. 3, and Grisebach throws doubt on the identification by saying that Plukenet's
figure is bad ; but it seems unusually good and characteristic.
12. E. pumilum, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 46 ; stem erect branched
upwards, leaves sessile lanceolate 3-nerved, cymes lax, pedicels slender, corolla
purple-blue. Wight Ic. t. 1324; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 157; Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 427.
The Concan ; Belgaum, Graham, Dalzell, &c.
Closely allied to E. pedunculatum, but slenderer. Leaves usually narrower ; lower
often 1-nerved. Flowers less numerous ; pedicels (many of them) £-1 in. Calyx-
wings narrower, lanceolate, sometimes obsolete. Anthers dehiscing finally often to
the base.
13. E. sessile, Linn. ; Griseb. Gentian. 113, and in EC. Prodr. ix. 47 ;
leaves small sessile ovate, pedicels lateral and terminal very short cernuous,
calyx-lobes ovate acute not winged, corolla white. Vahl Symb. iii. 16 ; Wight
Ic. t. 1324. E. macrantherum, Miq. PI. Hohenack. n. 582.
Deccan Peninsula ; Mangalore, Hohenacker. Ceylon ; common up to 2000 ft.,
Macrae, &c.
Stern 4-8 in., erect, quadrangular, simple or corymbose upwards. Leaves | by{
in., obscurely nerved, acute or subobtuse. Peduncles 0-<t in., axillary, 1-flowered;
terminal peduncle appearing sometimes 1 in., but then bearing a pair of small leaves
near the flower. Calyx-lobes — in., herbaceous. Corolla-lobes £-£ in., elliptic.
Anthers ^ in. Capsule £ in., subglobose. — The examples marked E. macrantherum,
Miq., are certainly E. sessile, Linn., but are mixed with E. pumilum, and the locality
Mangalore is therefore not certain.
14. E. Iiawii, Clarke; leaves small sessile ovate, cyme few-ild. lax,
pedicels mostly elongate, calyx-lobes ovate strongly nerved not winged, corolla
purple-blue. E. sessile, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 427, as to the Bombay
examples.
The Concan and Malabar; Bababoodan hills, Law ; Belgaum hills, Bitchie.
Stem 3-6 in., erect, slender, quadrangular, simple or slightly branched upwards.
Leaves \ in. long and broad. Peduncles terminal or subterminal, many of them ^-2
in. without leaves or bracts. Calyx-lobes £-£ in., patent, much-nerved at flower-time.
Corolla-lobes A-£ in., elliptic or round. Anthers ^ in. Capside £-£ in., ovoid. —
Named E. sessile by all collectors, but the flowers are larger, and the inflorescence
altogether different.
15. E. petiolare, Griseb. in EC. Prodr. ix. 46; leaves petioled elliptic
or ovate mostly 5-nerved, peduncles erect, calyx-wings broad, corolla white or
pale blue. Wight Ic. t. 1324 ; Ealz. $ Gibs. Bomb. El. 157 ; Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xiv. 427. E. carinatum, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. i. 415 ?
Sebsea carinata, Spreng. Syst. i. 426 ?
The Concan, Stocks, &c. Chota Nagpore, alt. 1-3000 ft., abundant, Clarke.
Stem 2-12 in., erect, quadrangular, branched upwards. Leaves 3 by l£ in.,
JSxacum.] xcvn. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 99
5-nerved, in small specimens lanceolate and subsessile ; petiole £ in. Cymes terminal,
erect; pedicels mostly £-f in.; the 1 -flowered peduncle at the bifurcation of the
cyme often 1-2^ in. Calyx-lobes ^ in.; wing in fruit ovate or cordate, nerved.
Corolla-lobes ± in. or more (or in small examples -| in.). Anthers ^ in., finally de-
hiscing nearly to the base. Capsule j. in., subglobose. — Roxburgh's Ic. Ined. of his
E. carinatum resembles in all respects E. pedunculatum, Linn., except that the corolla-
"lobes are orange-yellow. As a yellow corolla is unknown in Exacum, Sprengel placed
the species under Scbcea. Arnott and Grisebach, assuming that Roxburgh had not
seen the plant alive, reduce it to E. pedunculatum. But as Roxburgh had the plant
in cultivation and both figured and described E. pedunculatum (under E. sulcatum), it
is not likely that his E. carinatum is the same thing. Roxburgh's description seems
almost certainly to refer to E. petiolare, Griseb., which has white corolla -lobes with
yellow anthers and the marked calyx-wing, &c, described by Roxburgh. It doubtless
extends to Ceylon, for Thwaites' E. petiolare (Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 427)
were almost surely rightly named, though the number (C.P. 1876) attached to the
specimens is wrong.
**** Small plant with small 5-merous flowers.
16. E. pteranthum, Wall. Cat. 4360; leaves elliptic acuminate 3-
nerved often petioled, calyx-lobes winged. Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 47.
Pegu and Tenasserim, Wallick, Lobb, alt. 3-4000 ft., Kurz.
Stem 4-8 in., erect, quadrangular, simple or slightly branched upwards. Leaves
If by | in., base narrowed ; petiole sometimes I in. Cymes terminal, few-fid., axillary
1-fld. peduncles sometimes added; pedicels 0-£ in. Calyx-lobes I in., ovate, acute;
wings broad -lanceolate or ovate. Corolla- lobes\ in., ovate-lanceolate. Anthers ^m.,
dehiscent finally nearly to the base. . Capsidc £ in., subglobose.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
E. punctatum, Linn.f. Suppl. 124; leaves very shortly petioled 3-nerved glan-
dulose-punctate, corolla blue, stamens exserted yellow. Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 47.
— India, Koenig.
3. SEBiEA, JR. Br.
Erect, annual herbs. Leaves small, sessile. Flotvers small, yellow, in
terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes 4-5, keeled. Corolla-tube cylindric ; lobes 4-5
patent. Stamens 4-5, on the upper part of the corolla-tube, filaments short
linear; anther-cells oblong, opening introrsely by longitudinal slits. Ovary
completely 2-celled, placentae large ; style short, linear, stigma globose or
subspathulate. Capsule globose or ellipsoid, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds very
many, minute, polyhedral, testa coarsely loosely reticulated. — Species 18 ; in
Africa, Madagascar, Australia, and N. Zealand.
S. khasiana, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 428 ; cauline leaves £-£
in. lanceolate-linear, cyme 1-7- flowered, calyx 5-partite. Cicendia microphylla,
Edgew. in Trans. Linn, Soc. xx. 83. Erythrsea microphylla, Benth. in Gen. PI.
ii. 811.
N. W. Himalaya; Gurwhal, alt. 5-6000 feet, Edgeworth; Nepal; Wallich.
Khasia Mts., Kollong Rock, alt. 5500 ft., Clarke. — Distrib. Angola.
Stem 6 in., simple, slender, angular, glabrous. Radical leaves 0 at flowering time.
Pedicels ^1 in., rigid, angular. Sepals £ in., lanceolate, keeled, scarious-margined.
Corolla-tube ± in. ; lobes f in. ; elliptic. "Anthers oblong, scarcely apiculate, without
glands at the base, finally straight ; stigma a flattened ellipsoid, papillose on the edge.
— S. aurea, R. Br. (Griseb. in PC. Prodr. ix. 52), has the upper leaves broader, but the
plant collected by Welwitsch in Angola is identical with the Indian, except that its
anthers are minutely apiculate.
h2
100 xcvii. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Hoppea.
4. HOPPEA. Willd.
Small, much branched, glabrous herbs. Leaves small, sessile, ovate or
elliptic. Cymes 2-3-chotomous, flowers sessile or short-pedicelled. ' Calyx
campanulate ; lobes 4, ovate, acuminate. Corolla-tube subglobose or elongate ;
lobes 4, short or long, more or less unequal. Stamens 1 perfect, 3 barren,
attached in the corolla-throat, filaments linear short ; anthers ovate, dehiscing
introrsely by two longitudinal slits ; barren anthers similar but much smaller,
sometimes 0. Ovary 1 -celled, placentae not far intruded ; style short, stigma
subentire. Capsule globose or ellipsoid, carpels separating. Seeds very many,
minute, nearly black, obscurely reticulated. — Species 2, Indian.
1. H. dichotoma, Willd. in Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. Neue Schrift. iii. 435 ;
divaricately densely branched often from near the base, corolla ventricose shorter
than the calyx both in flower and fruit, lobes short triangular, capsule sub-
globose. Hayne Termin. Bot. t. 30, Jig. 3. Hoppea dichotoma, Vahl Enum. i.
3. Pladera pusilla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed, Carey $ Wall. i. 419 ; Griseb. in DC.
Prodr. ix. 63 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Son. xiv. 429. Oanscora pusilla, Roem.
8f Sch. Syst. iii. ; Mant. 230 (excl. syn. Exacum sessile) ; Wall. Cat. 4366 ; D.
Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 530. Cicendia Roxburghii, Griseb. Gentian. 160 ;
Thorns. 8f Bacon in Hook. Lond. Journ. iv. 637, t. 22.
Throughout India, alt. 0-3000 ft. ; very common ; from the Punjab and Assam
to Belgaum and Central India, the Circars, and Chittagong.
Stem 1-5 in,, quadrangular. Leaves \ in., ovate. Cymes dense or lax. Calyx
j5 in.; lobes scarious, marginal nerve green. Corolla white, tube ± in., ventricose;
in fruit wider upwards with the lobes incurved, overtopped by the acute calyx-teeth.
Stigma clavate, obscurely 2-fid.
2. K. fastigiata, Clarke; corymbose upwards with ascending branches,
corolla tubular lobes oblong overtopping the calyx both in flower and fruit,
capsule ellipsoid. Cicendia fastigiata, Griseb. Gentian. 158, and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 62. Pladera fastigiata, Arnott in Herb. Wight ; Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 429. P. pusilla, Thvaites Enum. 204, not of Roxb. Exacum ? con-
cinnum, Miq. in PI. Hohenack. n. 581.
S. Deccan Peninsula, Mysore and Courtallum, Wight ; Mangalore, Hohenacker.
Moulmein ; Lobb. Ceylon, frequent.
Stem 2-6 in., winged. Leaves ^ in., ovate. Flowers fastigiate. Calyx £ in. ;
lobes scarious with a marginal nerve. Corolla-tube ^ in. long, oblong, in fruit nar-
rowed in the tlwoat with the lobes erect, much overtopping the calyx-teeth. Stigma
sligfhtly clavate, subentire. Seeds very small, but twice as large as those of H. dicho-
toma.— The type of Cicendia fastigiata, Griseb. is Macrae's Ceylon plant, which
Grisebach {Gentian; 159) says has 4 perfect stamens, but it has 1 only. The corolla
in the present species is totally unlike that of Hoppea dichotoma, and the species so
far agrees with Cicendia.
5. ENICOSTEMA, Blume.
A glabrous herb, erect, or decumbent branched. Leaves sessile, ovate-
lanceolate or linear. Flowers small, in sessile axillary clusters. Calyx deeply
5-fid ; segments not keeled. Corolla tubular funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, spreading,
white or bluish. Stamens 5, on the upper part of the corolla-tube, filaments
shortly linear with minute scales at their base ; anthers oblong, acute, included.
Ovary 1-celled, placentae not far intruded ; style short, linear, stigma capitate.
Capsule ellipsoid, carpels separating. Seeds many, subglobose, reticulated.
Fnicostema.] xcvii. gentianacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 101
E. littorale, Blume Bijd. 848; Griseb. Gentian. 135 and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 66. Gentiana verticillata, Linn. ; Wall. Cat. 4396; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 71.
G. verticiliarTs, Retz Obs. ii. 15. Exacum hyssopifolium, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 640 ;
Boxb. Hort. Beng. 10. E. verticillatum, Willd. Sp. PL i. 640. Ericoila ver-
ticillata, Borkh. in Boem. Arch. i. 27. Hippion hyssopifolium and verticillatum,
Spreng. Syst. i. 589 ; Griseb. Gentian, 134. H. orientale, Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 157. Cicendia hyssopifolia, W. 8f A. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 249,
t. 28. Sleyogtia verticillata, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 532. S.
nrimitalis and occidental is. Griseb. in DC Prodr. ix. 65. S. maritima, Dalz.
in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 137. Adenema hyssopifolium, G. Don Syst. iv. 201 ;
Wight Ic. t. 600.
Throughout India, alt. 0-1500 ft. ; from the Punjab and Gangetic Plain to
Ceylon ; more frequent near the sea, not known in Bengal. — Distrib. Malaya, Tropical
Africa, W. Indies.
Stem 4-20 in., terete or quadrangular, internodes short. Leaves 2 by £ in., or
small or sublinear. Calyx i in. ; lobes narrowly oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube £ in. ;
lobes -L in., elliptic. Capsule £-£ in. Seeds small, but much larger than in the pre-
ceding genera.
6. ERYTHRiEA. L. C. Rich.
Herbs, annual or perennial, erect, branched. Leaves opposite, sessile.
Cymes dichotomous, dense or corymbose, rarely elongate ; flowers rose, white
or (in non-Indian species) yellow. Calyx tubular ; teeth 5, lanceolate or linear,
keeled. Corolla-tube long or short ; lobes 5, spreading. Stamens 5, near the
summit of the corolla-tube, filaments short linear ; anthers narrowly oblong.
Ovary 1-celled, placentae far intruded; style linear, stigmas semicircular or
oblong. Capsule oblong, about as long as the calyx, nearly 2-celled, 2-valved,
capsules separating. Seeds very small, reticulated. — Species 20, throughout the
N. Hemisphere, extending to Chili and Australia.
The Indian species have all an elongate corolla-tube, as long or longer than the
calyx, and the corolla-lobes elliptic or oblong, small, much shorter than the tube,
and would be by some authors all referred as varieties to E. ramosissima, Pers.
1. E. ramosissima, Pers. Syn. i. 283 ; radical leaves not rosulate
cauline oblong or elliptic acute, flowers rose-coloured clustered sessile promi-
nently bracteate, calyx-teeth long linear about equalling the corolla-tube.
Griseb. Gentian. 137, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 67; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 67. E.
pulchella, Harnem. in Fl. Dan. t. 1637. Erythraea sp. 2, Clarke in Joum.
Linn. Soc. xiv. 428. Gentiana Centaurium, var. £, Linn. Sp. PI. 333.
Punjab, alt. 1-2000 ft. ; Loodiana, Hooshiapore, Thomson, Edgeworth, &c. —
Distrib. Cabul and Beloochistan, W. Asia and Egypt.
Stem 3-15 in., very leafy. Leaves 1| by § in. Calyx % in. ; teeth prominent,
overtopping the buds almost till the moment of opening. — This Punjab plant is not
exactly the type of E. ramosissima, being often tall, leafy, the flowers in clusters
enveloped with bracts, the calyx-teeth substellate ; the same form extends through
Asia to Egypt.
Var. caspica; upper leaves oblong-linear, cyme repeatedly dichotomous. E.
caspica, Griseb. Gentian. 145, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 59. — Punjab (?', Falconer. —
Cabul and the Caspian region.
Var. pidchella, Griseb. Gentian. 137; stem slender, cauline leaves £-£ in. oblong
or ovate obtuse, cymes depauperated, calyx-teeth not prominent. — Skardo, alt. 7-8000
ft., Thomson. — Distrib. Central and W. Asia. This is not exactly the same as Fries'
E. pulchella, but it is included under E. ramosissima by Boissier, I. c. Hk. f. $• T in
Herb, marked it E. tenuiflora, Link (Fl. Port. i. t. 67), which again is only a var. of
E. latifolia, Griseb. ; but the true E. latifolia, Smith, differs considerably, having
larger flowers and being allied to E. Centaurium.
102 xcvu. gentianace2E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Erythrcea*
2. E. Roxburg'hii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 206 ; radical leaves numerous
persistent obovate or elliptic cauline smaller narrower, cymes repeatedly dicho-
tomous with a long-pedicelled flower in each fork, corolla-tube much longer
than the calyx, lobes rose-coloured. Griseb. Gentian. 145, and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 59 ; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 157. E. ramosissima, Var. a and /3, Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 428, not of Pers. Ohironia centaurioides, Poxb. FL
Ind. i. 584 ; Wall. Cat. 4397.
Throughout India ascending to 2000 ft., from the Punjab and Bengal to Travan-
core ; common in Bengal Plain.
Stem 2-8 in. Radical leaves 1 by ^ in., usually obtuse. Cyme fastigiate or widely
dichotomous ; pedicels in the forks usually \-^ in. ; bracts not prominent. Calyx \
in. Corolla-tube exceeding \ in., lobes very small.
Var. saxatilis; stem taller panicled, leaves narrowly lanceolate basal leaves dis
appearing, flowers in small terminal clusters.— S. Deccan Peninsula.
3. E. Meyeri, Bunge ; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 220, and Ic. t. 159 ; radical
leaves not rosulate cauline oblong, cyme laxly sparingly dichotomous with a
long-pedicelled flower in each fork, corolla-tube scarcely longer than the calyx
lobes white. E. ramosissima and altaica, Gh'iseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 57. E.
ramosissima, var. albiflora, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 67.
Kashmir and Baltisthan; alt. 5-8000 ft., frequent. — Distrib. Cabul, Central
Asia to the Altai.
Stem 4-10 in., undivided below ; radical leaves 2 or 0 at flowering time. Leaves -|
by £ in., subobtuse. Pedicels of the flowers on the forks |-f in. — It is not clear why
Grisebach and Boissier, while maintaining several Erythrseas as distinct species,
reduce this to E. ramosissima, from which it is remote in its undivided stem and
long-pedicelled flowers, which are invariably white. It is in fact much nearer E.
Roxburghii.
4. E. babylonica, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 60 ; stem quadrangular,
radical leaves not rosulate, cauline oblong remote, cyme laxly dichotomous,
branches erect all the flowers subsessile rose-coloured. E. spicata, var. Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 69 ; Clarke in Joui-n. Linn. Soc. xiv. 428. E. ramosissima and
linarifolia, Clarke I. c, not of Per soon.
Punjab ; Falconer ; Lahore, Brandts. — Distrib. Cabul, Persia.
Stem 6-15 in., simple below, acutely quadrangular. Radical leaves 2-0 at flower-
ing time. Leaves ^ by £ in., scarcely acute. Cyme symmetrically dichotomous ;
pedicels of the flowers in the forks scarcely ^ in. Calyx ^ in., nearly equalling the
corolla-tube. — Considered by Bentham and Boissier a var. of E. spicata, Pers., which
differs only by its unilateral cyme-branches. E. babylonica has been misunderstood,
because Grisebach described the flowers as 4-merous, whereas in Aucher-Eloy's n.
2432 (Grisebach's type) they are 5-merous. The Cabul examples identical with this
are called by Boissier E. caspica, and it is very difficult to say how they differ except
in the strict cymes forming 'an elongate panicle.
7. CANSCORA, La ml:.
Annual herbs, dichotomously branched. Leaves opposite, sessile, petioled
or perfoliate. Flowers in terminal or central cymes, or axillary solitary, or
densely spiked on scapes. Calyx tubular, 4-toothed, terete striate keeled or
winged. Corolla-tube cylindric, about as long as the calyx ; lobes 4, more or
less unsymmetric, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, near the summit of the
corolla-tube ; 1 or 2 larger with longer filaments and fertile ovate or oblong
anthers ; 3 or 2 with shorter (often lower-attached) filaments, smaller, barren
or sometimes subobsolete. Ovary 1-celled, placentae not far intruded ; style
Camcora] xcvii. gentianace^. (C.B.Clarke.) 103
linear, stigmas 2 short hemispheric. Capsule 2-valved, separating into its 2
carpels, or often very thin breaking up irregularly. Seeds very small, poly-
hedral, dark brown, reticulated. — Species 14, chiefly Indian ; Malaya, Aus-
tralia, Trop. Africa and its islands.
Subgenus I. Eucanscora. Flowers in terminal dichotomous cymes, or
pedicelled in axillary small cymes. Calyx keeled or winged. Corolla sub-
bilabiate. Stamens 4, one larger perfect, three shorter smaller barren or sub-
obsolete.
* Cymes terminal ; bracts at its bifurcations not perfoliate.
t Calyx striate or keeled, not winged, pedicels not ^.-winged.
l.C. diffusa, Br. Prodr. 451 in Obs. ; stem quadrangular, lower leaves lan-
ceolate or elliptic, cyme diffuse, bracts (at least of its lower divisions) large
ovate acute sessile membranous, pedicels slender flexuose, corolla rose. Griseb.
Gentian. 162, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 64; Wall. Cat. 4201 ; Dalz. # Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 158; Clarke in,Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 429; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 372.
O. foliosa, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 190 ? C. Laud, Wight Ic. t. 1327, not of
Clarke. Gentiana diffusa, Vahl Symb. iii. 47. Exaeum diftusuin, Willd. Sp.
PI. i. 637. E. erectura, Both Nov. Sp. 83. Orthostemon erectum, Br. Prodr.
451 ; Griseb. Gentian. 151, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 63. O. Hugelii, Griseb. in
DC. Prodr. ix. 63. Pladera virgata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 417 ;
Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 88, t. 25. Cobamba dichotoma, Blanco FL Filip. (ed. 2)
355. '
Throughout India ascending to 4000 ft., common ; from Kumaon and Bhotan to
Ceylon and Tenasserim. — Distrib. Malaya, Australia, and E. Tropical Africa.
Annual, erect, 4-20 in., densely branched upwards. Leaves 1^ by ^ in., 3-nerved,
often petioled ; upper passing into the bracts. Cyme diffuse, leafy ; bracts £ in.
leaflike, a few of the uppermost linear. Calyx | in. ; teeth lanceolate-linear. Corolla-
tube I in., lobes £ in. Stamens one on the corolla-throat, perfect ; 3 rather lower
down with slightly shorter filaments and smaller anthers, polliniferous or not. Cap-
sule oblong, as long as the calyx.
Var. tenella ; bracts ovate herbaceous, many of the upper linear. C. tenella,
Wight Ic. t. 1327 ; Wall. Cat. 4362.— Malabar and Mysore, Wight.— This has the
bracts nearly as in the next species, but the cyme is diffuse, the pedicels long
slender.
2. C. decurrens, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 136 ; stem 4-winged,
lower leaves lanceolate or elliptic, cyme erect with ascending branches, bracts
in its upper part small or linear, pedicels erect, corolla rose or white. Dalz. 8f
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 157 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 430. C. divaricata,
Miq. in PI. Hohenack. n. 670.
W. Deccan Peninsula from the Concan southwards, frequent.
Very doubtfully distinct from C. diffusa, var. tenella. Leaves hardly decurrent.
Cyme subtrichotomous (in C. diffusa usually dichotomous).
3. C. pauciflora, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 136 ; stem 4-winged,
lower leaves ovate or obovate, cyme laxly dichotomous few-flowered, branches
long curved ascending somewhat 4-angled, pedicels often thickened under the
calyx. Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 157. C. lancifolia, Miq. in PL Hohenack.
n. 305. C. Lauri, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 430, not of Wight.
W. Deccan Peninsula, from Malwan to Quilon ; Lalzell, Wight, &c.
Lower leaves scarcely £ in., smaller than the middle cauline. Bracts (of the lower
part of the cyme) rarely so much as \ in., oblong or linear. — This seems very *near,
but separable from, C. diffusa ; Wight, however, in his Herb., referred it to his C.
tenella (treated above as a var. of C. diffusa).
104 xcvii. gentianace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ganscora.
tt Calyx keeled not winged, cyme-branches distinctly winged.
4. C. sessiliflora, Roem. 8f Sch. Syst. iii. Mant. 230; leaves ovate,
flowers in the forks of the cyme sessile. Wall. Cat. 4367 ; Griseb. Gentian.
153, and in DC. Prod?-, xiv. 64; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 430. Gen-
tiana heteroclita, Linn. Mant. 560. Exacum heteroclitum, Willd. Sp. PI.
i. 639. Pladera sessiliflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. i. 416. Centaurium
malabaricum, Borkh. in Roem. Arch. i. 27.
5. Deccan Peninsula ; Bottler, Wight, &c. Ceylon, Batticaloa district, not
common, Thwaites.
Stem 4-9 in., broadly 4-winged upwards. Leaves ^ in., sessile, obtuse or sub-
acute. Cyme with ascending branches ; bracts \-\ in., narrow ; lateral flowers
usually bracteate, sometimes pedicelled. Calyx \ in. Corolla-tube \ ; lobes \ in.,
broadly obovate, rose-coloured. Flowers and capsules nearly as of C. diffusa, but
slightly larger.
ttt Calyx distinctly winged.
5. C. decussata, Roem. 8f Sch. iii. Mant. 229 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
cyme rigidly erect branches 4-winged, calyx-wings narrowly lanceolate, flowers
white. Wall. Cat. 4364; Griseb. Gentian. 153, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
430. Pladera decussata, Roxb. Fl. Lnd. ed. Carey fy Wall. i. 4,18; Rot. Mag.
t. 3066,
Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. ; from the Himalaya to Burma ; abun-
dant in Bengal Plain. Ceylon, not uncommon. — Distrib. Madagascar, Bourbon,
Trop. Africa.
Stem 4-20 in., 4-winged. Leaves l£ by § in., sessile, 3-nerved. Cyme lax ;
flowers in the forks pedicelled. Calyx ^-^ in. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ;
lobes \ in., obovate, obtuse. Stamens 1 perfect ; 3 barren, variously reduced, sub-
sessile or with filaments. Capsule and seeds considerably larger than in C. diffusa. —
Exacum alatum, Roth, is reduced here by Grisebach, and there are specimens of
Bottler and Heyne which do belong; but Roth's description "calyx with broad
scarious wings, corolla rose " refers entirely to Canscora perfoliata, Lamk.
6. C. concanensis, Clarke-, leaves ovate, cymes slender branches
not winged, calyx-wings elliptic nerved scarious in fruit.
The Concan, Law.
A slender annual, 3-5 in. ; stem decumbent then erect, obscurely quadrangular.
Leaves f by £ in., subacute, sessile, 3-nerved. Cymes weak, at first dichotomous,
branches upwards subuni lateral, flowers all pedicelled ; pedicels ^-\ in., slender ;
bracts -|-£ in., linear. Calyx ^ in. ; wings £ in., broad in fruit. Corolla-tube as
long as the calyx; lobes £ in., obovate, obtuse, seem to have been rose. — Nearest
to C. macrocalyx, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 55S, which is a rigid erect plant with winged
stem and cyme-branches.
** Cymes terminal ; bracts at its bifurcations (or some of them) perfoliate.
7. C. perfoliata, Lamk. Diet. i. 601, not of Griseb.; leaves elliptic
acute, calyx large wings elliptic nervose. C. alata, Wall. Cat. 4363 A ; Griseb.
Gentian. 154, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 65 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 158 ; Clarke
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 431. C. grandiflora, Wight Jc. t. 1326. C. macro-
calyx, Miq. in PI. Hohenacker, n. 810 {not Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii. 558). Pladera
perfoliata, Roxb. Fl Lnd. ed. Carey $ Wall. i. 418. Exacum alatum, Roth Nov.
Sp. 85.— Rheede Hort. Mai. x. 103, t, 52.
The Deccan Peninsula ; from Bombay to Travancore ; Bottler, &c.
Stem 6-18 in., 4-winged. Leaves 1 by £-§ in., sessile, 3-nerved. Upper bracts
\ in. diam., suborbicular, 2-mucronate ; pedicels very short. Calyx £-§ by £-£ in.
Ganscora.] xcvu. gentianace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) 105
Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ; lobes £-£ in., obovate, obtuse, rose. Capsule % in.
— Lamarck founded Canscora and the species C. perfoliata on Eheede 1. c. ; Grisebach
says the calyx is oxalate, in direct opposition to Rheede's figure and description ;
moreover the size of the calyx and corolla and whole habit of the plant in Eheede
shows that his figure means the Pladera perfoliata of the old collectors.
8. C. "Wallichii, Clarke ; leaves oblong acute, calyx cylindric not winged.
0. perfoliate, Wall. Cat. 4365; Griseb. Gentian. 155, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 65
(syn. excl.) ; Wight Ic. t. 1327, middle figure ; Thwaites Enum. 204 ; Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 431, not of Lamk. — Oanscora sp., Wall. Cat. 4363 B
partim.
The Carnatic, Mysore, and Malabar, Heyne, &c. Ceylon ; north end of the
Isld., Gardner, &c.
Stem 8-16 in., 4-winged. Leaves and cyme very nearly as of C. perfoliata;
pedicels |-| in., filiform. Calyx \-± by | in., in fruit scarious with 12 green nerves.
Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ; lobes hardly \ in., obovate, obtuse, rose.
*** Cymes axillary, weak, few-fld.
9. C. andrographioides, Griff, mss. ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.
431 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate 3-nerved, pedicels filiform, bracts minute, calyx
cylindric striate not winged. Canscora diffusa ?, Wall. Cat. 4361 K. Pladera ?
virgata, Griff. Notul. iv. 92.
Khasia Mts. ; alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent, Wallich, &c. Moulmein ; Griffith, Lobb.
Stem paniculately branched from the base ; branches 8-20 in., quadrangular, not
winged. Leaves 1^ by ^-| in., 3-o-nerved; petiole ^ in. Cymes 1-2 in., 1-5-
flowered. Calyx £ by -± in. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ; lobes ^ in.,obovate-
oblong, white- purple- or rose-veined. Stamens, 1 with a filament and ovate perfect
anther, 3 subsessile with oblong small but often polliniferous anthers. Capsule and
seeds nearly of C. diffusa.
Subgenus II. Heterocanscora. Flowers in dense spikes, opposite, each
bracteate and with 2 large bracteoles. Calyx very thin, not winged. Corolla,
stamens, and style of Eucansc&ra.
10. C. Schultesii, Wall. Cat. 4368; scapose, radical leaves small
elliptic petioled. Gh'iseb. Gentian. 155, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 65. Hetero-
canscora Schultesii, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 431.
Burma ; Prome Hills, Wallich ; Pegu Yomah, Kurz.
Scapes 3-10, several from one annual root, somewhat 4-winged upwards. Radical
leaves \ by \ in. ; cauline few, bractlike, \ in., linear, acute. Flower-spikes 1-3 in.,
terminal, simple, scarcely interrupted. Bracts ^ in., boat-shaped, widely elliptic,
shortly caudate ; bracteoles similar, rather smaller, unilateral. Calyx 4, in. Corolla-
tube ^ in., lobes £ in. Stamens 1 with a filament, perfect ; 3 much smaller, on very
short filaments. Capsule \ in., and seeds of Canscora. — In general habit, inflorescence,
and bracts simulating Andrographis paniculata.
Subgenus III. Phyllocyclus. Stem and branches terete. Leaves all
perfoliate orbicular. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx ventricose-tubular.
Stamens 2 larger, on longer filaments, 2 smaller.
11. C. Parishii, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5429 ; calyx £-£ in., corolla-
tube as long as the calyx, lobes £ in. ovate white with two yellow spots at the
base. Phyllocyclus Parishii, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 236 ; Clarke
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 432.
Moulmein, Griffith, Parish, Lobb.
Stem 8-24 in., divaricately dichotomous. Leaves \\ in. diam., radiately nerved ;
106 xcvu. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Canscora.
uppermost herbaceous. Pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx %-\ in. broad at the base, slightly-
narrowed upwards, lobes short triangular. Capsule £ by \ in., ellipsoid. Seeds as-
of Eucanscora.
12. C. Helferiana, Wall. mss. ; calyx £-£ in., corolla-lobes \ in.
Phyllocyclus Helferi, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 236 ; Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 432.
Moulmein, Griffith ; Three-Pagoda Pass into Siam, Heifer (Kew Distrib.n. 5816).
Closely resembling C. Parishii, but the calyx, corolla, and capsule rather smaller,
and the uppermost (floral) leaves very scarious. It is probably only a var.- of C.
Parishii.
8. CRAWFURDIA, Wall.
Twiners, leaves opposite, petioled, 3-nerved. Flowers showy, axillary,
solitary or in small cymes, purple white or greenish-yellow. Calyx tubular,
lobes 5 (or 4 in a non-Indian species). Corolla elongate tubular-campanulate,
plicate or subterete ; lobes 5, short. Stamens 5, on the middle of the corolla-
tube, filaments flattened ; anthers oblong. Ovary stalked, 1-celled ; disc small,
5-toothed ; style linear, stigmas 2 short linear. Fruit globose or oblong,
compressed or terete, 2-valved, or indehiscent. Seeds many, discoid, broadly
winged, or wedge-shaped subtriquetrous narrowly 3-winged. — Species 9-10 ; in
India, Malaya, China, and Japan.
Subgenus I. Dipterospermum. Flowers (or many of them) long-'
pedicelled. Calyx not keeled. Capsule dry. Seeds compressed, discoid ; wing
marginal, broad, simple, scarious.
1. C. speciosa, Wall. Cat. 4371, and Tent. Fl. Nep. 64, t. 48 ; leaves
elliptic acuminate minutely denticulate glabrous, calyx-limb truncate teeth 5
small lanceolate excurrent below the margin, corolla-limb subtruncate teeth
distant small triangular acute. D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 517 ; Griseb.
Gentian. 305, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 120; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 442,
partly.
Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 6-10,000 ft., frequent,
Wallich, J. D. H., &c.
Leaves 3 by 1 in., base cuneate or rounded. Cymes 1-3 in., 1-5-flowered ;.
pedicels 0-7 in.; bracts £ in., lanceolate, one pair near the base or summit of the
pedicel, often 0. Calyx ^ by \ in., cylindric, base campanulate ; teeth |— }t in. Corolla
* 2 by | in., purple, plicate ; teeth scarcely £ in. Filaments dilated in the middle,
attached in the middle of the corolla, sometimes free at the base. Stigma more
than ^ in., linear. Capsule 1 by \-^ in., subincluded in the corolla, stalk £-§ in.
2. C. campanulacea, Wall, fy Griff, mss. ; leaves elliptic acuminate-
entire glabrous coriaceous, calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate terminating the tube,
corolla-lobes approximate ovate-lanceolate. C. speciosa, Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 442, partly.
Khasia Mts., alt, 4-6000 ft., frequent, Wallich, H. f. $ T., &c.
Leaves as of C. speciosa but more coriaceous, the 3 main nerves broad beneath,
others obscure. Peduncles 0-4 in., all 1 -flowered ; bracts \ in., present or absent,
varying in position. Calyx-tube \ by £ in., cylindric ; lobes ^-\ in., not keeled.
Corolla 1|- by f in., purple, very obscurely plicate ; teeth ^-\ in., hardly keeled.
Stamens as of C. speciosa. Stigmas \ in., linear. Capsule f by \ in., included in the
corolla ; stalk § in.
3. C. angustata, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acuminate entire glabrous
coriaceous, calyx-tube elongate teeth small approximate lanceolate, corolla-tube
elongate narrow lobes lanceolate.
Crawfurdia.] xcvu. gentianace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 107
Upper Assam ; Mishmee Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 5838, 5539).
Calyx-tube f by £ in., narrowed at the mouth ; teeth ^ in., terminal. Corolla 2
by 5 in. ; segments £-§ in., acuminate. Capsule not ripe, seems likely to be narrow.
— This may be a variety of C. campanulacea.
4. C. puberula, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 442; leaves elliptic
acuminate minutely denticulate glandulose-puberulous on the nerves beneath,
calyx subtruncate teeth small linear distant, corolla-limb subtruncate teeth
small triangular acute.
Sikkim Himalaya; Yakla, alt. 9-10,000 ft., Clarke.
Petioles glandular-pubescent. Cymes 1-4 in., 1-5-fld., slender. Calyx ^ by £in. ;
teeth £ in., subterminal. Corolla l£ by ^ in., purple, plicate ; lobes £ in. Style long,
early exsert. Capsule £ by ^ in., half-exsert from the corolla, stalka?-l in. — Perhaps
an alpine var. of C. speciosa which grows fully as high up, but the nowers are much
smaller.
Subgenus II. Tripterospermum. Flowers (in the Indian species)
fascicled. Calyx keeled. Capsule 2-valved or succulent, subindehiscent. Seeds
wedge-shaped, triquetrous, almost winged on the angles, one face much nar-
rower than either of the others.
5. C. fasciculata, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 63. t. 47; leaves elliptic acumi-
nate, calyx-teeth distant linear not half so long as the tube, corolla large purple,
capsule 2-valved dry oblong short-stalked included in the corolla. D. Don in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 518 ; Griseb. Gentian. 306, and in DC- Prodr. ix. 120 ;
Bot. May. t. 4838 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 442. O. affinis, Wall. Cat.
4370, partly.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-6000 ft., frequent, Wallich, &c. — Distrib. S. China. -
Leaves 3 by 1 in. Flowers 3-1 ; sometimes pedicelled, with 2 foliaceous bracts
under the flower. Calyx-tube £ by \ in., 5-keeled to the base, scarious between the
keels; teeth \, linear, subterminal. Corolla 1^ by § in., plicate; lobes ^ in., ovate,
acute. Capsule 1 by \ in., stalk scarcely £ in. — The typical form here described is
well-marked ; but the starved forms with small flowers hardly differ from the next
species by the shorter calyx-teeth and purple flowers.
6. C. affinis, Wall. Cat. 4370, partly; leaves cordate-lanceolate acuminate,
calyx-teeth linear as long as the tube, corolla small white or greenish yellow,
capsule 2-valved dry oblong short-stalked included in the corolla. C. fascicu-
lata, Wall. Cat. 4369 A.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft. ; frequent. Khasia Mts., Wallich.
Closely resembling C. fasciculata ; leaves rounded at the base. Calyx-tube | in. ;
teeth more than £ in., subterminal. Corolla less than 1 by \ in. (in Wallich's ex-
ample). Capsule | by \ in. ; stalk ^ in. — The capsule is certainly dry, 2-valved ;
nevertheless it is to be feared that the species is merely a form of the next. The
Javan C. Blumei (Tripterospermum trinerve, Blume ; DC. Prodr. ix. 121) differs ap-
parently only in having solitary long-pedicelled flowers.
7. C. japonic a, Sieb. $ Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. ii. 36 ; leaves cordate-
lanceolate, calyx-teeth linear as long as the tube, corolla greenish or yellowish,
berry ellipsoid red succulent included or exsert from the corolla. Golowninia
japonica, Maxim, in Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. iv. 251, t. 4.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 7000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke.— Distrib. Japan, China,
Formosa.
Leaves 3 by 1 in. Calyx \-± in. ; teeth distant, excurrent below the margin, or
subterminal. Corolla \-l\ by £ in., subtubular, plicate; lobes £ in., ovate, acute.
Stamens, style, and disc, very nearly as of C. speciosa, but rather smaller. Berry § by
108 xcvu. GENTiANACEiB. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gmtiana.
^ in., ellipsoid, or ^ by § in., subglobose ; completely exserted from the corolla, or
half included (on the same branches) ; stalk often 1-1|- in.
Vab. luteo-viridis ; berry 1 by f-^- in., quite included or ^ exsert oblong red,
stalk \-^ in. C. luteo-viridis, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 443. C. fasciculata,
Griff. Itin. Notes, p. 27, n. 420, and p. 127, n. 470. G-entiana volubilis, Don Prodr.
126. — Himalaya, alt. 5-8000 ft. ; from Kumaon to Bhotan, common. Khasia Mts. ;
alt'. 3-5000 ft., frequent. — This is the common C. fasciculata of the Himalaya of
collectors ; but the stalk of the berry is frequently more elongated, and the berry
itself so short, that it appears inseparable from C. japonica ; when much less succu-
lent it runs into C. affinis. Wallich appears not to have distinguished it from C.
fasciculata, as he gives the Himalaya for the habitat of C. fasciculata, which species
is confined to Khasia.
Vak. Championi ; leaves hardly acute long-petioled, corolla smaller narrower,
berry ^ in. diahi. subglobose red exserted. C. fasciculata, Thwaites Emm. 204.
Tripterospermum Championi, Gardn. ms. — Ceylon ; Gardner, Thwaites.
9. GENTIAN A, Linn.
Herbs, annual or perennial, or (G. crassa, Kurz) shrubby. Leaves opposite,
bases often connate. Floivers axillary or terminal. Calyx tubular, terete or
rarely keeled (spathaceous in G. decumbens) ; lobes 5-4. Corolla tubular, bell-
or funnel-shaped ; lobes 5-4, often with folds between the lobes. Stamens 5-4,
attached in the middle or lower half of the tube, included, filaments linear
somewhat flattened, downwards ; anthers oblong or ovate. Ovary 1-celled,
placentae but little intruded ; style short or 0, except in G. stylophora, stigmas
divergent. Capsule stalked or sessile, ellipsoid or oblong, compressed, separating
into its 2 carpels, usually to the base. Seeds very many, small, globose or
oblong, often trigonous, testa close or lax sometimes prominently reticulated.
— Species 180, chiefly in the mountains of the Old World, with a few in the
Andes, New Zealand, and Australia.
Sect. I. Amarella. Corolla not more than 1 in. at the time of expan-
sion, without folds. Capsule included, sessile or shortly stalked. Seeds small,
yellow-brown, numerous, subglobose; testa close, not reticulated.
* Corolla not Jl?nbriate in the throat.
1. G-. IWEoorcroftiana, Wall. Cat. 4390; leaves oblong or elliptic,
corolla nearly 1 in. 4-5-merous tubular- funnel-shaped. Griseb. Gentian. 243,
and in DC. Prodr. ix. 96, syn. excl. : Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 433.
Western Himalaya ; Kashmir, Baltisthan and Lahoul, alt. 8-12,000 ft., Moor-
croft, Falconer, &c.
Stem 8-16 in., erect, 4-lineolate, branches ascending. Leaves 1 by ^ in., narrowed
below. Cymes in subterminal racemes ; pedicels ^-1-k in. Calyx-tube ^ in. ; lobes
^ in., linear. Corolla (at time of expansion) ^-1 in., up to the moment of expansion
often short, blue in fruit enlarged often 1£ in., funnel-shaped not campanulate, mouth
^ in. diam. Capsule § in., lanceolate ; stalk ^ in. — Measurements here taken from
Moorcroft's example, the calyx-teeth are often even longer, £ by ^ in.
Vab. Falconeri ; flowers often 4-merous, calyx-teeth shorter broader often unequal
opposite larger ^ by ^ in. G-. Falconeri, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 433. —
Kashmir, Falconer. The seeds do not differ from those of G. Moorcroftiana.
Vab. Maddeni ; leaves narrowly lanceolate acute, expanded corolla often less
than £ in.— Kumaon, alt. 10-12,000 ft., Madden, Davidson. Tibet, alt. 15,000 ft.
(Piti ?), Strachey <$• Winterbottom.
2. Cr. aurea, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 71 ; leaves oblong or elliptic,
corolla \-% in. 5-merous, tubular. Griseb. Gentian. 254, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
Gentiana.] xcvu. gentianace^. (C. B. Clarke,) 109
100. G. involucrata, Fries in Act. Hafn. x. 434, t. 1. fig. 2. G. quinquefolia, FL
Dan. t. 344. G. unibellata, Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc: iii. 188. G. azurea, Bunge
in Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Mosc. i. 230, t. 10, fig. 3, noi of Griseb. G. Stoliczkai,
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 433.
Western Tibet; Baltisthan, alt. 10-14,000 ft. ; Thomson, &c. — Distrib. Central
Asia, and the whole Subarctic Zone.
Stem 4-18 in., erect, 4-lineolate or 4- angular, branches ascending. Leaves 1 by
^ in., narrowed below. Peduncle \-2 in., 1-flowered, in axillary and terminal fascicles.
Calyx-tube i in., lobes \ in., linear-spathulate, minutely serrulate in the Indian
plant. Corolla bluish or yellowish, lobes ovate mucronate shorter than the tube ;
basal glands obsolete. Capsule \ in., oblong ; stalk ^ in. — The Indian plant differs
from G. aurea, Linn, type, in the absence or obscurity of the glands at the base of
the corolla-tube, agreeing thus with G. umbellata, Bieb. This character considered
by Grisebach as of sectional value is probably hardly specific.
Var. holosteoides ; height ^-3 in., umbellate character of the inflorescence obscured.
G-. holosteoides, Schott 8c Kotschy in PI. Kotschy, n. 285. — N. Kashmir, Falconer.
Skardo ; alt. 9100 ft., Clarke. Distrib. Taurus. The Skardo plant exactly agrees
with Kotschy's.
3. Cr. Thomsoni, Clarke ; minute, leaves obovate-oblong, corolla \-\ in,
4-merous funnel-shaped. Gentiana sp. 6, Herb. Lnd. Or. H. f. 8r T.
Western Tibet; Karakorum, Nubra alt. 17,000 ft., Thomson.
Stem 1 in. ; branches numerous, ascending. Leaves ^-\ in. Peduncles \-\ in.,
erect, 1-flowered, subsolitary. Calyx-tube X in. ; lobes ^ in. ; oblong or rhomboid.
Corolla-lobes oblong, about as long as the tube.
** Corolla fimbriate in the throat.
4. CS-. bore alls, i?ww#e in Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Mosc. i. 251, t. 10, fig. 2 ;
erect, leaves oblong, pedicels short, corolla tubular 4-lobed terminal flower often
5-lobed.
"Western Tibet, alt. 12-14,000 ft. ; Gen. Munro ; Lahoul, Jaeschke ; N. Kashmir
to the Karakorum, common. — Distrib. N.W. America.
Stem 3-12 in., 4-lineolate, branches ascending. Leaves 1 by £ in., base hardly
narrowed. Pedicels 0-1 in., mostly cymose on axillary peduncles. Calyx-tube ^ in.,
lobes | byi in. Corolla pink-purple ; tube ^ in. ; lobes | in., ovate, mucronate.
Capsule \ in., narrowly oblong ; stalk ^ in. — This has the habit of G. aurea.
5. G-. tenella, Fries in Act. Hafn. x. 436, t. 2, fig. 6 ; erect, leaves oblong
or ovate, pedicels (many of them) long, corolla tubular 5-lobed. Fl. Dan. t.
318; Griseb. Gent. 248, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 98; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 434. G. Koenigii, Gunn. Fl. Norv. ii. 102. G. glacialis, Thomas in Till.
Delph. i. 532. G. dichotoma, PaU. Fl. Boss. ii. 110 ; Gmel. Fl. Sibir. iv. t. 51,
fig. B. G. tetragona, Roth Tent. Fl. Germ. ii. 290. G. nana, Wulf. in Jacq.
Misc. i. 161, t. 18, fig. 3; Griseb. Gentian. 249, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 98. G.
tristriata and pulmonaria, Turcz. in Flora 1834 Beibl. i. 19. G. pedunculata,
Boyle; G.Don Gen. Syst. iv. 182. Hippion longepedunculatum, Schmidt in
Boem. Arch. i. 21, t. 3, fig. 5. Eurythalia pedunculata, D. Don in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xvii. 516, and E. nana and glacialis, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 188, with
others.
Kashmir and W. Himalaya, alt. 10-14,000 ft., common.— Distrib. Arctic and
Alpine Europe and N. and Central Asia.
Stem 2-10 in., erect or straggling, 4-lineolate, branched. Leaves I by £ in.,
lowest spathulate. Pedicels often l-3£ in., terminal, solitary. Calyx-tube hardly
any; lobes i by i in., elliptic, often unequal. Corolla-tube % by |-£ in. ; lobes \ in.,
elliptic. Capsule § in., oblong-linear, sessile. — Alpine examples, with flowers only
110 xcvu. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gentiana.
half the size of the fully-developed plant, are frequent. The type specimen (n. 1024
Griff. Journ.) is altogether an average Himalayan example; G. minutissima, Boiss.
(Fl. Orient, iv. 71) founded on this- number is evidently described from some other
plant. Koch says that G. tenella in Germany is 4-merous ; the Himalayan examples
-are almost uniformly 5-merous. As to the synonyms, if G. nana specifically differs
from G. tenella, it is found in the Himalaya.
Var. falcata, Turcz. ; Griseb. Gentian. 249 ; corolla-tube \ in. long and nearly
as broad. — W. Himalaya. Distrib. Caucasus.
Var. sikkimensis ; stems weak flexuose, leaves scarcely \ in., peduncles mostly
long terminal 1 -flowered, expanded corolla scarcely \ in.— Sikkim ; alt. 12,000 ft.;
Yeumtung, J. B. H., Elwes.
Sect. 2. Chondrophyllum (char, widened). Corolla not more than 1
in., 5-lobed, tubular, with folds between the lobes. Capsule often exserted.
Seeds small, globose oblong or falcate, usually trigonous, testa close, not (or
most obscurely) reticulated. (See also G. ornata, var. n. 30.)
6. G-. recurvata, Clarke; stems weak often branched, leaves remote
ovate or oblong, pedicels scattered nodding in fruit, corolla twice as long as the
calyx, capsule shortly obovoid compressed. Gentiana sp. 13, Herb. Ind. Or. H.
f. $• T.\ sp. 6, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 434.
Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 9-12,000 ft., J. D. H., &c.
Stems 2-6 in. Radical leaves ^ by ^ in., spathulate-ovate ; cauline £-£ in., sessile,
often connate, flaccid. Pedicels \ in., nodding in bud, erect in flower, recurved in
fruit. Calyx \ in. ; lobes ^ in., lanceolate, aciite, entire, glabrous, always erect.
Corolla £-§ by 4-§ in., brilliant blue, folds fimbriate into linear-clavate blue laeinia?.
Capsule | by ^-£ in., stalk as long as the corolla (at least in some cases). Seeds twice
as long as broad, oblong or subfalcate, trigonous.
7. €r. aquatica, Linn. Amcen. ii. 343 ; branches radical numerous weak
little divided, cauline leaves small ovate or obovate marginate recurved, corolla
less than £ in., capsule short-obovoid compressed. Bunge in Nouv. Mem. Soc.
Imp. Mosc. i. 236, t. 9, fig. 6 ; Griseb. Gentian. 271, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 106 ;
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 62. G. riparia, Karel. et Kiril. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc.
1841, 706 ; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 186 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.
434, syn. excl. G. Ledebourii, Reich. Fl. Excurs. 425. G. prostrata, Clarke, I. c,
not of Haencke. Hippion aquaticum, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. i. 10. Ericoila
aquatica, Borkh. in Roem. Arch. i. 27. Ericala (or Erycala) aquatica, G. Don
Gen. Syst. iv. 192.
Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 13-16,000 ft.; Thomson, &c. — Distrib.
N. Asia.
Branches 1-3 in. Radical leaves \-^ in., ovate ; cauline \ in., remote, usually
obtuse, mucronate ; margin hyaline, narrow. Pedicels £-£ in., terminal, solitary.
Calyx \-^ in. ; lobes £ in., lanceolate, acute, glabrous, entire, always erect. Corollas-
tube hardly longer than the calyx, lobes short blue ; folds bifid ; fimbrhe none.
Capsule f by £-£ in. ; stalk long, often § in., hence capsule long-exsert. Seeds ellip-
soid, trigonous, not much longer than broad. — S. prostrata, Haencke (as understood
by Ledebour and Boissier, FL Orient, iv. 72), differs by having the capsule nearly
twice as long; it was collected in Cabul (Griff, n. 1049), never in British India.
Var. Karelini; calyx elongate, corolla ^-f in. narrowly tubular. Griseb. in DC.
Prodr. ix. 106. G. prostrata, Karel. $ Kiril. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. 1841,705, not of
Haencke (?).— Karakoram, alt. 13-14,000 ft. G. Karelini, T. Thomson, &c. Distrib.
Altai. — Stems 1-2 in. fewer and smaller than those of the type. The Karakoram
examples agree closely with Karel. & Kiril.'s G. prostrata ; but their description
differs in the corolla twice as long as the calyx ; whereas, in the Indian plants the
calyx is ^ in., as long as the corolla-tube.
Gentiana.] xcvn. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) Ill
8. Cr. humilis, Steven. ; Bunge in Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Mosc. i. 235 ;
branches radical numerous weak little divided, cauline leaves small oblong or
elliptic not recurved nor marginate, corolla less than £ in., capsule short-obovoid
compressed. Griseb. Gentian. 272, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 106 ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross.
iii. 63 ; Boiss Fl. Orient, iv. 72. G. aquatica, Pall. Fl. Boss. ii. t. 97, fig. 2, not
of Linn. Ericala humilis ; G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 192.
Western Tibet; Karakoram, alt. 13-16,000 ft.; Thomson, &c. — Distrib.
Caucasus, N. Asia.
Closely resembling G. aquatica. Corolla ^ by ^ in., usually white, sometimes
blue. Capsule £-% in.
Var. evolutior ; corolla ^ by £ in. fine blue, capsule % in. — Karakoram ; Thomson,
&c.
9. G-. pygmaea, Clarke ; stem £-1 in. simple 1-flowered, leaves minute
remote ovate, corolla |— } in. tubular.
Western Tibet ; Karakoram, Nubra, Thomson.
Leaves £-£ in., ovate or obovate, margined. Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube ;
lobes lanceolate, acute, erect. Corolla blue ; folds bifid ; fimbriae 0. — This looks like
an excessively reduced form of G. aquatica, Linn.
Var. acuminata ; leaves imbricate acuminated. —Kashmir ; Palgam, alt. 13,500 ft.
Clarke. — Some of the examples are only £ in. high, the expanded corolla § in. long.
10. G. squarrosa, Ledeb. Fl. Boss. iii. 64 and Ic. PI. Fl. Boss. t. 14;
branches radical numerous weak little divided, cauline leaves small obovate re-
curved, corolla less than £ in., capsule short-obovoid compressed. Bunge in
Nouv. Mim. Soc. Imp. Mosc. i. 234, t. 9, fig. 3 ; Griseb. Gentian. 273, and in DC.
Prodr. ix. 107. Ericala squarrosa, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 191.
Alpine Himalaya and Western Tibet, alt. 10-15,000 ft.; Karakoram, Thomson,
&c. ; Sikkim ; J. D. H., &c. — Distrib. Dahuria, Siberia.
Closely resembling G. aquatica, Linn., and hardly separable except by the calyx-
teeth, which are ovate, mucronate, recurved even more strongly than in Ledebour's
figure. The leaves are scarcely marginate.
11. G-. infelix, Clarke ; branches radical numerous small woody, leaves
very small ovate, calyx-teeth ovate ' erect, corolla £ in. tubular, capsule oblong
subsessile. Gentiana, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. 8f T. n. 9 and 10. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 435.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Yeumtong and Kankola, alt. 14-15,000 ft. ; J. B. H. Kumaon ;
Barji Kang, alt. 14,700 ft., Strachy $ Winterbottom.
Perennial; branches 1-1^ in., black, leafless, wiry below, leafy upwards, 1-flowered.
Leaves ^-\ in., herbaceous, approximate, not margined. Flower subsessile,., Calyx
\-^ in. ; lobes ^-^ in., obtuse, glabrous. Corolla-lobes shorter than the tube ; folds
subentire ; fimbriae 0. Capsule ^ by ^ in. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid, trigonous, twice as
long as broad ; testa close, smooth.
12. Gr. quadrifaria, Blume Bijd. 847 ; radical leaves £-l£ in. ovate or
lanceolate, cauline smaller coriaceous often marginate, calyx-lobes lanceolate
acute rigid often subsquarrose, corolla \-% in. Griseb. Gentian. 276, and in
DC. Prodr. ix. 108. G. pedicellata, Wall. Cat. 4394; Griseb. Gentian. 273, and
in DC. Prod. ix. 107 ; Wight Ic. t. 1328 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 435.
G. orbiculata, Heyne\ Wall. Cat. 4395. G. abscondita, Zenk. PI. Ind. 11, t. 13.
G. zeylanica, Griseb. Gentian. 274, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 108. G. laxicaulis,
Zoll. ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 568. G. pumila, Griff. Ic. PI. As. t. 384, fig. 2.
Gentiana sp. n. 749, Griff. Bin. Notes, 151. Ericala pedicellata, D. Don in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 514. E. quadrifaria, procumbens and orbiculata, G.
Don Gen. Syst. 190, 192, 193.
112 xcvn. gentianace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gentiana.
Himalaya, alt. 3-10,000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Bhotan, common. Khasia Mts. ;
alt. 3-5000 ft., common. Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula. Ceylon ; common. —
Disteib. Bnrma, Java, China.
Biennial or annual ; stems usually numerous, 1-4 in., decumbent ; sometimes
erect, 4-10 in., simple, corymbose upwards. Radical leaves often rosulate, persistent ;
cauline \-^ in., ovate and lanceolate, mucronate, often squarrose. Cymes usually 3-5-
flowered ; pedicels 0-|- in. Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, glabrous. Corolla
blue, or yellowish-green ; folds small, pale, bifid or emarginate ; fimbria? 0. Capsule
I by g— £ in., ellipsoid or ovoid, usually subexsert, i.e. stalk ^-^ in. Seeds (in the
Southern form) globose or obovoid, trigonous, smooth ; in the Himalayan form
narrower, ellipsoid. — The Indian and Java forms have very shining cartilaginous
leaves ; when decumbent they are called G. abscondita, Zenk. or G. zeylanica, Griseb.
or G. laxicaulis, Zoll. ; when more erect they are G. quadrifaria, Blume, or G. orbicu-
lata, Wall. The abundant N. Indian plant is more herbaceous with green not shining
leaves, and is G. pedicellata, Wall, or Ericala procumbens, Don. A form (?) with
elongate, strict stems, and cauline leaves few, oblong, adpressed, flowers in early
spring in Sikkim, and is doubtfully referred to G. pedicellata by Sir J. B. Hooker.
Var. pilosula ; leaves minutely ciliate-pubescent, calyx pilose. — Sikkim, alt.
6-8000 ft. ; J. B. H., &c.
13. G-. decemfida, Ham.; Don Prodr. 127; radical leaves ovate mu-
cronate cauline silvery marginate, flowers lateral and terminal short-pedicelled,
corolla £ in. little exceeding the calyx, capsule shortly ellipsoid subincluded.
Wall. Cat. 4392 ; Griseb. Gentian. 274, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 107. G. Koyleana,
Wall. Cat. 4393. Ericala decemfida, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 514.
E. Koyleana, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 192.
N.W. and Central Himalaya, from the Punjab to Nepal, alt. 1-8000 ft. ; Wallich,
Madden, &c.
Annual ; stems 1-9 in., erect, with ascending branches. Radical leaves 1 by ^ in.,
subsessile ; cauline £~& in., cartilaginous ; uppermost lanceolate, minutely ciliate-
pubescent on the margin. Pedicels 0-i in. Calyx ^ in. ; lobes £ in., narrow-lanceo-
late, glistening. Corolla (in "Wallich's examples) not longer than the calyx, sometimes
half as long again ; folds bifid ; fimbriae 0. Capsule | by \~^ in., stalk \ in. Seeds
ellipsoid, very small, obscurely trigonous ; testa close, smooth, minutely reticulated.
Var. aprica ; stems strict, inflorescence subpaniculate, pedicels often \ in., corolla
£-§ in. often twice as long as the calyx. G-. aprica, Bene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot.
112, t. 118; Griseb. in BC. Prodr. ix. 107. — Subtropical Punjab — Himalaya, alt.
1-3000 ft. ; Siwaliks, Dehra Doon, Hooshiapore ; Griffith, Edgeworth, &c. Upper-
most leaves usually ciliate-pubescent on the margin ; capsule included.
14. G-. arg-entea, Royle; Griseb. Gentian. 275, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
107 ; radical leaves lanceolate mucronate cauline silvery marginate, flowers
mostly terminal subcapitate, corolla £ in. equalling or exceeding the calyx,
capsule ellipsoid subincluded. Ericala argentea, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xvii. 512.
Kashmir and N.W. Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft. ; Royle, Thomson, &c— Distrib.
Afghanistan.
Stems 1-4 in., erect, branched. Radical leaves 1 by \ in. ; uppermost ovate or
oblong, falcate, glabrous, often closely investing the flower-heads. Capsule more than
\ by | in., stalk ^ in. Seeds as of G. decemfida, from which this species is hardly
distinguishable.
15. Cr. micans, Clarke ; stems very numerous short, radical leaves small
ovate cauline silvery marginate, corolla £ in., capsule oblong often exsert. G.
argentea, var. £, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 436. Gentiana sp. 19, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Phullong, alt. 15,000 ft., J. B. H.
■Gentiana.] xcvu. gentianace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 113
Annual; forming dense tufts l-2£ in. diara. ; branches 10-30 from the root, little
divided. Kadical leaves J in., sessile ; cauline leaves £ in., lanceolate, imbricate,
cartilaginous. Flowers terminal, sessile, solitary, blue. Ccdyx \-^m. -, lobes ^-£ in.,
narrowly lanceolate, rigid, erect, glabrous. Corolla tubular, folds bifid; fimbriae 0.
Capsule i by ^ in., stalk sometimes f in., sometimes but £ in. ; seeds as of G.
decemfida.
16. Cr. capitata, Ham. in Don Prodr. 126 ; stem simple erect naked
below, leaves ovate or oblong mucronate margin ate, flowers capitate, capsule
globose compressed subincluded. Griseb. Gentian. 275, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
107; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 436. G. marginata, Wall. Cat. 4391,
not of Griseb. G. cephalodes, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 84 ; Thorns. #
Bacon in Hook. Lond. Journ. JBot. iv. 637, and G. Baconi, t. 20. — Gentiana sp.,
Griff. Ic. PL As. t. 384, fig. 1.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-12,000 ft.; from Kumaon to Bhotan; Wallich,
■Griffith, &c.
Stems 1-4 in., often naked at the time of flowering except the leaves mixed in the
flower-head, sometimes leafy in the upper half. Leaves^ by ^-^ in., thick, somewhat
shining, falcate. Calyx \ in. ; lobes £ in., oblong, acute, scarious-margined, glabrous.
Corolla J-i in., blue or white, folds emarginate ; fimbriae 0. Capsule £ in. long and
broad ; stalk sometimes £ in. Seeds very small, ellipsoid, nearly twice as long as
broad, trigonous, smooth, scarcely reticulated.
Var. Andersoni ; stem naked below, upper cauline leaves petioled ovate or elliptic
herbaceous not marginate. G. Andersoni, Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xiv. 436.
Ericala capitata, JD. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 512. — From Kumaon to Bhotan,
alt. 5-8000 ft. ; J. JD. H., T. Anderson, &c. Khasia ; Simons, &c. Probably only
the fully developed state of G. capitata; having sometimes stout subquadrangular
stems, and leaves lj by f-1 in. D. Don seems to have got finer specimens for his de-
scription in Trans. Linn. Soc. than when he founded the species in Prodr. Fl. Nepal.
Var. strobiliformis ; stem £-1 in., densely clothed with imbricated margined often
round leaves, flowers solitary or few. Gentiana sp. n. 707, Griff. Itin. Notes. 147. —
Himalaya, alt. 10-12,000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan ; Griffith, &c.
17. Gr. carinata, Griseb. Gentian. 304, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 109 ;
stem erect branched, radical leaves persistent oblong-lanceolate acute marginate,
-calyx- teeth shorter than the tube lanceolate acute erect, corolla ^ by £ in. fim-
briate, seeds small ellipsoid subtrigonous smooth not winged. G. marginata,
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 437, not of Griseb. nor of Wall. Eurythalia
carinata, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 516. Ericala carinata, G. Don
Gen. Syst. iv. 189.
Kashmir and N.W. Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft., frequent ; Boyle, Falconer, &c.
Annual; stems 1-6 in. Kadical leaves If by ^ in., sessile, very acute, sub-3-
nerved ; cauline similar, smaller, not much falcate except those next the flowers.
Flowers clustered, lateral and terminal, subsessile. Calyx-tube \ in. ; lobes ^ in.,
acuminate. Corolla tubular, narrowly funnel-shaped upwards ; folds bifid or sub-
entire. Capsule \ by \ in., ellipsoid, compressed; stalk 0-i in. Seeds altogether as
of Chondrophyllum; Grisebach puts this in a section with, winged seeds, but he does
not appear to have seen these.
Var. marginata ; leaves more crowded herbaceous falcate less acuminate, calyx-
teeth falcate sometimes obovate acute, corolla without fimbriae. G. marginata, Griseb.
Gentian. 275, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 108, not T>/ Wall. Ericala marginata, JD. Don
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 513.— Kashmir, alt. 11-14,000 ft. ; Falconer, Thomson, &c.
Distrib. Kashgar.
Var. intermedia ; leaves as of G. carinata type, corolla without fimbriae.— Kash-
mir, Falconer. These are finely-developed typical G. carinata with very acute straight
leaves, and large corollas absolutely without fimbriae (as often occurs).
VOL. iv. I
114 xcvu. gentianace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gentiana.
18. G-. coronata, Boyle III. t. G8, fig. 1; stem short with spreading
"branches, leaves lanceolate acute, cyme terminal subcapitate, calyx-teeth ovate
mucronate erect, corolla £ by \ in. fimbriate. Griseb. Gentian. 304, and in DC.
Prodv. ix. 109. Eurythalia coronata, D. Don in Boyle III. 278, and in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xvii. 515. Ericala coronata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 193.
N. W. Himalaya; Kedarkanta, Boyle.
Only known from Royle's figure, according to -which it differs from G. carinata by
the wider subcampanulate ,corolla.
19. Cr. Kug-elii, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 108?; stem short-branched
leafy many-flowered, leaves elliptic obtuse, calyx-teeth shorter than the tube
elliptic obtuse, corolla £ by \ in. fimbriate, seeds small ellipsoid subtrig'onous
smooth not, winged.
Western Tibet, Huyel; Zanskar, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Thornton.
Stem 1-3 in. Leaves l£ by \ in., upper cauline smaller obovate obtuse. Other-
wise as G. carinata. — Identified with G. Hiigelii from Grisebach's description, which
agrees very well except as to the testa which he describes as winged, whereas in
Thomson's plant it is close, as in other species of chondrophyllum.
20. G-. nudicaulis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 235 ; stem erect
leafless downwards when flowering, leaves lanceolate, flowers capitate or closely
panicled, corolla f in. much exceeding the calvx. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 437.— Gentiana sp. 16, Herb. Ind. Or. Bt.f. § T.
Khasia Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 5819), &c. British Bcjr^a, alt. 4-7000
ft. ; Nattoung, Kurz : Moolee, Lobb, Parish.
Stem 2-10, erect, simple below. Leaves 2 by ^ in., sessile, sub-3-nerved, obscurely
margined. Cymes 2| in. diam. in Khasia examples,, dense-fid. ; much smaller, capi-
tate (in Burmese). Calyx-tube \ in. ; teeth \ in., lanceolate, acute, erect, scarious-
margined. Corolla tubular, often nearly twice as long as the calyx, blue, plicate ; fim-
briae 0 in Kurz's example at Kew ; s«id to be present by C. B. Clarke I. c. Capsule
nearly ^ by £ in., ellipsoid, compressed; stalk J-^ in. Seeds small, ellipsoid, nearly,
twice as long as broad, trigonous ; testa close, smooth.
Sect. III. Pneumonanthe. Corolla 1 in. or more (f in. in G. crassa
and gikkitnensUi), 5-lobed with folds between the lobes; fimbriae 0. Seeds
globose, not winged ; testa very lax, reticulated, glistening, white.
* Flowers terminal, capitate ; calyx-lobes very unequal.
21. Cr. crassa, Kurz in Journ. As.- Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 235 ; shrubby, leafless
downwards, leaves broadly lanceolate, corolla | by I in., tubular. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 440.
Pegu ; Nattoung Summit, Kurz. Mouxmein ; Parish.
Stem 12-18 in., woody, terete, branched. Leaves 2 by \~ in., attenuated below,
coriaceous, margins drying subcrenulate, connate at base into a short cylindric sheath
round the stem. Flowers 4-16, capitate. Calyx-tube \ in. ; lobes ^-l in., linear or
ovate, foliaceous, often 3 linear 2 foliaceous. Capsule ^ by £ in. ; stalk \-% in.
22. €3-. sikkimensis, Clarke ; stems decumbent, radical leaves orbicular
or elliptic obtuse, cauline elliptic or oblong, corolla f- by | in. tubular-funnel-
shaped. Gentiana sp. n. 32 b., Her}. Ind. Or. U. f. $• T. Gentiana sp. n. 31,
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 439, partly.
Sixkim, alt. 10-14,000 ft., common;' J. D. H., &c.
Branches. 1-8 in., herbaceous, 1-3 from the same root. Badical leaves ^ in., per-
sistent at flowering time : cauline leaves 1 in., distant, uppermost enclosing the heads.
Flowers 2-10, capitate. Calyx-tube ^ in.; lobes £ in., linear or ■ elliptic, foliaceous,
Gentiana.'] xcvu. genttanace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 115
often 3 linear 2 elliptic. Corolla £-1 in., not contracted at the mouth. Capsule %-£
by i in. ; stalk J-f in.— Heads flowers and capsules exceedingly like those of G.
crassa.
23. G-. Elwesii, Clarke; stems erect, radical leaves elliptic subacute,
cauline elliptic or oblong-, corolla 1£ by \-% in. inflated. Gentiana sp. 32,
Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. 8f T. Gentiana sp. n. 31, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.
439, partly.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 13-15,000 ft.; Yeumtong and Lachoong, J. B. H.,
Elwes.
Possibly a form of G. sikkimensis, but among the abundant material of that
species, all have stems curved, heads not erect, basal leaves very obtuse, and corolla
funnel-shaped, 'the corolla in G. Elwesii is inflated in the middle, somewhat con-
tracted at the mouth, resembling that of the typical PneumonanthecB, and considerably
larger than in any example of G. sikkimensis.
** Branches 1-Jloivered or stem simple (1-4-fld. in G. venusta and nubigend).
24. Cr. depressa, Don Prodr. 125 ; stems very short or 0, leaves widely
elliptic subacute, calyx-lobes ovate subacute marginate, intervening sinus very
narrow, corolla ]{ by f in. tubular-campanulate. Wall. Cat. 4387 ; Griseh.
Gentian. 269, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 109 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 438,
syn. excl. Pneumonanthe depressa, D. Don in Irans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 511.
Ericala depressa, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 189.
Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, Elwes.
Branches 0--2 in., several or 1 from one root ; barren branches short densely
imbricated with leaves, fertile branches 0-2 in., with small leaves or naked below an»i
a terminal tuft of leaves. Leaves f by ^ in., sessile. Flowers solitary, sessile, blue.
Calyx-tube ^ in., campanulate; lobes \ in. Corolla-lobes \ in., ovate, acute, erect.
25. Cr. cachemirica, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. iii. t. 117 ; branches
often elongate, leaves elliptic or oblong mucronate, calyx-lobes spathulate-
oblong acute, intervening sinus wide, corolla 1-1£ by h in. tubular-campanulate.
Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 109. G. stipitata, Edqeiv. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xx. 84.
Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 9-13,000 ft.; Falconer,
Boyle, &c.
Branches 0-6 in., leafy, often numerous from the root. Radical leaves 1 by ^ in.,
obovate-oblong, acute ; cauline ^-| in. Flowers solitary, sessile, blue. Calyx-tube \
in., campanulate ; lobes \ in. Corolla-lobes | in.; ovate, acute, erect. Capsule ^ by £
in. ; stalk l-l in. — The capsule-stalk in an apparently ripe example of Edgeworth's
is only i in. ; the length is not a safe specific character in this species or its allies.
Numerous examples, stemless or nearly so, can hardly be distinguished from G.
depressa, except by the wide sinus between the calyx-teeth.
26. Cr. amcena. Clarke ; branches numerous short densely^ leafy, leaves
obovate marginate obtuse, calyx-lobes broadly obovate marginate obtuse,
corolla f-1 by ^-£ in. campanulate. Gentiana sp. n. 30, Herb. Ind. Or. H.
f. 8f T. Gentiana sp. 25, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 438.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 14-18,000 ft. ; Samdong, Momay, and Donkiah, J.B. H.
Tufted ; stems 0-2 'in., numerous, branched ; barren branches succulent with sub-
remote smaller leaves. Leaves § in., densely imbricated (on the fertile branches),
margin glistening. Calyx \ in.; lobes }y in., truncate or submarginate ; margin
glistening.' Corolla-lobes £ in., ovate, subacute, erect. Capsule £-£ by £ in.;
stalk \ in.
i 2
116 xcvu. gentianace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gentiana.
27. Gr. phyllocalyx, Clarke ; stems solitary suberect 1-flowered, leaves
obovate obtuse not marginate, calyx-lobes large resembling the leaves, corolla
1^-lf by £-§ in. tubular inflated. Gentiana sp. n. 26, Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 439.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 13-15,000 ft. ; Kankola and Lachen, J. D. H.
Stems 1-5 in. Radical leaves § by £ in., obovate, obtuse, herbaceous, sub-1-uerved,
persistent at fruiting time; cauline similar, rather smaller, remote. Calyx-lobes
\-% in., elliptic, green, not marginate. Corolla blue, somewhat contracted at the
mouth. Capsule £ by \ in. ; stalk often 1 in.— Has larger flowers, and very much
larger calyx-lobes, than G. venusta.
28. G-. venusta, Wall. Cat. 4389 ; stemless or nearly so, leaves elliptic
or obovate obtuse, calyx-lobes small oblong acute, corolla 1 by ^-^ in. tubular.
Griseb. Gentian. 276, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 109 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 439. Ericala venusta, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 189.
Alpine Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 11-14,000 ft.; Blink-
worth, Gen. Munro, &c.
Stems 0, or 3 in., prostrate : flowers 1-3 subsessile on the short, densely leafy,
annual shoots. Leaves \-^ in. Calyx-tube \ in., lobes ^-\ in., linear or oblong, sinus
intervening wide. Capsule £-§ in. by |-£ in.
29. G-. tubiflora. Wall. Cat. 4388 ; stemless or nearly so, leaves imbri-
cate ovate or elliptic acute, calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate acute, corolla 1 by \
in. tubular. Griseb. Gentian. 277, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 110. Ericala tubi-
flora, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 189.
Alpine Himalaya; Neual, Wallich; Western Tibet, Munro; Sikkim, alt. 14-
16,000 ft., J. D. H.
Stems j-1 in. Leaves \-\ in. Calyx-tube ^ in. ; lobes £ in. Corolla-lobes £-§ in.,
triangular, erect. Capsule £ by } in. ; stalk 1-lf in. — The fruiting examples are
very distinct from G. venusta by the long-exsert capsule ; the flowering are hardly
separable by the more acute leaves and calyx-teeth.
30. G-. ornata, Wall. Cat. 4386 ; branches many from the root elongate
leafy 1-flowered, cauline leaves oblong or sublinear acute, calyx-lobes oblong or
linear, corolla 1-lf in. tubular funnel-shaped. Griseb. Gentian. 277, and in
DC. Prodr. ix. 110 ; Bot. Mag. t. 6514. Pneumonanthe ornata, G. Don Gen.
Syst. iv. 194.
Alpine Central and Eastern Himalaya, alt. 11-15,000 ft. ; Nepal, Wallich;
Sikkim, J. D. H., &c, common.
Branches 1-5 in:, curved. Radical leaves 0 or inconspicuous at flowering time ;
cauline £-f by ^-£ in., acute, bases connate into a short tube. Calyx-tube ^ in. ;
lobes £ in. ; sinus wide. Corolla £ in. diam. (in Wallich's example) ; lobes i in.,
triangular, acute, erect. Capsule ^ by } in. ; stalk |-1| in. — The abundant material
shows the capsule (fully ripe) often included, and nearly as often far exserted.
Var. meiantha ; barren shoots with minute leaves, corolla ^-| in. — Sikkim ;
Jongri, alt. 13,000 ft., Clarke. — Leaves of the barren shoots £ in., imbricate, recurved
(as in G. humilis or squarrosa), of the flowering shoots nearly as in G. ornata. Calyx-
tidbe | in., lobes | in., not so much reduced as the corolla. Capsule \ in., subincluded
in the corolla-tube. Testa white, lax, altogether as of G. ornata. A very dubious
plant.
Sll. G-. nubigena, JBdgew. in Tram. Linn. Soc. xx. 85 ; leaves oblong-
linear, calyx-lobes oblong much shorter than the tube with wide sinus inter-
vening, corolla 1^ by f in. funnel-shaped.
Alpine Himalaya, alt. 16-18,000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Sikkim; Edgeworth,
Thomson, J. J). H., &c.
Gentiana.] xcvu. gentianacej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 117
Stems 0-6 in., suberect, usually 1-2 flowering, and 1-2 barren from the same
root. Lower leaves 2£ by J in. ; cauline shorter, connate at base into a short tube.
Flowers often 1-3 on each branch, shortly pedicellate or subspicate. Calyx-tube £ in.,
teeth i in. ; sinus often plicate. Corolla-lobes £ in. acute. Capsule 1 by £ in., with
the stalk ^-^ in., included.
Vak. parviflora ; corolla 1 by £ in. subtubular. Gentiana sp. n. 39, Herb. Ind.
Or. H. f. $ T.~ Sikkim, alt. 17,000 ft,; Kinchinjhow, J. D. H— This again is a
doubtful plant ; it appears to have been collected with G. nubigena.
Sect. IV. XLurroo. Stoutish herbs. Flowers racemose or spicate.
Corolla 1 in. or more, 5-lobed with folds between the lobes ; fimbriae 0. Seeds
oblong trigonous or falcate, acute or subcaudate, not winged ; testa close, not
(or minutely obscurely) reticulated.
32. G-. XLurroo, Royle III. t. 68, fig. 2 ; leaves oblong or linear, flowers
solitary or few racemose, calyx-lobes subequal linear, corolla 2 by f in. Griseb.
Gentian. 304, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 110 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 440 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 6470. Pneumonanthe Kurroo, D. Don in Royle III. p. 278, and
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 509.
Kashmir and N.W. Himalaya, alt. 5-11,000 ft., common; Royle, &c.
Rootstock stout, perennial : flowering stems 2-12 in., simple. Radical leaves 3
by ^ in., tufted ; cauline 1 in., linear, connate at the base into a tube. Flowers 1-4
on each stem, sometimes truly racemed, more often an uppermost pair of leaves close
to the calyx. Calyx-tube \-\ in., not keeled ; lobes ^-£ in., linear, rarely suboblong.
Corolla-lobes ^ in., ovate, acute, sky-blue. Capsule f by ^ in.; stalk ^— | in. Seeds
twice as long as broad, acute at one end, subcaudate at the other.
33. G-. decumbens, Linn.f. Suppl. 174; leaves oblong, flowers terminal
clustered and axillary, calyx very unequal often spathaceous or some of the
teeth ovate suddenly linear-pointed, corolla f-1 in. Bunge in Nouv. Mem. Soc.
Imp. Mosc. i. 212; Bot. Mag. tk 705, 723; Griseb. Gentian. 279, and in DC.
Prodr. ix. 110 ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 64 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 440.
G. adscendens, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 106, t. 94. Pneumonanthe adscendens, Schmidt
in Roem. Arch. i. 10. Dasystephana adscendens, Borkh. in Roem. Arch. i. 26. —
Gentiana sp., Gmel. Fl. Sibir. iv. 103, t. 51, fig. A.
Baltisthan and Western Tibet, alt. 11-15,000 ft., eastwards to Lahul, Thom-
son, &c, common on the Karakorum. — Distkib. Dahuria, Siberia.
Rootstock stout ; flowering stems 2-10 in., simple. Radical leaves 2 by J-^ in. ;
cauline 1-1^ in., oblong or elliptic, connate at the base into a tube. Flowers 1-2
subsessile in each upper axil, the upper 3-7 approximate, subcapitate, the axillary
clusters subremote or wanting. Calyx-tube ^ in., lobes f in. ; but the tube is often
split down one side nearly to the base, the lobes very unequal, 2-4 linear, 1-2 ovate
obtuse or obovate with linear teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes rounded. Capsule
$ by £ in. ; stalk ^-i in. Seeds oblong, trigonous, falcate, twice as long as broad,
subobtuse at both ends, testa close.
34. G-. dahurica, Fisch. in Act. Soc. Nat. Scr. Mosq. iii. 63, with Jig.;
leaves oblong, flowers terminal clustered with axillary often added, calyx-lobes
equal oblong-linear, corolla f-1 in. Bunge in Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Mosc.
i. 213. G. Olivieri, Griseb. Gentian. 278, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 110 ; Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 440 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 76.
W. Himalaya ; Thomson, Hay. — Distbib. Beloochistan, Cabul, Dahuria, Soon-
garia.
Only differs from G. decumbens by the equal calyx ; and it may be questioned
whether the figure, Gmel. FL Sibir. t. 51, fig. A (on which G. decumbens is founded)
may not rather represent G. dahurica.
118 xcvn. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gentiana.
Sect. V. Crossopetalum. Erect, branched herbs. Flowers scattered,
pedicelled. Corolla f-2 in., 4-lobed ; folds between the lobes obscure or 0 ;
fimbriae 0. Seeds ellipsoid or subglobose ; testa reticulated, hardly lax, not
glistening-white.
35. G-. detonsa, Fries in Act. Hafn. x. 435, t. 1, fig. 3 ; leaves oblong-
linear, calyx-tube terete funnel-shaped, lobes ovate-lanceolate, corolla £-1^ in.,
seeds subglobose. Griseb. Gentian. 256, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 101 ; Ledeb. Fl.
Ross. iii. 59 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 437. G. ciliata, Pall. Fl. Ross.
ii. 101, t. 92, fig. 2 ; JBot. Mag. t. 639. G. barbata, Froel Gentian. 114 ; Bunge
in Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Mose. i. 223, t. 9, fig. 1. G. brachypetala, Bunge I. c.
i. 225, 1. 11, fig. 3. Gentianella detonsa and barbata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 179.
N. Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 9-15,000 ft,, common in the Karakorum. —
Distrib. Europe, N. Asia, and N. America.
Stems 8-24 in., much branched (in the Indian plants). Leaves 1^ by £ in., distant,
scarcely connate at the base. Peduncles 1-8 in., mostly very long. Calyx-tube \ in.;
lobes \ in., unequal, 2 opposite ovate-lanceolate, 2 lanceolate. Corolla-tube 1 by \ in.,
lobes § in., fimbriate or serrate at least at the apex ; glands near the base of the
tube very obscure. Capsule £ by \ in., stalk £ in. Seeds hardly longer than broad ;
testa reticulated and minutely scaly. — The numerous Indian examples are uniform ;
but according to G-risebach (DC. Prodr. ix. 110), the 5-merous G. serrata is only a
var., and, according to Asa Gray {Man. Bot. 387), G. crinita, Froel., cannot be sepa-
rated. There is a -wide range in size of corolla, length and fimbriation of its lobes,
in the extra-Indian examples.
Var. Stracheyi; leaves broader, calyx-tube strongly 4-keeled, corolla f-21 in.,
seeds much larger ellipsoid. Gentiana sp., nn. 7 & 8, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. $ T.— N.
Kashmir and W. Tibet; alt. 8-13,000 ft.; Strachey cf Wintcrbottom, &c. Sikkim ;
Tungu, alt. 12-13,000 ft., J. D. H. — So far as the Indian material is concerned this
var. looks a distinct species, except that the corolla is very variable in size ; but
among the American G. crinita there are examples with a keeled calyx.
36. G-. contorta, Boyle III. 278, t. 69, fig. 3 ; leaves elliptic, flowers
subracemose, calyx-lobes ovate acute, corolla 1 in. with 4 large oblong glands
near the base within, seeds minute subglobose. D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xvii. 508 ; Griseb. Gentian. 304, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 94.
N. W. Himalaya, alt. 6000 ft., Thomson, Edgeworth.
Stem 4-8 in. Radical leaves 0 at flowering time ; cauline 1 by ^-£ in., narrowed
but hardly connate at the base. Stems 2-7-flowered ; pedicels £-f in. Calyx-tube
in., terete, funnel-shaped ; lobes ^ in., somewhat unequal. Corolla-tube § in. ; lobes
, oblong, subentire ; basal glands much larger than in G. detonsa, reminding D.
1. c. of barren stamens. Capsule \ by A in., stalk \ in. Seeds much smaller than
in G. dentosa and very obscurely reticulated, but not well ripe.
Sect. VI. Stylophora. Stem hollow, £-£ in. thick. Flowers and cap-
sules large. Style |-f in.
37. G-. stylophora, Clarke • leaves large elliptic lower petioled, pe-
duncles axillary 1-8 in. 1-nowered with 2 bracts below the flower, capsule 2 by
1 in. Gentiana sp. 40, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
Sikkim, alt, 11-14,000 ft. ; Chola and Kankola, J. B. H. ; Jongri, Clarke.
Flowering stem 3-6 ft., simple. Lower leaves 12 by 4 in., strongly 5-nerved,
upper 5 by 2 hi,, sessile, shortly connate at the base. Calyx widely funnel-shaped,
tube ^ in. ; lobes f by ^ in., subobtuse. Corolla (apparently very succulent, badly
preserved) widely funnel-shaped, fimbriate in the throat (?). Stamens attached half-
way up the corolla-tube, filaments linear; anthers \ in., oblong. Stigmas ^-\ in.,
oblong. Seeds £ by ^ in. ; testa lax, reticulated, scrobiculate. — This fine plant is
remote from G. lutea in the inflorescence and the widely funnel-shaped corolla ; it
JaeschheaJ] xcvn. gentianace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) Ii9
may constitute a new genus when the corolla is fully known. It has the habit of
FYasera and the large Swertias, from which it differs in the gamosepalous calyx and
long style.
10. JAESCHKEA, Kurz.
Herbs, erect, or small decumbent. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate or
ovate, bases shortly connate. Floivers paniculate or terminal pedunculate, blue.
Sepals lanceolate or orbicular. Corolla tubular ; lobes 5, short, triangular-lan-
ceolate, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, attached at the sinus of the corolla-tube,
filaments short, linear ; anthers oblong-sagittate, blue or greenish. Ovary
1-celled, placentae little intruded; style short, linear, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules
much fewer than in Gentiana. Capsule elliptic, sessile or shortly stalked,
separating to the base into its two carpels, splitting the style into halves.
Seeds ellipsoid ; testa close, smooth not reticulated. — Species 3 ; Alpine W.
Himalayan.
1. J. gentianoides, Kurz in Journ, As. Soc. 1870, pt. ii. 230, t. 13, and
in Flora, 1871, 275 ; erect, panicled, leaves narrowly lanceolate, sepals lanceo-
late, seeds ~ in. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 441. Gsntiana oligosperma,
Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 94. G. Jaeschkei (by misprint Taeschkei), Kurz in
Trimen Journ. Bot. 1867, 241.
Kashmik and Western Himalaya, alt. 8-13,000 ft. ; abundant, Jaeschke, &c.
Stem 8-30 in., rigid, slender, soiiiewhat lineolate. Leaves 1\ hy § in., sessile.
Flowers panicled, numerous ; pedicels 0-^ in. Sepals J by ^ in., acute, sub- 3-striate.
Corolla expanding when only £ in., but gradually enlarging till in fruit (on the same
stem) more than £ in. ; tube subventricose ; lobes (in fruit) I by £ in. Stamens shorter
than the corolla-lobes, blue or greeji when dry. Capsule \ in., ellipsoid, compressed,
very shortly stalked. Seeds 10-30, much larger than in Gentiana.
2. J. latisepala, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 441 ; erect, panicled,
leaves oblong acuminate, sepals unequal ovate obovate or orbicular, seeds ^ in.
Gentiana canaliculata, Ltoyle ; D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 509 ; G. Don
Gen. Syst. iv. 182. G. Moorcroftiana, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 96, partly, not
of Wall.
N. Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 9-13,000 ft. ; common, Boyle, &c.
Closely resembling J. gentianoides ; but rather stouter, with broader leaves.
Sepals ^ by £-^ in., hardly striate ; uppermost leaves, when near the flowers and
bractiform, ovate. Capsule sessile. Seeds as of J. gentianoides.
3. J. microsperma, Clarke ; small, diffuse, leaves elliptic, flowers
small long-peduncled terminal on the branches, sepals oblong, seeds minute.
Alpine Sikkim; Samdong, alt. 11-17,000 ft., J. D. H.
Stem i-l£ in. Lower leaves \ by \ in., cauline £ in. Peduncles J-J in. Sepals
£ by ± in., subacute. Corolla-tube ± in. ; lobes X in. ^Anthers blue or greenish.
Capsule \-% in., subsessile. Seeds X in., suborbicular, but, except in size, closely
agreeing with those of Jaeschkea. — This small plant has doubtless been passed for
Gentiana tenella, small examples of which it much resembles.
11. PLEUROGYNE, &M.
Annual herbs, decumbent branched or erect. Leaves opposite. Flowers
panicled, or long-peduncled. Sepals elliptic or linear, often unequal. Corolla
rotate, without (or with very obscure) basal pits or depressions; tube very
short with or without fimbriae ; lobes elliptic, usually acute. Stamens 4-5,
attached to the corolla-tube, filaments linear somewhat flattened; anthers ob-
120 xcvit. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Pleurogyne.
long or ovate. Ovary 1-celled, placentae little intruded ; stigma sessile. Cap-
sule oblong or elliptic, sessile or nearly so, carpels separating. Seeds very
many, small, subglobose, smooth, testa close not (or obscurely) reticulate. —
Species 7; in the Mts. of Europe, Asia, and N. America.
1. P. carinthiaca, Gnseb. Gentian. 310, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 122;
branching from the base, cauline leaves ovate or elliptic, pedicels elongate,
sepals \ in. elliptic, corolla 5-merous lobes £ in. fimbriate near the base. Reich.
1c. PL t. 1045 ; Boiss. FL Orient, iv. 77. P. Stelleriana, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv,
188. P. carinata, Edyew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 85, ex descr. P. himalayensis,
Klotszch in Reis. Pr. Walden. Rot. 91, t. 68. Swertia carinthiaca, Wulf. in
Jacq. Misc. ii. 53, t. 6. S. rotata, Pall. Fl. Ross. iv. t. 89, fig. 3. Gentiana
carinthiaca, Froel. Gentian. 103. G. Stelleriana, Cham. 8f Schl. in Linncea, i.
188. G. rotata, M. Bieb.; Bunye in Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Mosc. i. 254.
Lomatogonium carinthiacum, Braun in Flora, 1830, 221.
W. Himalaya and Western Tibet ; alt. 10-13,000 ft., from Kashmir and Kumaon-
to the Karakorum, frequent, Thomson, &c. — Distrib. Alps, Caucasus, Cabul, Central
Asia, Siberia.
Steins 1-6 in., usually very numerous. Radical leaves 1 by ^ in., obovate, persis-
tent or sometimes disappearing ; cauline £ by \ in., narrowed at the base. Pedicels
\-2 in., mostly long. Sepals £- ^ by ^ in., subacute or obtuse. Corolla-tube very
short ; lobes £ by \ in., blue, with green nerves, fimbriate near the base. Anthers
somewhat large, oblong, often as long as the filaments. Capsule \ in., oblong, acute,
sessile. Seeds numerous, small, ellipsoid.
2. P. Thomsoni, Clarke ; branching from the base, cauline leaves small
elliptic, pedicels elongate, sepals £ in. elliptic, corolla 5-merous lobes ^ in. naked
at the base. — Pleurogyne sp. 2, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. ty T.
W. Tibet, alt. 15-18,000 ft. ; Thomson, Strachey.
Cauline leaves ^-\ in. Corolla-lobes at base naked or with obscure depressions.
Anthers large, oblong, often as large as the filaments. — Mr. Bentham doubts whether
this should not be removed to Swertia, but the depressions at the base of the petals-
are never well marked, and the habit is so exactly that of P. carinthiaca that some
examples are hard to distinguish from that, while others are less than 1 in., with
very small flowers.
3. P. brachyanthera, Clarke ; branching from the base, cauline leaves
small elliptic, pedicels elongate, corolla 4-merous lobes \-^ in., anthers ovate
very small much shorter than the filament.
Western Tibet; Karakorum, alt. 13,000 ft., Clarke.
Cauline leaves £-| in. Sepals £ in., elliptic. Corolla-lobes at base slightly fimbriate,
— The anthers are unlike any examples of P. carinthiaca or P. Thomsoni. llesembles
a starved state of P. carinthiaca.
4. P. spathulata, A. Kerner Nov. Sp. ii. 8 ; branching from the baser
cauline leaves linear-oblong, pedicels elongate, sepals narrowly oblong about
half the length of the corolla. ,
N. Kashmir; alt. 13,000 ft., Stoliczka, &c. Lahul (A. Kerner).
Closely allied to P. carinthiaca. Radical leaves l£ in., Ii near- spa thulate ; cauline
f by £ in. Corolla-lobes often f in., more than twice as long as the sepals. Anthers
large, oblong. Capsule and seeds as in P. carinthiaca, but rather larger.
5. P. ? minor, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 816: stem erect, cauline leaves ovate
or elliptic, flowers 4-merous panicled pedicels £-1 in., corolla £-£ in. Ophelia
minor, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 126 ; Wight Ic. t, 1332 ;. Dalz. % Gibs. Bomb
FL 156 : Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 446.
Swertia.'] xcvu. gentianace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 121
W. Deccan Peninsula ; in the Ghats, from Bombay southwards ; common in the
Nilgherries.
Stem 2-9 in., usually undivided at the base, without radical leaves. Cauline
leaves £ by \ in., sessile. Sepals £ by -| in. elliptic. Corolla white or clear blue,
nearly 5-partite ; segments oblong, base naked or minutely glandular, scarcely pitted.
Anthers small, ovate, much shorter than the filament. Ovary sessile, oblong ; stigma
sessile, shortly bilobed. Capsule \ in., oblong. Seeds minute, subglobose. — Genus
doubtful ; in the symmetrical erect habit, 4-merous flowers, corolla without green
nerves, it approaches Swertia Sect. Ophelia (see Swertia Beddomei).
12. SWERTIA, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite except in S. alternifolia. Flowers
blue, lurid, or wkiteish, sometimes with yellow glands ; cymes in thyrsoid or
corymbose panicles. Sepals 4-5, lanceolate, rarely ovate. Corolla rotate ; lobes
4-5, twisted to the right ; on each lobe (or on the short corolla-tube below its
base) are 1 or 2 pits depressions or glands, naked or partly covered by a basal
scale ; margins of pits fimbriate all round, or at its apex only ; scale naked or
tips fimbriate. Stamens 4-5, attached near the base of the corolla, free, rarely
monadelphous, filaments linear complanate, often more or less dilated down-
wards ; anthers oblong ovate or hastate, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, placentae
little intruded; style 0 or short rarely linear-cylindric, stigma3 2. Capsule
sessile, ovate or oblong, separating iifto its 2 carpels. Seeds various, many,
rarely few, small or minute, testa close or very lax or winged reticulate. —
Species 50 ; in Europe, Asia, and Africa, principally in the mountains.
In the species with one pit at the very base of each corolla-lobe, this pit seems
homologous with the spur of Halenia. There is a passage from the species
with a depressed broad viscous spot, fimbriate on the margins only to those which
have 2 small lateral linear vertical glands ; among these S. ccerulea, with very small
depressions, should perhaps be removed to Pleurogync. In S. bimaculata, where there
are 2 green viscous spots, scarcely depressed, in the middle of the corolla -lobes, the
morphology is obscure.
Subgenus I. Ophelia. Stems annual or once-fiowering, erect, panicled,
solid, virgate. Radical leaves 0 at the time of flowering.
* Flotvers all (or most of them) 5-merous.
t Sepals almost free.
1. S. purpurascens, Wall. Cat. 4379 ; leaves oblong or lanceolate 3-1-
nerved, filaments dilated downwards united into a short tube free from the
corolla, style long stigmas sublinear. Ophelia purpurascens, D. Don in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xvii. 526; Griseb. Gentian. 315, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 124; Wight
111. t. 157, bis 3, fig. d. O. Dalhousiana, Griseb. Gentian. 313, and in DC.
Prodr. ix. 123. 0. ciliata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 178.
Temperate N.W. Himalaya, alt. 5-12,000 ft.; from Kashmir to Kumaon;
abundant near Dalhousie and Dhurmsala.
Stems 8-36 in., terete or 4-lineolate. Leaves l£ by h in., base narrowed, lowest
subobtuse, uppermost acute, glabrous, Panicles divaricate, many-flowered, leafy ;
pedicels often clustered. Sepals £ in., oblong, 1 -nerved. Corolla-lobes \ in., ovate,
acute, purple or dark red, reflexed in flower ; pits solitary near the base of each lobe,
horse-shoe shaped, naked. Stamen-hibe erect, and filaments puberulous; anthers
elliptic-lanceolate, much acuminate. Seeds fo in. diam., globose, smooth, light-yellow
when ripe. — Grisebach's type specimens of S. purpurascens and Balhousiana are
identical. This species is recognised at once by the red-purple much-reflexed corolla-
lobes. There is a strong purple band near the base of the corolla-lobe which is
122 xcvu. gentianacee. (C B. Clarke.) [Sivertia.
usually interrupted in the middle, hence from behind the corolla-lobe appears bi-
glandulose near the base ; the foveola or pit is below this, in the corolla-tube, and is
a watch-pocket slit, never more than one to each corolla-segment. 0. ciliata is
founded on some scraps of Royle's with most minutely ciliate petioles, nowise differ-
ing from the type. There is a form (? dimorphic) in which the stamens are not half
so long as the corolla-lobes, the anthers* linear.
2. S. paniculata, Wall. Cat. 4374, and PI. As. liar. iii. 3, t. 205;
leaves oblong or lanceolate 3-1-nerved, filaments linear separately attached to
the corolla-tube, style long stigmas linear. Ophelia paniculata, D. Don in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 525 ; Griseb. Gentian. 314, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 124;
Bot. Mag. 5687, fig. 5, 6. 0. Wallichii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 178.
Temperate W. Himalaya, alt. 5-8000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Nepal, Wallich,
&c.
Close resemblance to S. purpurascens, when dried. Sepals f in., oblong, acute,
sub-1-nerved. Corolla-lobes \ in., ovate, acute, white in the upper half, patent not
reflexed in flower ; pit very near the base of the corolla, 1 to each lobe, naked ; near
the base of the corolla-lobe are 2 purple or lurid-green snbglandular marks, some-
times confluent into one. Filaments hardly dilated downwards, not puberulous ;
anthers oblong, not hastate. Capsule \ in., elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Seeds as
of S. purpurascens but rather smaller. — Thevar. brachypetala, Griseb. Gentian., 314,
was founded on Waliich's type of S. paniculata ; but Grisebach subsequently marked
examples of S. dilatata (n. 4 below) as var. brachypetala.
3. S. G-rifnthii, Clarke-, leaves narrowly lanceolate 3-1-nerved, panicles
dense, calyx-lobes lanceolate rigid 3-nerved connate below, filaments linear
free, style long stigmas linear. Gentianea n. 1006, Griff". Itin. Notes, 189.
Bhotan ; Lamnos, alt. 9000 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5883).
Possibly an eastern var. of S. paniculata. Examples are 4-7 in., very rigid,
branched, dense with leaves and fruit. Leaves 1 by £ in. Pedicels mostly £-| in.
Capsules rather smaller than in S. paniculata.
4. S. dilatata, Clarke ; leaves lanceolate 3-1-nerved, filaments much
dilated for more than half their length puberulous not connate into a tube at
the base, style cylindric stigmas sublinear.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 4-12,000 ft., common; J. P. H., &c. Nepal; Wal-
lich.
Resembling S. paniculata, but with larger flowers and capsules ; and the stamens
more like those of S. purpurascens. Leaves glabrous, base minutely ciliate. Sepals
i-| in., elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, much broader than in S. paniculata. Corolla
usually shorter than the sepals ; lobes greenish yellow, a transverse purple continuous
band near the base; a pit horse-shoe-shaped on the corolla-tube, one for each lobe.
Filaments usually more dilated than in S. purpurascens, sometimes nearly to the
summit, while at the base they are contracted, separate. Capsule ^-£ in.
Var. pilosa ; leaves pilose on both surfaces with ciliate margins and nerves, pedi-
cels and sepals ciliate. Nepal ; J. Scully.
5. S. tetragon a, Clarke-, leaves lanceolate 3-1-nerved, filaments linear
free, style 0 stigmas of 2 closely approximated hemispheric plates. Ophelia
tetragona, Edgeiv. in. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 86.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-8000 fc. ; from Kashmir to Simla, abundant ; Edge-
worth, Thomson, &c.
Resembling in general appearance S. paniculata. Sepals £ in., narrowly lanceo-
late. Corolla-lobes more than \ in., whitish ; near the base on either side of each
lobe is an oblong vertical hairy gland; no pit at the base of the corolla-tube but a
shining obscure concavity, of which (as in other species) the two oblong glands are
the more prominent upper margins. Anthers oblong, hastate to the middle. Capsule
J$wertia.~\ xcvu. gentianace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 123
\-^ in., oblong, obtuse. Seeds small, nearly as of S. paniculata. — This very abun-
dant plant has been overlooked as S. paniculata and as S. angustifolia.
6. S. cordata, Wall. Cat. 4378; leaves sessile ovate acute 5-3-nerved,
filaments linear free, style cylindric stigmas subhemispheric. Ophelia cordata,
Griseb. Gentian. 315, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 124; Cla?-ke in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 445, not of Bon. O. nuda, Klotszch in Reis. Pr. Wald. Bot. 91, t. 67.
Temperate Himalaya and Western Tibet, alt. 4-12,000 ft., from Kashmir and
the Karakorum to Bhotan ; abundant westward. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., very
common.
Stem 8-36 in., 4-lineolate. Leaves l\ by f in., obtuse, base often cordate. Panicles
large, many-fld., branches ascending or patent; pedicels 0-l£ in., often fascicled,
unequal. Sepals ^ by £ in., ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla-lobes |— £ in., elliptic
or oblong, acute or obtuse, white or with purplish nerves; above the base of the lobe
is a large orbicular viscous yellowish spot hardly depressed, not fimbriate, traversed
obscurely by the central nerve, not bifid ; no pits in* the corolla-tube. Filaments
linear, subhypogonous, obscurely connate at the very base ; anthers oblong, scarcely
hastate. Capside (in Wallich's example) \ by \ in., often hardly \ in. Seeds ^ in.
diam., subglobose, ornamented with long raised lines of rows of glands.— Described
from Wallich's Kumaon example, which is Ophelia cordata £ laxa, Grisebach 1. c. ;
and has large flowers and capsules ; the Khasia form is nearly the same. Some Kash-
mir examples have very small flowers with obtuse lobes, others have very large
flowers ; all have the ovate sessile leaves, the corolla-lobes with one large spot each,
and the peculiarly marked seeds. Ophelia cordata, Don, is said by him to have been
founded on Wallich's Swertia Chirata and cordata thrown together; the description
refers mainly (as to the petals and glands) to S. Chirata. This species, like S. pur-
purascens, has a form with very short filaments and linear anthers. • It also occurs
(in N. Kashmir) with double flowers.
7. S. bimaculata, H. f. %■ T.\ Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 449 ;
leaves elliptic-lanceolate petioled 3-nerved, corolla-lobes marked half-way up
with 2 green spots, filaments linear free, stigmas sessile hemispheric. Ophelia
bimaculata, Sieb. fy Zucc. Fam. Nat. 35. So Mokou, iv. t. 55.
Eastern Himalaya ; Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 5-8000 ft. ; Griffith, J. D. H., &c,
abundant about Darjeeling.
Stem 2-6 ft., stout, 4-angular, corymbose upwards. Leaves 3 by l\ in., or upper
cauline sometimes 6£ by 2f in., glabrous, petioled or at least much narrowed at the
base. Flowers numerous, 4-5 merous ; pedicels |-l£ in., mostly long. Sepals \ in.,
elliptic, mostly obtuse. Corolla-lobes ^-\ in., broadly elliptic, white or yellowish-
green, with black spots in their upper half ; the two green spots in the middle viscid,
scarcely depressed, no pits in the corolla-tube. Filaments attached on the corolla-
tube ; anthers oblong, not hastate. Capsule f by \ in. Seeds ^ in., cuboid-globose,
smooth, obscurely reticulated.
8. S. macrosperma, Clarke; leaves subsessile oblong or subovate
acute, corolla-lobes with 2 small oblong glands near their base, stigmas sub-
sessile, seeds few large smooth. Ophelia macrosperma, Clarke in Joui-n. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 448. — Ophelia sp. n. 15, Kerb. Ind. Or. H.f. S,' T.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., very common ; Griffith, H.f. $ T., &c.
Stem 6-48 in., quadrangular, diffusely branched upwards. Leaves ljf by £ in., or
in small plants subovate. Pedicels \-2 in., mostly long. Sepals \ in., lanceolate.
Corolla-lobes § in., lanceolate, pale lurid blue or nearly white ; the two glands vertical,
parallel, hardly depressed, naked or hairy. Filaments linear, free, on the corolla-
tube ; anthers hastate. Capsule £ by £ in. Seeds A in., ellipsoid.— Of this also
double-flowered examples occur wild. The whole habit and seeds of this species
show it to be very closely allied to Halenia.
124 xcvn. gentianace^. (0. B. Clarke.) [Swertia*
tt Calyx distinctly gamosepalous.
9. S. racemosa. Wall. Cat. 4377; leaves subsessile elliptic-lanceolate 3-
nerved, filaments free linear slightly dilated below, style long cylindric, stigmas
short oblong. Ophelia racemosa, Griseb. Gentian. 319, and in DC. Prod?-, ix.
127 ; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 447.
Nepal ; Wallich.
Stems 18 in., 4-lineolate. Leaves If by \ in. Panicles many-fld., leafy ; pedicels
0-£ in., mostly short, fascicled, unequal. Calyx-tube ^ in., funnel-shaped ; lobes ^~
£ in., lanceolate, very acute, almost keeled. Corolla-lobes \-^ in., oblong, acute ; at
the very base of each, almost in the corolla-tube, is a pit covered by a scale, teeth of
its margin lanceolate-linear black not hairy. Filaments on the corolla-tube ; anthers
oblong, not hastate. Capsule ^ in. Seeds somewhat large, ellipsoid, smooth. — On
Wallich's sheets, some S. Chirata is mixed with this, which seems to have troubled
D. Don as noticed by Grisebach.
** Flowers all 4^merous,
t Species of North Lndia.
10. S. Chirata, Ham.; Wall. Cat. 4372; cauline leaves subsessile ellip-
tic acute 5-nerved, corolla lurid-green-yellow near the base of each lobe 2
glandular depressions each terminated by long hairs. Gentiana Chirayita,
Roxb. ; Fleming in Asiat. Pes. xi. 167. G. Chirayta, Poxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 71. G.
Chirata, Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 33, t. 252. ? G. noribunda, Don Prodr. 127.
Agathotes Chirata, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 552. Ophelia Chirata,
Griseb. Gentian. 320, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 127; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 447 ; Benth. 8> Trim. Med. PI. iii. t. 183.— Ophelia sp., 17, 19, and 20,
Kerb. Lnd. Or. H.f., $ T.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-10,000 ft. from Kashmir to Bhotan. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-5000 ft. ; frequent.
Stem 2-5 feet, 4-lineolate or subterete. Leaves 2 by f in., the lower often much
larger sometimes petioled. Panicles large, leafy, many-fld. ; pedicels 0-f in., fascicled,
mostly short. Calyx-lobes £ in., lanceolate. Corolla-lobes -■ in., ovate, acuminate,
more or less purple-nerved ; the glandular depressions are green, shallow, often sub-
marginal, rarely close together or subconfluent, with a fringe of long white or pink
hairs at the summit. Filaments linear, free ; anthers oblong. Style cylindric ;
stigmas oblong. Capsule £ in. and upwards, ovate, acute. Seeds ^ in., polyhedral,
smooth ; testa close, not (or microscopically) reticulated. — D. Don (in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xvii. 522) has reduced to S. Chirata his Gentiana floribunda. But there must
be some error, for he describes the corolla as 5-fid, tubular, blue, and both it and the
leaves as hairy. Ophelia sp. 20, H. f. & T., is the Khasia plant which has strongly
3-nerved leaves attenuated at the base, and of which some examples have woody
short barren branches with terminal tufts of leaves, others annual erect flowering
stems. This species is so exceedingly near the two next, that the quotations of all
the older authors are uncertain ; Bentley and Trimcn's figure is the one to be relied
upon. "While many of the other Ophelias are gregarious and could be collected in
great quantity, this occurs scattered (from Khasia to Kashmir); yet all the medicinal
Chiretta of the Bengal bazaars collected by Dr. Wise proved to be S. Chirata true,
without any admixture of the closely allied species.
*11. S. lurida, Royle ms. ; cauline leaves subsessile elliptic acute 5-nerved,
corolla lurid green-yellow with 2 glandular depressions without hairs near the
base of each lobe. Ophelia lurida, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 527 ;
Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 124. O. lucida, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 179.
N.W. Himalaya, Royle, Falconer; Naini Tal, Col. Davidson.
Corolla-lobes ^ in. Capsule £ in. — Differs from S. Chirata in the smaller flowers
and capsules.
Swertia.'] xcvu. gentian ACE2E. (C. B. Clarke.) 125
12. S. alata, Boyle ms. ; cauline subsessile leaves ovate acute 5-nerved,
corolla lurid green-yellow near the base of eacli lobe one round depression.
Agathotes alata, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 523. Ophelia alata, Griseb.
in DC. Prodr. ix. 127 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5687, fig. 12.
Temperate W. Himalaya, alt. 4-6000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, common.
Stem 4-angular, often 4-winged. Calyx-lobes \ in. and upwards. Corolla-lobes
purple-veined, often shorter than the calyx ; glandular depression minutely pubescent,
round the margin or glabrous, covered at the base by a slit-like gland. — Closely
resembling S. Chirata.
13. S. nervosa, Wall. Cat. 4383; leaves elliptic-lanceolate 3-nerved
narrowed at the base, sepals oblong-linear exceeding the corolla, corolla-lobes
greenish-yellow with one orbicular gland near the base of each lobe, stigmas
subsessile hemispheric. Griseb. Gentian. 317, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 125.
Temperate Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 6-9000 ft., common ; Wallich, J. D. H., Sec.
Stem 1-3 feet, 4-lineolate or 4-winged. Leaves l£ by § in., upper cauline sub-
petiolate. Panicles many-flowered ; pedicels |-l£ in., very variable. Sepals § by £
in., sometimes longer. Corolla-lobes £- ^ in., ovate, acute, purple-nerved or dotted ;
gland large, sometimes viscous, little depressed, nearly naked ; sometimes a distinct
pit covered by a slit-like fold with a hairy margin. Filaments linear (in one form
short); anthers oblong, scarcely hastate. Capsule % by | in., ovate. Seeds ^ in.,
polyhedral ; testa somewhat loose, glistening along the edges.
14. S. ang-ustifolia, Ham. in Don Prodr. 127; leaves narrowly lan-
ceolate sub-1-nerved narrowed at the base, sepals oblong-linear often longer
than the corolla, corolla-lobes white or blueish oblong acute with one large
orbicular gland near the base. Wall. Cat. 4373, and PI. As. Par. iii. 2, t. 204.
Ophelia angustifolia, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 524 ; Griseb. Gentian.
320, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 126 ; Bot. Mag. 5687, fig. 3, 4.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 1-6000 ft. from the Chenab to Bhotan, common.
Generally resembling S. nervosa, the leaves narrower. Sepals equalling the
corolla in Wallich's type, often ^-| in. and greatly exceeding it; sometimes considerably
shorter than the corolla, when the species must be distinguished from S. pulchella by
the larger gland. Corolla-lobes f-± in., usually white with blue or black dots, never
lurid ; the large depression usually minutely pubescent on the margin, and partly
closed by a scale. Stamens, capsule, and seeds nearly as in S. nervosa.
15. S. pulchella, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4375; leaves sessile narrowly
lanceolate sub-3-nerved, sepals lanceolate much shorter than the corolla,
corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate with one orbicular gland near the base. Ophelia
pulchella, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 525 ; Griseb. Gentian. 318, and in
DC. Prodr. ix. 126. O. porrigens, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 178. O. pratensis,
Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 85.
Subtropical Himalaya, the Terai, alt. 500-4000 ft., from Kangra to Bhutan, very
common. Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft,, common.
Hardly differing from S. angustifolia but by the shorter sepals which are hardly
half as long as the corolla in Wallich's type. Corolla-lobes pale-blue with deeper-
blue nerves and dots, erect and connivent in young fruit ; orbicular depression
very near the base of the corolla, covered by a small scarcely pubescent scale or
naked.
Var. elegans ; sepals exceeding the corolla or much shorter than it (on the same
branch), corolla-lobes subpatent in young fruit. S. elegans, Wall. Cat, 4376, not of
Wight. Swertia florida, Wall. Cat. 4382. Ophelia florida, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv.
178 ; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 125. Himalaya, Khasia, British Burma, frequent
over nearly the whole area of S. pulchella type. Distrib. Ava.— This variety has
128 xcvn. gentianace^j. (C. B. Clarke.) [Swertia.
the depression. Fi! am nits linear, flattened ; anthers ovate, small. Stigmas snbsessile.
Capsule §-£ by A in. Seeds £ in. diam., smooth.
24. S. speciosa, Wall. Cat. 4384 ; cauline leaves elliptic acuminate
bases connate, cymes forming a narrow panicle, flowers 6-merous, glandular
depressions 2 on each corolla-lobe close to the base subconfluent prominently
fimbriate, seeds compressed narrowly winged. G?"iseb. Gentian. 334, and in
DC. Prodr. ix. 133.
Western Himalaya, Kumaon; Wallich, Munro ; Gurwhal ; Ramni, alt. 10,500
ft., Strach. Sf Winterb. ; Kashmir ; Sonamurg, alt. 9000 ft., Levinge.
Stem l£-4 ft., hollow, ± in. thick. Radical leaves long-pet ioled, cauline 5 by 2
in., narrowed downwards, 7-nerved; tube at the base J-J in. Pulm/c/rs short,
pedicels £-8 in. Sepals ± by £ in., ovate, acute, serrate, much overlapping at the base.
Corolla-lobes | by £ in., spathulate-oblong, shortly acute ; fimbriae £ in. *S
capsule and seeds nearly as of S. Bex. — Described from "Wallich's type, but the var.
perfoliata is mixed in Wallich's collection. The Kashmir example has the corolla
smaller.
Var. perfoliata; sepals narrower subentire, corolla-lobes 9 by| in. much acuminate.
G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 176. S. speciosa, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 518. —
Gurwhal and Punjab Himalaya, alt. 11,000 ft. ; Royle, Edgcworth, &c.
25. S. alternifolia, Royle III. 278, t. 67, fig. 2 ; leaves all alternate,
cauline elliptic-lanceolate amplexicaul, cymes forming a narrow panicle, flowers
6-merous, glandular depressions 2 on each corolla-lobe close to the base subcon-
fluent prominently fimbriate. D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 520 ; Griseb.
in DC. Prodr. ix. 133.
Western Himalaya; Kumaon and Gurwhal, alt. 11-12,000 ft.; Choor and
Kedarkanta, Royle ; Jungleg (on the Upper Pabur), Edgeworth.
Resembling altogether S. speciosa, but all the cauline leaves, including those con-
taining cymes, are alternate. All authors describe the flowers as golden or yellow,
but it is probable that they have no authority except Royle's artist, and thai the
flowers are really lurid blue.
26. S. petiolata, Royle; D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 519 ; lower
cauline leaves long-petioled oblong connate into a tube upper often sessile,
cymes forming a narrow panicle, flowers 5-merous, glandular depressions 2 much
fimbriate, seeds polyhedral scrobiculate not winged. Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix.
133. S. speciosa, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 176, not of Wall.
Wkstkkn Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 9-12,000 ft., frequent; Gulmurg, TragboL
&c, Royle, Atkinson, Levinge, &c. — Distrih. Cabul.
Stem 1-3 ft., hollow, £-£ in. thick. Lower oauline leaves 3£ by 1 in., 5-nonvd,
petiole 2-3 in. ; tube at the base |-1 in. ; leaves at the base of the cyme H by 4- in.,
sessile, hardly connate ; upper cauline leaves potioled or sessile. Peduncles '. 1 \ in.,
mostly 3-5-flowered; pedicels £-f in. Sepals ^ by £ in., lanceolate, acute (in Royle's
example), sometimes £ by £ in. Corolla-lobes 4-jf by -j-£ in., acute subentire (in
Royle's example) with orbicular glands ; in other examples emarginato or suberose at
the tip, with glands elliptic or elongate ; corolla lurid grey or nearly white with blue-
green nerves, the glands yellow, the tip green. Style hardly any, stigmas short.
Capsule $ by -\- in. Seeds corrugate-cristate (D. Don) i.e. testa lax in long series of
glandular ridges, approaching in structure those of S. cordata, but much larger.
Var. I ah nl en sis; sepals j) by £ in., corolla-lobes |-1 by £ in. spathulate-oblong
greenish erose at the tips, glands elongate considerably above the base of the corolla-
lobes. S. lahulensis. A. Ketuet Not, Sp, \\. 4. — Lahoul ; Jacschkc. The glands are
fimbriate on the upper edge, and also at their base, not on the sides ; and. being T'5 in.
long, there seem to be 2 small hairy glands some way up the corolla-lobes, and a ring
of hairs at tin wry base about the filaments. But there are examples which come
between A. Kerncr's type and the S. petiolata of Royle.
Swertia.] xgvii. gentian ac eje. (C. B. Clarke.) 129
27. S. Thomson!, Clarke-, lower cauline leaves long-petioled oblong or
elliptic scarcely connate upper often sessile, cymes forming a narrow panicle,
flowers 5-merous, glands near the base of the corolla-lobes obscure, seeds smooth
narrowly or irregularly winged.
Western Himalaya ; Kashmir ; Sonamurg, alt. 92.50 ft., Thomson, Clarke.
Eesembling in leaves and habit S. petiolata, but with more numerous smaller
flowers and capsules. Peduncles often 6 in. Sepals £ by ~ in., acute. Corolla-lobes
^ by | in., subobtuse ; glands 2 yellow spots very close to the base of the corolla,
altogether obscure in T. Thomson's fine examples, usually naked, rarely minutely
hairy. Capsule ^-^ in. Seeds &-fo in., globose, somewhat angular, wing very partial
and irregular ; testa close, smooth, microscopically reticulate (hence glistening).
28. S. cuneata, Wall. Cat. 4380 ; cauline leaves spatlmlate-oblong or
petioled, peduncles long mostly 3-1-flowered, corolla 5-merous, glands linear
vertical 2 near the edge of each corolla-lobe, seeds A in. angular ellipsoid smooth
not winged. D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 520; Griseb. Gentian. 333, and
in DC. Prodr. ix. 133. S. Hugelii, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 133.
Alpine Himalaya, alt. 11-14,000 ft.; from Simla to Sikkim; Wallich, Boyle,
J. P. H., &c.
Stem 6-24 in., hollow, £ in. thick. Leaves 3 by f in., usually obtuse. Pedicels
\-2 in., mostly long. Sepals J-| in., narrowly oblong, obtuse acute or spathulate
and apiculate. Corolla-lobes ^-| by ^-£ in., obtuse ; the 2 glands fimbriate with hairs
^ in. long or nearly naked. Stigmas of 2 sessile hemispheric plates. Capsule ^ in.
Seeds black-brown ; testa close, reticulated.
29. S. coerulea, Royle 111. 278, t. 67, fig. 1 ; cauline leaves oblong sessile
or the lower spathulate, pedicels short, corolla 5-merous, glands oblong small,
seeds /5 in. polvhedral smooth. D. Don in Tram. Linn. Soc. xvii. 521 ; Griseb.
in DC. Prodr. ix. 132.
Western Himalaya ; alt. 5-9000 ft., Boyle ; Chumba, Clarke.
Stem 6-18 in., ^ in. thick. Leaves nearly as of S. cuneata. Cymes forming a
linear dense panicle, peduncles short, pedicels rarely longer than the flowers. Sepals
^-^ in., narrowly lanceolate. Corolla-lobes f by ^ in., ovate, acute, blueish with green
nerves, glands with small oblong slightly fimbriate scales. Stigmas sessile, hemi-
spheric. Capsule f by ^ in., narrowly oblong. Seeds yellow-brown ; testa close,
reticulated. — Differs from S. cuneata in its corolla and seeds, and is excessively near
Plrurogyne rotata ; the difference is that in Pleurogyne the two scales near the base
of each corolla-lobe are subconfluent, forming a nearly continuous hairy ring near the
base of the corolla, without any definite depressions or viscous marks on the corolla-
lobe above them ; while in Swertia coerulea there are two oblong minute depressions
above the base of each corolla-lobe with an oblong scale fimbriated on its upper edge
produced above the base of each depression so as partially to cover it.
Var. Wattii; pedicels 1-2 in., sepals f by £ in., corolla-lobes hardly longer than
the sepals, scales at their base more developed. — Pangi, alt. 13,000 ft.; Dr. Watt. —
This, except in the large calyx, closely resembles some forms of S.percnnis (see Engl.
£ot. t. 1441), which has seeds totally unlike S. coerulea; but Dr. Watt's example
being in young flower is not certainly determinable.
Subgenus III. Poephila. Perennial herbs with numerous short branches
from the rootstock.
30. S. multicaulis, Don Prodr. 127 ; leaves narrowly spathulate-oblong,
cymes very compound pedicels long, corolla 5-merous, a small pit at the base of
each lobe with marginal fimbriae. Griseb. in DC. Prod?', ix. 134; Cla?-Jce in
Jou?'n. Linn. Soc. xiv. 449.
Alpine Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 14-17,000 ft., Wallich, J. D. H., &c.
VOL. IV. K
128 xcvii. gentianace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Swertia.
the depression. Filaments linear, flattened ; anthers ovate, small. Stigmas subsessile.
" -f by | in. Seeds £ in. diam., smooth.
24. S. speciosa, Wall. Cat. 4384; cauline leaves elliptic acuminate
bases connate, cymes forming a narrow panicle, flowers 5-merous, glandular
depressions 2 on each corolla-lobe close to the base subconfluent prominently
fimbriate, seeds compressed narrowly winged. Griseb. Gentian. 334, and in
DC. Prodr. ix. 133.
Western Himalaya, Kumaon; Wallich, Munro ; G-urwhal ; Ramni, alt. 10,500
ft., Strach. $ Winterb. ; Kashmir ; Sonamurg, alt. 9000 ft., Levinge.
Stem 1^-4 ft., hollow, \ in. thick. Radical leaves long-petioled, cauline 5 by 2
in., narrowed downwards, 7-nerved; tube at the base ^-^ in. Peduncles short,
pedicels £-3 in. Sepals ^ by £ in., ovate, acute, serrate, much overlapping at the base.
Corolla-lobes f by I in., spathulate-oblong, shortly acute ; fimbrise £ in. Stamens,
capsule and seeds nearly as of S. Rex. — Described from Wallich's type, but the var.
perfoliata is mixed in Wallich's collection. The Kashmir example has the corolla
smaller.
Vab. perfoliata; sepals narrower subentire, corolla-lobes | by i in. much acuminate.
G. Don Gen. Sgst. iv. 176. S. speciosa, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 518. —
Gurwhal and Punjab Himalaya, alt. 11,000 ft. ; Royle, Edgeworth, &c.
25. S. alternifolia, Bogle III. 278, t. 67, fig. 2 ; leaves all alternate,
cauline elliptic-lanceolate amplexicaul, cymes forming a narrow panicle, flowers
5-merous, glandular depressions 2 on each corolla-lobe close to the base subcon-
fluent prominently fimbriate. D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 520 ; Griseb.
in DC. Prodr. ix. 133.
Western Himalaya; Kumaon and G-urwhal, alt. 11-12,000 ft.; Choor and
Kedarkanta, Bogle ; Jungleg (on the Upper Pabur), Edgeworth.
Eesembling altogether S. speciosa, but all the cauline leaves, including those con-
taining cymes, are alternate. All authors describe the flowers as golden or yellow,
but it is probable that they have no authority except Boyle's artist, and that the
flowers are really lurid blue.
26. S. petiolata, Bogle ; D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 519 ; lower
cauline leaves long-petioled oblong connate into a tube upper often sessile,
cymes forming a narrow panicle, flowers 5-merous, glandular depressions 2 much
fimbriate, seeds polyhedral scrobiculate not winged. G?'iseb. in DC. Prodr. ix.
133. S. speciosa, G. Don Gen. Sgst. iv. 176, not of Wall.
Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 9-12,000 ft., frequent; Gulmurg, Tragbol,
&c, Bogle, Atkinson, Levinge, &c. — Distrib. Cabul.
Stem 1-3 ft., hollow, £-£ in. thick. Lower caidine leaves 3£ by 1 in., 5-nerved,
petiole 2-3 in. ; tube at the base \-\ in. ; leaves at the base of the cyme H by ^ in.,
sessile, hardly connate ; upper cauline leaves petioled or sessile. Peduncles i-1^ in.,
mostly 3-5-flowered; pedicels £-f in. Sepals i by ^ in., lanceolate, acute (in Royle's
example), sometimes | by £ in. Corolla-lobes ^-| by £-| in., acute subentire (in
Royle's example) with orbicular glands ; in other examples emarginate or suberose at
the tip, with glands elliptic or elongate ; corolla lurid grey or nearly white with blue-
green nerves, the glands yellow, the tip green. Style hardly any, stigmas short.
Capsule ^ by £ in. Seeds corrugate-cristate (D. Don) i.e. testa lax in long series of
glandular ridges, approaching in structure those of S. cordata, but much larger.
Var. lahulcnsis; sepals § by £ in., corolla-lobes \-\ by £ in. spathulate-oblong
greenish erose at the tips, glands elongate considerably above the base of the corolla-
lobes. S. lahulensis, A. Kemcr Nov. Sp. ii. 4.— Lahoul ; Jaeschlee. The glands are
fimbriate on the upper edge, and also at their base, not on the sides ; and, being TT5 in.
long, there seem to be 2 small hairy glands some way up the corolla-lobes, and a ring
of hairs at the very base about the filaments. But there are examples which come
between A. Kerner's type and the S. petiolata of Royle.
Swertia.] xcvu. gentianaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 129
27. S. Thomson!, Clarke-, lower cauline leaves long-petioled oblong or
elliptic scarcely connate upper often sessile, cymes forming a narrow panicle,
flowers 5-merous, glands near the base of the corolla-lobes obscure, seeds smooth
narrowly or irregularly winged.
Western Himalaya ; Kashmir ; Sonamurg, alt. 9250 ft., Thomson, Clarke.
Eesembling in leaves and habit S. petiolata, but with more numerous smaller
flowers and capsules. Peduncles often 6 in. Sepals £ by ~ in., acute. Corolla-lobes
± by | in., subobtuse ; glands 2 yellow spots very close to the base of the corolla,
altogether obscure in T. Thomson's fine examples, usually naked, rarely minutely
hairy. Capszde %-% in. Seeds A-^j in., globose, somewhat angular, wing very partial
and irregular ; testa close, smooth, microscopically reticulate (hence glistening).
28. S- cuneata, Wall. Cat. 4380 ; cauline leaves spathulate-oblong or
petioled, peduncles long mostly 3-1-flowered, corolla 5-merous, glands linear
vertical 2 near the edge of each corolla-lobe, seeds A in. angular ellipsoid smooth
not winged. D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 520 ; Griseb. Gentian. 333, and
in DC. Prodr. ix. 133. S. Hugelii, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 133.
Alpine Himalaya, alt. 11-14,000 ft.; from Simla to Sikkim; Wallich, Royle,
J. D. H., &c.
Stem 6-24 in., hollow, £ in. thick. Leaves 3 by f in., usually obtuse. Pedicels
£-2 in., mostly long. Sepals \-\ in., narrowly oblong, obtuse acute or spathulate
and apiculate. Corolla-lobes ^-£ by \-^ in., obtuse ; the 2 glands fimbriate with hair6
£ in. long or nearly naked. Stigmas of 2 sessile hemispheric plates. Capsule ^ in.
Seeds black-brown ; testa close, reticulated.
29. S. coerulea, Royle 111. 278, t. 67, fig. 1 ; cauline leaves oblong sessile
or the lower spathulate, pedicels short, corolla 5-merous, glands oblong small,
seeds h in. polvhedral smooth. D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 521 ; Griseb.
in DC. Prodr. Ix. 132.
"Western Himalaya ; alt. 5-9000 ft., Boyle ; Chumba, Clarke.
Stem 6-18 in., -~ in. thick. Leaves nearly as of S. cuneata. Cymes forming a
linear dense panicle, peduncles short, pedicels rarely longer than the flowers. Sepals
£-^ in., narrowly lanceolate. Corolla-lobes f by ^ in., ovate, acute, blueish with green
nerves, glands with small oblong slightly fimbriate scales. Stigmas sessile, hemi-
spheric. Capsule f by £ in., narrowly oblong. Seeds yellow-brown ; testa close,
reticulated. — Differs from S. cuneata in its corolla and seeds, and is excessively near
PUurogyne rotata ; the difference is that in Pleurogyne the two scales near the base
of each corolla-lobe are subconfluent, forming a nearly continuous hairy ring near the
base of the corolla, without any definite depressions or viscous marks on the corolla-
lobe above them ; while in Swertia coerulea there are two oblong minute depressions
above the base of each corolla-lobe with an oblong scale fimbriated on its upper edge
produced above the base of each depression so as partially to cover it.
Var. Wattii; pedicels 1-2 in., sepals f by £ in., corolla-lobes hardly longer than
the sepals, scales at their base more developed. — Pangi, alt. 13,000 ft.; Br. Watt. —
This, except in the large calyx, closely resembles some forms of S.perennis (see Engl.
Bot. t. 1441), which has seeds totally unlike S. coerulea ; but Dr. Watt's example
being in young flower is not certainly determinable.
Subgenus III. Poephila. Perennial herbs with numerous short branches
from the rootstock.
30. S. multicaulis, Don Prodr. 127 ; leaves narrowly spathulate-oblong,
cymes very compound pedicels long, corolla 5-merous, a small pit at the base of
each lobe with marginal fimbriae. Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 134 ; Clarice in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 449.
Alpine Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 14-17,000 ft., Wallich, J. D. H„ &c.
VOL. IV. K
130 xcvn. GENTiANACEiE. (C.B.Clarke.) [Halenia.
Branches 2-5 in., much divided. Leaves If by ^ in., petiole 0-l| in. Pedicels
1-3 in., ultimately rigid, thickened upwards. Sepals \-^ in., narrowly oblong, acute
or subobtuse. Corolla-lobes ^-^ by £-| in., obtuse ; pit less than ^ the breadth of the
lobe, deep, without a scale but partially closed by the fimbriae all round the margin.
Stigmas sessile. Capsule % by | in. Seeds ^ in., ellipsoid, black ; testa close, smooth,
minutely reticulate.
13. KALENZA.
Annual or perennial erect herbs. Leaves opposite. Cymes axillary anct
forming- a lax terminal panicle. Calyx sub-4-partite, segments lanceolate.
Corolla campanulate, 4-fid more than half-way down, pits at the base of the
lobes produced into a long spur (in the Indian species). Stamens 4, attached
near the base of the corolla, filaments linear complanate ; anthers ovate or
oblong, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, placentae broad ; style short, cylindric,
stigmas small oblong or linear. Capsule sessile, ovate, carpels separating nearly
to the base. Seeds ellipsoid (fewer and larger than in most Ophelias) smooth,,
testa close yellow. — Species 25 (probably reducible to 15) ; Mts. of India,
Central Asia and America.
1. H. elliptica, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 529; leaves elliptic
subobtuse 5-nerved, spurs linear nearly as long as the petals. Griseb. Gentian.
326, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 129. Swertia centrostemma, Wall. Cat. 4385. S..
peloria, Griff. Itin. Notes, 197.
Tempeeate Himalaya, alt. 6-12,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, frequent.
Stem 1-24 in. Cauline leaves 1 by £ in. (in Don's type) to 2\ by f in. and acute ;
lower in large examples often petioled. Sepals | in., usually acute. Corolla pale-blue ;
spurs i to \ in., patent, tip often upcurved. Style hardly ~ in. Capsule ^— ^ in.
Seeds ^ in. and upwards, with a concavity at the hilum. — The western small form
with elliptic subobtuse leaves was D. Don's type ; but large Sikkim examples with
acute leaves appear to pass into H. Sibirica (Swertia corniculata, Linn.; Pall. Fl.
Boss. ii. 99, t. 90, fig. 1), and, if this be admitted, the range of the species extends-
through Dahuria, N. China, and Siberia to N. America.
2. XX. Ferrottetii, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 129; leaves ovate or
elliptic acute 5-nerved lower spathulate or petioled, spurs linear-oblong hardly
half as long as the petals. Wight III. t. 157, and Lc. t. 1334.
Nit.gherbies, alt. 6-8000 ft. ; plentiful.
Closely resembling H. elliptica. Style rather longer, stigmas sublinear. Seeds
^ in., i.e. considerably smaller.
14. DXENYANTHES, Linn.
Perennial herbs ; rootstock creeping or floating. Leaves alternate, long-
petioled, 3-foliolate in the Indian species. Peduncles long, scape-like ; flowers
white or blueish, subracemose ; pedicels 1-bracteate or naked. Sepals 5, oblong-
lanceolate. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped, 5-fid half way down ; lobes fimbriate
or crested within, induplicate valvate in bud. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube,
filaments linear ; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, placentee shortly
intruded ; style long, linear, stigmas 2 small. Capsule globose, shortly 2-valvect
from the apex, carpels splitting down the back. Seeds many, lenticular,
shining, yellow, smooth. — Species 2, in the N.. Temperate and Subarctic zones.
1. XIX. trifoliata, Linn. ; Griseb. Gentian. 340, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
137; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets elliptic or oblong obtuse entire or obscurely
wavy. Lamk. III. t, 100, fig. 1 ; Engl. Bot. t. 495; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 64;
Bentl. & Trim. Med. PL t. 184.
Limnanthemum.] xcvu. GENTiANACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 131
Western Himalaya ; Kashmir ; Jacquemont, Falconer. — Disteib. Europe, N. Asia,
and N. America, the Caucasus, Amurland and Japan.
Stems covered by lax sheathing of petioles, the lower leafless. Petioles 3-8 in. ;
leaflets subsessile, 2 by 1 in. Peduncle 3-6 in. ; raceme 1-6 in. ; pedicels £-f in'.
Sepals | in. Corolla £-£ in. Style \ in. Capsule ±-± in., sometimes bifid nearly to
the base. Seeds j- in. >
15. LIMNANTHEMUM, S. P. Gmel.
Aquatic herbs. Leaves deeply cordate, entire or sinuate, alternate or sub-
opposite. Peduncles clustered at the nodes ; flowers white or yellow. Sepals
5-4, oblong. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-4-fid ; tube often with glands opposite
the lobes, sometimes hairy in the throat ; lobes valvate in bud, ciliate, fimbriate
or with an oblong longitudinal fold down their middle. Stamens 5-4, on the
corolla-tube, filaments linear short ; anthers hastate-oblong, versatile. Ovary
1-celled, placentae not intruded ; style short, stigma of 2-3 plates. Capsule
ovoid or oblong, subindehiscent. Seeds numerous, orbicular, compressed, either
slightly marginate, or nearly flat discoid ; testa close, somewhat spongy finely
reticulated, sometimes covered with papillose glands. — Species 14, in fresh
water, throughout the Tropical and Temperate Zones.
1. L. nymphaeoides, Link Fl. Portug. i. 344 ; leaves orbicular deeply
cordate, umbels axillary, corolla yellow lobes crenulate-ciliate, capsule 1 in.,
seeds large discoid. Griseb. Gentian. 341, and in DC. Prodr. vs.. 138; Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 65. Menyanthes nymphaeoides, Linn. ; Engl. Bot. t. 217 ;
Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 157, t. 114. Villarsia nymphaeoides, Vent. Choix. n. 9.
Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 6-9000 ft., Falconer, &c. — Distrib. From W.
and Central Europe to China.
Stems long, floating, rooting at the nodes. Leaves subopposite, 1-2 in. diam. ;
petiole 1-2 in. Pedicels 1-4 in. Calyx-lobes 5, \ by \ in. Corolla-lobes f-1 in.,
without any longitudinal fold down the middle, sparingly ciliate. Capsule ellipsoid,
acute, scarcely dehiscent. Seeds £ in. diam., lenticular, ellipsoid, winged.
2. Ii. cristatum, Griseb. Gentian. 342, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 139 ; leaves
orbicular deeply cordate, pedicels densely fascicled at the nodes, corolla white
yellow towards the base within lobes 5-6 entire with a longitudinal fold down
the middle, capsule \ in., seeds numerous scabrous. Wight III. 1. 157, bis Jig. 4;
Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 158 ; Thwaites Enum. 205. Menyanthes cristata,
Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. 3, t. 105, and Fl. Ind. ii. 28. .Villarsia cristata, Spreng.
Syst. i. 582 ; Wall. Cat. 4353 ; Wight in Hook. Journ. Bot. i. 65, t. 123 ; Grif.
Notul. iv. 88, t. 386 A. V. indica, Wall. Cat. 4352 A. a,.—Bheede Hort. Mai
xi. t. 29.
Throughout India ; very common. — Distrib. S. China.
Stems long, floating, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1-3 in. diam. ; petiole often
0-l| in. Pedicels 0-2 in., numerous, unequal. Calyx-lobes \ by ^ in. Corolla-lobes
%-% in. ; tube with a ring of white hairs round the throat. Stigma 2-4- (often 3-)
ridged; placental lines 2-3. Capsule subglobose, 10-20-seeded. Seeds ^ in., cir-
cular, very thick, lenticular, margins subacute, scabrous.
3. 1«. indicum, Thivaites Enum. 205 ; leaves orbicular deeply cordate,
pedicels densely fascicled at the nodes, corolla white yellow towards the base
within, lobes fimbriated densely papillose without a longitudinal fold down the
middle, capsule }-± in., seeds numerous smooth or nearly so. Dalz. $ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 158; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 378, with all syn. {except Bot. Mag. t.
658) ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 65; Griseb. Gentian. 343, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
139 ? . L. Kleinianum, Griseb. Gentian. 344, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 139 ; Seem.
k 2
132 xcvu. gentianace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Limnanthemum.
Fl. Viti, t. 33. L. Wightianum, Griseb. Gentian. 344, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
139. L. calycinum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 564. Menvanthes indica, Linn. Sp.
PI. 207 ; Roxb. Fl Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 31. Villarsia indica, Venten. ;
Wall. Cat. 4352 A. g. ; Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. Suppl. t. 30. V. niacro-
phylla, Wight, in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 96. V, eglandulosa, Griff. Ic. PI. As. t.
385.— Rheede Hort. Mai. xi. t. 28 ; Rumph. Herb. Amb. vi. t. 72, fig. 3.
Throughout India; very common. — Distrib. Cabul, Mascarene Islds., S.E. Asia,
Malaya, Australia to Fiji Isles.
Stems long, floating, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 2-8 in. diam. ; petiole 0 or
short. Pedicels 0-5 in., numerous, unequal. Calyx-lobes \-\ in., narrowly lanceolate.
Corolla-lobes ^-h in. Ovary and stigmas nearly as in L. cristatum. Capsule \-\ in.,
subquadrate. Seeds ^ in., thickly lenticular, smooth or minutely glandular-puberu-
lous, never scabrous as in L. cristatum. — The descriptions of L. cristatum and
indicum by Grisebach are so incorrect, that Bentham quotes Thwaites as the primary
authority for this common species. Bot. Mag. t. 658, adduced here by Bentham, has
yellow flowers, and looks more like L. nymphaoides.
4. Xi. aurantiacum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 136 ; leaves orbicular
deeply cordate, pedicels few from each node, corolla yellow lobes fimbriated on
the margin, capsule § in., seeds smooth. Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 158. L.
biflomm, Thtvaites Enum. 205. Menyanthes biflora, Moon. Cat. PI. Ceyl. 13.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; from Bombay southwards. Ceylon, frequent.
Stems elongate, nodes not rooting. Leaves l£ in. diam. ; petiole often 1-3 in.
Pedicels commonly 2 from each node. Calyx-lobes b, \ by ^ in. Corolla-lobes i in.,
sparingly fimbriate, without a longitudinal fold down the middle. Capsule sub-
globose, 10-15-seeded. Seeds ~ in. diam.; nearly as of L. indicum-, testa close,
thick, minutely reticulate, not papillose.
5. Xi. Forbesianum, Griseb. Gentian. 345, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 139 ;
leaves small orbicular deeply cordate, peduncles numerous equalling or exceeding
the leaf, corolla white lobes 5 hairy within fimbriate on the margin, seeds
globose obtusely carinate most minutely punctate not muricate.
Ceylon; Macrae.
Stems short ; pedicels many fasciculate ; corolla white {Macrae). — This appears to
be a small form of L. aurantiacum, but Macrae has twice noted the corolla to be
white. It is Menyanthes campestris, Macrae and Wight (in Herb.) partly ; but half
of Wight's sheet is L. Moonii, Thwaites.
6. Xi. parvifolium, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 141; leaves small radical
spathulate-orbicular cauline deeply cordate, pedicels numerous fascicled, corolla
white lobes 5-4 fimbriate, capsule oblong narrowed below, seeds minutely
puberulous. Dalz. # Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 158. Villarsia parvifolia, Wall. Cat.
4351.
W. Deccan Peninsula, Wight, &c. Chittagong, H. /. $ T. Tavoy, Wall,
Ceylon.
Stems apparently rooted on mud at the base, long, floating, not rooting at the
nodes. Radical leaves 1 in. diam., cuneate at the base on the broad petiole ; cauline
leaves £-f , subsessile. Pedicels 3-10, |-| in., at each node. Calyx-lobes ^ in., oblong.
Corolla-lobes £-| in. Capsule ^ by ^ in.
Var. Moonii ; flowers 4-merous, capsule £ in. long and broad subglobose, seeds
smooth, testa thick closely minutely reticulated. L. Moonii, Thwaites Enum. 205.
Menyanthes campestris, Moon. Cat. PL Ceyl. 13. — Ceylon, Thwaites, Kelaart. Moul-
mein, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 187).
Polemonium.] xcviii. polemoniacej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 133
Order XCVIII. POLEIVIONIACEJE. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers showy, regular, her-
maphrodite, 5-merous. Calyx inferior. Corolla gamopetalous, lobes twisted to
the right. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, alternate with its lobes. Ovary
superior, 3-celled ; style simple, shortly 3-fid ; ovules very many. Capsule
septicidal, 3-valved. Seeds many, albuminous ; embryo straight. — Species 150 ;
in America, a very few in N. Asia and Europe.
1. FOXiEXKONXUm, Linn.
Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Cymes terminal, corymbose.
Flowers blue. Calyx campanulate, lobed half-way down, scarcely ribbed.
Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes patent obovate. Stamens attached near the base
of the corolla ; filaments decimate, hairy, appendaged at the base. Ovary and
capsule ovoid. Seeds not or obscurely winged ; testa, when wetted, becoming
mucilaginous and breaking up elastically into spiral threads. — Species 8 ; from
Europe, N. and Central Asia, N. America to Mexico and Chili.
P. coeruleum, Linn. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317 ; stem erect leafy,
leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, flowers many corymbose, calyx-lobes
ovate or lanceolate-oblong scarcely acute, corolla 2-3-times longer than the
calyx. Gaertn. Fruct. i. 299, t. 62 ; Lamk. III. t. 106 ; Wall. Cat. 1471 ; Syme
I Bot. iii. t. 922 : Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 83.
Alpine "Western Himalaya, alt. 9-12,000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, frequent.
— Disteib. Europe, N. and Central Asia, N. America.
Stems 1-4 ft., viscous hairy or glabrescent. Leaves 5 by 3 in., leaflets 1£ by | in.
Flowers often clustered ; corolla 1 in. diam. or more, a fine blue. Capsule I in.,
ellipsoid, much overtopped by the persistent calyx. Seeds ^ in., oblong- ellipsoid,
smooth, not -winged (in the Indian plant). — The Himalayan, like the European plant,
is talj with narrow leaflets.
Order XCIX. HYDROPHYLLACEffi. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Differ from Gentianacece by the alternate leave6 and imbricate corolla-lobes.
The single Indian genus, forming by itself the tribe Hydrolece, is easily known
from Gentianacece by its 2 styles distinct from the base with capitate stigmas. — Species
150, mainly American, 3 or 4 only in the Old World.
1. KYDROLEA, Linn.
t
Herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. . Flowers blue, in short terminal racemes
or cymes, regular, 5-merous. Calyx divided nearly to the base, segments lan-
ceolate. Corolla widely campanulate, subrotate, lobes imbricate. Stamens 5,
attached to the short corolla-tube, alternate with its lobes, filaments filiform
often dilated at the base ; anthers sagittate, oblong. Ovary completely 2-celled ;
styles 2, distinct, stigmas capitate; ovules very many. Capsule globose or
ovoid, septicidal or irregularly 4-valved. Seeds minute.
H. zeylanica, Vahl Symb. ii. 46 ; annual, unarmed, leaves lanceolate,
flowers racemed on short lateral branches, calyx-lobes lanceolate striate exceed-
ing the capsule. Lamk. III. t. 184 ; Wall. Cat. 4398 ; W.$ A. in Hook. Comp.
134 xcix. hydrophyllace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Hydrolea.
JBot. Mag. ii. 193, t. 26 ; Wight III. t. 167, and Ic. t. 601 ; Choisy in DC.
Prodr. x. 180 ; Date. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 170. H. javanica, Blume Bijd. 725.
Nama zeylanica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 73. Nama, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 49, t. 2.
—Rheede Hort. Mai. x. 28.
Throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft., in wet places ; abundant in rice swamps.
-^Distrib. S.E. Asia, Malaya, and Australia ; Tropical Africa and America.
Stems 3-18 in., procumbent, branched, with the inflorescence patently viscidly
hairy, or (in the Ceylon form) nearly glabrous. Leaves 2 by \ in., narrowed at the
base. Racemes 1-2 in.; bracts ^— \ in., narrow; pedicels £-^ in. Sepals \ in.
Corolla-segments % in. Filaments dilated at the base, or nearly filiform. Capsule £ in.
Order C. BORAGINEffi. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Herbs, shrubs or trees, often hispid or scabrous. Leaves alternate, very
rarely opposite, exstipulate, mostly entire. Foioers usually in dichotomous
scorpioid cymes, rarely solitary and axillary. Calyx inferior, 5-, rarely 6-8-
toothed or -lobed, usually persistent in fruit. Corolla gamopetalous, often with
scales in the throat, rarely 4-6-lobed, imbricate (rarely twisted) in the bud.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, alternate with them, upon the corolla-
tube. Ovary superior ; cells 2, 2-ovuled, or 4-1-ovuled ; style terminal or from
between the ovary-lobes, long or short, stigma capitate or 2-lobed, rarely the
style twice bifid ; ovules suberect from the inner basal angle of the cell. Fruit
drupaceous or dividing into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds erect or oblique, testa mem-
branous, albumen fleshy copious sparing or 0 ; embryo straight or curved,
radicle superior. — Species 1,200 ; throughout the world.
Tribe I. Cordieae. Trees or shrubs. Style terminal on the entire ovary,
twice bipartite. Drupe 4-1-seeded ; albumen 6 ; cotyledons plicate longitudin-
ally.
Calyx-teeth very short, irregular 1. Cordia.
Tribe II. Ehretiese. Style terminal on the entire ovary, simple, bi-
partite, or styles 2. Drupe with 2 2-celled, or 4 1-celled pyrenes; or of 4-1
nuts.
Trees or shrubs. Style 2-fid 2. Ehretia.
Prostrate herb. Styles 2 3. Coldexia.
Virgate shrub. Style 1, stigma capitate 4. Ehabdia.
Tribe III. Heliotropieae. Style terminal on the entire ovary, de-
pressed-conic at the apex, or with a horizontal ring below the stigmas. Fruit
as of Ehretiece.
Shrubs, often scandent. Style short, shortly 2-lobed ... 5. Tournefortia.
Herbs. Style dilated at the apex or above the base ... 6. Heliotropium.
Tribe IV. Borageae. Herbs. Style simple or bifid, rising from between
the ovary lobes (except in Trichodesma). Nutlets 4, rarely 3-1 by suppression
(2 in Rochelid) ; albumen 0.
Sttbtribe I. Ctnoglosseje. Nutlets attached to a convex or conical car-
pophore, scar continued to the apex of the nutlets which are often depressed,
produced, or saccate at the base.
* Fruiting calyx enlarged enclosing the nutlets.
Anthers conically connivent, lanceolate, subexsert .... 7. Trichodesma.
c. boragineje. (C. B. Clarke.) 135
** Nutlets depressed, their bases prod need doionwards.
Stamens included. Nutlets obovoid, scar punctiform ... 8. Actinocarya.
Stamens included. Margins of nutlets reflexed over their backs 9. Omphalodes.
Stamens included. Nutlets obovoid, glochidiate 10. Cynoglossum.
Stamens ex serted ; anthers large, linear-oblong 11. Lindelofia.
Stamens exserted ; anthers small, shortly oblong .... 12. Solenanthus.
*** Nutlets connate, forming a pyramidal fruit, margined, hardly produced
•downwards.
Racemes ebracteate. Margin of the nutlets glochidiate,
often reflexed 13. Paeacaryum.
Racemes bracteate. Margin of the nutlets glochidiate,
scarcely reflexed 14. Echinospermum.
Stjbtribe II. Eritrichie^:. Nutlets attached to a convex or conical car-
pophore, scar in the middle or lower half of the nutlets which are not de-
pressed at the base, but are produced at the apex above the scar, free round the
base of the style.
* Scar in the basal half of the nutlet.
Racemes ebracteate. Nutlets 4 15. Eritrichium.
Racemes bracteate. Nutlets 2, 1-seeded . . . ... . . 16. Rochelta.
** Scar in the middle of the inner face of the nutlets.
t Scar small, without a prominent thickened incurved margin.
flowers axillary, subsessile. Fruiting calyx enlarged . . 17. Asperugo.
Almost stemless. Fruiting calyx not enlarged .... 18. Microula.
ft Scar depressed, ivith a thickened incurved margin.
Flowers axillary, pedicelled . . . . *. 19. Bothriospsrmum.
Flowers axillary, subsessile . 20. Gastrocotyle.
Stjbtribe III. Anchtjse^. Nutlets on a fiat or nearly flat receptacle;
scar basal, prominent, hollowed out, with a prominent thickened margin.
* Corolla-throat closed by 5 scales.
Corolla-tube straight 21. Anchusa.
•€orolla-tube curved . . 22. Lyc
** Corolla-throat naked or hairy within, but without scales.
Racemes dense. Calyx large 23. Nonnka
Stjbtribe IV. Ltthosperme^e. Nutlets on a flat or nearly flat receptacle
scar basal, but little hollowed out, without a prominent margin.
* Racemes ebracteate. Corolla-lobes distinct.
€orolla-tube cylindric. Anthers included 24. Merteksia.
Corolla-tube cylindric. Anthers exserted 25. Moltkia.
Corolla-tube short. Nutlets tetrahedral 26. Trigonotis.
Corolla-tube short. Nutlets ovoid-oblong 27. Myosotis.
** Racemes bracteate. Corolla-lobes distinct.
Corolla-throat naked or with small scales 28. Lithospermum.
Corolla-throat densely tilled with haira 29. Sbbicostoma.
%
136 c. boraginej:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cordia..
Hispid spreading herbs. Corolla yellow, tube elongate . . 30. Abnebia.
Subereet herbs. Corolla purple, tube elongate 31. Macbotomia.
*** Corolla-lobes reduced to minute teeth.
Anthers lanceolate, connivent in a cone 32. Onosma.
1. CORDIA, Linn.
Trees or shrubs, sometimes subscandent. Leaves alternate, rarely suboppo-
site, petioled. Flozvers in dichotomous corymbs or clusters, ebracteate, poly-
gamous, hermaphrodite corymbs much fewer-flowered than the male. Calyx
tubular or campanulate, teeth very short often irregular, in fruit accrescent.
Corolla funnel-shaped \, lobes 4-8, patent or recurved, white or orange. Stamens
4-8, filaments often hairy at the base ; anthers shortly exserted. Ovary
4-celled, glabrous; style terminal, long, bipartite, branches again bipartite
linear or subspathulate ; cells 1-ovuled. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, putamen
bony, cells 1-4, usually 1 fertile. Seeds exalbuminous. — Species 180, all
tropical.
Sect. I. Xtlyxa. Corolla small, white ; tube hardly so long as the calyx.
Stamens usually 4-5.
* Adidt leaves glabrous or subvillous beneath, not tomentose (except in C.
obliqua, Willd. var. Wallichii).
t Leaves 3- {or 3-6-) nerved at the base, lateral primary nerves few.
1. C. IVIyxa, Linn.; DC. Prodr. ix. 479; branchlets glabrous, leaves
ovate or oblong sub-3-nerved glabrous above, corymbs lax many-fld., calyx
glabrous or minutely pubescent without lobes Jbairy within, berry J in. ovoid
subacute 1-seeded. Delile Fl. A^g. t. 19, fig. 1 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey £
if 'all. ii. 332; Wall. Otf.889; Wight III. t, 169; Hayne Arzn. Gewach. ix. t.
33 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. FL 173 ; Benth. Fl, Austral, iv. 386 (with syn.) ; Bedd.
For. Man. 165, and Fl. Sylv. t. 245, fig. A ; Brand. For. Fl. 336, partly ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 208 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 124. 0. Myxa, var. /3 minor only,
Thwaites Enum. 214. C. indica, Lanik. Diet. vii. 49; DC. Prodr. ix. 500. C.
officinalis and africana, LamJc. III. ii. 420, and III. t. 96, fig. 3. C. Sebestena,
Forsk. Fl. AZg. Arab, lxiii. C. paniculata, Roth Nov. Sp. 124 ; DC. Prodr. ix.
482. Sebestena officinalis, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 364, t. 76. Ehretia glabra, Roth
Nov. Sp. 127; DC. Prodr. ix. 510, ex descr. Beurreria glabra, G. Don Gen.
Syst. iv. 390.— Rheede Hort. Mai. iv. t. 37.
Throughout India and Ceylon, alt. 0-3000 ft. ; common wild, and often planted.
Distbib. — From Egypt to CochinrChina and Tropical Australia ; but often cultivated.
A crooked tree, 40 ft., or a shrub. Leaves alternate, 1-5 in. diam., very variable
in form and size, subentire, repand-crenate or sublobate, never acuminate ; above
glabrous or very obscurely scabrous without white discs or hairs, beneath scabrous
often hairy or subvillous when young; petiole ^-lf in. Flowers $ and §, often on
the same tree,-mostly 5-merous. Corymbs 2-8 in., male larger laxer, terminal and on
short lateral branches (C. reflexa sp., Wight mss.), glabrous or (when young) villous
or pubescent. Calyx \-^ in. at flower-time, soon much accrescent, tubular-campanu-
late, lobes very short. Corolla-lobes ^-^ in., tube hairy within. Stigmas with long
linear lobes. Berry yellow or pinkish, glassy, nearly always 1-seeded ; fruiting calyx
| in. diam., wide-funnel-shaped, glabrescent, more or less distinctly striated longi-
tudinally.—Sebesten.
Vab. brunnea, Kurz For. Fl. 208 ; leaves large, young shoots fulvous-pubescent,
young calyx pubescent or subtomentose, berry 1 in. ovoid subacute 1-seeded. C.
latifolia, Wall. Cat. 893, not of Roxb.— Bengal, Assam, Khasia, Burma, alt. 0-2000
Qordia.'] C. boraginej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 137
ft. ; frequent. Distrib. Ava, Malacca. — Leaves mostly broad-elliptic or obovate-
oblong, glabrous above, never tomentose beneath; corymbs (at least of 3) very
dense ; corolla exactly as of C. Myxa. — This is the plant united by modern authors
with the typical glabrous form of C. obliqua, Willd., which has a considerably larger
■ corolla.
Var. domcstica ; innovations fulvous-tomentose, leaves small young minutely
pubescent above closely grey tomentose beneath, corymbs small grey tomentose. C.
domestica, Both Nov. Sp. 123. — Deccan (?); Herb. Wight. — Leaves ^-l£ in., repand-
crenate, mature nearly glabrous. Flowers as of C. Myxa. Berries (when nearly
ripe) rostrate-acuminate, very unlike those of C. Myxa. This may be a distinct
species, and possibly more nearly allied to C.fulvosa, Wight.
2. C. obliqua, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1072; innovations fulvous-villous, leaves
ovate or orbicular sub-3-nerved young tomentose beneath adult glabrous,
corymbs divaricate dichotomous glabrous, calyx glabrous without or scarcely
villous on the margin, berry 1 in. ovoid subacute 1-seeded. DC. Prodr. ix.
479. C. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed Carey $ Wall. ii. 330 ; Dalz. $ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 173, not of Wall. 0. Myxa, Thivaites Enum. 213, not of Linn. ;
Brand. For. Fl. 336, partly.
Western India, from the Punjab and Hindostan to Ceylon, frequent.
Nicobars.
A tree closely resembling C. Myxa. Calyx ~-^ in. (at flower-time) ; tube cam-
panulate ; lobes distinct, densely villous within. Corolla-lobes ±-^ in.
Var. Wallichii ; adult leaves densely stellately fulvous- or white-tomentose
beneath, calyx glabrescent without below, teeth densely fulvous-villous. C. Wallichii,
G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 379 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 479 ; Dalz. # Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 174 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 245. C. tomentosa, Wall, in Boxb. Fl. Ind. ed Carey $ Wall. ii. 329. C.
obliqua, Wight Ic. trTSTSr" C. grandis, Wall. Cat, 892 B.— W. India from Lahore to
Kurg. — This is C. obliqua, var. /3 of all the old collectors, who have mixed it with C.
obliqua type. The two are undoubtedly one ; they differ in hairs only, and inter-
mediately hairy examples occur.
3. C. monoica, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 43, t. 58, and Fl. Ind.ed. Carey $ Wall.
ii. 334; innovations fulvous-tomentose, leaves ovate 3-nerved scabrous with
white discs above mature glabrescent or somewhat villous beneath, corymbs
small tomentose, berry § in. ovoid scarcely acute. DC. Prodr. ix. 479; Bedd.
For, Man. 166. 0. polygama, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 237 ; Wall.
Cat. 891 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 480; Bedd. For. Man. 166; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 207.
C. diversa, Thwaites Enum. 214 ; Bedd. For. Man. 166. — Cordia sp. n. 16,
Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
Deccan Peninsula from Orissa and the Central Provinces southwards to Ceylon ;
alt. 2-5000 ft., common.
A small tree. Leaves 1-3 in., obtuse or subacute, subentire or sharply crenate.
Corymbs 1-2 in. diam., dense, monoicous or polygamous ; $ usually 4-androus, $ 5-
androus. Calyx-tube £ in, tomentose or pubescent ; teeth small, villous. Corolla-
lobes I in., narrow. Drupe yellow ; stone 4-celled, drilled at the apex, 3 cells barren,
one 1-seeded. — The authentic specimens of C. -polygama are identical with C. monoica;
Wight has called the examples with subentire leaves C. monoica, and those with
strongly crenate leaves C. polygama.
4. C. grandis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 335; leaves large
ovate 3-5-nerved scabrous above mature glabrous or scarcely villous beneath,
corymbs large dense, flowers small pubescent or scarcely tomentose, berry at
most £ in. ellipsoid very obtuse. Wall. Cat. 892; DC. 'Prodr. ix. 481 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 208. O. cordifolia, Wall. Cat. 894.
138 c. boragine2E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cordia.
Assam, Griffith, &c. Chittagong ; H. f. $ T, &c. Pegu ; Kurz.— Distkib.
Ava.
A large tree. Leaves 3-6 in., acute or obtuse, scabrid with very small rough
points, base 3-5-nerved ; petiole 1-2| in. Corymbs terminal, female many-flowered,
male dense. Calyx at flower-time scarcely £ in., tubular-campanulate. Corolla-lobes
4, i-£ in. Stamens 4. Berry usually § by £ in., 1-2-seeded ; fruiting-calyx scarcely
| in wide.
tt Leaves feather-nerved not (or obscurely) 3-nerved at the base.
5. C. Rothii, Roem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 798 ; leaves subopposite oblong
base attenuate feather-nerved mature scabrous glabrescent, cymes small pubes-
cent or subtomentcse, berry ^ in. ellipsoid acute. Wight Ic. t. 1379 ; DC.
Prodr. ix. 480 ; Bah. 8> Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 174 ; Bedd. For. Man. 166 ; Brand.
For. Fl. 338. C angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 338, not of
Roem. 8f Sch. 0. reticulata, Roth Nov. Sp. 124 ; Wall. Cat. 895 ; not of Vahl.
C. subopposita, DC. Prodr. ix. 480.
W. India, from the Punjab, Hurdwar, and Scinde to Malabar, frequent. — Distkib.
Arabia, Abyssinia.
A tree, attaining 30 feet. Leaves 4 by 1 ^ in., Usually obtuse, entire or undulate ;
petiole f in. Corymbs 1-3 in. Calyx at flower time f in., minutely pubescent.
Corolla-lobes usually 4, £ in. Berry usually 1-seeded.
6. C. Perrottetii, Wight Ic. t. 1381, not of A. DC. ; leaves obovate-
oblong feather-nerved scabrous pubescent, corymbs small tomeutose, berry £
in. ellipsoid acuminate. Bedd. For. Man. 166 partly ?
S. Deccan Peninsula; Bellary, Coimbatore, &c, Wight.
A small tree. Leaves 1-2 in., somewhat clustered, scarcely subopposite, obtuse,
entire or crenate ; petiole £ in. Corymbs 1-2 in. Calyx at flower time \ in., tomen-
tose, tubular-campanulate, soon glabrescent. Corolla-lobes mostly 4, £-§ in. — Cordia
Perrottetii, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 482 (Perrottet's Pondicherry example) is Premna
tomentosa, Willd. ; Beddome's description 1. c. appears compounded of this and
Wight's.
7. C. oblong iiolia, Thwaites Enum. 214; leaves elliptic acute or lanceo-
late feather-nerved mature glabrous, corymbs terminal soon glabrous, berry 1
by | in. ellipsoid shortly acute. Bedd. For. Man. 166. ? C Leschenaultii,
DC. Prodr. ix. 482.
Ceylon ; Central Province up to 2000 ft., Thwaites.
Subscandent, Thwaites. Leaves alternate, 4 by 2 in. elliptic, or 4 by 1 in. lanceo-
late, base cuneate or rounded, subentire, secondary nerves conspicuous minutely
reticulated ; petiole 1 in. Corymbs 2-4 in., flowers in close clusters. Calyx at
flower time ^ in., narrowly funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous without. Corolla-lobes
5-7, £ in. — Of C. Leschenaultii no authentic example has been seen ; the old speci-
men in the British Museum so named is C. oblongifolia. These plants only
differ from C. Myxa in the leaves being obscurely 3-nerved at the base with more
numerous lateral nerves.
8. C. Roxburgliii, Clarke ; minutely scabrous-pilose, leaves oblong-
lanceolate copiously feather-nerved, corymb small, calyx widely funnel-shaped
teeth triangular distinct.
Cevlon; Herb. Roxburgh.
Branches terete, minutely scabrous-pilose. Leaves alternate, 3^ by 1 in., acute
at both ends, coriaceous, subentire, nerves 10-15 pair; petiole \ in. Corymb 1^ in.
diam., minutely scabrous-pilose ; flowers few, sessile in small clusters. Calyx at
flower-time \ in., minutely scabrous-pilose ; teeth 5 or 6, ^ iu., minutely scabrous-
pilose within. Corolla glabrous within, lobes \ in., elliptic. Style long, divided into
.{Jordia.'] c. boraginej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 139
4 spathulate branches. Stamens 5, glabrous ; anthers large, oblong. — A very distinct
species ; but possibly not an indigenous plant of Ceylon.
9. C. G-riffithii, Clarke ; leaves alternate lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate
glabrous feather-nerved, male corymbs large terminal lax nearly glabrous.
Malacca ; Griffith.
Branchlels terete, glabrous, curved ; innovations fulvous- torn entose. Leaves 3£
by 1§ in., or the uppermost narrow-lanceolate, acuminate to an obtuse apex, cuneate
at the base, subentire, texture thin, secondary nerves finely reticulate ; petiole ^ in.
Calyx at flower-time j in., funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous. Corolla-lobes 5, | in.,
elliptic. — Appears closely allied to C. oblong if olia. A male plant collected at
Malacca by Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1162) is perhaps the same, but has the primary
nerves of the leaves more numerous.
** Adult leaves tomentose beneath,
10. C. fragrantissima, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 207 ; leaves alternate large
ovate 3-nerved mature scabrous above grey-tomentose beneath, corymbs
large terminal soon glabrescent, berry £ in. ellipsoid obtuse. C. rotundifolia,
Heyne in Herb. Bottler.
Khasia Mts. ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 5999). E. Bengal, at Mymensing;
Chittagong, Martaban, and Tenasseeim ; Kurz.
This closely resembles C. grandis, Wall, in its area of distribution, inflorescence,
4-merous flowers, and berries : differing only in the adult leaves being densely-
stellately villous beneath. Kurz says " ovary with a sessile stigma," whence, it is
presumed, he had only male flowers.
11. C vestita, H. f. 8? T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 128 ; innovations
fulvous-woolly, leaves ovate or oblong acuminate sub-3-nerved harshly coriaceous
tomentum beneath deciduous, flowers cymose-paniculate, berry f in. ellipsoid
acute. Brand. For. Fl. 338. C. incana, Boyle 111. p. 306, name only. Gynaion
vestitum, A. DC. Frodr. ix. 468.
Subtropical Western Himalaya, alt. 1-4000 ft. ; frequent from the Jhelum
to Oude, Edgeworth, &c.
A tree, attaining 30 feet. Leaves 4 in., sometimes ovate from a rounded base,
'sometimes cuneate-oblong from a narrow base, entire crenate or lobed, densely
tomentose beneath at least till nearly mature, at length scabrous above often with
white dots ; petiole 1 in. Corymbs dense, tomentose, and woolly. Calyx 5 in.,
tubular-clavate, prominently ribbed upwards, or, in other examples, much smaller,
scarcely clavate, hardly ribbed. Corolla-lobes % in., obovate, or smaller elliptic. Calyx
in fruit f-1 in. diam., saucer-shaped ; or, in Aitcheson's Punjab examples, f by § in.,
elongate campanulate, strongly ribbed.
12. C. Iftlacleodii, H.f. $ T. in. Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 128 ; very softly
densely tomentose, leaves cordate-ovate obtuse 3-5-nerved permanently tomen-
tose beneath, corymbs short tomentose, berry f in. ovoid acute. Brand. For.
Fl. 337, t. 41. Hemigymnia Macleodii, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii.
363 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 697.
Central India, Concan and Belgaum ; Stocks, Dalzell, &c.
A tree, attaining 40 feet. Leaves alternate, scarcely subopposite ; mature 5 in.
diam., impressed rugose above, densely tomentose beneath ; petiole 1-2 in. Calyx
i in., tubular-clavate, densely tomentose, ribbed upwards ; or much smaller, not (or
•obscurely) ribbed. Corolla-lobes £ in., oblong, or much shorter. Fruit acutely
•conical till nearly ripe, calyx broadly funnel-shaped or subcampanulate. — The speci-
men on which Griffith founded the species, is leafy and in flower, the calyx then
140 c. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) {Cordia,
about j in. ; most of the examples are leafless when in flower, often with much
larger calyx.
13. C. fulvosa, Wight Ic. t. 1380; leaves ovate obtuse or acute tomen-
tum beneath hard, corymbs closely tomentose calyx soon glabrescent, berry
f-1 in. ovoid acute. Bedd. For. Man. 166. C. polvgama, Wall. Cat. 892,
partly.— Cordia sp. n. 13, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8? T.
. W. Deccan Peninsula ; Concan and Belgaum, Law, Stocks, Ritchie.
Leaves with hard, not woolly tomentum, becoming scabrous or subglabrate in age,
very variable in size, obtuse or more often acute, crenately lobed or entire, obscurely
3-nerved. — Except in its much less tomentose corymb and leaves, this is undistin-
guishable from C. Macleodii ; it may be only a more tomentose form of C. monoica,
as Wallich esteemed it.
Var. evolutior; less tomentose, leaves 8 by 4 in., corymb large, calyx at flower-
time glabrescent, — Bombay; Dalzell. — A very doubtful plant; it forms part of
Cordia n. 13, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. § T. and appears really to belong here, but it is
exceedingly unlike Wight's picture of C. fulvosa.
Sect. II. Sebesten. Corolla larger, tube exceeding the calyx. Stamens
6-8. .
14. C. octandra, A. DC. Prod?', ix. 477 ; leaves ovate acuminate
crenate-subserrate 3-nerved nearly glabrous, calyx cylindric obscurely tomen-
tose without, corolla white tube slightly longer than the calyx, stamens usually
8. Bedd. For. Man. 166. C. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey cy Wall. ii.
333 ; Wall. Cat. 890 ; Wight Ic. t. 469, not of Juss.
Tbavancoee ; Roxburgh.
Arboreous. Leaves alternate, 6 by 3 in., rounded or rhomboid at the base ;
petiole 1-2 in. Corymbs lateral, peduncled, 2-4 in., minutely rusty ; flowers sub-
sessile in small clusters. Calyx-tube ^ in. ; lobes ~ in., triangular, hairy within.
Corolla-lobes 7-9, £ in. Filaments hairy ; anthers ovate, small. — Described from the
Calcutta Botanic Garden examples ; no wild specimen known.
15. C. subcordata, Lamk.Ill.u. 421 ; leaves large ovate acute obscurely
3-nerved nearly glabrous without, corolla large orange or reddish tube exceed-
ing the calyx^ stamens 6. Wall. Cat. 9063; DC. Prodr. ix. 477 ; Seem. Fl.
Viti, t. 34 ; Benth, Fl. Austral, iv. 385, with syn. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 209.
C. orientalis, Br. Prodr. 498. C. campanulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ty
Wall. ii. 336. C. Rumphii, Blume Bijd. 843. C. hexandra, Roem. Sj- Sch.
Syst. iv. 799. — Humph. Herb. Amb. ii. t. 75.
Avdamans and S. Malay Peninsula. In Bengal and various parts of India often
planted. — Distrib. S.E. Asia to Australia and the Sandwich Isles. Widely cul-
tivated.
A small tree. Leaves 3-6 in., base rounded or subcordate ; petiole f-1^ in.
Corymbs lateral and few-fld., nearly glabrous ; flowers usually 6-merous. Calyx $
in. ; teeth short, triangular, villous within. Corolla-tube f in., lobes § in. Branches
of the stigmas linear-spathulate. Fruit 1 in., ellipsoid, acute, usually 1 -seeded.
Seed grossly muricated, subspinose.
excluded species.
Cordia Finxaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 7010 ; without locality attached, was probably
collected in Cochin-China.
Cordia sp., Wall. Cat. 9064. is Mappia oblonga, Miers, var. elliptica (v. i. p. 589).
Ehretia.~\ 0. boragineje. (C. B. Clarke.) 141
II. EHRETIA.Xmw.
Shrubs or trees, scabrous or glabrous. Leaves alternate. Corymbs or
panicles axillary or terminal, rarely peduncles axillary 1-flowered ; flowers
small, white. Calyx sub-5-partite. Corolla-tube short or cylindric ; lobes 5,
imbricated in the bud, patent or reflexed. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube ;
anthers ovate or oblong, exsert, rarely included. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-
ovulate ; style terminal, cylindric bifid or bipartite, stigmas small capitate.
Drupe small, subglobose, 4- (or by suppression 3-1-) seeded ; pyrene one 4-
celled, or two 2-celled, or four 1 -celled ; 3-1 pyrenes or cells not rarely sup-
pressed. Seeds straight, testa thin, albumen scanty. — Species 50, all tropical ;
principally in the Old World.
Sect. 1. Euehretia. Style single, bifid.
* Leaves serrate.
1. E. acuminata, Br. Prodr. 497 ; leaves elliptic-oblong acuminate
serrate glabrous beneath, panicles terminal dense compound, calyx-lobes ^ in.
obtuse. DC. Prodr. ix. 503; JBenth. Fl. Austral, iv. 387. E. serraTa^-Ro^ft.
Hort. Beng. 17, and in Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 340 ; Wall. Cat. 898 ;
Bot. Reg. t. 1097 ; Wight III. t. 170 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 503 ; Griff. Ic. PI. As. t.
459 ; Brand. For. Fl. 339 ; Kurz. For. Fl. ii. 210. E. pyrifolia, Don Prodr.
102. E. ovalifolia, Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. 137, not of Wight. Cordia thyrsi-
flora, Sieb. 8f Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. ii. 26.
Subtropical Himalaya and adjacent plains, ascending to 5000 ft., from Ghurwal
to Bhotan, common. Khasia Mts. to Pegu. — Distrib. Ava, Australia, Japan.
A tree, attaining 40 feet. Leaves 3-4 in., minutely bristly or glabrous above ;
petiole £ in. Panicles 2-6 in., minutely bristly or glabrescent, crowded with flowers.
Corolla-tube very short ; lobes £ in., reflexed. Anthers exsert. Style bifid for less than
half its length, branches linear, stigmas minutely capitate. Drupe ^-£ in. diam.,
short-ellipsoid, obtuse, not ribbed nor lobed ; pyrenes 2, without any hollow between
them, each 2-celled, cells 1-seeded.
2. E. macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 901, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey #
Wall. ii. 343 ; leaves large broadly elliptic acute serrate bristly above softly
hairy beneath, panicle terminal compound bristly, calyx-lobes (in young fruit)
£ in. oblong-lanceolate. DC. Pi-odr. ix. 503.
Nepal ; Chundaghiri, Wallich.
A tree. Leaves 7^ by 4 in., rhomboid or rounded at the base ; petiole 1 in.
Panicle 2-3 in., sparsely fulvous hirsute. Young drupe \ in. (but Wallich notes the
drupe size of a small gooseberry) ; pyrenes 2, each 2-celled. — Flowers unknown to
Wallich. E. Dicksoni, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. 4, xviii. 224, from the interior of S.
China, is probably the same species (the leaves in Hance's examples are broadly
elliptic subcordate, not oblong as in the description) ; calyx softly hairy, tube ^ in.,
lobes £ in. oblong ; corolla-tube \ in., pubescent without, lobes £ in. ovate reflexed ;
anthers long exsert ; style single long sparsely hairy, lobes 2 short oblong glabrous ;
berry as of C. macrophylla, § in. diam.
** Leaves quite entire.
3. E. lsevis, Roxb. Cor. PI. 42, t. 55, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii.
341 ; leaves ovate shortly acuminate undulate base unequally cuneate glabrous,
nerves 5-6 pair irregular tufted in the axils, corymbs mostly subaxillary
repeatedly dichotomous branches recurved in fruit, calyx-lobes small pubescent,
style shortly 2-branched. Don Prodr. 102; Wall. Cat. 899; DC. Prodr. ix.
142 c. boragixe^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ehretia.
505 ; Wight Ic. t. 1382 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 170 : Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 246 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 210 ; Brand. For. Fl. 340, t. 42. E. punctata, Roth Nov. Sp.
126. E. affinis, Wall. Cat. 900. E. dichotoma, Rottl. in Wall. Cat. 904,
probably of Blume also. Beurreria laevis and punctata, G. Don Gen. Syst.
iv. 390.
Throughout Ixdia in tropical and subtropical regions, common. — Distbib. From
Persia to China, Australia and Polynesia, the allied Tropical African species are
perhaps only geographical forms.
A tree 30-40 feet, or a shrub ; branchlets glabrous, or rusty-pubescent, or sparsely
laxly hirsute. Leaves 5 by 2 \ in., unsymmetric, rather thin in texture, young glabrous
softly hairy or densely tomentose, mature glabrescent ; petiole § in. Corymbs 3 in.
lax, glabrous or usually pubescent or rusty, ultimate branches long recurred with
sessile fruits. Calyx-lobes ^ in., oblong, in fruit'ovate. Corollas-tube i in,, lobes \ in.
spreading. Anthers exsert. Drupe (when perfecting 4 seeds) \ in. diam., depressed
globose, when dry distinctly 4-ribbed, pyrenes 4 each 1 -seeded ; on one corymb are
usually seen drupes perfecting 1, 2, 3, or 4 seeds. — All authors previous to Brandis
have kept this species distinct, describing it as absolutely glabrous ; it is however
nearly always manifestly hairy, and the indumentum is rusty, pubescent, ciliate,
hirsute or tomentose at least in the innovations.
Vab. floribunda, Brand. For. Fl. 340 ; innovations hairy or glabrous, corymbs
large axillary or collected towards the ends of the branches often forming quasi-
panicles 6 in. diam. E. floribunda, Benth. in Boyle 111. 306; DC. Prodr. ix. 507 ;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 124. E. Cutranga, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 7012.— Punjab toBehar.
Distrib. Cabul.
Vab. pubescens ; branchlets hairy, mature leaves softly hairy beneath or on both
surfaces. E. pubescens, Benth. in Boyle 111. 306; DC. Prodr. ix. 597. — Throughout
India.
Vab. timorensis ; glabrous or the innovations and corymbs rusty-pubescent, leaves
broadly oblong or somewhat obovate acuminate, corymbs axillary and terminal. E.
timorensis, Dene, in Nouv. Ann. Mus. dHist. Nat. iii. 395 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 505. E.
philippensis, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 504. E. laevis, type Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 389. — Malay
Peninsula. Distrib. Malaya, Australia. — Leaves often 6 in., usually larger and more
acuminate than in the Indian E. lavis, also drying very black and usually symmetric
or nearly so. As to the fruit, in E. Icevis type it is often sub-2-pyrenous, the pyrenes
only separating into 4 ultimately or with difficulty.
Vab. canarensis; glabrous or nearly so, leaves broadly oblong symmetric nar-
rowed at both ends, mature glabrous above rugose with impressed nerves scabrous
beneath. E. canarensis, Miq. in PI. Hohenack. n. 285. E. Championi, Wight §•
Gardn. ms. — W. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon. — The common Ehretia of the Nil-
ghiris (alt. 3-6000 feet) and other Deccan Mts. It has been regarded as a distinct
species, being readily distinguished by the symmetric strong-nerved leaves.
Vab. aspera ; leaves small obtuse mature hairy beneath. E. aspera, Boxb. Cor.
PI. i. 41, t. 55, and in Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 342 ; Wall. Cat. 902 ; DC. Prodr.
ix. 507; Bedd. For. Man. 166; Brand. For. Fl. 340; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 209. E.
tomentosa, Both Nov. Sp. 126, not of Lamb. E. Heynii, Boem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 532.
Beurreria aspera, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 390. — Assam. — Described from Eoxburgh's
example in Herb. Wallich (which agrees with his Ic. Ined. in Herb. Kew), on which
the largest leaves are If by f in., scabrous above, persistently hairy beneath. None
of the E. aspera (except from E. Bengal) agrees with this exactly, the E. aspera of
Kurz, Dalzell, &c, having larger leaves and resembling E. lesvis, var. pubescens.
Wight's E. aspera includes an example absolutely glabrous, the young leaves and
calyx shining glabrous ; no example of E. Icevis type is so glabrous. A very hairy
obtuse-leaved example collected at Arcot by Griffith has the calyx-lobes narrowly
oblong and the style deeply bifid.
4. £. obtusifolia. Hochst.; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 507; leaves obovate-
oblong obtuse mature hairy, flowers as of E. larvis but rather larger. Brand.
Ehretia.] o. boraginej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 143
For. Fl. 340 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 124. E. obovata, It. Br. in Salt Abyss.
Append, iv. 64 (name only).
Scinde, Stocks. Punjab ; in the Salt range, Fleming, &c. — Distrib. Beloochistan,
Abyssinia.
A shrub. Leaves 1-lf in., much cuneate at the base. Floivers pedicelled and sessile.
— Differs from E. Icevis var. aspera in the narrowed base of the leaves, the more lax
corymb, and the slightly larger flowers.
5. E. retusa, Wall. Cat. 903; leaves small obovate mature hairy
beneath, corymbs small hairy terminal on lateral spurs, calyx-lobes lanceolate
acute, flowers and fruit as in E. Icevis but rather smaller. DC. Prodr. ix. 511.
Beurreria retusa, G. Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 390.
Burma; Pagamew, WalUch.
Branches scraggy, as of a tough shrub. Leaves \\ by § in., base cuneate, shortly
acute or obtuse not retuse, nerves distant not prominent ; petiole \ in. — This may be
a stunted example of E. Icevis var. aspera ; but the leaves are much narrowed at the
base, the calyx-teeth remarkably narrow and acute. In habit it is remote from E.
obtusifolia and the flowers are hardly half as large.
6. E. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1383 ; innovations and corymbs pubescent
or tomentose, leaves elliptic subobtuse mature glabrous. Bedd. For. Man. 167.
— Boraginea, Wall. Cat. 7529.
S. Madras ; Jyamallay, Wight. Ceylon ; Jaffna, Dykes.
Otherwise as E. Icevis, from which it only differs in the obtuse leaves. No fruit
seen.
7. E. Wig-htiana, Wall. Cat. 7013 ; nearly glabrous, leaves lanceolate
and obovate-lanceolate scarcely acute, corymbs mostly terminal dense. G. Don
Gen. Syst. iv. 388 ; Wight Ic. t. 1384 ; Bedd. For. Man. 167. E. lanceolata,
Heyne in Hei'b. Bottl.
S. Madras ; Mysore, Courtallum, &c. Wight, G. Thomson, &c.
Leaves 1| by £ in. in Wight's type example, but larger and broader, approaching
E. Icevis in others. Corymbs, when young, pubescent and subtomentose in Wight's
example, soon glabrescent. Flowers and drupes as of E. Icevis.
8. H. parallela, Clarke; nearly glabrous, leaves elliptic or obovate,
nerves 8 pair oblique parallel approximate, inflorescence flowers and fruit as in
E. Icevis but rather smaller.
Burma ; banks of the Irrawaddy, Griffith {Kew Distrib. n. 6004).
Branches round, glabrous. Leaves 1| by f-1 in., retuse and subacute on the
same branch, cuneate at the base, glabrous even when young, prominently striate by
the straight primary nerves hardly £ in. apart ; petiole i in. Corymbs minutely
pubescent. — Well-marked by the strong, straight, parallel, closely-placed primary
nerves, not much like any other species ; the leaves are usually obtuse, sometimes
retuse.
9. E. Wallichiana, H. f. $ T. ; Gamble Datjeeling List, 57 ; nearly
glabrous, leaves elliptic acuminate, corolla-tube much exceeding the calyx.
Cordia acuminata, Wall. Cat. 896, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii.
339; DC. Prodr. ix. 499.
Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 2-7000 ft., frequent; J. D. H., &c. Khasia Mts.,
Wallich, Griffith.
A tree, attaining 40 ft., flowering before the leaves. Leaves 5 by 2 in., base
cuneate nerves 7 pair ; petiole f in. Corymbs 1-3 in. diam., mostly sublateral, dense,
minutely pubescent. Calyx-lobes ^ in., oblong. Corolla-tube \ in. ; lobes £ in., white,
recurved. Anthers exser't. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovulate ; style bifid much less
than half-way down, stigmas smali capitellate. Drupe \ in. diam., subglobose, when
144 c. BORAGiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ehretia.
dry longitudinally ribbed ; pyrenes 4, compressed, lunate, corrugated without, occupy-
ing the periphery of the drupe, the centre (in the dried drupe) hollow, occupied by
the shrivelled fleshy tissue; pyrenes 1-seeded. — Perhaps a small-flowered form of
the Hong-Kong E. longiflora (Champ, in Hook. Kew Journ. v. 58), which agrees ex-
actly as to the fruit and leaves, but has the corolla-tube ^ in. long.
Sect. II. Carmona. Styles 2, undivided (1 sometimes suppressed), or 1
sub-2-partite.
10. IS. buxifolia, Roxb. Cor. PL i. 42, t. 57, and in Fl. Ind. ed Carey #
Wall. ii. 343 ; leaves small fascicled obovate entire or lobed, peduncles axillary
1- (or few-) flowered. Wall. Cat. 905 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 509 ; Bedd. For. Man.
167. E. lieterophylla, Spreng. Syst. i. 648; A. DC. I.e. E. microphylla,
Lamk. 111. ii. 425. Cordia retusa, Vahl Symb. ii. 42. C. coromandeliana,
Koenig fy Retz ms. Carmona lieterophylla, Cav. Ic. v. 23, t. 438.
Deccan Peninsula.; in dry jungles, Wight, Dalzell, &c. — Distrib. Malaya to
Formosa and the Philippines,
A shrub. Leaves 1 by ^ in., obtuse, very scabrous, often 3-lobed towards the apex,
attenuated at the base, subsessile. Peduncles 0-f in., hairy. Calyx-lobes £ in., lanceo-
late-linear. Corolla % in., white, campanulate ; lobes short, ovate. Filaments very
short. Drupe^ in. diam., globose; pyrene 1, 4-seeded; without any cavities in the
drupdS- examined ; with 6-8 cavities (A. DC).
EXCLUDED SPECIES.
E. mollis, Wall. Cat. 7011 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 511, is Mappia ovata, Miert,
v. i. p. 509.
3. COLDENIA, Linn.
Prostrate, scabrous herbs. Leaves alternate, crisped. Flowers axillary,
sessile (or nearly so), the upper sometimes in a one-sided leafy spike, white.
Sepals 4-5, narrow. CoroZ/«-tube short, lobes 4-5, imbricated in the bud,
patent. Stamens 4-5, on the corolla-tube ; anthers ovate. Ovary 2-celled with
2 ovules in each cell, or sub-4-celled with solitary ovules ; style terminal, bifid.
Drupe (nearly dry) of 4, subconnate, 1-seeded, pyrenes. Testa of the seed thin ;
albumen 0, or scanty ; cotyledons flat. — Species 10 American, and the fol-
lowing.
1. C. procumbens, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. ix. 558 ; procumbent, scabrous-
hairy, leaves elliptic-obovate coarsely serrate or subpinnatifid, pyrenes subcon-
nate into an acute 4-ribbed pyramid. Gaerin. Fruct. i. 329, t. 68 ; Lamk. III.
t. 89; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 448;" Wall. Cat. 942; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 171.
Lobophyllum tetrandrum, F. Muett. in Hook. Kew Journ. ix. 21. "Waltheria
microphylla, Miq. in. PI. Hohenack. n. 87 b. not of Cav.
Throughout tropical India, a weed. — Distrib. Asia, Africa, Australia, America.
Annual, usually quite flat. Leaves 1-1^ in. Flowers ± in. Pyrenes £ in. Seeds
albuminous.
4. RHABDZA, Mart.
A shrub; branches twiggy. Leaves small, alternate or clustered, linear-
oblong, entire or toothed. Flowers small ; racemes very small, few-fid., sub-
terminal on short lateral branches. Sepals 5, lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla
pink-purple , tube short, campanulate ; lobes oblong, imbricate in the bud.
Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube ; anthers oblong or ovate. Ovary 2-celled, cells
2-ovuled, or sub-4-celled with cells 1-ovuled ; style terminal, stigma capitate
Bhah'Jni.] c. boraginevE. (C. B. Clarke.) 145
or minutely 2-lobed. Drupe with 4 crustaceotis 1-seeded pyrenes. Seeds
oblong, albumen thin.
1. R. lycioides, Mart. Nov. Gen. $ Sp. ii. 137, t. 195 ; DC. Prodr. ix
512 ; Fresen. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Fasc. xxii. 58, t. 9, fig. 9. R. viminea, Dalz. §
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 170 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 823 ; Brand. For. Fl. 341 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 211. R. fluvialis, Edgew. PI. Banda, 51. R. crebrifolia, Miers Contrib. ii.
222, t. 84. ( Rotula aquatica, Lour. Fl. Cochinch, 121; DC. Prodr. ix. 531.
Ehretia viminea, Wall. Cat. 906; DC. I.e. 509. E. cuneata, Wight Ic. t.
1385. — Carey se sp. Miq. in PL Hohenack. n. 688.
India, alt. 0-2500 ft.; from Kumaon and Assam to Ceylon and Tenasserim,
frequent ; especially on gravelly banks flooded by rapid streams. — Distrib. Tropical
S.E. Asia, Africa, and Brazil. *
Height 2-6 ft. Leaves f by \ in. Flowers \ in. Drupe \ in., yellow or brown-
red, nearly dry.
5. TOURNEFORTIA, Linn.
Trees or shrubs, often rambling or subscandent. Leaves alternate, entire.
Cymes terminal, rarely lateral or extra-axillary, dichotomous, scorpioid ; flowers
numerous, dense, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, ebracteate, white or greenish-
yellow. Sepals 5 or 4, lanceolate or ovate. Corolla-tube cylindric (short in
T. argenUd), naked in the throat ; lobes 5 or 4, small, patent. Stamens 5 or 4,
included in the tube, filaments short ; anthers oblong. Ovary 4-celled ; style
terminal, short, shortly 2-lobed (in the Indian species) ; ovules 1 in each cell.
Drupe small, ovoid, scarcely fleshy, not distinctly separating into 2 or 4
pyrenes; pyrenes two 2-celled 2-seeded (in the Indian species). Seed straight or
curved, albuminous. — Distrib. Species 100 ; in the tropics of both hemispheres.
Sect. 1. XVXallota. An erect, densely silky shrub. Leaves narrowed at
the base. Corolla subrotate, tube very short.
\ 1. T. arg-entea, Linn. f. Suppl. 133; branches and leaves on both
surfaces fulvous-sericeous, leaves obovate-lanceolate, cymes very dense. Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 4; Blume Bijd. 844; DC. Prodr. ix. 514.—
Humph. Herb. Amboin. iv. t. 55.
Seashores of Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula. Nicobabs ; Kurz. — Distbib.
Malaya, Australia, Mauritius.
Branchlets thick. Leaves 6 by 2 in., acute or subobtuse ; petiole ill-defined.
Peduncles terminal, or from an upper axil, 1-5 in. ; cymes often forming a panicle^
in. diam. ; flowers sessile. Sepals ^ in., ovate, densely woolly, ultimately glabres-
cent. Corolla-tube hardly as long as the sepals ; lobes ^ in., ovate, crenulate. Stigma
subsessile, obscurely 2-lobed. Drupes \ in. diam., subglobose.
Sect. 2. Pittonia. Rambling or subscandent shrubs. Leaves obtuse at
the base, distinctly petioled. Corolla 5-merous, narrowly tubular.
* Drupes shortly pedicelled (all from the Deccan).
2. T. Key ne ana, Wall. Cat. 910 (Heyne's specimen) not of DC; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, corolla-tube |-£ in. T. cymosa, Heyne in Herb. Bottler, not
of Linn.
Deccan Peninsula, Heyne ; Nilgherries (near Nadooputtah), Wight.
Branchlels sparsely scabrous-hairy. Leaves 5 by H in., acuminate, base cuneate or
rhomboid, mature sparsely minutely scabrous-hairy on both surfaces; nerves 7 pair,
closely hairy when young ; petiole £ in. Cymes terminal and extra-axillary, sparsely
scabrous-hairy. Calyx-teeth JL in., lanceolate. Drupes £ in., or pedicels J in. —
Wallich appears to have received a small quantity of this species, and to have named
VOL. IV. 1
146 c. BORAGiXEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Tournefortia.
it T. Heyneana ; subsequently to have placed with it a large quantity of a Kh
species, T. Candollii, Clarke, which he distributed as T. Heyneana.
3. T. reticosa, Wight Ic. t. 1386 ; leaves oblong acuminate glabrescent
prominently reticulate beneath, corolla-tube £-£ in.
Nilgherries & Coorg ; Wight.
Branchlcts softly, sparsely hairy. Leaves 5| by 1 § in., base rhomboid or rounded,
mature very sparsely hairy above ; nerves 8 pair, tertiary densely anastomosing ;
petiole ^-£ in. Cymes terminal ; flowers sub-1-serial ; pedicels (at flower-time) f^-fc
in. Calyx-teeth yg~T5 *n- Drupe not seen.
4. T. Wigfhtii, Clarke ; leaves subcordate ovate-lanceolate mature hairy
beneath., corolla-tube J-J in.
Deccan Penijjsuxa ; Wight.
More hairy than the preceding species. Leaves 3| by If in. ; nerves 8 pair, sub-
impressed on the upper surface, tertiary obscure; petiole £ in. Cyme extra-
axillary; flowers sub-1 -serial; pedicels (at flower-time) 0-T^ in. Calyx-teeth \ in.,
lanceolate-linear. Drupe not seen. — This differs (inter alia) from T. reticosa by the
primary nerves being much more approximate.
** Drupes sessile or nearly so (species of Bengal and the E. Peninsula).
5. T. Roxburg-hii, Clarke; leaves oblong acuminate shortly densely
villous beneath, calyx-teeth lanceolate-linear, corolla-tube j in,
Chittagong ; Seetakoond, Bindravun, Rungamuttea, J. L. H, &c.
Branches hairy. Leaves 4 by 1£ in., sometimes subovate, not rugose above, tertiary
nerves obscurely reticulated; petiole £ in. Cymes terminal and supra-axillary;
flowers sub-2-seriate. Calyx-teeth ^ in. Drupes £-£ in., sessile, sub-2-seriate ; calyx
not glistening white within. — Easily separated from all other species of this subsec-
tion by its longer corolla. Roxburgh collected his LUhospermum viridiflorum in
Chittagong (where this is the only species known, and is frequent, on Roxburgh^
collecting ground near Sir"\V. Jones's country-seat), and his description seems (at least
partly) drawn therefrom : but his picture, and the Calcutta Botanic Garden authentic
examples, refer to the next species.
6. T. viridiflora, Wall. Cat. 907, and in Fl . Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall.
ii. 5; leaves oblong acuminate softly hairy beneath, calyx-teeth lanceolate-
linear, corolla-tube £ in. DC. Prodr. ix. 516. Lithospermum viridiflorum, Roab.
Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 4. Heliotropium viridiflorum, Lchm. Asperifol. 30,
Assam ; Griffith, Masters. Silhet ; Wallich.
Branches hairy. Leaves 3£ by 1 J in., sometimes suboA'ate, in age wrinkled above,
tertiary nerves obscure ; petiole £ in. Cymes terminal, rusty-villous ; flowers 2-
ranked, very dense. Calyx-teeth ^ in. Corolla-tube little exceeding the calyx-teeth,
not exceeding \ in. in the large cultivated examples from the Calcutta garden. Drupe*
^-£ in., sessile; calyx-lobes in fruit very narrow, not white glistening within.
Var. Griffithii ; mature leaves nearly glabrous beneath distinctly reticulated. —
Khasia & Assam ; Griffith.
7. T. Candollii, Clarke: leaves ovate-lanceolate softly hairy beneath,
calyx-teeth lanceolate-linear corolla-tube \ in. T. Heyneana, DC. Prodr. ix.
516 ; Wall. Cat. 910, as to the Khasia flinwyfai.
Bhotan, Assam, Khasia, and Silhet, frequent ; Wallich, Griffith, &c.
Branches hairy. Leaves 3^ by H in., sometimes oblong, base obtuse or subcordate ;
primary nerves soon impressed on the upper surface, tertiary very obscurely reticu-
lated ; petiole j in. Calyx-teeth i in., in fruit narrowly lanceolate, not glistening"
white within. Drupes £-£ in., sessile. — This species is remote from T. Heyneana. : it
is nearly intermediate between T. viridiflora and T. ovata, differing little from T.
viridiflora, var. Griffithii. but in the longer corolla.
Tournefortia.] c. boraginej:. (0. B. Clarke.) 147
8. T. ovata, Wall. Cat. 908 ; leaves ovate and elliptic suddenly shortly
acuminate hairy or glabrescent beneath, calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate in fruit
glistening white-setose within, corolla-tube £-£ in. G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 369 •
DC. Prodr. 516.
British Burma : Rangoon, Wallieh, McClelland. S. Andaman ; Kurz.
Scandent, branches hairy. Leaves 3-6 in., rhomboid at the base ; tertiary nerves
obscure. Calyx-teeth ^ in., about \ the length of the corolla-tube. Drupes ±-\ in.,
sessile. — In Kurz example, the corolla is permanent, the base greatly enlarged so as
to include the fruit ; this state appears induced by the attack of an insect.
9. T. khasiana, Clarke ; leaves ovate acuminate glabrescent base
obtuse or subcordate, calyx-teeth ovate acute small, corolla-tube exceeding
Khasia Mts. ; Nongpriang, alt. 1500 ft., Clarke.
Branchlets minutely hairy. Leaves 3£ by 1£ in., gradually acuminated, tertiary
nerves reticulated not very prominent ; petiole ^ in. Cymes rusty-pubescent ; branches
few, long, densely fld. Calyx-teeth scarcely — in. Drupe not seen.
10. T. Hookeri, Clarke ; leaves ovate or elliptic acute glabrescent pro-
minently reticulated beneath, calyx-teeth lanceolate-linear, corolla-tube £-| in.
hardly exceeding the calyx. T. viridiflora, Gamble Darjeeling List, 57, not
of Wall
Sikkim; alt. 2-5000 ft., frequent; J. D. H., &c.
Large, subscandent ; branches nearly glabrous. Leaves 4-5 by l|-2£ in., obtuse
and unequal at the base ; tertiary nerves exceedingly prominent ; petiole £ in. Cymes
terminal, diffuse, rusty pubescent ; branches long ; flowers sub-2-seriate. Calyx-teeth
£ in. Drupes A in., ovoid, sessile.
Var. siibtropica ; corolla-tube more than | in. pentagonal with 5 hairy lines with-
out, more than twice as long as the calyx-tube. — Sikkim ; by the great Rungait,
J. D. H.
Sect. 3. Tetrandra. Rambling or subscandent shrubs. Leaves obtuse
at the base, distinctly petioled. Corolla 4-merous, narrowly tubular.
11. T. Wallichii, DC. Prodr. ix. 527; leaves ovate acute glabrescent
base rounded, corolla-tube scarcely \ in. twice or thrice as long as the calyx.
T. tetrandra, Wall. Cat. 911, not of Blume. Tetrandra Wallichii, Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 928.
Singapore & Penang ; Wallieh, Maingay. Nicobars ; Kurz.
Branches nearly glabrous. Leaves 3^- by If in., tertiary nerves obscure; petiole
\ in. Cymes terminal, lax. Calyx-teeth ^ in., triangular-lanceolate. Drupes £ in.,
sessile. — Tetrandra glabra, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 929, has oblong leaves narrowed at
the base ; T. Zollingeri, Miq. I. c. 928, has flowers £ in. long ; these two make up the
old Tournefortia tetrandra, Blume Bijd. 845, DC. I.e. More material may reduce the
4 species of this section to 1.
12. T. Walkerae, Clarke; leaves oblong acuminate glabrescent reticulated
beneath, corolla-tube £ in. very narrow. T. Wallichii, Thivaites Enum. 214.
Ceylon ; Walker, Thwaites.
Leaves 3£ by l-l£ in., base ronnded ; upper surface rugose by the impression of
the nerves. — This seems nearer both Tetrandra glabra and Zollingeri than to Tourne-
fortia Wallichii.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
T. arborescens, Lamk. III. ii. 417 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 529, is described as a tree from
India. No tree belonging to the genus is known in British India.
T. ternata, Wall. Cat. 912, from Tavoy ; there is no specimen of this in Wallich'g
Herbarium.
l2
148 c. boragine-e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Heliotropium .
6. HELIOTROPIUK, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely (non-Indian species) shrubby, villous or
scabrous. Leaves alternate. Cymes terminal, dichotomous ; branches often
long, scorpioid ; flowers small, white or nearly so in the Indian species ; bracts
small, 0, or leafy (inflorescence axillary). Calyx 5-partite or -lobed; segments
lanceolate or linear (except in Sect. Piptoclaina). Corolla tubular, throat not
hairy ; lobes 5, imbricate or induplicate in the bud, spreading in flower. Stamens
5, on the corolla-tube, included, filaments very short ; anthers ovate or lanceo-
late. Ovary completely or imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovulate ; style terminal,
short or long, ending in a depressed conical or flat disc ; stigma above the disc
0 or short or elongate-lanceolate, entire, rarely with 2 linear branches (Sect.
Ditrichostigma). Fruit dry, 2-4-lobed, of 4 more or less free nutlets. Seeds
straight or curved, albumen small or 0 (rarely plentiful). — Species 100, in the
tropical and temperate zones of both hemispheres.
Sect. 1. IVXesserschmidia. Corolla-lobes patent, caudate-acuminate.
Style longer than the stigma.
1. XX. zeylanicum, Lamk. III. ii. 393, not of Wall-, leaves narrowly
lanceolate, spikes elongate ebracteate, stigma short-ot)long densely hairy inclu-
ded in the corolla-tube. Burnt. Fl. Ind. t. 16^ fig. 2. Wight Ic. t. 892 ; H.
paniculatum, Heyne in Herb. Rottler, not of Br. nor of Boxb. Tournefortia
subulata, Hochst. ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 528; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 171. T.
Royleana & Edgeworthii, DC. Prodr. ix. 527, 529. T. zeylanica, Wight III. t.
170. Messerschmidia hispida, Benth. in Boyle HI. 306.
W. India, from the Punjab to the W. Deccan Peninsula; Boyle, Edgeworth,
Wight, &c. — Distrib. Tropical Africa.
Annual, erect, 1-3 ft., scabrous-hairy. Leaves lj? by £ in., narrowed at both ends,
subentire, sessile ; nerves obscure in the upper surface. Spikes 2-6 in. in fruit ;
flowers sessile, 1-2-ranked. Sepals ^ in., ovate, acute. Corolla-tube £ in., wider in
the upper half, minutely setose without; lobes 3^ in. Style glabrous, half as long
as the corolla-tube ; stigma surrounded by the stamens in the swollen upper half.
Fruit ~ in., of 2 rugose pitted 2-seeded nutlets.
Sect II. Catimas. Corolla-lobes with an abruptly inflexed mucro.
Stigma elongate-conic.
2. H. dasycarpum, Ledeb.; Fichw. Itin. Casp.-Caucas. ii. t. 5; leaves
small elliptic, spikes few-flowered, style short, stigma minutely scabrous in-
cluded in the corolla-tube. Bunge in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869, 323 ;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 140. H. Schrenkianum, Ledeb. Fl. Boss. iii. 102,^6
Boiss. I. c. H. brahuicum, Stocks in Hook. Few Journ. iv. 173. H. luteum,
Aitchison Cat. Punjab. 94 (? Poir).
Panjab; Peshawur, Stewart. — Distrib. Beloochistan, Cabul, Persia, Turkestan,
Soongaria.
Woody, rigid, 6-18 in., suberect, scabrous-hairy. Leaves f by ^ in., mostly
cuneate at both ends, subentire, sessile or lower obscurely petioled ; nerves obscure in
the upper surface. Spikes in flower short, in fruit 2-4 in., lower flowers often an inch
apart ; flowers mostly sessile, but stray lower flowers have pedicels |-| in. Sepals
oblong-lanceolate. Corolla-tube £ in., cylindric or slightly narrower upwards,
hairy without. Filaments rather long ; anthers ovate-oblong near the top of the tube.
Style about \ the length of the stigma, minutely retrorse setose (in Stocks' examples
as in Eichwald's picture, but Boissier says style as long as the stigma). Fruit small,
glabrous in Stocks' example, sometimes silky (Boiss.). — Very near H. luteum, Poir.
(DC. Prodr. ix. 532) which has larger flowers and fruits, and more rugose leaves.
Heliotropium.] c. boragine*:. (C. B. Clarke.) 149
Sect. III. Monimantha, Franch. Stigma with 2 linear branches exsert
from the corolla.
3. H. ophioglossum, Stocks; Aitchison Cat. Punjab. 94 ; leaves lanceo-
late, spikes elongate many-flowered, corolla-lobes round crenate. Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 145. H. stylosuni, Franch. Sert. Somal. in Mission B6voil. 45, t. 4,
not Philippi.
Scinde ; Kurrachee, Stocks. -Distrib. Beloochistan, Somali-land.
Woody, 6-15 in., branched from the base, scabrous-hairy. Leaves 1 by ^ in., tip
cuneate, base attenuated or subpetioled, subentire, nerves obscure on the upper
surface. Spikes 2-6 in. ; flowers sessile, 1-2-ranked. Sepals £ in., lanceolate.
Corolla-tube scarcely longer than the sepals, cylindric, minutely scabrous without.
Anthers linear, occupying the upper half of the corolla-tube. Style very short;
stigma conico-linear, nearly as long as the corolla-tube. Nutlets 4, ~ in-> glabrous.
Sect. IV. Piptoclaina. Calyx-lobes short, subvalvate. Fruit enclosed
by the calyx.
4. K. supinum, Linn.; DC. Prodr. ix. 533; leaves petiojed elliptic
or ovate subobtuse, spikes short woolly, nut solitary (sometimes 2) large rugose
margined. Sibth. Fl. Grcec. t. 157 ; Wight Ic. t. 1387 ; JDalz. $ Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 171 ; Bunge in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869, 289 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
127. Piptoclaina supina, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 364. Lithospermum heliotro-
poides, Forsk. Fl. AEg. Arab. 39.
Punjab and Upper G-angetic Plain ; Boyle, Edgeworth, &c. — Distrib. W. Asia,
S. Europe, N. Central Africa.
Annual, prostrate, 1 ft. diam., much branched, shortly softly villous. Leaves £-l£
in., subentire ; nerves often impressed on the upper surface. Calyx £ in., ovate,
woolly. Corolla-tube \ in., ovate ; lobes very small, round. Anthers ovate-oblong,
near the top of the tube. Stigma conical, hairy, nearly as long as the style, included.
Nutlets g- by ^ in., margins broad, smooth ; often 2 in the Indian examples.
Var. malabarica ; nuts usually 4 smaller in horizontal section triangular without
margins. H. malabarica, Bete Obs. iv. 24 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 454 ; Wall. Cat. 7014.
Piptoclaina malabarica, G. Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 364. — W. Deccan Peninsula, from
Central India (Edgeworth) to Tinnevelly (Wight), frequent. Cutch & Scinde,
Stocks, Stoliczka. — Bunge (1. c. 287) excludes from the section Piptoclaina all the
species with 4 nutlets, and objects to regarding H. malabaricum as a var. of H.
supinum ; but there is every gradation between the two forms of fruit in the Indian
collections ; an example, marked as collected at Darjeeling in Herb. Griffith, has 2-3
or 3-4 nuts.
Sect. V. Euheliotropium. Sepals narrow, not enclosing the fruit.
Corolla-lobes plicate or crenulate, neither patent cuspidate nor with closely-
incurved mucro. Style short ; stigma conic, entire or minutely 2-fid or (in H.
rariflorum and myosotoides) capitate, included in the corolla-tube. Nutlets not
spreading, forming an ovoid 4-pointed mitre-like fruit, with a small hole at the
apex.
* Leaves obovate or elliptic, silky scarcely scabrous, subentire ; Jloxvers sessile.
5. K. Eichwaldi, Steud; DC. Prodr. ix. 535; leaves obovate lower
long-petioled softly closely hairy, spikes dense ebracteate, flowers 2-ranked,
calyx deciduous with the fruit, nutlets glabrous minutely verrucose. Bunge in
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869, 292 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 131. H. ellipticum,
Ledeb.; Eichw. Itin. Casp.-Caucas. 10, t, 4, not of Salt. H. strictum, Ledeb.
Fl. Boss. iii. 100. H. macrocarpum, Guss. PI. Inarime, 214, t. 7, fig. 2, and g,
150 c. boraginej:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Heliotropium.
h. H. europaeum, Aitchison Cat. Punjab. 94 ; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 394 ;
?Linn.; DC. I.e. 534.
Punjab and Scinde ; in the plains, frequent. Kashmir ; Srinuggur, alt. 5,200 ft.
— Distrib. W. and Central Asia. Australia.
Stems woody; branches from the base, 6-12 in., softly closely hairy. Leaves
£-l£ in., obtuse ; nerves not prominent on the upper surface ; petiole |— 1 in. Spikes
2 in. Sepals ^ in., ovate-lanceolate, hairy. Corolla-tube £ in., narrow, cylindric,
hairy without ; segments small, round, crenulate. Stigma microscopically scabrous.
Nutlets ~ in. — Differs from H. europaum, Linn., in the more softly hairy leaves and
spikes ; as to the minute differences in the stigma (shown by Gussone I. c.) they do
not apply satisfactorily to the Indian and Australian materials.
Var. lasiocarpum ; nuts hispid-silky sparingly rugose. H. lasiocarpum, Fisch #
Met/. Ind. Sem. iv. 38 ; Bung a in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869, 292; Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 131. — N.W. India; ex Boiss. I.e., but all the Indian examples seen
suit H. Eichwaldi so far as the two differ.
6. H. calcareum, Stocks in Hook. Keiv Journ. iv. 174 ; leaves obovate
lower long-petioled softly closely hairy, spikes elongate ebracteate, flowers
1-ranked, calyx persistent after the setulose nutlets have fallen. Bunge in Bull.
Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869, 303 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 128. H. cinerascens,
Aitchison Cat. Punjab. 94, not of Steud.
Scinde; Stocks. — Distrib. Beloochistan.
Stem and leaves nearly as of H. Eichwaldi, but indumentum more ash-coloured.
Spikes often 6 in. Sepals ~ in., lanceolate, hairy. Corolla-tube ^ in., cylindric,
hairy without; lobes small, round, crenate. Stigma conic elongate, minutely bifid at
the apex. Nutlets ^ in.
7. K. ovalifolium, Forsk. Fl. JEg.-Arab. 38 ; leaves elliptic or obovate
softly closely hairy lower long-petioled, spikes elongate persistentlv bracteate
Both Nov. Sp. 103; Wall. Cat. 2089. H. coromandelianum, Retz. Obs. ii
9; DC. Prodr. ix. 541; Watt, Cat. 7016; Wight Ic. t. 1388; Bah. Sf Gibs
Bomb. Fl. 171. H. tomentosum and polystachyum, Poir. Diet. Suppl. iii. 23
DC. I. c. 549. H. gracile, Br. Prodr. 493. H. obovatum, Don Prodr. 101
DC. I. c. 548. H. Kunzei, Lehm. ; DC. I.e. 541 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 130
H. Syenites, Spreng. Syst. i. 539. H. Brocchianum, Vis. PI. jEg.-Nub. 8, t. 2,
fig. 1. H. niloticum, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 541.
Bengal, Deccan Peninsula and Scinde ; frequent. — Distrib. Tropical Africa and
Australia.
Stews woody ; branches 1 ft., ascending, softly hairy. Leaves f by ^ in., or in the
western examples hardly half so large, obtuse with or without a mucro ; nerves not
prominent. Spikes 1-4 in., dense; bracts yg-£ in., ovate, acute. Sepals ~ in.,
elliptic, acute. Corolla-tube jfe in., cylindric ; lobes minute, ovate, patent, subacute.
Stigma minutely hairy. Nutlets ± in , densely setulose.
** Leaves lanceolate, bristly, margins crisped-crenulate j Jlowers sessile,
ebracteate.
8. X. undulatum, Vahl Symb. i. 13 ; leaves obscurely petioled, spikes
rigid branches short, nutlets small hispid. Wall. Cat. 916; DC. Prodr. ix. 536;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 147. H. persicum, Lamk. Diet. iii. 94; Burnt. Fl. Ind.
41, t. 19; DC. I.e. 537; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 147. H. crispum, Desf. Fl.
Atlani. i. 151, t. 41. H. eriocarpum, Delile ; Lehm. Asperifol. 55 (Jide Boiss.).
H. ramosissimum, Sieb. ; DC. I.e. 536. H. affghanurn, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
143. Lithospermum hispidum, Forsk. Fl. /Fg. -Arab. 38.
Punjab, Scinde, and Upper Gaxgetic Plain, alt. 0-1000 ft., frequent. — Distrib.
"W. Asia and N. Africa.
Suberect, 6-24 in., branched, harsh, scabrous. Leaves \-\\ in , often rugose.
Heliotropium.] c. boragine.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 151
Sepals Yn in., oblong, scabrous, rigid, persistent after the nutlets have fallen. Corolla-
tube £ in., tubular, scabrous without; lobes very small, ovate. Nutlets 4, ^ in., ver-
rucose or bristly. — Boissier says that H. affghanum has the corolla hairy within, and
thus differs from H. undulatum, but the type of H. affghanum (viz., Griffith, Kew
Distrib. n. 5936) altogether agrees with H. undulatum.
Var. suberosa ; fruits depressed-globose £ in. diam. glabrous dividing into 2' two-
seeded nutlets with corky cells on the back. H. nubicum, Bungc in Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Mosc. 1869, 330?. — Scinde, Stocks. The seeds are as in H. undulatum. This
was collected by Stocks as part of his n. 473, and is probably a variety of H. undula-
tum affected by an insect-punctures ; but it is remarkable that Stocks' example has
very numerous flowers and fruits, and that every ovary, without exception, appears to
form a corky fruit.
*** Leaves small or very narrow, subentire, scabrous hairy ; flowers mostly
bracteate, lower often pedicelled or with leciflike bracts.
t Stigma elongate conic.
9. H. Itottleri, Lehm. Asperifol. 66 ; woody, leaves small oblong,
racemes long witb distant flowers, fruit depressed distinctly 4-lobed completely
covered by short grey adpressed hairs with a depressed hollow at the apex
whence springs the style. DC. Prodr. ix. 549 ; Wight Ic. 1. 1392 ; Dalz. $ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 171.
Deccan Peninsula ; Coimbatore, alt. 1000 ft., Wight, &c.
Very harsh, with stiff curved branches. Leaves ^ by £ in., sessile, scattered,
margins recurved when dry. Racemes 2-4 in., stiff, curved ; pedicels solitary, each
opposite a bract. Sepals ± m-> ovate, acute, similar to the bracts. Stigma ovate,
shortly acute. Fruit -^ in. long by i broad.
10. K. paniculatum, Br. Prodr. 494, not of Roxb. ; erect, subvirgate,
leaves linear, racemes filiform elongate, fruit depressed subdivaricately 4-lobed
glabrous or with few scattered minute hairs. DC. Prodr. ix. 547 ; Benth. Fl.
Austral, iv. 399. H. glabellum, Br. I. c. 494 ; DC. I. c. 548. H. linifolium,
Lehm. Asperifol. 35 ; DC. I. c. 547 ; Wight Ic. t. 1391. H. tenue, Wall. Cat.
915 ; DC. I. c. 548, not of Roem. fy Sch. H. zeylanicum, Heyne in Herb. Rottl.;
DC. (under H. glabellum) I.e. 548. Cynoglossum zeylanicum, Wight in Wall.
Cat. 7018, not Heliotropium zeylanicum, Wall. , .
S. Deccan and Ceylon, Bottler, Wight. Pegu, Wallich. — Distrib. Siam, Australia.
Branches erect, twiggy. Leaves 1 by ^ in. Racemes 2-6 in. ; pedicels subopposite
a small linear bract or often extra-axillary. Sepals fo in., ovate, acute. Stigma
conical-linear. Fruit ~ by ~ in. — Wight called a rather stouter form, with leaves
£ in. wide and larger flowers, H. tenue, the ordinary form H. linifolium ; but the
difference is slight.
11. H. strig-osum, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 743 ; ramous, leaves small linear-
lanceolate, spikes mostly elongate, upper flowers sessile not conspicuously
bracteate, fruit ovoid not or obscurely 4-lobed with minute grey hairs. DC.
Prodr. ix. 546 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 143.
Throughout India ; very common. — Distrib. W. Asia, Malaya, Australia.
Usually procumbent, intricately branched. Leaves f by ^ in. Lower flowers of
the spike often pedicelled, with larger bracts. Sepals X in., ovate-lanceolate. Stigma
ovate, linear. Fruit i-i in. long and broad, depressed conical at the apex.
Var. brevifolia ; leaves |- by ^L in. narrowly lanceolate. H. brevifolium, Wall.
Cat. 914, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed Carey # Wall. ii. 2 ; DC. I. c 546. H. compactum,
Don Prodr. 101. — Throughout India, even more abundant than H. strigosum type.
12. H. bracteatum. DC. Prodr. 493; suberect, leaves lanceolate, spikes
shortened, flowers crowded among prominent bracts, fruit distinctly 4-lobed
152 c. BORAGINE.E. (0. B. Clarke.) [Heliotropium «
glabrous chestnut-brown below scabrous or minutely hairy near the apex. DC.
Prodr. ix. 547; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 397. H. foliatum, Br. I.e. 493; DC.
I. c. 548. H. ramosum, Roxb. ; Wall. Cat. 7015. H. cyrtostachyum, Miq. FL
Ind. Bat. ii. 924.
& Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon. — Distkib. Java, Australia.
Stems 4-8 in., strict or with ascending branches. Leaves f by |-£ in., not very
acute. Sepals £ in., lanceolate, smaller than many of the bracts.
Var. laxiflora ; spikes elongate or (in H. zeylanicum, Wall.) filiform. H. laxi-
florum, DC. I. c. 548 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 171. H. zeylanicum, Wall. Cat. 2091,
not of Lamk.—S. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, Heyne, Wight.
13. II. marifolium, Retz. Obs. ii. 8 ; leaves lanceolate acute scabrous
cauline often large, spikes 1-2 in. dichotomous rigid dense curved conspicuously
bracteate, fruit 4-lobed chestnut-brown below shortly bristly.
Deccan Peninsula ; from Chota Nagpore and Rajpootana to Cape Comorin.
Stems rigid, divaricately ramous, not intricate. Cauline leaves l1 by £ in., harsh.
Flowers and. fruits rather larger than those of H. bracteatum from which it is perhaps
not distinct.
Var. Wallichii ; stems decumbent intricately ramous, leaves smaller less harsh,
spikes elongate, flowers and fruits nearly of H. bracteatum. H. marifolium, Wall.
Cat. 2092; DC. Prodr. ix. 547; Wight Ic. t. 1390; Dalz § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 171.
Cynoglossum marifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 457. Bothriospermum ? marifolium, A. DC.
Prodr. x. 116. — Throughout India. Distinguished from H. strigosum by its broader
leaves and 4-lobed fruit. Except in its very ramous habit this does not differ from H.
bracteatum, var. laxiflora. Anthers ovate with linear twisted tips (as in allied species)
described by Roxburgh as " scales " between the corolla-lobes which error has misled
A. DC.
14. H. scabrum, Retz. Obs. ii. 8 ; procumbent, densely, leafy, leaves lan-
ceolate acute, flowers subcapitate among leaflike bracts, fruit 4-lobed chestnut
glabrous or minutely hairy near the apex. Wall. Cat. 7017 ; Wight Ic. t. 1389.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; frequent.
Forming dense tufts with fascicled leaves. Probably not specifically distinct from
H. marifolium.
ft Stigma subcapitate,
15. H. rariflorum, Stocks in Hook. KewJourn.iv. 174 ; erect, branched,
leaves linear, spikes elongate bracteate, fruit 4-lobed bristly. Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 144. Lithospermum leucoplilasum, Schweinf. Herb. Afr. Centr. n. 696.
Sonde ; Kurrachee, ' Stocks. Punjab ; Jhelum, Aitchison. — Distrib. Cabul,
Beloochistan, Nubia, Socotra.
Branches 6-12 in. Leaves 1 by -| in. Spikes 1-3 in. ; flowers all sessile ; bracts
scattered, leaflike. Stigma a very depressed cone. Hairs on the fruit adpressed or.
thickly bristly.
Sect. VI. Heliophytum. Fruit mitriform, subacutely 4-pointed.
16. H. indicum. Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, i. 454 ; herbaceous, leaves
petioled ovate subserrate, spikes elongate dense ebracteate, fruit separating into
two 2-seeded 2-pointed pyrenes. Bot. Mag. t. 1837. H. anisophyllum, Beauv.
Fl. O2V. et Ben. ii. 62, t. 96. Tiaridium indicum, Lehm. Asperifol. 14 ; Wall. Cat.
913; Wight III. t. 171; Chamisso in Linncsa, 1829, 452, t. 5, fig. 2 ; Dalz. 8?
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 172. T. anisophyllum, G. Don Gen. Sgst. iv. 364. Heliophy-
tum indicum, DC. Prodr. ix. 556 j Fresen. in Mart. Fl. Bras.fasc. 22, 48, t. 10,
fig. 4. H. velutinum, DC. I. c. 557.
Throughout India ; very common in the moister parts. — Distrib. Malaya, E. Asia.
Tropical Africa and America.
Seliotropium.'] c. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 153
Annual, hirsute. Stems 6-18 in. Leaves alternate or subopposite, 1-4 in., more
or less woolly. Spikes 1-8 in., mostly leaf-opposed. Sepals j^-^ in., linear. Corolla-
tube £ in., nnrrow-cylindric ; lobes small, round, crenate. Stigma conoid-linear. Fruit
£ in., ovoid, ribbed, soon separating into 2 mitrelike pyrenes ; each pyrene with 2
cavities in addition to the seed-bearing cells.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
H. Eoxburghii, Spreng. Syst. cures post. 54 ; erect, ramous, hairy, leaves petioled
ovate-oblong, spikes terminal panicled secund, tube of the corolla long and gibbous.
DC. Prodr. ix. 549. H. paniculatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. ii. 2, not of R.
Br. — Chittagong, Roxburgh. Known only from Roxburgh's description. Possibly,
as Roxburgh did not live to publish his own mss., this was his first description of
Tournefortia Eoxburghii (afterwards described fully under Lithospermum), which he
may have preserved for reference. This explanation applies certainly to some dupli-
cate species in Roxburgh's posthumous work. It can hardly be H. zeylanicum, Lamk.
(as Rottler supposed) because that species is not known in Chittagong.
7. TRICHODESMA, Br.
Coarse, hispid herbs. Leaves opposite, upper alternate, entire. Pedicels
axillary, 1-flowered, going off" into terminal racemes by the gradual reduction of
the floral leaves. Calyx deeply 5-merous ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, in fruit
enlarged. Corolla-tube campanulate-cylindric, throat without scales ; lobes 5,
twisted to the left, a gland or depression near the base of each. Stamens 5,
filaments short ; anthers elongate, lanceolate, connivent in a cone ; connectives
more or less hairy on the back, tips excurrent at length twisted. Ovary 4-celled;
style terminal filiform, stigma small. Fruit ellipsoid, sub-4-ridged ; nutlets
ovoid-oblong, smooth, shining on the back, scabrous, slightly or strongly mar-
gined on the inner face, closely adnate by their whole inner face to the carpo-
phore below the style, finally separating. — Species 10 ; in tropical and warm-
temperate Africa, Asia, and Australia.
* Calyx-lobes in fruit cordate or hastate at the base.
1. T. indicuxn, Br. Prodr. 496; bristly with hairs springing from
tubercles and also more or less villous, leaves mostly sessile lanceolate or cordate-
lanceolate, calyx-lobes (at least in fruit) cordate or hastate at the base, staminal
cone densely closely woolly on the back.' Wall. Cat. 932 ; Wight 111. t. 172 ;
DC. Prodr. x. 172 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 173 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 280. T.
perfoliatum, Wall. Cat. 934. T. hirsutum, Edgew. PL Banda, 51. Borago
indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 458. ? B. spinulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey
$ Wall. ii. 11 ; DC. Prodr. x. 35.
Throughout India ; common ; not in Bengal Plain. — Distrib. Cabul, Beloochistan,
Persia, Mauritius.
Erect or diffuse. Leaves 1-4 in., tuberculate on the upper surface. Lower pedicels
often distinctly axillary, 1-flowered. Calyx-lobes £-4 in., more or less grey- or white-
villous. Corolla-tube ^ in. ; lobes ^ in., ovate, suddenly acuminate. Nutlets £ in.,
sometimes very rough on the inner face, obscurely margined. — Edgeworth notes that
Borago spinulosa is Trichodesma indicum, probably correctly ; no one appears to have
seen a specimen or to know what else it can be.
Var. subsessilis ; leaves subelliptic narrowed downwards many very shortly
petioled. T. subsessilis, Wall. Cat. 933.— British Burma ; Prome, Wallich ; Pegu,
Kurc.
2. T. amplexicaule, Roth Nov. Sp. 104 ; bristly with hairs springing-
from tubercles, hardly at all villous, leaves sessile cordate-oblong beneath strigose
154 C. boragineje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Trichodesma.
on the nerves otherwise glabrous, flowers and fruit nearly as of T. indicum.
DC. Prodr. x. 172; Dak. § Gibs. Bomb. FL 173. T. inaequale, Edgtw. PL
Banda, 51.
Throughout W. India ; from Scinde, Rajpootana, and Central India to Malabar ;
frequent.
Probably a mere form of T. indicum. Corolla-lobes ovate, suddenly acute,
twisted to the left in the bud. Anthers exsert, tips of the connective finally twisted.
3. T. africanum, Br. Prodr. 496 ; bristly with hairs springing from
tubercles, leaves ovate-oblong lower long-petioled, calyx-lobes in fruit cordate
at the base, staminal cone laxly hairy on the back. DC. Prodr. x. 173 ; Boiss.
Ft. Orient, iv. 280. Borago africana, Linn. Sp. PL 197. B. verrucosa, Forsk.
Fl^AHy-Arab. 41.
Punjab and Scindb; Aitchison, Stocks, &c— Distrib. Cabul, Persia, Arabia,
Tropical Africa to Senegal.
Stem and leaves as of T. indicum, but more harshly hispid. Racemes mostly
lateral, often bipartite and subebracteate. Calyx-lobes $ in., in fruit ^-§ in. Corolla
tube I in. ; lobes \ in., ovate, acute. Nutlets £ in. ; margin prominent, glochidiate.
Calyx-lobes in fruit ovate or rounded at the base.
4. T. zeylanicum, Br. Prodr. 49G ; leaves oblong obtuse or acute at
the base hairy beneath, racemes lateral and terminal, nutlets £ in. ovoid-oblong
obscurely margined. Wall. Cat. 935 ; DC. Prodr. x. 172 ; Bot. May. t. 4820;
Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 404. Borago zeylanica, Linn. Mont. 202 : Jacq. Ic. PL
Bar. ii. t. 314 ; Burm. Fl. Ind. 41, t. 14, fig. 2. Leiocaiva Kotschvana, II<>ch<<t.
in Flora, 1844, 30.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon : common. — Distrib. Malaya, Australia, Mas-
carene Islands.
Habit of T. indicum. Leaves sessile or subpetiolate, bristly with hairs springing
from tubei'cles on the upper surface. Racemes usually denser, more softly villous
than in T. indicum. Flowers and fruit about the same size as in T. indicum.
5. T. khasianum. Clarke ; very large, leaves elliptic narrowed at both
ends or petioled sparsely hairy beneath, racemes forming large terminal corymbs,
nutlets \ in. widely margined.
Kuasia; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 5989), &c.
Apparently a stout, sparingly setose, shrub. Leaves 7 by 2\ in., mostly opposite,
petioled, scabrous tuberculate above, rugose subglabrate beneath. Corymbs with 50-
100 flowers, nearly ebracteate. Calyx-lobes in the bud § by ^in., rusty-pubescent, in
fruit 1 by § in., papery. Corolla-tube % in. ; lobes £ in., lanceolate-linear. Anther-
cone nearly \ in., patently white-hairy. — Remote in habit from the other Indian
species ; a still larger species has lately been discovered by Dr. Balfour in Socotra.
8. ACTINOCARYA, Benth.
A slender, diffuse herb, sparsely strigose or nearly glabrous. Leaves alter-
nate, obovate-oblong, entire. Floiuers minute, solitary on axillary pedicels.
Caly.v deeply 6-lobed, hardly enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube short ; scales in
the throat 5, very small ; lobes 5, obtuse, spreading, imbricate in the bud.
Stamens 5, filaments short ; anthers small, ovate, obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-
lobed ; style short, from the base of the lobes, stigma small. Nutlets 4, obo-
void-oblong, divaricate, with small spines on all sides, attached to the small
carpophore only at their minute lower ends.
Omphalodes.] 0. boragi^ej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 15f
A. tibetica ; Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 846.
Western Tibet; Nubra, alt. 13,000 ft. ; near Karsar village, Thomson.
Stems 4-14 in., prostrate, branched. Leaves \ by £ in., subobtuse. Pedicels \-
\\ in. Sepals ^ in., narrowly oblong. Corolla-tube scarcely longer than the sepals;
lobes ^ in. Nutlets
9. OMPHA LODES, ilfoencA.
Weak, decumbent herbs, strigose or subglabrous. Radical leaves long-
petioled, lanceolate or ovate ; cauline few, alternate. Pedicels in lax racemes,
slender, lower subaxillary solitary from leaf-like bracts. Flowers white or blue.
Sepals 6, spreading, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla rotate, throat almost
closed by obtuse scales; lobes 6, round, spreading, imbricate in the bud.
Stamens 6, included ; anthers small, obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style
filiform, from the "base of the lobes, stigma small or subcapitate. Nutlets 4,
depressed, forming a pyramid, attached to the small carpophore by their inner
iaces, their margins broad thin, entire or serrate, reflexed over the back of the
nuts so as to form on each a small nearly closed cell opening outwards by a
small hole; nuts smooth on the back. — Species 10; from the Mediterranean
basin to Central Asia and Japan.
O. Thomson!, Clarke ; leaves elliptic or oblong subobtuse strigose on
both surfaces, racemes lax subterminal, revolute margins of the nutlets nearly
entire. Omphalodes, sp. 8, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. fy T.
Western Tibet: Nubra, alt. 13,000 ft., Thomson.
. Rootstock perennial ; annual brunches 6-10 in., very numerous, slender, strigose.
Eadical leaves 1 by { in., spathulate; petiole \-\\ in.; cauline f by $ in., sessile.
Pedicels \-\ in., recurved in fruit. Sepals X in., oblong, reflexed in fruit. Fruit \
in. long and broad, exactly pyramidal ; nutlets somewhat saccate at base, appearing
inflated by the reflexed loose membranous margin.
10. CYNOGLOSSUM Linn.
Biennial or perennial herbs, erect, hairy. Leaves alternate, radical petioled.
Racemes elongate, ebracteate ; flowers ultimately distant, sessile or lower
shortly pedicelled, blueish or purple. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, in fruit spreading
not (or slightly) enlarged. Corolla-tube short, with /3 obtuse or emarginate
scales in the throat ; lobes 5, obtuse, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5, included
beneath the scales ; anthers small, ovate, their tips hardly above the mouth of
the corolla-tube. Ovary-lobes 4 ; style short or longish from the base of the
lobes, stigma small. Nutlets 4, forming a much depressed pyramid, apices
hardly produced above the hilum, bases rounded produced downwards, outer
faces convex or flattened, with or without a margin, glochidiate ; carpophore
(after the nuts have fallen) linear, shortly conic at the base (elongate-conic in
C. Ritchiei and sometimes in C. denticulatum, var. zeylanica. — Species 60 j in
Subtropical and temperate, especially mountain regions.
* Flowers very small ; style neither in flower nor in fruit exceeding £ in.
l.C. lure a turn. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 6, and
Cat, 919 ; depressed-strigo.se, upper cauline leaves oblong sessile entire softly
hairy, racemes furcate branches long fulvous towards the tips, lower flowers
distinctly pedicelled, outer faces of the nutlets ovate distinctly margined by the
confluence of the bases of the marginal glochidia. Don Prodr. 100 ; DC.
Prodr.x. 141); Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petertb. xvii. o.r>4. C. ovatum, Moon
Cat. 12.
156 C. boragine^}. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cynoalossum*
Throughout India and Ceylon ; in the mountains, alt. 4-9000 ft., very common ;
no examples from the Malay Peninsula. — Distrib. Cabul.
Erect, 1-3 ft., no patent or lax hairs on the stem. Eadical leaves larger, long-
petioled, persistent at the time of flowering ; cauline 4 by 1 in., acute, frequently
subdecurrent, glabrous or very minutely but scarcely scabrous on the upper surface,
nerves beneath often prominent. Lower pedicels often fe-% in. Calyx-lobes ovate, in
fruit often £ in. broadly oblong. Outer face of the nutlets ^ in., with no distinct
medial line, with scattered glochidia often not much shorter than the marginal :
carpophore linear, hardly conical at the base. — Generally distinguished correctly from
the other closely allied species of this subsection by its almost silky indumentum and
tawny young racemes. C. ovatum, Moon, is a form common in the Nilgherries with
shorter, ovate, thicker, more softly hairy leaves.
Vak. lanceolata ; leaves thinner margin obscurely crenulate upper surface sub-
scabrous with longer hairs rising from a more tuberculate base. C. lanceolata,
Heyne; Wall. Cat. 921. C. Heynei, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 354; DC. Prodr. x. 150.
— Nilgherries, Anamallays, and Mts. of Ceylon, frequent. — Stem with subpatent hairs ;
cauline leaves narrowed at the base, sometimes obscurely petioled, margin minutely
scabrous, in these respects approaching C. micranthum, but the fruit is altogether as
of C.furcatum.
2. C. micranthum, Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. 1804, 220, fide A. DC. Prodr,
x. 149 ; patently hairy, upper cauline leaves lanceolate acute at both ends
crenulate, racemes divaricately forked lower flowers subsessile, calyx-lobes
minute ovate obtuse, outer faces of the small nutlets shortly ovate not (or most
obscurely) margined glochidiate on all sides. Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petersb*
xvii. 555. C. canescens, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 180 ; Benth. in Boyle III.
306 ; Wall. Cat. 918, partly. C. vesiculosum, Wall. Cat. 920, partly.
Northern India and the Himalaya, alt. 1-8000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan and
Pegu, common.
8te?n 1-4 feet, erect, hirsute. Eadical leaves none at the time of flowering;
upper cauline 3 by -| in., uppermost often very narrow, margin ciliate sometimes
subdenticulate, upper surface scabrous with hairs from tuberculate bases. Racemes
rigid, often imbricate ; flowers very small, sessile in the typical form (lower pedi-
celled in Wallich's examples). Calyx-lobes ^ in. in fruit, obtuse from the first.
Corolla very small, white, the scales in the throat blue-black. Nutlets ^ in., ovoid,
in the typical form, sometimes rather larger ; carpophore cylindric-linear ; style often
twice as long as the nutlets.
3. C. lanceolatum, Forsk. Fl. ^Fg. 41, not of Heyne ; hispid, leaves
broadly lanceolate strongly nerved beneath, racemes often long with all the
flowers pedicelled, nutlets £ in. diam. shortly ovate not (or most obscurely) mar-
gined glochidiate on all sides. DC. Prodr. x. 155. O. racemosum, Roxb. Hort.
Beny. 13, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 6. C. hirsutum, Jacq. Hort. Schoenb.
iv. t. 489, not of Thunb. O. micranthum, Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 172.
Bengal Plain, \o the' sea, common ; extending throughout the G-angetic Plain
to Lahore. Bombay ; Law. — Distrib. Arabia.
Raceme-branches in fruit often 6-10 in.; pedicels often \ in.; calyx-lobes in
fruit £ in., obtuse. — Roxburgh's C. racemosum has been united by all authorities with
C. micranthum, Desf. ; the nutlets are larger, the habit coarser ; whether species or
variety, it is identical with C. lanceolatum, Forsk.
4. C. glochidiatum, Wall. Cat. 922 ; stem hispid with hairs springing
from tubercles, cauline leaves lanceolate base attenuate or petioled ciliate or
denticulate, lower flowers of the elongate racemes shortly pedicelled, calyx-
lobes ovate obtuse sometimes oblong in fruit, outer faces of the nutlets ovate
margined glochidiate on all sides. DC. Prodr. x. 150, as to description only.
C. stellulatum, Wall. Ca\. 921. C. micranthum, Var. H.f 8f T. in Herb.
■Cynoglossum.'] c. boragine.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 157
Khasia Mts. and adjacent parts of Assam, alt. 2-6000 ft., frequent; Wallich,
Griffith, H. f. $ T. &c— Distrib. Ava.
Erect, 1-2 feet, branches ascending. Leaves 2 by ^ in., thin, sparsely hispid on
both surfaces with hairs often rising from tubercles ; radical leaves 0 at the time of
flowering. Calyx-lobes fa in. in fruit. Nutlets ± in., margined by the confluent
bases of the glochidia, but not prominently, glochidia on the faces plentiful and not
much shorter ; carpophore sublinear. — H. f. & T. appear justified in regarding this
plant as allied to C. micranthum, rather than to C. denticu latum. Both Benth. and
DC. say that Wallich's C. glochidiatum came from Nepal ; but Wallich says he got
it at Punduah, i.e. Khasia, where all other collectors get it.
5. C. denticulatum, A. DC. Prodr. x. 150; stem softly hairy or
strigose, leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate some cauline petioled ciliate or den-
ticulate, calyx-lobes ovate, outer faces of the nutlets shortly ovate prominently
margined giochidiate sparingly on the faces. G. Don. Gen. Syst. iv. 354. C.
glochidiatum, Benth. in Royle III. 306 ; Lindl. in Bot. Beg. 1841, t. 15. 0.
canescens, Wall. Cat. 918, partly. C. vesiculosum, Wall. Cat. 920, partly.
Tropical and Temperate Himalaya, alt. 1-9000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim ;
very common. Central India from Chota Nagpore to Bombay ; very common. —
Distrib. Cabul, Malaya.
Eesembling C. glochidiatum. Leaves usually closely clothed on the upper surface
with hairs rising from tubercles. Carpophore sublinear. — The Central Indian examples
have rather larger nutlets than the Himalayan C. denticulatum, and are intermediate
between that and the Var. zeylanica.
Var. zeylanica ; nutlets larger their faces sometimes £ in. diam. very strongly
margined, base of the carpophore sometimes elongate conic so that the nutlets are
attached obliquely. C. zeylanicum, Thunb. C. glochidiatum, Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 172. Echinospermum zeylanicum, Lehm. Asperifol. 116; Boem. §• Sch. Syst. iv.
780; DC. Prodr. x. 142. — W. Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan southwards in the
tropical region. Ceylon (fide Lehmann).
6. C. Wallichii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 354 ; stem hirsute erect, cauline
leaves lanceolate to ovate base narrowed or petioled ciliate or denticulate, calyx-
lobes oblong- in fruit sometimes elongate narrow, nutlets shortly ovate strongly
margined giochidiate sparingly on the faces. DC. Prodr. x. 150. C. caly-
cinum, Wall. Cat. 923, not of Meyer. C. vesiculosum, Wall. Cat. 920, partly.
C. microcarpum, A. Kerner Nov. PI. Sp. ii. 13. — Cynoglossum sp. n. 6, Herb.
Ind. Or.H.f.$T.
W. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-11,000 ft, from Kashmir to Kumaon, very
common.
Differs from C. denticulatum in the narrower calyx-lobes more elongate in fruit ;
these are ovate-oblong in typical C. calycinum, linear-oblong in C. microcarpum, A.
Kerner ; and there is every state between. — Very abundant westward about Dal-
housie, when C. denticulatum becomes rare ; but the two species are very difficult to
distinguish, and may not be distinct.
Var. alpina ; more hirsute, stems prostrate or decumbent, leaves mostly small
more scabrous tuberculate hairy. Cynoglossum sp. n. 7, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. § T.
?C. membranaceum, A. DC. Prodr. x. 150.— W. Subalpine Himalaya; Edgeworth,
&c. Lower cauline leaves 1 in., long-petioled, but most of the leaves ^-f in., sub-
sessile. No authentic example of C. membranaceum seen.
7. C. ? Ritchiei, Clarke; cauline leaves lanceolate narrowed at the base,
calyx-teeth in fruit elongate oblong, outer faces of the nutlets ovate marginate
strongly giochidiate, carpophore £ in. elongate-conic at base so that the nuts
are attached obliquely.
Bombay ; Belgaum, Bitchie.
This closely resembles C. denticulatum, var. zeylanica, and may be a form of it.
158 c. BORAGiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cynoglossum.
but the carpophore is much dilated at the base ; the calyx-segments in fruit £ by ±
in. This plant is a species of Paracaryum according to the " Genera Plantarum,"
but it cannot well be removed far from C. denticulatum, Var. zeylanica.
** Floivers larger \-% in. diam., style £-£ in.
8. C. microglochin, Benth. in Royle III. 305; cauline leaves numerous
subsessile ovate or elliptic acute densely softly hairy beneath, calyx-lobes in
fruit \ in., outer faces of the nutlets I in. ovate margined coarsely not densely
glochidiate. DC. Prodr. x. 151.
Temperate W. Himalaya, alt. 7-11,000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon frequent ;
Royle, Strachey, §~ Winterbottom, &c.
Erect l£-3 feet, hairy. Leaves 4 by 2 in., in Royle's type, often narrower, entire,
lower attenuated at the base. Racemes dense, in fruit 1 -4 in. ; pedicels short, lower
in fruit \ in. Calyx-lobes in flower £ by ^ in., elliptic, obtuse, villous. Corolla-tube
shorter than the calyx-lobes, segments £ in. Anther-cells oblong, divaricate at the
base, tips shortly emergent above the corolla-throat, covered by the depressed cone
of scales. Nutlets with very stout glochidia ; carpophore conic, style £ in.
9. C. nervosum, Benth. ms. ; cauline leaves numerous subsessile elliptic
or oblong acute sparsely hirsute on both surfaces, calyx-lobes in fruit £ in.,
outer faces of the nutlets f in. ovate marginate densely glochidiate. Om-
phalodes nervosa, Edgew. ms.
Western Himalaya; Kulu, Jalauri Pass, Edgeworth; Pangee, alt. 12,000 ft.,
Dr. Watt.
Generally resembling C. microglochin, but with laxer racemes, larger flowers, and
different indumentum. Cauline leaves 4 by \\ in., hairs on the upper surface from
tubercles, on the lower lax ; nerves not prominent. Racemes 1-6 in., lax ; lower
pedicels \-% in. Corolla § in. diam., widely campanulate, tube very short. Nutlets
not fully ripe, much more closely glochidiate than in C. microglochin ; carpophore
shortly conical at the base, style \ in.
10. C. petiolatum, A. DC. Prodr. x. 149 ; cauline leaves few ovate
acute minutely softly hairy beneath, calyx-lobes in fruit £ in., outer faces of
the nutlets £ in. ovate marginate sparsely glochidiate. Anchusa petiolata,
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3858.
Alpine Western Himalaya ; Zanskar, near Umasi Pass, T. Thomson.
Erect, 2-3 feet, hairy. Lower leaves oblong, long-petioled ; petiole of the radical
leaves 5 in. . Racemes straggling, branched, 4-8 in. in fruit ; pedicels very short,
lower scarcely \ in. Calyx-lobes in flower \ in., elliptic, obtuse, hairy. Corolla ^ in.
diam., tube hardly longer than the calyx. Nutlets as of Cynoglossum, faces but little
glochidiate except on the margins. — Flowers intermediate in size between those of
the two last species and those of C. furcatum, &c. No authentic example of C. petio-
latum has been seen ; and Thomson's examples are referred to that species, only
because Bot. Mag. t. 3858, closely resembles them ; the leaves in Thomson's plant
here described are hairy on both surfaces, in the picture they appear glabrous, ciliate
on the margin only.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
C. Edgeworthii, A. PC. Prodr. x. 150 ; stem erect hispid below, leaves ovate -
oblong narrowed at both ends adpressedly hairy, calyx-lobes ovate obtuse short, nut-
lets ovate glochidiate on all sides.
Himalaya ; alt. 4-6000 ft., Edgeworth.
Differs from C. micranthum by the flowers twice as large, the corolla longer to-
wards (? in proportion to) the calyx, the leaves seldom subdenticulate.
Lindelofia.] c. boragineje. (C. B. Clarke.) 159
11. LINDELOFIA, Lehm.
An erect, perennial, hairy herb. Radical leaves petiolate ; cauline alternate
from ovate to linear-lanceolate. Racemes dense, elongate, ebracteate. Floivers
blue, purple, or nearly black. Sepals in fruit somewhat enlarged, spreading.
Corolla-tube cylindric, longer than the calyx, crowned with scales in the throat
forming a cone ; lobes obtuse, round, spreading, horizontally imbricated in bud.
Stamens 5 ; anthers large, linear— oblong, exserted, but scarcely overtopping the
scales. Ovary 4-lobed ; style from near the base of the lobes, long, stigma
small. Nutlets 4, depressed, rounded at the base, apices hardly produced, glo-
chidiate ; carpophore short.
Zi. spectabilis, Lehm. in Linncea, xxiv. 216 ; hairy, cauline leaves
sessile oblong, corolla-tube 1-3 times as long as the calyx, faces of the nutlets
glochidiate on the margin chiefly. Cynoglossum longiilorum, Benth. in Royle
III. 305; Bot. Reg. 26, t. 50. "C. grandiflorum, Benth. in Royle III. 305;
DC. Prodr. x. 156. Omphalodes longiflora, A. DC. Prodr. x. 158. Anchusopsis
longiflora, Bisch. in Linncea, xxxvi. 736.
Alpine Western Himalaya ; alt. 10-12,000 ft., from Grurwhal to Kashmir, Royle,
Madden, Falconer, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft., patently, sometimes densely hairy. Kadical leaves long-petioled,
2-4 in., lanceolate ; lower cauline petioled, upper subcordate, amplexicaul, 3 in.,
hirsute more or less on both surfaces. Racemes dense, even in fruit, or elongate lax.
Calyx-lobes in flower | in., subacute, in the type example, sometimes obtuse, variable
in length, sparingly pilose or woolly. Corolla intense blue, tube \ in., lobes | in. in
the type example, excessively variable in size. Outer faces of the nutlets £-£ in.,
ovate, marginal glochidia connate at the base, the obscure medial line sparingly
glochidiate, the rest of the surface nearly smooth ; in a word, as of Cynoglossum ;
carpophore sublinear. — Hardly any two examples agree in the size and shape of the
corolla and calyx or in their relative sizes.
Var. Falconeri ; stems strict, leaves linear-lanceolate, calyx-lobes \ in. narrowly
oblong, corolla-tube |-§ in. — Kashmir, Falconer.
Var. Levingii ; leaves elliptic and ovate acute, calyx-lobes \-% in. ovate, corolla-
tube § by \ in., segments ^ in. diam. orbicular, style f in. — Kashmir ; Pir Pingul, alt.
11,500 ft,, Levinge. This has much larger flowers than any other example.
2. Zi. Benth ami, Hook f. ; hairy, leaves linear-lanceolate acute, racemes
panicled, corolla-tube about equalling the calyx narrow, segments elliptic or
oblong suberect. Solenanthus sp. 3, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. fy T.
Kashmir and Western Tibet; alt, 11-15,000 ft., Thomson, Strachey § Winter-
bottom, &c.
Stems 2-3 ft., erect. Radical leaves long-petioled, narrow-lanceolate, cauline
sessile 4 by £-| in. Panicles repeatedly branched, laxly racemose ; pedicels |-£ in.
and upwards. Calyx-lobes at flower-time nearly i by ^ in., narrowly lanceolate, acute.
Corolla-tube J-| by £ in., cylindric; lobes £ by ^ in., erect or only half-patent.
Filaments as long as the scales; anthers exserted (not from the corolla). Style
|-f in. Nutlets £-§ in., forming a pyramid, densely shortly glochidiate, especially
round the margins ; carpophore elongate conic. — This may prove to be S. angustifolius,
Fisch. $ Mey. ; DC. Prodr. x. 165; it was placed in Lindelofia by Bentham, (to which
genus I would refer the Solenanthi with long anthers, as S. lanatus, A. Dc,
S. brachtystcmon, F. & M. — J. D. Hooker).
12. SOLENANTKUS.XA
Perennial, hairy herbs. Leaves alternate, radical petioled. Racemes dense
or corymbose, ebracteate. Calyx 5-partite, scarcely enlarged in fruit. Corolla
160 c. boragineje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Solenanthus.
tubular, throat with 5 scales ; lobes 5, small, obtuse, erect or scarcely spreading.
Filaments long ; anthers small, shortly oblong, far exserted. Ovary 4-lobed ;
style from the base of the lobes, filiform, stigma small. Nutlets 4, attached
somewhat obliquely to the conical carpophore, scarcely produced at the apex,
rounded at the base, muricate or shortly glochidiate, usually margined. — Species
10, in S. Europe, Central and W. Asia.
1. S. circiknatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 194, and Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 26; radical
leaves long-petioled cordate submembranous cauline subamplexicaul oblong-
lanceolate, racemes forming a terminal panicle DC. Prodr. x. 164; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 270.
Alpine Western Himalaya ; Zanskar, Thomson ; Pangee, Br. Watt. — Distrib.
Afghanistan, Astrabad, Soongaria, Altai.
Stems 3 ft., erect, laxly hairy. Radical leaves 6 by 2| in. ; petiole 8 in. ; cauline
3 by l\ in. Panicle in fruit 10 by 8 in., branches elongate ; flowers approximate ;
pedicels 0-x in. Calyx-lobes | by ^ in., oblong. Corolla-tube \ in., lobes ^ in.
Filaments \ in. Style \-\ in. Nutlets forming a pyramid \-± in. diam., densely
shortly glochidiate, especially round the margins ; carpophore elongate-conic.
13. PARACARYUM, Boiss.
Perennial or biennial, hairy herbs. Leaves alternate. Racemes elongate,
bracts few or 0. Floivers small, blue. Calyx deeply 5-fid, in fruit not much
enlarged. Corolla funnel-shaped, or cylindric in P. heliocarpum, tube closed by
5 scales ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, beneath the
scales. Ovary 4-lobed ; style from the base of the lobes, short or long, stigma
small. Nutlets 4, depressed, often broadly adnate to the carpophore with rigid
persistent style, forming a pyramid, their apices hardly produced, their bases
rounded, attached obliquely to the elongate conical carpophore, glochidiate
(except in P. ? Lambertianuni) , strongly margined ; margin sometimes much
reflexed as in Omphalodes. — Species 20, in S. Europe, W. and Central Asia.
Sect. I. Stem solitary, tall, corymbose upwards. Leaves large. — (This sec-
tion differs from Cynoglossum microglochin, petiolatum, &c, only in the more
elongate conic carpophore, the nutlets being obliquely suberect, rather than much
depressed and subdivaricate as in Cynoglossum.)
1. P. caelestinum, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 850 ; radical leaves ovate-
cordate submembranous cauline ovate base cuneate strigose on the nerves
beneath, racemes divaricate furcate, pedicels very short. Cynoglossum caeles-
tinum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1839, t. 36; DC. Prodr. x. 151; Balz. $ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 173. Echinospermum caelestinum, Wight Ic. t. 1394.
"Western Deccan Peninsula ; from Mahableshwur to Mysore, common, Wight,
Balz ell, &c.
Erect, 3-4 ft., sparsely hairy. Radical leaves long-petioled, 7 by 5 in. ; cauline 3^
by 2 in., acute, subentire, tubercular-scabrous above, nearly glabrous beneath except
on the nerves. Racemes strigose; branches 2-4 in.; pedicels \ in., approximate.
Calyx-lobes ^ in., elliptic ; in fruit \ in., ovate. Flowers § in. diam., nearly as of
Cynoglossum. Style scarcely \ in. Outer faces of the nutlets i in., ovate, margin
prominent reflexed strongly glochidiate, disc nearly smooth shining.
2. P. malabaricum, Clarke ; radical leaves ovate-cordate tuberculate-
hispid, cauline ovate cuneate at the base hirsute, racemes numerous erect
Paracaryum.] c. boragine.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 161
forming a large dense corymb, pedicels very short. Cynoglossum sp. 13, Herb.
Ind. Or.H.f.8>T.
"Western Deccan Peninsula ; Canara and Mysore, Law.
Resembling the preceding species but stouter, more hairy, with larger flowers and
fruits. Calyx-lobes £ in., elliptic; in fruity in., ovate. Nutlets more than £ in.
diam., subglobose, disc of their faces glochidiate, style \ in.
3. ? P. Lambertianum, Clarke ; strigose, cauline leaves subsessile
ovate acute, racemes long forked, pedicels very short, nutlets large margined not
glochidiate.
Bombay {Herb. Lambert).
The upper portions of 2 fruiting stems of this are very like P. coelcstinum, but
the fruits are totally different. Calyx as of P. coelestinum. Corolla not seen.
Nutlets | in. diam., ovate, much depressed flattened, margin ^ in. broad, entire, not
reflexed, disc smooth, shining ; carpophore elongate conic, style ultimately A in. —
The genus of this plant is very doubtful ; the nutlets approach those of Rindera.
4. P. heliocarpum, A. Kerner Nov. PI. Sp. ii. 9 ; radical leaves spathu-
late-lanceolate, cauline oblong or lanceolate softly hairy on both surfaces,
racemes long lax flowers pedicelled, corolla-tube elongate much exceeding the
calyx, margin of the nutlets broad membranous white reflexed with lanceolate
glochidia disc slightly muricated. Cynoglossum anchusoides, Lindl. in Bot.
Reg. 1842, t. 14; DC. Prodr. x. 151. Cynoglossum Emodi, Schottws Cat.
Hort. Copenhagen. Lindelofia anchusoides, Lehm. in IAnncea, 1851, 216.
Temperate Western Himalaya, alt. 7-9000 ft. ; Kashmir, Lahul and Piti,
Thomson, &c. — Distrib. Kashgar.
Erect, 3 ft., softly hairy. Radical leaves long-petioled, 6 by 1 in.; cauline 2| by
\ in., closely hairy on both surfaces. Racemes 4-10 in., ebracteate ; pedicels in fruit
\-^ in., distant. Calyx-lobes £ in., narrowly oblong, silky ; in fruit \ in. or more,
widened. Corolla-tube £-§ in. ; lobes £ in., suberect. Anthers linear, included. Style
£ in. in fruit. Nutlets \-~ in. ; glochidia broadly-lanceolate, thin, membranous. —
A plant frequently collected in Cabul by Griffith has been named P. anchusoides, but
it has very stiffly glochidiate, smaller, less margined nuts ; and may be Cynoglossum
macrostylum, Bunge (cf. Boiss. EL Orient, iv. 266).
5. P. g lochidiatum, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 850 ; radical leaves cordate-
ovate, cauline ovate acute hairy on the nerves beneath, racemes elongate furcate
lax, margins of the nutlets prominent long-glochidiate. Rindera glochidiata,
Wall. Cat. 926. Cynoglossum uncinatum, Benth. in Boyle III. 305. C. Roylei,
Wall. Cat. 917 ; DC. Prodr. x. 155. C. laxum, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 356.
Echinoglossum glochidiatum, A. DC. Prodr. x. 136.
Alpine Himalaya, alt, 9-12,000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, frequent, Wallich,
Royle,J.D.H.,&c.
Stem 3 ft., laxly hairy. Radical leaves 2-4 in. diam., petioles often 6 in. ; cauline
leaves mostly distinctly petioled, orbicular to elliptic-lanceolate, base obtuse. Racemes
2-6 in., strigose; pedicels in fruit often \-% in. distant. Calyx-lobes £ in., oblong,
acute; in fruit \ in., ovate. Corolla \ in. diam., tube short, much as of Cynoylosmm.
Style I in. Nutlets forming a pyramid $-£ in. diam., much adnate to the carpophore ;
glochidia |-^ in., sublinear.
6. P. Thomson!, Clarke ; radical leaves ovate-oblong, cauline mostly
petioled ovate-lanceolate sparsely hairy, racemes divaricate, pedicels very short,
nutlets less than 1 in. glochidiate margined.— Echinospermum sp. 2, Herb. Ind.
Or.H.f.S, T.
Alpine Western Tibet ; Nubra, Baltal, Thomson.
Stem 3 ft., sparsely hairy. Radical leaves 8 by 4 in., blade decurrcnt on the 4-10 in.
VOL. IV. M
162 c. boeagine^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Paracaryum,
petiole ; cauline leaves 3 by 1^ in., cuneate or rhomboid at the base. Spikes dense-
or lax. Calyx and corolla nearly as of P. glochidiatum. Nutlets much smaller,,
margin shorter, white, membranous, less reflexed, more shortly glochidiate.
Sect. 2. Small hispid plants, with several stems. Leaves and Jlowe?-s small. —
(This section only differs from Omphalodes in the more erect nutlets, not saccate
at the base.)
7. P. himalayense, Clarke ; leaves oblong, flowers subsessile, nutlets
\- ^ in. diam., margin subpatent glochidiate. Mattia himalavensis, Klotzsch in
Reis. Pr. Waldem. Bot. 94, t. 64.— Omphalodes sp. n. 4, Herb. Ind. Or. II. fr
# T.
Alpine Western Himalaya ; Nubra, Thomson.
Stems decumbent then ascending, 6-14 in., patently hispid. Radical leaves \\ by
^ in., narrowed at both ends, hispid on both surfaces, petiole 1 in. ; cauline similar,
smaller, subsessile. Spikes in fruit 3-8 in. ; pedicels hardly any, distant. Calyx-
lobes hardly -$ in., oblong ; in fruit sometimes I in. Corolla scarcely A in. diam., biue,
tube short. Fruit pyramidal ; margin of nutlets membranous, disc muricate, subglo-
chidiate ; style hardly £ in.
8. P. tibeticum, Clarke-, leaves oblong, flowers subsessile or lower
pedicelled, nutlets J— § in. diam., margin patent subentire. — Omphalodes sp. n. 6r
Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8? T.
"Western Tibet ; Ladakh, alt. 9000 ft., Thomson.
Much resembling P. himalayense. Stems more diffuse. Flowers very small,
mostly subsessile ; lower pedicels in fruit occasionally \ in. Fruit pyramidal ; margin-
of nutlets membranous, disc minutely glochidiate, style less than ^ in.
9. P. microcarpum, Boiss. Diagn. 2. iii. 189, and Fl. Orient, iv. 255 ;
leaves oblong, flowers pedicelled, nuts fW-33 in., margin inflexed entire. — Ompha-
lodes sp. n. 7, Herb. Ind, Or. H.f. 8> T.
Subalpixe Western Himalaya, alt, 8000 ft. ; Kashmir and Pangee, Thomson. —
Disteib. Cabul.
Diffuse, hairy. Racemes in fruit 3-8 in. ; pedicels ^- \ in. Calyx and corolla
rather larger than of the two preceding species. Fruit pyramidal, somewhat depressed ;
margin of nutlets membranous, as though inflated ; disc minutely glochidiate.
14. ECHINOSFERMUM, Swark.
Annual or perennial, hispid herbs. Leaves alternate, obloDg, lanceolate or
narrowly obovate. Floivers very small, sessile or pedicelled ; racemes bracteate,
or ebracteate above. Sepals 5. Corolla-tube short, mouth closed by 5 scales •,
lobes 5, imbricate in the bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, included. Anthers
ovate, obtuse. Ovary 4-lobed ; style between the lobes, short, stigma small
capitate. Nutlets 4, erect, forming a pyramid, confluent or separable, attached
above their base ; scar produced to their apex ; bases not produced ; margins
with 1 or 2 rows of strong glochidia ; carpophore as long as the nutlets. —
Species 20, in the north temperate regions of the old World and in N. America :
a few in S. Africa and Australia.
The character in Gen. PI. (ii. 835) assigned of " apices of the nuts erect, free
round the style, more or less prominent," applies only to the glochidiate species of
Eritrichium placed by Bentham in Echinospermum, but here enumerated under
Eritrichium.
1. E. minimum, Lehtn. Asperifol. 126; patently hispid, leaves linear-
oblong, calyx-lobes liuear> nutlets elongate-pyramidal confluent. Myosotis
Echinospermum.] C. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 163
echinophora. Pallas Toy. (ed. Gauthier), v. 496, t. 16, fig. 2. Rochelia echino-
phora, Roem. et. Sch. Syst. iv. 110, 782. Reterocaryum minimum, A. DC.
Prodr. x. 144.
Kashmir ; temperate region Thomson. Punjab ; Peshawur, Vicary. — Distrib.
Cabul, Beloochistan to the Ural Mts. and Altai.
A coarser plant with larger flowers and fruits than the other Indian Echino-
spermums. Stem 6-12 in., erect, rigid. Leaves 1^ by \ in., numerous, sometimes
somewhat obovate, lower spathulate petioled. Racemes in fruit 3-4 in. ; pedicels £
in., distant, rigid, suberect, often thickened ; bracts ^-f in., leaflike, often continued
to the top of the raceme. Calyx-lobes \-\ in. Corolla-tube £ in., lobes not much over
topping the calyx. Nutlets §-|- in. ; margins thickened, with a single row of strong
glochidia ; backs depressed, smooth or scarcely granular ; nutlets inseparably confluent,
not rarely 1 or 2 abortive. — Boissier (Fl. Orient, iv. 248) doubts whether Heterocaryum
pachypodam, rigidum, and Szovitzianum {A. DC. Prodr. x. 145), are other than forms
of this species.
2. E. barbatum, Lehm. Asperifol. 128 ; patently hispid, leaves oblong,
calyx-lobes oblong, nutlets separable tubercular-scabrous on all sides with 2
rows of short stout glochidia round the margin. DC. Prodr. x. 137 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 250. Myosotis barbata, Bieb. Cent. PI. Rar. t. 36. Rochelia
barbata, Roem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 110, 782.
Subalpine Western Himalaya, ait. 7-12,000 ft.; from Gurwhal to Baltistlian,
frequent ; Thomson, &c. — Distrib. from Beloochistan and Cabul to the Ural and
Altai.
Erect, 6-18 in. Leaves \-2 in., narrowed at the base, lower petioled. Racemes in
fruit 2-12 in. ; pedicels £-£ in., erect ; bracts £ in., usually 0 in the upper part of the
spike. Calyx-lobes -fe in. Nutlets ~-| in., forming a compact pyramid, but separable.
3. 12. Redowskii, Lehm. Asperifol. 127 ; patently hispid, leaves oblong,
flowers subsessile, calyx-lobes oblong-linear, nutlets separable scabrous on all
sides with one row of strong glochidia round the margin. DC. Prodr. x. 137.
E. intermedium, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 199, and Ic. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 180. Rochelia
Redowskii, Roem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 782.
Western Tibet, alt. 9-10,000 ft. ; Leh, Thomson.— Distrib. Central Asia to the
Ural and Altai.
Generally resembling E. barbatum. Pedicels rarely exceeding £ in. ; bracts £ in.,
oblong, often continued (smaller) to the summit of the spike. Calyx-lobes rather
longer than of E. barbatum, in fruit ^-l in. in Thomson's example. Nutlets nearly as
in E. barbatum but the glochidia in one row and much longer. — Perhaps E. patidum,
Lehm. {DC. Prodr. 137 ; Boiss Fl. Orient, iv. 250) is not specifically distinct.
4. E. semig-labrum, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 204, and Lc. Fl. Ross. i. t. 28 ;
patently hispid, leaves oblong, flowers subsessile, calyx-lobes linear-oblong,
nutlets tubercular-scabrous on all sides with one row of glochidia round the
margin as long as the nutlet is broad. DC. Prodr. x. 138 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 251.
Western Tibet and Baltisthan, alt. 8-10,000 ft.; Thomson, &c— Distrib.
Cabul ; Turkestan to the Altai.
Hardly distinguishable from E. Redowskii, but by the longer glochidia of the nuts
which often exceed £ in. Sjrikes denser, more divided, often somewhat closely
panicled.
15. EEITRICHZVM, Schrader.
Annual or perennial herbs, strigose or silky- villous. Leaves alternate,
narrow. Racemes simple or branched. Flowers small, blue, rarely white.
Sepals 5, not or slightlv enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube short, throat with 5
m 2
164 C. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Erilrichium.
scales ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, included ;
anthers ovate, obtuse. Ovary 4-lobed ; style between the lobes, short, stignia
email capitate. Nutlets 4, erect, much longer than the carpophore, scar small
below their middle, nearly basal in E. basifixum, tips free ; margins winged by
glochidia confluent at the base or rugose or entire. — Species 70; Europe, Temp.
Asia, America ; in Australia.
* Glochidia on the margin of the nutlets confluent at their bases.
1. E. strictum, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. JBot. 125; perennial, silky-
white, leaves linear, bracts minute in the upper part of the raceme, sepals in
fruit jg-^o in. oblong. A. DC. Prodr. x. 128. E. Jacquemontii and longi-
folium, Dene. 1. c. 122, 123, tt. 127, 129 ; DC. 1. c. 25. Echinospermum canum,
Benth. in Royle III. 306 ; A. DC. I. c. 14] . ? E. myosotiflorum, A. DC. Prodr.
x. 141.
Throughout the Western Himalaya, alt. 7-13,000 ft. ; common, from Kashmir
and Baltisthan to the Sutledge.
Eootstock woody ; stems 8 in., numerous, strict, undivided. Leaves 1£ by £ in.,
softly adpressedly silky ; lowest similar but larger, attenuate, hardly petioled ; radical
withered. Racemes 1-3 in., branched; pedicels |~| in., erect in fruit. Flowers \ in.
diam., blue. Nutlets forming a pyramid j%-^0 in. high, produced more than half their
length above the punctiform scar ; margins subreflexed, thin, the weak glochidia
produced shortly above their confluence, scabrous, apices of most divided, uncinate ;
backs scabrous, or muricated with minute prickles. — Decaisne's example here described
has narrower leaves than the mass of the material which is half-way between this
and var. Thomsoni. This is the type of the genus Echinospermum as described in the
Gen. PI., and may be E. myosotifioriun, A. DC. Prodr. x. 141.
Var. Thomsoni; glistening silky, stems 12—18 in., cauline leaves f by I in.
oblong radical much larger long-pet ioled, racemes larger with rather larger calyces
and fruits, nutlets often pilose. — N. Kashmir, alt. 8000 ft,, Thomson, &c. A most
beautiful plant, perhaps specifically distinct.
Var. frutieulosum ; weaker, greener, stems diffuse sometimes with divaricate
branches. E. frutieulosum, Klotzsch in Reis. Pr. Wald. Bot. 96, t. 62. E. patens,
Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 125; DC. Prodr. x. 128.— W. Himalaya, alt. 8-11,000
ft. ; Pangee, Lahoul, Changas ; Thomson, &c.
2. E. spathulatum, Clarke ; perennial, villous, leaves oblong, bracts
minute in the upper part of the raceme, calyx-lobes in fruit |— f in. oblong.
Echinospermum spathulatum, Benth. in Royle El. 306 ; DC. Prodr. x. 142.
"Western Tibet; Hangarang Pass, Thomson; Kijungar Pass, alt. 16,000 ft.,
Strachey and Winterbottom.
Rootstock woody. Stems 2-6 in., numerous, decumbent, Cauline leaves \ by \ in.,
sessile ; lower numerous, larger, spathulate, petioled. Nutlets not ripe, larger than in
E. strictum, var. Thomsoni, hairy on the back. — Perhaps a form of E. strictum, but
wants the glistening silky indumentum of that species ; calyx and nutlets larger.
** Margins of the nutlets entire or crenulate not glochidiate.
3. E. pustulosum, Clarke; weak, diffuse, strigose, leaves spathulate-
oblong, pedicels few subaxillary, nutlets ovoid tubercular and minutely pubes-
cent.— Eritrichium sp. n. 14, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. § T.
Alpine Sikkim; Lachen, alt. 13-15,000 ft,, J. D. H.
Rootstock biennial (at least), weak; stems 3-7 in. Leaves f by \ in., cauline
mostly spathulate, petioled, a few uppermost sessile. Pedicels \-^ in. in fruit. Calyx-
lobes in fruit £ in., elliptic-oblong. Flowers \ in. diam., pale blue. Nutlets ^Vis ^n,»
not distinctly margined ; tubercles appearing as tufts of minute hairs.
Eritrichium.] c. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 165
4. E. pyg meeum, Clarke ; nearly stemless leaves elliptic, pedicels £ in.
appearing umbelled, nutlets ovoid nearly smooth. — Eritrichium sp. n. 16, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. 4- T.
Alpine Sikkim; Momay, alt. 16,000 ft., J. D. H.
Stems 0— | in., annual, erect, densely clothed with spreading leaves, terminated by
numerous subfascicled spreading pedicels. Leaves \ in., sessile, subobtuse, patently
villous. Calyx-lobes fa in., narrowly oblong. Corolla not seen. Nutlets fa in., with
free apices, testa minutely reticulate and wrinkled ; carpophore very short.
5. E. BXunroi, Clarke ; small, suberect, branched, leaves oblong lower
spathulate, racemes numerous many-flowered, nutlets ovoid-oblong nearly
smooth. — Eritrichium sp. n. 13, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Alpine Himalaya, alt. 11-13,000 ft.; Kunawur, Munro, Kumaon, Strach. $
Winterb. ; Sikkim, Lachen, J. D. H.
Stems 1-4 in. Leaves \-^ in., patently villous. Racemes villous, dense in flower;
in fruit pedicels sometimes \ in., upper ebracteate. Calyx-lobes in flower minute, in
fruit ^ in. or upwards, oblong-linear. Flowers hardly £ in. diam. Nutlets fa in.,
minutely reticulate and wrinkled ; carpophore very short. — The fruit is imperfect,
and there may be more than one species mixed here.
6. E. tibeticum, Clarke ; lax, weak, diffuse, leaves elliptic mostly
petioled, racemes elongate ebracteate, nutlets ovoid shining glabrous margins
entire. — Eritrichium sp. n. 17, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Westebn Tibet ; Ladakh, alt. 9-10,000 ft., Thomson.
Rootstock slender, annual? Stems 6-10 in., numerous, slender. Leaves | by £
in., obtuse, spathulate, strigose. Racemes in fruit 6 in. ; pedicels ^ in., a few lower
from leaflike bracts. Calyx-lobes fa in., ovate-oblong. Flowers | in. diam. Nutlets
fa in. ; margin somewhat prominent.
Var. minor; less strigose, stems 2-3 in., leaves £-£ in. Eritrichium sp. n. 15,
Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. # T.— Sikkim ; Phulloong, alt. 15,000 ft., J. D. H.
*** Nutlets eonic-obovoid, margin strong fringed with divided hairs.
7. E. basifixum, Clarke ; erect, leaves sessile broadly lanceolate softly
villous, racemes dense bracteate, nutlets apparently basally attached, carpophore
depressed hardlv convex. Echinospermum sericeum, Benth. in Royle III. 306 j
DC. Prodr. x. 142.
Alpine Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Gurwhal, alt. 13-15,000 ft. ; Royle,
Lance, Jaeschke, &c.
Stems 3-7 in., solitary or few, erect, divided at the apex. Leaves § by f in., acute,
lower densely tufted, upper distant. Racemes in fruit 1 Jin. ; pedicels 0-£ in. ; bracts
£ in. Calyx-lobes in fruit \ in., narrowly oblong. Flowers \ in. diam. and upwards,
blue, purpurescent. Nutlets fa in., membranous, glabrous ; circular back within the
margin minutely hairy.— Closely allied to E. villosum, in which the margins of the
nutlets carry broad-based flattened lanceolate ciliate-serrate teeth. In the typical
Eritrichiums the scar of the nutlets is sub-punctiform at the apex of a depressed cone
on the inner lower face ; in E. villosum, DC. Prodr. x. 126 (Myosotis villosa, Ledeb.
Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 215), this cone is less depressed; in E. basifixum it is elongate still
more, so that the nutlets are attached apparently basally, nearly as in Lithosperme<s.
16. ROCHELIA, Reichb.
Annual or perennial, villous or hispid herbs. Leaves alternate. Racemes
simple or branched, bracteate. Floivers small, blue or white. Sepals 5 (in non-
Indian species 6-7), enlarged in fruit, linear or base aurjcled and sagittate.
Corolla-tube cylindric, throat with or without scales j lobes small, spreading.
166 c. boragine-ze. (C. B. Clarke.) [Rochelia.
Stamens 5, included ; anthers ovate, obtuse. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; style
from between the lobes, sublateral, shortly linear, stigma capitate ; ovule 1 in
each cell. Nutlets 2, 1-seeded, erect, ovate-oblong, granular-tubercular (in the
Indian species) ; soar extending from the base to the middle. — Species 8 ; from
India, through W. Asia to N. Africa and S. Europe ; 1 in Australia.
1. Br. stellulata, Reichb. Iconogr. ii. 13, t. 123 ; villous, subhispid,
leaves narrowly oblong subspathulate, sepals in fruit linear incurved with
hooked hairs, pedicels not exceeding the sepals. DC. Prodr. x. 176 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 244. R. saccharata, Reichb. in. Flwa, 1824, 243. Lithospermum dis-
permum, Linn. Sp. PL 191. L. retortum, Pallas Voy. (ed. Gauthier) v. 497, t.
16, fig. 3.
Western Tibet ; Nubra, Thomson. — Distrib. From Soongaria and Cabul to Spain
and Algeria.
Stems 5-14 in., branched, wiry. Leaves 1 by | in., lower subpetioled. Racemes
in fruit 2-12 in. ; bracts to nearly all the flowers, leaflike, smaller upwards. Sepals
in flower scarcely i in., in fruit nearly £ in. Corolla £ in. long, less than — in.
diam. Nutlets nearly |- in. long, white-tuberculate ; style hardly longer than the
nutlets ; pedicels in fruit subpatent, not distinctly recurved nor thickened.
2. It. stylaris, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 245; adpressedly villous, leaves
spathulate-oblong or sublinear, sepals in fruit linear incurved without hooked
hairs, pedicels exceeding the sepals. R. stellulata, Aitchison Punjab List, 67.
Kashmir, and adjoining Punjab Plains, frequent ; Thomson, Vicary, &c. —
Distrib. Cabul.
Annual, 2-8 in., erect. Learns narrower, racemes slenderer than in R. stellulata.
Pedicels in fruit deflexed, scarcely thickened. Style considerably exceeding the
nutlets. — Closely allied to R. stellulata.
3. It. rectipes, Stocks in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 176; villous, subhispid,
leaves oblong, sepals in fruit ligulate base keeled with spreading scarcety hooked
hairs, pedicels about equalling the sepals.
Western Tibet ; Zanskar, Thomson. — Distrib. Cabul and Beloochistan.
Annual ; stems 2-5 in., erect, with ascending branches. Leaves § by ^ in., lower
spathulate or sublinear. Racemes in fruit 1-4 in., somewhat dense, bracteate. Sepals
in fruit \ by 5\ in. wide at the base, hairs soft hardly hooked even when dry. Corolla
pale-blue, with a white throat (Stocks). Nutlets scarcely half as long as the sepals ;
fruiting pedicels suberect, not thickened. — Boissier (Fl. Orient, iv. 246) reduces this
species to R. macrocalyx, Bunge (in PI. Lehm. 419). But Bunge describes the fruit-
ing sepals as bigibbous at the base and very hispid, which does not fit. There is
another Cabul plant of Griffith's which (ex descr.) may be R. macrocalyx, Bunge, and
which may have been sent to Boissier as R. rectipes.
4. It. cardiosepala, Bunge in PI. Lehm. 420 ; strigose, subhispid, leaves
oblong, sepals in fruit ovate-lanceolate auriculate-cordate at the base hispid,
pedicels in fruit recurved as long as the sepals. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 246.
Western Tibet ; Nubra, Thomson. — Distrib. Turkestan.
Annual, erect, 6-8 in., very ramous. Leaves 1} by £ in., lower spathulate or
petioled. Racemes lax, 2-5 in. ; bracts to nearly all the flowers, leaflike, smaller
upwards. Sepals in flower, £ in., white silky, in fruit £ by £-£ in. Corolla £ by ^ in.
Nutlets £ in., rather larger than of R. stellidata.
17. ASFERUGO, Linn.
A procumbent, scabrous-hispid annual. Leaves alternate and subopposite,
spathulate-oblong or petioled, subentire. . Flowers small, axillary, subsessile,
Asperugo.] c. boragine^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 167
solitary or paired. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid half-way down ; in fruit much
enlarged, rigid, compressed, lobes toothed nervose. Corolla-tube short, mouth
closed with 5 scales ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5,
included; anthers ovate-oblong, obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style short,
stigma small capitate. Nutlets 4, erect, ellipsoid-oblong, laterally compressed,
smooth, stony, attached at a small subpunctiform scar above their middle ; car-
pophore conoid.
A. procumbens, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. x. 146; Lamk. III. t. 94; Engl.
Bot. t. 661 ; Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 177 ; Reichb. Fl. Germ. t. 1327 ; Boies. Fl. Orient.
iv. 275.
Punjab and Kashmir, alt. 1-7000 ft.; extending to 13,000 ft. in Western Tibet
.and the Karakorum; a weed especially near cultivation, ThoTtison, &c— Distrib.
Europe, N. Africa, W. Central and N. Asia.
Spreading, 1-2 ft., branched. Leaves 1-2^ in. Flowers I in. diam., purplish-blue
or white ; calyx- lobes in flower, A in., oblong." Nutlets |-^in. ; calyx in fruit \ in.
.diam., reticulately-nerved ; lobes large, triangular.
18. IVIICROULA, Iknth.
An almost stemless, scabrous-pubescent herb. Radical leaves elliptic-spathu-
late, rosulate. Cymes dense, many-fld., subsessile among the leaves, bracteate.
Flowers small, sessile. Calyx campanulate ; lobes 5, ciliate. Corolla-tube short,
throat with 5 scales ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5,
included ; anthers ovate-oblong, obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style short,
stigma small capitate. .Nutlets 4, or fewer, ovoid-oblong, dorsally compressed,
attached by a small scar above their middle.
T/L. Benthami. Clarke.
Western Tibet, alt. 15-17,000 ft.; Parang Pass, Thomson; Kyoongar Pass,
Strachey <$[ Winterbottom.
Root long, vertical, crowned by a tuft of leaves longer than the inflorescence ; but
one example has a stem of 3 in., with inflorescence as in Eritrichium. Leaves 3 in.
Flowers \-± in. diam. Nutlets \ in., backs diamond-shaped, scabrous with subsessile
,glochidia.
19. BOTHBIOSPERMUM, Bunge.
Weak herbs, annual or biennial, strigose or hirsute. Leaves alternate, ovate
or lanceolate. Floivers small, blue or white, axillary, pedicelled, the upper
going off into a bracteate raceme. Calyx 6-partite ; lobes narrow, not (or
scarcely) enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube short, throat with 5 scales ; lobes 5,
imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, included ; anthers ovate,
obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style short, stigma capitate. Nutlets 4,
ellipsoid, without angles, granular-scabrid : aca'v near the middle of '• inner
face, large, hollow, smooth, with an indexed margin; carpophore oblong. —
Species 2 or 3; from N. India to Amurland.
B. tenellum, Fisch. $ Mey. Ind. Sem. 1835, 24; adpressedly hispid,
leaves ovate-lanceolate lower petioled, pedicels axillary as long as the calyx,
scar of the nutlets elliptic longitudinal. - DC. Prodr. x. 116. B. asperugoides,
Sieb. & Zucc. Fam. Nat. Jap. ii. 26. Anchusa tenella, Hornem. ; Roem. $ Sch.
Syst. iv. 100. A. zeylanica, Jacq. f. Eel. i. 47, t. 29. Cynoglossum diffusum,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 7 ; Wall. Cat. 925. C. prostratum, Don
Prodr. 100.
168 c. boraginejc. (C. B. Clarke.) [Oastrocotyle.
Throughout N. India, alt. 0-4000 ft., from the foot of the N.W. Himalaya and
Jubbulpore to Bhotan and Khasia ; not common. — Distrib. Amurland, Japan, China,
with neighbouring islands, (Mauritius introduced).
Usually prostrate or diffuse, 1-2 ft. with elongate branches and distant axillary
flowers ; sometimes suberect 3-6 in. with erect, close racemes. Leaves 1 by \-^ in.,'
subacute. Calyx-lobes in fruit ^-£ in., lanceolate or linear. Corolla £ in. diam.,
white. Nutlets ^o-To in- » scar more than half their length.
20. GASTROCOTYLE, Bunge.
A hispid, diffuse herb. Leaves, alternate, oblong, lowest spathulate or
petioled. Flowers small, axillary, solitary and shortly pedicelled, or in dense
small, axillary racemes. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube short, closed with scales ;
lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, included ; anthers
ovate, obtuse. Ovary 4-lobed ; style short, stigma subcapitate. Nutlets 4, or
fewer, ovoid, erect, incurved ; scar on the inner face, near their middle, oblong,
longitudinal, elevated, margined ; carpophore half as long as the nutlets ; apex
with 4 ridges.
G-. hispid a, Bunge Rel. Lehm. 405. Anchusa hispida, Forsk. Fl. JEg.-
Arab, 40; DC. Frodr. x. 50 ; Bois*. F Orient, iv. 158.
Punjab, alt. 1000 ft. ; Thomson, &c. — Distkib. From Egypt to Beloochistan,
Cabul, and Soongaria.
Leaves 1-2 in. Calyx-lobes £- £ in., coarsely hispid. Corolla ± in. diam. Nutlets
£-£ in., rugose, minutely papillose between the wrinkles, undistinguishable from
those of Lycopsis.
21. ANCHUSA, Zmrc.
Hispid or bristly herbs. Leaves alternate. Cymes dichotomous, or racemes
unilateral, terminal ultimately elongate. Calyx deeply 5-fid, not (or scarcely)
enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube straight, long or short, closed with scales ; lobes
5, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, included ; anthers oblong,
obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style filiform, stigma small. Nutlets 4, ovoid,
conoid, sessile on a flat receptacle ; scar basal, concave, margined. — Species 30 ;
Europe, Africa, and "W. Asia.
A. italiea, Retz, is said to grow in Kashmir {DC. Prodr. x. 47); but it is almost
certainly a cultivated plant, and the specimens, which were in Royle's Herbarium,
were very probably from the Saharunpur Garden.
A. sikkimensis, Clarke; erect, tall, bristly , leaves petioled elliptic or
oblong, cymes short bracteate forming a terminal panicle, corolla-tube shortly
exceeding the sepals.
Alpine Sikkim, alt. 11-12,000 ft., Lachen and Latong, J. D. H.
Stem 2-3 ft. Catiline leaves 1\ by 1 in., subacute : petiole ^ in. Calyx-lobes
i in., narrow. Corolla |-^ in. diam., blue, hutlets not ripe, dorsally compressed ;
backs diamond-shaped, scabrous ; scar very small. — The nutlets are exceedingly like
those of Microula, and do not agree well with those of Anchusa ; but the habit is
altogether that of Anchusa sempervirens, &c. Mr. Bentham has referred the species
to Anchusa, and it had better remain here till good fruit is obtained ; to remove it to
Microula would require the characters of that genus to be considerably modified.
22. LYCOPSIS, Linn.
Annual, hispid herbs. Leaves alternate. Floivers small, blue purple or
white ; racemes bracteate, terminal. Sepals 5, linear. Corolla-tube curved in
Lycopsis.'] c. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 169
the middle, somewhat longer than the calyx ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse,
spreading. Stamens 6, iaciuded ; anthers ovate, obtuse. Ovary 4-lobed ; style
filiform, stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, suberect, reticulate-rugose ; scar on
the inner face, near the middle, oblong, longitudinal, elevated, margined ; carpo-
phore conical. — Species 3-4, of the Mediterranean region.
Xi. arvensis, Linn.; DC. Prodi-, x. 54; erect, bristly, leaves oblong
acute upper amplexicaul lower petioled, corolla-lobes subequal. Lamk. 111. t.
92; Engl. Bot. t. 938. Anchusa arvensis, Bieb. Fl. Taur.-Cauc. i. 123; Reichb.
Ic. Pi. Germ. t. 1310, fig. 1 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 160.
Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 3-8000 ft. ; from near Peshawur to Skardo,
Boyle, Thomson, &c. — Distrib. Europe, W. & N. Asia.
Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 2 by ^ in. Bacemes in fruit 3-6 in. ; pedicels | in. ; bracts
£ in., lanceolate, or lower leaflike. Sepals in flower £ in., hispid, oblong-linear, in
fruit \ in. Corolla-tube \ in., narrowly cylindric ; lobes |- in., blue, or in the Indian
plant usually white. Stamens attached near the base of the corolla-tube. Nutlets
-~j-£ in., 12 not papillose-scabrid between the wrinkles.
23. NONNEA, Moench.
Annual or perennial herbs, hispid or villous, usually diffuse. Leaves alter-
nate. Cymes dense, in fruit elongate, bracteate. Calyx 5-fid, shortly or half-
way down ; in fruit much enlarged, tube enclosing the nutlets. Corolla-tube
straight, about as long as the calyx, throat naked or hairy (not with scales),
small scales sometimes present lower down ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse,
spreading. Stamens 5, included or scarcely exsert; anthers oblong, obtuse.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style filiform, stigma shortly or obscurely 2-lobed.
Nutlets 4, ovoid, reticulate-rugose, on a depressed-conic receptacle ; scar large,
basal, oblique, concave, with a central appendage and very hard margin. —
Species 20 ; in Europe, N. Africa, W. and Central Asia.
N. pulla, Lamk. et DC. Fl. Fr. iii. 626, in note ; erect, hairy, leaves
oblong acute upper subamplexicaul lower petioled, calyx-lobes acuminate, corolla
blackish-purple, stamens included. DC. Prodr. x. 32 ; Reichb. Lc. Fl. Germ. t.
1302, fig. 2 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 166. N. taurica, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 112.
N. Edgeworthii, A. DC. Prodr. x. 30. Lycopsis pulla, Linn. ; Jacq. Fl.
Austr. ii. t. 188 ; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 327, t. 67. Anchusa pulla, Bieb. Fl. Taur.-
Cauc. i. 125. — Boraginearum sp., Edgiv. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 284.
Punjab Plain, Thomson, Edgeworth, &c. — Distrib. Central and E. Europe, W.
Much branched, 12-18 in., hispid and villous. Leaves 2 by £ in. Bacemes 2-5
in., dense ; pedicels £-| in. ; bracts 1 in., leaflike. Calyx £ in. ; in fruit £ in., the
campanulate base J in. diam. ; subglobose. Corolla-tube £ in., narrow ; lobes £ in.,
half-spreading. Nutlets £ in., obliquely curved inwards, slightly wrinkled, puberulous.
24. 1VIERTENSI A, Roth.
Perennial herbs, strigose or softly hairy. Leaves alternate. Racemes ter-
minal, scorpioid, usually simple, dense or lax; bracts 0. Flowers blue or
purplish, pedicelled. Sepals narrow, somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla-
tube as long as, or much longer than, the calyx ; throat with or without scales ;
lobes 5, imbricate in bud, short, obtuse, spreading or suberect. Stamens 5, in-
cluded or scarcely exserted, filaments short linear; anthers oblong, obtuse.
Ovary-lobes 4; style filiform, often very long, stigma small. Nutlets 4, erect.
170 c. boraginej]. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mertensia.
ovoid-oblong, obscurely dorsally compressed, smooth, slightly angular; scar
small, triangular, at the very base of the inner angle, not strongly margined.--
Species 15 ; in E. Europe, extratropical Asia, and N. America.
Trigonitis differs by its short corolla-tube and shortly trigonous (not oblong)
nutlets. Myosotis differs by its short corolla-tube and twisted corolla-lobes. The
length of the corolla is variable in the species of this genus.
1. IK. elong-ata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 857 ; adpressedly hairy, leaves
oblong lower long-petioled spathulate, raceme many-flowered at length elongate,
corolla-tube a little longer than the calyx, scales in the throat very small.
Lithospermum elongatum, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 121, t. 126. Eritri-
chium elongatum, A. DC. Prodi', x. 124.
Kashmir, alt. 5-8000 ft. ; Jacquemont, Falconer.
Rootstock somewhat stout, annual stems 8 in. Radical leaves 2 by \ in. ; petiole
li in.; cauline 2 by | in., sessile, acute, hairs adpressed from tubercular bases.
Raceme in fruit 3£ in., long-peduncled ; pedicels \ in., rigid, suberect. Calyx-lobes
^ in., linear, sparingly strigose ; in fruit | in. Corolla ^ in. diam., tube § in. long ;
scales in the throat very small ; lobes spreading. Anthers subsessile, above the
scales. Style | in. Nutlets ~ in., white or pale, shining. — Described from Jacque-
mont's specimen.
2. JftL. moltkioides, Clarke ; patently hairy, leaves oblong or elliptic
lower long-petioled spathulate, racemes many-flowered, corolla-tube nearly
twice as long as the calyx, scales in the throat small. Anchusa moltkioides,
Benth. in Boyle III. 305, t. 73, fig. 1 ; DC. Prodr. x. 51. Lithospermum
moltkioides, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 122.
Kashmir, alt. 8000 ft., Falconer ; near Islamabad, Thomson. Pangee ; Dr. Watt.
Very near M. elongata ; leaves more softly hairy, hairs on the midrib beneath
patent or reflexed. Racemes shorter peduncled. Calyx larger. Corolla-tube ^ by
j1^ in. Nutlets brown- black, not more excavate at the base than are those of M.
elongata.
Var. T/iomsoni; radical leaves large elliptic acute, corolla exceeding £ in. diam.
with tube \ in. long. Mertensia sp. n. 3, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. $ T. — Kashmir, alt.
11,000 ft. ; near Islamabad, Thomson. Eadical leaves 3 by l\ in., base subobtuse.
Pedicels in fruit f— \ in. Sepals in fruit ^ in. and upwards, narrowly oblong, patently
hairy. Nutlets exceeding £ in. brown-black.
3. IH. echioides, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 857 ; softly hairy, leaves oblong
lower long-petioled spathulate, raceme dense many-fld., corolla-tube one-third
longer than the calyx-lobes erect scales in the throat obsolete, anthers exsert
from the tube. Lithospermum echioides, Benth. in Boyle III. 305 ; DC. Prodr.
x. 83. L. secundiflorum, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 120, t. 125. Eritrichium
secundiflorum, A. DC. Prodr. x. 124.
Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 5-12,000 ft. ; from the Upper Indus to the
southern face of the Himalaya, frequent ; Royle, Falconer, &c.
Stems 6-15 in. Leaves 1^ by £ in., subobtuse. Peduncles long ; racemes 1-3 in.,
dense even in fruit ; pedicels £- 1 in., linear. Corolla-tube \-\ in., lobes \ in.
Filaments linear, distinct; anthers completely exsert, but not reaching above its lobes.
Style and nutlets as of M. elongata. — Easily distinguished from all the other species
of Mertensia by its erect corolla-lobes.
4. M. primuloides, Clarke ; strigose, leaves small elliptic lower very
shortly petioled, raceme dense not many-flowered, corolla-tube 5 in. twice as
long as the calyx, scales in the throat distinct. Eritrichium primuloides, Dene,
in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 123, t. 128 ; A. DC. Prodr. x. 125.
Alpine Western Himalaya, Jacquemont; Sai and Gilgit, alt. 15,000 ft., Col.
Tanner.
Mertensia.'] c. BORAGiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 171
Stems 3 in., densely leafy below. Leaves % by £ in., narrowed at both ends;
petiole short or very broad. Peduncle 1 in. Raceme in flower \ in. ; pedicels ^ in.
Calyx-lobes £ in., narrowly oblong. Corolla | in. diam. AntHers subexsert, over-
topping the small scales. Style ^ in. Fruit unknown.
Var. Tanneri ; leaves 2 in, linear-spathulate, calyx-lobes I in., corolla violet-
purple, tube £ in. long. — Gilgit and Astor, Col. Tanner. This looks like a distinct
species, but there is only a fragment (in flower).
5. M. tibetica, Clarke ; hispid, leaves small snbradical long-petioled.
elliptic, peduncles long subscapose, corolla-tube §-§ in. five times as long as the
•calyx, anthers included, scales in the corolla-throat large.
Western Tibet ; Karakorum, alt. 14-16,000 ft., Clarke.
Leaves all subradical, § by J in., petiole 1 in. Peduncles 2-4 in. ; racemes 1-4 in. ;
pedicels £ in. Sepals £ in., narrowly oblong ; in fruit £ in. Corolla-tube elongate-
funnel-shaped, £ in. wide in the throat ; lobes £ in. and upwards, subquadrate ; scales
half as long as the lobes, obtuse, emarginate ; anthers entirely below the scales.
Style f in. Nutlets as of M. moltJcioldes.
6. 1VI. racemosa. Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 857 ; minutely hairy, radical
leaves long-petioled ovate cauline ovate to lanceolate, racemes lax few-flowered,
corolla-tube half as long again as the calyx. Mvosotis racemosa, Benth. in
Boyle III. 305. M. longiflora, Wall. Cat. 929; A. DC. Prodr. x. 113. Litho-
spermum ovalifolium, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 119, t. 124. Eritrichium
nemorosum, A. DC. I. c. 123. Anchusa racemosa, DC. Prodr . x. 50.
Temperate Western Himalaya, alt. 7-10,000 ft. ; Gurwhal and Kumaon, frequent
near Simla ; Boyle, Munro, Madden, &c.
Stems 3-8 in., weak, nearly glabrous. Radical leaves 1-1 ^ in., often suborbicular,
obtuse, base sometimes cordate ; petiole 1-4 in. ; cauline similar, smaller, often
nearly all petioled. Racemes subsessile, i.e. bracteate at the base ; pedicels attaining
%-£ in. Sepals — in., linear ; in fruit i in., villous. Corolla \-A in. diam. ; tube
| in., scales in the throat prominent ; anthers below the scales. Style \-^ in. Nutlets
as of M. moltkioides.
25. BXOX.TK.XA, Lehm.
Corolla abbreviated with small erect lobes hardly overtopping the calyx.
Anthers long exsert on filiform filaments. Otherwise as Mertensia.
XIX. parviflora, Clarke ; minutely hairy, leaves linear-oblong, racemes
peduncled dense scorpioid ebracteate. Craniospermum parviflorum, Dene, in
Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 126, t. 130; A. DC. Prodr. x. 175.
Kashmir, alt. 6-8000 ft. ; Thomson, Aitchison. — Distrib. Cabul.
Rootstock woody; annual stems 3-10 in., suberect, with sometimes a long trailing
stem added. Leaves 2 by \ in. Racemes 1-2 in., dense, sometimes forked ; pedicels
0-£ in. Calyx-lobes £ in., narrowly oblong ; in fruit \ in. rather wider. Corolla
without scales in the throat. Filaments exsert ^ in. Style £ in. Nutlets ovoid-
oblong, acute, smooth, shining ; scar small at the base on the inner side. — All the
other species of Moltkia have bracteate racemes. Nutlets altogether of Mertensia,
and the plant hardly differs from M. echioides but in the abbreviated corolla and
longer filaments. Craniospermum has exsert anthers but is remote in habit and in
the fruit.
26. TRIGONOTIS, Steo.
Perennial herbs, weak or diffuse, more or less hairy. Leaves alternate,
ovate or lanceolate, mostly petioled. Bacemes lax, ebracteate, or the lower
pedicels bracteate, or many pedicels axillary. Calyx 5-fid, or 5-partite, in fruit
172 c. boragine^). (C. B. Clarke.) [Trigonotis,
not or slightly enlarged. Corolla small, blue or white ; tube shorter than the
calyx, throat with 5 small scales ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading.
Stamens 5, included; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; "style
filiform, not elongate, stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, tetrahedral with 4 acute or
submarginate edges, hardly longer than broad, shining black ; scar small, basal,,
substipitate. — Species 10 ; Central and E. Asia.
* Nutlets glabrous (three very closely allied species).
1. T. microcarpa, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 858; leaves petioled ovate
acute minutely strigose on both surfaces, racemes terminal, solitary axillary
pedicels added, fruiting sepals oblong acuminate. Myosotis microcarpa, Wall.
Cat. 928. Eritrichium microcarpum, DC. Prodr. x. 123.
Alpine Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 10,000 ft. ; Wallich, J. D. H.
Stems 6-20 in., procumbent, divided. Cauline leaves 1 by \ in.; mucronate, obtuse
or rounded at the base, petiole ^ in. ; radical leaves rather larger petioled, l£ in..
Racemes in fruit 3-6 in,, ebracteate, i.e. lower scattered pedicels in the axils of fully-
developed leaves ; pedicels \ in. Calyx-lobes j5 in., in fruit iVts m- Flowers I in.
diam. Nutlets i in. diam.
2. T. rotundifolia, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 858 ; cauline leaves sessile or
petioled elliptic narrowed at both ends minutely strigose, racemes terminal,
calyx-lobes elliptic acute. Mvosotis rotundifolia, Wall. Cat. 930. Eritrichium
rotundifolium, DC. Prodr. x. 123.
Subalpine Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft.; Royle; Kumaon, Wallich; Sikkim
(Lachen), J. JD. H.
Stems weak, 2-4 in. Cauline leaves ^-$ in. ; radical long-petioled, some orbicu-
cular but many spathulate. — Does not differ from T. microcarpa except in being
smaller, with subsessile leaves more attenuate at the base. Wallich's example is not
in good fruit.
3. T. multicaulis, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 858 ; cauline leaves sessile or
petioled elliptic narrowed at both ends minutely strigose, racemes terminal,
calyx-lobes in fruit ovate acute. Myosotis multicaulis, Wall. Cat. 7020. Eri-
trichium multicaule, DC. Prodr. x. 123.
Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nepal ; Wallich. Sikkim, alt. 10-12,000 ft. ;.
Latong, J. D. H.
Stems 10 in. Leaves f by \ in., upper sessile. Pedicels j in. — Described from
Wallich's examples, which resemble his T. rotundifolia, but are larger. The Sikkim
ones are much smaller, with fruiting pedicels hardly exceeding £ in. and the nutlets
brown yellow.
** Nutlets minutely patently hairy on all sides.
4. T. ovalifolia, Benth, in Gen. PI. ii. 858; leaves petioled ovate
minutely strigose on both surfaces, racemes terminal with solitary axillary pedicels
added, fruiting sepals elliptic acuminate. Myosotis ovalifolia, Wall, in Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 9, and Cat. 927. Eritrichium ovalifolium, DC.
Prodr. x. 123.
Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000 ft,, frequent;
Wallich. J. D. H., &c.
Stems 8-24 in., mostly prostrate. Cauline leaves \-\\ in., from elliptic to orbicu-
lar, obtuse, base often cordate, petiole ±-$ in. Pedicels sometimes all axillary j-f
in. ; terminal racemes generally added. Calyx-lobes in fruit £-£ in. Flowers \ in.
diam. and upwards. Nutlets ^-^ ™- diam. — Had there been as few specimens of
this as of the three preceding species, the axillary-flowered examples would indubit-
ably have been reckoned distinct from Wallich's terminal-racemed ones.
Trigonotis.] c. boragine^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 173
5. T. Hookeri, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 858 ; leaves elliptic acute hispid-
villous, racemes lateral and terminal elongate ebracteate, calyx-lobes oblong
acuminate hispid villous.
Khasia MTS.^lt. 5-6000 ft. ; Moflong, H. f. $ T.
Stems 2 feet at least, stout, branched, patently hispid villous. Cauline leaves 2
by £-f in., base obtuse ; petiole 0-± in. Racemes 3-6 in., often peduncled, axillary ;
pedicels £-| in. Calyx-lobes in fruit £-£ in. Flowers \-^ in. diam. Nutlets ^ in.
diam. — This is an ennobled species of Trigonotis, much finer than the others, but the
nutlets nearly as of T. ovalifolia.
27. IIXYOSOTXS, Linn.
Annual or perennial, hairy herbs. Leaves alternate or densely crowded.
Racemes elongate, ebracteate, or flowers subsessile and solitary in the penulti-
mate axils. Calyx shortly or deeply 5-fid, hardly altered in fruit. Corolla blue,
changing to red, or White, tube short, mouth closed with scales ; lobes 5, twisted
to the right in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, included ; anthers ovate,
obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style filiform, stigma small. Nutlets 4, ovoid-
oblong, longer than broad, shining, smooth, or hairy upwards ; scar basal, small ;
receptacle flat. — Species 30 ; temperate regions of the N. hemisphere ; in Aus-
tralia and New Zealand.
Sect. I. Eumyosotis, A. DO. Wea^'herbs. Leaves distant. Racemes
elongate, scorpioid. Nutlets glabrous.
1. IMC. cnespitosa, Schultz Fl. Starb.u. 11: hairs of stem .adpressed,
leaves oblong lowest spathulate, pedicels longer than the calyx, calyx-teeth
triangular-lanceolate about as long as the tube adpressedly hairy. DC. Prodr.
x. 105, with syn. ; Syme Engl. Bot. t. 1103 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 235. M.
palustris, Benth. in Boyle III. 305, not exactly of With. M. lingulata, Lehm.
Asperif. 110, name only.
Temperate and Subalpine Himalaya, from Kunawur to Kashmir and Baltis-
than ; Royle, Falconer, Thomson. — Distbib. From Cabul to Siberia, Europe and N.
Africa, N. America.
Stems 4-20 in. Leaves 1£ by \ in. Racemes 2-8 in. ; lower fruiting pedicels \
in. and upwards. Calyx in fruit £ in., sparsely minutely, strigose ; teeth scarcely
acute. Corolla £ in. diam. Style shorter than the calyx. — The name M. lingulata,
Lehm. is one year prior to M. ccespitosa, Schultz ; but Boissier and most authors do
not consider the notice of the plant by Lehmann to be worthy the rank of a " descrip-
tion."
2. IK. sylvatica, Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. i. 85 ; hairs of stem spreading,
leaves oblong lowest petioled, pedicels longer than the calyx, calyx villous some
of the hairs spreading at base, teeth lanceolate longer than the tube, corolla J-
£ in. diam. limb flat. DC. Prodr. x. 107 with syn. ; Syme Engl. Bot. t. 1107 ;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 237. M. montana, Besser ; Fl. Dan. t. 583. M. pallens,
Wall. Cat. 7019 ; DC. I. c. 112.
Alpine Western Himalaya, alt. 7-12,000 ft., from Kumaon to Kashmir, frequent ;
Wallich, &c. — Distrib. Europe ; N. "West Asia to the Canaries.
Stems 4-16 in., mostly erect, sparingly villous. Leaves l£ by £ in., lowest
broader. Racemes 2-8 in., often divided ; lower fruiting pedicels usually i in. or
more, hardly longer than the calyx in Wallich's M. pallens. Calyx in fruit £-£ in.,
with many ascending hairs and some patent from the base; teeth in fruit erect hardly
connivent.
3. IMC. arvensis, Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. i. 85; hairs of stem spreading,
leaves oblong lowest petioled, pedicels longer than the calyx, calyx villous
174 c. boraginej!. (C. B. Clarke.) [Myositis^
some of the hairs spreading at base, teeth lanceolate longer than the tube,,
corolla £-£ in. diam. limb concave. Engl. Bot. t. 2553. M. intermedia, Link.
Enum. i. 164; DC. Prodr. x. 108; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 239.
Subalpine Kashmir ; Aitchison. — Distrib. Cabul and Siberia to N. Africa and
Europe.
Hardly distinguishable from M. sylvatica but by the smaller corolla. Pedicels in
fruit longer. Calyx-teeth in fruit connivent over the nutlets. — Aitehison's example is-
as near English M. arvensis as may be ; there are other Kashmir examples supposed
to be M. arvensis or M. intermedia, but they cannot be distinguished in the her-
barium from M. sylvatica.
4. IK. strict a, Link. Enum. i. 164 ; hairs of stem spreading, leaves
oblong lower subsessile, lower pedicels in fruit shorter than the calyx, calyx
villous some of the hairs spreading at base, teeth lanceolate longer than the
tube erect in fruit. DC. Prodr. x. 109; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 239.
Kashmir, Falconer ; alt. 5-6000 ft., Thomson ; Pangee, Dr. Watt. — Distrib.
Cabul, W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe.
Stems 3-8 in. erect. Leaves f by £ in., narrowed at both ends. Racemes 3-5 in.,
often reduced nearly to a spike, with closely approximated flowers.
Sect. 2. Small, densely tufted herbs. Leaves crowded. Flowers solitary,
sub-sessile. Nutlets hairy upwards.
5. IK. Hookeri, Clarke ; leaves obovate-spathulate villous.
Alpine Sikkim, alt. 15-17,000 ft.; Kinchinjow, Lama Kangra, and Phulloong,
J. D. H.
Appearing like a small tufted Alpine Cerastium, but with bright blue flowers.
Stems 1-3 in., repeatedly dichotomous, most densely clothed with leaves in appear-
ance whorled, lower withering or scale-like. Leaves \-^ in., very obtuse, with much
soft straight long white hair. Flowers just emergent from, the tufts, nearly as of
Myosotis arvensis and sylvatica. Nutlets nearly as of M. arvensis, but with some
erect hairs in the upper half.
imperfectly known species.
M. robtjsta, Don Prodr. 101; DC. Prodr. x. 112; roots perennial fusiform;
stem 1^ feet, ascending, simple, hairy ; leaves 3 by § in. sessile, elliptic oblong,
acute, hairy on both surfaces ; racemes paired, short, ebracteate ; calyx-segments ovate
obtuse, larger than the corolla-tube. — Nepal, Gossainthan, Wallich. — Known only by
Don's description, which does not accord with any of the described species.
28. LITHOSPERMUM, Linn.
Herbs or undershrubs, hispid or rough. Leaves alternate. Flowers white
blue or yellow, axillary solitary or in terminal bracteate racemes. Sepals 5,
linear. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, throat naked or with 5 small scales ;
lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5, included ; anthers
oblong, obtuse or apiculate. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style filiform or cylindric,
stigma usually 2-fid. Nutlets 4, erect, ovoid, stony, smooth or rough ; scar
flat, basal ; receptacle nearly flat. — Species 40, in the temperate N. hemispheres,
Africa, and S. America.
1. Zi. arvense, Linn.-, DC. Prodr. x. 74; strigose, leaves lanceolate
lower petioled obovate-oblong, corolla white rarely blue tube not longer than
the calyx, nutlets ovoid-oblong tuberculate. Engl. Bot. t. 123 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 216. Margarospermum arvense, Dene, in Jacquem. Toy. Bot.
122.
Lithospermum.] 0. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 175
Kashmir ; Peshawur, Vicary. Western Tibet, Thomson.— Distrib. From Cabul,.
Siberia to N. Africa, Europe.
Annual. Stems 12-24 in., erect. Cauline leaves 1 by J in., strigose, hairs often
from tuberculate bases. Racemes in fruit 4-10 in., pedicels ^ in.; bracts leaflike,
smaller upwards. Corolla \ in. long, hairy upwards. Nutlets \ in., gradually nar-
rowed upwards ; sepals in fruit \~ ^ in., hispid.
2. Zi. tenuiflorum, Linn. f. Suppl. 130 ; strigose, leaves oblong-linear
lower spathulate scarcely petioled, corolla blue rarely white tube slightly ex-
ceeding the calyx, nutlets ovoid somewhat suddenly acuminate tuberculate.
Jacq. 1c. Bar. ii. t. 313; DC. Prodr. x. 75; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 217. Myo-
sotis tenuifiora, Viv. Fl. Lib. 9, t. \,Jig. 2.
Kashmir, alt. 5-7000 ft., Tliomson. Punjab, Rawul Pindee, Aitchison. — Distrib.
Cabul, W. Asia to Egypt and Greece.
Very near the preceding species. Stems often divided near the base, decumbentr
rarely more than 12 in.
3. Xi. officinale, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. x. 76; hispidly hairy, leaves oblong-
lanceolate, corolla white fading yellowish, nutlets ovoid shining white smooth,
Fnyl. Bot. t. 134; Boiss. FL Orient, iv. 218. Margarospermum officinale,
Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 122.
Kashmir ; alt. 5-8000 ft., frequent ; Falconer, Thomson, &c.
Perennial. Stems 2-4 feet, erect, corymbose upwards. Leaves 2 by \ in., rough
strigose, nerves subprominent. Racemes in fruit 1-4 in. ; pedicels |- in. ; bracts
leaflike, smaller upwards. Corolla ^ in., hairy upwards. Nutlets ± in. ; sepals in
fruit | in.
29. SERICOSTOMA, Stocks.
Small strigose branched shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers small, axillary,
sessile, solitary, or the upper in a bracteate raceme. Sepals 5, narrow. Corolla-
tube short ; mouth wide, closed with hair ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse,
spreading. Stamens 5, subincluded ; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary deeply 4-
lobed; style short, stigma subcapitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, substipitate ; scar
basal ; receptacle flat. — Species 3 in W. Asia, from India to Arabia.
1. S. pauciflorum, Stocks in Wight Lc. t. 1377 ; roughly strigose, leaves
oblong subsessile, corolla white, nuts ovoid acute stony blotched with very flat
white tubercles. Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 172 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 804.
W. India ; Deesa. Kattywar (in the sands near the sea). Scinde ; Stocks, &c.
Attaining 12-18 in., oftener small, scrubby. Leaves \\ by |— ^ in., obtuse with a
minute mucro, narrowed at the base, hispid with tubercle-based hairs ; in scrubby
plants |—j in. long. Sepals £ in., lanceolate, hispid. Corolla \ in. diam., lobes crisp
subserrulate on the margin ; tube within and base of the lobes densely hairy. Nut-
30. ARNEBIA. Forsk.
Annual or perennial hispid herbs, diffuse or divided near the base ; root
often staining red. Leaves alternate. Racemes terminal, elongate, bracteate ;
flowers subsessile, yellow or whiteish (in the Indian species). Sepals linear,
not or slightly enlarged in fruit (in the Indian species). Corolla-tube slender,
longer than the sepals, throat naked within ; lobes 5, imbricate in bud, obtuse,
spreading. Stamens 5 ; much below the mouth of the tube with long style, or
in the threat semi-exsert with short style ; anthers small, pblong obtuse. Ovary
deeply 4-lobed ; style shortly bipartite, stigmas small capitate, nearly the same
in the long- and short-styled flowers. Nutlets 4, ovoid-oblong or acute, erect ;
176 C. boragine-E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Amelia.
scar basal, large, triangular, flat, shortly produced up the inner face. — Species
12 ; in N. Africa, W. and Central Asia.
1. A. hispidissima, DC. Prodr. x. 94 ; very hispid, leaves lanceolate,
sepals | in., corolla-tube ^ in., nutlets }0 A in. ovoid-conic sharply tuberculate
on all sides. Wight Ic. t. 1393 ; Boiss. Pi. Orient, iv. 213 ; Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xviii. 524. Dioclea hispidissima, Spreng. Syst. i. 556. Lithospermum
hispidissimum, Lehm. Ic. t. 39. L. vestitum, Wall. Cat. 941 ; Benth. in Bogle
III. 305. Echiochilon hispidissimum, Tausch. in Flora, 1829, 643. Strobila
hispidissima, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 327.
Western India, alt. 500-3000 ft. ; from the Upper Grangetic plain and Rajpootana
-westwards, frequent. — Distrib. W. Asia to Egypt and Nubia.
Annual and (at least) biennial, diffuse, 3-15 in.; hairs white, harsh, spreading
from tubercular bases. Leaves 2 by | in. Spikes 2-4 in., one-sided ; bracts £-£ in.,
linear. Corolla yellow, mouth |- in. diam. — Dimorphic ; the plants with stamens sub-
exsert about as numerous as those with anthers below the corolla-throat.
2. A. G-riffithii, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 213 ; patently hispid, leaves lan-
ceolate, sepals ^-£ in., corolla-tube f-1 in., nutlets i in. ovoid suddenly narrowed
upwards obtusely tuberculate on all sides. Bot. Mag. t. 5266. A. echioides,
Hook. Bot. Mag. t, 4409, not of I. c. — Arnebia sp. n. 5, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f.
$ T.
Punjab ; Peshawur, Vicary. Scinde ; Col. Thompson. — Distrib. Beloochistan,
Cabul.
Annual, diffuse, 3-6 in. ; hairs white, spreading, from tubercular bases, less harsh
than in A. hispidissima. Leaves 2 by \ in. Spikes 1-3 in., one-sided. Corolla
yellow, lobes on expansion with 5 dark brown spots at the sinus, which disappear as
the day advances, mouth ^-| in. diam. Nuts much larger than those of A. hispid i-<-
sima, more triangular in horizontal section. Dimorphic.
3. A. Thomsoni, Clarke ; shaggy hispid, leaves narrowly oblong, sepals
I in., corolla-tube ^ in., nutlets ^ in. ovoid-conic without tubercles. — Arnebia sp.
n. 6, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
Western Tibet ; Piti Valley, Thomson ; Leh, Lance.
Biennial or perennial, diffuse, 3-10 in.; hairs white, long, dense, softer and more
numerous than in A. hispidisshna. Leaves 1| by i— ^ in. Spikes 1-2 in., dense ;
bracts oblong, obtuse, overtopping the sepals. Corolla nearly as of A. hispidissima.
Nutlets gradually narrowed upwards, trigonous in horizontal section. — Stems and spikes
much more villous than those of A. hispidissima, and the nutlets larger, smooth.
Dimorphic.
4. A. tibetana, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1874, pt. ii. 189; hispid, leaves
narrowly oblong, sepals ^-^ in., corolla-tube ^-£ in., nutlets — in. ovoid-conic
scabrous. — Arnebia sp. n. 7, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. fy T.
North Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 7-3 2,000 ft., frequent ; Thomson,
Jaeschke, Aitchison, &c. — Distrib. Kashgar, Yarkand.
Rootstock perennial, staining red. — Closely resembling A. Thomsoni : but more
hispid, less villous ; the spikes often elongate, the sepals somewhat widened in fruit,
the nutlets minutely tuberculate. Dimorphic.
31. MACROTOMXA, DC.
Erect, hispid, perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, oblong or linear. Spikes
dense, or in fruit elongate. Sepals 5, linear, long, more or less accrescent in
fruit. Corolla (in the Indian species) ; tube narrow, long ; throat naked ; lobes
5, imbricate in bud, round, spreading. Stamens 5 ; anthers oblong, obtuse, in
Macrotomia.'] c. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 177
the throat of the corolla, with the stigma in the middle of the tube ; or anthers
in the middle of the corolla-tube with the stigma at the mouth. Ovary deeply-
globed ; style filiform, 2-fid with 2 capitate stigmas, or entire with a 2-lobed
stigma. Nutlets 4, ovoid, rugose, trigonous ; scar basal, large flat. — Species 6 ;
Himalaya, Siberia, the Caucasus.
The character of the stigma, by which Bentham mainly separated Amehia from
Macrotomia is largely sexual ; there is, however, no difficulty in separating the In-
dian species, the Arnebias having yellow flowers, the Macrotomias purple.
1. BX. Benthami, DC. Prodr. x. 26 ; erect, tall, simple, hispid, leaves
narrow-lanceolate, spike terminal solitary, sepals 1-1£ in. linear. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 524. Echium Benthami, Wall. Cat. 931; G. Don
Gen. Syst. iv. 333. Leptanthe macrostachya, Klotzsch in Reis. Pr, Waldem.
Bot. 95, t. 63.
Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 10-13,000 ft., frequent;
Wallich, Falconer, &c. — Distrib. Cabul.
Stem 1-3 ft. Radical leaves 11 by -| in., cauline 3 by £ in., acute. Spike 12 by
2-3 in., usually very dense. Corolla-tube § in. : mouth in diam. \-^ in. Style shortly
bifid, stigmas 2 capitate. Nutlets £ in., ovoid, suddenly acute, nearly as broad as
long.
2. XIX. perennis, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 212, note; stems solitary or
several undivided hirsute, leaves oblong, cymes compound, spikes short many-
flowered or subcapitate, sepals £-§ in. lanceolate-linear. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xviii. 525. M. endochroma, H. f. 8f T. 7ns. ; Henderson Yarkand,
328 ; Aitchison in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 81, name only. M. onosmoides,
Regel 8f Smirnoiv in Reg. Descr. PI. vi. 50. Stenosolenium perenne, Schrenk ;
Fisch. fy Mey. Enum. Fl. Schrenk, 34. Lithospermum euchromon, Royle Ml.
305; DC. Prodr. x. 82. Arnebia perennis, A. DC. Prodr. x. 95.
Alpine "Western Himalaya and Western Tibet, alt. 10-14,000 ft., from the
Karakorum and Kashmir to Kumaon, frequent ; Royle, Thomson, &c. — Distrib.
Cabul, Kashgar, Yarkand, Alatau Mts.
Root perennial; stems 8-20 in. Radical leaves 5 by ^ in., striated ; cauline 1-2
in., sessile. . Cymes 3-4 in. diam., many-flowered, pedicels 0-% in. in M. endochroma,
H. f. & T. ; or condensed capitate few-flowered in Koyle's examples on which Litho-
spermum euchromon, Royle, was founded. Sepals j^-jr in. in flower, patently hirsute,
in fruit sometimes nearly 1 in. and sub lanceolate. Corolla-tube as long as the sepals
in flower or exceeding them by y~ in. ; lobes £ in., varying in breadth. Flowers
dimorphic, one form having ^ exserted anthers, and short 2-lobed stigmas, the other
with included anthers between the capitate stigma. (See Fisch. tf Mey. I. c.) Nutlets
nearly as in M. Benthami, but larger. — There is difficulty about the specific name of
this species ; M. endochroma, H.f. $ T. is a name published without a description,
and it is not known whether it was an error for M. euchroma or whether it was inten-
ded to imply a species closely allied to Lithospermum cuchromum. M. cyanochroa,
Benth. (= Munbya cyanochroa, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 212. Arnebia tingens, A. DC.
Prodr. x. 96), does not differ from M. perennis, but by being more coarsely hispid ; it
is frequent in Cabul and Persia.
32. ONOSHXA, Linn.
Hispid herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Racemes simple or cymose,
one-sided, bracteate. Flowers yellow or purple, sessile or shortly pedicelled.
Calyx 5-partite or 5-fid ; segments acute, in fruit sometimes enlarged. Corolla
tubular or ventricose, throat dilated or contracted ; lobes 5, very short. Stamens
5, filaments attached near the middle of the corolla-tube linear short or long
or greatly dilated at the base; anthers lanceolate, acuminate, free, conically
vol. rv. N
178 c. boragine^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Onosma.
connivent, included or half-exserted. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style filiform,
stigma capitate or obscurely 2-lobed. Nutlets 4, ovoid, acute, erect or somewhat
incurved, smooth or tuberculate ; scar basal, large, flat. — Species 70, of the
Mediterranean region and Central Asia.
Sect. 1. Euonosma. Calyx lobes in fruit much longer than the tube.
Corolla tubular or somewhat widened upwards. Filaments not dilated at the
base.
1. O. echioides, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. x. 61 ; patently hispid, leaves
oblong, racemes elongate often forked, calyx-lobes £ in. narrowly oblong,
corolla f in. cvlindric slightlv dilated upwards yellow, nutlets shining smooth.
Lamk. III. t 98; Sibth. Fl. Grcec. t. 172; Jacq. Fl. Austr.t. 295 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 181. 0. hispida, Wall. Cat. 938 ; DC. Prodr. x. 66. 0. arenarium,
Waldst. £ Kit. PI. Hun<j. iii. t. 279. 0. Gnielini, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 184, and
Ic. Fl. Ross. iii. t. 280.
Kashmir, alt. 5-9000 ft., frequent, Thomson, &c. Kttmaon; Boyle. — Distrib.
From Siberia and Cabul to France.
Biennial ; stems 8-20 in. Cauline leaves 2\ by £ in. Racemes in fruit 1-6 in. ;
bracts |-1 in., leaflike ; pedicels 0— £ in. Calyx-lobes in fruit attaining sometimes 1
in. Corolla \ in. diam. at top, glabrous without. Filaments linear, anthers included
or shortly exserted. Style overtopping the anthers. Nuts }-\ in. long, stony, white,
often speckled.
2. O. Hookeri, Clarke) hirsute, leaves oblong, racemes subcapitate,
calyx-lobes ^ in. linear silky, corolla -|- in. cylindric dilated upwards, nutlets
muricated on tbe sides. — Onosma, sp. n. 2, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. %■ T.
Alpine Sikkim, alt. 12-14,000 ft. ; Kongra Lama and Tungu. J. D. H.
Rootstock perennial ; stems 3-7 in. Radical leaves 3 by ^ in. ; cauline 1-2 by \
in., somewhat distant. Flowers in a single terminal villous head. Calyx-lobes in
fruit £ in., very silky. Corolla silky without, apparently purple ; upper half \ in.
diam.. nearly twice as wide as the lower. Stamens and style nearly as of 0. echioides.
Outlets scarcely \ in., ovoid, suddenly narrowed, somewhat incurved, shining, and
nearly smooth on the back. — Affords the best Lepcha red dye.
3. O. Thomsoni, Clarke; hirsute, leaves linear white woolly beneath,
racemes small divided calyx-lobes ^ in. linear, corolla ^-\ in. cylindric slightly
dilated upwards, nutlets shining glabrous. — Onosma sp. n. 3, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f. $ T.
Kashmir, alt. 6000 ft. ; Banahal, Thomson.
Perennial; stems 1-2 ft., patently hairy. Cauline leaves 1^ by ^-£ in., hispid
above with tubercular-based hairs. Racemes 1-3 in., capitate or in fruit lax ; bracts
^ in., linear; pedicels 0-J in. Calyx-lobes scarcely enlarged in fruit. Corolla mi-
nutely hairy, mouth |-£ wide. Anthers more than half their length exsert ; style over-
topping the stamens. Nutlets ^ in., ovoid, very acute, somewhat incurved, sides
obscurely angular.
4. O. bracteatum, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. ii. 13 ;
and Cat. 936; hirsute, leaves lanceolate upper ovate-lanceolate silky white
beneath, racemes capitate, calyx-lobes in fruit 1 in. linear silky, corolla-tube £
in. slightly dilated upwards, nutlets ovoid rough. DC. Prodr. x. 66. 0.
macrocephala, Don Prodr. 99.
Western Himalaya; Kashmir, Royle. Kumaon, alt. 11,500 ft.; Pindari,
Strachey 8c Winterbottom.
Stems 15 in., erect, stout, patently hispid. Radical leaves 6 by 1 in., petioled ;
cauline 2 by § in., acuminate, upper surface hispid with tubercular-based hairs.
Flowers in dense silky heads 2-3 in. diam. Corolla £ in. diam. at the mouth, hairy
Onosma.] 0. boraginej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 179
without, a ring of hairs at the base within, purple (?). Anthers included, filaments
linear. Nutlets £ in., acute.
bicolor, Wall. Cat. 939; hispid, cauline leaves spathulate-oblong
t elliptic sessile, racemes small divided, calyx-lobes § in. lanceolate,
5. O.
uppermost
corolla £ in. tubular purple, nutlets obscurely minutely rough. Maharanga
bicolor, A. DC. Prodr. x. 71.
Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim at Lachen, alt.
10,000 ft.; J.D.H.
Stems 12-18 in., suberect, patently hispid. Cauline leaves 2\ by £ in., subobtuse,
much narrowed at the base, hispid with tubercle-based hairs above, whiter more
silky beneath. Cymes 1-2 in. ; bracts \ in., linear ; pedicels i in. Calyx-tube £ in.
Corolla i-£ in. diam., hairy without, purple. Anthers included ; filaments linear not
dilated downwards. Nutlets ^ in., ovoid, scarcely acute.
Sect. 2. Maharang-a. Calyx-tube distinct, widened in fruit. Corolla
ventricose, distinctly narrowed at the mouth. Filaments very much dilated
downwards.
6. O. Emodi, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall, ii. 11, not Wall.
Cat. ; hispid, leaves oblanceolate, calyx-lobes a little shorter than the corolla-
tube, in fruit spreading broad-lanceolate. O. vestitum, Wall. Cat. 937. Maha-
ranga Emodi, A. DC. Prodr. x. 71.
Alpine Himalaya, alt. 10-13,000 ft.; Gurwhal, Strachey $ Winterbottom ; Nepal,
Wallich ; Sikkim, frequent.
Stems 6-18 in., suberect, patently hairy. Cauline leaves attaining 6 by f in.,
subobtuse, hispid on both surfaces ; uppermost 2 in., elliptic, sessile. Flowers capitate
or in fruit cymose ; bracts ^ in., narrowly lanceolate ; pedicels 0-1 in. Calyx $ in.
diam. in fruit, lobes hardly twice as long as the tube, with long white hairs within.
Corolla | in., minutely hairy, purple. Anthers included. Style exsert. Nutlets £ in.,
muricate, tubercular.
7. O. Wallichianum, Benth in Gen. PI. ii. 864 ; hispid, leaves spathu-
late lanceolate, calyx less than half the length of the corolla, lobes in fruit acutely
lanceolate from a triangular base. O. Emodi, Wall. Cat. 940. Maharanga
Wallichiana, A. DC. Prodr. x. 71.
Nepal ; Wallich.
This is perhaps as Wallich estimated it, a mere form of O. Emodi, which is a very
variable plant. Corolla, sta7>iens, filaments and nutlets are the same.
Order CI. CONVOLVULACEffi. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Herbs or shrubs, often twining, very rarely trees. Leaves alternate, exstipu-
late, in Cuscuta 0. Cymes 1- or more-flowered; bracteate. Floweis regular,
hermaphrodite, often showy, 5- (rarely 4-) merous. Calyx deeply 5-lobed,
persistent, sometimes much enlarged in fruit. CoroUa campanulate or funnel-
shaped, rarely subrotate ; limb shortly or deeply lobed, often 5-plaited in the
bud. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube ; anthers oblong, dehiscing longitudinally.
Ovary superior, often surrounded by an annular disc, of 2 carpels, 2-celled or
by false dissepiments 4-celled ; stvle 1 rarely 2, stigma capitate 2-lobed, or 2-
branched ; ovules 2 in each carpel, sessile, erect, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent,
or 2-4-valved or circumsciss or breaking up irregularly, 4-2 rarely 1-seeded.
Seeds erect, albumen 0 or scanty ; cotyledons generally plaited, rarely flat ;
radicle next the hilum.— Species 800, more abundant in warm regions.
n 2
180 ci. conyolyulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Erycibe.
The following genera are expected to occur in British Burma.
Dichondra repens, tforst, found in Mts. beyond Ava by Wallich, belongs to a small
group of Convolvulacea, with a deeply 2-4-lobed ovary with basilar style, and a fruit
of 2-4 utricles ; it is a small creeping herb with cordate or reniform leaves, and
small solitary axillary flowers. It is a native of warm countries in the old and new
worlds.
Blinkworthia lycioides, Choisy (DC. Prodr. ix. 334), a very imperfectly known
genus from near Ava. An erect villous shrub, with linear leaves glabrous above
and subsilky beneath, short 1-fld. peduncles, 3 involucriform bracts, 5 sepals, a
small urceolate corolla, 2-lobed stigma and 1 -seeded berry.
Tribus 1. Convolvuleae. Corolla-limb plaited or induplicate in bud.
* Fruit indehiscent.
Stigma large, globose, subsessile 1. Erycibe.
Stigmas 2, linear-oblong 2. Rivea.
Ovary 4-celled ; style long, stigmas 2 3. Argyreia.
Ovary 2-celled ; style long, stigmas 2 4. Lettsomia.
** Capsule 2-4-valved, or fragile and breaking up.
Stigmas 2-globose. Filaments linear or dilated near the base. . 5. Ipomjea.
Stigmas 2-globose. Filaments with an oblong process near the
base • .... 6. Lepistemon.
Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas short-oblong. Bracts shorter than the
calyx .... 7. Hewittia.
Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas short-oblong. Bracts enclosing the calyx 8. Calystegia.
Ovary 2-celled. Style 1. Stigmas short-oblong 9. Convolvulus.
Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, each with 2 linear stigmas . . . .10. Evolvulus.
Sepals in fruit enlarged, scarious. Capsule 1-seeded 11. Porana.
Styles 2, or 1 deeply 2-partite ; stigmas capitate 12. Breweria.
Styles 2. Bract in fruit large, orbicular flat, reticulated . . .13. Neuropeltis.
Tribus 2. Cresseae. Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud.
Leaves small, sessile. Sepals distinct. Styles 2 14. Cressa.
Tribus 3. Cuscuteae. Leafless, yellow, twining parasites.
Corolla small, campanulate or ovoid 15. Cuscuta.
1. ERYCIBE, Roxb.
Scandent or diffuse shrubs, or erect trees ; shoots rusty-tomentose. Leaves
from ovate to narrow-oblong, acuminate, entire, coriaceous. Cymes short,
axillary or in terminal racemes or panicles; bracts usually inconspicuous.
Sepals subequal, orbicular, coriaceous, adpressed to the base of the fruit. Corolla
white or yellowish; tube shortly campanulate, densely hairy ; limb plaited. in
bud, glabrous, lobes subbilobed, entire or serrate. Stamens on the corolla throat,
filaments short ; anthers ovate-lanceolate. Ovary globose, 1-celled, 4-ovuled ;
style 0, stigma large subglobose 2-lobed or -partite. Berry fleshy, ovoid or
ellipsoid, 1-seeded. Albumen scanty, irregularly intruded between the plicate
fleshy cotyledons; radicle inferior. — Species 20; from India to Australia.
* Cymes in terminal racemes or panicles, sometimes also axiUary,
1. E. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. 31, t. 159, and Fl. 2nd. i. 585, and
ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 284 ; branchlets angular, leaves obovate or obovate-oblong
abruptly acuminate base attenuate, cymes in narrow terminal panicles, berry £
in. ellipsoid. WaU. Cat. 1330 ; Wight 111. t. 180 ; Chois. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2,
FJrycibe.] 01. convolvulacej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 181
i. 222; DC. Prodr. ix. 464, exclud. var. ; Dalz. 8p Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 169 ; Brand.
For. FL 344 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1032 ; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 411 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 214. E. Rheedii, Blume Bijd. 1047. Erimatalia Rheedii, Roem. $
Sch. Syst. v. 331. Catonia glauca, Vahl in Skrift Kiobenh. vi. 99. — Rheede
Hort. Mai. vii. t. 39.
Throughout India, from Oudh eastward and southward to Ceylon, Tenasserim
and the Nieobars; ascending the Himalaya to 4000 ft.. — Distbib. Malaya, Australia.
A diffuse or subscandent shrub, or an erect tree 40 ft. Leaves 5 by 2 in., gla-
brescent ; nerves 5-7 pairs, distinct above ; petiole ^ in. Panicles 7 by 1^ in. ; bracts
inconspicuous ; pedicels $-£ in. Sepals j- in. Corolla g— \ in., yellowish.— Roxburgh's
plant was a diffuse or subscandent shrub, with rusty shoots ; the Central Indian is an
erect tree with pendent branchlets and racemes, and grey pubescence.
Var. Wightiana, leaves elliptic cuneately acuminate at both ends or lanceolate
coriaceous, primary nerves obscure above, secondary prominent much reticulated
beneath, axillary cymes often 3-5 in. elongate raceme-like or terminal panicle broad,
flowers white sweet-scented. E. Wightiana, Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 137; Dalz. $
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 170 ; Brand. For. Fl. 344. Catonia elliptic^ Vahl in Skrift. Kiobenh.
vi. lOl.-^-W. Deccan Peninsula, from Bombay to Cochin; common.
Var. peguensis ; leaves elliptic cuneately acuminate at both ends, secondary nerves
not prominently reticulate beneath, panicles terminal large, branches long or short,
flowers white. — Chittagong ; J. D. H. Moulmeih ; Griffith, Falconer, Parish.
2. E. expansa, Wall. Cat. 1331 ; branchlets angular rusty-tomentose,
leaves elliptic acuminate base rounded or subcordate, cymes in terminal racemes
or panicles often prominently bracteate. G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 392. E.
ferruginosa, Griff. Notul. iv. 283. E. paniculata, var. & expansa, Chois. in Ann.
Sc. Nat. 2, i. 222 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 464.
Pegu and Tenasserim ; Wallich.
Panicles mostly large, broad (whence the name E. expansa) ; bracts ^-1 by £ in.,
foliaceous. Berry not seen. — Perhaps a form of E. paniculata, but the base of the
leaf is always rounded or subcordate, which it never is in E. paniculata.
3. E. subspicata, Wall. Cat. 1332 ; branchlets angular rusty-tomentose,
leaves elliptic or lanceolate acuminate, cymes peduncled subspicate, berry £-§ in.
elliptic-oblong.^ G. Don Gen. Syst. iv.392.
Silhet, Wallich. Khasia Mts., Griffith, J. D. H. — Distrib. Ava.
Leaves 4 by If in., less abruptly acuminate than in E. paniculata, not at all
obovate, rhomboid or rounded at the base, coriaceous, nerves obscure above. —
Perhaps only a variety of E. paniculata ; but the specimens are very uniform.
4. S. glaucescens, Wall.' Cat. 1334; nearly glabrous except the corolla,
leaves elliptic acuminate base cuneate, cymes axillary often half as long as the
leaves and in elongate terminal panicles. Chois. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, i. 223 ;
DC. Prodr. ix. 464; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 214. E. laevigata, Wall. Cat. 1333 b;
Chois. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, i. 223, partly ; DC. I. c. partly.
Silhet and Moulmein, Wallich. Cachar ; Keenan.
Differs from E. paniculata, var. peguensis, only by the branchlets and young
panicles being very nearly glabrous. E. glaucescens of DC, with the racemes sparingly
rufous-silky, and E. glaucescens, Kurz, with the young shoots rusty-pilose, may
include, wholly or partially, E. Icevigata. Keenan refers to his plant as " a tall erect
tree with white scented flowers."
5. IS. laevigata, Wall. Cat. 1333, a only, branchlets angular slightly
pubescent, leaves elliptic or oblong acuminate base cuneate, cymes short axillary
towards the end of the branches and terminal scarcely panicled, berry f in.
182 ci. convolvulacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Erycibe.
globose, Chois. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, i. 223, partly ; DC. Prodr. ix. 464, partly.
—Erycibe, n. 8, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft., Herb. Griffith, King, &c. Khasia Mts., alt.
4000 ft., Wallich, Griffith, J. D. H
A rambling, stout shrub ; branchlets thick. Leaves 5 by \\ in., coriaceous ;
nerves 8-20 pair ; petiole ^ in. or longer. Cymes hardly half so long as the leaves,
rusty-tomentose, terminal hardly larger than the axillary. Flowers yellowish-white,
as of E. paniculata, but larger. — This is distinguished from the four preceding by its
thick branchlets, larger flowers and fruits, the nerves appear very variable in number,
but always more numerous than in E. paniculata.
** Cymes axillary short, terminal (if any) scarcely larger than the axillary.
6. E. malaccensis, Clarke ; leaves elliptic or obovate-oblong acuminate
coriaceous base cuneate or rounded, nerves distinctty reticulated raised beneath,
cymes and sepals uniformly closely fulvous tomentose, berrv § in. subquadrate
ellipsoid— Erycibe n. 7, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. # T.
Motjlmein, Lobb. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay.
A large scandent shrub ; innovations fulvous-pubescent ; branchlets obscurely
angular. Leaves 3 by l\ in. ; petiole £-5-. Cymes £-2 in. Sepals not glabrescent
upwards. Flowers nearly as of E. paniculata.
7. ZS. Princei, Wall. Cat. 1335; innovations rusty-pubescent, leaves
short-petioled obovate-oblong abruptly acuminate base obtuse, cymes subcapi-
tate axillary and terminal subspicate or racemose, berry £ in. ellipsoid. Chois.
in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, i. 224; DC. Prodr. ix. 464. E. camptobotrya, Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. Suppl. 578.
Penang, Wallich. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. — Distrib. Java, Banca, Borneo.
A powerful scandent, sometimes twining, shrub ; branchlets scarcely angular,
obscurely rusty-pubescent. Leaves 4 by If in., coriaceous, suddenly narrowed at the
base, sometimes subcordate ; nerves 5-7 pairs, nerves obscure ; petiole \ in. Cymes
scarcely 1 in. diam.r subsessile, rusty-villous ; bracts T^ in., oblong. Flowers nearly
as of E. paniculata. Sepals villous or glabrate, coriaceous.
8. ZS. Griffith ii, Clarke ; branchlets round glabrous, leaves large obovate-
oblong abruptly acuminate base cuneate, cymes sessile small axillary lax few-fid.
rufous-vijlous, berries 1 in. ellipsoid.
Mebgui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 5880). Malacca, Maingay.
A large, scandent shrub. Leaves 5£ by 2 in., coriaceous, nerves 6 pairs, secondary
not prominent ; petiole \ in. Cymes £-f in., densely clothed with dark-red hair.
Berry coriaceous, rough.
9. E. XHaing*ayi, Clarke; innovations minutely hairy, leaves long-
petioled elliptic acuminate to an obtuse apex base cuneate, cymes axillary small
lax minutely rufous-pubescent.
Malacca; Maingay.
A large, scandent shrub ; branches round, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 1\ by
l£ in., nerves 6 pairs, secondary obscure; petiole \ in. Cymes \ in., deep red,
appearing glabrous, but minutely adpressedly pilose under a lens. — This appears
allied to E. Princei ; but, besides the differences in indumentum, the long petioles give
it a habit of its own.
10. ZS. coriacea, Wall. Cat. 1337 ; branchlets round glabrous or nearly
so, leaves large elliptic acuminate very coriaceous, nerves obscure on both
surfaces, cymes £-2 in. minutely rusty-pubescent dense-fid. Chois. in Ann. Sc.
Nat. 2, i. 224 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 465 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 213.
Frycibe.] ci. CONVOLVUJ/ACE^;. (C. B. Clarke.) 183
Chittagong, Wallich.
Leaves 6£ by 2^ in., cuneate at the base, verrucose beneath ; midrib strong, much
raised beneath ; petiole § in. Berry not seen.— There is no specimen of this in
Wallich's Herbarium, nor have I seen any.
Var. fragrans ; leaves b\ by 3j in. ovate- elliptic acuminate, cymes rather less
■ dense than in E. coriacea. G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 392. E. fragrans, "Wall. Cat. 1336.
— Amherst, Wallich.
11. E. glomerata, Wall. Cat. 1338 (? of Blume) ; innovations villous,
leaves large elliptic acuminate nerves impressed above much raised beneath
secondary obscure, cymes axillary sessile capitate. Chois. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, i.
224 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 465; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 213. E. citriniflora, Griff. Notul.
iv. 284.— Ebenacea, Wall Cat. 9061.
Moulmein, Wallich. Mergtji, Griffith.
A powerful scandent shrub ; branchlets round, stout, soon glabrescent. Leaves 7
by 2£ in., narrowed downwards, but often shortly suddenly rounded at the very base,
coriaceous, often rugose above from the strongly impressed nerves ; petiole scarcely
| in. Cymes- \ in. diam., minutely closely rusty-tomentose. Berry not seen. —
There is no specimen of this in "Wallich's Herbarium. Miquel (Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1033)
says that this plant is not E. glomerata, Blume Bijd. 1047; but from Blume's de-
scription it is either the same or very near it.
2. RIVE A, Chois.
Twining shrubs. Leaves ovate-cordate, silky or hirsute beneath, at least
while young ; petiole long. Peduncles axillary, 1-3-fld. ; bracts 2-3, narrow.
Sepals ovate or oblong, subequal. Corolla large, white, tube long, cylindric ;
limb wide-funnel-shaped, plaited. Stamens attached near the middle of the
tube, included ; anthers narrowly-oblong, obtuse, not finally twisting. Ovary
4-celled, 4-ovuled ; disc annular ; style filiform, stigmas linear-oblong. Fruit
indehiscent or irregularly breaking up, subglobose, shining, nearly dry. Seeds
1-4, glabrous, in mealy pulp. — Species 2, Indian.
1. R. ornata, Chois. Convolv. Or. 27, t. 3, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 326;
leaves orbicular-cordate white-tomentose beneath, peduncles short mostly 3-fld.,
sepals £-f in. elliptic-oblong acute or subacute, corolla-limb white silky without.
Wight in Cole. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. 179, t. 5, fig. 1, and 111. t. 168, bis fig. 1,
and Ie. t. 1356 ; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 168. Lettsomia ornata, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 496, and ed. Carey ty Wall. ii. 85. Convolvulus candi-
cans, Moth Nov. Sp. 106 ; Roem. 8f Sch. Stjst. iv. 273, 790, not of Sol. C.
ornatus, Wall. Cat. 1369. C. Tarita, Ham. ; Wall. Cat. 2253. Argvreia ornata,
Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 373 ; Brand. For. Fl. 343.
Deccan Peninsula; common in dry jungles, &c. Ceylon; in the hotter parts of
the Island.
Branchlets stout, white-tomentose. Leaves 3-5 in. in diam., often broader than
long, glabrous above and, sometimes, at length beneath; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles
£ in or less ; pedicels hardly any ; bracts \ in., narrowly oblong, deciduous. Corolla-
tube 2 in., limb 2 in. diam. Stigmas ^ by ^ in. Fruit § in. diam., globose, mucro-
nate by the style base, yellow-brown, nearly dry. — Roxburgh says he obtained seeds
of this from Cawnpore (possibly from a garden ?) ; no examples have been seen but
from the South Deccan.
Var. Griffithii; leaves less silky beneath, peduncles l-4£ in., sepals ^-f in.
elliptic-oblong acute, corolla-limb glabrous without even in the bud. — Bengal, Griffith,
Falconer.— Possibly a cultivated form. One of Griffith's examples is from the
Calcutta Botanic Garden, the other from Sikkim ; Falconer's example is without
locality.
184 ci. convolvulace.*:. (0. B. Clarke.) [Bivea.
2. R. hypocrateriformis. Chois. Convolv. Or. 26, and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 326 ; leaves orbicular-cordate adpressedly silky beneath when young, sepals
^ in. ovate-elliptic obtuse, corolla-limb glabrous or puberulous without. Dalz,
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 168 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 584, only copied. E. bona-nox,
Poxb. Hort. Beng. 13; Chois. Convolv. Or. 27, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 326:
Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 168. E. fragrans, Nimmo in Grah. Cat. PI. Bomb.
127. E. ornata, Aitch. Cat. Punjab PI. 100, not of Chois. Convolvulus hypo-
crateriformis, Lamk. Enc. iii. 561. C. candicans," Wall. Cat. 1368 ; Poem. 8f
Sch. Syst. iv. 302, not of Roth. Lettsomia uniflora, Poxb. Cat. PI. (1813) and
Fl. Ind. i. 495, and ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. .85. L. bona-nox, Poxb. Hort. Beng.
13, and Fl. Ind. i. 494. Argyreia uniflora and bona-nox, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed.
2, 373 ; Brand. For. Fl. 343.
Western India ; in dry forests, from Lahore and Behar to Mysore, common.—
Assam, Griffith.
Generally resembling P. ornata, but the hair on the stems beneath the leaves and
on the sepals is less copious, and much less white. The essential distinction lies in
the sepals which are smaller and more obtuse.— Roxburgh's Lettsomia bona-nox, a
native of Miclnapore jungles, is referred to here with little doubt, though no specimens of
it are known to exist ; the only difference his characters afford between hisZ. bona-nox
and his L. uniflora (Pivea hypocrateriformis) are, that the former has deliciously clove-
scented flowers and three of them together, the latter solitary flowers, whether
scented or no is not stated. Roxburgh's figure is excellent.
3. ARGYREIA, Lour.
Scandent, rarely suberect, shrubs. Leaves from cordate-ovate to narrow-
lanceolate, silky hirsute or pubescent. Cymes sessile or peduncled, capitate or
corymbose. Flowers showy, purple or rose, rarely white. Sepals from orbicular
to lanceolate, subequal, or the inner smaller, adpressed to the fruit, often some-
what enlarged. Corolla funnel-shaped; limb plaited, very shortly lobed.
Stamens included ; anthers oblong, never twisting. Ovary completely 4-celled,
4-ovuled : disc annular, often prominent, as long as the ovary ; style filiform,
stigmas 2 sessile globose. Fruit indehiscent, baccate or nearly dry, hard or
papery, 4-1-seeded. — Species 30, Indian, Malayan, and S. Chinese, one African.
Sect. I. Fomifera. Sepals orbicular, ultimately enlarged, completely
enveloping the fruit, strongly imbricate, glabrous, mucilaginous.
1. A. tiliaefolia, Wight Ic. t. 1358; leaves ovate-cordate shortly acumi-
nate or obtuse hoary beneath or glabrescent, peduncles 1-3-fld. shorter than
the petioles, corolla-plaits glabrous without or nearly so. Kurz For. Fl. ii.
215. Convolvolus tilisefolius, Lamk. Enc. iii. 544. C. gangeticus, Poxb. Hort.
Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 467, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 46; Wall Cat. 1340.
C. melanostictus, Schldl. in Linncea, 1831, 737. Ipomfea tiliaefolia, Poem. 8r
Sch. Syst. iv. 229. I. gangetica, Siveet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 371. I. melanosticta,
G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 271. Eivea tiliaefolia, Chois. Convolv. Or. 25, and in
DC. Prodr. ix. 325 ; Hassk. Petzia, i. 68.
India, alt. 0-1000 ft., except in the western dry portion, very common in Bengal
and near the sea. — Distrib. Malaya to the Philippines ; elsewhere often cultivated.
Scandent or twining, often forming low, dense masses with apple-like fruits.
Leaves 1-4 in. diam. ; petiole long. Peduncles £-3 in. ; bracts inconspicuous,
caducous. Corolla 2-3 in., widely-funnel-shaped, rose-purple. Fruit f-l£ in. diam.,
including the sepals ; capsule thin. Seeds ± in., minutely rusty-villous, hilum hirsute.
— Miquel (Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 587) says Ipomsea lilacina (Blume Bijd. 716) is this
plant, but the description does not agree (" sepals acute," &c).
Argyreia.'} Ci. convoivulaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) , 18b
Sect. II. Euargyreia. Sepals from ovate to narrow-oblong, more or
less hairy, ultimately dry. Seeds glabrous or very closely tomentose.
* Stems twining, often extensively scandent.
2. A. speciosa. Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 373; leaves large ovate-cordate
acute glabrous above persistently wliite-tomentose beneath, peduncles long,
flowers subcapitate, bracts large ovate-lanceolate acute thin softly woolly
deciduous, corolla-tube woolly, fruit brown-yellow stout nearly dry. Chois.
Convolv. Or. 29, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 328; Wight Ic. t, 851 ; Basic Retzia,
i. 68; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 168; Brand. For. FL 343. Convolvulus
cspeciosus, Linn. f. Suppl. 137; Smith Ic. Pict. t. 17; Wall. Cat. V?A>\ 0.
nervosus, Burm. Fl. Ind. 48, t. 20, fig. 1. Lettsomia speciosa, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 13. L. nervosa, Roxb. Hort. Bevy. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 488, and ed. Carey
8? Wall. ii. 78 {not of Hort. Bot. Calc). Ipomrea speciosa, Blume Bijd. 717 :
BoU Mag. 2440.
India, alt. 0-1000 ft. ; from Assam to Belgaum and Mysore : frequent in Bengal
plain. — Distrie. Java ; also from China, Mauritius, &c, cultivated.
Extensively climbing. Stems stout, white-tomentose. Leaves 3-12 in. diam.,
glabrous above even before unfolding ; petiole long. Peduncles usually 3-6 in., stout,
white-tomentose ; outer bracts l£ in. Corolla 2-3 in., tubular-funnel-shaped, rosy.
Fruit f in, diam., globose, apiculate ; sepals ultimately f in. diam,, ovate, coriaceous,
woolly.
3. A. argent ea, Chois. Convolv. Or. 36, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 330;
leaves ovate-cordate acute hairy above persistently white-silky beneath, corymbs
peduncled dense or subcapitate, bracts narrow mostly inconspicuous, corolla
hairy without, berry nearly black, fruiting sepals thin lanceolate subpatent.
Lettsomia argentea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 489, and ed. Carey
$ Wall. ii. 79. Convolvulus argenteus, Wall. Cat. 1364.
Bengal Plain ; frequent, extending to Assam and Chittagong. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4000 ft., H.f. $ T.
A large climber. Leaves 3-6 in., closely pilose above ultimately subglabrous,
silky subtomentose beneath ; petiole long. Peduncles 2-5 in. ; corymbs small, or
large ; bracts £ by £ in., in the Khasia plant larger subpersistent. Corolla 2 in.,
tubular-funnel-shaped, with many spreading simple lax hairs without, rose-purple.
Berry § in. diam., globose ; sepals ultimately £ by £ in., subpatent, or in one example
ovate subobtuse coriaceous.
Var. venusta : indumentum less silvery ultimately thin. A. venusta, Chois.
Convolv. Or. 36, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 330. Convolvulus festivus, Wall. Cat. 1414,
not Argyreia festiva, Wall. PL As. Bar. Argyreia sp., n. 27, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f.-fr T.
— Pegu, Wallich, McLelland, &c. Bengal ; Furidpore, Clarke. — Distrlb. Ava.
4. A. Roxburgh!!, Chois. Convolv. Or. 37, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 330,
most syns. excl. ; leaves ovate-cordate acute softly patently villous on both sur-
faces, peduncles equalling the petioles, corymbs dense, bracts narrow, sepals
^-^ in. elliptic-lanceolate. Convolvulus Roxburghii, Wall. Cat. 1415.
Nepal; Wallich ; SixkimTerai, Clarke. Assam, Jenkins.
Leaves hardly shining. Peduncles 2 in., shorter than in A. argentea, which it very
closely resembles.
Var. ampta; innovations white silky, leaves large ultimately sparsely hairy,
cymes lax irregularly compound, one or more of the outer bracts often leaflike
petioled. Argyreia ampla, Chois. Convolv. Or. 38, and in DC. Prodr. ix. Convolvulus
ampins, Wall. Cat. 1420. — The common form.
5. A. Kookeri, Clarke ; leaves large cordate-ovate acute glabrescent or
somewhat hairy beneath, peduncles very long, cymes dichotomous few-flowered,
186 Ci. CONVOLVULACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Argyreia.
bracts caducous, sepals ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, berry dusky succulent com-
pletely 4-celled. A. populifolia, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 329; and C. mala-
baricus, Wall. Cat. 1414 B ; the Goalpara plant only.
Assam, Hamilton. Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent, J. D. H., &c.
Bhotan, alt. 3000 ft., Clarke.
A large climber, ultimately glabrescent ; innovations villous or sometimes shin-
ing, subsericeous. Leaves 4-9 in., larger deeply cordate ; petiole long. Peduncles
31-2 in. ; bracts £ in., narrow, caducous. Sepals ^ in. ; in fruit larger, acute.
Corolla 2-2£ in., tubular-funnel-shaped, sparsely hairy without, rose-coloured. Berry
| in. diam., globose. — Convolvulus peduncularis, Wall. Cat. 1417, from Ava, is ex-
ceedingly like A. Hookeri; but in it the fruiting sepals are f in., orbicular and
coriaceous.
6. A. splendens, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 373; leaves elliptic acuminate
base rhomboid or rounded glabrous above silky-white beneath, corymbs
peduncled, bracts caducous, corolla-plaits hairy without, capsule papery
scarlet. Lettsomia splendens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 487, and
ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 75 ; Wcdl. Cat. 1361. Ipomsea splendens, Bot. Maq.
t. 2628.
Khasia Mts. ; Griffith. Chittagong ; Boxburgh ; at Seetakoond, H. f. § T.
A large climber. Leaves 7 by 4 in., never cordate ; petiole 3 in. Peduncles 1-4
in., few- or many-flowered. Sepals % in., ovate, obtuse, closely tomentose. Corolla
1| in., tubular-campanulate, rose-coloured. Fruit (with the sepals) as of A. Wallichii.
— Convolvulus Finlaysonianus, Wall. Cat. 6607, from Cochin-China, is closely allied,
but the leaves are elliptic and ovate subcordate. A. acuta, Lour. (Chois. in DC.
Prodr. xix. 333) is exceedingly near, but has the corymbs slenderer, smaller flowers,
and sepals elliptic-oblong with adpressed silvery hairs.
7. A. obtecta, Clarke ; leaves elliptic or oblong acute at both ends pilose
above silky-strigose beneath, peduncles short, bracts caducous, sepals short
ovate obtuse, corolla hirsute without, capsule papery red. Convolvulus ob-
tectus, Wall. Cat. 1416. Bivea? obtecta, Chois. Convolv. Or. 28, and in DC.
Prodr. ix. 326.
Malay Peninsula ; Tavoy and Amherst, Wallich; Mergui, Griffith; Tenasserim,
Heifer.
A large climber. Leaves 5 by 2\ in., beneath tawny or whiteish ; petiole § in.
Peduncles |-l£ in. Flower and fruit nearly as in A. splendens, but sepals and corolla
more hirsute. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. — Known from A. splendens by the short
petioles, from A. lanccolata by the peduncled corymbs.
Var. obtusifolia ; leaves obtuse almost emarginate. Tavoy ; Griffith. — An
example in Herb. Wight, named by him Convolvulus laurifolius. This may be A.
obtusifolia, Lour. (Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 333), of which the fragments at the British
Museum consist of branchlets, fruits, and a fragment of one leaf.
8. A. lanceolata, Chois. Convolv. Or. 39, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 331 ;
leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate pilose above shining silky beneath, flowers
axillary subsessile 1-3 together, bracts inconspicuous, sepals elongate-oblong,
corolla hairy without. Convolvulus argyrophyllus, Wall. Cat. 1395.
Malay Peninsula; Martaban and Tavoy, Wallich', Moulmein, Parish; Tenas-
serim or Andamans, Heifer.
Stems twining, slender. Leaves 5 by § in., or shorter and broader, base cuneate
or rounded ; petiole § in. Sepals § by \ in., oblong or lanceolate. Corolla \\ in.,
tubular-campanulate. Capsule \ in., globose, thin, not red (but unripe). — The foliage
and corymbs are sometimes like those of A. obtecta, from which it is distinguished
by the elongate sepals.
Argyreia.] ci. convolvulace2E. (C. B. Clarke.) 187
9. A. Walliohii, Chois. Convolv. Or. 39, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 331;
leaves large ovate-cordate acute glabrous wrinkled above persistently tomentose
beneath, peduncles very short, flowers capitate, bracts large persistent outer
thinner often nerved. Convolvulus erythrocarpus, Wall. Cat. 1413. Lettsomia
nervosa, Hort. Rot. Cole, and Herb. Wight, not of Roxb.
Sikkim Terai ; Clarke. — Distrib. Ava.
A large climber. Leaves 4-10 in., upper surface wrinkled by the impressed
secondary nerves ; petiole 2-4 in. Peduncles 0-1 in. ; heads 1-3 in. diam., dense,
many-fld. ; outer bracts 1 in. and upwards, ovate-oblong. Sepals 2-3 in., elliptic-
oblong. Corolla 1^ in., tubular-infundibuliform, hirsute, white tinged rose. Capsule
£ in., depressed globose, becoming (together with the interior of the sepals) red, or
{in the Sikkim example) a glistening white.
Var. coriacea ; leaves more leathery, sepals more leathery densely hairy not
nerved, capsule red. — Sikkim, alt. 2-5000 feet, common; J. D. H., Treutler, &c.
Upper Assam ; Jenkins.
10. A. populifolia, Chois. Convolv. Or. 32, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 329;
leaves ovate acuminate base shallowly cordate or rounded glabrous or sparingly
hairy beneath, peduncles shorter than the leaves, flowers subcapitate, bracts
prominent linear-lanceolate persistent, sepals small subequal ovate obtuse.
Ipomsea zeylanica, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 482, t. 178, fig. 1 ; Moon Cat. PI. Ceyl.
14, not Argyreia zeylanica, Kurz. Convolvulus festivus, W<dl. Cat. 1414, the
Ceylon material only. Rivea zeylanica var. a only, Thwaites Enum. 209,
many syn. excl.
Ceylon ; common ; Walker, &c.
A large twiner, sparingly grey pilose or glabrate. Leaves 2-5 in. diam., long-
petioled. Peduncles 1-7 in., usually exceeding the petioles; bracts numerous £-1 in.,
sparingly grey-pilose or glabrate. Sepals \ in., hardly larger in fruit. Corolla 2 in.,
funnel-shaped, rose-purple, hairy on the plaits without, ultimately nearly glabrescent.
Berry £-§ in. diam., dusky, pulpy. »
Var. Thwaitesii; leaves elliptic acute base rounded sparsely hirsute beneath,
bracts elliptic oblong. — Ceylon ; Colombo, Thwaites (C. P. n. 1943.)
Var. fastigiata ; corymbs many-fld., close not capitate. Convolvulus fastigiatus,
Wall. Cat. 2258, not of Roxb. Ipomsea fastigiata, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 380, the
Bengal plant, not of Sweet. — Bengal (Choisy). The type (in Wallich's Herbarium),
is a plant from the Calcutta Botanic Garden, and looks altogether like A. populifolia
cultivated. A powerful twiner; stems sparsely hairy. Leaves 4 in., shallowly
cordate, ovate, subacute, glabrous above, sparingly hairy beneath ; petiole 2 in.
Peduncles 3-8 in., strigose ; corymbs 2-4 in. diam. ; bracts 1 by | in., lanceolate,
persistent, a few outer sometimes leaflike and petioled. Sepals | in. ovate, obtuse,
adpressed villous. Corolla 2£ in. and upwards, tubular-funnel-shaped, hairy without,
rose-purple. Fruit not seen.
11. A. involucrata, Clarke ; leaves ovate acuminate sparingly hairy
or glabrescent, peduncles shorter than the leaves, flowers subcapitate, bracts
large oblong persistent, sepals subequal ovate-lanceolate acuminate. — Argyreia
n. 23, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
Western Deccan Peninsula; Concan and Bababoodan Hills, Law ; Bombay,
Dalzell.
A large twiner. Leaves 1\ by 4£ in., usually more elongate than A. populifolia,
base rounded or shallowly cordate. Peduncles 2-6 in. ; bracts 1 by £ in., sparingly
hairy, flat. Sepals \ in., often caudate, margins scarious. Corolla and fruit nearly
as of A. populifolia.— Leaves in one example of Dalzell's narrower, 5 by If in., base
subrhomboid.
Var. inatqualis ; bracts large some attaining 2 by f in., two outer sepals much
longer than the inner, corolla exceeding 3£ in. — The Concan, Stocks. Distrib.
188 ci. CONVOLVULACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Argyreia..
Tropical Africa (if A. poptdifolia, var. africana (Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxix„
114) can be identified with any Indian plant).
12. A. bracteata, Chois. Convolv. Or. 39, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 328;
leaves ovate base rounded glabrate above fulvous densely silky beneath,
peduncles mostly short, flowers subcapitate, bracts prominent oblong or elliptic
silkily villous persistent, sepals £ in. ovate subacute. Wight in Hook. Comp.
Bot. Mag. i. 38, t. 3. Convolvulus pomaceus, Wall. Cat. 1419, type sheet
partly. Ipomsea Kleiniana, Roern. 8f Sch. Syst. iv. 789.
Deccan Peninsula ; Bottler ; Madras, Shuter ; Coimbatore, Wight.
Scandent. Leaves 2-3£ in., obtuse or scarcely acuminate, base sometimes slightly
cordate ; petiole 1 in. Pedwicles £-2 in., bracts f in. Sepals with scarious margins.
Corolla' 2 in. and upwards, tubular-campanulate, hirsute without. Berry § in.,
yellowish-brown, pulpy. — Easily distinguished by its leaves being glabrous above
shining silky beneath ; hence often confounded with A. argentea.
13. A. pomacea, Chois. Convolv. Or. 31, and in DC. Pi-odr. ix. 329 ;
leaves elliptic-ovate obtuse closely softly hairy on both surfaces, peduncles
short, corymbs small lax, bracts narrowly oblong caducous, sepals £ in. round-
ovate. Wight III. 168 bis Jig. 2. Lettsomia pomacea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 18,
and Fl. Ind. i. 493, and ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 83. Rivea pomacea, Wight It:
t. 888. Convolvulus pomaceus, Wall. Cat. 1419, part of second sheet.
South Deccan ; Mysore, Boxburgh ; Coimbatore, Wight ; Nilgherries, G. Thom-
son, &c.
Large, scandent. Leaves 1-3 in., sometimes emarginate, often undulate, base
rhomboid or rounded ; petiole f in. Peduncles 0-f in. ; bracts £-£ in. Corolla 2
in., tubular-campanulate, hirsute without, Berry § in. diam., yellow-brown,
pulpy.
Var. triflora; leaves narrowly elliptic rhomboid at the base glabrate above
sparsely strigose beneath, peduncles ^-| in. 1-3-flowered, bracts ^-\ in. narrowly
oblong obtuse glabrous, sepals glabrous. A. Leschenaultii, Thwaites Enum. 209, not
of Chois. Ipomsea n. 43, Herb. Ind. Or. H f. $ T.— Ceylon ; Thwaites (C. P.
n. 1932).
14. A. sericea, Dak. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 169 ; leaves ovate-cordate
acute hispid or strigose above densely silky beneath, peduncles as long as the
petioles, flowers capitate, bracts prominent persistent oblong or elliptic nerved
silky, sepals elliptic-lanceolate often unequal. Iponuea bracteata, Graham Cat.
Bomb. PL 131, not of G. Don.
Malabar Ghauts and Concan, frequent ; Stocks, Law, &c. ; Belgaum, Bitchie.
A powerful, silky twiner. Leaves 3-5 in., base of lower deeply cordate ; petiole
1-3 in. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; bracts attaining \\ in. Sepals ^ in., two outer often
much longer. Corolla 2\ in., tubular-funnel-shaped, pink, hirsute, without. Berry
^ in. diam., orange-coloured, pulpy. — Perhaps, as Dalzell suggests, nearest to A.
argentea, but is usually referred to A. bracteata, Choisy, to which it is not
very near.
15. A. Leschenaultii. Chois. Convolv. Or. 31, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
329, not of Thwaites; innovations white-tomentose, leaves subcordate ovate
acuminate softly hairy on both surfaces, peduncles short, bracts linear, sepals £-
^ in. ovate obtuse. Convolvulus Choisyanus, Wall. Cat. 2259, type sheet only
( Choisy) .
Nilgherries, alt. 1-6000 ft. ; Wight, &c.
A powerful climber. Leaves 6 by 5 in., suddenly shortly acuminate, closely
villous subtomentose beneath becoming less so in age ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles £-2
in., softly villous; bracts f- by $ in., subpersi stent. Corolla 2 in., hirsute without.
Argyreia.~] ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 189
Berry f- in. diam., pulpy. — Convolvulus Choisyanus (Wall. Cat. 2259) is not now in
Wallich's herbarium ; Choisy says it is Argyreia Leschenaultii ; but it may have been
A. Choisyana, Wight.
16. A. nelly g-herya, Chois. Convolv. Or. 82, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 329;
leaves subcordate elliptic subacute softly hairy above densely villous beneath,
peduncles shorter than the leaves, cymes few-fid. subcapitate, bracts oblong
persistent, sepals ^ in. ovate obtuse. Convolvulus pomaceus, Wall. Cat. 1419,
partly.
Nilgherries, alt. 6000 ft. ; Wight, &c. '
Differs little from A. Leschenaultii except that the leaves are only half as wide
(2-2^ in.) and much more shaggy, often rufescent somewhat shining beneath. It is
also very near A. pomacea, ,but has larger sepals and peduncles often 2-3 in.
17. A. malabarica, Chois. Convolv. Or. 38, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 331 ;
stem pubescent, leaves ovate-cordate acute sparsely hispid on both surfaces
ultimately nearly glabrous, peduncles 2-5 in., bracts elliptic or oblong, sepals in
fruit ^~f in. elliptic-lanceolate. Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 169. Convolvulus
malabaricus, Linn. ; Blume Bijd. 715, not of Roxb. C. Kottleri, Spreng. Syst.
cur. post. 61 ? Ipomaea malabarica, JRoem. §■ Sch. iv. 235. — Rheede Hort. Mai.
xi. t. 51.
Malabar and Coromandel (Choisy)'. — Distrib. Java, Cochin China (Choisy.)
Founded on Rheede's plate, no authentic example being seen by any author, with
which, however, Wight's Herb. n. 2353 (named A. Leschenaidtii) very closely agrees.
— Wight had a ms. species, A. courtallensis, in his Herb., the plant on which Choisy
founded his A. Leschenaultii. Hence, Wight having the name A. Leschenaultii in
excess, applied it to his n. 2353 ; but the three species are so near that they might
be made one.
18. A. hirsuta, Am. Pugill. PI. Ind. Or. 38 ; leaves ovate-cordate acute
villous above shaggy beneath, peduncles very long patently hispid, bracts pro-
minent linear or oblong outer often petioled leaflike, sepals ^ in. ovate obtuse.
Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 330 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4946. Rivea hirsuta, Wight Ic.
t. 891.
Nllgherry Mts., common ; Wight, &c.
Probably, as Arnott suggests, a large form of A. nellygherya, which the sepals,
corolla, and fruit resemble. The peduncles are often 4-8 in., and the outer petioled
bract makes the cymes pseudo-sessile. The needle-like hairs on the stems and
peduncles also give the plant a different aspect.
Var. coacta ; leaves cordate triangular-ovate acute closely shortly silky beneath,
peduncles very long, bracts large elliptic-oblong flat sparsely hairy. Rivea zeylanica,
var. £ hirsuta, Thwaites Enum. 209.— Ceylon, alt. 4000 feet, Thwaites, &c. This
in its indumentum and the more triangular leaves does not agree at all closely with
A. hirsuta, Am.
19. A. pilosa, Am. Pugill. PI. Ind. Or. 38; leaves ovate subcordate
acute hairy on both surfaces, peduncles shorter than the leaves, flowers capitate,
bracts linear persistent, sepals elliptic-lanceolate acute often bristly upwards.
Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 330.— Argyreia, n. 22 and 24, Herb. Ind. Or. H.
/• * T.
Western Deccan Peninsula, the Concan, Canara,, and Mysore; Law,
Ritchie, &c.
A powerful twiner. Leaves 2-6 in., base rounded or slightly cordate, fulvous-
strigose beneath or sometimes green less hairy ; petiole long. Peduncles A-4 in.,
variable in length, stout; bracts f by £ in., bristly. Sepals \-\ in. Corolla 2 in.,
tubular-funnel-shaped, hirsute without. Berry § in. diam.— The specimens of H. f.
]90 Ci. CONVOLVULACEJE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Argyr&ia.
$ T. n. 22 have the leaves densely hairy, almost shaggy, fulvous beneath; while
here those of n. 24 are strigose green beneath ; both have very acute sepals.
20. A. Lawii, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acute base rhomboid or rounded
softly strigose on both surfaces, peduncles elongated, cymes small dense, bracts
narrowly oblong, sepals \ in. ovate obtuse. — Argyreia n. 28, Herb. Ind. Or. H.
f.SfTr
The Concan and Malabar, Bababoodan Hills, Law, &e.
Scandent, subsericeous. Leaves 4 by 2 in., -whiter beneath; petiole 1-2 in.
Peduncles 2-5 in., silky, white, slenderer than in the foregoing species ; bracts § by £
in. Cyme dichotomous 3-9-fld., with one in the fork ; flowers subsessile. Corolla
2 in. and upwards, tubular-campanulate, hairy without. Fruit not seen. — Appears
closely allied to A. Choisyana, but the sepals differ widely.
21. A. Choisyana, Wight ms. ; leaves subcordate elliptic-oblong hairy
on both surfaces, peduncles 1-3-fld. shorter than the leaves, bracts narrowly
oblong, sepals ^-^ in. elliptic-lanceolate acuminate. Batatas Choisyana, Wight
Ic. t. 491.
Madras ; Balaghaut Hills, Wight.
A twiner, patently hirsute. Leaves 2 by 1 in., subobtuse, densely strigose above,
silky somewhat shining beneath ; petiole ^-§ in. Peduncles 1-2 in., hirsute, often
with 1 or 2 silky shining subfoliaceous bracts remote from the flowers ; proper bracts
f by ^ in. Corolla nearly 2 in., tubular-funnel-shaped, hirsute without. Ovary 4-
celled. Fruit not seen. — Neither the leaves, flowers, ovary or bracts of this species
resemble those of Ipomcea atropurpurea to which Choisy (in DC. Prodr. ix. 366) has
reduced it.
Var. ? Wightii ; leaves rhomboid at the base glabrous above sparsely strigose
beneath, sepals strigose margins scarious, corolla 2£ in. and upwards. — Madras ;
Condaputty and other hills,- Wight. This may be a new species, but it is only a
fragment in flower.
22. A. Daltoni, Clarke-, leaves large elliptic or oblong acute glabrate
above fulvous-strigose beneath, peduncles elongate, corymbs lax, bracts nar-
rowly oblong persistent, sepals £- f in. ovate-oblong.
Chota Nagpore ; Bundgao in Singhboom, alt. 2000 ft., Clarke.
A large climber. Leaves attaining 9 by 4 in., base usually unequal cuneate,
sometimes rounded, primary nerves very oblique ; petiole 1-3 in. Peduncles 2-4 in.,
rigid, fulvous-silky ; bracts £ in., often narrowly subspathulate. Corolla 2 in.,
shaggy without. Sepals fulvous-strigose in fruit, coriaceous, concave, two inner
shorter glabrate on the margins. Berry § in. diam., pulpose. — Named after Gen.
Dalton, Commissioner of Chota Nagpore.
23. A . cymosa, Siveet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 373 ; grey pruinose-pubescent,
leaves ovate-cordate shortly acuminate, peduncles long, corymbs often branched,
flowers densely capitate at the ends of the branches, bracts orbicular persistent,
sepals ovate obtuse. Chois. Convolv. Or. 46, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 333 ; Wight
Ic. t. 839. Lettsomia cymosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 492, and
ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 82. Convolvulus glomeratus, Wall. Cat. 2257.
Deccan Peninsula, frequent ; Bottler, Wight, &c. — Distrib. Philippines.
Scandent. Leaves 2-4 in. diam. ; petiole 1-3 in. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; corymbs
1-4 in. diam., sometimes reduced to single heads ; bracts \ in. diam. Sepals \-^ in.,
somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla 2 in., tubular-funnel-shaped, hairy without.
Stamens not exserted. Berry § in. diam., pulpose. — This is the Convolvulus mala-
haricus of Heyne in Herb. Kottler ; and, as it is frequent in the Peninsula, it is pro-
bably Convolvulus malaharicus, Linn., though Linnaeus founds his C. malabaricus on
a plate of Rheede's, which is A. malabarica, Chois.
Argyreia.] ci. convolvulaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 191
** Ste?ns suberect.
24. A. cuneata, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 661; leaves short-petioled ellip-
tic or obovate villous beneath, peduncles numerous short few-fid., corolla
bright-purple. Chois. Convolv. Or. 84, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 330; Dalz. fy
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 169 ; Brand. For. Fl. 344. Lettsomia cuneata, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 13, and Fl. hid. i. 491, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 81. Convolvulus
cuneatus, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 873; Wall. Cat. 1366. Kivea cuneata, Wight
in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. 199 ; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 327 ; Wight Ic. t.
890. Ipomaea atrosanguinea, Bot. Mag. t. 2170, not of Chois.
Deccan Peninsula, common.
Shrubby ; 2-5 feet ; branches often almost virgate, sometimes somewhat
twining. Leaves 2-4 in., obtuse mucronate or emarginate, glabrate above ; petiole
|«4 in. Peduncles 0-1 £ in., often 3-flowered ; bracts deciduous. Sepals f in., ovate,
subobtuse, Corolla 2 in., tubular-funnel-shaped, hairy without. Ovary 4-celled ;
Fruit £ in., ovoid, shining, yellow-brown, nearly dry.
25. A. fulg-ens, Chois. Convolv. Or. 33. and in DC. Prodr. ix. 329 ;
leaves long-petioled elliptic acute densely silky shining beneath, peduncles
numerous short few-fld. Wight in Cole. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. 179, t. 5, fig. 3,
and ic. t. 1357. Convolvulus fulgens, Wall. Cat. 1394.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Heyne ; Courtallum, Wight.
Branches straight, silky white. Leaves 4 by if in., acuminate, base rounded or
rhomboid, glabrate above ; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles 1 in., 3-7-fld. ; bracts
deciduous. Sepals | in., elliptic, subobtuse. Corolla 2 in. and upwards, tubular-
campanulate, glabrous without, or when young strigose near the tip, appears to have
been very dark in colour. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit not seen. — In habit closely allied
to A. cuneata.
4. LETTSOMIA, Roxb.
Scandent more or less hairy shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, base
often rounded or cordate. Cymes axillary, peduncled, densely corymbose or
capitate, bracteate. Sepals orbicular elliptic or oblong, in fruit often somewhat
thickened or enlarged. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped; limb plicate, lobes
usually shallow. Stamens included or exserted ; anthers oblong or linear, never
twisting. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; disc annular, usually prominent ; style
filiform, stigmas 2 subsessile globose. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds 4-1. — Species
32, East Asiatic and Tropical Africa.
Subgenus I. Eulettsomia. Fruit 4-1 -seeded, 1-seeded capsules occur-
ring as the rule of no one species.
* Corolla less than 1 in., limb lobed ; anthers distinctly exserted*
1. Xj. aggreg^ata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 488, and ed.
Carey fy Wall. ii. 76 ; leaves ovate cordate subacute glabrous above white-
woolly beneath, peduncles grooved when dry shorter than the leaves, flowers
capitate, bracts orbicular closely woolly subpersistent, sepals nearly as long as
the bracts ovate white-tomentose. Weight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. 179,
t. 5, fig. 4, and Ic. t. 1359 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 216. Convolvulus orixensis,
Rottl. ; Wall. Cat. 1362. C. imbricatus, Spreng. Syst. i. 613. Ipomaaa im-
bricata, Roth Nov. Sj). 112. Argyreia aggregata, Chois. Convolv. Or. 45, and
in DC. Prodr. ix. 333 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 169.
Deccan Peninsula, frequent ; Wight, Dalzell, &c
A scandent shrub ; branches closely white-tomentose. Leaves 1-4 in., somewhat
wrinkled above; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 0-2 in.; bracts |-J in. Corolla § in.,
192 ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lettsomia.
tubular-campanulate, rose-coloured, hirsute without. Capsule ^ in., red, as are the
fruiting sepals within.
Var. osyrensis ; leaves softly hairy above white-tomentose or somewhat fuscous-,
villous beneath. Ipomaea osyrensis, Roth Nov. Sp. 117. Argyreia osyrensis, Chois.
in DC. Prodr. ix. 334. — Deccan Peninsula, frequent. Tenasserim, Heifer. Ceylon,
abundant. — Distrjb. Ava.
2. Xi. mysorensis, Clarke ; leaves elliptic cordate mucronate glabrous
above white-tomentose beneath, peduncles long grooved when dry, corymbs
small, bracts shorter than the sepals deciduous, outer sepals ovate Inner much
smaller narrow. — Argyreia n. 29, Herb. Intl. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Mysore; G. Thomson.
Scandent ; branches closely white-tomentose. Leaves 5 by 3 in., sxibobtuse with a
mucro; petiole 3 in. Peduncles 3-5 in. ; outer bracts £ in., obovate, white-tomentose,
caducous, inner £ in., oblong ; outer sepals ^ in. white-tomentose, inner ^ in. oblong.
Corolla as of L. aggregata. Anthers exserted. Fruit not seen. — Closely allied to L.
aggregata.
3. Xi. bella, Clarke ; leaves ovate-cordate acute glabrous or softly hairy
above white-tomentose beneath, peduncles terete shorter than the leaves, flowers
capitate, bracts small spathulate or oblong, outer sepals elliptic densely white
hirsute.
Chota Nagpore, alt. 2000 ft., frequent ; Clarke.
Scandent ; branches white-woolly. Leaves 4 in. ; petiole 3 in. Peduncles ^—3
in., rarely exceeding the petioles; bracts \-% in. Outer sepals ^-^ in., elliptic-
lanceolate, in fruit enlarged, subovate, coriaceous; inner sepals gradually smaller ;
sepals all densely patently white-hirsute. Corolla as of L. aggregata, more hirsute.
Anthers exsert. Capsule \ in., red. — Convolvulus vestitus, Wall. 'Cat. 1411, from the
Nepal Terai, appears to be this plant ; but, if so, "Wallich's flowers which are \\ in.
long, cannot belong to it.
4. Xi. bracteosa, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acute glabrescent above spar-
ingly fuscous-villous beneath, peduncles short, flowers capitate, bracts f in.
orbicular tomentose persistent, sepals £ in. orbicular in fruit.
Pegu ; McLelland, &c.
Scandent ; branches glabrescent. Leaves 3 by 1 1- in. ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles ^
in., woolly ; heads dense, softly hirsute. Flowers not seen. Capsule red. — Kesembles
Convolvulus multibracteatus, Wall. Cat. 1408 ( = Argyreia tomentosa, Chois. in DC.
Prodr. ix. 333), from Ava, in which the bracts are ovate shortly acute, the sepals
linear-lanceolate.
** Corolla more than 1 in. long, anthers included.
5. Xi. elliptica, Wight, note to Ic. t. 1356 ; leaves elliptic subacute
glabrescent above sparsely strigose beneath, corymbs loose, bracts caducous,
sepals r in ovate, corolla 1| in. nearly glabrous without. C. ellipticus, Spreng.
Syst. i. 613; Wall. Cat. 1380. C. laurifolius, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and Fl.
Ind. i. 470, and ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 50, 573. Ipomaea elliptica, Moth Nov.
Sp. 113. I. laurifolia, Siueet Hort. Brit. ed. 2. 372. Argyreia elliptica, Chois.
Convolv. Or. 35, and in DC. Prodr. ix. . 330 (excl. syn. Wall. Cat. ]381,
1417) ; Dalz. # Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 169.
Deccak Peninsula, Wight, &c. Ceylon ; central province, not uncommon.
Scandent ; innovations villous, soon glabrous or sparingly grey-pubescent. Leaves
4 by 2 in., base rhomboid or rounded ; petiole 1| in. Peduncles 2-5 in., or short, or
leafy, 0 when the corymbs have an outer bract ; pedicels ^-\ in. Sepals obtuse, in
fruit orbicular, coriaceous, patent. Corolla pale purple. Berry |-i in. diam.,
depressed-globose, orange-brown.
Lettsomia.~\ ci. convolvulacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 193
6. Xi. Thomsoni, Clarke; leaves ovate-laneeolate cordate sparsely
strigose on both surfaces, peduncles scattered mostly as long as the petioles,
flowers capitate, bracts ^-^ in. spathulate-oblong sparsely villous caducous,
sepals £-§ in. ovate acute densely patently hirsute. Argyreia capitata, Brand.
For. Fl. 343, not of Chois.
Subtkopical Himalaya, alt. 0-4000 ft., from Gurwhal to Sikkim, common;
Boyle, Thomson, J. I). H., &c.
Scandent; stems sparsely villous. Leaves 5 by 1\ in., acuminate; petiole 2 in.
Peduncles 2-5 in. ; bracts shorter than, and much less hirsute than the sepals, some-
times subpersistent. Sepals with soft fulvous hairs §-£ in. long, in fruit coriaceous
slightly enlarged. Corolla nearly 2 in., rose-purple, hirsute without. Capsule
usually 4-2-seeded.
7. Xi. hirsutissima, Clarke; leaves ovate-cordate acute softly dusky
villous on both surfaces, peduncles short collected towards the ends of the
branches, flowers capitate, bracts ^ in. oblong villous deciduous, sepals £-£ in.
elliptic acute densely patently hirsute. Convolvulus hirsutissimus, Wall. Cat.
1400. Argyreia capitata /3 conferta, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 332.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5000 ft. ; Tendong, Clarke. — Disteib. Ava.
Perhaps only a villous mountain form of L. Thomsoni. Leaves villous or almost
silky. Peduncles \-2 in., rigid, forming as it were a narrow terminal dense panicle.
8. Xi. strig-osa, Roxb. IToj-t. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall.
ii. 80 ; leaves cordate suborbicular suddenly short acuminate sparsely hispid on
both surfaces, peduncles long, flowers capitate, bracts 1 in. elliptic-oblong
sparsely hispid persistent, sepals unequal smaller than the bracts densely bristle-
hispid. L. capitata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 591. Convolvulus strigosus, Wall.
Cat. 1365, type sheet. O. capitatus, Vahl Symb. iii. 28. O. capitiformis, Poir.
Enc.~ Suppl. iii. 469. Ipomsea capitata, Roem. fy Sch. Syst. iv. 238, not of
Chois. Argyreia capitata, Chois. Convolv. Or. 41, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 332,
in part.
Bengal Plain, and Assam, common ; extending into subtropical valleys of the
adjacent mountains. — Distrib. Java.
A powerful climber; branches hispid. Leaves 5 by 4£ in., usually very obtuse,
covered with needle-like fulvous long straight patent hairs, as is nearly the whole
plant ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles 2-4 in. ; bracts much less copiously bristly than the
sepals. Sepals £-$ in. ; outermost elliptic, inner almost linear, coriaceous in fruit.
Corolla 2 in. purple, hispid without. Capsule £ in., papery, usually 4-2-seeded.
9. Xi. peg-uensis, Clarke ; leaves ovate-lanceolate cordate densely softly
hairy on both surfaces, peduncles long, flowers capitate, bracts 1 in. elliptic-
oblong softly densely hairy subpersistent, sepals unequal smaller than the bracts
densely hispid. Argyreia capitata, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 216; Choisy in DC.
Prodr. ix. 332, chiefly. Convolvulus strigosus, Wall. Cat. 1365, partly.
British Burma, common ; Griffith, Parish, &c. Tavoy ; Wallich. Andamans,
Heifer, &c.
Perhaps only a marked local variety of L. strigosa, as Choisy and Kurz have
esteemed it ; is very constant in its characters and general aspect. Stem villous or
woolly, without the needle-like hairs of L. strigosa. Leaves gradually narrowed
upwards. Corolla softly sparsely hairy without.
10. Xi. barbigera, Clarke; leaves ovate-lanceolate cordate sparsely
hirsute on both surfaces, peduncles long, flowers capitate, bracts £-f in. ovate
obtuse persistent, sepals ovate and elliptic longer than the bracts densely sub-
patently hirsute. Convolvulus barbiger, Wall. Cat. 1404. Pharbitis barbigera,
vol. iv. °
194 ci. CONVOLVULACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lettsomia.
G. Don. Gen. Syst. iv. 262. Argyreia barbigera, Chois. Convolv. Or. 42, and
in DC. Prodr. ix. 332 ; Brand. For. Fl. 343.
Assam ; Jenkins. British Burma ; Prome, Wallich.
Probably a var. of L. setosa ; it differs in the capitate inflorescence and spreading
almost hispid backs of the sepals.
11. Xi. setosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and in Fl. Ind. i. 490, and ed.
Carey fy Wall. ii. 80 ; leaves ovate-cordate acute or subobtuse sparsely hirsute
on both surfaces, peduncles long, corymbs dense, bracts ^-^ in. ovate obtuse
adpressedly strigose persistent, sepals ovate or elliptic longer than the bracts
densely adpressedly strigose. Wight Ie. t. 1360. Convolvulus setosus, Wall.
Cat. 1412. C. strigosus, Spreng. Syst. i. 600. Ipomsea strigosa, Roth Nov. Sp.
113. Argyreia setosa, Chois. Convolv. Or. 43, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 332 ;
Dak. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 168 ;. Brand. For. Fl. 343.
Throughout tropical and subtropical India, from Oudh, Mt. Aboo and Bombay,
to Pegu. Ceylon.
A large climber; branches adpressedly strigose. Leaves 3-5 in., in age sometimes
nearly glabrous ; petiole 1-3 in. Peduncles 2-8 in., stout, adpressedly strigose;
bracts coriaceous, very obtuse, at length deciduous ; corymbs 1-4 in. diam., dense,
but not capitate, branches thick. Sepals ovate, inner elliptic, very coriaceous, some-
what enlarged in fruit. Corolla 1^—2 in., densely setose without, rose-coloured.
Stamens included. Berry much more succulent than in L. strigosa, oroid, subacute,
red, usually 4-2-seeded.
Var. minor; leaves 1-2 in., peduncles 1 in., flowers capitate. — Argyreia n. 21,
Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. $ T. — Deccan Peninsula, Wight ; S. Concan and Bababoodan
Hills, Law.
Var. obovata ; leaves large 6 by 5 in. obovate obtuse or emarginate, fruit of L.
setosa. Convolvulus obovatus, Wall. Cat. 1381. — Nepal ; Wallich. — Beduced to L.
elliptica by Choisy (DC. Prodr. ix. 330, under Argyreia), from which it is certain that
the true Convolvulus obovatus, now in the Wallichian herbarium, was not detected by
Choisy among Wallich's collections, which were placed loose in his hands. Several
species not found by Choisy appear to have been afterwards identified correctly by
Kippist, the Librarian of the Linnsean Society, in arranging the herbarium.
12. Zi. atropurpurea, Clarke ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate cordate sparsely
hirsute on both surfaces, heads dense subsessile, bracts large oblong-lanceolate
persistent. Convolvulus atropurpureus, Wall. Cat. 1345, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey
Sr Wall. ii. 54, and PI. As. Rar. i. 38, t. 43. Ipomsea atropurpurea, Chois.
Convolv. Or. 75, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 366 (syn. partly excl.). I. sphgeroce-
phala, Don. Prodr. 98, syn. excl.
Nepal ; Wallich. Sikkim Terai; J. D. H, &c.
A large climber. Leaves 6 by 2| in., base deeply cordate ; petiole Hin. Peduncles
0-| in., fulvous- hirsute ; bracts 1^ in., acuminate, softly hirsute. Sepals fin., oblong-
lanceolate, herbaceous, softly hairy, lax in fruit. Corolla 1^ in., tubular- campanulate,
hirsute without, dark-purple, or in a Sikkim example, white. Fruit ^ in. diam.,
globose, coriaceous, indehiscent, usually 4-2-seeded.
13. If. sikkimensis, Clarke ; leaves large elliptic shortly acuminate at
both ends or subobtuse sparsely hairy beneath, peduncles long, corymbs small
few-fid., bracts linear-oblong, sepals \ in. round nearly glabrous. — Argyreia n.
12, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Sikkim ; Pomong, alt. 3000 ft., Clarke. Khasia Mts., Silhet and Cachar,
H.f $ T., Keenan.
A large twiner ; stems closely strigose. Leaves 5^ by 3 in., base usually shortly
cuneate, sometimes rounded ; petiole 2-5 in. Peduncles 3-8 in., somewhat slender ;
inconspicuous, deciduous, or one of the outer sometimes leaflike
Lettsomia.'] ci. convolvulace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 195
petioled. Calyx very small for the flower. Corolla 2|-3 in., widely tubular-funnel-
shaped, nearly glabrous without, purple. Stamens included ; anthers not twisted.
Ovary 2- celled; stigmas 2, sessile, globose. — Fruit not seen, hence this maybe an
lpomcea ; but the large long-petioled leaves and large wide-tubed corollas indicate
rather Lettsomia. This resembles L. elliptica, Wight, which has smaller flowers, more
numerous in the corymbs.
14. Ii. rubens, Clarke ; leaves ovate-cordate shortly acuminate sparingly
hairy beneath, peduncles long 1-5-fld., bracts caducous, sepals widely elliptic
obtuse sparsely softly hairy. Convolvulus rubens, Wall. Cat. 1421. Ipomaea
rubens, Chois. Convolv. Or. 81, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 371, var. a.
Assam ; Goalpara, Wallich. Bengal ; Silhet, Wallich, H. f.$ T. ; Cachar,
Keen an.
Scandent ; stems sparsely softly hairy. Leaves 4 by 3 in., somewhat deeply
cordate ; petiole 2-3 in. Peduncles 2-4£ in. ; bracts deciduous before the flowers
expand; pedicels ^-f in. Sepals ^-^ in. Corolla ] ^-2 in., widely tubular-funnel-
shaped, softly silky without on the plaits, at least when young, rose-purple. Ovary
2-celled ; stigmas 2, sessile, globose. Fruit not seen. — From the habit and few-
flowered peduncles, this has been supposed a Bivea ; but the ovary is 2-celled. The
var. lanata, Choisy, is founded on Convolvulus glandulosus, Ham. in Wall. Gat. 2252,
collected in Lower Assam. This plant is not now in Wallich's herbarium, but from
the description it may have been Argyreia Roxburghii, Choisy.
15. Zi. barbata, Clarke ; leaves oblong acuminate or elongate-lanceolate
shining fulvous-silky beneath, heads few-fid. subsessile, bracts 1 in. filiform
persistent. Convolvulus barbatus, Wall. Cat. 1391, and PI. As. Par. ii. 45, t.
155. Ipomaea barbata, Chois. Convolv. Or. 76, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 366, not
of Path.
Pegu ; Wallich. Tenassekim ; Heifer ; Mergui, Griffith.
Scandent, stems with bright long fulvous hairs ; innovations densely silky.
Leaves in Wallich's type oblong or subelliptic acute (in numerous other examples very
narrow, 1h by l'J- in.), sparsely or densely fulvous-hairy beneath, sparingly hairy
above ; petiole $-| in. Peduncle 0-£ in. ; bracts numerous, scarcely ^ in. broad,
fulvous-hirsute. Sepals £ in., elliptic-lanceolate, in fruit ovate. Corolla lj in.,
widely tubular-campanulate, pale rose-coloured, glabrous without. Berry ^ in. diam. ;
depressed-globose, reddish, usually 4— 2-seeded.
Subgenus 2. RXoorcroftia. Fruit 1- rarely 2-seeded.
16. Ii. rubicunda, Clarke ; leaves large elliptic shortly acute fuscous-
villous beneath, peduncles long, bracts deciduous, corymbs compound open,
sepals round obtuse fuscous-woolly. Convolvulus rubicundus, Wall. Cat. 1409.
Argyreia rubicunda, Chois. Convolv. Or. 44, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 333. —
Argyreia n. 26, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. fy T.
Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. — Distrib. Ava.
A powerful climber; stems fulvous-villous. Leaves 6| by 4 in., base rounded, in
age glabrate above, thick; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles 3-7 in., fulvous-lanate ; corymbs
2-6 in. diam., many-fld. ; bracts caducous before the flowers expand. Sepals i in., in
fruit ^ in., inner somewhat smaller. Corolla % in., densely fulvous- hirsute without.
Fruit f by $-£ in., ellipsoid, obtuse, smooth, nearly dry, lower half closely embraced
by the calyx.
17. L. Maing-ayi, Clarke; leaves large elliptic acute glabrescent,
heads large subsessile, bracts large ovate-lanceolate persistent, sepals linear-
lanceolate.
Malay Peninsula, Griffith ; Malacca, Maingay.
A large climber ; branches stout, sparsely patently hairy. Leaves 6| by 3| in.,
o2
196 ci. convolvulaceji. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lettsomicu
base rhomboid or rounded, adult glabrous or with scattered fulvous hairs on the
nerves beneath, coriaceous; petiole ^-1 in. Peduncles 0-g in., fulvous -hirsute; heads
2-3 in. diam., very dense ; bracts nearly 2 by 1 in., sparsely hairy. Sepals 1 in. and
upwards; flower-buds densely hairy without. Berry | by \ in., ellipsoid, very
succulent, 1 -seeded. Expanded flowers not seen.
18. Xi. hancorniaefolia, Clarke : leaves elliptic acuminate glabrous,
peduncles short 1-fld., sepals ovate subobtuse ashy pubescent. Argyreia hancor-
niaefolia, Gardn. ; Thwaites Enum. 210.
Ceylon ; ascending to 5000 ft., Walker, &c.
Scandent; branches ashy-pubescent, afterwards glabrate. Leaves 3 by ^ in., base
rounded; nerves at right angles to the midrib, very fine and close; petiole \\ in.
Peduncles £-§ in., ashy- pubescent ; bracts near the middle, § in., linear, caducous.
Sepals % in. Corolla If in., tubular-funnel-shaped, glabrous without, purple. Ovary
2-celled; stigmas 2, globose. Berry 1 by § in., ellipsoid, very succulent, 1-seeded,
19. Ii. adpressa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 591 ; leaves elliptic acute hairy
on both surfaces, peduncles very short, cymes small, bracts small lanceolate
hairy. Convolvulus adpressus, Wall. Cat. 1424. Moorcroftia adpressa, Chois.
Convolv. Or. 49, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 334.
Penang ; Wallich, Maingay, &c.
Shrubby (? scandent) ; branches hairy. Leaves 4^ by 2 in., base obtuse or cuneate ;
petiole 1^ in. Peduncles ^-1^ m., hirsute; bracts ^ by \ in., a leaflike bract some-
times added ; pedicels 0-£ in. Sepals §-^ in., narrowly lanceolate, sparsely hirsute.
Corolla \\ in., hirsute without. Berry ^ in., ellipsoid.
20. Xi. penang-iana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 592 ; leaves elliptic-oblong
adult glabrous or midrib beneath sparsely hairy, peduncles elongate slender
glabrate, cymes lax, bracts inconspicuous. Convolvulus penangianus, Wall.
Cat. 1425. Moorcroftia penangiana, Chois. Convolv. Or. 50, t. 4, and in DC.
Frodr. ix. 335.
Penang ; Wallich.
Scandent; innovations thinly fulvous-hirsute. Leaves 6 by 2\ in., base obtuse or
cuneate, coriaceous ; petiole ^-f in. Peduncles 2-4 in. ; pedicels (many of them)
£-| in. Sepals f in., ovate, obtuse, sparsely hirsute. Corolla (only seen in Choisy's
picture) If in., tubular-funnel-shaped, hirsute without. Berry § by ^ in., ovoid. —
Nearly allied to L. adpressa, but only one specimen seen.
21. Ii. ? XLurzii, Clarke ; leaves ovate subcordate very sparingly hairy
beneath, peduncles long, cymes few-flowered, bracts £ in. linear, sepals ^ in.
linear-oblong, capsule berry-like yellow size of a pea usually 1-seeded. Argyreia
zeylanica, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 215, syn. excl.
Pegu, not rare in the upper forests (Kurz).
An extensive twiner ; young shoots sparingly adpressed-hairy. Leaves 3-5 in.,
sometimes a foot long and broad. Peduncle 5-8 in. Corolla large, funnel-bell-shaped,
pink; tube 1£ in., lobes of the limb triangular blunt. — Not seen; the foregoing
copied from Kurz, who supposed this plant to be Ipomeea zeylanica, Gaertn., which
does not grow in Burma ; nor will Kurz's description of the fruit suit, which, if
correctly described as a 1-seeded berry no bigger than a pea ; it may possibly be
a Porana.
5. X POMS: A, Linn.
Herbs, rarely shrubs, twining or prostrate, less often suberect. Leaves
alternate, entire, lobed or divided. Cymes axillary, 1- many-fid.; bracts
various. Flowers purple, white or yellow, usually showy. Sepals ovate or
linear, equal or unequal, in fruit erect or rarely patent. Corolla campanulate
Ipomcea.~\ ci. convolvulace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) 197
or funnel-shaped, tube long or short ; limb 5-plaited, margin very shortly lobed.
Stamens unequal, included or exserted ; filaments filiform or dilated at base,
often hairy, not with processes subconnivent over the ovary ; anthers oblong,
ultimately twisted or straight. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled, rarely 4-celled and
4-ovuled (subgenus Quamoclit), or 3-celled and 6-ovuled (subgenus Pharbitis) ;
disc annular; style filiform, stigma entire or 2-globose. Capsule globose or
ovoid, 4-3- (rarely sub- 2-) valved. Seeds as many as the ovules, or fewer. —
Species 300, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.
Subgenus I. Calonyction, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 345 (genus).
Corolla-Uibe elongate, 2-6 in., many-times longer than the sepals. Stamens
about as long as the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled.
1. X. bona-nox, Linn. Sp..Pl. 228, as to the American plant only, not of
Gaertn. ; stem smooth or muricate, leaves cordate ovate acute glabrous entire
or angular or lobed, peduncles long 1-5-flowered, flowering sepals ovate mucro-
nate or shortly acute rarely obtuse, corolla white tube linear, capsule 1 in.
ovoid-oblong, seeds glabrous. Cav. Ic. iii. 52, t. 300; Bot. Mag. t. 752 ; Jacq.
Ho7't. Schoenb. i. 13, t. 36 ; Benth. in Hook. Fl. Nigi'it. 465 ; Meissn. in Mart.
Brasil. vii. 215. Calonyction speciosum, Chois. Convolv. Or. 59, t. 1, fig. 4, and
in DC. Prodr. ix. 345, as to the American plant and synonyms only.
Cultivated throughout India, native of tropical America.
Var. grandiflora ; leaves cordate ovate acute not lobed. I. grandiflora, Roxb.
Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 497, and ed. Carey § Wall. ii. 87. I. noctiluca, Herb.
in Bot. Reg. note to t. 917. I. bona-nox, Blume Bijd. 712 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 217, not
of Linn, even in part. I. aculeata, Blume Bijd. 715, fide Hassk. I. Koxburghii,
Steud. Nomencl. not of Sweet. I. noetiflora, Griff. Notul. iv. 286. Convolvulus
grandiflorus, Wall. Cat. 1370. Quamoclit longifiora, G. Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 259.
Calonyction speciosum, Chois. Convolv. Or. 59, and in BC. Prodr. ix. 345, var. a and£
(but most of the Indian synonyms quoted belong to C. asperum, Chois.) ; Wight Ic. t.
1361 ; Balz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 164; Hassk. PL Jav. Rar. 522. C. Koxburghii, G.
Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 263, wholly or in part.
Tropical India, in most climates common ; from Assam and Bengal to Tenas-
serim, and Malabar. — Distrib. E. Asia, Tropical Africa.
Extensively scandent ; stems smooth, or not rarely muricate. Leaves 3-8 in.,
glabrate, secondary nervation much less prominent than in I. glaberrima ; petiole 3-6
in. Peduncles 2-6 in. ; bracts caducous. Sepals ^ in., usually ovate, obtuse, mucro-
nate, in fruit unaltered or slightly enlarged. Corolla-tube 3 by ± in., limb 3-5 in.
diam., pure white or with plaits greenish, never with at all purple. Anthers shortly
exserted or subincluded. Capside narrowed upwards ; peduncle at length somewhat
thickened. — Moon-flower of the English ; the flower expands at night, closes to
wither about one hour after sunrise ; see Sir W. Jones in Asiat. Research, iv. 257.
It does not appear that Linnaeus ever saw I. grandiflora, Roxb., which is perhaps
specifically distinguishable from the American I. bona-nox; there are many speci-
mens of the typical /. bona-nox supplied from Asia; but American seeds of this
were grown in India in Roxburgh's day, if not before. It is consequently now
very difficult to decide whether /. bona-nox and I. grandiflora should be regarded as
distinct.
2. I. muricata, Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. iii. 40, t. 323, not of Cav. ; stem
usually muricate, leaves cordate-ovate acute glabrous entire, peduncles 1-5-fld.
somewhat shorter than the petioles, flowering sepals elliptic-lanceolate, corolla
rose-purple tube linear, capsule £-§ in. globose apiculate, seeds glabrous. Roxb.
Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 499, and ed. Carey Sr Wall. ii. 89 ; Benth. in
Hook. Fl. Nigrit. 465 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 608. I. bona-nox, p purpurascens,
Bot. Reg. iv. t. 290. Convolvulus muricatus, Linn. Mant. 44; Wall. Cat.
198 ci. CONVOLYULACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea.
2249. Calonyction muricatum, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 264. C. bona-nox, vat.
muricata, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 345, partly, not of Baker.
Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft., frequent from Kangra to Sikkim. Deccan Hills,
Bottler, Wight, &c, cultivated elsewhere. — Distrib. Japan.
A much weaker plant than I. bona-nox ; leaves 2-4 in. ; sepals in flower more
lanceolate, in fruit nearly as of /. bona-nox ; corolla-tube 1-2 by | in., hairy within ;
peduncle usually greatly thickened under the fruit. — Clearly distinct from /. bona-nox.
3. X. grandiflora, Lamk. III. i. 467 ; stem usually muricate, leaves
cordate-ovate acute entire glabrous, peduncles 1-3-flowered short, flowering
sepals large elliptic, corolla white tube linear, capsule nearly 1 in. diam.
globose, seeds softly shortly villous margins shaggy. I. longiflora, Br. Prodr.
484; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 418. I. macrantha, Poem, fy tick, Syst. iv. 251.
I. glaberrima, Bojer ; Hook. Journ. Bot. i. 857. I. Tuba, G. Don Gen. Syst.
iv. 270; Meisen. in Mart. Brasil. vii. 216. I. jucunda, Thwaites Enum. 211,
426. Convolvulus grandiflorus, Linn, f Suppl. 136, not of Wall. C. asper,
Wall. Cat. 1388. C. Tuba; Schlecht. in Linncsa, 1831, "735. Calonyction
asperum and grandiflorum, Chois. Convolv. Or. GO, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 346,
some sj/iv. excl. C. comorensis, Bojer Hort. Maurit. 228. C. comospermum,
Bojer. Hort .-Maurit. 228 ; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 346. C. muticum, Dene.
in Nouv. Ann. Mas. iii. 390; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 345. C. pseudonmrica-
tum, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 264. C. longiflorum, Hassk. PI. Jav. Par. 523. —
Rheede Hort. Mai. xi. t. 50.
W. Deccan Peninsula; common. Ceylon; Dolosbage district, rare, Thwaites.
Disteib. Timor. New Caledonia, Australia, and Polynesia, Mascarene Islands with
E. Tropical Africa. Tropical America, cultivated.
A large twiner ; stem often softly muricate. Leaves 3-6 in. diam., often deeply
cordate, secondary nerves prominent; petiole 2-5 in. Peduncles usually 1-2 in.;
flowers 1-3 ; bracts caducous. Sepals in flower f-1 in., obtuse or very shortly acute ;
in fruit enlarged, orbicular, often 1^ in. diam., embracing the capsule. Corolla-tube
2£ by \ in., sometimes much longer, limb 3 in. diam. Capsule obtuse ; peduncles in
fruit somewhat thickened. — The length of the peduncle is very variable, almost 0, in
others, as in the Convolvulus asper and in Thwaites's Calonyction comospermum, more
than 4 in. JBrpwn describes his I. longiflora as with obtuse sepals, and Bentham's
I. longiflora is identical with the Ceylon I. grandiflora ; but F. Mueller has lately sup-
plied specimens with much-acuminated sepals, which prove either that the sepals in
I. grandiflora are eminently variable or that there is another species of Calonyction
in Australia.
4. X. trichosperma, Blume Bijd. 710 ; stem often muricate, leaves
ovate-cordate acute glabrous sometimes lobed, peduncles very short 1-fld.,
flowering sepals large elliptic, corolla very large tube much wider than in
I. grandiflora, capsule nearly 1 in. diam. subglobose, seeds softly villous
margins shaggy. I. Yoniae, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 218. Calonyction trichospermum,
Chois. Convolv. Or. 60, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 346. O. diversifolium, Hassk.
PL Jav. Par. 523, not of Fl. des Serres, t, 1328.
Silhet ; H.f.$T.,&c. Pegu; Kurz. Moulmein ; Parish. — Distrib. Java.
Very near /. grandiflora, but some of the leaves are lobed, and the flower is very
large; in Parish's example more than 6 in. long, with the tube 1 in. diam. — The
Khasian examples are in fruit, and have the leaves very slightly lobed ; some Javan
specimens have subdigitate leaves.
StTBOEKtrs TT. Quamoclit, Chois. in DC. P?'odr. ix. 335 (genus). Corolla
crimson (iu cultivated varieties orange yellow or white), middle-sized, tube
narrow long, mouth rather small. Anthers exsert. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled.
Capsule 4-celled.
Lpomcea.~\ 01. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 199
5. I. coccinea, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. t. 221 ; leaves ovate-cordate acute
glabrous, sepals elliptic suddenly acuminate, seeds densely furred. Roxb. Hort.
Sen//. 14; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 499; Meissn. in Mart. Brasil. viii. 217, with syn.
I. luteola, Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 35 ; Blume Bijd. 711. I. phoenicea, Roxb. Hort.
Beny. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 502, and ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 92. Convolvulus
coccineus and luteolus, Spreny. Syst. i. 599. 0. phceniceus, Spreny. Sytst. i. 596 ;
Wall. Cat. 1372. Quamoclit coccinea, Moench Hort. Marb. 453; Chois. in
DC. Prodr. ix. 335, with syn. Q. phoenicea, Chois. Convolv. Or. 51, t. 1, fig. 1,
and in DC. Prodr. ix. 336.
Cultivated and quasi-wild throughout India, erroneously supposed by Eoxburgh
to be a native of Coromandel. — Introduced from tropical America.
Stems subscandent, weak. Leaves 2-4 in. diam., entire or lobed ; petiole 2-4 in.
Peduncles 2-6 in., slender ; cyme lax, few or many-flowered ; bracts inconspicuous.
Sepals £ in., unaltered in fruit. Corolla crimson, in garden varieties orange or
yellow; tube 1 in., mouth f in. diam. Ovary completely 4-celled. Capsule £ in. or
rather more, ovoid, smooth, completely 4-celled ; dissepiments thin, membranous, per-
si.-u nt.
(>. I. Quamoclit, Linn. ; Bot. May. t. 244 ; leaves pinnate segments
numerous linear, sepals elliptic, seeds' nearly glabrous. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14,
and Fl. Ind. i. 502, and ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 93 ; Blume Bijd. 708 ; Meissn. in
Mart. Brasil. vii. 217, with syn. Convolvulus pennatus, Lamk. Enc. iii. 567.
C. Quamoclit, Spreny. Syst. i. 591 ; Wall. Cat. 1375. Quamoclit vulgaris,
Chois. Convolv. Or. 52, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 336. — Rumph. Herb. Amb. v.
t. 155, fig. 2. ; Rheede Hort. Mai. xi. t. 60.
Common throughout India, in gardens and as a denizen; native of tropical
America.
A slender, glabrous twiner. Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., segments distant. Peduncles
few-flowered. Corolla crimson or white. Flowers and capsules nearly as of /.
cocci. . • .
Si i3Gi:nus IIT. S*harbitis, Chois. in. DC. Prodr. ix. 341 (genus). Corolla-
tuhe narrow. Anthers included. Ovary 3-celled, 6-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled,
6-4-seeded.
7. X. hederacea, Jacq. Collect, i. 124, and Lc. Rar. i. t. 36; hairy, leaves
ovate-cordate 3-lobed lobes ovate acuminate, peduncles 1-5-fld. mostly shorter
than the petioles, sepals elliptic elongate-linear patently hirsute near the base,
seeds glabrous. Bot. Rey. t, 85 ; Blume Bijd. 710 ; Meissn. in Mart. Brasil.
vii. 228. 1. coerulea, Koen. ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Lnd. i. 501 ; ed.
Carey $ Wall. ii. 91; Bot. Reg. t. 276. 1. punctata, Pers. Syn. i. 184. I. nil
and baibata, Roth Cat. Bot. i. 36, 37. I. Dillenii, Roem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 227.
Convolvulus nil, Linn. ; Bot. May. t. 188. C. hederaceus, Linn. ; Wall. Cat.
1373. Cj Dillenii, Lamk. Enc. iii. 544. C. cceruleus, Spreny. Syst. i. 593.
Convolvuloides triloba, Moench Hort. Marb. 452. Pharbitis hederacea and
nil, Chois. Convolv. Or. 57, 58, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 343, 344. P. diversifolia,
Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1988. P. variifolia, Dene, in Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. 390.
P. Purshii, punctata and barbata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 263, with many other
syn.
India ; both cultivated and apparently wild, common.— Distrib. Tropical and
subtropical regions of both hemispheres.
Stem twining, sparsely retrorsely hirsute. Leaies 2-5 in. diam. ; petiole 1-4 in.
Peduncles rarely longer than the petioles ; pedicels usually £ in. ; bracts 2, ±\n.,
linear, close to the calyx. Sepals £-1 in., subequal, narrowly linear upwards, very
hirsute, or nearly glabrous near the base. Corolla 1 \-2 in., tubular-funnel-shaped,
rose-coloured, blue, or somewhat orange below. Anthers never twisted. Capsule
200 ci. convolvulaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea.
£ in., ovoid, subglobose, smooth. — Probably an American plant, naturalised in the
Old World. I. scabra, Forsk., is adduced as a syn. by Choisy (DC. Prodr. ix. 344),
which, if this is correct, is the oldest name ; but Forskahl says his plant had 5-lobed
leaves, hence the name of Linnaeus and Meissner has been here retained.
Vab. integrifolia, Chois. ; leaves ovate-cordate acute entire, peduncles about as
long as the petioles, sepals elliptic much elongate. I coerulescens, Roxb. Hort. Beng.
14, and Fl. Ind. i. 500, and ed. Carey §■ Wall. ii. 90. — Cultivated and apparently
wild. Intermediate states connect this with I. hederacea. It is often called I. his-
pida, but it differs from that in the elongate ligulate termination to the sepals.
Var. himalaica; leaves and flowers larger, sepals in fruit attaining 1^ in., seeds
densely closely villous. — Himalaya, alt. 4-5000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim, in the
inner valleys at some distance from the plains.
8. I. purpurea, Lamk. III. i. 466 ; hairy, leaves ovate-cordate acute
entire, peduncles few-fid., sepals elliptic-oblong acute patently hirsute near the
base, seeds glabrous. Meissn. in Mart. Brasil. vii. 223. Convolvulus pur-
purea, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. tt. 113, 1005, 1682.
India ; ascending to 3-7000 ft. in Kashmir, Sikkim, the Khasia Mts. and W.
Deccan Peninsula, probably not a native. — Distrib. Tropical America ; extensively
cultivated in all warm countries.
Eesembles the entire-leaved var. of I. hederacea ; but the leaves are smaller ;
peduncles often longer and slenderer ; pedicels 1 in., umbelled, deflexed in fruit ;
sepals £-£ in., unequal, without the ligulate termination characteristic of I. hederacea.
Inhabits very remote parts of the mountains, and has about as good a claim to be
regarded as Indian as has 2. hederacea.
9. I. laciniata, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves 5-7-partite segments serrate or
pinnatifid, peduncles 1-3-fld. shorter than the leaves, corolla-tube long linear.
Pharbitis laciniata, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iii. 178 ; Dalz. <5r Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 167.— Ipoimea n. 40, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
West Deccan Peninsula ; Bababoodan Hills, Law ; Bombay and Malwar,
Balzell; Belgaum, Ritchie.
Stem slender, creeping or twining. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., subdigitate, lobes
elliptic or almost linear ; petiole ^-1 in. Peduncles mostly 1-fld., thickened upwards
in fruit ; bracts \ in., linear. Sepals £-^ in., elliptic, somewhat wider in fruit.
Corolla white, tube 2 by ^ in., purple within, limb 1^-2 in. diam. Anthers scarcely
exserted. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule ^ in., ovoid, subglobose, glabrous. Seeds closely,
densely furred.
10. X. dissecta, Willd. Phyt. 5, t. 2, fig. 3; glabrous, leaves digitate,
lobes linear-cuneate toothed or pinnatifid, peduncles sub- 1-flowered shorter
than the leaves, corolla very small. Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 416 ; Chois. in
DC. Prodr. ix. 363, partly. I. coptica, Roth Nov. Sp. 110; Chois. Convolv. Or.
89, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 384~TDalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 166. Convolvulus
copticus, Linn. Mant. 559 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 477, and ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 62 ;
Wall. Cat. 1351. C. stipulatus, Lamk. Una. iii. 546. O. Thonningii, Schum.
PI. Guin. 98.
W. India and the Deccan, not common, Heyne, Shuter, Wight. Ceylon ; north
of the Island, Gardner. — Distrib. Tropical Africa and Australia.
1-3 ft., prostrate, hardly twining. Leaves 1-1 £ in. diam. ; petiole \ in.
in. : bracts near the flower, minute ; or flowers subsessile amongst the
digitate leaflike bracts. Sepals | in., oblong ; in fruit widened, rigid, back often
muricate. . Corolla § in., tubular-funnel-shaped, white. Capsule \ in. diam., glabrous,
6-valved, normally 6-seeded. Seeds glabrous or very nearly so.
SuBGi:xrs TV. Aniseia, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 429 (genus). Two
outer sepals (at least in fruit) much longer than the inner, cordate or sub-
Ipomcea.] ci. convolvulace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 20 1
hastate. Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Not well distinguish-
able from Fuipomcsa, in which the outer sepals are usually somewhat
larger.
11. I. uniflora, Roem. 8f Sch. Syst. iv. 247, not of Blume; glabrescent,
leaves petioled oblong obtuse, peduncles 1-flowered, sepals ultimately enlarged
deeurrent, corolla 1 in. campanulate. I. lanceolata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv.
282. Convolvulus uniflorus, Lamk. Enc. iii. 544 ; Burnt. Fl. Ind. 47, t. 21,
iig. 2. C. emarginatus, Vahl Symb. iii. 23. C. Rheedii, Wall. Cat. 1358, and
in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey § Wall. ii. 70 ; Wight in Hook. Bot. Miscell. ii.
100, t. 8. Aniseia uniflora, Chois. Convolv. Or. 101, t.. 2, fig. 9, and in DC.
Prodr. ix. 431 ; Wight Ic. t. 850 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 163.— Rheede Hort.
Mai. xi. t. 54.
Throughout India, from Nepal, Wallich, and Khasia, J. D. H., to Ceylon,
(Thwaites) and Malacca {Griffith, Maingay) ; not common, more frequent in the
Deccan Peninsula. — Distrib. Malaya to Fiji Islands; Tropical Africa.
Creeping in wet places, twining. Leaves 3 by 1 in., often emarginate with a
mucro, base cuneate ; petiole § in. Peduncles \\ in. ; bracts minute, persistent.
Sepals in flower ^-£ in., outer elliptic, acute ; in fruit f-1 in., 2 outer subcordate
ovate scarious nervose, inner lanceolate. Corolla hairy without. Capsule | in.,
ovoid, glabrous. Seeds glabrous, margins minutely strigose.
12. I. calycina, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 872; leaves ovate-cordate acute
entire, peduncles short few-fld., sepals ultimately cordate or sagittate, corolla
scarcely 1 in. tubular. I. sagittata, Roxb. Ic. ined. not of Desf. I. cariosepala,
Klotz. in Nub. PI. Convolvulus calycinus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind.
i. 471, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 51 ; Wall. Cat. 2255. C. Hardwickii, Spreng.
Syst. curae post. 60. Aniseia calycina, Chois. Convolv. Or. 100, and in DC.
Prodr. ix. 429 ; Wight III. t. 168 b, fig. 5, and Ic. t. 833 ; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 163.
Deccan Peninsula; frequent; extending to Banda (Edgeworth) and the W.
Himalaya (Royle).— Distrib. Tropical Africa.
Stems much twining, villous. Leaves 2-3 in., deeply cordate, sparsely hairy or
glabrate; petiole 1^ in. Peduncles § in. ; pedicels $ in. ; bracts \ in., linear; Sepals
in flower ^ in., unequal, ciliate ; outer in fruit ^ by \ in., lanceolate, hastate. Corolla
rose or white ; mouth funnel-shaped, narrow. Capsule \ in., ovoid, glabrous. Seeds
villous, margins with long silky hairs.
13. I. barlerioides, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 872; hirsute, leaves ovate-
oblong scarcely acute, peduncles longer or shorter than the petioles 1-fld.,
corolla 2-3| in. funnel-shaped. Convolvulus barlerioides, Wall. Cat. 2256.
C. oblongus, Wall. Cat. 1382. Aniseia barlerioides, Chois. Convolv. Or. 102,
and in DC. Prodr. ix. 432.
N. W. India, Boyle ; Subsiwaliks, Edgeworth ; Kumaon, alt. 4000 feet, Strachey
$ Winterbottom. Oudh ; R. Thompson. Chota Nagpore ; Clarke. W. Deccan
Peninsula southward to Courtallam ; Wight, Balzell, Ritchie, &c.
Twining. Leaves 2-3 in., base obtuse or subcordate ; petiole 0-1 £, very variable
on the same stem. Peduncles 1-4 in.; longer than the petioles in the N.Indian
plant (Choisy's type), hardly any in other S. Indian examples ; bracts \ in., linear.
Sepals in flower f in., lanceolate ; in fruit much widened, 2 outer ovate. Corolla
purple or purplish-white, glabrous or sparsely hairy without ; tube very narrow at
the base ; mouth 2| in. diam. Capsule \ in., ovoid, glabrous. Seeds oblong, villous
or pubescent, margins sometimes hirsute.
Subgenus V. Batatas, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 337 (genus). Corolla
widely tubular-funnel-shaped. Stamens included. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled.
202 ci. coxvo-LYULACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea.
14. X. digfitata, Linn. ; Meissn. in Mart. Brasil. vii. 278, vrith all syn. ;
glabrous, leaves large palmatety 5-7-lobed, peduncles many-fid. longer than
the petioles, sepals elliptic shortly acute glabrous, seeds woolly with hairs \
in. long. Chow, in DC. Prodr. ix. 389, char, emend. I. paniculata, Br. Prodr.
486; Blume Bijd. 709; Bot. Pea. t. 62, not of Burin. I. mauritiana, Jacq.
Hort. Sclotnh. ii. 39, t. 200. I. gossypifolia, Willd. Enum. Ilort. Berol. 208.
I. eriosperma, Beauv. FL Oivar. et Ben. ii. 73, t. 105. I. insignis, Andr. Bot.
Pep. t. 635; Bot. Peg. t. 75 ; Bot. Mag. t, 1790. I, tuberosa, G. F. W. Meg.
Esseq. 102. I. plantensis, Bot. Reg. t. 333; Bot. Mag. t. 3685 ; Chois. in DC.
Prodr. ix. 387. Convolvulus paniculatus, Linn. Sp. PL 223 ; Poxb. Fl. Ind.
i. 478, and ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 63 ; Wall. Cat. 1350. C. digitatus, platensis,
and insignis, Sprang. Sgst. i. 591, 592. 0. roseus, Kunth. in Humb. § Bonpl.
iii. 108, not of Mill. Batatas paniculata, Chois. Convolv. Or. 54, t. l,fig. 2, and
in DC. Prodr. ix. 339 ; Wight in Madras Journ. v. 4, t. 11 ; Dalz. fy Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 167. B. edulis, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 339, var. y only.
Tropical India ; common, from Bengal and Assam to Ceylon ; not in the drier
western portion. — Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa, America and Australia, in moist
climates.
A large, scandent perennial. Leaves 3-7 in. diam., often lobed nearly to the
base ; lobes lanceolate or elliptic, often spathulate ; petiole 2-5 in. Peduncles often
6 in. ; bracts deciduous ; flowers not capitate. Sepals \-^ in., wider concave in fruit.
Corolla 1^-2^ in., widely campanulate, glabrous, pink-purple. Anthers never twisted.
Ovary completely 4-celled, unless perhaps near the top. Capside ^ in., ovoid, com-
pletely 4-celled to the apex, 4-valved, the long wool from the seeds exsert from the
fissures.
15. I. pentapliylla, Jacq. Lc. Par. t. 319, not of Cav. ; thinly hirsute,
leaves digitate, leaflets oroad-lanceolate subsessile, peduncles long laxly
dichotomous, sepals large elliptic outer patently hirsute, seeds glabrous.
Meissn. in Mart. Brasil. vii. 287, with all syn. I. pilosa, Cav. Ic. iv. 11, t.
323, not of Siveet. Convolvulus pentaphyllus, Linn. Sp. PL 223. C. hirsutus,
PJ.vb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 479, and ed. Carey # Wall. ii. 05. ( !.
munitus, Wall. Cat. 1354 ; Wight in Hook. Bot. Miscell. ii. 104, t. 7. C.
nemorosus, Poem. § Sch. Syst. iv. 303. Batatas pentapliylla, Chois. Convolv.
Or. 54, and in DC. P-odr. ix. 339 ; Wight Ic. t. 834 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. FL
167. Spiranthera pentapliylla, Bojer Ilort. Mount. '22G.
"W. India ; Hindoostan, Gujerat, W. Deccan Peninsula, frequent. — Distrib.
Africa, Polynesia, Tropical America ; often cultivated.
A twining annual. Leaflets 2-4 in. ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; bracts ^
in., linear; pedicels ^-2 in., fulvous-hirsute. Sepals ^ in, obtuse or subacute; in
fruit enlarged, sometimes nearly 1 in. Corolla 1J in., wide-funnel-shaped, glabrous,
white- or ochroleucous. Ovary completely 4-celled. Capsule ^-^ in., ovoid, papery,
completely 4-celled ; endocarp separating, with a hole opposite the back of each
seed.
16. X. Batatas, Lamk. Enc. vi. 14; glabrous or sparingly hairy, leaves
ovate-cordate acute angular or more or less lobed, peduncles long many fld.,
sepals elliptic shortly acute glabrous, seeds glabrous. Meissn. in Mart. Brasil.
vii. 282. I. Oatesbsei, G. F. W. Mey. Esseq. 103. Convolvulus Batatas,
Linn. ; Poxb. Fl. Ind. i. 483, and ed, Carey 8f Wall. ii. 69 ; Blume Bijd. 712 \.
Wall. Cat. 1356. C. indicus, Moris. Hist. ii. sect. 1, t. 3, fig. 4. C. edulis,
Thunb. Fl. Jap. 84. C. esculentus, Salisb. Prod. 123. Batatas edulis, Chois.
Convolv. Or. 53, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 338. B. xanthorhiza, Bojer Hort.
Maurit. 225. — Rumph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 130. Rheede Hort. Mai. vii. t. 50.
Cultivated in India, but not extensively. — Native of America.
Tubers red, white or rarely yellow. Stem usually hairy. Flowers 2 in. and
Ipomcea.] ci. convolvulace2E. (C. B. Clarke.) 203
upwards, purple. Ovary 4-celled. Capsule 4-celled, or by suppression 3-1 -celled. —
The Sweet Potato ; though that term is given to yams in Bengal. Said to fruit
rarely.
Subgenus G. Euipomsea. Sepals subequal, or the outer somewhat
larger, especially in fruit. Corolla funnel-shaped or canipanulate, glabrous
without or very nearly so. Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled,
rarely imperfectly 4-celled near the base. Capsule 2-celled, 4-2-seeded, rarely
1-celled and 1-seeded. — This subgenus is designed to include all the species of
' Ipomcea not distinctly referable to any one of the 5 preceding subgenera.
* Flowers capitate ; bracts persistent.
17. X. pileata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 504, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 94 ;
sparsely hairy, leaves ovate-cordate acute entire, heads many-fid. enclosed by
a large boat-shaped bract, corolla tubular-funnel-shaped pink. Chois. Convolv.
Or. 74, and in DC Prodr. ix. 365; Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. 179,
t. 5, fig. 5, and Ic. t. 1363 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 166. Convolvulus pileatus,
Spreng. Syst. curae post. 61 ; Wall. Cat. 1376.
Assam, Bengal to Tenassekim ; ascending to 4000 feet. Deccan Peninsula and
Ceylon; frequent.
Stems annual, twining, patently hairy. Leaves 2-3 in. diam., deeply cordate,
mostly long-petioled. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; outer bracts 1-2^ in., entire, produced or
almost auriculate at each end ; inner ovate or subspathulate. Sepals elliptic, acute,
inner narrower, very hairy. Corolla-tube f by ^ in., linear-cylindric ; mouth i\ in.,
suddenly widened. Capsule |- in., subglobose, papery. Seeds smooth. — Easily known
by its boat-shaped outer bract, I. involucrata, Beau v. Fl. Owar. et Ben. ii. 52, t. 89,
of W. Africa has a similar bract, and Choisy (in DC. Prodr. ix. 365) doubts if this
can be kept distinct. It differs, however, inter alia, by the corolla-tube \ in.
wide.
18. I. Wig-htii, Chois. Convolv. Or. 88, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 364;
leaves ovate-cordate acute entire angular or sublobate softly villous above
white-woolly beneath, heads long-peduncled, outer bracts lanceolate acuminate,
corolla middle-sized pink-purple, capsule minutely pubescent. Wight Ic. t.
1364. Convolvulus Wightii, Wall. PL As. Rar. ii. 55, t. 171 ; Wall. Cat.
1406. C. gossypinus, Wall. Cat. 1407.
Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula; Nilgherries, Pulneys, Bababoodan Hills, Wight ,■
&c. Ceylon ; Central Provinces, alt. 2-3000 ft.
Stems twining, fulvous-villous. Leaves 3-4 in. diam., sinuate-denticulate, rarely
obscurely 3-lobed ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles 2-5 in. ; heads 1-2 in. diam., dense,
fulvous-hirsute; outer bracts 1 in., inner shorter linear. Sepals £-f in., linear-
lanceolate, subequal, fulvous-hirsute, scarcely altered in fruit. Corolla \\ in., sparsely
hairy without. Capsule \ in. diam., subglobose, papery. Seeds puberulous.— /...
pi\osa has the leaves similarly whitened beneath, but the flowers are not capitate,
and the capsule not pubescent.
19. I. bracteata, Wight Ic. t. 1374 ; hairy, leaves ovate-cordate acute
entire, heads peduncled, outer bracts ovate-cordate, corolla small narrow-cam-
panulate purple-pink.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Quilon, Wight.
Stems weak, twining, patently hairy. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., softly thinly hairy
on both surfaces ; petiole l£ in. Peduncles \-2\ in. ; outer bracts f in., deeply
cordate; inner smaller, ovate or elliptic^ obtuse. " Sepals % in., spathulate-oblong,
inner smaller, linear-lanceolate. Corolla § in., nearly glabrous without. Capsule
not seen— The sepals are much more unequal (even at flower-time) than in Wight's
picture ; it might be placed in subgenus Aniseia. When dry it greatly resembles.
Hewittia bicolor.
204 ci. convolvulace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea.
Var. lobata ; leaves 3-7-lobed sometimes nearly to the base, lobes narrowed near
their bases, capsule | in. diam. papery glabrous, seeds ellipsoid minutely adpressedly
fulvous-silky with braid-like markings. — S. Deccan Peninsula ; Wight, Stocks, Law.
Wight has named this /. hepaticifolia, JBurm., from which it recedes in the dis-
tinctly-cordate ovate bracts.
20. I. pes-tig ridis, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 93 ;
hairy, leaves deeply 5-9-lobed, heads peduncled, outer bracts ovate or elliptic
oblong not cordate, corolla medium-sized funnel-shaped pink. Blume Bijd.
709; Wight Ie. t. 886 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 73, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 363;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 165. Convolvulus pes-tigridis, Spreng. Syst. i. 592 ;
Wall. Cat. 1374, 0. bryoniaefolius, Salisb. Prod. 125. Convolvuloides pal-
mata, Moench. Meth. 452. — Rheede Hort. Mai. xi. t. 59.
Throughout India from the Punjab to Malacca and Ceylon, frequent in the drier
low hills. — Distrib. Malaya, China, Polynesia, Tropical Africa.
Stems twining, patently hirsute. Leaves 1-5 in. diam., hirsute on both surfaces ;
lobes elliptic, acuminate, narrowed at the base ; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles ^-3 in. ;
heads dense, fulvous-hirsute, outer bracts 1 in., inner smaller narrower acute." Sepals
5-^ in., lanceolate, acute, hirsute, hardly enlarged in fruit. Corolla 1£ in., tube
narrow, mouth suddenly widened, sparsely hairy without. Capsule £ in., ovoid,
papery, glabrous. Seeds minutely velvety or nearly glabrous.
Var. hepaticifolia ; leaves 3-lobed or angular. I. hepaticifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. 230 ;
Burm. Fl. Ind. 50, t. 20, fig. 2; Chois. Convolv. Or. 74, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 363.
Convolvulus hepaticifolius, Spreng. Syst. i. 594. — S. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ;
frequent.
Var. capitellata ; leaves ovate-cordate acute entire. I. capitellata, Chois. Convolv.
Or. 75, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 363. I. tamnifolia, Burm. Fl. Lid. 50, partly (as to
the Indian plant) not of Linn. Convolvulus capitellatus, Wall. Cat. 2250. — Through-
out the Deccan extending north to Behar and Hindoostan ; not rare. — A complete
series connects the /. pes-tigridis with its 3-lobate-leaved form, and another connects
it with the entire-leaved form. The entire-leaved form has been supposed to be
Wight's I. bracteata ; while on the other hand Wight supposed his I. bracteata with
lobed leaves to be /. hepaticifolia. The two species are easily separable, 7. brac-
teata having bracts obtuse outer distinctly cordate : I. pes-tigridis bracts acute outer
not at all cordate.
21. X. eriocarpa, Br. Prodr. 484; hairy, leaves oblong-cordate acute,
heads sessile, bracts ovate-linear, corolla small campanulate pink, capsule
patently hairy. Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 369 ; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 426.
I. sessiliflora, Both Nov. Sp. 116; Wight Ic. t. 169; Chois. Convolv. Or. 76,
and in DC. Prodr. ix. 3G6 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 166. I. hispida, Roem. $
Sch. Syst. iv. 238. I. ligulata, Bojer Hort. Maurit. 229. I. sphaerocephala,
Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 372. I. Horsfieldiana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 611.
Convolvulus eriocarpus and sessiliflorus, Spreng. Syst. i. 598, 599. C. sphaero-
cephalus, Rovb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 472, and ed. Carey $• Wall. ii.
53; Wall. Cat. 1344. C*. hispidus, Vahl Symb. 329. C. Rampania, Wall.
Cat. 225 (not now in Wallich's Herbarium).
Throughout India, alt. 0-4000 ft.; common. Ceylon; ascending to 4000 ft. —
— Distrib. Afghanistan and Tropics of the Old World.
Stems twining, patently villous. Leaves 2| by 1 in., sparsely hairy on both
surfaces; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 0, or (in one Hindoostan example of Thomson's)
J— 24 in. ; heads sometimes few-fld., rarely reduced to one subsessile flower ; bracts £
in., hirsute; sepals similar to the bracts but smaller, unaltered in fruit. Corolla §
in. Capsule \ in., globose. Seeds puberulous.
22. X. Stocksii, Clarke ; hairy, leaves elliptic subacute, heads sessile,
bracts lanceolate inconspicuous, corolla small, capsule glabrous.
Ipomcea.'] ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 205
Deccan Peninsula ; Stocks.
Stems prostrate, twining, patently hairy. Leaves 2 in., rhomboid, base obtuse or
subcordate ; petiole 4-1 £ in. Bracts | in., hispid. Sepals |~J| in., elliptic-lanceo-
late, patently hispidulous. Capsule J-| in., ovoid, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds furred,
margins villous. — Near /. eriocarpa.
** Floivers pedicelled, cymose, subracemose or solitary.
t Leaves undivided or angular or somewhat lobed, rarely deeply.
23. 2. ang-ustifolia, Jacq. Ic. Bar. t. 317, not of Chois. ; glabrous,
leaves sessile hastate-oblong or -linear acute, peduncles long 1-3-ild., sepals
ovate acuminate, corolla small yellow. Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 425. I. den-
ticulata, Br. Brodr. 485; Bol. Beg. t. 317, not of Chois. I. nlicaulis, Blume
Bijd. 721 : Chois. Convolv. Or. 66, and in DC. Brodr. ix. 353; Dalz. % Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 165 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5426. Convolvulus hastatus and angustifolius,
Lamk. Ene. iii. 542, 547. C. nlicaulis, Vahl Symb. iii. 24. 0. simplex, Befrs.
Syn. i. 178. C. denticulatus, Spreng. Syst. i. 603. C. linifolius, Wall. Cat.
1380. C. medium, Iioxb. Fl, Ind. i. 474, and ed. Carey $ Wall. 256; Wall.
Cat. 1346, not of Linn. C. Blumii, Dietr. Syn. Bl. i. 675.— Bheede Hort. Mai.
xi. t. 55.
Hills of the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; extending north to Bundelcund,
Edgeworth. Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft. ; common, and thence to Malacca. —
Distrib. S. E. Asia, Malaya, Australia, Tropical Africa.
Diffuse, biennial, twining. Leaves l£-3 in., more or less toothed. Peduncles
often longer than the leaves ; bracts minute, persistent ; pedicels long. Sepals \-^
in. Corolla f in., funnel-shaped, eye purple. Capsule \ in., ovoid, papery, glabrous,
2-celled. Seeds glabrous.
24. X. trident ata, Both, Cat. Bot. ii. 19 ; glabrous, leaves sessile has-
tate-oblong or subquadrate obtuse truncate or 3-toothed, peduncles often as
long as the leaves 1-3-fld., sepals ovate acuminate, corolla small yellow. Chois.
Convolv. Or. 65, and in DC. Brodr. ix. 353; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 165.
Evolvulus tridentatus, Linn. Sp. Bl. 392 ; Burm. Fl. Ind. 77, t. 16, fig. 3.
Convolvulus tridentatus, Linn. Sp. Bl. 157 ; Bo.vb. Fl. Ind. i. 475, and ed.
Carey $ Wall. ii. 56 ; Wall. Cat. 1347.— Bheede Hort. Mai. xi. t. 65.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; frequent ; extending north to Chota Nagpore. —
Distrib. Ava, Banca.
Bootstoch woody, giving off numerous, closely-prostrate, elongate stems. Leaves
usually less than 1 in., sometimes subemarginate, mucronate. Flowers, capsules and
seeds, nearly as of I. angustifolia, with which Thwaites (Enum. 211) unites -it; but
it is a smaller plant with- smaller flowers, never twining.
25. Z. linifolia, Blume Bijd. 721 ; sparsely hairy or glabrate, leaves
petioled narrowly oblong lower often subcordate ovate-oblong, peduncles few
or many-fid,, sepals elliptic obtuse glabrous, corolla small yellow, capsule 1-
celled 4-seeded. Chois. in DC. Brodr. ix. 369 ; Benth. FL Austral, iv. 423.
I. setulosa, Zoll. Verz. by Moritz. 51. Convolvulus csespitosus, Boxb. Hort.
Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 483, and ed. Carey f Wall. ii. 70 ; Wall. Cat. 1357.
C Benthamii, Wall. Cat. 1393. Hewittia csespitosa, Steud. Norn. Bot.
Skinneria csespitosa, Chois. Convolv. Or. 105, t. 6, and in DC. Brodr. ix.
435.
Subtropical Sikkim, J. 1). H., &c. Assam and Silhet, frequent ; Wallich,
Masters, &c, and thence to Malacca. — Distrib. Malay Archipelago, Australia.
Annual or biennial. Stems slender, much twining (creeping, Roxburgh). Leaves
•1^-2^ in., oblong, narrowed suddenly at both ends; lower often subcordate, some-
times ovate ; petiole 4-^ in. Peduncles 1-3 in., slender ; bracts minute, persistent.
206 ci. coNVOLVULACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Ipomcea.
Sepals \ in. ; margins, when dry, inflexed above, but hardly acute. Corolla § in.,
subcampanulate, glabrous without. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule i in., ovoid, papery,
with hardly any trace of the dissepiment near its base. Seeds glabrous.
26. X. chryseides, Ker in Bot. Reg, t. 270; leaves ovate-cordate acute
glabrous entire toothed or 3-lobed, peduncles many-fid., sepals elliptic glabrous,
corolla small vellow. Wight Ic. t. 157 ; Dene, in Nouv. Ann. Mas. iii. 3J 13 ;
Chois. Convolv. Or. 87, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 382 ; Dah. # Qibs) Bomb. Fl.
166. I. dentata, Willd. ; Poem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 789. I. subtriflora, Zoll.
Verz. by -~>1. Convolvulus chrvseides, Sprenc/. Syst. i. 598, C. den-
tatus, Void Synib. iii. 25; JRoxb. Fl, Lid. ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 62; Wall. Cat.
1349. Lepistemon muricaturn, Spanoghe in Linncea 1841, 339.
Throughout India, alt. 0-4000 ft. and Ceylon, frequent — Distrib. Malaya, S.
China, Australia, Tropical Africa.
Stems much twining, glabrous, often muriculate, sometimes in places hairy.
Leaves 1-2 in. • petiole 7>— 2 in. Peduncles ^-3 in. ; bracts small, caducous ; cymes
dense. Sepals I in., ultimately spreading. Corolla \-% in., funnel-shaped, glabrous
- vithout, uniform yellow. Capsule \ in. and upwards, ovoid, somewhat angular, top
acute or depressed, 2-celled ; wall thicker than in the preceding species. Seeds
puberulous.
27. X. polyantha, Miq. Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii. 613; sparingly pubescent,
leaves ovate-cordate acute entire, cymes peduncled laxly dichotomous many-
liowered, sepals broad-elliptic obtuse nearly glabrous, corolla smallish yellow.
Convolvulus polyanthus, Wall. Cat. 1378.
E. Bengal ; Soorma bank, J. D. H. ; Soonderbund ; Clarke. — Distrib. Java.
Sterns twining, pubescent in places. Leaves 2-3 in., deeply cordate, pubescent on
' the nerves beneath or nearly glabrous ; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; bracts
small, caducous ; cymes 2-5 in. diam., minutely pubescent. Sepals j in. Corolla
f-1 in., subcampanulate, clear yellow or ochroleucous.
Vae. affinis ; less diffuse, more pubescent, cymes 3-7-nd., sepals pubescent or
almost villous. Convolvulus affinis, Wall. Cat. 1385. — Assam, E. Bengal, Soonder-
bund ; Wallich, H.f. 8* T., &c, frequent. Distrib. Burma. — Eeferred by Choisy (in
DC. Prodr. ix. 380) to I. gemella, Eoth., with which it can have no near affinity ; it
is very near 7. chryseides, but has a larger wider corolla, and much longer
pedicels.
28. X. reniformis, Chois. Convolv. Or. 64, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 351,
syn. Linn, e.vcl. ; glabrous or sparingly pubescent, leaves small reniform or
ovate-cordate toothed, peduncles 0 or very short few-fid., sepals ovate obtuse
giabrescent ciliate, corolla small yellow. Dah. $ Gib*. Bojnb. Fl. 164. I.
cvmbalaria, Fend in Flora 1844, 312. Convolvulus reniformis, llo.cb. LTort.
Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 481, and ed. Carey % Wall. ii. 67 : Wall. Cat. 1398.
Evolvulus emargmatu.s Burm. Fl. Ind. 77, t. 30, tig. 1 ■ Linn, tos. in Herb.
Prop.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, alt. 0-3000 ft., common ; extending northwards
to Rajputana and Behar. — Distrib. S. E. Asia, Tropical Africa.
Closely creeping, much branched, often rooting from nearly every node. Leaves
\-\\ in., often small, broader than long, obtuse, sometimes ovate, occasionally 3-
lobed ; petiole £-4 in. Peduncles usually subobsolete, 1-3-flowered ; bracts incon-
spicuous. Sepals £ in., giabrescent on the back, ciliate, even in fruit. Corolla ^-|
in., campanulate. Capside I in., subglobose, 2-celled ; cells often 1 -seeded. Seeds
glabrous, dark chestnut-coloured. — Choisy says this species was Convolvulus gan-
geticus, Linn. Amoen. Acad. iv. 306 (Evolvidus, Linn. Sp. PI. 391), to which species.
Linnaeus assigns " leaves and flowers very hirsute, peduncles capillary."
Ppomcea.~\ ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 207
29. I. rumicifolia, Chois. Convolv. Or. 65, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 351 ;
stems sparsely hirsute, leaves ovate-oblong cordate or subbastate sinuate irregu-
larly angular or sublobate, peduncles short laxly few-fld., sepals elliptic-lanceo-
late patently hirsute, corolla very small. Convolvulus lasiospermus, Vis. PI
jEgypt. Nub. 13, t, 1, fig. 2. C. hirtus, Wall. Cat. 2254.
Mts. of the S. Deccan ; Travancore and Nilgherries, Rattler, Wight, &c. — Distrib.
E. Tropical Africa.
Stems annual, twining. Leaves 1-2 in., scabrous or sparsely hirsute; petiole
1^ in. Peduncles 0-| in. ; bracts | in., linear, subpersi stent; pedicels ^-^ in. Sepals
| in., acute, widened in fruit. Corolla ^-| in., campanulate, white when dry, Visiani,
probably yellow when fresh. Capsule \ in. and upwards, ovoid, glabrous, usually
4-sceded. Seeds velvety.
30. I. obscura, Ker in Bat. Peg. t. 239 ; leaves ovate-cordate, acute
aearly glabrous, peduncles long laxly 1-3-fld., sepals ovate feubacute.
nearly 'glabrous, corolla middle-sized ochroleucous with a purple base, seeds
velvety. Chois. Convolv. Or. 82, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 370, some syn. excl. ;
Wight in Madras Journ. v. 6, t. 12 ; Bah. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 166. I. insuavis,
Blame Bijd. 716. I. ocularis, Bartl. in Linncea, 1840; Suppl. 126. I. ochrtf
leuca, Spanoffhe in Linnaa, 1841, 340. Convolvulus obscurus, Linn. ; Burin.
Fl. Ind. 44 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 52, not of Hassk.
Throughout India and Ceylon, alt. 0-3000 ft. ; common. — Distrib. Malaya,
Mascarene Islands, E. Africa.
Stems twining, hairy or nearly glabrous. Leaves l-2£ in. ; petiole 1-2 in.
Peduncles 1-3 in., often 1-flowered, rarely with so many as 3-flowers; bracts^- in.,
lanceolate, subpersistent ; pedicels 5— 1 \ in. Sepals } in. ; ultimately broader, obtuse,
rjjflaj^ed. Corolla f-1 in., tube narrow, mouth wide, glabrous, yellow or white with
the plaits yellowish, always with the purple spot at the base. Anthers never twisted.
Capsule 5— g- in., ovoid, subacute, glabrous, 2-valved, 2-seeded, normally 4-seeded.
Seeds densely softly brown-velvety ; therefore the Indian species is not the 7. obscura
elaborately described by Hasskarl (PL Jav. Bar. 519).
Var. gemella ; adult leaves closely hairy on both surfaces. Convolvulus gemellus,
Wall. Cat. 1383 type sheet, not of Vahl. — Bengal; Wallich, &c, frequent. — Ipomaea
gemella, Chois. Convolv. Or. 87, and in PC. Prodr. ix. 380, consists of Convolvulus
gemellus, Burm. Fl. Ind. 46, t. 21, fig. 1 (a Javan plant) and the totally different
C affinis, Wall., from E. Bengal and Burma ; so far as any Malabar examples are
supposed to be I. gemella, they are perhaps I. obscura.
31. I. Stocksii, Clarke-, leaves ovate-lanceolate cordate subcaudate
shortly hairy on both surfaces, peduncles long laxly 1-3 fid., sepal* lanceolate
acuminate, corolla somewhat large, seeds glabrous.
Malabar and Concan ; Stocks, Law, &c.
Resembling generally (when dry) I. obscura. Leaves 3| in., deeply cordate, finely
acuminate. Pedicels often 1^ in. Sepals 5 in., in flower sublinear, in fruit lanceolate,
sparsely hairy. Corolla (very much withered) exceeding 1 in. Capsule nearly \ in.,
ovoid-oblong, glabrous, 4-valved, 4-seeded. — Referred in Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. # T.
possibly to a var. of I. obscura, which the large flowers and glabrous seeds will not
admit. From the unusually narrow sepals it may be the Malabar plant which
Willdenow (and Choisy) have placed with Burmann's Convolvulus gemellus.
32. I. sibirica, Pers. Syn.i. 183; nearly glabrous, leaves triangular-lan-
ceolate cordate entire or undulate, peduncles shorter than the petioles 1-4-fld.,
sepals ovate mucronate, corolla small white, seeds .glabrous. Chois. in J)C.
Prodr. ix. 377. Convolvulus sibiricus, Linn. Mant. 203. C. rupestris, Pallas
Voy. (ed. Gauthier) iv. 369, t. 17,
Western Himalaya ; Kumaon ; Naini Tal, alt. 6000 ft., Strachey <Sf Winterbottom.
— Distrib. Siberia, N. China (near Pekin, Maximowicz).
208 ci. CONVOLVULACE2E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea .
Annual, twining. Leaves 3 by 2 in.; petiole 2 in. Peduncles |— 1^ in.; bracts
linear, deciduous ; pedicels §—1 in., racemose or subumbellate. Sepals I in., glabrous.
Corolla § in., campanulate, glabrous, often yellowish near the base. Anthers never
twisted. Capsule £-§- in., ovoid, glabrous, 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-2-seeded. Seeds
ellipsoid, glabrous. — The Indian specimen is rather more developed, both in leaf
and cyme, than the original Linnsean type, but is identical with the specimens col-
lected by Pallas.
33. I. poranoides, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves ovate-lanceolate cordate
caudate entire, cymes pedimcled many-flowerd lax, bracts ovate mucronate
persistent, sepals ovate obtuse unequal, corolla small white.
Sikkim and British Bhotan ; alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent, Clarke.
Scandent, twining. Leaves 3 by 2 in. ; petiole 1^ in. Peduncles 1-3 in. ; bracts
^-f in., at the divisions of the divaricate cyme. Sepals \-^ in., glabrous. Corolla
f in., sub campanulate, glabrous, white, often yellowish near the base. Anthers never
twisted. Capsule ^ in., subglobose, smooth, 2-celled, 2-4-valved, normally 4-seeded.
Seeds glabrous. — By the prominent persistent bracts, this species is not likely to be
confounded with any other Ipomaa; but it has probably been passed for Porana
racemosa, which it somewhat resembles in its scandent habit and numerous white
flowers in lax cymes.
34. I. cynanchifolia, Clarke; hairy, leaves ovate-lanceolate cordate
acuminate entire, peduncles 0, pedicels racemose or subfasciculate, bracts
caducous, sepals lanceolate elongate, corolla small rose, capsule glabrous.
Convolvulus cynanchifolius, Wall. Cat'. 1399.
SiKKni and Bhotan ; alt. 2-5000 ft., frequent, Clarke. — Distrib. Burma.
Scandent, twining. Leaves 3 by 1£ in., more or less hairy; petiole 1-2. Pedicels
i in., rigid, fascicled, or forming a raceme 1-2 in., recurved in fruit. Sepals ^-^ in.,
hirsute, blackish green, widening in fruit. Corolla ^-| in., campanulate, glabrous,
with a dark spot at the base. Anthers never twisted. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled ;
stigma small, of 2 subsessile globes. Capsule \-^ in., subglobose, 2-celled, usually
4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. — Eegarded by Choisy (in DC. Prodr. ix. 366) as identical
with I. eriocarpa, from his never having seen Wallich's specimens. /. cynanchifolia
is very near /. calcina, Benth, but the sepals (even in fruit) are not cordate.
35. I. G-lenieii, Thivaites in litt. ; glabrous, leaves subcordate elongate-
oblong entire, peduncles 1-fld. ebracteate, sepals ovate subacute, corolla middle-
sized subcampanulate.
Ceylon ; Thwaites.
Creeping, hardly twining. Leaves 2 by |- in., shallowly cordate, gradually nar-
rowed from the very base to the apex, not acuminate, undulate ; petiole 1 in.
Peduncles \-^ in. Sepals -|-£ in., obscurely muricate. Corolla f in., tube £~ in.
broad. — Described from a fragment which flowered at Kew in 1871 ; it appears very
distinct.
36. X. dcnticulata, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 379, not of R. Br.;
glabrous, leaves ovate-cordate acute entire denticulate angular or somewhat
lobed, peduncles short 1-3-nd., pedicels long, sepals elliptic suddenly acute,
corolla 1^ in. purple. Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 421. I. subdentata, Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 614. I. littoralis, Thwaites Enum. 211, not of Blume. I. cymosa,
Baker Fl. Maurit.. 208, not of Roem. § Sch. I. nicobarica, Kurz in Journ. As.
Soc. 1876. pt. 2, 141. Convolvulus denticulatus, Lamk. Enc. iii. 540. — Ipomaea,
n. 42, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f $ T.
Malay Peninsula ; from Mergui ( Griffith) southwards. Ceylon ; near the sea
at G-alle, Thwaites. Nicobars ; Kurz. — Distrib. Malaya, Australia, Polynesia,
Seychelles.
Stems trailing, somewhat twining. Leaves 1-2| in., deeply cordate, not fleshy ;
Ipomcea.'] ci. convolvulace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 209
petiole H in. Peduncles 0-l£ in., often 1-fld. ; bracts $ in., linear; pedicels often
1 in. or longer. Sepals nearly £ in., somewhat scarious. Corolla widely tubular-
funnel-shaped. Ovary 2-celled, not at all 4-celled. Capsule globose, glabrous. Seeds
smooth.
37. I. fastig-iata, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 372; minutely puberulo-
scabrous or glabrate, leaves ovate-cordate acute entire or lower lobed, peduncles
long many-fld., pedicels short, sepals elliptic suddenly acute, corolla 1^-2 in.
purple. Chois. Convolv. Or. 84, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 380 ; Meissn. in Mart.
Brasil. vii. 267, with syn. Convolvulus fastigiatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and
Fl. Ind. i. 468, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 48, not of Wall.
Bengal, Roxburgh. Introduced from America.
Extensively scandent, twining. Leaves 3-4 in., mostly entire (in the Indian plant),
those on the runners often lobed ; petiole often 3-5 in. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; bracts
caducous ; cymes dense, pedicels rarely exceeding ^ in. Flower and fruit very
nearly as of /. denticulata, from which it differs little except in its numerous shorter
pedicels. — A common American species, introduced in S. E. Asia. Miquel (Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 616). Eoxburgh describes it as a native of the interior of Bengal, and in
flower most part of the year, but no one has met with the plant wild.
38. I. sepiaria, ICoen. ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 500, and
ed. Carey §• Wall. ii. 90 ; leaves ovate-cordate acute entire glabrous or some-
what pubescent, peduncles long, pedicels short subumbelled clavate in fruit,
sepals ovate subobtuse, corolla largeish pale-purple or white with a dark eye,
seeds furred. Chois. Convolv. Or. 82, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 370 ; Wight Ic.
t. 838 ; Dalz. # Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 166, not of Benth. I. striata, Roth Nov. Sp.
111. I. Heynii, Wall. Cat. 1387 (Choisy, no specimen now in Herb. Wall.).
Convolvulus maximus and striatus, Void Symb. iii. 26, 28. C. marginatus,
Lamk. Enc. iii. 558. C. sepiarius and incrassatus, Wall. Cat. 1384, 1386. —
Rheede Hort. Mai. xi. t. 53.
Throughout India ; from Hindostan to Malacca, frequent. Ceylon, common. —
Distrib. Malaya.
Perennial, twining, glabrous or in places pubescent or hirsute. Leaves \-2\ in.,
entire or sinuate, rarely lobed, basal lobes usually rounded ; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles
^-7 in., usually long ; bracts small, lanceolate, caducous ; pedicels 0-£ in. Sepals
i in., obscurely pubescent. Corolla often 1£ in. and upwards; tube cylindric, dark
purple within; mouth suddenly widened. Capsule \—^ in., ovoid, 4-2-seeded. —
Convolvulus triflorus, Vahl Symb. iii. 30 (Ipomcea triantha, Roem. & Sch. §p«t. iv.
243 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 83, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 370), is only known by Vahl's
description. Choisy does not see how it differs from I. sepiaria ; but Vahl states
that the pedicels are about as long as the peduncles, which is not the case in 7.
sepiaria. It may have been Ipomcea denticulata. '**
Vab. stipulacea ; leaves more elongate often angular or lobed sometimes Bkstate
with basal lobes acute, stipules obscure minute, sepals rather larger, corolla shorter,
than in I. sepiaria type. I. stipulacea, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 372 ; Chois. Convolv.
Or. 84, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 379. I. subtrilobans, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 615.
Convolvulus stipulaceus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 484, and ed. Carey cf
Wall. ii. 71.— Bengal Plain and Chittagong; Roxburgh, &c, not rare.— Miquel's I.
subtrilobans is intermediate between I. sepiaria and this.
39. I. Beladamboe, Roem. fy Sch. Syst. iv. 233; glabrous or nearly so,
leaves ovate-cordate entire, peduncles short or long stout many-fld., sepals
ovate obtuse, corolla large purplish or white, seeds glabrous. I. rugosa, Chois.
Convolv. Or. 64, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 350; Wight Ic. t. 887. I. repens,
Lamk. Enc. vi. 18, not of Roth. Convolvulus rugosus, Rottl ; Willd. in Act.
Berol. iv. 196. C. flagelliformis, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 481, and
VOL. IV. P
/in
210 Ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea.
ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 68 ; Wall. Cat. 1397. C. Beladambu, Spreng. Syst. i. 608,
and cur cb post. 62. — Bheede Hort Mai. xi. t. 58.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Wight, &c. Ceylon, abundant in damp fields.
. Extensively trailing. Leaves 3-4 in. diam., subobtuse ; petiole l-2£ in. Peduncles
£-4£ in. ; bracts } in., lanceolate, deciduous ; pedicels ^ in., stout, somewhat thickened
upwards in fruit. Sepals ^-^ in., unequal, outer often shorter, glabrous, wrinkled
when young. Corolla £-2 in., purple in the dried examples, pure white in Roxburgh's
figure. Capside ^ in., globose, glabrous, 4-seeded.
• 40. 2. aquatic a, Forsk. Fl. jEg. Arab. 44; glabrous or nearly so, leaves
elliptic-oblong cordate or hastate or elongate entire or angular sublobed,
peduncles long few-fid., pedicels long, sepals ovate obtuse, corolla large purple,
seeds- minutely closely silky. I. n ptans, Poir. Enc. Suppl. iii. 460; Blame
Bijd. 714 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 62, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 349 ; Dalz. § Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 164. I. repens, Both jS"ov. Sp. 110. I. subdentata, Mia. Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 614. Convolvulus reptans, Linn. ; Boxb. Ilort. Beng. 14. C. repens,
Vahl Symb. i. 17 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 432, and ed. Carey 8> Wall. ii. 68 ; Blume
Bijd. 713 ; Wall. Cat. 1355, not of Linn. C. Adansonii, Lamk. Enc. iii. 560.
— Bumph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 155, fig. i. Bheede Hort. Mai. xi. t. 52.
Throughout India, common ; abundant in Bengal Plain. Ceylon ; borders of
tombs, and cult, as a vegetable, Thwaites. — Distbib. Tropical Asia, Australia,
Africa.
Annual ; stems trailing on mud, and floating, sometimes to a great length, hollow.
Leaves 3-6 in. ; petiole 1-6 in., usually very long. Peduncles 2-7 in., 1-5-flowered ;
bracts inconspicuous; pedicels often 1-2 in. Sepals % in., glabrous or nearly so.
Corolla 2 in., usually pale purple, glabrous. Capsule ^ in., ovoid, glabrous, 4-2-
seeded. Seeds most minutely hairy, or very nearly glabrous.
41. I. salicifolia, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 498, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 88 ;
glabrous, leaves short-petioled linear-lanceolate base rhomboid or rounded,
peduncles very short 1-3-fld., sepals broadly elliptic subobtuse, corolla large
white. Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 367. I. Buchananii, Chois. Convolv. Or. 92.
Bengal ; Rungpore, Hamilton.
Only known from Roxburgh's description and his Ic. Ined. at Kew. Biennial
stem twining. Leaves 7 by 1 in., acuminate ; petiole \ in. Peduncles 0-^ in. ;
bracts \ in., linear-lanceolate ; pedicels £- ^ in. Sepals f by ^ in. Corolla-tube If by
I in:, cylindric ; mouth 2\ in. diam. Capside nearly ^ in. diam., globose, glabrous.
Seeds* \ in.,' oblong, black, apparently (from the figure) minutely hairy. — Roxburgh
descfflSee the capsule as 2-celled, with 3 seeds in each cell, which is hard to believe ;
his picture, the stigma is distinctly 2-lobed, while the capsule seems 3-valved.
42. X. staphylina, Boem. 8>- Sch. Syst. iv. 249 ; glabrous, leaves ovate
/"" in DC. Prodr. ix. 371 •; Wight III. t. 168. Convolvulus malabaricus, Boxb.
Hort. Beng. 13, and FL Ind. i. 469, and ed. Carey § Wall. ii. 49, all syn. excl. ;
Wall. Cat. 1341. C. racemosus, Boem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 302. C. Kleinii,
Spreng. Syst. i. 606, and curce post. 61. C. polyanthus, Wall. Cat. 1378. C.
gangeticus, Wall. Cat. 1340, by admixture.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; common. Assam ; Jenkins. Penang ; Wallich.
Shrubby, subscandent. Leaves 4 by 2|- in., subacute, not acuminate, prominently
nerved; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles \-l'va., usually shorter than the petioles, numerous,
often panicled towards the end of the branches ; bracts small, caducous ; pedicels
0-| in., mostly short. Sepals ± in., glabrous. Corolla 1 in., purplish in the tube,
mouth nearly white. Capsule | in., ovoid, subacute, 4-seeded.
Ipomcea.'] ci. convolvulacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 211
48. Z. campanulata, Linn. ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 69, and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 850 ; leaves cordate-ovate acute entire glabrous or very nearly so, corymbs
compound stout, sepals J-| in. ovate obtuse puberulous, corolla l£-3 in.
campanulate purple lobes triangular-lanceolate, seeds with very long silky
hair. Dene, in Nouv. Ann. Mm. iii. 392 ; Wight Ic. t. 1375 ; Dalz. #• Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 165; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 218. Convolvulus campanulatus, Spreng.
Syst. i. 608. 0. platypeltis, Spanoghe in Linncea, 1841, 338. — JRheede Hort.
Mai xi. t. 56.
Deccan Peninsula. ; frequent. Malay Peninsula ; from Prome southwards. —
Ceylon; in the warmer parts of the Island. — Distrib. Malay Archipelago.
A large twiner ; nearly glabrous, young parts hoary. Leaves 3-4 in., nerves
prominent ; petiole 2-3 in. Peduncles 1-4 in., stout ; bracts early deciduous ;
corymbs 2-5 in. diam., 10-40-flowered. Sepals hoary, in fruit somewhat enlarged
£ in. diam. glabrate. Corolla very variable in size, always prominently lobed, glabrous
or nearly so. Capsule £ in. diam., globose, Seeds with hairs often more than \ in.
long. — Resembles Rivea tilwfolia (Thwaites).
Var. illustris ; leaves ovate or oblong cordate or hastate, corymbs often few-
flowered, sepals nearly glabrous, corolla often 4 in. shallowly or deeply lobate. —
Malay Peninsula, from Moulmein southwards. — Distrib. Malay Islands. — The size
and lobation of the corolla vary so greatly that there may be two species here ; a
Moulmein example collected by Parish has the corolla A\ in., very shallowly lobed,
the calyx glabrate, and is very different from the Malabar ones with corolla only
1| in. long. Miquel must be mistaken in saying {Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 606) that Spanoghe's
/. campanulata cannot be Linnaeus' /. campanulata because the seeds are woolly ; for
Linnaeus' species is founded on Rheede's picture {Hort. Mai. xi. t. 46), which (and the
description) attributes silky seeds to the species.
44. Z. G-omezii, Clarke; leaves ovate-cordate acute entire glabrous,
corymbs peduncled few-fid., sepals 1-1£ in. elliptic glabrous, corolla very large.
Tavoy ; Gomez. Andamans ; Kurz.
A large climber, resembling I. campanulata, var. illustris, but with a much larger
calyx. Leaves 3-6 in., sinus wide, nerves prominent; petiole 2 in. Peduncles 1-3
in., stout; bracts caducous. Sepals in young fruit erect, much imbricate. Corolla 4
by 3 in., campanulate. — The Malay I. pcltata, Choisy, resembles this, but has a
smaller calyx and peltate leaves. ^^^^B
45. Z. cymosa, Roem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 241; soft!
leaves cordate or hastate elliptic or oblong obtuse or shortlyJ^^Hj^^^Rr
angular or toothed, peduncles shorter than the leaves, cymes^^^^H^^^Bp
±-% in. elliptic, corolla middle-sized pure white or tinged yellow, -
hirsute. Illume Cat. Gewass. Java, 50; Chois. Console. Or. 79, and in DC.
Prodr. ix. 871; Bot. Reg. 1843, t. 24. I. bifida, \oth X<MS
Heynei and Rothii, Roem. % Sch. Syst. iv. 237, 241. \ Oland^^^^^^K
Brit. (2 ed.) 372. I. caliginosa, Chois. Convolv. Or. 79, and in 1H
370. Convolvulus cymosus, Lamk. Enc. iii. 556. V. bland
Beng. 13, and Fl. Lnd. i. 470, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 50,
1342. C. pentagonus, Ro.vb. Ilort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 485, *^^^^^HjPI
8f Wall. ii. 72 ; Wall Cat. 1343. C. Rothii, Spreng. Syst. i. 600. M
Wall Cat. 232$.— Rumph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 158.
Abundant throughout India (except the N.W. dry area), alt. 0-4000^^^^^HP
very common. — Distrib. Malaya, Australia, Tropical Africa.
Scandent, twining. Leaves l£-4 in., nerves prominent subparallel; petiole
£-§ in., mostly short. Peduncles £-2 in. ; bracts caducous ; pedicels £-1 in. 8epak
obtuse or mucronate, hairy or glabrous. Corolla 1-1^ in., tubular-funnel-shaped ; in
buds hirsute at the tip. Capside \ in. diam., globose, glabrous. Seeds with blacker,
stiffer, more patent hairs than in the allied species.
p2
212 ci. C0NV0LVULACE2E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea.
Var. macra ; larger in all parts, peduncles sometimes 4-6 in., sepals § in., corolla
2 in.— Sikkim, Assam and Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft., Griffith, J. D. H., &c—
Leaves 5 by 3 in. ; petiole 3-4 in. Seeds exactly as of /. cymosa, but considered as a
variety by Bentham (Fl. Austral, iv. 423).
46. X. petaloidea, Chois. Convolv. Or. 69, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 360;
glabrous, leaves ovate acute many of the upper lanceolate, peduncles short,
bracts caducous, flowers subracemose, corolla large yellow shaggy without. Dene,
in Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. 392. I. xanthantha, Kurz For. FL ii. 219. Convol-
vulus crispatulus, Wall. Cat. 1403.
N. Oudh ; B. Thomson. All over Prome and Pegu ; Kurz. — Distrib. Timor.
Large, scandent. Leaves 5 by 3^ in., base rounded or subcordate ; upper 3| by
f in., base obtuse ; petiole 1£ in. Peduncles ^—1 in. ; pedicels often 1 in. Sepals
| in., elliptic-ovate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous, hardly altered in fruit. Corolla
If in., wide-tubed. Stamens inserted low down the tube; anthers ultimately
twisted. Capsule £ in., ovoid. Seeds minutely velvety, margins subvillous.
Var. pauciflora ; leaves smaller all oblong-lanceolate, peduncles 1-fld. rarely
2-fld. Ipomsea, n. 44, Herb. Lid. Or. H.f. $ T— Kumaon ; Thomson.— Though Dr.
Thomson collected lower parts of the stem, there are no ovate leaves.
47. X. Turpethum, Br. Prodr. 485 ; softly pubescent or glabrate, leaves
ovate or oblong not acuminate, cymes few-fld., sepals ovate in fruit much
enlarged, corolla largeish white, seeds smooth. Bot. Beg. t. 279 ; Chois.
Convolv. Or. 68, and 'in DC. Prodr. ix. 860; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 165;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 218. I. anceps, Boem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 231 ; Blume Bijd. 714 ;
Chois. Convolv. Or. 68, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 360. I. triquetra, Boem. 8f
Sch. Syst. iv. 231. Convolvulus Turpethum, Linn. ; Boxb. Hort. Beng. 14,
and Fl. Ind. i. 476, and.ed. Carey 8r Wall. ii. 57 ; Wall. Cat. 1371 ; Bot. Mag. t.
2093 ; Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 297, suppl. t. 38 ; Hassk. PL Jav. Bar.
518. O. anceps, Linn. Mant. 43. C. triqueter, Vahl Symb. iii. 30. Spiran-
thera Turpethum, Bojer Hort. Maurit. 226. Operculina Turpethum, Manso
Brasil. 16, 49. Argyreia alulata, Miq. FL Ind. Bat. ii. 587.
Throughout India, alt. 0-3000 ft., and Ceylon, common. — Distrib. S.E. Asia,
[a, Australia, Polynesia, Seychelles, Mauritius.
fining, quadrangular, winged, compressed, or nearly round. Leaves
ite or obtuse ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 1-4 in. ; bracts 1 in., oblong,
fnkish ; pedicels |-1 in. Sepals % in., usually softly pubescent ; in
tular, concave, scarious or subsucculent. Corolla \\ in., tubular-
thers soon twisting. Capsule \-\ in. diam., globose, normally
ma, Forsh. Fl. JEg.-Arab. 44 ; glabrous, leaves orbicular obtuse
■'2-lobed, peduncles 1-3-fld., sepals ovate obtuse, corolla large
•;<jffvillous. 1. maritima, Br. Prodr. 486; Blume Bijd. 720; Bot.
..ID. I. Pes-Caprae, Both Nov. Sp. 109 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 63, and in
!'r-dr. lit 349; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. FL 164; Meissn. in Mart. Brasil.
iiMsyn. Convolvulus Pes-Caprae, Linn. ; Boxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and
Fl. Ind. I 480, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 74 ; Wall. Cat. 1360. C. maritimus,
Lamk. Enc. iii. 550. C. bilobatus, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 14, ''and Fl. Ind. i. 485,
and ed. Care:/ \ Wall. ii. 73; Wall. Cat. 1359. Batatas maritima, Bojer Hort.
Maurit. 225. — Bumjph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 159, fig. i. Bheede Hort. Mai. xi.
t. 57.
Throughout India and Ceylon ; near the sea, abundant. — Distrib. Seashore of
both hemispheres throughout the tropics.
Extensively creeping and twining. Leaves 1-4 in., often broader than long,
fleshy, prominently nerved ; petiole 1-4 in. Peduncle 1-4 in. ; bracts i in., lanceolate,
IpomceaJ] ci. convolvulace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 213
caducous ; pedicels often more than 1 in. Sepals £-§ in. ; in fruit widened. Corolla
2 in., tubular-funnel-shaped, glabrous, margin scarcely lobed. Ovary 2-celled, not
imperfectly 4-celled. Capsule \ in., ovoid, glabrous.
49. I. carnosa, Br. JProdr. 485; glabrous or nearly so, leaves lobed or
oblong emarginate, peduncles 1-3-fld., sepals ovate obtuse, corolla largeish
ochroleucous, seeds villous. Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 419. I. acetosaefolia,
Roem. $ Sch. 8yd. iv. 246 ; Meissn. in Mart. Fl. Brasil. vii. 255, t. 94. I.
longifolia, Benth. PI. Hartw. 16 ; Bot. Reg. 1840, t. 21. I. littoralis, Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 112. Convolvulus littoralis, Linn. Sp. PI. 227. C. acetossefolius,
VaJd Eel. i. 18. C. arenarius, Vahl Symb. i. 18. C. carnosus, Spreng. Syst. i.
609. 0. stoloniferus, Cyr. PI. Bar. i. t. 5. Batatas littoralis and acetosaefolia,
Chois. Convolv. Or. 124, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 337, 338.
Malacca ; Griffith. — Distrib. Tropical seashores of both hemispheres.
Very near /. biloba. Leaves often deeply lobed, sometimes subentire emarginate,
but then much more elongate than those of I. biloba, oblong or linear, or often fiddle-
shaped ; nerves much more obscure. Ovary completely 2-celled, imperfectly 4-celled.
Capsule and seeds exactly as of /. biloba.
5Q, Z. vitifolia, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 372; hairy, leaves cordate
palmately 5-lobed, peduncles 1-7-fld., sepals ovate-acute hirsute, corolla middle-
sized sulphur-coloured, seeds glabrous. Blume Bijd. 709 ; Chois. Convolv. Or.
72, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 361 ;. Dak. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 165 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 219. I. angularis, Chois. Convolv. Or. 72. Convolvulus vitifolius, Linn.
Mant. 203; Burm. Fl. Lnd. 45, t. 18, fig. 1 ; Ro.rb. Ilort. Bong. 14, and Fl.
Ind. i. 476, and ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 61 ; Wall. Cat. 1348. C. angularis, Linn.
Mant. 203 ; Burm. Fl. Ind. 46, t. 19, fig. 2 ; Hassk. PI. Jav. Bar. 519. '
Throughout India (except the dry N.W.) ; from Sikkim, Assam, Chittagong and
Burma, southwards to Ceylon and Malacca. — Distrib. Malay Islds.
A large climber. Leaves 2-6 in. diam. ; lobes triangular, acute, often toothed or
acutely lobed; petiole -|-2 in. Peduncles 1-4 in. Sepals \ in., often § in. in fruit.
Corulla l£ in., campanulate. Capsule h in. diam., depressed globose, membranous,
2-celled, normally 4-seeded.
51. X. pilosa, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 372 ; hairy, leaves ovate-cordate acut§
often deeply 3-lobed white woolly beneath, cymes peduncled persistently brac-
teate, corolla small purple, seeds pubescent margins silky. Chois. Convolv. Or.
86, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 363; Wight 1c. t. 837; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.Fl. 166.
I. dichroa, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 364. Convolvulus pilosus, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. A. 473, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 55. C. albicans, Wall.
Cat. 1401. C. dichrous, Roem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 263.
W. Himalaya, alt. 1-3000 ft., Pdnjab and Scinde; frequent. Bengal; Wallich.
— Distrib. Tropical Africa.
Annual, twining, patently hirsute. Leaves 2-4 in., lobes acuminate, often nar-
rower below ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles 1-3 in. ; bracts \ in., linear-lanceolate ; pedicels
usually i-| in. Sepals £ in. and upwards, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla
f in., narrowly funnel-shaped, with scattered long hairs without. Capsule \-$ in.,
ovoid-globose, glabrous, 4-valved, normally 4-seeded.
ft Leaves divided, or very deeply lobed.
52. X. kentrocaulos, Clarke; glabrous, leaves deeply palmate segments
elliptic-lanceolate' acuminate entire, peduncles many-fid., sepals 1 in. elliptic-
oblong, corolla large, seeds ^ in. glabrous. I. tuberosa, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss, ii.
67 ; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 362, the old-world plant, not of Linn. C. panicu-
214 ci. CONVOLVULACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea.
latus, Wall. Cat. 1350, Heyne's Ipomcea tuberosa only. Convolvulus kentro-
caulos, S'teucl. in PI. Schimp. n. 800. C. formosus, Roxb. Ic. Ined,
N.W. India ; Boyle. Deccan Peninsula ; Bottler, Wight, &e. Ceylon. —
Distbib. Malaya, Tropical Africa.
Stem stout, twining, muricate or smooth. Leaves 3-5 in. diam. ; petiole 2-5 in.
Peduncles 2-6 in.; bracts deciduous ; pedicels J— 1 in. Sepals narrow; in fruit 1J by
^ in., subpatent, hardly imbricated. Corolla 2 in., tubular-campanulate. Capsule
|-^ in., globose. — In I. tuberosa, Linn., the fruiting-sepals are 1-1^ in. broad, con-
cave, much imbricate, seeds § in., furred ; see Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond.i. 184, t. 11.
•53. I. sinuata, Ortega Dec. 84; leaves palmate glabrous or nearly so t
leaflets narrowly lanceolate toothed or pinnatifid, peduncles 1-2-fid., sepals
nearly 1 in. elliptic-oblong glabrous, corolla middle-sized, seeds glabrous or
nearly so. Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 362. I. dissecta, Chois. I. c. 363, as to the
Indian material, not of Willd. Convolvulus dissectus, Linn. Mant. 204 ; Jaca.
Hort. Vindob. ii. 74, t. 159. C. Kleinii, Wall. Cat. 1377.
Introduced from tropical America ; N.W.India; Boyle. Hindostan ; Thomson.
Bengal ; Jenkins, Bottler, Wight, &c. — Native of tropical America, widely spread in
the Old World.
Stems twining, hirsute or glabrous. Leaves' 2-^ in. diam., sometimes hirsute on
the midrib. Corolla \\ in., campanulate, white, throat purple. Capsule ^-\ in.
diam., glabrous, 2-celled, normally 4-seeded. Seeds % in.
54. I. rhyncorhiza, Dalz. in Hook. Keiv Journ. iii. 170; leaves deeply
palmate sparsely hispidulous segments oblong lobed or pinnatifid, peduncles
1-2-fld., sepals ^ in. elliptic-lanceolate unequal glabrous, corolla middle-sized
yellow.. Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 167.
The Concan ; Syhadree Mts. (Bombay), Tulkut Ghat, Dalzell ; Concan, Stocks.
Boot tuberous; stems filiform, twining, glabrous. Leaves 3 in. diam.; lobes
obtuse or mucronate ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 2^4 in. ; bracts £ in., linear. Corolla
\\ in. by 2 in. diam. Fruit not known.
55. I. quinata, Br. Prodr. 486; leaves palmate, leaflets lanceolate
entire, peduncles 1-2-fld., sepals ^ in. elliptic glabrous or nearly so, corolla
rather large, seeds glabrous shining apex crested. Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix.
385 ; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 415. I. hirsuta, Br. Prodr. 486. I. pentadactylis,
Chois. I. c. Convolvulus tenuifolius, Vahl Symb. iii. 33. C. quinatus and
Brownii, Sp-eng. Syst. i. 590. C. pentadactylis, Wall. Cat. 1367. C. munitus,
Wall. Cat. 1354, as to Hamilton's Convolvulus tenirifoUus only.
Chota Nagpore; frequent, Clarke. — Distrib. Burma; S. China, N. Australia.
Stems prostrate, hardly twining, patently fulvous-hirsute or glabrous. I
3-4 in. diam., glabrous or with patent fulvous hairs; leaflets obtuse or subacute, not
acuminate ; petiole 1^- in., mostly hairy. Peduncles shorter than the petioles ; bracts
£ in., linear, persistent. Corolla l\ in. and upwards, white or purplish. Capsule \
in., ovoid, subacute, glabrous, 2-celled, 4-valved, normally 4-seeded. Seeds \ by \ in.
— Easily distinguished from all other Ipomceas by the crest of the seed.
56. I. palmata, Forsk. Fl. AUg-Arab. 43; glabrous, leaves digitate
nearly or quite to the base, lobes elliptic or lanceolate subentire, peduncles 3-1-
fld., sepals ovate obtuse, corolla large purplish, seeds villous margins woolly.
Chois. Convolv. Or. ix. 386; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 415; Boiss. Fl. Orient.!.
464. I. senegalensis, Lamk. III. i. 464. I. stipulacea, Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. ii.
39, t. 199. I. pendula, Br. Prodr. 486 ; Andr. But. Rep. t. 613 ; Bot. Reg. t.
632; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 387 (syn. I. Horsfallke excl.). I. pulchella,
Roth, Nov. Sp. 115 ; Wight Ic. t. 156 ; Choi*, in DC. Prodr. ix. 386. I. tuber-
culata, Uoem. fy Sch. Syst. iv. 208; Chois. Convolv. Or. 91, and in DC. Prodr
Ipomcea.'] ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 215
ix. 386. Convolvulus cairicus, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. t. 699. C. tuberculatus,
Lamk. Erie. iii. 545. C. bellus, Sprang. Syst. i. 590. C. digitatus, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 479, and ed. Carey § Wall. ii. 65. C. heptaphyllus,
Rottl. ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 66 ; Wall.
Cat. 1353. C. lupulifolius, Griff. Notul. iv. 284.
Deccan Peninsula with Ceylon ; Bottler, Wight, &c. Malacca ; Maingay. —
Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, and America.
Perennial, twining, in age often tubercled. Leaves 1-3 in. diam. ; petiole 1-2 in.
Peduncles often as long as the petioles, often 3-fld. ; bracts minute. Sepals \ in.
Corolla 1^ in., and upwards. Capsule nearly | in. ovoid, glabrous, 2-celled, 2-4-
valved, normally 4-seeded.
57. X. dasysperma, Jacq. Eel. i. 132, t. 89; glabrous, leaves pedate
lobes 5-7 unequal elliptic or lanceolate subentire, peduncles mostly 1-fld., sepals
ovate obtuse, corolla large yellow with a purplish eye, seeds villous margins
woolly. Chois. Convolv. Or. 90, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 386; Hassk. Retzia, i.
70. I. tuberculata, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 86, not of Roem. 8r Sch. ? Convolvulus
dasyspermus, Spreng. Syst. i. 591. C. pedatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl.
Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall.\i. 63. Wall. Cat. 1352 (specimen not in Herb. Wall.).
Simla, Lady Dalhousie. Kohilcund ; Edgeworth. Deccan Peninsula ; Bottler,
Probably a cultivated form of /. palmata. Roxburgh only knew it in cultivation.
Pedate leaves occur, and 1-fld. peduncles are not rare in I. palmata. The only re-
maining differential character is the colour of the corolla ; but this is by no means a
pure yellow in /. dasysperma ; the tube is purplish and there are often purplish
streaks on the limb.
imperfectly known and excluded species.
1. I. ? bipedunculata, Clarke; large glabrous twiner, leaves ovate cordate acute,'
peduncles 2 in. paired in each axil, cymes dichotomous many-fld. — N.W. Himalaya ;
Sirmore, alt. 3-5000 ft., Edgeworth. Leaves 4 in., entire ; petiole 2\ in. Peduncles
in pairs from each of the 4 axils on the branch, subquadrangular ; cymes 6-1 0-fld.
bracts 0 in young fruit ; pedicels |— f in. Sepals \ in., broad-elliptic, shortly acute,
striated, glabrous. Corolla not seen. Fruit (imperfectly ripe), much exceeding the
sepals, ovoid, glabrous, possibly indehiscent. Seeds 4, glabrous. — The example is
imperfect, but can be matched with no other Indian plant.
2 I. compressa, Gussone; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix."388; wholly villous-hairy,
stem twining compressed, leaves ovate-cordate entire, peduncles 1-fld. shorter than
the leaves. — Raised from Indian seeds, in Hort. Boccon. 1825.
3. I. cuspidata, Bon. Prodr. 98 ; Chois. in DC Prodr. ix. 388 ; leaves cordate
cuspidate entire pubescent with rounded lobes, peduncles axillary solitary longer than
the leaves many-fld., sepals linear acute hairy, style exceedingly short. Nkpal;
Hamilton. Flores rose, a little larger than in I. coccinea. No Nepal plant with a
very short style and linear sepals will answer to this.
4. I. multiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey % Wall. ii. 89, and Ic. hied, in Herb.
Kew ; stems woody twining, leaves broad-cordate downy, peduncles as long as the
leaves umbelliferous. Common, native in hedges and forests, Roxburgh. Stem woody,
twining up and over trees. Leaves 3-4 in. diam., short acuminated ; petiole 2-3 in.
Peduncles 7-8 in. (in Roxburgh's picture) ; cyme close, compound ; bracts 0 ; pedicels
£ in. Corolla 2£ in., pale rose. Fruit not described nor depicted.— Roxburgh's
picture might do for Argyreia Hookeri ; but it is not probable that Roxburgh ever
obtained that species, and it is hardly possible he would say it was 4< common in
hedges." It is not Wallich's C. Boxburghii (Cat. n. 1415), which is the type of
Argyreia Boxburghii, Chois.
216 ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ipomcea.
5. I. ovalifolia, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 357 ; said to be a native of India. There
is no example thence; it is not = /. microphylla, Eoth Nov. sp. 112, as Choisy
supposed.
6. I. sid^folia, Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 372; is native in America, not in India.
It is Convolvulus zeylanicus, Moon; Wall. Cat. 1379.
7. I. tbiantha, Boem. <$[ Sch. is perhaps /. sepiaria, Koen. (which see).
6. LEPISTE1MON, Blume.
Character of Ipomcea subgenus Euipomcea, but filaments dilated at the base
into 5 concave scales which arch over the ovary. — Species 4 (1 African, 3
Asiatic).
1.1m. Wallichii, Chois. Convolv. Or. 61, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 348;
hairy, leaves ovate-cordate acute entire or 3-lobed, cymes dense many-fid. short-
peduncled, sepals elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, corolla § in. tubular narrower in
the middle. L. flavescens, Wight Ic. t. 1362, not in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist.
t. 5, fig. 6, nor of Blume. Convolvulus cephalanthus, Wall. Cat. 1402. C.
binectariferus, Wall, in Roxb Fl. Ind. ed. Caret/ ty Wall. ii. 47. Vallaris con-
troversa, Spreng. Syst. curce post. 65. Ipomaea Wallichii, Steud. Nomencl.
Bot. Nemodon sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 286.
Assam, Khasia Mts., Silhbt, and Cachar ; ascending to 3000 ft. ; Wallich,
H.f. $ T., &c. Mergui; Griffith.
Stems stout, scandent, fulvous- villous. Leaves 3-5 in., fulvous-hirsute on both
surfaces; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles 0-£ in.; cymes 10-30-fld. ; bracts | in., linear-
lanceolate, deciduous ; pedicels many attaining £ in. Sepals | in., patently fulvous-
hirsute, acuminate. Corolla slightly dilated, glassy at base ; tube hairy without ;
mouth shortly widely funnel-shaped, yellowish, white, or dull grey. Filaments short,
glabrous above ; basal process papillose ; anthers not twisted. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled; style very short, and stamens in the lower part of the corolla-tube, stigmas
2 subglobose. Capsule \ in., ovoid, glabrous, 4-valved, 2-celled, normally 4-seeded.
Seeds glabrous. — L. flavescens, Blume, a Javau species, has the sepals ovate subacute
(not acuminate), the corolla rather shorter and wider at the base than in L. Wallichii.
A Lepistemon from Borneo and the Philippines has the cymes almost capitate,
densely grey strigose ; but these 3 Asiatic species might perhaps be considered vars.
of one.
7. HEWITTI A, W. # A.
A pubescent, twining herb. Leaves cordate, entire angular or lbbed.
Peduncles axillary ; flowers few subcapitate or solitary ; bracts linear-lanceolate.
Sepals acute, outer larger, enlarged in fruit. Corolla campanulate, yellowish
with a purple eye ; limb 5-plaited. Stamens included ; filaments linear, bases
dilated. Ovary hirsute, 1- (or imperfectly 2-), celled, 4-ovuled ; style filiform,
stigmatic lobes 2 ovate-oblong. Capsule globose, 4-valved, 1-celled, normally
4-seeded. Seeds glabrous.
1. H. bicolor, Wight Ic. t. 835 (by misprint Helvetia), and III. t. 168,
bis fig. 6 (Hewetia). Convolvulus bicolor, Vahl Symb. iii. 25 ; Bot. Mag. t.
2205 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 475, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 57;
Wall. Cat. 1410. C. bracteatus, Vahl Symb. iii. 25. C. involucratus, Ker in
Bot. Reg. t. 318, not of Spreng. Ipomaea bicolor, Siveet Hort. Brit. ed. 2,
372. I. timorensis, Blume Bijd. 711. I. bracteata, Blume Bijd. 711, not of
WUld. nor of Wight. I. Weinmanni, Roem. <^ Sch. Syst. iv. 243. Calystegia
Keriana, Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 370. Palmia bicolor, Endl. ; Bah. $• Gibs.
Calystegia.] ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 217
Bomb. Fl. 163. Shuteria bicolor, Chois. Convolv. Or. 104, and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 435 ; Fl. des Serves, t. 421. Ariseia Afzelii, G. Don. Gen. Syst. iv. 295. A.
bracteata, Hassk. PI. Jav. Par. 516.
S.E. India from Assam and Bombay to the Carnatic and Malacca ; frequent. —
Disteib. Malaya, Tropical Africa.
Perennial, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Stems twining. Leaves 2-4 in., some
angular or lobed ; petiole \ in. Peduncles \-b in., 1- or oftener few-fld. ; bracts \-%
in., narrowly lanceolate, a little below the calyx. Sepals £-J in., orate, inner lanceo-
late, pubescent ; in fruit enlarged, subscariose, reticulate. Corolla 1 in., somewhat
widely campanulate, or shortly 5-lobed, hairy without. Capsule % in., subglobose,
hairy.
8. CALYSTEGIA, P.Br.
Prostrate or twining herbs, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves entire or lobed.
Peduncles 1-fld. ; bracts 2, large, enclosing the calyx, persistent. Sepals ovate
or oblong, inner rather smaller. Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate ; limb
5-plaited, subentire. Stamens included. Ovary 1- (or imperfectly 2-)-celled,
4-ovuled ; style filiform, stigmatic lobes 2, shortly oblong. Capsule globose,
1-celled, normally 4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. — Species 7-8, in the warm and
temperate regions of both hemispheres.
1. C. hederacea, Wall. Cat. 1328, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f
Wall. ii. 94; leaves cordate or sagittate entire or lobed, corolla 1 in. subcam-
panulate pink-purple. Chois. Convolv. Or. 103, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 434. C.
acetosaefolia, Turcz. Fl. Baic.-Dahur. 2, ii. 289, in note. Convolvulus Walli-
chianus, Spreng. Syst. cures post. 61. 0. acetossefolius, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc.
1840, 73.
North India from the Punjab and Nepal to Penang, exclusive of the Deccan and
Ceylon ; abundant in the plains of Bengal. — Distrib. China, Amurland, Cabul.
Prostrate as a weed of cultivation and climbing 6 ft. in bushes. Leaves 1-3 in.,
very irregular in form ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 2 in. ; bracts \ in. ovate. Sepals %
in., oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Capsule ^ in., ovoid, subacute, glabrous.
9. CONVOLVULUS, Linn.
Herbs or undershrubs, erect prostrate or twining, sometimes spinous.
Leaves entire, toothed or lobed. Peduncles axillary, 1- many-fld. ; bracts narrow,
rarely wide prominent. Sepals subequal, or the outer wider. Corolla cam-
panulate, limb 5-plaited, nearly entire. Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigmas 2, distinct, oblong or linear. Capsule globose,
2-celled, 4-valved, or breaking irregularly, normally 4-seeded. Seeds glabrous,
usually smooth. — Species 150, tropical and temperate.
* Erect or diffuse, not twining (except sometimes C. glomeratus), stigmas
Jiliform, nearly as long as, or longer than the style.
1. C. scindicus, Stocks in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 173, not of Boiss. Diagn. ;
a tomentose, small, rigid, branched undershrub, leaves small spathulate or ellip-
tic plicate, flowers capitate bracteate, sepals lanceolate densely rufous-hirsute,
ovary glabrous. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 90. C. brachyphyllus, Boiss. Diagn. 2,
iii. 122.
Scinde ; on rocks, Stocks.
Height 1-2-ft. ; branches fulvous-tomentose, tips in age subspinescent. Leaves
4-4 in., subentire, very thick, nerves impressed ; petiole 0-£ in. Heads mostly sessile
218 ci. cONVOLVULACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Convolvulus.
on shortened branches; outer bracts ^ in., elliptic or ovate, not plicate, densely rusty -
tomentose. Sepals £ in. Corolla ^-f in., widely funnel-shaped, hairy on the folds
without. Fruit not seen.
2. C. Aitchisoni, Clarke; patently fulvous-hirsute, leaves fascicled
linear lower oblong, flowers capitate bracteate, sepals linear-lanceolate very
hirsute. 0. lanuginosus, Aitch. Cat. Punjab. PL 98 ; ? of Lamk.
Punjab ; Jhelum and Salt Eange, Aitchison. — Distrib. Affghanistan.
Bootstock woody, forming tufts ; annual flowering stems ^-4 in. Radical leaves
1^ in., linear, or in small examples -| in. oblong, densely patently hirsute on both
sides. Bracts § in., narrowly lanceolate. Sepals \ in. Corolla 1 in., wide-funnel-
shaped, hairy on the plaits without. Ovary glabrous. Fruit not seen. — This cannot
be C. lanuginosus, Lamk. (Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 401), unless C. Calverti, Boiss.
(Fl. Orient, iv. 94), and several other intermediate species be united with it ; it is not
silky, but abundantly hirsute with hairs £ in. long. It is undoubtedly closely allied
to C. lanuginosus, Lamk. See Cav. Ic. ii. t. 189.
3. C. microphallus, Sieb.; Vis. PL A£g.-Nub. 12; fulvous-villous.
leaves linear-oblong or upper elliptic, flowers axillary or on short lateral
branches sessile 1-4 together, sepals \ in. lanceolate densely hirsute, corolla
scarcely \ in. hairy without. Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 402 (syn. C. deserti
excl.); Wight Ic. t. 1367; Dalz. Sc Gibs. Bomb. FL 164: Boiss. FL Orient.
iv. 103.
Scinde ; Stocks. Goojerat ; Dalzell. — Distrib. Beloochistan to Egypt and
Nubia.
Bootstock woody ; stems 6-24 in., little divided, patently villous, often floriferous
from near the base. Leaves |-1 in., silky and villous in Sieber's example, subsessile.
Bracts lanceolate, rufous-hirsute, shorter than the sepals. Corolla wide-funnel-shaped,
rose-yellow. Capsule scarcely \ in., ovoid. Seeds glabrous.
Var. Boissieri ; stems and leaves adpressedly rusty-silky, flowers mostly solitary
axillary. C. scindicus, Boiss. Diagn. 2, iii. 123, not of Stocks. — Scinde; Stocks,
Dalzell.
4. C. pluricaulis, Chois. Vonvolv. Or. 95, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 403
(the Plains plant) ; thinly fulvous-hairy, leaves small linear, flowers 1-3 to-
gether axillary pedicelled, sepals | in. narrowly linear-lanceolate sparsely hairy,
corolla \- ^ in. hairy without. E volvulus ferrugineus, Wall. Cat. 1316, the
Behar example only. ? Ipomsea rnicrophylla, Roth Nov. Sp. 112.
Plains of Hindostan and Behar; Wallich, H.f. 8f T., &c, frequent.
Bootstock woody ; stems 3-6 in., slender, wiry, very thinly hairy. Leaves £ by £
in., subsessile ; radical more spathulate, subpetioled. Pedicels 0-£ in. ; bracts
linear, small. Sepals with a linear elongation, so thinly hairy as to appear glabrous
to the naked eye. Corolla wide-funnel-shaped, pale rose. Ovary glabrous.
Var. macra ; larger, more densely hairy, leaves oblong, sepals ^ in. elliptic-
lanceolate rufous-hirsute, corolla |-f in., seeds puberulous. Evolvulus pilosus, Boxb.
Fl. Lid. ii. 106. E. ferrugineus, 'Wall. Cat. 1316.— Punjab, common ; from 3000 ft.
alt. in Kashmir to Delhi ; Wallich, Boyle, Edgeworth, &c. — Easily separable from C.
pluricaulis, but except in the larger corolla not distinguishable from C. microphyllus.
5. C. rhyniospermus, Hochst; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 405; leaves
subsessile oblong' sparsely hairy, -flowers clustered axillary, sepals lanceolate
subobtuse hirsute, corolla § in." tubular, mouth narrow funnel-shaped. Wight
Ic. t. 1308.
Scinbe; Stocks, Dalzell. — Distrib. Cordofan.
Annual; stems 3-10 in., little divided, often flowering nearly their whole length.
Leaves ^—1 in. Flowers rarely solitary, peduncle 0-| in. ; bracts ^-^ in., and sepals
j in., not acuminate. Corolla hairy without. Ovary glabrous. Capsule
Convolvulus.'] ci. convolvulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 219
Seeds minutely papillose. — There is hardly any difference between the seeds of C.
pluricaulis, rhyniospermus, and conglomerates ; the papillae on the seeds of C. rhynio-
spermus are thicker, or somewhat scale-like.
6. C. g-lomeratus, CJiois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 401 ; leaves subsessile oblong
sparsely hair}^ heads peduncled bracteate, sepals lanceolate hirsute, corolla £
in. tubular mouth, narrow funnel-shaped. Wight Ic. t. 1366 ; Boiss. Fl. Orients
iv. 102.
The Punjab, Vicary ; Scinde, Stocks, &c. — Distrib. Cabul, Beloochistan to W.
Tropical Africa.
Rootstock biennial or perennial ; stems 2-3 ft., diffuse, branched, sparsely hairy.
Leaves %-\^ in. Peduncles j-3 in. ; bracts ^-1 in., leaflike ; or the heads sessile on
short axillary branches. Sepals tj in., lanceolate, acute. Seeds puberulous. — Closely
allied to C. rhyniospermus, but the flowers more numerous (often 6-10) in the head,
the habit much more diffuse, running into the following variety.
Var. volubilis ; stems distinctly twining, leaves and heads larger, petiole ^ in. —
Punjab; Vicary. Scinde; Dalzell.
7. C. Rottlerianus, Chois. Convolv. Or. 95, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
403 ; silky- villous, leaves sessile linear, peduncles 1-3-fld., sepals ovate suddenly
acuminate silky-villous, corolla scarcely \ in. subcampanulate. Wight in
Madras Journ. v. 7, t. 13 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 164. Retzia pilosa, Heyne ;
Wall. Cat. 6669 (not Evolvulus pilosus, Roxb.)
W. Deccan Peninsula, from Bombay to Madura ; Rottler, &c. — Distrib. Aff-
ghanistan.
An erect, branched perennial. Leaves 1-2 in. Peduncles many, 1^ in. ; bracts \
in., linear-lanceolate ; pedicel (above the bracts) 0-| in. Sepals \ in. Capsule \ in.
ovoid, glabrous. Seeds puberulous.
Var. tenella, Stocks in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 172; sparingly silky not villous,
stems strict more slender. — Scinde ; Stocks.
** Stems twining (see also C. glomeratus) ; stigmas narrowly oblong or
linear, shorter than the style.
8. C. arvensis, Linn. ; Fngl. Bot. t, 312 ; glabrous or somewhat
pubescent, leaves ovate-cordate, auriculate or hastate, peduncles 1-3-fld., bracts
small, sepals elliptic obtuse glabrous or nearly so, corolla middle-sized purplish.
Boxb. Sort. Beng. 14; Chois. Convolv. Or. 97, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 406;
Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 163 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 108. O. Malcolmii, Roxb.
Sort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. i. 474, and ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 55. C. divari-
catus, Wall. Cat. 1422. C. chinensis, Ker in Bot. Meg. t. 322.
Western India, from Kashmir to the Deccan ; a weed of cultivation. — Distrib.
Nearly all temperate and subtropical regions.
Leaves 1-3 in., lower often lobed ; petiole £-f in. Peduncles 1-2 in. ; bracts £ in.,
linear ; pedicels ^-1 in. Sepals \ in., with or without a mucro. Corolla wide-funnel-
shaped, glabrous. Capsule ^-^ in., glabrous.
9. C. flavus, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 852 ; innovations rusty-pubescent, leaves
hastately ovate-oblong angular toothed or lobed, peduncles 1-3-fld., bracts
small, sepals elliptic-lanceolate pubescent, corolla small yellowish. Chois. in
DC. Prodr. ix. 415. O. rufescens, Chois. Convolv. Or. 97, and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 408 ; Wight Ic. t. 1365. Evolvulus hederaceus, Burm. Fl. Ind. 77, t. 30,
fig. 2.—Rheede Hort. Mai. viii. t. 27.
Hills of S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 3-6000 ft., frequent ; Wight, &c. <
Leaves 1-3 in., in age nearly glabrous; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 1 in., notrarely
paired in the same axil, pubescent ;. bracts scarcely I in. Sepals {-% in. ; wider in
220 ci. convolvulace^!. (C. B. Clarke.) [Convolvulus.
fruit. Corolla \ in., hairy at the tip in the bud. Ovary and filaments glabrous.
Capsule 3- in., ovoid, 2-celled, irregularly breaking up. Seeds glabrous.
10. C. parviflorus, Vahl Symh. iii. 29; pubescent or nearly glabrous,
leaves ovate-cordate acute entire, cymes small dense many-fld. peduncled,
corolla ^ in. tubular narrow-mouthed pink or white. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey
8f Wall ii. 51; Chois, Convolv. Or. 98, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 413; Bah. $■
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 163; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 430. 0. asclepiadeus, Wall. Cat.
1396. Ipomaea paniculata, Burm. Fl. Ind. 50, t. 21, fig. 3. I. parviflora,
Pers. Syn. i. 183, not of Vahl.
Assam ; Jenkins. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; frequent. — Distkib. S.E.
Asia, Malaya, Australia, Tropical Africa.
Stems slender. Leaves lj-3 in., shallowly cordate; petiole £-1 in. Peduncles
mostly longer than the p'etioles; cymes subcapitate; bracts inconspicuous. Sepals \
in., ovate -caudate, pubescent. Corolla-lobes short, acute. Stigmas short, linear.
Capsule \ in., globose, glabrous. Seeds glabrous. — Much resembling Jacquemontia
coerulea (cultivated often in India), which has a wider mouthed bright-blue corolla
and shorter elliptic- oblong stigmas.
11. C. microcalyx, Clarke-, leaves ovate-cordate acute stellately fulvous-
tomentose beneath, cymes compound subsessile, sepals £ in. elliptic obtuse,
corolla £ in.
Cultivated (in the Calcutta gardens?) from Assam?
Stems slender, elongate, villous, twining. Leaves 1-1 £ in., shallowly cordate,
pubescent above ; petiole i in. Peduncles very short, or 0, i.e., peduncles several
from each axil, fulvous-tomentose ; bracts inconspicuous. Sepals subscarious, nearly
glabrous. Corolla of C. parviflorus, glabrous. Ovary glabrous ; style long, stigmas
filiform slightly clavate. Fruit not seen. — The examples are noted as cultivated ;
but, if the plant was not brought in from the Assam jungles, it is not known whence
it came.
C. glandulosus, Wall. Cat. 2252, and C. Tarita, Wall. Cat. 2253, are absent from
Wallich's Herbarium.
10. E VOLVULUS, Linn.
Small, hairy herbs, or undershrubs. Leaves small, entire. Floivers small,
1-3 together, peduncled. Sepals subequal, unaltered in fruit. Corolla funnel-
shaped ; limb 5-plaited, subentire. Stamens included or exserted, filaments
filiform. Ovary 2-1-celled, 4-ovuled ; styles 2, separate from the base, each
cleft into 2 linear or subclavate stigmas. Capsule globose, 4-2-valved, nor-
mally 4-seeded. Seeds glabrous ; cotyledons doubly folded radicle incumbent.
— Species 70, in all hotter climates, more numerous in America.
1. X«. alsinoides, Linn ; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 437, with all syn.
except E. pilosus, Roxb. ; sparsely or densely silky-hairy white fulvous or
almost rufous, leaves linear oblong or wide-elliptic, sepals ^-£ in. lanceolate
hairy, corolla \-^ in. blue or white. Burm. fl. Zeyl. 9, t. 6, fig. 1 ; Wall. Cat.
1317; Roxb. Cat. PI. (1813), and Fl. Ind. ii. 105; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix.
447 ; Wight III. t. 168 bis, fig. 10 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 113. E. linifolius,
Linn. ; Chois. I. c. 449. E. angustifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Catey 8f Wall. ii.
107. E. hirsutus, Lamk. Enc. iii. 538, and III. t, 216, fig. 2 ; Chois. I. c. 447
(syn. RoxT. excl.); Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 162. E. sericeus, Wall. Cat.
1315. Convolvulus valerianoides, Blanco. Fl. Filip. 90. — Rheede Hort. Mai.
xi. t. 64.
Porana.] ci. convolvulacej}. (C. B. Clarke.) 221
Throughout India and Ceylon, very common ; rare in very damp regions.
Distrib. The tropical and subtropical area of the globe.
Perennial; annual branches numerous, wiry, often prostrate. Leaves £-1 in.,
rarely l£ by | in., very variable ; petiole 0-£ in. Peduncles £-l£ in. ; bracts small,
linear, hairy, persistent ; pedicels 0-£ in. Capsule £-£ in., globose, 4-valved. — The
commonest Indian form is the type with leaves %-£ in., oblong or elliptic, moderately
silky with white or fulvous hairs. E. linifolius (E. angustif otitis, Roxb.), has linear
leaves often 1 in. long. E. hirsutus, has thick leaves and is more or less densely
hirsute with fulvous or rufescent hairs.
11. PORANA, JSurm.
Large climbers. Leaves petioled, ovate, entire. Cymes often in large
panicles ; flowers purple steel-blue or white ; bracts persistent. Sepals in
flower small, narrow ; in fruit all or 3 much enlarged' scarious, nerved. Corolla
campanulate or funnel-shaped, wide- or narrow-mouthed ; limb 5-plaited, sub-
entire or lobed. Stamens subincluded, filaments filiform or shortly linear.
Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; style long or short, entire with a simple or 2-lobed
stigma, or 2-fid with capitate stigmas. Capsule globose oblong or obconic,
membranous, indehiscent or 2-valved, 1-seeded. Seed glabrous; cotyledons
plaited. — Species 9, from India to N. Australia.
* Flowers large, about an inch long.
1. P. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 1324, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey §
Wall. ii. 41 ; shoots minutely pubescent, leaves ovate deeply cordate acuminate,
racemes minutely bracted, sepals all much enlarged in fruit, 3 more than the
others 1£ by nearly ^ in. obtuse. Chois. Convolv. Or. 108, and in DC. Prodr.
ix. 436 ; Kurz in Trimen Journ. Pot. 1873, 138.
Temperate Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 5-8000 ft. ; Wallich, Griffith, J. D. H., &c.
An extensive, rather slender, glabrous or pubescent climber. Leaves 5 by 2| in.,
young villous beneath, old glabrous or puberulous on both surfaces; petiole 3 in.
Peduncles 3-4 in.; racemes 2-3 in., 4-12-fld. ; bracts \ in., linear; pedicels \ in.
Sepals £ in., linear-oblong, puberulous. Corolla mauve; tube £-1 in., linear; limb
funnel-shaped, subentire, If in. diam., glabrous. Stamens and pistil \-± in., included
in the small swollen base of the corolla-tube. Style linear, stigma subglobose. Cap-
sule £ in., subglobose, rather longer than broad; 3 larger fruiting sepals subpal
mately 7-9-nerved ; 2 smaller, 1 by £ in.
2. P. stenoloba, Kurz in Trimen Journ. Pot. 1873, 136; nearh
glabrous, leaves ovate slightly cordate caudate-acuminate, racemes long-bracted.
sepals all much enlarged in fruit, 3 more than the others 1 by £ in.
Temperate Sikkim, alt. 5-6000 ft. ; on rocks by the Darjeeling road, not un-
frequent, Kurz.
Nearly allied to P. grandiflora. Leaves very shallowly cordate, caudate, glabrous
or minutely hairy above. Bracts 1-1 £ in., ovate- lanceolate, or lanceolate caudate,
often petioled; bracteoles 2, minute. Corolla (dry) nearly as of P. grandiflora, but
"steel-blue," Kurz # King. Capsule not ripe ; 3 larger sepals in fruit membranous
5-nerved; 2 smaller similar, but § less.— This differs from P. grandiflora in th«
shallowly cordate leaves, the remarkable bracts, the colour of the flowers and tin
exceedingly narrow, fruit-sepals ; but in Gen. PI. ii.. 876 it is considered con
specific.
3. P. spectabilis, Kurz in Trimen Journ. Pot. 1873, 136, and For. Ft
ii. 221 ; fulvous-tomentose, leaves subcordate ovate-oblong, racemes sub-
ebracteate, 3 sepals greatly enlarged in fruit 1£ by £ in. 2 altogether suppressed
P. speciosa, Penth. in Gen. PI. ii. 876.
222 ci. CONVOLvulacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Porana.
British Burma ; Martaban, in tropical forests not unfrequent, Kurz.
Branches fulvous-tomentose. Leaves 4 by If in., base rounded or scarcely cordate,
acute or subobtuse not acuminate, puberulous, woolly beneath ; petiole f in. Racemes
terminal, subsessile (lowest bract altogether leaflike) ; pedicels £ in. Sepals in flower
i in., linear-oblong, fulvous-tomentose. Corolla white, hairy without; tube § in.,
narrowly campanulate; mouth funnel-shaped, subentire, 1£ in. diam. Style as long as
•corolla-tube, stigma subcapitate. Capsule A in. diam. subglobose ; fruiting-sepals
oblong, subobtuse, scarious, puberulous, subpalmately 7-9- nerved.
** Floivers small, \-% in. long.
4. P. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. 31, t. 235, im&Fl. Ind. i. 466, and
ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 39; densely subtomentose, leaves ovate-cordate acute,
cymes subebracteate panicled, 3 sepals greatly enlarged in fruit, the others
nearly unchanged. Don Prodr. 99 ; Wall. Cat. 1325 ; Chois. Convolv. Or.
107, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 436; Brand. For. Fl. 342 ; Kurz in Trimen Journ.
Bot. 1873, 137, and For. FL ii. 220. Dinetus paniculatus, Sweet Hort. Brit.
ed. 2, 373.
Throughout India, in jungles alt. 0-3000 ft. from the W. Himalaya and Assam
to Ceylon and Tenasserim ; less common in the S. Deccan. — Distrib. Ava, Java.
A powerful climber, often 30 ft. high. Leaves 5 by 3 in., pubescent above ;
petiole 1£ in. Panicles terminating every branchlet with innumerable flowers.
Sepals in flower ^ in., linear-oblong. Corolla \-± in., campanulate, glabrous, white ;
limb very shortly lobed. Filaments short. Style very short, stigma obscurely 2-lobed.
Capsule \ in. diam., globose, hairy; 3 enlarged sepals f by £ in. obtuse, pubescent,
with one longitudinal and several inarched lateral nerves; 2 others £ in., linear. — A
monstrous form, collected in Sikkim by Sir J. D. H., has fascicled numerous branchlets
with very small leaves.
o. P. volubilis. Burm. Fl. Ind. 51, t. 21, fig. 1 ; glabrous except the
shoots, leaves ovate subcordate shortly acuminate, cymes subebracteate panicled,
sepals in fruit all equal £ in. subspathulate. Lamk. III. t. 186 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i. 465, and ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 40 ; Blume Bijd. 723 ; Wall. Cat. 1327 ; Don
Prodr. 99 ; Wight III. 168 bis, fig. 8, and Ic. t. 347 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 106,
and in DC. Prodr. ix. 436; Kurz in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1873, 137, and For.
Fl. ii. 220.
Malay Peninsula from Pegu to Malacca. — Distrib. Burma, Siam, Malaya.
A very large climber; branches glabrous, warted. Leaves 2£ by 1^ in., base
rounded or cordate ; petiole | in. Panicles very large, minutely fulvous-pubescent ;
pedicels 0-j in. Sepals in flower § in., oblong. Corolla | in., white ; limb distinctly
lobed. Style bipartite ; stigmas small, capitate. Capsule £ in., globose ; fruit-sepals
with 5-7 longitudinal, not very prominent nerves. — Kurz says this extends to Khasia,
and Roxburgh, that it grows in various parts of India ; but the only examples seen
are Malayan or cultivated.
6. P. racemosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 466, and ed.
Carey fy Wall. ii. 41 ; puberulous or nearly glabrous, leaves ovate deeply
cordate acute, racemes compound dichotomous, bracts at the forks large cordate
persistent, capsule \ in. ellipsoid longer than broad, fruiting-sepals equal £-£ by
£ in. Jacq. f. Eel. ii. t. 165; Wall. Cat. 1326; Don Prodr. 98.; Wight III. t.
168 bis, fig. 9, and Ic. t. 1376 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 107, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
436 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 162 ? ; Kurz in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1873* 137.
Dinetus racemosus, Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 127.
Subtropical Himalaya alt. 2-6000 ft., common; from the North-west [Royle) to
Bhotan. Khasia to Martaban ; alt. 2-6000 ft., common. Deccan Peninsula ?
Forming dense, not lofty, masses. Leaves 2-3 by \\ in. ; petiole f in. Racemes
lax ; bracts at the forks leafy, sessile, scarious in fruit ; those at the pedicels \ in.,
Porana.] ci. convolvulacejj. (C. B. Clarke.) 223
linear. Sepals in flower i in., linear-oblong, puberulous. Corolla $-4 in., lobed
nearly half-way, white. Style linear; stigmas 2, short, oblong. Capsule apiculate,
glabrous ; fruiting sepals oblong-spathulate, with 3-5 strong longitudinal nerves. —
The "Snow-creeper" of the English, one of the most beautiful of Indian plants, the
masses of dazzling white flowers resembling snow-patches in the jungle. It is
doubtful whether this plant is found wild in the Deccan ; Wight's figure represents
it, but the fruit in his herbarium was sent him from N. India. There is no example
from the Deccan, all Dalzell's belong to the next species.
7. P. malabarica, Clarke ; nearly glabrous, leaves ovate deeply cordate
acute, racemes compound dichotomous, bracts at the forks large cordate per-
sistent, capsule { in. obovoid, fruit-sepals equal attaining 1 by £ in. elliptic. P.
racemosa, Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 162. — Porana n. 3, Her b. Ind. Or. H. F.
# T.
West Deccan Peninsula ; Bombay, Balzell ; Malabar and Concan, Stocks, Law ;
Canara and Mysore, Law, &c. t
Closely allied to P. racemosa. Fruiting -sepals sometimes only £ by £ in., but
always differing widely from the much smaller narrow one of P. racemosa.
8. P. t run cat a. Kurz in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1873, 136 ; nearly glabrous,
leaves ovate deeply cordate acute, racemes compound dichotomous, bracts at
the forks large cordate persistent, capsule \ in. obconoid truncate, fruiting
sepals equal § by £ in.
Khasia Mts., Numklow and Mairung, alt. 4-5000 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n.
5876), &c.
Resembles P. racemosa, but is stouter and is intermediate between that' species
and T. malabarica. Kurz attempted to distinguish this by the " depressed-concave "
summit of the capsule ; but the fact is that the fresh capsule usually has a greatly
depressed-conical apiculate summit, which in dried specimens often becomes concave.
Possibly P. racemosa, P. malabarica, and P. truncata, are varieties of one; but the
characters of the capsule and fruit-sepals seem' well-marked, and the material is
sufficient.
12. BREWERIA, 11. Br.
Herbs or undershrubs, large and twining, or small and erect. Leaves un-
divided. Flowers in axillary peduncled heads or terminal close panicles, or 1-3
together, sessile and axillary ; bracts small. Sepals equal or unequal, in fruit
scarcely altered (in non-Indian species much enlarged). Corolla campanulate or
funnel-shaped, limb 5-plaited. Stamens included ; filaments filiform, bases often
dilated. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; styles 2, nearly distinct from the base or
united half their length, stigmas capitate. Capsule globose or ovoid, normally
4-seeded. — Species 23, in the tropics of both hemispheres, Australia and N.
America.
* Twiners ; flowers medium-large yellowish in peduncled cymes ; styles united
about half their length.
1. 8. cordata, Blume Bijd. 722; rusty-villous, leaves ovate-cordate
acute. C/tois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 438. B. Roxburghii, Chois. Convolv. Or. Ill,
and in DC. Prodr. ix. 438 ; Wight Ic. t. 1370 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 162.
Convolvulus semidigynus, Roxb. Hart. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 468, and ed.
Carey $ Wall. ii. 47 ; Wall. Cat. 1405.
West Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan Ghauts southwards ; East Bengal,
and the Malay Peninsula, from Silhet to Malacca, frequent. Ceylon, frequent.
Distrib. Malaya.
224 ci. CONVOLVULace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Breweria.
A powerful twiner; branches villous. Leaves 4 by 2£ in., those on the flowering
branchlets ovate-cordate ; petiole 1^ in. Peduncles about as long as the petioles,
2-5-fld. ; bracts £ in., oblong; cymes subcapitate, rusty- villous. Sepals ±-± in.'
ovate-oblong, subacute, subequal. Corolla H in., wide-funnel-shaped, hairy without •
limb subentire. Style § in., united for § in. Capsule ^ in., subglobose, glabrous^
splitting into numerous vertical segments ; sepals in fruit somewhat enlarged, ovate,
hardly so long as the capsule. Seeds about as broad as long, nearly glabrous.
2. B. eleg-ans, Chois. Convolv. Or. 112, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 439;
fulvous-villous, leaves elliptic those of the flowering branches oblong or sub-
linear none cordate. Convolvulus elegans, Wall. Cat. 1392.
British Burma ; Prome, Wallich.
Very near B. cordata, differing chiefly in the leaves. Leaves of the flowering
shoots (for 18 in. near their tops) 1^- by ^ in., narrow-oblong, mucronate; lower
leaves 3 by \\ in., obtuse, almost rounded at both ends. Pedicels \-± in., rather
longer than in B. Roxburghii. Corolla as of B. Boxburghii but the tube appears
more cylindric, less funnel-shaped. Capsule not seen. — Material rather scanty for the
support of so critical a species.
** Small, erect\ leaves small; flowers small, axillary , 1-3 together white or
pinkish ; styles distinct very nearly to the base.
3. B. evolvuloides, Chois. Convolv. Or. 112, and in DC. Prodr. ix.
439 ; leaves \-% in. oblong or elliptic nearly glabrous, pedicels £-£ in., capsule
T\-£ in. Seddera evolvuloides, Wight Ic. t. 1369. E volvulus alsinoides, Wall.
Cat. 1317, by admixture.
Deccan Peninsula ; Heyne ; near Tuticorin, Wight.
A very branched, rigid, harsh, small shrub ; with a few scattered strigose hairs.
Sepals £ in., oblong, nearly glabrous, suberect both in flower and fruit. Corolla £ in.
Capsule subglobose, shortly pointed, glabrous tipped with a tuft of hairs 4-valved.
Seeds glabrous.
4. B. latifolia, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 877 ; leaves ^-f in. elliptic densely
silky, flowers sessile, capsule | in. Seddera latifolia, Hochst. fy Steud. in Flora,
1844, Beibl. 8, t. 5, fig. B.C. ; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 440; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 114. Cressa latifolia, T. And. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. 25, excluding
the Deccan synonyms. ■
Punjab and Scinde ; Vicary, Stocks, &c. — Distbib. W. Tropical Asia, E. Tropical
Africa.
Dr. T. Anderson thought this plant not specifically separated from the Deccan
B. evolvuloides by its hairiness and sessile flowers ; but the capsule is twice as large,
ovoid, and the seeds ovoid-oblong, twice as long as broad. Sepals acuminate, densely
silky.
13. NEUROPELTIS, Wall.
A large scandent shrub ; shoots rufous-villous or tomentose. Leaves alternate,
petioled, coriaceous, ovate or oblong. Racemes axillary, or subpanicled towards
the ends of the branches ; flowers numerous, small, pedicelled ; bract under the
calyx inconspicuous in flower, in fruit enlarged 1 in. or more diam. Sepals
suborbicular, in fruit hardly enlarged. Corolla wide-cam panulate, deeply lobed,
lobes induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens exserted or included, filaments
filiform. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; styles 2, separate from the
base, shortly linear, stigmas subcapitate or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule globose,
4-valved, 1-seeded, sessile in the middle of the flat bract, Seed globose,
glabrous, albuminous; cotyledons plaited. — Species 2, the following and an
African.
Neuropelti8.~\ ci. convolvulace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 225
1. N. racemosa, Wall. Cat. 1322, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Caret/ 8r
Wall. ii. 44 ; leaves elliptic or oblong acute or shortly acuminate, racemes 1-6
in. rustv-villous or tomentose dense. Deless. Ic. Sel. v. t. 96 ; Chois. Convolv
Or. 109, t. 2, fig. 12, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 437 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 291 \
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 222. N. ovata, Wall. Cat. 1323 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 110,
t. 2, fig. 13, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 437. N. bracteata and intermedia, Grift.
Notul. iv. 285. • "
Malay Peninsula, from Mergui southwards ; Wallich, Griffith, Maingay, &c.
Malabar Plains, near Tambacherry Ghat, Beddome. — Distrib. Borneo.
Leaves 5 by 2£ in., base obtuse or rhomboid, when young more or less rusty-
villous, sometimes on both surfaces, adult glabrous or nearly so, feather-nerved ;
petiole £-1 in. Racemes subsessile, i.e. flowerbearing nearly to the base ; pedicels in
flower £ in.*; bract minute. Sepals | in. Corolla |--£ in., widely campanulate,
rufous -villous without. Ovary hairy. Bract in fruit 1-lf in. diam., orbicular, base
rounded or cordate, scariose, nerved. Capsule ± in., ovoid, glabrescent.
14. CRESSA.
A very small shrub, erect or diffuse, grey-pubescent. Leaves small, sessile,
elliptic, acute. Floivers small, sessile in the upper axils, often in terminal
clusters or spikes. Sepals equal, not enlarged in fruit. Corolla small, funnel-
shaped, white or rose ; lobes 5, subinibricated (not plaited) in bud. Stamens
exserted, filaments filiform. Ovary sub-2-celled, 4-ovuled ; styles 2, distinct,
linear, stigmas capitate. Capsule 2-4-valved, usually 1-seeded. Seed glabrous ;
cotyledons linear, plicate.
1. C. cretica, Linn. ; Lamk. III. t. 183 ; Sibth. Fl. Orcec. t. 256 ; Chois.
in DC. Prodr. ix. 440; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 162; Boiss. Fl. Oi'ient. iv.
114. C. indica, Retz. Obs.'w. 24; Roxb. Cat. PI. (1813), and Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey $ Wall. ii. 72 ; Wall. Cat. 2260 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 113. 0. australis,
Br. Prodr. 490.
Throughout India from the Punjab and Calcutta to Ceylon, not common. —
Distrib. All warm regions.
Stem 6-18 in. Leaves \-^ in. Sepals § in. Corolla £ in. ; lobes reflexed.
Capsule £ in. — The Indian plant differs from the common form of C. cretica in having
4 (not 1) seeds, according to Eetz and Koxburgh.
15. CUSCUTA, Linn.
Leafless twining parasites, yellow or reddish not green. Floivers small,
white or rose, fascicled, sessile or shortly pedicelled ; bracts 0 or small. Sepals
5-4, subequal, distinct or shortly connate. Corolla ovoid or campanulate;
lobes 5-4, short, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5-4, inserted near the throat of
the corolla-tube, filaments short linear ; anthers oblong, shortly exsert ; scales
near the base of the filaments or at the base of the corolla, often fimbriate,
rarely 0. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; styles 1 or 2,
stigmas 2. Capsule globose or ovoid, dry or succulent, circumsciss or irregularly
breaking up, 4^2-seeded. Seeds glabrous, albumen fleshy; embryo slender,
twisted, cotyledons 0 or obscure.— Species 80, in warm and temperate
regions. v
Subgenus 1. Blonog^ynella. Ovary, and young fruit, narrowed up-
wards into a single short style with 2 long stigmas.
1. C. reflexa, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. 3, t. 104, and Fl. Ind. i. 446, and ed.
Carey # Wall. i. 466 ; flowers subracemose, bracts small fleshy subquadrate,
vol. iv. Q
226 ci. CONVOLVULACE^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Guscitta.
corolla campanulate deciduous, scales remote from the filaments, style very
short, stigmas lanceolate, capsule ^-^ in. fleshy circumsciss near the base 4-
seeded. Wall. Cat. 1319; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 160; Chois. Convolv. Or. 116,
and in DC. Prodr. ix. 454; Engelm. Cusc. 68. C. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 1318.
Chois. Convolv. Or. 116. C. verrucosa, Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 6. C. Hookeri,
Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 373. C. macrantha, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 305 ;
Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 455. 0. elatior, Chois. Convolv. Or. 177.
Throughout India, alt. 0-8000 ft., common ; Bengal Plain, abundant. Ceylon ;
Newera Ellia, Gardener. — Distrib. Malaya.
Branches stout, fleshy, forming dense yellow masses on low trees and shrubs.
Flowers 5-merous, in lax racemes 1-4 in. long, also clustered or subspicate ; pedicels
0-£ in., often verrucose; bracts ^ in. Sepals ^ in., nearly distinct, ovate, ob-
tuse. Corolla \-\ by £ in., subcylindric ; lobes short-triangular, reflexed ; scales
prominent, emarginate, fimbriate. Stigmas wide apart. Capsule (unripe) acute
(corolla early deciduous), ultimately subquadrate obtuse tough fleshy. Seeds large,
black.
Vab. anguina, corolla about half the usual size. C. anguina, Edgew. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xx. 87. — "W. Himalaya ; Edgeworth. The corolla varies a good deal' in
size from Wallich's C. grandiflora down to C. anguina, Edgw. ; the chain of inter-
mediates is nearly complete.
2. C. g'ig'antea, Griff. Notul. i. 243 ; spikes short subracemose, corolla
cylindric deciduous, scales near its base remote from the filaments, style short,
stigmas Ungulate, capsule £- § in. membranous circumsciss near the base 2-
seeded. Engelm. Cuscut. 66 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 122.
"Western Tibet ; Falconer. — Distrib. Cabul.
Much slenderer than C. reflexa. Flowers irregularly fascicled or shortly pedicelled,
not capitate ; bracts ^ in., ovate. Sepals ~ in., ovate, obtuse. Corolla £-f in., tube
subcylindric ; lobes 5, subacute, erect or reflexed ; scales elliptic, shortly fimbriate.
Pistil nearly as of C. reflexa but smaller. Capsule ultimately subquadrate, obtuse.
Seeds broadly rhombiform, black. — Founded on n. 683 of Griff. Herb. Propr. from
Cabul ; but the Kew Distrib. n. 5899, which also bears Griffith's ticket n. 683, is a
Eucuscuta with subglobose corolla and two styles, &c
Subgenus 2. Eucuscuta. Ovary and young fruit obtuse. Styles 2,
their bases approximate but separated by a narrow depression which in the
fruit becomes a pit.
* Styles elongate, stigmas capitate.
3. C. hyalina, Both Nov. Sp. 100, not of Wight; cymes or racemes
dense, calyx acutely lobed § down, corolla-lobes lanceolate acuminate, scales 0.
Engelm. Cuscut. 40; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 121. C. sulcata, Wall. Cat. 1320 (as
to Heyne's examples marked C. hyalina). C. arabica, Wight Ic. 1371, not of
Fresen. C. oxypetala, Boiss. Diagn. 2. iii. 130. O. Boissieri, Stocks in Hook.
Kew Journ. iv. 173.
Scinde ; Stocks. Deccan Peninsula, Bottler ; Palamcottah, Wight. — Distrib.
Beloochistan ; Abyssinia.
Pedicels 0-£ m. ; bracts ^ in., ovate. Calyx ± in. Corolla-tube j^-jq in.; lobes
5, | in., acuminate and even caudate. Capsule ^ in., fragile, irregularly breaking up
from the base, ^normally 4-seeded. — A strongly marked plant, certainly C. hyalina of
Iiottler, Engelmann and Boissier ; but the description of Eoth, copied by Choisy (in
DC. Prodr. ix. 460), is greatly at variance with the characters of the plant.
4. C. cninensis, Lamk. Enc. ii. 229; cymes or racemes dense, sepals
triangular-ovate subobtuse. corolla-lobes ovate obtuse or shortly acute, scales
shortly fimbriate. Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 457 ; Wight. Ic. t. 1373 ; Engelm.
Cuscuta.] ci. convolvulace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 227
Cuscut. 29 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 120. C. carinata, Br. Prodr. 491 ; Chois.
I. c. 460. C. sulcata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 447 ; Wall. Cat. 1320, type sheet.
O. capillaris, Wall. Cat. 1321 ; Chois. Convolv. Or. 117. C. hyalina, Wight
Ic. t. 1372, not of Roth. 0. ciliaris, Hohenack ; Boiss. Diagn. 2. iii. 129.
Gramrnica aphylla, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 171.
Kashmir and Chtjmba ; alt. 5-7000 ft., Clarke. E. Bengal ; Wallich. Deccan
Peninsula ; common. Ceylon ; at Colombo. — Distrib. Eastwards to Australia and
Westwards to Persia.
Resembling C. hyalina, but with much less elongate acute corolla-lobes. Sepals
nearly free, in large examples keeled (C. sulcata, Roxb. or C. carinata, R. Br.) ; hi
small examples flat.
Var. minor, Chois. 3rd Mem. Convolv. t. 3, fig. 4 ; calyx and corolla hardly half
so large as in the type. C. sulcata, Wall. Cat. 1320, n. 3. — Martaban ; Wallich. —
Stems exceedingly slender. Referred in MS. by Engelmann to C. obtusiflora, H.B.K.
Var. breviflora ; but the Martaban plant has the calyx divided to the base, and seems
merely a weak example of C. chincnsis, as Wallich regarded it. Engelmann (Cuscut.
43) also refers as a Var. of C. obtusiflora, H. B. K., a plant collected in Kashmir by
Jacquemont n. 876, which is no doubt this.
** Stigmas elongate or linear often as long as the styles.
5. C. capitata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 448 ; flowers capitate, corolla ovoid
covered with minute papillae without. Engelm. Cuscut. 23.
Temperate W. Himalaya, alt. 6-12,000 ft., from Kashmir to Simla; Jacquemont,
Thomson, &c. — Distrib. Cabul.
A slender rose-coloured species. Sepals ^-^ in., ovate. Corolla scarcely £ in.,
mouth contracted ; lobes 5, small, triangular, suberect ; scales small, low in the
corolla, slightly fimbriate. Styles linear-lanceolate, as long as the short-linear stigmas.
Capsule -j^ in., exceedingly thin and fragile, enclosed by the unchanged corolla,
irregularly breaking up from the base. Seeds 4, ellipsoid, brown. — An unmistakable
species ; and, as Engelmann noticed, agrees well with Roxburgh's figure and descrip-
tion : the puzzle is whence Roxburgh got it ; he says it grew abundantly on Crota-
laria juncea, a plant cultivated at or near the sea-level.
6. C. europaea, Linn. ; Syyne Engl. Bot. t. 927 ; flowers in sessile
globose heads, calyx-tube shortly obconic lobes 5-4 ovate-triangular, styles
shorter than the linear stigmas, capsule circumsciss near the base along a
thickened rim. Engelm. Cuscut. 18, 19, ivith syn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 117.
C. major, C. Bauh. ; Chois. in DC. Prodr. ix. 452. C. aggregata, Roxb. Fl.
Ind.i. 447. 0. capillaris, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 86.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-12,000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim ; Thomson
Edgeworth, J. D. H., &c. — Distrib. Europe, Western and Central Asia.
Calyx i in. Corolla-tube A in., ovoid ; lobes 5-4, ovate or triangular ; scales
near the base of the filaments, obtuse or emarginate, crenulate or subentire. Capsule
^ in., fragile. Seeds usually 4, ellipsoid, brown.
7. C. planiflora, Tenor e ; Engelm. Cuscut. 14 with syn. ; flowers in
sessile globose heads, sepals ovate-oblong, corolla-tube longer than the calyx,
styles shorter than the linear stigmas, capsule circumsciss near the base along a
thickened rim. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 116. C. minor, C. Bauh. ; Chois. in DC.
Prodr. ix. 453. O. brevistyla, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss, ii. 79 ; Engelm. Cuscut. 17 ;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 117.
Subtropical W. Himalaya, alt. 1-6000 ft. ; frequent, descending to the Punjab
Plain. — Distrib. Mediterranean Region, Central Asia.
Closely resembling C. europcea. Calyx and corolla often glistening from their
large lax tissue ; whence the Indian examples havo been regarded as papillose, and
placed wrongly with C. capitata. Corolla-tube usually much longer than the calyx.
Q 2
228 ci. C0NV0LVULACE2E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cuscuta.
Seeds more fimbriate than in C. europesa. Styles (in Engelmann's named examples of
C. plcmiflora) short, less than half as long as the stigmas. C. brevistyla is not
merely"'' too near" C. planiflora as both Engelmann and Boissier suggest; it is the
same thing.
Order Oil. SOLANACE2E. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often in unequal pairs, rarely clustered,
never opposite ; entire, lobed or pinnate ; stipules 0. Cymes lateral, or terminal,
axillary or extra-axillary, or pedicels solitary or clustered ; bracts and bracteoles
0. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite (in Withania eoagulans dioecious). Calyx
inferior, 5-, rarely 3-7-merous, in Nicandra 5-partite ; in fruit usually per-
sistent, often much enlarged. Corolla funnel-shaped campanulate, or rotate,
often plaited ; lobes 5 (in Datura sometimes 10), or limb subentire. Stamens
5, on the corolla-tube ; anthers ovate or oblong, dehiscing by apical pores or
longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, or imperfectly 1- or 4-celled, in Nicandra 3-5-
celled ; style linear, stigma capitate or very shortly lobed ; ovules very many,
on prominent peltate placentas. Fruit baccate or capsular, indehiscent circuni-
sciss or valvular, usually 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, discoid or
subreniform, embryo peripheric ; or (in Nicotiana) seeds scarcely compressed,
embryo straight. — Species 1250 in the warmer parts of the whole world.
Suborder I. Solaneae. Corolla-limb plaited or the lobes valvate. Fruit
a berry. Seeds much compressed, subdiscoid ; embryo peripheric.
* Anthers opening by 2 pores at the apex.
Leaves entire, lobed or pinnatifid 1. Solanum.
Leaves pinnate 1*. Lycopersicum.
** Anthers oblong, dehiscing longitudinally.
t Calyx in fruit small.
Flowers small. Pedicels solitary or paired 2*. Capsicum.
tt Calyx in fruit enlarged, overtyping the berry.
Pedicels solitary. Calyx shortly lobed 2. Physalis.
Flowers clustered, sessile or nearly so 3. Withania.
Pedicels solitary. Calyx 5-partite 3*. Nicanura.
Suborder II. Atropese. Corolla-lobes more or less imbricate. Fruit a
berry. Seeds compressed ; embryo peripheric.
Pedicels solitary or few together. Calyx and corolla small ; . 4. Lycium.
Pedicels solitary. Calyx foliaceous 5. Atropa.
Pedicels clustered, subradical 6. Mandragora.
Suborder III. Hyoscyameae. Corolla-lobes plaited or imbricate. Fruit
capsular. Seeds somewhat compressed ; embryo peripheric.
* Capsule 4-celled, 4rvalved, or subindehiscent.
Flowers solitary. Calyx circumsciss 7. Datura.
**
Capsule circumsciss.
Pedicels solitary, distant . 8. Scopoua.
Corymb terminal, peduncled 9. Physochlaina .
Flowers unilateral, upper racemose 10. Hyoscyamus.
Solatium.] en. SOLANACE.B. (C. B. Clarke.) 229
Suborder IV. Cestrineae. Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate. Fruit
capsular. Seeds scarcely compressed ; embryo straight.
Flowers panicled 10*. Nico-kana.
1. SOLANUM, Linn.
Shrubs herbs or small trees, spinous or unarmed. Leaves alternate or sub-
opposite in equal pairs, entire lobed or pinnatifid. Cymes dichotomous or
racemose, lateral or terminal. Calyx 5- or 10-lobed, rarely 4-lobed, or sub-
entire, unaltered or enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube short, rotate, rarely cam-
panulate ; limb 5- (rarely 4-6-) lobed, plaited in bud. Stamens 5 (rarely 4-6)
in the corolla-throat, filaments short ; anthers oblong, narrowed upwards, con-
nivent into a cone, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Ovary 2-celled,
rarely (in cultivated forms) 3-4-celled ; style columnar, stigma small. Berry
small or large, globose or elongate. Seeds very many, discoid; embryo
peripheric. — Species 700, chiefly in the hotter parts of the globe, most nume-
rous in America.
&. tuberosum, Linn, (the Potato) is extensively cultivated in India, from the sea-
level up to nearly 8000 feet.
* Unarmed. Sepals not overtopping the berry.
+ Cymes or racemes peduncled ; calyx-teeth 5 {rarely 4 or 6).
1 . S. nigrum, Linn. ; glabrous or sparingly pubescent, leaves ovate or
oblong sinuate toothed or lobed, peduncles extra-axillary, pedicels subumbelled,
calyx-teeth small obtuse, corolla white. Blume Bijd. 694 ; Wall. Cat. 2615 ;
Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 150; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 446 with syn.; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 224. S. rubrum, Miller; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 565; iYees in Trans.
Linn. 8bc. xvii. 89 ; Dunal I. c. 57. S. triangulare, Lamh. III. ii. 18 ; Dunal
I. c. 53. S. villosuni, LaTnk. III. ii. 18 ; Dunal I. c. 58 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
284. S. incertum, Dunal Sol. 155, and in DC. I.e. 57; Nees I.e. 38. S.
nodiflorum, Jacq. Ic. Bar. ii. t. 326; Dunal in DC. I.e. 46. S. uliginosum
and rhinocerotis, Blume Bijd. 695 ; Dunal in DC. I. c. 50. S. lloxburghii,
■Dunal I. c. 57 ; Wight Ic. t. 344. S. fistulosum, Rich: ; Nees I, c. 37 : Dunal
I. c. 49. S. miniatum, Bernh. ; Dunal I. c. 56 ; Boiss. I. c. S. paludosum,
pterooaulon, sufiruticosum, Rumphii and erythraeum, Dunal I.e. 57, 52, 53, 57
and 371, I'-ith many others. — ltheede Hoi't. Mai. x. t. 73 ; Humph. Herb. Amb.
vi. t. 26, fig. 2.
Throughout India and Ceylon, alt. 0-7000 ft.; common.— Distbib. All tem-
perate and tropical parts of the world.
Herbaceous or suffrutescent. Leaves 3£ by 2 in., narrowed at both ends ; petiole
f in. Peduncles i-f in. ; pedicels 5-8, £ in. Sepals A in., ovate-oblong ; in fruit
often obscure, the calyx saucer-shaped. Corolla £ in. diam., nearly glabrous. Ovary
glabrous, style-base hairy. Berry £ in. diam., globose, red or black, sometimes
yellow. Seeds ^s in. diam., smooth or nearly so.
2. S. dulcamara, Linn.; Boiss. FL Orient, iv. 285; glabrous or
sparingly pubescent, leaves ovate or oblong subentire lobed or lyrate, peduncles
extra-axillarv, cymes laxly panicled, calyx-teeth small obtuse, corolla purple.
Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt, i. 78; Bentl. 8f Trim. Med. PI. 190 S. lyratum,
Thunb. Fl. Jap. 92 ; Dunal I. c. 79. S. persicum, Willd. nis. ; Dunal I. c. 79.
S. laxum, Royle III. 279 {name only).
Temperate W. Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft., from Kashmir to Gurwhal, frequent.
Sikkim, Choongtam, J. D. H.— Distbib. Europe, W. and Central Asia, China,
Japan.
230 en. solanace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Solatium.
A shrub. Leaves 3-5 in., in the Indian examples often cordate-oblong, acute,
entire lobed or almost pinnate ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles ^-4 in. ; cymes 2-5 in.
diam. ; pedicels ^-^ in. Calyx in fruit almost saucer-shaped, lobes in flower ~ in-»
ovate-oblong. Corolla § in. diam. Style glabrous. Berry \ in. diam., globose.
Seeds ^ in. diam.. smooth. — S. laxum, Koyle, is a starved state with the panicle
almost capillary and flowers about ^ in. diam.
3. S. spirale, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 16, and Fl. Ind. i. 566 ; glabrous,
leaves elliptic entire acute at both ends, peduncles extra-axillary, pedicels long
densely spirally racemed, calyx-teeth minute, corolla white. Wall. Cat. 2619 ;
Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 40 ; Dunal in DC. Trodr. xiii. pt. i. 146 : Kurz
For. FL ii. 227.
Assam, Khasia Mts. and East Bengal ; alt. 0-3500 ft., in and near the hills,.
common. — Distrib. Ava.
A herb or undershrub 4-12 feet, resembling a large S. nigrum. Leaves attaining
8 by 3 in., attenuate at the base, glabrous or scarcely puberulous ; petiole § in.
Pedicels numerous, \-\ in.; racemes sometimes divided. Calyx £ in., cup-shaped;
in fruit saucer-shaped, not enlarged. Corolla \ in. diam., deeply lobed. Anthers
oblong, scarcely narrowed upwards. Berry \ in. diam., globose, smooth. Seeds ^ in.
diam., smooth.
4. S. vag*um, Ileyne in Wall. Cat. 2624; leaves elliptic acute at both
ends sinuate glabrescent, peduncles extra-axillary, pedicels long sub-racemed,
calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate. Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 48 ; Dunal in
DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 116.
Deccan Peninsula ; Heyne.
A glabrescent shrub, shoots stellately white-pubescent. Leaves 6 by 2\ in., very
shallowly lobed ; petiole 1^ in. Peduncles f . in. ; racemes dense, sometimes divided ;
pedicels £-1 in., spirally placed. Calyx-teeth in flower £ in. ; in fruit | in. Corolla
% in. diam., deeply lobed, sparingly pubescent without. Berry \-^ in. diam., globose*
smooth. — Very closely allied to S. spirale.
X 5. S. verbascifolium, Linn. ; Dunal in DC. Trodr. xiii. pt. i. 114;
stellately woolly, leaves elliptic acuminate entire, corymbs peduncled sub-
terminal compound dense, calyx-teeth triangular, corolla white. Jacq. Hort.
Vind. i. t. 13; Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 128; Wall. Cat. 2616 ; Nees in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xvii. 46 ; Wight Ic. t. 1398 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 175 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 225. S. pubescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 244 ;
Blume Bijd. 698, not of Willd. S. erianthum, Don Prodr. 96.
Throughout India, in the Tropical and Subtropical zone; common. — Distrib.
S.E. Asia, Malaya, N. Australia, Tropical America.
A shrub, or subarboreous, 20 feet high. Leaves 7 by 3 in. attenuate at both ends
or base subrhomboid; petiole 1-2 in. Peduncles stout, 1-- 1 in.; cymes dichotomously
compound, very woolly. Calyx-lobes in flower ^ in., thrice as large in fruit, but
much shorter than the berry. Corolla f in. diam., woolly without. Ovary hairy,
style glabrous. Berry ^ in. diam., globose, yellow. Seeds £ in. diam., nearly
smooth.
6. S. pubescens, Willd. Phyt. 5, t. 3; leaves ovate entire sinuate thinly
stellately hairy, racemes lateral and terminal 3-10-flowered, calyx-teeth lan-
ceolate, corolla purple. Wall. Cat. 2629 ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 60 ;
Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 127 ; Wight Ic. t. 1402. S. calycinum, Nees
I. c. S. conanthum, Dunal I. c.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; Wight, Thwaites, &c.
A shrub or subarboreous ; young branches densely stellately woolly, older usually
perfectly glabrous. Leaves 2-4 in., irregularly obscurely lobed, base rhomboid or
shallowly cordate shortly decurrent, young stellately subwoolly, mature thinly hairy
Solanum.] en. solanaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 231
or glabrescent. Racemes densely woolly, or villous ; pedicels |-l£ in. Calyx-lobes
^-i in. in flower, in fruit \ in. Corolla \-\\ in. diam., closely tomentose without.
Anther of the lowest stamen produced upwards, longer than the others. Berry £ in.
diam., globose, smooth. Seeds £ in. diam. and upwards.
Yar. ? lobata ; leaves lobed very tomentose beneath, flowers smaller. — Khasia
Hills. — This example (from Herb. Calcutta, named S. pubescens by Kurz) has no
fruit, nor prickles. It resembles the unarmed form of S. Melongena, but the flowers
are too small.
ft Pedicels axillary, clustered or solitary, or in a subsessile umbel ; calyx-
teeth 5-10 or obsolete ; corolla glabrous without or nearly so.
7. S. subtruncatum, Wall. Cat. 2620; leaves lanceolate acuminate
at both ends entire glabrous or nearly so, flowering calyx cup-shaped entire or
obscurely toothed fruiting saucer-shaped entire, corolla £ in. long. Dunal in
DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 180. S. denticulaturn, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii.
41, not of Blume. S. Neesianum, Wall. ; Nees I. c. 42, not of Wight nor of
Dais.
Khasia Mts. alt. 3-5000 ft., common ; Wallich, Griffith, &c. Assam ;
Jenkins.
A shrub, nearly glabrous. Leaves 6£ by If in., minutely setulose above, after-
wards glabrous ; petiole | in. Pedicels § in., 1-7 together. Calyx in flower ^ in.
long and broad ; teeth 5 or 10, very obscure. Berry \ in. diam., globose, smooth.
Seods T^ in. diam., subtriangular, smooth. — Perhaps not distinct from S. Blumei, Nees
(Blume Bijd. 696), which has broader leaves.
8. S. big'eminatum, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 42 ; leaves elliptic
acuminate at both ends entire glabrous or nearly so, flowering calyx cup-shaped
entire or obscurely toothed fruiting saucer-shaped subentire, corolla | in. long.
Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 175. S. Neesianum, Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
175, and of Wight Herb., not of Wall, fy Nees. S. cupulatum, Miq. in PI.
Hohenack. n. 1415. S. angulosum and flexuosum, Heyne in Herb. Madras.
Mts. of the S. Deccan ; Nilgherries, Travancore ; Heyne, Wight, &c. Malabar
Ghauts, Ritchie.
Very nearly allied to 8. subtruncatum. Leaves 6^ by 3 in., membranous, sparsely
setulose above, margins minutely ciliate; petiole £-1 in. Pedicels 1-6 together,!
in. Berry ± in. diam. Seeds £ in. diam. ; testa lax, subsquamose.
Var. zeylanica ; leaves smaller less membranous, pedicels shorter rusty-puberu-
lous. S. membranaceum, Thwaites Enum. 216, not of Wall. — Ceylon, Gardner,
Wight, Thwaites.
9. S. laeve, Dunal Solan. Synop. 22 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acumi-
nate at both ends entire glabrous or nearly so, flowering calyx with 5 linear
teeth £ in., fruiting prominently toothed, corolla | in. Nees in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xvii. 41. S. membranaceum, Wall. Cat. 2625; Nees I.e.; Dunal in DC.
Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 143.
Nilgherries, Wight ; alt. 6000 ft., Clarke.
A nearly glabrous shrub. Leaves 6£ by 2\ in., green, membranous, minutely
sparsely setulose above, soon glabrous; petiole § in. Pedicels 1-5 together, § in.
Berry and seeds nearly as of 8. bigeminatum, from which it hardly differs but by the
distinct calyx-teeth.
10. S. denticulaturn, Blume Bijd. 697 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acu-
minate at both ends subentire setulose often pubescent, calyx-teeth usually
7-8 small divaricate, corolla f-4 in. long. Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 41,
excl. syn. Wallich; Wight Ic. t. 1397; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. l&l.
S. membranaceum and crassipetalum, Herb. Wight not of Wall.
232 on. solanace2E. (0. B. Clarke.) [Solanum.
Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula, alt. 4-8000 ft., and Ceylon, frequent. — Distrib.
Malay Islands.
A woody, somewhat rigid shrub. Leaves 3 by H in., young almost villous,
mature setulose above, pubescent often rusty on the nerves beneath ; petiole ^ in.
Pedicels 1-4 together, § in. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, minute ; in fruit ^ in. or 0 on the
same shrub. Berry |-^ in. Seeds ^ in. diam. and upwards, smooth or nearly so.
Vab. Gouakai; leaves angular and sometimes with acute lobes \ in. long. S.
Gouakai, Dunal in DC. I.e. 177. — Pulney Mts. ; Wight. Ceylon; Walker.
11. S. biflorum, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 129, not of D. Don ; leaves elliptic
or oblong acuminate at both ends entire glabrous setulose or pubescent, calyx-
teeth 10 in flower ^ in. narrow-lanceolate, corolla £-£ in. Dunal in DC.
Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 178; ~Kurz For. Fl. 224. S. decemdentatum, Boxb. Wort.
Beng. 16, and Fl. Ind. i. 565 ; Wall. Cat. 2614 ; Dunal I. c. 179. S. mollissi-
mum, Blume JBijd. 698; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 45; Dunal I.e. 178.
S. decemfidum, Nees I. c. 43. S. Zollingeri, Oalleryanum and Osbeckii, Dunal
I. c. 176, 178, 179.
Singapore ; Wallich. Mergui and Malacca ; Griffith. — Distrib. Malaya and
East Ava.
A shrub ; shoots flocculose-setose or nearly glabrous. Leaves 5 by If in. ; petiole
| in. Pedicels 1-6, § in. Flower and fruit nearly as in S. denticulatum, from which
it only differs in the longer calyx-teeth. — Very variable in indumentum ; Roxburgh
described the leaves as villous, the calyx as pubescent ; his Ic. Ined. preserved at
Kew represents a glabrous form.
12. S. macro don, Wall. CaU 2621 ;" erect, shrubby, leaves elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate at both ends entire setulose above, pedicels 1-8 together,
calyx-teeth in flower \ in. linear hispidulous, corolla \-\ in. Nees in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xvii. 43 ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 180. S. biflorum, Don
Prodr. 96, excl. syn., not of Lour.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan, common. ^Khasia
Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., common.
A small shrub setulose with jointed, submoniliform, glistening hairs. Leaves 6
in. in large examples, or 2 in. in high level forms ; petiole ^-f in. Pedicels ^-1 in.,
mostly 2-6 together, sometimes solitary. Calyx-teeth (in flower) terminal, alternate
sometimes shorter. Corolla-lobes oblong, acute, purple rose or nearly white, with 2
green glandular spots near the base. Berry \ in. diam., globose. Seeds £ in. diam.,
subtriangular, smooth.
VaR. lysimachioides ; stems slender procumbent often rooting at the nodes,
pedicels solitary. Wall. Cat. 2609, and in Boxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 257 ;
Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 44; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 181. — Temperate
Himalaya, from Kumaon {Strachey Sf Winterbottom) to Bhotan. Khasia Mts. alt.
3-5000 feet.
13. S. crassipetalum, Wall. Cat. 2618, and in Boxb. Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey fy Wall. ii. 256 ; erect, shrubby, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate at both
ends entire glabrous or sparsely setulose, pedicels 1-8 together, calyx-teeth in
flower 2VT2 m* triangular glabrous or pubescent from a compressed base below
the calyx-rim, corolla ^-|- in. Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 42. Bassovia ?
Wallichii, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 409.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 3-8000 ft. ; from Nepal to Bhotan, very common.
A shrub, 2-9 feet. Leaves 6 by 1\ in. (sometimes 9-10 in.); usually nearly
glabrous, sometimes abundantly flocculose-setulose ; petiole § in. Calyx-teeth in
flower below the limb, bases compressed decurrent on the tube, points linear-obtuse
divaricate horizontally. Corolla and berry nearly as of S. macrodon. — The thicken-
ing of the petals observed in the few examples of "Wallich frequently occurs in this
species, but in abnormal flowers with imperfect stamens, and is perhaps due to some
Solatium.'] en. solanacej!. (C. B. Clarke.) 233
insect. At all events, normal unthickened flowers abound. — Leaves cooked and eaten
in Sikkim {J. D. H.).
** Prickly, some varieties of S. Melongena rarely unarmed.
14. S. g-ig-anteum, Jacq. Coll. iv. 125, and Ic. Ear. ii. t. 328; subar- V
boreous; spinous, leaves oblong cuneate at both ends, and cymes stellately white
woolly beneath, cymes terminal dense many-fld. stellately white woolly, berry
^ in. diam. glabrous. Dunal Sol. 202, and in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 258 ; Nees
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 47 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1921 ; Wight ty Am. in Ann. Nat.
Hist. i. 395, t. 13 ; Wight Ic. t. 893 ; Dak. Sp Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 175. S.-niveum,
Vahl Symb. ii. 41. S. farinosum, Wall. Cat. 2610, and in Roxb. Fl. Intl. ed.
Carey \- Wall. ii. 255. S. argenteum, Heyne in Herb. Bottler.
Mts. of S. Deccan and Ceylon, alt. 3-7000 ft., frequent; Wight, Thwaites,&c.
Often 10-25 feet high; but in cultivation flowers at 4 feet high; stem thick,
soft, prickly, stellately white-woolly. Leaves 8 by 3 in., entire, undulate; nerves
impressed on the upper surface ; petiole 2 in. Pedicels very short, in fruit \-\ in.
Calyx-lobes ^ in., triangular, in fruit twice as large. Corolla f in. diam., blue ; tube
nearly as long as the lobes. Ovary puberulous. Seeds \ in. diam., glabrous.
15. S. ferox, Linn. ; Dunal Sol. 223, and in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 255;
densely stellately woolly, leaves ovate with short triangular lobes, racemes
lateral dense, corolla white, berry 1-1£ in. diam. globose hirsute with needle-
like hairs greatly exceeding the ovate-triangular calyx-lobes. Nees in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xvii. 52 (excl. syn. S. involucratum, Blume) ; Wight Ic. t. 1399
'(excl. var. minus) ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 226, partly, and excl. var. (i). S. lasio-
carpum, Blume Bijd. 701 ; Wall. Cat. 2623 ; Dunal Sol. 222, and in DC.
Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 252. S. hirsutum, Bo.ib. Hort. Beng. 17, and Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey fy Wall. ii. 253. 8. stramonifolium, Dunal Sol. 222, and DC. P)-odr.
xiii. pt. i. 252, not of Jacq. nor of Wall. — Rheede Hort. Mai. ii. 35.
Eastern and Southern India, in the tropical zone, frequent ; from Assam to
Ceylon and to Tenasserim. — Distrib. Hongkong.
Stem herbaceous, stout, 2-4 feet, sub-erect, prickly. Leaves 8 by 6 in., closely
villous above, stellately fulvous-woolly beneath, lobes 1 in. deep, prickly especially
on the nerves ; petiole 2\ in. Peduncles usually close below the leaves, short ;
racemes densely stellately woolly and with needle-like hairs, not prickly. Calyx
shortly funnel-shaped ; looes \ in., ovate-triangular not acuminate. Corolla densely
woolly without, lobes 4-1 in., oblong, acute. Ovary hirsute. Berry yellow, needle-
like hairs £-£ in., fulvous, spreading ; fruit-pedicels £-1 in. ; calyx-lobes in fruit
unaltered, hardly I the length of the berry. Seeds £ in. diam., nearly smooth. —
S. involucratum (Blume Bijd. 701), the Malay species reduced to S. ferox by Nees,
has the calyx-lobes produced, in fruit 1 in., ovate-linear, with slender prickles, enclos-
ing the berry.
16. S. barbisetum, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 51 ; hirsute, leaves
ovate with short triangular lobes, racemes lateral elongate many-flowered,
corolla blue lobes lanceolate acuminate, berry £ in. diam. globose glabrous en-
closed by the prickly calyx. Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 250. S. erio-
phorum,' Dunal I.e. 249. S. involucratum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 224, not of
Blume.
lrom N. Bengal and Assam to Tenasserim, in the subtropical region, alt. 1-5000
ft., frequent, Wallich, Griffith, H.f $ T., Sec.
In general appearance, and in the leaves, resembling S. ferox, but with close
clustered fine hairs, scarcely woolly. Pacemes 2-6 in. ; pedicels very many, 4-1 in.,
deflexed after flower. Calyx-lobes \-% in., oblong-lanceolate. Corolla-lobes very
narrow, acute. Calyx in fruit enlarged, tube subglobose with deflexed prickles, teeth
closed over the berry. Seeds more than £ in. diam., minutely villous.
234 en. .solanace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Solarvunu
17. S. khasianum, Clarke ; hirsute, leaves ovate lobed, racemes
lateral 1-4-flowered, corolla small lobes lanceolate acuminate, berry 1 in. diam.
globose glabrous much longer than the unarmed calyx. Solanum n. 14, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
Khasia Mts. ; Nunklow, H.f. $ T.
A stout species, in indumentum and leaves resembling S. barbisetum. Stem
densely yellow-hirsute, and with straight patent prickles § in. Leaves 7 by 5 in.,
deeply lobed, hirsute; prickles § in. straight, on both surfaces; petiole 1-2 in.
Peduncles hardly any ; pedicels f in. Sepals in flower | in., lanceolate, hirsute, not
prickly. Corolla § in. diam., nearly glabrous without. Stamens equal. Berries
1-3 on each peduncle ; fruit-sepals ^ in., ovate-lanceolate, hirsute, not prickly. Seeds
J in. diam., smooth.
18. S- Wiglitii, Nee* in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 51 ; leaves ovate toothed
or lobed hirsute, cymes lateral laxly 1-3-flowered, corolla large tube longer
than the lobes, berry glabrous overtopped by the ovate-lanceolate sepals. Dunal
in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 1334 ; Wight Ic. t. 841. S. Hohenackeri, Van
Heurck fy Muell. in Van Heurck PI. Nov. 87.
Nllgherry Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Canoor Ghat, Wight, Gardner, &c.
Herbaceous ; shoots tomentose. Leaves 4 by If in., villous above, more densely
beneath, prickles few ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles axillary or extra-axillary, short ;
pedicels \-2 in. Calyx-lobes (in flower) \ in., oblong-lanceolate. Corolla 2 in. diam.,
blue, woolly without ; lobes ovate, shortly acuminate. Style minutely sparsely
pubescent. Berry ^ in. diam., globose ; sepals in fruit f in., without prickles. Seeds
£ in. diam., brown, smooth, without tubercles ; the dried testa reticulated by the
drying and sinking in of the cells leaving the cell-walls prominent.
10. S. torvum, Swartz Prodr. 47; stem prickly, leaves ovate sinuate or
lobed stellately tomentose beneath without prickles, racemes lateral dense,
flowers white, berry £-£ in. diam. globose smooth much exceeding the triangu-
lar-oblong unarmed calyx-lobes. Dunal Sol. 263, t. 23, and in DC. Prodr.
xiii. pt. i. 2G0 (excl. var. y) ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 53 a ; Wight 1c. t.
345 ; Date. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 175 ; Sendtn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 94, t. 7, fig.
1-8 vrith syn. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 225. S. stramonifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
572; Wall. Cat. 26%7 ; perhaps of Lamk. in part, not of Jacq. S. ferrugineum,
Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. iii. 46, t. 334 ; Dunal Sol. 36, and in DC. 1. c. 266. 8.
pseudosaponaceum, Blume Bijd. 702; Dunal in DC. I.e. 274. S. Wightii,
Miguel PI. Hohenack. n. 36, not of Nees.
Throughout India in the tropical region, except the western desert area ; very
common in Bengal. — Distrib. Malaya, China, Philippines, Tropical America.
A shrub, 8-12 feet high, or flowering as a herb. Leaves 6 by 4 in., lobes shallow
rarely deep, softly hairy above, never prickly; petiole 1 in. Peduncles usually extra-
axillary, short ; racemes many-fld., often dichotomous ; pedicels often i-| in. Calyx-
lobes in flower £ in., lanceolate, sparingly hairy. Corolla 1-1 \ in. diam. ; lobes ^ in.,
triangular, pubescent without. Ovary and style glabrous. Berry yellow; calyx-
lobes patent, not half as long as the berry. Seeds scarcely ~ in. diam., smooth. —
This, when dried, has been much confused with the blue-flowered S. indicum and S.
Melongena ; the former may be distinguished by the prickly leaves, the latter by the
few-flowered cymes with a much larger berry and fruiting-calyx.
20. S. indicum, Linn, partly; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 55;
leaves ovate sinuate or lobed stellately woolly beneath nerves prickly, racemes
lateral many-fld., flowers blue, berry | in. diam. globose smooth much exceeding
the triangular-oblong calyx-lobes. Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 131 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
570 ; Wall. Cat. 2626 ; Wight. Ic. t. 346 ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 309 ;
Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 174 ; Kurz For. Fl. 226. S. violaceum, Jacq. Fragm.
Solarium.'] en. solanace^. (C. B. Clarke.) « 235
82, t. 133, fig. 1, not of Br. S. cuneatuui, Moench Ilort. Marb. 476. S.
canescens, Blume Bijd. 701. S. pinnatifidurn and agreste, Roth Nov. Sp. 129,
130. S. Ileynei, Roem. fy Sch. Syst. iv. 669. S. Anguivi, Bojer ; Hook. Exot.
FL t. 199. S. bimalense, Dunal I. e. 300. S. Junghulinii, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
ii. 649.— Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 220, t. 102 ; Rheede Sort. Mai. ii. t, 36.
Throughout tropical India ; very common, ascending to 5000 ft. — Distrib.
Malaya, China to the Philippines.
An undershrub, 1-6 ft., much branched, very prickly ; prickles compressed, stout,
often recurved. Leaves 3-6 by 1-4 in., subentire or pinnatifid ; petiole 1 in.
Peduncles short, often extra-axillary ; pedicels \-^ in., stellately woolly. Calyx-lobes
in flower £ in., triangular, acute, very woolly, unarmed or with slender straight spines.
Corolla 5-I in. diam., blue ; lobes broadly triangular, tomentose without. Ovary
usually glabrous ; style stellately pubescent. Berry yellow ; calyx-lobes patent,
woolly, prickles often strengthened in fruit. Seeds £ in. diam. and upwards, smooth
or very nearly so. — A Nilgherry form is less prickly, has smaller less lobed leaves,
and small corymbs of larger flowers. A plant from the Concan is sparsely prickly
and has the leaves very sparsely stellate tomentose. A Punjab example of Thomson
has branches with very numerous small thin leaves, a monstrosity that occurs in,
other Indian species of Solamim.
Var. midtiflora, Wight; rather stronger, more hairy, racemes stouter longer,
stellate pubescence of the style extending Over the ovary continued on the fruit or
deciduous. S. multiflorum, Roth Nov. Sp. 130; Roem. $ Sch. Syst. iv. 669. S.
ferox, var. minus, Wight Ic. t. 1400. S. torvum, var. 0 inerme, Nees in Trans. Linn.
806. xvii. 54; var. 7 inerme, Bunal in BC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 261. S. erosum, Van
HeurcJc § Muell. in Van Heurc/c Nov. PL 83.
21. S. XVXelong'ena, Linn.; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 49; leaves
Ovate .sinuate or lobed stellately woolly beneath prickly rarely all unarmed,
cymes lateral few-fld., calyx-lobes lanceolate, flowers blue, berry glabrous
exceeding the calyx-lobes in cultivation often large ellipsoid or elongate white
yellow or dark-purple. Lour. Ft. Cochinch. 130; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 566; Wall.
Cat. 2628 ; Wight III t, 166 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. FL Suppl. 61 ; Sendtn. in
Mart. Brasil. Sol. 77. S. incanum, Linn. ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 368.
S. insanum, Linn. Mant. 46; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 568. S. zeilanicum, Scop.
Belie, t. 1. S. undatum, Lamk. Diet. iv. 301 ; Blume Bijd. 700; Dunal I.e.
359. S. Trongum, Lamk. Diet. iv. 308. S. longum, Roxb. Ilort. Beng. 16,
and Fl. Ind. i. 567. S. pseudo-undatum, Blume Bijd. 699. S. ovigerum,
Blume Bijd. 698 ; Dunal I. c. 357. S. esculentum, Dunal Sol. 208, t. 3, and in
DC. I.e. 355. S. heteracanthum, Dunal ; Nees I.e. 51; Dunal I.e. 365. S.
melanocarpum, sativum, pressum and Cumingii, Dunal I. c. 355, 360, 362 and
363. S. torvum, var. inerme, Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 175. S. ferox, var. $,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 226, not of Linn.—Rumph Herb. Amb. v. t. 85, and t. 86,
fig. 1 ; Rheede Hort. Mai. ii. t. 37, and x. t. 74.
India ; generally cultivated. — Distrib. Cultivated in the warmer regions of the
globe-
Herbaceous, 2-8 ft. ; prickly, or sometimes nearly unarmed. _ Leaves 3-6 by 2-4
in. ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles mostly extra-axillary, often paired, one bearing a
perfect flower, the other a short raceme of male flowers ; or the raceme may be con-
sidered sessile with the lowest flower only perfect. Calyx-lobes in flower £-$ IB.,
elliptic or oblong-linear. Corolla l-\\ in. diam., shortly lobed, hairy on the plaits
without. Style stellately pubescent, or glabrous. Berry 1-9 in., very variable m
cultivation ; calyx-lobes enlarged, usually much shorter than the fruit, often pnckly.
—Not known wild in India, according to Dalzell aud Kurz 11. c; A. DC. says it is a
native of Asia, not America, and Sendtner 1. c. fixes its origin in Arabia ; all this
appears uncertain. As an escape from cultivation it becomes often intensely prickly,
and the peduncle carries 1-5 fruits.- The egg-plant, or Brinjal.
236 en. solanacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Solatium.
22. S. coag-ulans, Forsk. FL JEg.-Arab. 47; leaves ovate sinuate or
lobed stellately woolly beneath prickly, cymes lateral few-fld., calyx-lobes tri-
angular, flowers blue, berry globose glabrous yellow exceeding the piickly
calyx-lobes. Delile Fl. Mg. t. 23, fig. 1 ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 369 ;
Boiss. FL Orient, iv. 286. S. sanctum, Linn. Sp. PI. 269.
W. India ; Punjab and Scinde, Jacquemont, Aitchison, &c. — Distrib. S.W. Asia,
Arabia, Egypt.
Very near S. Melongena, more rigid and tomentose. Peduncles paired, one bearing
a single perfect flower, the other a raceme of males. Calyx-tube campanulate, often
in flower-time strongly. spinous. Corolla as of S. Melongena, more woolly without,
lobes rather deeper. Berry 1 in. diam.
^ 23. S. sarmentosum, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 58 ; sparsely
hairy, leaves broadly elliptic subpinnatifid prickly, peduncles extra-axillary 1-2-
fld., berry ^ in. diam. globose glabrous overtopped by the enlarged ovate
acuminate-caudate sepals. Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 357. S. Melongena,
Wall. Cat. 2628, letter F only. S. Jacquini, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 651, excl.
syn., not of Willd.
Penang; Walllch. Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 5914).— Distrib. Java,
Borneo.
Stem procumbent, somewhat zigzag, not twining ; prickles long, straight. Leaves
4 by 2 in., obtusely lobed, young sparsely stellately pubescent beneath, mature
sparsely hairy or glabrate on both surfaces ; petiole § in. Sepals in flower I in.,
in fruit f by §• in., erect, sparsely hairy, usually prickly. Corolla § in. diam., stellately
pubescent without. Seeds £ in. diam., floceulose-sealy.
24. S. xanthocarpum, Schrad. fy Wendl. Sert. Hanov. i. 8, t. 2;
leaves ovate or elliptic sinuate or subpinnatifid glabrescent very prickly, cymes
lateral few-fld., corolla blue, berry £-f in. diam. globose glabrous much exceed-
ing the calyx-lobes. Dunal Sol. 231, and in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 302 ; Kurz
For. Fl. 224. S. Jacquini, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1041 ; Roxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 569 ; Wall.
Cat. 2612; Dunal Sol. 231; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 56; Wight Lc. t.
1401 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 175. S. diffusum, Roxb. Bart. Beng. 17, and
Fl. Ind. i. 568 ; Wall. Cat. 2613. S. virginianum, Jacq. Ic. Rar. ii. 332, not
of Linn. S. armatum, Br. Prodr. 446 ; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 458, with syn.
Throughout India ; from the Punjab and Assam to Ceylon and Malacca ; common.
— Distrib. S.E. Asia, Malaya, Trop. Australia and Polynesia.
A very prickly, diffuse herb, 1-4 ft. diam., bright green, mature nearly glabrous.
Leaves 4-5 by 2-3 in. ; spines \ in., straight ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles short, mostly
extra-axillary ; flowers few, all perfect ; pedicels and calyx stellately pubescent, or
at length glabrous. Calyx in flower \ in. -, lobes ovate-oblohg, usually prickly,
hardly enlarged in fruit. Corolla 1 in. diam., pubescent without ; lobes shallow.
Berry yellow, or whitish and green-blotched. Seeds ^ in. diam., glabrous. — Has
been supposed to extend to Tropical Africa (see Schwehif. PL Nilot. 25, t. 9) ; but in
the African plant the flowers are larger, the fruit very much larger, the habit
different.
25. S. trilobatum, Linn. ; Burin. Fl. Ind. 57, t. 22; shoots stellately
pubescent, leaves ovate or elliptic irregularly sinuate or lobed prickly soon
glabrate, cymes lateral 2-8-fld., corolla blue, berry ^-^ in. diam. globose much
exceeding the calyx-lobes. Roxb. FL Ind. i. 571 ; Wall. Cat. 2622 ; Dunal Sol.
225, and in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 287; Wight Ic. t. 854; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 175 ; Kurz For. FL 2^4. S. acetossefblium, Lamh. Diet. iv. 306 ; Dunal
Sol. 226. S. canaranum, Miq. in PL Hohenack. n. 740.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan, southward, &c, frequent. Malay
Solarium.] on. solanacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 237
Peninsula ; from Arracan to Malacca, in the tidal swamps, frequent. Ceylon ; drier
parts of the island.
A scandent undershrub, 6-12 ft., nearly glabrous ; prickles short, stout, com-
pressed, recurved. Leaves 3 by l£ in., irregularly obtusely sinuate or lobed, base not
cordate; petiole ^-1| in. Peduncles short, mostly extra-axillary ; pedicels £-l£ in.,
with short, strong, recurved prickles. Calyx-lobes i in., ovate-oblong, minutely
— etellately pubescent or glabrate, rarely prickly, hardly enlarged in fruit. Corolla
1-1£ in. diam., pubescent without ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, as long as the tube.
Seeds £ in., smooth, or very nearly so.
Var. ? Griffithii ; leaves 2± by £ in. linear.— Malay Peninsula, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. n. 5915).
26. S. g-racilipes, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 113, t. 119; minutely
stellately pubescent, stem prickly, leaves ovate or orbicular sinuate often sub-
cordate not prickly, peduncles axillary short 1-3-fld. or pedicels subterminal
1-3 together on very short lateral spurs, berry \ in. diam. globose glabrous
exceeding the sublinear sepals. Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 286 ; Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 286. S. Jacquemonti, Dunal I. c. 287.
Western India ; Punjab and Scinde, Jacquemont, Stocks, DalzelL — Distrib.
Beloochistan.
An undershrub ; prickles short, conical, subrecurved. Leaves l£ in. diam., obtuse,
rarely lobed, usually shallowly cordate ; petiole ^ in. Peduncles very short or 0 ;
pedicels £-1^ in., slender. Calyx-lobes \ in., linear ; in fruit £ in. Corolla § in.
diam., deeply lobed. Seeds £ in. diam., smooth. — This is believed to be S. cordatum,
Forsk. El. iEg.-Arab. 47 (Dunal Sol. 239, and in DC. Prodr. xiii. 373), an Arabian
species of which no authentic example can be seen.
27. S. aculeatissimum, Jacq. Coll. i. 100, and Ic. Bar. i. t. 41 ;
prickles very many long straight slender, leaves ovate lobed sparsely hairy,
peduncles 1-7-fld. mostly ] -fruited, berry \\ in. diam. globose smooth, fruiting-
calyx small prickly. Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 244.
Singapore ; G. Thomson. — Distrib. Malaya, Tropical America ?
The example of Gr. Thomson (in fruit) is identical with Zollinger, n. 529, which is
the type of S. aculeatissimum, var. denudatum, Dunal 1. c. \ Stems glabrous (in the
v&r.4ew(datum) or minutely puberulous upwards. Leaves 3-5 in. Peduncles in fruit
f inV Calyx in fruit scarcely £ in., but very prickly. Seeds £ in. diam., extremely
compressed, almost winged.
1*. LYCOFERSICUM, Miller.
Tall, pubescent herbs. Leaves pinnate ; pinnaB toothed or lyrate. Cymes
peduncled, few-fid. Sepals 5-6, narrow, unaltered in fruit. Corolla rotate,
tube very short ; limb 5-6-fid, plaited in bud. Stamens 5-6, on the corolla-
tube ; anthers connivent in an elongate cone, dehiscing by slits. Ovary 2-3-
celled ; style cylindric, stigma small capitate. Seeds many, compressed, papil-
lose ; embryo peripheric. — Species 3-4, American.
L. esculentum, Miller ; Dunal Sol. 113, t. 3, fig. C, and in DC. Prodr.
xiii. 26; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soe. xvii. 61. L. cerasiforme, Dunal Sol. 113,
t. 3, fig. B., and in DC. Prodr. xiii. 26 ; Nees I. c. 62, with several other species
of Dunal. Solanum Lycopersicum, Linn. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 565 ; Wall. Cat.
2611. S. Humboldtii, Willd. Hort. Berol. i. 27, t. 27. S. pseudolycopersicum,
Jacq. Hort. Vind. i. t. 11.
Cultivated, and as an escape, in India.— Distrib. Native of Tropical America.
Flowers § in. diam., yellow; in cultivation 2-6-merous, or " double." Berry $ in.
diam., globose red ; or, in cultivation, enlarged, pyriform or depressed globose, very
variable. — The Tomato.
238 . en. solanace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Physalis.
2. PHYSALIS, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs. .Leaves alternate, entire sinuate or shortly lobed.
Pedicels axillary, solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid half-way down ; in fruit
greatly enlarged, loosely enclosing the fruit ; teeth small, connivent. Corolla
campanulate, lurid-yellow, sometimes with purple spots below. Stamens 5,
attached near the base of the corolla ; anthers oblong, shorter than the
filaments, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style linear, stigma
obscurely 2-lobed. Berry globose. Seeds many or few, smooth or tuberculate-
rugose, compressed; embryo peripheric. — Species 30, mostly of Tropical
America, several introduced in the Old World.
1. P. minima. Linn. ; JVees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 69 ; leaves ovate
sinuate angular or scarcely lobed, corolla | in., fruit-calyx £-1 in. ovoid or
subglobose. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 563 ; Wall. Cat 2633 ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii.
pt. i. 445. P. parviflora, Br. Prodr. 447 ; Dunal I. c. 444. P. divaricata, Don
Prodr. 97 ; Dunal I. c. 444. P. villosa, Roth Nov. Sp. 122. P. llotkiana,
Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. iv. 677. P. Hermanni, Dunal. I. c. 444. P. pubescens,
Wight III. t. 166 b. fig. 6, not of Linn. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 71.
Throughout India, in the tropical region ; common. — Distrib. Tropical Asia,
Africa and Australia.
An herbaceous, pubescent annual. Leaves 2 in. ; petiole 1 in. Pedicels \-\ in.
Calyx at flower-time £-£ in. ; lobes lanceolate, half the length of the calyx, often
hirsute, sometimes glabrescent. Corolla clear yellow ; or, in the less common form
(P. Hermanni), spotted within at the base. Berry £ in. diam. ; fruit-calyx globose, 5-
or 10-ribbed. Seeds very many, — in. diam., discoid, reticulated, scarcely scabrous.
— Roxburgh says that his S. 'pubescens was the same as P. peruviana. The sheet of
Bottler's marked S. pubescens by Heyne is P. minima with one piece of S. peruviana
mixed.
Vab. indica ; glabrescent, fruiting calyx 5-angular. LamJc. Diet. ii. 102; Nees in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 70 ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 443. P. pseudo-angulata,
Blume Bijd. 706 ; Dunal l. c. 444. P. angulata, Wall. mss. ; Griff. Notul. iv. 96.
Nicandra indica, Roem. <Sf Sch. iv. 682. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 70. — Throughout
India. The true P. angulata, Linn., occurs only cultivated in India.
2. P. peruviana, Linn. ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 67 ; leaves
ovate sinuate angular or scarcely lobed, corolla £ in., fruit-calyx 1-1 f in. ovoid
conic. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 562 ; Wall. Cat. 2634 ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt,
i. 440; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Append. 61. P. edulis, Sims Bot. Mag. t.
1068. P. pubescens, Don Prodr. 97.
Throughout India, cultivated.— Distrib. Indigenous in Tropical America; exten-
sively cultivated in the Old World.
Resembling P. minima, but stouter, flowers and fruit-calyx larger, usually villous
or pubescent. Corolla with 5 large purple spots near the base within. — Cape Goose-
berry of the English denizens.
2*. CAPSICUM, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves entire or repand.
Pedicels axillary or 2-3 together. Calyx campanulate, subentire or minutely
5-toothed, much shorter than the fruit. Corolla rotate; lobes 5, valvate in
bud. Stamens 5, attached near the base of the corolla ; anthers not longer
than the filaments, dehiscing longitudinally. Onary 2- rarely 3-celled : style
linear, stigma subcapitate. Berry very variable in form and size, many-
Capsicum.] (Hi. solanaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 239
seeded. Seeds discoid, smooth or subscabrous ; embryo peripheric. — Distrib.
Species 20, native in America, some cultivated in all warm countries.
1. C. frutescens, Linn.; Nees in Tram. Linn. Soc. xvii. 63; pedicels
solitary, berry pendent elongate-oblong often curved red orange or yellow.
Lamk. III. t. 116, fig. 1 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 574 ; Blume Bijd. 704; Wall. Cat.
2642; Fingerh. Caps. 17, t. 4, fig. e ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 413. —
Rheede Hort. Mai. ii. t. 56.
Throughout India, universally cultivated. — Distrib. Cultivated in all the
warmer parts of the globe; native place uncertain. — Chillee of the English
denizens.
Fruit often 3 by 1 in., tapering at the end.
2. C. minimum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 17, and Fl. Ind. i. 574, and ed.
Carey fy Wall. ii. 261 ; pedicels mostly 2-3 together, berry small suberect
elongate oblong. Wall. Cat. 2641. 0. fastigiatum, Blume Bijd. 705 ; Nees in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 64; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 416; Wight. Ic. t.
1617 ; Bentl. $ Trim. Med. PL t. 188. 0. baccatum, Wall. Cat. 2644.
Throughout India, extensively cultivated. — Distrib. Malaya cultivated ; native
place uncertain.
Berries often l£ by \ in., red. — Bird's-eye Chillee of the English denizen.
3. C. grossum, Willd. Sp. Pl.i. 1051 ; pedicels solitary nodding in fruit,
berry ovoid. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 574 ; Wall. Cat. 2643 ; Fingerh. Caps. 21, t. 5,
fig. c, d, and t. 6, fig. «; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 62 ; Dunal in DC.
Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 422.
In India cultivated. — Distrib. Native place uncertain.
Berry often 3 by 2 in., red.
Var. cerasiformis ; berry f in. diam., globose. C. cerasiformis, Lamk. Diet. v. 325 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 575. C. chamgecerasus, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 65 ; Dunal
in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 429. — In India, rarely cultivated.
3. WITRANIA, Pauq;
Unarmed shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers axillary, sessile or shortly
pedicelled, fascicled or solitary, sometimes dioecious. Calyx campanulate,
5-6-toothed, enlarged in fruit, subglobose. Corolla campanulate ; lobes 3-6,
short, valvate in bud. Stamens attached near the base of the corolla ; anthers
oblong, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style linear, stigma shortly
2-fid. Berry globose. Seeds very many, discoid ; embryo peripheric— Species
4 ; the Mediterranean region to the Cape of Good Hope and Bengal.
1. W. somnifera, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 453; thinly woolly,
leaves ovate, calyx-teeth short very acute, flowers hermaphrodite, fruit-calyx
inflated papery larger than the berry. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 287. Physalis
somnifera, Link : Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 239, t. 131 ; Jacq. Eel. t. 22 ; Sibth. Fl.
Grcec. t. 233 ; Cav. Ic. t. 103 ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. G6 ; Wight Ic.
t. 853 ; Dalz. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 175, P. flexuosa, Linn. ; Jacq. Eel. t. 23 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 561 ; Wall. Cat. 2635. P. arborescens and tomentosa, Thunb.
Fl. Cap. (ed. Schultes) 190, 191.— Rheede Hort. Mai. iv. t. 55.
Throughout drier, subtropical India ; frequent in the west and Hindostan,
rare in Lower Bengal.— Distrib. Mediterranean region, with the Canaries ; Cape of
Good Hope.
Erect, 1-5 ft. ; branches round. Leaves 2-4 in., subacute ; petiole {-\ in.
Pedicels Q-\ in. Calyx in flower i in., in fruit f in. Corolla \-\ in., greenish or
240 en. solanace^:. (0. B. Clarke.) [Wilhania.
lurid yellow. Filaments linear ; anthers level with the stigma. Berry \-\ in. diam.
Seeds ^ in. diam., smooth.
2. W. coag-uians, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 685; stellately
puberulous, leaves oblong obtuse, calyx-teeth triangular, flowers polygamo-
dicecious, fruit-calyx leathery closely surrounding the berry. Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 288. Puneeria coagulans, Stocks in Hook. Ic. t. 801 ; Wight Ic. t. 1616.
Punjab and Scinde ; frequent. Sutledge Valley ; alt. 3300 ft., Thomson. —
Disteib. Cabul and Beloochistan.
A somewhat rigid, grey nndershrub. Leaves 1-2 in., attenuate at the base ;
petiole indistinct or \ in. Pedicels 0-|- in. Calyx in flower | in. ; in fruit § in.,
stellately mealy. Corolla h in., lurid yellow, stellately mealy without. Male fl.
filaments linear ; anthei's subexsert ; ovary ellipsoid ; style 0. Hermaphrodite fl. ;
anthers subsessile, perfect, near the base of the corolla-tube ; ovary globose ; style
linear, stigma level with the mouth of the tube. Berry and seeds nearly as in W.
somnifera. — This plant has been found in the act of passing from dimorphism to
dicecism.— "The Cheesemaker."
3*. NICANDRA, Adam.
An annual, glabrous herb. Leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, toothed or
lobed. Pedicels axillary, solitary. Calyx sub- 5-partite ; sepals in fruit much
enlarged, cordate-ovate, acute, reticulate. Corolla campanulate, blue ; limb
5-plaited. Stamens attached near the base of the corolla, filaments linear;
anthers oblong, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style linear,
stigma obscurely 3-5-lobed ; ovules very many. Berry globose, 3-5-celled.
Seeds very many, compressed, subdiscoid ; embryo peripheric.
N. physaloides, Qaertn. Fruct. ii. 237, t. 141 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2458 ;
Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 434. Atropa physaloides, Linn. ; Jacq. Obs. iv.
t. 98. Physalis datursefolia, Lamk. Diet. ii. 102.
Subtemperate Himalaya ; alt. 3-6000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim, introduced.
Mts. of W. Deccan Peninsula, introduced. — Distrib. Native of Peru; widely
cultivated.
Leaves 4-7 in. Pedicels 1 in. Corolla 1 in. diam. Sepals in fruit 1 by § in.,
deeply cordate at the base, overlapping so as to simulate a 5-angular calyx.
4. LYCIUM, Linn.
Spinous shrubs, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves small, alternate or often
fascicled at the nodes, entire, linear or oblong. Pedicels solitary or fascicled at
the nodes ; flowers small. Calyx campanulate, at first 5-merous, then irre-
gularly 3-5-lobed or 2-lipped ; in fruit not enlarged. Corolla funnel-shaped ;
lobes 5-4, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5-4, on the corolla-tube ; anthers oblong,
exsert or included, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform,
stigma subcapitate; ovules few or many. Berry small, globose or oblong.
Seeds several, few or 1, compressed; embryo peripheric. — Species 40; all
temperate and subtropical regions, especially S. Africa and S. America.
1. L. europaeum, Linn. ; Sibth. Fl. Grcec. t. 236 ; leaves linear-oblong,
pedicels short, calyx 5-lobed irregularly, corolla-lobes not half so long as the
tube, filaments glabrous at their base. Miers III. S. Amer. PI. ii. 95, t. 64, fig.
B ; Brand. For. Fl. 345 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 288. L. indicum, Wight Ic.
t. 1403 ; Miers I. c. 97, t. 64, fig. E, not of Retz. L. mediterraneum, Dunal in
DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 523. L. saevum, orientale, and persicum, Miers I. c. 95.
Lycium.'] en. solanacejs. (C. B. Clarke.) 241
99, 100, t. 64, fig. A, B. L. intricatum, Boiss. ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt.
i. 525 ; Miers I. c. 98, t. 64, fig. E. L. arabicum, Schweinf. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 289.
W. India ; alt. 0-5000 ft., frequent. — Distrib. Mediterranean region, "W. Asia.
A spinous, nearly glabrous shrub. Leaves \-\ in. Pedicels shorter or equalling
the calyx, rarely longer. Calyx £ in., often sub-bilabiate ; teeth rarely less than 5.
Corolla ^ in., from purple to nearly white. Stamens exsert or subincluded. Berry
£ in. diam., subglobose, many-seeded.
2. Zi. barbarum, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 289 ; leaves linear-oblong,
pedicels short, calyx 5-lobed irregularly, corolla-lobes more than half as long as
the tube, filaments glabrous at their base. Brand. For. Fl. 345 ; Miers HI.
S. Amer. PI. ii. 117, t. 69, fig. 1). L. Edgeworthii, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii.
pt. i. 525; Miers I. c. 118, t. 69, fig. F. L. depressum and foliosum, Stocks in
Hook. Kew. Journ. iv. 179.
Punjab and Scinde ; alt. 0-3000 ft., Edgeworth, Stocks. — Distrib. W. Asia.
This is not L. barbarum, Linn., as understood by Dunal (in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i.
511); bur, it is doubtful whether either of these two ought to be separated specifically
from L. europium.
3. Xi. ruthenicum, Murray; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 514;
leaves linear, calyx lobed irregularlv often 3-4-toothed, filaments hairy at their
base. Brand. For. Fl. 346; Miers III. S. Amer. PL ii. 119, t. 70, fig. A;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 290. L. tataricum, Pall. Fl. Boss. i. 78, t. 49 ; Miers I. c.
122, t. 70, fig. A. L. armatum, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 415. L. glaucum,
Miers I. c. 104, t. 66, fig. D.
N. Kashmir and Baltisthan ; alt. 6-9000 ft., frequent, Thomson, &c. — Distrib.
Cabul, Persia, Central Asia.
Thomson regarded this as a var. of L. europaeum. — L. turcomannicum, Turcz.
(Boissier Fl. Orient, iv. 290) is said to differ by having a red (not black) berry.
5. ATROPA, Linn.
A coarse, lurid, glabrous herb. Leaves entire, elliptic-lanceolate. Pedicels
axillary, solitary, nodding. Flowers somewhat large, dirty-purple or lurid
yellow. Calyx large, deeply 5-lobed, scarcely larger in fruit. Corolla widely
tubular-campanulate ; lobes 5, triangular, imbricate in bud. Sta?nens attached
near the base of the corolla, filaments linear ; anthers oblong, dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style linear, stigma obscurely 2-lobed. Berry
globose. Seeds many, compressed ; embryo peripheric.
A. Belladonna, Linn. ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 464, 690; Syme
Eng. Bot. t. 934 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 291 ; Bentl. $ Trim. Med. PI. t. 193.
A. acuminata, Boyle III. 279 ; Miers III. S. Amer. PI. ii. Append. 5, t. 76. A.
lutescens, Jacquem. ms.
Western Himalaya, alt. 6-11,000 ft.; from Kashmir to Simla, Boyle, Gen.
Munro, &c— Distrib. Europe to the Caucasus and N. Persia'.
Leaves 6 in. ; petiole £ in. Pedicels £-l£ in. Calyx in flower ^-| in. Corolla
1 in.— Leaves are little more acuminate in the Himalayan than in the European
plant.
6. MANDRAGORA, Juss.
Perennial hei-bs, stemless except the Himalayan species. Leaves large,
petioled, toothed or subentire. Pedicels fascicled, subradical. Flowers large,
pale purple, reticulate. Calyx 5-fid half-way down. Corolla campanulate ;
vol. iv. R
242 en. SOLANACE23. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mandragora.
lobes broad, imbricate in bud, sinuses induplicate-valvate. Stamens 5, filaments
linear ; anthers oblong, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style
elongate, stigma much dilated. Berry globose, juicy. Seeds very many, com-
pressed ; embryo peripheric. — Species 3 or 4 of the Mediterranean region, and
the following.
TtL. caulescens, Clarke • branches 4-8 in., leaves narrowly obovate-
oblong sinuate, calyx-lobes triangular ovate. Anisodus humilis, Hook. f. ?ns.
Alpine Sikkim, alt. 12-13,000 ft. ; Lachen and Tungu, J. D. H.
Pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves 11 by 2 in., obtuse, base much tapering.
Pedicels 1-3 in. ; many-fascicled at the apex of the caudex. Calyx-lobes in fruit
| in., subobtuse. Berry § in. diam. Seeds £ in. diam. — The examples are in fruit ;
and appear closely allied to M. officinarum, Linn.
7. DATURA, Linn.
Coarse, rank-scented herbs (the Indian species), glabrous or minutely nubes-
cent. Leaves large, entire sinuate or deeply toothed. Pedicels solitary;
flowers very large, purple or white. Calyx long- tubular, herbaceous, 5-toothed
at the apex ; in fruit circumsciss above the base. Corolla long tubular-funnel-
shaped, mouth wide ; limb plaited, entire or shortly lobed. Stamens attached
near the base of the tube, filaments filiform ; anthers included, linear, longitu-
dinally dehiscent. Ovary 2- or spuriously 4-celled ; style filiform, stigma
2-lobed. Capsule ellipsoid, 4-celled, spinous (in the Indian species, except in
D.fastuosa, var. dubia), 4-valved or irregularly breaking up near the apex.
Seeds very many, compressed, rugose ; embryo peripheric. — Species 10 ; tem-
perate and tropical regions.
Sect. I. Stramonium. Capsule deeply 4-valved, often nearly to the
base.
s
1. Z>. Stramonium. Linn. ; Bei-nh. in Linncea,1833, Litt. 139 ; glabrous
or farinose puberulous, leaves ovate toothed or sinuate, corolla white teeth 5
linear, capsule equally spinous on all sides. Wall. Cat. 2637, and in Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ed. Carey § Wall. ii. 239; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 540; Syme
Eng. Bot. t. 935; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 292; Bentl. # Trim. Med. Pi. t 192.
D. ferox, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 75, not of Linn. D. Wailichii,
Dunal I. c. 539. Stramonium vulgatum, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 243, t. 132, fig. 4.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir, Thomson, to Sikkim, J. D. H.— Distrib.
Nearly throughout the globe, in temperate and warm climates.
A coarse annual, 2-6 ft. Leaves 7 by 4 in.; petiole 1 in. Pedicels O-5- in.
Calyx 1-lf by \-^ in. ; lobes J- in., ovate-lanceolate. Corolla 3-6 in., mouth 1-3 in.
diam. ; lobes \ in. Capsule \\ by 1 in. ; spines \ in., subulate ; calyx-base \ in.,
persistent.
Var. Tatula ; flowers purple without and within. D. Tatula, Willd. Sp. PI. i.
1008 ; Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 83 ; Wall. Cat. 2640; Bernh. in Linnaa, 1833, Litt.
140. — Throughout India. — Distrib. Nearly as of D. Stramonium, from which it is
not easily separable.
Sect. II. Dutra. Capsule subindehiscent, or irregularly dehiscent near
the apex.
2. X>. fastuosa, Linn. ; Wight Lc. t. 1396; leaves ovate entire or deeply
toothed glabrous, corolla purple limb shortly 5-6-toothed. capsule nodding or
suberect. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 561 ; Wall. Cat. 2639 ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xvii. 74; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 542. D. Hummatu, Bernh. in
Datura.'] on. solanaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 243
Linncea, 1833, Litt. 141 ; Dak. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 174.— Rheede Hort. Mai.
2, t. 28 ; Humph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 87, fig. 2.
Throughout India ; in waste places, a weed. — Distrib. Malaya, Tropical Africa.
In America said to be not a native.
Generally resembling D. Strarnonium ; but the flowers are usually larger. Calyx
attaining 3 in. Corolla 7 in. and 5 in. diam. across the mouth. Capsule \\ in. diam.,
subglobose, equally spinous on all sides.
Var. alba ; flowers white or nearly so. D. alba, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii.
73 ; Wight Ic. t. 852 ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 542 ; Dalz. Sc Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
174. D. Metel, Roxb. Fl. 2nd. i. 561 ; Wall. Cat. 2639, not of Linn.—Rumph. Herb.
Amb. v. t. 87, fig. 1. — Throughout India. — Distrib. of D.fastuosa.
Var. ? dubia ; fruit without spines. D. dubia, G. Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 474. D.
Hummatu, var. a dubia, Bemh. in Linncea, 1833, Littl. 141. D. Niihummatu, Dunal
in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 542.— Rheede Hort. Mai. ii. tt. 29, 33.— W. Deccan Penin-
sula?— This species is founded on the figures of Rheede, which represent possibly one
of the foreign smooth-fruited species, none of which are wild in India ; hence
Bernhard appended Rheede's plant as a var. of a species which is always spinous so
far as known.
3. D. IVIetel, Linn. ; Bernh. in Linn. 1833, Litt. 143; leaves ovate entire
or deeply toothed pubescent, corolla whitish purple downwards limb 10-toothed,
capsule nodding. Bot. Mag. t. 1440; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 543. —
Rumph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 243.
W. Himalaya and Mts. of W. Deccan Peninsula; introduced? — Distrib.
Tropical America ; widely naturalised in the Old World.
8. SCOFOLIA, Jacq.
Erect, glabrescent herbs. Leaves entire. Pedicels axillary, solitary. Flowers
lurid, nodding. Calyx large, campanulate, subtruncate or shortly lobed ; in
fruit enlarged, overtopping the capsule. Corolla widely campanulate, plaited ;
lobes short, scarcely imbricate. Stamens 5, attached near the base of the
corolla; filaments filiform, somewhat dilated near the base; anthers ovate,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary sub-2-celled ; style linear, stigma thick
dilated. Capsule globose, circumsciss above the middle. Seeds many, reni-
form, granulate ; embryo peripheric. — Species 3 ; 1 European, 1 Japanese, 1
Himalayan.
S. lurid a, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 555; leaves large petioled
ovate-lanceolate, corolla wide distinctly lobed, fruitoalyx large reticulated
limb very shortly lobed. Physalis stramonifolia, Wall. Cat. 2632, and in Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 242. Nicandra anomala. Link, fy Otto Lc. Sel.
77, t. 35. Anisodus luridans, Link fy Otto in note, I. c. ; Nees in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xvii. 72 ; Miers III. S. Amer. PI. ii., App. 18, t. 78. A. stramonifolius,
G. Don in Loud. Hort. Brit. 61. Whitleya stramonifolia, Siveet Brit. Fl.
Gard. t. 125.
Central Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, near Ging, alt. 5000 ft,, Dr.
Treutler.
Branches 3-6 ft., sparingly divided; rusty-tomentose when young, later puberulous
or glabrate. Leaves 8 by 3 in., acute at both ends, ultimately glabrate ; petiole £ in.
Peduncles 1 in. Calyx in flower § in., in fruit attaining 2 by l^ in. ; lobes short,
irregular. Corolla H by f in., lurid yellow or greenish purple. Ovary 2-celled,
near the top 1 -celled. Capsule | in., lid 1-celled, remainder 2-celled. Seeds ^ in.
r2
244 en. soLANACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Physochlaina.
9. PHYSOCHLAINA, G. Don.
Erect, nearly glabrous herbs. Leaves petioled, subentire. Corymb terminal.
Calyx campanulate, lobes 5 short ; in fruit elongated, overtopping the capsule.
Corolla elongate ; lobes 5, short, imbricate in bud. Stamens attached at the
middle of the tube, filaments filiform ; anthers ovate, longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary 2-celled ; style linear, stigma obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled ; cir-
cumsciss above the middle. Seeds very many, compressed ; embryo peripheric.
— Species 4 ; Central Asiatic.
P. praealta, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 4600, in note ; leaves ovate-oblong
sinuate, corymb compound lax viscid-pubescent, corolla f-1^ in., stamens and
style equalling the corolla or \ in. longer. Miers III. S. Amer. PI. ii. App. 15.
P. grandiflora, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 4600. Belenia prsealta, Dene, in
Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 144, t. 120. Hyoscyamus prsealtus, Walp. Rep. iii. 21.
Scopolia prsealta, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 554.
N. Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 12-15,500 ft., Munro, Thomson, Strachey Sf
Winterbottom, &c. — Distrib. Kashgar and Yarkand.
Stems 2-4 ft., corymbose upwards. Leaves 4-6 by 3 in., irregular, base cuneate
or cordate on the same branch ; petiole 1-4 in. Corymb 2-8 in. diam. ; flowers all
pedicelled ; pedicels £-l£ in. Calyx in flower ^ in. ; lobes £ in., lanceolate ; in fruit
If by ^ in., striate. Corolla 1\ byi in., tubular-funnel-shaped, in the majority of the
wild examples, sometimes shorter, funnel-shaped ; in sonie cultivated examples wider,
subcampanulate. Stamens and style distinctly exserted in nearly all the wild examples.
Capsule ^ in. diam. Seeds ^ in. diam., scrobiculate-reticulate.
10. HYOSCYAMUS, Linn.
Erect, coarse herbs. Leaves sinuate, toothed, or subpinnatifid. Flowers
unilateral, sessile or pedicelled, lower axillary solitary, upper forming a dense
racemose or subscorpioid cyme, upper leaves bract-like. Corolla lurid, yellow
or greenish purple. Calyx urn-shaped, shortly 5-lobed ; in fruit enlarged,
overtopping the capsule. Corolla funnel-shaped ; limb oblique, 5-fid, lobes
more or less unequal, imbricate in bud. Stamens attached about the middle of
the corolla-tube, filaments filiform; anthers exserted or subincluded, oblong,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma subcapitate.
Capsule completely 2-celled, or nearly so, circumsciss near the apex. Seeds
very many, compressed, scrobiculate ; embryo peripheric. — Species 9 ; Euro-
pean, and extending to Central Asia.
1. H. nig*er, Linn.-, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 295; cauline leaves sessile ovate
or oblong sinuate or lobed, flowers subsessile, calyx softly hairy teeth mucronate,
corolla 1 in. lurid reticulate-nerved. Wall. Cat. 2636, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ed. Carey fy Wall. ii. 237 ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 77 ; Bot. Mag. t.
2394; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 546 ; Bentl. $ Trimen Med. PI, t. 196.
H. agTestis, Kitaibel ; Siueet Fl. Gard. t. 27. II. persicus, Buhse Reise Trans-
kauk. 158.
Temperate Western Himalaya, alt. 8-11,000 ft., from Kashmir to Gurwhal ;
frequent. — Distrib. Europe, W. & N. Asia.
Pubescent and more or less hairy. Leaves 5 by 2 in. Lower pedicels in fruit
scarcely £ in. Calyx in flower § in., teeth short, triangular ; in fruit 1 by £ in.,
subcontracted in the middle, teeth somewhat rigid. Corolla purple in the base, limb
lurid green, purple-veined Capsule \ in. diam. Seeds ^ in. diam.
Hyoscyamus.~] en. solanaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 245
2. K. pusillus, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 294 ; cauline leaves petioled
ovate or oblong sinuate or lobed, flowers subsessile, calyx striate glabrescent
teeth lanceolate mucronate, corolla £-f in. not reticulate. Dunal in DC.
Proclr. xiii. pt. i. 550 ; Jaub. 8r Spach HI. v. t. 414.
Western Tibet; Ladak; alt. 10,000 ft., Thomson. — Distrib. From Egypt to
Persia and the Altai.
About a foot high, pubescent, somewhat viscid. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., very
irregularly lobed or subenti re ; petiole ^-1| in. Lower pedicels in fruit sometimes
nearly \ in., usually very short. Calyx ^ in. ; in fruit f-1 in., funnel-shaped, ribbed,
somewhat reticulated, glabrous or sparsely viscid pubescent, teeth \ in., almost
prickly, patent. Corolla yellow, purple in the base. Capsule \ in. Seeds even
smaller than in H. niger.
3. II . muticus. Linn. Mant. 45 ; cauline leaves petioled ovate or oblong
entire or toothed, lower flowers pedicelled, calyx striate pubescent teeth short
triangular not acute in fruit, corolla 1-1^ in. lurid yellow or nearly white.
Jaub. § Spach III. v. t. 415; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 293. H. Datora,
Forsk. Fl. JEg.-Arab. 45. H. betsefolius, Lamk. Dict< iii. 329. H. insanus,
Stocks in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 178. H. angulatus, Griff. Ic. PL Asiat. t. 412.
Scopolia niutica, Datora and Bo vena, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 552, 553.
"West Punjab ; Thomson. Scinde ; Stocks. — Distrib. Cabul, westwards to Egypt.
Stem 1-3 ft. Leaves 4-7 in., pubescent or somewhat woolly ; petiole £-3 in.
Lower pedicels in fruit ^-1 in. Calyx § in. ; in fruit 1 by ^ in., funnel-shaped, ribbed,
somewhat reticulate, villous or ultimately glabrous ; teeth short-triangular, not
spreading. Capsule \ in. diam. Seeds ~ in. diam.
10*. NICOTIANA, Linn.
Erect, viscidly-pubescent, herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire or sinuate.
Panicles terminal, or racemes compound, subterminal. Calyx ovoid or tubular,
5-fid. Corolla funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, induplicate in bud. Stamens attached
in the lower part of the corolla-tube, filaments filiform ; anthers ovate, dehis-
cing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform, stigma shortly 2-fid.
Capsule 2-, rarely sub-4-, celled, 2-valved to the middle, valves often again
splitting. Seeds very many, small, scarcely compressed ; embryo nearly straight.
— Species 35 ; American, Australian, and Polynesian.
1. N. Tabacum, Linn.; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 264, t. 55; leaves large
oolong or elliptic base cuneate, corymb compound ultimate branches short,
calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, corolla linear-funnel-shaped, capsule f in.
Lamk 111. t. 113 ; Wall. Cat. 2645 ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 7Q ; Wight
Bl. t. 166 bis: Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 557 ; Bentl. $ Trimen Med. PI.
t. 191.
Throughout India, cultivated. — Distrib. Native in America; cultivated in all
warm countries.
Tobacco, though cultivated in nearly every village in Bengal, shows little tendency
to spread as a weed. In Cochin China and the Moluccas, Louveirs and Eumphius
say it has been known from a remote period.
2. N. rustica, Linn.; Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. i. 563; leaves
ovate base obtuse or cordate, panicle close, calyx-teeth triangular subobtuse,
corolla cylindric campanulate, berry £ in. Beich Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1626, fig. 1.
W. Punjab ; cultivated, Falconer. — Distrib. Native of Mexico ; cultivated in
Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.
246 en. solanace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Nicotiana.
3. 27. plumbag-inifolia, Viv. j Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii.pt. i. 569;
leaves oblong or elliptic base narrowed, corymb-branches elongated forming
very lax racemes, calyx-teetli triangular-lanceolate acuminate, corolla narrow-
linear, capsule \ in. N. crispa, Pers. ; Jacq. Fragm. t. 84.
Bengal, a common introduced weed. — Distrib. Native of Mexico and the W.
Indies.
The only species of Nicotiana that has established itself in India.
Order OIII. SCROPHULAEINEiE. (By J. D. Hooker.)
Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves, all, or the lower only, opposite, rarely
all alternate or whorled ; stipules 0. Inflorescence centripetal or composite ;
flowers usually irregular. Calyx inferior, usually persistent, 5- rarely 4-merous.
Corolla hypogynous, 4-5-lobed. Stamens usually 4, with a rudimentary 5th,
rarely 2 or 5 ; anthers 1-2-celled, cells distinct, or more or less confluent. Disc
annular, glandular, or cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled (very rarely 1-celled)
(Lathrcea) ; style simple ; stigma capitate, dilated, 2-lobed, or 2-lamellate ; ovules
many, rarely 2, in each cell, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit capsular,
rarely baccate ; placentas on a free central axis, or remaining attached to the
margins of the valves. Seeds small, various in form, hilum lateral or ventral,
albumen fleshy (0 in Wightia) ; embryo straight or curved. — Distrib. Species
about 2000, native of all regions.
In this Order I have departed from the "Genera Plantarum" in introducing
LoAhrcea under the Tribe Euphrasies, instead of retaining it in Orobanchece. This,
its proper position, was pointed out by Solms Laubach, in a dissertation which was
overlooked when the Scropkularinece of the " Genera " were elaborated. I have also
transferred Campbellia to Christisonia, which is left in Orobanchets till the living
plant shall be studied morphologically.
A few non-Indian garden Scropkularinece are more or less frequent near stations,
but none seem truly naturalised to any extent except the American Calceolaria
mexicana, Benth., which is so about Darjeeling and in the Nilgherries.
Series A. Fseudosolaneae. Leaves all alternate. Inflorescence simply
centripetal. Corolla with the 2 upper lobes exterior in bud.
Tribe I. Aptosimeae. Corolla-tube elongate.
Stamens 2. Viscid herbs . . 1. Anticharis.
Tribe II. Verbasceae. Corolla subrotate.
Stamens 5 2. Verbascum.
Stamens 4 3. Celsia.
Series B. Antirrhinideae. Leaves, at least the lower, usually oppo-
site. Inflorescence centripetal or composite, partial ones centiifugal. Corolla
with the 2 {free or connate) upper lobes exterior in bud. Stamens 2 or 4,
very rarely 5 perfect.
Tribe III. Antirrhineae. Corolla tubular, tube saccate or spurred.
Capsule opening by pores. Inflorescence uniform, centripetal.
Corolla spurred. Anther-cells distinct 4. Linaria.
Corolla small, subsaccate. Anther-cells confluent above . 5. Schweinfurthia.
Corolla large, saccate below. Anther-cells distinct ... 6. Antirrhinum.
cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) 247
Tribe IV. Chelonese. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Anther-
cells confluent. Fruit capsular or baccate. Inflorescence compound.
Herbs. Calyx deeply 5-fid. Capsule septicidal .... 7. Scropholaria.
Shrubs. Calyx 5-toothed. Anthers bearded. Capsule
loculicidal 8. Brandisia.
A tree. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Anthers glabrous. Capsule
septicidal * 9. Wightia.
. Tribe V. Manulese. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Anther-
cells divaricate, confluent. Fruit capsular. Inflorescence jgtotripetal, uniform.
Viscid herb. Calyx 5-partite 10v Sutera.
Tribe VI. G-ratioleae. Corolla-tube not saccate nor spurred ; lobes flat.
Anther-cells distinct. Fruit capsular, rarely indehiscent. Inflorescence uniform.
Subtribe I. Mimule^. Calyx 5-toothed or -fid. Stamens included ;
anther-cells contiguous. Capsule loculicidally 2-4-valyed, or indehiscent.
Flowers axillary or the upper racemed. Capsule 2-valved . 11. Mimulus.
Flowers in subsecund racemes. Capsule 2-valVed . . . 12. Mazus.
Flowers few, racemed. Fruit indehiscent, globose . . . 13. Lancea.
Subtribe II. Stemodie^:. Calyx 5-partite, except Lindenbergia. Stamens
4, included ; anther-cells separate.
Calyx campanulate, 5-fid. Capsule 2-valved 14. Lindenbergia.
Calyx-segments unequal. Stamens 4, 2 or all with one im-
perfect anther-cell 15. Adenosma.
Calyx-segments equal. Stamens all perfect. Seeds terete 16. Stemodia.
Calyx-segments equal. Stamens all perfect. Seeds angled 1 7. Limnophila.
Subtribe III. Herpestibe-ZE. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate. Stamens in-
cluded ; anther-cells contiguous. Capsule 2-4-valved.
Calyx-segments unequal. Stamens 4 18. Herpestis.
Stamens 2. Valves of capsule with inflexed margins.
No radical leaves 19. G-ratiola.
Stamens 2. Valves of capsule not inflexed. Leaves radical 20. Dopatrium.
Subtribe IV. Vandellieje. Calyx usually 5-toothed or -partite. Stamens
2 upper, usually in the tube, 2 lower in the throat of the corolla, perfect, or
reduced to staminodes ; anthers conniving or cohering in pairs.
Calyx-segments 5, broad. Stamens 4, all perfect . . . . 21. Artanema.
Calyx flat, segments 4, 2 outer very large 22. Curanga.
Calyx tubular, plaited or winged, obliquely 3-5-toothed or
2-lipped . . 23. Torenia.
Calyx-segments 5, free or connate. Stamens 4, all perfect 24. Vandellia.
Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Stamens 2, both perfect. Cap-
sule short 25. Ilysanthes.
Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Stamens 2, both perfect. Cap-
sule long 26. Bonnaya.
Subtribe V. Limoselle^e. Calyx 3-5-toothed or -partite. Two lower
stamens, perfect, upper 0, or reduced to staminodes ; or stamens 3-4, subequal.
— Minute and minute-flowered marsh-herbs ; flowers usually solitary.
Sepals 4, very long and slender. Anther-cells 2, parallel . 27. Bythophyton.
Calyx tubular, 5-fid. Anther-cells confluent. Leaves op-
posite, narrow 28. Microcarpjea.
248 cm. SCROPHULAMNEJE. (J. D. Hooker.)
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers 1 -celled. Leaves op-
posite, broad, fleshy 29. Peplidium:.
Calyx shortly 3-4-lobed. Anther-cells confluent at the
tips. Leaves opposite, fascicled 30. Glossostigma.
Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 4. Anther-cells confluent.
Leaves and pedicels radical 31. Limoseixa.
Seeies C. XHiinanthideaa. Leaves various. Inflorescence usually cen-
tripetal or composite. Corolla-lobes variously imbricate, anterior or lateral
usually the outer in bud. Stamens 2 or 4, the 5th very rarely present.
Tribe VII. Z>ig*italeae. Corolla-lobes all flat, usually spreading, the
lateral, or one of them, exterior in bud. Anther-cells usually confluent at the
tip and spreading below, rarely wholly confluent. — Herbs. Leaves various.
Inflorescence simply centripetal.
Stjbtribe I. Sibthorpie^i. Corolla subrotate, lobes 4-5 or more. Stamens
as many as the lobes, or fewer by one, equal ; anthers sagittate or horseshoe-
Calyx 4-8-fid. Corolla 5-8-fid. Creeping herbs .... 32. Sibthorpia.
Calyx 5-partite. Corolla 5-fid. Creeping herb, leaves
dimorphic 33. Hemiphragma.
Calyx 4-5 partite. Corolla 4-fid. Erect herb .... 34. Scoparia.
St/btribe II. Eudigitaleje. Corolla-tuhe elongate, ventricose above or
ow.
wholly.
Leaves alternate, linear. Raceme terminal. Stamens 2 . 35. Campylanthus.
Stjbtribe III. Veronice^j. Corolla rotate or tube campanulate or cylin-
dric, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 2 or 4, exserted (or included in Wulfenid), equal;
anthers distant ; anther-cells parallel or divergent, tips confluent. — Leaves alter-
nate or radical.
Flowers dimorphic. Stamens 4. Leaves radical .... 36. Picrorhiza.
Corolla-tube cylindric. Stamens 4. Leaves subradical . 37. Wulfenia.
Corolla-tube incurved. Stamens 2. Leaves alternate . . 38. Calorhabdos.
Corolla-tube short. Stamens 2. Leaves (or the lower)
opposite 39. Veronica.
Tribe VIII. G-erardieae. Corolla-lobes all flat, spreading, 2 upper
usually interior in bud. Anther-cells distinct throughout, bases often mucro-
nate, equal or one imperfect or wanting. — Usually toot-parasites, turning black
when dry.
Stjbtribe I Escobedie^;. Calyx-lobes valvate. Anthers 2-celled. — Leafy
herbs, rarely shrubs.
Calyx campanulate. Corolla obliqued Spikes bracteate . 40. Alectra.
Stjbtribe II. Btjchnerejs. Calyx tubular or subcampanulate. Corolla-
tube slender, limb spreading. Anthers 1-celled, cell narrow, tip usually mucro-
nate. — Leafy herbs ; lower leaves opposite.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or sub-
curved 41. Buchnera.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube abruptly incurved 42. Striga.
Calyx subcampanulate, 5-fid. Corolla-tube straight or
curved 43. Kamphicarpa.
Anticharis.] cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) 249
StjbtRIBE III. Etjgerardie^:. Calyx various. Corolla-tube short or
broad, rarely slender ; limb spreading-, upper lobes interior in bud. Anther-cells
equal, or one smaller and imperfect. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves all, or the
lower, opposite*
Calyx spathaceous, compressed 44. Centranthera.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Anthers with one cell
stipitate and empty 45. Sopubia.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Anther-cells subequal.
Ovary many-ovuled 46. Micrargeria.
Calyx tubular-campanulate. Anther-cells equal. Ovary
4-ovuled 47. Leptorhabdos.
Tribe IX. Euphrasieae. Corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave or
hooded, interior in bud ; lower usually spreading. Anther-cells distinct, bases
usually mucronate. — Herbs, often parasitic, black when dry. Leaves opposite or
alternate. Injlorescence centripetal.
* Cells of ovary more than 2-ovuled. Margins of upper lip of corolla
rejlexed.
Seeds numerous, ovoid, reticulate. Flowers axillary ... 48. Phtheirospermum.
Seeds numerous, oblong, striate. Flowers spicate ... 49. Euphrasia.
Seeds numerous, ellipsoid 50. Emmenospermum.
** Cells of ovary more than 2-ovuled. Margins of hood of corolla straight.
Calyx 4-toothed or 4-fid. Leaves opposite 51. Bartsia.
Calyx split in front, 2-5-toothed. Leaves alternate or
whorled 52. Pedicularis.
Leaves 0 53. Lathr-ea.
*** Cells of ovary 2-ovuled.
Upper tip of corolla compressed. Leaves opposite . . . 54. Melamfyrum.
genus of doubtful position (near Wulfenia ?).
Sepals 5. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, didynamous, in-
cluded ; anthers peltate, cells confluent 55. Oreosolen.
Tribe I. AFTOSIMES.
1. ANTICHARZS, Endl.
Erect, small, annual, viscid herbs. Leaves alternate, quite entire. Flowers
axillary, solitary. Sepals narrow, subvalvate. Corolla-tube long, dilating into
the throat ; lobes 5, flat, subequal. Stamens 2 lower perfect ; anthers transverse,
curved ; staminodes 0. Style filiform, stigma obtuse or notched. Capsule ovoid
or oblong, acuminate, loculicidal and septicidal ; valves with inflexed margins
separating from the axis. Seeds numerous, minute, ellipsoid, striate ; embryo
straight. — Species 4, Tropical and S. African, Oriental, and Indian.
1. A. g-landulosa, Aschers. in Bericht. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1866, 880;
•densely glandular-hispid, leaves oblong or ovate obtuse, pedicels equalling the
calyx or shorter, corolla glabrous, sepals three-fourths as long as the capsule.
JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 423. Distemon glandulosus, Ehrb. Sf Hempr. mss.
'Scinde, Stocks, Vicary. — Distrib. Upper Egypt.
A foot high, or less, leafy. Leaves £-1 in., narrowed into a short petiole. Flowers
250 Cm. scrophulaeine^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Anticharis.
in all the axils. Corolla ^ in. long, rosy. Anthers narrow, 1 -celled, glabrous.
Capsule % in., hispid. — Very near A. arabica, Endl.
2. A. linearis, Hochst. in Schimp. PI. Nub. ; viscidly pubescent, leaves
linear acute, pedicels capillary much longer than the calyx, corolla pubescent,
sepals about half as long as the capsule. Aschers. in Bericht. Akad. Wiss. Berl.
1866, 883 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 423. Doratanthera linearis, Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 347. Distemon angustifolius, Ehrb. ty Hemp', mss.
Punjab Plain, Ihomson, Edgeworth. Scinde, Stocks. — Distrib. Westward
through Arabia and Tropical Africa to the Cape de Verde Islds.
Usually more slender than A. glandidosa. Leaves l-\\ by ^-^ in. Flowers in
all the axils. Corolla nearly £ in. long, rosy. Anthers short, 2-celled, hairy. Capsule
£— j in., glabrous.
Tribe II. VERBASCEiE.
2. VERBASCUM, L.
Erect, tomentose or woolly, usually tall herbs. Leaves all alternate. Floioer*
in simple or panicled terminal racemes or spikes, ebracteate, yellow, rarely
white or red. Calyx 5-lobed or -partite, lobes imbricate. Corolla rotate ; lobes
5, broad, the upper exterior in bud. Stamens 5 (very rarely 4), filaments all
or the three upper bearded ; anthers transverse or oblique, cells confluent.
Style-top dilated, stigma simple. Capsule globose, oblong, or ovoid, septicidal ;
valves separating from the axis. Seeds numerous, rugose, not winged ; embryo
straight. — Species about 100 ; chiefly Mediterranean and Oriental.
V. virgatum, With. {Wight III. 165, bis. f. 1, and Ic. 1. 1404. Celsia viscosa, Wight
Cat. n. 1599, and Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 81, in part, not of Roth), a West
European species, occurs in the Nilgherries, doubtless as a garden escape.
1. V. Thapsus, Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 225; densely woolly,
eglandular, stem simple, leaves oblanceolate very decurrent entire or crenate,
flowers in a simple dense woolly spike. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 301 ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 461. V. indicum, Wall. Cat. 2630, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey $
Wall. ii. 236 ; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 79. ? V. Blattaria, T. A. Schmidt
in Trimen Journ. Bat. 1868, 243, not of Linn.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-11,000 ft.; from Kashmir to Bhotan. Western
Tibet ; Ladak, Thomson. — Distrib. Westwards to Britain.
Stem stout, 2-3 ft. Root-leaves 6-18 in., cauline oblong, upper acuminate. Spike
6-1 0 in. ; bracts longer than the flowers. Stamens 5, fertile, 2 glabrous and 3 with
white hairs. — As this is the only common Himalayan species, it must be that referred
to as V. Blatteria by T. A. Schmidt.
Var. thapsiforme ; bracts very long. V. thapsiforme, Schrad.; Boiss. I.e. 301.
V. cuspidatum, Schrad. ; T. A. Schmidt in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1868, 243.
2. V. celsioides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 229; glandular-pubescent,
lower leaves pinnatisect, upper auricled cordate acuminate, flowers racemose.
Kumaon ; at the foot of the hills, Edgeworth. The Punjab ; at Hussan, Aitchison.
Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 4-6 in., sessile or petioled, irregularly toothed and lobulate.
Flowers in a long loose raceme ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; pedicels £-| in. Sepals
oblong, obtuse. Corolla | in. diam. Stamens 4-5 ; filaments woolly. — This species,
being sometimes tetrandrous, unites Verbascum with Celsia.
Oelsia."} cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) 251
3. CELSIA, L.
Characters of Verbascum, but stamens 4 (see also V. celsioides).
1. C. coromandeliana, Vahl Symb. iii. 79; finely pubescent or
tomentose, glandular above, root-leaves petioled lyrate-pinnatifid, cauline sessile
oblong-ovate toothed, racemes simple or panicled, sepals entire or toothed.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 246 ; Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 100; Wall. Cat. 2631 ; Wight
III. t. 165, bis f. 1, right hand, and 1c. t. 1406 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 176;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 358. C. viscosa, Roth Catal. Bot. ii. 69, and iii. 50 ;
Wight in Hook. Journ. Bot. i. (1834) 228, t. 129; Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xvii. 81, in part.
Throughout India ; from the Punjab to Ceylon and Pegu, ascending to 5000 ft. —
Distbib. Affghanistan, Ava, China.
Annual. Stem 2-3 ft., stout or slender. Leaves 2-4 in., the large terminal lobe
usually oblong, obtuse, toothed. Raceme 1-2 ft. ; pedicels ;{— §- in. ; bracts ovate,
shorter. Sepals obloDg or ovate. Corolla £ in. diam., yellow. Filaments all hairy.
Capsule subglobose, J-£ in. diam.
4. LXNARIA, Juss.
Herbs. Leaves usually opposite, or whorled below and alternate above.
Floivers axillary, racemose or spicate, ebracteolate. Sepals 5, imbricate. Corolla-
tube spurred in front ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, throat
usually closed by the tumid palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included \
anther-cells distinct, parallel. Style filiform, stigma minute. Capsule ovoid or
globose, 2-celled, each cell or the anterior only opening by an apical pore. Seeds
numerous, polymorphous. — Species 130, almost exclusively natives of the
temperate regions of the old world.
L. striata, DC, a Mediterranean species, has been found in the Khasia Mts. (near
Churra), by Clarke, no doubt an escape. L. triphylla, Mill., a plant of the same
region, also occurs in India according to Bentham (in DC. Prodr. x. 274), but I have
seen no specimen.
* Sepals narrowly lanceolate.
1. Xi. ramosissima, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 43, t. 153, and Cat. 3911 :
perennial, nearly glabrous, branches prostrate slender, leaves alternate petioled
ovate-cordate, or lower 6-7-lobed triangular-hastate and upper lanceolate
sagittate, pedicels capillary longer than the petiole, spur shorter than the corolla-
tube, seeds scabrous. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 270 ; Wight III. t. 165; Dalz.
$ Gibs. $omb. Fl. 176; Boiss. Fl. Oi-ient. iv. 368. L. Roylei, Chavannes
Monogr. Antirrh. 112.
Throughout India, on rocks and stony places, from the Punjab and Scinde to
Chittagong and Ceyxon ; ascending the hills to 5000 ft. Distbib. Affghanistan, Ava.
Branches numerous, filiform, spreading from the rootstock. Leaves membranous,
£-2 in., extremely variable. Flowers yellow; pedicels l-l£ in. Qepals lanceolate.
Corolla i in. long, spur short, tube hairy, upper lip short. HM with subequal
lobes. Seeds minute, ovoid.— The var. ovata, Benth., with all the leaves ovate-cordate,
passes so insensibly into the type that it cannot be retained.
Var. pubescens, Stocks ms. ; softly hairy, corolla rather larger and spur rather
longer. — This in hairiness resembles L. cabulica. jKm
2. X,. cabulica, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 270; pexqmA, softly hirsute,
branches prostrate slender, leaves alternate petioled. J^« ovate subhastate
"252 cm. scrophularine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Linaria.
and lobed, upper lanceolate sagittate, pedicels rigid longer than the leaves,
spur longer than the corolla-tube, seeds scabrous. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 368.
The Punjab, Scinde and Western Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft., and east-
ward to Kamptee, Wight, and Eotas in Behar, J. D. H. Distrib. Westwards to
Persia.
More rigid than L. ramosissima, with smaller more entire leaves, and shorter
petioles.
3. Xi. incana, Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 43 ; perennial, villous, branches
prostrate, leaves ovate or hastate, petiole very short, pedicels rigid often exceed-
ing the leaves, spur much shorter than the corolla-tube, seeds closely roughly
pitted.
Western and Central Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 5,500, Falconer, &c, to
Nepal, Wallich.
Habit of L. cabulica, but with much larger flowers and capsules, and larger, very
different seeds.
** Sepals linear-spathulate.
4. L. minor, Desf. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 287; annual, erect,
glandular-pubescent, leaves mostly alternate oblong or obovate, pedicels slender,
spur shorter than the corolla-tube, seeds oblong truncate ribbed smooth. Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 383. Antirrhinum minus, Linn. ; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 249 to 53.
The Punjab Plain ; Vicary, Aitchison. Distrib. Westwards to Britain.
Stem 6-18 in., branches ascending. Leaves £-1 in. obtuse, narrowed into the
petiole. Peduncles axillary, often exceeding the leaves. Sepals enlarging after
flowering, nearly equalling the pale purple corolla with a yellow depressed palate.
Capside gibbous at the base ; cells subequal, opening by ragged pores.
5. SCHWEINFURTHIA, A. Braun.
Annual or perennial branched glabrous herbs. Leaves nearly always alter-
nate, quite entire. Floivers small, axillary. Sepals imbricate, the upper
largest. Corolla-tube subacute ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower reflexed
3-lobed ; palate closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, 5th rudimentary ;
anther-cells diverging. Style filiform, stigma minute. Capsule subglobose,
fragile, anterior cell many-seeded, bursting irregularly ; posterior very small,
3-4-seeded or empty. Seeds obconic, 5-winged, furrowed between the ribs. —
Species 3, N.E. African and oriental.
1. S. sphaerocarpa, A. Braunin Monatsb. Akad. Wiss.Berl. 1866,875;
robust, glabrous or hairy, leaves orbicular obovate or spathulate fleshy glaucous,
pedicels very short, sepals ovate or lanceolate acute. S. papilionacea, Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 387. Antirrhinum papilionaceum, Burm. Fl. Lnd. 121, t. 39, f. 2.
A. glaucum, Stocks in Wight Lc. t. 1459. Linaria sphaerocarpa, Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 287.
Scinde ; in rocky places ; Stocks, Vicary. Distrib. Beloochistan and AfF-
ghanistan.
Perennial ; branches 6-12 in. Leaves £- lj in., obtuse or subacute, narrowed into
the short petiole. Sepals ^ in. long, equalling the corolla-tubes, enlarged in fruit.
Corolla dirty-white. Filaments bairy at the base. Capsule 5— ^ in. diam. Seeds
pale. — Sunpat of druggists.
AnUrrhmwm.'] cm. scrophularine2e. (J. D. Hooker.) 253
6. ANTIRRHINUM, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire or lobed, lower opposite, upper
alternate. Flowers solitar}' and axillary or racemed. Sepals 5, imbricate.
Corolla compressed, base saccate ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower spreading,
3-lobed j palate broad, bearded, closing- the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous ;
anther-cells distinct, parallel. Style filiform, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or
globose ; cells many-seeded, anterior opening by one pore, posterior by 2 toothed
pores, or both opening by one pore. Seeds minute, oblong, truncate, rugose or
pitted. — Species 25, of northern temperate regions.
The common Snapdragon {A. majus, L.) is stated {Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 291)
to be subspontaneous in India, but I have seen no specimens.
1. A. Orontium. Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 290; annual or
biennial, slender, erect, leaves linear, flowers axillary subsessile, sepals longer
than the corolla. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 385. A. gibbosum, Wall. PI. As. Rar.
ii. 44, and Cat. 3854.
Punjab Plain and Western Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft. (an escape in the
Nilgherries). — Distrib. Westwards to N. Africa and Britain.
Annual or biennial.
Stem 6-18 in., usually glabrous below and glandular above, branched from the
base. Leaves 1-2 in., very narrow, rarely oblong-lanceolate. Flowers ^-§ in., rose-
purple. Sepals very narrow, spreading. Capsule ^ in., pubescent. Seeds com-
pressed, face concave, back keeled, margins thickened.
7. SCROPHULARIA, L.
Annual or perennial, often foetid herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper
alternate, often pellucidly dotted. Flowers in panicled or thyreoid cymes,
greenish-purple or yellow. Sepals 5. Corolla-tube globose or ovoid, tumid ;
lobes 5, short, flat; 4 upper erect, lower spreading. Stamens 4, declinate,
didynamous, 5th rudimentary or 0 ; anther-cells adnate to the filament, con-
fluent, bursting transversely. Disc oblique. Style slender, stigma notched.
Capsule ovoid, acute or beaked, septicidal. Seeds many or few, ovoid, more or
less rugose. —Species about 120, of northern temperate regions.
* Cymes contracted, dense-Jld. Tipper cwolla-lobes shoi't, subegual. Stamens
included. — Leaves broad, entire, ovate or ovate-cordate, petiole not appendaged,
nerves distinct.
1. S. pauciflora, Benth. Sci-oph. Ind. 17, and in DC. l*rodr. x. 302 ;
glabrous or sparsely pubescent, leaves long-petioled ovate-cordate coarsely
toothed, flowers crowded in distant leafless cymes, sepals ovate acute shorter
than the capsule, stamens included, staminode 0.
Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 10-13,000 ft.,
J. D. H., &c.
Stem 2-3 ft., stout, sparingly branched. Leaves 2-4 in., primary and secondary
nerves distinct; petiole £-2 in. Inflorescence 2-8 in. long, stiff; cymes crowded,
shortly peduncled ; pedicels \ in. and less. Corolla green. Capsule \-± in. long,
ovoid, acute. Seeds oblong.
2. S. calycina, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 18, and in DC, Prodr. x. 304;
glabrous or sparsely pubescent above, leaves shortly petioled ovate or cordate-
ovate acute coarsely toothed, flowers crowded in approximate leafless cymes,
254 cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Scroplmdaria.
sepals lanceolate acuminate, equalling or longer than the capsules. Stamens
included, staminode ovate acute. Veronica ? thyrsiflora, Wall. Cat. 6393.
Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir, Boyle, to Kumaon, Blinkworth, alt.
6-12,000 ft.
Stem 1-2 ft., stout, sparingly branched. Leaves 1-4 in., sometimes oblong,
primary and secondary nerves distinct; petiole ^-f in. Inflorescence 2-4 in., stiff;
cymes very shortly peduncled ; pedicels ^- \ in. Capsule \-^ in. ovoid, acuminate.
Seeds oblong.
** Cymes more or less effuse. Ttvo upper corolla-lobes longer than the others.
Stamens included or exserted. — Leaves broad, entire, ovate or ovate-cordate, petiole
not appendaged (except in S. polyantha), nerves distinct.
3. S. urticaefolia, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 18, and in DC. Prodr. x. 306;
glabrous or sparsely hairy, leaves petioled ovate or cordate-ovate acute coarsely
toothed, cymes open lax-fld. long slender, lower peduncles axillary, upper chiefly
opposite panicled spreading, calyx-lobes rounded, stamens included. Wall. Cat.
3922.
Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 7-9000 ft.,
J. D. H., &c.
Stem 2-3 ft., rather slender. Leaves 2-4 in., primary and secondary nerves
distinct; petiole \-2 in. Cymes very slender and lax, lower peduncles 1-3 in.;
pedicels divaricate, filiform, bracts very small. Calyx hemispheric, cleft half-way
down. Corolla \ in. long, greenish-white, 2 posterior lobes longest. Staminode
obovate. Calyx-lobes shorter than the small broadly ovoid acuminate capsule. Seeds
very minute, broadly oblong, apiculate, broadly furrowed and pitted in the furrows.
4. S. obtusa, Edgew. ms. ; hoary, leaves shortly petioled ovate or ovate-
cordate obtuse crenate, cymes open lax-fld. long-peduncled, lower axillary upper
chiefly opposite panicled spreading, calyx-lobes rounded, stamens included.
Herb. Strach. fy Winterb., Scroph. n. 3.
Western Himalaya ; Kumaon at Almora, alt. 6-6,500 ft., Edgeworth, &c.
Stem 2-3 ft., branched, and as well as the leaves beneath and inflorescence clothed
with a fine hoary pubescence. Leaves 2-3 in., dull-green, primary nerves only
distinct ; petiole %-l\ in. Cymes longer or shorter than the leaves ; peduncles stout,
strict ; pedicels also stout, divaricate, sometimes 1 in. long. Calyx cleft more than
halfway down ; lobes nearly equalling the small subglobose capsule. Corolla
yellowish, tube twice as long as the calyx ; two upper lobes longest. Staminode
orbicular. Seeds very minute, as in S. urticcefolia.
5. S. Scopolii, Hoppe ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 308 ; glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, leaves petioled ovate oblong or cordate-ovate coarsely irregularly
toothed or sublaciniate, cymes lax-fld. all erect lower axillary, upper alternate
in long-strict narrow leafless panicles, peduncles and pedicels short very stout
erect, sepals orbicular margins scarious, stamens included. Reichb. Ic. PI.
Germ. xx. t. 1675, f. 3. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 395. S. glandulosa, Waldst. fy
Kit. iii. t. 214. S. auriculata, Scop. Fl. Carniol. i. 446, t. 32, not of Linn. S.
decumbens, Fisch. 8f Meg. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3, v. 380.
Western Himalaya ; Kashmir, Murree and Hazara, alt. 6000 ft. ; Fleming,
Clarke. — Distrib. Affghanistan and westwards to Spain.
Stem stout, 2-3 ft., branched, glabrous in Indian specimens. Leaves 1-3 in., com-
poundly toothed or subserrate ; petiole |-1 in. Cymes in stiff stout contracted
panicles a foot long and upwards. Corolla greenish. Stamens included; staminode
orbicular. Capsule ovoid-globose, beaked. Seeds rugulose. — A very variable and
widely diffused plant. Affghanistan specimens have lobules on the petiole.
Scropliularia.] cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) 255
6. S. elatior, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 18, and in DC. Prodr. x. 304; tall,
glabrous or glandular above, stem 4-winged, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate
coarsely toothed, cymes spreading peduncled many-fid. in long panicles, pedun-
cles and pedicels spreading, sepals ovate subacute, stamens far exserted. Wall
Cat. 3928.
Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 6-10,000 ft.,
J. D. H., &c. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., common.
Tall, very stout, 3-5 ft. high, branched, stem below as thick as the middle finger,
wings slender. Leaves 5-10 by 1-5 in., rarely subcordate, primary and secondary
nerves distinct ; petiole stout, 1-3^ in. Panicle sometimes much branched from the
base, bracts linear ; peduncles 1-2 in. ; branches and pedicles spreading. Sepals not
margined, not half the length of the globose-ovoid beaked capsule. Stamens twice as
long as the corolla ; staminode spathulate or 0. Seeds as in S. urticcsfolia.
7. S. Edg-eworthii, Benth. in DC. Prod?-, x. 304 ; glandular-puberulous,
stem obtusely 4-angled, leaves petioled ovate-cordate coarsely crenate-toothed,
cymes long-peduncled panicled few- and lax-fld. spreading, sepals ovate acute
much shorter than the tubular corolla, stamens shortly exserted.
Western Himalaya; Ghirwhal, at Musa Paria, alt. 12,000 ft., Edgeworth;
Kumaon, at Sabu, alt. 8,500 ft., Strach. $ Winterb.
Apparently a tall species. Leaves 2-3 in., primary nerves only distinct ; petiole
1-1^ in. Peduncles and pedicels spreading in fruit ; bracts lanceolate ; pedicels 1-1^-
in. Sepals nearly as long as the subglobose capsule. Corolla g-in. long. Staminode
spathulate. Seeds \exy minute, irregular, obscurely ribbed and pitted. — The specimens
of this plant are insufficient ; Edge worth's are in flowers only ; the Kumaon ones are
more advanced and in fruit, are nearly glabrous with a rather shorter corolla.
8. S. polyantha, Boyle; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 18, and in DC. Prodr. x.
304 ; glabrous below, viscidly puberulous above, stem obtusely 4-angled, leaves
ovate or ovate-cordate crenate, petiole short naked or appendaged, cymes many-
nd. suberect or ascending alternate in long leafless thyrsoid panicles, pedicels
short, sepals round with broad scarious margins, corolla very short, stamens far
exserted. Wall. Cat. 9081.
Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-11,000 ft., common.
Stem 3-4 ft., stout below. Leaves 2-8 in., sometimes pinnatifidly cut towards
the base, primary-nerves distinct ; petiole ^-1 in., rarely more. Panicle 1-2 ft.,
strict; flowers greenish, amongst the smallest of the Indian species. Sepals y0 in->
half as long as the very broad short corolla, much shorter than the subglobose pointed
capsule. Staminode spathulate. Style filiform. Seeds rugulose, larger than in
S. Edgeworthii.
9. S. himalensis, Royle in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 18, and DC. Prodr. x.
304 ; glandular-pubescent above, stem obtusely angled, leaves ovate-cordate or
lanceolate crenate, petiole long naked, cymes many- and lax-fld. spreading op-
posite and alternate in a long rather slender panicle, peduncles and pedicels
long slender, sepals rounded obscurely margined or not, corolla very short,
stamens far exserted.
Western Himalaya, from Kunawur to Kumaon, alt. 5-8000 ft., common.
. Very near to S. polyantha, but the petioles are longer and not appendaged, and
the flowers twice as large ; the seeds are similar.
*** Cymes more or less effuse. Two upper corolla-lobes longer than the others.
Stamens hardly exserted. Capsules few-seeded. Seeds oblong, deeply pitted or
transversely rugose. — Leaves narroio-obovate-spathulate, coarsely toothed or pin-
natisect, nerves often very obscure. {The species are perennial, and very difficult
to distinguish satisfactorily.)
256 cm. SCROPHULARINE.E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Scrophularia.
10. S. lucida, Linn. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 312; glabrous or
glandular pubescent above, leaves 1-2-pinnatisect, segments spreading very
unequal oblong ovate or lanceolate incised and serrate, cymes ascending shortly
peduncled in long contracted panicles, pedicels short, sepals rounded margin
broadly scarious, staminode orbicular or reniform. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
403. S. decomposita, Boyle in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 18, and in DC. I.e. 313. S.
Grifiithii, Benth. in. DC.' I.e. 312; excl. var. |3 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 410 excl.
syn. Kotschyi.
Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 8-13,000 ft. — Distrib.
Kashgar, Affghanistan, and westwards to Italy.
Rootstock stout, perennial, stems 2-3 ft., obscurely 4-angled. Leaves 1-2 in.,
segments horizontal, interrupted. Cymes few-fld., lower leafy ; peduncles ^-f in.,
pedicels very short ; bracts linear. Sepals half as long as the corolla, nearly as long
as the globose pointed capsule. Corolla-tube |--^ in. broad. — I suspect that this is only
a form of S. canina, Linn.
11. S. variegata, Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 78; glabrous below,
glandular above, puberulous, leaves shortly petioled obovate-oblong or spathu-
late obtuse crenate above incised or pinnatifid toward the base with recurved
obtuse lobes, cymes erect or ascending few-fld. alternate in long narrow panicles,
pedicels very short, sepals rounded margin broadly scarious, staminode large
orbicular or reniform. Reichb. Ic. PI. Europ. iii. 53, t. 257 ; Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 314. 8. depauperata, Boiss. Diagn. Ser. iv. 68 ; and Fl. Orient, iv.
410. S. Griffithii,.i>a>\ )8, Benth. I. c. 312.
Western Himalaya, in the drier regions, and Western Tibet ; from Kashmir
and the Karakorum to Kumaon, alt. 9-14,000 ft., Thomson, &c. — Distrib. Asia
Minor.
Rootstock perennial ; stems 1-2 ft., stout, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves l-2f in.,
coriaceous, contracted into a short broad petiole. Sepals about half the length of
the corolla and of the small globose pointed capsule. Corolla \-^ in. long, tube
broad. — Probably only a form of S. lucida, with more entire leaves. It precisely
accords with Reichenbach's figure in all but the greater size.
Var. ? tenuicaulis ; branches and panicles very slender, staminode ovate-lanceolate
acute. — Kishtwar, alt. 8000 ft., Thomson. Kashmir at Srinuggur, alt. 7000 ft.,
Clarke. This is a puzzling plant, probably referable to S. canina, L. The habit and
foliage are tho^e of S. variegata.
12. S. dent at a, Boyle in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 19, and in DC. Prodr. x.
316; glabrous below, glandular above, nearly black when dry, leaves small
petioled obovate-oblong or -spathulate obtuse crenate above, entire or incised
towards the base, cymes short erect or ascending few-fld. alternate in narrow
panicles, pedicels very short, sepals rounded margins obscurely scarious, stami-
node small narrow. S. Kotschyi, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. fy T., not of Boiss.
Western Himalaya, Kumaon, Royle, Lahul, Capt. Hay. Western Tibet, alt.
12-15,000 ft., Thomson.
Very similar to S. variegata, but nearly black when dry, with smaller thicker
leaves, and a very small staminode. Rootstock stout, branches very numerous, ] foot,
cylindric. Leaves 1-1^ in., midrib and nerves very obscure, rather fleshy. Flowers
smaller than in S. variegata or lucida. Capside and seeds similar.
13. S. scabiosEe folia, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 313; glabrous or
glandular, leaves obovate oblong or subspathulate entire pinnatifid or lobulate,
terminal lobe usually large, cymes spreading or ascending alternate rather long
few- or many-fld. branches divaricating, flowers very small often spicate, sepals
rounded margins scarious, staminode broad. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 412.
Brandisia.~\ cm. scrophularixe.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 257
Punjab Hills, near Peshawur, Vicary, Aitchison. Western Himalaya and
Western Tibet, alt. 10-12,000 ft., Thomson. — Distrib. Affghanistan.
Rootstoclc woody, often with many radical petioled pinnatifid or entire obovate
or oblong- cordate leaves which are sometimes 5 in. long, and solitary scape-like panicles ;
thus resembling a Scabiosa. In other specimens the stems are slender, 1-2 feet
high, and much branched, like those of 8. lucida, from which the small flowers about
■fc in. long, best distinguish it. S. bicolor, of Europe, is very near this. — The
Beloochistan plant of Stocks referred to it by Boissier may be the same, but it is not
in a sufficiently good state for determination.
Tribe IV. CHELONEiE.
8. BRANDISIA, Kooh.f. Sf Thorns.
Tomentose or scurfy shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers axillary,
solitary or 2-nate; pedicels 2-bracteolate. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed.
Corolla-tubes incurved, dilated above ; upper lip broad, concave, erect, broadly
2-lobed; lower spreading, shortly acutely 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous,
shorter than the corolla, filaments flattened below ; anther-cells divergent,
margins bearded. Style filiform, stigma simple. Capsule ovoid, loculicidal,
many-seeded, valves separating from the columnar place ntiferous axis.
Seeds linear, testa lax membranous reticulated. — Species 2, a Chinese and
the following.
The supposed second species of Brandisia, alluded to in the " Genera Plantarum "
as a native of Bhotan, has stellate tomentum, lanceolate leaves and a 2-lipped calyx,
and cannot be congeneric. It may be a Wightia, but the specimens are far too imperfect
for determination. The Chinese plant referred to B. discolor by Hance, differs in the
broad calyx-lobes and corolla; it is B. Hancei, H. f.
B. discolor, H.f. Sf T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 11, t. 4; leaves ovate-
lanceolate finely acuminate base rounded or cordate, calyx-teeth subulate.
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 250, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 236.
Pegu, Martaban, and Tenasserim, alt. 3-6000 ft., Brandts, Parish, Kurz.
An evergreen half-scandent shrub. Leaves 2-3 in., firm, glabrous above, white-
or fulvous -tomentose beneath with very prominent nerves, petiole f in. Pedicels
longer than the petiole. Calyx \ in. long, tomentose, 5-ribbed opposite the teeth.
Corolla f in., dull purplish brown, tomentose. Capsule ovoid, acute, £ in. long.
9. WIGHTIA, Wall.
A tree. Leaves opposite or alternate, quite entire, very coriaceous.
Flowers in axillary thyrsi, large, rosy, pubescent. Calyx campanulate,
irregularly 3-5-lobed. Corolla-tube incurved, upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower
spreading, 3-fid. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, exserted; anthers
oblong, sagittate, cells parallel. Style long, tip incurved, stigma simple.
Capsule oblong or ovoid, septicidal, many-seeded, valves long, separating
from the placentiferous axis, which is 2-partite or* entire. Seeds linear,
ascending, nucleus slender, testa membranous broadly winged all round,
albumen 0; embryo straight.— Species 3, a Javan, Bornean, and the
following.
W. g-ig-antea, Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 71, t. 81, and Cat. 2703; Benth.
in DC. Prodr. x. 301 ; Gamble Cat. Darjeeling PI. 58. Gmelma specio-
sissima, Don Prodr. 104; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 650.
Central and Western Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkhn, J. D. 2T., &c. ;
Bhotan, Griffith.— Distrib. Java (Herb. Sorsjield).
VOL. IV. S
258 cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Sutera.
A large tree, often half epiphyt:c, appressed to and grasping the boles of forest
trees by roots given off from the trunk, which is sometimes a foot or more in
diameter. Leaves 6-12 by 3-6 in., ovate lanceolate rounded or elliptic, acute or
obtuse, glabrous above and finally beneath ; base acute or rounded ; nerves 4-6 pair,
oblique; petiole I-I3 in., stout. Thyrsi 4-8 in., erect, narrow ; peduncle and rachis
very stout ; pedicels \-\ in., 2-bracteolate in the middle, hoary-pubescent. Calyx
short, ^ in. long and broad, lobes rounded. Corolla 1 in. long, mealy. Stamens far
exserted. Capsule ovoid, thinly coriaceous, 1| in. long by f in. broad ; columnar
axis entire. — The Javan species alluded to in the " Genera Plantarum " differs in the
much longer and woody capsules with the columnar axis 2-partite.
Tribe Y. EIANUlEiE.
10. SUTERA, Roth.
A low diffuse viscid'-pubescent herb. Leaves pinnatifid, lower opposite,
upper alternate. Flowers small, axillary and in terminal racemes ; pedicels
bracteate, ebracteolate. Sepals 5, narrow. Corolla-tube slender, throat not
dilated ; lobes 5, small, 2 upper outer in bud and rather smaller. Stamens
4, didynamous, included, filaments filiform. Style short, stigma obtuse or
notched. Capsule ovoid-oblong, septicidal, valves bifid. Seeds numerous,
testa pitted.
S. glandulosa, Roth Bot. BemerJc. 172, and Nov. Sp. 291; Benth. in
DC. Prodr. x. 362 ; Boiss. Ft. Orient, iv. 422 ; Wight Ic. t. 856 ; Miguel Fl.
Lid. Bat. ii. 676 ; S. dissecta, Walp. Rep. iii. 271. Capraria dissecta, Del.
Fl. Fg. i. 95, t. 32, f. 2.
From Maewae, Dalzell, Banda, JEdgeworth, Behae, J. D. H., and Bengal,
Griffith, to the South Deccan, Seyne, but not common. — Disteib. Arabia, Egypt,
Nubia.
Annual, branched from the base, branches 6-10 in. long. Leaves \-\ in., ovate in
outline, shortly petioled, segments toothed and cut. Flowers axillary all along the
branches, sessile or pedicelled, uppermost racemose. Calyx \ in. long. Corolla
nearly white, about twice as long, glabrous. Capsule exceeding the calyx.
Tribe YI. ORATIOIiEJE.
11. axxnxuxius, L.
Erect prostrate or creeping herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary,
axillary. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla 2-
lipped, upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-lobed ; throat
with usually a swollen 2-lobed palate. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anther-cells
divergent, subconfluent. Style slender, stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule com-
pressed, loculicidal, valves separating from the placentif erous column. Seeds
numerous, minute, oblong. — Species 40, temperate and tropical.
1. H/l. nepalensis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 29, and in DC. Prodr. x. 373 ;
prostrate, glabrous, leaves petioled ovate coarsely serrate, calyx truncate
5-toothed, corolla yellow, capsule included. Wall. Cat. 3917; Maxim.
Diaqn. PI. Nov. Dec. xix. 401. M. assamicus, Griff, in. Madr. Journ. Nat,
So. iv. 3, and Notnl. iv. 92, and Ic. PI. Ind. Asiat. t. 458, f . 8, 9.
Tempeeate Himalaya ; from Nepal, Wallich, to Bhotan, Griffith. Assam, on the
banks of the Burrampootra, Griffith. — Disteib. Japan.
Stems straggling, 6-10 in. long, stout or slender, sometimes faintly hairy. Calyx
Miimi/us.] cm. scROPHULARiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 259
very variable in length, breadth, and the size of the teeth, which are always small.
Capsule ovate-lanceolate, included.
Vae. 1; leaves £-1 in., pedicels usually longer than the leaves, flowers | in. long,
fruiting calyx straight. — Nepal, Sikkira, and Assam, alt. 1-6000 ft.
Vae. 2; much larger, leaves 1-1| in., pedicels shorter than the leaves, flowers
1-1 £ in. long, calyx often curved. ? M. tenellus, Bunge En. PL Chin. 49 {Maxim.
I. c). — Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000 ft. — Possibly a different species, but intermediate forms
occur. The calyx varies from \ in. long, obconic and straight, to § in. long subcylindric
and curved with an oblique mouth. Miquel's M. nepalensis, var. japonica, seems
the same as this.
2. XIX. orbicularis, JBenth. Scroph.Ind. 29, and in DC.Prodr. x. 373;
creeping, glabrous, leaves petioled orbicular nerveless quite entire, calyx
small truncate obscurely 5-lobed, capsule exserted. Wall. Cat. 3919.
Pegu and Tenasseeim ; Wallich, Griffith, &c.
Stems rather thick, 6-10 in. Leaves f-1 in. diam., rather fleshy, base rounded or
subacute ; petiole J-f in., very thick. Peduncles equalling the leaves or shorter, stout
or slender. Calyx \ in., campanulate. Corolla \~\ § in. Capsule £ in., elliptic, acute
at both ends ; style stout, persistent.
3. m. gracilis, Br. Trodr. 439 ; erect, glabrous, leaves sessile linear-
oblong quite entire or slightly toothed, calyx shortly 5-lobed, capsule in-
cluded. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 594. M. strictus, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 28 ;
Wall. Cat. 3918.
Westebn Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 1-3000 ft. Punjab
plains. Bengal, at Rajmahal, Wallich. — Disteib. China, Australia, Tropical and
S. Africa.
Stout, branched from the base, 6-12 in. high, branches erect. Leaves radical and
cauline, l£-2$ in., rather fleshy, ^-amplexicaul, obtuse, blackish when dry. Peduncles
longer than the leaves, stout. Calyx \ in. long, tubular, lobes very small rounded.
Corolla \ in. long, white or pale blue. Capsule obovoid.
12. XttAZUS, Lour.
Small herbs, often with runners. Leaves opposite below or rosulate,
above opposite or alternate. Flotvers small, in terminal subsecund racemes ;
bracts and bracteoles minute or 0. Calyx campanulate, 5 -fid. Corolla-tube
short, upper lip erect, 2-fid; lower much larger, spreading, 3-fid; throat
with a 2-lobed palate. Stamens 4, didynamous; anther-cells contiguous,
diverging. Stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule included, globose or compressed,
obtuse, loculicidal, valves entire. Seeds numerous, most minute, ovoid. —
Species, 4 Asiatic and 1 Australian.
1. M. rug-osus, Lour. Fl. Coch. 385 ; runners 0, radical leaves obovate-
spathulate crenate narrowed into a short petiole, pedicels mostly ebracteate,
calyx-lobes half as long as the tube ovate-lanceolate acute, spreading in
fruit. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 375; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 424; Sweet
Brit. Fl. Gard, t. 36 ; Miguel Fl. Ind, Bat. ii. 677 ; Maxim. Diagn. Nov. PL
Dec. xix. 403. M. bicolor, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3913. M. vandeUoides, Hance ;
Walp. Ann. iii. 193. Lindernia japonica, TJiunb. FL Jap. 253. Horneman-
nia bicolor, Willd. Fnum. ILort. Berol. 654 ; Reichb. Icon. Fxot. 25, t. 37.
? Columnea tomentosa, JRoxb. Fl. Bid. iii. 98. ? Stemodia tomentosa, G.
Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 842. Tittmannia obovata, Bunge Fnum. PL Chin. 279.
Vandellia obovata, Walp. in Act. Acad. Leopold, xix. Suppl. i. 394.
Gratiola goodeniasfolia, Hornem. Hort. Hafn.
s 2
260 cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Mazits.
Tempeeate and Subteopical Himalaya, and Plains of Nobtheen India ; from
Kashmir to Bhotan, ascending to 7000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Burma,
Wallich. Uppee Assam, Griffith. Soane Riveb, J. D. H— Disteib. Affghanis-
tan, Java, China, Japan, Philippine Islds.
Annual, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Radical leaves numerous, 1-3 in. long, in-
cluding the petiole, which is rarely as long as the blade, coarsely irregularly crenate-
toothed. Flowering -stems numerous from the root, 2-10 in. long, leafless or with
alternate spathulate leaves. Racemes l-£in., pedicels \-\ in. Calyx in fruit \-\ in.
diam. Corolla \-\ in. long, blue. Seeds exceedingly minute, pale. — Roxburgh's
Columnea tomentosa, referred here by Bentham, can hardly be this.
2. IVX. surculosusj Don Prodr. 86; runners rooting with opposite
leaves, radical leaves obovate-spathulate coarsely crenate and often subpin-
natifid at the base narrowed into a short petiole, pedicels mostly bracteate,
calyx-lobes ^ as long as the tube short obtuse or subacute suberect in fruit.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 375 ; Wall. Cat. 3912 ; ? Wight Ic. t. 1467.
Tempeeate Himalaya ; from Kunawar to Bhotan, alt. 3-7000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-5000 ft. ? Nilghiei Mts., Schmidt, Hohenacker, O. Thomson.
In its ordinary state very different from M. rugosus in the shorter racemes, the
often pinnatifid leaf-bases, bracts and calyx ; but small specimens of either are diffi-
cult to distinguish. The Nilghiri specimens are very small and dense, without runners
or bracts, but they have the short-lobed calyx of M. surculosus ; they may prove
specifically different. The figure in Wight's Icones represents the calyx very incor-
rectly.
3. HE. dentatus, Wall. Cat. 3914; runners 0, radical leaves long-
petioled elliptic- oblong or ovate sinuate, pedicels bracteate, calyx-lobes ^ the
length of the tube rounded ovate or triangular obtuse or acute suberect in
fruit. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 27, and in DC. Prodr. x. 375.
Tempeeate Himalaya; Kumaon, alt. 8000 ft., Strach. Sf Winterb.; Nepal,
Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 6-8000 ft., J. D. H., Treutler. Khasia Mts. ; Nunklow,
alt. 5000 ft., Simons.
Glabrous or sparsely hairy. RootstocTc perennial. Leaves 1-4 in., base acute
rounded or subcordate ; petiole |-3 in. Flowering branches or scapes 3-6 in., erect
or decumbent, slender, few-fid., leafless. Flowers distant, £-1 in. long ; pedicels |-^
in.; bracts setaceous. Calyx \-\ in. long, lobes sometimes longer and acute as in
M. rugosus. Seeds twice as large as in M. rugosus, black.
13. LANCEA, LTooh.f. Sf Thorns.
A small glabrous herb. Leaves radical and opposite, obovate-oblong or
spathulate, quite entire. Flowers in a very short terminal few-fid. raceme,
pedicels bracteate. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid. Corolla-tube dilated above ;
upper lip suberect, concave, 2-lobed; lower large, spreading, 3-lobed, palate
2-convex. Stamens 4, didynamous, subexserted; anther-cells diverging.
Style filiform, stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit globose, indehiscent, exserted.
Seeds numerous, small, subglobose, testa thin.
Zi. tibetica, LTook.f. Sf Thorns, in Hook. Keiv Journ. ix. 244, t. 7.
Alpine Himalaya and Westeen Tibet; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 11-
16,000 ft., Thomson, &c.
Sootstock slender, horizontal, creeping. Leaves rosulate, or opposite on a very
short stem 1-4 in. high, l-3£ in. long, obtuse or subacute, narrowed into a J-amplexi-
caul petiole |-1 in. long, rather coriaceous, sometimes very obscurely toothed. Flowers
La?icea.] cm. scrophularinejs. (J. D. Hooker.) 261
sunk amongst the leaves, pedicels very short, bracts lanceolate. Calyx-lobes acute.
Corolla f-1 in. long, blue, lower lip hairy within. Fruit the size of a pea, hardly
fleshy. Seeds brown. '
14 LINDENBERGIA, Lehm.
Annual or perennial herbs, woody below ; branches erect, straggling or
ascending. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, toothed. Flowers
axillary or spicate or racemed, bracteate, ebracteolate, yellow. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-fid. Corolla-tube cylindric ; upper lip the outer, short, broad,
notched or 2-fid; lower larger, 3-lobed, spreading, base with two plaits.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-cells separate, stipitate, all with
pollen. Capsule 2-grooved, loculicidal ; valves entire, separating from the
placentiferous axis. Seeds numerous, minute. — Species 8, African, Indian
and Malayan.
1. Zi. grandiflora, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 22, and in DC. Prodr. x. 576;
softly hairy, subscandent, leaves petioled ovate acuminate coarsely serrate,
flowers secund in terminal lax-fld. spikes, calyx-lobes obtuse, ovary villous.
Stemodia grandiflora, Sam. in Don Prodr. 89 ; Wall. Cat. 3924.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 2-6000 ft.; from Sirmore to Bhotan, abundant.
Pegu, Kurz.
A rambling perennial, with flexuous stem and branches. Leaves 2-8 in., pubescent
on both surfaces ; nerves 6-8 pair ; petiole £-l£ in. Spikes 6-10 in., sometimes
panicled ; bracts £-$ in., ovate, sessile or shortly petioled ; flowers 1 in. long, sessile or
very shortly pedicelled. Corolla pubescent, tube 3 times as long as the calyx. Capsule
ovoid, tip exserted.
2. Xi. Hookeri, Clarice mss. ; glabrous except the inflorescence, sub-
scandent, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate coarsely serrate,
flowers secund in terminal lax-fld. spikes, calyx-lobes acute, ovary glabrous.
Lindenbergia n. 3, Serb. Lnd. Or. S.f. Sf T.
„ Tropical Sikkim Himalaya ; foot of the outer hills, alt. 3-4000 ft. ; J. L. H.t
Clarke.
Habit of L. grandiflora, but more slender and nearly glabrous. Leaves 2-3 in.,
base cuneate ; petiole |-J in. Spikes 1-2 in., shortly peduncled, glandular, puberulous ;
bracts sessile, ovate, acute, about equalling the calyx ; lower flowers sometimes shortly
pedicelled. Calyx cleft to the middle, teeth triangular. Corolla 1 in. long, glabrous
without, tube nearly straight, two to three times as long as the calyx ; upper lip
short, 2-fid ; lobes of lower rounded, crenate, densely pubescent within. Anther-cells
sausage-shaped, quite separate, pendulous from the top of the filament.
3. Zi. philippensis, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 377 ; softly pubescent or
villous above, stout, strict, erect, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, toothed,
flowers unilateral in rigid erect dense-fld. spikes or racemes, calyx longer
than the bracts, lobes ovate-lanceolate acuminate, ovary villous. Stemodia
philippensis, Cham, in Linncea, iii. 5. Stemodia sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 99, and
Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 421.
Chittagong, Clarke. Pegu, Kurz. Burma; common about pagodas, Griffith.
Tenasserim, Heifer, Lobb.— Distrib. Siam, China, Philippine Islands.
Stem 2-3 ft Leaves 2-4> in., much produced below into a slender petiole about
half the length of the blade. Racemes or spikes 1 ft. and upwards ; rachis very stout ;
flowers shortly pedicelled or not ; bracts lanceolate. Calyx \ in. long. Corolla £-§ in.,
pubescent. Capsule lanceolate, tip exserted.
262 cm. scROPHULARiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lindenbergia.
4. Zi. macrostachya, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 22, and in DC. Prodr. x.
376 ; glabrate or pubescent, stem strict erect stout or slender, leaves
elliptic-ovate serrate glabrous, flowers unilateral in rigid erect dense or
lax-fid. spikes, calyx longer than the bracts, lobes short acute, ovary pubes-
cent. Stemodia macrostachya, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3925; and 3852
Adenosma cuspidatum. L. siamensis, Miqnel in Serb.
Westeen Himalaya ; on the foot-hills and plains below them, from the Punjab to
Oudh, ascending to 4000 ft. Maetaban, Wallich.— Disteib. Siam, China.
Perhaps only a variety of L. philippensis, but more glabrous, with shorter petioles.
5. Xi. abyssinica, Hochst. in Herb.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 377 ;
glandular-pubescent or villous, leaves broadly ovate coarsely crenate-toothed,
flowers unilateral in lax terminal spikes, calyx shorter than the lower bracts,
lobes ovate acute, ovary glabrous.
Scinde, amongst rocks, Dalzell. — Disteib. Arabia, Somali country, Abyssinia.
Stem rather slender, 11-18 in., branched. Leaves 1—1^ in., and nearly as broad,
hairy on both surfaces ; petiole \-\ in. Spikes 3-4 in. ; lower bracts leafy, coarsely
toothed. Calyx \ in. Corolla § in. Capsule hardly exserted.
6. Xi. Crriffithii, Hook. f. ; silkily villous, subscandent, leaves short-
petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate, flowers unilateral in axillary and
terminal recurved simple or panicled racemes, calyx much longer than the
small bracts, lobes short triangular acute, ovary glabrous.
Bhotan, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3882).
Stem apparently tall, slender, flexuous, clothed, as are the leaves beneath, petioles
and rachis of the racemes, with soft silky appressed hairs. Leaves 4-6 by 1J-2 in.,
pubescent above ; petiole \-\ in. Racemes numerous, 2-4 in. ; rachis slender ; pedicels
very short. Calyx \ in. long. Corolla twice as long, hairy. Capsule turgidly ovoid,
tip exserted. — A very distinct species.
7. Xi. polyantha, Boyle in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 22, and in DC. Prodr.
x. 377 ; villously pubescent, erect, leaves small ovate obtuse crenately serrate,
flowers unilateral in axillary and terminal leafy spikes, calyx shorter than
the ovate bracts, lobes obtuse, ovary pubescent. Dodartea indica, Linn.
Sp. PI. 883.
Noetheen India ; from the Punjab and N. Scinde to the Concan, Behar and Dacca,
common on walls and banks, &c, ascending the Himalaya to 6000 feet.
Stem 12-18 in., often branched from the base ; branches erect or ascending, stout
or slender. Leaves very numerous and uniform up the stem and branches, § rarely
% in. long ; petiole usually very short. Spikes 2-6 in. ; flowers and bracts crowded.
Calyx £ in. long. Corolla twice as long. Capsule glabrous below, hairy above.— The
ovary is certainly hairy.
8. Xi. urticsefolia, Lehm. in Link] et, Otto Abbild. 95, t. 48 ; slender,
glandularly villous or glabrate, leaves ovate obtuse crenate-serrate, flowers
unilateral all axillary and solitary or 2-nate or in lax leafy slender spikes or
racemes, calyx shorter than the ovate leafy bracts, lobes obtuse, ovary
pubescent. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 22, and in DC. Prodr. x. 377 ; Hook. Ic.
PI. t. 875; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 176; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 425.
Stemodia ruderalis, Vahl Symb. ii. 69 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 94 ; Wall. Cat.
3923. S. muralis, Boxb. in Don Prodr. 89. Brachycoris parviflora, Schrad.
Ind. Sent. Gott. 1830.
Throughout India, on walls and banks, ascending to 6000 ft. in the Himalaya ;
Lindenbergia.] cm. scrophularine2e. (J. D. Hooker.) 263
from Jamu to the Nilgherries and Tenasserira $ not seen from Ceylon or Malacca. —
DlSTElB. Afghanistan, Burma.
Annual, 4-10 in. high, brittle. Stem sometimes simple with all the flowers
solitary in the axils of large leaves, at others branched, the branches running out
into leafy racemes. Leaves 1-1£ (rarely 2£) in. long, membranous; petiole |-| in.
Flowers shortly pedicelled. Calyx % in., lobes recurved. Corolla twice as long,
sparsely hairy, yellow. Capsule hairy above the middle.
15. ADENOSMA, Br.
Annual, villous or glandular, aromatic herbs. Leaves opposite, rugose,
crenulate. Flowers axillary or in leafy spikes racemes or heads, bracteolate
or not. _ Sepals 5, sometimes very large in fruit. Corolla-tube cylindric ;
upper lip erect, entire or notched ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, base not plaited.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-cells separate, stipitate, one cell
of all the anthers, or of the two anterior anthers only empty. Style dilated
at the ^ tip, winged below the entire or 2-lamellate stigma. Capsule ovoid
ellipsoid or lanceolate, 2-grooved, loculicidal and septicidal, 4-valved. Seeds
many, minute, reticulate. — Species 8 or 9, Asiatic, Malayan and Australian.
* Flowers axillary ; outer fruiting sepals very large, cordate or ovate.
1. A. ovatum, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 949 ; puberulous or glabrate,
leaves ovate obtuse crenate- serrate, flowers axillary sessile, 3 outer sepals in
fruit very large cordate, 2 inner very small lanceolate. Herpestis ovata,
Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30, and in Wall. Cat. 3896. H. javanica, Blume Bijd,
748. Pterostigma ovatum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 380; Miquel Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 678.
Malay Peninsula ; from Tenasserim, Griffith, to Malacca, Wallich. — Disteib.
Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Branched from the base, black when dry ; branches 6-18 in., often rooting below,
ascending. Leaves 1-1 1 in., base cuneate or subcordate ; petiole \ in. Fruiting
sepals \-\ in., membranous, reticulate, pubescent; small equalling the lanceolate
capsule.
2. A. subrepens, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 949 ; sparingly hirsute, leaves
ovate crenate, 3 outer sepals in fruit large ovate-lanceolate, 2 inner subulate.
Pterostigma subrepens, Thwaites Fnum. 426.
Ceylon ; Pasdoon Corle and Nana Welle-Galle, Champion, Thwaites.
Very near to A. ovatum, but a coarser, larger, more hirsute plant, with narrower
fruiting sepals.
** Flowers racemose, spicate or capitate ; upper fruiting sepal lanceolate,
not very large.
3. A. coeruleum, Br. Prodr. 443 ; erect, viscidly hirsute, leaves ovate-
subulate simply or doubly crenate, spikes long, flowers blue, upper fruiting
sepal lanceolate, the others linear. Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 484. A. villosum,
Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3851. Pterostigma villosum, Benth. Scroph. Ind, 21,
and in DC. Prodr. x. 380 (in part) ; Miquel Fl. Ind, Bat. ii. 678. P. strictum,
Griff. Notul. iv. 96, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 41 7, f. 3. Stemodia coerulea,i?e^A.
in DC. 1. c. 381. Herpestis lanuginosa, Blume Bijd. 747.
KhasiaMts., alt. 0-4500 ft., Wallich, Clarice. Cachae, Keenan. Tenassebim,
Singapoee, and Malacca, Wallich, &c— Disteib. Java, Borneo, Australia.
Stem 1-2 ft., strict. Leaves 1£-2| iu., base rounded or cordate ; petiole §-1 m.
Corolla blue. Fruiting calyx l in. long ; sepals variable in width.
264 cm. scROPHULARixEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Adenosma.
4 A. camphoratum, HooJc.f. ; stem and leaves glabrous or sparingly
pubescent, leaves ovate-lanceolate acute obtusely serrate narrowed into the
petiole, racemes glandular-pubescent lax-fid., flowers yellow, upper fruiting
sepal lanceolate, the others linear. Stemodia camphorata, Vahl Symb. ii. 69.
S. lutea, Moon Cat. PI. Ceyl. 45. Pterostigma villosum, Thwaites Enum.
218.
Ceylon ; south parts of the island, common.
Stem 2-3 ft., rather slender. Leaves 2^-4 in., the petiole quite continuous from
the blade and stem. Racemes numerous, lateral, ascending ; pedicels \-\ in. Flowers
yellow. Fruiting calyx |-| in. — Miquel refers Vahl's S. camphorata to A. cceruleum ;
but its yellow flowers and country both indicate its being A. camphoratum.
5. A. malabaricum, HooJc.f. ; densely glandular-tomentose, leaves
subsessile oblong-ovate subacute serrate, flowers sessile in foliaceous elliptic
entire bracts, upper fruiting sepal lanceolate, the others subulate-lanceolate.
Malabar, Wight.
Stem 8-12 in., stout, sparingly branched, leafy throughout its length, the leaves
gradually passing into bracts. Leaves 1 in., narrowed into a very short petiole,
margin entire below the middle. Bracts, lower f , upper \ in. Calyx \ in., a little
longer than the capsule.
6. A. capitatum, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 949 ; stout, erect, glandular-
villous, leaves shortly petioled ovate or oblong subacute serrate, flowers in
axillary whorls and dense cylindric villous spikes or globose heads, sepals
lanceolate, upper largest. Stemodia capitata, Benth. in Bot. Beg. under
t/1470; Wall. Cat. 3926. Pterostigma spicatum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 21.
P. capitatum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 21, and in DC. Prodr. x. 380. Erinus
bilabiatus, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 92.
Outer Lower Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim; Bengal and Assam to
Malacca, Travancore and Ceylon ; usually in rice-fields, absent in the plains of
Western India. — Distrib. Malaya, Burma, China.
Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves often reflexed, 1-2 in., base cuneate ; petiole hardly any.
Beads or spikes §-4 in. long, involucrate by floral leaves. Flowers blue, densely
packed ; bracts linear, hardly exceeding the flowers. Calyx \ in. long, villous with
long hairs, ^ longer than the ovoid capsule. — The specific names of (Frinus) bilabiatus;
Koxb., and {Stemodia) capitata, were published in the same year. 1 give the preference
to Bentham, who placed the plant approximately in the right genus.
7. A. microcephalum, Hook. f. ; slender, glandular-hairy, leaves
small shortly petioled ovate or elliptic subacute serrulate, flowers usually
capitate, heads small axillary and peduncled or interruptedly spicate, sepals
lanceolate subequal.
Tenasserim, J?e//<?r ; Moulmein, Lobb. — Distrib. Cambodia.
Stem 6-10 in., erect, simple below, branched panicuiately above. Leaves |-| in.,
base cuneate ; petiole ^ in. Beads ^— L in. long, sometimes running out into spikes,
and lower flowers sometimes solitary and axillary. Flowers blue; bracts small,
slender. Calyx £ in. long, ^ longer than the ellipsoid acute capsule. — Very near A.
capitatum, but much smaller, more slender.
8. A. macrophyllum, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3853 ; leaves ovate acumi-
nate crenate- serrate narrowed at the base flaccid glabrescent, corolla twice
as long as the calyx. Pterostigma macrophyllum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 21,
and in DC. Prodr. ix. 380.
Burma ; banks of the Irawaddi, Wallich.
This plant has not been found in the Wallichiau Herbarium.
Stemodia.] cm. scrophularine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 265
16. STEMODIA, Linn.
Character of Adenosma, but anther-cells all pollfrniferous. Leaves some-
times whorled. Seeds ellipsoid, terete, black or brown, most minute. —
Species about 26, American, African, Asiatic and Australian.
1. S. viscosa, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. 33, t. 163, and Fl. Lnd. iii. 94 ; erect,
viscidly pubescent, leaves sessile oblong base cordate serrulate, flowers
pedicelled axillary and in terminal racemes, corolla twice as long as the
calyx. Wall. Cat. 3929 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 24, and in DC. Prodr. x. 381 ;
Wight Ic. t. 1408 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 176. S. maritima, Seyne in
Wall. Cat. 3931. S. arvensis, Steud. Nomencl.
From Central India and the Soane river throughout the Deccan. — Disteib.
Afghanistan.
Erect, branched from the base, 6-18 in. high, aromatic ; stem angular. Leaves
\-2 in., rarely ovate or obovate, sometimes very small throughout the plant ; floral
bracts shorter than the pedicels. Flowers very numerous, nearly \ in. long, 2-brac-
teolate ; pedicels equalling or exceeding tha calyx. Sepals lanceolate, acute, half as
long as the violet corolla. Capsule \—^ in. long, equalling the calyx, acuminate.
2. S. serrata, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 381; erect, viscidly pubescent,
leaves sessile obovate-oblong acute serrulate, flowers subsessile axillary,
corolla one-half longer than the calyx. Sutera serrata, Serb. Sochstett.
The Concan, StocJcs, Law. — Disteib. Nubia, Upper Nile and Senegambia.
A robust leafy annual a foot high and under, usually densely branched from the
base; stem obtusely 4-angled. Leaves \-2, in., narrowed to the sessile base, entire
below the middle. Flowers often in all the axils, smaller than in S. viscosa. Capsule
linear-oblong.
17. LIlWCNOPHIIiA, Br.
Glabrous or pubescent often marsh or water plants, aromatic and with
transparent dots. Leaves opposite or whorled, toothed, cut, or the submersed
multifid. Flowers pedicelled or sessile, axillary, solitary or racemose or spicate,
bracteolate or not. Sepals narrow, subequal or the posterior larger. Corolla-
tube cylindric, upper lip the outer in bud, suberect, entire or 2-fid ; MJwer
spreading, 3-fid, base not plaited. Stamens 4, didynamous, included;
anther-cells usually separate and stipitate. Style deflexed at the tip, stigma
shortly 2 -lamellate. Capsule ovoid or oblong, septi- and loculi-^idal, valves
bearing placentiferous septa. Seeds numerous, small, angular, truncate,
reticulate. — Species about 25, African, Asiatic and Australian.
A very variable genus, the foliage and habit of the species depending upon the
depth, &c, of the water in which they grow.
* Nerves of leaf pinnate, arching from the midrib. No whorled and
pinnatifid or multifid leaves.
f Flowers sessile or subsessile {sometimes racemose in L. diffusa). Leaves
opposite very rarely 3-nately whorled.
1. Zi. Roxburg-hii, G.Don Gen. Syst. iv. 543, not of Benth. ; pubescent
or glabrous, leaves all opposite petioled elliptic or ovate obtuse or subacute
crenulate coriaceous punctate beneath, nerves strong, flowers axillary sessile
in peduncled heads rarely solitary, calyx pubescent, lobes lanceolate finely
acuminate not striate in fruit. L. menthastrum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x.
266 cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Limnophila.
386 ; Date. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 175. Herpestis rugosa, Roth Nov. Sp. 290.
Capraria gratissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 92, (excl. citat. of Rheede). Antir-
rhinum gratissimum, Roxb. Ic. ined. Stemodia menthastrum, Benth. Scroph.
Ind. 23 ; Wall. Cat. 3927. Adenosma triflora, Seem. Fl. Viti 284, not of
Nees.
Watery places in the plains of N. India, and outer Himalaya, ascending to
6000 ft., from Chamba toMishmi; Assam, Bengal, Silhet, Central India, and
the Concan and Ciecars. — Disteib. Java, China, the Philippines, Pacific Islands.
Annual, aromatic ; root creeping ; stems many, 1-2 ft., stout ; " nodes under water
emitting many fibrous roots or multifid filiform leaves," Roxburgh. Leaves 2-3 in., often
rugose, narrowed into a petiole of |-1 in. ; nerves many, stout. Flowers usually in
axillary sessile or shortly peduncled heads. Corolla §• in. long, pubescent, blue-purple,
mouth yellow. Capsule ellipsoid. — Roxburgh's drawing identifies this plant with his
Capraria gratissima. He quotes Rheede's Pola-tsjira (ix. t. 78) for the same, but I
have seen no specimens from Malabar, and Rheede makes no mention of the aromatic
smell and taste, which he could not fail to have noticed if this plant had been under
his observatiou.
2. Zi. balsamea, Benth. in DC.Prodr. x. 386; softly pubescent, leaves
all opposite sessile elliptic subacute narrowed at the base obscurely crenulate
punctate beneath, nerves slender, flowers axillary in shortly peduncled heads
or spikes, calyx hirsute, lobes lanceolate finely acuminate striate in fruit.
Stemodia balsamea, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 23 ; Wall. Cat. 3928.
Pegu, M'Lelland. Tenasseeim, Wallich; Mergui, Griffith.
Stem 1-2 ft., stout. Leaves 1-2 in., entire below the middle, nerves 3-5-pair.
Corolla a in., twice as long as the calyx. Capsule broadly elliptic, obtuse. — L. villi-
fera, Miquel, of Sumatra, is probably this.
3. Xi. conferta, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 387; erect or procumbent,
glabrous except the inflorescence, leaves all opposite sessile or subpetioled
oblong or elliptic-oblong obtuse crenate-serrate punctate beneath, ^base
narrowed or subamplexicaul, nerves slender, flowers axillary solitary or in
short axillary heads spikes or cymes, calyx glabrate, segments lanceolate
finely acuminate striate in fruit. Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 177. L. repens,
Benth. I. c. 387. L. serrata, Benth. I. c. {the Burma plant only) ; Thwaites
Fnum. 218. ? L. punctata, Vahl Fnum. i. 90, and Bonnaya punctata, G.
Don Gen. Syst. iv. 538. Stemodia sessilis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 23 ; Wall.
Cat. 3939. S. tenuiflora, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 23 ; Wall. Cat. 3940. S.
repens, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3935. Gratiola lucida, Heyne. — ? Rheede Hort.
Mai. ix. t. 78.
Marshes, from Assam, Bengal and Chittagong to Tenasseeim and Buema ;
throughout the Deccan and Ceylon.
A very variable plant ; in its larger state diffuse, 12-18 in. long, with subpetioled
leaves 1-1^ in. long, and often spicate flowers; in its smaller (St. sessilis, Wall.) short,
stout, with quite sessile oblong leaves § in. long, and crowded axillary flowers ; in its
smallest state (St. tenuiJlora,Wa.l\., and serrata, Bth.) erect or procumbent, with oblong
sessile leaves J— J in. long and solitary axillary flowers. Between these there are all
intermediates. Thwaites has reduced all to Gaudichaud's L. serrata, a Polynesian
plant with solitary flower and sepals not striated. — Leaves very minutely punctate,
entire below the middle, nerves few, faint. Corolla about | in. long. Capsule as in
L. balsamea, but much smaller. — Heyne's Oratiola lucida, referred here by Bentham,
is a small creeping form approaching L. micrantha.
4. I., diffusa, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 387, not of G. Don; erector
decumbent, pubescent, leaves all opposite petioled elliptic-ovate or oblong-
lanceolate subacute crenate-serrate punctate beneath, nerves slender, flowers
Limnophila.'] cm. scrophularineje. (J. D. Hooker.) 267
in short axillary cymes or long spikes or racemes, calyx hirsute, lobes
lanceolate finely acuminate striate in fruit. L. camphorata, Benth. in Wall.
Cat. 3932, and Scroph. Ind. 24, not of Vahl. Stemodia cimicina, Benth.
in Wall. Cat. 3933.
Eastern Bengal to Chittagong, Burma and Tenasserim. Travancore,
Wight. Canara, HohenacJcer. — Distrib. Sumatra.
Closely allied to S. conferta, but with pubescent more strongly nerved crenato-
serrate leaves, and often racemose flowers. — Roxburgh's Capraria diffusa (Limnophila
diffusa, G. Don) is Ebermeyera thyrsoidea, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1870.
5. Xi. micrantha, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 387 ; small, creeping below,
glabrous, leaves opposite small sessile entire or subaerfate, nerves very
obscure, flowers axillary subsessile, calyx ' in. long glabrous, lobes subulate
fruiting striate. Stemodia micrantha, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 23 ; Wall, Cat.
3936. Herpestis pygmsea, Griff. Notul. iv. 104.
Marshy places in Bengal, Assam, Silhet, Chittagong and Tenasserim. —
Distrib. Cochin-China.
Stem 3-6 in., stout, branching from the root. Leaves crowded, \-^ in., punctate,
thick, teeth few. Flowers \~\ in. long, red-purple. — A very distinct little species.
ft Flowers pedicelled. Leaves all opposite. — See also 10, L. gratissima ;
and 11, L. hirsuta.
6. Xi. laxa, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 388; stem 8-12 in. slender flaccid
sparsely hairy, leaves all opposite subsessile or petioled oblong-lanceolate
obtuse subcrenate, nerves very slender, flowers solitary axillary, pedicels
longer than the calyx, calyx hirsute, lobes subulate fruiting striate. Her-
pestis sp. 2; Griff. Notul. iv. 103.
Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Griffith ; Tavoy, Parish. Ceylon, Walker.
& Stem ascending, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves \-\\ in., flaccid, narrowed
into a short petiole. — Resembles a reduced form of L. hirsuta.
7. Jam erecta, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 388; glabrou$ stem 4-6 in.
snbsimple stout erect, leaves all opposite subsessile linear-oblong subserrate,
nerves obscure, flowers solitary axillary, pedicels shorter than the calyx,
fruiting recurved, calyx £ in. glabrous, lobes lanceolate acuminate fruiting
striate. Maxim. Diagn. PI. Nov. Dec. xix. 406. Stemodia gratioloides, Benth.
Scroph. Ind. 25 ; Wall. Cat. 3938.
Bengal; Serampore, Griffith. Tenasserim; at Tavoy, Wallich.— Distrib.
China.
A small stout species, with leaves rarely 1 in. long.
8. Xi. pulcherrima, Hook.f. ; stem 4-6 in. pubescent, stout, erect or
ascending, leaves all opposite sessile elliptic-oblong subcrenate, nerves
obscure, flowers axillary solitary, pedicels, shorter than the calyx fruiting
erect, calyx £ in. hirsute, lobes subulate acuminate fruiting striate. L. laxa,
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 388, in part. L. villosa var. sumatrana, Miquel II.
Ind. Bat. ii. 68. Herpestis pulcherrima, Griff. Notul. iv. 104.
Bengal; at Comilla, Clarke. Malacca, Griffith, Cuming. Singapore, G.
Thomson. — Distrib. Sumatra. , . .
Very closely allied to L. laxa and L. erecta, differing from the former in the stout
erect habit, and more sessile shorter leaves ; and from the latter in the pubescence and
the erect fruiting pedicels.
268 cm. SCROPHULARINE^E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Limnophila.
9. Xi. pygrmaea, Hook.f. ; glabrous, much branched, creeping, branches
4-6 in. divaricate, leaves all opposite sessile oblong-lanceolate acute sub-
serrate, nerves very obscure, flowers axillary solitary, pedicels equalling or
exceeding the calyx erect in fruit, calyx £ in. hirsute, lobes subulate-lanceolate
fruiting striate. Herpestis pygmaea, Griff. Notul. iv. 104. Stemodia diffusa,
Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3937.
Tenasseeim; at Tavoy, Gomez, Heifer; Mergui, Griffith. Malacca, Griffith,
Cuming.
Very near to L. laxa, but much smaller, more glabrous, with leaves less than \ in.
long.
fft Leaves some or most Z-k-nately whorled, sometimes all opposite in L.
gratissima and hirsuta.
10. Zi. gratissima, Blume Bijd. 749 ; erect, 1-2 ft., glabrous, leaves
opposite and 3-nately whorled i-amplexicaul linear-oblong subacute serru-
late, flowers in axillary and terminal many-fld. racemes rarely solitary, calyx
usually shorter than the pedicels glabrate, lobes lanceolate acuminate fruit-
ing striate. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 26 ; Wall. Cat. 3906 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 177. L. punctata, Blume I.e. 750; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 388;
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 682 ; Maxim. Diagn. PI. Nov. Dec. xix. 406.
Gratiola aromatica, Pers. Synops. i. 14. Ambulia aromatica, Lamk. Fncycl.
i. 128.— Bheede Mort. Mai. x. 6.
Watery places. Cachae, Keenan. Pegu, Kurz. Malacca, Maingay. The
Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, common. — Distblb.
Malay and Philippine Islands, China, Japan, N. Australia.
Stem stout, simple, rarely branched above. Leaves l|-2j in., nerves few and
faint. Racemes sometimes 1 foot long and paniculately branched, with the flowers
whorled, at others few-fld., or flower solitary and axillary ; pedicels £-1 in., glandular;
bracteoles minute. Calyx § in. long, glandular, fruiting hemispheric. Corolla £ in.
long. Capsule oblong, acute. — Blume's L. gratissima is the typical form of this
plant, L. punctata being a reduced state with solitary flowers in the axils.
11. Xi. hirsuta, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 388; erect, stem 6-18 in.
hirsute rarely glabrate, leaves opposite or 3-4-nately whorled sessile or
narrowed into a short petiole elliptic linear-oblong or subspathulate serrulate,
nerves very obscure, flowers axillary solitary or cymose or panicled at the
top of the stem, pedicels long or short, calyx hirsute, lobes lanceolate finely
acuminate fruiting striate. Stemodia hirsuta, Heyne ; Benth. Scroph. Ind.
24; Wall. Cat. 3930. Ambulia ebracteata, Herb.' Ham.
Wet places, from Assam to Chittagong and the Nicobae Islands. Deccan
I'eninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, common. — Distkib. Borneo,
China.
Best distinguished from L. gratissima by its pubescence, less racemose inflorescence,
and more orbicular capsule. There are what appear to be glabrous states of it from
Chota Nagpore (Ranchee, alt. 2000 ft., Clarke) and Balaghat {Wight) with always
opposite leaves.
12. Xi. polyantha, Kurz mss. ; glandular-pubescent, stem slender
6-18 in., leaves 4-nately whorled ^-amplexicaul linear serrulate, nerves
obscure, cymes terminal panicled, flowers very numerous small shortly
pediceiled, calyx £ in., lobes subulate fruiting not striate.
Marshes. Sike:im: Teeai, Herb. Griffith ; Siligoree, Clarke. Pegu, Kurz.
A graceful species, conspicuous for the copious minute flowers in a subpyramidal
inflorescence. Leaves ^-1£ in., all whorled except in starved forms. Peduncles and
Ltmnqphila.] cm. scrophularineyE. (J. D. Hooker.) 269
pedicels very slender ; bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx. Corolla about I in. long.
Capsule obovoid-oblong.
** Leaves with 3-5 parallel nerves running from the base to the tip, or
pinnatifid or multifid.
f Floivers sessile or very shortly pedicelled.
13. Zi. Helferi, Hook. f. • glabrous, 4-6 in., stem or branches very
slender ascending, leaves opposite and 3-4-nately whorled sessile linear
obscurely serrulate, flowers minute very numerous in peduncled axillary
cymes, pedicels shorter than the calyx and peduncles capillary, calyx -^ in.
long, lobes subulate erect, fruiting very narrow striate.
Tenasseeim, Eelfer.
A very elegant little plant, the smallest flowered of any allied to L. polyantha, of
which it is a glabrous miniature. Leaves jr-\ in. long. Pedicels rarely as long as the
narrow calyx. Corolla £- ^ in. long. Capsule obovoid-oblong.
14 Zi. hypericifolia, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 386; glabrous, stem
1-2 ft. stout erect simple, leaves all opposite and entire ^-amplexicaul
elliptic or ovate-oblong obtuse crenulate, flowers large sessile in the axils
of opposite or alternate leafy bracts forming terminal and axillary sessile or
peduncled spikes, calyx-lobes ovate acuminate, fruiting membranous not
striate. Cybbanthera connata, Ham. in Don Prodr. 87. Herpestis connata,
Spreng. Syst. cur. post. 234. Stemodia hypericifolia, Benth. Scroph. Ind.
23 ; Wall. Cat. 3934.
Marshy places in the Western and Central Himalaya, from Kangra, Edge-
worth, to Nepal, Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., J. D. H. Sf T. T.
Nilghiei Mts., Wight, &c.
Stem rarely branched. Leaves all opposite in every specimen, \ -2 by \- in.,
rather thick, minutely punctate beneath. Floivers f in. long, rose-purple, pedicels
very rarely £ in. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, purple, fruiting membranous.
Capsule broadly elliptic. — I find no trace of pinnatifid or multifid leaves on any of the
numerous specimens.
15. Zi. cana, G-riff. Notul. iv. 98; stem 6-10 in. veiy stout hirsute,
leaves 3-6-nately whorled sessile upper elliptic or linear-oblong obtuse serru-
late 3-5-nerved, lower pinnatifid, flowers sessile crowded in terminal rarely
axillary erect leafy spikes with opposite or whorled bracts, calyx-tubes subu-
late.
East Bengal, in the Jheels, Griffith, J. D. LT. Sr T. T.; Dacca and Pubna,
Clarke.
Stem extensively creeping, sending up erect simple branches. Leaves f-1 by |-£
in., thick, gradually passing upwards into the bracts which are almost imbricate.
Mowers quite sessile, violet. Calyx £ in. long, fruiting not seen. — I have referred this
very distinct species to Griffith's L. cana at Mr. Clarke's suggestion; from the habitat
and other characters it may be the true plant, but I have seen no specimens from
. Griffith, who describes the leaves as 3-nately whorled and the flowers as furnished with
2 most minute tooth- like bracteoles, which latter I do not find. It should be sought
for at Jumalpore, Griffith's locality.
16. Zi. polystachya, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 25, and in DC. Prodr. x.
790 ; glabrous, floating, upper leaves opposite or 3-4-nately whorled sessile
linear or oblong crenulate, lower capillaceo-multifid, flowers sessile in ter-
minal and axillary long-peduncled slender spikes with short bracts. Wall.
Cat. 3909 ; Wight Ic. t. 860. Stemodia aquatica, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 346.
Conobea indica, Spreng. Syst. ii. 771.
270 cm. scrophularine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Limnqphila.
Flooded grounds in the S. Deccan, Bottler, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft. long, slender, erect or ascending from the long floating portion which
is densely clothed with the dissected leaves. Leaves, upper %-l\ in., from narrow linear
to oblong, 3-5-nerved ; in small specimens 4-8 in. high all the leaves are pinnatisect.
Spikes sometimes divaricatingly branched, 2-6 in. long: ; bracts ovate, usually shorter
than the flowers. Calyx \ in., quite glabrous, fruiting hemispheric ; lobes ovate,
acuminate, not striate. Corolla much longer than the calyx, white. Capsule globose,
as long as the calyx.
* 17. Xi. sessiliflora, Blume JBijd. 750 ; stem 4-8 in. slender hirsute
above rarely glabrate, leaves 3-6 in a whorl all lobulate or pinnatisect or
the uppermost very rarely opposite and entire, flowers axillary solitary
sessile or very shortly pedicelled, fruiting calyx hemispheric membranous
not striate, lobes ovate long-acuminate. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 25, and in DC.
Prodr. x. 389 ; Miquel Fl. Ind, Bat. ii. 683 ; Wall. Cat. 3902. Hottonia
sessiliflora, Vahl Symb. ii. 36.
Throughout India, in rice-fields and swamps, from the Punjab to Bengal, Central
India, Chittagong. Ceylon, common. — Distkib. Java, Japan.
Leaves rarely more than ^ in. long, irregularly pinnatifidly gashed or pinnatisect,
but not capillaceo-multifid, or rarely so. Sepals with long points. Corolla § in. long.
Capsule orbicular, turgid, ^ in. diam. — This strongly resembles a sessile-flowered form
of L. gratioloides, or a short pubescent form of L. heterophylla wanting the
multifid submerged leaves. Bentham's L. gratioloides var. myriophylloides seems
more akin to this ; it is a Ceylon plant with tufted creeping stems and roots, erect
rigid branches 4-8 in. high, densely clothed with whorls of short capillaceo-multifid
rigid leaves, giving a cylindric form to the branches, which are £-1 in. diam. The
flowers are sessile or pedicelled in the upper axils. The uppermost leaves are some-
times entire.
18. Xi. heterophylla, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 25, and in DC. Prodr. x.
390; glabrous, stem elongate slender, uppermost leaves usually opposite
small sessile |-amplexicaul oblong crenulate, those next below 4-6 in a whorl
pinnatifid, the submerged long capillaceo-multifid, flowers axillary solitary
sessile or subsessile, or the uppermost in a short leafy spike, fruiting calyx
hemispheric membranous not striate, lobes ovate shortly acuminate. Wall.
Cat. 3905; Griff. Notul. iv. 97, and Ic. PI. Asiat. 416, f. 2. L. Eoxburghii,
var. tenuior, Plant. Hohenach. 679, not of Don. Columnea heterophylla,
Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 97.
Throughout India and Ceylon, in rice-fields and swamps. — Distbib. Borneo,
Japan, China.
The much larger size, glabrous stem, abundant multifid leaves, frequent presence of
upper opposite and alternate small entire floral leaves, and the shortly acuminate
calyx-lobes distinguish this from L. sessiliflora, but there are a good many specimens
which in a dried state may be referred to either.
Var. refiexa; very slender, submerged leaves short \ in. very finely divided,
lower pedicels longer than the calyx recurved in fruit. L. refiexa, Benth. Scroph.
Ind. 25, and in DC. I. c. 389; Wall. Cat. 3904.— Tavoy, Wallich; Malacca,
Cuming.
19. Xi. tillaeoides, Hoolc.f. ; very small, 2-4 in. high, quite glabrous,
leaves all whorled ^-£ in. long upper pinnatifid lower multifid, flowers
numerous axillary solitary, pedicels snorter than the calyx recurved in fruit,
calyx not striate in fruit, lobes short triangular acute.
Assam ; banks of the Kullung river, Simons.
A small- loosely tufted species, stem and branches slender but rigid, with the whorls
of leaves rather distant. Upper flowers sessile, lower pedicelled. Corolla £-J in.
Limnojjhila.] cm. scRornuLARiNE^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 271
long. Calyx hemispheric in fruit, membranous. Capsule broadly oblong, nearly as
long as the calyx. — A very singular little species.
ft Flowers pedicelled, pedicels usually longer than the calyx.
20. Zi. racemosa, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 26, and in DC. Frodr. x. 390;
stem 1-2 ft. stout erect, leaves sessile upper opposite or 3-nately whorled
^-amplexicaul ovate or linear-oblong serrulate, lower capillaceo-multifid,
flowers large usually in erect terminal racemes, calyx-lobes ovate acuminate,
fruiting not striate. Wall. Cat. 3907 ; Wight Ic. t. 861; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 177. L. Benthamiana, Miquel Flant. FLohenacJc. n. 71 c. L.
Roxburghii, Benth. in DC. Frodr. x. 388, not of Don. Cyrilla aquatica,
Eoxb. Cor. Fl. ii. 47, t. 189, and Fl. Ind. iii. 115.
Pools, &c, in Bengal ; at Dinagepore, Clarke. Mabwae ; Mt. Aboo, Kurz.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, common. — Disteib. Java.
Stem hirsute or glabrous. Leaves 1^-2 by \-\ in. most minutely punctate
beneath, nerves strong. Racemes 2-6 in., strict ; pedicels |-§ in., much longer than
the bracts. Calyx \ in. ; lobes with slender points, fruiting membranous. Corolla
I in. diam., \-\ in., bluish or purple, fragrant. Capsule almost globose. — The upper
part of this resembles L. hypericifolia with pedicelled flowers ; some states are with
difficulty distinguished from C. heterophylla, and small ones from L. gratioloides.
21. Zi. gratioloides, Br. Frodr. 442 ; glabrous, stem short erect or
diffusely branched or elongate and slender, leaves all whorled and pinnatifid
or a few upper entire and opposite, or upper pinnatifid and lower multifid,
flowers axillary solitary pedicelled rarely subracemose, calyx hemispheric in
fruit, lobes ovate acuminate not striate. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 25, and in DC.
Frodr. x. 389 ; Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 447, t. 57, f. 1 ; Wall. Cat. 3901 ;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 177 ; Miquel > Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 683. L. trifida,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 802. L. myriophylloides, Both Nov. Sp. 294. Gratiola
virginiana" Linn. Sp. Fl. 25 (the Malabar plant). G. trifida, Willd.Sp. Fl.
i. 104. Hottocia indica, Linn. Sp. Fl. 208 ; Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 55, f. 1. Hy-
dropityon pedunculatum, Seringe in DC. I. c. i. 422. Columnea balsamea,
Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 97.—Bheede "Sort. Mai. ix. t. 85, and xii. t. 36. Burnt. Fl.
Zeyl. t. 55, f. 1.
Throughout India, in swamps, rice-fields, &c— Disteib. Beluchistan, Malayan
Islands, China, Australia, Tropical Africa.
In its most common form a simple or branched plant 4-8 in. high, smelling of
turpentine, with whorled pinnatifid leaves, |-| in. long, which in wetter places appear
to acquire a few emersed opposite entire leaves at the top of the stem, and numerous
capillaceo-multifid ones at its base. The stems are stout or slender. Very small
specimens from Rohilkund (Kuttra, JEdgeworth) have very fine wiry simple stems
3 in. high, and capillary peduncles three times as long as the leaves ; others have
stout stems and peduncles, the latter shorter than the leaves. Calyx §-£ in. long,
rarely larger. Corolla ^ in. — Large specimens of var. intermedia approach L. race-
mosa ; short-pedicelled onps are hardly distinguishable from L. sessilijlora ; and the yar.
elongata is almost identical with L. heterophylla. Bentham's var. myriophylloides
does not seem to me distinguishable from the common form of gratioloides.
Vae. intermedia ; stem robust, leaves all close-set, flowers sometimes racemose
with opposite entire bracteal leaves.— N.W. India ; Moradabad, Thomson; Garwhal,
Strachey Sf Winterb. (L. Hoxburghii in Herb.); Subsiwaliks, Bdgeworth; Kangra
and Dharmsala, alt. 3-4000 ft., Clarke. (Beluchistan, Stocks).
Vae. elongata, Benth. in DC. I.e.; stem very long, upper^ leaves opposite
entire, submerged capillaceo-multifid. L. elongata, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3903. —
Oude, Wallich ; Moradabad, Thomson; Deccan, Heyne, &c.
22. Zi. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; glabrous, stems densely tufted, branches
272 cm. SCROPHULARINE.E. (J. D. Hooker.) \LimnopMla.
short 1-2 in. densely clothed with short whorled ixultifid leaves, flowers
solitary long-pedicelled, fruiting pedicels deflexed. L. sessiliflora, Q-riff.
Notul. iv. 99, t. 418, f. 5. L. gratioloides var. myriophylloides, Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 389 (the Malacca plant). Quinquelobus glaber, Benj. in Linncea,
xx. 316. Benjaminea glabra, Benj. I. c. 761.
Malacca, Cuming, Griffith, Maingay.
A small black densely tufted herb, with creeping tufted stems that send down long
rigid roots, and up short stout and stiff or slender flaccid branches. Leaves about
\ in. long, usually densely imbricate. Pedicels \ in. and less, slender. Calyx ^-\
in. long, fruiting not seen. Corolla \ in. long. — This may, as Griffith supposed, be
referable to L. sessiliflora, as some of the specimens have pedicels shorter than the
leaves, but its habit is very singular, it is of remarkably small size, and the specimens
from all three collectors agree. It closely resembles a West African white-flowered
plant found near Nufa on the Niger by Barter.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
L. htssopifolia, Both Nov. Sp. 297 ; is not determinable ; it is a Peninsular
species, and possibly L. gratissima or racemosa.
18. HERPESTIS, Gaertn.f.
Glabrous, often punctate herbs. Leaves entire, or toothed, or submersed
and multifid. Mowers axillary or racemose, yellow blue or white ; pedicels
bracteolate or not. Sepals 5, upper often very large. Corolla-tube cylin-
dric ; lips spreading, upper the outer in bud, notched or 2-lobed ; lower
3-lobed. Stamens didynamous, included ; anther-cells contiguous, distinct.
Sttjle dilated at the top and 2-lobed or entire. Capsule 2-grooved ; valves
2 or 4, separating from an entire column. Seeds numerous, very' minute.
— Species about 50, all warm countries.
The Indian species all belong to the section Bramia, with subequal corolla-lobes
and stamens, sagittate or didynious anthers, and capitate 2-lobed stigma.
1. K. Ittonniera, H. B. Sf K. ; Benth. Scroph. 2nd. 30, and in DC.
Prodr. x. 410 ; creeping, leaves obovate- oblong or spathulate quite entire,
peduncles longer than the 2-bracteolate calyx, upper sepal ovate, capsule
ovoid acute. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 426 ; Wall. Cat. 3900 ; Date. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 178 ; Miquel Fl. Ind, Bat. ii. 685 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2557. H. spathu-
lata, Blume Bijd. 748. Gratiola Monniera, Linn.; Boxb. Cor. PI. ii. 41,
1. 178, and Fl. Ind., and Ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 141. SeptJs repens, Lour. Fl.
Coch. 392. Bramia indica, Lamk. Diet. i. 459. — Rheede Sort. Mai. x. t. 14.
Marshes throughout India, ascending to 4000 ft. ; from the Punjab to Ceylon and
Singapore, common. — Distbib. All warm countries.
Quite glabrous, rather succulent ; branches 4-10 in. long. Leaves \-% in., sessile,
obtuse, entire in the Indian plant, nerves very obscure. Peduncles usually longer than
the leaves. Calyx ^—% in. long. Corolla twice as long, lobes subequal. Capsule
included. Seeds pale, irregular.— Mr. Clarke points out to me that the Caly triplex
obovata, R. & P. of Peru, cited as a synonym of H. Monniera in De Candolle's Pro-
dromus, is, according to the figure of the authers (overlooked by Bentham), a very
different plant.
2. H. Hamiltoniana, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30, and in DC. Prodr. x.
400 ; erect, stout, leaves linear-lanceolate entire or subserrate, flowers sessile,
upper sepal ovate-cordate, capsule globose. Wall. Cat. 3898 ; Date. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 178. Cardiolophus decussata, Griff. Notul. iv. 105, and Jc. PI.
Asiat. t. 417, f. 1.
Herpestis.] cm. scrophularine;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 273
• Wet places in northern India ; from the Punjab, ascending to 3000 ft., Malwar
and the Concan, to Bengal, Assam and Silhet. — Distrib. Senegal.
Quite glabrous. Stem about a span high, usually very stout and much branched.
Leaves £-1 in., nerves very obscure. Calyx £ in. Corolla-tube hardly exceeding the
calyx.
3. XX. floribunda, Br. Prodr. 442 ; erect, leaves linear-lanceolate entire
or obscurely toothed, flowers peduncled, sepals membranous outer very broad
upper almost orbicular, capsule globose. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 400;
Roth Nov. Sp. 289 ; Miquel PI. Ind. Bat. ii. 684. H. linearis, Spreng. Syst.
Veg. ii. 802. H. lanceolata, Wight in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30 ; Wall. Oaf.
3899. H. amara, Spanoghe in Linncea, xv. 332 ? Lindernia sesamoides,
Spreng. new entd. i. 261.
Deccan Peninsula ; common in wet places from the Concan southwards, and
Ceylon. — Disteib. Java, Australia, Tropical Africa.
Nearly glabrous. Stem a span high and upwards, more slender than in B. Bamil-
loniana. Leaves i|-l in., sometimes linear, at others contracted into a petiole.
Peduncles about equalling the calyx, very slender, 2-bracteolate below the top,
puberulous, as are the reticulate sepals.
19. 6RATIOLA, Linn.
Glabrous or glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.
Flowers axillary, solitary, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, subequai. Corolla-tube
cylindric ; lips spreading, posterior the outer entire or 2-fid ; anterior 3-fid.
Stamens, 2 posterior perfect included, anther-celis distinct; staminodes 2,
filiform or 0. Style filiform, stigma deflexed dilated or 2-lamellate. Cap-
sule ovoid, loculi- and septi-cidal; valves separating from the placentiferous
axis. Seeds many, small, reticulate. — Species about 20, chiefly of temperate
regions.
1. G-. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; glabrous, succulent, erect, leaves elliptic-
oblong obtuse 3-nerved entire, flowers sessile diandrons, staminodes 0, cap-
sule globose.
Upper Assam, on moist banks ; Gabovo, Nam Senna and Noa Dehing, Griffith
(Kew Distrib. 3915), Simons.
Yery succulent, branched from the base, 6-10 in. high ; branches erect. Leaves
£-§ in., sometimes obscurely sinuate, most minutely punctate ; nerves very slender.
Flowers minute. Corolla \ in., yellow, tube scarcely exceeding the linear-oblong
sepals ; lobes short, rounded. Anther -cells parallel, shortly oblong. Capsule £ in.
diam., membranous. Seeds cancellate. — A very interesting plant, as 'being the only
tropical Asiatic representative of the genus.
UNKNOWN SPECIES.
G. Cham^drts and G. strigosa, Both Nov. Sp. 10, two Peninsular plants of
Heyne, are unrecognizable from the descriptions, and no doubt well-known species of
other genera.
G. cham^drieolia, LamJc. Diet. iii. 27 (Limnophila cbamrcdrifolia, G. Bon
Gen. Syst. 343, is doubtfully referred by Miquel (PI. Ind. Bat. ii. 682) to Limnophila
gratissima Bl. (under L. punctata Bl.), of which it may be a small state.
20. DOPATBIUM, Kamilt.
Very slender glabrous marsh annuals. Leaves few, opposite, lower small,
upper pairs remote and minute. Flowers small, violet, axillary, solitary;
pedicels 0 or filiform, ebracteolate. Calyx 5-fid. Corolla-tube slender below,
throat broad; upper lip the outer, short, 2-fid; lower broad, spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens, 2 upper perfect, included ; anther-cells parallel, distinct,
vol. rv. t
274 Cm. scrophularinexE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dopatrium.
equal ; staminodes 2, minute. Style short, stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule
small, globose or oblong, loculicidal, valves placentiferous. Seeds numerous,
very minute, tubercled. — Species 5, African, Asiatic and Australian.
1. Z>. nudicaule, Sam. in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 31, and in DC. Prodr.
x. 407; very slender, 2-4 in. high, bracts minute acuminate, calyx-lobes
acuminate, capsule linear-oblong, pedicel deflexed. Gratiola nudicaulis,
Willd. in Act. Berol. iv. 192. G. aphylla, Roth Nov. Sp. 7. G. cuneifolia,
Boxb. Fl. Ind., and Ed. Wall. Sf Carey, i. 142.
South Deccan; LZeyne, &c. Ceylon ; not uncommon. — Distbib. Java, Philip-
pine Islands. \
Stem simple or branched from the base. Leaves, radical 0, or very few, T'B-£ in.
long, oblong, obtuse ; cauline few, minute. Corolla \ in. long. Capsule \ in.
.2. D. junceum, Ham. in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 31, and in DC. Prodr. x.
407 ; stem 6-10 in., bracts minute obtuse, calyx-lobes oblong obtuse, con
£ in., capsule globose. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 178 ; Griff. Notul. iv. it J
' and Ic. PI. Asiat.\t. 418, f. 6 ; Miquel Fl. Ind, Bat. ii. 686. Gratiola June \
Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. 16, t. 129, and Fl. Ind., and Fd. Wall. Sf Carey, i. 142 ;
Wall. Cat. 3892. Morgania juncea, Spreng. Syst. ii. 803.
Throughout India from the Upper Gangetic plain southwards and eastwards to
Assam, Burma, and Ceylon. — Disteib. Malay Islands, China, Japan, Philippines,
Australia.
Rather fleshy, branched from the base. Leaves, radical 0 or few, oblong, obtuse,
sometimes 2 in. long, nerves parallel ; cauline smaller, in distant pairs. Flowers
in very distant pairs, rose coloured, sessile or on capillary pedicels |-| in. erect in
fruit. Capsule § in. diam.
3. D. lobelioides, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 31, and in DC. Prodr. x. 407 ;
stem 6-18 in., bracts minute obscure, calyx-lobes very short obtuse, corolla
\ in., capsule globose. Wight Ic. t. 859. Gratiola lobelioides, Retz Obs.
iv. 7 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, i. 142 ; Wall. Cat. 3893. G. hyssopioides, Roxb. Cor.
PI. ii. t. 128, and Fl. Ind. i. 141, and Ed. Wall. Sf Carey, i. 142 {not of Cor.
PI. iii. t. 203).
South Deccan, LZeyne, &c. Ceylon.
Stem stout and fleshy below, sometimes as thick'as a goose-quill above and branches
very slender. Leaves, lower 2-4 pairs obovate-oblong, obtuse, £-2 in. long, upper
very few distant and small ; nerves parallel, very obscure. Flowers subracemose, in
distant pairs j pedicels capillary, |-1 in., spreading in fruit. Capsule £ in. diam.
21. ARTANEMA, Don.
Erect herbs, angles of stems and leaves above scabrid. Leaves opposite,
entire or serrate. Flowers ^ large, blue, racemose, ebracteolate ; bracts
foliaceous. Sepals 5, acuminate, bare, much dilated. Corolla-tube long,
broad ; upper lip the outer, erect, broad, notched ; lower spreading, 3-fid.
Stamens 4, didynamous, 2 posterior short, included ; 2 anterior with long
arching filaments dilated at the base ; cells confluent at their tips. Stigma
2-lamellate. Capsule globose, septicidal ; valves entire, separating from the
placentiferous axis. Seeds rugose. — Species 4, tropical Asiatic, Australian
and African.
1. A. sesamoides, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 39, and in DC. Prodr. x. 408 ;
leaves lanceolate more or less petioled, corolla £ in. long, tube broad. Wight
Ic. t. 1410 ; Dalz. Sf' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 181 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 686.
Columnea longifolia, Linn. Mant. 90. Achimenes sesamoides, Vahl Symb.
Artanema.'] cm. scROPHULARiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 275
ii. 71. Diceros longifolius, Vers. Syn. ii. 164 ; Blume Bijd. 751 : Wall Cat
3884.- Bheede Sort. Mai ix. t. 87;
Deccan Peninsula ; on the west side, from the Concan southwards. Malay
Peninsula ; from Tenasserim southwards. Ceylon ; common, ascending to 3000 ft.
— Disteib. Sumatra, Java, Philippine Islands, Borneo j Tropical Africa ?
A tall herb, 2-3 ft., sparingly branched. Leaves 2-4 in., acuminate, entire or
serrate. Pedicels equalling or exceeding the calyx, which varies from |-i in. long.
Corolla lilac. Capsule |-i in. diara.— A tropical Eastern African plant from Zanzibar
seems the same, except that the upper leaves are more amplexicaul. A Western African
plant more similar in the leaves has crimson flowers.
2. A. angrustifolium, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 39, and in DC. Prodr. x.
408 ; leaves sessile narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, corolla ^— £ in.
long, tnbe narrow. Diceros angustifolius, Wall. Cat. 3885.
Singapobe; Wallich, Cuming.
Very near to A. sesamoides, but the leaves are much narrower, the pedicels usually
shorter, and flowers much smaller.
22. CURANGA, Juss.
Diffuse or creeping herbs. Leaves opposite, ovate, crenate. Flowers in
short terminal or pseudo-axillary racemes; pedicels opposite, bracteate,
ebracteolate. Sepals 4, spreading, upper and lower very large, much
enlarged in fruit, lateral small, narrow. Corolla-tube short, upper lip
broad, arched, notched ; lower longer, spreading, 3-fid. Stamens, 2 upper
perfect, included ; anthers cohering, cells divaricate ; staminodes 2, clavate.
Stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule orbicular, included in the much enlarged calyx,
septicidal, valves separating from the broad placentiferous axis. Seeds
numerous, rugose. — Species 2, Indian and Malayan.
C. amara, Juss. in Ann. Mus. ix. 320; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 408.
Caranga amara, Vahl Symb. i. 100. Gratiola amara, Roxb. Fl. Ind., and JEd.
Wall. Sf Carey, i. 136. Herpestis amara, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 30. Syn-
phillium torenioides, Griff, in Madr. Journ. Nat. Sc. iv. 1, t. 11. Tristeria
assamica, Griff. Notul. iv. 111. — Bumph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 170, f. 1.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 3000 ft., Clarke. Assam and Mishmi, Griffith.
Cachae, Keenan. Chittagong, Clarice. Tenasseeim; at Mergui, Griffith.—
Disteib. Borneo, Philippine Islands, Amboyna.
Annual, glabrous. Branches slender, straggling, divaricate, rooting at the lower
nodes, 2-3 ft. long. Leaves 2-2| in., obtuse or acute; petiole £ in., slender. Ra-
cemes short, few-fld. ; pedicels \—$ in. Calyx in flower \ in., in fruit \ in.; outer sepals
broadly ovate-cordate, membranous, reticulate. Corolla red-brown. Capsule £ in.
diam., compressed. — Foliage very bitter.
23. TORENIA, Linn.
Glabrous or pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, entire crenate or serrate.
Flowers axillary or in terminal or pseudo-axillary umbels or racemes;
pedicels ebracteolate. Calyx tubular, 3-5-winged or plaited or keeled,
2-lipped, or 3-5-toothed. Corolla-tube cylindric, dilated above ; upper lip
erect, concave, notched or 2-fid ; lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens,
4 perfect, 2 upper included, 2 lower appendaged^at the base and conniving
under the upper lip ; anthers touching or cohering in pairs, cells often con-
fluent. Stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule linear or oblong, included, septicidal ;
valves separating from the flat placentiferous axis. Seeds numerous, rugose
T 2
276 cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Torenia.
or cancellate. — Species 20, tropical Asiatic and African, one of them also
American.
The species 4 to 8 are imperfectly characterized, and are very difficult of dis-
crimination in the dried state.
Sect. I. Tridens. Fruiting calyx suborbicular, broadly winged.
1. T. polyg*onoides, Benth, Scroph. Ind. 39, and in DC Prodr. x.
409; creeping, glabrous, leaves • petioled ^-^ in. orbicular-ovate serrate,
peduncles axillary 2-4-fld. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 688. T. cardiosepala,
Benth. I. c. Herpestis polygonoides, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3897.
Cachae, Keenan. Tenasseeim ; at Tavoy, Wallich. Singapobe, Penang and
Malacca, Griffith, &c. Bouton told me Penang -(M^tteZ).— Disteib. Borneo, Philip-
pine Islands.
A slender straggling herb, branches 6-10 in. Corolla ^ in. diam., white and red.
Fruiting calyx ^ in. long, as long as the pedicel. Capsule ovate-lanceolate.
2. T. mucronulata, Benth. in DC Prodr. x. 409 ; creeping, pubes-
cent, leaves petioled ^-f in. ovate acute serrate, peduncles axillary 1-4-fld.
Tenasseeim; atMergui, Griffith.
Very similar indeed to T. polygonoides, but pubescent, with rather larger
leaves.
Sect. II. Nortenia. Calyx oblong ellipsoid or linear- oblong, fruiting
keeled or winged (often cordate in outline in T. cor di folia).
* Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-nate, or subumbellate at the ends of
the branches.
3. T. cordifolia, Boxb. Cor. PI. ii. 52, f. 161, and FL Ind, iii. 95 ;
suberect, sparsely hairy, leaves petioled . ovate serrate, pedicels axillary
and subumbellate fruiting slender, fruiting calyx \ in. ovoid or oblong
winged, base rounded or cordate not clecurrent, corolla § in. long pale blue,
lower filaments toothless. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 39, and in DC. Prodr. x.
409, in part ; Bot. Mag. t. 3715 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 180.
Westebn Himalaya ; from Simla to Kumaon, ascending to 6000 ft. Centeal
India, Behae, on Parusnath. The Ciecaes, the Concan, Pegu and Tenasseeim. —
Disteib. Java, China.
Annual, nearly glabrous, 4-8 in. high, usually erect and trichotomously branched
from the base j stem and branches almost 4-winged. Leaves 1-1^ in., glabrous ; base
cuneate very rarely cordate, petiole rarely as long as the blade. Pedicels often longer
than the leaves. — Clarke remarks that Bentham describes the filaments as toothed,
but that he has never found them so, and that Roxburgh's figure represents them
as toothless. Rheede's Sort. Mai. ix. t. 68, must be a very different plant. Wight's
T. cordifolia from Courtallum with long decumbent stems 12-18 in. long, short
petioles, and long axillary pedicels seems hardly the same species, but I cannot satis-
factorily identify it with any other.
4. T. peduncularis, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3956 ; suberect, sparsely
hairy, much branched, leaves petioled ovate crenate- serrate, pedicels axillary
and subumbellate fruiting thickened, fruiting calyx f in. ovoid or oblong
winged, base acute decurrent, corolla f in. pale blue, lower filaments tooth-
less or minutely toothed. T. edentula, Btnth. in DC Prodr. x. 410, not of
Griffith, and T. asiatica, Scroph . Ind. 38, in part; Bot. Mag. t. 4229. ? T.
exappendiculata, Begel Gartenf. t. 892. T. alba, R b. Ham. ; Wall. Cat.
3961.
Centeal and Easteen Himalaya ; Nepal, Hamilton; Sikkim, ascending to
- 7000 ft. Khasia Mts., Assam and Silhet ; Penang-, SchomburgTc. — Disteib.
Java, Philippine Islands.
ToreniaJ] cm. scrophularine;E. (J. D. Hooker.) 277
Closely resembles a large state of T. cordifolia in habit and foliage, but the calyx
is longer and narrower, with the wings produced on the pedicel, never cordate at
the base, and the capsule is longer and narrower. The plate in Bot. Mag. is very
characteristic Hamilton's T. alba is, I assume, a white-fld. variety.
{5. To asiatica, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 862 ; nearly glabrous or pubes-
cent, diffuse, creeping below, leaves shortly petioled ovate-cordate or -lanceo-
late serrate, pedicels axillary and subumbellate fruiting thickened, fruiting
calyx 1 in., narrowly oblong keeled hardly winged, base decurrent, corolla
1£-1£ in. blue with very dark violet lateral lobes, longer filaments toothed.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 410 ; Wall. Cat. 3953 A. B. ; Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat.
ii. 689 ; Gaertn. Fruct. iii. 29, t. 184 ; Lamk. III. t. 523 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4249 ;
Lem. III. JECortic. t. 199; FL de Serves ii. fasc. x. t. 5, and xiii. t. 1342.
Treisteria cordata, Griff. Notul. iv. 109.— Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 53.
Westeen Peninsula j Nilgherry Mts., Wight, &c. TenasseeiM ; at Mergui,
Griffith. Ceylon, abundant. — Distrib. Java, China.
Diffusely branched ; branches 6-10 in. long, slender. Leaves 1 J-2 in., larger and
usually more acuminate than in the allied species ; petiole rarely more than \ in.
Fruiting calyx narrowly winged or keeled.
Vae. hirsuta ; more pubescent, lower filaments with a very small tooth. T.
hirsuta, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 410 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5167. T. cordifolia, Benth. in
Wall. Cat. 3954, not of Boxb. ? Lawk. III. t. 523, f. 2.— Nilgherry Mts.
Vae. concolor ; corolla' of a uniform dark blue. T. concolor, Lindl. in Bot. Beg.
1846, t. 62. T. longiflora, Morren in Ann. de Gand. ii. 441, 471.
Vae. ? parvifolia ; leaves much smaller longer petioled less acuminate, petiole
often as long as the blade. T. asiatica, Thioaites Bnum. 219. — Nilgherry Mts. and
Ceylon. This closely resembles T. bicolor in habit and foliage, and is, I suspect, speci-
fically distinct from T. asiatica.
6. T. vagrans, Boxb. Cat. 1813, and Fl. Ind. iii. 96; nearly glabrous,
erect or decumbent, diffusely branched, rooting at the lower nodes, leaves
f-lin. all shortly petioled, pedicels scattered axillary fruiting thickened, fruit-
ing calyx \-\ in. narrowly linear-oblong keeled not winged, corolla £ in.
pale blue, lobes small, longer filaments toothed. T. diffusa, Bon Prodr.
86 ; Wall. Cat. 3953. T. asiatica, Wall. Gat. 3953, in part ; Griff. Notul.
iv. 123. T. hians, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 96. T. rubens, Benth. I. c. ? Peri-
steira grandiflora, Griff. Notul. iv. 118. Columnea diffusa, Boxb. mss.
Centeal and Easteen Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, ascending to 4000
ft. Assam and Khasia Mts., common; Chittagong, Clarke. Nilghebbies;
Conoor, alt. 5000 ft., Clarke.— Distrib. China.
Except by the usually more diffuse habit, the not winged calyx and the always
toothed longer filaments, I do not see how this can well be distinguished from T.
peduncularis. The flowers are much smaller than in T. asiatica and of a more uni-
form blue, and the leaves also are smaller. I cannot distinguish T. rubens as a
variety ; the characters assigned to it are the short obtuse tooth of the longer fila-
ments, and often red tips to the calyx teeth.
7. T. hirtella, Hook.f. ; pubescent, very slender, diffusely branched,
leaves £-1 in. very shortly petioled upper usually sessile ovate or ovate-
cordate subacute serrate, pedicels solitary axillary fruiting slender, fruiting
calyx $ in. narrowly oblong keeled not winged, corolla i in., longer fila-
ments with an obtuse tooth. T. rubens var. hirtella, Benth. in Hohen. PI.
Nilig. H56, 1157. T. rubens, Thioaites Enum. 219.
NiLGdEEEY Mts., Hohenacker. Ceylon ; Gardner, &c, ascending to 2000 ft.
A very distinct species, at once, recognizable by the very slender habit and small very
shortly petioled leaves. The corolla is small, with short lobes. Thwaites suspects
278 cm. scrophularine/E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Torenia.
that this is only a form of T. asiatica; if so, they are united by var. parvifolia of
the latter.
8. T- tricolor, Dalz. in Hook. Few Journ. iii. 38 ; sparsely hairy or
glabrous, diffusely branched, leaves i-1 in. long-petioled broadly ovate-
cordate or rounded crenate-serrate, peduncles axillary fruiting thickened,
fruiting calyx £-f in. very narrow keeled not winged, corolla i in. dark
blue, longer filaments toothed at the base. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 181. T.
asiatica, Herb. Wight n. 2205, 5986.— Torenia n. sp., Miquel in PL Hohen-
aclc. n. 61.
The Concan, near Vingorla, Dalzell, &c. Canaba, HohenacJcer. Malabab,
Wight (T. asiatica, Kew Distrib. 2379).
This again, though difficult to define by words, appears to be a very distinct
species with the small leaves and straggling habit of T. asiatica var. parvifolia, the
petiole being often as long as the blade. The fruiting pedicels are much thickened,
and the calyx is very narrow. — A drawing from Stock's collection represents the flowers
as red-purple, but they are described in the Bombay Flora as deep violet with a
white under lip. »
9. T. parviflora, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3958 ; glabrous, erect or diffuse,
branching from the base, leaves all petioled £-1 in. ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late acute serrate, pedicels axillary 2-4 at the nodes shorter than the leaves
fruiting thickened, fruiting calyx i in. narrowly oblong-lanceolate keeled
not winged, corolla ^-§ in. blue, longer filaments minutely toothed. Benth.
Scroph. Ind. 39, and in DC. Prodr. x. 410 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 689 ;
Schmidt in Mart. Fl. Bras. Fasc. xxx. 322, t. 56, f. 1. ? Peristeira dicho-
toma, Griff. Notul. iv. 119. Nortenia Thomassii, Cham. 4* Schl. in Linncea,
iii. 18.
Assam, Masters. Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft., J. D. H. Sf T. T.
Tenasseeim; at Tavoy and Moulmein, Wallich,kc. — Distbib. Java, China, Tropical
Africa and America.
Annual, three to eight inches high ; branches often decumbent below, and rooting
at the nodes. Leaves abruptly narrowed into a petiole ^-\ in. long. Pedicels some-
times very short, erect or spreading. — This has the short pedicels of T. ciliata and
Jlava.
** Mowers axillary and racemed at the ends of the branches.
10. T. flava, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3957 A. B. ; erect or decumbent,
sparsely patently hairy or glabrous, leaves sessile or petioled ovate or oblong-
ovate obtuse entire or crenate, pedicels usually shorter than the calyx
fruiting thickened, flowers axillary and in distant pairs, fruiting calyx (-$
in. elliptic-lanceolate keeled not winged deeply channelled, corolla f-lj in.
yellow, longer filaments minutely toothed. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 38, and in
DC. Prodr. x. 414 ; Miquel FL Ind. Bat. ii. 689 ; Bot. Mag. t. 6700. T. Bail-
loni, Godefr. in III. Hortic. xxv. t. 324 ; F. Morren in Belgique Hortic. xxix.
t. 1, f. 2. Peristeira racemosa, Griff. Notul. iv. 120. Mimulus hirsutus,
Blume Bijd. 756.
Assam, Masters, &c. Khasia Mts., ascending to 2000 ft., J. D. H. Sf T. T. Sil-
het and Cachae, Wallich, &c. Tenasseeim, Lobb, Parish.— Dtsteib. Sumatra,
Siam, China.
Stem usually robust and branched from the base, 6-10 in. high, and branches
strict. Leaves 1-1^ in., narrowed into the petiole. Corolla yellow, £-| in., with a
purple eye. — In cultivation the stem becomes decumbent and rooting, the flowers
axillary and solitary, and the corolla large (see Bot. Mag. t. 6700).
11. T. ciliata, Smith in Bees'' Cyclop, v. 36 ; erect, patently hairy,
leaves sessile or petioled ovate or oblong-ovate obtuse entire or crenate,
Torenia.] cm. scrophularine2E. (J. D. Hooker.) 279
pedicels longer than or equalling the calyx fruiting thickened, flowers in
distant pairs, fruiting calyx §-§ in. elliptic-lanceolate winged, corolla § in.
blue. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 411 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 689. T. race-
mosa, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 38, not of Griff. T. flava, Wall. Gat. 3957 c.
T. ccerulea, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 562.
Penang, Wallich.
Very similar to T. flava, but the fruiting calyx is winged, and the corolla
blue.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
T. edentttla, Griff, in Madr. Journ. Sc. iv. 4. " Suberect, softly hirsute, leares
petioled ovate-cordate subrugose, flowers pseudo-axillary fascicled and raceined, corolla
usually pale blue with yellow spots." — Upper Assam at Suddya, Griffith. Benthaui
(in DC. Prodr.) refers his T. peduncularis (Scroph. Ind.) to this, but Griffith's charac-
ter of softly hirsute is irreconcilable. It may be Vandellia mollis.
Toeenia ? — Tresteira lanceolata, Griff. Notul. iv. Ill, t. 458, f. 6, from Mergui,
with terete pubescent stems suffruticose below, is undeterminable.
24. VANDELLIA, Linn.
Herbs, usually annual, glabrous or pubescent. leaves opposite, often
toothed, penninerved (except in V. erect a). Flowers small, axillary or
racemose; pedicels ebracteolate. Sepals 5, free or connate in a subcam-
panulate calyx, angles not winged. Corolla-tube cylindric ; upper lip erect,
broad, concave, notched or bifid ; lower broader, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens
4, all perfect (except Y. rnolluginoides) ; 2 posterior usually included ; 2
anterior with arched filaments appendaged at or towards the base ; anthers
touching or cohering in pairs under the upper lip, cells divaricate. Stigma
2-lamellate. Capsule septicidal, valves separating from the placentiferous
septum. Seeds rugose. — Species about 30, chiefly tropical Asiatic.
* Capsule about equalling the calyx in length, or shorter.
f Calyx in flower h-cleft to the middle or above it.
1. V. Crustacea, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 35, and in DC. Prodr. x. 413 ;
diffusely branched, glabrous or sparsely hairy, leaves shortly petioled ovate
or lanceolate, pedicels axillary or subracemose, calyx shortly 5-lobed exceed-
ing the 'oblong-ovate obtuse capsule. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 180;
Wight Ic. t. 863 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 690. V. alba, Benth. Scroph.
Ind. 35. Torenia varians, JRoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 96. T. lucida, Ham. in
Wall. Cat. 3962. T. alba, Sam. in Wall. Cat. 3261, in part. T. flaccida,
Br.' Prodr. 440. Gratiola lucida, Vahl Enum. i. 95. ? Roxb. Cor.
PI. ii. 2, t. 202, and Fl. Ind., and Ed, Carey Sf Wall. i. 138. G. aspera,
Both Nov. PI. 11. Peristeira paniculata, Grif. Notul. iv. 119. Capra-
ria Crustacea, Linn. Mant. 87. Morgania lucida & aspera, Spreng. Syst.
ii. 802, 803. Mimulus javanicus, Blume Bijd, 283. Hornemannia ovata,
Link Sf Otto Ic. PI. Sel. i. 9, t. 3. Tittmannia ovata, Beichb. Ic Exot.
i. p. 27. Antirrhinum hexandrum, Forsh. Fl. Mg. Arab. 4>S.—Bumph.
Serb. Amb. v. t. 170, f. 3.
Throughout India and Ceylon, a weed.— Distbib. Tropics of the Old World;
rare (introduced ?) into the New. m '
Stem excessively trichotomously branched from the root, 4-18 in. high. Leaves J-l
in., entire or serrate. Pedicels \-\\ in., slender, strict. Calyx T'0 in. long in flower, £
in fruit.— The citation of Roxburgh's Gratiola lucida is doubtful ; if correct, Rox-
burgh's figure of the filaments, where the appendages are omitted, is faulty.
2. V. mollug-inoides, Benth, Scroph. Ind. 35, and in DC. Prodr.
280 cm. scROPHULARiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Vandellia.
x. 413 ; glabrous, except the ciliate leaf-axils and calyx, leaves subsessile
ovate-lanceolate or oblong base cuneate or rounded margins scabrid, pedicels
rigid umbellately fascicled rather longer than the calyx which is 5-cleft
to the middle in flower, sepals free in fruit longer than the ovate-oblong
capsule. Torenia molluginoides, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3960.
Burma ; Mts. of Prome, Wallich. Pegu, Kurz. Tenasseeim j at Moulmein,
Lobb, Parish.
A slender laxly branched herb, 1-1 \ foot high, with the habit of a Moling o or
Helosteum. Leaves £ in. long, margin thickened, obsoletely crenate. Pedicels
often deflexed in fruit. Calyx % in. long in fruit. Longer filaments with a very
short obtuse tooth, according to Bentham. — In Moulmein specimens I find 2 perfect
stamens, and 2 filiform staminodes hooked near the top.
3. V. Hookeri, Clarice mss. ; diffusely branched, softly hairy all over,
leaves sessile or petioled ovate or lanceolate serrate, pedicels axillary and
subumbellate at the ends of the branches about as long as the calyx which is
5-cleft to the middle in flower, sepals free or not in fruit hispidly hairy
much longer than the oblong capsule. — Torenia, n. 10 Herb. H.f. Sf T.
Sikkim Teeai; at Siligoree, Clarice. Khasia Mts.; in cultivated fields at
Pomrang, &c, J. D. S. Sf T. T. Pegu, Kurz. Behae j at Parusnath, Thomson,
Clarice.
Branched frou, . ohe base ; the branches divaricate and do not root, are rather
robust, 4-8 in. high. Leaves f-1 in. hairy on both surfaces. Pedicels spreading.
Calyx |— | in. long. Corolla blue-purple. — Very near V. molluginoides, but larger,
with much larger flowers, and leaves with margins not thickened.
ff Sepals in flower free to the base or nearly so.
4. V- elata, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 36, and in DC. Prodr. x. 414;
slender, suberect or diffuse, glabrous or sparsely hairy, leaves petioled
ovate coarsely crenate-toothed, flowers racemose, sepals narrowly lanceolate
equalling the broadly oblong capsule. Tittmannia elata, Benth. in Wall.
Cat. 3944.
Tenasseeim ; at Tavoy, Gomez ; Moulmein, Lobb, PLelfer.
Stem simple or 3-chotomously branched, 6-10 in. high. Leaves \-\ in. ; petiole
half as long. Pedicels 2-3 times as long as the fruiting sepals, spreading or deflexed,
lower with leafy upper with small lanceolate bracts. Calyx -^ in. long, fruiting £ in.
Corolla very minute, hardly exceeding the calyx.
5. V. multiflora, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 549 ; erect, succulent, glabrous,
leaves sessile or narrowed into a petiole oblong or ovate-oblong or obovate
obtuse entire or sinuate, flowers racemed, pedicels exceeding the calyx, sepals
lanceolate shorter than the orbicular capsule. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 414.
V. erecta, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 36, in part. Torenia multiflora, JRoxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 96. Tittmannia trichotoma, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3943.
Plains of Bengal, not uncommon.
Stem trichotomously branched, 4-6 in. Leaves in few pairs, 1-2 in., sometimes
spathulate. Racemes usually many-fid. ; flowers minute. Calyx T'g in. long, fruit-
ing & in.
6. V. hirsuta, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 36, and in DC. Prodr. x. 414;
erect, succulent, sparsely clothed with spreading hairs, lower leaves petioled
ovate or oblong obtuse entire or sinuate upper sessile broader, flowers
racemed, pedicels exceeding the calyx, sepals lanceolate longer than the
orbicular capsule. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 179. V. multiflora, Herb. Ind.
Or. H.f. Sf T. in part. Tittmannia ovata, Benth. in Wall. Cat.Z§4&. T. vis-
Vandcttia.] cm. scrophularine.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 281
cosa, Reichb. Ic. Exot. i. 26, t. 38. Tittmannia sp. n. 3, Griff. Notul. iv.
117. Hornemannia prostrata, Jacq. Eel. t. 150.
Eastern and'Sor/THERN India; from Bengal and Sikkiin to Ava, and throughout
the Deccan Peninsula. Ceylon, near Kornegalle, Thwaites. — Distrib. Java, Borneo,
China, Philippine Islands.
Very similar in habit, foliage and inflorescence to V. multifiora, but always hairy.
Corolla blueish white, according to Griffith.
7. V. scabra, Benth. Scrop7i. Ind. 36, and in DC. Prodr. x. 414;
diffusely branched, more or less clothed with long white spreading hairs,
leaves subsessile broadly ovate or ovate-cordate serrate or entire, pedicels
axillary and terminal much longer than the calyx, sepals lanceolate hirsute
or glabrous equalling the orbicular capsule. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 692 ;
Griff. Notul. iv. 122, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 418, f. 4. Y. monnierioides, Ham.
mss. Torenia hirta, Cham. Sf Sohl. in Linnaa, ii. 571. T. globosa, Sam.
mss. Gratiola pusilla, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 105. Columnea minuta, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 98. Tittmannia pusilla, Benth., and T. sulcata, lib. Wight, in
Wall. Cat. 3945, 3946 (both in part only). Bonnaya Yahlii, and Stemodia
minuta, G. Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 538 & 542. Selago pusilla, Thunb. Prodr.
PL Cap. 99.
Tropical India, and in Ceylon ; in rice-fields, &c, abundant. — Distrib. Java,
Borneo, China, Philippine Islands, S. Africa, Madagascar.
Stem slender and branches 2-4 (rarely 6-8) inches high, rather rigid. Leaves
£-§ in., sometimes orbicular, acute or obtuse. Pedicels capillary, $-l£ in., strict,
spreading in fruit. Corolla about ^ in. long, three times as long as the calyx.
Var. laxa ; stem elongate very slender dichotomously branched. V. laxa, Benth.
Scroph. Ind. 36, and in DC. Prodr. x. 414; Bah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 179. Titt-
mannia pusilla, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3945 C.— Deccan Peninsula, Wight ; Vingorla
(Pah. Sf Gibs.). — This is, I think, only a drawn up state of V. scabra, and hardly
even a variety. I have seen no specimen from Vingorla. t
8. V. mollis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 37, and in DC. Prodr. x. 414;
procumbent, softly villous all over, leaves shortly petioled ovate or ovate-
oblong crenate-serrate, pedicels axillary or in axillary or terminal racemes
much longer than the calyx, sepals subulate hirsute longer than the oblong
capsule. Tittmannia hirta, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3948.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 3-4000 ft., J. P. P., &c. Assam, Silhet and the
Khasia Mts., ascending to 3000 ft. — Distrib. S. China.
Stem creeping below, 6-18 in. long, sometimes robust. Leaves 1-1 § in., villous
on both surfaces, petiole £ in. or 0. Pedicels very slender, |-| in. Sepals sometimes
nearly £ in. long. Corolla with a brown upper and yellow lower lip. Filaments
hairy at the base, with a process.
9. V. erecta, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 36, and in DC. Prodr. x. 415 ; erect,
quite glabrous, leaves sessile elliptic or oblong obtuse 3-5-nerve4 entire or
obscurely crenate, pedicels axillary longer than the leaves and the sepals,
sepals lanceolate or linear rather shorter than the ovoid-orbicular capsule.
Maxim. Diagn. PI. Nov. Dec. xix. 413. Y. pyxidaria, Maxim. 1. c. 419 ;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 427. Tittmannia erecta, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3947.
Lindernia pyxidaria,^/. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 418 ; Gaertn. Fruct. in.
34, t. 184, £. 8; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1723; Lamk. III. t. 522. L.
Kitaibelii, G.Don Gen. Syst. iv. 557. Hysanthes gratioloides, RegelFl.
Usur. n. 359, not of Benth. (ex Maxim. I. c. 420). Gratiola mundata, Kit. in
Schultz Fl. Austr. ii. 32. G. integrifolia, Roxb. FL Ind, i. 137, and Ed.
Carey Sf Wall. i. 138.— Rheede Sort. Mai. ix. t. 57.
Throughout India ; from Kashmir to Assam, Tenasserim and the S. Deccan (not
282 cm. scROPHULARiNEiE. (J.D.Hooker.) [Vandellia.
recorded from Ceylon) . — Disteib. Siam, China, Japan, Malay aud Polynesian Islands,
and westwards to France.
Branched from the base; branches divaricate, not rooting, 4-8 in. high. Leaves
J-f in. Pedicels very slender, usually twice as long as the leaves. Sepals ^-^ in.
long, rather obtuse. — Closely resembles Ilysanthes parviflora. So common a plant as
this is cannot have escaped the notice of Roxburgh, and I think it must be his
Gratiola integrifolia. Maximovicz has discussed at length the variations exhibited
by this plant, and its passage into the northern Lindemia pyxidaria, in which the
flowers are sometimes cleistogamous, the filaments straight and sometimes not
appendaged. The Indian forms should be carefully studied.
** Capsule much longer than the calyx.
10. V. nummularifolia, Don Prodr. 86 ; erect, quite glabrous, leaves
sessile or shortly petioled ovate orbicular or obovate obtuse crenate-serrate,
pedicels axillary and in subumbellate or few-fid. racemes longer than the
leaves, calyx 5-toothed fruiting shorter than the ellipsoid acuminate cap-
sule. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 416.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 2-7000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim. Khasia
Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., J. D. H. Sf T. T.
Simple or branched from the base, the branches not rooting, divaricate, 4-6 in.
high. Leaves J-f in., often as broad as long, nerves subflabellate. Pedicels J-§ in.,
very slender. Calyx £ in. long, cleft to the middle, teeth acute, irregularly cleft to
the base in fruit. Corolla red-purple, lateral lobes of lip white. Lower filaments
with a broad obtuse tooth. Capsule nearly | in.
11. V. sessilifiora, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 37, and in DC. Prodr. 416;
erect, glabrous or puberulous, leaves sessile rounded or broadly ovate crenate-
serrate, flowers sessile or very shortly pedicelled, calyx 5-toothed fruiting
shorter than the ellipsoid acute capsule. V. minima, Benth. Scroph. Ind.
37. Torenia sessilifiora, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3959.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 2-7000 ft., from Kashmir to Mishmi. Khasia
Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. Ava, Wallich. Behae; on Parusnath, J. D. H., Clarice. _
Probably a sessile-flowered form of V. nummularifolia, from which the short pedicels
alone distinguish it in a dried state.
12. V. pedunculata, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 37, and in DC. Prodr. x.
416 ; glabrous, branches long procumbent, leaves shortly petioled ovate
obscurely crenate-toothed, pedicels axillary much longer than the leaves
and in terminal racemes, sepals free to the base half as long as the linear-
lanceolate capsule. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 179 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 120, and
Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 418, f. 2. V. Roxburghii & cordifolia, G. Don Gen. Syst.
iv. 549. Gratiola cordifolia, Vahl Enum. i. 97 ; Don Prodr. 85. Bonnaya
cordifolia, Spreng. Syst. i. 42. Tittmannia grandiflora, Benth. in Wall.
Cat. 3949. Torenia diffusa, JRoxb. PL Ind. ii. 95. T. varians, Griff. Notul.
iv. 125, not of Boxb.
Throughout India, and in Ceylon ; abundant in rice-swamps. — Disteib. Borneo,
China, Cochin-China.
Stem sometimes creeping at the base, branches 4-10 in., slender, prostrate.
Leaves §-1 in., obtuse or subacute. Pedicels twice as long as the leaves, sometimes
1| in. Sepals \ in., narrowly lanceolate. Corolla white, or pale blue with a white
spot. Longer filaments with a small obtuse tooth. Capsule ^ in. — I have seen no
specimen of Bentham var. )3 parviflora from Ceylon. See Bonnaya peduncularis and
veroniccefolia for remarks.
13. V. angustifolia, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 37, and in DC. Prodr. x.
417; diffuse, glabrous, leaves sessile linear or linear-lanceolate obtuse entire
Vandellia.] cm. scrophularine;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 283
or obscurely toothed, pedicels axillary solitary equalling or exceeding the
leaves, sepals free to the base half as long as the linear-lanceolate capsnle.
Tittmannia angustifolia, Benth. in Wall. Gat. 395 L Torenia calcarata,
Griff. Notul. iv. 124. ? Lindernia micrantha, Don Prodr. 85.
Subtropical Himalaya ; Kumaon, JEdgeworth; Nepal, Wallich. Bengal, Assam,
the Khasia Mts., Buema and Pegu. Ceylon, not [common. — Disteib. Sumatra,
Java, China, Japan.
Stem sometimes shortly prostrate and rooting at the hase ; branches erect, divari-
cating, 6-12 in. high, slender or succulent. Leaves f-l£ in., rather thick, nerves
obscure. Pedicels variable in length. Calyx g— | in., fruiting ^ as long as the
capsule. Longer filaments toothed at the base. Capsule linear-lanceolate. See
Bonnaya veronicarfolia var. verbenafolia for a very near ally of this plant.
25. ILYSANTHES, Bafin.
Annual, glabrous, slender marsh-plants. Leaves opposite, entire or
toothed, parallel-nerved. Flowers small, axillary or the upper racemose;
pedicels ebracteolate, often reflexed in fruit. Sepals narrow. Corolla-tube
cylindric ; upper lip erect, broad, concave, notched ; lower larger, spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens, 2 upper alone perfect, subincluded, filaments filiform ;
anthers meeting, cells divaricate ; staminodes 2, 2-lobed, one lobe glandular
obtuse, the other glabrous of various shapes. Stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule
septicidal ; valves entire, separating from the placentii'erous septum. Seeds
numerous, rugose. — Species 8, N. American, S. African, Indian and one S.
American.
The staminal characters separating Llysanthes from Vandellia are not satis-
factory ; I should prefer that of the nervation of the leaves, which would remove
Vandellia erecta (which is hardly recognizable from I. parviflora) to this genus.
1. Z. hyssopioides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 419; erect, simple or
diffusely branched, leaves in distant pairs sessile oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late usually entire 1- or 3-nerved upper linear, pedicels axillary filiform,
corolla 3-4 times longer than the calyx, fruiting sepals half the length of
the ovate-oblong acute capsule. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 179; Miquel
Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 695. Gratiola hyssopioides, Linn. Mant. 174; Boxb. Cor.
PI. iii. 3, t. 203 {not ii. t. 128, nor of Fl. Lnd.). Morgania hyssopioides,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 803. Bonnaya hyssopioides, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3866
Wight Ic. t. 857.
Silhet, Wallich. Khasia Mts.; at Nurtiung, alt. 5000 ft., J". B. B.tyT.T
Deccan Peninsula, abundant. Ceylon, common. — Disteib. China.
Usually very slender, 4-18 in. high. Leaves \-\ in., rather thick, obtuse, seldom
toothed. Pedicels \-\\ in. Sepals narrowly lanceolate. Corolla %-% in. long, pale
blue. Capsule £ in.
2. I. parviflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 419 ; erect, simple or
diffusely branched, leaves sessile ovate elliptic or linear-oblong usually
entire 1-5-nerved, pedicels axillary and in terminal racemes filiform,
corolla twice as long as the calyx, fruiting sepals shorter than the ovate-
oblong acute capsule. Gratiola parviflora, Boxb. Cor. PL iii. 3, t. 204, and Fl.
Ind. i. 140, and Ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 141. Bonnaya parviflora, Benth. in
Wall. Cat. 3867, and Scroph. Ind. 34.
Throughout India; in wet places, from the Punjab to Assam, Bengal and the
Deccan Peninsula (not seen from Ceylon). ^Disteib. Siam, Trop. Africa.
Very near to I. hyssopioides, but a shorter stiffer more branched plant, more
piously flowering, with usually much shorter pedicels, and white or blue flowers not
284 cm. scROPHULAEiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Ihjsanthes.
half the size. — This differs from Vandellia erecta in the reduction of the shorter
stamens, and in the longer acute capsule.
3. I. minima, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 420; very small and slender,
erect, subsimple, leaves few minute ovate- or elliptic-oblong entire, pedicels
axillary capillary, corolla three times as long as the calyx, fruiting sepals
equalling the subglobose capsule. Bonnaya minima, Wight Ic. t. 858, not of
G. Don.
The Deccan ; at Palamcotta, Wight.
Stem 1-3 in., filiform, always simple below. Leaves 2-3 pairs, ^-\ in., obtuse,
quite entire. Flowers few, large for the size of the plant ; pedicels %-\ in. Corolla
£-£ in. Capsule ^ in. diam. — A very elegant minute plant.
4. X. rotundifolia, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 420; diffuse or creeping,
leaves sessile broadly ovate elliptic or rounded entire or toothed 3-5- nerved,
pedicels axillary shorter or longer than the leaves, corolla twice as long as
the calyx, fruiting sepals equalling the globose capsule. G ratiola rotundi-
folia, Linn. Mant. 174; Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. 3,t. 204, and Fl. Ind. i. 137, and
Ed. Wall. Sf Carey, i. 138.
Cobomandel, Roxburgh. Canaba, BohenacJcer. Ceylon, Macrae, &c. — Disteib.
Mauritius and Madagascar.
Stems or branches 6-10 in., often rooting at the nodes. Leaves £-J in., obtuse
or subacute. Flowers few, white; pedicels £-f in. Corolla % in. long. Capsule
| in,
26. BONNAYA, Link et Otto.
Annual, quite glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or serrate, penni-
nerved, nerves very obscure. Flowers solitary, axillary, or the upper opposite
and racemose, pedicels ebracteolate. Sepals 5, narrow. Corolla-tube cylih-
dric; upper lip erect, broad, concave, 2-fid; lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed.
Stamens, 2 lower only perfect, subincluded, filaments filiform; anthers
touching, cells divaricate ; staminodes 2, entire, glandular, obtuse. Stigma
2-lamellate. Capsule narrow, far exserted, septicidal ; valves entire, sepa-
rating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds numerous, rugose. — Species
8, tropical African and Asiatic.
Several species of this genus so closely resemble others of Vandellia as to render
its validity very doubtful.
1. B. brachiata. Link Sf Otto, Ic. PI. Sel. i. 25, t. 11 ; erect, diffusely
branched, leaves sessile oblong obtuse or acute sharply closely deeply
serrate, flowers racemed shortly pedicelled, corolla i in. long, capsules
spreading or erect twice as long as the calyx or more. Benth. in Wall. Cat.
3855, and in DC. Prodr. x. 420 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 178; Miquel Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 695. B. serrata, Griff. Notul. iv. 108, and Bonnaya sp. I. c.
106. Gratiola serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 139, and Ed. Wall. Sf Carey, i. 140.
B. brachiata & pusilla, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 32, 33. — Rheede Hort. Mai.
ix. t. 59.
Throughout India, from the Punjab to Travancore and Malacca, ascending the
Himalaya to 5000 ft. Ceylon, common. — Distbib. Java, China, Philippine Islands.
A rather rigid herb, 4-10 in, high ; branches divaricate, outer decumbent below.
Leaves ^-1^ in., margins thickened, teeth mucronate. Racemes sometimes 4 in.
long, with opposite bracteate flowers; pedicels about equalling the calyx, rigid.
Corolla red or white. Capsule | in., slender.
2. B. reptans, Spreng. Syst. i. 41 ; prostrate, creeping, leaves
Bonnaya.~\ cm. scRot>nuLARiNE.E. (J. D. Hooker.) 285
petiolcd obovate-oblong obtuse sharply serrate, flowers racemed shortly
pedicelled, corolla f in. long, capsules spreading twice as long as the calyx
or more. JBenth. in DC. Prodr. x. 420; Wall. Cat. 3856; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 179. B. ruelloides & ciliata, Spreng. 1. c. Gratiola ciliata &
ruelloides, Kozn. ; Vahl Enum. i. 97, 99. G. reptans, Roxb. Fl. Ind., and Ed.
Wall. Sf Carey, i. 140. Henckelia Roxburghiana, Dietr. Sp. PI. i. 572.
Eastern India ; from Nepal and Sikkim (ascending to 7000 ft.) to Assam, the
Khasia Mts., Cachar and Tenasserim. Madras, Shuter. Southern Concan
(Dalzell Sf Gibson). — Distrib. Java, Philippine Islands.
Stems or branches often a foot long, with distant pairs of leaves, slender, diffusely
branched. Leaves |-1^ in., narrowed into the petiole, finely serrate. Corolla light
purple. Capsule 1 in. long, very slender.
3. B. veroniccefolia, Spreng. Syst. i. 41; stem creeping or de-
cumbent ; branches ascending, leaves snbsessile or narrowed into a short
petiole oblong or oblong-lanceolate or obovate serrate or subserrate,
flowers racemose, corolla |--| in., capsules erecto-patent twice as long as the
calyx or more. Wall. Cat. 3857 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 421 ; Wight
Ic. t. 1411 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 178 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 696.
B. marginata, Spreng. I. c. B. rigida & proenmbens, Benth. in Wall.
Cat. 3859, 3860. B. Rothii, Dietr. Sp. PI. i. 556. B. bracteata, Griff.
Nofad. iv. 107. Gratiola veronicsefolia, Retz Obs. iv. 8 ; Roxb. Cor. PI. ii.
30, t. 154, and Fl. Ind. i. 138, and Ed. Wall. Sf Carey, i. 139. G. marginata,
Colsm. in Yahl Enum. i. 98. G. racemosa, Roth Nov. Sp. 9.
Throughout India ; from the Upper Gangetic plain southwards and eastwards to
Assam, Travancore and Singapore. Ceylon, common. — Distrib. Java, Siam,
China, Philippine Islands.
Very variable in habit, hut distinguished from B. brachiata and reptans by the
very different serratures of the leaf, which are more distant and less deep. Corolla
violet {Roxb.).
Var. grandiflora ; branches short stout, flowers chiefly axillary light blue,
capsules smaller hardly twice as long as the calyx. B. grandiflora, Spreng. Syst. i.
41 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 421 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 179 ; Miquel Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 697. B. pulegiifolia, Spreng. I. c. B. Wightii, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3864.
Gratiola grandiflora, Boxb. Cor. Fl. ii. 42, t. 179, and Fl. Ind. i. 136, and Fd. Carey
Sf Wall. i. 137. G. pulegiifolia, Vahl Fnum. i. 98. Henckelia grandiflora, Dietr.
Sp. i. 573. — I find it impossible to separate this satisfactorily ; it inhabits the same
area as B. veroniccefolia and Vandellia pedunculata, which it closely resembles. The
name grandiflora is not appropriate. Corolla light blue (Roxb. )
Var. verbencefolia ; branches usually long and slender, leaves narrower subentire
or distantly serrate, flowers larger in often elongate naked racemes. B. verbena)folia,
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 421 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 178; Wall. Cat. 3858.
Wight Ic. t. 1412. B. Roxburghiana, Dietr. Sp. PI. i. 559. B. cyanea, Griff.
Notul. iv. 107. Gratiola verbenajfolia & ciliata, Colsm. in Vahl Enum. i. 96, 97.
G. racemosa, Roxb. Fl.Ind. i. 138, and Fd. Wall. $ Carey, i. 139. G. Roxburghiana,
Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. i. 123. Tittmannia Colsmanni & Torenia gracilis, Benth. in
Wall. Cat. 3950, 3952.— This again is with difficulty separated as a variety from
B. veroniccefolia, and it inhabits the same area. It bears the same relation to it as
Vandellia angustifolia (which it closely resembles) does to V. pedunculata.
4. B. peduncular is, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 34, and in DC. Prodr.
x. 421, and in Wall. Cat. 3865 ; stems erect slender simple, leaves sessile
linear-oblong obtuse nearly entire, pedicels axillary very long solitary
slender much longer than the leaves, capsule nearly three times as long as
the calyx.
Silhet, Wallich.
This, as Bentham suggests, may be a variety of B. veroniccefolia var. grandifolia,
286 cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Bonnaya.
growing in moist grassy places ; if so, it is a remarkable one, the fruiting calyx being
much shorter, not above £ in. long, and the habit is considerably different. It
approaches very closely Vandellia pedunculated.
5. B. oppositifolia, Spreng. Syst. i. 41 ; very short, erect, diffusely
branched, leaves sessile linear-oblong obtuse subserrate, pedicels short
often shorter than the calyx axillary or the upper racemed reflexed in fruit,
corolla | in. long, capsule small twice as long as the calyx or more. Benth.
in DC. Prodr. x. 421 ; Wall. Cat. 3862 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 179.
B. minima, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 538. Gratiola oppositifolia, Boxb. Cor.
PI. ii. 30, t. 155, and Fl. Ind., and Fd, Wall. Sf Carey, i. 139. G. minima,
Both Nov. Sp. 8. Henckelia oppositifolia, Dietr. Sp. PI. i. 572.
Deccan Peninsula, Beyne, Wight, &c.
A much smaller plant than any of the first four species, and with a somewhat
different habit, and very small blue flowers ; but beyond the general characters indi-
cated above, I am unable to add anything. The flowers are blue (Jloxb.).
6. B. tenuifolia, Spreng. Syst. i. 42 ; succulent, erect, diffusely in-
tricately branched, leaves sessile linear nearly entire, pedicels axillary and
the upper racemed deflexed in fruit, corolla ^ in. long, capsule slender two to
three times as long as the calyx. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 422; Wall. Cat.
3863; Miquel Fl. Ind, Bat. il 698. B. pusilla, Griff. Notul. iv. 107.
Gratiola tenuifolia, Vahl Fnum. i. 95.
Bengal; at Serampore, Griffith. Deccan Peninsula, Bottler, &c. ; Quilon,
Wight. Tenasseeim, Griffith. Ceylon; at Peradenzia and Caltura, Macrae. —
Disteib. China.
This appears to be a very distinct species, growing in a tufted manner, probably
in marshes, with interlaced branches and slender leaves 1-1 1 by TTg-^- in. The flowers
are very small (pale blue, Griff.), and the capsules vary from |-i in. in length.
27. BYTHOPHYTON, Hooh.f.
A slender submerged glabrous herb. Leaves opposite, subulate-lanceo-
late, quite entire. Flowers axillary, shortly pedicelled, ebracteolate. Sepals
4, subulate-lanceolate. Corolla minute, much shorter than the calyx,
subcylindric, membranous, obscurely 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens, 2 anterior
perfect, included, filaments very short sometimes gibbous; anther-cells
parallel. Ovary ovoid ; style short, curved, stigma subcapitate. Capsule
much shorter than the sepals, broadly oblong, compressed, obtuse, 2-valved,
valves 2-fid or 2-partite. Seeds many, narrowly oblong, reticulate.
B. indicum, Hook. f. Micranthemum indicum, H.f. Sf T. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. ix. (1857) 245, t. 7 {excl.Jig. of anthers).
Khasia Mts. ; marshes at Nonkreem, alt. 4^5000 ft., J. D. B. Sf T. T.
Stems 2-3 in., loosely tufted, flaccid, erect, wholly submerged, terete. Leaves |-| in.
long, 3-nerved at the base. Sepals \ in. Corolla with the lobes closed over the
anthers as in submerged states of Liinosella. Stamens very variable. — A singular
little plant, the flowers of which may assume a different character when the marshes
dry up. It is clearly the type of a genus, the exact position of which is uncertain.
The anthers are erroneously figured as hairy.
28. DIICROCARFHSA, Br.
A very small slender diffuse or creeping nearly glabrous herb. Leaves
opposite, sessile, oblong, obtuse, quite entire. Flowers minute, axillary,
Microcarpcea.] cm. scrophularine2E. (J. D. Hooker.) 287
solitary, sessile, ebracteolate. Calyx tubular, 5-augled, 5-fid. Corolla very
short, tube broad ; lobes 5, broad, spreading, 2 upper subcounate. Stamens,
2 perfect, filaments filiform; anthers confluent, 1-celled; staminodes 0.
Style filiform, stigma capitate recurved. Capsule included, ovoid, 2-grooved,
loculicidal ; valves entire, separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds
few, ovoid.
IK. muscosa, Br. Prodr. 436; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 433;
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 700. M. alterniflora, Blume Bijd. 744 ; Benth. I. c.
Paederota minima, Koen. in Retz Obs. v. 10.
Lowee Bengal, on the Mahanuddy river, J. P. H. Sf T. T. Tenasseeim.
Malabae; at Quilon, Wight. Ceylon, not uncommon. — Disteib. Java, China,
Australia.
Stems tufted and interlaced, 2-4 in. long, rooting at the nodes, angles of stem and
calyx sometimes ciliate. Leaves -fc-\ in. long. Flowers in one axil only of each pair
of leaves, about T'B in. long. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, as is the minute
capsule.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
M. niANDEA, Griff. Notul. iv. 101, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 417, f • 2, according to the
description, differs from the generic character of Microcarpcea in the 5 -partite calyx ;
as also from Glossostigma and Limosella, of which it has the habit. I have seen no
specimens j it is a native of Bengal, and may be the following genus.
29. PEPXiXDXUDX, Delile.
Yery small, prostrate or creeping, glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite,
fleshy, obovate, quite entire. Flowers minute, axillary, 1-3-nate. Calyx
tubular, 5-ribbed, obtusely 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 5, broad,
subequal. Stamens 2, included, filaments arched ; anthers 1-celled ; stami-
nodes 0. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma dilated, spathulate, recurved. Capsule
globose or ovoid, septicidal, or bursting irregularly ; valves entire or 2-fid,
separating from the placentiferous septum. Seeds numerous, small, ovoid. —
Species 2, an endemic Australian and the following.
P. humifusum, Bel. Fl. Mg. 4, t. 4, f . 1 ; flowers subsessile,
capsule globose obtuse. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 422 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 427. Hedyotis maritima, Linn. f. Suppl. 119. Oldenlandia maritima,
Roth Nov. Sp. 97. Paederota cochlearifolia, Koen. mss. ; Wall. Cat. 3920.
Microcarpsea cochlearifolia, Sm. in Bees' Cyclop.; Wight in Hook. Bot.
Misc. iii. 95, Suppl. t. 29.
S. Deccan Peninsula, Koenig, &c. ; Pondicherry, Perottet. Ceylon ; at
Trincomalee, Glenie. — Disteib. Kurdistan, Egypt, Australia.
Stems interlaced, 4-8 in. long, rather stout, forming large tufts. Leaves £-^ in.,
usually obovate, sometimes ovate or orbicular, succulent, narrowed into short petioles
which are connected by a membrane. Calyx about -^ in. long, larger in fruit,
membranous with 5 strong ribs. Corolla-tube included. Filaments thickened and
angularly incurved at the base. Capsule nearly enclosed in the membranous tubular
calyx, membranous, usually bursting irregularly.
30. GLOSSOSTIGMA, Am.
Very small, glabrous, creeping herbs. Leaves opposite or fascicled, linear
or spathulate, quite entire. Flowers minute, axillary, solitary, ebracteolate.
Calyx campanulate, obtusely 3-4-lobed. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 5, sub-
equal. Stamens 2 or 4, filaments filiform; anther-cells diverging, tips con-
288 cm. scrophularinexE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Glossostigma.
fluent. Ovary perfectly or imperfectly 2-celled ; style short, stigma dilated
spathulate recurved. Capsule included in the calyx, loculicidal ; valves
entire, separating from a columnar axis. Seeds small, ovoid. — Species 3, all
Australian, one of them widely dispersed.
G. spathulatum, Am. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 355 ; leaves
narrowly spathulate, calyx 3-lobed, stamens 2. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x.
426; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 180; Miquel Fl. 2nd. Bat. ii. 699. Linio-
sella diandra, Linn. Mant. 252 {the Indian plant) ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 91 ;
Griff. Notul. iv. 102, t. 458, f. 12. Microcarpsea spathulata, Benth. Scroph.
Ind. 31; Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 101, Suppl. t. 4. Pasderota
minima, Retz Obs. v. 10.
Uppeb Gangetic plain, Boyle, Thomson. Behab, J. D. H. The Deccan
Peninsula, common. . Ceylon, Gardner. — Disteib. Tropical Africa and Australia.
A very weak densely tufted creeping rooting herb like Limosella. Leaves -fa-% in.
long, tapering into a petiole of variable length. Pedicels slender, shorter than the
leaves. Calyx J, in. long. Corolla blue, tube included. Capsule about as long as
the calyx. — Griffith's Microcardia diandra differs from this in the sessile flowers<<and
5-partite calyx.
31. LUVIOSELLA, Linn.
Small tufted creeping glabrous marsh- or water-herbs. Leaves opposite
or fascicled or rarely alternate, long petioled, linear or spathulate, quite
entire. Flowers minute, axillary, ebracteolate. Calyx campanulate, 5-
toothed. Corolla subrotate or campanulate ; lobes 5, subequal. Stamens
4, filaments filiform ; anthers confluent, 1- celled. Ovary 2-celled at the base ;
style short, stigma incurved capitate. Capsule obscurely dehiscent, valves
thin. Seeds many, small, ovoid, rugulose. — Species 5 or 6, very variable and
widely distributed.
Ii. aquatica, Linn. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 426 ; leaves long-
petioled narrowly spathulate, corolla-lobes very short. Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 426 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 427 ; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 228, t. 50, f. 3 ;
Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ, t. 1722.
Westeen Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 5-8000 ft., Thomson, &c. Westeen Tibet ;
alt. 13000-14500 ft., Thomson. Distrib. N. and S. temperate regions.
Stems creeping. Leaves 1-2 in., long petioled. Peduncles shorter than the leaves,
recurved in fruit. Corolla ^ in., pink or white. Capsule globose, £ in. diam.
Tribe VII. DIGITALIS.
32. SIBTHORPIA, Linn.
Hairy, creeping herbs. Leaves alternate, petioled, reniform or rounded,
crenate or pinnatifid. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or fascicled, ebracteo-
late. Calyx campanulate, 4-8-fid. Corolla subrotate ; lobes 4-8, spreading,
subequal. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes or one fewer ; anthers
sagittate, touching. Stigma capitate. Capsule membranous, compressed,
loculicidal, valves septiferous. Seeds few, piano- or concavo-convex, rugu-
lose.— Species 6, W. Europe, Africa, the Himalaya and Andes.
S. pinnata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 959 ; leaves deeply pinnatifid or
pinnatisect. Mazus pinnatus, Wall. Cat. 3915. Ourisia pinnata, Benth.
Scroph. Lnd. 47. Hornemannia pinnata, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 428.
Nepal, Wallich.
Sibthorpia.] cm. scrophularine^;. (J. D. Hooker.) 289
Hirsute all over with soft spreading hairs. Stems very slender, 4-8 in. long,
straggling, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1-2 in. long, broadly oblong, or ovate!
membranous, segments 5-7 obovate-cuneate broadly adnate, tips crenate or lobulate •
petiole 1-3 in. Pedicels equalling the petiole or longer or shorter, very slender!
Calyx \ in., membranous, lobes ovate acute. Corolla \ in. diam. ; lobes spathulate.
Fruit unknown.
33. HEMIPHRAGMA, Wall.
A prostrate diffuse pubescent herb. Leaves dimorphic ; cauline opposite,,
very shortly petioled, orbicular-cordate or -ovate, or reniform crenate ; those
on the branches fascicled, acicular, ciliate. Flowers axillary, sessile, rosy.
Sepals 5, narrow. Corolla-tube short, slender ; lobes 5, rounded, spreading,
subequal. Stamens 4, on the base of the corolla, equal, filaments short ;
anthers sagittate, tips of the cells confluent. Style short, stigma minute.
Fruit ovoid, fleshy, shining, at length septicidal, valves entire or 2-fid.
Seeds numerous, minute, ovoid, smooth.
H. heterophyllum, Wall. Cat. 3895, and Tent. Fl. Nep. 16, t. .8, and
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 612 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 429.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Garwhal to Bhotan, alt. 6-12,000 ft. ]£hasia
Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.
Stems loosely tufted, creeping, 1-2 feet, very slender. Leaves on the stem ^-| in
diam., membranous, hairv on both surfaces; petiole T'0-^ in. ; those on the branches
forming tufts or beads, ^-| in. long, rigid, acute, back convex, face deeply channelled.
Flowers usually sessile in the tufts of the setaceous leaves, rarely of the cauline ones.
Corolla pink, ^ in. diam. Fruit black, polished, ^ in. diam.
34. SCOPARZA, Linn.
Branched glabrous or pubescent herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite
or whorled, entire or toothed, punctate. Flowers small, white yellow or
blueish, solitary or 2-nate, axillary, ebracteolate.. Sepals 4-5, imbricate in
bud. Corolla rotate, 4-fid, throat densely bearded ; lobes obtuse, subequal.
Stamens 4, subequal, filaments filiform; anthers subsagittate, cells distinct
parallel or diverging. Style subclavate, stigma notched or truncate ; ovules
many. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidal ; valves entire, membranous,
margins inflexed separating from the placentiferous axis. Seeds many,
obovoid, angled, scrobiculate. — Species 5 or 6, all American.
S. DUXiCXS, Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 431; glabrous, leaves
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate narrowed into a short petiole, sepals 4.
Miguel Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii. 699 ; Gaertn. FrucU i. 251, t. 53, f. 10 ; Beauv. FL
Ow. Sf Ben. t. 115 ; Voigt Sort. Sub. Calc. 507.
Plains of Bengal ; abundant, Clarke.— Disteib. Tropics of America and
sporadically in Africa, Asia and Australia.
A branching annual erect or ascending leafy herb 1-3 ft. high. Leaves opposite
and 3-nately whorled, variable in width. Flowers numerous ; pedicels \-\ in., slender
strict. Sepals oblong. Corolla £ in. diam., white. Capsule £ in. diam., globose.—
Though now n superabundant Bengal plant according to Mr. Clarke, it wms^ unknown
in Roxburgh's time, and occurs in no Iudian Herbarium except Clarke's. Voigt
mentions it (1845) as found about Serampore, whence probably it has spread quite
recently.
35. CAIffPYLANTHUS, Both.
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear, fleshy, quite entire. Flowers in terminal
vol. iv. u
290 cm. SCROPHULARIXE.E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Campylanthv*.
racemes, often secund, pedicels 2-bracteolate. Calyx 5-tid or -partite.
Corolla-tube long, slender, incurved; lobes 5, broad, flat, spreading, sub-
equal. Stamens 2, included ; anther-cells divaricate, tips confluent. Style
short or long, straight or indexed, stigma capitate. Capsule broad, com-
pressed, septicidal, valves 2-fid. Seeds many, orbicular, compressed,
notched at the hilum ; funicle expanded into a wing that sometimes
surrounds the seed. — Species 4, Canaries, Cape de Yerds, Arabia, Scinde.
C. ramosissimus, Wight let. 1416; a much branched, rigid, puberu-
lous shrub, leaves linear-oblong or -spathulate, flowers subcorymbose. Boiss.
Fl, Orient, iv. 433.
Scinde 5 limestone hills at Hyderabad, Stocks. — Distrib. Beluchistan.
A low shrub, branches slender but very stiff, divaricate, spinescent. Leaves \-\ in.
Flowers shortly pedicelled. Sepals short, lanceolate, acute. Corolla \ in., tube villous
within, lobes acute. Fruit not seen.
36. PICRORHIZA, Boyle.
A low more or less hairy herb, with perennial woody bitter stock. Leaves
subradical, spathulate, serrate. Flowers spicate on radical leafy flowering
stems, bracteate, ebracteolate, white or blueish, dimorphic (a longer and shorter
stamened form). Sepals 5, lanceolate, imbricate in bud. Corolla of the long
stamened form short, membranous, subequally 5-cleft to the middle ; lobes
ovate, acuminate, ciliate ; of the shorter stamened, corolla-tube curved,
broad; limb 2-lipped, upper lip longer subgaleate emarginate, lower of 3
shorter ovate acute lobes, the middle one smallest. Stamens 4, filaments in
the longer stamened very slender, four times as long as the corolla ; of the
shorter stamened stout, 2 upper shorter than the upper lip of the corolla,
with the anthers under the hood, 2 lower exserted ; anther-cells subdivergent
confluent at the tip. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; style of the long
stamened long and slender, stigma simple ; of the shorter stamened stouter
and shorter, stigma capitate exserted. Capsule ovoid, turgid, acute, septi-
cidal and loculicidal, margins of the valves inflexed, exposing the columnar
placentiferous axis. Seeds of an oblong curved nucleus, enclosed in the
large bladdery loose hyaline reticulated testa.
I have described this plant as dimorphic with some hesitation, the pistil and stamens
being in both forms so fully developed, though in so far as I have seen the anthers
of the short stamened have very scanty and irregularly formed pollen, whilst those of
the long stamened have copious pollen. Both forms seem to ripen fruit abundantly.
P. Kurrooa, Benth. Scroph, Ind. 47, and in DC. Prodr. x. 454;
Boyle III. 291, t. 71. Valeriana? Lindleyana, Wall. Cat. 404 {corrected to
Veronica, p. 23).
Alpine Himalaya; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 9- 15,000 ft., common.
Rootstock as thick as the little finger, 6-10 in. long, clothed with withered leaf -bases.
Leaves 2-4 in., rather coriaceous, tip rounded, base narrowed into a winged sheathing
petiole. Flowering stems or scapes ascending, stout, longer than the leaves, naked or
with a few bracts below the inflorescence. Spikes 2-4 in. long, subcylindric, obtuse,
many-flowered, subhirsute ; bracts oblong or lanceolate, as long as the calyx. Sepals
\ in. long, ciliate. Corolla of short stamened form f-i in. long, with longer filaments
^ in. long, of the longer stamened from \ in., with filaments f in. long. Capsule \ in.
long.
37. WULFENIA, Jacq.
Glabrous herbs, with perennial woody stocks. Leaves subradical, petioled,
Wulfenicu] cm. scrophularine^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 291
crenate. Flowers bracteate, blue, spicate on radical scapes, secund, ebracteo-
late. Sepals narrow. Corolla-tube cylindric ; lobes 4, erecto-patent, upper
2-fid, lower entire or crenate. Stamens 2, inserted between the upper lobes,
exserted ; anther-cells divergent, tips confluent. Stigma capitate. Capsule
acute, septi- and loculi-cidal, margins of valves inflexed separating from the
placentiferous axis. Seeds many, ovoid, concavo-convex ; testa lax, smooth.
— Species 4, one Carinthian, the others W. Asiatic and Himalayan.
W. Amherstiana, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 46, and in DC. Prodr. x.
455 ; nearly glabrous, leaves obovate-oblong or -spathulate coarsely crenate
or lobulate base narrowed subpinnatifid, racemes long slender very many-
fid., sepals lanceolate or setaceous, corolla-lobes narrow. Psederota Amhers-
tiana, Wall. Cat. 410.
Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 7-11,000 ft. — Disteib.
Affghanistan.
Rootstocfc long, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 2-5 in., midrib puberulous or
suhhirsute beneath ; petiole \-\\ in., sometimes hairy. Scapes 5-10 in., slender,
glabrous or sparsely pubescent, naked or with setaceous deciduous bracts. Flowers
horizontal ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; bracts setaceous, equalling the pedicels or
longer. Calyx ^ in., glabrous. Corolla ^ in., lobes lanceolate, acute. Style filiform,
far exserted.
38. CALORHABDOS. Benth.
Herbs with a perennial stock and tall stems. Leaves alternate, serrate.
Flotcers in dense bracteate axillary and terminal spikes, ebracteolate. Sepals
lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla-tube incurved; lobes 4, erecto-patent, entire,
3 lower smaller, one or both lateral exterior in bud. Stamens 2, exserted;
anther-cells parallel, at length diverging, obtuse, tips confluent. Style
filiform, stigma slender. Capsule acute, septi- and loculi-cidal; valves 4, with
iu flexed margins, separating from a placentiferous column. Seeds numerous,
minute, testa appressed. — Species 3, a Chinese, a Japanese and a Hima-
layan.
C. Brunoniana, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 44, and in DC. Prodr. x. 456;
erect, leaves sessile lanceolate subserrulate, spike terminal elongate very
slender and very dense-fid. Valeriana (Yeronica, p. 23) Brunoniana, Wall.
Cat. 405 ; Y. ? alternifolia, Wall. mss.
Nepal, Wallich.
Stem erect, subsimple, stout, nearly glabrous, 1-2 ft. (or more ?) Leaves upper alone
known, 3-4 by 1-1| in., long acuminate, base narrowed. Spikes subsessile, 6-10 in.,
erect, flexuous, glabrous or pubescent ; flowers imbricate ; bracts small, lanceolate.
Sepals T'5 in. Corolla ^-l in., tube rather broad, lobes short. Capsule as long as
the calyx.
39. VERONICA, Linn.
Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, rarely scattered or cauline
alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary, or in terminal or axillary bracteate
racemes, ebracteolate, never yellow. Calyx 4-5 partite, the lower segments
connate, upper if present smaller. Corolla rotate, or tube cylindric; lobes
4-5, spreading, lateral, the outer in bud, upper and lower usually narrowest.
Stamens 2, exserted; anther-cells parallel or not, obtuse, tips confluent.
Stigma subcapitate; ovules many, rarely 2 in each cell. Ctf^We 2 -grooved,
compressed or turgid, dehiscence various. Seeds few or many, ovate or
globose, plano-concave or boat- shaped, smooth or rugulose, sometimes
winged.— Species about 160, rare in the tropics and in America.
u 2
292 cm. scROPHULAMNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Veronica.
* Capsule ovoid , or oblong, turgid, slightly laterally compressed. Seeds
flattened, plano-convex or biconvex.
1. V. himalensis, Don Prodr. 92; erect, glabrate, leaves sessile ovate
acute coarsely irregularly serrate base rounded, racemes terminal and axillary
lax-fid., sepals 4 oblong obtuse, corolla very large, capsules ovoid acute.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 467. Y. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 403 (and p. 23).
Nepal • Wallich. Sikkim ; at Yakla, alt. 11,500 ft, Clarke.
Perennial ? Stem 1-2 ft., stout for the genus, simple or nearly so. Leaves in distant
pairs, 1-2 in., nerves beneath pubescent. Racemes erect, 3-5 in. ; p dicels about
equalling the calyx; bracts \-\ in., linear-oblong. Sepals £ in. Corolla §-1 in. diam.,
oblong. Capsule % in. long. Seeds minute, irregularly suborbicular, plano-convex,
much flattened.
2. V. deltigrera, Wall, in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 45, and Cat. 402; stems
many from the root erect or ascending pubescent often bifariously, leaves
sessile ovate ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate serrate, racemes terminal and
axillary lax-fld. pubescent, sepals 4 linear-oblong subacute, capsule oblong-
ovoid obtuse. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 475. Y. lanosa, Benth. Scroph. Ind.
1. c., and in DC. I. c. 481. Y. rupestris, Aitch. 8f Hemsl. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xix. 180, t. 25.
Western Alpine Himalaya; from Kashmir to Nepal, alt. 8-12,000 ft.—
Distkib. Aftghanistan.
Perennial rootstock short, woody. Stems 6-18 in., rigid, slender, subsimple, ascend-
ing, leafy. Leaves f-l£ by \- 1 in., very variable in breadth, sometimes inciso-serrate,
base rounded or acute. Racemes 3-6 in., slender, erect, very many-fld. ; lower bracts
often leaf-like or lower flowers axillary, upper oblong ; pedicels of the lower flowers
often £- 1 in., of the upper shorter. Sepals %-\ in. Corolla f in. diam. or less, lobes
broad. Capsule £ in. long, equalling or shorter than the sepals. Seeds smaller than in
V. himalensis. — The description of the fruit in DC. Prodr. is taken from some other
plant.
3. V. ciliata, Fisch. mss.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 467; hoary-pubescent
all over, stems subsimple erect, leaves sessile ovate or oblong obtuse entire
serrate or crenulate, flowers subcapitate, sepals 4 oblong obtuse, corolla
small, stamens included, capsule ovoid-oblong obtuse, tip notched. Ledeb.Fl.
Boss. iii. 240.
Alpine Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 11-16,000 ft. — Distbib.
Central Asia, Siberia.
Annual. Stem 4-12 in., stiff, usually quite simple. Leaves f-lj in., very variable in
size and toothing, pubescent on both surfaces. Floivers sessile in sessile or peduucled
terminal hirsute heads ; bracts as long as the calyx. Sepals \ in. Corolla \ in. diam.,
lobes broad. Capsule very variable in size, as long as the calyx or longer. Seeds
orbicular, compressed, plano-convex.
4. V. ? macrostemon, BungeinLedeb. Fl.Alt. i. 35; hoary-pubescent,
stems flexuous diffuse, leaves _ sessile elliptic or ovate obtuse entire or
obscurely crenate, racemes terminal dense-fld. villous, sepals 4 oblong obtuse,
stamens long far exserted, anthers large. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 479.
West ken Tibet; Zanskar, alt. 16,000 ft., Thomson, Lance. — Distbib. Affghan-
istan, Central Asia.
Perennial. Rootstock slender, creeping, with distant scales. Stems few, 3-6 in.,
branched. Leaves \-l in., pubescent on both surfaces. Racemes 1-2 in., flowers
crowded, subsessile, or lower axillary and longer pedicelled ; bracts oblong obtuse.
SepaU £ in., villous. Corolla ^-^ in. diam. Capsule not seen. — Without the fruit
it is not possible to identify the Indian plant absolutely with the V. macrostemon.
Veronica.'] cm. scrophularine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 293
Bentham describes the fruit of the latter as obovate emarginate, but in Kirghis
specimens it is oblong and notched at the top.
5. V. lanuginosa, Benth. mss.; densely woolly, stems very short, leaves
sessile imbricate orbicular or upper broadly ovate quite entire, flowers in
sessile terminal woolly heads, sepals 4 oblong subacute, corolla-lobes spathu-
late tipper orbicular much larger and broader than the others, capsule
elliptic notched.
Sikkim Himalaya; Samdong, alt. 16,000 ft, J. D. H.
Stem simple, 2-3 in. high, clothed with imbricating- leaves and woolly hairs.
Leaves \ in. diam., equally woolly on both surfaces. Flowers small amongst the
upper bracteal leaves. Sepals | in. long. Corolla | in. diam. Capsule equalling
the sepals, pubescent. Seeds few, large, oblong, plano-convex. — A very singular
species.
** Capsule somewhat compressed laterally, turgid, orbicular, rarely in
V. Anagallis broadly ovate. Seeds biconvex.
6. V. Anagallis, Linn.-, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 467; glabrous,
rarely pubescent, erect, succulent, leaves sessile or lowest petioled oblong
oblong-lanceolate or linear- oblong entire or serrate base usually cordate,
racemes long axillary, pedicels spreading. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1762;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 437. V. undulata, Wall. Cat. 406, and in Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 147. Veronica sp., G-riff. Notul. iv. 126, and Ic.
Fl. 4-siat. t. 419, f. 2.
N.W. India; from the plains of the Punjab to Western Tibet, and from Kashmir
to Bhotan, ascending to 9000 ft. in the Himalaya, and 15,000 in Tibet. Bengal, the
Khasia Mts. and Assam. The Deccan Peninsula, in the Concan only. — Disteib.
Europe, Asia, N. and B. Africa, N. America.
Perennial. Stem creeping below, from 6-18 in. high, and from the thickness of a
sparrow's quill to that of the middle finger. Leaves 2-6 by i-f in. (1§ in. broad and
ovate-cordate in a Kuuawur specimen). Racemes 3-6 in., slender, lax-fid. ; bracts
linear-oblong, shorter than the pedicels, which are usually longer than the calyx.
Sepals jR-% in. long, subacute. Corolla £-^ in. diam., pink or purplish. Capsule
|-£ in. diam., broadly ovate in some Tibetan specimens. Seeds ovoid or oblong,
biconvex.
Var. oxycarpa ; capsules subacute longer than the sepals. V. oxycarpa, Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 438.— Kuuawur, alt. 9000 ft., Thomson. Persia, Affghanistan.
Vab. punctata; dwarf, leaves all petioled ovate serrate or the upper only linear-
oblong sessile amplexicaul. V. punctata, Ram. in Bon Prodr. 93 ; Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 468, in part. — Nepal, Hamilton ; Bengal at Beauleah and Malda, Clarke.
Benares, Wall. I think there is no doubt of this being a form of V. Anagallis,
Assam specimens of which and others have similar lower leaves. The Cabul punctata
of Bentham is, as Boissier has pointed out, nothing but V. Anagallis ; and his var. fi
extensa is a luxuriant state of the same with larger bracts, sepals, &c.
Var. montioides, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 437 ; dwarf, slender, stems often simple,
leaves ovate or oblong, racemes few few-fid. V. pusilla, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x.
468 —Western Tibet, Thomson. Affghanistan. The Herbarium specimens seem to be
partly dwarf forms and partly seedlings of V. Anagallis.
7. V. Beccabung-a, Linn. ; Benth in DC. Prodr. x. 468; glabrous or
puberulous, decumbent, succulent, leaves sessile or shortly petioled elliptic
or oblong obtuse crenate-serrate base rounded, racemes axillary tew- or
many-flowered, pedicels spreading. Reichb. Ic Fl. Germ. t. 1701; Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 438.
Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir and Rawul Pindee, Aitchison, to Kunawur,
Thomson. Western Tibet, alt. 9-12,000 ft., Thomson.— Distrib. Affghanistan to
Europe, N. Africa (Abyssinia), N. Asia to Japan.
294 cm. scrophula.rine,£. (J. D. Hooker.) [Veronica.
Stem hollow, branches 6-18 in., spreading. Leaves 1-2 in., rarely obovate.
Racemes 2-4 in. ; bracts usually shorter than the pedicels. Sepals ovate-oblong,
subacute. Corolla ^ in. diam., blue or pink. Capsule and Seeds as in V. Ana-
gallis.
*** Capsule didymous, lobes globose or flattened, l-oo -seeded. Seeds
cup-shaped, or deeply "grooved on one side.
8. V. hedereefolia, Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. : x. 490 ; prostrate,
hairy, leaves petioled orbicular-ovate 5-7-lobed, pedicels axillary solitary
fruiting decurved, sepals cordate ciliate exceeding the corolla, capsule
biglobose, cells 1-2-seeded. JSoiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 468 ; Fl. Dan. iii. t. 428.
Kashmir ; alt. 6000 ft., Thomson. — Disteib. China, Japan, Fersia to Syria, N.
Africa and all Europe.
Annual. Branches numerous, 6-18 in. Leaves ^-f in. diam., petiole short
dilated upwards, lobes rounded. Flowers appearing in succession as the branch
elongates, pedicels about equalling the leaves. Sepals membranous, acuminate.
Corolla £ in. diam., pale blue. Seeds large, rugose, subglobose, with a deep pit on
the inner face, black.
9. V. agrestis, Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 487; prostrate, pube-
rulous, leaves petioled ovate cordate or orbicular coarsely crenate-serrate,
pedicels axillary solitary as long as the leaves fruiting decurved, sepals
ovate, capsule biglobose turgid, cells 4-10-seeded. Reichb. PI. Crit. t. 277;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 466. Y. polita, Fries; Reichb. PI. Crit. t. 246.
Plains of the Punjab, and Uppee Gangetic Valley, and Western Himalaya ,
from Kashmir to Kumaon, ascending to 6000 ft. Western Tibet, Iskardo, alt. 9000 ft.
— Disteib. Europe, N. E. and W. Asia to Japan, China and Loochoo Islands, N.
Africa.
Annual. Branches numerous, 6-18 in. Leaves g— 1 in. diam. ; petiole rarely
^ in. Sepals \ in., obtuse, ciliate, fruiting sometimes J in. Corolla £- ■ §• in., shorter
or longer than the sepals, white or blue. Capsule \ in. diam. Seeds oblong or
orbicular, cup-shaped, tubercled, pale. — The two forms, agrestis proper, with larger
leaves, narrower sepals, pale blue or white corolla, and 8-10-seeded capsules, and the
subsp. polita, with smaller leaves, broader sepals, bright blue corolla, and 16-20-seeded
capsule, are probably both Indian.
10. V. persica, Poir. Diet. viii. 542 ; prostrate, hairy, leaves shortly
petioled oblong or ovate coarsely crenate-serrate base rounded or cordate,
pedicels axillary solitary much longer than the leaves, sepals ovate or lanceo-
late fruiting spreading, capsule much broader than long flattened. V. Bux-
baumii, Tenore, Fl. Neap. i. 7, 1. 1 ; Reichb. PI. Crit. t. 268; Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 487 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 465.
Westeen Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 6000 ft., Falconer, &c. Garwhal.at Mussooree,
alt. 7000 ft., Edgeworth.— Disteib. Europe, W. and Central Asia, N. Africa.
Annual. Branches 6-12 in., tips often ascending. leaves |-1^ in., obtuse;
petiole very variable. Pedicels slender, fruiting decurved. Sepals \ in., fruiting
much longer than the capsule. Corolla | in. diam., bright blue. Capsule ^-| in.
diam., very much broader than long ; valves strongly reticulated, cells 5-12-seeded.
Seeds boat-shaped, deeply pitted.
11. V. biloba, Linn. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 485 ; erect or ascending,
diffusely branched, puberulous or glabrate, leaves sessile or shortly petioled
oblong or ovate-lanceolate acute subserrate, floral oblong-lanceolate quite
entire, pedicels axillary longer than the leaves, fruiting spreading or decurved,
sepals connate in pairs at the base, ovate acute or acuminate, capsule much
broader than long flattened. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 464. V. canapylopoda,
Veronica.] cm. scrophularine;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 295
Boiss. Diagn. i. iv. 80, and Fl. Orient. I. c. ; Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ, vii
t. 645.
Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5-10,000 ft. Western
Tibet, alt. 9-15,000 ft. — Distrib. Westward to Asia Minor, Soongaria.
Annual. Branches slender, 4-18 in., sparsely leafy, running into very loose
racemes. Leaves \-l in., very variable in breadth, teeth few and remote.
Pedicels |-| in. Sepals £ in., fruiting \-% in., spreading. Corolla blue, shorter
than the calyx. Capsule £-| in. diam., much smaller than the calyx, cells 2-4-seeded.
Seeds oblong, boat-shaped, more or less deeply pitted. — V. campylopoda is only a
small state with smaller flowers ; I cannot distinguish it as a variety even. The seeds
of V. biloba vary much in depth of pitting. V. microtheca, Boiss. & Bal Diagn.
Ser. 2, vi. 131, V. bartsice folia, and V. elbrusensis, Boiss. Herb., V. Oriffithii, Benth.
in DC. 1. c. 485, V. argute-serrata, Kegel & Schmalk., and V. cardiocarpa, Walp.
(JDiplopkyllum cardiocarpum, Kar. and Kir.), all appear to me to be forms of V.
biloba.
**** Capsule laterally flattened, broadly obcordate, keeled.
f Seeds elliptic, much flattened, biconvex or plano-convex.
12. V. laxa, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 45, and in DC. Prodr. x. 474; glabrous
or sparsely pubescent, stems long ascending, leaves sessile ovate or cordate
obtuse or subacute coarsely crenate- serrate, racemes axillary peduncled
slender, capsule broadly obcordate ciliate. V. Thunbergii, A. Gray, Bot.
Japan. 402.
Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, art. 5-11,000 ft., Boyle, &c. —
Distrib. Japan.
Root perennial. Stems 10-20 in., rather stout, simple, hairy all over or glabrate.
Leaves 1-2 in., pubescent on both surfaces. Racemes 3-10 in., lax-fld. ; bracts linear-
oblong, longer or shorter than the pedicels ; pedicels shorter than the calyx. Sepals
unequal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla \-^ in. diam. Capsule \ in. diam., equalling or
shorter than the sepals.
13. V. cana, Wall. Cat. 401 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 45, and in DC. Prodr.
x. 475 ; pubescent villous or glabrate, stems elongate 'ascending, leaves petioled
ovate or ovate-cordate obtuse crenate- serrate, racemes axillary and terminal
peduncled slender, capsule broadly deltoid top 2-lobed. V. scrophularioides,
Wall. mss.
Temperate Himalaya; from Chumba to Sikkim, alt. 9-13,000 ft.— Distrib,
Japan, Formosa.
Root perennial. Stems 6-12 in., simple, usually slender, pubescent all round, or
bifariously, or glabrate. Leaves in very few and distant pairs, 1-1J in., pubescent ou
both surfaces or glabrate; petiole §-§ in. Racemes 2-3 in., lax-fld. ; bracts small,
linear, shorter than the calyx; pedicels equalling or shorter than the calyx. Sepals
\-$ in., unequal, linear-oblong. Corolla | in. diam., blue. Capsule £ -^ in. diam.,
glabrous or ciliate. — The Sikkim specimens are much more glabrous than the Western,
and small specimens have the bifariously pnbescent stems.
14. V. capitata, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 45, and in DC. Prodr. x. 481;
pubescent, stems short suberect simple, leaves sessile or shortly petioled
rounded ovate or shortly oblong obtuse crenate-serrate or subentire, base
rounded, flowers in terminal sessile villous umbels or heads, capsule broadly
obcordate.
Alpine Himalaya ; from Kunawur to Bhotan, alt. 10-14,000 ft.
Annual or roots perennial, 3-6 in. high. Leaves \-\ in., usually pubescent on both
surfaces, uppermost pair often the largest. Flowers sessile in the uppermost pairs of
296 am. SGROPHULARiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Veronica.
leaves, forming a head \-% in. diam. ; pedicels 0-£ in. Sepals £ in. long, spathulate-
oblong, obtuse. Corolla £ in. diam., blue. Capsule % in. diam., ciliate.
' Var. ? sikkimensis ; stem decumbent branched, leaves longer petioled often 2 in.
long. — Sikkim; Lachen, alt. 12,000 ft., J. D. H. This looks like a very luxuriant
form of V. capitata with stems 8-10 in., large membranous leaves and petioles some-
times \ in. long.
15. V. javanica, Blume Bijd. 742; pubescent, diffusely repeatedly
branched, leaves shortly petioled ovate obtuse cren ate- serrate base rounded
subcordate or truncate, flowers small in short few-fid. axillary and terminal
racemes, capsule very small broadly obcordate or didymous snorter than the
calyx. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 701 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 489. V.
Maddeni, Fdgew. mss.
Subtropical and Temperate Himalaya ; from Simla to Bhotan, alt. 3-7000 ft.
Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. 8c T. T — Distrib. Java, Loochoo Islands.
Annual. Stems very numerous, spreading from the root, ascending, 6-18 in., stout
or slender, intricately branched. Leaves f-1 in., more or less pubescent on both
surfaces; petiole §-£ in. Racemes subsessile, \-l in., fruiting 1-2 in. ; pedicels js in.,
shorterthan the small narrow bracts. Sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, T'a in. long. Corolla
\ in. diam. Capsule | in. diam., pubescent.
16. V. verna, Linn.-, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 483; puberulous,
glandular upwards, stems short erect simple densely leafy and flowering for
most of their length, leaves sessile oblong simple or 3-cleft or pinnatisect,
flowers axillary shortly pedicelled, capsule broadly obcordate. Beichb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. 1. 1720, f. 1 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 456.
Western Himalaya; Kashmir and Jamu, alt. 5-7000 ft., Thomson. — Distrib.
Europe, N. Asia.
Annual. Stem 2-6 in., slender, erect, simple or branched from the base, together
with the flowers and leaves forming a cylindric stout spike. Leaves \-\ in., imbricate,
or the lower distant. Flowers small, blue, pedicels very short. Sepals linear-lanceolate.
Corolla pale blue, shorter than the calyx. Capsule \ in. diam., glandular, about as
long as the sepals.
17. V. arvensis, Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. v. 483; pubescent,
stems simple or diffusely branched, branches ending in long bracteate racemes,
leaves very small subsessile ovate-cordate crenate, floral alternate oblong or
lanceolate quite entire, racemes dense- or lax-fid., pedicels much shorter than
the floral leaves, corolla minute, capsule broadly obcordate glandular-hairy
shorter than the calyx. Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1720, f. 2 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 457.
Western Himalaya; from Kashmir and Kishtwar, alt. 7-9000 ft., Thomson, to
Garwhal, Pdgeworth.— Distrib. Europe, N, Asia, and N. Africa.
Annual, 6-10 in. high ; branches bifariously pubescent, often continuously leafy
and floriferous throughout. Leaves %-% in., mostly sessile ; floral alternate, linear-
oblong or lanceolate, crowded or scattered. Pedicels very short. Sepals narrow,
obtuse, ciliate. Corolla pale b.ue. Capsule §-£ in. broad.
18. V. serpyllifolia, Linn.; Benth, in DC. Prodr. x. 482; glabrous
or glandular-pubescent, creeping below, branched from the base, branches
ending in long bracteate racemes, leaves sessile rounded or oblong subentire,
floral alternate oblong quite entire, racemes dense- or lax-fid., pedicels
equalling the floral leaves, capsule broadly obcordate, shorter than the calyx
glabrous. Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1718 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 453.
Temperate and Subalpine Western Himalaya ; from Chumba to Kumaon,
alt. 8-13,000 ft— Distrib. Europe, N. Asia, N. Africa, N. and S. America.
Veronica.] cm. scrophularine;E. (J. D. Hooker.) 297
Perennial. Branches 3-10 in., ascending. Leaves \-% in., rather coriaceous.
Racemes 1-4 in. ; lower bracts leaf-like, upper narrow. Sepals |-£ in., obovate-
oblong, ciliate, shorter than the corolla. Corolla \ in. diam., white or lilac.
Tribe VIII. GERARDIEJE.
40. ALECTRA, Thunb.
Erect, rigid, usually scabrid herbs, black when dry. Leaves opposite or
the upper (rarely all) alternate, toothed (reduced to scales in A. Thomsoni).
Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, solitary in the axils of bracts,
2-bracteolate, upper crowded, yellow, or streaked with red or brown. Calyx
campanulate, subfoliaceous, 5-toothed or -fid, lobes valvate or open in bud.
Corolla-tube broad ; limb oblique ; lobes 5, spreading, the lower outer iu
bud. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers touching in pairs, naked or bearded,
cells parallel, bases mucronate. Style long, inflexed, stigma elongate tongue-
shaped. Capsule subglobose, loculicidal, valves entire or 2-fid. Seeds very
numerous, minute, linear, testa very lax reticulate, nucleus small. — Species
14, tropical American, African and Indian.
1. A. indica, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 339 ; scaberulous, leaves sessile
or shortly petioled ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate coarsely toothed base
cuneate rarely cordate, bracts longer than the sessile flowers. A. cordata,
Benth. in DC. I. c. {the Himalayan specimen). Hymenospermum denta-
tum, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3963. Glossostyles arvensis, Benth. Scroph.
Ind. 49.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 3-9000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-6000 ft. Behar ; top of Parusnath, Anderson, &c. Ava, Wallich. — Distrib.
Mauritius.
Stem 6-18 in., naked below, simple, or branched above. Leaves \-l\ in., sparingly
coarsely toothed. Spikes pubescent, 3-6 in. j flowers crowded ; bracteoles ciliate.
Calyx | in. long. Corolla £ in. long, yellow, lobes rounded subequal. Filaments
ciliate; anthers yellow. Capsule shorter than the calyx, subglobose, 4-lobed. Seeds
linear, nucleus very small in the centre of the transparent sausage-shaped testa.
2. A. ? Thomson!, Hook. f. ; slender, leaves scale-like, flowers race-
mose, bracts minute.
Behar ; on Parusnath, alt. 3000 ft., parasitic on a Strobilanthes, Thomson.
A very singular plant, resembling the S. African A. orobanchoides, Benth. Stem rigid
but flexuous, 6-15 iu. high, simple or branched at the rootstock, hardly scaberulous.
Leaves represented by a few scattered scales ^-\ in. long, the largest oblong, obtuse.
Racemes 6-10 in., lax-fld. ; bracts minute ; pedicels \-\ in., slender. Calyx, fruiting
hemispheric, \ in. diam. ; lobes broadly triangular. Capsule globose, as long as the
calyx. Seeds as in A. indica, but more minute and elongate-cuneiform.
41. BUCHNERA, Linn.
Bigid annual herbs, black when dry. Leaves, lower opposite, broad;
upper alternate, narrow. Flowers sessile, axillary, or in bracteate spikes,
2-bracteolate. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, sometimes 5-ribbed, 5-toothed.
Corolla-tube slender; lobes 5, flat, subequal, spreading. 2 upper inner in
bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anthers 1-celled, vertical, dorsi-
fixed, bases obtuse, connective sometimes mucronate. Style thickened or
clavate above, stigma entire or notched. Capsule oblong, loculicidal;
valves coriaceous, entire, septiferous, separating from the placentas. Seeds
298 cm. scrophulakine^e. (J. D. Hooker.) [Buchnera.
very numerous, obovoid or oblong, reticulated. — Species about 30, widely
dispersed in warm countries.
1. B. tetrasticha, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 41, and in DC. Prodr. x. 495 ;
stout, scabrid, root-leaves evanescent, leaves sessile linear-oblong obtuse
quite entire, spikes 4-angled stout villous, bracts broadly ovate equalling the
calyx. Wall. Cat. 3878.
Upper Assam; Mishmi Hills, Griffith. Tenasserim; at Moulmein, Wallich,
Griffith, Heifer.
Stem simple, 12-24 in., leafy. Leaves 1-2| in., rigid. Spikes solitary or several,
amentiform, dense-fld., 1-2 by J-l in., bracts horizontal. Calyx depressed. Corolla-
tube slender, twice as long as the calyx.
2. B. cruciata, Sam. in Don Prodr. 91 ; slender, nearly smooth, rootT
leaves spreading oblong obtuse, cauline linear entire or toothed, spikes
4-angled pubescent, bracts ovate ciliate equalling or shorter than the calyx.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 495; Wall. Cat. 3879 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.
702. B. sumatrana, Miquel I. c. B. stricta, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot.
Mag. i. 367, and in DC. Prodr. 1. c. B. densitiora, Hook. Sf Am. Bot. Beech.
Voy. 203.
Nepal, Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., Griffith, &c. Burma, Wallich.
— Distrib. Sumatra, Java, China.
Stem 10-18 in., simple or branched upwards. Leaves, radical rosulate, 1-li in.,
pubescent, base narrowed; cauliue erect, 1-2 in., teeth few and irregular. Spikes
£-1 in. by \-\ in. Calyx longer than in B. tetrasticha, half as long as the corolla.
Capsule longer than the calyx.
3. B. liispida, Ham. in Don Prodr. 91 ; slender, hispid, root-leaves
obovate or oblong, cauline linear-oblong or -lanceolate toothed or entire
obtuse, spike slender, flowers distant, bracts narrow. Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 496; Wall. Cat. 3875; Wight Ic. t. 1413; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 182. B. Schimperiana, Hochst. PI. Abyss. JSxsicc. n. 23.
Western and Central Himalaya ; from Kashmir to E. Nepal, alt. 1-9000 ft.
Behab, on Parusnath, J. D. H. Central India, at Hazarabagh, Clarke. Deccan
Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. — Distrib. Madagascar, Tropical Africa.
Stem 6-18 in., often branched above. Boot-leaves 1-2 in., cauline usually longer
and narrower. Spikes 6-10 in., very slender ; flowers often distant. Calyx hispid,
£ in. long, lobes very narrow. Corolla-tube not twice as long as the calyx, limb 5 iu.
diam. Capsule shorter than the calyx. — Wight states that his specimens from Coorg
are not hairy, as described in the character of the plant ; these I have not found
in his Herbarium.
12. Strig-a, Lour.
Usually scabrid herbs, discoloured or black when dry. Leaves, lower
opposite, upper alternate, linear, entire, rarely toothed, sometimes reduced
to scales. / Flowers axillary or the upper inbracteate spikes, often 2-bracteo-
late. Calyx tubular, strongly 5-15-ribbed, 5-toothed or -fid. Corolla-tube
slender, abruptly incurved at or about the middle or top ; limb spreading,
2-lipped, upper lip usually short notched or 2-fid ; lower the inner in bud,
3-fid. Stamens 4, diofynamous, included ; anthers 1-celled, vertical, dorsifixed,
bases obtuse, connective sometimes mucronate. Style thickened above,
stigma simple. Capsule subglobose or oblong, loculicidal; valves entire,
septiferous, separating from the placentas. Seeds very numerous, ovoid or
oblong, reticulated. — Species about 18, in the hotter regions of the Old
World.
Striga.] cm. scrophularine;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 299
* Calyx h- ribbed.
1. S- orobanchoides, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 361, t. 19,
and in DC. Prodr. x. 501; glabrous or pubescent, leaves scale-like, bracts
lanceolate hardly as long as the calyx, corolla-tube incurved. Dalz. <Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 181 ; Wight Ic. t. 1414. Buchuera orobanchoides, Br. in App.
Salt- Abyss., ex JEndl. in Flora 1832, 387, t. 2. B. hyderabadensis, Both
Nov. Sp. 292; Wall. Cat. 3871. Orobanche indica, Spreng. Syst. ii. 817,
not of Boxb. Striga orchidea, Hochst. PI. Nub. Fxsica. n. 387.
Western India ; Scinde, and Marwar, on Mt. Aboo, Stocks. The Deccan from
the Concan southwards. Suhunsudhara, Royle. — Disteib. Tropical and S. Africa,
Arabia.
Rootstock tuberous; stems 6-10 in., stout or slender, simple or branched, glabrous
or pubescent ; branches stout, erect. Leaves opposite and alternate. Spikes valuable
in length, dense or lax-fld. Calyx-lobes acuminate. Corolla small, 2-lipped, described
as white, rosy, blue or red-brown ; tube exserted ; limb £ in. diam. Capsule sub-
globose.
2. S. densiflora, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 363, and in DC.
Prodr. x. 502 ; scabrid or strigose, leaves linear, bracts lanceolate longer
than the calyx, corolla-tube incurved. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 181.
Buchnera densiflora, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 41 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 181.
B. asiatica, L. ?, Wall. Cat. 3873 C.
Upper Gangetic Plain ; Saharumpore, Royle; Benares, Madden. Deccan
Peninsula, from Guzerat southwards.
Stem 6-18 in., simple or branched ; branches erect, stout or slender, sometimes
fastigiate. Leaves \-l by T's-^ in., erect. Spikes usually slender, sometimes very
long with distant flowers ; bracts linear. Calyx £ in., lengthening in fruit, lobes
subulate. Corolla white, tube exserted, limb 4 in. diam. Capsule included in the
calyx.
** Calyx 10-lb-ribbed.
3. S. lutea, "Lour. Fl. Cochin. 22 ; scabrid or villous, leaves linear,
ca'lvx lO-ribbed. Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 363. S. hirsutu,
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 502 ; Dalz. <$f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 181. S. coccinea,
and S. phcenicea, Benth. in Hook. I. c. 364. S. pusilla, Hochst. Plant.
Svhimp. Buchnera asiatica, Linn. Sp. PI. in part; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 31 ;
Benth. Scruph. Ind. 40. B. coccinea, Benth. Seroph. Ind. 40; Wall. Cat.
8870. B. phcenicea, Bent h. Scroph. Ind. 40 ; Wall: Cat 3874. Campuleia
coccinea, Hook. Fl. Fxot. t. 203.— Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 66.
Throughout Western India and the Deccan ; from Scinde and the Punjab
southwards (Kumaon only, in the Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft.) Bengal.
Texasserim.— Distrib. Siam, Java, China, Arabia, Tropical and S. Africa, .Mada-
gascar.
Stem usually slender, 6-18 in., simple or fastigiately branched. Leaves J-1.V 111.
Spikes elongate ; flowers usually distant; bracts usually longer than the calyx. Calyx
rarely 15-ribbed. Corolla very variable in size, scarlet, purple, yellow or white; tube
twice as long as the calyx, glabrous or nearly so, iuflexed at the top. The var.
humilis, Benth. in DC. 1. c, has rather broader leaves and a dense spike.
4. S. euphrasioides, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 364; and in DC.
Prodr. x. 503 ; scabrid or strigose, leaves linear, calyx i in. 15-ribbed, lobes
as long as the tube, corolla £-f in. long. Dalz. 6f Gibs. Bomb. ^^-181 ;
Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 705. S. glabrata, Benth. in Hook. I. c. BuctiDera
euphrasioides, Vahl Symb. iii. 81; Boxb. Fl. Ind. 111. 32; Wight /,-.
t. 855. B. angustifolia, Don Prodr. 91. B. bifida, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3872.
B. asiatica, Linn. Herb, in part.
300 cm. scrophularine^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Striga.
Throughout India, in the plains from the Punjab southwards to Ceylon, and
eastwards to the Khasia Mts., Pegu and Burma ; ascending the Himalaya to 4000 ft.
(not seen from the Eastern Peninsula or lower Bengal). — Distkib. Jarva (M/quel).
Very variable in habit, from a simple filiform stem 4-6 in., to a stout branched
herb 2ft. Leaves |-2 in., often 1-2-toothed. Spikes interrupted; flowers often
distant. Corolla white, tube pubescent at the curve. Calyx bell- or funnel-shaped
in fruit.
5. S. IWCasuria, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 364, and in DC.
Prodr. x. 503 ; scabrid, leaves linear, calyx -§ in. narrow 15-ribbed, lobes
equalling the tube, corolla-tube 1 in. limb f-1 in. diam. Buchnera Masuria,
Ham. in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 41. B. Wallichii, Benth. in Wall. Cat.
3876.
Nepal ; in the Morung, Hamilton. Madras ; at Guindy, Shuter. Burma ; at
Prome, Wallich. — Distkib. China, Philippine Islands.
Stem very slender, 1-2 ft. Leaves 1-2 in. Flowers distant. Fruiting calyx
|-1 in., tube ventricose, ribs very strong and close.
6. S. sulphurea, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 182 ; very slender, scabrid,
leaves linear, flowers mostly axillary, calyx £-§ in., lobes filiform equalling tbe
tube, corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx, limb very small.
The Concan ; at Seconere hill-fprt, Dalzell.
Stem 6-12 in. Leaves 1-1| in., extremely slender. Flowers few, distant, all
axillary or the upper subspicate, shorter than the floral leaves. Calyx very narrow,
fruiting § in., tube ventricose, ribs very strong. Corolla yellow, limb £ in. diam.
43. Rhamphicarpa, Benth.
Erect glabrous herbs. Leaves, bwer opposite, upper alternate, narrow,
entire or pinnatisect. Flowers axillary and pedicelled, or in bracteate racemes ;
bracteoles 1-2 or 0. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid, lobes acuminate. Corolla-
tube slender, long, straight or incurved ; lobes 5, broad, spreading, subequal
or the upper connate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anthers 1- celled,
vertical, dorsifixed, bases obtuse. Style thickened above, stigma simple.
Capsule compressed at right angles to the septum, usually beaked, locu-
licidal ; valves septiferous. Seeds numerous, small, obovoii or oblong,
tube reticulate. — Species 6, tropical and S. African, Indian and Aus-
tralian.
R. longiflora, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 368, and in
DC Prodr. x. 504 ; annual, leaves pinnatisect segments filiform, corolla-
tube very long straight, capsule with a slender curved beak. Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 182 ; Wight Ic. t. 1415. Buchnera longiflora, Am. Pugill. 38.
Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan southwards.
Very variable in habit and stature, from 2 in. slender and simple, to 10 in. diffusely
branched. Leaves 1-1$ m. ; segments few, ^—| in. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Calyx
^— £ in., tube short, lobes lanceolate 3 times as long as the tube. Corolla dull white,
tube 1-H iQ-» Kmb § in. diam. Capsule £ in., ovoid, ventricose, beak longer or rather
shorter than the cells. — Bentham (Fl. Austral, iv. 518) unites with this the African
R.fistidosa, Benth., and an Australian species, but the calyx is much longer in E.
longiflora, and I think the three are distinct, though very near.
44. Centranthera, Br.
Annual, rigid, scabrid herbs. Leaves opposite or upper alternate, oblong
Centranthera.\ cm. scrophularine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 301
or linear, obtuse, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or in bracteate spikes
or racemes, 2-bracteolate. Calyx compressed, spathaceous, split on one
side ; lobes acute or acuminate, cohering or free. Corolla-tube long,
incurved, dilated above ; limb oblique; lobes 5, broad, subequal, spreading,
2 upper inner in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anthers meeting
in pairs, cells transverse, bases spurred or mucronate, one smaller often
empty. Stigma dilated, acute. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, loculicidal ;
valves entire, placentiferous in the middle. Seeds very numerous, oblong-
cuneate, testa lax, reticulate. — Species 4, Indian, Malayan and Australian.
1. C. grandiflora, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 50, and in DC. Prodr. x. 525;
erect, stout, scabrid, leaves oblong elliptic or narrowly linear, calyx 1 in.
oblong inflated acuminate, corolla yellow. Wall. Cat. 3880.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft., J. D. H.; and Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft.
Stem 1-2 ft., brauched. Leaves sessile, 1-2 by £-1 in., rigid. Flowers shortly
pedicelled. Calyx-segments subulate, cohering. Corolla 1^-2 in. long, limb 1 in.
diam. Filaments hairy. Capsule globose.
2. C. Brunoniana, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 50, and in DC. Prodr. x.
525 ; erect, scabridly hispid, leaves linear-oblong, calyx ^ in. oblong-acumi-
nate, corolla yellow. Wall. Cat. 3882. C. hispida, Benth. Fl. HongJc. 254,
the yellow-fid. plant.
Martaban and Tenasserim ; at Monlmein, Wallich, &c— Distrib. China.
Stem 12-18 in. Leaves J-2 in. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Corolla 1 in. long,
limb ^in. diam.
3. C. hispida, Br. Prodr. 438 ; erect, hispid, hoary, leaves oblong or
linear-oblong, calyx ^ in. ovoid acute, corolla purplish. Wall. PI. As. Bar.
i. 39, t. 45. and Cat 3881 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 525 ; Date. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 182 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 707. C. nepalensis, Don Prodr.
88. Digitalis stricta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 99. Capraria rigida, Kb. Ham.
Throughout INDIA; from the Punjab, and Kumaon, ascending to 4000 ft., to
Canara, Bengal, Tenasserim and Burma. Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft, — Distrib.
Java, China, Philippine Islands, Australia.
Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves very variable, usually |-1 in., and narrowly linear. Flowers
subsessile. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Filaments woolly.
4. C. procumbens, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 525; diffusely branched
from the base, rarely erect, hispid, leaves oblong or linear-oblong, calyx | in.
ovoid-oblong acute, corolla purplish. C. Brunoniana, Thwaites Enum. 220,
not of Benth.
Deccan Peninsula; from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, ascending to
3000 ft.
Root apparently more than annual. Stems rarely simple, erect, 6-10 in., usually
wi h straggliug branches 4-8 in, long from the root. Leaves £-1 by £- \ in.
Flowers sessile. Corolla f-L in.— Possibly a variety of C. hispida, but the calyx is
much larger.
5. C. humifusa, Wall. Cat. 3883 ; dwarf, diffusely branched from the
base, glabrous or hispidulons, leaves linear, calyx £ in. ovoid subacute,
corolla yellow. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 525. Razumovia tranquebarica,
Spreng". Syst. ii. 812. Torenia lepidota, Moth Nov. Sp. 281.
Bengal and Behar ; at Parusuath, Clarke. Deccan Peninsula ; at Tranquebar.
302 cm. scrophularine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Centranthera.
Malacca, Griffith. Ceylon; south end of the island. — Disteib. Java, Borneo,
China.
Branches slender, 3-6 in. Leaves \-% in. Flowers subsessile. Corolla \-\ in.
long.
45. SOPUBXA, LTamilt.
Erect herbs. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, narrow, often
laciniate. Flowers bracteate, spicate or racemose, pedicels 2-bracteolate.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tube short, throat broad;
lobes 5, broad, spreading, subequal, 2 upper the inner in bud. Stamens 4,
didynamous, subincluded ; anthers 2 or all meeting in pairs, one cell of each
perfect, ovoid, the other small stipitate empty. Stigma thickened, sub-
liuguiform, obtuse. Capsule ovoid or oblong, tip rounded or compressed,
retuse or notched, loculicidal ; valves entire or 2-fid, separating from the
placentiferous axis. Seeds numerous, testa lax. — Species 8 or 9, S.
African, Indian, Malayan and Australian.
1. S. delphinifolia, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 560; much branched,
scaberulous, leaves pinnatisect, segments filiform, flowers subsessile, calyx-
teeth lono-er than the tube subulate, corolla subcampanulate, capsule rounded
at the top. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 522; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 182.
Gerardia delphinifolia, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 62, t. 90, and Fl. Lnd. iii.
99; Wall. Cat. 3890; Benth. Seroph. Lnd. 49. G. Heyneana, Benth. in
Wall. Cat. 3891. Euphrasia Coromandeliana, Roth; Spreng. Syst. ii.
775.
Banda. Fdgeworth. Behae; on Parnsnath, Anderson. Deccan Peninsula,
from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, ascending to 4000 ft.
Stem erect, 4-grooved, 3-4 ft., spotted with purple. Leaves 1 in., segments few,
almost as long, flexuous. Calyx-lobes linear, erect. Corolla l-l|in., rose coloured, limb
1 in. diam. Filaments, upper hooked lower horned at the tip. Capsule oblong, as
long as the calyx.
2. S. trifida, LLam. in Don Prodr. 88 ; scaberulous, branched above,
leaves linear or filiform lower mostly 3-fid upper entire, flowers pedicelled,
calyx-teeth triangular, corolla subrogate, capsule retuse at the top. Benth.
in DC. PrdbVr. x."522. Gerardia scabra, Wall. Cat. 3889, not of Linn.;
Benth. Seroph. Lnd. 49. G. Sopubia, Benth. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i.
210.
Tempeeate and Subteopical Himalaya ; from Kunawur to Sikkim, alt.
3-7000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft. Deccan Peninsula ; Nilgherries and
Bababoodan Hills, common. Ceylon ; elevated parts of the Central province.
Stem slender, 1-2 ft., branches suberect. Leaves f-1 in., often fascicled. Pedicels
i_3 in. Calyx £ in., woolly within. Corolla | in. diam., varying from yellow to
purple (Clarke).
3. S. stricta, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 559 ; scaberulous, branched, leaves
linear entire or sparingly toothed or cut, flowers pedicelled, calyx- teeth Ian
ceolate acute, corolla subcampanulate, capsule compressed at the top. Benth
in—7TC. Prodr. x. 522. Gerardia stricta, Benth, Seroph. Lnd. 49; Wall
Cat. 3887.
Sikktm Himalaya, foot of the hills, J. D. H. Pegf, M'Lollaud. Tenasseeim
at Moulmein, Wallich. Bengal; at Sumbulpore, Griffith.— Disteib. Java.
Stem 8-12 in., rigid, simple or fastigiately branched above. Leaves 1-1 J in
scattered and fascicled. Pedicels £ in. Calyx £ in. Corolla ^ to ^ in. long
limb as broad.
Micrargeria.] cm. scROPHULARiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 303
46. MICRAHGERIA, Dent/,.
Rigid, scabrid, erect herbs, black when dry. Leaves alternate, or the
lower opposite, linear, entire or 3-multifid. Flowers small, in the upper
axils, or in long terminal spikes, bracteate and 2-bracteolate. Calyx cam-
panulate or hemispheric ; teeth 5, broad. Corolla-tube exserted, dilated
above, often incurved ; lobes 5, broad, spreading, entire, subequal, 2 upper
inner in bud. Stamens 4>, didynamous, included; anthers free, meeting in
pairs, cells distinct subequal attached by their tips, base obtuse. Stigma
thickened, obtuse. Capsule small, globose, loculi- and septi-cidal ; valves 4,
separating from 2 small globose placentas. Seeds numerous, oblong-cuneate,
testa lax.— Species 2, a W. African and Indian.
m. Wigrhtii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 509 ; lower leaves pinnatisect,
segments few filiform. Wight Ic. t. 1417.
South Peccan Peninsula ; Wiqht, &c.
Annual, 8-18 in. high. Stem naked below, fastigiately branched above ; branches
long, slender, erect. Leaves \ in., in scattered fascicles, cut into almost filiform
spreading segments J-f in. long ; upper filiform, entire. Spikes very long and
slender; flowers distant, subsessile; bracts filiform, longer than the calyx; bracteoles
linear. Calyx T'n in., hemispheric ; teeth triangular. Corolla-tube i in. long, incurved,
pubescent, limb as broad. Capsule £ in. diam. enclosed in the calyx.
47. LEPTORHABDOS, Schrenk.
Erect, annual, glabrous or glandular-pubescent, twiggy herbs. Stem
4-angled. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, linear, entire or laciniate
or pinnatisect, upper smaller. Flowers small, axillary, and in interrupted
very slender racemes, bracteate, ebracteolate. Calyx tubular-campanulate,
5-toothed or -fid. Corolla-tube short ; lobes 5, subequal, spreading, broad,
entire or notched, 2 upper inner in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, shorter
than the corolla; anthers free, cells parallel equal not spurred. Stigma
shortly dilated, obtuse ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule compressed above
at right angles to the septum, obtuse, loculicidal ; valves entire, septiferous.
Seeds 1-2 in each cell, laterally attached, oblong or angled, rugose.—
Species 4 or 5, Central Asiatic and N. Indian.
1. If. Benthamiana, Walp. Bep. iii. 387 ; glabrous, inflorescence
glandular-puberulous, leaves pinnatisect, segments linear or filiform, calyx-
lobes ovate-lanceolate. L. virgata, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 510; JBoiss, hi.
Orient, iv. 470. L. parviflora, Benth. I. c. Gerardia parviflora, Wall. Cat.
3888 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 48. Dargeria pinnatifida, Dene, in Jaea. Toy.
Bot. 116.
Temperate Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5-11,000 ft.,
Falconer, &c. Western Tibet ; Dras, alt. 10,000 ft., Thomson.— Distrib.
Affghanistan, Persia. .. .
Stem 1-2 ft., slender or rather stout, naked below, simple or fastigiately branched
above ; branches strict, erect, very slender. Leaves 1-3 in., sometimes cut to the
base into subequal filiform segments, in others ovate or lanceolate and regularly pin-
natisect; segments linear and entire or subpinnatifid. Hacemes very slender, very
many-fld. ; pedicels ^-r in- 5 bracts linear, longer or shorter than the pedicels. Calyx
\ in. ; lobes lanceolate or triangular-ovate, acute, 5-ribbed in fruit. Corolla variable
in size, about twice as long as the calyx ; limb £ in. diam. Capsule £ in., as long as
the calyx.— I can find no difference between the authentically named specimens of L.
304 cm. scrophularine^e. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leptorhabdos.
virgata and parvifiora ; but there are fruiting specimens from Balti in the Shayuk
valley of a plant the capsules of which are nearly ^ in. long.
2. Xi. linifolia, Walp. Rep. iii. 388 ; leaves linear entire or the lowest
3-fid, calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate as long as the tribe. Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 510. Dargeria linifolia, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 116, t. 121.
Kashmir, in the upper pine forests, Jacquemont
I have seen no specimens of this, which is probably referable to L. Benthamiana.
Possibly there is but one species of this genus.
Tribe IX. EUPHRASIEiE.
48. PHTKEIROSPERMUM, Bunge.
(& 50 Emmenospermum, Clarke.)
Annual or biennial, viscid herbs. Leaves opposite, pinnatifid. Flowers
axillary, solitiry, sessile or shortly pedicelled, ebracteolate. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-fid, lobes short narrow. Corolla 2-lipped, tube broad, dilated
above ; tipper lip very short, erect, lobes 2 folded back ; lower longer, broader,
spreading, 2-fid, throat open, palate 2-gibbous. Stamens 4. didynamous ;
anthers beneath the upper lip glabrous, cells equal parallel distinct, bases
mncronate. Stigma spathulate, shortly 2-lobed. Capsule compressed,
beaked, loculicidal; valves entire, semiseptiferous. at length separating from
the placentiferous column. Seeds numerous, ovoid, reticulated. — Species 3,
a Chinese and Japanese and 2 Indian.
A new genus (Emmenospermum) has been proposed by Clarke (and inadvertently
introduced into the key, p. 249) for P. Parishii, founded on the seeds being minutely
reticulated and not striate, a character not supported by habit or any other. The seeds
of P. chinense are ellipsoid ^ in. long, with a loose pale reticulated testa ; those
of P. Parishii are about half that size, with a dark close testa. Much greater
differences occur in the seeds of all large and many small genera of Scrophularinese.
1. P. Parishii, Hook. f. ; softly hairy, leaves sessile broadly ovate
deeply pinnatifid, lobes obtuse, flowers subsessile, corolla-tube much longer
than the calyx, upper lip very short truncate 2-toothed, lobes of lower
obcordate.
Tenasseeim ; at Moulmein, Koli Mts. and Thoungyne, alt. 5000 ft., Lobb ;
Summit of Moolee, alt. 7400 ft., Parish.
Stem 3-8 in., simple or branched from the base or upwards, hairs spreading.
Leaves £-$ in. ; lobes linear, entire or notched. Calyx £ in., glandular, 5-cleft to the
middle ; lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse. Corolla % in. long. Capsule 4 in., pubescent.
Seeds Bl0 of an inch long, oblong, testa close dark.
2. P. glandulosum, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii ^5; glandular-pubescent,
leaves sessile 3-partite, segments linear, calyx-lobes unequal, corolla-tube
hardly longer than the calyx. Euphrasia ? glandulosa, Benth. in DC. Prodr.
x. 555.
Western Himalaya ; (in Garwhal ?) at Shioli, alt. 6000 ft., Edgeworth.
Stem slender, erect, 3-4 in., simple or branched. Leaves J-J in. Flowers few,
sessile. Calyx ^ in. long. Corolla % in. wide. — The specimens are quite insufficient
for a second analysis of the flower.
49. Euphrasia, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed laciniate or pal-
Euphrasia.] cm. sorophularine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 305
matifid. Flowers in terminal spikes with large often acutely cut bracts,
ebracteolate. Calyx tubular or campannlate ; lobes 4, equal or connate in
pairs, rarely with a^ninute 5th tooth. Corolla 2-lipped, tube dilated above :
upper lip erect, concave, 2-lobed, margins replicate ; lower larger, not plaited
below, 3-lobed, lobes spreading, obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, did vnamous ;
anthers beneath the upper lip, cells distinct, parallel, base equally or
unequally mucronate or spurred. Stigma dilated, entire or with a small
dorsal tooth. Capsule oblong, compressed, locnlicidal ; valves septiferous,
separating from the placentiferous column. Seeds numerous (rarely few),
pendulous, oblong, grooved. — Species about 20, of cool regions.
XI. officinalis, Linn. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 552; annual, pubes-
cent or glabrate, leaves sessile ovate or ovate-cordate deeply crenate- serrate,
bracts like the leaves, anthers hairy, cells of posticous ones unequallv
spurred. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 472; Reichh. Lc. Fl. Germ. xx. t. 1731.2.
E. tartarica, Fisch. in Sprenq. Syst.M. 777 ; Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 435. E.
depauperata, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 3886. E. simplex, Don Prodr. 95.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-13,000 ft. ; Sikkim.alt.
10-12,000 ft., J. D. H.— Disteib Affgbanistan and N. Persia to Europe, N. Central
and East Asia to Japan, N. America.
Stem wiry, 6-18 in., simple or sparingly or fastigiately branched, often naked
below; branches slender, erect. Leaves \~\ in., distant or imbricating, nerves
strong. Spikes continuous with the foliage, short or long, obtuse, few- or many- fid.
Flowers very small ; bracts imbricating. Calyx about equalling the bracts ; lobes
acute. Corolla £-^ in. long, white or lilac, with pnrple veins. Anthers brown.
Capsule included in the calyx or exserted.— Very variable, attaining a much larger
size in the Himalaya than in Europe, and being more constant in foliagre. Bentham
distinguishes two Himalayan varieties ; JE. tartarica, with almost orbicular leaves,
remote, subacute bracts, and small corollas hardly exserted from the bracts, and E.
vulgaris, with ovate or oblong obtusely crenate cauline leaves, sharply serrate bracts,
and corolla of very variable size. These, which are both widely distributed in Europe
and Asia, present no constant characters in India.
50. EMMENOSPEBMUM, Clarice.
(See 48, Phtheirospermum.)
51. BARTSXA, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, entire crenate serrate or
incised. Flowers axillary, spicate or racemose, bracteate, ebracteolate.
Calyx tubular or campanula te, 4-fid. Corolla 2-lipped ; tube slender,
straight or incurved; upper lip erect, concave, entire or notched, margins
not replicate ; lower convex or bigibbous at the base, lobes 3 spreading.
Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers under the upper lip, cells distinct equal
parallel, bases usually spurred. Stigma obtuse or capitate. Capsule locu-
liciclal to the middle or higher; valves entire, placentiferous. Seeds
numerous, pendulous or horizontal, smooth grooved or winged. — Species
about 60, in cool and mountain localities.
B. Odontites, Suds., Fl. Angl. 268; annual, erect, scabridly pub-
escent, leaves sessile lanceolate sparingly serrate, spikes snbsecund,
lower bracts leafy. Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1727. Odontites rubra, Benth.
in DC. Prodr. x. 551. O. serotina, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 476. Euphrasia
Odontites, Linn. E. rubra, Pers. Syn. ii. 150.
Kashmir, alt. 7-8000 ft., Clarice.— Distbib. Westwards to Europe and N.
Africa ; N. and Central Asia to Japan ?
VOL. IV. X
306 cm. scKOPHULARiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Bartsia.
Stem 6-18 in., erect or ascending, wiry, 4-angled, paniculately branched ; branches
ending in leafy spikes. Leaves £-2 in., very variable. Calyx carnpanulate; lobes
ovate, acnte, equalling the tube. Corolla \ in., pubescent, pink ; upper lip long,
entire. Anthers exserted, yellow. Capsule \ in., rather longer than the calyx.
Seeds narrowly oblong.
52. PEDICULARIS, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate opposite or whorled, simple
toothed pinnatifid or pinnatisect. Flowers bracteate in terminal spikes or
racemes, ebracteolate. Calyx tubular or carnpanulate, entire or split above and
often below, 2-5-toothed, lateral teeth free or connate entire or crested, lower
small or 0. Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric ; upper lip erect, compressed
straight falcate annular or decurved, obtuse acute or beaked, lower with 3
spreading erect or deflexed lobes. Stamens A, didynamous ; anthers under the
upper lip meeting in pairs; cells distinct, equal, parallel, bases obtuse or rarely
awned. Style slender, stigma subcapitate. Capsule compressed, ovate or
lanceolate, falcate or oblique, often obliquely beaked, loculicidat ; valves
placentiferous, often cohering to the middle. Seeds numerous, of various
shapes, testa appressed or lax, reticulate pitted striate or ribbed. — Species
about 120, northern and mountain plants, with a few S. American and S.
Indian.
Series I. Cauline leaves whorled, or opposite., or the lower scattered.
* Upper lijo beaked.
1. P. pectinata, Wall. Cat. n. 420 ; usually tall, stout, glabrous,
except the often hairy spike, cauline leaves whorled lanceolate pinnatifid or
pinnatisect with serrate segments or 2-pinnatifid, calyx-teeth acute entire,
corolla-tube short, upper lip inflated sickle-shaped beak long tip twisted.
Benth. Scroph. Ind. 52, and in DC. Prodr. x. 560. *
Westeen Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 7-11,000 ft. —
Distbib. Affghanistan.
Stem 6-18 in., simple or branched. Leaves 3-6 in. , sometimes 4 in. broad, ovate
or oblong; petiole long, slender. Spikes 2-6 in., lax -fid. ; bracts as long as the
calyx, ovate or lanceolate. Calyx \ in. long, inflated in fruit. Corolla f in., rose-
red, beak with a double flexure, as long as the tube. Filaments hairy. Capsule
\ in., ovoid acute, tip exserted. Seeds large, ^ in. long, ridged and deeply pitted,
pale.
Vae. pyramidata ; stem sometimes 4-fariously hairy, spikes sometimes 1 ft. long.
P. pyramidata, Eoyle in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 52, and in DC. Prodr. x. 560.
2. P. robust a, LTook.f. ; pubescent, stems short very stout curved as-
cending, radical leaves many linear coriaceous pinnatifid or pinnatisect,
segments oblong crenate, cauline few opposite or alternate, racemes short,
bracts pinnatifid, calyx-lobes crenate, corolla-tube not longer than the calyx,
upper lip erect inflated then sharply decurved and shortly beaked. P.
pectinata, Serb. Lnd. Or. H.f. Sf T. {the Sihkim plant only).
Alpine Sikkim ; Samdong, alt. 15-16,000 ft., J. D. S., Mwes.
RootstocJc long, stout, cylindric. Stems several from the rootstock, 3-6 in. long or
less, as thick as a crow-quill, sometimes very short. Radical leaves numerous, 2-5 by \-\
in., lobes numerous and close-set ; petiole very stout. Racemes dense-fld. ; bracts leafy,
crenate or pinnatifid; flowers | in. long. Calyx split half-way down, lobes small.
Corolla red-purple; upper lip ^ in. long, glabrous, lower \-% in. broad, 3-lobed. Cap-
sules \ in. long-, broadly oblong, tip rounded with a lateral point. Seeds T'3 in. long,
subellipsoid, subacute, finely striate, not punctulate, pale. — Clarke collected on Singa-
Pedicularls.] cm. scrophularine/e. (J. D. Hooker.) 307
lelah, in Sikkim, alt. 11,000 ft., a plant with the habit of this, but in fruit only, with
straight oblong-lanceolate acuminate capsules 1 in. long, and seeds nearly £ in.'lor.g,
striate and punctulate.
3. P. tenuirostris, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 52, and in DC. Prodr. x. 561 ;
tall, erect, leafy, stem glabrous or 4-fariously hairy, cauline leaves whorled
sessile lanceolate pinnatifid segments obtuse crenulate, spikes stout dense-
fid., bracts ovate caudate-acuminate, corolla-tube exserted or not, upper lip
erect inflated then decurved with a long flexuous beak.
Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Lahul, alt. 7-11,000 ft.— Disteib.
Affghanistan.
Stem 2-3 ft., stout, simple or branched. Radical leaves petioled ; cauline 4 in a
whorl, 2-5 by £-2 in., lobes numerous. Bracts ciliate or hirsute, exceeding the calyx.
Corolla yellow, f in. long, upper lip much inflated at the base, beak variable ; lower
broadly obcordate with a small median lobe. Capsule not seen.
4. P. gracilis, Wall. Cat. 413; stem tall slender branched 4-fariously
hairy, cauline leaves whorled deeply pinnatifid, segments oblong-lanceolate
obtuse serrate crenate or pinnatifid, racemes or spikes slender lax-fid. or flowers
all axillary distant, corolla-tube half as long as the calyx, upper lip falcate
swollen in the middle, erect with a horizontal flexuous slender beak, much
longer than the small lower broadly obovate or orbicular 3-lobed. Benth.
Scroph. Ind. 52, and in DC. Prodr. x. 561. P. stricta & P. Brunoniana, Wall.
Cat. 414, 422.
Temperate and Alpine Himalaya; from Kashmir, alt. 6-10,000 ft., to Sikkim,
alt. 8-12,000 ft.— Distrib. Affghanistan.
Stem 6-24 in.; branches opposite or whorled, simple or divided, all very slender.
Leaves 1-2 by f~H in., rarely hairy. Spikes or racemes 3-6 in.; bracts pinnatifid,
longer than the calyx ; flowers pedicelled or sessile. Calyx \ in. ; lobes obtuse or crenu-
late. Corolla rose-purple ; tube J in., slender, beak decurved as long as the lower lip
which is very variable in size and shape. Capsule \-^ in., shortly oblong, acute, half
or only the tip exserted. Seeds very minute, 3'3 in. long, broadly ovoid, pale, striate and
with shallow pits.
Var. Jchasiana; puberulous or glabrate, leaves very short |-| in., lobes short
close, bracts often shorter than the calyx. — Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., Griffith, &c.
5. P. porrecta, Wall. Cat. 423 ; stem short ascending glabrous or 2-4-
fariously hairy, cauline leaves 1-2 pair opposite oblong pinnatifid lobes ob-
long obtuse serrate, raceme short few-fid., corolla-tube twice as long as the
calyx, upper lip sickle-shaped erect inflated then shortly decurved and
acutely beaked, as long as the lower lip. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 52, and in
DC. Prodr. x. 561.
Alpine Himalaya; "towards Kashmir," Boyle; Kumaon, Wallich ; Sikkim,
alt. 14-15,000 ft., J. D. H.
Bootstock perennial, stout. Stems several from the rootstock, 4-6 in. Leaves
J-l in., radical petioled, cauline sessile or petioled. Bacemes 4-6 fld., pubescent;
bracts pinnatifid ; flowers f in. long. Calyx-lobes obtuse, crenulate. Corolla-tube
slender, |-| in. Capsule \ in., oblong, nearly straight, acute. Seeds ^ in. long, sub-
ellipsoid, pale, finely striate and punctulate.
6. P. brevifolia, Don Prodr. 94; pubescent or villous, stem erect
simple, leaves few, cauline opposite or whorled oblong pinnatifid lobes short
toothed, spikes few-fid. subcapitate, corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx,
upper lip falcate erect then inflated with a long straight or decurved beak
longer than the lower lip. Benth. Sa*oph. Ind. 53, and in DC. Prodr. x. 561.
P. lanigera, Wall. Cat. 419.
x 2
308 cm. scROPHULMUNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pedicalaris.
Alpine Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 13-16,000 ft.
Rootstock stout. Stem 4-8 in., stout or slender, rarely srlabrate. Leaves rarely
1 in. ; cauline sessile. Spikes 1-li in. broad, top rounded ; flowers and fruit much as
in P. porrecta, of which this resembles a hairy form, but the beak is much longer.
7. P. flexuosa, Hook, f.: slender, sparsely hairy or glabrate, stems
flaccid elongate decumbent diffusely branched, canline leaves opposite pe-
tioled ovate or oblong 2-pinnatifid lobes sharply toothed, flowers axillary
and in lax or dense leafy spikes or heads, corolla-tube f-l| in., limb larsre,
upper lip erect then inflated with a stout horizontal beak shorter than the
lower lip. Pedicularis n. 5, Serb. Ind. Or. H.f.SfT.
Sikkim Himalaya ; alt. 10-13,000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke.
Stems 1-2 ft., curved (dwarf forms 6-8 in. also occur), flexuous. Leaves 2-4 in.,
ovate oblong or oblong-lanceolate, flaccid, irregularly toothed. Spikes or racemes
usually capitate in flower and fruit, or elongating in fruit ; bracts pinnatifid, longer
than the calvx. Calyx % in., lobes crenulate. Corolla rosy, tube many times longer
than the calyx; limb § in. diam. Capsule ±-% in. long, ovate-oblong or lanceolate,
straight, acute. Seeds 1£ in. long, ellipsoid, obtuse, smooth or obscurely reticulate,
dark.
8. P. integrifolia, Hook. f. ; softly glandular-pubescent, stems short
stout simple, cauline leaves few opposite sessile oblong obtuse crenulate,
flower axillary and in short heads, corolla-tube ^ in., upper lip large erect
then greatly inflated and narrowed into a very long slender flexuous beak.
Pedicularis n. 8, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Tungu, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. D. H.
Hoof stock very stout. Stems 4-6 in., ascending. Radical leaves crowded, 1 £-2 in.,
narrowly linear-lanceolate, subacute, margins recurved obscurelv crenate, glandular-
pubescent on both surfaces ; cauline erect, J-l in. Spikes capitate, obloug ; bracts
leaf-like, but broad, as long as the calyx. Calyx \ in., lobes crenate. Corolla dark
purple, tube twice as long as the calyx ; beak longer than the tube, flexuous. Capsule
not seen.
## JJpper Up 0f ine corolla rounded at the end, not or very shortly
beaked.
9. P. globifera, Hook. f. ; dwarf, stem stout ascending 4-fariously
hairy, leaves whorled short linear-oblong pinnatifid segments crowded cre-
nulate, spikes capitate erect or nodding hirsute many- and dense-fld., corolla-
tube short, upper lip short erect, tip rounded sharply deflexed acute or shortly
beaked. Pedicularis n. 10, He?*b. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Sikkim Himalaya; Kongra Lama, alt. 14-15,000 ft., J. D. H.
Rootstock stout. Stems 2-4 in. Radical leaves 1 in., very shortly petioled, lower
cauline sessile, \ in. Spikes globose or oblong, top ronnded ; bracts as long as the
calyx, rounded, crenulate ; flowers ^-| in. long. Calyx £ in. long, hirsute, lobes obtuse,
very short. Corolla dark purple ; tube broad, half as long again as the calyx ; upper
lip with a sharply inflexed but hardly beaked tip. — The specimens are from one locality
only, and not in fruit ; they resemble P. brevifolia, Don, a good deal, but the flowers
are more numerous and denser, and the upper corolla lip is hardly beaked. P. Korol-
kowi, Regel, is another closely allied plant, differing in the glabrous calyx with longer
teeth.
10. P. cheilanthifolia, Schrenk in Fisch. fy Mey. Enum. PI. Nov.
Fasc. ii. 19; stems erect or ascending simple or branched 4-fariously hairy,
cauline leaves whorled petioled linear pinnatifid segments crenate, spike
dense- or lax-fld. villous, corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx, upper lip
much longer than the lower arched dilated at the apex or not, tip deflexed
reticularis.] cm. scrophularinejE. (J. D. Hooker.) 309
obtuse. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 562. P. abrotanifolia, Herb. Ind. Or. II. f.
<0f T., not of Bieberst.
Western Tibet ; Nubra and Ladak, alt. 11-15,000 ft., Thomson, &c. ; Balch
Pass, N. of Kumaon, alt. 16,500 ft., Strachey Sf Winterbottom. — Disikib. Soongaria.
Rootstock stout. Stems many, 6-12 in., rarely branched. Radical leaves 1-4 by
£-^ in., petiole slender, erenatures often callous; cauline opposite and 3-6 in a whori,
£-2 in. long. Spikes 1-4 in., stout, very villous ; bracts longer than the calyx, entire
or toothed ; flowers § in. long. Calyx \ in.; lobes short, obtuse. Corolla pink, lower
lip small very short. Capsule oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly straight, half ex-
serted. Seeds -jL in., ellipsoid, subacute, striate and punctate, pale. — Ditfers from P.
abrotanifolia, Bieb., in the pink flowers, and long upper lip of the corolla.
11. P. verticillata, Linn. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 563 ; sparingly
hairy, stems erect or ascending, cauline leaves few whorled sessile or sub-
sessile oblong or linear-oblong pinnatifid segments rather distant ovate sub-
piunatifid and crenulate, spikes broad short often interrupted, corolla-tube
twice as long as the calyx, upper lip small nearly straight subtrnncate much
smaller than the large broad lower lip. Jacq. Fl. Austr. t. 206 ; Gaertn.
Fruct. i. 246, t. 53, f. 5 ; Reicfib. Ic. Ft. Germ. t. 1762, f. 1-14 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 485. P. Stevenii, Bunge in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. ii. 427.
Alpine Himalaya ; Kunawur, Royle ; Lahul, Jaesehke ; Sanch Pass, alt. 14-
15,000 ft., Ellis. Sikkim, alt. 11-13,000 ft., J. D. H.— Disteib. Prom the Pyrenees
to the Himalaya, N. Asia, N. America, and the Arctic regions.
Rootstock rather slender. Stems 4-10 in. high. Radical leaves 2-3 in., petioled ;
cauline shorter, whorled. Spikes 1-3 in. by 1$ broad, lower whorl of flowers often
distant, with leafy bracts, upper dense ; bracts usually longer than the calyx, pinnatifid
or crenate ; flowers £ in. long. Calyx £ in. ; lobes broad, very short. Corolla pink-
purple ; tube broad, lower lip |-§ in. diam. Capsule \ in., oblong-lanceolate, straight,
acuminate, twice as long as the calyx. Seeds ^ in. long, rather broad, finely striate
and punctulate, pale.
12. P. denudata, Hook, f ; nearly glabrous, stems long simple very
slender, caulme leaves in few distant whorls very short sessile oblong pin-
natifid pubescent, segments crenate, spikes elongate interrupted, bracts
whorled pinnatitid longer than the flowers, corolla-tube longer than the
calyx, upper lip abruptly deflexed longer than the lower, tip subacute.
Pediculans n. 11, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 6f T.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachen Valley, alt. 12-13,000 ft., J. D. H.
Stems solitary or many from the root, 8-12 in., with 1-2 whorls or pairs of leaves.
Root-leaves evanescent, small, petioled; cauline 4 in a whorl, ^-1 in. long, obtuse.
Spikes interruptedly whorled ; lower flowers with spreading bracts larger thau the
cauline leaves ; flowers \ in. long. Calyx £ in. ; lobes short, crenate. Corolla pink.
Capsule not seen. — JN'ear P. verticillata, differing in the very small lower lip.
13. P. mollis, Wall. Cat. 415; tall, stout, erect, hirsute or glabrate,
simple or with whorled slender branches, leaves whorled ovate or oblong
pinnatifid puberulous segments linear crenate or again pinnatifid, spikes
elongate interrupted, calyx-lobes oblong crested, upper lip narrow straight
much longer than the lower tip rounded. Benth. Scropti. Ind. 53, and in
DC. Prodr. x. 564; Bot. Mag. t. 4599.
Alpine Himalaya and Western Tibet; Nubra, alt. 11-12,000 ft, Thomson;
Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 10-14,000 ft., J. D. R. :
Annual. Stem 2-3 ft., sometimes as thick as the little finger, strict, hollow.
Leaves all cauline in several tiers, 4-5 in a whorl, 1-2 by \-\\ in., segments not
crowded. Spikes on the branches and main stein 6-16 in., strict; flowers £-£• in.
long, in superposed but separated whorls ; bracts pinnatifid, longer or shorter than the
310 cm. scROPHULARiNEJi. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pedicularis.
flowers. Calyx \ in., ovoid ; lobes oblong. Corolla dark pinkish purple. Capsule
\-% in., tip exserted, ovoid, finely acuminate. Seeds T'3 in., broad, flattened, punctate,
pale. — Described as perennial by Benthani, but the root appears to be clearly annual.
Resembles P. gracilis, especially in fruit.
14. P. pycnantha, Boiss. Diagn. i. xii. 45, and Fl. Orient, iv. 484 ;
short, stout or slender, sparsely hairy or glabrous, leaves long-petioled,
radical many, cauline few opposite and whorled all lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate pinnatifid segments linear acute recurved toothed or subpinnatfid,
spikes oblong dense-fid., calyx-lobes subulate, corolla-tube longer than the
calyx, upper lip linear straight rather longer than the lower tip rounded.
P. Alberti, T&egel, Descr. PI. Nov.fasc. vii. 67.
N.W. Himalaya; Lahul, Jaeschke; Hazara, alt. 6-7000 ft., Stewart. — Disteib.
Affgbanistan, N. Persia, Turkestan.
Pootstock stout, with fleshy tuberous root-fibres, and crowned with membranous
sheaths. Stems several, 3-6 in. high. Radical leaves 4-6 by 1-1^ in. ; petiole 1-2
in. ; segments very variously and irregularly cut or serrate, rather flaccid ; cauline
more shortly petioled. Spikes 1-4 in.; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the
calyx ; flowers f in. long. Calyx enlarged and \ in. long in fruit ; lobes very variable,
narrow, sometimes elongate. Corolla pink. Capsule shortly oblong, acute, shorter than
the calyx. Seeds large, | in. long, ellipsoid, obtuse, striate and punctate, pale. —
Boissier describes the corolla-tube as scarcely longer than the calyx, but in Kotschy's
original specimens, and in Stewart's, and in Aitchison's from the Kurrum Valley, the
tube is considerably longer.
Series II. Cauline leaves alternate.
# Upper lip of corolla beaked.
§ Tube of the corolla shortly exceeding the calyx ; upper lip annular or
sickle-shaped, hirsute (or glabrate in P. Clarkei and excelsa).
15. P. trichoglossa, Hook./.; hirsute or glabrate, stem stout strict
erect leafy, leaves alternate sessile linear obtuse pinnatifid to the middle
lobes rounded irregularly toothed, spike strict lax-fid., bracts ovate entire,
calyx-lobes ovate crenate, corolla purple upper lip annular densely woolly
with a glabrous incurved beak. Pedicularis n. 27, Serb. Ind. Or. H.f.SfT.
Sikkim and E. Nepal Himalaya; Wallanchoon, Momay and Tungu, alt.
12—13,000 ft., J. D. 77 ,
Stem 8-16 in., sometimes as thick as a swan's quill, unbranched. Leaves 2-3 by
\-\ in., obtuse, lobules very many. Spikes 3-6 in. ; bracts longer than the calyx, tips
sometimes narrowed and crenate 5 flowers | in. long. Calyx broadly oblong, villous :
teeth ovate-lanceolate, obtuse. Corolla- tube not exceeding the calyx ; upper lip turgid
IB the middle ; lower with broadly cuneate or orbicular glabrous lobes. Capsule
i in., shortly oblong, obtuse, turgid, nearly included in the calyx. Seeds broad, X in.
diam., irregularly shaped, deeply reticulate, pale.
16. P. Clarkei, Rook.f.- more or less hirsute, stem stout strict erect
leafy, leaves alternate sessile pinnatifid, lobes ovate deeply irregularly
toothed, spikes strict dense-fid., bracts long pinnatifid, calyx-lobes slender,
corolla purple upper lip sparsely hairy abruptly decurved from the middle
beak nearly straight. Pedicularis n. 28, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Alpine Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 12-13,000 ft. ; Yeumtong and Tungu, J B H ■
Jongn, Clarke. ° ' ' *
Stem 16-20 in. sometimes as thick as the middle finger. Leaves 3-5 bv t in
and^nrfl^' rU f ugedbet^en them. Spike 2-6 in. ; bracts with a broad base
and slender long crenate-pinnatifid tip, usually longer than the calyx and sometimes
Pedicularis*] cm. scROPHULARiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 311
than the flowers ; flowers | in. long. Calyx oblong, villous, lobes rather long and
slender entire or crenate. Corolla red or purple, tube rather longer than the calyx ;
lower lip small, narrow, shorter than the upper. Capsule as in P. laehnoglossa. Seed's
large, very irregularly obtusely angled and compressed, £ in. long, deeply reticulate,
pale.
17. P. laehnoglossa, Hook. f. ; stem simple strict 1-2-leaved,
radical leaves petioled linear^lanceolate pin nati sect, segments very many
and regular equidistant linear crenate, raceme strict, flowers distant, bracts
lanceolate longer than the calyx, upper lip inflated woolly with a straight
horizontal or deflexed beak lower with 3 narrow lobes. Pedicularis n. 32,
Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachen Valley, alt. 14,000 ft., J. D. R.
RootstocJc perennial ? crowned with slender membranous leaf-sheaths. Stem as
thick as a crow-quill. Radical leaves 4-6 by £-f in., petiole and rachis slender, seg-
ments 30-40, at regular intervals, ^ in. broad. Racemes 4-8 in. ; bracts slender, cre-
nulate, erect ; pedicels very short ; flowers appressed to the rachis, | in. long, red-
purple. Calyx | in., glabrous, oblong, lobes lanceolate not crested. Corolla-tube not
exceeding the calyx; upper lip sickle-shaped inflated in the middle, beak straight
much larger and longer than the lower, which has 3 small obovate acute ciliate lobes.
Capsule J-§ in., lanceolate, finely acuminate, twice as long as the calyx. Seeds § in.
long, subellipsoid, base appendaged, dark, faintly striate and punctate.
18. P. excelsa, HooJc.f.; stem glabrous very tall branched leafy, leaves
large alternate petioled bipinnatifid or pinnatisect below, pinnae linear-oblong
distant, lobes or segments irregularly toothed, racemes long strict many-fid.
pubescent, calyx small glabrous teeth very small, upper lip of corolla with
villous margins produced into a slender incurved tail longer than the lower
tip entire. Pedicularis n. 27, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f.SfT.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Yeumtong, in the Lachen Valley, alt, 12,000 ft., J. D. R.
Stem 2-4 ft., as thick as the middle finger below, shining, hollow ; branches ascend-
ing, slender, long, incurved. Leaves scattered, flaccid, 6-12 by 2-5 in. ; pinnae spread-
ing, 1-2J in. long, rachis puberulous winged with lobules between the segments above,
naked and slender below ; petiole 2-4 in., slender. Racemes afoot long and under,
rather dense-fld. ; bracts pinnatifid, small, pedicels ^-J in. ; flowers small, J- in. long.
Calyx £ in., spathaceous, broadly oblong, split to the base, mouth oblique, minutely
toothed. Corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx ; upper lipvwith an oblong inflated
base usually villous along the margins contracted into an incurved tail ; lower lip
narrow, with a small rounded median lobe. Capsule § in. long, oblong-ovate, 4 times
as long as the calyx, tip rounded with an apiculus at one side. Seeds -^ in., black,
minutely reticulate. — I regret having no note of the colour of the flower of this majestic
species, which was, I believe, red-purple.
§§ Tube of the corolla not or very little longer than the calyx ; upper lip
quite glabrous.
19. P. macrantha, Klotzsch in Reise Pr. Wald. Rot. 107, t. 58 ;
nearly glabrous or hairy, stem erect or ascending short or long leafy, leaves
radical and alternate long-petioled linear pinnatifid or pinnatisect segments
short ovate or oblong toothed or pinnatifid with acute teeth, racemes short
dense-fld. or the lower or all the flowers axillary, bracts leaf-like, flowers
large pink, calyx-lobes crested, corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx, upper
lip sickle-shaped tumid with a short beak, lower very large. Pedicularis
n. 7, Herb. Strach. Sf Winterb.
Western and Central Himalaya ; Nepal, Roffmeister, J. Scully ; Garwhal, at
Kulhara, alt. 11,000 ft., Strachey Sf Winterbottom.
Root of many fleshy stout fusiform fibres. Stem 4-24 in., sometimes as thick as
312 cm. scrophularine^e. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pedicular is.
a swan's quill. Leaves 4-6 by g— § in., flaccid ; segments distant ; racbis winged or
not ; petiole often as long as tbe blade. Flowers 1 in. long ; pedicels £-1 in. ; bracts
often exceeding tbe flowers and bipinnatifid. Calyx turgid, f in. long, lobes large,
nerves distinct. Corolla with the upper lip large broad, at the base erect or reflexed,
then horizontal with an incurved short beak ; lower 1| in. broad, lobes orbicular,
the median smallest. Capsule (unripe) § in. long, oblong-lanceolate, tip exserted rounded
with a lateral point. — Resembles P. megalantha, but the short corolla-tube and large
upper lip are very different.
20. P. Elwesiij Hook. f. ; glabrous or puberulous, stem stout decum-
bent or ascending, few-leaved, leaves radical and alternate all shortly petioled
linear pinnatifid or piunatisect, lobes oblong short obtuse coarsely crenate
or lobulate, racemes short, flowers very large purple, calyx nerveless pubes-
cent lobes crested, corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx, upper lip inflated
sickle- shaped with an incurved beak much smaller than the very broad lower
lip. Pedicularis n. 24, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachen Valley, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. B. H., Elwes:
Rootstock perennial ? Stem as thick as a goose-quill, rarely 1 ft., curved. Radical
leaves numerous, 5-7 by £-§ in., puberulous beneath ; petiole short, \-% in., stout ;
cauline similar. Racemes very short; bracts foliaceous, pedicels £-$ in. ; flowers l\ in. -
long. Calyx ^-\ in., cylindric, puberulous, split } way down, mouth with 2 crenate lobes.
Corolla dark-purple, upper lip with the inflated portion suddenly contracted into the
short incurved beak ; lower erect enclosing the upper, 1 in. broad, of a small medial and
two lateral very large rounded lobes. Capsule not seen. — The calyx of this species is
quite unlike that of P. macrantha, being terete puberulous and without apparent
nerves.
§§§ Tube of the corolla more than twice as long aa the calyx ; upper lip
glabrous, sickle-shaped or annular, not inflated in the middle.
21. P. megalantha, Don Prodr. 94 ; pubescent or villous, stem tall
stout erect leafy, leaves alternate long-petioled oblong-lanceolate pinnatifid,
lobes short or long crenate or again pinnatifid, racemes at length lax-rid.,
bracts pinnatifid, calyx-lobes crested, corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx,
upper lip annular gradually narrowed from the base and produced into a
long slender tail, lower very large. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 564 ; Wall. Cat.
411 ; Begel Gartenfl. t. 943.
Temperate and Sttbalpine Himalaya; from Kashmir, alt. 7-14,000 ft., to
Sikkim, alt. 11-15,000 ft.
Stem 1-2 ft., solitary or several from the root, often as thick as a swan's quill,
hollow. Radical leaves 2-10 in., 2-pinnatifid ; petiole slender ; cauline sometimes as
long. Racemes 4-10 in. ; pedicels \-\ in. ; lower bracts longer than the flowers. Calyx
| in. long, inflated, hirsute, nerves strong. Corolla-tube very slender, f-1 in.; upper
lip slender, lower 1 in. broad. Capsule f-l± in. long, half exserted, linear-oblong,
acute. Seeds £ in. long, finely reticulate. — The colour of the flowers is variously
noted as yellow and rose-pink ; in Sikkim they are rose- purple, in Kegel's figure they
are golden yellow.
22. P. bicornuta, Klotzsch in Beis. Pr. Waldens. Bot. 109, t. 61 ;
pubescent or hirsute, stem usually very stout tall erect simple leafy, leaves
alternate all petioled linear or linear-oblong pinnatifid to the middle lobes
rounded crenate or lobulate, spikes or racemes long stout raany-fld., bracts
crenate, calyx-lobes crested, corolla yellow, upper lip annular produced into
a slender curved bifid tail, lower very large. P. eximia, Watt in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xviii. 381, t. 13. Pedicularis n. 23, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Western Alpine Himalaya and Western Tibet, from Kashmir to Kunawur
alt. 9-13,000 ft., Falconer, &c— Distrib. Affghanistan, Yarkand and Kashgar.
Pedicularis.'] cm. scrophularine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 313
Root of stout fleshy fibres. Stem 6-24 in. high, often as thick as the thumb ; small
specimens are stemless, the raceme or spike apparently springing from the root. Radical
leaves numerous in small stemless specimens, evanescent in large, blade 4-12 by \ 1 1
in., lobes very many, close-set ; cauline leaves like the radical ; petiole 1-2 in. Raceme
often 8 in. long, with many rather crowded flowers ; bracts usually shorter than the
calyx ; pedicels 0-| in. Calyx |-f in. long, broadly oblong, laxly hirsute. Corolla-
tube from a little longer to twice as long as the calyx ; upper lip often sigmoid or
cycloid, lower 1-1£ in. broad. Capsule 1-1£ in. long, oblong-lanceolate finely acuminate,
twice as long as the calyx. Seeds § in. long, pale, striate and reticulate.
23. P. bella, Hook. f. ; dwarf, stemless, or nearly so, radical leaves
tufted obovate obovate-oblong or subspathulate crenate densely pubescent,
pedicels axillary, corolla dark purple tube long slender, upper lip small
annular very much shorter than and enveloped in the very large broad lower.
Pedicularis n. 22, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.
-Sikkim Himalaya ; Kongra Lama, alt. 16,000 ft., J. D. H.
Root apparently annual. Leaves 1 in., narrowed into a broad petiole, densely hoary -
tomeutose on both surfaces. Flowers rather numerous ; pedicel £-£ in. Calyx \ in.,
tubular, hoary ; lobes large, rounded, crenate. Corolla very large for the size of tbe
plant; lower lip forming a very broadly funnel-shaped cup 1 in. diam., in which the
short upper lip nestles. Capsule §-§ in. long, narrowly oblong, subfalcate, tip acute
oblique. Seeds pale, striate and deeply pitted. — A singular and very beautiful species ;
the corolla resembles that of P. P err otte Liana, in its capsular form.
24. P. siphonantha, Don Prodr. 95 ; glabrate or sparsely pubescent
or hirsute, stems many from the root sleuder and leafy, rarely solitary with
only radical leaves, leaves petioled linear-oblong pinnatitid or pinnatisect,
lobes many short crenulate, flowers axillary and in terminal racemes or
heads, calyx-lobes crested, corolla pink, tube very slender 3-6 times as long
as the calyx, upper lip a slender annular horn gradually narrowed from the
base to the point, lower broadly 3-lobed. Wall. Cat. n. 417 ; Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 5o5. P. Hookeriana, Wall. Cat. 421 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind, 53, and
in DC. Prodr. 564. P. punctata, Dene., and P. labellata, Jacquem. mss., Dene,
in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 117, 118, t. 122, 123. P. himilaica & Hoffmeisteri,
Klotzsch in Reise Pr. Waldem. Bot. 107, 108, t. 58, 60.
Alpine Himalaya and Western Tibet, from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 11-16,000
ft. — Distrib. Aflghauistan.
Rootstock perennial ? Stems 2-10 in. erect or ascending. Leaves 2-6 by ±-l£ in.,
lobes or segments obtuse, cauline and radical alike. Racemes short or long; bracts
leaf-like ; pedicels of the lower flowers sometimes 1 in. Calyx £-£ in., hirsute or gla-
brate, nerves distinct. Corolla rose-pink, tube very slender, sometimes 2 in. ; upper
lip longer than the broad lower. Capsule £-£ in. long, broadly oblong, oblique,
acute, half exserted or less. Seeds A-^ in., oblong, obtuse, base apiculate, striate. —
Varies greatly in the size of the corolla and length of its tube.
§§§§. Tube of the corolla at least twice as long as the calyx, upper lip
sickle-shaped, glabrous, inflated in the middle.
a. Radical leaves numerous; stem erect or ascending, usually stout.
25. P. carnosa, Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 44, t. 154, and Cat. 418; hoary-
pubescent, or glabrate, stem erect branched at the base long strict leafy,
cauline leaves alternate shortly petioled oblong or linear-oblong obtuse
narrowed at the base crenate, flowers laxly racemed rose-purple, bract*;
leafy, calyx-lobes crested, corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx, upper lip
arched decurved from the inflated middle acutely beaked. Benth. Scroph.
314 cm. scROPHULARiXEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pedicular is.
Ind. 54, and in DC. Prodr. x. 580. ? Khinanthus bifidus, Ham. in Don
Prodr. 94.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 5-9000 ft. Khasia
Mts. j Kala pane, &c, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. Sf T. T.
Annual. Stem 4-18 in., rather slender, strict or flexuous, usually tomentose or
villous above, branches ascendiug. Leaves 1-3 by ^--f in., often scabrid, narrowed
into the short petiole ; radical often elliptic or oblanceolate, cauline narrower ; crena-
tures broad, rounded, sometimes crenulate. Racemes or spikes 1-6 in., very lax;
bracts often longer than the flowers ; pedicels slender very short or 0 j flowers § in.
long. Calyx £ in., narrow in flower, hirsute or glabrous, lobes very short, fruiting
broadly oblong. Corolla-tube rarely less than twice as long as the calyx ; upper lip
inflated in the middle, longer than the lower, which is f in. broad and shallowly 3-lobed.
Capsule broadly oblong, acute, shortly exserted. Seeds minute, orbicular, ^ in.
diam., compressed, black, punctulate.— Bentham refers to this Don's Rhinanthus
bifidus, which differs in the hirsute upper lip of the corolla according to Don's descrip-
tion. Very near the N. Asiatic and Japanese P. resupinata, of which the leaves are
sessile, or if petioled broad at the base and doubly creuate.
26. P. rhinanthoides9 SchrenJc in Fisrh. Sf Mey. Enum. 22 ; glabrous
except above, stems short ascending simple 1-2-leaved, radical leaves petioled
linear or oblong pinnatifid or pinnatisect, lobes short oblong obtusely lobu-
late and crenate, racemes short, calyx hirsute strongly nerved, corolla-tube
2-3-times as long as the calyx, upper lip sickle-shaped inflated in the middle
with a slender incurved or sigmoid beak. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 565. P.
elephantoides, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 23, and in DC. I. c. 564. P. Elephas,
Boiss. Diagn. Ser. 1, iv. 81, and Fl. Orient, iv. 489.
Alpine Himalaya and "Westebn Tibet ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 11-
13,000 ft.— Disteib. Affghanistan, Central Asia, Persia.
Stems one or more from a perennial ? rootstock, 4-10 in., stout, curved, usually
quite glabrous. Radical leaves 2-3 by ^-J in., lobes variable; petiole usually stout,
i-| in. Racemes very short ; bracts leaf -like ; pedicels J-J in. ; flowers 1-1^ in.
long. Calyx f in., membranous, sparsely villous, shortly cleft, and with 2 short
crenate teeth. Corolla pale or bright pink; lower lip f-1 in. diam., lateral lobes
large rounded, median small. Capsule § in. long, oblong-lanceolate, straight or
curved, obtuse with a lateral point, 3— \ exserted from the calyx. Seeds ^ in. long,
oblong, obtuse, obscurely striate and punctulate, base shortly appendaged. — The
Affghan specimens have more glabrous calyxes and longer capsules.
27. P. tubiflora, Fisch. in Stev. Monogr. Pedic. 30 ; glabrous or nearly
so, stems many from the root short leafy, radical leaves very many petioled
linear pinnatifid or pinnatisect lobes many short crenate, flowers axillary in
very short racemes, bracts leaf -like, calyx glabrous with crested lobes, corolla
yellow tube very slender 4-6 times as long as the calyx, upper lobe erect
inflated with a slender deflexed flexuous beak. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 565.
P. tubiformis, Klotzsch in Reise Pr. Waldem. Bot. 106, t. 57.
Alpine Himalaya and Western Tibet; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 11-
16,000 ft.— Disteib. Central Asia, Siberia, Dahuria.
Rootstock apparently pei-eunial. Stems 3-6 in., erect or ascending, stout, often
branched. Leaves 1-3 by £-| in., lobes or segments numerous ; petiole £-1 in., stout.
Racemes subcapitate ; bracts longer than the calyx ; flowers 1|-2| in. long ; pedicels
of the axillary flowers sometimes | in. Calyx ^ in., lobes large. Corolla bright
yellow with dark spots on the lower lip ; tube slender, sometimes 2 in. long ; lower
UP 2~| in. broad. Capsule f-| in. long, obliquely oblong-lanceolate, acute, j or ^
exserted. Seeds minute, ^ in. long, narrow, with a basal appendage, black, very
obscurely striated. — Habit and long tube of short specimens of P. siphonantha, but
with a very differently coloured corolla and inflated upper lip.
Pedicularis. \ cm. scrophularine^:. (J.D.Hooker.) 315
28. P. microcalyx, Hook.f. ; glabrous below, puberulous above, stem
simple 1-2-leaved, leaves long-petioled linear pinnatifid lobes oblong obtuse
crenate, flowers few subcapitate, calyx very small teeth crested, corolla- tube
3-4 times as long as the calyx purple upper lip inflated sickle-shaped beak
nearly straight decurved. Pedicularis n. 25, Herb. Ind. Or. S.f. fy T.
Alpine Sikkim Himalaya; Lachen and Samdong, alt. 12-15,000 ft., J. D. S.
Stem 4-6 in., solitary, rather slender and flexuous. Radical and cauline leaves
few, 1-1| by \-% in., petiole as long as the blade. Flowers 5-6 in a head, subsessile,
with occasionally an axillary pedicelled one below the head; bracts longer than the
calyx, pinnatifid. Calyx £ in. long, cupular, membranous, 4-nerved, 4-cleft for £ way
down, teeth with crested tips. Corolla dingy-purple, tube £ in. or less, upper lip as
long as the lower which is \ in. broad with 3 rounded ciliate lobes, the middle the
smallest. Capsule ^-| in. long, oblong, acute or acuminate, nearly straight, 3-4 times
longer than the calyx. Seeds fs in. long, oblong, pale, striate and punctate. — The
very small calyx well characterizes this species.
29. P. aspleniifolia, FloerJce; Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 208; nearly glabrous
or pubescent, stem 3-6 in., few-leaved, leaves all long-petioled linear obtuse
pinnatifid or pinnatisect, lobes close-set crenulate, racemes short few-fld.,
bracts pinnatifid, calyx large glabrous lobes crested, corolla-tube twice as
long as the calyx or less, upper lip large sickle-shaped erect, then inflated
with a short acute straight or decurved beak. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 578;
Peichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1743. P. Portenschlagii, Saut. in Peichb. Iconogr.
v. 1, t. 401. P. asplenifolia, Wall. Cat. 416. P. Wallichii, Bunge in Walp.
Pep. iii. 415.
Alpine Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, Samdong and Tunkra Pass,
alt. 14-15,000 ft., J. D. S.— Disteib. Alps of Central Europe.
RootstocJc apparently perennial. Stems subsolitary or many from the root,
simple, 2-4 in. Leaves l-2£ by \ in. ; petiole slender, as long as the blade. Racemes
3-8-fld.; pedicels A-± in.; flowers 1£ in. long. Calyx \ in., membranous, lobes short
all crested. Corolla dingy-purple ; tube dilated at the mouth ; upper lip \ in. high,
lower | in. broad, 3-lobed, mid-lobe very small, lateral large rounded. Capsule f in.
long, obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the calyx. Seeds T'2 in., elliptic,
base appendaged, obscurely striate, dark.
Vae. albijlora ; densely tufted, flowers white.— Sikkim; at Kankola, alt. 13,000 ft.,
J. D. S.
? Vae. pubescens ; densely tufted, pubescent or sparsely villous all over, lower
peduncles sometimes radical and 1£ in., flowers larger, corolla-tube sometimes 1 in.
long, and lower lip 1 in. diam., capsules |-1 in. Pedicularis u. 20, Serb. Ind. Or.
S.f. Sf T.— Sikkim, alt. 14-17,000 ft., J. D. S.
b. Stem long slender flexuous or flaccid leafy ; radical leaves evanescent.
30. P. flag-ellaris, Benth in DC. Prodr. x. 581 ; softly hairy, stems
slender diffuse flexuous leafy, leaves alternate very small shortly petioled
ovate or oblong-ovate pinnatisect, segments crenate or toothed, flowers few
axillary and subracemose, calyx-lobes crested, corolla pink tube 2-3 times
as long as the calyx, upper lip forming a semicircular beaked horn tumid in
the middle, lower broadly 3-lobed.
Uppee Assam, Griffith. Sikkim Himalaya; Lachoong, alt. 10-11,000 ft.,
Stems prostrate and ascending, 8-18 in. long, simple or sparingly branched, naked
below. Leaves \-\ in.; petiole short, slender; pinnules 3-6 pair, rather recurved,
lower sometimes petiolulate. Racemes very short ; bracts pinnatifid, longer than the
calyx. Calyx rather narrowly oblong. Corolla-tube rather broad or slender ; upper
lip gradually narrowed to the base and to the acute tip, lower lip about \ m. dnun.
Capsule (unripe) lanceolate, acuminate, § longer than the calyx.
316 cm. scrophularine^;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pedicularis.
31. P. furfuracea, Wall. Cat. 412; nearly glabrous throughout,
stems flaccid branched sparingly leafy, leaves alternate long-petioled
broadly ovate oblong or rounded lobulate or subpinnatitid lobes irregularly
toothed, flowers axillary and in lax leafy racemes, calyx-lobes very small,
corolla pale pink tube short, upper lip arched beaked. Benth. Scroph. Ind.
54, and in DC. Prodr. x. 580.
Centbal and Eastebjt Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkira, margins of woods,
alt. 8-12,000 it.. J. D. H., &c.
Pereunial ? Stems 1-2 ft., as thick as a crow-quill, flexuous succulent, with one
or two lines of pubescence above. Leaves 1-3 by 1-2^ in., membranous, sometimes
pinnatisect at the base, glabrous on both surfaces, nearly white with finely reticulated
venules beneath ; petiole very slender, 1-3 in. Floioers scarcely racemose, f in. long;
bracts leaf-like; pedicels £—$ in., very slender. Calyx \ in. long, tubular, split on
one side. Corolla very pale pink, lower lip about \ in. oroad. Capsule ^ in. long,
ovate-lanceolate, nearly straight, acuminate, twice as long as the calyx. Seeds T'fl in.
long, ellipsoid, acute, most minutely reticulate, black.
Vae. integrifolia ; leaves broadly ovate or rounded irregularly toothed or lobulate,
calyx villous, corolla red-purple. Pedicularis n. 30, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. — iSikkim,
alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. D. R.
? 32. P. curvipes, Hook, f. ; quite glabrous, stem very slender long
flexuous branched branches long curved, leaves scattered small petioled
oblong pinnatind lobes few incised, flowers axillary, long pediceiled, pedicels
recurved in fruit, capsules pendulous.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Tumbok, alt. 10,000 ft., Clarice.
Stems a foot long, as thick as a sparrow's quill, curving. Leaves far apart,
\-\ by i-1 in., flaccid, lobes 3-4 pair, rather distant; petiole as long as the blade.
Calyx % in. long, mouth oblique, lobes short crenate. Capsule J in. long, oblong,
acute, slightly oblique, hail exserted, shorter than the tlecurved slender pedicel.
Seeds £ in. long, slender, acute at both ends, obscurely striate, pale. — A remarkable
species.
33. P. fissa, Turcz. ? ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 571 ; stem stout simple
leafy pubescent or glabrate, leaves all petioled lanceolate bipinnatisect
segments small cartilaginous toothed, spikes dense-fld. villous, bracts long
leaf-like lanceolate crenate, calyx-teeth broad obtuse entire, corolla-tube
longer than the calyx, upper lip linear-oblong incurved acutely 2-fid hardly
beaked, lower glabrous.
N. Kashmie ; Dras, alt. 10-11,000 ft., Henderson.— Disteib. Altai, Dahuria.
Stem (in the solitary Indian specimen) 8 in., stout, strict. Radical leaves 4-5 in.,
puberulous beneath ; petiole very slender, as long as the blade ; cauline similar.
Spike 2 in. long ; lower bracts pinnatisect, middle ones 3-fid ; lobes lanceolate, crenate,
longer than the calyx ; flower 1 in. long. Calyx J in., ventricose, woolly, nerves
strong ; teeth lanceolate, entire. Corolla quite glabrous ; upper lip § in. long,
tip rounded in front; lower shorter broadly 3-lobed. Filaments glabrous. — This
closely resembles several other species of the comosa group, which, with F.fissa,
may ultimately prove forms or F. comosa, Linn., itself, as may F. lasiostacHys, Uunge,
rubens, Steph., and venusta, Schangin. From the typical F. comosa it diners in the
villous calyx, glabrous filaments, and in the lower lip not being ciliate (the latter of
which characters seems often wanting in Siberian specimens of comosa).
** Upper lip of the corolla rounded at the tip, not beaked.
34. P. versicolor, Wahlb. ; Steven Monogr. Pedic. 52 ; hirsute above,
stem short, leaves chiefly radical all petioled linear pinnatifid or pinnatisect,
lobes short oblong obtuse crenate, racemes oblong dense-fld., bracts pinnatifid,
Pedicularis.'] cm. scrophulartne^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 317
calyx-lobes entire or toothed, corolla lemon-yellow upper lin erect linear-
onion er slightly incurved lonsrer than the lower. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 578 ;
Beirhb. Iconogr. t. 14 ; Boyle III. t. 72, f. 2.
Alpine Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 9-13,000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 14-15,000 ft.
— Dtstrib. Mts. of Central Europe, Arctic Europe, Asia and America.
RootstocJc stout, perennial? Stem usually solitary, 1-4 in., erect, with 1-2
leaves, rather stout. Leaves 1|— 2| by \-^ in., glahrous, lobes or segments many ;
petiole stout or slender, shorter than the blade. Racemes 1-2| in. • flowers erect,
1-H in. long; bracts often longer than the calyx. Calyx a in. long. Corolla yellow
with the upper lip often pink or red, tube twice as long as the calyx ; upper lin ^ in.,
compressed, tip rounded ; lower shorter, 3-lobed, ^— £ in. diam., deflexed. Capsule
not seen in Indian specimens.
35. P. polyg-aloides, LTook. f. ; dwarf, branched from the base,
sparselv hairy, leaves few alternate very small petioled oblong pinnatifid
lobes short crenate or toothed, flowers axillary pedicelled, calyx-lobes
crested, corolla pink tube not exceeding the calyx, npper lip erect straight
linear-oblong tip truncate inner angrle acute lobes of lower divaricate.
Pedicularis n. 9, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Alpine Sikkim Himalaya ; at Yeumtong, alt. 14.000 ft., J. D. B.
Annual, whole plant 1-1J in. high ; branches rather slender. Leaves £- £ in.,
lobes not numerous ; petiole short. Flowers scattered, \ in. long1 ; pedicels £- £ in.
Calyx \ in. Corolla pink, upper lip as long as the lower, the lateral lobes of which
spread at right angles. Capsule \ in. long, obloug, obliquely acute. Seeds T's in.,
ellipsoid, dark, minutely striate and punctulate.
36. P. Perrottetii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 565 ; annual, sparsely
rmbescent, stems flexuons leafy, leaves alternate petioled oblonar pinnatifid,
lobes oblong subrecurved obtuse crenate, flowers few axillary white, corolla -
tube 3-4 in., throat shortly funnel-shaped, upper lip oblong straight much
shorter than the lower, tip rounded, Wight Ic. t. 1418.
Nilohkrhy Hills ; Perrottet, Wight. &c.
Stems 5-10 in., rig-id but wavy, naked below, rarely branched, sparselv hairy.
Leaves numerous, l\-2\ by \ in., obtuse, segments with incurved margins, hairy on
both surfaces. Flowers subsessile. Calyx 1 in. long, tubular, lobes crested. Corolla-
tube \ in. diam. ; limb \\ in. diam., cup-shaped. Capsule not seen.
37. P. zeylanica, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 54, and in DC. Prodr. x. 580 :
hoary-pubescent or glabrate, stem tall erect leafv, leaves sessile or petioled
linear-oblong or oblong margin lobulate or subpinnatifid lobes rounded
crennlate, racemes short or long, bracts pinnatifid, calyx short, teeth crested,
corolla-tube hardly exserted, upper lip linear-oblong incurved tip rounded.
Wight Ic. t. 1419.
Drccan Peninsula; Mts. of the Concan, Stocks; Nilgherry and Pulney Hills,
Wight, &c. Ceylon ; higher parts of the Central Province, abundant.
Annual, 6-18 in. high. Stem stout, simple or branched. Leaves 1-1£ by £-* in.,
sometimes contracted into a short petiole. Racemps usually elongate, few- or many-
and dense- or lax-fld., much elongate in fruit; pedicels short ; bracts longer than the
cnlyx ; flowers £-1 in. long. Calyx \ in. long, cleft to near the base. Corolla pink ;
tube broad ; upper lip shorter than the lower which is £-§ in. diam. with 3 broadly
rounded lobes. Capsule \-\ in. long, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, twice as
long as the calyx. Seeds 3'5 in. long, broadly ellipsoid or irregular, dark, punctulate.—
Habit and foliage of P. carnosa.
53. LATHRSA, Linn.
Leafless low perennial fleshy white or purplish herbs, black when dry, with
318 cm. scrophulakine^. (J. D. Hooker.) ' . [Lathrcea.
a scaly buried rootstock and short erect scaly stems. Flowers biseriate in a
secund raceme, bracteate, ebracteolate. Calyx campanulate, entire or split
in front, 4-fid or -lobed, lobes valvate. Corolla-tube arched or nearly
straight ; lips erect, upper arched entire or notched ; lower smaller, trun-
cate, 3-toothed, plaited. Stamens 4, anthers under the upper lip ; cells
equal, parallel, margins bearded, bases mucronate. Disk glandular, en-
larged, opposite the lower lip. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 2, 2-fid ; style
exserted, decurved, stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds many, small,
globose, rugose. — Species 3, Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya.
1. Xi. squamaria, Linn.-, JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 493; calyx split to
the base in front. Renter in DC. Prodr. xi. 40; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
t. 1764.
Western Himalaya, Falconer. Kashmir, Banahal, alt. 6000 ft., Thomson;
Urrukta, Royle. — Distrib. Europe, Siberia.
Rootstock stcut, fleshy, branched. Stems 4-10 in., stout scaly. Raceme 4-6 in.,
bracts like the scales, broadly oblong:. Flowers \ in. long. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-toothed
to the middle, teeth subacute. Corolla longer than the calyx, arched, lobes short
erect, anthers cohering. Capsule ovoid.
54. XMELAIVIPYRUIVI, Linn.
Annual erect herbs, black or dark when dry. Leaves opposite, narrow,
entire or incised at the base. Flowers axillary or secund in dense spikes with
large often coloured bracts, ebracteolate. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, upper
teeth often larger. Corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric ; upper lip erect, short,
hooded, compressed, margins reflexed or with a tooth on each side ; lower
longer, erecto-patent, 3-lobed, base 2-gibbous. Stamens 4, ascending; anthers
under the upper lip, meeting in pairs, cells distinct equal parallel, bases
obtuse. Stigma simple ; ovules 2 in eachcell, one sessile the other stipitate.
Capsule compressed, ovate, oblique, loculicidal. Seeds 4 or fewer, funicle
swollen. — Species 6, of N. temp, regions.
1. M. indicum, HooJc.f. Sf T. in Hook, Few Journ. Bot. ix. 246, t. viii. ;
slender, scaberulous, leaves petioled lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bracts
leaf-like scaberulous, racemes lax-fid., flowers puberulous, calyx-teeth
equalling the tube, corolla-tube much longer than the calyx slender.
Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., Lobb, J. D. H. 8{ T. T.
A slender twiggy branched herb, 2 ft. high. Leaves f-1 in., acute, quite entire,
petiole £ in. Flowers subsessile, \ in. long, dark red. Calyx \ in., lobes subacute
rather shorter than the tube. Corolla puberulous, upper lip almost truncate shorter
than the 3-fid lower. Filaments puberulous. Capsule ovoid, beaked, cells 1-seeded.
GENERA OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.
55. OEEOSOLEN, Hook.f.
A small, tufted, glabrous, rather fleshy herb. Stem short, stout. Leaves
opposite, subsessile, oblong-obovate, obtuse, coarsely irregularly crenate-
serrate, nerves subparallel, midrib obscure. Flowers fascicled in the leaf-
axils, shortly pedicelled, bracteate, ebracteolate. Sepals 4, linear, obtuse,
erect, puberulous. Corolla straight, tube twice as long as the sepals,' tubular-
funnel- shaped, mouth dilated, limb short, 2-lipped; lips subequal, 'upper of
two round lobes (the outer in bud); lower 3-lobed, lobes short' 2 lateral
refuse, median smaller ovate obtuse. Stamens 4, inserted in the middle of
the tube, filaments erect thickened above, glabrous ; anthers small, adnate
Oreosolen.] cm. scrophularine^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 319
to the thickened top of the filament, rounded, 1-celled, included in the tube;
staminode subulate, on the upper lip. Ooary small, ovate, compressed,
style long slender, stigma capitellate.
1. O. Wattii, Ilook.f. in Hook. Ic. PI. ined.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Jongri, alt. 14,000 ft., Watt.
Stem about 1 in. long as thick as a crow-quill, sheathed by a pair of reduced
leaves. Leaves 1 in. long, quite glabrous, black when dry with translucent nerves
which run straight from and through the broad petiole and unite anastomosing near
the top and sides of the leaf. Mowers \ in. long. — Probably belongs to the tribe
Veronicea. The specimens are very imperfect and difficult of analysis, owing to
their apparently fleshy texture.
56. FALCONERIA, JELook.f.
A small scabigerous laxly hairy herb, with the habit of a Mazus.
Leaves radical, petioled, obovate or oblong, crenate. Floivers racemed,
bracteate, ebracteolate. Sepals 5, subequal, linear-obovate. Corolla 2-labiate,
tube short, decurved, upper lip 2-lobed, lower larger 3-lobed, one lateral
lobe exterior. Stamens 2, included, filaments straight; anthers 2-celled ;
cells diverging, free below, united at the top. Ovary ellipsoid ; style short,
stigma capitellate.
1. F, himalaica, Hooh.f. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1438.
Western Himalaya ; Kumaon, Falconer ; Madhari Pass, alt. 8000 ft., Strachey
S{ Winterbottom (Mazus, No. 4).
Rootstock short with thick fleshy fibres. Leaves 3-5 in., more or less pubescent
on both surfaces, tip rounded, base crenate ; petiole broad, \-l\ in. long, winged
above. Scape stout or slender, longer or snorter than the leaves, leafless, laxly
hairy, as is the short loose raceme; bracts small, obovate-oblong or spathulate ;
pedicels short. Sepals -^ in. long. Corolla ^-^ in. long; tube broadly funnel-
shaped, suddenly decurved above the base ; lower lip twice as long as the upper, lobes
obovate retuse. Style included. — Apparently near Wulfenia, but differing in the
2-lipped corolla and included stamens. I have named it after the late Dr. Hugh
Falconer, P.R.S., Superintendent of the Botanical Garden of Saharumpore and
afterwards of Calcutta, to whom Falconeria, Koyle, now included under Sapium,
was dedicated.
Order CIY. OROBANCHACEX. (By J. D. Hooker.)
Leafless brown annual white or reddish root-parasites. Stem usually
simple, stout or slender, scaly. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes,
irregular. Calyx spathaceous, or of 4-5 free or connate sepals. Corolla
hypogynous, tube curved ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip arched, lower 3-fid,
throat often with 2 villous folds. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the
corolla-tube ; anthers 1-2-celled, cells spurred at the base opening by slits
or basal pores, one often imperfect. Disk unilateral or glandular or 0.
Ovary of 2 connate carpels, 1- rarely 2-celled ; style long, tip curved, stigma
capitate 2-lobed ; ovules many, rarely few, anatropous on 2 (rarely more)
pairs of free or confluent parietal placentas which sometimes meet in the
centre of the ovary. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, few- or many-seeded. Seeds
minute, testa pitted or tubercled rarely lax and reticulated, albumen fleshy;
embryo ovoid, undivided or 2-fid.— Distkib. Genera 11, species about 150,
temperate and tropical.
I have removed Lathrcea from this Order to Srrophularineas (p. 317), and taken
Campbellia from the latter, uniting it with Christisonia.
320 civ. orobanchaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) [JZginetia.
* Corolla-lobes all broad, subequal, spreading.
Calyx spathaceous. Anther-cells unequal 1. ^Eginetia.
Calyx tubular. Anther-cells unequal 2. Chbistisonta.
Calyx cauipanulate. Anther-cells equal 3. Cistanche.
** Corolla 2-lipped,
Upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed ". . 4. Orobanche.
Upper lip erect hooded subentire, lower very short 5. Boschniackia.
1. JEGINETIA, Linn.
Leafless herbs with, branched, or simple naked or scaly scapes or stems.
Flowers few, large, solitary, or corymbose, ebracteolate. Calyx spatha-
ceous, split in front nearly to the base. Corolla-tube broad, incurved; limb
spreading, obscurely 2-lipped : lobes 5, broad, 2 upper connate. Stamens
included ; anthers with one cell perfect adnate to the filament not spurred
at the base, the other cell absent in the upper anthers, empty clavate and
deflexed in the lower. Ovary 1-celled; placentas large, 2-lobed or multifid,
fiUing the cavity, ovuliferous all over ; style slender, stigma large peltate.
Capsule sub^-valved. Seeds crowded, minute, pitted. — Species 4-5, tropical
Asiatic. IShJU*
1. JE. indica,] Roxb. Cor. Pi. i. 63, t. 91, and Fl. Ind. iii. 30 ; scape
very slender naked, corolla purple, placentas multifid. Renter in DC. Prodr.
xi. 43 ; Wall. Cat. 3964 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind, 55 ; Wiqht III. t. 158 b, f . 5,
and Ic. t. 895; Dalz. Sf Gibs .' Bomb. Fl. 202; Griff. ' Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 423.
Orobanche iEginetia, Linn. Sp. PL 883.
Throughout India, from the Western Himalaya in Kumaon, ascending to 3500 ft.,
to Nepal, Assam and the Khasia Mts. ; and southwards to Tenasserim, Travancore
and Ceylon. — Distrib. Burma, China, Japan, Philippine Islands.
Root of fleshy interlaced fibres. Scapes solitary or several, 6-16 in. high, with a
few scales near the base. Flowers solitary. Calyx § to nearly 2 in. long, acute.
Corolla 1-2 in., limb 1 in. diam. or less, margins fimbriate. Anthers of lower stamens
with a thick gibbous obtuse spur behind. Capsule as large as a filbert. Seeds
yellowish-white, testa hyaline lax.
2. 2E. pedunculata, Wall. PI As. Par. iii. 13, t. 219 ; scape short
stout very fleshy many-fld, flowers on long peduncles bracteate at the base,
corolla-tube yeilow mouth blue, placentas 2 each of 2 plates. Renter in
PC. Prodr. xi. 43 ; Wight III. t. 158 b, f. 6, and Ic. t. 1421. M. abbreviata,
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3965 ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 95 ; Renter I.e. M. acaulis,
Walp. Rep. 481 ; Renter I. c. Orobanche pedunculata, Roxb. Hort. Beit a.
45. and Fl. Ind, iii. 29. I O. acaulis, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. 89, t. 292, and Fl.
Ind. iii. 29.
Throughout India, on the roots of grasses, from Murree, Elliott, Sikkim, Clarke,
and Assam, to Travancore and Singapore. — Disteib. Cochin China, Java.
Whole plant 3-6 in. high, red or yellow. Stem very short, as thick as a swan's
quill, buried in the soil, giving off numerous alternate* pedicelled flowers that rise
above the surface of the ground, rarely slender and 1-fld. Peduncles 1-4 in., slender
to stout, bracteate at the base; bract £-£ in., ovate obtuse. Calyx l£-2i in. long,
fleshy, red then yellow white, loaded with mucilage, tip obtuse, acute or shortly
t beaked. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx, yellowish, limb bright violet, lobes
crenate and erose. Anthers of lower stamens with a lar^e dorsal fleshy decurved horn.
Stigma broadly cordiform, peltate. Capsule ovoid. Seeds brown. — Wight's figures
represent the placentas as more divided than other analyses show.
Christwonia.] civ. orobanchace>e. (J. D. Hooker.) 321
2. CHRISTISONIA, Gardn.
Fleshy, low, scaly, parasitic herbs, with white yellow purple or rose-
coloured flowers ; stems simple or tufted from a short or long rootstock.
Scales alternate, obtuse or acute. Flowers bracteolate or not. Calyx
tubular, terete or angular, 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tube long, inflated,
or funnel-shaped, slightly curved, obscurely 2-lipped, 5-lobed ; lobes sub-
equal, rounded, 2 upper (inner in bud) suberect, lower spreading. Stamens
4, included or subexserted, filaments stout ; anther with one perfect cell and
one imperfect which is spurred or appendaged, rarely with both cells perfect.
Disc 0. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 2-partite placentas, or 2-celled from the
placentas meeting in the axis ; style long, tip incurved," stigma large 2-lobed
upper lobe very small lower very large orbicular or clavate ; ovules nume-
rous. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, loculicidal. Seeds, minute, crowded,
many perfect with striate testa, others imperfect with lax testa; embryo
half as long as the albumen. — Distrib. Species 10, all tropical Asiatic.
There is no character by which Campbellia can be separated from Christisonia,
that of the placentas meeting or not in the axis being one of degree and not accom-
panied by any other. I find it impossible to determine the species from dried
specimens, and have been compelled to resort for their limitation to the descriptions
and published figures of Gardner aud Wight, and to the fine series of drawings of
native specimens in the Kew Herbarium. I have also availed myself of some valuable
notes made b'y Mr. Clarke, who attempted the definition of the species when studying
the Indian Cyrtandracem. *
1. C. tubulosa, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 982; quite glabrous, stems tall
flexuons, scales very few distant acute, flowers racemose, pedicels slender
ebracteolate, calyx angular, lobes acute, anther-spurs acute, ovary 1-celled,
placentas ovuliferous all over. Oligopholis tubulosa, Wight Ic. t. 1422,
and III. 1. 158 b, f. 7.
South Deccan ; Kurg and Courtallam, Wight.
Stem 6-10 in., simple or divided below. Pedicels stout, 1-4 in. ; bracts obtuse.
Calyx §-l| in., lobes triangular. Corolla l-2£ in. long, mouth f— 1^ in. diam.,
blue ?, pubescent without in Wight's figure, glabrous in specimens ; lobes rounded,
quite entire. Filaments pubescent. Stigma orbicular ; " placentas nearly meeting
in the centre, ovuliferous on their opposed faces, confluent below " {Clarke).
2. C. subacaulis, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Sist. viii. 162 ; quite
glabrous, almost stemless, scales large acuminate, flowers crowded, pedicels
longer than the bracts ebracteolate, calyx-lobes acuminate, corolla-lobes
edged with violet, cells of shorter stamens both perfect. Wight Ic. t. 1423
(corrections in text). Campbellia subacaulis, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 967.
^Iginetia acaulis, Walp. Rep. hi. 481. M. acaulis, var. /3 Thw. Enum.
221. Phelipasa subacaulis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 55; Renter in DC.
Prodr. xi. 11.
Nilgherbt Mts. and Courtallam, Wight. CetlOn ; Kambodde district.
Wight's figure represents a plant 4 in. high, with a very short stout stem, clothed with
scales H in- long, and a corolla 2 in. long. A drawing sent by Thwaites (in Herb.
Kew) is indefinite as to the bracts and calyx, and has a white corolla with an inflated
white tube \\ in. long, and limb as broad edged with violet.— Filam en ts glabrous.
Ovary 1-celled ; placentas nearly meeting in the centre, opposed faces not ovuliferous ;
larger stigmatic lobe orbicular.
3. C. Hookeri, Clarice mss. ; almost stemless, quite glabrous, scales
truncate lacerate, pedicels very short ebracteolate, calyx terete, lobes rounded,
VOL. iv. *
322 civ. orobanchace/E. (J. D. Hooker.) [CJtristisonia.
upper anthers 1-celled simple, lower with a greatly thickened connective
produced behind iuto a terete appendage rounded at the tip.
Sikkim Himalaya, in low valleys, and Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., J. D. H.
.8f T. T.
Whole plant 3-4 in. high. Stem very stout, covered with brown scales £ in. long
with ragged edges. Flowers sessile. Calyx 1 in., pale violet with red-brown lobes.
Corolla 2-2| in. long, inclined ; tube white, inflated, throat contracted ; limb f in.
diam., pale violet. Stamens included, glabrous; connective of lower anthers white,
much longer than the purple cell. Ovarii 1-celled; placentas 2-partite, the divisions
cordate in section, covered all over with ovules; larger stiginatic lobe orbicular. —
Described from a drawing made my me in Sikkim.
4. C. Lawii, Wight Ic. t. 1427 ; quite glabrous except the corolla,
rootstock short tuberous lobed, stems short, scales imbricate, pedicels very
short ebracteolate, calyx-lobes acute, corolla pale purple with yellow spots
pubescent without and within, anthers acutely spurred, ovary 1-celled;
placentas 2-fid. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 202. Campbellia Lawii, Benth. in
Gen. PI. ii. 967.
The Con can ; Tanna, Law, Ritchie ; Salsette and between Ram Ghat and Belgaum,
Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Stems 1-3 in., very stout, thickened upwards, clothed with scales. Calyx $ in.,
tubular, dark brown. Corolla 2 in., tubular; tube dull white limb blueish-purple,
yellow within ; upper lobes erect, lower horizontal shorter. Filaments, with minute
crisped pubescence, white ; anthers pale, posterior cells all fertile, apex subulate
with a pore; anterior cell subulate, like an inverted comma. Stigma of 2 capi-
tate lobes. — Description chiefly from notes by Dr. Ritchie, who remarks that the
figures of the capsule and stigma given by Wight are erroneous, the placenta though
approaching being quite free with reyolute lobes.
5. C. calcarata, Wight Ic. t. 1426 ; glabrous except the corolla, stem
elongate, scales ovate obtuse, flowers racemose loug-pedicelled ebracteolate,
calyx-lobes subacute, corolla blueish- white, tube hairy, anthers 2-celled, one
cell barren spurred. C. Stocksii, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 836 ; Dalz. Sc Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 202.
The Concan ; Tanna and Salsette, Law, Dalzell, &c, parasitic on the roots of
Strobilanthes .
Probably a more fully developed state of C. Lawii.
6. C. bicolor, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. 159 ; hairy, stem
very short, scales ovate acute or subacute, flowers racemose, pedicels long or
short 2-bracteolate at the base, calyx-teeth acute, corolla funnel-shaped
pale rose or yellow. Thwaites Enum. 222. C- pallida, Gardn. I. c. 160.
Christisonia aurantiaca, Wight Ic. t. 1486.
Nilgheeey Hills ; at Neddawattum, Wight, &c. Ceylon; Central Province,
alt. 3-4000 ft., Gardner, &c.
Stem red-brown, scaly, continuous with a cylindric warted rhizoma as thick as a
crow-quill and several inches long. Scales ^ in. Ion gr, red-brown. Pedicels \ in.
Calyx orange-brown, about 1 in., terete. Corolla \\-2 in. ; tube pale straw-coloured
in Wight's and Thwaites' drawings, limb the same or white. Stamens included,
filaments pubescent ; anthers with the barren cell acutely spurred. Placentas iu
Wight's figure (of aurantiaca) 2-partite, nearly meeting in the centre, with the
opposed faces not ovuliferous. — Thwaites' B. pallidijlora (C. pallida, Gardn.) differs
according to his drawing only in the paler corolla-lobes.
7. C. neilg-herrica, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. 157;
quite glabrous except sometimes the corolla, stem short very stout, scales
Christisonia.] civ. orobanchace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 323
densely imbricated below obtuse, flowers densely racemose yellow, pedicels
2-bracteolate, calyx 2-lipped 5-angled, lobes broad obtuse, filaments glabrous,
anthers ovoid acute 1-celled, larger stigmatic lobe clavate. ? C. unicolor,
Gardn. I. c. 161 ; Thwaites JEnum. 222. Campbellia cytinoides, Wight Ic.
1. 1425 ; Thwaites I. c. 427. ? C. aurantiaca, Wight Ic. t. 1424. Phelipaea?
cytinoides, Reuter in DC. Prodr. xi. 14.
Nilgheeey Mts. ; Strobilanthi in woods at Pycarrah, Neddawattum, &c,
Wight. Ceylon ; Rambodde, alt. 3-4000 ft., Hunasgiria range, and Pedrotatagalla,
alt. 7000 ft., Thwaites, &c.
Whole plant yellow. Stem 3-6 in. long, thick, obtusely angled. Scales a in.
Flowers 8-12; pedicels £-f in., angular, thick; bracteoles below the middle about
£ in. long, acute, veined, toothed at the tip. Calyx f in. long. Corolla 1\ in. long,
funnel-shaped ; lobes rounded, quite entire. Placentas in Wight's drawing of
Campb. cytinoides nearly meeting in the axis of the ovary, the flat opposed faces with-
out ovules. — Gardner described C. unicolor from a drawing of which I have seen no
copy. Except in the subexserted anthers and obtusely 5-lobed calyx, I do not see how
it differs by his description from C. neilgherrica. A drawing sent by Thwaites of
the plant he refers to C. unicolor has acute calyx-teeth. In Wight's Campb.
aurantiaca (referred here by Clarke) the corolla is represented as hairy on both
surfaces, as are the filament and style ; and the anthers are exserted ovate acute, and
2-celled. In his Campb. cytinoides the anthers are also exserted ovate and acute, but
1-celled. I find the corolla in Wight's specimens to be either perfectly glabrous or
pubescent, and the anthers to be ovoid acute 1-celled.
8. C. tricolor, Gardn. in Calc. Jour n. Nat. Hist. viii. 153; quite
glabrous, stem slender few-fld., scales few ovate acute, calyx 5-angled
narrow, lobes acute, corolla with the upper lip blood-red, lower rose-
coloured, throat yellow, filaments glabrous. Thwaites JEnum. 222.
Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 3-4000 ft.,parasitical on Acanthacea,Gardner, &c.
Stems more slender than in any of the preceding, 2-4 in. high. Scales about § in.
Calyx | in. long. Corolla 2£ in. long, lobes denticulate. Stigma with the large lobe
orbicular. Placentas 2 -partite, cordate in section, covered all over with ovules. — A
coloured figure apparently of this species in Jerdon's collection of drawings represents
the corolla as 3 in. long, with a violet upper lip, and pale rose lower one ; the calyx
pedicels and bracts are red-brown.
Vae. grandiflora ; corolla larger pale rose-coloured. C. grandiflora, Gardn. I. c.
155; Thwaites I.e. 221.— Ceylon; Adam's Peak, alt. 5000 ft., Gardner. Gardner
gives no other characters but greater size and a uniform rose colour of the flower,
whereby to distinguish this from C. tricolor; for that of the sterile cell of the
anther being ascending (and not deflexed) is, as Thwaites' (who suggests grandiflora
being a variety), a fallacious one.
9. C. albida, Thwaites rnss. ; sparsely pubescent, stem very short, scales
very obtuse, flowers crowded very shortly pedicelled, calyx 2-bracteolate,
lobes rounded, filaments very short, anthers all unequally 2-celled, cells
oblong parallel. Campbellia albida, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 967.
Ceylon ; near Hankalla, alt. 6000 ft., Thioaites.
Stem 1-2 in., from an elongate warted rhizoma like that of C. bicolor, very stout.
Soales £ in., obovate, tip rounded. Flowers crowded, much smaller than in any of
the other species. Calyx £ in. long, pubescent, lobes very short, erose. Corolla
1 in., pubescent externally. Anther-cells acute below. Ovary completely 2-celled ;
stigma very small, clavate.
3. CISTANCHE, Eoffm. Sf Link.
Scapigerous herbs, scape or stem simple scaly. Flowers in dense spikes,
subsessile, 2-bracteolate, yellow violet or purple. Calyx broadly tubular-
y 2
324 civ. orobanohace^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cistanche.
campanulate ; lobes 5, subequal, obtuse. Corolla-tube long, incurved,
dilated above ; limb spreading, oblique, lobes 5 broad, subequal. Stamens
4, subexserted ; anthers subtransverse, often villous, cells equal parallel,
bases obtuse. Ovary 1- celled ; placentas 4, equidistant or in pairs ; stigma
broad. Capsule ovoid, laterally compressed, 2-valved to the base. Seeds
numerous, subglobose, reticulately punctate. — Species 12, of the Mediterra-
nean region and N. central and subtropical Asia.
C. tubulosa, Wight Ic. t. 1420, bis (0. lutea in letterpress) ; glab-
rous or pubescent, very stout, scales lanceolate, spike deuse-fld., calyx-
lobes obtuse, corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx, filaments hirsute
below, anthers woolly not apiculate. C. lutea, Wight III. t. 158 b, f. 4.
Phelipaea tubulosa, Schrenk Plant. 2Eg. Arab. Spec. 23 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 500. P. calotropidis, Walp. Rep. iii. 462 ; Renter in DC. Prodr. xi. 13.
Orobanche calotropidis, Fdgew. in Hook. Journ. Pot. ii. 285.
Pcnjab and Scinde. — Disteib. Central Asia and westwards to Arabia.
Stem 1-5 ft., often as thick as the wrist, unbranched. Scales |-1 in. Spike
6-10 in., sometimes 3 in. diam.; bracts lanceolate, longer than the calyx, bracteoles
narrower and shorter, linear. Calyx ^-| in. long. Corolla 1-lf in., yellow, much
incurved, base slender, tube inflated ; mouth f-li in. diam. ; lobes short. Anthers
subexserted, tip rounded or obscurely apiculate. Placentas 4, subequidistant. — I
doubt this being specifically different from the common C. lutea, which extends to
Spain and Morocco, for I find an obscure mucro on some of the anthers.
Vae. tomentosa ; stem above bracts and calyx sparsely woolly. — Lahore, Thomson.
4. OROBANCHE, Linn.
Scapigerous herbs ; scape or stem simjjle or branched, stout or slender,
scales acute. Flowers in dense or lax or interrupted bracteate spikes or
racemes, bracteoles 2 or 0. Calyx unequally 4-fid, or 2-partite from back
to front, segments entire or 2-fid with rarely a 5th lobe or segment. Corolla
broad or long, tube curved dilated above circumsciss at the base ; limb
2-lipped ; upper lip erect crenulate notched or 2-fid, lower more spreading
3-lobed. Stamens included ; anther-cells equal, parallel, bases usually
inucronate. Disc 0, or a gland. Ovary 1 -celled ; placentas 4, equidistant
or in pairs ; stigma funnel-shaped or peltate, more or less 2-lobed, lobes
right and left. Capsule 2-valved, valves often cohering with the style.
Seeds very numerous, globose.— Species about 100, chiefly in the northern
and subtropical regions of the Old World.
Sect. I. Osproleon, Wallr. Bracteoles 0.
* Calyx divided to the base posteriorly, entire anteriorly, equally
h-toothed.
1. O. kashmirica, Clarke mss.; pubescent, stem simple, scales
lanceolate, bracts lanceolate longer than the short broadly acutely toothed
calyx, corolla pale brown short pubescent, filaments inserted at the base
of the corolla pubescent below, anthers minutely hairy.
Kashmir; at Tilail, alt. 11,000 ft, Clarke.
Pale brown, a foot high, stem as thick as a swan's quill or less. Scales %-\ in.,
few and distant. Spikes few and lax-fid. ; bracts £-1 in. Calyx i in. Corolla
i-f in., softly pubescent ; tube broad, lobes rounded. Anthers small, included. •
** Calyx divided to the base posteriorly and nearly so anteriorly,
segments ^-toothed or -lobed.
Orobanche.] civ. OROBANCHACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 325
2. O. cernua, Loeffl. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 514 ; puberulous or
glabrate, spikes dense, flowers blue, bracts lanceolate shorter than the
corolla nerves strong parallel, calyx half as long as the corolla, segments
2-fid to the middle, lobes lanceolate, corolla § in. glabrous curved lobes
crenate not ciliate, filaments glabrous, anthers nearly so. Renter in DC.
Prodr. xi. 32 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1808. 0. indica, Wall. Cat. 3966,
not of Roxb. ; Benth. Scroph. hid. 55, partly.
Western Himalaya ; from Nepal to Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt.
10-12,000 ft. Ouph and Patna to the Punjab ; the Deccan from the Concan south-
wards.— Distrib. Westwards to N. Africa and Spain ; extra-tropical Australia.
Stem stout, 6-12 in., pale brown or blueish. Scales ovate, upper acute or acumi-
nate. Spikes often half as long as the stem or longer. Sepals with long points.
Corolla \-% in. long, sometimes puberulous above ; 2 upper lobes broad, 3 lower ovate
acuminate. Anther-cells acuminate. Style glabrous, stigmatic lobes short thick. —
The anthers are sometimes a little hairy.
3. O. Hansii, Kerner Nov. PI. Sp. ii. 15 ; pubescent, spikes dense,
flowers blue, bracts ovate shorter than the corolla, nerves strong parallel,
calyx half as long as the corolla, segments 2-fid to the middle, lobes lanceo-
late, corolla 1 in., nearly straight and glabrous, lobes crenate not ciliate,
filaments glabrous, anthers hairy. ? O. foetida, Klotzsch in Reise Pr.
Walden. Ill, not of Desfontaines.
Western Tibet ; Karakoram, alt. 8-12,000 ft., Clarke. Lahue, Jaeschlee.
This looks like a stout large-flowered var. of O. cernua, with deeper blue flowers
broader bracts, and more hairy anthers.
4. O. borealis, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Hist. Mbsc. 1842, 420;
furfuraceously pubescent, stem stout simple, scales few, spikes rather short
dense-fld., bracts ovate-lanceolate equalling or exceeding the flower, calyx
half as long as the corolla-tube or less with 4 subulate long and a median
very small tooth, corolla pubescent tube broad curved lobes crenate blue,
filaments and anthers glabrous. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 321 ; Reuter in DC.
Prodr. xi. 32.
Western Himalaya, from Murree to Kishtwar, alt. 7-8000 ft., Thomson,
Fleming, &c. Western Tibet; Karakoram, alt. 13,000 ft., Clarke.— Distrib.
Central Asia.
Stem 6-10 in., rarely more, as thick as a goose-quill. Scales £-§ in., oblong-
or ovate-lanceolate. Spike 2-4 in. Corolla % in. — This is certainly the plant
of Turczaninov and Ledebour, which Boissier refers to Phelipcea lanuginosa, C. A.
Meyer.
5. O. Solmsii, Clarke mss. ; very robust, pubescent, bracts usually
longer than the flowers lanceolate, calyx half as long as the corolla, seg-
ments bifid to the middle, lobes lanceolate, corolla £-£ in. long yellow
puberulous, filaments and anthers glabrous. ? O. Galii, Klotzsch in Reise
Pr. Wald. Bot. Ill, not of Dalz.
Western Himalaya; Kumaon at Tola, alt. 11,500 ft., Strach. Sf Winterl.;
Kashmir and Kishtwar, alt. 8-11,000 ft., Falconer, &c.
Stem 12-18 in., often as thick as the thumb. Scales £-1 in., lanceolate. Spike
6-10 in., dense-fld. ; bracts very variable, narrow. Corolla curved, lobes crenulate.—
Differs in the yellow flowers from O. borealis.
. *** Calyx divided to the base anteriorly and posteriorly, the segments
undivided.
6. O. epithymum, DC. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 509 ; glandular-
326 civ. orobanchace^e. (J. D. Hooker.) [Orobanche.
pubescent, rather slender, spike snort lax-fld., bracts about equalling the
corolla, calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate 3-nerved entire equalling the
corolla-tube, corolla f in. long pubescent orange-brown, lobes toothed or
crenate not ciliate, filaments glabrous except at the base, anthers sparsely
pubescent or glabrous. Renter in DC. Frodr. xi. 21 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
t. 1784.
Westeen Himalaya; on grass, thyme, &c, from Kumaon, alt. 13,000 ft.,
Strach. Sf Winterb. (Orobanche n. 4), to Kashmir, alt. 7-11,000 ft.— Disteib. W.
and Central Asia, Central and S. Europe.
Stem 6-12 in., often tuberous below, rarely as thick as a swan's quill. Spike
1-3 in. Corolla curved, glandular-pubescent. Stamens inserted low clown in the
tube.
7. O- nicotianee, Wight 111. 179, t. 158; stout or slender, puberulous,
spikes many- and dense-fid., bracts lanceolate as long as the corolla-tube,
calyx-segments almost as long subulate-lanceolate entire, corolla f in.
glabrous tube contracted in the middle, lobes pale blue glabrous crenate,
filaments pubescent at the base only, anthers glabrous.
The Deccan ; common in and destructive of tobacco crops, Wight.
Stem 8-12 in., as thick as the little finger in Wight's specimen, much more slender
in his figure, pale brown. Scales few, ovate, acuminate. Spike longer than the rest
of the stem, cylindric, obtuse ; bracts many-nerved. Calyx puberulous. Corolla
quite glabrous, lobes small. — The contraction of the middle of the corolla-tube dis
tinguishes this species. Wight regards the calyx-segments as bracteoles.
8. O. Clarkei, Hook. /.; glandular-puberulous, spike short rather
lax-fld., bracts lanceolate half as long as the corolla-tube, calyx- segments
nearly as long subulate-lanceolate, corolla 1 in. tube nearly straight not
contracted in the middle, lobes blue glabrous crenate, filaments and anthers
glabrous.
Westfen Tibet ; Karakoram or Artemisia, alt. 9000 ft., Clarke.
This Clarke was disposed to regard as a form of 0. nicotiance, which differs widely
in the smaller flowers, and form of the corolla-tube.
Sect. II. Trionychon, Wallr. Bracteoles 2. (Phelip^ea, Reut. Sf
Boiss.)
* Calyx divided to the base posteriorly, entire anteriorly.
9. O. indica, Ham. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 27 ; puberulous or pubescent,
stem often branched, spikes usually lax-fld., bracts ovate half as long as the
corolla-tube, bracteoles filiform, calyx 4- or 5-toothed, corolla f-1 in. pubes-
cent without and within, tube rather slender, lobes blue ciliate, anthers
woolly. Wall. Cat. 3966, in part ; Benth. Scroph. Ind. 55, excl. localities.
Phelipaea indica, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 632; Renter in DC. Prodr. xi. 8;
Dalz. Sr Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 202. ? P. aegyptiaca, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 499.
Throughout the plains of India, especially in mustard crops.— Disteib. Central
and Western Asia.
Stem 4-12 in., sometimes fastigiately branched from the base, often inclined.
Scales very few, chiefly at the forks. Spikes many -fid. ; bracts pubescent, lobes
subulate. Corolla pubescent, f-l£ in. long ; tube straight, almost funnel-shaped.
Filaments smooth, except at the base, anthers almost woolly. — Probably a form of
O. ramosa.
10. O. ramosa, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 498; furfuraceously
pubescent or glabrate, usually much branched, spikes slender longer than
OrobancJie.] civ. orobanchace;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 327
the stem narrowed upwards, bracts ovate caudate-acuminate shorter than
the corolla-tube, calyx half the length of the corolla-tube, lobes slender subu-
late from a broad base, corolla pubescent without and within, tube narrow,
lobes blue ciliate, filaments glabrous, anthers sparsely crinite or glabrous.
Reichb. PL Grit. 933, 934, and Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 152. Phelipaea ramosa,
C. A. Mey. ; Walp. Rep. iii. 459 ; Reut. in DC. Prodr. xi. 8; Wight Ic.
t 1618. P. aegyptiaca, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Kashmir, Falconer ; Jamu and Banahal, alt. 6-7000 ft., Thomson. — Distrib.
Westwards to Europe and N. Africa.
Stem 6-12 in., usually thick at the base and at once dividing into rather slender
erect branches. Scales few. Spikes lax-fld. ; bracts variable in length and in the
length of the slender point ; bracteoles filiform. Corolla J-| in. long ; tube narrow
white. — The slender spikes occupying usually two-thirds of the length of the plant
are unlike those of any other Indian species. I suspect that O. cegyptiaca, Pers., is
the same as this, but I have seen no authentic specimens of it. Boissier refers O.indica,
Roxb., to O. aegyptiaca, I think erroneously.
** Calyx divided to the base anteriorly and posteriorly ; segments bifid,
lobes subulate.
11. O. psila, Clarke mss. ; furfuraceously pubescent, stem simple
slender, spike short lax-fld., bracts lanceolate as long as the flower, calyx
half as long as the corolla blue curved pubescent without and within, lobes
copiously ciliat^, filaments pubescent, anthers sparsely crinite.
Kashmir ; at Mapanon, alt. 9000 ft., Clarke.
Stem 12-18 in., as thick as a goose-quill or less. Scales long, J-l in., subulate-
lanceolate. Spike 2-3 in., obtuse; lower bracts f in. long; bracteoles filiform.
Corolla i-| in. long, lobes almost villous within, 2 upper rounded, 2 lower elliptic.
5. BOSCHNZACKZA, C. A. Mey.
Robust, brown, leafless herbs ; stem simple, scaly. Flowers in dense
spikes, or racemes, bracteolate, ebracteolate. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or
unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube incurved; limb 2-lipped, upper lip erect
hooded entire or 2-fid ; lower very short, 3-lobed. Stamens subexserted;
anther-cells equal, parallel, bases obtuse. Ovary 1-celled; placentas 2-3,
2-partite ; stigma dilated, broadly 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, valves at first
cohering with the style. Seeds numerous, minute, ellipsoid, subglobose or
compressed, testa reticulate. — Species 5, N.E. Asia, N.W. America and the
Himalaya.
B. himalaica, Hook. f. # Thorns. Herb. Ind. Or.; calyx truncate
quite entire, flowers f in. long, upper lip of corolla cymbiform entire, lateral
lobes of lower minute subulate median obsolete, capsules f-1 in., seeds
orbicular, testa very lax loosely reticulate.
Temperate and Subalpinb Himalaya, on Rhododendron roots; Garwbal and
Kumaon, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Strach. $ Winterb.; Sikkira, alt. 10-13,000 ft., J. D. U.,
Clarke.
Plant 6-18 in. high, pale brown, base tuberous ; stem often as thick as the thumb.
Scales numerous, rigid, J-J in., oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute. Racemes
3-8 iu., stout, dense-fid., pale ochreous brown streaked with red brown; bracts
£-§ in., broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, half as long as the flower or longer; pedicels
i-± in., stout. Calyx-limb quite entire. Corolla puberulous, erect, nearly straight.
Stamens fiually exserted, filaments glabrous except at the very base yellow ; anthers
small, blueish. Ovary with 2 or 3 placentas, each with revolute divisions covered with
ovules. Capsule ovoid-oblong, thickly coriaceous, irregularly 2-3-valved; pedice
328 civ. orobanchacezE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Bosclniiackia.
very stout, $ in. Seeds chaff-like, Jn-Jz in. diam., testa hyaline with large reticulations.
— This differs widely from the N.E. Asiatic B. ylabra in its much larger size, the
flowers heing twice as large, and the fruit three times. The capsule of B. glabra
is not longer than the bracts, and its seeds are ellipsoid, ^ in. long, with a close testa.
Order CY. LENTIEULAEIEJE. (By 0. B. Clarke.)
Herbs, aquatic or in wet places. Leaves radical rosulate, or capillary
multifid or obsolete. Scapes l-oo -fld. ; bracts small or 0. Flowers her-
maphrodite, purple, yellow, or white. Calyx inferior, 2-5-lobed. Corolla
2-lipped, spurred ; upper lip usually smaller, entire or emarginate, lower
3-5-lobed. Stamens 2, attached to the base of the corolla, alternate with
the lobes of the lower lip, filaments broad curved ; anther-cells 2, ovate,
transyersely confluent. Ovary superior, globose, 1 -celled ; style short,
stigma unequally 2-lobed; ovules very many, on a free basal placenta,
anatropal. Capsule globose, 2-4-valved, or irregularly breaking up. Seeds
numerous, small, exalbuminous. — Species 180, in all climates.
Calyx deeply 2-lobed, lobes entire or minutely toothed . . 1. Utricularia.
Calyx 4r-5-lobed, more or less 2-lipped 2. Pinguicuxa.
I. UTRICULARIA, Ztm.
Herbs, floating or terrestrial. Leaves many-partite with capillary
segments in the floating species, entire in the erect species ; minute bladders
frequently added. Scapes simple or branched; racemes few- or many-
fld. ; pedicels bracteate and often 2 bracteolate. Calyx 2-partite; lobes
entire or nearly so, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip
entire or emarginate, lower larger 3-6-lobed; spur curved or straight.
Filaments broad; anthers ovate, 2- or sub-1-celled. Style short, stigma
unequally 2-lobed. Seeds ellipsoid or obovoid, scrobiculate or glochidiate,
rarely reticulate or comose. — Species 150, extending nearly throughout the
world.
The numerous small scapose species have evanescent rosulate radical leaves on
very short creeping branches ; but there are specimens from which it would appear
that, when some of such species grow in running water, they may produce elongate
branched stems, longer linear leaves, and reduced leaves with bladders.
* Stems floating, leaves ' submerged divided into capillary segments
mostly interspersed with bladders ; bracteoles 0.
f Peduncles bearing about the middle a cluster of oblong vesicles.
1. U. stellaris, Linn.f. Suppl. 86 ; flowers pedicellate yellow, calyx-
segments ovate enlarged in fruit, corolla-spur shorter than the lower lip
more or less curved pubescent or glabrous. Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. 42, t 180
and Fl. Ind. i. 143 ; Wall. Cat. 6400 ; Wight in Hook. Pot. Misc. iii. 91,
Suppl. t. 27; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 3; Wight Ic. t. 1567; JDalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 135 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 3. U. macrocarpa, Wall. Cat. 1494.
Throughout India, in rice-swamps and jheels.— Distrib. Malava, S.E. Asia,
N.Australia. Nearly all Africa. J
Leaves with bladders. Peduncles 2-8 in., erect out of the water, glabrous ; whorl
ot vesicles |-1 in. long, formed of the inflated bases of reduced branches with often
subiohaceous tips. Pedicels 1-8, I in., thickened, usually deflexed in fruit. Corolla
Utricularia.] cv. lentibularie^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 329
$ in. diam. Capsule £ in. ; fruit-sepals |-A in. Seeds thickly discoid, concavo-convex
by the inflexion of the entire thin hardly winged margin.
Vab. inflexa ; corolla white with Violet stripes. U. inflexa, Forsk. Fl. AZg. Arab.
9; Delile Fl. Mg. 4, t. 4, fig. 1; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 4; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 3.
U. Thonningii, Solium. PL Guin. 12. — Bengal; frequent, Clarke.— Distrib. N. and
Central Africa. — The spur of the corolla is frequently as pubescent and as little curved
as in TJ. stellaris. Whether this plant be reckoned species or variety, it is by no
means rare in Bengal.
ff Peduncles ebracteate or with a few obscure scales.
2. U. flexuosa, Vahl Fnum. i. 198 ; flowers pedicelled yellow, calyx-
segments ovate somewhat enlarged in fruit, corolla-spur nearly as long as
the lower lip, margin of the seeds entire inflexed scarcely winged. Blume
Bijd. 739 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 24; Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 175. IT.
australis, Br. Prodr. 430; A. DC. I. c. 6. U. fasciculata, Roxb. Fl'. Ind.
i. 143; Wall. Cat. 1499; A. DC. I.e. 7; Wight Ic. t. 1568. U. confervi-
folia, Don Prodr. 84 ; A. DC. I. c. 8. TJ. insequalis, Benj. in Linncea, xx.
304. TJ. Blumei, Mia. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 994. U. extens'a, Hance ; Walp.
Ann. iii. 3.
Throughout India ; in rice-swamps, tanks, and jheels, common. — Disteib. S.E.
Asia, Malaya, N. Australia.
Generally resembling TJ. stellaris, but rather larger in all its parts. Corolla
§— £ in. diam. Calyx-segments in fruit ovate, subacute, patent, hardly so long as the
capsule. Seeds as of TJ. stellaris, but rather larger ; margin thin, incurved towards
the concave face, described by some authors as winged, by others as wingless. — The
branches near the base of the peduncle are sometimes inflated, falsely whorled, bearing
reduced leaves, but are always much longer and less bract-like than those of TJ.
stellaris.
3. U. punctata, Wall. Cat. 2121 ; pedicels slender erect in fruit,
flowers blue, capsule thin much longer than the calyx, seeds discoid margin
thin sharply toothed. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 5; Wight Ic. t. 1570; Oliver in
Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 175.
Pegu and Tenassebim; from Eangoon, Wallich, to Mergui, Griffith, &c. —
Disteib. Borneo.
Leaves multipinuate, segments capillary, with bladders. Peduncles 6 in., 5-15-
fld., glabrous ; pedicels often §-§ in. Corolla \ in. diam., blue (Parish) ; spur
shorter than the lower lip. Capsule £ in., ovoid, obtuse. Seeds differing little from
TJ. stellaris, but the thin margin is patent or obscurely inflexed towards the concave
face, with numerous triangular teeth.
4. U. exoleta, Br. Prodr. 430 ; leaves very small bearing bladders,
peduncles slender 1-3-fld., flowers small yellow, capsule globose exceeding
the fruit-sepals, seeds discoid margin thin patent subentire. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 7. U. diantha, Poem. Sf Sch. Syst. i. Mant. 169; Wight Ic. t. 1569;
Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 175, not of A. DC. U. diflora, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 4. U. biflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 143, not of Lamk., nor of Wall. U.
Boxburghii, Spreng. Syst. i. 52. U. elegans, Wall. Cat. 1502. U. ptero-
sperma, Fdgew. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 352.
Throughout India, from the N.W. Himalaya and Assam to Ceylon, not common.
— Disteib. S.E. Asia, Malaya, N. Australia.
Leaves sometimes 2-3 in., multipinnate, segments capillary, often inconspicuous
or very slender, easily detached from the peduncle. Peduncle 1-4 in., minutely
bracteate near the middle. Corolla £ in. diam., spur slightly exceeding the lower lip.
Capsule \ in. diam., thin. Seeds subtrapezoidal, much depressed ; margin somewhat
330 cv. lentibularie2e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Utricularia.
inflexed towards the concave face, minutely crenulate.— This species, much confused
with species of other sections, is distinguishable by the globose (not compressed ovate)
capsule, distinctly exceeding the sepals. The capillary bladder-bearing leaves are
often absent in dried specimens ; and similar small leaves occur in vegetative states of
many of the so-called leafless species.
5. U. minor, Linn. ; Beichb. Ic Fl. Germ. 1. 1826, fig. 1 ; corolla yellow,
spur less than half as long as the lower corolla-lip, capsule globose as long
as the calyx. Lamk.Ill.t. 14, fig. 2 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 7; Oliver in
Journ. Linn. Son. iii. 176.
Alpine W. Himalaya; Nubra, alt. 11,000 ft., Thomson.— Disteib. Europe,
W. and Central Asia.
Stems often 4-12 in., leafy. Peduncles 3-9 in., 2-8-fld. ; usually minutely brac-
teate. Corolla ^ in. ; lower lip much longer than the upper. — There are examples
from the W. Himalaya and Alpine Sikkim, which may be referable to this species ;
but being flowerless, they are doubtful.
** Leaves at the base of the scape linear or spathulate, often evanescent
before flowering. Calyx-lobes equal or nearly so. Seeds smooth, testa
reticulate.
t Scales of the scape and bracts attached by their bases.
§ Flowers purple, blue, or whiteish.
6. U- albo-coerulea, Dalz. in Hook. Keio Journ. iii. 279 ; glabrous,
pedicels i in. recurved in fruit, lower lip of corolla ^ in. diam. azure, spur
\ in. narrow-conic, seeds short-ellipsoid obtuse at both ends. Oliver in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iii. 17.7; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 135.
Concan ; Stocks ; at Vingorla, Dalzell.
Scapes 4-8 in., erect, 3-8-fld., leafless at flower^time. Calyx-lobes ovate, in fruit
\ in., subacute. Lower lip of corolla suborbicular, slightly 4-lobed, upper \ in. ;
spur pendent, nearly straight. Seeds scrobiculate, i. e. exterior cells of the testa
oblong, subparallel to the longer diam. of the seed.
7. U. arcuata, Wight Lc. 1. 1571, fig. 1 ; glabrous, pedicels ^ in. recurved
in fruit, lower lip of corolla £ in. diam. blue-purple, spur £-£ in. linear
curved, seeds ellipsoid. Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 177 ; JDalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 136.
W. Deccan Peninsula, from Bombay to Mysore ; Law, Ritchie, &c.
Scapes 4-8 in., erect, 3-8-fld., leafless at flower-time or nearly so, sometimes
bearing bladders on the rudimentary leaves. Calyx-lobes ovate, in fruit \ in., subacute.
Lower lip of corolla suborbicular, scarcely lobed, upper \ in. ; spur pendent from the
base, then much curved forwards. Seeds scrobiculate, outer cells of the testa
elongate.
8. IT. affinis, Wight Ic. t. 1580, fig. 1 ; glabrous, pedicels short, lower
lip of corolla \— ^ in. ovate purple-blue, spur fc-^ in. narrow-conic straight,
seeds subglobose. Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 178. U. brachypoda,
Wight Ic. t. 1578, fig. L U. decipiens, Dalz. in Book. Kew Journ. iii. 279;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. FL 135.
W. Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan southward ; Wight, Law, &c.
Scapes 2-6 in., erect, 3-6-fld„ leafless at flower-time. Pedicels -^-j in., suberect
in fruit. Calyx-lobes ovate, entire ; in fruit | in. scarcely acute. Lower lip of corolla
obtuse, scarcely emarginate, upper shorter than the spur ; spur nearly at right angles
Utricular ia.] cv. lentibulariezE. (C. B. Clarke.) 331
to the axis of the flower, slightly curved forwards. Seeds reticulate, cells of the testa
subhexagonal not elongate.
Var. Griffithii, Oliver; rather larger, scapes sometimes a foot, pedicels stouter,
fruiting-calyx 5- in. or more. U. Griffithii, Wight Ic. t. 1576. U. coerulea, Benth.
Fl. Hongk. 256, not of Linn. — Malay Peninsula, from Mergui to Singapore; Griffith,
Murton, &c. — Distrib. Borneo, S. China.
9. U. coerulea, Linn. ; Oliver in Jburn. Linn. Soc. iii. 179, not of
A. DC; glabrous, pedicels £-£ in., lower lip of corolla £-£ in. blue-purple,
spur 3 in. narrow-conic curved, seeds ellipsoid. U. uliginoides, Wight Ic.
t. 1573. U. pedicellata, Wight Ic. t. 1578, fig. 2, exclud. seeds. ? U.
graminifolia, Vahl Mnum. i. 195 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 16, ? U. purpurascens,
Grah. Cat. PI. Bombay, 165.
Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; frequent.
Scape 2-8 in., suberect, 3-12-fld., leafless at flower- time. Pedicels suberect in
fruit. Calyx-lobes elliptic, acute, lower often minutely toothed ; in fruit \ in. very
acute. Lower lip of corolla ovate, subacute, upper £ in. ; spur at base projecting back-
wards nearly in a line with the axis of the flower, then curved forwards. Seeds
ellipsoid, outer cells of the testa oblong. — Wight's specimen of his U. pedicellata shows
flowers only, and the seeds figured in his Ic. t. 1578, fig. 2, must have been taken from
U. affinis. Thwaites (Enum. 171) unites U. affinis with U. coerulea, but the latter
has much acuter calyx-lobes, and different seeds. As to U. acuta (Benj. in Linn. xx.
314), doubtfully referred by Oliver to U. affinis, it is perhaps rather U. coerulea, as the
lower calyx-lobe is much oftener toothed in this species.
Vae. conferta ; spur bent nearly at its base, so that it is pendent almost at right
angles to the axis of the flower. U. conferta, Wight Ic. t. 1575. — Mts. of the S.
Deccan Peninsula, Wight.
Vae. squamosa ; scape with numerous scales (bracts to suppressed pedicels), flowers
few subterminal, corolla rather larger than U. coerulea type. U. squamosa, Wight Ic.
t. 1579. — Nilgherry Mts., Gardner; Sispara, Wight. The examples are not in
fruit.
Vae. Smithiana', scapes 1 foot sometimes twining, lower lip of corolla nearly \ in.,
spur \ in. U. Smithiana, Wight Ic. t. 1577. Utricularia sp. n. 27, Oliver in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iii. 190.— Malabar or Coorg ; Wight. This is referred by Oliver (Journ.
Linn. Soc. iii. 180) to U. coerulea, possibly correctly. Wight's Ic. t. 1577 however
shows the seeds reticulate not scrobiculate, i. e. the outer cells of the testa are sub-
hexagonal not oblong or elongate. If this is so, U. Smithiana is more nearly allied
to U. affinis, and is probably a distinct species. The figure can hardly be trusted on
such a point, and none of Wight's examples exhibits fruit.
10. U. reticulata, Smith PJxot. Pot. t. 119 ; glabrous, flowers pedicel-
late often numerous, calyx-lobes acute, in fruit ^ in. decurrent on the pedicel,
lower lip of corolla \ in. blue, spur \ in. narrowly conic nearly straight, seeds
obovoid scrobiculate. Wall. Cat. 1493 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 19 ; Wight III.
ii. t. 143; Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 180; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
135. U. uliginosa, Wight Ic. t.1574, right-hand plant only. U. gramini-
folia, Grah. Cat. PI. Bombay, 165, not of Spreng. U. oryzetorum, Miq. in
PI. Rohenaclc. n. hl^.—Rheede Sort. Mai. ix. t. 70.
W. Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan southwards, and Ceylon; frequent.
Scapes usually elongate, 10-24 in., slender, twining, flower-bearing for half their
length; small suberect, few-flowered forms (Wight lo. t. 1574, right-hand plant) are
slenderer than U. uliginosa, Vahl. Pedicels |-£ in. ; bracteoles filiform. Lower lip
of corolla broadly ovate, scarcely emarginate ; upper \ in. Seeds somewhat rhomboid,
hilum prominent ; cells of the testa oblong, oblique to the long axis of the seed.
Vae. uliginosa (Vahl Enum. i. 203) ; glabrous, flowers pedicelled often numerous,
calyx-lobes acute, in fruit \-% in. decurrent on the pedicel, lower lip of corolla J m.
blue, spur £-£ in. conic nearly straight, seeds oboroid scrobiculate. A. PC. Prodr.
332 cv. LENTiBULARiEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Utricularia.
viii. 15; Wight Ic. t. 1574, two left-hand plants. U. hurailis, Heyne; Wall. Cat.
1495 ; Wight Tc. t. 1572, not of Vahl. U. reticulata var. £, Oliver in Journ. Linn.
Soc. iii. 180 U. polygaloides, Edgew. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 351.— S. Deccan Penin-
sula and Ceylon, frequent. Bengal; Burdwan, Edgeworth. Scape 2-6 in., erect,
much thicker than in the starved examples of TJ. reticulata. Pedicels \ in. : brae*
teoles linear, less pointed than in TJ. reticulata. Seeds as of TJ. reticulata, hut smaller
and more finely scrobiculate.
11. XT. scandens, Benj. in Linncea, xx. 309, partly ; minute, twining,
glabrous, calyx-lobes in fruit £ in. obtuse, lower lip of corolla £-£ in. blue,
seeds minute obovoid laxly scrobiculate. Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii.
181. U. volubilis, Wight in Eerb. Propr.
Near Madras ; Madura Hills, Wight, Shuter.
Scapes 1-6 in., exceedingly slender, twining on TJ. Wallichiana & uliginosa.
Pedicels £ in., scattered. Seeds minute ; testa very lax, almost wrinkled, cells large
oblong.
Vab. capillacea ; scape most slender not twining, calyx-lobes in fruit ^ in. very
obtuse. U. capillacea, Wall. Cat. 6399; Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc iii. 184, not of
Serb. Wight. — Madras; Wight. TJ. capillacea, Wight Herb, is TJ. Wallichiana,
Wight Ic. t. 1572, fig. 1. The fragments in Waflich's Herbarium {1\ in. long)
of TJ. capillacea, Vahl, and which are said to have come from Wight's Herbarium,
appear to have had blue flowers. Wallich seems to. have affixed the name capillacea
on his own, not Wight's authority.
. 12. U. hirta, Klein ; Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 183 ; hairy, flowers
subsessile, lower lip of corolla \ in. blue, spur \ in. curved. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 25. U. setacea, Wall. Cat. 6398, partly.
Deccan Peninsula {Klein). ChotaNagpore; alt. 2000 ft., Clarice. Khasia
Mts. ; alt. 3-5000 ft., Griffith, E.f. $ T., &c.
Scapes 3-8 in., erect, slender, minutely densely villous. Calyx-lobes orbicular, in
fruit -j'fl in. Capsule ^ in., globose. Seeds minute, ovoid, obscurely scrobiculate. —
By the subsessile flowers and small globose capsules this seems allied to TJ. racemosa,
as Prof. Oliver states ; but the bracts not bein^r produced backwards below their point
of insertion, it must be placed here in the artificial arrangement adopted.
§§ Flowers yellow.
13. U. bifida, Linn. \ A. DC. Prodr. viii. 21 ; pedicels finally recurved,
calyx-lobes in fruit \ in. ovate obtuse, lower lip of corolla \ in., spur nearly
\ in. curved, seeds obovoid, testa lax scrobiculate. Oliver in Journ. Linn.
Soc. iii. 182 (exclud. syn. U. humilis). U. biflora, Wall. Cat. 1498, not of
Roxb. U. diantha, A. DC. I. c. 21, exclud. most syn. U. Wallichiana,
Benj. in Bot. Zeit. 1845, 213. U. brevicaulis, Benj. in Linncea, xx. 303.
Throughout India, from Nepal and Assam to Ceylon and Malacca. — Disteib.
E. Asia from Japan to Borneo and the Philippines.
Scapes 2-7 in., erect, glabrous, many-fid. Pedicels \ in. Seeds almost wrinkled
owing to the very lax testa ; cells of the testa oblong, oblique to the longer axis of the
seed.
14. U. Wallichiana, Wight Lc. t. 1572, fig. 1 ; stems very slender
often twining, pedicels 0-i in. suberect in fruit, calyx-lobes in fruit \ in.
ovate acute, lower lip of corolla 1 in., spur nearly as long, seeds ellipsoid scro-
biculate without papilhB or glochidia. Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 182.
U. scandens, Benj. in Linncea, xx. 309, in most part. TJ. macrolepis, Wight
Lc. t. 1580, fig. 2, exclud. seeds. TJ. capillacea, Thwaites JUnum. 171, not of
Oliver.
Hills of the S. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; Wight, Thwaites, &c.
Utricidaria.] cv. LENTiBULARiEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 333
In his Herbarium Wight has marked his n. 2709 one sheet U. Wallichii, the other
U. macrolepis ; of this the seeds exhibit none of the gloehidia shown in Wight's figure
of TJ. macrolepis, and insisted on in the accompanying description.
Y XR. firmula, Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 182; stems stouter erect.— Khasia
Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., common. Alpine Sikklm, alt. 9-11,000 ft. ; Lachen, J. D. H.
— The Sikkim examples are 1-2 in. high, but appear to be high-level forms of the
Khasian plant.
ff Scales of the scape and bracts produced backwards below their point
of insertion.
15. U. verticillata, Benj. in Linncea, xx. 312 ; glabrous, scapes often
branched, pedicels (many of them) as long as the fruit-calyx, lower lip of
corolla £ in. Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 184. U. bifida, Wight Ic.
t. 1584, fig. 2, not of Linn.
Malacca, Griffith.
Scapes 6-10 in. Pedicels \ in. Calyx-lobes in fruit T'2 in., ovate, obtuse. Cap-
sule T'n in., globose. Seeds minute, cells of the testa subhexagonal rather than
oblong.
16. IT. rosea, Edgew. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 352 ; flowers subsessile,
lower lip of corolla nearly % in. exceeding the obtuse spur. Oliver in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iii. 184.
Bengal ? Fdgeworth. Ceylon ; Gardner.
The plant here diagnosed is Gardner's n. 507, which is the type of U. rosea, Oliver.
Whether any such plant was ever found in Bengal is doubtful, there being no type of
Edgeworth's to refer to. Oliver quotes for this species U. racemosa, Wight Ic. t. 1584,
fig. 1, which looks more like TJ. racemosa, Wall., with the flower drawn a little large;
the seeds are like none of this set, in all of which they are minute with large obscurely-
marked scrobiculations. According to Thwaites (JEnum. 172), TJ. rosea, racemosa
and filicaulis are forms of one species.
17. TJ. racemosa, Wall. Cat. 1496; glabrous, scapes 6-16 in. some-
times branched, flowers subsessile numerous blue lower distant uppermost
often subcapitate, lower lip of corolla £ in. hardly as long as the subacute
spur. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 21 ; Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 186. U.
complanata, Wall. Cat. 1497. U. ccerulea, A. DC. 1. c. 19; Wight Ic.
t. 1583, not of Linn.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., common. Chota Nagpobe ; Clarke. Deccan
Peninsula and Ceylon ; Wight, &c. Pegu ; Kurz. — Distbib. Cambodia,
China.
Flowers often subfasciculate on the spike. Calyx-lobes orbicular in fruit, ^-^ in.,
obtuse. Lower lip of corolla blue or whiteish, obscurely 4-lobed. Capsule ^ in.,
globose. Seeds minute, obscurely coarsely scrobiculate.
Vab. filicaulis ; stem slender with fewer scattered flowers. U. filicaulis, Wall.
Cat. 1501 ; A. DC. I. c. 21; Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 186. U. nivea, VeM
Fnum. i. 203 ; Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf WallX 144; Wight Ic. 1. 1582;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 135. U. setacea, Wall. Cat. 6398, partly. U. campestris,
Miq. in PI. Hohenach. n. 596. — From Nepal and the Khasia Mts. to Ceylon and
Tenasserim (S.E. Asia and Malaya to Hongkong and Borneo).
*** Leaves at the base of the scape orbicular or reniform, persistent.
Calyx-lobes very unequal. Seeds glochidiate (or in TJ. kumaunensis
comose).
18. U. brachiata, Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 187 ; scape slender
1-2-fid., leaves reniform slenderly petioled, lower lip of corolla £-3 ia-
5-lobed, spur ^ in. linear-cylindric obtuse.
334 cv. lenttbularie^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Utricularia.
Alpine Sikkim, alt. 8-11,000 ft., J. D. B.
Scapes 2-3 in. Leaves £ in. diam. ; petiole ^ in., linear. Pedicels | in. ; bracts
minute, ovate. Calyx, upper segment -^ in., ovate, purple. Corolla white, yellow-
spotted. Seeds not seen.
10. U. orbiculata, Wall. Cat. 1500; scape slender 1-5-fld., leaves
petioled orbicular, lower lip of corolla \ in. 5-lobed yellowish, spur \ in.
linear acute, seeds obovoid glochidiate. A. DC. Prodr.viii. 18] Oliver in
Journ. Linn, Soc. iii. 187; Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 136. U. pusilla, Grah.
Cat. PI. Bomb. 165. U. glochidiata, Wight Ic. t. 1581.
Almost throughout India in the hills: Himalaya Mts., alt. 3-8000 ft., from Nepal
to Bhotan, common ; Khasia Hills frequent ; W. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ;
Tenasserim to Malacca. — Distrib. Malaya, S. China.
Scapes 2-5 in., slender. Leaves^ in. diam. ; petiole \ in. Pedicels \ in. Lower
lip of corolla broader than long, with 5 subequal obtuse short lobes (more unequal in
an example of Parish from Moulmein) ; pinkish or whiteish, but the spots or tinge of
yellow usually prevailing.
20. IT. multicaulis, Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 188; scape
1-3-fld., leaves petioled spathulate-orbicular, lower lip of corolla £ in. 3-4-
(sometimes 6-) lobed, spur T>5 in. linear-cylindric obtuse.
Alpine Sikkim ; Lachen, alt. 10-11,000 ft. ; Lachoong, alt. 6-7000 ft., J. D. S.
Tufted ; scapes 1-2 in. crowded stouter than those of U. orbicidata. Pedicels
O-3 in. Flowers pale-flesh colour, throat yellow. Seeds not seen. — Allied to U.
orbiculata, from which it differs at first sight by the much smaller flowers.
21. U. furcellata, Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 189; scape 2-6-fld.,
leaves petioled spathulate-orbicular, lower lip of corolla £-£ in. 4-lobed
purplish, spur ^-3 in. linear curved.
Sikkim Himalaya; at Darjeeling, alt. 7-9000 ft., frequent {Serb. Griffith,
&c).
Scape 2-3 in., slender, resembling that of U. orbiculata. Lower lip of corolla
narrower than broad, purple pink or white, not distinctly yellow. Seeds obovoid,
glochidiate, as of U. orbiculata. — Known in the field from U. orbiculata by the
smaller, less yellow, flowers.
Var. minor; scapes §-1 in. very slender 1-3-fld. — Temp. Sikkim; Lachen,
J. D. PL. Khasia Mts., Boga Pani, J. D. PC. These examples were the type of Z7.
furcellata, Oliver ; the plentiful arrival of subsequent material -shows the " larger
Darjeeling form" referred to by Oliver to be the fairly developed state of the
species.
22. U. kumaonensis, Oliver in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 189; scape
slender 1-3-fld., leaves petioled spathulate-orbicular, lower lip of corolla
£-£ in. 5-lobed, spur £ in. narrowly cylindric, seeds with a tuft of hairs at each
end. Diurospermum album, Edgeto. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 351.
Temperate W. Himalaya; Kumaon, alt. 7500 ft., near the river Pilti, Strach.
8{ Winterb.
Resembling altogether U. furcellata ; but the lower lip of the corolla is 5-lobed,
the spur shorter. The young seeds are ellipsoid, smooth, scabrous-papillose at each
end ; the ripe seeds have at their end tufts of capillary hairs as long as the seed.
TMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.
1. U. MINUTISSIMA, Vahl JEnum. i. 204 ; scape 2-3 in. capillary, bracts basifixed,
flowers blue subsessile, calyx-lobes subobtuse. DC. Prodr. viii. 16; Oliver in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iii. 190. — Malacca (Koenig). The basifixed scales will not do for Z7. racemosa,
Utricularia.] cv. lentibularie2ei. (C. B. Clarke.) 335
nor the blue flowers for TJ. bifida ; and there is no other known Malacca species that
will at all suit.
2. U. POVEOLATA, Bdgew. in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 351 ; scape twining leafless
2-6-fld., bracts transfixed, calyx-lobes ovate acute, corolla purple, seeds glistening
punctate. — Bengal ; Edgeworth. Near TJ. uliqinom (ex Edgew.), but from the
description of the seeds perhaps rather allied to TJ. affinis.
3. U. alata, Benj. in Bot. Zeit. 1845, 212; leafless, scape 1-2 in. 2-3-flrl., scales
basifixed, calyx-lobes ovate equal subacute decurrent on the pedicel, corolla longer
than the calyx, spur conic acute longer than the calyx. — " India " (Benjamin).
Neither the shape of the corolla-lip, its colour, nor any account of the seeds is
supplied.
4. U. squamosa, Benj. in Bot. Zeit. 1845, 212 ; leafless, scape 3 in. 3-fld., scales
attached by their middle, flowers subsessile, calyx-lobes equal orbicular-ovate obtuse.
— Nepal (Benjamin). Benjamin's description fits very well the common TJ. racemosa.
This species however must have been so well known to Benjamin that he would hardly
publish it again under a new name ; hence Oliver records TJ. squamosa as an indeter-
minate species.
5. IT. pattcipolia, Benj. in Linnaia. xv. 309 ; leaves T' -\ in. oblong obtuse,
petiole ^ in., scape 4 in., pedicels exceedingly short, calyx-lobes \ in. equal obtuse. —
India (Benjamin). Supposed by Oliver to be near TJ. racemosa.
6. U. obtusiloba, Benj. in Linncea, xx. 312; leaves £ in. ovate obtuse, petiole
£ in., scapes 3-20 in., scales fixed by their middle, calyx-lobes round obtuse. — Ceylon,
Nepal, China (Benjamin). Also supposed by Oliver to be near TJ. racemosa.
7. U. albiploea, Griff. Notul. iv. 168 ; leafless, scapes simple filiform, pedicels
bracteolate at the base, corolla white, lower lip yellow-spotted, spur acutely conic a
little longer than the lower lip. — Mergui ; Griffith.
8. U. lilacina, Griff. Notul. iv. 168 ; leafless, raceme few-fld., fruit-pedicels
erect, calyx-lobes equal acute, corolla lilac-blue, lower lip with a yellow spot, spur
conic-subulate as long as the lower lip. — Mergui ; Griffith.
9. U. capillaPvIS, Bon Prodr. 85; leafless, scape 3-4 in. capillary few-fld., lower
calyx-lobe (?) ovate acute longer, corolla blue, spur conic. DC. Prodr. viii. 90. —
Nepal (B. Bon).
10/ U. e amos A, Vahl JEnum. i. 204 ; leafless, scape few-fld., flowers small, spur
conic short, fruit-pedicels recurved. DC. Prodr. viii. 25.— Deccan Peninsula
(Koenig). Doubtfully referred by Oliver to TJ.fiexuosa; it appears as likely to be
TJ. coerulea or one of that section.
TJ. ambigua is recorded as Indian by DC. (Prodr. viii. 9) on the faith of a wrong
field determination of a specimen by Wallich .
II. PINGUICULA, Linn.
Herbs. Leaves radical, rosulate, entire. Scapes erect, 1-fld., leafless,
ebracteate. Calyx 4-5-lobed, more or less 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped,
spurred, purple or yellow. Anthers ovate, sub-1-celled. Style short,
stigma very unequally 2-lobed. Seeds ellipsoid. — Species 15, all extra-
tropical.
P. alpina, Linn.-, Reichb. Lconogr. t. 81, fig. 166; leaves subsessile
elliptic sparsely hairy on the upper surface, corolla white yellow-spotted,
spur hardly i as long as the corolla. DC. Prodr. viii. 31 ; Oliver in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iii. 190. U. flavescens, Flbrke, and brachyloba, Ledeb. ; Reichb.
Lnconogr. t. 81, fig. 168, 187.
Alpine Himalaya, alt. 11-13,000 ft.; Kumaon, Strach. <f- Winterb., T.
336 cv. LENTiBULARiEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Pinguicula.
Anderson; Sikkim, J. D. H.— Distrib. N. and Alpine Europe; N. and Central
Asia.
Leaves 1± by § in. Scapes 2-6 in., glabrous. Corolla ^-§ in. Capsule \ in.,
ellipsoid, 2-valved. Seeds elongate ellipsoid, testa smooth, cells oblong.
Order CVI. GESNERACEiE. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite alternate or solitary, undivided'
entire or toothed; stipules 0. Peduncles axillary or terminal, rarely
1-fld., bracteate ; bracteoles usually small. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely
regular. Calyx-segments 5, valvate or open in the bud (imbricate in
Monophyllcsa). Corolla gamopetalous ; tube long or short ; segments
usually 5, imbricate in the bud. Stamens on the corolla-tube mostly didy-
namous, of ten 2 only fertile, rarely 5 fertile ; anthers 2-celled, often early
confluent 1-celled. Disc annular or shortly cylindric or 0, sometimes
unilateral. Ovary 1-celled or sub-2-celled ; style linear, stigma small
capitate or 2-lobed ; placentas parietal, bifid ; ovules very many, anatropal.
Fruit capsular or berried, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds very many,
minute, fusiform or ovoid, smooth ; testa reticulate, often striate, albumen 0
or scanty ; embryo straight. — Species 800, mostly in S.E. Asia, Polynesia
and Tropical America.
The Ordinal character above given is narrowed to the Old World species of the
Order, which all belong to the Suborder Cyrtatidrece. The Eugesnerea of the New
World have the ovary more or less inferior. The leaf when solitary on the plant is
sometimes a highly developed cotyledon.
Subtribe 1. Trichospore^e. Seeds tipped with a very long hair. Capsule
long-linear, loculicidally 2-valved ; placentae bifid, recurved, enrolled, covering
the seeds, not seed-bearing on their axial faces.
Leaves subentire, fleshy. Stamens 4 perfect, exserted . . 1. jEschynanthus.
Leaves subcoriaceous. Stamens 2 perfect included ... 2. Lysionottjs.
Leaves membranous, hairy. Stamens 4 perfect included . 3. Loxostjgma.
Subtribe 2. Didymocarpe^e. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved, often ulti-
mately 4-valved ; placentae deeply intruded nearly meeting, not seed-bearing
on their inner faces (except in ****). Seeds without hairs.
* Capsule linear or elongate-lanceolate, valves 2 straight not {or very
late) 4-valved, in Didymoc&rpviS frequently subfollicular.
Stigma oblique, emarginate. Stamens 2 perfect .... 4. Didymocabpus.
Stigma ultimately shortly bifid. Stamens 2 perfect ... 6. Chirita.
Leaves several. Stamens 4 perfect 5. Didissandra.
A 1-leaved herb. Stamens 4 perfect 7. Plattstemma.
** Capsule narrowly lanceolate, valves 2 straight soon again bipartite
{capsule usually subequally 4-valved).
A low herb. Leaves opposite. Stamens 4 perfect ... 8. Championia.
Undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Stamens 4 perfect ... 9. Boeica.
Flowers capitate. Corolla silky without. Stamens 2 perfect 10. Tetraphyllum.
Cyme lax, few-flowered. Calyx 3-sepalous. Stamens 2 perfect 11. Teisepalum.
*** Capsule linear or elongate-lanceolate, valves {even before dehiscence)
spirally twisted.
Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, sub-3-sepalous 12. Phyllob^a.
jEschynanthus.] cvi. gesnerace^i. (C. B. Clarke.) 337
Corolla-lobes 5, subsimilar, round 13. Bcea.
Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip larger reflexed 14. Ornithobcea.
**** Capsule ellipsoid or ovoid, hardly exceeding the calyx, placenta
bearing seeds on all sides.
Caulescent. Stamens 4 perfect 15. Klt/gia.
Caulescent. Stamens 2 perfect 16. Rhynchoglossum.
Scapose. Stamens 4 perfect 17. Jebdonta.
( Subtribe 3. Leptobce^e. Capsule septicidally 2-valved. Seeds without
hairs.
Twiggy. Cyme-brancbes capillary 18. Leptoboza.
Subtribe 4. Epitheme^e. Capsule circumsciss. Seeds without hairs.
A succulent herb. Flowers subcapitate 19. Epithema.
Subtribe 5.1 Eucybtandre^e. Berry indehiscent, succulent or mem-
branous, breaking up irregularly, in Cyrtandromcea sometimes loculicidally
2-valved. Seeds without hairs.
Leaf solitary. Flowers racemose. Sepals imbricate. Stamens
4 perfect 20. Monophyll.e:a.
Calyx urceolate, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 4 perfect . . 21. Cybtandeomcea.
Calyx plicate. Anthers cruciate. Stamens 4 perfect . . 22. Staurantheea.,
Undershrubs. Leaves all alternate. Stamens 4 perfect . . 23. Isanthera.
Undersbrubs. Uppermost leaves opposite. Stamens 4 perfect. 24. Rhynchotechtjm.
Undershrubs. Corolla tubular. Stamens 2 perfect . . . 25. Cyrtandra.
I. JESCHVNANTHUS, Jack.
Epiphytic undershrubs. Leaves opposite, equal, fleshy or leathery,
entire rarely obscurely toothed; nerves obscure. Peduncles terminal or
axillary, 1- or 2-fld., rarely cymose, solitary or clustered; bracts ovate,
usually small, sometimes large coloured, deciduous. Calyx truncate, 5-fid,
or 5-partite. Corolla tubular- ventricose, rarely small or greenish; limb
2-lipped. Stamens 4 perfect, didynamous ; anthers oblong, equalling the
corolla or much exserted, usually coherent in pairs by the tips ; rudimentary
fifth rarely present. Disc annular. Ovary superior, stipitate, oblong or
linear ; stigma peltate ; placentae deeply inflexed, then recurved bearing
the ovules. Capsule long-linear, loculicidally 2-valved ; valves placenti-
ferous. Seeds very many, small, sessile, pendulous, oblong, rugose, with
one or more hairs at the end next the hilum, and one at the apex. — Species
52, Indian and Malayan, extending from Kumaon and Ceylon to Hongkong
and the Philippines.
JSschynanthus, Jack, was published Jan., 1823; but Trichosporum, D. Don,
being published July, 1822, has the right of priority ; JEschynanthns, however,
having been accepted for half a century, it would not be expedient to relinquish it.
Sect. 1. Politrichium. Seeds with many hairs near the hilum, and
one hair at the apex.
1. JE. long-icaulis, Wall. Cat. 888; glabrous, leaves lanceolate
obscurely falcate, sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate. Br. in PI. Jav. Bar.
116; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 262.
Tenasserim; Chappedong, Wallich ; Mergui, Griffith', Moulmein, Parish (7c.
Ined. Kew).
VOL. IV. z
338 cvi. gesnerace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [^Eschynanthus.
Stem long, branched, terete. Leaves 3| by § in., base cuneate or rhomboid,
fleshy, midrib slender, nerves obscure ; petiole | in. Pedicels lateral and terminal,
1-3 together, ^-^. in. Sepals free, ^ by 3's in. Corolla § in., glabrous without.
Filaments much exserted, glandular-hairy. Capsule 8 by £ in. Seed ^ in., oblong,
rough ; hilar hairs 30-40, \ in. long.
Sect. 2. Diplotrichium. Seeds with two hairs near the hilum, one at
the apex. — Seeds in n. 2 unknown, in nn. 3, 7 require verification : nn. 4,
5, 6 are perhaps but one species.
2. IE. fuls ens. Wall. Cat. 797 ; leaves narrowly lanceolate succulent,
pedicels terminal clustered, calyx h in. nearly glabrous, corolla 2 in. pubes-
cent without. Br. in PL Jav. Bar. 115; DC. Prodr. ix. 261 ; Bot. Mag.
t. 4891.
Tavot; Wallich.
Glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches very thick. Leaves 5 by 1 in., acute ;
petiole g-^ in., very thick. Pedicels ^ in., nearly glabrous. Calyx narrowly tubular;
teeth T^-g- in., triangular. Corolla narrow tubular-funnel-shaped, scarlet, mouth
orange purple-marked. Filaments far exserted, nearly glabrous. Seeds unknown. —
Brown assumed the seed to har° but one hair at the hilar end, and placed this
species (doubtfully) in sect. Holocalyx, which the inflorescence and stout stem do
not suit.
3. IB. Hookeri, Clarke ; glabrous except the corolla, leaves lanceolate,
pedicels terminal umbelled, calyx tubular scarlet very shortly obtusely lobed.
M. parasitica, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 49, not of Wall. — iEschy-
nanthus sp. n. 14, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Sikkim Himalaya ; alt. 4-6000 ft., J. L>. H., Clarice.
Stem branched, terete. Leaves 3^ by 1 in., acuminate, base cuneate, fleshy, mid-
rib beneath broad, nerves obscure ; petiole ^ in. Pedicels 3-8, 3— £ in. ; bracts | in.,
narrowly oblong ; branch after flowering often growing on through the umbel.
Calyx-tube nearly 5 in., teeth £-£ in. Corolla more than 1 in., curved, hairy with-
out, orange-red, the lobes orange black-spotted. Filaments far exserted, glandular-
hairy ; anthers ^ in., narrowly oblong. Ovary glabrous ; style glandular-hairy.
Capsule and seeds not now at hand ; but the species seems very near JE. grandijlora,
and (it is believed) was ascertained to belong to sect. Diplotrichium.
4. 2E. g-randiflora, Spreng. Syst. iv. 238 ; glabrous except the corolla,
leaves lanceolate, pedicels clustered, calyx ^ in. lobes shorter than the tube,
corolla 1^ in. inflated upwards. DC. Prodr. ix. 261; Bot. Mag. t. 3843;
Paxt. Mag. v. 241, with Jig. iE. parasitica, Wall. Cat. 796, partly. iEschy-
nanthus sp., Griff". Bin. Notes, 28, n. 427, and Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 441 {not
descr. oft. 441 in Griff. Notul. iv. 156). Incarvillea parasitica, Roxb. Cor.
PI. iii. 88, t. 291, and Fl. Ind. iii. 112. Trichosporum grandiflorum, Don
Prodr. 125.
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3500 ft. ; Wallich, Griffith, H.f. 8c T.
Stem terete, branched. Leaves 4 by 1 in., narrowed at both ends, often sinuate ;
petiole \-\ in. Pedicels £-$ in., terminal; more rarely on spurs, quasi-axillary.
Calyx herbaceous; lobes variable, sometimes very short obtuse as in Roxburgh's type,
sometimes lanceolate acute as long as the tube. Corolla red, lobes orange marked
with black-purple, mouth subcontracted. Filaments far exserted, glandular-hairy ;
anthers -jL in., shortly oblong. Capsule 6 by \ in.
Vab. parasitica, Wall. Cat. 79tf, chiefly ; leaves narrower, calyx and corolla rather
smaller, calvx-lobes acutely lanceolate slightly longer than the tube. Br. in PL
Jav. Ear. 2, p. 115 ; Lindl. Bot. Beg. 1841, t. 49 ; Maund. Bot. iv. t. 167.— Khasia
Mts.; Wallich. Whether Wallich's JE. parasitica was Roxburgh's Incarvillea
parasitica has been long disputed. The type sheet of Wall. Cat. 796 has three
^Eschynanthus.] cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 339
branches on it, whereof one is Roxburgh's plant, the second is that here called Wal-
lich's var. parasitica, the third is the remote JE. micrantha. The distributed sheets of
Wall. Cat. 766 contain these three plants mixed in varying proportions.
5. IB. ramosissima, Wall. Cat. 799, and PI. As. Bar. i. 55, t. 71 ;
glabrous except the corolla, leaves broadly lanceolate, pedicels clustered,
calyx ^ in. lobes lanceolate longer than the tube, corolla 1 in. scarcely con-
tracted at the mouth. DC. Prodr. ix. 260 ; Paxt. Mag. vi. 195, with fiq. ;
Wight III. t. 159 b, fig. 11, many-haired seed excl.; Griff. Ic. PL Ind. Or.
t. 443, fig. 5 ; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 50. M. parviflora, G. Don Gen.
St/st. iv. 656 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 261. Trichosporum parviflorum, Don Prodr.
125.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Kumaon, Strachey Sf Winterbottom ;
Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, J. D. R.
Leaves 4 by If in. Sepals sometimes nearly free, narrowly lanceolate, sometimes
united half-way. — Scarcely separable from JE. grandifiora var. parasitica, but has
broader leaves, and comes from a different area.
6. IE. maculata, Lindl'.Bot. Beg. 1841, t. 28; glabrous except the
corolla, leaves lanceolate, pedicels clustered, calyx i in. lobes lanceolate acute,
corolla £ in. narrow. DC. Prodr. ix. 261. M. parasitica, Wall. Cat. 7^6,
partly. — iEschynanthus sp. n. 15, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
TempeTrate Himalaya, alt. 2-7000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan, frequent ; Lachoong
Valley, alt, 8000 ft., J". D. R.
Leaves 4 by \\ in. Pedicels often numerous, sometimes $ in., sometimes capitate.
Calyx (in the typical plant) deeply divided, tube wide subcampanulate, lobes lanceo-
latei ; in R.f. Sf T. n. 15, calyx-tube narrow-cylindric teeth sublinear as long as the
tube. Anthers (in the typical plant) farexserted; in all the numerous examples of
R.f. Sf T. very shortly exserted. — Hardly distinguishable from M. ramosissima, but
by the small calyx.
Var. stenophylla ; leaves linear, calyx £-| in. deeply divided, often pubescent,
lobes linear-subulate. iEschynanthus sp. n. 18, Rerb. Ind. Or. R. f. Sf T. —
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4X300 ft., frequent; R.f. Sf T., &c. Chittagong, alt. 0-1000 ft.,
R.fSfT.
7. JE. G-riffithii, Br. in PI. Jav. Bar. 115 ; glabrous, leaves lanceo-
late, sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate, corolla § in. glabrous without. DC.
Prodr. ix. 261. M. radicans, Wall. Cat. 798 partly, not of Jack.— Machy-
nanthi sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 156, as to descr. oft. 441 ? ; certainly not Griff.
Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 441.
India (probably Mergui), Griffith ; Tavoy, Wallich.
Stem somewhat slender, elongate, branching, rooting at the nodes, terete. Leaves
3 by | in., acuminate, base cuneate, fleshy, midrib beneath scarcely dilated; petiole
£ in. Pedicels 1-2 together, terminal and axillary, \ in. Calyx divided nearly to
the base ; lobes § by £ in. Corolla somewhat curved ; lobes £-£ in., rounded black
purple- marked. Filaments far exserted, minutely glandular-hairy. Seeds not seen.—
Examples imperfect; the species is certainly distinct if, as Brown says, gemma
extremitate superiore ditricha;" but it exceedingly resembles M. longicaulis, Wall.,
from the same place.
Sect. 3. Kaplotrichium. Seeds with one hair not dilated at its base
near the hilum, and one at the apex. Calyx deeply divided.
* Calyx-lobes small, lanceolate, acute, or linear.
8 2E. Perrottetii, A: DC. Prodr. ix. 261, not of Wight nor of Gardn. ;
z 2
340 cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) \_AZscliynanthus.
glabrous except the corolla, leaves lanceolate base rhomboid or rounded,
umbels 2-6-fld., corolla 1£ in. Jerdon Ic. Lied., Kew.
Bombay (probably in the Ghats of Malabar) ; Dalzell, Stocks. Nilgheeey Mts. ;
Clarke.
Branches not or scarcely compressed. Leaves 3 by § in., acuminate, subcoriaceous ;
petiole £-$ in. Pedicels -^-J in. Sepals £ in., linear. Corolla elongate, narrow,
pubescent or subglabrate without, scarlet purple-marked in the lobes. Filaments
exserted, minutely glandular-hairy. Capsule 5 in.
Vae. malabarica ; leaves attenuate at the base, sepals £-£ in. — Mts. of W. Deccan
Peninsula, from Panoar Ghaut near Bombay to Courtallum, frequent.
Vae. JE. platyculmis ; branchlets much flattened, leaves dense bifarious broad-
lanceolate or elliptic, corolla 1^ in. JE. ceylanica, Wight Ic. 1. 1347, not of Gardn. —
Madras ; Courtallum, Wight ; Nilghiri and Kurg Mts., G. Thomson. Bombay (pro-
bably in the W. Ghauts), Stocks. Branchlets with subacute edges, probably closely
applied to the branches of trees. Leaves 2% by 1 in., acute [at both ends ; petiole
^ in., nearly £ in. broad. Flowers and capsules nearly as in C. Perrottetii.
9. IE. ceylanica, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 474 ; glabrous
except the corolla, leaves narrowly lanceolate, umbels usually 2-fld., corolla
1 in., capsule 5 in. Thwaites JEnum. 206, excl. syn.
Ceylon ; Gardner, Thwaites (C. P. n. 1782, &c).
Branches not or scarcely compressed. Leaves scattered, 3£ by \ in. (in Gardner's
example sometimes wider) ; petiole £ in. Pedicels- very generally 2 terminal, 2-4 in
Gardner's example. Sepals \ in., linear. Corolla pubescent or subglabrous. — Differs
from M. Perrottetii by the considerably shorter corolla.
Vae. pinguis ; leaves smaller succulent thick often obtuse, corolla glabrous with-
out, capsule 2-5 in. M. Perrottetii, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 475, not
A. DC— Ceylon ; Wight, Walker. Nilghiri Mts. ; near Pycarah, Wight.
10. IE. micrantha, Clarice ; glabrous except the flowers, leaves elliptic
or oblong, pedicels 1-5 together, sepals £- \ in. linear pubescent, corolla f in.
narrow. M. parviflora, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 47, not of G. Don.
M. parasitica, Wall. Cat. 796, partly.
Stjbteopical Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft. ; J. D. H., &c. Assam ; Wallich, Griffith.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft. ; Churra, H.f. Sf T, &c.
Branches somewhat slender, elongate, often rooting, divided, glabrous, not com-
pressed. Leaves 2£ by 1 in., sometimes smaller, shortly acuminate, base cuneate,
coriaceous ; petiole £ in. Pedicels ^-J in., terminal, and on lateral spurs, glabrous or
early glabrate. Sepals laxly sparsely villous, ultimately glabrate. Corolla red,
mouth .orange, lobes purple-marked. Filaments far exserted, minutely glandular-
hairy. Capsule 6 in. — Much resembles 2E. maculata, and confused with it, but the
seeds are altogether different ; in the absence of seeds, JE. micrantha may generally
be recognized by the creeping rooting branches and smaller leaves.
11. IE. gracilis, Parish ; Clarice Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 48, lower fig. ;
branches slender, leaves small broad-lanceolate hairy, flowers scattered
subsolitary, corolla 1 in. mouth very oblique. iEschynanthus sp. n 13
Serb. Ind. Or. H. f. Sf T.— Cyrtandracea, Griff. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 429,
fig. 1, and Notul. iv. 160.
• Stjbteopical E. Himalaya, alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent; Siklnm and Bhotan,
J. D. H, &c. Assam ; Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft., H.f. Sf T. Cachae;
Keenan Buema ; Mouhnein, Parish ; Mergui, Griffith. — Disteib. Ava.
Branches elongate, rooting, fulvous or reddish with spreading hairs. Leaves \ bv
I in., base cuneate or rounded; petiole T^ in. Pedicels A-| in., solitary, rarely-
paired, pilose. Sepals £ in., linear, somewhat villous. Corolla villous without, scar-
let, mouth orange black-marked, deeply 2-lipped, segments of lower lip with reflexed
margins. Filaments shortly exserted, minutely glandular-hairy. Capsule 2-3 in.
jEschijnanthus.'] cvi. gesnerace2e. (C. B. Clarke.) 341
12. JE. chiritoides, Clarice; branches slender, leaves opposite and
ternate small broad-lanceolate hairy, flowers 1-3 together terminal, corolla
1\ in. straight, lobes short subeqnal.
Bhotan ; Nuttall. Assam ; Griffith. ? Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft., H.f. ^ T.
Stems and leaves closely resembling those of J£. gracilis, but the , leaves are not
rarely ternate. Pedicels ,L-| in., villous. Sepals £4 in., linear, villous. Corolla
narrow-tubular below, suddenly expanding into a tubular upper portion £ in diam.,
minutely pilose; lobes \ in., round-ovate, black-marked. Filaments included,
glabrous. Ovary villous.— A most remarkable species, the corolla, both in shape and
texture, resembling a Chirita. The example of'H. f. & T. shows leaves only, so that it
cannot be confidently referred anywhere.
13. 2E. levipes, Clarke ; branches very slender, leaves small opposite
and ternate, narrow-lanceolate hairy, flowers solitary terminal, pedicels
smooth, corolla 1^ in.
Upper Assam ; Mishmee, on Mt. Laim-planj, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3815).
Somewhat densely clothed with white or greyish hair on every part except the
pedicels. Branches elongate, sparingly rooting. Leaves \ by ^in., subsessile. Pedi-
cels ^ in., glabrous even when young. Sepals \ in., linear, flat, thinly herbaceous,
sparsely villous. Corolla (imperfectly preserved) appears nearly as of Jt. chiritoides,
but narrower.
14. IE. Blannii, Kurz ms. ; branches somewhat thick pubescent up-
wards, leaves small elliptic early glabrate, pedicels axillary subsolitary,
corolla f in. narrow, mouth subequal. — Cyrtandracea, Griff. Ic.Pl. Ind. Or.
t. 429, fig. 2, and Notul. iv. 159.
Khasia Mts.; Mann. S.E. Assam; Patkoye Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib.
n. 3816).
Stem short ; branches several, 2-10 in., undivided, terete, soon glabrate. Leaves
densely approximated, 1\ by \ in., subobtuse at both ends, coriaceous, young hairy,
mature dotted; midrib prominent beneath; petiole ^ in. Pedicels 0-4, in., villous.
Sepals \ in., villous. Corolla narrowly tubular-funnel-shaped, curved upwards,
pubescent without; lobes ^-i in. diam., roundish, black-marked. Filaments far ex-
serted, glandular-hairy. — Allied to ^E. Andersoni (Clarke Coinra. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 48,
upper fig.), which has hairy leaves attenuated to the petiole : as to the inflorescence,
the pedicels of M. Mannii are often approximated towards the ends of the branches,
but they are shorter than those of M. Andersoni.
15. IE. DXasoniae, Kurz. ms. ; branches somewhat thick pubescent
upwards, leaves small elliptic base rounded glabrous, pedicels axillary sub-
solitary, corolla £ in. slender, mouth narrow subequal.
Pegu ; hills of the Red Karens, Mrs. Mason.
Branches several, 5-10 in., undivided, terete, early glabrate. Leaves (in the soli-
tary example) subsessile, ternate, f-1 by \ in., cuneate, widest near the base; midrib
prominent beneath. Corolla pubescent without; mouth scarcely \ in. diam. —
Very nearly allied to M. Mannii ; the shape of the leaves is different, and the corolla
considerably smaller.
** Calyx-lobes wide, obtuse, or large {bracts prominent).
16. JE, acuminata, Wall. Cat. 6397 ; glabrous, leaves largeish elliptic
acuminate, peduncles subfasciculate 1- or few-fld., calyx deeply divided,
lobes '5 in. round, corolla £ in. yellow-green. A. DC. Prodr. ix. 263 ; Clarke
Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 45. M. bracteata, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 258, not of
Wall. M. chinensis, Gard. Sf Champ, in Hook. Kew Journ. 1. (1849), 328.
—Cyrtandracea, Griff. Bin. Notes, 78, n. 1151.
342 cvi. GESXERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [JEschynarrtltus.
Subtropical Eastern Himalaya, alt. 1-3000 ft.; Sikkim, Bhotan and Upper
Assam, frequent, LZ. f. Sf T., &c. Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 500-3000 ft.
Wallich, &e. Cachar ; Keenan. — Distrib. Hongkong.
Branches long, divided, terete. , Leaves 3|-4 by 1£ in., acuminate, base cuneate
petiole £ in. Peduncles 3-7 together, approximate or clustered towards the ends of
the branches, £-lj in., 1-4 fld. ; bracteoles at the forks 2, \ in. diam., broadly ovate
pedicels § in. Calyx wide at the base, green ; lobes persistent, ultimately reflexed
Corolla wide-tubular, straight ; upper lip erect, green ; lower pendent, yellow, some
times reddish on tbe margin without. Filaments far exserted, minutely glandular
hairy. Capsule 6 in. — The Hongkong plant has narrower leaves than the Khasian
Bentham never proposed to unite JE. acuminata, Wall., to 2E. bracteata, Wall. ; but
to refer to the latter certain specimens which had been wrongfully mixed up 'with
those of M. acuminata.
17. 2E. bracteata, Wall. Cat. 794; glabrous, leaves largeish elliptic
acuminate fleshy, peduncles 1- or several-fid., calyx-lobes | in. lanceolate
red, corolla 1£ in. scarlet. DC. Prodr. ix. 261; Clarice Comm. Sf Cyrt.
JBeno. tt. 43, 44. M. Paxtoni, Lindl. in Journ. Sort. Soc. iv. 79, with Jig.
M. Peelii, Hook. f III. Himal. PL t. 17.— ^Eschynanthi sp., Griff. Ic. PL
Ind. Or. t. 432, and Notul. iv. 156. iEschynanthoidea, Griff. Itin. Notes,
28, n. 429. Cyrtandracea, Griff. Bin. Notes, 25, n. 388.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; Sikkim and Bhotan, Griffith, J. D. H.,
&c. Upper Assam; Mrs. Mack. Khasia Mts., alt. 2-5000 ft., common ; Wallich,
Griffith, H.f. Sf T., &c— Distrib. Ava.
Epiphytic ; branches long, terete. Leaves 4 by 1§ in., from subrotund to narrow-
lanceolate, base cuneate or rounded; petiole \ in. Peduncles mostly terminal, often
opposite, 1 in., 1-7-fld. ; bracts 1 in., elliptic-lanceolate scarlet as are the pedicels
and calyces. Sepals nearly free, deciduous Corolla nearly glabrous without, lower
lip with reflexed lobes. Filaments exserted, minutely glandular-hairy. Capsule
4-6 in.
18. JHE. K-ingii, Clarke-, glabrous, leaves large long elliptic herba-
ceous, peduncles 3-7-fld., calyx-lobes £ in. lanceolate caudate-acuminate
green.
Sikkim ; alt. 6000 ft., King.
Leaves 1\ by 3 in., base broadly rhomboid ; nerves 7-8 pair. Peduncles 3-nate,
2-2^ in. ; bracts caducous. Calyx persistent in young fruit, base shortly funnel-
shaped, membranous. Corolla not seen. Seeds with one hair at each end. —Seems
nearly allied to M. bracteata, but the texture is very unlike.
19. 2E. superba, Clarke Comm. 8f Cyrt. Beng. t. 46 ; glabrous, leaves
large oblong acuminate, umbels dense few-fid., sepals 1 in. broad-oblong
obtuse, corolla 2£ in. rose-red. M. longiflora, Wall. Cat. n. 795, not of
Plume. — iEschynanthus sp. n. 4, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. Cyrtandracea,
Griff. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 431, and Notul. iv. 160, and Itin. Notes, 43, n. 677.
Khasia Mts., alt. 1500-4000 ft., frequent; Wallich, Griffith, H. f. Sf. T., &c.
Assam ; Mrs. Mack.
Stems several fathoms long, branched, scrambling among rocks. Leaves 6 by 2
in., base cuneate or rounded ; petiole I in. Peduncles 1 in., terminal and on short
axillary spurs, stout; bracts f-2 in., ovate-oblong, deciduous, rose-red as is the whole
inflorescence ; pedicels 1-6, O-.f in., subumbelled. Sepals thin, deciduous. Corolla
tubular, curved, mouth slightly oblique. Filaments exserted, minutely glandular-
hairy. Capsule 12-16 in.
Sect. 4. Holocalyx. Seed with an apophysis of hyaline large cells
and one hair at the hilum, and one hair at the apex. Calyx not deeply
lobed. — [Peduncles short, 2-fid., axillary and terminal, often crowded near
jEschynanthus.'] cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 343
the ends of the branches, at length clavate; bracts 2, small, ovate, deciduous;
pedicels longer than the peduncles. Corolla-lobes ovate, obtuse; 2 upper
erect, connate; 3 lower reflexed. Filaments glabrous; ovary and style ft
densely glandular-hairy. Flowers (at least in several species), dimorphic, fy /
some with the stigma low down in the corolla-tube, others with the stigma /
exserted ; stamens in both about as long as the corolla.]
* Calyx tubular, longer than broad.
20. JE. radicans, Jaclc in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 43, not of Wall. ;
stem thinly hairy, leaves small ovate or oblong thinly hairy or glabrate
beneath, calyx ^ in. hairy, corolla 2| in. hairy without. DC. Prodr. ix. 262.
Trichosporum radicans, Nees in Flora, 1825, 144; Blume Bljd. 764.
Malacca ; Griffith. — Distrib. From Sumatra to the Philippines.
Stem slender, branching, rooting, hairs spreading fulvous deciduous. Leaves 1 by
| in. ovate, or 2 by § in. on the same branch; petiole £ in. Peduncles 0-jin.
pedicels \-\ in., villous. Calyx subcylindric, somewhat densely covered with spreading,
white, multicellular hairs; teeth scarcely •}% in., broadly triangular. Corolla scarlet,
throat yellow. Capsule 5-8 in.
21. JE. Xiobbiana, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4260 ; leaves small elliptic- oblong
glabrous, calyx f in. deep purple with white hairs, corolla 2 in. pubescent
without.
Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. nn. 1218, 1219). — Disteib. Java, Borneo.
Branches pendent, glabrous. Leaves \\ by |-§ in., scarcely acute, base rounded,
when fresh minutely ciliate, dry glabrous ; petiole £ in., obscurely pilose or glabrous.
Peduncles axillary and clustered at the ends of the branches, recurved. Calyx
tubular, scarcely ^ in. diam. upwards, densely covei
teeth very shallow. Corolla scarlet, throat yellow.
** Calyx obconic broader than long.
22. 2E. Wallichii, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 116; leaves elliptic
acuminate or lanceolate glabrous, calyx broadly cup-shaped subentire,
corolla 1 in. villous without. M. radicans, Wall. Cat. 798, type sheet only,
not of Jack. — iEschynanthus sp. n. 16, Herb. Lnd. Or. H.f.SfT.
Singapore ; Wallich. Malacca ; Mt. Ophir, Lobb.— Distrib. Sumatra.
Stems long, branched, terete, glabrous. Leaves 4 by 1| in., base cuneate or
suddenly narrowed, coriaceous; petiole i in. Peduncles 0-Jin.; pedicels £-§ in.,
sparsely hairy. . Calyx-mouth £-$ in. wide, margin patent. Corolla probably crimson.
Capsule 6 in.
23. IE. obconica, Clarke; leaves broadly elliptic narrowed at both
ends glabrous, calyx very large obconic hairy subentire, corolla f in. villous
without.
Peninsula of Malacca; at Klangin Selangore, Beccari.
Calyx \ in. and upwards in length, otherwise very like JE. Wallichii, in which
the corolla is thrice as long as the calyx, whereas in uE. obconica the corolla is much
less than twice the calyx.
II. IiVSIONOTUS, B. Bon.
Glabrous, epiphytic shrubs. Leaves opposite, or ternate, similar.
Cymes peduncled, many-fld., lax; bracts herbaceous, inconspicuous;
bracteoles small. Sepals narrowly lanceolate. Corolla tubular, inflated at
344 cvi. gesnerace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lysionotm.
the middle, straight, 2-lipped ; lower lip with 2 folds within. Stamens
2 perfect (2 or 3 rudimentary), subincluded; filaments flattened, bent;
anthers connivent, connective with an oblong process. Disc annular.
Ovary superior, stipitate, linear; style as long as the stamens, stigma shortly
2-lobed ; placentae deeply inflexed, then recurved and ovuliferous. Capsule
linear, in the following year splitting loculicidally to the base into 2 (ulti-
mately 2-partite) valves. Seeds small, oblong, smooth, with a hair at the
apex, pendent by a f unicle which when detached resembles the apical hair. —
Species 3, in N. India, China and Japan.
1 . Zi. serrata, D. Don in Edinb. Phil. Jburn. vii. 85, and Prodr. 124 ;
leaves elliptic acuminate crenate- serrate or lanceolate herbaceous sinuate,
sepals narrowly lanceolate thin. Pot. Mag. t. 6538. L. ternifolia, Wall.
PI. As. Ear. ii. 20, t. 118 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 264 ; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt.
Peng, t. 52. Calosacme polycarpa, Wall. Cat. 804.
Subtbopical Himalaya, alt. 2-7000 ft. ; from Kumaon to Bbotan, common,
Wallich, &c. Assam and Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., common.
Stem 12 in., branched. Leaves often ternate, 6 by 2 in., from narrow-lanceolate
to elliptic, closely serrate nearly to tbe base or sinuate ; nerves prominent, oblique ;
petiole ^ in. Peduncles often 4 in.; bracts gin., ovate; pedicels £- J in. Sepals
\ in., in young fruit often enlarged g-£ in. and somewhat connate at the base. Corolla
1 in., deep purple or paler, or white with purplish veins. Capsule 2-4 in.
2. Zi. conferta, Clarke ; branches long, leaves elliptic acuminate
subentire very coriaceous. iEschynanthus conferta, G-rijff. Priv. Journ.
p. 63, name only.
S.E. Assam ; Patkoye Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3819).
Branches 18 in. and more, straight, undivided. Leaves ternate, entire, minutely
crenate towards the apex ; nerves obscure, at right angles to the midrib. Peduncles
and capsules nearly as of L. serrata ; remains of the calyx somewhat coriaceous.
Flowers not seen. — This may be a var. of L. serrata, but no form of this is known
with similarly elongate branches and coriaceous leaves.
III. LOXOSTIGIYIA, Clarice.
An undershrub, often rooting near the base ; branches long. Leaves
opposite, often unequal, serrate, pilose. Cymes peduncled, lax, many-fid. ;
bracts and bracteoles small. Sepals 5, lanceolate. Corolla tubular, inflated
above the base, straight, yellow ; lobes 5, spreading. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, included ; anthers 2-celled, connivent in pairs ; connective not excur-
rent ; cells elliptic, subparallel. Ovary shortly stalked, linear, glabrous ;
stigma unilateral, obscurely bifid ; placentas deeply inflexed, bifid, revolute.
Capsule linear, loculicidal for its whole length ; placentas revolute covering
the seeds. Seeds pendulous, funicle capillary with a single hair at the
apex.
Zi. G-riffithii, Clarice ; leaves elliptic subfalcate acuminate serrate,
sepals oblong acute green sometimes denticulate. Didymocarpus G-riffithii,
Wight III. ii. 182, t. 159, bad. Dichrotrichum Griffithii, Clarke Comm. Sr
Cyrt. Peng. t. 51. Chirita Griffithii, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Subtbopical Himalaya, alt. 3-6000 ft. ; from Sikkim to Mishmee, frequent,
Griffith, Hook.f., &c. Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., Griffith, H.f Sr T.
Thinly pubescent. Leaves opposite, often unequal, 7 by 3 in., base acute or unequally
rhomboid ; petiole ^-1^ in., often unequal. Peduncles 2r-4< in. ; bracts £ in., narrow ;
pedicels £-1 in. Sepals £ in. Corolla I5 by £ in., minutely hairy. Anthers conni-
Loxosttgma.] cvi. gesnerace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 345
vent in pairs, connective not appendaged. Style subpersistent. Capsule 2^-5 in. —
Wight's example of this was from Griffith in early flower; in his picture cited he
guessed the colour of the flower wrong, and added a figure of a seed of some species
(probably) of Didymocarpus ; the figure thus concocted has defied identification until
Griffith's specimen in Wight's Herbarium was found.
IV. DIDYMOCARPUS, Wall.
Stemless or erect herbs. Leaves opposite, alternate, 3-4-nate or crowded.
Peduncles axillary, many- or few-fid. ; bracts rarely conspicuous ; pedicels
cymose, subumbelled or subracemed in pairs. Calyx small, 5-fid or nearly
-partite. Corolla-tube cylindric or ovoid, mouth oblique or subsymmetric ;
lobes 5, rounded. Stamens, 2 perfect, 2-3 rudimentary ; filaments glabrous,
bent ; anthers cohering in pairs ; cells 2, ovate, early confluent. Disc
cylindric or 0. Ovary stalked or sessile, narrow ; style long or short, stigma
peltate emarginate or unilateral oblong rarely 2-lobed; placentae deeply
inflexed, then recurved bearing ovules. Capsule linear, rarely lanceolate,
loculicidally 2-valved or subfollicular, ultimately usually 2- often 4-valved ;
valves not twisted before dehiscence ; placentas on the valves, revolute, con-
cealing the seeds. Seeds ellipsoid, small, smooth, minutely reticulate. —
Distrib. Species 70, in India, Malaya and S. China, 1 in Madagascar.
Sect. 1. TConophylloides. Plant very small, 1 -leaved.
1. D. pyg-meea, Clarke ; leaf sessile elliptic base cordate, pedicels few
short fascicled in its axil.
Central India ; Rewah, Vicary. Chota Nagpore ; Lohardugga, Clarice.
Pubescent. Stem £-2 in., slender, curved, bearing one leaf at its apex. Leaf (one
cotyledon persistent ?) 1 by § in. or much smaller, falcate, obtuse at both ends, sinuate
scarcely crenate, thin ; petiole 0 rarely ^ in. Pedicels \ in. ; bracts inconspicuous or
0. Sepals ^ in., linear, somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla \ in., tubular. Stamens
2 fertile, 2 linear rudiments, glabrous ; anther-cells 2, ovate, oblique, scarcely con-
fluent by their tips. Ovary and style villous ; stigma small, subcapitate, scarcely
2-lobed. Capsule J-§ in., nearly straight ; 2-valved, and seeds altogether as in
Didymocarpus.
Sect. 2. Eudidy mo carpus {Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1022). Cymes
many-fid., subcorymbose. Calyx 5-lobed, or in D. Mortoni nearly 5-partite.
Corolla-tube cylindric. — Species confined to N. and N.E. India.
2. D. pedicellata, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 118 ; stem hardly
any, leaves roundly ovate glabrous glandular- punctate above, calyx divided
one-third the way down lobes rounded, capsule 1-1? in. long-pedicelled.
DC. Prodr. ix. 267; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 64 D. macrophylla,
Wall. Cat. 784, partly; Boyle III. 294, t. 70, fig. 1.
Subtropical W. Himalaya; from Chumba to Kumaon, alt. 2500-5500 ft.,
frequent, Wallich, Boyle, Falconer, &c.
Stem usually 0, sometimes 1£ in. with 2 or 3 pairs of opposite cauline leaves,
glabrous; innovations scabrous-puberulous. Leaves usually all radical, 3-6 in. diam.,
crenate-serrate, the points on their upper surface conspicuous black, in age colourless
obscure without a lens ; petiole 2-5 in. Scapes 4 in. ; flowers often very many ;
bracts i in., ovate, often shortly connate. Calyx i in., funnel-shaped. Corolla nearly
1 in., purple. Capsule-stalk \-^ in., filiform.
3. D. macrophylla, Wall. ; Don Prodr. 122 ; stemless, leaves ovate
346 cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Didymocarpus.
softly hairy above glabrate beneath, calyx divided one- third the way down
lobes obtuse, capsule nearly 1 in. sessile. Wall. Cat. 784, ch efly ; DC.
Trodr. ix. 267; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 63, not of Boyle. D.
aromatica, Wall. PI. As. Bar. t. 141, fig. 4-7, only; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt.
Beng. t. 59, as to the fruiting plant only; not of others. D. plicata, Don
Trodr . 122. Henckelia macrophylla & plicata, Spreng. Syst., cura post.
13, 14.
Nepal; Wallich.
Leaves all radical, 3-6 in. diam., crenate-serrate ; petiole 2-5 in., hairy at the
base. Scapes 4 in., early glabrate; bracts \ in., ovate. Calyx \ in., funnel-shaped.
Corolla 5-§ in., deep purple. Ovary covered with minute sessile glands. Capsule
narrowed at its base for jl, in. only. —In ripe fruit the scape is glabrous, the two young
leaves at its base are deusely villous.
4. D. cinerea, Don Trodr. 122 ; stem short or 0, leaves ovate-cordate
ashy-pubescent above, calyx divided a third of the way down lobes ovate,
capsule 1£ in. pedicelled. D. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 786; DC. Prodr. ix. 267;
Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 61. Henckelia cinerea, Spreng. Syst., euro,
post. 14. — Didymocarpus sp. n. 19, Kerb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Nepal, Wallich ; near River Tambur, J. D. H.
Stem none, or 15 in., ashy-pubescent. Leaves radical or opposite, 2-35 in. diam.,
obtuse, crenate, glabrate beneath, nerves pubescent ; petiole 4-8 in. Peduncles 5-2 in. ;
shorter (cymes included) than the leaves, pubescent, later hardly glabrate ; bracts £ in.,
ovate, ashy-pubescent on both surfaces. Calyx I in., subcampauulate, sparsely
pubescent; teeth obtuse or mucronulate. Corolla nearly 1 in., purple paler down-
wards, sparsely villous or glabi-ous.
5. D. Anderson!, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 62 ; stem short
2^4-leaved, leaves ovate-cordate hairy above and on the nerves beneath,
flowers capitellate subincluded within purple connate bracts, calyx-lobes very
short obtuse, capsule 1 in. sessile.
Sikkim ; alt. 7-9000 ft., J. B. LT. Kursiong, alt. 4500 ft., Anderson, &c.
Stem 5-I J in., patently villous, at flower-time leafless at the base, with 2 large and
usually 2 small leaves at its apex. Leaves opposite 6 by 4 in., coarsely crenate-
serrate ; petiole 3-I2 in. Peduncles 3-7 in., villous; bracts J in., obovate and with
the whole cyme dark purple-red ; pedicels very short, concealed by the bracts. Calyx
^-^ in. , funnel-shaped, glabrous, divided scarcely \ the way down. Corolla more
than 1 in., fine rose-purple, tube very narrow, mouth 1 in. diam. Ovary glabrous.
Capsule very acute.
6. D. aurantiaca, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 60 ; stem short
2-4-leaved, leaves ovate villous above, flowers pedicelled orange-red, calyx
divided nearly half-way down, capsule If in. pedicelled.
Nepal ; Wallich. Sikkim, alt. 2-4000 ft., Herb. Griffith, Anderson, &c.
Stem 5-25 in., villous. Leaves opposite, 3-6 in., acute or obtuse, usually cordate,
serrate, beneath glabrous with villous nerves ; petiole f-25 in. Peduncles 4 in.,
hairy, ultimately scarcely glabrous ; bracts £ in., ovate, scarcely connate ; pedicels
often 1 in. Calyx £ in., campanulate, more or less purple, glandular-viscid or nearly
glabrous. Corolla 1\ in., long funnel-shaped. Ovary glabrous. Capsule-stalk £ in.,
linear.
7. D. oblong-a, Wall, in Don Trodr. 123 ; stem often 4-leaved at the
apex, leaves oblong or elliptic coarsely crenate pilose, petioles patently villous,
cyme glabrous, calyx divided one-third way down lobes rounded, capsule
$ in. subsessile. Wall. Tl. As. Bar. ii. 34, t. 140; DC. Trodr. ix. 266;
Didgmocarpus.] cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke,) 347
Clarke Vomm. 8f Cyrt. Beng. t. 56. D. verticillata, Wall. Cat. 783.
Henckelia oblonga, Spreng. Syst. curat post. 13.
Nepal ; Wallich. Sikkim ; Lachen, alt. 7-11,000 ft., and Siuchul, alt. 8500 ft.,
J. D. PL.
Stem 2-5 in., villous-pubescent, at flower-time with 4 subverticillate leaves at its
apex otherwise leafless ; or elongate with 3 or 4 remote nodes, opposite leaves, and
both axillary and terminal peduncles. Leaves opposite, 4 by 1£ in., subobtuse, closely
villous above, glabrous beneath with villous nerves ; petiole \-2\ in., patently villous.
Peduncles 2 in., glandular-pilose, glabrate upwards; bracts | in., broad, connate,
glabrous, coloured, subpersistent. Calyx § in., campanulate. Corolla 5 in., dark
purple. — Recognized by its small capsule.
8. D. villosa, Don Prodr. 123; stem 4-leaved at the apex very
villous, leaves ovate or obovate obtuse crenate closely silky-villous above,
cymes glabrous, calyx divided less than half-way down lobes obtuse, capsule
nearly § in. sessile. DC. Prodr. ix. 266, not of Clarke. Henckelia villosa,
Spreng. Syst. cur ce post. 13.
Njpal; Wallich.
Stem 2-6 in., densely covered with long spreading hairs, leafless except at the
apex. Leaves opposite, 2 by l£ in., beneath villous or nearly glabrous on the lamina;
petiole 0— |- in., patently villous. Peduncles 1-3 in.; bracts £ in., ovate, connate,
coloured, glabrous ; pedicels \ in. Calyx £ in., campanulate, glabrous. Corolla $ in.
or rather more (apparently black-purple). — Seems very near D. aromatica, Wall.,
which has not the densely woolly stem.
9. D. aromatica, Wall. Cat. 785 chiefly, PI. As. Rar.ii.4A, t. 141,
excl.flg. 4-7; stem 4-leaved at the apex, leaves ovate or elliptic crenate
softly hairy above, lower bracts herbaceous more or less pubescent, cyme
glabrous, calyx divided one-third way down lobes rounded, capsule § in.
sessile. Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng.t. 59, excl. fruiting plant; not of D.
Don ; DC. Prodr. ix. 267, partly. D. prirnulifolia, Don Prodr. 123, partly.
Henckelia prirnulifolia, Spreng. Syst., curat post. 14, partly.
Nepal ; Wallich.
Stem 4-6 in., pilose, leafless except at the apex. Leaves opposite, 4 by 2| in.,
densely softly strigose on both surfaces or glabrate between the nerves beneath; petiole
unequal, £-2 in. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves ; peduncles (usually 2) 1-2 in.;
lower bracts ^ in., ovate, green, not connate, often denticulate, deciduous; cymes
upwards with the pedicels and calyces glabrous. Calyx 4, in., campanulate. Corolla
§ in., purple, nearly glabrous. Capsule-stalk hardly T's in. — Don confused D.
aromatica, Wall., with L>. subaltemans, Wall., and described his B. prirnulifolia
from both ; Brown therefore (in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. p. 118) rejected the name
D. prirnulifolia.
10. D. podocarpa, Clarke; stem 4-leaved at the apex, leaves ovate
or elliptic crenate minutely pilose above, bracts glabrous, calyx divided £
way down lobes obtuse, capsule 1-1 5 in. pedicelled.
Subalpine Sikkim ; Lachen, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. E. ; Sinchul, alt. 8000 ft.,
J. 1). H. ; Singalelah, alt. 8000 ft., Treutler, &c.
Stem 2-8 in., ashy-pubescent, leafless except at the summit. Leaves opposite,
attaining 6 by 4 in., pubescent only on the nerves beneath ; petiole 0-1 m., mostly
short. Peduncles 2-4, 1-2* in.;* bracts J in., wide-rotund, coloured, subcoiinate ;
pedicels i-f in., glabrous. Calyx nearly \ in., campanulate. Corolla nearly 1 in.,
purple, glabrous or sparsely pilose without. Capsule-stalk longer than sometimes
nearly twice as long as, the calyx.-Differs from the 3 preceding closely allied species
by the larger flowers and larger long-pedicelled capsule.
11. D. subaltemans, Wall. Cat. 782; leaves scattered and opposite
348 cvi. gesnerace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Didymocarpus.
ovate or obovate crenate densely pubescent above paler subglabrous beneath,
cymes irregular subumbellate viscous-pilose, pedicels short, calyx ^ in. semi-
5-fid lobes ovate-triangular, capsule 1 in. pedicelled. DC. Prodr. ix. 266,
not of Clarke. D. primulifolia, Bon Prodr. 123, partly. D. aromatica,
Don Prodr. 123 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 267, excl. all syn., not of Wall., Br.,
nor Clarke.
Temperate Himalaya; Kuniaon, Wallich; near Gangootri, alt. 6500 ft.,
Strachey Sf Winterbottom. Nepal ; Wallich.
Stem 4-12 in., nearly glabrous; nodes several. Leaves opposite alternate and
ternate, lower long-petioled (usually alternate) , uppermost sessile opposite, 3 by 2 in.
Peduncles 1-1^ in., subuinbelled ; bracts £ in., ovate, purplish ; pedicels £ in., sparsely
viscous- pilose. Calyx funnel-shaped, purplish, glabrous or slightly viscous. Corolla
% in., tubular, somewhat hairy without, purple or pale-purple. Capsule often falcate ;
pedicels up to ^ in.
Vae. curvicapsa • leaves larger, cymes very viscous, bracts and calyx herbaceous,
capsule falcate subsessile. — Sikkim ; Lachen, alt. 7-8000 ft., J. D. P. — Stem exceeding
1 foot. Leaves 4 in., glandular-pubescent. Calyx ^ in., divided half-way down ; lobes
lanceolate, acute. Capsule-stalk not longer than the calyx.
12. D. leucocalyx, Clarke ; leaves ovate serrate villous above, calyx
small deeply divided lobes white obovate, capsule \ in. subsessile. D. villosa,
Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Peng. t. 59, not of Don. — Didymocarpus sp. n. 17,
Serb. Ind. Or. R.f. Sf T.
Sikkim ; alt. 6000 ft., common, Griffith, J. L>. P., &c. Nepal ; near River
Tambur, J. D. P.
Stem 2-6 in., hairs patent or deflexed ; nodes 1-3. Leaves opposite, attaining
6 by 4 in., subacute, often cordate ; petiole ^-4 in. Peduncles 2 in., often 4, sub-
umbelled ; cyme nearly glabrous, bracts caducous leaving a villous scar. Flowers
numerous, small. Calyx -^ in. Corolla J-J in., violet- purple. Anthers minutely
pilose. — This plentiful Sikkim species has always been confounded with Don's L>.
villosa.
13. X>. XVIortoni, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Peng. t. 65; leaves ovate
serrate villous above, calyx divided nearly to the base lobes narrowly oblong,
corolla-tube linear limb very oblique wide-expanded, capsule nearly 1 in.
sessile.— Didymocarpus sp. n. 29, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f.SfT.
Sikkim, alt. 5-8000 ft., common, ( Perl. Griffith), J. P. P., &c.
Stem 2-6 in., pilose ; nodes 1-3. Leaves opposite, attaining 6 by 4 in., scarcely
acute, base rounded or cordate ; petiole |-3 in. Peduncles 2-3 in., often several ;
bracts caducous ; bracteoles ovate, green, often concealing the calyx until the flower
expands. Calyx |-£ in. Corolla-tube ^ by 5'a in., limb J— § in. diam., purple. Ovary
glandular-hairy. Capsule straight.
14. D. pulchra, Clarke ; stem and petioles ashy-puberulous, leaves
oblong or elliptic minutely densely pubescent above whitened glabrate
beneath, cyme viscous-hairy, calyx divided £ way down lobes triangular
acute, corolla 1 in., capsule 1£ in. pedicelled. D. subalternans, Clarke
Comm. Sf Cyrt. Peng. t. 55, not of Wall.
Sikkim, alt. 6-7000 ft., common, {Perb. Griffith), J. P. P., &c.
Stem attaining 1 foot ; lower cauline leaves long-petioled, often 3-4-nate, upper-
most sessile. Leaves 4£ by 2 in., acute, base often auricled on one side, crenate
incised-serrate or nearly entire, coriaceous ; nerves beneath raised, pubescent ; petiole
attaining 2-3 in. Peduncles 2-3 in.; bracts more or less foliaceous; bracteoles £ in.,
round, coloured; pedicels ^ in. Calyx £ in., rose-purple, viscous-pilose. Corolla
broadly tubular, sparsely hairy without, violet-purple. Anthers minutely hairy.
Ovary glabrous. Capsule-stalk stout, longer than tbe calyx.— Nearly allied to P.
punduana.
Didymocarpus.] cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 349
15. Z>. punduana, Wall. Cat. 777 ; stem and petioles ashy-pubescent,
leaves oblong or elliptic crenulate or nearly entire densely puberulous above
glabrate whitened beneath, calyx divided £ the way down lobes ovate obtuse,
capsule 1£ in. pedicelled. DC. Prodr. ix. 267; Clarke Comm. & Cyrt,
Beng. t. 53.— Didymocarpoid n. 971, Griff. Itin. Notes, 63.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., frequent; Wallich, Griffith, H. f. & T., &c.
Assam ; Griffith, Mrs. Mack.
Stem 8-10 in., often with 3-4 petioled leaves in a whorl in its middle and 2 sessile
leaves at its apex. Leaves coriaceous, base often unequally cordate, glabrous beneath
or minutely pubescent on the nerves. Rays of the cyme and pedicels subumbellate,
less viscous-hairy than in D. pulchra. Calyx £ in., nearly glabrous. Corolla very
sparsely hairy, purple. Capsules slightly curved ; pedicels £ in. — Otherwise as D.
pulchra.
Vab. attenuata ; leaves less coriaceous often cuneate at the base, cymes slenderer,
bracts narrower, calyx scarcely | in., capsule slender pedicel filiform very long.
Kbasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., especially in the northern portion of the hills; Griffith,
H. f. Sf T., &c. — This may be specifically distinct, for both the capsule and calyx
differ, but there are intermediate examples.
16. D. Hookeri, Clarice Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 54 ; stem and petioles
villous, leaves ovate crenulate softly villous above glabrate (except the
nerves) beneath, calyx divided £ the way down, corolla J in. pale, capsule
1£ in. — Didymocarpus sp. n. 21, Herb. Ind. Or. LT.f. Sf T.
Khasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft. ; Kollong Rock, Moflong, Boga Pani, H. f. 8; T.,
&c.
Stem 16 in., with usually 3-4 petioled verticillate leaves in the middle, uppermost
leaves subsessile. Leaves 4 by 3 in. (sometimes much larger), subobtuse, often cor-
date; petiole £-3 in. Cymes sparsely hairy; bracts £ in., round; pedicels 0-^ in.,
usually short. Cahix \ in., campanulate. Corolla tubular, pale yellow with rose-
marks or nearly white. Capsule (appearing sessile) narrowing downwards gradually
into a thick pedicel.
17. D. acuminata, Br. in Benn. PL Jav. Bar. p. 118; leaves ovate
acute serrulate hairy above, calyx tubular glabrous scarcely lobed, corolla
\\ in. tube inflated upwards, capsule 1 in. pedicelled. _ DC. Prodr. ix. 267;
Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 58. Calosacme acuminata, Wall. Cat. 802,
partly. Chirita acuminata, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 269, not of Br.— Vhirita, sp.
n. 9, Kerb. Ind, Or. H.f. Sf T.
Khasia Mts. ; alt. 4000 ft., near Churra, Wallich, J. D. B. $ T. T., &c.
Stem 6 in., hairy; nodes 1-3. Leaves opposite alternate and verticilled, often
very unequal, larger 10 by 5£ in., subcordate, glabrous beneath except on the nerves;
petiole attaining 4 in. Peduncles 1-4, f-l|in.; cymes 5-8-fld., nearly glabrous;
bracts £ in., glabrous ; pedicels ^-^ in., mostly short. Calyx | in. and upwards.
Corolla glabrous, white or very pale purple ; lobes |-£ in., round. Stamens, 2 fertile,
2 rudimentary. Ovary glabrous ; stigma peltate, oblique scarcely emarginate.— The
corolla is that of Chirita, the capsule of Didymocarpus ; the stigma is nearly as in
Chirita Kurzii, from which it can hardly be generically separated.
18. D. platycalyx, Clarke; leaves oblong or elliptic crenate softly
hairy, peduncles 1-5-fld., calyx widely campanulate subentire, corolla 1 in.
Tenasseeim ; Moulmein, Parish.
Stem 6 in., hairy ; nodes 1-3. Leaves opposite, 2-4 by 1± "»., subacute base
cuneate or rounded, puberulous beneath ; petiole |-1 in. Peduncles | in., axillary,
solitary, nearly glabrous ; bracts i in., broadly orbicular, green, puberulous ; pedicels
iin., puberulous. Calyx i in., nearly hemispherical; margin undulated, purplish.
350 cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Didymocarpus.
Corolla glabrous, tube cylindric violet, limb sligbtly oblique wbite ; lobes ^ in. diam.,
obtuse. Stamens 2 fertile ; anthers oblong-ppltate, cohering. Ovary minutely hairy,
pedicelled elongate ; style hardly any, stigma large circular. Capsule not seen.
Sect. 3. Didymanthus. Caulescent, sometimes but shortly.
Leaves distant, upper (at least) opposite. Peduncles long; cyme-branches
often elongate, subracemose with 2-nate pedicels. Calyx sub-5-partite.
Corolla small or middle-sized ; tube narrow or broad at the base. Disc 0
or shortly cylindric. Capsule 2-valved, rarely at first follicular. — Species of
the Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands.
19. D. mollis, Wall. Cat. 790; leaves elliptic crenate narrowed at
both ends hairy above, peduncles long, cyme lax viscous-pubescent, capsule
nearly § in. sessile. DC Prodr. ix. 266.
Btjbma; Mts. near Proine, Wallich. Cbittagong; at Seetakoond, J. D. H. Sf
T. T.
Stem 8 in., villous, near the base hirsute with fulvous deflexed hair. Leaves
opposite, or the 4 uppermost subverticillate, 4 by 1^ in., acute, membranous, glabrate,
beneath hairy on the nerves ; nerves 9-11 pair; petiole ^ in., or of the uppermost
leaves 0. Peduncles subterminal, often 4, 3 in., 12-fld. ; pedicels £ in. Sepals -^ in.,
linear. Disc shortly cylindric. Capsule symmetrically 2-valved glabrous. Corolla
not seen.
20. D. paucinerva, Clarke; leaves elliptic or obovate obtuse crenu-
late hairy above, peduncles subterminal long, cyme 2-8-fld. lax yearly
glabrous, capsule rather more than ^ in. subsessile.
Tenasseeim ; at Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3853).
Stem 6 in., slender, simple, sparingly pilose except near the base. Leaves opposite
(or the lower alternate), 2 by 1 in., closely shortly strigose above, glabrous whiter
beneath; nerves 5-6 pair, puberulous ; petiole g— 1 in. Peduncles 2 in., slender;
pedicels ^-^ in. Disc shortly cylindric. Capsule 2-valved, glabrous. Corolla nut
seen. — Appears closely allied to D. mollis.
21. D. cordata, Wall. Cat. 781 ; leaves cordate deeply crenate fulvous
villous on both surfaces,, peduncles long, cymes lax subracemose, pedicels
distant often in pairs, corolla wide campanulate base gibbous. DC. Prodr.
ix. 265.
PenanG; Wallich, Maingay, n. 1224. -
Stem 20 in., fulvous-villous. Leaves (at least the upper) opposite, 6 by 4 in.,
shortly acuminate, base rounded ; petiole 1^ in. Peduncles 8 in. ; cymes often
6 in., glandular-hairy; bracts small, ovate, caducous; pedicels | in. Sepals
T's in., lanceolate, nearly glabrous. Corollx-tuhe \ in. long and broad, glabrous ;
lobes \ in. diam., round. Filaments short ; anthers large, 4 cohering. Disc 0.
Ovary glabrous, sessile ; style glabrous, stigma small. Capsule § in., Blender, sessile,
2-valved, or sometimes (in Wallich's examples) subf'ollieular (at least at first).
22. D. barbinerva, Clarice ; leaves narrowly obovate minutely crenate
glabrous, midrib beneath hirsute, peduncles long, cyme dense glabrate,
bracts round, sepals elliptic.
Attean (near Moulmein).
Stem upwards, with the petioles, rufous -villous. Leaves (at least the upper)
opposite, 6 by J§ in., suddenly narrowed at the base; nerves 11 pair; petiole \ 1 in.
Peduncles 5 in., nearly glabrous ; cyme 1-1 J in. diam., many-fid.; bracts \-\ in.
diam. ; pedicels short, in fruit sometimes § in. Sepals ^ in., obtuse. Corolla \ in.,
widely campanulate (badly preserved, seems nearly as of D. cordata). Stamens 2
fertile ; anthers 2-celled ; cells ovate, divaricate, scarcely confluent. Ovary glabrous,
Didymocarpus.] cvi. gesnerace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) . 351
sessile; discO; style as long as the ovary ; stigma small subpeltate. Capsule 2 in.,
narrowly linear, follicular at tirst, afterwards 2-valved.
23. D. rufipes, Clarke; stem woody rufous -hirsute, leaves elliptic
subacute silvery-hirsute on both surfaces, peduncles long rufous-villous laxly
7-12-fld.
Tenasserim ; at the base of Mooleyit, Beddome.
Stem 3 in., densely covered with long red hairs, leafy at the apex. Leaves 4 by
1§ in., closely crenate; petiole O-^ in., rufous-hirsute. Peduncles arising below the
leaves, 4-5 in. ; cyme-branches obscurely or not at all racemose ; bracts gone at fruit-
time; pedicels 3—I5 in. Calyx -segments \ in. , densely rufous-hirsute. Corolla not
seen. Capsule 1-1| in., narrowly linear, nearly erect, glabrous, follicular, ultimately
2-4-partite.
24. D. long-ipes, Clarice ; leaves coriaceous narrowly obovate minutely
crenate glabrous villous on the nerves beneath, peduncles very long, cyme
laxly subracemose 3-7-fld., corolla more than \ in. linear-tubular.
Malacca ; Mt. Ophir, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3854) ; Cuming, n. 2385 ; Main-
gay, n. 2723.
Stem 1-3 in., woody, hirsute, crowded with leaves at the summit. Leaves 6 by
1§ in., obtuse, long attenuate at. the base sometimes sessile ; nerves 6-8 pair, obscure.
Peduncles attaining 1 foot, nearly glabrous ; bracts very small, narrow ; pedicels T'B in.,
in remote pairs. Sepals -^ in. Ovary and style subglabrous, stigma capitate. Cap-
sule 1 in., sessile, ultimately 2-valved.
25. D. corchorifoliaj Wall. Cat. 792; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate crenulate rusty-villous on both surfaces, peduncles very short
1-4-fld., corolla tubular straight, capsule 2 in. sessile. DC. Prodr. ix.
265.
Penang; WallicJi, Maingay.
Suffrutescent, branched, rufous-villous with deilexed hairs ; innovations rufous-
hirsute. Leaves 2£ by 1 in., acute, base rhomboid, rugose ; petiole \ in. Peduncles
on short axillary spurs, ±-£ in., villous, upwards with the cymes glabrous ; bracts
\-\ in., round, coloured; pedicels £ in., often in pairs. Sepals £ in., ovate or elliptic,
obtuse or acute, glabrous, colouied. Corolla ^ in., glabrous, scarcely widened
upwards. Ovary and style glandular-pubescent; disc shortly cylindric. Capsule
subfollicular, sometimes ultimately 2-valved.
Sect. 4. Heteroboea, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1022. Peduncles 1-3-
fld. short, or not elongate. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube cylindric. Disc
short-cyliudric. Capsule follicular, ultimately sometimes 2-valved.— Species
all Malayan.
* Stem short ; leaves crowded, elongate, many -nerved.
26. D. crinita, Jack in Mai. Misc. i. ii. 1, and in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 33, t. 2, fig. 2 ; leaves alternate crowded elongate oblanceolate closely
serrate' villous, corolla 1^ in. narrowly funnel-shaped, capsule 2 in. slender
linear villous. Wall. Cat. 779; DC. Prodr. ix. 265; Bot. Mag. t.
Henckelia crinita, Spreng. Syst. curat post. 13.
Penang : Wallich, Heifer. Singapore ; Loll.— Disteib. Sumatra, Borneo.
Stem sutfrutescent, short, thick, hirsute. Leaves 6 by 1 in acuminate, base
attenuate, subsessile, thick with shaggy hair ; nerves 2o pair. i>*W e* 1-1* in
axillary or fascicled on shortened lateral spurs, or subconnate with the petiole; bracts
minute linear. Sepals |-* in., oblong, villous. Corolla nearly straight , scarcely
hairy without, pale purplish with yellow lines m the throat. Capsule follicular,
ultimately 2-valved.
352 cvi. gesnerace^e- (C. B. Clarke.) \_Didymocarpus.
27. D. platypus ? Clarice; leaves alternate crowded sessile oblanceo-
late sparsely villous base dilated incise-serrate, corolla 1^- in. narrowly
funnel-shaped, capsule 2 in. slender linear. — Chirita sp. n. 29, Serb. Ind.
Or. H.f. Sf T.
Malacca; Griffith, Cuming (n.2359), &c. ; Mt. Ophir {Herb. Wight).— Disteib.
Sumatra.
Leaves 9 by 2\ in., sprinkled above distantly with long hairs ; nerves 30 pair,
reticulated and villous beneath. Inflorescence, flowers, and capsules as of D. crinita,
of which I suspect that this is a variety.
M
Stem creeping; leaves in opposite distant pairs.
28. D. reptans, Jack in Mai. Misc. i. part ii. p. 3, and in Trans. Linn.
Soc. 14, p. 35 ; creeping, leaves ovate or elliptic minutely crenate hirsute
above with long hairs, peduncles 1-fld., corolla £ in. nearly glabrous. . Wall.
Cat. 787 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 266. Henckelia reptans, Spreng. Syst., curat post.
p. 14
Penang; Wallich, Maingay, Lobb. Motjlmein ; Lobb.
Stem attaining a foot, branching, villous. Leaves opposite, 2 by 1 in., narrowed
at both ends, scarcely acute ; nerves 6 pair, villous beneath ; petiole ^ in. Peduncles
1\ in., slender, thinly hairy ; bracts small, linear. Sepals ^ in., linear, pubescent.
Ovary and style shortly pubescent. Disc short, cylindric. Capsule § in., follicular,
sometimes ultimately 2-valved.
29. D. margrinata, Clarke ; creeping, leaves broad elliptic sprinkled
with small hairs above ciliate- villous on the margin, peduncles 1-fld., corolla
£ in. villous.
Malacca.; Lobb.
Stem villous, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 2| by 1\ in., obtuse at both ends,
subentire ; petiole 1 in. Sepals £ in., linear. — Very near J), reptans ; the sepals are
twice as long, the corolla hairy, the indumentum of the leaves different.
Sect. 5. Loxocarpus. Stemless, or one doubtful species creeping.
Leaves crowded, nearly entire. Peduncles longish, few- or many-fld. ; bracts
small, narrow. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla-tube short, limb
2-lipped, wide. Disc 0. Ovary sessile, pubescent ; style as long as the ovary.
Capsule lanceolate or linear, usually oblique at the base, follicular. — Malayan
species. (Loxocarpus, Br. in JBenn. PI. Jav. Bar. pp. 115, 120.)
30. D. incana, Benth. in Cen. PI. ii. 1022 ; leaves round often subcor-
date densely white-silky on both surfaces, cyme many-fld., capsule £-^ in.
lanceolate base oblique. Loxonia ? alata, Wall. Cat. 809. Loxocarpus alata,
Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Ear. 120; DC. Prodr. ix. 277.
Penang ; Wallich, Maingay. Singapore; Lobb.
Scapose. Leaves 1-3 in. diam., obtuse, entire or shallow-crenulate ; petiole ^-2 in.
Peduncles 3 in., white-villous ; bracts ^ in., linear ; cyme very compound, white silky-
villous. Sepals \ in., linear. Corolla scarcely \ in., wide-campanulate, blue. Ovary
villous ; style glabrous. Capsule acute, white-villous.
31. D. semitorta, Clarice ; leaves elliptic or ovate silky above reti-
culated beneath with broad densely villous nerves, peduncles 1-2-fld., sepals
white-pilose, capsule £ in. doubly curved half twisted round near the base.
Malacca; Mt. Ophir, Griffith, Lobb, Maingay.
Scapose. Leaves \\ by \ in., obtuse at both ends, entire or obscurely crenate,
densely softly silky above, glabrous between the nerves beneath ; petiole up to 1£ in.
Didymocarpus.~\ cvi. gesnerace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 353
Peduncles 2\ in., thinly hairy; bracts ^ in., oblong; pedicels £ in. Sep als £ in.,
oblong. Corolla ± in. ; tube widely canipanulate, limb very oblique. Ovary densely
pilose ; style nearly glabrous.
Sect. 6. Orthobcea {Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 1022). Stemless, or
(D. repens) creeping. Leaves alternate or crowded. Peduncles long, many-
or few-fid.; bracts small, narrow. Sepals- linear or narrowly oblong.
Corolla-tube cylindric or ventricose, not linear. Ovary sessile ; style about
as long as the ovary ; disc 0. Capsule- linear or sublanceolate, sessile, erect
or scarcely oblique at the base ; follicular, ultimately sometimes 2-valved. —
Species of S. Deccan and Ceylon.
32. D, Rottleriana, Wall. Cat. 778? leaves oblong or elliptic,
base attenuate deeply crenate white- villous on both surfaces, corolla £ in.,
capsule £ in. densely villous when young. Br. in. Benn. PL Jav. Bar. 119.
Nilghiri and Ktjrg Mts.; Heyne, &c.
Leaves 3| by 1\ in., obtuse, mature herbaceous softly strigose above pilose between
the nerves beneath ; petiole § in., broad, entire. Peduncles 4i in., mauy-fld. Sepals
T'0 in., narrowly oblong, villous. Corolla purple with yellow marks ; tube short,
mouth very oblique. Ovary very hairy ; style glabrous. Capsule very acute.
Var. Wightii ; leaves less deeply crenate thick rugose tomentose, even when old
sometimes densely white woolly, capsule less than ^ in. D. Rottleriana, Wight Ic.
t. 1348; A. DC. Prodr.ix. 268. Rottlera incana, Vahl E num. i. 88. Henckelia
incana, Spreng. Syst. i. 38. — Shevagherry Hills, near Courtallum; Wight.
33. D. tomentosa, Wight Ic. t. 1349, and III. t. 159 lis, fig. 1 {stigma
incorrect) ; leaves elliptic attenuate at the base crenate tomentose, corolla ^
in., capsule § in. sparsely villous.
Hills in S. Madras ; Courtallum, Jamalay, Bolamputty, Wight.
Leaves 3 by 2 in., obtuse, white- villous above, ciunamoneous or ferruginous villous
or lanate beneath even when mature. Corolla-tube nearly £in, curved. Style thick,
glabrous; stigma large, glabrous. — In other respects resembling!). Rottleriana and
a variety perhaps of it (Thwaites Enum. 207).
Var. lanuginosa ; petiole 0 or very broad, leaves spathulate-orbicular cinnamoneous
tomentose beneath, peduncles long, cymes large. — Courtallum ; Wight.
34. D. lyrata, Wight Ic. 4 1350 ; leaves lyrate, terminal lobe ovate
incise-crenate or sublobulate thinly herbaceous villous on both surfaces,
corolla scarcely £ in., capsule |-f in. sparsely villous.
Deccan Peninsula ; Courtallum, Wight.
Leaves attaining 8 in.; petiole nearly 6 in., incise-pinnatifid ; limb 2-3 in. diam.,
base rounded. Peduncles 4-6 in., villous. Flowers and capsules nearly as in D.
Rottleriana.— Closely allied to D. Rottleriana, rather than to D. tomentosa, which
has larger flowers and capsules.
35. X>. Humboldtiana, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 477 ;
leaves broadly elliptic, base usually rounded or cordate shallowly crenate
thickly tomentose ultimately silky, sepals ^ in. pilose, corolla * m. Bot.
Mag. t. 4757.
Ceylon ; up to 5000 ft. alt., common, Gardner, &c.
Leaves 3 by l*-2i in., obtuse, sometimes orbicular, base rarely shortly attenuate ,
petiole §-2 in. Peduncles 2-4 in., pubescent, many-fld., or sometimes sabraceiaose
few-fid. Corolla pale purple, puberulous without. Filaments of the sterile stamens
nearly as long as of the fertile. Ovary pilose.; style glabrous. Capsule f in., otteii
oblique at the base. . ... ,. „ ^ . ,
Var. primulcefolia, Thwaites Enum. 207 (not D. primuhfoha, D Don); leaves
spathulate-elliptic, cymes subracemose slender, corolla scarcely £ m, sterile filaments
VOL. IV. A a
354 cvi. gesnerace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Didymocarpw
short, capsule slender. D. primulfefolia, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 478
Bot. Mag. t. 516J .—Ceylon ; in the Hantam range near Kandy, Gardner, Thwaites
— Petiole ^-2 in. Sepals -fa in., narrowly oblong, white-pilose, not tomentose.
Vab. recedens; leaves large, base attenuate, cymes compound. — Ceylon; Walle-
kelly Hill, alt. 2000 ft., Beckett.— Leaves 6 by 4 in., thinly white-strigose above,
rusty-pubescent on the nerves beneath, much thinner in texture than in the type ;
petiole scarcely ^ in. Peduncles up to 8 in.
36. D. floccosa, Thwaites JEnum. 207 ; leaves obovate crenulate tomen-
tose above pale fulvous-floccose beneath, sepals £ in. narrowly oblong floc-
cose, corolla-tube ventricose.
Ceylon ; alt. 2000 ft., Central Province, near Dolosbage, Thwaites.
Leaves 6 by 3^ in., obtuse, attenuate at the base ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles 6 in.,
floccose; cyme 7-fld., densely floccose. Corolla % in., pale purple; mouth contracted.
Capsule 1 in., linear, follicular. — Nearly allied to JD. Humboldt iana.
37. D. zeylanica, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 119; leaves long-
petioled cordate-ovate or round crenate or serrate densely strigose on both
surfaces, cymes few-fid., corolla-tube nearly £ in. ovoid-cylindric lobes \ in.
DC. Prodr. ix. 266; Thwaites Enum. 207. D. longepetiolata, Gardn. in
Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 475.
Ceylon, alt. 5-6000 ft.; near Adam's Peak, Walker, Thwrdtes.
Leaves 2-3| in. diam., subobtuse; petiole £-5 in. Peduncles 2-4\ in., hairy,
3-9-fld. Sepals £- £ in., linear, pubescent with yellow hairs. Corolla white, tube
dark-purple. Stigma oblique, orbicular. Capsule early glabrate.
38. D. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1351, and III. t. 142, fig. 6 ; leaves
ovate crenate white-strigose on both surfaces, peduncles 3-5-fld., corolla
broadly campanulate gibbous, base saccate, capsule 1 in.
S. Deccan Peninsula; Courtallum, Wight; S. Tinnevelly, alt. 5000 ft.,
Beddome.
Leaves 3 by If in., obtuse, base rounded, shallowly crenate, above densely
beneath chiefly on the nerves strigose ; nerves 8-12 pair, parallel ; petiole 1-4 iu.
Peduncles 3£ in. Sepals ± in. Corolla |-| in., blue-yellow, nearly glabrous.
Filaments short ; anthers glabrous. Ovary pilose ; style about as long as the ovary,
nearly glabrous, stigma small subcapitate. Capsule linear, straight or somewhat
oblique at the base.
39. D. missionis. Wall. Cat. 6396 ; leaves ovate or elliptic entire
strigose on both surfaces, cymes subracemose many-fid., corolla funnel-
shaped nearly symmetric. DC. Prodr. ix. 266. D. membranacea, Bedd.
Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 176.
Deccan, Serb. Madr. S. Travancore ; Pachemallay, alt. 2000 ft., Beddome.
Leaves 3§ by 1-1£ in., scarcely acute, base rounded, membranous; hairs brown
in Wallich's dried example, white in Beddome's fresh ones; nerves 5-6 pair; petiole
l-2£in. Peduncles 8 in., hairy; pedicels 0-| in., often in distant pairs. Sepals
£-J in., lanceolate-subulate, hairy. Corolla § in., glabrous, pale blue. Anthers
minutely hairy. Style as long as the ovary, glabrous, stigma unilateral oblong.
Capsule nearly 1 in., linear; subt'ollicular (Beddome), or 2-valved (DC).
40. D. repens, Bedd, Ic. PI. Ind, Or. t. 120 ; creeping, leaves long-
petioled ovate-cordate serrate softly villous on both surfaces, peduncles
1-5-fld. F
Travancore and Tinnevelly, alt. 1-3000 ft. ; Beddome.
Stem slender, hairy ; nodes distant, rooting, bearing one leaf and one peduncle.
Leaves 3 by 2 in., acute ; petiole 4 in. Peduncles 3-5 in., villous ; pedicels sub-
Didymocarpus.'] cvi. gesnerace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 355
racemed in pairs, or (ex Beddome) nearly umbelled. Sepals ^ in. Corolla £-§ in.,
tubular, curved, hairy without, blue, Ovary hairy; style as long as the ovaiy'
glabrous, stigma oblique subpeltate. Capsule not seen.
Y. DXDXSSANDRA, Clarice.
Scapose perennials or suffrutescent. Stamens 4 fertile, didynamous.
Otherwise as Didymocarpus. — Species 7, extending from India to Borneo.
Sect. 1. Boeoides, Benth. Scapose. Nerves of leaf very strong
beneath, radiating.
1. D. lanuginosa, Clarice ; stem hardly any, leaves elliptic or ovate,
cymes and calyx glabrous or nearly so. Didymocarpus lanuginosa, Wall.
Cat. 791, not of Maximov.; DC. Prodr. ix. 268; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt.
Beng. t. 67. — Didymocarpoid, Griff. Itin. Notes, 64, n. 987.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-8000 ft., from Simla (JEdgeworth) to Bhotan
( Griffith) not common ; Sikkim, Lachen, J. D. H. Khasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft. ;
Kollong Rock, Griffith, BZ.f. $ 21, &c.
Stem hardly any, with the base of the petioles and peduncles fulvous-shaggy.
Leaves crowded, 3 by 1^ in., obtuse, base attenuated, crenate, above deciduously hir-
sute, beneath when young fulvous-woolly ; petiole |-1 in., or from the attenuation of
the leaf-base 0. Scapes 2-6. in., glabrate upwards ; cymes young woolly, ultimately
glabrate, compound ; pedicels £-■£ in. Sepals -fa in., lanceolate. Corolla £ in.,
long, hairy, pale blue or purple. Anthers peltate, cohering in pairs. Ovary glabrous ;
style minutely pilose. Capsule | in., often curved.
2. D. rufa, King in Roolc. Ic. PI. t. 1437; stem and leaves of D.
ginosa, but cymes densely woolly with brown hair.
Eastern Tibet ; Chumbi (E. of Sikkim), alt. 12,000 ft. {Herb. King).
Possibly only a state of D. lanuginosa, but the scape is stouter, pedicels shorter,
inflorescence densely woolly, the flowers smaller, calyx shorter and its lobes more
obtuse, the only capsule seen not ^ in. long.
Sect. 2. Cyrtandroides. Suffrutescent. Peduncles short, axillary,
clustered, 1-3-fld. Nerves of leaf pinnate.
3. D. frutescens, Jack in Mai. Misc. i. ii. 1, and in Trans. Linn.
Soc xiv. 39 ; leaves oblanceolate fulvous-silky beneath, corolla H in.,
anthers small round. Wall. Cat. 780 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 265. Henckelia
frutescens, Sprang. Syst., cura post. 13.
Penang; Wallich. Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3856), Maingay
(Kew Distrib. n. 1222).— Distrib. Sumatra.
Branches densely fulvous-villous upwards. Leaves opposite, 9 by 2J in., acumi-
nate, minutely crenate, mature glabrate above ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles \ in., silky;
bracts \ in., narrow, silky ; pedicels often 2, £ in., soon glabrous. Sepals z in., nar-
rowly lanceolate, silky. Corolla 1\ in. long, funnel-shaped, white, vihoxis, soon
nearly glabrous. Anthers small, round, cohering in pairs, when young ot i divaricate
ellipsoid cells, cells early confluent. Ovary glabrous ; style minutely hairy. Capsule
3i in.
YI. CHIRITA, Ham.
Herbs or low undershrubs. Leaves opposite, often unequal, sometimes
M'horled or alternate, elliptic or ovate, rarely lan^olate.C^s axillary,
many-orfew-rld.,or peduncles 1-fld. ; bracts 2, shorter ^ toe™* en,
deciduous. Calyx 5-fid or sub-5-partite, not very small (except in C.hamosa) ,
356 cvi. gesnerace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) t [Chirita.
lobes acute. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped or ventricose, middle-sized or large
(except in C. hamosa) ; tube not very narrow below nor gibbons ; limb 2-lipped,
lobes 5, rounded. Stamens 2 perfect, 2-3 barren, filaments flattened, genicu-
late ; anthers usually applied to the stigma ; cells 2, divaricate, ovate, ofteu
confluent. Ovary linear ; style short or long, stigma (when young) oblique pel-
tate, notched on the lower margin; in age upper margin usually produced
oblong bifid ; placentae inflexed to the axis, then revolute bearing the ovules.
Capsule elongate linear (smaller, slender in C. hamosa), sessile, loculicidally
2-valved to the base, valves 2-partite in the next season. Seeds ellipsoid,
smooth, sometimes with a minute boss or process at the end ; testa often
striated, reticulate. — Species 25, mainly Indian ; a few W. Malayan and
Chinese.
The foregoing character does not include the Malayan and Chinese species. The
genus, even thus narrowly defined, is with difficulty distinguished from Didymocarpus.
The stigma is said to be subentire in Didymocarpus, bifid in Chirita, which is roughly
true ; in Chirita it varies greatly with age.
Sect. 1. Euchirita. Calyx large or middle-sized. Corolla 1\ in. or
more, funnel-shaped, tubular towards the base, mouth not very oblique nor
unequally lipped. Capsule more than 2 in. long, not stalked.
* Species of Ceylon.
1. C. IVJoonii, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 479 ; leaves
whorled lanceolate or elliptic silky villous on both surfaces, peduncles scat-
tered 1-fld., calyx sub-5-partite silky villous, corolla 2£ in. and upwards.
JSot. May. t. 4405. Martynia lanceolata, Moon Cat. PI. Ceyl. 45.
Crylon; Hantam, alt. 4000 ft., Thwaites, Wight, &c.
Stem 2-3 ft., branched, villous upwards. Leaves 4 or 3 in a whorl, 5 by 2 in.,
minutely denticulate, densely softly hairy, and shining brown in the dried specimens ;
petiole | in. Peduncles \-2 in.; bracts 2, small, deciduous near their middle. Sepals
§ in. and upwards, narrowly lanceolate. Corolla widely ventricose, mouth 2 in.
across, minutely hairy without, purple, yellow-striped within. Filaments (fertile and
sterile) villous at the top. Ovary glabrous ; stigma obliquely 1-sided, shortly bifid.
Capsule 4 in. and upwards.
2. C. Walkeri, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 480; leaves
ternate or -opposite elliptic acuminate or lanceolate villous on both surfaces,
peduncles 5-1-fld., calyx sub-5-partite villous, corolla 1£ in. C. Walkeriae,
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4327.
Ceylon ; Walker.
Stem 2 ft., branched, villous upwards. Leaves 5 by 2 in., as of C. Moonii, but
less densely hairy ; petiole £-l£ in. Peduncles J-2 in., once or twice dichotomous,
rarely 1-fld.; bracts small. Calyx |-| in. Capsule 2|-5 in. — Closely allied to C.
Moonii, which differs in the 1-fld. peduncles and larger corolla.
Vak. parviflora ; calyx \-\ in., corolla 1 in., capsule 2 in. Var. £, Thwaites
Enum. 207.— Ceylon ; Thwaites.
3. C. zeylanica, Hook. Bot. May. t. 4182 ; leaves opposite ovate or
elliptic acuminate strigose on both surfaces, peduncles many-fid., calyx sub-
5-partite glabrous, corolla 1 in. C. communis, Gardn. in Calc. Journ.
Nat. Hist. vi. 481.
Ceylon ; up to 5000 ft. alt. common ; Gardner, &c.
Stem 18 in., branched, strigose upwards. Leaves 3 by 2 in. ovate, or 4| by 2 in.
elliptic, minutely denticulate, sparsely strigose; nerves 9 pair, hirsute beneath;
t- Chirita.] cvi. gesneraceje. (C. B. Clarke.)
357
petiole |-2 in. Peduncles 1-4 in., glabrous upwards ; bracts \-\ in., ovate, glabrous.
Sepals \-\ in., elliptic-lanceolate. Corolla 1 in. diam., glabrous without*, purple,
yellow-striped within. Filaments hairy at the tip. Ovary glabrous; stigma uni-
lateral. Capsule 4 in.
Vab. angusta ; leaves narrowly lanceolate acute at both ends, nerves 6 pair,
flowers somewhat smaller and paler. Var. fi, Thwaites Enum. 208. — Ceylon ; between
Galle and liatnapoora, Thwaites.
** Species of the Himalaya and Khasia Mts.
4. C. bifolia, Don Prodr. 90 ; stem 2-leaved, leaves sessile orbicular-
quadrate thinly villous on both surfaces, peduncles 3-1-fld., calyx deeply
5-fid villous. Boyle III. 204, t. 70, fig. 2 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 269 ; Clarke Comm.
Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 77. Calosacme [auiplectens, Wall. Cat. 306. Henckelia
bifolia, Dietr. Sp. PI. i. 574.
Tempeeate W. Himalaya, alt. 6000 ft., from Gurwhal to Nepal ; Wallich, &c.
Stem 3-6 in., simple, at flower-time leafless at the base, 2-leaved at the
summit; one or two small bract-like leaves rarely added in the middle of the stem.
Leaves equal or unequal, or one suppressed, 3 in. diam., base cordate or in the
smaller attenuate, serrate. Peduncles 1-2, rarely more, rising between the two leaves,
usually 2-fld., about 1 in. ; bracts \ in., oblong, villous; pedicels J in. Calyx \ in.
and upwards, thin, subcorolloid ; lobes £ in., broad-lanceolate. Corolla nearly 2 in.,
almost straight, ventricose above the calyx, nearly glabrous without, purple-blue,
below yellowish. Filaments hairy at the top. Ovary and style pubescent; stigma
peltate oblique, notched on the lower side. Capsule not seen.
5. C. pumila, Don Prodr. 90 ; small or large, leaves elliptic acumi-
nate mature pilose on both surfaces, bracts ciliate, calyx deeply 5-fid hirsute
with white hairs herbaceous. DC. Prodr. ix. 269 ; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt.
Peng. t. 74. C. flava, Br. in Benn. PL Jav. Par. 117. C. Edgeworthii,
A. DC. Prodr. ix. 269. C. diaphana, Boyle III. 204, name only. C. poly-
neura var. a, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t.. 75, not of Miq. Calosacme
flava, Wall. Cat. 801. Bonnaya humilis, Spreng. Syst., cures post. 15.
Henckelia pumila, Dietr. Sp. PL i. 574. — Didymocarpus n. 18, Herb. Ind.
Or. H.f Sf T.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 1500-6000 ft., from Simla to Mishmee ; plentiful
in Sikkim and Bhotan. Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., common.
Stem (in well-developed examples) 20 in., erect, branched ; small examples with
few or 2 leaves not rare. Leaves opposite, often unequal, 5£ by 2 in., closely serrate,
mature hirsute above with white hairs, pubescent beneath; petiole § in. Peduncles
2 in., 5-1-fld. ; bracts \ in., ovate or oblong ; pedicels £ in. Calyx \ in. and upwards ;
lobes i in., narrowly lanceolate. Corolla 1£ in., tubular-funnel-shaped, pubescent
without, | in. diam., purple-blue, yellowish below, sometimes pale-blue. Stamens
glabrous. Ovary and style oubescent stigma unilateral, bifid. Capsule 4 in. and
upwards.
6. C. dimidiata, Br. in Benn. PL Jav. Bar. 117; leaves elliptic
acuminate mature strigose above glabrous beneath, bracts thinly ciliate,
calyx 5-fid half-way down nearly glabrous whiteish. C. polyneura, var. 0,
Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. tt. 76, 72, not of Miq. Calosacme dimidiata,
Wall. Cat. 803.
Sikkim, Bhotan, Assam, alt. 1500-4000 ft., frequent. Khasia Mts., alt. 1500-
3500 ft., common. «,«•■■*. i •
Closely resembling C. pumila. PediceU shorter. Calyx f in. ; segments £ in ,
narrowly lanceolate. Corolla lfc-2 in., rather larger than of C pumila, white, mouth
purple-blue, without the yellow tinge of C. pumila.
358 cvi. gesneraoejE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Chirita.
7. C calva, Clarke; glabrous, leaves elliptic or oblong acuminate,
calyx deeply 5-fid segments elliptic-oblong mucronate. C. glabra, Clarke
Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 73, not of Mia. — Chirita n. 20, Herb. Ind. Or.
S.f. Sf T.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-7000 ft. ; Lachen, J. D. H. ; Darjeeling, Gamble.
Stem 6-12 in. Leaves opposite, usually very unequal, sometimes alternate,
attaining 6 by 2\ in. (often smaller and narrower), base very unequal, minutely den-
ticulate, obscurely ciliate; petiole $-2 in. Peduncles § in., 3-1 -fld. Calyx \ in.,
lobed | the way down; segments herbaceous, obtuse with a mucro. Corolla 1£ in,
nearly as of C. pumila, pale purple-blue, glabrous without. Ovary and style glabrous.
Capsule not seen.
8. C. macrophylla, Wall. PL As. Bar. i. 56, t. 72 ; leaves ovate or
elliptic acute hairy sparsely above more densely on the nerves beneath,
peduncles several-fid., calyx and bracts nearly glabrous, corolla long yellow.
DC. Prodr. ix. 269; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 71. Calosacme macro-
phylla, Wall. Cat. 805. Henckelia macrophylla, Spreng. Syst., curce post.
14. H. grandifolia, Dietr. Sp. PI. i. 576.
Temperate E. Himalaya ; from Nepal to Bhotan, alt. 5-8000 ft., frequent.
Stem 4-18 in., pubescent. Radical leaves (usually present at flower-time much
larger than the canline) 6 by 3£ in., base cordate, crenate-serrate ; petiole 4-9 in.
Peduncles J-5 in. ; bracts § in., ovate, serrulate, subglabrous or pubescent only on the
nerves beneath ; pedicels £- 2 in., nearly glabrous. Calyx |-1 in., divided to the
middle or nearly to the base ; segments ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate. Corolla 2 in.,
tubular, scarcely swollen upwards. Filaments glabrous or minutely pilose. Ovary
glabrous; style minutely pubescent, stigma unilateral deeply bifid. Capsule 4 in.
and upwards.
9. C- K.urzii, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 145 ; leaves elliptic or
lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate strongly serrate hairy on both surfaces,
peduncles few-fid., calyx hairy, corolla yellow. Didymocarpus Kurzii,
Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 66.
Sikkim Himalaya ; on the ridge between Sikkim and Nepal, alt. 9000 ft., J. D. H.,
Kurz, Dr. Treutler, &c.
Stem 8-20 in., thick, villous, crowned by the larger leaves and approximated
peduncles. Leaves opposite and alternate, attaining 8 by 4 in., acuminate; petiole
^-2 in. Peduncles 2r-5 in., often 2-5; bracts £ in., elliptic, villous; pedicels
i-§ in., villous. Sepals nearly free, £ in., broadly lanceolate, persistent. Corolla
nearly 1| in., narrowly funnel-shaped, pubescent, purple-spotted in the throat. Ovary
and style pubescent ; stigma subpeltate, oblique, notched on one side. Capsule 2 by
£ in., sessile, villous.
10. C. urticaefolia, Sam. in Bon Prodr. 90; leaves elliptic
acuminate sparsely hispidulous above villous on the nerves beneath,
peduncles 5-1-fld., bracts nearly glabrous, calyx 5-fid half-way down hispid
with white hairs, corolla largeish purple. DC. Prodr. ix. 268 ; Clarke
Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 69. C. grandiflora, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 43, t. 50.
Calosacme grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 800. Henckelia urticaefolia & Wal-
lichiana, Dietr. Sp. PI. i. 574. Gonatostemon Boucheanum, Regel Gar-
tenfl. 1866, 353, t. 526.— Didymocarpi sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 155.— Cyrtan-
dracea, Griff. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 436.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4500-8000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan, frequent.
Stem 8-18 in., hairy upwards. Leaves opposite, more or less unequal, 5 by 2 in.,
unequal at the base, serrate ; petiole f-2 in. Peduncles |-2 in., sparingly pubescent ;
bracts \ in., ovate; pedicels £-§ in., nearly glabrous. Calyx § in.; lobes $ in.,
triangular-lanceolate. Corolla nearly 2 in., narrowly funnel-shaped, sparsely hairy,
Chirita.'] cvi. GESNERACBiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 359
purple with yellow lines within. Ovary glahrous ; style minutely pubescent, stigma
unilateral deeply bifid. Capsule 4 in. and upwards.— The only species of Chirita in
which the bracts are much less hairy than the calyx.
11. C. Clarkei, Hook. f. ; almost stemless, leaves ovate or elliptic
pubescent on both surfaces, calyx divided nearly to the base dusky villous,
ovary dusky pubescent. — Chirita sp. n. 27, Serb. Ind. Or. S. f. Sf T.
Sikkim ; Lachen, alt. 7-8000 ft., J. D. S.
Radical leaves 4>\ by 3 in., shortly acute, base obtuse, crenate-serrate ; petiole
1&-4 in. Peduncles 4 in., upwards (as the whole inflorescence) with many spreading
glandular brown hairs ; bracts \ in., oblong ; pedicels 3-1, £-1 in. Calyx scarcely
£ in., segments wide-lanceolate. Corolla (not expanded) of Chirita, glandular-villous
without. Stigma subpeltate. Capsule elongate linear. — Seems near C. urticcefolia,
differing in the smaller calyx and indumentum.
12. C. Hookeri, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 70; leaves elliptic
acute hairy on both surfaces, peduncles 5-1-fld., bracts villous, calyx large
densely hirsute.— Chirita sp. n. 22, Herb. Ind. Or. Sf. Sf T.
Upper Assam; Mishmee Hills, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3826). Khasia
Mts., Griffith.
Resembling generally C. urticcefolia. Peduncles villous; bracts 1 in., ovate-
oblong, herbaceous ; pedicels g— § in., villous. Calyx § in. ; lobes £ in., triangular-
lanceolate. Corolla nearly as of C. urticcefolia ; ex Griffith (i pale blue the lower
lip with 2 yellow lines. — Dr. King thinks this may be only a var. of C. urticcefolia,
the numerous examples of which are however very constant in the comparative glab-
rousness of their bracts.
13. C. acuminata, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 117 ; leaves elliptic or
ovate acuminate hairy on. both surfaces, peduncles many-fld., bracts oblong
villous, calyx divided hardly half-way down rusty villous. Clarke Comm.
Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 81, not of A. DC. Incarvillea oblongifolia, JRoxb. Ft.
Ind. iii. 113. Calosacme acuminata, Wall. Cat. 802. Babactes oblongi-
folia, DC. Prodr. ix. 260. iEschynanthus acuminata, G. Don Gen. Syst.
iv. 657.— Chirita sp. n. 10, Serb. Ind. Or, Sf. Sf T.
Khasia Mts., Assam, Mishmee and Chittagong Hills, alt. 500-3500 ft.,
common.
Stem 2-6 ft., sometimes frutescent, closely villous upwards. Leaves opposite,
subequal, 8 by 3| in. (sometimes larger often much smaller), closely serrulate ; petiole
£-3 in. Peduncles J-2^ in., villous, laxly dichotomous ; bracts and bracteoles }~i in. ;
pedicels f in. Calyx ^ in. ; lobes scarcely £ in., ovate, acute. Corolla 1J in., tubular-
ventricose, yellowish- white (or fide Roxburgh somewhat marked with red), nearly
glabrous. Fertile filaments dilated, minutely pilose. Ovary and style hairy; stigma
subpeltate, oblique, notched on one side, ultimately oblong bifid. Capsule 2~2£ by
£ in. Seeds broadly ellipsoid, umbonate at each end, obscurely ribbed and minutely
reticulated.
14. C. brevipes, Clarke ; nearly stemless, densely fulvous hairy, leaves
ovate or elliptic acute, peduneles short 1-2-fld., calyx 5-fid half-way down
lobes lanceolate. C. speciosa var. a, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 79, not
ofKurz.— Chirita sp. n. 21, Serb. Ind. Or. Sf. Sf T.
Khasia Mts., alt. 1500-4000 ft. ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3828), &c.
Rhizome short, creeping with crowded nodes, very hairy. Leaves alternate,
crowded, attaining 10 by 5 in., serrate; petiole up to 8 in Peduncles £-1 in.;
bracts | in, oblong, densely villous; pedicels J-1J in. Calyx $ in., lobes J in.
Corolla nearly 2 in., minutely pubescent without (probably white). Capsule 4 in.,
woody, erect on the rigid thickened pedicel.— Kurz's C. speeiosa from Yuuan has very
360 cvi. gesxerace^. (C B. Clarke.) [Chirita.
long peduncles, short pedicels and linear calyx-segments : as regards size, C. brevipes
is often as large as C. speciosa.
15. C. primulacea, Clarke Comm. fy Cyrt. Beng. t. 82 ; almost stem-
less, softly villous, leaves long-petioled oblong incise-serrate, peduncles
numerous short many-fld., calyx divided half-way down densely villous,
corolla yellow- white.— Chirita sp. n. 16, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Sikkim, alt. 2-3000 ft. ; J. D. H., Anderson, &c.
Gregarious on steep wet rocks. Leaves pendent, 6 by 1\ in.; petiole 2-6 in. Flowers
forming rosulate clusters; whole inflorescence softly villous. Peduncles |-J in.,
1-2-3-tomous ; bracts %-\ in., obloug ; pedicels \ in. Calyx £ in., lobes lanceolate
acute. Corolla 1 in. and upwards, narrowly funnel-shaped, minutely pubescent
without. Ovary and style densely shortly villous, stigma obliquely peltate, lower
margin notched. Capsule 2 in.
16. C. monophylla, Clarice; leaf solitary sessile cordate-ovate,
peduncle hardly any 1-2-fld., calyx divided half-way down brown-hirsute. —
Chirita sp. 30, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Upper Assam ; Mishmee Hills, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3832).
Stem 4-10 in., simple, erect, with sometimes 1 or 2 small scale-like leaves in its
middle. Leaf (at flower-time) 1 in., ovate, acute, at fruit-time 7 in. diam., cordate or
shortly peltate, glabrous above, villous on the nerves beneath. Peduncle (in the axil
of the leaf) scarcely * in. ; bracts small; pedicels -^-^ in. Calyx \ in. and upwards,
white or purple-spotted; lobes \-\ in., lanceolate-subulate. Corolla 2 in., narrowly
funnel-shaped, glabrous without. Ovary and style glabrous. Capsule 2\ in. Seeds
of the genus. — From the extraordinary manner in which the solitary leaf continues
growing to the period of ripening the capsule, it may be suspected that it is a persis-
tent cotyledon.
17. C caligrinosa, Clarice-, stem long leafy, leaves falcate-elliptic
acuminate at both ends pubescent, cymes axillary few-lid. lax, sepals
lanceolate much acuminate.
Peninsula of Malacca ; Klang in Selangore, Beccari.
Stern 1 foot, pubescent. Leaves opposite, 6 by 2£ in., minutely toothed; petiole
\\ in. Peduncles 0-^ in. ; bracts and bracteoles 0, or very early caducous; pedicels
^-2 in., patently pubescent. Sej>als f-1 in., dusky-pubescent. Corolla 1| in. ; tube
upwards villous with brown hairs, limb within (in the dry specimen) lurid-blue.
Anthers very large, subquadrate, with long hair. Ovary fuscous-pubescent; stigma
unilateral, shortly bifid. Capsule 3 in., curved, dusky -hairy. —The whole plant is
dusky ; the habit and inflorescence ally it to the next section, Microchirita ; but the
calyx is large.
Sect. 2. ZKicro chirita. Calyx about \ in., divided nearly to the base
into narrow segments. Corolla £-f in., tube narrow below much curved
above, mouth very oblique, lower lip larger. Capsule slender.
18. C- hamosa, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Ear. 117; leaves ovate or
elliptic acute, peduncles connate and adnate to the petiole ebracteolate,
capsule slender often much curved. Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 78.
Didymocarpus hamosa, Wall. Cat. 788. D. cristata, Dalz. in Hook. Keio
Journ. iii. 225; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 134— Chirita sp. n.. 20, Herb. Ind.
Or. H.f. Sf T.
Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., Wallich, Griffith, H. f Sf T., &c. Martaban ;
Wallich. Moulmein ; Lobb, Parish. W. Deccan Peninsula ; Stocks, Law,
Dalzell.
Stem £-20 in., sparingly pilose. Leaves opposite, subequal, 6-1 by 4-£ in., base
rounded, obscurely crenate, thin, weakly hairy on both surfaces; petiole £-£ in.
Chirita.] cvi. gesneracele. (C. B. Clarke.) 3G1
Peduncles (their free portion) O-3 in., hispidulous. Sepals | in., sublinear, patently
hairy. Corolla scarcely § in. ; tube slender, nearly white, mouth pale blue or some-
what rose. Stigma distinctly bifid. Capsule 1-3 in.
Vae. unifolia; stem £-L in., with one leaf at the top and 5-1 flowers. Chirita
sp. n. 31, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f.Sf T.— Khasia Mts., alt. 500 ft., on the river bank near
Terry a Ghaut, J. D. H. Moulmein ; Thoungyne, Lobb. — Extremely unlike the
ordinary form of C. hamosa, but except in its minute size no distinction can be found.
The single leaf is perhaps a persistent cotyledon, carried up as in some other species of
the Order ; and the plant may be specifically distinct.
VII. PLATYSTEMIdA, Wall.
A small, slender herb. Leafl (a persistent cotyledon ?) sessile, orbicular-
cordate, membranous, hairy. Peduncle from the leaf-axil, slender, few-fid. ;
bracts very small, sublinear. Calyx wide-campanulate, deeply 5-fid.
Corolla violet, subrotate, deeply 2-lipped ; lips wide-spreading, upper
shortly bifid, lower deeply 3-lobed ; lobes all wide-oblong, obtuse. Stamens
4 perfect, filaments short, curved ; anthers cohering by their tips, 2-celled ;
cells round, divaricate, early confluent, dehiscing by a single short slit.
Ovary ovoid; disc annular; style linear, much longer than the ovary,
stigma small; placentas deeply intruded, then bifid, branches recurved,
bearing ovules on their margins on both faces. Capsule narrowly oblong,
nearly as in Didymocarpus.
P. violoides, Wall. Cat 4410, and PI. As. Ear. ii. 42, t. 151 ; Royte
III 294, t. 71, fig. 1; DC. Prodr. ix. 279; Wight III. t. 159 bis, fig. 10.
P. majus, Wall. Cat. 4411, and PI. As. Bar. ii. 42, in obs.
Temperate W. Himalaya, alt. 6-9000 ft. -r from Nepal, Wallich, to Simla,
Strachey Sf Winterbottom.
Stem 2J-5 in., pubescent. Leaf\\~2,\ in., subacute, coarsely serrate, hairy above,
glabrous beneath, pubescent on tbe nerves. Peduncle |j-li in., 1-11-fld. ; bracts £ in.,
deciduous; cyme usually tricbotomous, lateral branches 3-fld..; pedicels 0-£ in.
Sepals -^ in., subovate, puberulous. Corolla J in., lips of equal length. Capsule only
known from Royle's figure.
VIII. CHAMFIONIA, Gardn.
A low, perennial, erect, hairy herb. Leaves opposite, subequal, petioled.
Peduncles slender ; bracts small ; cymes lax ; flowers white. Sepals 5, small,
narrow. Corolla-tube short ; limb spreading, subequally 4-lobed. Stamens
4 perfect, filaments short, thick; anther-cells ellipsoid, nearly parallel, slits
confluent at their apex.. Ovary sessile, oblong ; disc 0 ; style linear, stigma
subcapitate ; placentas of two plane plates bearing ovules on both faces.
Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally 2-valved, valves soon 2-partite ; placentas
in fruit hardly altered. Seeds minute, ellipsoid, subacute at each end,
smooth, minutely striate and reticulated.
C. reticulata, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist, vi.485 ; leaves oblong
subentire, nerves slender close together.
Ceylon, alt. 3000 ft., frequent. . ,
Stem 2-6 in., undivided, duskily villous upwards. Leaves 4 by li in., obtuse or
shortly acute, base cuneate, thinly strigose above, dusky-villous on the nerves beneath ;
petiole i in. Peduncles 2^3 in., 3-10-fld., hairy; bracts J in., linear ; pedicels X-4 in.,
slender. Sepal* A in., linear, hairy. Corolla-tube T'5 in.; lobes i m., widely oblong,
glabrous. Ovary and style glabrous. Capsule * by T'5 m.; placentae narrower than
the valves, not recurved.
362 cvi. gesnerace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Bceica.
IX. BCEXCA, Clarke.
Undershrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled. Cymes much branched,
axillary, lax-fld. ; bracts small. Calyx small, 5-fid or -partite. Corolla
small, deeply 5-fid, glabrous, widely gibbous at the base, obscurely 2-lipped ;
lobes subequal, obtuse, purple or white. Stamens 4, attached near the base
of the corolla-tube, subequal, glabrous, filaments short ; anthers 2-celled,
not cohering in pairs ; cells ellipsoid, subparallel, slits curved coalescent at
the top. Ovary sessile, narrowly oblong ; style as long as the ovary,
glabrous, stigma punctiform; disc 0; placentas deeply inflexed, nearly
meeting, then recurved bearing ovules. Capsule shortly linear, straight,
beaked by the erect style, loculicidal, and soon septicidal; placentas
recurved, enrolling the seeds. Seeds very small, ellipsoid, smooth. — Species
5, in Assam, Bhotan and N. Burma.
1. S. filiformis, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 87 ; innovations
nearly glabrous, leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends mature glabrous,
peduncles solitary long, cyme with capillary branches and pedicels nearly
glabrous. — Bhynehotechum sp.?, Wall. Cat. 9079, in part. Chelone filiformis,
Sam. ms.
Assam ; near Goalpara, Hamilton, &c. Bhotan ; in Upper Singfo everywhere,
Griffith. Khasia Mts. ; Griffith. Cachae ; Keenan.
Branches long, leafy, glabrous to the tip. Leaves 7 by 2 in., minutely dentate ;
petiole £-1 in. Peduncles 2-4 in. j bracts ^ in., linear. Calyx -fa in. Corolla ^ in.,
purple. Capsule £ in.
2. 8. G-riffithii, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 86 ; innovations
fulvous-silky, leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends mature fulvous-
villous beneath, peduncles short usually 2-3 fascicled, cyme much branched
intricate. — Rhynchotechum sp. ?, Wall. Cat. 9079, in -part. Chelone rubicunda,
Sam. ms.
Assam; Goalpara, Hamilton.
Leaves 8 by 2£ in., denticulate, mature glabrous above. Peduncles 1-2 in.,
clustered, or peduncle may be considered hardly any branched from the base ; cyme
branches divaricate and recurved. — Otherwise nearly as B. filiformis.
3. B. fulva, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 85 ; innovations fulvous-
woolly, leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends fulvous- villous beneath,
peduncles solitary elongate, bracts f ulvous-tomentose. — Cyrtandracea n. 328,
Griff. Itin. Notes, p. 120.
Assam ; Masters. Bhotan and Mishmee, alt. 4200 ft., near Chulleree, Griffith
(Kew Distrib. n. 3844).
Leaves 7 by 2 in., obscurely denticulate, mature glabrous above or fulvous-
pubescent along the nerves. Peduncles 4r-6 in., fulvous floccose ; bracts £-£ in.,
persistent ; pedicels floccose. Flowers and capsules nearly as of B. filiformis.
4. B. hirsuta, Clarke ; very shaggy, leaves wide-lanceolate acuminate
at both ends densely fulvous-shaggy above, peduncles solitary long, cymes
fulvous-hirsute.
Uppeb Assam ? ; on the Soondra bank.
Branches thick, shaggy with yellow hair \-^ in. long, dense with leaves. Leaves
7 by 2 1 in., obscurely denticulate, shaggy above witb hairs \ in. long from tubercular
bases, villous beneath ; petiole £ in. Peduncles 2-4 in. ; bracts £ in., elliptic or
oblong ; cymes as though compound umbels. Sepals £ in., linear, shaggy. Corolla
not seen. Capsule % in., minutely hairy, 4-valved.
Tetraphyllum.] cvi. gesnerace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 363
X. TETB.APKVI.ZiUM, Griff.
A tawny- villous undershrub ; stem elongate, leafless or sparsely scaly
below, with 4 leaves whorled at the apex. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate,
unequal-sided. Cymes dense, subcapitate, nearly sessile ; bracts ellip-
tic. Calyx somewhat large, obscurely 2-lipped, sub-5-partite. Corolla
widely funnel-shaped, silky, blue ; lobes 5, subequal, ovate. Stamens 2
perfect, filaments short ; anthers 2-celled, apex submucronate ; cells ellipsoid,
nearly parallel, slits longitudinal. Ovary ellipsoid, acute; style linear,
stigma small, obscurely 2-lobed ; placentae deeply intruded, 2-partite, revolute,
bearing ovules on both sides. Capsule narrowly lanceolate, ultimately 4-
valved to the base, leaving two ribs united to the style and 4 papery enrolled
placentae. Seeds ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends; testa laxly reticulate,
appearing rough or scaly.
T. bens alense, Clarice. — Tetraphyllum, Griff'. Notul. iv. 148 (without
descr.). Phyllobcea sp., Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1020. — Clarke Comm. Sr Cyrt.
Beng. t. 87 bis.
Uppee Assam; Griffith. Mishmee; Namroop, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3830).
Cachab (Keenan). Chittagong Hills ; Clarice.
Stem 4-12 in., duskily woolly, below without leaves or with 1 or 2 pairs of scales
1 in. long ; innovations fulvous silky- woolly. Leaves 2 pairs at t.he summit of the
stem, 6 by 4 in., acute, base unequal, mature glabrate above, beneath duskily villous at
least on the nerves. Cymes 10-30-fld. Sepals £ in., lanceolate, fulvous-silky.
Corolla | in. ; lobes £ in. Stamens glabrous. Ovary (upwards with the style) silky.
Capsule £-§ by ^ in., acute.
XI. TRXSEPAXiUaX, Clarice,
Undershrubs ; stems short, villous or tomentose. Leaves opposite,
alternate or crowded, narrowly lanceolate, obscurely toothed. Peduncles
axillary, elongate, laxly 1-5-fld. ; bracts long. Calyx 2-lipped ; sepals 3,
2 narrow, the third broader shortly 3-lobed. Corolla broadly obliquely
campanulate, obscurely 2-lipped ; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2
perfect, filaments short; anthers large, cordate-ovate, adhering by their
faces, 2-celled ; slits short, soon confluent. Ovary oblong ; stigma simple,
one-sided; placentae deeply intruded, bifid, shortly recurved. Capsule
oblong, shorter than the calyx, loculicidally 2-valved, soon 4-valved, valves
not twisted ; placentaB shortly recurved, not membranous. Seeds minute. —
Species 2, in Lower Burma.
1. T. obtusum, Clarke; villous, stem very short, leaves opposite and
alternate linear-lanceolate, cymes 1-5-fld., calyx-segments oblong obtuse.—
Phyllobcea sp. Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 1020.
Tenasserim ; Moulmeiu, Loob.
Stem 2-4 in., densely leafy, upwards (with the innovations) rufous-woolly, leaves
5 by i in., base much attenuated, crenulate, above white-villous, beneath rufous-
woolly on the nerves ; petiole * in. or hardly any. Peduncles 1-3 in., flocculose with
rufous deciduous wool; bracts \ in., ovate, somewhat thick, villous or woolly ; pedicels
hardly longer than the bracts. Calyx ± in.; one lip 2-partite the other d-nd;
segments rounded, green at the apex, recurved. Corolla J in., widely funnel-shaped,
glabrous; lobes rounded. Stamens of the genus. Style linear, scabrous from
numerous subsessile glands, stigma very shortly 2-lobed. Capsule-valves £ in.,
oblong, acute, rigid, bearing the placentae in the middle.
364 cvi. gesxeracej:. (C. B. Clarke.) [TetraphyUum.
2. T. acutum, Clarke; stem very short, leaves alternate narrowly
lanceolate hairy, cymes laxly 1-3-fld., calyx- segments elongate-lanceolate.
Tenassebiii ; at Moulmein, Parish.
Stem scarcely 2 in., densely leafy, upwards (with the innovations) rusty woolly.
Leaves 5 by 1 in., acuminate at both ends, minutely crenate-sinuate, mature
puberulous on both surfaces ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles 2-4 in., puberulous ; bracts
§ in., narrowly lanceolate; pedicels i-1 in. Calyx \ in., pubescent, one lip 2-partite
the other 3-lobed half-way down. Corolla § in., wide funnel-shaped, glabrous, purple-
rose; lobes rounded, 2 upper more blue. Stamens of the genus. Style linear,
pubescent, stigma produced on one side. Capsule (immature) oblong, hairy.
XII. PHTTXiIiOBlEA, Benth. partly.
An erect herb. Leaves opposite. Cymes peduncled, bracts conspicuous ;
flowers rose. Calyx large, 2-lipped ; one lip 2-partite nearly to the base,
the other 3-loted half-way down. Corolla wide-campannlate, sub-bilabiate ;
lobes 5, ovate, nearly equal. Stamens 2 perfect, filaments very short;
anthers large, round, connivent, 2-celled; cells ovate, divaricate, soon
appearing 1 -celled, dehiscing by a single short slit; staminodes 2-3 or 0.
Ovary obloDg, acute ; disc unilateral ; style longer than the ovary, stigma
produced on one side; placentas deeply intruded, bifid, branches much
recurved bearing ovules on both surfaces. Capsule narrow-lanceolate,
longer than the calyx, follicular, afterwards 2-valved; valves twisted;
placentas papery, revolute. Seeds ellipsoid, rugose-reticulate.
P. arnplexicaulis, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1020; glabrous, stem long,
leaves round, petioles winged amplexicaul, cyme-branches densely many-fid.,
bracts broad almost imbricate. Bcea arnplexicaulis, Parish ms.; Clarke
Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beug. t. 84.
Tenasserim; at Moulmein, Parish. Pegtt; Kambila-toung, alt. 3200 ft.,
Kurz.
Branches 6-12 in. Leaves 6-10 in. diam., shortly acuminate, crenate-sinuate;
petiole 4 by I in. Peduncles 4-6 in., stout, axillary, solitary, often opposite ; bracts
h in., round, connate at the base ; cymes dichotomous ; branches 2 in., 5-25-fld. ; pedicels
O-g- in. ; bracteoles similar to the bracts but smaller. Calyx \'m.; lobes herbaceous,
spathulate -oblong, obtuse. Corolla \ in. long, §, in. diam., white suffused with rose.
Capsule £-§ in., conical upwards, valves twisted into 2 or 3 complete spires.
XIII. BOCA, Commers.
Perennial herbs ; caulescent or scapose. Leaves opposite or crowded.
Peduncles axillary, usually long ; cymes lax or few-fid. ; bracts small.
Sepals hr small, narrow. Corolla small or middle-sized, widely ca.mpanulate,
somewhat unequal at the base, glabrous, 2-lipped ; lobes 5, ovate, obtuse.
Stamens 2 perfect, 2-3 rudimentary ; filaments short, linear (in the Indian
species) ; anthers 2-celled, often cohering at the apex ; cells ovate, divergent
at the base, slits usually confluent at the apex. Ovary sessile, linear ; disc
0 ; style as long as the ovary, glabrous upwards, stigma small obscurely
2-lobed; placentas inflexed nearly to the axis, then recurved bearing the
ovules. Capsule linear, loculicidal ; valves 2r twisted ; placentae at first
attached to the valves, twisted with them, afterwards separating from the
valves, which often again split each into two. Seeds minute, ellipsoid,
smooth, testa minutely reticulate. — Species 12, Indian, N. Chinese, N.
Australian and the New Hebridean.
Bwa.] cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 365
The generic name was by Commerson spelt originally Beana in ms., and after-
wards simplified to Bea, also in ms. It was first published in Lamk. Diet. (1783) i. 401,
and spelt Bcea ; afterwards in Juss. Gen. (1789) 121 as Baea. Ba3a was adopted by
Brown, DC, and by Bentham in Gen. Plant., but Boea has priority of publication.
1. B. prolixa, Clarke-, stem short, leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late coriaceous tomentose beneath, peduncle very long, cymes many-lid.,
capsule ^ in.
Pegtj ; at Thoungyun, Kurz.
Stem 2| in., closely tomentose. Leaves opposite, crowded, 4 by |-1£ in., acute,
rhomboid at the base, minutely crenulate, arachnoid above ; nerves beneath obscured
bytomentum; petiole 1 in. Peduncle 9 in., rusty-tomentose ; cyme 2§ in. diani.,
about 50-fld., with deciduous tomentum; pedicels | in., puberulous. Sepals ^'m.,
linear, nearly glabrous. Corolla not seen. Capsule glabrous.
2. B. multiflora, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 120 ; stem short, leaves
narrowly elliptic regularly crenate mature glabrate above villous or lanate
on the reticulated nerves beneath, cymes many-fid., capsule § in. A. DC.
Prodr. ix. 272. B. flocculosa, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 83. Didymo-
carpus multiflora, Wall. Cat. 793. — Bcea sp. nn. 2 and 4, LTerb. Ind. Or.
S.f.SfT.
Khasia Mts., alt. 1-3000 ft.; Wallich, S. f.Sf T., &c. Assam; Griffith.
Moulmein ; Parish. — Distbib. Cochin China.
Stem 1-5 in. ; upwards cinnamoneous-tomentose. Leaves crowded, 6 by 2] in.,
subobtuse, base unequally rhomboid, deciduously floccose above, ultimately nearly
glabrous beneath except on the much-elevated nerves ; petiole ^-1 in. Peduncles
several, 4-7 in., floccose-tomentose; cyme 2-3 in. diam., up to 50-fld., tomentose.
Sepals T'5 in., sublinear. Corolla I in., puberulous without. Ovary densely covered
with sessile glands ; style glabrous. Capsule glaudular-puberulous. — In the Khasian
plant the nerves of the leaves beneath are thick, tomentose ; in the Burmese plant
they .are beneath slenderer, pubescent ; and the branches of the cyme are slenderer.
3. B. herbacea, Clarke; leaves nearly sessile distant opposite
elliptic acuminate crenate-serrate sparsely pilose on both surfaces, base
attenuate, cymes contracted many- fid., capsule 5 in. — Bcea n. 3, Herb. Ind.
Or. H.f. Sf T.
Tenasserim; at Moulmein, Parish.
Stem 4-8 in., slender, softly hairy. Leaves 8 by 3 in., or hardly half these
dimensions, often amplexicaul. Peduncles 1-4, 2| in., softly hairy; cymes H in.
diam., green, viscidly hairy. Sepals T'5 in., narrowly oblong, viscidly hairy. Corolla
i in., glabrous. Ovary glistening with yellow glands ; style glabrous upwards.
Capsule glandular-viscous, closely reflexed in young fruit. — Excessively variable in
the size of the leaves.
XIY. ORNZTKOBOSA, Clarke.
A caulescent herb. Leaves opposite, distant, petioled. Peduncles
axillary, solitary, short; cymes panicled. Sepals 5, not small. Corolla
tubular, 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 reflexed lobes; lower 3-lobed, two lateraP
lobes narrow lanceolate patent, middle lobe smaller recurved, with a dense
tuft of blue hairs at its base. Stamens 2 perfect, 3 rudimentary, filaments
short ; anthers 2-celled, united at the apex by a short hgule ; cells sub-
parallel, broad, scarcely confluent at the apex. Ovary sessile, ellipsoid;
disc 0 ; style as long as the ovary, stigma minute sub-2-lobed ; placentae
deeply inflexed, nearly meeting, then recurved bearing the ovules. Capsule
narrowlv lanceolate, 2-valved, valves twisted before dehiscence; placentae
366 cvi. gesnerace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ornithoboea.
recurved enclosing the seeds. Seeds minute, ellipsoid, smooth ; testa striate,
reticulate.
0. Parishii, Clarke.
Tenasserim: ; at Moulmein, Parish.
Stem 7 in., slender, pubescent. Leaves 6 by 2£ in., elliptic, acute, base unequal,
crenate-serrate, thinly softly hairy on both surfaces ; petiole 2-4 in. Cymes hardly
longer than the petiole, solitary from nearly every axil ; bracts £ in., linear ; pedicels
^-J in., subracemose. Sepals £ in., oblong, green, pubescent, persistent, subreflexed in
Jruit. Corolla nearly £ in., personate, pale blue, glabrous except the palate. Capsule
§ by -^ in., hairy, green, scarcely acute. — A complete drawing with full analysis of
this plant was sent to Sir W. Hooker by Mr. Parish ; it resembles a Bcea but for the
corolla and the broader submembranous capsule, which resembles Phyllobce a.
XV. KLUGIA, Schlecht.
Herbs, rooting at the base, then erect, somewhat succulent. Leaves
alternate (or subopposite one of the pair reduced to an auricle), acumi-
nate, unequal- sided, cordately auricled on one side of the unequal base,
subentire or sinuate, many-nerved. Racemes terminal or leaf opposed,
many-fid. ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles at the base of the pedicels small, linear ;
flowers small, short-pedicelled, pendulous. Calyx laxly campanulate,
5-angled or -winged, posterior wing often larger produced at the base ; lobes
5, shorter or longer than the tube. Corolla-tube cylindric ; limb 2-lipped ;
upper lip very small, lower broad, rounded or shortly 3-lobed, blue with 2
yellow marks. Stamens 4 perfect, included ; anthers approximated by pairs,
2-celled ; cells short, divaricate, early confluent. Ovary ovoid, glabrous ;
disc short, cylindric ; style longer than the ovary, glabrous, stigma obliquely
dilated obscurely 2-lobed ; placentae deeply inflexed, each divided into 2
thick plates, bearing ovules on all sides. Capsule included in the calyx,
broadly ellipsoid, loculicidal, 2-valved. Seeds ellipsoid, truncate at -both
ends, minutely striate, more or less reticulated. — Species 3 in India, 1 in
Mexico.
1. K.. Notoniana, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 276 ; leaves minutely scabrous-
pubescent, posterior wing of the calyx larger produced at the base, lobes
shorter than the tube, lower lip of the corolla £-§ in. diam. Wight Ic.
t. 1353, and III. t. 159 bis, fig. 4 ; Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi.
487. Wulfenia Notoniana, Wall. .Cat. 409; Tent. Fl. Nep. 46, obs. Gloss-
anthus malabaricus, Klein ; Benth. Scroph. Jnd. 57 ; Wall. Cat. 6394.
G. Notoniana, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 121. Ehynchoglossum obliquum,
HohenacJcer, n. 1165.
S. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, alt. 2-5000 ft., frequent, Wight, Thwaites,
&c
Annual, 12-18 in., usually with a line of hairs down the stem on one side.
Leaves 5-8 in.; petiole £-2 in. Peduncles ^—2 in., racemes often 4 in. Calyx
£ in., somewhat eularged in fruit; lobes -^ in., triangular, mucronate. Corolla-tube
£ in., white; lower lip blue, yellow near the two hooded depressions at its base.
Capsule % in. diam.
Vae. glabra ; glabrous, leaves more membranous, flowers smaller. K. glabra,
Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 489. — Ceylon ; alt. 4-5000 ft., Walker, &c. —
Even the pedicels are glabrous.
Var. scabra ; leaves minutely scabrous not pubescent beneath, flowers capsules
and seeds rather smaller than in K. Notoniana type. K. scabra, Lalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 134. Rhyncoglossum scabrum, Lalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 140. — Mts. of S.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; Lalzell, Johnstone, Walker.
Klugia.] cvi. gesnerace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 367
2. XL. zeylanica, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 490 ; leaves
pubescent, calyx subequally 5- winged lobes longer than the tube remarkably
acuminate, lower lip of corolla more than £ in. diam. A. DC. Prodr. ix.
276, name only. K. Notoniana, Bot. Mag. t. 4620. Glossanthus zeylanicus,
Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 121, name only.
Ceylon ; frequent near Kandy, Gardner, Thwaites, &c.
Doubtfully distinct from K. Notoniana (ex Thwaites Enum. 208) ; but seems well
separable by the long and remarkably aeuminate calyx-lobes ; the pubescence also is
often stellate.
3. XL. ampliata ; leaves glabrate, calyx subequally 5-winged lobes as
long as the tube lanceolate, bracteoles persistent conspicuous.
Upper Assam ; Mishmee Hills, near Yen, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3846).
Stem at least a foot. Leaves 6 by 3 in. ; petiole j-l£ in. Peduncles \ in. ;
racemes 3 in., scarcely puberulous; bracteoles £ in. and upwards; pedicels 0-^ in.
Calyx (in fruit) \ in., broadly cylindric. Capsule and seeds nearly as of K.
Notoniana. — Corolla not seen : the species resembles K. Notoniana, hub is larger in
all its parts.
XVI. RHYNCHOGLOSSUM, Blume.
Herbs, minutely scabrid-pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate,
elliptic, acuminate, unequal-sided, cordate on one side of the unequal base,
subentire or sinuate. Bacemes long, man y-fld. ; bracts 0; bracteoles minute.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed half-way down. Corolla-tube cylindric, con-
tracted at the mouth ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip short bifid, lower lip longer,
3-lobed. Stamens 2 perfect, included ; anthers connivent, 2-celled ; cells
ellipsoid, subparallel, slits ultimately subconfluent at the apex. Ovary
ovoid ; style linear, stigma minutely 2-lobed ; placentas deeply intruded,
then bifid into 2 thick plates bearing ovules on all sides. Capsule included,
ellipsoid, membranous, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid,
smooth ; testa minutely reticulated. — Species 2, extending from India to the
Philippines.
R, obliquum, Blume Bijd. 741 ; corolla ^ in. long, lower lip ovate
2-3 times longer than the upper. DC. Prodr. ix. 274. R. Blumei, DC.
I. c. 274. Wulfenia intermedia, Wall. Cat. 408. Loxotis intermedia,
Benth. Scroph. Ind. 57. L. obliqua, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 102,
t. 24.
Tenasserim; at Moulmein, Wallich, Parish, &c. Malacca; Zippel.—DiSTKiv.
Throughout the Malayan Archipelago.
A succulent, membranous herb, very variable in size ; height 2-20 in. Leaves
1-^in.; petiole \-2, in. Racemes 8 in., or sometimes depauperated and 1-3-fld.;
bracteoles T'5-£ in., filiform. Calyx £ in., somewhat enlarged in fruit; lobes lanceo-
late, sometimes very acuminate, sometimes subtriangular. Corolla blue and white,
tube slightly incurved, as though hooded in the throat ; 2 lateral lobes of the lower
lip narrow falcate. Capsule \ in. diam. Seeds not striated.
Var. parvijlora ; lower lip of corolla narrower hardly twice as long as the upper.
R. obliquum, Wight III. t. 159 bis, fig. 7 ; Clarice Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 88. R.
zeylanicum, Bot. Mag. t. 1498. Wulfenia obliqua, Wall. Cat. 407, and Tent. Fl.
Nep. 45, t. 35. Loxotis obliqua, Benth. Scroph. Ind. bl.—Rheede Rort. Mai. ix.
t. 80.— Throughout India ; alt. 0-5000 ft., in and near the hills, very common ; from
Kumaon to Bhotan ; in Chota Nagpore and Central India, and in the W. Deccau
Peninsula, from Bombay to Ceylon.
XVII. JERDONIA, Wight.
A perennial, stemless herb. Leaves elliptic, reticulate; petiole long.
368 cvi. gesxeraceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Jerdonia.
Scapes slender, few-fld. ; bracts small. Sepals 5, lanceolate. Corolla pale
lilac with red lines ; tube elongate, swollen upwards ; limb oblique, 2-lipped;
lobes 5, ovate, obtuse, nearly equal. Stamens 4 perfect ; filaments short,
dilated upwards, 2 spurred ; anthers connivent, cohering by their apices,
2-celled ; cells ellipsoid, divergent at base, early divaricate and confluent.
Ovary ovoid ; disc annular; style linear, stigma small scarcely 2-lobed ;
placentae 2-partite into 2 flat plates bearing ovules on both faces.
Capsule broadly ovoid, acute, loculicidally 2-valved; placentas scarcely
altered in fruit. Seeds funicled, ellipsoid, subumbonate at the apex, smooth,
testa striate coarsely reticulate.
J. indica, Wight Ic. t. 1352, and III. t. 159 bis, fig. 2; Bot. Mag.
t. 5814.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Nilgherry and Anamally Hills, and Boliinputty near
Coimbatore, Wight.
Stem 2 in., thick, creeping, upwards (with the innovations) rufous -hirsute or
woolly. Leaves alternate, dense, 2£ by 2 in., obtuse at both ends, entire, rufous-ciliate
on the margin, mature glabrate above, rusty puberulous on the nerves beneath ; petiole
2-4 in. Scapes 2-4 in., rufous-pilose; bracts -^ in., sublinear; pedicels -fc-\ in., in
fruit somewhat thickened upwards. Sepals ^ in., rusty puberulous. Corolla § in. ;
lobes l in. diam. Filaments sparsely pilose. Ovary and style glabrous. Capsule
£ in. long and broad.
XYIII. LEPTOBffiA, Benth.
Shrubs. Leaves opposite, often crowded. Peduncles filiform, lax, few-
fld. ; bracts small, linear ; pedicels capillary. Calyx small, 5-fid. Corolla
small, campanulate, slightly gibbous at the base, white ; limb obscurely
2-lipped; lobes 5, subequal, round. Stamens 4 perfect, included ; anther-
cells ellipsoid, divergent at the base, ultimately confluent at the apex.
Ovary sessile, ellipsoid ; disc 0 ; style linear, stigma small subcapitate ;
placentae deeply intruded, of 2 plates, bearing ovules on both faces. Capsule
linear or oblong, septicidally 2-valved ; margins of the valves inflexed
bearing the placentae, valves soon or late 2-partite. Seeds minute, ellipsoid,
smooth. — Species 2, in N. and E. Bengal.
1. Xi. multiflora, Gamble Darjeeling List, 58 ; leaves elliptic acumi-
nate at both ends pubescent, capsule f in. linear 2-valved late or scarcely at
all 4-valved. Championia multiflora, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 68. —
Cyrtandracea n. 100, Griff. Bin. Notes, p. 107.
Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 3000 ft., frequent ; Griffith, J. L>. H., &c. Assam ;
Griffith. Khasia Mts.; alt. 2000 ft., frequent.
A shrub, 2-6 ft. Leaves attaining 4 by 1^ in., minutely crenulate, hairy on both
surfaces or at least on the nerves beneath ; petiole £-§ in. ' Peduncles \-\ in.,
often several fascicled on shortened lateral branches, 1-5-fld., pubescent; bracts ± in.,
linear; pedicels £-§ in. Calyx TL in., persistent; teeth linear, pubescent. Corolla
\ in., glabrous. Ovary minutely glandular; style glabrous, about as long as the
ovary. Capsule glabrous, acute, beaked by the style ; valves 2, often remaining
attached at the apex or on one side (iu the manner of Loxocarpus), ultimately again
2-partite.
2. Zi. glabra ; glabrous, leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends,
capsule £ in. oblong 2-valved nearly from the first 4-valved. Cheilosandra
leptopus, Griff, ms. ; Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1025.
Upper Assam ; Mishmee Hills, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3843).
A shrub, closely resembling L. pubescens, but altogether glabrous. Petioles
Epithema.~] cvi. gesnerace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 369
scarcely £ in. Capsule broadly oblong, subobtuse, early debiscent from the apex into
4 obtuse vavles, very nearly as in Boeica.
XIX. EPITHEMA, Blume.
Small, succulent, pubescent' herbs. Leaves few or solitary, lower alter-
nate, upper often opposite. Peduncles 1 or several, in the upper axils, free
or confluent with the petiole or leaf-base ; bract large, solitary, 1-sided,
hooded or subspathaceous ; flowers in a dense scorpioid raceme ; bracteoles
small, narrow. Calyx campanulate ; lobes 5, acute, valvate in bud. Corolla
small, tubular, 2-lipped, blue or white ; lobes 5, not very unequal. Stamens
2 perfect ; anthers cohering, 2-celled ; cells short, divaricate, early con-
fluent. Ovary ovoid ; disc 1-sided ; style filiform, stigma small subcapitate ;
placentas stalked, peltate, bearing ovules on all sides. Capsule globose,
membranous, included, circumsciss. Seeds oblong or ellipsoid, subacute at
both ends, smooth ; cells of the testa elongate, often spiral. — Species 5 (or 1),
from India to the Philippines, with 1 at Fernando Po.
E. carnosum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. p. 57 ; lower leaf petioled
upper opposite nearly sessile sinuate-crenate thinly pubescent, bract rarely
hooded, ovary densely pubescent at the apex, seeds narrowly oblong, cells of
the testa nearly straight. DC. Prodr. ix. 278; Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt.
JSenq. t. 90. Aikinia carnosa, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 665. — Epithema ?,
Wall. Cat. 9080.
E. Subtropical Himalaya, alt.?l-5000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan, common;
Wallich, &c. Khasia Mts., alt. 500-4000 ft., frequent ; H.f. Sf T., &c.
Stem i-14 in. Leaves ^-8 in., ovate- cordate, sparsely laxly villous above, paler
nearly glabrous beneath except on the nerves ; petiole of the alternate leaf often
2-4 in., of the subsessile leaves rarely £ in. Peduncles £-4 in., free or racemosely
(not fasciculately) confluent with the petiole or leaf-base; bract ^-f in., truncate;
pedicels 0-^in.; raceme subincluded in the bract or not; bracteoles minute, linear.
Calyx §-% in., hairy ; lobes lanceolate or triangular with a linear point. Corolla
$-% in., with a ring of hairs within ; lobes of the upper lip lanceolate, acute. Capsule
y2 in. diam.
Vae. dentata ; leaves denticulate or sometimes subacutely doubly serrate. — Pegu
and Tenasserim ; Attaran, Brandis ; Moulmein, Parish, &c.
Vae. hispida ; leaves serrulate almost hispid above, seeds broadly oblong. E.
ceybmicum, Wight III. t. 159 bis, fig. 3, and Ic. t. 1354; Balz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Ft.
135.— S. Deccan Peninsula; Courtallum, Wight; Nilgherries, Thomson; Concan,
Bah'dl, &c.
Vae. zeylanica; calyx larger, seeds twice as heavy as those of B. carnosum type.
E. zeylanica, Gardn. in Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. vi. 492. E. carnosum, Thwaites
Bnum. 208.— Ceylon; in the Central Province up to 4000 ft., common ; Gardner,
Vae. pusilla; small, nearly glabrous, calyx and ovary nearly glabrous, seeds
spirally marked by the long cells of the testa. — Bombay ? ; Stocks.
XX. MONOFHTriiliiEA, Br.
Succulent herbs ; stem simple, having one leaf and several peduncles
at the apex. Leaf large, sessile, cordate-ovate, entire. Racemes lax or
dense, simple or divided"; bract 0 ; bracteoles minute. Sepals small, round-
ovate, imbricate in bud. Corolla small; tube cylindric or short; limb
2-lipped, lobes 5. Stamens 4, perfect, filaments short ; anthers adherent.
Disc annular. Ovary ovoid, glabrous ; style short, linear, stigma sub-
vol. iv. B b
370 cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C B. Clarke.) [Monophyllcea.
capitate; placentae deeply inflexed, then recurved bearing the ovules.
Capsule membranous, included, irregularly breaking up ; placentas left in
tbe centre. Seeds ellipsoid, smooth, striated, reticulated.— Species 5,
Malayan.
Xtt. Horsfieldii, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. p. 121; leaf nearly glabrous,
racemes lax, corolla-tube longer than the calyx. DC. Prodr. ix. 274.
Malayan Peninsula ; Klang in Selangore, Beccari.— Disteib. Java, Sumatra.
Stem 4 in. Leaf 6-8 in. diam., membranous. Peduncles 2-5, 1-4 in., nearly
glabrous; racemes simple or divided, ^-4 in.; pedicels \-\ in., lower often distant,
paired or fascicled. Sepals ^ in., glabrous, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla ± in.
Anthers ovate, 2-eelled ; cells soon confluent at the apex ; filaments scabrid-glandular
at the apex, not toothed. Style subpersistent, exserted from the calyx in young
fruit.
XXI. CYRTANDROMCEA, Zoll.
Undershrubs, thinly pubescent. Leaves opposite, subequal or (in non-
Indian species) sometimes unequal, elliptic or oblong, acuminate at both
ends, serrate. Bacemes axillary, small, 1- or few-fid., or elongate many-fid. ;
pedicels 1-bracteate at base, 2-bracteolate near the middle ; bracts and
bracteoles small, linear. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed ; in fruit
enlarged, membranous, subtruncate. Corolla large, white, sometimes
with yellow lines in the throat within, glabrous ; tube nearly straight ;
lobes 5, subequal, round, patent. Stamens 4, perfect, included, filaments
linear; anther-cells 2, oblong, divergent at base. Disc obscure. Ovary
1-celled (2-celled near the base) ; placentas nearly meeting in its axis, not
there bearing ovules, then recurved ovuliferous ; style elongate, stigma of
two semicircular plates. Capsule included in the inflated calyx, ellipsoid,
papery, irregularly breaking up or loculicidal ; placentas early free forming
a 4-pointed column covered by seeds on all sides. Seeds subglobose, testa
strongly reticulated by subquadrate cells. — Species 8, Malayan.
1. C. decurrens, Zoll. Syst. Yerz. Ind. Arch. i. 58; leaves elliptic
acuminate base much decurrent, racemes many-fld., calyx glabrous, capsule
irregularly breaking up. Loxouia ? decurrens, Blume Bijd. 776; DC.
Prodr. ix. 277. Busea decurrens, Mia. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 733. Cyrtandra
acuminata, Kurz in Trimen. Journ. Bot. 1875, 329, not of Wall.
Nicobae; Kurz. — Disteib. Java.
A nearly glabrous undershrub, 3-6 ft. high ; stem little-divided, leafy at the top.
Leaves 6 in., serrate nearly from the base ; nerves 17-20 pair; petiole hardly any by
reason of the much decurrent leaf-bsise. Racemes abbreviated, few-fld., or attaining
3| in., 20-fld., pendulous; pedicels § in.; bracteoles \ in., linear, glabrous. Calyx
I in., corolloid, white or tinged orange; in fruit f-1 in., reticulate. Corolla 1§ in.
Capsule \ by \ in., ellipsoid. — Zollinger's specimen agrees with Kurz's Nicobar
plant ; but his description perhaps includes C. acuminata as well as C. decurrens.
2. C. acuminata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1020; leaves elliptic acumi-
nate, peduncles 1-fld. snorter than the petioles, capsule loculicidal 2-valved.
Cyrtandra? acuminata, Wall. Cat. 1808 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 285, name only;
not of Kurz. Busea subsessilis, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 734.
Penang; Wallich, Porter. Singapobe ; Maingay, Lobb.— Disteib. Sumatra.
An undershrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves 4-6 in., serrate nearly from the base, mature
sparsely pubescent ; nerves 10 pair ; petiole f in. Peduncles pubescent ; bracteoles
£ in., linear. Calyx % in., 5-ribbed, minutely pubescent ; in fruit § in., reticulate.
Corolla \\ in. Capsule I by £ in., dehiscing from the apex so as to split the style-
base.
C grtandromoea.] cvi. gesnera.ce.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 371
3. C. cymulosa, Clarke-, leaves elliptic acuminate petioled, cymes
small 1-5-fld. subsessile, calyx nearly glabrous, capsule breaking up irregu-
larly.
Tenasseeim ; at Mergui, Griffith, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3827).
Leaves 8 by 3£ in., nearly glabrous, narrowed at the base ; nerves 10 pair ; petiole
£-§ in. Cymes scarcely § in., appearing sessile on weak axillary spurs, pubescent. Other-
wise as C. decurrens, from which it differs in the petioled, much less-nerved leaves.
4. C. grandiflora, Clarke; leaves petioled elliptic acuminate,
peduncles 1-2-fid. with, the pedicels nearly 1 in., flowering calyx $ in.
minutely pubescent.
Tenasserim ; at Moulmein, Lobb.
Branch terete, shortly fulvous-pubescent. Leaves 6 by 2 in., both ends much
acuminate, serrate, minutely pubescent ; nerves 9 pair ; petiole § in. Corolla 2\ in.
Capsule (and fruit-calyx) as of C. decurrens, not perfectly ripe, so that it is not
certain whether it opens by valves.
XXII. STAURANTHERA, Benth.
Low, succulent, pubescent herbs. Leaves alternate, or opposite one of
each pair reduced to a small auricle, falcate, elliptic, acuminate, very
unequal-sided. Cymes peduncled, lax, subracemose ; bracts small. Calyx
wide-campanulate ; lobes 5, wide-spreading, subplicate. Corolla campanu-
late, spurred or gibbous at the base, somewhat 2-lipped ; lobes 5, subequal.
Stamens 4 perfect, filaments short ; anthers 2-celled, cohering crosswise into
a depressed cone ; cells diverging at the base, dehiscing on the inner face by
slits ultimately confluent at the apex. Disc 0. Ovary sessile, subglobose ;
style short, stigma broad, margin sublobed ; placentae deeply inflexed, bifid,
branches lobed, bearing ovules on both sides. Capsule depressed-globose,
overtopped by the calyx, papery, transversely or irregularly breaking up.
Seeds minute, obovoid, smooth ; testa reticulated, cells often spiral. — Species
4, from Assam and Chittagong to Java and Celebes.
1. S. umbrosa, Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 89 ; leaves alternate,
corolla \-^ in. gibbous not spurred at the base. Cyananthus umbrosa,
Griff. Notul. iv. 154, and Ic. PL Lid, Or. t. 437.
Upper Assam; Gubroo Hills, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3845).— Distrib. Ava.
Stem 4-12 in., occasionally branched, dusky-pubescent. Leaves attaining 8 by 3
in., obscurely crenate, glabrate above, fuscous-pubescent (at least on the nerves)
beneath; petiole |-£ in. Peduncles $-1$- in.; cymes 2-3 in., dusky-pubescent;
pedicels \-\ in. Calyx %-\ in. diam., lobed half-way down ; lobes triangular. Corolla
white, with blue marks, yellow near the base within. Ovary pubescent. Capsule
circumsciss near the base {Griffith) ; placentae fungose {Griffith), but are in the dried
state thin.
2. S. grandiflora, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 57 (by misprint grandifolia) ;
leaves opposite, corolla 1 in. spurred at the base. S. grandifolia, Br. in
Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 121 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 278 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5409 ;> Clarke
Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 89 bis. Glossanthus grandiflorus, Benth. in Wall.
Cat. 6395.
Penang; Wallich. Chittagong Hills ; Clarke. Moulmbin ; Parish.
Stem 4-12 in., dusky-pubescent. Leaves attaining 10 by 4£ in., obscurely
toothed, mature nearly glabrate except on the nerves beneath ; petiole £-1 in. In-
florescence and calyx nearly as in S. utnbrosa. Corolla blue, with yellow marks in
the tube within ; spur J in. Ovary thinly pubescent or glabrous. Cavsule ■ in.
B b 2
372 cvi. gesnerace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Staur anther a.
broad, breaking up irregularly. — Tbe examples from the Chittagong Hills (without
flowers) are more hairy, the leaves beneath closely grey-pilose.
S. ? Brandisii ; leaves alternate, pedicels long fascicled in abbreviated
cymes, calyx narrow, capsule small longer than broad.
Pegu ; Thoungyun, Prandis.
Stem creeping at the base; innovations rusty-silkily woolly. Leaves 7 by 4 in.,
shortly acute, very unequal-sided, somewhat thick, glabrate above, rusty-villous
beneath ; petiole ^ in. Pedicels in fruit ^-| in., glabrous ; bracts f by ^ in., oblong,
obtuse, nearly glabrous. Sepals in fruit I by \ in., elliptic, acute, imbricate, shortly
united at the base, nearly glabrous. Capsule \ by -^ in., acute, glabrous, papery, in-
dehiscent ; placentae deeply intruded, bifid, branched ; plates thin, bearing ovules on
both sides. Seeds minute, obovoid, smooth. — Probably a new genus, but the flowers
are unknown ; the leaves are much like those of Stauranthera umbrosa ; the inflores-
cence, bracts, calyx and capsule do not suit Stauranthera, but Rhynchotechum.
XXIII. ISANTKEBA, Nees.
Small, nearly simple, undershrnbs ; innovations tawny, silkily woolly.
Leaves all alternate, broadly oblanceolate, acnminate at both ends. Cymes
axillary, short-peduncled, towards the end of the stem ; bracts narrow.
Sepals 5, small, narrow. Corolla small, shortly campanulate, obscurely
2-lipped ; lobes 5, ovate. Stamens 4 fertile (sometimes 5 fide Nees) ; fila-
ments short; anthers small, subquadrate, 2-celled, slits marginal, finally
confluent at the snbemarginate apex. Disc very small or 0. Ovary ovoid,
sessile ; style shorter than the ovary, stigma small simple ; placentas deeply
inflexed, then bifid recurved bearing the ovules. Berry small, ovoid or
subglobose, fleshy, indehiscent or (fide Gardner) ultimately 2-valved. Seeds
very small, ellipsoid, smooth. — Species 3, in India, Malaya and the Philip-
pines. *"* •
A genus which should perhaps be merged in Rhynchotechum ; differing in having
no opposite leaves, a shorter style, and the anthers dehiscent exactly on the
margins.
Z. permollis, Nees in Trans. Linn. Soc. 17, p. 82 ; leaves nearly entire,
nerves 11-19 pair, cymes short-peduncled dense. Wall. Cat. 9073; DC.
Prodr. ix. 279 ; Wight HI. t. 159 b, fig. 5, and Lc. t. 1355. I. floribunda,
Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 483. Cyrtandra ? lanuginosa, B. Br.
in Wall. Cat. 7131.
S. Madeas, Eeyne; Nilgherries and Courtallum, Wight, &c. Cetlof, up to
4000 ft. alt. ; Gardner, Thwaites, &c.
Stem 8-12 in. Leaves attaining 9\ by 4 in.; mature glabrous above, more or less
tawny and woolly beneath ; petiole £-1 in. Peduncles scarcely as long as the petioles ;
cymes \-l\ in. diam. Sepals \ in., silky, finally nearly glabrous. Corolla 1 in.,
white. Perry I by | in. — In Wight's figures the anthers are depicted from an
example past flower.
Vab. ? paucinerva; nerves of the leaves 6-8 pair. — Mergui; Griffith (in Herb.
Wight).— This might be suspected a misplaced ticket; but out of the abundant
Ceylon material, none has few-nerved leaves resembling this.
XXIY. RHYNCHOTECHUM, Blume.
Erect, simple undershrubs ; innovations tawny, silkily woolly. Leaves
opposite or lower alternate, usually large. Cymes in the lower axils, many-
iid., trichotomous or umbellately compound ; bracts narrow, inconspicuous.
Rliynchotechum.'] cvi. gesnerace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 373
Sepals 5, small, narrow. Corolla small, subcampanulate, purple-rose or
white; limb obscurely 2-lipped ; lobes 5, subeqaal, round. Stamens 4
perfect, attached near the base of the corolla, filaments short linear curved ;
anther-cells 2, subparallel below, dehiscent on the inner face, completely
confluent at the apex. Disc 0 or very small annular. Ovary sessile, ovoid ;
style linear elongate, stigma small ; placentas nearly meeting in the axis of
the ovaiy, there naked, then recurved bearing the ovules. Berry small,
globose, apiculate, glistening white, pulpy. Seeds very small, ellipsoid,
smooth. — Species 8, from Bengal through Malaya to the Philippines.
1. R. parviflorum, Blume Bijd. p. 775 ; leaves broadly oblanceolate
serrate mature glabrate except on the nerves beneath, sepals softly tawny -
villous, corolla very small, ovary upwards densely shortly hairy.
Java ; frequent.
Vab. ? penangensis ; sepals caudate-acuminate tawny silky in fruit, corolla exceed-
ing the sepals. — Penang-. — The material is a stem with flowers and half-ripe fruit,
but no leaves, which has been doubtfully referred to B. ellipticum, from which it
differs in the indumentum, and the minutely hairy ovary. It is either a large-fid.
var. of B. parviflorum, or a species nearly allied to it. The peduncles are all opposite
at the nodes ; in the Java B. parviflorum the lower leaves and peduncles are fre-
quently alternate.
2. R. ellipticum, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 285, in note; leaves broadly
elliptic or obovate acute minutely dentate mature glabrous above, sepals
after flowering patently pilose,. corolla £ in!, ovary glabrous or with very few
gland-tipped hairs. Bot. Mag. t. 5832 ; Clarice Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 91.
Corysanthera elliptica, Wall. Cat. 6411.— Cyrtandracea, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat.
t. 439.
Sikkim, Bhotan, Assam, Khasia Mts., Cachab and Silhet; alt. 0-3500 ft.
in or near the hills, frequent.
Stem 2-# ft., thick, cinuatnoneous, tomentose or woolly at the apex. Leaves
opposite,. 6| by 3£ in. (often larger), base cuneate, somewhat coriaceous, whitened
beneath, above tawny, silkily woolly, afterwards glabrate, beneath densely cinnamo-
neous-woolly, afterwards glabrous except the nerves ; nerves 15-20 pair, subparallel ;
petiole i-l| in. Peduncles \-l\ in., often 2-4 together (or the peduncle divided from
the base), when young tawny-silky, divaricately often umbellately divided. Sepals
£ in., narrowly lanceolate, mature squamous or scabrous from the thick spreading
hairs, often corolloid, rose. Corolla rose-purple, minutely hairy without. Berry £ in.
diam.
Vab. pilosior; mature leaves above with close short white hairs, sepals patently
hispid. — Darjeeling; alt. 3500 ft, Clarke.
Vab. angusta ; leaves narrowlv elongate-lanceolate (sometimes 10 by 1\ in.), nerves
10-15 pair.— Cachar ; H.f. Sf T.",Keenan. Mabtaban ; Parish.— Possibly a distinct
species ; see HooJc.f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5832.
Vab. Hookeri ; leaves oblong, cymes very dense repeatedly trichotomous.— Chitta-
gong; Seetakoond, alt. 1000 ft., H.f. Sf T.; Demagri, alt. 250 ft., Clarke.— Probably
only the full form of the preceding variety angusta.
3. R. vestitum, H.f. Sf T. ; Clarice Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 92 ; leaves
elliptic acuminate at both ends slightly dentate hirsute on both surfaces,
inflorescence very hirsute, corolla \-% in., ovary glabrous or nearly so.
Corisanthera vestita, Griff. Bin. Notes, 124, n. 426.
Sikkim and Bhotan Himalaya, Assam, Khasia Mts., alt. 1-3000 ft, not
rare ; Griffith, H.f. Sf T., &c. ,t n . „, . . .
Stem 3 ft., thick, patently hispid upwards. Leaves opposite, 9 by 2| n,., hirsute
above with long yellow hairs risiug from tubercles, more softly hairy beneath ; petioJe
374 cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Rhynchotechum.
1 in. Peduncles \-\ in. Sepals \ in., narrowly lanceolate, patently hispid like the
leaves. Flowers and berries as of R. tllipticum, but a little larger.
4. R. latifolium, H. f. Sf T.;' Clarke Comm. Sf Cyrt. Beng. t. 94 ;
leaves oblanceolate or obovate acuminate at both ends subdenticulate mature
glabrous above more or less tawny and silkily woolly beneath, cyme 4-6 in.
cliam. very divaricate compound silkily woolly. Chelone latifolia, Ham. in
Herb. Wall. Chiliandra obovata, Griff. No'tul. iv. 150, and Ic. PI. Asiat.
t. 438.
Assam, Wallieh, Griffith; Mishmee Hills, Griffith. — Disteib. Ava.
Stem thick, silkily woolly upwards. Leaves opposite, 8 by 3 in. (sometimes
obovate larger) ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 2 in., stout; cyme umbellately decompound,
many- (sometimes 150-) fld. Sepals \ in., narrowly lanceolate. Corolla hardly
longer than the calyx, white with the upper lip purple (Griffith). Berry \ in. diani.
when dry.
5. XI. alternifolium. Clarke ; leaves (except the uppermost pair)
alternate elongate elliptic acuminate at both ends denticulate mature nearly
glabrous except the nerves, cymes peduncled compound tawny silky. —
Corisanthera sp., Griff, ms.
Upper Assam ; Brahmakoond, Griffith.
Stem upwards (with the innovations) cinnamoneous, silkily woolly. Leaves of the
uppermost pair one 1\ by 1\ in., the other 2| by f in. ; petiole \\ in. Peduncles
1 in. ; inflorescence much as of R. latifolium, but less divaricate. Corolla distinctly
2-lipped, upper lip longer less deeply divided. Anthers largeish, dehiscent on the
inner face, minutely glandular at the apex, slits early confluent at the apex. Style
very long. — This species (with some other Malay plants) entirely annuls the simple
distinction given in the Gen. Plant, between Rhynchotechum and Isanthera of " leaves
opposite " and " leaves alternate ;" except for the alternate leaves and peduncles it
is altogether a Rhynchotechum.
6. R. calycinum, Clarke; glabrate in fruit, leaves elongate-elliptic
nearly entire, cymes short-peduncled very dense, sepals lanceolate pro-
minent.
Upper Assam ? ; " on the Soondra bank."
Stem very thick. Leaves all opposite, 10 by 3| in., narrowed at both ends, sub-
coriaceous, not seen young ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles 1 in., 2-5-clustered ; cymes in
fruit subcapitate, very many-fld., glabrate ; bracts \ in., oblong. Sepals i.in. Corolla
not seen. Berry small, glabrous.
XXV. CYRTANDYA, Forst.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, equal or unequal, or one of each pair
rudimentary or wanting. Flowers in cymes or heads, peduncled or sessile,
axillary ; bracts often large or connate into an involucre. Calyx free, ovoid
or tubular, diciduous or persistent ; teeth 5, acute. Corolla tubular-
funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, round, spreading, subequal (in the Indian species).
Stamens 2 perfect. 2 or 3 rudimentary; anthers included (in the
Indian species) 2-celled; cells broad-oblong, subparallel, slits longitudinal.
Disc annular, or (in non-Indian species) unilateral subquadrate. Ovary
superior ; style long or short, stigma shortly 2-lobed ; placentae nearly
meeting, then revolute. Berry fleshy, ovoid oblong or linear, usually
white. Seeds very many, minute, ellipsoid, smooth, testa obscurely reticu-
lated.— Species 160, Malayan and Polynesian, from Penang to the Sandwich
Islands.
Cyrtandra.] cvi. GESNERACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 375
1. C dispar, DC. Prodr. ix. 282 ; leaves apparently alternate petioled
lanceolate-obovate, peduncles short, pedicels umbelled, calyx persistent.
C. frutescens, Wall. Cat. 807 partly, not of Jack.
PenanG; Wallich, Maingay. — Distrib. Sumatra.
A shrub ; branchlets tessellated with imbricate whitened scales, somewhat quad-
rangular. Leaves opposite, one of the pair reduced to a linear rudiment of the petiole
or 0; the other 8 by 3 in., acuminate, base cuneate, glabrate except the rufous-villous
nerves beneath ; petiole ^-1 in. Peduncles 0-| in. ; bracts \ in., lanceolate ; pedicels
3-8, g-§ in. Calyx \ in., fulvous-hirsute, lobed half-way down. Corolla-tube £ in.,
slightly curved, fulvous-hirsute without; limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Disc unilateral,
quadrangular. Ovary fulvous-pubescent. Berry \ iu., elongate ellipsoid, tipped by
the style-base.
2. C. pilosa, Blume Bijd. 770 ; leaves opposite subequal sessile obovate-
lanceolate, villous above, peduncles very short, flowers involucred capitate,
calyx deciduous. DC. Prodr. ix. 282.
Tenasserim ; Heifer. Singapore ; Lobb. — Distrib. Java, Sumatra.
A shrub ; branchlets 4-augled ; innovations rufous silky. Leaves 7 by 3* in.,
acute, base narrowed, closely serrate; nerves beneath fulvous-villous. Peduncles
scarcely £ in. ; bracts 1 in., united into a spathaceous involucre, deciduous. Calyx
\ in., lobed about half-way down, rufous-hairy. Corolla-tube 1 in., straight, fulvous-
silky without, dirty yellow. Ovary and style hairy. Berry § in., elongate ellipsoid,
beaked by the style-base, tessellated externally (in the dried state).
3. C. decurrens, De Vriese PI. Ind. Bat. Reinw. 14 ; leaves opposite
subequal snbsessile obovate-lanceolate glabrous above, peduncles very short,
flowers involucrate capitate. C. frutescens, Wall. Cat. 807 partly, not of
Jack.
Penan G ; Wallich.— Distrib. Malaya to Borneo.
Hardly specifically separable from C. pilosa. The leaves, even in their young
stage, are glabrous oil the upper surface, and have the lateral nerves more oblique
the midrib.
4. C. bicolor, Jack in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 27 ; leaves opposite (one
usually reduced to a rudiment) loug-petioled elliptic, peduncles short
deflexed, flowers capitate, calyx deciduous. DC. Prodr. ix. 281.
Malacca; Maingay.— Distrib. Sumatra.
An uudershrub; stem short, simple, stout; innovations closely fulvous-villous.
Leaves % by 5 in., base obtuse, rouuded or shortly cordate, coriaceous, mature fulvous-
silky beneath or ultimately glabrate except on the nerves; petiole 4 in. Peduncles
1-2 in. ; bracts | in., united into a spathaceous involucre, deciduous. Calyx 2 in.,
rufous-hairy; lobes £ in., lanceolate. Corolla 1* in., fulvous-silky without, pale-
yellow purple-spotted within (Maingay). Anthers broadly oblong, minutely pilose at
both ends. Disc annular. Ovary and style glabrous. Berry * in., narrowly ^ ovoid-
cylindric.-C Blumeana of the Javan botanists, figured (as C. pendula Blunu) m
Hook. Ic. PI. t. 736, is common in Java, and perhaps does not specifically differ; it
has white flowers, and the leaves more glabrous beneath.
5 C. humilis, Blume Bijd. p. 769 ; leaves opposite (one often reduced
to a rudiment) long-petioled elliptic acute peduncles hardly any, neads
involucrate, calyx tubular deciduous. DC. Prodr. 9, p. 281.
Essays: fctt%2»iT*--i « — . * •»
base, the peduncles very short not decurved.
376 cvn. BiGNONiACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [NyclocaJos.
Order CVII. BIGNONIACEJE. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Trees {Nyctocalos a large climber, Amphicome a herb). Leaves opposite,
rarely whorled (in Amphicome alternate), 1-2-3-pinnate or sometimes
undivided. Panicles or racemes terminal, rarely on short lateral branches ;
bracts inconspicuous ; flowers showy, hermaphrodite, irregular. Caly.r
gamosepalous, carapanulate (in the Indian species), valvate, spathaceous or
2-5-lobed. Corolla tubular- ventricose ; mouth 2-lipped ; lobes 5, subequal
or slightly unequal, bilabiately imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, rudiment of the fifth often present (5 subequal in Oroxylum) ;
inserted at the point where the corolla-tube is suddenly swollen ; filaments
linear, glabrous or hairy only at the base; anthers 2-celled, included or
rarely shortly exserted ; cells elliptic or narrowly oblong, dehiscing by longi-
tudinal slits, parallel or divaricate. Disc usually cushion-like or annular.
Ovary subsessile, 2-celled ; style long glabrous, stigma of 2 elliptic lobes ;
ovules in many rows (in Amphicome in 1-2 rows) grouped in a double series
in each cell, "anatropous. Capsule mostly elongate, loculicidally or septici-
dally 2-valved ; septum in fruit enlarged, deciduous together with the
placentae. Seeds compressed discoid (rarely subtrigonous) prominently
winged, exalbuminous. — Species 450, in the tropics of the whole world, a
few in the warm temperate zones of both hemispheres.
Herb. Leaves alternate, 1-pinnate 11. Amphicome.
Large climber. Leaves opposite, trifoliolate 1. Nyctocalos.
Tree. Leaves opposite, 2-3-pinnate. Stamens' 5 perfect . 3. Oroxylum.
Trees. Leaves opposite. Stamens 4 perfect.
* Leaves undivided.
Leaves narrowly oblong, glabrous 4. Tecoma.
Leaves roundly ovate, pubescent 10. Diplantheea.
** Leaves l-2-pin?iate.
Calyx large. Capsule winged 9. Pajanelia.
Calyx spathaceous, cleft to the base on one side 5. Dolichandronf.
Calyx irregularly 3-5-lobed 6. Heterophragma.
Calyx shortly lobed or truncate. Septum of the capsule
cylindric, spongy 8. Stereospermum.
#### Leaves 2-3-pinnate.
Corolla-tube narrowly linear, very long 2. Millin&tonia.
Corolla-tube cylindric-ventricose 7. Mayodendron.
Bignonia macrostachya, lata and glauca, Wall. Cat. 6504, 6505, 6506, were
collected in Ava, not in British India. Bignonia oxyphylla, DC. Prodr. ix. 169, is
said to be from India in Wallich's Herbarium. There is no plant under that name
now in Wallich's Herbarium, nor is it likely that any tree of the genus Bignonia is
wild in India.
I. NYCTOCALOS, Teysm. % Binn.
Large glabrous climbers. Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate ; leaflets petioled,
entire. Peduncle terminal, long, few-fid. Calyx tubular-campanulate,
truncate or with 5 short teeth. Corolla large, white; tube very long;
segments 5, round. Stamens (in the Assam species) 4, didynamous,
Nydocalos.~\ evil, bignoniace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 377
attached near the top of the corolla- tube ; anther-cells distinct, narrowly
oblong, pendulous. Capsule oblong, flattened parallel to the septum,
septicidally 2-valved. Seeds thinly discoid, completely surrounded (except
at their base) by a hyaline entire wing. — Species 3, 2 in Malaya, 1 in
Assam.
The Malay species, on which the genus is founded, are described and figured with
5 fertile stamens, haviug the anther-cells combined. The Assam species constitutes a
marked sub-genus.
N. Thomsoni ; HooJc, f. Bot. Mag. t. 5678.
Assam ; Gowhatty Hills, Jenkins ; Mikir Hills, Simons.
Leaflets 6 by 3 in,, broadly elliptic, caudate-acuminate, rhomboid at the base;
petiolule £-2 in.; petiole 4 in. Peduncles 6 in.; bracts \ in.; pedicels 6, \ in.
Calyx i by \ in.; teeth 5, ^ in., linear. Corolla-tube 7 by £ in., mouth 2£ in. diam.
Anthers subexsert, yellow ; connective minutely mucronate ; rudiment of the fifth
stamen present. Disc small, cushion-like. Style 7 in. ; stigma tongue-shaped, sub-
capitate. Capsule 6 by 2 in. ; valves leathery, almost woody ; septum ultimately
free, simple, flat. Seeds g~£ in. diam., or including the wing 1 in. diam.; those
attached on opposite margins of the septum much overlapping.
II. MILLINGTONIA, Linn. f.
An erect tree ; bark corky. Leaves opposite, 2-3-pinnate. Panicles
many-fid., terminal on the pendent branches. Calyx small, campanulate ;
teeth 5, obscure. Corolla white ; tube long, slender ; lobes 5, subequal,
ovate, acute, subvalvate. Anthers of 1 ovate cell, the second cell appearing
as a small hook. Capsule linear, compressed parallel to the septum,
septicidally 2-valved. Seeds thinly discoid ; wing hyaline, broad.
J«. hortensis, Linn. f. Suppl. 291; DC. Prodr. ix. 182; Wight III.
161 bis, fig. 6, bact ; Bureau Monogr. Bign. t. 8 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 249
{anthers wrong) ; Brand. For. Fl. 347 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 238. Bignonia
Azedarachta, Koen. Ann. Bot. i. 178. B. suberosa, JRoxb. Cor. PI. iii. 11,
t. 214, and Fl. Ind. iii. Ill ; Wall. Cat. 6513.
Burma ; in the tropical forests from Ava to Tenasserim, fide Kurz. — Disteib.
Planted extensively in India, and in other tropical countries. Perhaps wild also in
Central India and on the Upper Godavery.
An erect tree, 80 ft., lanceolate in outline, branches drooping. Leaves 2-3 ft. ;
leaflets 2-3 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate or crenate, young pubescent,
mature nearly glabrous ; petiolules of the upper tertiary leaflets hardly any. Peduncles
1-3 in. ; panicles 10 by 6 in. ; bracts inconspicuous. Calyx •}% in. Corolla-tube 2-3
by -j'g in. ; mouth 1 in. diam. Stamen * shortly exsert, glabrous ; anthers white. Disc
small, cushion-like ; stigma exsert, ot 2 small ovate plates. Capsule 12 by f in.,
acute at both ends ; valves woody ; septum ultimately free, simple, flat ; seeds
including the wing 1 by h in. ; wing narrow at the apex, 0 at the base ; seeds
attached on opposite margins of the septum much overlapping.
III. OROXYLUM, Vent.
A glabrous tree. Leaves opposite, large, 2-3-pinnate; leaflets ovate,
entire. Raceme terminal, long. Calyx large, leathery, campanulate,
truncate or obscurely toothed. Corolla large, campanulate- ventricose,
white or purplish ; lobes 5, subequal, round, crisped, toothed. Stamens 5 ;
anthers glabrous, 2-celled ; cells parallel, oblong. Capsule large, linear,
compressed parallel to the septum, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds thinly
discoid ; wing hyaline, broad.
378 cvn. bignoniace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Oroxylum.
O. indicum, Vent. Dec. Gen. Nov. 8; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 237.
Bignonia indica, Linn. Sp. PI. 871 ; Lamk. Diet. i. 423 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 110; Wall. Cat. 6514; Bedd. For. Man. 148. B. pentandra, Lour. Fl.
Cochinch. 379. Spathodea indica, Pers. Syn. ii. 173. Calosanthes indica,
Blume Bijd. 760; DC. Prodr. ix. 177; Wight Ic. t. 1337; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 161 ; Bureau Monogr. Bign. t. 9 ; Brand. For. Fl. 347 '.—Rheede
Rort. Mai. i. t. 43.
Throughout India, alt. 0-3000 ft., from the Himalaya to Ceylon and Malacca, com-
mon ; not in the western drier area, but in the Terai west to the Chenab (Brandts).
—Distrib. Malaya, Cochin China, Ava.
Attains 25-40 ft. (Roxburgh says "one of the tallest trees on the Coromandel
coast/' concerning which there must be some mistake) ; bark thick. Leaves 2-4 ft.
diam., ternately bipinnate; leaflets 5 by 3-4 in., acuminate ; petiolule short. Peduncle
1 foot, thick ; raceme 10 in. ; pedicels £-1 in. Calyx 1 by f in., fleshy. Corolla
2| in., fleshy ; mouth 2-3| in. diam. Stamens shortly exsert ; base of filaments
woolly ; filth filament rather shorter than the other 4 ; anther-cells divergent below ;
connective with a short mucro. Disc large, fleshy. Style 2| in. ; stigma ^ in. wide,
of 2 semicircular plates. Capsule 1-3 ft. by 2-3^ in., hardly ^ in. thick, margins
somewhat incurved ; valves woody ; septum flat. Seeds including the wing attaining
3 by If in. (usually smaller"), winged all round except at the base ; those attached on
opposite margins of the septum scarcely overlapping.
IV. TECOIVIA, Juss.
Shrubs or small trees, erect or scandent. Leaves usually opposite, in
the 1 Indian species simple, in others compound. Racemes or panicles
terminal. Calyx tubular-campanulate, subequally 5- toothed. Corolla
tubular- vent ricose, orange or red ; lobes 5, round, subequal. Capsule linear
or narrow, loculicidally 2-valved, somewhat compressed at right angles to
the septum. Seeds thinly discoid ; wing hyaline, broad. — Species 24, in the
tropics of the whole world, mostly American.
T. undulata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 223 ; leaves narrowly oblong
entire, undulate. DC. Prodr. ix. 222 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. 'Fl. 161 ;
BrZnd. For. Fl. 352; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 80. T. ? glauca, DC. I. c. 223.
Bignonia undulata, Smith Fxot. Bot. i. 35, t. 19 ; Roxb. Fl. Lnd. iii. 101 ;
Wall. Cat. 6498. B. glauca, Dene, in Jacquem. Toy. Bot. 137, t. 142.
Tecomella undulata, Seem, in Seem. Journ. Bot. i. 18.
Western India, alt. 0-3000 ft. ; Scinde, Punjab, Guzerat, Rajputana, extending
eastwards to the Jumna.— Distrib. Beloochistau, Arabia.
A shrub or small tree ; innovations stellately grey-puberulous, otherwise glabrate.
Leaves 6 by 1\ in., obtuse; petiole fin. Corymbs few-fld., mostly on shortened
lateral branches ; pedicels |-| in. Calyx £ in.; lobes hardly £ in., broad, obtuse.
Corolla 1| in., orange. Stamens scarcely exsert, glabrous ; anther-cells distinct,
pendulous, narrowly oblong. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma spathulate, sub-2-lobed.
Capsule 8 by £ in., slightly curved ; valves tough, thin. Seeds (including the wing)
1 by i in., wing very narrow round the apex of the seed, 0'at its base.
V. DOLICHANDRONE, Seem.
Trees, glabrous or tomentose. Leaves opposite, 1-pinnate. Racemes or
panicles terminal. Calyx in aestivation closed, at flower- time cleft to the base
on one side, spathaceous. Corolla-tube long or short ; lobes 5, subequal,
round, crisped crenate or incised. Capsule elongate, terete or somewhat
compressed, loculicidally 2-valved, sub-4-celled. Seeds thinly discoid, on
Dolichandrone.] cvn. bignoniace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 379
each side broadly winged. — Species 12, in the hotter parts of Africa, Asia
and Australia.
1. D. stipulata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1046 ; leaflets elliptic caudate-
acuminate, calyx densely woolly or floccose, corolla yellow-brown, narrow
part of its tube 1 in., wings of the seed membranous. Bignonia stipulata,
Moxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 108. Spathodea stipulata, Wall. Cat. 651$, letters
A, D, and part C, and PI. As. Bar. iii. 20, t. 238 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 205 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 234. Markhamia stipulata, Seem, in Seem. Journ. Bot. i.
226.
Pegu ; Rangoon, M'Lelland ; extending thence north to Ava {Kurz).
A tree, 30-40 ft. ; brancblets and inflorescence with yellow or brown, easily
separable, wool. Leaves 1~\\ foot; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 6 by 3 in., entire or distinctly
serrulate, mature nearly glabrate or with yellow or brown wool adherent ; stipules 0,
but rudimentary leaves \-\ in. diam. are often developed in the axils. Raceme short,
stout, 4-10-fld. ; pedicels £-1 in. Calyx f-lf iu., leathery, densely hirsutely woolly
or de.ciduously fleecy. Corolla 2-3 in., narrow portion of the tube constricted at the
top, then suddenly dilated into a campanulate portion 1 in. long ; lobes £ in., crisped-
crenate. Anther-cells large, elliptic, separate, pendulous, attached below their tips.
Capsule 18-24 by 1 in., thickly tomentose floccose. Seeds 1| by ^ in. (including the
wings).
Vae. velutina ; leaves serrulate, calyx tawny velvety. Spathodea velutina, Kurz
in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. 2, p. 90, and For. Fl. ii. 235.— Pegu ; Kurz.— Not
seen ; Kurz says it only differs from D. stipulata in having the leaves serrulate (not
entire), the calyx tawny velvety (instead of tawny villous) j which characters can be
seen in several standard examples of D. stipulata.
2. D. Rheedii, Seem, in Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 380 ; glabrous or
minutely puberulous, leaflets elliptic much acuminate, corolla white, narrow
portion of its tube 3-5 in., wings of the seed corky. Bignonia spathacea,
Linn.f. Suppl. 296. B. longissima, Lour. Fl. Cochineh. 380,? Spathodea
longiflora, Vent. Choix. ii. 40, in obs. S. Bheeiii, Wall. Cat. 6516; DC.
Prodr. ix. 206 ; Wight Ie. t. 1339 ; Bedd. For. Man. 168; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 234. S. ? Loureiriana, DC. 1. c. 209? S. Diepenhorsti, Mia. Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 7&4,.—Bheede Hort. Mai. vi. t. 29.
Malabar, Wight ; common in the plains, Beddome. Malay Peninsula from
Prome to Malacca, common ; Wallich, Griffith, &c. Andamans ; Kurz. Ceylon ;
Thwaites.— Disteib. Malay Archipelago.
A tree, attaining 50-60 ft. Leaves a foot long ; leaflets 3-4 pairs with an odd
one, 2-3 in., rhomboid, often unequal at the base; petiolule \ in. Corymbs few- (some-
times 1-) fld., short-peduncled ; pedicels \-\ in., stout. Calyx \\ in. Corolla 4-7 in.,
white ; tube campanulate near the mouth ; segments 1 in., crenate -toothed. Anther-
cells large, elliptic, separate, divaricate. Capsule 18 by f-1 in., nearly straight, not
ribbed. Seeds (including the wings) £ by i in., rectangular.
3. D. crispa, Seem, in Seem. Journ, Bot. viii. 381, excl. some syn.\
glabrous or innovations puberulous, leaflets 5-7 shortly acuminate petioluled,
corolla white tube 1-2 in. cylindric, pod slightly compressed. Bignonia
crispa, Ham. in Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 103. Spathodea crispa, Wall.
Cat. 6515; DC. Prodr. 9, p. 206; Brand. For. Fl. 350; Bedd. For.
Man. 168.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Coimbatore, Paulghat, Wight, &c.
A tree, 40-60 ft. Leaves 8-12 in. ; leaflets 2-4 in., broadly elliptic ; petiolule
04- in. Corymbs short-peduncled 1-7-fld. ; pedicels Hi hi- Calyx f-1 in., rusty
puberulous when young, soon glabrate. Corolla-tube £-£ in. diam. ; mouth 2 in.
diam. ; lobes rounded, crisped-crenate. Anther-cells oblong, separate, divaricate.
380 am, BiGXONiACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Dolichandrone.
Capsule 12 by §,in., valves woody, speckled, smooth. Seeds 1\ by 5-^ in., sub-
rectangular, wings membranous. — The Calcutta Botanic Garden specimen in Herb.
Wallich has the mature leaves, petioles and corymbs softly ashy pilose. As to the
synonyms of older authors adduced by Seemann, several are described as hirsute plants;
while Bignonia spathacea, Lion, f., is founded on Rheede Hort. Mai. vi. t. 29, which
Seemann himself refers to D. Rheedii.
4. X>. falcata, Seem, in Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 381 ; grey pubescent or
shortly villous, leaflets 5-7 mostly obtuse, corolla white tube 1-1 £ in.
slender below, pod much compressed. Bignonia spathacea, Roxb. Cor. PI.
ii. 24, t. 144 (excl. capsule), and Fl. 2nd. iii. 103. B. atrovirens, Roth Nov.
Sp. 281. Spathodea falcata, Wall. Cat. 6517; DC. Prodr.ix. 206 ; Dalz.
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 160 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 71 ; Brand, For. Fl. 350, partly.
S. atrovirens, Spreng. Syst. ii. 835.
Deccan Peninsula ,• Mysore and Vellyengry Hills, Wight ; Belgaum, Ritchie,
&c.
A tree, 20-50 ft. Leaves 3-6 in.; leaflets ^-1^- in., obovate or round elliptic,
rarely with a small obtuse point ; petiolule 0, rarely f-£ in. Corymbs few- (mostly
3-1-) fld., subsessile ; pedicels £ in. Calyx %-% in., of the expanded flowers softly
grey-pubescent. Corolla nearly as of D. crispa, but the tube hardly ^j in. diam.
downwards. Anthers included, cells nearly parallel, differing much from those of D.
crispa ; this may be a sexual character, but is so in all the examples, as in the figure
of Beddome. Capsule (and seeds) nearly as in D. crispa, but more compressed and
usually more curved.
5. D. Xiawii, Seem, in Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 380 ; glabrous or innova-
tions minutely puberulons, leaflets 5-7 subsessile, corolla white tube 1-1$ in.
slender, pod compressed. D. serrulata, Seem. I. c 383 (as to the Central
Indian tree). Spathodea falcata, Brand. For. Fl. 350. S. crispa, Bureau
Monogr. Bign. t. 27.
Bombay and Concan ; Law. Central Provinces; Edgeworth, Br. Stewart,
R. Thompson. Rajputana ; Meywar, Dr. Brandis.
Considered by Dr. Brandis as a glabrous var. of D. falcata. The leaflets are
sessile, often larger than those of D. falcata, and (mostly) very shortly acuminate.
The one capsule seen is very nearly straight. The Central Indian example of Edge-
worth, referred by Seemann to the Burmese Stereospernuim serrulatum, has (as not
rarely in D. falcata and D. Lawii) a few obscure teeth to the leaflets.
6. X>. arcuata, Clarke; pubescent or subfloccose, leaflets 9-11
roundish elliptic, corolla white tube l§-2£ in. narrowly cylindric. Spatho-
dea arcuata, Wight Ic. t. 1340 ; Bedd. For. Man. 169. S. crispa, Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 160.
S. Madras ; Coimbatore and Ootacamund, Wight, Beddome.
Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 2-3 in., obtuse at both ends, sometimes with a short mucro,
floccose-pubescent on both surfaces ; petiolule 0-£ in. Calyx 1 in., floccose-pubescent.
Corolla 3 in., mouth 2 in. diam., lobes crisped crenate. Anthers included, cells nearly
parallel. Capsule not seen.— United with D. crispa by Seemann and Dalzell.
L M
VI. HETEROPHRAGMA, DC Lf ^/i/H
Trees. Leaves large, 1-pinnate. Flowers large ; panic les^terminal,
woolly. Calyx ovoid, closed when young, irregularly 3-5-lobed during
flower. Corolla tubular-ventricose, glabrous or densely tomentose without,
rose or yellow; lobes 5, rounded, subequal. Capsule elongate, cylindric or
compressed, falcate or twisted, loculicidally 2-valved ; septum flat or 4-angu-
Heterophragma,~\ cvn. bigxoniace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 381
lar. Seeds compressed with a membranous wing on each side. — Species 5,
3 Indian, 2 African.
1. S. sulfureum, Kurz in Jowrn. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. p. 90, and For.
Fl. ii. 234 ; leaflets elliptic crenulate mature nearly glabrous, corolla yellow,
tube If in., capsule straight linear much compressed densely »woolly.
Pegu ; Prome and Pegu Yomah, Kurz.
A tree, 25-40 ft. Leaves 2-3 ft. ; leaflets 9-11, 6 by 3 in. ; petiolule -,'g in. Pani-
cles short, densely tomentose, appearing before the leaves ; pedicels ^ in., tomentose.
Calyx | in., 2-3-lobed to the middle, woolly without. Corolla floccose without,
afterwards nearly glabrate ; mouth 2 in. diam. ; lobes crisped. Capsules 18-24 by
1-1£ in. Seeds 1^ by \ in. — Kurz remarks that the capsules are exactly as those
of Dolichandrone stipulata, which is the case with the (unattached) capsules trans-
mitted. The leaves are also very like those of Dolichandrone stipulata, but the
flowers are considerably smaller. The tree is referred by Kurz to Heterophragma,
because the calyx is irregularly lobed, not spathaceous ; but in one example of Kurz
the calyx is split to the base on one side, and the tree appears a Dolichandrone.
2. H. Roxburgh!!., DC. Prodr. ix. 210 ; leaflets elliptic entire or
crenate mature nearly glabrous, corolla rose, tube 1£ in., capsule straight
narrowly oblong slightly compressed smooth. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
160; Bedd. For. Fl. 169. Bignonia quadriloc maris, Boxb. Cor. PI. ii. 24,
t. 145, and Fl. Ind. iii. 107 ; Wall. Cat. 6507. Spathodea Boxburghii,
Spreng. Si/st. ii. 835 ; Brand, For. Fl. 350.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; from Bombay southwards, Wight, Ritchie, &c. Cen-
tral India ; Godavery Forests, fide Brandis.
A large tree ; innovations woolly. Leaves 1-2 ft. ; leaflets 7-9, 4| by 2 in., obtuse
with a short point ; petiolule Q>-\ in. Corymbs compound, dense, many-fld. ; pedicels
short, stout, woolly. Calyx \-\ in., irregularly lobed half-way down, or on one side
more deeply or obscurely 2-lipped. Corolla floccose, ultimately glabrate, mouth
2 in. diam., lobes crisped. Anther-cells elliptic, divaricate at base. Capsule 8-12 by
1A-2 in., divided into 4 cells by the 4-ridged septum. Seeds \\ by |-1 in.
3. H. aclenophyllum, Seem. ; Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1047 ; leaflets
large broadly elliptic mature pubescent, corolla brown-yellow densely
tomentose, tube 1| in., capsule long linear cylindric ribbed twisted. Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 236." Bignonia adenophylla, Wall. Cat. 6502. Spathodea
adenophylla, A. DC Prodr. ix. 206 ; Wight III. 1. 160.
From Assam and E. Bengal to Tenasserim and the Andamans ; frequent.—
Distrib. Ava.
A tree, 30-50 ft. ; innovations tomentose. Leaves 1-1$ foot ; leaflets 5-7, 7 by 5
in. (or in some examples 12-14 in. long), acute or obtuse, subsessile. Panicle 8-10 in.
diam., stout, many-fld. ; bracts \ hi., narrowly lanceolate, deciduous. Calyx f-1 in-,
rusty tomentose, irregularly 5-lobed half-way clown. Corolla when expanded densely
wool'ly-tomentose without, mouth 2 in. diam., lobes hardly crisped or crenate. Anther-
cells nearly separate, pendulous.' Capsule 1-3 ft. by 1 in. diam., cylindric, cork-
screw-like ; septum flat. Seeds 1J by £-2 in-
YII. HAY032ENDRON, Kurz.
A glabrous tree. Leaves ternately decompound. Racemes small, ter-
minal on short lateral shoots. Calyx spathaceous, split on one side half-way
down. Corolla tubular, almost narrowed at the mouth; lobes very short,
subequal. Stamens 4, scarcely didynamous, rudiment of the fifth present ;
anther-cells almost parallel. Capsule linear cylindric slender sub-4-celled,
loculicidally 2-valved, valves thin. Seeds flat, winged on the sides.
382 cvn. BIGNONIACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mayodendron.
M. ig-neum, Kurz Preliminary Pegu For. Rep. App. D, with a Jig.,
and For. Fl. ii. 233. Spathodea ignea, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii.
p. 77.
Maetaban up to 3000 ft, not infrequent ; Kurz. — Disteib. Ava, Yunan.
A tree, 30-40 ft. ; innovations minutely puberulous. Leaves ample, lower pinna
2-pinnate ; leaflets 3-4 in., elliptic, acuminate. Racemes 5-fld., pedicels \ in. Calyx
| in., puberulous. Corolla 2| by 1£ in., orange crimson ; narrow cylindric portion of
the tube much shorter than the funnel-shaped part j lobes £-£ in. long. Capsule
18 by | in., subterete, glabrous. Seeds including the pellucid wings, narrow-linear,
£ in. long.
VIII. STEREOSPERBIUMC, Cham.
Trees. Leaves 1- or 2-pinnate. Panicles large, lax, terminal. Calyx
ovoid, open or closed in the bad, daring flower truncate or shortly un-
equally lobed. Corolla tubular- ventricose, yellow or pale rose ; lobes 5,
nearly equal, round, crisped toothed or laciniate. Capsule elongate, terete,
subcompressed or obscurely quadrangular, loculicidally 2-valved; septum
thickened, subterete. Seeds in 1 or 2 series, compressed or subtrigonous,
with a membranous wing on each side. — Species 10, in tropical Asia and
Africa.
Sect. 1. Eustereospermum. Leaves 1-pinnate.
1. S. chelonoides, DC. Prodr. ix. 210 ; leaflets elliptic caudate-
acuminate glabrous, panicle-branches slender glabrous, corolla f in., capsule
linear obscurely quadrangular, seeds subtrigonous embedded in notches in
the septum. Wight Ic. t. 1341; Bedd, Fl. Sylv. t. 72; Brand, For. Fl.
352 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 230. Bignonia chelonoides, Linn. f. Suppl. 282 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 106 ; Wall. Cat. 6501. B. caudata, Miq. in PI. Jffohe-
nack. n. 182, not of DC. Heterophragma chelonoides, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
FL 160.— Rheede Sort. Mai. vi. t. 25.
Through moister India ; from the Terai of Oudh and Assam to Ceylon and Pegu.
— Disteib. Ava.
A tree, 30-60 ft., nearly glabrous except the flowers. Leaves 12-18 in.; leaflets
7-11, 5 by 2 in. ; petiolule \-± in. Calyx \ in., shortly 3-5-toothed. Corolla thinly
villous within and without ; tube rose, lobes yellow or pale flesh-colour, crisped.
Capsule 12-20 by ^-\ in., smooth or speckled. Seeds 1 by ± in., easily splitting
through the centre.
2. S. neuranthum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 91, and For.
Fl. ii. 230 ; leaflets oblong or ovate shortly acuminate hairy beneath, panicle
short corymb-like viscous-hairy, corolla 1\ in.y capsule linear slender sub-
terete keeled, seeds subtrigonous embedded in notches in the septum.
Pegu and Moulmein ; M'Lelland, Parish, Kurz.
A tree, 40-60 ft. ; innovations softly villous or subtomentose. Leaves \-\\ foot ;
leaflets 5-7, 5 by 2\ in. ; petiolule £ in. Panicle loose, about 12-fld. Calyx \ in.,
hairy; lobes 3-5, very short, broad. Corolla very pale lilac or blueish white (Kurz),
sparsely pilose ; lobes rounded, crisped crenate hardly toothed. Capsule 12 by %-\ in.,
less woody than that of S. chelonoides; valves 1-ribbed on the back;; seeds and
septum as in S. chelonoides.
•3. S. suaveolens, DC. Prodr. ix. 211 ; leaflets broadly elliptic acumi-
nate or acute entire or serrulate young hairy, panicle very compound many-
lid, viscous hairy, corolla l-l^in., capsule linear terete woody, seeds subtrigo-
nous embedded in notches of the septum. Wig he Ic. t. 1342 ; Bedd. For.
Man. 169 ; Brand. For. FL 351 ; Kurz For. FL ii. 231. Bignonia suaveo-
Stereospermum.] cvn. bignoniace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 383
lens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 104; Wall. Cat. 6499. Tecoma suaveolerts, G.
Don Gen. Syst. iv. 244. Heterophragma suaveolens, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 161.
Throughout moister India from the Himalayan Terai to Travancore and Tenasserim.
Ceylon (Thwaites thinks only planted in).
A tree, 30-60 ft. ; innovations viscous-hairy. Leaves 12-18 in. ; leaflets 7-9
5£ by 3 in. ; petiolule hardly T'0 in. Calyx % in., hairy ; lobes 3-5, very short,'
broad. Corolla pale or dark purple, puberulous without, hairy in the throat ; lobes
rounded, crisped-crenate. Capsule 18 by § in., slightly rough with tubercles, obscurely
4-ribbed, glabrous. Seeds 1£ by \ in., deeply notched at the middle.
4. S. fimbriatum, DC. Prodr. ix. 211; leaflets oblong caudate-
acuminate subentire young hairy, panicle very compound viscous hairy,
corolla 2 in. lobes fimbriate into laciniae \ in. long. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 231.
Bignonia fimbriata, Wall. Cat. 6500.
Malay Peninsula ; Moulmein, Wallich; Tenasserim, Griffith; Karen country
up to 3000 ft., Kurz ; Malacca, Maingay.
Attaining 80 ft., Kurz. Leaves 1-2 ft. ; leaflets 7-9. 6 by 2 in.; petiolule £ in.
Corolla pale-lilac. Capsule 12 by ^ in. ; valves somewhat woody, smooth, slightly
keeled. — Exceedingly like S. suaveolens, except as to the fimbriate corolla; the leaflets
are usually narrower.
5. S. glandulosum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 565 ; glabrous or the
innovations puberulous, leaflets large elliptic acute or acuminate entire,
panicles subracemose, calyx campanulate subtruncate, corolla 1| in., capsule
narrowly linear slender smooth. Spathodea glandulosa, Blume Bijd. 762 ;
DC. Prodr. ix. 207. Bignonia Porteriana, Wall. Cat. 6509 ; DC. 'l. c. 165.
Lagarophyxis glandulosa, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. i. 199. Kadermachera
stricta, Zoll. ; Bureau Monogr. Bign. t. 28.
Penang; Wallich. Moulmein; Lobb. Malacca; Maingay.— Disteib.
Malay Archipelago.
Leaflets 3-7, 7 by 3 in. ; petiolule \ in. Panicles 1 foot long; branches short,
1-2-fld. Calyx 3 in., glabra te, in fruit often urceolate. Corolla glabrous ; narrow
cylindric portion of the tube shorter than the campanulate part ; lobes £ in. diam.,
round, subentire, not crisped. Capsule 9 by J in. ; valves thin, tough. Seeds (in-
cluding the wings) % by \ in., thinly discoid.
6. S. ? Wallichii, Clarke ; leaflets large rhomboid acuminate sub-
entire mature pubescent, pod linear very long compressed smooth. Spatho-
dea stipulata, Wall. Cat. 6518 B and part C.
Ireawaddy Estuary ; Wallich.
Leaflets 7, 8 by 4 in., cuneate at the base, subsessile. Corolla not seen. Capsule
45 by § in. ; septum spongy, \ by \ in. Seeds sub-4-seriate, H by \ in., subrectan-
gular, compressed flat, wings membranous. — This imperfectly known tree evidently
differs from all the other species, and is marked by D. Don (in Herb. Wallich) as
Spathodea Wallichii, D. Don : the septum appears too spongy for Dolichandrone.
Seemann has merely noted that the seeds are biserial (i.e. in each cell) without making
any guess at the genus.
Sect. 2. Xylocarpaea. Leaves 2-pinnate.
7. S. xylocarpum, Wight Ic. t. 1335-6 ; leaflets elliptic acute entire
mature glabrous, panicles compound dense pubescent, corolla 1J-2 in. white
tinged yellow, capsule stout linear cylindric rugged. Bignonia xylocarpa,
Roxb. FL Ind. Hi. 108; Wall. Cat. 6511; DC. Prodr. ix. 169; Bedd. Fl.
384 cvn. BIGNONIACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Stereospermum.
St/lv. t. 70 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 159. Tecoma xylocarpa, G. Don Gen.
Syst. iv. 225. Spathodea xylocarpa, Brand. For. Fl. 349, t. 43.
Deccan Peninsula ; common, extending north to the Satpura Range, Brandis.
A tree, 30-60 ft. ; innovations pubescent. Leaves 1-4 ft. ; leaflets 3 by 1^ in.,
subsessile. Panicle somewhat rigid, erect. Calyx J-§ in., pubescent or mature
glabrate ; lobes 3-5, very short, broad. Corolla ventricose from near the base, sub-
glabrous ; lobes round, crisped. Filaments hairy below. Capsule 12-30 by 1-1 h, in.,
glabrous, tubercular. Seeds (including the wings) 1^ by \ in., thinly discoid.
8. S. hypostictum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 565 ; glabrous, leaflets
oblong or elliptic acuminate entire, panicles compound branches slender,
corolla 2 in., pod linear very slender not woody smooth. Spathodea gigantea,
Blume Bijd. 761 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 207. S. amcena, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 208 ;
Brand. For. Fl. 349. S. Lobbii, Teys. Sf Binnend. in Nat. Tidsch. xxv.
413. Bignonia amoeha, Wall. Cat. 6512, and PI. As. Bar. ii. 78, t. 183.
Lagaropyxis gigantea, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. i. 198. Radermachera
amcena, Seem, in Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 146 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 232. R.
gigantea & Lobbii, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. iii. 250.
Tavoy ; Wallich. MALACCA and Singapobe ; Griffith, Maingay. — Distrib.
Java, Sumatra.
Attaining 80 ft. Leaves 2-pinnafce (and ex Kurz 3-pinnate) ; leaflets 5 by
2 in.; petiolule \ in. Calyx £-£ id., closed in the bud, in flower shortly 2-lipped or
subspathaceous. Corolla glabrous, white, tube rose ; lobes crenulate, hardly crisped.
Capsule 15 by % in. ; valves thin, tough. Seeds (including the wings) f by i-£ in.,
thinly discoid.
9. S. ? Crhorta9 Clarke; glabrous or innovations puberulous, leaflets
sessile elliptic acute, partial rachises narrowly winged, corolla 2 in. elon-
gate tubular lobes round subentire. Bignonia Ghorta, Ham. in Wall.
Cat. 6510 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 167.
" Devidttba ; " Hamilton.
Leaves opposite, bipinnate ; leaflets 2 by § in., unequal-sided, subsessile, entire.
Peduncle terminal; panicle many-fld., branches slender; pedicels |-i in., subfascicled.
Calyx \ in., campanulate ; lobes 4-5, short, triangular. Corolla broadly cylindric,
slightly wider upwards, glabrous; mouth hardly 1 in. diam. . Stamens 4, didynamous ;
anther-cells narrowly oblong, separate, divaricate. Capsule not seen.
IX. PAJANELIA, DC.
A large tree, glabrous except the corolla. Leaves large, 1-pinnate ;
leaflets numerous, entire. Flowers large in terminal, thyrsoid panicles.
Calyx large, ovoid, closed in the bud, in flower ventricose-campanulate,
5-fid. Corolla large, tubular-ventricose ; lobes 5, crisped. Capsule large,
narrowly oblong, winged, compressed, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds com-
pressed, with a membranous wing on each side.
P. Rheedii, DC. Prodr. ix. 227, excl. syn. Lour. Sf Pers.; Wight
Ic. tt. 1343-4 ; Bureau Monogr. Bign. t. 20 ; Bedd. For. Man. 169. Big-
nonia indica var. /3, Linn. Sp. PI. 871. B. Pajanelia, Ham. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xiii. 316. B. longifolia, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 306. B. multi-
juga, Wall. Cat. 6503, and PI. As. Bar. i. 81, tt. 95, 96. Payanelia multi-
juga, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 227.
Silhet and Khasia Hills ; Wallich, Griffith. Pegu, Tenassekim, and
Andamans; Kurz. Malabae, common up. to 2000 ft., Beddome, &c.
A tree, 30-60 ft. Leaves lfr-8 ft. ; leaflets 19-25, 3-8 in., elliptic, acuminate,
Pajanelia.] cvn. bignoniace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 385
unequal at the base ; petiolule £ in. Panicles 12-18 in. Calyx f-1 in. ; lobes irregular,
extending about half-way down. Corolla 2\ in. ; lobes 1 in., hairy especially on the
margins, dilated and rounded at the tips. Capsule 12-20 by 2>\-d% in., glabrous j wing
on each margin split, so that the capsule appears 4-wiuged; septum flat, but with a
ridge on each face. Seeds § by £ in.
X. DIPLANTHERA, B. Br.
Trees, tomentose or villous. Leaves undivided, large, opposite or whorled •
Panicles terminal, sessile, dense, globose. Calyx campanulate, closed in
the bud, in flower shortly 2-5-lobed. Corolla yellow, tubular-ventricose ;
lobes round, entire, subequal. Stamens 4, didynamous ; aother-cells lanceo-
late, separate, pendulous. Capsule broadly spindle-shaped, woody, locnlici-
dally 2-valved ; septum flat, tbick. Seeds compressed, discoid, with a
hyaline wing. — Species 6, extending from Malacca to N. Australia and New
Caledonia.
3>. bancana, Scheffer in Nat. Tidschr. xxxi. 334.
Malacca ; Walker, Maingay. — Disteib. Bangka.
A lofty tree. Leaves 8-13 by 5-8 in., round-ovate, subentire, pubescent, tawny
villous on the nerves beneath, 1-2 large glands above near the apex of the petiole ;
petiole 4 in. Panicles 4-5 in. diam., tawny- villous. Calyx § in., puberulous, articu-
lated on the pedicel. Corolla 1 in. Stamens and style ultimately long exsert.
Capsule 6 by 1\ in., smooth. Seeds 1^ by f in., wing continued all round except the
base.
XL AMPKXCOKE, Lindl.
Herbs ; rootstock woody. Leaves alternate, 1-pinnate ; leaflets toothed.
Bacemes terminal ; bracts small, linear, persistent. Calyx campanulate,
truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla red, tube elongate widened upwards ; lobes
6, round, entire, nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; antbers
glabrous or hairy, cells separate, divaricate, with a tooth-like appendage
near the base. Ovary subsessile ; ovules sub-2-seriate. Capsule linear,
slender, terete, smooth, loculicidally splitting on one side, subfollicular ;
septum thin. Seeds in one row on each margin of the septum, narrowly
oblong, tuberculate, the hyaline wing on each side more or less laciniate. —
Species 2, in North- west India and Cabul.
1. A. arg-uta, Lindl. Bot. Beg. 1838, t. 19 ; glabrous, leaflets lanceo-
late, calyx-teeth very acute, corolla attaining H by | in. DC. Prodr. ix.
237 ; Bureau Monogr. Biqn. t. 24. Incarvillea arguta, Boyle 111. 296. I.
diffusa, Boyle III. t. 72, fig. 1 {corolla shown too small). I. emodi, Wall.
Cat. 487, first example.
N.W. Himalaya, Blinkworth, Boyle; Kumaon. alt. 7000 ft., Sfrachey Sf
Winterbottom ; Simla, Fielding ; Kunawur and Wangtu, T. Thomson, BtoUctka,
Stems 20 in., sometimes divided. Leaves 5 in.; leaflets 5-9, 1-1J in.; petiolules
£ in. Bacemes 6-8 in.; pedicels 1 in. Calyx J in., teeth caudate-acuminate from :t
triangular base. Corolla glabrous ; cylindric base of the tube J in., campanulate
portion of the tube § in. Capsule 6-8 by |-£ in.; valves thin. Seeds (including the
wings) | by £ in.
2. A. emodi, Lindl. Bot. Beg. 1838, t. 19, in note; leaflets elliptic or
oblong scarcely acute, calyx truncate or with triangular scarcely acuminate
teeth, corolla attaining 2 by § in. DC. Prodr. ix. 237 ; Bot Mag. t 4890.
Incarvillea emodi, Wall. Cat. 487, second example; Boyle 111. 29b, m
note.
VOL IV.
c c
386 evil. bignoniace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Amphicome.
W. Himalaya, alt. 2-9000 ft., from Kashmir to Nepal ; Wallich, JBlinJcworth,
&c. — Disteib. Cabul ?
Glabrous. Racemes not rarely 2-3, subpanicled. Flowers often not larger than
those of A. arguta. — This species is very near A. arguta : the Affghanistan examples
referred to A. emodi are all hairy.
Order CVIII. PEDALINEX. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, entire
toothed or divided. Flowers irregular, (in the Old- World species) axillary,
solitary or rarely clustered ; pedicels short ; "bracts 0 or very small. Calyx
deeply 4^5-lobed. Corolla tubular- ventricose ; limb obscurely 2-lipped ;
lobes 5, imbricate. Stamens 4, didynamous ; rarely 2. Ovary 2- (sometimes
1-) celled; style filiform, stigma shortly 2-lobed; ovules few or many,
superposed. Capsule 2- or 3-4-celled, indehiscent or dehiscent. Seeds (in
the Indian species) wingless, exalbuminous. — Species 40, in the warmer
parts of both hemispheres.
The Indian species are readily distinguished from Bignoniacece by their herbaceous
habit and wingless seeds, and from most Scrophularinece by their few or 1 -seriate
seeds.
Martgnia diandra, Glox. (DC. Prodr. ix. 253), an American weed (called Tiger±
claw or Devil's-claw), is now common in the Gangetic Plain and elsewhere in India ;
it is a rank coarse herb with capsules beaked by strong curved spines.
Capsule spinous, indehiscent. Seeds 2-1 in each cell 1. Pedalium.
Capsule spineless, 2-4-valved. Seeds many in each cell .... 2. Sesamum.
I. PEDAliIUM, Linn.
A glabrous annual. Leaves opposite or alternate, petioled, ovate,
incised. Pedicels axillary, solitary, short, 2-glandular at the base. Calyx
vsmall, 5-partite. Corolla yellow ; lobes round, patent. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, included ; anther -cells ovate, parallel, separate, pendulous. Ovary
2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule hard, indehiscent, upper portion
pyramidal-ovoid with 4 patent spines from its base. Seeds 2-1 in each
cell, pendulous, oblong, testa black.
P. Murex, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. ix. 256; Burm. Fl. Lnd. 139, t. 45,
fig. 2; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 276, t. 58; Lamh. III. t. 538; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 114; Wall. Cat. 6410 ; Wight Ic. t. 1615; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bimb.
Fl. 162.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, frequent.— Disteib. Trop. Africa.
A weedy herb, 6-15 in. Leaves 2-4 in., irregularly toothed or almost lobed;
petiole \-\\ in. Pedicels £ in. Calyx f in.; teeth linear. Corolla 1 in., funnel-
shaped, glabrous. Fruit § by ^ in.
II. SESAMUM, Linn.
Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, ' upper alternate, entire
toothed lobed or divided. Flowers axillary, solitary, or few and fascicled,
short-pedicelled, pale or purplish, sometimes yellow-marked. Calyx small,
5-partite. Corolla tubular- ventricose, base subgibbous ; limb 2-lipped,
lobes 5, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anthers sagittate, cells
2 subparallel. Ovary 2-celled, early falsely 4-celled, cells many-ovuled.
Capsule oblong- or ovoid, loculicidally 2-valved, unarmed, in appearance
Sesamum.] cvm. pedaline,e. (C. B. Clarke.) 387
4-celled. _ Seeds numerous, obliquely oblong. — Distrib. Species 10, Indian
and tropical or southern Africa.
1. S. indicum, DC. Prodr. ix. 250; erect, leaves oblong or ovate
lower often pedatisect, capsule tetragonous oblong, seeds brown smooth.
Wall. Cat. 6408 ; Wight III. t. 163 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1688 ; Date. Sr Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 161. S. orientale, Linn. ; Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 132, t. 110 ; Lamk.
III. t. 528; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 100. S. luteum, Retz. Obs. vi. 31 ; DC. I. c.
S. occidentale, Heer Sf Begel ; DC. I. c; Thioaites Enum. 442. — Humph.
Herb. Amboin. t. 76, fig. 1. Rheede Sort. Mai. ix. tt. 54, 55.
Throughout the warmer parts of India and Ceylon, cultivated. — Distbib.
Cultivated in all hot countries. Native country doubtful, probably Asiatic.
Height 1-2 ft., pubescent or puberulous. Leaves 3-5 in., variable on the same
plant ; upper often narrowly oblong subentire, middle ovate toothed, lower lobed or
pedatisect ; petiole $-2 in. Pedicels £ in., solitary, rarely 2-3-nate. Sepals \ in.,
lanceolate. Corolla 1\ in., pubescent, whiteish or with red purplish or yellow marks.
Capsule 1 by \ in., erect, scabrid-pilose, the same width from top to bottom, usually
shortly acuminate ; 2-valved half-way down, or sometimes to the base, or ultimately
4-valved.
2. S. laciniatum, Klein ; Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 359 ; prostrate, hispid,
leaves ovate lobed and deeply subpedately pinnatifid, capsule ovoid
compressed, seeds black reticulate. DC, Prodr. ix. 209; Wight Ic.
t. 1345.
S. Deccan Peninsula, Bottler, Wight, &c. ; Cochin, Johnstone.
Appressedly prostrate, 1-3 ft., branching. Leaves £-1^ in-, orbicular or elliptic
in outline, laciniations acute; petiole 0-£ in. Pedicels £ in., solitary. Sepals ^'m.,
lanceolate. Corolla 1 in., minutely pubescent, purple, yellow in the palate. Cap-
sule | by ^ in., scabrous-pilose, shortly mucronate ; valves 2, dorsally compressed.
3- S. prostratum, Retz. Obs. iv, 28 ; prostrate, villous, leaves
orbicular or obovate crenate or obtusely lobed with white indumentum
beneath, capsule ovoid compressed, seeds black reticulate. Wall. Cat.
6409; Wight Ic. t. 1346.
Madras ; especially on sandhills near the sea, Bottler, Wight, Shuter.
Closely allied to S. laciniatum, and hardly separable therefrom by the characters
given. The leaves are generally entire, sometimes 3 -lobed half-way ; the teeth never
sharp as in S. laciniatum.
Order CIX. ACANTHACEffi. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, very rarely
divided. Flowers rarely solitary, bracteate and 2-bracteolate. Calyx
5-partite (in Thunbergia small often raultifid). Corolla 2-iipf)ed, or sub-
equally 5-lobed ; lobes imbricated or twisted in bud. Stamens 4 or 2,
inserted on the corolla- tube ; anthers 2- or 1 -celled ; cells sometimes remote.
Disc often conspicuous. Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style filiform, notched or
bifid (1 branch often obsolete) ; ovules one or more in each (cell. 1- or 2-
seriate, anatropous. Capsule loculicidal ; valves often elastically recurved,
carrying the seeds on the« half-septa. Seeds (except in Thunbergia and
the Nelsoniem) hard, seated on upcurved subacute supports (rethiacula),
ovoid or compressed, testa smooth rugose or warted rarely hispid, often
clothed with white elastic hairs (best seen when wetted), albumen 0 (except
Nelsoniea) ; radicle next the hilum.— Species 1500, in the tropical and warm
temperate regions.
c c.2
388 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.)
Tribe 1. Thunbergriese. Scandent or twining. Calyx minute, annular
or 10-15-toothed. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud. Ovules 2 in each cell,
collateral. Capsule beaked ; retinacula 0 . . . 1. Thunbeegia.
Tribe 2. Nelsonieae. Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud. Ovules many,
superimposed in two rows in each cell. Seeds small, seated j|a minute
papillae, not on hard retinacula, obscurely albuminous.
Calyx 4-partite. Stamens 2. Bracts rigid, imbricate . 2. Elyteaeia.
Calyx 4-partite. Stamens 2. Bracts herbaceous . . 3. Nelsonia.
Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 4 4. Ebeemaieea.
Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 2, exserted 5. Ophiobbhtziphylltjm.
Tribe 3. Ruellieae. Corolla-lobes twisted to the left in bud. Seeds on
retinacula. Sepals 5, or 4 with one larger. Anthers usually 2-celled ; cells
parallel or one a little below the other. Style 2-fid, one lobe often
suppressed.
Subtribe 1. Polysperme^e. Ovules 3-12 in each cell. Capsule normally
6- or more-seeded.
* Corolla distinctly 2-lipped.
Lower leaves often toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers
axillary, sessile. Retinacula scarcely hooked ... 6. Cabdantheea.
Leaves entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Retinacula
hooked 7. Hygeophila.
Cymes elongate. Branches sympodal 8. Nomaphila.
** Corolla subequally b-lobed.
Bracteoles large. Stamens muticous. Capsule clavate.
Base of capsule solid * . . 10. Rxjellia.
Cymes elongate with sympodal branches. Anther-cells
raucronate/at base /V« 't&y&C *-i^ 11. Echinacanthus.
Flower-clusters separate on the cyme-branches. Con-
nective excurrent at tip. Capsule seed-bearing
from the base 17. ^Echmantheba.
Flowers capitate or axillary, subsessile. Bracteoles
small, narrow, or 0. Capsule seed-bearing from the
base 15. Hemigeaphts.
Flowers clustered at the nodes of the almost leafless
branches in terminal panicles. Stamens muticous.
Capsule seed-bearing from the base 16. Stenosiphonium.
Subtribe 2. Tetrasperme^e. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule 4- or fewer-
seeded.
* Placenta not rising elastically from the base of the capsule (except in
a few Strobilanthes).
Corolla subequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 ; anthers
muticous 18. Strobilanthes.
Corolla large, deeply 2-lipped. Stamens 4; anthers
muticous 19. Calacanthtjs.
Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4 ; anthers
minutely mucronate at base 9. Calophanes.
rolla-tube very long, linear; lobes subequal. Stamens 2 14. D^dalacanthus.
** Placentce rising elastically from the base of the ripe capsule.
Corolla small. Stamens 4. Bracteoles 0 - 13. Phaylopsis.
Stamens 4. Bracteoles very large, reticulately nerved . 12. Petahdium.
cix. acanthacele. (C. B. Clarke.) 389
o , Tn?e 4A ■^ca'n.the®- Corolla-tube short ; upper lip obsolete, lower
d-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cell. Retinacula curved, hardened.
Anterior filaments with an excurrent process .... 20. Blepharis.
Anterior ^piments without an excurreut process ... 21. Acanthus."
Tribe 5. Justicieae. Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud. Retinacula curved,
hardened. ^, Anthers 2-1-celled; cells often spurred at the base, one fre-'
quently placed much above the other. Style shortly equally 2-fid or
snbentire.
Subtribe 1. Andrographide,e. Ovules 3-10 in each cell. Capsule
normally 6- or more-seeded.
* Capsule compressed at right angles to the septum ; seeds ovoid, hardly
Flowers panicled or thyrsoid 28. Andrographis. 5^
Flowers axillary, clustered, with cladodes (suppressed
branchlets) among them 29. Haplanthtts.
** Capsule subterete, seeds much compressed.
Corolla-tube very slender, limb small 30. Gymnostachyttm.
Corolla cylindric, curved, not ventricose nor deeply
2-lipped 31. Phlogacanthus.
Corolla ventricose, not deeply 2-lipped 32. Cystacanthus.
Corolla deeply 2-lipped 33. Diotacanthus. ^/j
Subtribe 2. Barlerie^e. Ovules 2-1 in each cell. Corolla-lobes 5, sub-
equal. Stamens 4, of which 2 are small or obsolete, or 4 1 -celled.
Sepals 4, 2 outer opposite larger. Anthers 2-celled ... . 22. Barleria.
Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Anthers 2-celled 23. Nettkacanthus.
Outer calyx-lobes much the larger. Anthers 1-celled . 24. Crossandra.
Subtribe 3. Asystasie^e. Ovules 2 in each cell. Corolla-lobes 5, sub-
equal. Sepals 5, small, subequal. Stamens 4 or 2 ; anther-cells 2, subequal,
parallel, muticous.
Corolla-tube long, narrow or subventricose. Stamens 4 25. Asystasia.
Corolla-tube slender. Stamens 2 26. Eranthemum.
Corolla-tube ventricose. Stamens 2 27. Codonacanthus.
Subtribe 4. Eujtjsticie^:. Ovules 2 in each cell. Corolla distinctly
2-lipped.
* Stamens 4, anthers all subequal 2-celled.
Calyx deeply 5- or 4-lobed 34. Lepidagathis.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed 35. Phialacanthus.
** Stamens 2, anthers 1-celled.
Bracts small, narrow. Corolla small 36. Monothecium.
Bracts small, narrow. Corolla long 37. Clinacanthus.
Bracts larger than the calyx-segments 49. Hypo3STES.
*** Stamens 2, anthers 2-celled.
f Placentce rising elastically from the base of the capsule.
Bracts in 1-sided spikes 46- R^ngta.
Bracts clustered, shortly peduncled 47. Dicliptera.
390 era. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Thunhergia.
f Placenta not rising elastically from the base of the capsule.
•[[ Anther-cells placed one much higher than the other.
Anther-cells inuticous, bracts in opposite pairs, valvate . 48. Peristrophe.
Anther-cells minutely spurred at base 38. Justicia.
Anther-cells apiculate, scarcely spurred at base ... 39. Adhatoda.
Anthers inuticous. Flowers clustered. Corolla long . 40. Rhinacanthus.
Anthers muticous. Flowers thyrsoid. Corolla not large 41. Diantheea.
^[^[ Anther-cells parallel, subequal.
Bracts small, narrow. Corolla small 42. Ptysiglottis.
Corolla-tube ovoid, constricted in the throat .... 43. Sphinctacantht/S.
Bracts large, imbricate. Corolla-tube narrow, long . . 44. Ecbolitjm.
Bracts small. Corolla-tube elongate .. ...... 45. Graptophylltjm.
I. THUNBERGI A, Linn, f
Scandent. Leaves often cordate, hastate or angular. Flowers axillary,
1-2-nate, or racemose; bracts at the base of the pedicels leaf -like ; bracteoles
large, margins coherent at least when young. Calyx small, annular, 10-16-
toothed, or obscure. ^Corolla conspicuous ; tube ventricose, curved ; limb
oblique ; lobes 5, rounded, twisted to the left in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous
near the base of the^ corolla-tube ; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, oblique,
spurred or not at the base. Disc cushion-shaped or annular. Style long ;
stigma funnel-shaped, 2-lobed or subentire, or style 2-fid with capitate
stigmas; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral. Capsule globose, suddenly
narrowed into a barren sword-shaped beak. Seeds 2 in each cell, ovoid or
dorsally compressed, not hairy, base plane or excavate, funicle minute or
conic — Species 30, in Africa, Asia, and N. Australia.
Sect. 1. Euthunbergia. Flowers axillary. Galyx 10-16-toothed.
Seeds ovoid, base excavate.
1. T. fragrans, Boxb. Cor. PI. i. 47, t. 67, and Fl. Ind. iii. 33; leaves
ovate or oblong acute, calyx-teeth in flower lanceolate hardly longer than
the tube, capsule glabrous. Lamk. III. t. 549, fig. 2; Wall. Cat. 767, type
sheet; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 77, 78, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 57 ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.ix. 448; Kurz For.Fl. ii. 240. T. javanica,
Gaertn. f Fruct. iii. 22, t. 183 ; Plume Pijd. 806 ; Nees in DC. I. c 56.
T. scandens, Pers. Syn. ii. 179. T. volubilis, Pers. Syn. ii. 179; Nees in
DC. 1. c. 59. T. angustifolia, Ham. ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 78,
and in DC. I. c. 56. T. Eoxburghia, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 78,
and in DC. I. c. 58. T. subsagittata, Blanco Fl. Fil. 518. T. arnhemica,
F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral, ix. 73.
Throughout India, alt. 1-4000 ft., from the Himalaya Terai to Ceylon and
Tenasserim; ascending to 5-7000 ft. — Disteib. Malaya to the Philippines and
N. Australia.
Stem slender, retrorsely hairy or glabrate. Leaves 2-3 by £-l| in., obtuse, base
cordate or hastate, toothed, mature glabrate ; petiole ^-1| in. Pedicels 1-3 in.,
1 rarely 2 in each axil ; bracteoles J in., broadly falcate-oblong, subacute. Calyx in
flower \ in., divided half-way down into 12-16 teeth, nearly glabrous, in fruit 3 in.
Corolla \\ in., pure white, fragrant. Anther-cells elliptic, acute, base unappendaged.
Ovary glabrous; style funnel-shaped, 2-lipped. Capsule f-1 in., glabrous, shining.
Seeds ^-s in., rugose. — The typical T. fragrans of the Bengal Terai is considered by
T. Anderson, from the pure white of its fragrant flowers, the most charming of Bengal
Thunbergia.] cix. aoanthaceje.^ (C. B. Clarke.) 391
plants. According to him (in 'Thwaites JEnum. 234) the plant is not fragrant in
Ceylon ; but this may apply to Var. vestita.
Vae. Icevis ; glabrous or grey puberulous, pedicels often 2 in each axil much
thickened upwards in fruit, corolla not fragrant, tube often greenish, capsules grey
puberulous. T. laevis, Nees in Wall. PL As. Par. hi. 77, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 56.
T. fragraus, Pot. Mag. t. 1881; Dalz. % Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 183. T. longinora,
Penth. in PI. HohenacTc. 384. Meyenia longinora, Penth. ; Hohenach. in Flora, 1849,
558. — Deccan Peninsula, extending to Behar and W. Bengal.
Var. vestita, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 78, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 57 ; stem
and leaves more hairy, capsule pubescent. — S. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon.
Vae. heterophylla ; leaves subentire lower suborbicular upper narrow-elliptic
acute uppermost lanceolate sometimes almost linear. T. heterophylla, Wall. Oat.
771. — Prome Hills and Ava ; Wallich. — Possibly a distinct species, but the material
is fragmentary ; the calyx is 12-toothed, and the pedicel solitary axillary, so that it is
hence near T. fragrans.
2. T. tomentosa, Wall. ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 78, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 58; leaves ovate or oblong acute, calyx- teeth in flower
filiform much longer than the tube hairy, capsule villous. T. Anders, in
Jour7i. Linn. Soc. ix. 449. T. fragrans, Wall. Cat. 767, partly.
Nilgheeeies, alt. 6500 ft. ; Wight, Sir F. Adam, Hohenacker, &c.
Calyx-teeth in flower often \ in. Practs 1 in., ovate, acute. Corolla pure white,
tube l^in., mouth 2 in. diam. Ovary densely shortly villous. Capsule 1-1^ in. —
Closely allied to T. fragrans, differing by the filiform calyx-teeth and large villous
capsule. The thickening of the peduncles upwards in fruit, insisted on by T. Anderson,
is more prominent in T. fragrans var. Icevis.
*3. T. alata ; Bojer ; Hook. JExot. Fl. 1. 177 ; softly villous, leaves ovate-
cordate, petiole often winged, corolla orange-yellow with a brown or claret
eye. Wall. Cat. 7141 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2591 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
Suppl. 71 ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 78, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 58;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 449 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 240.
India, widely cultivated ; naturalized in lower Assam and N.E. Bengal. — Disteib.
Native of Africa.
Closely allied to T. fragrans, and often confounded with it. It is certain!
African, and only introduced in India.
Sect. 2. Meyenia. Flowers axillary, rarely imperfectly racemed.
Calyx an entire or scarcely toothed ring. Seeds ovoid, base excavate.
4. T. Hawtayneana, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 49, in note, and Cat. 769,
and PI. As. Bar. ii. 52, t. 164; nearly glabrous, leaves sessile cordate-
elliptic or -ovate-acute entire, pedicels snort, corolla purple. T, Hawtaynii,
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 448. Meyenia Hawtayniana, Nees in
Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 78, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 60; Wight ill. t. 164 b,
fig. 1, and Ic. t. 1487.
Hills of the S. Deccan Peninsula; Canara, Bellary, Dharwar, Mangalore,
Nilgherries,Kurg; Wight, &c— Ceylon ; Walker.
Stem slender. Leaves 3 by 1£ in. Pedicels £-li in., solitary, a tuft of hair at
their base; bracteoles |-1 in., ovate-oblong, nerved. Corolla Ik in., nearly glabrous,
violet-purple, tube yellowish. Filaments with shortly stalked glands continued to the
connective ; anther-cells of the shorter stamens parallel, subsimilar, unappendaged ; of
the longer divergent, the upper oblique cell shortly mucronate at the base, fttffma
funnel-shaped; lobes 2, oblong. Capsule 1-1* in-, glabrous; seeds (ex Wallich)
semiglobose.— In one example of Wight's, the flowers are on axillary branches 2-4 in.
long, the floral leaves are reduced by degrees down to £ in. long, 1. e. to " bracts,"
and the inflorescence becomes a raceme.
392 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Thunbergia.
5. T. lutea, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 448; leaves ovate
acuminate or lanceolate toothed, pedicels longer than the petioles, corolla
yellow or greenish-white.
Sikkim, alt. 4-7000 ft., frequent; J. D. H., &c.
Pubescent or nearly glabrous. Stem slender. Leaves 6 by 4 in. or (especially
upper ones) on the same stem 4 by § in., wide or cuneate, decurrent at the base,
feather-nerved ; petiole 1-2 in. Pedicels l|-4 in., solitary, glabrous or pubescent,
with a tuft of hairs at the base; bracteoles J-f in., broadly ovate or round, herbaceous,
connate when young. Calyx minute, shorter than the small pedicel within the
bracteoles, crenulate. Corolla 1| in., glabrous, usually a faint yellow, greenish below.
Stamens 4, subsimilar, fifth rudimentary ; filaments hairy [at the base, glandular
upwards ; anther-cells lanceolate, subpendent, separate below, sparingly hairy, white,
cells with a, round green ciliate basal appendage. Style bifid, branches short, linear,
subequal, stigmas subcapitate.
Sect. 3. Kexacentris. Flowers racemed, or the lower axillary.
Calyx an entire or obscurely crenulate ring. Seeds dorsally compressed,
base plane.
6. T. grandiflora, Roxh. Hort. Bewg. 45, and Fl. Lnd. iii. 34; leaves
ovate or uppermost lanceolate often angular or lobed scabrid or pubescent
palmately 5-7-nerved, bracts deciduous lower often petioled leaf-like, corolla
blue. Wall. Cat. 768, type sheet ; Bot. Mag. t. 2366 ; Bot. Reg. t. 495 ;
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 77, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 54; Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 70 ; Wight Ic. t. 872 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
. Soc. "ix. 447 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 240. T. cordifolia, Nees I. c. 55. Fle-
miugia grandiflora, Rottl. Sf Willd. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.iv. 1803 (Side
Nees).
Bengal, alt. 0-4000 ft. ; from Behar and Sikkim to Assam, Muneypoor and
Chittagong, frequent. — Distrib. N. Burma (cult.? in China, Singapore, Bombay,
&c).
A large climber; uppermost leaves often passing into bracts. Leaves 6 by 3 in.,
acute, base cordate, toothed, often angularly lobed, pubescent, rarely glabrate ; petiole
3 in. Racemes usually stout, pubescent, angular, somewhat dense-fld., or more
slender, elongate, nearly glabrous; upper bracts small, inconspicuous; pedicels f-3 in.,
opposite or fascicled; bracteoles %-\\ in., falcate-elliptic, acute, often cohering on one
margin. Calyx subentire. Corolla 2-3 in. long and broad. Filaments widened
below ; anthers subsimilar, \-^ in. long, bearded; cells parallel with a fine linear basal
spur. Ovary pubescent or glabrescent; stigma very large, funnel-shaped; lobes 2,
rounded. Capsule 1-2 in., pubescent or glabrous. Seeds flat, ^ in. diam., sub-
trigonous, covered (except the large base) with soft- brown scaly plates. — Ordinary
forms are easily distinguished by the pubescent angular leaves and pubescent raceme;
but some Khasian examples are altogether glabrate with entire elliptic acute leaves ;
and, except by the leaves being 5-7-nerved rather than 3-nerved at the base, they
might be placed with T. laurifolia.
Vab. ? axillaris ; leaves cordate-ovate acute glabrate, pedicels axillary 2-3 in.
1-fld., capsule and seeds as of T. grandiflora.— Abasia; Theria Ghaut, Clarke. —
Stems very slender for T. grandiflora; corolla noted yellow (but ?). Marked by
Kurz as a new species ; but the examples do not show the ends of the branches.
7. T. laurifolia, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1856, 260; glabrous or
innovations puberulous, leaves elliptic or oblong acuminate sinuate or
denticulate palmately 3-nerved, bracts deciduous, corolla blue. Bot. Mag.
t. 4985 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 447, excl. syn. Nees ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 240. T. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 768, partly. T. Harrisi, Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4998. ,
Malay Peninsula, from Arracan to Malacca; Wallich, Griffith, &c. Anda-
man s ; Kurz.
Thunbergia.] cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 393
Resembling altogether T. grandiflora, but leaves narrower. Seeds very rugose,
hardly scaly. — T. Anderson refers here "partly" Hexacentris acuminata, 'Sees, which
is founded on Wall. Cat. 7140, collected in Silhet or Khasia, and described as having
the leaves distinctly 5-nerved.
8. T. coccinea, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 49, 58, t. 37, and Cat. 766 ;
nearly glabrous, leaves elliptic acuminate toothed palmately 3-5-nerved,
racemes elongate pendent, bracts subpersistent lower subsessile lanceolate,
corolla red. Don Prodr. 120 ; Hook. Fxot. Fl. t. 195; Bot. Mag. t. 5124;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 448. T. pendula, Hassle. Cat. Hort.
Bogor. 147. Hexacentris acuminata, Nees ; Wall. Cat. 7140. H. coccinea,
dentata & acuminata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Mar. iii. 78,^and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 61.
Himalaya, alt. 2-7000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan, frequent; WalUch, &c.
Assam; Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent; H.f. Sf T., &c. Tenas-
SEEIM ; Beddome. — (Ceylon, &c, cultivated.)
A large climber ; pendent branches often 10-25 ft., terminated by racemes.
Leaves 5-8 in., lower ovate, upper oblong, obtuse cordate or angular at the base ;
petiole \-2> in., or of the uppermost leaves O. Racemes 6-18 in., lax, pendent ; bracts
1-1 in. ; pedicels £-1^ in., opposite or fascicled; bracteoles ^-1 in., broadly oblong or
ovate, subacute, often cohereut on one side, blackish or purple. Calyx a minute rim.
Corolla-tube 1 in., lobes \ in. round, from red to orange-rose. Filaments glabrous,
linear, a tuft of hairs at the base; anther-cells parallel; anthers of the longer fila-
ments have 1 cell long-spurred at base,. 1 short-spurred or spurless ; anthers of the
shorter filaments muticous or with 1 cell shortly spurred. Style-arms linear ;
stigmas subcapitate. Capsule 1-1| in., minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous.
Seeds nearly § in. diam., subhemispheric (or at least thicker than those of T.
grandiflora), rugose not scaly ; base plane. — Nees' description is very erroneous.
9. T. mysorensis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 448 ; nearly
glabrous, leaves elliptic acuminate toothed palmately 3-nerved, racemes
elongate pendent, bracts small deciduous, corolla yellow. Hexacentris
mysorensis, Wight Lc. t. 871 ; BoL Mag. t. 4786; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
183..
NiLGHERRiES and Mysoee ; Wight, &c
An extensive climber; branches pendent. Leaves 6- by l-3£ in., base cuneate or
rounded, strongly 3-nerved, a slender outer pair of nerves sometimes added; petiole
\- \\ in. Racemes elongate, lax, long- or short-peduncled ; "bracts |-£ in., linear-
lanceolate, inconspicuous ; pedicels £-l£ in.; bracteoles 1 in., falcate-elliptic, subacute,
often coherent on one side, purplish -green. Corolla 1£ in., mouth 2 in. diam. ; tube
purplish, limb yellow ; in cultivation sometimes with a red border (Paxt. Ft. Oard.
iii. t. 88). Anthers subsimilar; cells parallel, hairy, all spurred at base. Stigma
funnel-shaped, margin somewhat 2-lipped. Capsule 1\ in., glabrous. Seeds \ in.
diam., rugose.
10. T. Wiglltiana, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 448 ; nearly
glabrous, leaves ovate acuminate toothed palmately 3-5-nerved, bracts
inconspicuous, bracteoles large cordate-orbicular nerved, corolla light blue.
Schmidia bicolor, Wight Lc. t. 1848.
Nilghbeeies ; Sisparah, Wight, Beddome.
An extensive climber. Leaves 5 bv 3£ in., base rhomboid or rounded ; petiole
1-2 in. Racemes axillary or from nodes of the old wood, 6-12 in.; tracts £-j in.,
linear-lanceolate, deciduous; pedicels opposite, 1 in., 2-ranked, curved ;. bracteoles
1 by 1\ in., obtuse with a mucro, purple and cream-coloured (Wight). LoroUa
H-lf in., somewhat narrowly tubular, mouth 1£ in. diam. Anthers subsimilar ;
cells parallel, glabrous, spurred at the base. Ovary and style glabrous; stigma
funnel-shaped,, hardly 24obed. Fruit not seen.
394 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Elyti
II. ELYTEARIA, Vahl.
Herbs, nearly stemless. Leaves alternate, crowded, subradical. Scapes
covered by imbricated bracts ; spikes close, rigid, simple or divided ; bracts
spirally imbricate, not opposite ; bracteoles smaller than the bracts. Calyx
sub-4-partite, segments unequal, the largest sometimes 2-fid. Corolla small,
white or blueish ; tube linear, limb 2-lipped ; lobes 5, oblong, imbricate in
bnd. Stamens 2 perfect, attache'd in the corolla-throat ; anthers elliptic,
acute ; cells 2, parallel, with or without a minute spur at the base. Style
shortly 2-lobed ; ovules 6-10 in each cell, superimposed. Capsule ellipsoid,
acute. Seeds minute, ovoid, reticulated, minutely papillose, attached at a
minute point without retinacula. — Species 3-4, American, whereof ,1 is
widely spread in tropical Africa and Asia.
E. crenata, VahlFnum.i. 106 ; leaves obovate or elliptic obtuse crenate,
bracts elliptic acuminate to a single sharp point. Wall. Cat. 2420; Nees
in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 79, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 63 ; T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 449; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 183. E. lyrata, Vahl I. c. E.
virgata, Vahl I. c; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 63. E. marginata, Beauv. FL
Owar. ii. 58, t. 93 ; Nees in DC. L c. 63. E. indica, Pers. Syn. i. 23. E.
Vahliana, Michx Fl. Bor. Am. i. 9, t. 1. Justicia acaulis, Linn. f. Suppl.
84 ; Boxb. Cor. PI. ii. 15, t. 127, and Fl. Ind. i. 119.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, common southwards; extending north to Delhi,
and to the E. Himalaya, Griffith. — Distbib. Tropical and S. Africa ; tropical and N.
America.
Stem 0-2 in., woolly. Leaves 2-5 in., sometimes obtusely lobed, pubescent at
least on the nerves beneath, sessile or narrowed into a petiole. Scapes several,
3-10 in., clothed with bract-like scales. Spikes £-4 in., harsh, simple or branched;
bracts \ in., margins scarious, ciliate ; bracteoles ^ in., scarious, ciliate. Calyx ^ in. ;
segments lanceolate, scarious, ciliate, the broad one -entire at the apex. Corolla
£-iy in., white or blueish. Anthers muticous at the base; rudiments of 2 barren
stamens sometimes (at least) present. Capsule \ in., rigid ; valves resilient. — The
stem is in African examples sometimes considerably elongate branched, and in
American examples the scape is sometimes very tall.
III. NELSONIA, R. Br.
A diffuse, softly villous herb. Leaves opposite, elliptic, entire. Spikes
ovate or cylindric ; bracts ovate, glandular-villous, closely imbricate, alter-
nate or spirally scattered ; bracteoles 0. Sepals 4, unequal, lanceolate, the larger
often bifid. Corolla very small, purplish rose or white ; tube slender, limb
2-lipped ; lobes 5, obtuse, patent. Stamens 2, attached above the middle of
the tube ; anthers 2-celled, subincluded ; cells broadly ellipsoid, distinct,
more or less divergent, glabrous or ciliate, muticous or minutely spurred.
Stigma very shortly 2-lobed; ovules in each cell 8-10. Capsule oblong,
acute, bearing seeds from the base, barren upwards. Seeds small, roundly
ellipsoid, smooth with granular marks, attached on minute points without
retinacula.
N. campestris, Br. Prod.' 481; Endl. Lconogr. t. 79; Benth. Fl.
Austral, iv. 543. N. tomentosa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 79, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 65; Griff. Notul. iv. 132; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 183;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 450. N. origanoides, Poem. Sf Sch. Syst. i.
173. ET. lamiifolia, Spreng. Syst. i. 42. N. canescens, Nees in DC. I.e. 67.
NeUonia.] cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 395
•jN". villosa, senegalensis & Smithii, Oersted in VidensJc Meddel. Kjobenh.
(1854) -iv. 117, 118, t. 4, fig. 3-18. Justicia canescens & brunelloides,
Lamk. III. i. 40, 41. J. hirsuta, Vahl Enum. i. 122. J. lamifolia, Koen. ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 134. J. tomentosa, Wall. Cat. 2370. (Other American,
African and Australian synonyms omitted.)
Throughout India, alt. 0-4000 ft., from the Himalaya to Ceylon and Malacca,
common : not in western desert India. — Distbib. S.E. Asia, Australia, Africa,
America.
Stems mostly short, with petioled leaves often 4-8 in. long ; flowering stems trailing,
1-3 ft., with subsessile leaves \~2 in. Spikes |— 2 in., mostly sessile, terminal on
lateral branches j bracts ^ \ in., obtuse, herbaceous. Calyx £ in., green, striate,
hairy or subscarious. Corolla £ in. Ovary and style glabrous. Capsule £-£ in.,
8-12-seeded. Seeds yellowish with brown granulations. — The picture of the seed by
Kippist in Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. t. 6, fig. 11, showing the surface with hammer-
headed spines, is erroneous.
Vae. vestita ; suberect, hairy, leaves very large, corolla-lobes acute. N. vestita,
Moem. Sc Sch. Syst. i. Mant. 145. Justicia tomentosa, Roxb. Sort. Beng. 4, and Fl.
Ind. i. 131. J. bengalensis, Spreng. Syst. i. 82. Dianthera tomentosa, Roxb. Ic.
Ined. in Herb. Kew. — Pegu ; M'Lelland, Brandis, &c. — Cauline leaves attaining
10 in., uppermost 3-5 in. ; petiole 2 in. Bracts elliptic, acute. — Dr. King says that
it is very easy to distinguish this from every form of N. campestris, but that he can
give no good character for it, and that it had better be regarded as an extreme form
of that plant. Koxburgh says the capsule is 4- or ^-seeded; it is really as that of N.
campestris type.
IV. EBERMAIEBA, Nees.
Herbs or small undershrubs. Leaves opposite (in E. glauca alternate),
entire or nearly so. Spikes or racemes terminal or quasi- axillary, simple or
compound, dense or lax ; bract at the base -of the pedicel leaf -like or over-
topping the flower or small inconspicuous ; bracteoles 2 near the base of the
calyx, smaller than the bract. Sepals 5, oblong or linear, subequal or one
larger. Corolla-tube elongate, cylindric (in E. coriacea & parvijlora short-
funnel-shaped) ; lobes 5, short, patent. Stamens 4, didynamous, included in
the corolla-tube (in E. coriacea A parvijlora shortly exsert) ; filaments
patently hairy (in EJ. parvijlora glabrous) ; anther-cells 2, ovoid, separate,
muticous. Disc inconspicuous. Ovary glabrous or nearly so; style linear
glabrous; lobes 2, oblong, the lower frequently again 2-lobed; ovules very
many. Capsule small, oblong, bearing seeds from the base to near the apex.
Seeds 15-30 in each cell, small, globose or cuboid; hilum a minute hollow;
retinacula 0 ; unripe glandular, ultimately nearly smooth or with obscure
shallow pits ; albumen thin, cartilaginous (Benth.).— Species 40, m b.h.
Asia, Malaya, Australia, and Brazil.
* Flowers sessile or subsessile, spikes elongate or capitate rarely divided,
sepals I in. or more one often distinctly larger than the others.
1. E. glauca, Nees in DC. Frodr. xi. 73; stem patently viscous-
pubescent upwards, leaves petioled spathulate-oblong upper alternate, spikes
elongate lax interrupted below, lower bracts P^ioled linear-spathulate much
exceeding the flowers, corolla *-* in. Wall. Cat 9083 ; , Wight Ill.t. ] 64 b,
fig. 2, aSd Ic t. 1488; Dalz!Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 184; T Anders in Journ
Linn. Soc. ix. 450, in some part and excl. syn, E. ligulata, Bedd. Ic. Fl.
Lnd. Or. t. 245.
W. Deccan Peninsula and S. Madras, frequent; Wight, &c. Bengal;
Darieeling Terai, Clarke. Tenasserih ; Beddome „ , .fl
Stems 12-15 in. ; lower leaves and branches opposite or leaves nearly all alternate.
396 oix. acanthace^!. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ebermaiera.
Leaves 2 by § in., obtuse, base attenuate, sligbtly viscous-pubescent or glabrate, entire
or sinuate ; petiole \ in. Spikes 2-6 in. ; lowest bracts altogether leaf-like (whence
T. Anderson says " flowers solitary axillary ") ; tip of the spike often dense with
short bracts resembling the spike of neighbouring species ; bracteoles linear, obtuse,
shorter than the calyx. Sepals 4 subsimilar, \ in., linear-subulate, sparsely glandu-
lar-hairy ; the fifth longer, much broader, linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla straight,
slightly pubescent without, purplish with rose or yellow stripes. Anther-cells
muticous or minutely mucronate at base. Capsule 3 in. — Described from Nees' type
specimen ; Wight's figure is taken from a form having a much denser more glandular-
pubescent spike. The Australian species referred here by T. Anderson and Bentham
differs in its haii'y ovary and capsule, and many other minute points ; but it might be
better to unite it, and make a wholesale reduction of species here.
Var. spatulata ; leaves very spathulate, spikes denser only a few of the lowest
elongate, calyx and bracteoles very glandular-hairy, corolla scarcely \ in. Adenosma
spatulatum, Blume Bijd. 757. Ebermaiera spatulata, Hassle.; Nees in DC. Prodr.
xi. 74, partly?. — Pegu; Kurz. Tenasserim; Beddome. Bengal; Pubna, Clarke.
— Distrib. Java. — Growing in rice-swamps; stems erect, thick, quadrangular or
striate ; many or nearly all the leaves alternate. — Ebermaiera spatulata, Nees, is
described from a Philippine plant of Cuming's, which widely differs from Kurz's Pegu
specimens.
2. E. polybotrya, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 74 ; stems erect adpressedly
grey-pubescent upwards, leaves elliptic subobtuse at both, ends, spikes
cylindric not lax downwards, bracts narrowly oblong scarcely exceeding the
calyx, corolla \ in.
Bengal ; frequent in Terai swamps in Sikkim and Silhet, J. D. H., &c. Mottl-
mein and Mergui ; Griffith.
Stems 6-8 in., often branched from the base. Leaves all opposite, even at the
base of the spike, 1£ by £ in., subentire, minutely pubescent on the nerves beneath or
glabrous; petiole 0 or in the lower leaves scarcely | in. Spikes 1\ in.; bracts
£-£ in. \ bracteoles linear, shorter than the calyx. Sepals 4 subsimilar, narrow-
linear, subobtuse ; the fifth rather longer, much broader, oblong, obtuse. Corolla,
stamens> and capsule nearly as of E. glauca.
3. E. humilis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 80, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 74; stem erect branched adpressed white-pubescent upwards, leaves
opposite subsessile narrowly elliptic, heads terminal small globose, bracts
oblong sessile hardly so long as the calyx, corolla | in. and upwards. Wall.
Cat. 7148 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.ix. 450.
Burma ; Prome Hills, Wallich.
Stem 6-8 in., branched from near the base \. branches ascending, shorter than the
central stem. Leaves. \\ by \ in., obtusely rhomboid at both ends, nearly glabrous,
adpressedly white-pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petiole hardly -^ in. diam. Bleads
sessile, \-\ in. diam. ; bracts and bracteoles \ in. Sepals, 4 linear, subobtuse 5 the
fifth slightly larger, oblong obtuse.— Nearly allied to E. polybotrya, but the heads
are not elongate cylindric, the bracteoles and sepals are less acute, the corolla is
larger.
4. E. g-lutinosa, Wall. Cat. 9087 ; stem trailing rooting pubescent,
leaves elliptic, base attenuate, heads subspherical on short branches and
quasi-axillary, bracts elliptic sessile hardly so long as the calyx, corolla |in.
Ebermaiera sp., Wall. Cat. 9085. E. glauca, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 450, in great part.
Central India, N.W. Provinces, and Bengal, frequent; Moradabad, Thom-
son ; Behar, J. L>. PL. ;, Bundelcund, Edgeworth ; Silhet, Wallich, &c.
Stems numerous, 12-18 in. ; nodes in the trailing branches distant. Leaves all
(or nearly all) opposite, 1| by § in., subobtuse, entire, minutely pubescent or glabrous^
Ebermaiera.'] cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 397
petiole 0-\ in. Heads 2-8-fld. ; bracts \ in. ; bracteoles £ in., narrowly obovate-
oblong. Sepals 4, linear, subobtuse, viscidly pubescent ; the fifth slightly longer,
oblong, obtuse. Corolla blueish with dark veins. Ovary minutely pubescent up-
wards ; one stigma-lobe oblong, the other bifid. — Easily separated from E. glauca by
its habit, opposite leaves and large flowers.
5. H. zeylanica, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 74; trailing branches pubes- \ )
cent, leaves elliptic subobtuse narrowed at the base, spikes cylindric, bracts
obovate slightly longer than the flowers, corolla £-£ in. T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 451, excl. syn. E. glauca, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 224, <fc
not in Nees. Erythracanthus elongatus, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 184, not
of Nees.
W. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; Concan, Dalzell, Stocks, &c. Ceylon ;
Macrae, Thwaites.
Stem erect, short, with large leaves, and flowering runners with much smaller
leaves. Leaves 3 by 1 in., subentire, sparsely hairy on both surfaces, or glabrate with
nerves beneath pubescent ; petiole £ in., or in the leaves of the lateral branches 0.
Spikes 1-2 in., dense ; bracts § by | in., obtuse, apiculate, strongly 1-nerved ; brac-
teoles ^ in., linear-spathulate. Sepals 4, linear, rather shorter than the bracts; the
fifth rather broader, linear, subacute. Corolla, stamens, and capsule nearly as of E.
glauca.
6. E. thyrsoidea, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 80, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 75 ; stem erect hairy, leaves petioled elliptic- spathulate subobtuse,
spikes cylindric thyrsoid, bracts oblong very acute scarcely longer than the
flowers, corolla £ in. Wall. Cat. 7149. E. zeylanica, T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix, 451, partly. E. diffusa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii.
74. Capraria diffusa, lioxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 93, fide Kurz.
East Frontier, from Cachar, Keenan, to Tenasserim, Beddome ; plentiful in
Chittagong, J. D. H., &c.
Stem 8-18 in., decumbent at the very base, then erect, longer than the ascending
branches. Leaves 3 by a in., hairy. Spikes axillary and terminal 1-4 in. ; pedicels
of the lower flowers TV4 in. ; bracteoles with fine hairs often £-| in. long. Sepals 4,
subsimilar, linear, with fine long hairs; the fifth longer, narrowly lanceolate, twice as
broad. Corolla (at least often) white or very nearly so. Otherwise as E. zeylanica,
with which T, Anderson united this species ; but it appears amply distinct.
7. E. incana, Hassle. Hort. Bogor. 147 ; stem short suberect scarcely
branched, leaves petioled elliptic shortly softly hairy on both surfaces, spikes
cylindric, bracts lanceolate shorter than the calyx not aristate, corolla £ in.
E. velutina, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 76 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
452.
Mergrji ; Griffith. Tenasseelm: (or Andamans), Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6080).
— Disteib. Java ?
Stem decumbent, base almost woody, then erect, 3-4 in., closely rusty-villous.
Leaves 4 by 1£ in., obtuse, base narrowed, subentire ; petiole |-1 in. Spikes 1-1$ in.,
dense; bracts £ in.; bracteoles £ in., broadly lanceolate, closely softly hairy. Sepals,
two £ in. linear, two nearly ^ in. linear, one £ in. lanceolate; all slightly pubescent
and filiate. Corolla and stamens nearly as in E. glutinosa. Capsule \ in.— Aees
says that this is nearly the same as E. incana, Hassk., of which I have seen no specimen ;
and Kurz says (Journ. As. Soc. 1870, pt. ii. 78) that it is quite the same. By habit,
bracts and indumentum it approaches E. macrophylla, T. Anders.
8. E. lanceolata, Hassk. Hort. Bogor. 147 ; stems short branched
suberect, leaves oblong or narrowly elliptic cuneate at both ends glabrate
or minutely pubescent beneath, spikes cylindric dense, bracts oblong acute
398 cix. acanthace2e. (C.B.Clarke.) [Ebermaicra. '
pubescent hardly ciliate, calyx ciliate shorter than the bract, corolla ^ in.
and upwards. Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 76; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1870,
pt. ii. 78. E. argentea, Nees I. c. ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. 7$oc. ix.
451. Adenosma lanceolatum, Blume Bijd. 757. Staurogyne, Wall. Cat.
7489.
Penang; Wallich. Malacca; Griffith. Tenasseeim (or Andamans), Heifer
(Kew Distrib. n. 6077). — Disteib. Java.
Stems 3-6 in., base almost woody, pubescent. Leaves 3 by f in., narrowed to an
obtuse apex, entire, sinuate, pubescent on the nerves beneath, and sometimes also
slightly on the lamina ; petiole \-h in. Spikes 2 in., dense ; bracts § in., not aris-
tate ; bracteoles £ in., narrow-lanceolate, ciliate. Sepals 4, ^ in., linear ; the fifth
slightly longer and broader ; all prominently ciliate. Capsule £ in.
9. E. Staurogryne, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 75 ; stem decumbent
short, leaves narrowly elliptic whitened beneath, spikes short cylindric or
capitate, bracts lanceolate 3-nerved long-aristate pubescent not ciliate,
corolla § in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 451, excl. all syn. Stauro-
gyne argentea, Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 80, t. 186, and Cat. 4905.
Khasia Hills up to 3000 ft. alt., and N. Silhet, frequent ; Wallich, Griffith,
H.f. % T., &c.
Stems 3-8 in., pubescent, prostrate, rooting, base almost woody. Leaves 4 by
1^ in., subobtuse, base rounded or cuneate, entire, glabrous, nerves beneath prominent
puberulous; petiole §-l£ in. Spikes §-2 in.; bracts^ in. with awns \ in.; bracteoles
^ in., linear, awns \ in. Sepals ^ in., linear, awns £ in. Corolla purple with rose
marks. Style bifid, lower lobe 2-partite. Capsule \ in.
10. E. angustifolia, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 451, excl.
many syn. ; stem decumbent short, leaves narrowly elliptic somewhat whiter
beneath, spikes short cylindric or capitate, bracts lanceolate 3-nerved long-
awned pubescent ciliate, awns of the bracteoles and sepals without hairs
or cilia. E. Staurogyne /3 angustifolia, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 75. Stauro-
gyne angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 4906.
Chittagong, alt. 0-1000 ft., frequent 5 H. f. Sf T.,&c. Pegu; J. Scott.
Moulmein ; Griffith. Rangoon ; M'Lelland. Tenasseeim ; King's Island,
Heifer.
Very near B. Staurogyne ; but the long white cilia on the margin of the lanceo-
late portion of the bracts and bracteoles at flower-time give the heads a different
aspect. The characters drawn from the breadth of the leaves and the cuneation of
their bases fail ; and Mr. Bentham has noted the species as perhaps only a var. of B.
Staurogyne. T. Anderson has variously marked it, E. Staurogyne, setigera, angusti-
folia, and aristata. The awns of the bracteoles and sepals have very minute' white
adpressed bristles.
11. E. setigrera, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 76 ; stems short branched,
leaves short-petioled narrowly elliptic, spikes capitate, bracts almost linear,
bracteoles and sepals subulate hairy nearly to their tip with patent long
tawny hairs from bulbous bases, corolla £ in. and upwards. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 451. E. trichocephala, Mia. Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii. 774.
Malacca ; Cuming. — Disteib. Sumatra, Borneo.
Stem 3-6 in., pubescent. Leaves 2 by § in., cuneate, subobtuse at both endsj
glabrous above, puberulous whiter beneath ; petiole £-£ in. Spikes |-1 in. ; bracts
^-| in., linear, long-attenuate, subulate, scarcely awned, herbaceous not nervose (as
in the two preceding species) ; bracteoles similar, but rather shorter. Sepals $ in.,
linear-subulate, hardly aristate. Capsule % in. ; bracteoles and sepals less stellate in
fruit than in B. angustifolia. — E. trichocephala, Mia., is referred by Kurz (Journ.
As. Soc. 1870, pt. ii. 78) to B. lanceolata, and by T. Anderson (Journ. Linn. Soc.
Ehermaiera.] cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 399
ix. 451) to 22. Staurogyne; but from the description and habitat is surely 12.
setigera.
12. E. long-ifolia, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 76 ; leaves long-petioled
lanceolate, spikes cylindric softly hairy, lower flowers somewhat pedicelled,
bracts narrow-lanceolate attenuate subulate herbaceous hairy below
minutely pubescent upwards, corolla £-§ in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc
ix. 451.
Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6079), Cuming.
Branches 3-8 in., divided, pubescent; innovations white-silky, subtomentose.
Leaves 5 by 1\ in., narrowed to both ends, subobtuse, base cuneate. subentire, sinuate,
glabrous above, puberulous whiter beneath ; petiole |-2 in. Spikes l-2§ in. ; lower
pedicels often £ in. ; bracts § in. ; bracteoles similar but rather narrower and shorter.
Sepals \ in., very like the bracteoles. Capsule £ in., rather broader than in the pre-
ceding species.
13. E. axillaris, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 80, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 75; branches almost woody, leaves elliptic narrowed at both
ends minutely punctate above, spikes cylindric drooping very hairy, bracts
lanceolate acuminate hairy, corolla £ in. very hairy without. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 452. Ruellia ? comosa, Wall. Cat. 2414.
Penang; Wallich.
Leaves 6 by H-2f in., subobtuse, base cuneate, nearly entire, glabrous, pubescent
on the nerves beneath ; petiole \- 1 in. Spikes 2-4 in., dense, several among the
penultimate leaves on the branch; bracts \ in., flaccid; pedicels hardly any;
bracteoles resembling the bracts, but narrower and rather shorter. Sepals \ in.,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, softly hairy. Capsule \ in.
** Lower flowers of the racemes more or less distinctly pedicelled, racemes
often panicled, sepals £ in. or more not very unequal.
14. E. Simonsii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 451 ; leaves large
elliptic narrowed at both ends, racemes panicled white-hairy, bracts linear,
sepals linear covered to the tips on all sides with glistening white hairs,
corolla £ in.
Khasia Hills ; Bor Pani, alt. 2500 ft., Simons.
Stems 6 in., stout, woody, branched, villous upwards. Leaves 8 by 3J in., sub-
obtuse, base cuneate, nearly entire, sparsely hairy or finally glabrate above, glabrous,
paler beneath, puberulous on the nerves ; petiole 1-2 in. Racemes dense, sparingly
branched or laxly paniculate, 1-4 in.; bracts £ in., very narrowly linear, obtuse;
pedicels often £ in. ; bracteoles £-J in., narrowly linear. Sepals nearly \ in., two of
them somewhat shorter. Corolla nearly glabrous without. Capsule \ in.
15. E. Helferi, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 452, chiefly ; stem
short stout, leaves obovate-oblong closely minutely pubescent on the surface
above and the nerves beneath, peduncles bearing 1 or several racemes, bracts
petioled elliptic obtuse whitened membranous nearly glabrous, sepals linear
obtuse nearly glabrous.
Tenasseeim; Attaran, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6075). Pegu; Thoungyun,
Brandts.
Stem 4 in., villous, simple. Leaves 9 by 5 in., obtuse, base attenuated, somewhat
whitened beneath; petiole £-lin. Peduncles 1-5 from the penultimate axils, 1-3 in.,
reddish, minutely pubescent. Racemes 1-3 in., somewhat dense ; bracts £ by £ in.,
nervose; pedicels sometimes £-£ in.; bracteoles * in., narrowly oblong, resembling
the bract, upper shorter and narrower. Sepals 4, £ in., of which 2 ratber sborter;
the fifth rather longer, twice as broad, 3-nerved. Corolla £ in., glabrous or nearly so.
400 Cix. acanthace2E. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Ebermaiera.
Capsule £ in. — T. Anderson 1. c. describes one of the bracts as at the same time
1-nerved and 3-nerved, but he subsequently himself separated in the Herbarium his
~E. macrophylla.
16. E. macrophylla, T. Anders, in Herb. Kew ; stem hardly any,
leaves short- petioled obovate-oblong obtuse minutely closely pubescent on
the surface above and on the nerves beneath, peduncle simple or branched,
racemes slender pubescent, bracts and bracteoles small spathulate-elliptic
herbaceous pubescent. E. Helferi, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 452,
in part. — Ebermaiera, Wall. Cat. 9086.
Lower Burma ; Chappedong, Wallieh ; Moulmein, Parish, Lobb.
Stem 1-3 in., stout, villous. Leaves 7 by 4 in., base broadly rhomboid ; petiole
|-§ in. Peduncles \ in. ; spikes 3 in. ; bracts \- \ in. ; pedicels -^ in. ; bracteoles
3~£ in., resembling the bracts, unequal. Sepals \ in., linear, scarcely acute, pubescent.
Corolla \ in., glabrous or nearly so. — Exceedingly near LJ. Helferi, but the bracts and
bracteoles are much smaller, not white membranous nervose.
17. E. Griffithiana, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 452 ; stem
short, leaves petioled elliptic rounded at both ends minutely closely pubescent
above, racemes elongate panicled, bracts elliptic pubescent, sepals £-§ in.
linear. Erythracanthus Griffithianus, Nees in, DC. Prodr. xi. 78. E.
obtusus, Wight Ic. t. 1491, not of Nees.
Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6078).
Stem 3-6 in., herbaceous, branched, pubescent, Leaves 5 by 3 in., pubescent
beneath or finally on the nerves only; petiole \ — 1^ in. Peduncles 1-2 in., reddish;
racemes up to 5 in. ; bracts | by ^ in», hardly acute ; pedicels 0-\ in. ; bracteoles
5 by | in., similar to the bracts. Sepals subequal, narrowly linear, somewhat striate
longitudinally. Capsule \ in.
18. E. elong'ata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 721 ; leaves oblong acute at
both ends punctate obscurely pubescent above> racemes elongate lax,
bracts linear-lanceolate, sepals ^ in. almost equal sublinear pubescent.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 452. Adenosma elongatum, Plume
Pijd. 757. Erythracanthus elongatus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 78,
excluding Yar. /3.
Penang; Wallieh (fide T. Anderson). — Distrib. Java,
Stem 6 in., erect, pubescent. Leaves 6 by 2 in., obscurely pubescent beneath,
herbaceous, concolorous or nearly so, nerves beneath inconspicuous ; petiole 1-2| in.
Raceme 10 in., branched near the base; bracts \ by ^ in., acumiuate, scarcely awned;
pedicels 0-£ in.; bracteoles J in., linear. Corolla ^-£ in., minutely pubescent with-
out. Capsule nearly £in. — The example from Java marked E.subpaniculata, Hassk.,
is E. elongata, Nees ; but it may perhaps be wrongly named, as the description of
Hasskarl (in Retzia,77) says inter alia that the leaves "of 15. subpaniculata are mostly
alternate, much whitened beneath.
19. E. lasiobotrys, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 721 ; stem erect sub-
tomentose upwards, leaves narrowly elliptic cuneate at both ends glabrate
above, racemes elongate very lax, bract filiform very small, sepals \ in.
linear with patent white hairs to the tips on all sides. Wall. Cat. 9084 ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 452.
Lower Burma; Chappedong Hills, Wallieh; Mergui, Griffith; Moulmein,
Falconer; Tavoy, Parish.
Stem decumbent, rooting, then 6-15 in. erect. Leaves 5| bv 2 in. (usually
smaller), mature glabrous minutely pubescent on the nerves beneath; petiole |-| in.
Panicles 6-12 in., straggling ; racemes 2-5 in., lower flowers distant; bracts |-£ in.;
Ebermaiera.] cix. acaxtiiace2e. (C. B. Clarke.) 401
lower pedicels |-£ in. ; bracteoles T'0 in., filiform. Sepals subequal, somewhat larger
in fruit. Corolla \ in., narrow tubular, sparsely minutely hairy. Capsule \ in.
20. 33= paniculata, Wall. mss. ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 453 ;
stem erect subtomentose upwards, leaves narrowly elliptic cuneate at both
ends glabrate above, panicle compound, racemes lax, bracts filiform very
small, sepals \ in. linear nearly glabrousT
Muneypoor ; Sort. Calcutt. S.E. Assam (or Ava), Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6082).
Stems 1 foot, woody, sometimes branched. Leaves 7 by 3 in. (often smaller) scarcely
acute, prominently reticulated, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petiole 4~| in.
Panicles (including peduncles) 6-9 in., reddish, minutely pubescent; bracts |-£ in.,
minutely pubescent; pedicels £-£in.; bracteoles ^ in., filiform. Sepals £ in. in
flower, \ in. or more in fruit. Corolla ^ in., slender, nearly glabrous. Capsule
^-\ in. — Closely allied to E. lasiobotrys, but with smaller flowers and fruit, and the
panicle without the abundant hair of E. lasiobotrys.
Var. glabrior ; leaves less reticulated, panicle thin very glabrous, sepals very
slender glabrous.— Patkoy Mts., alt. 4000 ft.; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6085).
21. S. obtusa, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 453 ; stem short
subtomentose, leaves elliptic rounded at both ends closely shortly hairy
above, panicles compound shortly pubescent, bracts very small filiform,
sepals i in. linear minutely pubescent. Erythracanthus obtusus, Nees in
DC. Prodr. xi. 78.
Mergui ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6083). Moulmein, Falconer.
Stem 3-4 in. Leaves 3| by \\ in., very obtuse, base sometimes subcordate,
beneath glabrous, the nerves pubescent ; petiole \-2 in. Peduncles often numerous
from the upper axils ; panicles 3-5 in., racemes lax; bracts f-£in.; lower pedicels
£-£■ in.; bracteoles fa in., filiform. Sepals £ in. in flower, in fruit i in. Corolla £ in.,
slender, minutely hairy. Capsule ^ in.
22. S. Xftaclellandii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 454 ; stem
erect branched, leaves oblong narrowed at the base obscurely pubescent
above, panicles small numerous patently softly hairy lateral and terminal,
bracts small oblong herbaceous, sepals \ in. linear patently hairy.
Pegu; M'Lelland.
Stems 6-12 in., herbaceous, pubescent. Leaves 2\ by \ in., obtuse, mature nearly
glabrous; petiole 0-± in. Panicles 1-2 in., on short branches beginning ne^ir the base
of the stems; lower bracts passing gradually into leaves, upper scarcely \ in. ; pedicels
mostly short, some attaining £ in. ; bracteoles £ in., narrowly oblong. > Corolla
i-b in.— Allied to E. glauca and E. polybotrya, but is driven to this position in the
linear series by its slender racemes and subequal sepals.
*** Racemes elongate, lax, calyx small ($-£ in. long).
23. S. racemosa, Miq. Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii. 775 ; stem erect somewhat
stout, leaves narrowly elliptic cuneate at both ends minutely hairy above,
racemes long simple or divided, sepals £ in. lanceolate minutely pubescent,
corolla I in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 452. Euelha racemosa,
Eoxb. Fl. lnd. iii. 42 ; Wall. Cat. 2336. Erythracanthus racemosus, bet m m
Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 80, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 78.
Malay Peninsula, from Moulmein southwards, and Penang, frequent ; Wallich,
&c. — Distrib. Java. . ... T . ai v-iit.
Stem* attaining 15 in., branched, closely brown-villous Leaves 4j by 1J in
scarcely acute, reddish brown, glabrous beneath, pubescent on the nerves ; petiole
x-li in. Peduncles 2-3 in., subterminal ; racemes 2-5 in., often simp e, sometimes
divided; bracts^ in., narrowly oblong or linear; pedicels sometimes |-£in., often
VOL. IV. D
402 cix. aoanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ebermaiera.
hardly any, the raceme becoming altogether a spike; bracteoles smaller than the
bracts. Corolla glabrous. Capsule \ by £ in.
24. E. mergnensis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 452 ; stem
very short, leaves obovate-oblong obtuse nearly glabrous, base cordate,
panicles minutely pubescent, sepals £ in. lanceolate, corolla £-$ in.
Meegui ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6081).
Stem 1-3 in., closely villous. Leaves 3 by 1\ in., tip rounded, subcoriaceous ;
petiole \-\ in. Peduncles several, 1-3 in., reddish ; racemes 1-4 in., slender, simple
or little divided, minutely pubescent or glabrate; bracts \ in., narrow-lanceolate;
lower pedicels scarcely | in. ; bracteoles smaller than the bracts. Corolla narrow,
glabrous. Capsule scarcely \ in., broad lanceolate.
25. E. gracilis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 453 ; stem hardly
any, leaves short-petioled large obovate-oblong nearly glabrous, panicles
slender pubescent, sepals £ in. sublinear, corolla % in. (and upwards)
narrowly tubular.
Martabax ; Parish.
Leaves 8 by 3 in., obtuse, minutely pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petiole
0-^ in. Peduncles several, 3-5 in., slender ; panicles compound; bracts ^ in., linear ;
pedicels 0-£ in. ; bracteoles ^ in., linear. Sepals minutely pubescent. Corolla
glabrous without when expanded, or nearly so. Capsule £ in.
26. E. coriacea, T. Anders, in Serb. Kew ; stem short closely villous,
leaves elliptic nearly glabrous, raceme long densely softly minutely grey
hairy, sepals £ in. lanceolate, corolla \ in. tube short, anthers shortly
exsert.
MOULMEIN ; Lobb.
Stem 4 in., almost woody at the base. Leaves 2 by 1 in., obtuse, base rhomboid,
subcoriaceous, secondary nerves obscure; petiole £-£ in. Peduncle 1J in. ; raceme
4 in., many-fld. ; bracts £ in., narrow-lanceolate ; lower pedicels £ in. ; bracteoles
in., narrow-lanceolate. Calyx with dense soft, short, grey hair. Corolla with a
very short cylindric base, a short funnel-shaped portion at the base of which the
filaments are inserted, elliptic or oblong erect-putent lobes, closely patently glandular-
hairy. Stamens and pistil of Ebermaiera; filaments densely patently hairy
upwards. Capsule \ in., oblong, as of Ebermaiera. — The corolla is nearly as in
Ophiorrhizophyllum.
27. E. parviflora, T. Anders, in Herb. Kew ; stem very short, leaves
obovate-oblong glabrate except the nerves beneath, panicle compound
slender minutely hairy, sepals ^ in. sublinear, corolla £-£ in. tube short,
anthers subexsert.
MOTJLMEIN; Lobb.
Stem 1 in., subtomentose. Leaves 6 by 2| in., obtuse, base rhomboid or almost
rounded ; petiole |-| in. Peduncle 4 in., pubescent, with 9 scattered bracts £ m#
long; panicle 4£ by 3 in.; bracts £-£ in., linear; lower pedicels scarcely £in.j
bracteoles T'g in., subulate. Corolla as of E. coriacea but smaller, the external hairs
shorter. Filaments glabrous except near the base ; anther-cells ovoid, minutely
puberulous. Pistil as of E. coriacea. — Closely allied to E. coriacea, but with much
larger leaves, and smaller flowers.
28. E. Beddomei, Clarke; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
puberulous on the nerves beneath, racemes solitary simple linear minutely
pubescent, corolla ^— ^ in. funnel-shaped.
Tenassetum ; Mt. Mooleeyit, Beddome.
Stems densely pubescent. Leaves 4£ by 1 \ in., membranous, whitened underneath ;
Fbermaiera.] cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 403
petiole l\ in., pubescent; the uppermost leaf sometimes short- petioled, rounded at the
base. Peduncle £ in.; raceme 4-5 in. ; bract near the base of the pedicel T'a in., linear-
lanceolate ; bracteoles ^ in., linear-lanceolate, minutely pubescent. Calyx-segments
5, unequal, ^-\ in., linear-lanceolate, minutely pubescent. Corolla funnel-shaped,
tube very short. Filaments glabrous ; anther-cells ovoid, irregularly subdivaricate. —
Allied to JS. coriacea. T. Anders.
Y. OPHIORRHIZIPHYLLON, Kurz.
An erect herb. Leaves opposite, petioled, elliptic, entire. Spikes very
long, many-fld. ; bracts narrowly oblong, exceeding the calyx ; bracteoles
small. Sepals 5, subequal, narrowly lanceolate. Corolla shortly tubular,
curved at the mouth ; lobes 5, elliptic, suberect. Stamens 2 ; filaments long,
exsert, glabrous ; anther-cells 2, oblong, muticous, separate, approximate,
erect. Disc inconspicuous. Ovary glabrous ; style long, glabrous,
shortly 2-lobed ; ovules very many. Capsule oblong and seeds as of
Ebermaiera.
0. macrobotryum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 76.
Mabtaban ; Thoungyen, Brandis. Kaben Hills ; Kurz.
Stem 6-10 in., undivided, pubescent upwards. Leaves 6 by 2£ in., cuneate, sub-
acute at each end, glabrous, or pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petiole \-\\ in.
Peduncles 1-3, subterminal, 1-3 in.; spikes 3-7 in.; bracts \ in., glabrescent ;
bracteoles | in., linear. Sepals £-£ in., pubescent* Corolla \ in., white or pale rose,
minutely pubescent without. Stamens inserted in a ring of hairs, 2 small staininodes
added. Capsule £ in.
YI. CARDANTHERA, Ham>
Herbs, often viscid, aromatic* Leaves opposite, upper toothed rarely
entire, lower often pinnatifid or in water pectinate. Flowers spiked or
whorled, or 1-3 together in opposite axils ; bract or bracteoles often sup-
pressed. Sepals narrow, often unequal. Corolla nearly straight, tube
shorter than the calyx ; limb long, 2-lipped, twisted to the left in bud ;
palate transversely plicate-rugose, purple-rose and white. Stamens 4,
didynamous ; anthers of* the posterior often smaller ; anther-cells parallel.
Ovary narrow; style sparsely hairy. Capsule sessile, narrow, 40-100-
seede'd, bearing seeds from the very' base. Seeds small, ovoid, somewhat
compressed, glandular-puberulous or glabrous ; retinacula minute, conical,
soft, not curved. — Species 10, Indian and Tropical African.
C. Thwaitesii has solitary flowers, a plane palate, 2 stamens, and stronger
retinacula.
Subgenus 1. Eucardanthera. Stamens 4, fertile. Flowers mostly
in opposite axils.
* Spikes terminal, bracts ^-ranked imbricated infruiL
1. C. ulig-inosa, Ham. mss.- Benth. in Gen, PlAi. 107 4; stem pubescent
upwards, leaves subsessile oblong or subovate entire or crenate, bracts > round
ovate. Ruellia nliginosa, Linn. f. Suppl. 290; Both Nov. Sp.3v6,obs.;
Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 52; Wall. Cat. 2378, chiefly. Adenosma uliginosa,
Nees in Br. Verm. Schrift. iii. 298, and in Wall. PI. As Bar. iii. 79, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 69 (excl. syn. Ruellia ringens) ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 455. ' „
D d 2
404 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cardanthera.
In drying-up rice-swamps, S. Madbas j frequent. Ceylon ; Walker. Sikkim
Tebeai ; Serb. Griffith.
Annual, 1-1£ ft., erect or decumbent, branching, from the base. Leaves 1 by £ in.,
glabrous or subpubescent. Spikes 1-3 in., scarcely interrupted at the ;base even in
fruit; bracts \ in., from elliptic to cordate, glabrous or puberulous ; bracteoles £ in.,
obovate or elliptic. Sepals | in., linear, pubescent. Corolla ]s in., puberulous.
Anthers of the posterior stamens half as large as of the anterior. Capsule £ in.,
minutely pilose upwards. — Much confused by the older botanists with the universal
Sygrophila polysperma, to which I suspect Miquel's Javanese C. uliginosa should be
referred.
ff Whorls or spikes axillary ; fruiting interrupted at the base.
2. C. G-riffithiij Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1074 ; leaves spathulate oblong
or elliptic crenulate pubescent, spikes terminal interrupted at the base in
fruit, corolla \ in. Adenosma Griffithii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xi. 454.
Upper Assam; Suddiya, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6087). — Pisteib. N. Burma.
Annual, decumbent, rooting; branches 1 foot, pubescent. Leaves 1| by f in.,
subpetioled, obtuse ; on the barren shoots smaller, broader. SpiJces 1-4 in., pubescent,
axillary and forming terminal panicles ; lower bracts distant (at least in fx-uit), leaf-like,
often containing 2-3 flowers ; proper bract \ by ^ in., elliptic ; bracteoles \ in.,
narrowly oblong. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Corolla purple, puberulous. Anthers of
the posterior stamens smaller than those of the anterior, Ovary nearly glabrous, a
few gland-tipped hairs about its apex. Capsule \ in.
3. C. balsamica, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1074; branches glabrous
upwards, leaves petioled oblong crenate, flowers mostly in axillary whorls,
sepals longer than the bracts linear-lanceolate one larger than the others.
Ruellia balsamica, Linn.f. Suppl. 289. Adenosma balsamea, Spreng. Sys't.
ii. 829; Wall. Cat. 9082; Wight Ic. t. 446; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi.68;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 454.
S. Deccan Peninsula, and Ceylon; in rice-swamps, frequent.
Annual, decumbent or erect, branches 6-15 in.; glabrous, or the inflorescence
puberulous ; lineolate with rap/hides. Leaves 2 by f in., obtuse, base attenuate ;
petiole I in.; lower leaves sometimes pectinate or pinnatifid. Whprls usually
numerous, distinct ; flowers 1-5-nate ; bract \-^ in., obovate or elliptic ; bracteoles
similar, but smaller, in crowded whorls, often suppressed. Sepals £ in., not widened
upwards. Corolla ^ in., nearly glabrous. Anthers of the posterior stamens smaller
than the anterior. Capsule nearly ^ in., puberulous upwards.
Vab. Thymus ; leaves i in., corolla \ in., capsule scarcely % in. Adenosma
Thymus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 79, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 69, excl. syn. ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 454. Ruellia cernua, Seyne ; Wall. Cat. 2380
(part of letter B only), not of Boxb. — Deccan Peninsula, Seyne. Nees and T.
Anderson place this next C. trifiora, Ham., from which Nees carefully distinguishes it ;
the example is almost certainly a starved specimen of C. balsamica.
4. C. verticillata, Benth. in. Gen. PL ii. 1074 ; branches pubescent
upwards, leaves often petioled oblong or elliptic crenate, flowers mostly in
axillary whorls, sepals longer than the bracts linear-spathulate. Ruellia
verticillata, Wall. Cat. 2409. Adenosma verticillata, Nees in Wall. PI.
As. Ear. iii. 79, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 69 ; Wight Ic. 1. 1524; T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 454.
Deccan Peninsula; Carnatic, Seyne, Wight; Concan, Stocks, &c. Ceylon ;
Thwaites.
Leaves often somewhat pubescent, especially on the midrib beneath. Inflorescence
Canlanthera.] cix. acanthacej3. (C. B. Clarke.) 405
ciliate-pubescent. Sepals wider upwards.— Scarcely specifically separable from
C. bate arnica. '
5. C. triflora, Ham. mss. \fienth. in Gen. PL ii. 1074 ; pubescent, leaves
ovate or round creuate-serrate, flowers mostly in axillary whorls, sepals
equalling the bracts linear. Ruellia triflora, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 46, and
Fl. Ind. iii. 52. Adenosma triflora, Nee* in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 79, and
in DC. Prodr. xi. 68; Wall. Cat. 7147; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 454.
On the margin of water ; Bengal, very common. Assam, Pegu and Singa-
poee.
Annual, decumbent, rooting at tbe base, 1 foot. Lower leaves often pinnatifid, in
water large, pectinate, membranous ; cauline £-1 in. diam., tip founded, base cuneate
or subpetioled, somewhat closely sharply toothed. Flowers 1-3-nate ; bracts nearly
^ in., obovate, sometimes toothed • bracteoles { in., oblong. Sepals hairy, one longer
than the others, very acute. Corolla ^-£ in. Anthers nearly equal. Capsule
|-£ in., pubescent.
6. C. avana, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1074 ; subhirsute, leaves sessile
oblong dentate, base obtuse, spikes elongate interrupted, flowers solitary,
sepals exceeding the bracts linear. Pedicularis ? avana, Wall. Cat. 1007 ;
Benth. Seraph. Ind. 52. Synuema avanum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 538.
Adenosma biplicata, Neesin Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii, 79, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 68 ; Wall. Cat. 7146 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 454.
Burma ; Wallich, MLelland, &c. — Disteib. Ava.
An annual weed, 1 foot, decumbent, rooting in mud, branches erect or procum-
bent. Lower leaves usually pinnatifid; upper 1-1£ in., obtuse, base often subquad-
rate, with many patent white hairs. Spikes 1-5 in., weak ; bract £-J in., narrowly
elliptic; bracteoles £ in., narrowly oblong, obtuse. Sepals J in. and upwards, white-
hirsute. ' Corolla ^-| in., pubescent without, purple. Anthers nearly equal. Cap-
sule g in., puberulous.
7. C. pinnatifida, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 1074 ; dusky pubescent,
leaves petioled oblong or elliptic pinnatifid or crenate, flowers solitary
axillary or in lax spikes, sepals linear slightly wider upwards sometimes
toothed. Nomaphila pinnatifida, Dalz. in Hook. Keto Journ. iii. 38 ; Dalz.
<Hf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 184 ; Hook. le. PI. t. 843. Adenosma pinnatifidum, T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 455; Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 246.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; Concan and Canara, Dalzell, Beddome, &c. ; Manga-
loref Wight.
Biennial; branches 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-4 in., deeply pinnatifid; lobes numerous,
oblique, oblong ; or smaller, or § in. and crenate on the same plant, cuneate or
spathulate, more or less petioled. Spikes 1-4 in., terminal, weak, hardly interrupted,
many-fid. ; or more commonly flowers few, distant, solitary, sometimes on very short
axillary branches appearing pedicelled; bracts \ in., elliptic; bracteoles \ in., oblong.
.Sepals \ in. Corolla J in. Anthers subequal ; cells parallel, base not divari-
cate nor cordate. Capsule nearly £ in., glabrous.
Subgenus 2. Pl«esianthera. Stamens 2, fertile. Flowers solitary,
on alternate axils. Seeds densely elastically hairy.
8. C. Thwaltesii, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 1075; pubescent, leaves
spathulate-oblong entire, flowers small subsessile in lax compound cymes.
Adenosma Thwaitesii, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 224, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 455.
Ceylon ; Batticaloa, in the tropical region, Thwaites.
406 cix. acanthace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cardanthera.
Annual, 6-12 in., erect, branched, viscid. Leaves 1-1| in., obtuse, base much
attenuate or petioled. Flowers very numerous ; cymes dichasial, going off into sym-
podes ; upper branches of the cyme in appearance scorpioid with distant flowers, i. e.
at each bifurcation one branch with one flower is suppressed ; bracts g to £ in., ovate
or elliptic; bracteoles small or 0. Sepals £ in., linear, unequal. Corolla \ in.,
puberulous ; lobes twisted to the left ; palate not transversely plicate. Anthers sub-
quadrate ; posterior stamens reduced to filaments. Ovary glabrous, tip glandular-
hairy; style sparsely hairy. Capsule \ in., bearing seeds from the base. Seeds 40-60,
ovoid, slightly compressed, the white fine hairs starting out on all sides when
moistened ; retinacula conical, slightly curved, scarcely hardened. — Possibly a distinct
genus, resembling Brillantaisia except that it is the posterior stamens that are imper-
fect in this.
YII, HYGROPHILA, Br.
Herbs, (in H.spinosa) spinescent. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or obovate,
entire. Flowers sessile, in terminal heads or in axillary whorls ; bracts
elliptic or lanceolate ; bracteoles oblong or lanceolate, shorter than the
calyx. Calyx tubular, 5-fid (or in H. spinosa 4-partite) ; teeth lanceolate or
linear. Corolla blueish-purple, nearly glabrous ; tube ventricose at the apex ;
limb deeply 2-lipped, oblong, straight. Stamens didynamous, posterior
similar to the anterior, or smaller, or rudimentary, filaments glabrous ;
anthers oblong, cells equal, divaricate or connate at the base. Ovary oblong,
tip hairy ; style long hairy, stigma simple linear. Capsule linear or
narrowly oblong, bearing seeds from the base, 40-100-seeded, or in H. spi-
nosa 2-8-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed, elastically white-hairy when
wetted ; retinacula hardened, curved and acute. — Species 18, tropical and
subtropical.
Subgenus. Euhygrophila. Unarmed. Calyx 5-toothed. Capsule
with 8-100 minute seeds.
* Spikes terminal.
1. K. polysperma, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 456 ; small,
procumbent, leaves oblong or ovate nearly entire glabrous or puberulous,
bpikes terminal dense oblong or linear, fertile stamens 2. Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 519. Justicia polysperma, Boxb. Sort. Beng. 3, and FL Lnd. i. 119;
Wall. Cat. 2483. Euellia uliginosa, Wall. Cat. 2378, partly. Hemiadel-
phis polysperma, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 80, and in DC Prodr. xi.
80 (excl. syn. Eoth) ; Wight III. t. 164 b, fig. 3, and Ic. t. 1492 : Griff.
Notul. iv.l^.
Throughout India in wet places, alt. 0-5000 ft., from the Punjab and Bhotan to
the S. Deccan and Malacca. — Disteib. Cabul.
Annual, 6-18 in., branching and rooting. Leaves fc-l£ in., from narrowly oblong
to ovate, base spathulate or petioled. Spikes 1-5 in., somewhat pubescent; bracts
i-i in., broadly elliptic, imbricate ; bracteoles i in., lanceolate. Sepals \ in., linear,
hairy. Corolla ± in., slender, pubescent, pale blue or white. Anthers oblong, cells
slightly divaricate at the base ; posterior stamens reduced to teeth. Ovary hairy at
the apex. Capsule £-± in. ; seeds 20-32.— The examples from Tenasserim and
Malacca are larger and more glabrous ; the capsules \ in.
2. K. Serpyllum, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 456 ; procum-
bent, leaves small short-petioled ovate or oblong hairy, spikes ovate or
shortly oblong, anthers of the posterior stamens half as long as of the
anterior. Ruellia polysperma, Both Nov. Sp. 305. Adenosma polysperma,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 829. Physichilus Serpyllum, Nees. in Hook. Comp. But.
Hygrophila.'] cix. acanthace^i. (C. B. Clarke.) 407
Mag. ii. 311, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 81 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 184 •
Wight Ic. t. 1493.
W. Deccan Peninsula, from Malwa {Edgeworlh) to Mysore; frequent in the
Concan.
Root stock woody ; stems 4-16 in., procumbent or creeping. Leaves \-l in., from
lanceolate to orbicular, entire, minutely strigose and with long lax white hairs, Hneo-
late with raphides, nearly glabrate or minutely closely tomentose beneath ; petiole
0-^ in., but in some basal leaves \-l in. Spikes dense, white-strigose ; bracts £ in.,
elliptic; bracteoles \ in., obloug. Sepals i in., linear. Corolla ^-1 in.; tube ven-
tricose upwards, limb long, deeply 2-lipped. Style hairy. Capsule \ in., 8-10-
seeded. — The figure of Wight (Ic. t. 1493) shows the 4 anthers subequal, but this is
not the case in his example from which he notes his Icon was taken. The synonym,
Ruellia polyspermia, Roth, has been always supposed to have been Hygrophila poly -
sperma, T. Anders. ; but as Roth says his plant had didynamous stamens and ovate
heads, his description must belong here, whatever his plant was. — The leaves of H.
Serpyllum vary very much in form and indumentum.
Vab. Hookeriana ; leaves orbicular obtuse cauline often distinctly petioled. —
Physichilus sp. nn. 2, 3, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. Sf T.— Concan ; Stocks. Bombay,
Laio. A larger plant ; cauline leaves often 1 in. diam., petiole £-£ in., with minute
white bristly hairs, but none of the long white hairs characteristic of IT. Serpyllum
type.
3. XX. Stocksii, T. Anders, ms. ; cauline leaves petioled spathulate-
elliptic, spikes ovate or shortly oblong, anthers of the posterior stamens £
the length of the anterior. — Physichilus n. 4, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Concan ; Stocks.
Branches 18 in., stout ; internodes 2-3 in. Cauline leaves 2£ by 1 in. ; petiole
fin. Corolla | in. Anthers of the posterior stamens minute, but (at least some-
times) they appear to contain a few pollen-grains. — Reduced to a Var. of H. Serpyl~
lum by T. Anders, {in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 456), but subsequently marked by him as
a species.
*# Whorls axillary, distinct.
4. XX. salicifolia, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 81, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 92 ; erect, leaves lanceolate glabrous, bracteoles lanceolate acute,
calyx in flower divided half-way down lobes linear hispid-ciliate, capsule a
little longer than the calyx. Wight Ic. t. 1490 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
184. Kuellia salicifolia, Vahl Si/mb. iii. 84; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 50; Wall.
Cat. 2o7o. E. longifolia, Roth Nov. Sp. 306.
Throughout India and Ceylon, very common.
Stems 1-3 ft., nearly glabrous. Leaves 2£ by £-§ in., narrowed at both ends,
lineolate by raphides ; petiole 0-£ in. ; bract \-\ in., ovate or elliptic ; bracteoles
\ as long as the calyx. Calyx \-\ in., divided to the base in fruit. Corolla j-f in.,
pale purple. Stamens 4, fertile ; anthers subequal. Capsule \-\ in., 20-28-seeded.
— The whole of the species of this section are included under the present by T. Anders,
(in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 456), which then has a geographic area extending through
S.E. Asia, Malaya, Trop. Australia, Trop. America ; but if this view be taken, the
name of the species should be R. angustifolia, Br. {Prodr. 479 ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi.
91).
Vab. assurgens \ stem decumbent or geniculate rooting with erect branches,
leaves obovate-oblong or elliptic subacute. H. assurgens, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 90,
excl. syn. and var. 0. H. radicans, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 81, and in DC.
I. c. 92. Ruellia radicans, Wall. Cat. 2410.— E. Bengal, frequent ; Walhch, &c.
Malacca ; Maingay (Malaya). '
Vab. dimidiat'a ; leaves obovate or elliptic glabrous densely lineolate especially on
the upper surface, base attenuate. H. dimidiata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 81 ;
408 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [HygrophUa.
Wall. Cat 7150. H. obovata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 81, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 91 (not of Wight, nor Ruellia obovata, Roxb.). H. undulata, Nees in DC. I. c.
91, 'partly (not Ruellia undulata, Vahl). — Proine ; Wallich. Mergui ; Griffith. —
Distrib. Java, Borneo. Lateral nerves of the leaves patent, arcuate, prominent,
regular. Whorls often dimidiate, but entire often, as in Wallich's type speci-
men.
5. K. quadrivalvis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 80, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 89 ; erect, leaves lanceolate or elliptic narrowed at both ends
glabrate, bracteoles oblong obtuse, calyx in flower divided ^ the way down
lobes lanceolate minutely strigillose, capsule much exceeding the calyx. H.
obovata, Wight Ic. t. 1489; Nees in PI. Hohenack. n. 292. H. undulata,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 91, partly. Euellia quadrivalvis, Wall. Cat. 2374,
type sheet. K. undulata, Vahl Symb. iii. 82. — Rheede PLort. Mai. ii.
t. 46.
From Bengal to Ceylon and Malacca, common.
Closely resembling R. salicifolia except in the points stated. Leaves usually
larger, in Ruellia undulata attaining 4 by If in., undulate on margin. Calyx often
gamosepalous long after flowering. Capsule frequently f in., stouter than in H.
salicifolia. — Ruellia barbata, Vahl Symb. iii. 83, adduced here by Nees, is stated by
Vahl to have biaristate anthers, and his description does not otherwise fit well.
6. H. phlomoides, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 80, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 90 ; erect, leaves subsessile elliptic or oblong hairy, whorls of
flowers hirsute often distant, calyx in flower divided half-way down teeth
linear hispid. Ruellia phlomoides, Wall. Cat. 2376, type sheet. R. hir-
suta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 51. Dipteracanthus ciliatus, Nees in Wall. Cat.
715.
Bengal, Sikkim and Assam, near the base of the hills ; Cachab, Chittagong,
Pegu.
Stems 2-3 ft., hirsute upwards. Leaves often 3-6 in., base narrowed, mostly quite
sessile. Whorls of flowers dense ; bracteoles linear-oblong, as long as the calyx-tube.
Corolla a in. Capsule § in., somewhat exceeding the calyx.
Vab. Roxburghii; branched or decumbent, leaves obovate often shortly petioled
usually 'small hairy or nearly glabrous, calvx-teeth linear-lanceolate, corolla \ m. H.
obovata, Griff. Notul. iv. 134. Ruellia obovata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 51 ; Wall. Cat.
• 2375, type sheet. — Chittagong, Roxburgh ; SoQnderbunds, J^P. H., &c. ; Pegu,
Beddome; Mergui, Griffith.
Vae. repens ; procumbent, rooting, leaves k-li in. obovate, flowers rather smaller.
•Silhet; H.f.6(T.,&c.
7. H. incana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 91 (excl. syn. Roxb.); erect,
innovations closely softly white-hairy, leaves narrowly lanceolate adult
densely lineolate on both surfaces, calyx in flower divided more than half-
way down, teeth linear softly white-hairy and hispid. Ruellia incana,
JELeyne in Herb. Rottler. R. mollissima, Klein ms., not of Vahl.
Deccan Peninsula ; Rottler.
Leaves 4 by § in., very acute at both ends ; petiole hardly any. Capside \ in.,
shortly exceeding the calyx. — Very distinct by its soft close white hairiness, to which
scattered long white hispid hairs are added. It is altogether remote from Ruellia
obovata, Roxb. (= JEL. phlomoides, Nees Var.), of which Roxburgh's picture is in
Herb. Kew.
Subgenus 2. Ast era cant ha. Spinous. Calyx 4-partite. Seeds
4 — o. ^
8. H. spinosa, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 225, and in Journ. Linn.
Soc. vii. 22 ; stout, erect} hispid, leaves lanceolate, whorls axillary spinose
Hijgvophila.'] cix. acanthace.e. (C. E. Clarke.) 409
hispid. H. longifolia, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1870, ii. 78. Barleria longi-
folia. Linn. Amoen. Acad.iv. 320; Wall. Cat. 2505. B.,hexacantha, Moris
in Mem. Acad. Torin. xxxvi. 200, t. 7. Rnellia longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 50. Asteracantha longifolia, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 90, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 247 ; Bah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 189 ; Wight Ic. t. 449.
A. anriculata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 248, with syn. — Rheede Sort. Mai.
ii. t. 45 ; Jones in As. Research, iv. 291.
Throughout India in ditches, abundant ; from the Himalaya to Ceylon (not
seen from Malay Peninsula).
Stems 2-5 ft., usually fascicled and undivided. Leaves 3-7 in., suhsessile, acute at
both ends, sparsely hispid with long white hairs. Whorls large, dense, with (nor-
mally 6) straight stout spines \-\\ in.; bracts §-1 in., lanceolate; bracteoles \-^ in.,
narrow. Sepals ^-\ in., lanceolate; upper rather the largest, lower obtuse emargi-
nate or shortly bifid. Corolla 1 in., nearly glabrous, pale blue-purple. Anthers
oblong, subequal. Capsule £ in., shorter than the sepals, linear-oblong, 4-8-seeded
from the base.
VIII. NOMAPHXIiA, Plume.
Erect herbs. Leaves petioled, entire. Cymes axillary, subsessile ;
branches unilateral, sympodal upwards ; flowers pedicelled ; bracts linear,
minute; bracteoles 0. Sepals 5, linear, one somewhat larger. Corolla
tubular, ventricose upwards ; limb deeply 2-lipped ; lobes 5, twisted to the
left, edges narrowly overlapping in bud. Stamens 4, didynamuus, glabrous ;
anthers 2-celled, lower somewhat smaller ; ceils oblong, parallel, muticous.
Ovary oblong; style linear, stigma simple linear. Capsule linear, seed-
bearing from the base, 8-32-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, reticulate, elastically
white-hairy when wetted ; retinacula hardened, hooked, but slender.— Species
7, in S.E. Asia, Madagascar, and Trop. Africa.
1. N. Parishii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 455; leaves lan-
ceolate pubescent or mature nearly glabrous, cymes and calyx glandular-
pubescent, sepals subulate. N. pubescens, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871,
pt. ii. 74, excl. all syn.
Moulmein ; Falconer, Parish. Pegu; Kurz, Brandis. Tenasseejh ; Bed-
dome.— Distiub. Java.
Stem 1-2 ft., ^mTSscent upwards. Leaves 3 by |-§ in., acute at both ends (larger
ovate tide T. Anders.), young minutely softly pubescent, mature .glabrate lineolate
above, sparsely pubescent or glabrate beneath ; petiole £-l£ hi. Cymes 1\ in. diam. ;
bracts £-£ in , opposite; pedicel in one axil \-^ in., in the other suppressed. Sepdb
i in., one slightly longer than the others, acute. Corolla f-1 in., nearly glabrous.
Ovary glandular ; style patently hairy. Capsule % in., 32-seeded, pubescent from the
base. — Very near to, and doubtfully distinct from the Javan N. corymbosa (Blurae
Bijd. 801 ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 81). Col. Beddome has collected in Tanaswrim
two forms, one with the calyx and corolla half -m large again as in the other; but no
other difference can be found.
2. N. stricta, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 84, excl. syn. ; leaves broadly
lanceolate mature glabrate, cymes nearly glabrous, sepals linear subobtuse
glabrate or minutely puberulous, ovary nearly glabrous except at the tip.
Ruellia paniculata ? Heyne in Herb. Bottler.
Deccan Peninsula ? ; Bottler.— Distrib. Malaya to the Philippines.
This plant is in Rottler's Madras collection at Kew, but it may be doubted (see
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 456) whether it was collected wild in India. It
closely resembles N. corymbosa, Bl., except in the points specified. Nees' synonymy is all
wrong: Justicia stricta, Vahl Si/mb. ii. 6, has calyx shorter than the bracts; J.
pubescens, Lamk. III. i. 40, has ovate bracts, and is from Guinea j while J. canescens,
410 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Nomaphila.
Lanik. III. i. 40 (referred here by Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 722), is an American plant
of another genus.
IX. CALOPKANES, D. Don.
Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled, entire. Flowers in axillary
clusters or short cymes ; bracts and bracteoles narrow. Calyx tubular ;
teeth 5, subequal, lanceolate or subulate. Corolla tubular, mouth obscurely
2-lipped ; lobes 5, obtuse, twisted to the left in bud, patent in flower. Sta-
mens 4, perfect, didynamous, filaments glabrous or hairy ; anthers similar,
2-celled ; cells oblong, parallel, base minutely mucronate or spurred. Ovary
glabrous, shortly stalked ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style linear, hairy, stigma
simple linear. Capsule oblong, base for a short space narrowed solid.
Seeds 4, orbicular, much compressed, densely elastically white-hairy when
wetted ; retinacula strong, curved. — Species 30, in S.E. Asia, Africa and
America.
* Pedicels hardly any, flowers axillary 2-8 together or
1. G- Nagrchana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 109 ; prostrate, glabrous or
hoary, leaves spathulate-elliptic or obovate, flowers clustered, bracteoles
small linear, calyx-teeth longer than the tube, filaments glabrous, anther-
cells mucronate. C. depressa, T. Anders, in Thwaites Fnum. 225, and in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 459. Ruellia Nagchana, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2396.
R. erecta, Burm. Fl. Ind. 135, t. 41, fig. 3. R. depressa & cernua, Wall.
Cat. 2379, 2380, chiefly. Dipteracanthus Nagchana, Nees in Wall. PI. As.
Mar. iii. 82. Dyschoriste depressa & cernua, Nees in I. c. 81, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 106.
Deccan Peninsula ; Bottler, Br. Shuter, &c. Beh;ak ; Patna, Ram., J. D. H.
Ceylon ; Thwaites.
Stems 6-18 in., branched, lineolate, sometimes obscurely scabrid. Leaves \-l\ in.,
obtuse, base attenuate ; petiole 0-\ in. Bracts small, spathulate-elliptic orO; brac-
teoles £ in. Calyx lineolate, glabrous or puberulous ; tube £ in., teeth \ in. Corolla
scarcely so long as the calyx, puberulous, flesh-coloured or blueisb, palate not corru-
gate. Filaments connate near the base; anther-cells very shortly but distinctly
mucronate. Capsule £ in. — T. Anderson has not indicated the grounds on which he
keeps C. Nagchana and C. depressa distinct ; Nees says C.'lVdgchana differs by
having the bracteoles spathulate, which is not the case in his type specimen. In C.
Nagchana, where the flowers are clustered, the bracts of the upper flowers are much
smaller, the bracteoles 0-T^ in., but this is exactly as in Ruellia cernua, Wall.
2. C. littoralis, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 225, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 460 ; shrubby, nearly glabrous, leaves small obovate, flowers
solitary or 2-3 together axillary, bracteoles elliptic, calyx-teeth shorter
than the tube, filaments glabrous, anther-cells mucronate. Justicia madu-
rensis, Burm. Fl. Ind. 9, t. 4, fig. 3. Euellia littoralis, Linn.f. Suppl. 289 ;
Roth Nov. Sp. 300 ; Wall. Cat. 2381. Dyschoriste littoralis, Nees in Wall.
PL As. Par. iii. 81, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 106; Wight Ic. t. 447.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; near the sea, Perottet, Wight, &c. ; and inland at Coim-
batore, Beddome. Ceylon j N. of the island, Gardner.
Stems 1-3 ft., sometimes woody, much branched, or elongate less stiff; innovations
lineolate, sometimes hoary. Leaves | in. diam., obtuse, base cuneate or rounded ;
petiole 0-\ in. Floioers mostly solitary ; bracteoles £ in. Calyx densely lineolate,
sometimes hoary ; tube ^ in., teeth £ in. lanceolate. Corolla f in. and upwards,
nearly glabrous, narrowly cylindric below, funnel-shaped upwards. Stamens, ovary',
and capsule nearly as in C. Nagchana.
Cellophanes.] cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 411
** Cymes small, flowers pedicelled.
3. C. vagrans, Wight Ic. t. 1526 ; leaves ovate or oblong more or less
pubescent, calyx-teeth long-linear hairy, filaments hairy, anther-cells with
prominent white divaricate spurs at the base. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 459, excl. syn. Ruellia racemosa, Heyne in Herb. Rottler, not of
Roxb.
Deccan Peninsula, Rottler ; Kurg, Wight; Concan, Stocks ; Belgaum, Ritchie.
Stems 1-2 ft., erect or diffuse, branched ; innovations softly pubescent, not lineo-
late. Leaves 1|-2J in., usually narrowed at both ends, mature pubescent on both
surfaces or glabrate except a few hairs on the nerves or margin; petiole \ in. Cymes
1\ in., or some short 3-fld., softly hairy ; bracts \ in., oblong ; bracteoles § in., linear.
Calyx-tube £ in., teeth ^-\ in. Corolla | in., pubescent, blueish, palate transversely
plicate. Spurs of the anther-cells much larger than in the preceding species. Cap-
sule I in.
4. C. Dalzellii, T. Anders. ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 248 ; leaves
ovate or oblong pubescent or nearly glabrate, calyx-teeth linear hairy,
filaments glabrous or minutely hairy, anther-cells minutely mucronate at
base or muticous. C. rigidus, Dalz. ms.— Dipteracanthus sp. n. 11, Serb.
Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
^Concan, Dalzell, Stocks ; Poona, JDalzell, Beddome.
Closely resembling C. vagans, but cymes denser, pedicels rarely exceeding £ in.,
calyx-teeth broader, sometimes linear-lanceolate, flowers rather larger, sometimes
exceeding 1 in., and capsule ^-| in., 4-seeded (entirely of Calophanes). — The larger
flowers and the stamens are quite as of Ruellia ; the mucro of the anther-cells is
either absolutely wanting or so minute that it requires a microscope to find it.
Hence the plant was marked a Dipteracanthus by Bentham (not Dipteracanthus vagans,
as T. Anders, states, which was T. Anderson's own mistake, not Bentham's) ; but as
the ovules appear never more than 4, it must remain in Calophanes. It invalidates
the genus Calophanes as distinguished from Ruellia,
X. RUELLIA, Linn.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers sessile or
subsessile, solitary or clustered ; bract 0 ; bracteoles large, exceeding the
calyx except in R. ciliata. Cylyx 5-partite or 5-fid; teeth subequal,
narrow, acute. Corolla tubular- ventricose ; limb more or less oblique;
lobes subequal, rounded, twisted to the left in bud, patent in flower.
Stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous, unless near the base ; anthers
subequal, 2-celled ; cells oblong, muticous, glabrous. Ovary glabrous ;
ovules in each cell 3-10 ; style long-linear, hairy, stigma simple linear
(except in R. macrosiphon). Capsule clavate, base solid, cylindric, ellipsoid,
seed-bearing upwards. Seeds large, thinly discoid, marginate, much
imbiicated, densely elastically hairy when wetted ; retinacula large, hooked,
strong. — Species 150, in all warm regions.
The generic character here given is narrowed to the section Dipteracanthus
(Genus, Nees), to which section all the Indian species strictly belong. In other
sections (Genera of Nees), reunited now with Ruellia in the Gen. PL, the bracts,
capsules and seeds recede materially from the characters of Dipteracanthus.
Ruellia flag elliformisx Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 47, came from the Moluccas.
1. R. prostrata, LamJc. Bncycl. vi. 349 ; prostrate pubescent upwards,
leaves small ovate sparsely hairy or nearly glabrous, bracteoles spathulate-
elliptic or petioled ovate foliaceous, corolla 1 in. pale purple caducous.
412 cix. acaxthaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ruellia.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 460 ; Pedd. Lc. PI. Ind. Or. t. 282.
B,. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 2397. R. repens, Seyne in Herb. Rattler.
Dipteracanthus prostratus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 81, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 121.
Deccan Peninsula, extending North to Behae ; J. D. H.
Stems 6-18 in., much branched, nodes short, glabrous downwards. Leaves % in.,
subobtuse, lineolate by raphides and minutely sparsely pilose ; petiole £ in. Flowers
few together or often solitary; bracteoles ^— f in., often altogether like the leaves.
Sepals \ in., linear, ciliate. Corolla pubescent, venti-icose portion of the tube twice
the cylindric portion. Capsule f in., pubescent, seed-bearing § its length. Seeds
16-20, i in. diam.
Var. dejecta; diffuse sometimes rambling among bushes with very long nodes,
leaves larger often 3 in. frequently acute. Ruellia ringens, Boxb. Ft. Ind. iii. 44;
Wall. Cat. 2403. R. repens, Wall. Cat. 2384, chiefly. R. deccanensis, Grah. Cat.
PI. Bomb. 162. Dipteracanthus dejectus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 82, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 125 ; Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Ft. 185, excl. syn. D. prostratus, Griff.
Sutul. iv. 135. — Throughout ludia, from the N. Punjab and Assam to Ceylon, very
common (not seen from the Malay Peninsula).— Distrib. E. Africa. This variety
passes into B. prostrata type by insensible gradations.
2. XI. repens, Linn. Mant. 89 {not of Burin, nor of Seyne) ; stem
nearly glabrous, leaves ovate acuminate or lanceolate mature nearly glabrous,
bracteoles spathulate elliptic or petioled ovate foliaceous, corolla £ in.
Plume Bijd. 794 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 460. Dipteracanthus
lanceolatus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 82, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 124.
Malay Peninsula; Moulmein, Parish ; Mergui and Malacca, Griffith; Singa-
pore, Lobb. — Distrib. Throughout Malaya to the Philippines. Siam.
Usually more glabrous with narrower leaves than B. prostrata, but can only be
clearly separated by the smaller flowers; the capsule rarely exceeds \ in.
3. R. patula, Jacq. Misc. Pot. ii. 358, and Lc. PI. Par. i. t. 119 ;
hoary pubescent, leaves ovate, bracteoles spathulate elliptic or petioled ovate
foliaceous, corolla 1-1 £ in. Lamk. 111. t. 550 (smaller than nat. size) ; Wall.
Cat. 2385 ; Poxb. Ft. Lnd. iii. 45 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 460.
E. erecta, Potk Nov. Sp. 308. Dipteracanthus patulus, Nees in Wall.
PI. As. Par. iii. 82, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 126 ; Wight Ic. 1. 1505 ; Oerst. in
Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob. 1854, t. 4, fig. 19-21. D. erectus, Nees in Wall. PI.
As. Par. iii. 82, and Cat. 7186. Petalidium patulUm, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 185.
Deccan Peninsula, extending to Scinde, Rajpootana and Bundelkund (Fdge-
toorth). Ceylon, frequent. — Distrib,. Arabia, Abyssinia, Ava.
Resembling B. prostrata, but densely closely pubescent. Corolla pubescent,
very pale grey purple, the cylindric portion of the tube as long as the ventricose
part.
4. R. longrifolia, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 460; hairy,
leaves linear-lanceolate, bracts linear-spathulate, calyx-lobes lanceolate
scarcely longer than the tube, corolla f in. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 519.
Dipteracanthus longifolius, Stocks in lLook. Kew Journ. iv. 177.
Scinde ; Slocks, Dateell. — Distrib. Beloochistan.
Woody at the base, with many ascending stems 12 in. high ; whole plant with
glandular viscous white or hoary pubescence. Leaves 2 by £ in. ; petiole con-
tinuous with the attenuate leaf-base. Flowers mostly solitary ; bracteoles f in.
Calyx % in. Corolla pubescent, blue. Capsule f in., pubescent, nearly as of B.
prostrata.
Rucllia.~] cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 413
5. H-. cernua9 Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 45 ; leaves oblong or elliptic acumi-
nate hairy, bracteoles petioled elliptic acute leaf-like, sepals $ in., corolla
1-1 £ in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 460.
Chota Nagpoee ; Parasnath, alt. 2000-4500 ft., Thomson, Anderson, Clarice.
RootstocJc woody; annual stems 6-24 in., hairy upwards. Leaves 3$ by \-\\ in.,
much acuminate, with scattered short white hairs on both surfaces ; petiole § in.
Floivers 1-3 together, axillary and terminal ; bracteoles 1 in. Sepals exceeding
a in., linear, hairy. Corolla pubescent, white with rose or pink-purple marks,
tubular portion equalling the ventricose. Stamens of the genus. Capsule % in., as
of R. prostrata. — The plant here described is the Parasnath one, which is a typical
Ruellia sect. Dipteracantbus, and which Anderson identifies confidently with Rox-
burgh's R. cernua, of which nothing is known but that the seeds came from Mysore,
and Roxburgh's description and picture. In his description Roxburgh says the flowers
were small, and his picture shows them § in. long, so that it must be a striking variety
of the Parasnath plant.
6. R. suffruticosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 53 ; leaves elliptic hairy not
acuminate, bracteoles petioled elliptic leaf- like, sepals \ in., corolla 1^ in.
white. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 461. R. repens, Wall. Cat.
2384, letter F only. Dipteracanthus Sibua, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii.
81, and in DC. Frodr. xi. 121.
Bengal; Dinajpur, Hamilton; throughout Chota Nagpore, alt. 1-2000 ft.,
Clarke. Upper Gangetic Plain; Moradabad, Thomson.
Rootstoch woody ; annual stems sometimes 1-3 in. only (especially after the fires),
sometimes 1-2 ft. Leaves 4 by 1§ in., obtuse in the typical form, or acute hardly
acuminate in Thomson's specimens. Bracteoles f in., hardly acute. Sepals linear,
puberulous or glabrate. Capsule f-1 in. — Very closely allied to R. cernua.
7. R. Beddomei, Clarice ; leaves elliptic acute hairy on both
surfaces, bracteoles subpetioled ovate acute leaf -like, sepals £ in., corolla 3 in.
R. cernua, Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 460, partly, not of Roxb.
Central India ; Jubbulpore, Beddome.
This seems nearer R. suffruticosa than R. cernua, of wbich T. Anderson reckoned
it a form ; but it differs from both in the very large corolla, the lobes of which are
1 by | in., roundly elliptic.
8. R. ciliata, FLornem. Sort. Hafn. ii, 585 ; pubescent, leaves ovate
shortly obtusely acuminate, bracteoles scarcely so long as the calyx-tube,
corolla li in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 120, Dipteracanthus
ciliatus, Wall. Cat. 7151 ; Nees in Wall. Fl. As. Rar. iii. 81, and in DC.
Frodr. xi. 120. Larysacanthus ciliatus, Oerst. in Vidensh. Meddel. Kjobenh.
1854, 123.
Burma; Prome, Wallich.
Stems 2 ft, shortly pubescent upwards. Leaves 3£ by 2 in., base shortly euneate,
obscurely sinuate-crenulate ; petiole \-\ in. Bracteoles £-£ in. , oblong or spatbulate-
elliptic. Calyx-tube \ in. ; teeth \ in., linear, pubescent. Corolla nearly glabrous,
cylindric tubular much shorter than the ventricose part. Filaments hairy at the
base. Ovules about 12. Capsule not seen.
9. R. macrosiphon, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pi. ii. 92 ; hairy,
leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, bracteoles linear-lanceolate foliaceous,
calyx-segments 2£ in. linear-subulate, corolla 2 in. Euellia sp., T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 461.
Pegu ; Beddome.
Perennial, 2-3 in., woolly with crisped white hairs. Leaves 2 in., entire, narrowed
at both ends ; petiole obscure. Flowers sessile, solitary ; bracteoles \ by £ in., linear-
414 cix. acanthacEuE. (C. B. Clarke.) [RuelUa.
oblong, white-hirsute. Sepals £ in., linear-lanceolate, glabrous, densely lineolate.
Corolla pubescent ; tube long-linear, ventricose for i its length. Stamens^ 4, subequal;
anther-cells similar, parallel, minutely white-tailed. Style elongate, brancbes 5'n in.,
subequal. Capsule many-seeded. — This recedes from the genus in the subequally bifid
style ; but the corolla-lobes are twisted in bud, and it must be a Ruellia or very
near it.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
R. ? involuceata, Vahl Symb. iii. 83 ; leaves sbort-petioled lanceolate attenuate
at both ends entire glabrous, spikes small ovoid hirsute, bracts ovate attenuate quadri-
farious. Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 150.
India (Madras?); Koenig.
General aspect of Justicia Gendarussa. Leaves 6-8 by 1-| in., shining, con-
spicuously lineolate above. Spikes as large as a hazel-nut ; bracteoles liuear, hairy,
shorter than the bracts. Calyx as loug as the bracts. Corolla hairy in the throat.
Anthers subsagitatte at base. Style simple lanceolate branch. Ovary " pluri-ovulate."
— Described by Nees from Koenig's specimen,, The number of the ovules uncertain,
and it is impossible to guess the genus.
R. ? glandulosa, Roth Nov. Sp. 312 ; shortly villous, leaves petioled ovate-
lanceolate subserrate, racemes axillary short subsecund, bracts minute linear-subulate
glandular- villous. Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 153. Ruellia glabra, Meyne.
India (Madras ?); Heyne.
Stem 4-angled, geniculate. Leaves 1 in. or a little longer ; petiole ^ in. Racemes
nearly horizontal ; peduncle solitary, shorter than the petiole, 5- or 6-fid. ; bracts at
the apex of the pedicels 2. Sepals £ in., equal, linear-subulate, glandular-villous.
Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, unequal, pubescent. — The combination of
minute bracts with a corolla hardly longer than the calyx has defeated all attempts
to ascertain the genus of this plant.
XI. ECKINACANTKUS, Nees.
Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, acute'
toothed. Cymes lax, short, few-fid., or long compound, axillary, upper form-
ing a terminal panicle ; pedicels short or 0 ; bracts small, linear ; bracteoles
small or 0. Sepals 5, long, linear, subequal. Corolla tubular- ventricose,
nearly straight, widened about the middle ; lobes 5, subequal, rounded,
twisted to the left in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anthers sub-
similar, 2-celled ; cells oblong, parallel, base spurred or not. Ovary with 6-8
ovules in each cell ; style linear, stigma simple linear. Capsule oblong-
linear, 8^16-seeded nearly from the base; retinacula stout, hooked. Seeds
compressed, discoid, densely hairy, the hairs starting out on applying
water. — Species 5, all Indian.
The character of the genus has been here widened to include plants closely
resembling Echinacanthus except that the anther-cells are muticous.
* Anther-cells spurred at the base.
1. E. attenuatus, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 90, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 168 ; leaves _ oblong or ovate subdentate, sepals linear viscous-
pubescent, corolla 1\ in. puberulous. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. vs..
459. Ruellia attenuata, Wall. Cat. 2345 ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 83
(not Strobilanth.es attenuatus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 193).
Centeal and Easteen Himalaya; Nepal, Wailich; Tambur River, alt.
2-4000 ft., J. D. m Sikkim, alt. 4000 ft., Treutler, &c.
Stems 1-2 ft., pubescent upwards. Lower leaves 3| by 2 in., broadly elliptic ;
Echinacanthus.] cix. acanthace^j. (C. B. Clarke.) 415
middle cauline oblong, narrowed to both ends, upper 1$ by £ in. ; mature subsessile,
glabrate, lineolate or obscurely pubescent. Cymes 1-2 in., viscous pubescent, forming
a quasi-panicle 6-8 in. long ; bracts £-£ in., linear, secund, opposite, one barren, tbe
other stipitate 0— ^ in.; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube ^-^ in. ; lobes \ in. Corolla dark
purple with lilac veins, cylindric equalling the ventricose portion. Filaments and
anthers sparsely hairy. Ovary glabrous, style hairy. Capsule f in., oblong scarcely
ventricose ; solid cylindric portion scarcely ^ in. — (See 6, E. Pumilio.)
2. E. parviflorus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 459 ; leaves
ovate acuminate serrate, sepals linear glabrous, corolla 1-1 J in. glabrous.
Khasia Mts. ; Griffith, Simons (fide T. Anderson).
Glabrous, erect, divaricate. Leaves 3-6 by 2-3 in., base obliquely rounded;
petiole 2-3 in. Panicles axillary and compound, terminal 6-10 in. long ; flowers
opposite, sessile ; flowers often secund ; bracts \ in., linear ; bracteoles minute. Calyx
divided to the base. Corolla straight, thrice as long as the calyx, funnel-shaped
portion thrice as long as the cylindric. Capsule compressed, 8-seeded; seeds small,
compressed. — Not seen ; the foregoing abstracted from T. Anderson.
3. E. Brugmansianus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 168; leaves oblong
attenuate at both ends repand sub-crenate hirsute-tomentose.
India ? in Vahl's Herbarium (Nees).
Calyx -segments a little shorter and less attenuate than those of E. attenuatus. —
Not seen ; the foregoing copied from Nees.
** Anther-cells muticous at the base.
4. E. Andersoni, Clarice ; leaves ovate acuminate mature glabrate,
cymes lax large zigzag glabrous, corolla f in. — Echinacanthus sp., T.
Anders, ms.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Darjeeling ; Pomong, alt. 3000 ft., Clarke. Khasia Mts.?;
Calcutta Herbarium.
An undershrub, 3 ft.; young parts (at least sometimes) with dense snow-white
wool. Leaves 4^ by 2\ in., base rounded, crenate-serrate, raphides obscure; petiole
1£ in. Cymes in terminal panicles 12 by 15 in., flowers all solitary, mostly opposite
on the ultimate branches; pedicels ^ in. ; bract at the base of the pedicel £ in., linear ;
bracteoles j'2 in., linear. Calyx \ in. and upwards, narrow, glabrous or nearly so;
segments long-linear acute, connate at base for |-£ in. Corolla nearly glabrous,
blueish. Anterior filaments hairy at their base, sparsely so upwards ; posterior
filaments glabrous, anthers rather smaller. Style glabrous, stigma rather short.
Capsule exceeding \ in., narrowly-oblong, 12-16-seeded from the base. Seeds discoid;
on applying water the hairs start out. — Habit and inflorescence of a sympodal Stro-
bilanthes, but the capsule is many-seeded. The inflorescence differs from that of
E. attenuatus in that, of the 2 flowers in the axils of opposite bracts, one is not
usually obsolete.
Vae. viscosa ; panicle and sepals viscous^-pubescent, corolla \ in. pubescent. —
Sikkim, alt. 4000 ft. ; Lingcham, Clarke.
5. E. longistylus, Clarke ; leaves ovate acuminate mature nearly
glabrate, cymes lax large zigzag viscous-pubescent, corolla 1^ in.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 1-4000 ft. ; Punkabari and Kursiong, Clarke.
Closely resembling the viscous-pubescent Var. of E. Andersoni, but the corolla
very much larger. Style hairy, thickened upwards, stigma linear-lanceolate (resem-
bling the pistil of Mchmanthera. Seeds 8-12 to the capsule, the bain on theio starting
out when wetted. — The position of this and of E. Andersoni is doubtful between
Strobilanthes and Echinacanthus.
6. E. Pumilio, Clarke ; finely glandular-pubescent, leaves small
416 cix. ACAXTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Echinacar/f
elliptic crenate or toothed, cymes lax compound zigzag pubescent,
corolla | iu.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4200 ft. ; Cherra Coal-hill, Clarke.
An undershrub, 6-15 in., very woody, much branched, densely covered on all sides
with cymes. Leaves 1 by £ in., narrowed at both ends (many \-\ in. ovate), blackish;
hairs scattered, very fine, often gland-tipped ; petiole J in. Cymes as of F. Andersoni;
bracts^ in., linear ; pedicels often § in. ; bracteoles *-£ in., linear. Sepals ^ in., linear,
finely glandular-pubescent. Corolla light-purple, nearly glabrous. Filaments
glabrous except near the base, where they are shortly connate ; anthers subequal,
2-celled ; cells oblong, muticous, connective not excurrent. Ovary glabrous ; style
very sparsely hairy, stigma long narrowly lanceolate ; ovules 3 in each cell. Capsule
not seen. — This may prove to be F. parvifiorus, T. Anders., but it is not likely that
T. Anderson would have put that species in Echinacanthus without remark, had the
anther-cells been muticous.
XIL FETALIDIUK, Nees.
Minutely hairy undershrubs. Leaves ovate or narrowly oblong, entire or
toothed. Flowers sessile or nearly so, solitary, usually crowded on abbre-
viated lateral branches ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles large, ovate, reticulate-nerved
becoming scarious. Sepals subequal, linear-lanceolate. Corolla-tube straight,
ventricose nearly from the base ; lobes rounded, twisted to the left in
bud, patent in flower. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers subsimilar,
2-celled ; cells parallel, spurred at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each
cell ; style long-linear, stigma unequally 2-lobed. Capsule clavate, com-
pressed parallel to the septum, 2- or 4-seeded ; placentae dehiscing elastically
from the bottom of the capsule, raising the discoid seeds with them. —
Species 12, one Indian, the rest African.
The above character is drawn chiefly from the Indian species ; the number of
African species received since the Gen. PL, vol. ii., pi, 2, was published, may neces-
sitate widening of the generic character.
P. barlerioides, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 82, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 114, excl. syn. Eranthemum barlerioides, Roxb. ; leaves ovate
crenate, bracteoles f in., corolla 1 in. Pot. Mag. t. 4053 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb.- Fl. 185; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 461. Kuellia
barlerioides, Roth Nov. Sp. 310 ; Wall. Cat. 2389. E. bracteata, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 47.
N.W. Himalaya and N. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 1-3000 ft. ; extending from
Canara and the Concan to Rajmahl and Rajpootana, frequent; reappearing in the
Oude and Kumaon dry Terai, alt. 1500 ft.
Stems several, 2-3 ft., terete. Leaves 2-4 in., acuminate, hoary or dusky puberu-
lous ; petiole f — §■ in. ; leaves on the shortened flower-bearing spurs ^-1 in. Bracteoles
ovate or elliptic, acute. Sepals a in., linear, puberulous or pubescent. Corolla
narrow-campanulate, pale-blue or white, yellow-tinged ; palate with long deflexed
fulvous hairs within. Filaments and anthers minutely sparsely hairy (all but
glabrous). Ovary glandular upwards, style shortly hairy. Capsule f in., usually
2-seeded. Seeds shaggy, hairs somewhat elastic when wetted ; retinacula (with the
placenta?) stout, rigid. — Franthemum barlerioides, Poxb., placed here by Nees
(and T. Anderson), is either Franthemum Farishii or very near it, and came from
the Andamans.
XIII. PHAYLOPSIS, Willd.
Prostrate, perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, entire or
obscurely crenate. Spikes terminal, 1-sided, dense; bracts orbicular, closely
Phaylqpsis.] cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 417
imbricate, each usually 3-fld. ; bracteoles 0. Sepals 5, one ovate, nervose,
the others linear like bracts. Corolla small ; tube slender, cylindric ; lobes
5, slightly unequal, rounded, contorted in the bud, patent in flower. Stamens
4, didynamous ; anthers subsimilar, 2-celled ; cells parallel, shortly oblong,
base minutely mucronate. Ovary-cells 2-ovuled ; style long-linear, hairy,
stigma simple linear. Capsule clavate, compressed parallel to the septum,
4-seeded ; placentee dehiscing elastically from the base of the capsule, raising
the seeds with them. Seeds compressed, discoid, densely elastically white-
hairy when wetted. — Species 10, all Tropical and African, one Indian and
one Arabian.
P. parviflora, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 342 ; hairy, leaves opposite unequal
ovate, bracts orbicular or reniform membranous becoming in fruit whitened
nervose. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 461. Micranthus oppositifolius,
Wendl. Obs. 39. Euellia imbricata, Vahl Symb. ii. 73 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
48 ; Wall. Cat. 2353. R. dorsiflora, Betz. Obs. vi. 31. iEtheilema reniforme,
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 94, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 261 ; Wight
Ic. t. 1533 ; Bah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 192. M. parviflorum, Spreng. Syst.
ii. 826. M. mucronata ?, Griff. Notul. iv. 137.— ^Etheilema, Griff. JSotul.
iv. 136.
Throughout India (except the N.W.), alt. 0-3000 ft., from the Himalaya to
Ceylon and Tenasserim ; common in Bengal both in the plains and in the lower
hills. — Disteib. Madagascar, Tropical Africa.
A prostrate, closely -branched herb ; branches often flagellate, 2-3 ft. Leaves 3£
by 1\ in., acuminate at both ends, obscurely pubescent, petiole ^ by 1£ in. ; leaves of
lateral branches ^-1| in. Spikes £-2 in., densely or thinly hairy ; bracts ^-j in.
Calyx \ in., hairy. Corolla J in., nearly white. Stamens glabrous. Capsule \ in. ;
valv.es with rigid backs and scarious sides. Seeds T'3 in. diam.
XIV. DSDALACANTBVS, T. Anders.
Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled, entire or obscurely
toothed, lineolate by raphides. Spikes linear with distant flowers, or dense
or capitate ; bracts usually large ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, hardly so
long as the calyx. Corolla-tube linear, long, widened only near the top or
in a few species from the middle; lobes obovate, twisted to the left in
bud, horizontal in flower, blue, rarely rose, veined. Stamens 2, glabrous ;
anthers narrowly oblong, 2-celled, muticous, exserted or subincluded. Ovary
glabrous, 4-ovuled; style long, sparingly hairy, stigma simple linear.
Capsule clavate, base solid cylindric. Seeds normally 4, compressed, discoid,
densely finely plastically hairy when wetted.— Species 17, Indian and
Malayan.
This genus, in the long corolla and 2 stamens with muticous anthers, greatly
simulates Eranthemum ; the species are in general easily distinguished by the bracts
much exceeding the calyx ; in J), microstachyus & concanensis, however, the bracts
are small, and they can only be recognized by their twisted corolla-lobes.
* Corolla loiver half cylindric, upper half ventricose or funnel-shaped.
1. D. tubiflorus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 485; leaves
elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrate, spikes axillary simple dense, corolla
If in. upper half ventricose.
E. Bengal (? Mishmee) ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6122).
Stem upwards and innovations pubescent. Leaves 8* by 3 in., obscurely crenu-
late, lineolate with raphides on both surfaces; nerves 12 pair; petiole 1 in. Spikes
VOL. IV. E e
418 cix. acanthacke. (C. B. Clarke.) [Dcedalacanthus.
3 in., short-peduncled ; bracts § in., closely imbricate, 1-fld., obovate, shortly acute,
glabrous, white with green reticulating nerves ; bracteoles £ in., lanceolate, acuminate.
Calyx nearly \ in., divided f the way to the base; lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
puberulous. Corolla slightly curved, glabrate; lobes \ by \ in., roundly elliptic,
nervose. Stamens glabrous ; anthers exserted. Capsule not seen.
2. D. G-riffithii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 486; leaves
oblong or elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrate, spikes long-peduncled
simple dense, corolla 1^ in. upper half funnel-shaped. — Eranthemum sp.,
Griff. Bin. Notes, 96, n. 1437.
Bhotan; Ghoorgong, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6126).
Branchlets upwards tetragonous, obscurely pubescent. Leaves 6 by 2 in., lineolate
with raphides on both surfaces; nerves 9 pair; petiole | in. Peduncles 3-4 in.,
4-angled ; spikes 2-5 in. ; bracts 1 in., densely imbricated, 1-fld., ovate, acuminate,
glabrous, whiteish with green reticulating nerves; bracteoles \ in., linear-lanceolate.
Calyx \-\ in., divided more than half-way down ; lobes linear-lanceolate, minutely
puberulous. Corolla slightly curved, flesh-coloured without, rose within (Griffith),
nearly glabrous, narrower at the summit and less suddenly narrowed in the middle
than that of D. tubiflorus. Stamens glabrous ; anthers exserted. Capsule \ in.,
glabrous. Seeds §-| in. — Seems very near D. tubiflorus.
3. D. splendens, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 486 ; leaves
ovate or elliptic acuminate at both ends somewhat pubescent, spikes short-
peduncled usually very long, corolla 1| in. pubescent upper half of the tube
funnel-shaped. — Eranthemum sp. n. 23, Herb. Ind. Or. S.f. Sf T.
Sikkim Himalaya ; alt. 1-3000 ft., frequent ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6129),
J. D. H., &c.
Stems 3-5 ft., pubescent upwards. Leaves 6 by 3 in., subentire, lineolate with
raphides on both surfaces; nerves 12 pair; petiole £-l£ in. Peduncles %-!% in. ;
spikes 3-12 in. ; bracts § in., all imbricate, 1-fld., obovate, glandular-pubescent,
whiteish or brownish with reticulated green nerves ; bracteoles \ in., linear-lanceolate.
Calyx ^ in., lobed half-way down ; lobes narrow-lanceolate, puberulous. Corolla
slightly curved, brick-red ; lobes i in., roundly elliptic, patent or recurved in flower.
Stamens glabrous, anthers exserted. Capsule f in., thinly glandular-pubescent. —
Near D. tubiflorus.
** Corolla-tube cylindric, widened below the summit for scarce \ its
length.
4. I>. nervosus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 487 ; leaves ovate
acuminate glabrous lineolate, base shortly attenuate, spikes short uninter-
rupted, bracts elliptic subobtuse or shortly acuminate nervose glabrate
margins entire incurved not ciliate, corolla 1£ in. blue glabrous. Justicia
nervosa, Vahl Enum. i. 164 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1358. Euellia varians, Vent .
Jard. Cels. t. 46. Eranthemum nervosum, Br. Prodr. 477 ; -Nees in Wall.
PI. As. Bar. iii. 106, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 445; Wall. Cat. 2493, in chief.
E. pulchellum, Andr. Bot. Repos. t. 88, not of Roxb. E. Edgeworthianum,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 446.
Base of the Himalaya, alt. 1-3000 ft., from the Punjab to Bhotan, frequent.
Silhet ; Wallich. Soondebbund ; Clarice. — (Cultivated in various tropical
countries.)
Stems 2-6 ft., glabrous, or very nearly so to the summit. Leaves often 8 by 4 in.,
entire or obscurely crenulate, upper shortly attenuate at the base, raphides copious
on both surfaces ; nerves 10 pair; petiole £-l£ in. Spikes 1-3 in., often ternate,
forming close terminal panicles ; peduncles £-l£ in., often acutely quadrangular,
lineolate, glabrous or obscurely pubescent; bracts \ in., much more concave than in
the neighbouring species, imbricated deeply but somewhat laxly, sometimes obtuse never
Dcedalacauthus.] cix. acanthace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 419
long-acuminate, lineolate, puberulous; bracteoles ;1 in., narrowly lanceolate. Calyx
£in., lobed half-way down, whiteish, minutely but densely pubescent ; lobes lanceolate.
Corolla-lobes \-\ in., broadly elliptic. Stamens glabrous ; anthers exserted, narrowly
oblong. Ovary glabrous ; style nearly glabrous. Capsule \ in. ; solid cylindric
base short. Seeds £ in. diam. — The Soonderbund plant has the calyx-lobes unusually
short. The Var. scabra of Nees is merely a specimen in young flower, and therefore
slightly scabrid-puberulous (it is not Anderson's scabra).
5. D. macrophyllus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 487 ; stem
pubescent upwards, leaves elliptic-lanceolate ovate acuminate attenuate at
the base often obscurely scabrid-puberulous, spikes linear subinterrupted,
bracts elliptic subobtuse nervose margins entire obscurely pubescent not
ciliate, corolla 1£ in. Bot. Maq. t. 6686. Eranthemum macrophyllum,
Wall. Cat. 7179; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 106, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 446.
Pegu, Btjkma and Ten4S8erim ; Wallich, &c. (Kew Distrib. n. 6128).
Closely allied to P. nervosus, but the inflorescence more lax. Leaves similar to
(not larger than) those of D. nervosus, but (even when mature) often with scattered
minute hairs on the upper surface, and a scabrid pubescence on the nerves beueath ;
raphides fewer and less prominent. Peduncles 2-5 in., pubescent ; spikes 2-5 in. ;
bracts as of P. nervosus, the lower often scarcely overlapping. — A single specimen of
this from Hort. Kew put into the Herbarium in 1869 is marked D. scaber by T.
Anderson, but is not the plant so called of his monograph in Journ. Linn. Soc, which
is a P. nervosus.
6. D. strictus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 487 ; leaves ovate
or elliptic narrowed at both ends glabrous or nearly so, spikes linear inter-
rupted forming a large terminal panicle, bracts narrowly elliptic obtuse
herbaceous not whitened, corolla 1^-2 in. blue. Eranthemum strictum,
Colebr.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, and Wall. i. 114; Wall. Cat. 2494; Bot.
Reg. t. 867 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3068 ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 106, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 448 (excl. syn. Wall. Cat. 2492 a.).
Eastern Frontier, in the lower hills, alt. 0-3000 ft., from Khasia Mts. to
Chittagong, Wallich, H. f. Sf T., &c, frequent.
A herb, 1-3 ft., with large basal leaves, pubescent, sparingly leafy upwards. Basal
leaves 6-12 in., narrowed at the base, short-petioled, subentire, raphides obscure ;
upper often 1-2 in. only, base sometimes rounded. Spikes 3-8 in., hairy in the
Chittagong plants, nearly glabrous in some of the Khasian ; bracts £-1 in., much
exceeding the calyx, green, 1-fld. ; bracteoles \ in., linear-lanceolate. Calyx \ in.,
divided half-way down; lobes lanceolate. Corolla often pubescent. Stamens
glabrous ; anthers included. Style hairy in the Chittagong specimens, very slightly
so in the Khasian. Capsule HI in-> glandular-pubescent) or in the Khasian examples
nearly glabrous.
7. D. roseus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 487 ; leaves elliptic
acuminate at both ends glabrous lineolate, spikes linear subinterrupted,
bracts obovate with a short recurved mucro glandular-pubescent strongly
nerved, corolla 1-1£ in. rose snbglabrous. Justicia rosea, VahlEnumx.
165. Eranthemum roseum, Br. Prodr. 447 ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 447 ;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 195.
W. and S. Deccan Peninsula, from the Bombay Ghats to Mangalore, frequent ;
Wight, Pohenacker, &c. , , , ,.„
Resembling P. nervosus, but inflorescence more lax and bracts different.
Peduncles 0-2 in., axillary and terminal ; spikes often 6 in. Bracts (all but the
lowest) imbricated, £-f in., strongly rugose by raised inarching green nerves; margins
entire, glabrous, ciliate or very hairy. Seed* * in. diam., much compressed. Other-
wise (except the colour of corolla) as P. nervosus.
16 4
420 cix. acanthace-E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Dcedalacanthus.
Vae. Keesii ; leaves ovate acuminate not lineolate, nerves much raised beneath
scabrous, spikes short dense, bracts ciliate. — Assam ?
8. D. tetragronus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 488 ; leaves
lanceolate acuminate at both ends glabrous densely lineolate, spikes solitary
short-peduncled oblong very dense, bracts elliptic green long-ciliate, corolla
1^ in. pale blue. Eranthemum tetragonum, Wall. Cat. 7180; Nees in
Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 106, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 447.
British Buema, Wallich ; Moulmein, Parish ; Thoungyen Hills, Beddome ;
Beeliug Forest, Brandis.
Branches upwards slender, quadrangular, nearly glabrous. Leaves 1\ by 1^ in.,
much attenuate, subentire; nerves 7-8 pair; petiole 1 in. Spikes 2 iu., hairy;
bracts § by ^ in., subobtuse. Calyx and bracteoles as of L>. nervosus. Corolla-tube
glabrous; mouth |-1 in. Anthers not exserted. Capsule ^in. ; solid narrowed base
scarcely \ in. — Not nearly allied to Eranthemum salaccense (Blunie Bijd. 792), as
T. Anderson supposed ; Kurz erroneously reduced it thereto in Journ. As. Soc. 1870,
pt. ii. p. 78.
9. D. sufFruticosus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 488; leaves
elliptic narrowed at both ends glabrate not lineolate, spikes short dense
nearly glabrous, bracts obovate nervose not whitened, corolla 1£ in. pale
blue. Eranthemum suffruticosum, Boxb. Fl. Jnd. i. Ill ; Nees in Wall.
PL As. Bar. iii. 107, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 448. E, barlerioides, Boxb.
Fl. Jnd. i. 113. E. amoenum, Sam. ms.
Andamans ; Serb. Hamilton, Kurz.
Nearly glabrous ; branches leafy, obscurely tetragonous. Leaves 6 by 2^ in.,
undulate; nerves 6 pair; petiole fin. Spikes 1-1J in., terminal, solitary, dense
with (in Roxburgh's drawing) sometimes a few straggling flowers at the base ; bracts
I in., obtuse with a short mucro, glabrous; nerves prominent beneath ; bracteoles \ in.,
linear-lanceolate. Calyx \ in., divided half-way down ; lobes linear-lanceolate.
Corolla-tube glabrous ; mouth | in. diam. Anthers included. — E. barlerioides, some-
what doubtfully referred here by T. Anderson, is merely one of the cases where
Roxburgh changed the name of a species, and his editors Wallich and Carey printed
the description twice over.
10. D. microstachyus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 488;
leaves elliptic narrowed at both ends glabrate, flowers remote sessile panicled,
bracts small none imbricate, corolla 1\ in. purple.
Moulmein ; Lobb.
A herb, 2-3 ft., with large basal leaves, sparingly leafy upwards, habit of L>.
strictus. Leaves 8 by 3 in., base attenuate or rounded, subentire, obscurely or not
lineolate; nerves 10 pair; petiole 0-1 in. Panicle large, compound, trichotomous,
glandular-pubescent, branches quadrangular; bracts J in., ovate or elliptic; bracteoles
£ in., oblong. Calyx £ in., deeply divided, green ; lobes linear, viscid-pubescent.
Corolla-mouth \\ in. diam. Anthers included. Ovary and style somewhat glandular-
pubescent. Capsule | in., acute; solid cylindric base longer than the-seed-bearing
part.— Though the shortened bracts give this so different an aspect, the species appears
very closely allied to JD. strictus.
11. D. purpurascens, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 488 ; leaves
ovate acuminate upper often rounded at the base, spikes solitary oblong
very dense, bracts ovate much acuminate nervose ciliate. Justicia pulchella,
Boxb. Cor. PI. ii. 41, t. 177. Eranthemum pulchellum, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i.
Ill, not of Andr. E. purpurascens, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 106,
and in DC. Prodr. xi. 447. E. montanum, Wall. Cat. 2492, partly. E.
Dadalacantkw.] cix. aoanthageje. (C. B. Clarke ) 421
nervosum, Dalz. Sc Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 195, not of others.— Eranthenrum sr>
n. 12, Herb. Ind. Or. E.f. Sf T. F
Central India, alt. 1-4000 ft., common ; from the Bombay Ghats, Jacquemont,
and Belgaura, Ritchie, to Parasnath and South Behar, J. D. R. Upper Assam;
Dibroo-mook, Griffith.
Stems 2-4 ft. , leafy. Leaves attaining 9 by 4 in., base decurrent, uppermost
much smaller, subsessile, often cordate, subeutire, sometimes glabrate, dpnsely
lineolate, sometimes pubescent on the nerves on both surfaces (the raphides in
such case obscure); nerves 7-9 pair. SpiJces l-2£ in., usually appearing long-
peduncled, the uppermost leaves being much reduced ; bracts 1 in., base rounded,
rigid, green not whitened but with much elevated nerves, apex divaricate, margins
not incurved; bracteoles \ in., linear-lanceolate. Calyx \ in., lobed half-way down;
segments lanceolate, whitened, minutely pubescent. Corolla \\ in., blueish,
pubescent or nearly glabrous. Anthers included. Capsule ^-| in., lower solid
cylindric portion short.— The bracts in Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 177 "are characteristically
those of D. purpurascens, and in the description he says bracts ciliate. Moreover
Roxburgh got his E. pulchellum from " the drier parts of India."
12. D. montanus, T. Anders, in Thwaites JEJnum. 229, and in Journ.
Linn. Sac. ix. 489 ; leaves elliptic attenuate at both ends subglabrous
lineolate, spikes linear or capitate viscidly hairy, bracts lanceolate linear-
acuminate green, calyx deeply divided segments linear green glandular hairy,
corolla If in. blue. Eranthemum capense, Linn. Amoen. Acad. i. 385. E.
montanum, Roxb. FL Ind. i. 110; Wall. Cat. 2492; Nees in Wall. PL
As. Bar. iii. 107, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 448 (excl. svu. Bot. Mag. t. 4031) ;
Wight Ic. t, 466 ;_ Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 195. E. fastigiatum, Spreng.
Syst. i. 89. Justicia fastigiata, Lamk. III. i. 41. J. montana, Roxb. Cor.
PI. ii. 41, t. 176.
W. and S. Deccan and Ceylon, alt. 1-6000 ft., frequent ; Wallich, Wight, &c.
Herb 2-3 ft., leafy ; upper branches or peduncles quadrangular, usually white-hairy
or glandular. Leaves 4\ by If in., all (except the floral) gradually attenuate at the
base ; nerves 6-7 pair ; petiole £-1 £ in. Inflorescence extremely variable ; from
linear elongate spikes in compound corymbs or panicles with distant flowers to distant
short-oblong very dense heads, always more or less glandular-hairy ; bracts from
elliptic with linear tips to linear-lanceolate, apex subobtuse, viscid-pubescent not
whitened, lowest often 2-fld., bracts usually narrower in the elongate spikes broader in
the shortened ; bracteoles 3 in. Calyx \ in. Corolla \\ in., pale blue. Anthers
subexserted from the corolla-tube. Capsule \-\ in. Seeds ^ in. diam. — A variable
species best distinguished by the long linear green viscidly hairy calyx-teeth.' The
high-level form with shortened spikes hardly differs from I), purpurascens by any
other character than this. The Javan D. salaccensis does not much differ. but by
the bracts being obscurely linear-spathulate upwards.
Var. Wightiana; leaves large ovate, corymb very compound with linear branches,
bracts linear, calyx and capsule small. Eranthemum Wightianum, Wall. Cat. 2495,
letter A only ; Nees in Wall. PL As. Ear. iii. 107, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 449.—
Deccan Peninsula ?, Russell. — This is a remarkable specimen, estimated a species by
lSTees; ic seems that T. Anderson never saw it; the remainder of Wall. Cat. 2495
with distant capitate heads being that which T. Anders, reduced to a Var. of D.
montana. In Russell's plant the leaves are 7 by 3.^ in., shortly suddenly attenuate at
the base, the uppermost subcordate ; the bracts are exactly linear, parallel-sided (in
D. montanus they are always dilated downwards) ; the corolla is not fully expanded,
but seems smaller than in D. montanus.
Var. concanensis, T. Anders, ms.; panicle compound, spikes linear interrupted,
bracts ovate abbreviated, not rarely 2-fld. — Concan ; Lata.
13. Z>. Parishii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 489 ; leaves ovate
or elliptic acuminate at both ends undulate-crenate glabrous, spikes sub-
422 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Dcedalacanfhus.
capitate or oblong dense, bracts leaf-like glabrous often undulate- crenate,
corolla 1£ in. blue.
Malay Peninsula; Tenasserim, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6176), Beddome ;
Tavoy and Moulmein, Parish.
Whole plant lineolate with raphides. Stems erect, elongate, tetragonous, leafy
upwards. Leaves 5£ by 2\ in., tip long acuminate, base shortly acuminate ; nerves
7-8 pair; petiole 0-1 \ in. Flowers often appearing densely clustered at the nodes on
shortened axillary spurs ; bracts 1-lf in., leafy, imbricated usually densely sometimes
laxly; bracteoles \ in., linear-lanceolate. Calyx 3 in., divided half-way down; lobes
narrow-lanceolate, whitened, puberulous. Corolla-limb § in. diam. Anthers included.
Capsule 1 in., glabrous. — This much resembles D. suffruticosus, but the leaves are
conspicuously lineolate. T. Anderson has overlooked the true bracteoles ; they are
exactly similar in size, form and situation to those of other species. The bracts
(bracteoles of T. Anders.) are 1 to each flower ; when they are opposite on the spike
and the flower in the axil of one is aborted, they appear superficially 2 to each flower;
as is the case often in D. montanus and several other species and genera.
XV. HEMZGRAPHIS, Nees.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, toothed or subentire. Flowers
sessile, in heads or spikes, rarely solitary; heads terminal or quasi-
axillary on shortened branchlets, rarely (in H. flava) panicled ; bracts
imbricated, large, 1-fld. ; bracteoles small, narrow, or 0. Calyx 5-partite
nearly to the base ; segments 5, subequal, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate.
Corolla long-tubular, lower half cylindric, upper funnel-shaped or ventri-
cose ; lobes 5, rounded, subequal, sinistrosely contorted, blue or yellow.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included or nearly so ; anthers oblong, 2-celled,
muticous, sometimes triangular, bases acute. Style long, stigma of one
linear and one very short lobe ; ovules 3-8 in each cell. Capsule linear
or linear-oblong, 6-20-seeded nearly from the base. Seeds compressed,
discoid, brown when dry, apparently glabrous with a white margin, when
wetted densely hairy with white long unicellular hairs, each with numerous
annular thickenings. — Species 20, Indian, Malayan, a few Chinese and
Japanese.
Sect. 1. Corolla tubular-ventricose, limb blue. Longer filaments gla-
brous in their upper half or very nearly so.
_ 1. H. dura, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 461 {excl. syn. "Ruellia
crispa) ; bristly, leaves spathulate-elliptic crenate, bracteoles 0, calyx \ in.
subscarious. Kuellia urens, Heyne in Herb. Bottler ; Roth Nov. Sp. 302;
Roxb. Lc. Lned. K. dura, Nees in DC. Pro.dr. xi. 146; Dalz. Sc Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 186.
Deccan Peninsula; Kurnool (in Madras), Beddome ; Bombay, Jacquemont;
Central India, Edgeioorth ; Belgaum, Ritchie ; Nilgherries, Rohenacker, &c.
Stems 1-2 ft., branched, diffuse, often almost prickly from white deflexed bristles.
Leaves If by § in., obtuse, harshly scabrous ; petiole \ in. Reads many-fld., with
white and often much brown hair ; bracts | in., oblong or spathulate. Calyx divided
nearly to the base ; segments linear, green with scarious margins, setulose. Corolla
§ in., subequal, blueish-purple, ventricose portion about as long as the cylindric.
Longer filaments laxly hairy below. Capsule \ in., 6-8-seeded. — Nees erroneously
maintains (DC. Prodr. xi. 146) that B. urens of Heyne, Roth and Roxburgh is the
same as their B. latebrosa.
2. XX. hirta, T.Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.ix. 462 ; softly hirsute, leaves
small ovate crenate, bracteoles 0, calyx £ in. green. Kuellia hirta, Vahl
Hemigraphis.] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 423
Synth, iii. 84, t. 67 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 46 ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 145
excl. Var. 0. R. latebrosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 46 ? ; Wall. Cat. 2382, not of
Roth nor of Date, nor of Wight. R. sarmentosa, Nees in Wall. PI. As
Rar. iii. 83.
Bengal ; very common. Upper Gangetic Plain ; Moradabad, Thomson.
Hirsute (not harshly) with white hairs. Stems 6-18 in., creeping in grass. Leaves
£-1 in., obtuse ; petiole O--^ in. Heads 2-6-fld. ; axillary solitary flowers not rarely
added ; bracts £ in., elliptic. Sepals linear, or in fruit subspathulate. Corolla J- in.,
subequal, pale lavender-blue, fugacious, glabrous with 2 hairy lines in the palate";
veutricose portion nearly as long as the cylindric. Longer filaments laxly hairy below!
Style sparsely hairy. Capsule J in., 12-seeded.— It is doubtful whether Roxburgh
described this species under two names, or whether one of these applied to H. venosa
or some other species. Kurz (Journ. As. Soc. 1871, ii. 74) proposed (unhappily) to
unite this with Ruellia Blumeana.
3. K. venosa, Clarke ; scabrid-pubescent, leaves petioled ovate crenate,
bracteoles as long as the calyx. Ruellia venosa, Seyne in Herb. Rottler.
R. crispa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 83, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 146,
not of Linn.
Deccan Peninsula; Rottler, Wight.
Stems 6-12 in., branched, rooting, sparingly pubescent. Leaves 2 by 1 in., acu-
minate at both ends, crisp, lineolate ; petiole f in. Heads many-fld., axillary and
terminal ; bracts ^ in. , obovate ; bracteoles £ in., lanceolate, densely lineolate, white-
hirsute upwards. Sepals ^ in., 5, subequal, lanceolate, below glabrous scarious, tips
hispid with white hairs. Corolla § in., tube for \ in. cylindric, for \ in. ventricose
or almost hemispheric ; mouth subequal. Anthers subequal, of the longer filaments
subexsert. Ovary glabrous, tip glandular-pubescent ; ovules 6-8, on retinacula. Cap.
side not seen. — Much resembling Cardanthera trifiora, but the corolla is smaller, not
(or obscurely) bilabiate. T. Anderson placed tins with his Stenosiphonium zeylani-
cum, which has 4 ovules and a differently shaped corolla, and is Strobilanthes exsertus
described below.
4. H. confinis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 463 ; thinly softly
white-hairy, leaves petioled elliptic narrowed to both ends obsoletely crenate,
bracteoles hardly half as long as the calyx. Ruellia confinis, Nees in DC.
Pro Jr. xi. 148.
Mebgtti and Malacca j Griffith, Maingay, Cuming. — Disteib. Java, Borneo
(not Philippines).
Stems 2 ft., sparsely hairy. Leaves 3} by 1$ in., obtuse or obtusely acuminate,
raphides plentiful but obscure ; petiole ^ in. Spikes terminal, dense, often elongate
(especially in fruit) 2-3 in., oblong, or subglobose when young; bracts J-| in., ovate,
subacute, imbricate, sub-4-seriate, hairy often viscidly ; bracteoles |-£ in., linear or
narrow. Sepals \-^ in., narrowly lanceolate sublinear, one slightly larger. Corolla
{ in., with few white hairs within ; lower cylindric portion about as long as the sud-
denly ventricose. Filaments glabrous or nearly so ; anthers 2-celled, long. Ovary
and style glabrous. Capsule about \ in., usually 8-seeded. — Kurz (Journ. As. Soc.
1871, pt. ii. 74) reduces this to Ruellia Blumeana, Nees, which differs much, by the
spikes short not quadrifariou9, the filaments bearded, &c.
Sect. 2. Corolla narrowly tubular-funnel-shaped, limb blue. Longer
filaments densely bearded in their upper half by long obtuse white papillose
hairs.
5. H. latebrosa, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 723 ; diffuse, hairy, leaves
petioled ovate crenate or serrate, bracteoles 0, capsule less than £ in. 6-
seeded. Wight Ic. t. 1504. H. elegans, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
463, not of Nees. H. Pavala, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1870, pt. ii. 78.
424 cix. acanthace^!. (C. B. Clarke.) [Hemigraphia.
Ruellia Pavala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 47. R. latebrosa, Both Nov. Sp. 307 ;
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 83, not of Boxb. R. erecta, Ham.; Wall.
Cat. 2395. R. fasciculata, Wall. Cat. 2394, part of A sheet only. Ruellia
elegans, Bot. Mag. t. 3389 ; Date. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 186.
Throughout the Deccan Peninsula, alt. 0-4000 ft., from S. Behar (J. D. R.) to
Coorg ( Wight) ; common.
Stems 1-2 ft., branching, weak, hairs soft patent white. Leaves 2\ by 1-1^ in.,
acuminate at both ends, sparsely hairy, obscurely (or not) lineolate ; petiole l-li in. ;
leaves on the secondary flowering branches much smaller. Bracts ovate or elliptic,
scarcely longer than the calyx, or of the outermost flowers petioled, and greatly
exceeding the calyx. Sepals %-\ in., subequal, linear-lanceolate, whitened, hairy not
obviously lineolate. Corolla §-f in., nearly straight ; tube pale or yellowish,
gradually narrowed upwards, limb blue. Shorter filaments glabrous ; anthers nar-
rowly oblong, cells triangular acute (not awned). Capsule \ in., rarely i in.,
minutely patently hairy, 6-seeded. — This hardly differs from R. elegans, Nees, but
by the smaller capsule with 6 (not 8) seeds. T. Anderson considered them one.
Vae. rupestris ; more pubescent, often viscid aromatic, heads denser. Euellia
diffusa, Wall. Cat. 2383, letters C, D. R. satpoorensis, Wawra in Oestr. Bot. Zeit.
1881, 281, and in It. Br. Cob. Bot. i. 90, t. 8 B.— Deccan Peninsula, Chota Nagpore,
Rajpootana. N.W. Himalaya, alt. 2-5000 ft.; Kumaon, Strachey fy Winterbottom ;
Sewaliks, Stewart. — Even commoner than the type, more rigid, growing in drier places.
It was distributed as Ruellia rupestris to Wallich and to Roth (see Roth Nov. Sp.
307). The authentic sheet named by Heyne in Herb. Bottler consists partly of this,
partly of Lepidagathis fasciculata.
Vae. Beddomei j much less hairy, leaves small ovate serrate or crenate glabrate. —
Bellary ; Beddome.
6. H. ebracteolata, Clarke ; hispid with, scattered white hairs,
leaves small petioled ovate serrate, bracteoles 0, capsule £ in. 6-seeded. H.
rupestris, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 462, 2^artly. Ruellia ebracteo-
lata, Date, in Hook. Keio Journ. ii. 342. R. latebrosa, Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 186.
Bombay Ghats ; Dalzell, Stocks.
Leaves 1\ by 1 in. (mostly smaller), obtuse or very shortly acuminated, base
obtuse or almost rounded, cuneately decurrent on the petiole, coarsely toothed, hairs
stiff (almost bristly) especially on the nerves beneath ; raphides plentiful but obscure.
Otherwise altogether as H. latebrosa, Nees, of which Dalzell finally considered it a
form. — R. rupestris, T. Anders., is made up of Ruellia rupestris and of R. ebracteolata,
Dalz. ; but Dalzell's R. ebracteolata is much remoter from R. rupestris than is the
latter from Hemigraphis latebrosa, Nees.
7. K. flaccida, Clarice; stems long softly patently hairy, leaves
petioled ovate or elliptic subentire or obsoletely crenate, heads small few-
nd., bracteoles 0. Ruellia flaccida, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 91.
Pegu; Kurz.
Longer filaments bearded upwards, shorter naked. Bracts not fimbriate nor flowers
solitary (as Kurz describes). Capsule not seen. — As Kurz admitted R. latebrosa to
be of the genus Remigraphis, he erred in placing this species in Ruellia; for it is
closely allied to R. latebrosa. The white hairs on the stems are ^ in. long, very
copious, nearly similar to those of R. latebrosa. If this is well separable from R.
latebrosa, it must be by the very entire leaves ; in R. latebrosa the larger leaves (on
the principal stem) are always prominently toothed.
8. K. elegans, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 722, of T. Anders, partly ;
diffuse, patently softly white-hairy, leaves petioled ovate or elliptic crenate-
serrate, bracteoles 0, capsule £ in. 8-10-seeded. Ruellia diffusa, Wall.
Hemigmphis.'] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 425
Cat. 2383, letters A, B ; Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 83. Strobilanthes
burniauica, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 92.
Pegu ; Wallich, Kurz. — Distrib. Ava.
Similar to, but stouter than, R. latebrosa ; leaves less sharply toothed. Inner
bracts of the heads \-% in., narrowly elliptic or oblong, overtopping the calyx.
Corolla | in. and upwards ; larger and broader than that of R. latebrosa. Stamens
as in R. latebrosa, or (fide Nees) one anther-cell sometimes rudimentary.- -The long
inner bracts give this plant a different aspect from the Deccan R. latebrosa. Brac-
teoles 0 ; Nees says lanceolate longer than the calyx, from which it is probable that
he means by bracteole that which he has called bract in the diagnosis of the same
species. Kurz's Strobilanthes burmanica is more hairy than Wallich's Pegu examples ;
and it may be doubtful if several of the species here admitted are other than local
varieties of R. latebrosa.
Var. crenata ; viscid -pubescent, less softly white hairy, leaves crenate. Ruellia
crenata, Benth.; Rohenack. in Mora 1849,558. Malabar; Canara, Rohenacker,
n. 737; Concan, Stocks; Belgaum, Ritchie; Bombay, Law; Bellary, Beddome.
9. K. G-riffithiana, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 463 ; leaves
lanceolate remotely obscurely toothed glabrate, heads terminal shortly
cylindric hairy, bracteoles ranch shorter than the calyx. Ruellia Grimthiana,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 149.
Mergui; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6091); Tenasserim, Relfer (Kew Distrib.
n. 6187).
BootstocJc perennial ; stems several, 1 foot, erect, scarcely branched, slender,
pubescent upwards. Leaves 2 by ^ in., sessile, attenuate to both ends, pubescent
when young. Spikes £-1 in., viscidly hairy; bracts 5— | in., elliptic, subobtuse ;
bracteoles ^-£ in., narrow. Sepals \ in. and upwards, linear-lanceolate, not very
unequal. Corolla | in. and upwards, more ventricose than hr-ethers of this section,
bearded in the palate within. Longer filaments densely bearded upwards with long
white hairs, shorter glabrous. Capsule rather more than j in., usually 8-seeded.
Seeds T'g in., much compressed, discoid, densely elastically white-hairy when wetted.
10. K. quadrifaria, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 463 ; hirsute,
leaves ovate or elliptic acute, bracts large, corolla 1£ in. Ruellia quadri-
faria, Wall. Cat. 7152 ; Nees in Wall. PL As. Ear. iii. 83, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 147.
Mouimein ; Parish, n. 403. Tenassebim ; Beddome, nn. 96, 97. — Distrib.
Ava.
Hirsute with white or yellowish hairs from tubercular bases. Branch stout,
shrubby. Leaves 4£ by 2| in., upper narrower, base obtusely rhomboid, crenate-
serrate ; petiole £ in. Reads dense, terminal and peduncled on short axillary branches,
hirsute ; bracts 1 by £-§ in., inner gradually smaller ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate
rather shorter than the calyx. Sepals | in., narrowly lanceolate, bases subconnate.
Corolla sparingly pubescent, more ventricose than in the other species of this section,
"deep blue" (Parish). Filaments of the longer stamens densely shaggy with long
white hairs to the apex ; anthers all subequal, niuticous. Style simple, hairy ; ovules
4-6 in each cell. Capsule } in., narrowly oblong, slightly hairy upwards, 8-12-seeded
nearly from the base.
11. K. glaucescens, Clarice; leaves oblong narrowed to each end
scabrid pubescent on the nerves beneath, spikes dense strobilate, bracts
ovate acute hirsute, bracteoles very small lanceolate. Strobilanthes glau-
cescens, Nees in Wall. Cat. 7155, and in Wall. PL As. Bar. 111. 80, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 178; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 467.
Pegu and Tenasserim ; Griffith, &c. .
A shrub ; branches scabrous. Leaves 6 by 2 in., crenulate, hueolate, sparingly
426 cix. acanthace-e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Hemigraphis.
setulose above, more pubescent beneath ; nerves 9-10 pair ; petiole f in. Spikes
1-3 in., ovoid or cylindric, very shortly peduncled, solitary; bracts § in., green, per-
sistent; bracteoles |-£ in. Sepals ± in., linear-lanceolate, hairy. Corolla 1 in.
(purple ?) straight, subsymmetric, upper half narrowly ventricose. Longer filaments
densely bearded with long white hairs turned to one side. Ovary glandular-hirsute
upwards; style sparsely hairy. Capsule \ in., pubescent, 6-seeded. Seeds T'5 in.,
compressed, orbicular, when wet the fine white hairs spring out abundantly on all
sides; areoles 0.— Habit and fruit-spikes so exactly those of atypical Strolilanthes
that neither Nees nor T. Anderson appear to have tried the ovules ; they are always
6, and the capsule has 6 seeds on 6 retinacula.
Sect. 3. Corolla large, tubular, yellow. "Longer filaments bearded in their
upper half by long obtuse white papillose hairs.
12. H. flava, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 74 ; leaves large
obovate narrowed at both ends scabrous finally glabrate. bracts elliptic long
acuminate, bracteoles lanceolate acuminate, corolla l£-lf in. Ruellia flava,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 43, and Ic. Ined.; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 153. Strobi-
lanthes scaber, T. Anders, in Thwaites Fnum. 227, excl. all syn. ; Benth. in
Gen. Fl. ii. 1087 (as to the Pegu plant). S. flavus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 243.
Pegu; Roxburgh, Kurz. Moulmein; Griffith (Herb. Propr. n. 278), Loll.
Tenasserim ; Beddome. Ceylon?; Walker (? cultivated).
A shrub ; branches glabrous. Leaves 8 by 3 in., minutely crenulate, tubercular,
scabrous, becoming nearly glabrous ; petiole | in. Heads terminal on the arms of
a panicle, dense, sparingly ciliate or glabrous; bracts f in.; bracteoles \ in. Sepals
nearly £ in., linear. Corolla densely hairy within, ventricose portion about as
long as the cylindric. Anthers connivent in paii-s. Ovary with (at least) 6 ovules.
Capsule (fide Kurz) 8-seeded. — The inflorescence is Strobilanthes-like, and it might
be more naturally placed in Strolilanthes ; but it is very distinct specifically from
S. scaler, Nees, by the 6-8 ovules, very much longer flower and bearded filaments.
— The 3 examples ticketed as from Ceylon have 6 ovules, and seem identical with
the Pegu plant. Nees' S. scaler was a purple-fid. species founded on Wight n. 1945,
on which type-sheet T. Anderson has written S. heteromallus, T. Anders., nov. sp.
XVI. STENOSIPHONIUM, Nees.
Shrubs. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acuminate, lower tapering into the
petiole, upper subsessile, subcordate, crenate, upper surface densely covered
by raphides. Flowers sessile, solitary or 2-3-nate in opposite axils ; clusters
lunning into close or interrupted spikes, or panicled; bract ovate or lanceo-
late ; bracteoles 2, narrow, about as long as the calyx. Calyx subequally
5-fid, segments linear or lanceolate, imperfectly connate often for half their
length. Corolla tubular- ventricose, suddenly widened about the middle;
limb oblique, lobes 5, subequal, twisted to the left in bud. Stamens 2
perfect, or 4 perfect the 2 posterior much the smaller, anterior usually
exserted ; anthers oblong, 2-celled, muticous. Ovary and style glabrous, or
at the apex of the ovary glandular. Disc small, annular. Stigma simple ;
ovules 3-4 in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, seed-bearing nearly from
the base. Seeds 6-8, on stout hooked retinacula, compressed, discoid,
apparently glabrous ; when moistened the abundant white hairs of extreme
tenuity straighten out. — Species 5, all of the Deccan and Ceylon.
1. S. diandrum, Wight Ic. t. 1502 {not of Nees); leaves rhomboid-
elliptic or ovate, spikes interrupted viscous-pubescent, bracts ovate shorter
than the calyx, flowering calyx divided more than half-way down teeth
Stenosiphonium.~\ cix. acanthace^:. (C. B, Clarke.) 427
linear viscous-pubescent, stamens 2. S. confertum, T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Sec. ix. 464, partim.
S. Madras; Courtallum, Wight.
Branches glabrous. Leaves 3 by lg- in., young obscurely scabrous beneath ;
petiole £ in. Spikes 2-3 in., in terminal panicles, densely clothed with minute patent
gland-headed hairs j lower whorls mostly 4-6-fld., distant even at flower-time ; bract
£ in., ovate with a short obtuse apex ; bracteoles rather longer than the bract, similar
to the calyx-segments. Calyx § in. ; segments linear-ligulate (not subulate), united
at flower-time about £ their length, in fruit free. Corolla exceeding % in. Anterior
filaments minutely hairy at the base, posterior reduced to 2 microscopic teeth.
2. S. confertum, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 105 ; leaves rhomboid-ellip-
tic or ovate, spikes scarcely interrupted viscous-hairy, bracts obovate shorter
than the calyx, flowering calyx divided nearly half-way down segments
linear viscidly hairy, stamens 4. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 464,
partim. S. Russellianum, Wight Ic. t. 873, not t. 1503, as see Wight's note
under the latter.
S. Deccan ; Pulney Mts. and near Courtallum, Wight.
Very near S. diandrum, Wight, and united therewith by T. Anderson ; probably
the posterior stamens may be present or absent in the same species. The present
plant differs from S. diandrum in the leafy habit and shortened very hairy spikes,
which have numerous white simple hairs in addition to the gland-^tipped hairs. The
stamens differ from those of ad the other species, being all exserted ; but the
anthers of the posterior pair are hardly £ as long as those of the anterior (this is not
correctly shown by Wight).
3. S. setosum, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 464 ; leaves rhom-
boid-elliptic or ovate, flowering spikes dense somewhat interrupted below
very hairy, bracts linear as long as the calyx, stamens 2. — Strobilanthes
n. 67, Herb, Ind. Or. H.f. S[ T.
Mysoke or Caenatic ; O. Thomson.
Leaves altogether as of S. diandrum. Spikes 2-5 in., with white simple and
gland-tipped hairs ; bracts ^ in. and upwards, linear only slightly widened towards
the base. Calyx-segments united for about ^ their length at flower-time, subulate,
very hairy. Flowers, stamens and capsules exactly as of S. diandrum, from which
this species hardly differs except by the bracts.
4. S. Russellianum, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 84, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 105; leaves rhomboid- elliptic or ovate glabrous beneath, spikes
linear much interrupted, bracts ovate as long as the calyx, corolla |-1 in.,
stamens 4. Wight Ic. t. 1503 {not t. 873) ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 464, partly. Ruellia Russelliana, Wall. Cat. 2400. B>. arcuata, Wall.
Cat. 2334 a & b.
5. Deccan Peninsula; plentiful in and around the Nilgherries, Wight, &c.
Ceylon; Walker, Thwaites.
Stems and leaves as of S. diandrum. Spikes 3-6 in., elongate, all the whorls
generally distinct even at flower-time, glabrous except a few minute bristles at the
sepal-tips or (in Wight's n. 2189) sparingly glandular-pubescent; bracts (from the
middle of the spike) ^ in., rhomboid, shortly obtusely mucronate, but the lower bracts
often pass into leaves being f in, broad cordate.ovate, and the upper are often nar-
rowly obovate. Calyx % in., segments united to the middle, teeth narrowly lauceolate
acuminate, glabrous with minute white bristles or glandular-pubescent. Anterior
filaments very hairy at their base ; posterior about half as long, included. Pistil and
capsule as in £. diandrum.
Vae. subsericea, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 464; younger leaves densely
white-silky beneath mature silky or glabrous beneath. S. subsericeum, Nees in Wall.
428 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Stenosijrfwnium.
PL As. Bar. iii. 84, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 105. Ruellia cordifolia, Vahl Symb. iii.
84. R. sesamoides, Wall. Cat. 2408, part of sheet A only. R. subsericea, Wall.
Cat. 2416. R. canescens, Heyne in Serb. Bottler. — S. Deccan Peninsula, Bottler ;
Courtallum, Wight.
Often twiggy, with small leaves.
5. S. parviflorum, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 464 ; leaves
rhomboid-elliptic or ovate glabrate, spikes linear subinterrupted at base,
bracts lanceolate, calyx small, teeth linear glandular-pubescent, corolla
£-§ in., stamens 2. — Strobilanth.es sp. n. 68, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Mysoee or Caknatic ; G. Thomson.
Very near S. Bussellianum, differing mainly by the smaller calyx and corolla and
narrower bracts. Bract £ in. Calyx scarcely £ in., divided half-way down. Stamens
2 only in n. 68 H.f. Sf T. ; when T. Anderson says 4, he must have examined Wall.
Cat. 2334 a & b; which T. Anderson referred to S. parvifiorum, but which is typically
S. Bussellianum, Nees.
XVII. JECHBXANTHXSRA, Nees.
Small, hairy shrubs. Leaves broad-elliptic acute, crenate, often viscid.
Clusters of floicers sessile on the branches of a trichotomous or 1-sided
panicle, distant or close ; bracts linear, as long as the calyx ; bracteoles
similar smaller. Calyx sub-5-partite ; segments linear, subequal. Corolla
tubular-ventricose, nearly straight, widened suddenly near the middle,
glabrous, 2 hairy lines on the palate within ; segments 5, subequal, rounded,
twisted to the left in bud, pale- violet or purplish. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included, longer filaments hairy, shorter glabrous ; anthers subsimilar,
ovate or oblong, 2-celled, cells muticous ; connective excurrent at the tip or
not. Ovary densely hairy at the apex ; style sparsely hairy thickened up-
wards, stigma large simple linear-lanceolate ; ovules 4-6 in each cell.
Capsule narrowly oblong, 6-8- (or ex Benth. 12-) seeded from the base,
retinacula strong, hooked. Seeds discoid, densely hairy, or thicker glabrous.
— Species 2, Indian.
1. HS. tomentosa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 87 ; leaves elliptic
acute hairy, bracts linear-ligulate as long as the calyx, anthers oblong con-
nective not excurrent, seeds densely hairy. Euellia tomentosa, Wall. Cat.
2333.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Kumaon and Nepal, Wallich,
Thomson.
A small shrub, 1-3 ft., dusky grey or whiteish, villous, not with snowy or silvery
wool Leaves 4^ by 2 in., base rounded, slightly creuate, densely (not prominently)
lineolate with raphides; petiole 1J in. Panicles often 1 foot, one-sided; clusters
3-8-lld., distant or approximate; bracts \ in. or more; bracteoles narrowly ligulate,
as long as the calyx or more often about half as long. Sepals £-£ in., linear-ligulate,
somewhat unequal, herbaceous, pubescent, usually viscous. Corolla 1 in. Anthers
particularly obtuse in Wall. Cat. 2333, and the examples closely similar therewith,
even in the buds just before expansion. Capsule \ in., 8-seeded; hairs of the seeds
starting out when wetted.
Vae. Wallichii ; stem and leaves with snow-white wool or glabrate sparsely hairy,
anthers ovate, tip of the connective excurrent recurved. M. Wallichii, Nees in DC.
Prodr. xi. 170; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 485. M. gossypina, Nees in
Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 87. Ruellia gossypina, Wall. Cat. 2332, and PI. As. Bar. i.
38, t. 42.— Acanthacea, Griff. Itin. Notes, 119, n. 308. — Temperate Himalaya, alt.
3-5000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan. Chittagong ; Seetakoond, alt. 1000 ft., H.f.
<$■ T. — Wallich's figure shows the connective non-excurrent, but it always is more or
jEchmanthera.] cix. aoanthace2e. (C. B. Clarke.) 429
less so in the white-woolly form. In the two examples on one sheet marked by Nee9'
hand Wallichii and tomentosa, the former has the connective conspicuously, the
latter minutely* excurrent. The East Himalaya examples are flowerless, and may
belong to M. tomentosa, type. The Chittagong example is densely snowy-woolly with
6 hair/ seeds, and is therefore 2E. tomentosa var. Wallichii, or a new species.
2. 2E. leiosperma, Clarke ; hairy, leaves ovate or elliptic acute,
bracts linear-ligulate as long as the calyx, anthers oblong connective
excurrent at the tip, seeds glabrous.
Jaintea and E. Khasia, alt. 3-4000 ft.; abundant, Clarice.
A small shrub, 2-3 ft. high, very hairy* often viscid, with both brown and white
hairs. Leaves 3 by 1§ in., rounded at the base, crenulate, petiole £ in. Panicle
resembling that of JE, tomentosa, often somewhat leafy ; bracts \ in., linear-ligulate ;
bracteoles ^ in., similar to the bracts. Sepals ^ in., subequal, linear-ligulate, very
hairy. Corolla, stamens and pistil as of 2E. tomentosa, but the connective more
excurrent than in any form of M. tomentosa. Capsule £ in., 6-seeded. Seeds much
thicker than in Mchmanthera, and without hairs. — I cannot match these seeds with-
out going to quite another part of the Acanthaceous Order. They are glabrous
when wetted, not discoid. On the other hand, except the seeds, the plant is hardly
distinguishable from M> tomentosa. There are abundant specimens with seeds
in situ.
XVIII. STROBILANTHES, Blume.
Large or small shrubs, or herbs. Leaves opposite, often unequal, in
S. anisophyllus often apparently alternate, toothed or subentire, often
bearing raphides. Flowers capitate, or in strobiliform or interrupted spikes,
or panicled, sessile or sometimes pedicelled, purple yellow or white ; bracts
and bracteoles large or small or 0, persistent or caducous. Calyx deeply
subequally 5-fid ; or (in Sect. Buteraaa) 2-lipped, with one lip very shortly
3-toothed ; segments narrow, eqn,al or unequal. Corolla tubular-ventricose,
straight or curved ; lobes 5, ovate or round, subequal, contorted in bud.
Stamens 4, didynamous, or (in Sect. Endopogon) 2 ; anthers oblong, 2-celled,
muticous. Disc small, or prominent as. a stalk to the ovary. Ovary
4-ovulate ; style linear, stigma of one long linear-lanceolate branch, the other
suppressed. Capsule 4<- or 2-seeded, ; placentae (in a few species only) rise
elastically from the base, carrying the seeds with them. Seeds much com-
pressed, glabrous or hairy, hairs elastic when wetted ; retinacula curved,
strong. — Species 180, Asiatic and 1 in Africa.
This genus contains a great number of species differing widely in habit, inflores-
cence and size of the flowers. It is here limited to species with 2 ovules in each cell
of the ovary. All with more than 2 in each cell have been carried to Ruellia, Echina-
canthus, Hemigr aphis, Stenosiphonium and JEchmanthera.
Strobilanthes roseus, Wall. Cat. 7154, is an Ava plant, not known from British
India.
Stobilanthes salicifolius, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 484, is a plant of
altogether uncertain origin. ■
Strobilanthes biceps, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 476 = Goldfussia biceps,
Wall. Cat. 7161, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 172, is an Ava plant.
Key to the Sections of Strobilanthes.
Subgenus 1. BuTESiEA. Calyx bilabiate. Species 1-4, of Pegu and Tenasserim.
Subgenus 2. Endopogon. Stamens 2.
Seeds glabrous. Species 5-12, of Ceylon with 1 in S. Deccan.
Seeds hairy. Species 13-18, of S. Deccan.
Species 19, 20, of Khasia.
430 cix. ACANTHAORffl. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
Subgenus 3. Ettstkobilanthes. Calyx subequally deeply 5-fid. Stamens 4.
Series A. Bracteatce. Bracts persistent. Flowers spiked or opposite, not
mostly alternate.
* Flowers capitat e or shortly spicate.
f Seeds glabrous. Species 21-32, of Ceylon and Deccan.
ff Seeds hairy.
% Species 33-46, of Ceylon and Deccan.
ir^f Species 47-56, of N. India and Malay Peninsula.
** Flowers strobilate.
f Seeds glabrous. Species 57-64, of Ceylon and Deccan.
ff Seeds hairy. Species 65-78.
*** Spikes elongate often much interrupted. Species 79-87.
Series B. Nudatce. Bracts caducous. Flowers capitate or opposite, not
mostly alternate.
* Heads in fruit capitate. Species 88-100.
** Heads in fruit elongate or flowers distant. Species 101-119.
Series C. Altemiflora. Flowers mostly distant alternate, or panicled.
Species 120-136, of N. India and Malaya.
Series D. JPaniculatce. Bracts persistent. Flowers panicled or interruptedly
spicate. Capsule wide, very acute. Species 137-145, of
Ceylon and S. Deccan.
Kesiduary. Species 147.-154, not seen.
Subgenus 1. Buteraea. Calyx 2-lipped to the base ; one lip 3-fid less
than one-third the way down, the other 2-nd or 2-partite. — (Spikes strobili-
form ; bracts prominent, imbricate. Stamens 4. Seeds (where known)
elastically hairy when wetted. — Species of Pegu and Tenasserim.)
1. S. rufescenSj T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 472 ; leaves ovate
acute crenate more or less rufous-hairy, spikes dense strobilate hirsute,
bracts broadly ovate, calyx 2-partite both segments very shortly toothed.
Euellia rufescens, Both Nov. Sp. 304. E. comosa, Boxb. Fl. Lid. iii. 43,
and Ic. Ined. in Herb. Kew. R. ulmifolia, Wall. Cat. 2360. Buteraea
ulmifolia, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 84, and in DO. Prodr. xi. 196.
Pegu ; Brandis. — Distrib. Moluccas {Roxburgh).
A shrub ; branches perfectly glabrous, or intensely shaggy with red hairs |-£ in.
long. Leaves l£-4 in., often unequal, base obtuse or rounded, hirsute on both surfaces
in the type examples, nerves 6 pair; petiole g-l£ m' Spikes i-2 in., short-
peduncled; bracts g- in., fulvous-hirsute ; bracteoles scarcely £ in., sublinear. Calyx
^ in., 2-partite to the base, rufous-ciliate towards the apex ; segments very shortly
toothed, one 2-toothed, the other 3-toothed with the middle tooth broader subemargi-
nate. Corolla 1 in., pale-purple, cylindric base of the tube rather shorter than the
moderately ventricose part. Capsule \ in., densely pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds less
than T'2 in., orbicular, fine elastically white-hairy, areoles 0.
Vae. rubiginosa ; leaves larger thinner glabrate lineolate above, bracteoles J6 in.,
ovate. — Tenasserim; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6118^. Chittagong; Clarice.— Stems
thinly shortly rufous-hirsute ; leaves 5£ by 2| in., base shortly acuminate, crenate,
green, herbaceous ; nerves beneath thinly rufous-hairy. — Heifer' s^-example is unlike
those of Rueilia ulmifolia, but very like the figure of JR. comosa, Roxb. Clarke's
examples have the stems sparsely or densely rufous -hirsute, the leaves glabrate lineolate
above or rufous-hirsute; the corolla is 1£ in., pale-purple, nearly glabrous with
glabrous filaments, altogether as in Roxburgh's picture.
2. S. acuminatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 473, partly ;
leaves lanceolate acuminate at both euds crenate nearly glabrous, spikes
oblong short-peduncled glandular, bracts ovate shorter than the calyx,
calyx sub-2-partite one lip shortly trifid the other bifid nearly to the base.
S. subflaccidus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 94, ex descr. Adena-
StroUlanthes.'] cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C.B.Clarke.) 431
canthus acuminatus, Nees in Wall. Cat. 7153, and in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii.
84, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 197 (excl. tab. cited).
Bt/ema ; " locus incertus," Wallich.
A herb; branches elongate, nearly glabrous. Leaves 5 by 1\ in., base long
attenuate, often subserrate, lineolate above; nerves 6-7 pair, minutely fuscous
pubescent beneath ; petiole 0-£ in. Peduncles £-2 in. ; spikes \-l in. ; bracts £ in.,
ovate ; braeteoles i in., elliptic, wider upwards than the bracts. Calyx scarcely £ in.,
glandular-ciliate. Corolla (ex Nees) | in. at least, glabrous, tubular; limb equal
with obtuse segments. Ovary 4-ovulate. Capsule not known. — Description mainly
from Nees, the single sheet of Wallich being too imperfect to verify several points.
T. Anderson, proceeding on the similarity in the leaves, has assumed that Nees'
description is materially wrong, and that Wall. Cat. 7152 is really identical with
S. longipes, n. 76 infra. If that be so, it remains as S. subflaccidus, Kurz.
3. S. Parishii, Clarice; leaves elliptic acuminate thinly hirsute,
spikes linear-oblong strobilate white-hairy, bracts oblong or slightly wider
upwards, calyx 2-partite both segments very shortly toothed.
Moulmkin ; Parish. Tenasseeim ; Beddome.
A branching herb ; stems subterete rufous-pubescent or subhirsute. Leaves 5§ by
2| in., base cuneate or obtuse, crenate, nerves 6 pair; petiole £-2 in. Spikes 2 by
% in., short-peduncled ; bracts \ by |-£ in., obtuse; braeteoles £ in., linear. Calyx
£ in., nearly as of S. rufescens. Corolla 1| in., nearly straight, glabrous, blue ;
cylindric base of the tube hardly half so long as the campanulate ; lobes short, round.
Capsule £-§• in., pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds scarcely ^ in., orbicular, elastically
white-hairy ; areoles hardly any.
4. S- foetidissima, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 93 ; leaves
ovate acuminate at both ends serrate-dentate hirsute on both surfaces,
spikes short-peduncled lax short tawny -hirsute, bracts obovate-cuneate
obtuse, calyx- segments deeply lobed.
Maetaban; Kurz.
A herb; branches fulvous-hairy. Leaves 3-5 in., membranous, long-petioled.
Bracts | in., glandular-hirsute; braeteoles similar, but shorter and broader. Calyx
as long as the bracts, adpressedly glandular-puberulous. Corolla 1% in., a.nd filaments
glabrous. Style hirsute. Capsule | in., glabrous. Seeds £ in. diam., adpressedly
villous.— Copied from Kurz, who says it is allied to S. rufescens, whence it is pre-
sumed the calyx is definitely 2-lipped ; but in the large capsule and seeds it diners
from the other species allied to S. rufescens.
Subgenus 2. Endopogon. Calyx deeply snbequally 5-fid. Stamens 2
fertile. — (Spikes mostly continuous, sometimes shortened into heads, less
commonly interrupted at the base, the lowest flowers then in opposite pairs ;
bracts persistent).
* Seeds (even in water) glabrous, without areoles on the faces. —
Lower half of the corolla-tube cylindric, suddenly widening into the
ventricose part. — Species of Ceylon, with one (S. foliosus) in the S. Deccan
Peninsula.
5. S. viscosus, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 226, excl. syn. Wight,
and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 465, partly ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both
ends crenulate sparsely pubescent or glabrate, spikes linear subinterrupted
viscous-hairy, flowering calyx £ in. divided less than half-way down.
Endopogon viscosus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 104, excl. Var. humilis, not of
Wight.
Ceylon, up to 7000 ft. alt., frequent; Gardner, Walker, Thwaites (n. 2898,
n. 2002, partly), &c.
432 cix. acanthace2E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strohilanthes.
A shrub, 2-5 ft. Leaves 4 by If in. ; nerves 7-8 pair, not conspicuously parallel;
petiole | in. Spikes 3-8 in., axillary, simple or compound, and running into terminal
panicles; flowers opposite, lowest pair usually distant; bracts | in., elliptic or oblong,
attenuated upwards; bracteoles |-| in., narrow. Calyx viscidly hairy, teeth lanceo-
late; calyx in fruit enlarged often § in. or more, split to the base into lanceolate
segments. Corolla 1J in., densely pubescent without ; linear-base of the tube ^in.,
very narrow, ventricose portion £ by \ in., oblique, lobes ovate. Filaments glabrous
except near the base; anthers large, pendulous, subexserted. Capsule % in., 4-seeded.
Seeds more than ^ in., ovoid, thinning towards the apex, smooth, hairless.
Vae. microphallus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 104 ; leaves 4_14 in., spikes very weak
few-fld. — Ceylon. — The type specimen of this has no fruit ; but Walker, n. 122, has
similar small leaves and fruit exactly as of S. viscosus type.
Var. digitalis ; bracts abbreviated, spikes elongate slender, minutely deciduously
cinereous- woolly not hairy nor viscous. Endopogon digitalis, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi.
104 (sp.). — Ceylon; Walker. — This is possibly nearer S. exareolatus, but the example
is in young flower.
Var. arguta ; leaves more rigid more acutely (though minutely) toothed, spikes
dense, bracts % in. oblong imbricate, calyx minutely cinereous-woolly. Endopogon
argutus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 104. — Ceylon; Gardner. — The examples referred
here by Nees (probably on the characters of the leaves) having fulvous viscid hairy
spikes seem nearer S. viscosus, T. Anders, type.
6. S. stenodon, Clarke; glabrous, leaves ovate acuminate crenate,
spikes linear scarcely interrupted, "bracts short obovate, calyx divided half-
way down, corolla-lobes narrowly oblong.
Ceylon ; Matelle East, Beckett, Thwaites, C. P. n. 38,74.
Leaves 4£ by 2 in., shortly narrowed into the petiole ; nerves 8 pair ; petiole 1J in.;
leaves white underneath in Beddome's Ceylon specimen. Spikes 2-5 in., axillary,
simple or compound, running into terminal panicles; bracts \ in.; bracteoles \ in.,
narrowly oblong. Calyx glabrous, teeth lanceolate. Corolla glabrous in bud,
white-hairy within ; cylindric base | in., very narrow ; ventricose tube § in. long and
broad ; lobes ^-| in. Anthers exserted, pendulous. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule
not seen. — A remarkable plant with the habit, inflorescence and bracts of Stenosi-
phonium Russellianum ; the narrow lobes of the corolla are unlike any neighbouring
species or genus.
7. S. exareolatus, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
slightly undulate crenate glabrous, spikes linear lax hairy, calyx narrow
overtopping the bracts divided less than half-way down. S. consanguineus,
T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 226, and in Journ Linn. Soc. ix. 465, partly.
Stenosiphonium diandrum, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 105, not of Wight.
Endopogon consanguineus, Nees I. c. as to the Ceylon material.
Ceylon, alt. 3000 ft. ; Walker.
A shrub. Leaves 3£ by 1^ in.; nerves 6 pair; petiole f in. Spikes 2-4, in.,
running into terminal panicles ; bracts £-£ in., ovate or oblong ; bracteoles £ in.,
narrow.^ Calyx (in flower) £-| in., teeth sublinear; in fruit enlarged. Corolla f in.,
resembling that of S. viscosus but smaller. Capsule ^ in., 4-seeded. Seeds scarcely
T'D in., ellipsoid, smooth, hairless, without lateral areoles.— Near S. viscosus, differing
by the short bracts, narrow cylindric calyx, smaller flowers and much smaller seeds.
As to the synonyms, the type specimens of Nees and T. Anderson, written on by their
own hands, are preserved at Kew.
Var. densa ; spikes denser, bracts elliptic imbricate often as long as the calyx. —
Ceylon, alt. 2-6000 ft. ; Thioaites, n. 2002 chiefly, &c.
8. S. rhytisperma, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
denticulate thinly white-cottony beneath, spikes linear uninterrupted
glabrous, bracts lanceolate about equalling the calyx. S. hypoleucus, T.
Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 226, not Endopogon hypoleucus, Nees.
Strohilanthes.] cix. acanthace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 433
Ceylon ; Central Province, Thwaites, C. P. 2897, collected by Gardner.
Stem glabrous. Leaves 5 by If in., mature glabrous above; nerves 8 pair;
petiole § hi. Spikes 3-4 in., clustered in tbe axils (end of the branch not seen) ;
bracts | in. Calyx \ in., divided half-way down, hardly enlarged in fruit; teeth
narrowly lanceolate, glabrous. Corolla glabrous without in bud. Capsule \ in.,
4-seeded. Seeds -^ in., obovate-elliptic, smooth, hairless, longitudinally wrinkled,
without lateral areoles.
9. S. nigrescens, T. Anders, in, Thwaites Enum. 226. and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 465 ; leaves narrowly elliptic acuminate at both ends serrulate
glabrous, spikes linear uninterrupted hirsute, bracts lanceolate mostly
overtopping the calyx. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 217.
Ceylon, alt. 3000 ft. ; Thwaites, C. P. n. 3353.
A shrub, 4-5 ft., blackish-green when dry. Leaves 5 by If in., lineolate above,
reticulate beneath ; nerves 7 pair ; petiole 1\ in. Spikes 2-5 in., axillary, simple or
compound, and running into terminal panicles; bracts | in.; bracteoles \-\ in.,
narrow. Calyx \ in. and upwards hairy, divided about half-way down, enlarged in
fruit. Corolla pale-purple, very nearly as of S. viscosus. Capsule § in., very broad
and stout, 2-seeded (in Thwaites, 3353). Seeds | in. diam. (unripe), hairless and
without lateral areoles.
10. S. rhamnifolius, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 226, and in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 466 ; leaves ovate shortly acuminate crenate-serrulate
glabrous, spikes linear-oblong very hairy densely panicled, bracts widely-
elliptic imbricated. Buteraea rhamnifolia, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 725. En-
dopogon rhamnifolius, Wight Ic. t. 1521.
Ceylon, Gardner ; alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites, C. P. n. 2007.
A shrub, 1-2 ft., hairy upwards. Leaves 2| by 1$ in., base obtusely rhomboid;
nerves 6 pair ; petiole 1£ in. Spikes 1-4 in. ; bracts § in., not acuminate ;
bracteoles ±-\ in., linear-oblong. Calyx \ in., very hairy, divided hardly half-way
down (not so deeply as figured by Wight); teeth narrowly lanceolate. Corolla
1-1 1 in., purple, pubescent, cylindric portion more than | in., very narrow, ventricose
portion ±-J in. ; teeth ovate. Stamens 2 ; filaments sparsely hairy more than half
their length. Ovules 2 in each cell. — The habit, bracts and shape of the corolla are
much as in S. exareolata var. densa ; but the capsule and seeds being unknown, the
exact position is doubtful.
11. S. deflexus, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 227, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix.. 470 ; glabrous, leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends
denticulate, heads peduncled few-fid. closely capitate. Bedd. Ic. PL Ind.
Or. t. 218.
Ceylon, alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Gardner, Thwaites, C. P. 1998.
A shrub, 4-5 ft., green. Leaves 4£ by 1£ iQ- 5 nerves 6 pair ; petiole 1 in.
Peduncles axillary, 1-1 i in., thickened upwards, deflexed; outer bracts g in.,
elliptic, often nearly enclosing the whole head ; proper bract § in., lanceolate ;
bracteoles rather shorter, linear. Calyx § in., divided half-way down, glabrous or the
linear-lanceolate teeth puberulous. Corolla f-1 in., pale purple, nearly glabrous,
hairy in the palate within; cylindric base of the tube as long as (and suddenly
widened into) the ventricose portion, not so funnel-shaped as in Beddome's figure.
Stamens 2, glabrous. Pistil glabrous. Capsule not seen; and, the seeds being
unknown, the affinity is doubtful.
12. S. foliosus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 467; leaves ovate
serrulate glabrous, heads sessile ovoid densely capitate. Goldfnssia
Leschenaultiana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 172. Endopogon fohosus &
capitatus, Wight Ic. tt. 1501, 1499.
Nilgherey Mrs., alt. 6-7000 ft., frequent ; Gardner, Wight, &c.
VOL. IV. F *
434 cix. acanthace2E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Stroliknithes.
Stems 1-2 ft., much branched, rigid. Leaves 2 by 1| in., shortly acuminate at
both ends, conspicuously lineolate above; nerves 5-6 pair; petiole £ in. Heads
numerous, terminal, £ in. diam., each closely embraced by the two uppermost leaves (ex-
clusive of the proper bracts) ; bracts f in., linear-oblong, at first nearly glabrous or
hairy ; bracteoles § in., linear, at first nearly glabrous or hairy. Calyx f in., divided
hardly half-way down, obscurely or prominently hairy at flower-time, hirsute in fruit,
segments narrowly lanceolate. Corolla 1\ in., blue or whiteish, glabrous without,
hairy along 2 lines within ; linear base of the tube about as long as the suddenly-
widened ventricose part. Filaments hairy nearly to the summit ; rudiments often 3,
whereof 2 often carry minute rudimentary anthers. Ovary slightly hairy upwards.
Capsule | in., 4-seeded. Seeds I in. long, very thin, glabrous ; areoles 0. — There is no
difference between the typicalfoliosus and the Var. capitatus ; the heads on one stem
which appear (superficially) glabrous in flower are very hairy in fruit, owing to the
development of the hairs on the bract, bracteoles and calyx.
** Seeds (in water) densely hairy except on two lateral circular areoles
near the base on each face. — (Linear or su bcylindric base of the corolla short,
more gradually narrowing into the -ventricose portion than in the preceding
section. — Species of the S. Deccan Peninsula.)
13. S. XLunthianuSj T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 465 ; leaves
elliptic narrowed into the petiole crenate- serrate rigid strongly nerved
beneath, spikes dense, bract ovate, calyx deeply divided, corolla 1 in. blue.
Euellia Kunthiana, Wall. Cat. 2367. Phlebophyllum Kunthianum, Nees in
Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 83, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 102 ; Wight Ic. t. 448.
P. angustifolium, Benth. in PI. HohenacJc. n. 1178.
Mts. of S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 5000-7500 ft. ; plentiful in the Nilgherries,
Wight, &c.
Stems 12-20 in., numerous, erect, rigid, quadrangular upwards. Leaves 2 by
1 in., obtuse or subacuminate, bristly or scabrid above ; primary nerves beneath close,
parallel, prominent, secondary reticulated more or less concealed by close hard white
tomentum ; petiole £ in., very broad. Spikes 1-3 in., hairy ; bract \ in. ; bracteoles
^ in., linear-ligulate. Calyx |— | in., ftoccose-villous ; segments linear-lanceolate, base
shortly connate. Corolla ventricose from near the base, palate hairy within, blue or
whiteish. Filaments pilose. Ovary glabrous ; style hairy. Capsule \-± in., oblong,
rigid. Seeds 4, densely hairy (hairs spreading when wet) except on the circular basal
areola on each of its faces.
14. S. g-ossypinus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 466 ; leaves
ovate acute entire woolly beneath, spikes linear-oblong woolly, corolla ly in.
woolly without. Bedd. 1c. PL Lnd, Or. t. 198.
Mts. of S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 4000-5500 ft.; Mysore, Lobb ; Sispara
plentiful, &c, Beddome.
Shrubby, covered (except the leaves above) with dense yellowish wool, flowering
at 6-7 years old, then dying. Leaves 4 by 2 in., base broadly rhomboid, subcoriaceous,
wool of upper surface deciduous; nerves 13 pair, approximate, subparallel; petiole
| in. Spikes 1-3 in., compound and (by the reduction of the upper leaves) ruuning
into terminal panicles ; bracts ^-| in., elliptic, obtuse ; bracteoles £ in., linear-oblong.
Calyx nearly ^ in., divided about half-way down ; segments narrowly lanceolate,
subobtuse. Corolla nearly straight ; ventricose portion of the tube much longer than
the cylindric base. Filaments hairy. Ovary glabrous, with a few long hairs near the
apex ; style glabrous ; ovules 4. Seeds not seen.
15. S. canaricus, Bedd. Lc. PI. Lnd. Or. t. 215 ; leaves ovate acumi-
nate subentire mature pubemlous on the nerves beneath, spikes linear-oblong
minutely cinereous-lanate, bracts ovate, corolla § in. white.
Strohilanihes.'] cix. acanthace/E. (C. B. Clarke.) 435
Deccan Peninsula; S. Canara, on the Kudra Mukh Mt., alt. 6000 ft.,
Beddom'e.
A rigid shrub, 3-4 ft. ; tips of the branches and young leaves densely clothed
with caducous yellowish wool. Leaves crowded towards the ends of the branches,
3 by 1\ in., base rhoniboidal, mature nearly glabrous except the nerves beneath ;
nerves 9 pair, approximate, subparallel ; petiole ^ in. Spikes 1-2 in., clustered in the
upper axils, forming a dense terminal panicle, thinly, duskily, deciduously woolly ;
bracts 4-| in. , ovate, obscurely acuminate ; bracteoles scarcely ^ in., narrowly lanceo-
late. Calyx £ in., divided half-way down ; segments narrowly lanceolate. Corolla
very pubescent, ventricose portion much longer than the cylindric base. Filaments
hairy. Ovary glabrous, style minutely sparsely hairy ; ovule solitary in each cell (in
the only ovary examined), probably never as in Beddome's figure, which shows the
ovules 2 in each cell, the lower pendulous.
16. S. cuspidatusj T. Anders, in Journ* Linn. Soc. ix. 465 ; leaves
ovate* acuminate subentire densely white silky beneath, spikes linear oblong
glandular fulvous hairy, bracts narrowly elliptic acuminate, corolla 1 in.
blue-purple. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 221. Endopogoncuspidatus, Benth.
in PI. Hohenack. n. 1169, and in Linncea, xxiv. 646. E. versicolor, Wight
III. t. 164 b. fig. 4 (left-hand), and Ic. t. 1497, both figure and description.
Nilqhekries, alt. 4-7000 ft., frequent ; Wight, Gen. Munro, &c.
A shrub, 2-5 ft. Leaves 4 by 2| in., base shortly acuminate, mature glabrous
above, raphides not prominent ; nerves 8 pair, approximate, subparallel 5 petiole 1|
in. Spikes 1-3 in., often laxly panicled at the ends of the branches ; bracts § in.,
base concave, acuminate, tip recurved; bracteoles ^ in., linear. Calyx $ ink, divided
§ the way down ; teeth linear, very glandular-hairy (not so lanceolate as in
Beddome's figure). Corolla nearly glabrous; 2 rows of long white hairs on the
palate within, between which the style (itself nearly glabrous, not as in Beddome's
figure) lies. Filaments glabrous, except near the base. Capsule \ in., 4-seeded ; seeds
discoid, with a circular areola en each face, densely hairy except on the areola. —
T. Anderson refers Wight Ic. t. 1497 to S. viscosus, but the plant from which that
figure was drawn is at Kew, and is S. cuspidatus.
17. S. consanguineus, Clarke, not of T. Anders. ; leaves ovate
acuminate obscurely toothed glabrous beneath, spikes linear-oblong glandular
hairy, bracts narrowly elliptic hardly so long as the calyx, corolla § in.
S. neglectus, T. Anders, nis. Endopogon consanguineus, Nees in Wall. PL
As. Mar. iii. 99. and partly in DC Prodr. xi> 104. Ruellia spicata, Roth
Nov. Sp. 310 ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 153.
S. Madbas ; Negapatam and Nilgherries, Wight ; Courtallum, Wight, n. 1982.
Very similar to the last species; but the leaves are more distinctly toothed, the
flowers smaller. Leaves glabrate, prominently lineolate above ; nerves 7 pair. Spikes
compound, axillary and terminal, often slender, sublinear. Calyx £ in., divided half-
way down or more ; segments narrowly lanceolate, glandular-hairy. Corolla-lobes
ovate, acute. Filaments glabrous, except at the very base. Capsule J-£ iu., 4-seeded.
Seeds discoid, areolate on both faces, densely hairy except on the areolae. — This is the
original Fndopogon consanguineus of Nees, which was founded on Wight n. 1982, the
example of which authenticated in Nees' hand is at Kew. Subsequently, in DC.
Prodr., Nees united with this species the totally remote S. exareolatus. T. Anderson
published (in Thwaites Fnum. 226) this latter'species as S. consanguine us, T. Anders.,
while he separated in the herbarium the old Wight n. 1982 on which he has written
S. neglectus, nov. sp.
Vae. Amomum • leaves more clearly toothed, spikes slender minutely pubescent or
very nearly glabrous, bracts acuminate to an obtuse apex often overtopping the calyx.
S. consanguineus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 465, partly ; Bedd. Ic. PL
Ind. Or. t. 216. Ruellia sesamoides, Wall. Cat. 2408, c and a chiefly. Endopogou
Amomum, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 99, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 104.— Nil-
gherries ; Wight, n. 1980, &c.
F f 2
436 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilcmthes.
Vab. hypoleuca ; as Var. Amomum, but the leaves often (when youn ,') silky-
white beneath. Ruellia sesamoides, Wall. Cat. 240 B. Endopogon hypoleucus,
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 99, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 104. E. viscosus, Nees,
Var. hurailis, Wight Ic. t. 1498; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 104.— Mts. of S. Madras,
Wight; Bellary, Beddome. — A very trifling var. of the preceding Var. Amomum j
but the Ceylon plant, the S. hypoleucus of T. Anderson, is the very different
S. rhytisperma.
18. S. jeyporensis, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. r214; leaves ovate
acuminate crenulate mature nearly glabrous, spikes linear-oblong viscidly
patently hairy, bracts lanceolate acuminate recurved, corolla £ in. white.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Golconda in Vizigapatam, alt. 2500 ft., and Mts. in
Jeypore, Beddome.
A large shrub. Leaves 1\ by 4 in., base shortly acuminate, mature densely
obscurely lineolate above, thinly puberulous beneath ; nerves 11 pair ; petiole 2| in.
Spikes l-2£ in., uninterrupted ; bracts f in.; bracteoles \ in., narrow. Calyx \ in.
and upwards, divided § the way down ; segments linear from a short lanceolate base,
patently hairy. Corolla nearly straight, ventricose portion of the tube much longer
than the cylindric. Ovary 4-ovulate in Beddome's figure. Capsule \ in., 2-seeded in
Beddome's example. Seeds discoid, areolate on each face, densely hairy except on the
areolae.
*** Species of the Khasia Hills.
19. S. adnatuSj Clarke ; leaves widely elliptic acuminate at both,
ends subentire glabrous, spikes linear stout dense strobiliform, bracts
ovate acute adnate, calyx and corolla small. S. decurrens, T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 470, not of Nees (in DC. Prodr. xi. 189). Endopogon
decurrens, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 105.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent; Griffith, H. f. Sf T., &c. Upper
Assam ; Jenkins.
A shrub, 2-4 ft., nearly glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2£ in. ; nerves 10 pair; petiole
1£ in. Spikes 3-5 in., axillary and terminal in short dense panicles ; bracts f by
\ in., glabrous, ciliate, persistent, reticulate, scarious; bracteoles 0. Calyx scarcely
\ in., divided nearly to the base into linear segments. Corolla J-J in., glabrous
without. Stamens 2, glabrous except at their point of attachment, 2 linear rudi-
ments added. Capsule £ in., 4-seeded. Seeds ovate, glistening, glabrous, hairless,
without lateral areoles.
20. S. khasyanus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 471; hirsute,
leaves ovate acuminate toothed, spines axillary clustered linear lax, bracts
linear-spathulate as long as the calyx, corolla slender white. Endopogon
khassyanus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 104.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft.; Griffith, H. f. 8c T.t &c. Sikkim; Darieelimr
(Serb. Griffith). J J
A shrub, 2-4, ft., densely patently brown-hairy, somewhat glandular- viscid. Leaves
4 by 2 in., shortly narrowed into the petiole, strongly crenate or subserrate, mature
hirsute on both surfaces; nerves 9 pair; petiole 1£ in. Spikes 1-4 in., forming
axillary tufts of unequal length, linear but scarcely interrupted ; bracts J-| in.; brac-
teoles \ in., linear. Sepals \ in., linear, somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube § in.,
linear, funnel-shaped only towards the top, lobes |-» in., roundish, patent. Filaments
glabrous, unless at the very base, anthers much exsert. Capsule £ in., 4-seeded.
Seeds ovate, with an areola on each side ; hairy (except on the areoles) with adpressed
hairs inelastic when wetted.
Subgenus 3. Eustrobilanthes, Calyx deeply subequally 5-fid.
Stamens 4, perfect ; anthers not very unequal.
Strobllanthes.] cix. acanthace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 437
Series A. Bracteata-. Bracts prominent, persistent or only late decidu-
ous. Flowers spiked, clustered or strobilate ; spikes sometimes interrupted
below, but flowers never all scattered.
* Flowers capitate or shortly spicate. (An artificial section passing by
gradations into the strobiliform or interruptedly spicate sections.)
f Seeds glabrous (in a few not known). — Species of Ceylon and the
Deccan Peninsula.
21. S. barbatus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 85, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 179 ; leaves broad-elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, bracts
obovate cuspidate squarrose, corolla white very hairy within, seeds usually
2. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 468 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 212.
S. tetrapterus, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 342; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
187 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 468. Ruellia ciliata, Heyne in
Serb. Bottler ; Wall. Cat. 2392 {not Wall. Cat. 2415).
W. Deccan Peninsula ; from the Bombay Ghats to Cape Comorin, alt. 3000 ft.,
Wight, Balzell, &c.
A gregarious shrub, flowering once at about 7 years old, then dying (Beddome) ;
stem often winged. Leaves- 7 by 3 in., crenulate or subentire, lineolate especially
^above ; nerves 7-8 pair ; petiole 1-3 in., base often auriculate, sometimes winged.
Heads 1-2 in., sessile, very dense ; bracts f in., obscurely quadrifarious, green,
ciliate; bracteoles § in., linear, ciliate. Calyx ^ in., divided more than half-way
down, green, ciliolate; segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla f-1 in.; cylindric base
as long as the suddenly-widened subcampanulate portion ; limb nearly erect, subequal.
Filaments sparsely hairy upwards. Pistil sparsely hairy and glabrous. Capsule
|-f in., clavate, always 2-seeded. Seeds nearly \ in. long, very thin, elliptic, areoles
0. — The fruit has only been seen in the form S. tetrapterus, Dalz. In the old
examples of S. barbatus the corolla is barely | in., the heads and bracts are smaller,
the calyx less deeply divided ; but Beddome says (from knowledge of the living
plant) that there is only one species here.
22. S. lanceolatus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 181; glabrous except
the calyx, leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends nearly entire, heads
small capitate few-fid., calyx-segments in flower lanceolate acute slightly
hairy in fruit, capsule 4-seeded. S. adenophorus, Nees I. c. 182; T. Anders,
in Thioaites JEnum. 228, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 466, not of Beddome.
Martynia lanceolate, Moon Cat. PI. Ceyl. Goldfussia Myrtinia, Nees I. c.
174.
Ceylon ; Four Korles and Saffragam, Macrae, Thwaites, &c.
A small shrub ; branches quadrangular. Leaves 3 by f in., prominently lineolate
above ; nerves 6 pair ; petiole \ in. Heads |- in. (exclusive of the corolla), 2-4-fld.,
in appearance solitary peduucled, peduncles slightly thickened upwards quadrangu-
lar or subalate ; floral leaves 2, elliptic, \ in., in the dried examples erect, overtopping
closely enveloping the flower-head; proper bract g- in., oblong; bracteoles 2, | in.,
sublinear, often suppressed in the upper flowers as commonly in close heads. Calyw
J in., divided half-way down, segments in fruit elongate obtuse. Corolla 1^-1^ in.,
nearly glabrous without, light-blue ; cylindric nearly as long as the ventricose part.
Filaments hairy downwards. Ovary hairy at the apex. Capsule § in., narrowly
oblong. Seeds £ in. long, thin, elliptic, glabrous; areoles £ the^ length of the seed.
23. S. heteromallus, T. Anders. ms.; villous, subhispid, leaves
ovate acute, heads ovoid, bracts oblong overtopping the calyx, ovary densely
hairy at the tip. S. scaber, Var. y Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 84,
Yar /3 Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 178, as to Wight's Deccan material. Euellia
scabra, Wall. Cat. 2377 {not Wall. Cat. 2393).
438 cix. ACAXTHACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strohilanthes.
Nilgheekies ; Canoor, Wight (nn. 1945, 2207, herb, propr.).
A coarsely hairy shrub, resembling S. Wightianus. Leaves attaining 5| by 3,1 in.
(mostly much smaller), base obtuse shortly decurrent on the petiole, nearly entire,
thick, rugose, upper surface subhispid with hairs from tubercular bases, under villous;
nerves 7-8 pair ; petiole 1£ in. Meads sessile, 1 in., dense, hairy; bracts f-1 in.,
erect ; bracteoles § in., sublinear. Calyx \ in. or more, divided more than half-way
down ; segments linear-lanceolate, hairy upwards. Corolla 1 in., glabrous without,
hairy within, subsymmetric, cylinder portion of the tube as long as the ventricose.
Stamens 4 ; filaments very hairy at the base. Ovary dense fulvous-hairy at the tip ;
style sparsely hairy; ovules 4. Capsule scarcely ^ in., narrowly ellipsoid, 2- or 4-
seeded. Seeds more than \ in., glabrous; areoles 0. — This in the dry state greatly
resembles S. Wightianus, but the ovary, style and seeds differ. Col. Beddome says
the shrub is well known to him at Canoor, but has not flowered during his whole
residence in the Nilgherries.
24. S. Wig-htianus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 86, and in DC.
Prodr% xi. 180 ; coarsely hairy, leaves ovate, heads ovoid, bracts elliptic-
acuminate overtopping the calyx, ovary glabrous at the tip, capsule 4-seeded.
Wight Ic. t. 1514 ; T. Anders* in Journ. Linn. Soc. vs.. 466.
Nilgherkt Mtp„ alt. 7-8000 ft., frequent ; Gardner, Wight, Gen. Munro, &c.
Stems 2-3 ft., stout, often almost shaggy. Leaves 1^-2 by 1 in., obtuse, base
shortly cuneate, thick, rugose. Bracts f-1 in., acute ; bracteoles § in., linear-
spathulate. Calyx § in., divided nearly to the base ; segments linear-oblong, sub-
obtuse, softly hairy ; in fruit somewhat membranous nervose. Corolla %-\ in.,
blueish, nearly glabrous without, with hairy lines within ; cylindric base of the tube
much shorter than the ventricose part. Ovary glabrous ; ^-tyle sparsely hairy. Cap-
sule ^ in., oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds jg in. long, thin, elliptic, glabrous; areoles 0 —
Otherwise as the preceding species, which Wight appears to have included under
Wightianus*
25. S. pulneyensis, Clarke ; hirsute, leaves ovate shortly acute,
heads subglobose abbreviated dense with foliaceous bracts, style-base
patently hairy, corolla-tube with long linear-cylindric base. S. punctatus,
Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 204 in note, not of Nees.
S. Deccan ; Pulney Hills and Anamallays, Beddome.
Resembling S. Wightianus, but with a differently shaped corolla. Leaves 3 by
2 in., base rounded or cuneate, crenate, thick, tubercular-hairy above, more softly
hairy beneath ; petiole 1| in. Heads much depressed, as if into flattened rosettes,
the rounded bracts patent on all sides; bracteoles \-\ in., linear-lanceolate. Calyx
\-\ in., divided more than half-way down ; segments linear-lanceolate, hairy. Corolla
1 in., somewhat hairy in the bud ; cylindric base as long as the ventricose part.
Filaments glabrous, except at the base. Ovary slightly patently hairy towards the
apex, 4-ovulate. Capsule not "seen. — Communicated by Col. Beddome as probably
Ruellia ? punctata of Wight, which differs very considerably. In the absence of seeds,
it is placed by guess next S. Wightianus.
26. S. neilg-herrensis, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 196 ; hirsute, sub-
hispid, leaves large ovate acuminate, heads ovoid, bracts narrow-oblong,
bracteoles and calyx-segments in fruit elongate caudate patently bristly,
capsule 4-seeded.
S. Deccax, common in the mountains, Nilgherries, Pulneys, Coorg, &c, Bed-
dome.
A shrub, general aspect of S. Perrottetianus. Leaves 6 by 3| in., base obtuse,
crenate, coarsely hispid with white or yellow hairs from tubercular bases ; nerves 8
pair ; petiole 1-2 in. Heads sessile, capitate, not elongate even in fruit ; bracts 1 by
in. ; bracteoles at flower-time ^ in., linear, in fruit elongate very long-tailed. Sepals
in. ; in fruit at least 1 in., base lanceolate with leaden glabrous scarious margins.
Strob ilanthes.] cix. acanthace2E. (C. B. Clarke.) 439
Corolla 1J-1J in., glabrous without, white (Beddome), cylindric base nearly as long
as the urceolate part. Filaments hairy, especially downwards. Style sparsely
patently hairy. Capsule § in., oblong ellipsoid. Seeds thin, obovate, obtuse, glabrous ;
areoles 0.— Beddome says " ovary very hairy at the apex," but in his figure and speci-
mens it is very slightly so. Possibly the note applied to heteromallus ?
27. S. Ferrottetianus, Nees in DC.Prodr. xi. 179; rufous-hirsute,
leaves ovate acuminate, heads ovoid or subclavate, bracts ovate acute over-
topping the calyx, capsule 2-seeded. Wight Lc. t. 1513; T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 466.
Nilgheeet Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft., frequent; Wight, &c.
Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 4£ by 2£ in. (often smaller), base broadly rhomboid, crenate ;
nerves 7 pair ; petiole 1\ in- Beads 1-2 in., often wider upwards, or substrobiliform,
hirsute, in appearance peduncled or panicled, but the two outermost bracts are empty,
and more or less leafy ; bracts £ in. ; bracteoles \ in., linear. Calyx f in., divided §
the way down, subscarious with numerous red hairs ; segments sublinear, acute.
Corolla 1 in., pale-lilac, subsymmetric ; narrow portion of the tube short ; glabrous
without. Filaments hairy. Ovary glabrous ; base of style patently hairy. Capsule
\ in., oblong-ellipsoid, 2-seeded. Seeds \ in. long and upwards, very thin, ovate, not
hairy, but minutely scabrous-lamellate j areoles 0.
28. S. Zenkerianus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 467 ; gla-
brous except the fruiting calyx-tips, leaves ovate shortly acuminate, spikes
ovoid or oblong, bracts narrowly elliptic- oblong overtopping the calyx, cap-
sule 4-seeded. Goldfussia Zenkeriana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 172. Gr.
Leschenaultiana, Nees I. c. P. Endopogon Strobilanthes, Wight Lc. t. 1500.
Nilghekry Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft., frequent ; Sir F. Adam, Schmidt, Wight, &c.
A shrub, 2-3 ft., much resembling S. foliosus (n. 8), and really closely allied to
it. Leaves 3 by If in., base cuneate, serrulate, upper surface prominently lineo-
late ; nerves 7 pair ; petiole l£-2 in. Spikes l-2£ in., young globose or oblong,
mature oblong; bracts § in.; bracteoles § in., sublinear. Calyx £-§ in., divided
nearly to the base ; segments linear-lanceolate, glabrous or in the fruiting examples
with scattered patent gland-tipped hairs. Corolla 1§ in., blueisb, glabrous without;
cylindric nearly as long as the ventricose part. Filaments hairy in their lower half.
Pistil glabrous or nearly so. Capsule \ in., oblong-ellipsoid. Seeds \ in. long, very
thin, elliptic, glabrous; areoles 0.
29. S. warreensis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 341 ; leaves broad-
lanceolate acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes oblong hairy, calyx
greatly enlarged in fruit, corolla £ in., capsule 4-seeded. Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. PI. 187. S. ciliatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 468, partly.
S. parviflorus, Bedd. Lc. PI. Lnd. Or. t. 197.
W. Deccan Peninsula; near Belgaum, Warree country, JDalzell; Ram Ghaut,
Ritchie -, Coorg and S. Canara, alt. 3000 ft., Beddome.
Shrub, 2-5 ft. Leaves 6 by 2 in., much acuminate, crenate, lineolate on both
surfaces ; nerves 7 pair ; petiole | in. Spikes 1-2 in., peduncles hairy, erect in
fruit ; bracts (flowering) £-g- in., elliptic, hairy ; bracteoles \ in., linear. Calyx
(flowering) \ in., divided nearly to the base; segments linear pubescent upwards.
Corolla straight, nearly symmetric, glabrous, linear-cylindric about as long as the
subcampanulate portion; white purple-spotted. Filaments hairy below, not more
monadelphous than in many other species. Pistil glabrous. Capsule \ in., clavate-
oblong ; fruit-sepals | in., narrowly oblong, hairy. Seeds \ in. long, thin, elliptic,
glabrous ; areoles 0. — The extraordinary enlargement of the calyx in fruit was noted
by Dr. Ritchie, whose examples have flowering and fruiting spikes on the same
branch.
30. S. Ciliatus, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 85, and in DC. Prodr.
440 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
xi. 183 ; glabrous, leaves broad-lanceolate acuminate at both ends, spikes
small oblong often deflexed at flower-tinfe, coi*olla small. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 468, partly ; JBedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 211. Euellia
ciliata, Wall. Cat. 2415 {not Wall. Cat. 2392). Goldfussia Zenkeriana,
Wight Ic. t. 1517?, not of Nees.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; the Ghauts up to 4000 ft., common, Beddome ; Nilgher-
ries, Mangalore, &c, Courtallum, Wight (n. 1949, Herb. Propr.).
Resembling S. ivarreensis in leaves and spikes ; but the peduncles and bracts are
perfectly glabrous, the spikes slenderer. Corolla in the dried examples £-§ in. ;
Wight's figui-e shows them very much too large ; Beddome figures (and describes)
them an inch, but his description appears largely taken from S. warreensis.
31. S. adenophorus, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 225, not of Nees nor
of T. Anders. ; glabrous, leaves lanceolate acuminate at both, ends subentire,
heads oblong, bracts obovate, calyx- segments lanceolate subobtuse.
S. Deccan ; Anamallay Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., Beddome.
Shrubby, 3-4 ft. Leaves 4 by 1 in., conspicuously lineolate above j nerves 6 pair,
slender; petiole \ in. Heads 1-2 in., often deflexed; bracts J-§ in., obtuse, some-
times mucronate, glabrous, lineolate ; bracteoles | in., narrowly ligulate. Calyx
nearly \ in., divided about half-way down; segments membranous. Corolla 1-1 \ in.,
glabrous without, very hairy within, nearly straight ; cyliudric rather shorter than
the urceolate part. Filaments hairy downwards. Pistil glabrous. Capsule not
seen.— Beddome says that T. Anderson identified this plant with the Ceylon S. lan-
ceolatus, but there must have been some mistake, as except in the leaves there is little
resemblance between the two. In its habit, deflexed peduncles, and bracts, this seems
very nearly allied to S. ciliatus, Nees, but in the absence of seeds it is hazardous to
guess at affinity.
32.? S. decurrens, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 189; glabrous, leaves
elliptic acuminate at both ends, spikes clavate-oblong, bracts large narrowly
elliptic obtuse decurrent. S. pallidus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
470. Goldfussia decurrens, Wight Lc. t. 1522 (not Endopogon decurrens,
Nees).
S. Deccan ; Coimbatore, Courtallum and Nilgherries, Wight ; Anamallays,
Beddome.
Herbaceous (fide Wight), green. Leaves 7 by 2\ in., entire or obscurely crenate,
conspicuously lineolate above ; nerves 10 pair ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 1-2 in., slightly
thickened upwards, quadrangular or subalate, divaricate or deflexed, often with 2
bract-like leaves below the head ; heads 1| in., tapering at the base ; bracts 1 by ^ in.
bracteoles \ in., linear -ligulate. Calyx ^ in., subscarious, divided more than halt-way
down, segments lanceolate. Corolla 1£ in-> glabrous without ; cylindric portion
scarcely so long as the ventricose. Filaments hairy downwards. Pistil glabrous.
Capsule not seen. — This species is placed here from its similarity to S. ciliatus and
S. adenophorus.
ff Seeds hairy.
% Species of the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon:
33. S. Walkeri, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 181 ; nearly glabrous, leaves
broadly elliptic acuminate at both ends, spikes ovoid few-rid. cymose, bracts
ovate adnate obtuse bullate, capsule with 2 very large seeds. Bedd. Ic. PI.
Ind. Or. t. 222 ; T. Anders. Thwaites JEnum. 227, and in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 470.
Ceylon; alt. 4-7000 ft., Walker, &c.
A shrub, 6 ft., gregarious, flowering when about six years old, then dying. Leaves
62 by 2| in., crenate, minutely sparsely scabrid-pubescent ; nerves 7-8 pair; petiole
Strohilanthes.'] cix. acanthacejs. (C. B. Clarke.) 441
1\ in. Cymes often of 3 heads, sometimes compound ; peduncles clavellulate or
winged; heads f in., 2-4 fid., enveloped by the two outer bract-like erect leaves;
proper bracts ^ in., green, slightly ciliate ; bracteoles \ in., sublinear. Sepals ^ in.,
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, scarious, nearly glabrous. Corolla f in., subsymmetric,
glabrous without, hairy within, white or purplish ; contracted base short. Filaments
hairy at the base. Pistil glabrous. Capsule f in., ellipsoid. Seeds nearly £ in.,
very thin, ovate, shaggy with adpressed wavy silky hair not elastic in water ; areoles
0. — Beddome's figure shows the corolla within and filaments glabrous, which they
may be sometimes, for it is not a very constant character in Strobilanthes ; but none
of the numerous specimens are so.
Vae. ? stenocarpa ; leaves broadly ovate pubescent beneath somewhat flaccid,
capsules ^ in. 2-seeded, seeds 3 in. shaggy with silky hair, areoles hardly any. —
Ceylon; Thwaites, C. P. n. 3517. This probably differs specifically from S.
Walkeri, the difference in the size of the fruit being startling ; but it must stand
next to it.
34. S. Thwaitesii, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 227, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 470 ; leaves elliptic acumiuate at both ends scabrous
pubescent beneath, spikes oblong few-fid. cymose, bracts sessile elliptic
elongate acute bullate. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 219.
Ceylon ; Ambagamowa, Thwaites.
A shrub, 4-5 ft. Leaves Q\ by 2| in., crenulate, subcoriaceous, mature glabrate
above fuscous pubescent beneath ; nerves 7 pair ; petiole 1£ in. Peduncles fascicled
or cymose, thickened upwards, more or less pubescent ; outermost empty bracts \ in.,
ovate; bract proper nearly 1 in., ciliate; bracteoles £ in., linear. Calyx \ in., divided
§ the way down ; segments narrowly lanceolate, ciliate. Corolla exceeding 1 in.,
subsymmetric, white, glabrous without, hairy within ; linear-cylindric base of the
tube hardly so long as the campanulate part. Filaments and style sparsely hairy.
Capsule not seen.
35. S. caudatus, T. Anders, in Thwaites JEnum. 228, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 470 ; leaves lanceolate caudate-acuminate fuscous-pubescent
beneath, heads oblong fuscous- villous, bracts oblong, corolla nearly glabrous
within. Bedd. Lc. PI. Ind. Or. t. 213.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; S. Canara, 2-6000 ft., Beddome ; common also in
Koorg and Wynaad, fide Beddome. Ceylon ; Hantani, Thwaites (C. P. n. 364).
A shrub, 4-5 ft. Leaves 6 by 1| in., base tapering, subentire, mature glabrate
lineolate above ; nerves 10-12 pair; petiole | in. Peduncles 1-2 in., hairy, divaricate,
carrying 1-3 nodding spikes £-l§ in. long; bracts \ in., oblong ; bracteoles £ in.,
narrowly oblong. Calyx nearly \ in., oblong, softly brown-hairy, divided nearly to
the base ; segments sublinear, obtuse. Corolla f-1 in., nearly glabrous, white tinged
orange or reddish ; cylindric portion shorter than the ventricose; limb suboblique,
segments short round. Filaments glabrous. Ovary scabrous, slightly glandular-
hairy ; style thinly hairy. Capsule § in., broadly ellipsoid, fuscous-pubescent, 2-seeded.
Seeds \ in. diam., rufous, inelastically shaggy ; areoles small. — Col. Beddome's Malabar
plant has rather longer hairs on the stem and leaves than the Ceylon.
Vae. laniceps; tips of the branchlets purple, peduncles and spikes densely
white with patent hairs £-i in. long, corolla l£ in. very hairy within, filaments
hairy.— Ceylon ; Thwaites. — Sent by Thwaites, numbered 364, subsequently to the
rest of n. 364, and probably not seen by T. Anderson before Thwaites' Euum. was
published.
36. S. tristis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 470; leaves elliptic
acuminate at both ends nearly glabrous, heads oblong 2-3-rld. panicled,
bracts elliptic acuminate overtopping the densely hairy calyx-teeth, capsule
2-seeded. Goldfussia tristis, Wight Ic. t. 1508.
Nilgheeeies ; Gardner ; below Sispara, Wight. S. Tinnevelly ; Beddome.
442 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthee.
An erect shrub. Leaves 7 by 2\ in., crenate, lineolate on both surfaces ; nerves
6-7 pair beneath, minutely scabrid ; petiole 2 in. Heads several (sometimes 35) to
the panicle ; panicle branches slender, glabrescent ; outermost pair of pollen bracts
usually ^ in., lanceolate, next pair resembling the proper bracts but empty, patently
glistening hairy or quite glabrous; bract proper f in., sessile, green ; bracteoles 0.
Sepals nearly J in., linear, scarious below, terminating in a dense tuft of multicellular
hairs. Corolla 1 in., subsymmetric, pale-blue, hairy within ; ventricose portion
longer than the contracted; segments round. Filaments hairy towards the base.
Style sparsely hairy. Capsule \ in., narrowly ellipsoid. Seeds \ in., thin, subquad-
rate elliptic, shaggy with adpressed wavy silky hair not elastic when wetted, glabrous
on the oblong large areoles.
37. S. anceps, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 189; thinly hairy, leaves ovate
acuminate, heads small oblong, bracts obovate obtuse tips green squarrose
or reflexed. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 466; Bedd. Ic. PI. 2nd. Or.
t. 204.
Ceylon ; alt. 3-6000 ft. , frequent, Gardner, &c.
A small undershrub, much branched. Leaves 3 by 1| in., obtuse or acuminate at
the base, subentire, with scattered hairs and occasionally a few red glands beneath ;
nerves 6 pair; petiole 5 in. Peduncles 0-1^ in., numerous, often in clusters of 3,
thickened upwards, 1-headed ; heads | in., ovoid, in fruit often 1-2 in. oblong ; bracts
J-^ in., adpressed downwards often densely red, glandular, tips prominently reflexed;
bracteoles \ in., linear. Calyx i in., divided nearly to the base ; segments linear,
thin, hairy, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla f in., slightly pubescent without, slightly
hairy within, straight, subsymmetric, white ; contracted base much shorter than the
urceolate portion, segments rounded. Filaments with long hairs. Ovary densely
glandular at the tip, style glabrous. Capsule \ in., oblong, pubescent, 4-seeded.
Seeds ^ in., ovoid, closely hairy with short thick annulate hairs, elastically springing
out when wetted.
Vab. microstachya ; leaves and heads more hairy less glandular, calyx very small,
corolla more hairy without. S. macrostachya, Benth. in Flora 1849,, 557. liuellia ?
punctata, Nees. in DC. Prodr. xi. 147; Wight Ic. t. 1563.— Hills of S. Deccan ;
Courtallum, JFi^M; Mangalore, Hohenacker, n. 463 ; Anamallays, Beddome. Leaves
5 in. ; filaments nearly glabrous. Beddome says that this plant is "very scabrous, the
hairs arising from harsh papillae." Wight's figure of Ruellia I punctata is drawn from
his Herb. Propr. n. 656, preserved at Kew, written up by Wright, and quoted by Nees ;
but it is a particularly softly hairy form. As Beddome remarks, it is not taken up by
T. Anderson.
Vab. ? punctata, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 229 ; leaves small ovate glabrous
densely glandular beneath, bracts orbicular glabrous ciliated densely glandular tips
not reflexed. Strobilanthes punctatus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 182 (sp.), not of
Bedd. — Ceylon ; Walker. Leaves %-\\ in., subobtuse, base often subcordate.
Perhaps specifically distinct, but there is only one example^ without fruit, named
by Nees.
38. S- Arnottianus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 179; softly laxly hairy,
leaves cordate-ovate acute, heads, obovoid nodding, bracts ovate acuminate,
corolla subcampanulate lobes somewhat acute. T. Anders, in Thwaites
Enum. 228, and in Journ. Linn. Sac. ix. 466; Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or.
t. 261.
Ceylon ; Newera Ellia, Walker, &c.
An undershrub, branches hirsute upwards. Leaves 4 by 2 in., crenate-serrate,
thinly hairy on both surfaces ; nerves 4-5 pair ; petiole 1-2 in. Heads |-1 in.,
white-hairy ; bracts £-§ in., sessile ; bracteoles A-| in., linear-oblong. Calyx ^-£ in.,
divided nearly to the base ; segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla § in., straight, sym-
metric, almost funnel-shaped from the very short contracted base, slightly hairy within
and without, whiteish. Filaments attached very low down the corolla, glabrous ;
anthers exserted. Ovary and style hairy. Capsule 4-seeded ; seeds (unripe) hairy.
Strohi/'f/ithes.] cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 443
— The segments of the corolla are ovate, longer and much more acute than in
Beddome's figure.
39. S. asperrimus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 183 ; leaves broadly elliptic
acuminate at both ends hairy, heads panicled, bracts elliptic concave
glabrous, bracteoles 0. S. lupulinus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
469, partly. S. Hookeri Yar. j3, Nees I. c. 185.
Ceylon ; Walker, Gardner, &c.
Apparently a large shrub ; branches swollen at the joints, scabrous, hirsute upwards.
Leaves 9 by 4 in., crenate ; nerves 11 pair; petiole 1£ in. Panicles in Walker's
examples very compound ; heads 1-1^ in., broadly oblong ; bracts § in. Calyx less
than | in., divided nearly to the base; segments ligulate, scarious, lineolate. Corolla
| in., little contracted below, subsymmetric, glabrous without, hairy within. Capsule
| in., 4-seeded. Seeds \ in., thin, suborbicular, densely elastically hairy on the
margin, areoles very large extended over all the seed but the margin.
40. S. trindus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 185; nearly glabrous, leaves
elliptic acuminate, heads globose solitary or in small cymes, braots ovate or
elliptic concave, bracteoles 0. S. tener, Nees I. c. 184. S. coloratus, Nees
I. c. 86, not of T. Anders. S. lupulinus, T« Anders, in Thwaites Mnum. 228,
and in Journ. Linn. Soc, ix. 469, partly,
Ceylon, frequent ; Gardner, &c.
Regarded by T. Anderson as a glabrescent form of S. asperrimus, which it may
be, but the capsule is unknown and the inflorescence much less compound. Leaves
3-10 in., base attenuated or rounded, drying black. Bracts membranous, the upper
even in the young heads often coloured membranous.
41. S. lupulinus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 85, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 184; hairy, leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends, spikes in
small dense cymes, bracts elliptic obtuse concave softly hairy, bracteoles
obsolete. S. Dalzellii, T. Anders% ms. in Herb. Kew. Ruellia lupulina,
Wall. Cat. 2355 a Sf c.
W. Deccan Peninsula; Concan, Lalzell, Stocks; Ram Ghaut near Belgaum,
Ritchie. Court allum ; Wight.
Branches stout, woody, hairy upwards. Leaves 6 by 2-3 in., denticulate, laxly
villous on both surfaces or subsetulose above ; nerves 8 pair ; petiole If in. Peduncles
axillary, very short ; spikes 1^ in., oblong, subumbellate or solitary ; bracts §-1 in.
Calyx \-\ in., divided nearly to the base; segments ligulate, obtuse, scarious, glabrous,
tips bristly. Corolla f-1 in., glabrous without, hairy within, straight, subsymmetric ;
cylindric part as long as the suburceolate, lobes short. Filaments hairy downwards.
Pistil glabrous or the style upwards microscopically hairy. Capsule scarcely \ in.,
oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds § in., elliptic, elastically white hairy only on the very
margin. — The Bombay botanists took this species for a hairy-bracteate form of S.
rugosus (Wight Ic. t. 1619).
42. S. Heyneanus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 85, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 184 ; leaves broadly elliptic acuminate at both ends hairy, spikes
subglobose cymose, bracts elliptic ventricose glabrous, bracteoles 0, corolla
fin. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 187. S. rugosus, Wight Lc. t. 1619. S.
lupulinus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 469, partly. Ruellia brac-
teata, Heyne in Herb. Bottler; Wall. Cat. 2357, type sheet only, not Gold-
fussia bracteata, Nees.
W. Deccan Peninsula from the Bombay Ghats to the Bababooduus and Nil-
gherries ; Heyne, Wight, Lalzell, &c.
Stems never exceeding 18 in. high (Dalzell, Stocks), hirsute upwards. Leaves
6 by 2| in., closely serrate, tubercular-hairy above, softly hairy beneath, drying green
444 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strohilanthes.
(not black) ; nerves 7 pair ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles short or 0 ; spikes 1-1^ in.';
bracts § in., ventricose, membranous. Calyx ^ in., divided nearly to the base ; seg-
ments ligulate, subobtuse, membranous, lineolate. Corolla glabrous without, hairy
within, pale blue ; contracted portion scarcely shorter than the ventricose ; limb
equal, segments round. Filaments and style hairy. Capsule scarcely ^ in., oblong,
4-seeded. Seeds T\j in., ovoid, glabrous except on the very margin.
Var. ? campanulata ; leaves ovate subacute hairy, spikes subglobose solitary or
few together, bracts elliptic ventricose glabrous, bracteoles 0, corolla scarcely | in.
S. campanulata, Wight Ic. t. 1562. S. involucratus Var. B, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi.
184. S. lupulinus, T. Anders, in, Jo urn. Linn. Soc. ix. 469, partly. Ruellia lupu-
lina, Wall. Cat. 2355 b, partly, — Coorg ; Wight. — Plant 5-10 in. Leaves 1-2 in.,
drying green. Heads \-l in. Corolla subcampanulate ; lobes very short. Capsule
less than ^ in., seeds glabrous. Possibly an alpine var. of S. Heyneanus, but the
corolla is a different shape, as well shown in Wight's figure. The example of Wall.
Cat. 2355 b in his own Herb, is nearer S. Heyneanus, Nees, type ; that" in Herb.
Hook, agrees closely with Wight's campanulatus.
Var. ? fuse a ; leaves broadly elliptic acuminate at both ends very sparsely hairy,
heads globose nodding mostly solitary, bracts broadly elliptic ventricose glabrous,
bracteoles 0. S. lupulinus, Penth. in PL HohenacJc. n. 814 ; T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 469 partly, not of Nees. — Mercara in Canara, HohenacJcer. Pranches
15 in., nearly glabrous. Leaves 5 by 2£ in., somewhat black in drying, densely lineo-
late on both surfaces, very minutely sparsely hairy. Heads 1-1^'by f-1 in. ; bracts
and calyx as of S. Heyneanus. Corolla not known.
Var. viridis ; stem stout rough, leaves 1-3 in. very scabrous, heads small bracts
(at flower-time) closely adpressed. S. asperrimus, JDalz. Sf Gibs. Pomb. Fl. 187, not
of Nees. — Strobilanthes sp. n. 32, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. — Mysore ; G. Thomson.
— The specimens do not match those of S. lupulinus, but CoL Beddome after seeing
them says it is that species.
43. S. ixiocephalus, Bentli. in Flora 1849, p. 557 ; leaves lanceolate
or elliptic acuminate slightly hairy, heads ovoid closely cymed, bracts ellip-
tic acuminate to an obtuse apex viscous hairy. Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or.
t. 203. S. Neesianus, Wight Ic. t, 1523; Dalz. $• Gibs. Bomb. FL 188. S
eriocephalus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 466.— Strobilanthes sp. n.
64, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. S. glutinosus, Grah. Cat. Fl. Bomb. 162 ?.
W. Deccan Peninsula and S. Madras, alt. 1-3000 ft., frequent; Wight,
Hohenacker, &c.
A small shrub. Leaves 5 by 2 in., or oftener smaller narrower, base cuneate (some-
times very shortly), crenate, mature nearly glabrous, conspicuously lineolate above ;
nerves 7 pair ; petiole | in. Heads |-1| in., bracts and calyx enlarged in fruit,
usually very glutinous, sometimes softly hairy ; bract § by ± in.; bracteoles ± in.,
linear-spathulate. Calyx i-£ in., divided nearly to the base ; segments ligulate,
fruiting spathulate, obtuse, membranous. Corolla f-1 in., glabrate without, hairy
within, subsymmetric, white; cylmdric portion nearly as long as the ventricose.
Filaments hairy towards the base. Pistil glabrous. Capsule f in., often 2-seeded.
Seeds % in., thin, ovate, densely elastically hairy on all sides ; areoles very small.
t 44. S. micranthus, Wight Ic. 1. 1519 ; leaves ovate acuminate sparsely
thinly pubescent, heads solitary ovoid nodding, bracts broadly lanceolate
pubescent, bracteoles longer corolla shorter than the calyx. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 468.
NlLGHERRY MTS.; Wight.
Sufl'ruticose or herbaceous (Wight), erect ; stems glabrous. Leaves 6 by 3§ in.,
base broad, shortly, decurrent, closely serrate ; nerves 11 pair ; petiole 1| in. Heads
l£-2j in.; bracts 1 in., widest close to the base, thinly herbaceous; bracteoles | in.,
linear-lanceolate. Calyx |-| in., divided nearly to the base ; segments linear-lanceo-
late, very acute, pubescent. Corolla | in., subcampanulate, dry appearing dull red ;
lobes very short, round. Filaments glabrous; anthers exserted. Pistil glabrous.
Strobilanthes.] cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 445
Capsule unknown.— This imperfectly known species may very possibly have its true
position nearer to S. Heyneanus var. campanulata.
45. S. scrobiculatus, Bah. ms. ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both
ends nearly glabrous, spikes numerous subsessile along the naked branches,
corolla 1 in. blue.
Bombay Ghauts ; Dalzell; Mahabeleshwur, Ralph.
Woody branches elongate, much divided, leafless, covered with flowers, tips leafy.
. Leaves 3 by 1 in., nearly entire ; nerves 7 pair; petiole | in. Spikes 1 in., subses-
sile, viscous hairy ; bracts £ in., narrowly obovate, persistent in fruit ; bracteoles
£ in., sublinear. Calyx \ in., divided nearly to the base ; segments linear, hairy.
Corolla symmetric, nearly glabrous, pale below, a beautiful blue upwards ; ventricose
part rather narrow longer than the contracted; lobes ovate, crenulate. Stamens
included, glabrous. Style with a few hairs. Capsule 3 in., 4-seeded. Seeds ^ in.,
thin, ovate, densely covered with fine long hairs, elastic when wet, except the small
areoles. — Appears to be the most beautiful species of the genus; it is allied to S.
ixiocephalus.
46. S. papillosus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 468 ; scabrous
hispid, leaves ovate acute, heads ellipsoid, bracts elliptic elongate scabrous
hispid, corolla U-lf ™- Bedd. Lc. PI. Lnd. Or. t. 201. S. scaber, Yar. ? /3,
Benth. in PI. Sohenack. n. 1431.
Nilg-herry Mts. ; alt. 7000 ft., HohenacJcer, Beddome. Mysore ; Loll.
A large shrub (Beddome) ; branches very harshly scabrous. Leaves 2| by If in.,
obtuse, base very shortly cuneate, callous-dentate, hispid with tubercle-based hairs
above, setulose beneath ; nerves 6 pair; petiole § in. Heads l£-2 in., strictly capi-
tate ; peduncles thickened upwards, acutely 4-angled, very harshly scabrous ; floral
leaves 2 in., empty, overtopping the head ; bract very rigid ; bracteoles 1 in., narrowly
lanceolate, membranous, ciliate. Calyx divided nearly to the base; segments \\ in.,
linear-lanceolate, very acute, membranous, ash-coloured, ciliate. Corolla subsym-
metric, nearly glabrous, blueish ; cylindric part hardly so long as the ventricose ; lobes
ovate. Stamens glabrous, included. Pistil thinly hairy. Capsule unknown. — Allied
to S. Perrottetianus according to Beddome, and it may turn out so to be when the
seeds are known.
47. S. exsertus9 Clarke-, leaves petioled ovate acute at both ends
scabrid-pubescent, spikes densely capitate solitary terminal, bracts obovate
as long as the calyx, corolla f in., anthers exsert. Stenosiphonium zeylani-
cum, Var. a, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 225, and in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 463.
Ceylon ; Thwaites (C. P. 3577) ; Damboul, Beckett.
A shrub, 1-2 ft., creeping, rooting; branches suberect, quadrangular, pubescent.
Leaves 1| by f in., crenate, rather harsh, lineolate on both surfaces, sparsely
setose above, more softly beneath ; nerves 5-6 pair ; petiole i in. Heads sessile
between 2 somewhat enveloping leaves ; quasi-peduncles 0-l£ m-> often thickened
upwards; bracts \ in., subobtuse, green, persistent, patently white-hairy. Calyx
3 in., divided about half-way down at flower-time, teeth lanceolate, hairy. Corolla
curved, nearly glabrous without ; cylindric base 3 in., funnel-shaped part nearly
as long ; lobes ovate. Filaments glabrous except at the base, 2 longer distinctly
exserted ; anthers all subequal. Ovary glabrous, tip glandular, 4-ovulate ; style
glabrous, stigma simple. Capsule \ in., oblong, glabrous, 4-seeded from near the base.
Seeds £ in. diam., much compressed, orbicular, densely elastically hairy, except on the
conspicuous areoles. — Placed in Stenosiphonium by T. Anderson, and regarded as a
var. of Hemigraphis venosa. The inflorescence does not do for Stenosiphonium, nor
the leaves, and the ovules are never more than 4 to the ovary.
Var. £ integra, T. Anders. 1. c. ; leaves entire glabrous, corolla 1 in. ventricose,
constricted cylindric base of the tube short.— Ceylon ; Thwaites (C. P. n. 3661).
446 cix. acanthaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Strohilantlies.
The only scrap of this does not permit of dissection ; it can hardly be conspecific with
S. exsertus, but may not be congeneric ; it closely resembles S. lanceolatus.
48. S. G-ardnerianus, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 226; hairy,
leaves sessile ovate, spikes ovoid or interrupted at base, bracts and brac-
teoles longer than the calyx, corolla 1 in. purple, anthers included. Endo-
pogon Gardnerianus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 723.
Ceylon ; Gardner, Thwaites.
Shrubby, 1-2 ft. ; stems terete, scabrous below, white-hirsute upwards. Leaves
2 by 1^ in., acute or subobtuse, base rounded, subcrenate. Spikes capitate, § in.,
nearly enclosed by bracts, few-fld., or lower axillary flowers being added becoming
interrupted, linear-oblong ; bracts | in., ovate ; bracteoles ^ in., linear-oblong. Calyx
\ in., slightly hairy. Corolla-tube linear-cylindric below, suddenly inflated upwards,
as of Stenosiphonium. Capsule and seeds unknown : hence the place of this species
is uncertain ; some of the examples might, so far as the inflorescence is concerned, be
placed next S. sexennis among the Series D. " Paniculatse."
^[^[ Species of N India and the Malay Peninsula*
49. S. scaber, Nees in Wall. PL As. Par. iii. 84, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 177, partly, leaves elliptic or obovate acuminate scabrous or ultimately
glabrate, spikes dense often clustered, bracts lanceolate large hairy, corolla
f-1 in. yellow very hairy within. Pot. Reg. xxvii. t. 32 ; T. Anders, in
Thwaites Enum. 227, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 467, partly. Ruellia
scabra, Wall. Cat 2393, not Wall. Cat. 2377. R. aspera, Nees in DC.
Prodr. xi. 147, as to the Pengal material. R. crispa, Herb. Linn. Propr.
N. and E. Bengal Plains; Silhet, Wallich; Purneah, J. D. H. ; Maldah,
Mymensingho, Dacca, &c, Clarke.- — Disteib. Burma.
Stems 1-3 ft., pubescent or hairy upwards. Leaves 4| by 2 in., base narrowed,
crenate, sometimes very coarsely scabrous-subhispid, sometimes nearly smooth but
hard ; nerves 7-8 pair ; petiole | in. Spikes 1-2 in., hairy ; bracts 1 by £ in., ob-
tusely acuminate, green ; bracteoles £ in., linear-oblong. Calyx |-| in., divided nearly
to the base; segments linear, pubescent. Corolla symmetric, glabrous; cylindric
base nearly as long as the ventricose portion ; lobes rounded. Stamens included ;
filaments hairy towards the base. Ovary glandular at the apex, always 4-ovulato ;
style nearly glabrous. Capsule nearly |- in., 4-seeded. Seeds -^ in. diam., discoid ;
numerous fine hairs near the margin, elastic when wet ; areoles very large, glabrous. —
This is only S. scaber", Nees, in so far as that includes Ruellia scabra, Wall. ; Nees*
description (purple flowers, &c.) is totally different. S. scaber only occurs in Ceylon
as a cultivated plant, according to Thwaites and Beddome.
50. S- phyllostachyus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 75 ;
leaves elliptic or obovate acuminate scabrous, spikes dense often in close
cymes, bracts large elliptic with a ligulate apex softly hairy, corolla ^-1 in.
yellow somewhat hairy within. S. crispus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 467, not of Plume.
Pegu ; Kurz. Mottlmein ; Parish. Tenasserjm ; Beddome.
Herbaceous, 2-3 ft. ; stems glabrate. Leaves 4-9 in. ; petiole 2 in. Spikes nearly
as of S. scaber; bracts 1 in., ligulate tips often recurved; bracteoles 3— £ in., linear.
Calyx fc-\ in., divided nearly to the base ; segments linear silky. Corolla nearly as
of S. scaber. Capsule % in., 4-seeded ; seeds ^-^ in., thin, ovate, with dense long
elastic hairs ou all sides except the small areoles. — So like S. scaber (except the seeds)
that it is difficult to distinguish it.
Vae. dura; leaves smaller bracts narrowed upwards without ligulate tip. — Stro-
bilanthes sp. n. 14, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.— Chittagong ; Seetakoond, H.f. Sf T.
Rangoon ; MlLelland. T. Anderson refers this to S. scaber (in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
467), which the bracts resemble ; he subsequently saw it was different, and wrote it up
SteroManthes,] cix. acanthace/e. (C. B. Clarke.) 447
as S. durus, T. Anders, sp. nov. ; from the imperfectly ripe seeds it is either a var. of
S. phyl'ustachyus, or a new species very closely allied to it.
51. S. fimbriatus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 85, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 180, not of T. Anders, nor of Kurz ; leaves oblong acuminate at
both ends glabrous lineolate on both surfaces, heads ovoid 1-3 together sub-
sessile, bracts obovate-oblong acuminate inciso- serrate rufous hairy Euellia
fimbriata, Wall. Cat. 2363.
Khasia Mts. ; Wallich.
Shrubby ; branches glabrous. Leaves 4 by 1 in., denticulate ; nerves 8 pair ;
petiole f in. Heads |~1 in., closely capitate, mostly on very short axillary spurs ;
bracts | in., shortly acuminate, the innermost lanceolate, the outermost often sub-
truncate; bracteoles a in., linear. Corolla 1±-1| in., glabrous without. Capsule
%-Y in., oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds £ in., ovate, shaggy ; areoles small.— Nees' account
of the bracteoles is erroneous ; and T. Anderson has taken for fimbriatus the remote
8. rnacrostegius.
52. S. pectinatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 474 ; leaves
elliptic acuminate at both ends hairy, heads short-peduncled subsolitary
ellipsoid, bracts large ovate truncate or pectinate, corolla l£-2£ in. pale
purple. S. echinatus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 85, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 181. Ruellia pectinata, Wall. Cat. 2356.
Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 6000-7500 ft., frequent; Griffith, &c. Khasia and
Jaintea Mts., alt. 4000 ft., frequent ; Wallich, &c.
A spreading shrub, often 10 ft. Leaves 5 by 2\ in., serrate, usually thinly hairy,
villous or subtomentose beneath ; nerves 9 pair ; petiole |-1 in. Heads 1 in., hairy
or hirsute ; bracts f-1 in., concave, green ; bracteoles f in., linear, widened upwards.
Calyx §-§ in., deeply divided ; segments linear, glabrous, scarious. Corolla wide-
funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous. Filaments and pistil sparsely puberulous. Capsule
|-§ in. Seeds £ in., thin, ovate, mature shaggy with brown, somewhat deciduous,
scarcely elastic hairs; areoles small. — From Nees' quotation (in Wall. PI. As. Bar.)
it is clear that he adopted the name echinatus from misreading Wallich's ticket.
Vae. Daltoni ; brown-villous, leaves tubercular subrugose above, bracts serrulate.
— Darjeeling ; J. D. H. — Possibly a distinct species, but the examples are in early
bud, and very near S. pectinatus.
53. S. Simonsii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 474 ; leaves
broadly lanceolate acuminate softly shortly hairy, heads ellipsoid elongate
hairy, bracts elliptic apex produced crenate, bracteoles linear acuminate at
both ends softly hairy. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 244.
Assam ; Dewangiri Hills, Simons ; Namroop in the Patkoye Mts., Griffith (Herb.
Propr. n. 249). Martaban and Tenasserim, in the tropical forests, Kurz.
A shrub ; branches pubescent or viscous-hairy. Leaves h\ by 2 in., base cuneate,
crenate, minutely lineolate above, more hairy (especially on the 7-8 pair of nerves) ;
petiole \ in. Heads 1^ by ^ in., on very short quasi-peduncles, often 2-3 together ;
outer pair of bracts (of T. Anderson) leaf -like, sometimes like the true bracts ; bract
1£ in., softly shortly hairy; bracteoles 2, f in., more acuminate than in the allied
species. Sepals nearly as the bracteoles. Corolla 2 in. (Anderson), glabrous.
Capsule glabrous, 4-seeded (Anderson). — Anderson apparently had better material
than exist now at Kew; he says "buds yellow fide Griffith;" but it is more probable
that the flowers are purplish : he certainly erred in reading " Kamroop " in Lower
Assam (for Namroop).— It is not probable that a Patkoye Mt. plant should be
common in the tropical Tenasserim forests: no example has been seen thence,
but Kurz's description coincides with the Patkoye plant. He describes the flowers
as blue. *
54. S. glabratus, Nees in Wall. PL As. Rar. iii. 85, and in DC.
448 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
JProdr. xi. 183; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends mature glabrate,
heads ovoid peduncled pubescent or glabrate, bracts ovate or elliptic narrowed
upwards concave entire. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 474. Ruellia ?
glabrata, Wall. Cat. 2390.— Acanthacea, Griff. Ic. PI. As. t. 425.
Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Wallich, Griffith, &c.
A shrub, 3-4 ft., erect ; branches pubescent, glabrate or with spreading fulvous
hairs. Leaves 5 by If in., undulate, crenulate or nearly entire, raphides very obscure
on either surface ; nerves 7-9 pair ; petiole scarcely \ in. Peduncles 1-3 in., often
subcymose, quadrangular, slightly thickened upwards, fulvous pubescent or glabrate ;
heads l£ in., dense ; bracts 1\ in., coriaceous in fruit ; bracteoles J in., sublinear,
scarious. Sepals resembling the bracteoles. Corolla 1 in., subsynimetric, glabrous
(blue, Nees). Capsule § in., broadly oblong, glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds I in., ovate,
shaggy with silky, dusky, subinelastic hair, except on the small areoles. — Wallich's
examples are subglabrous, but others are very pubescent. — In Griff. Notul. iv. 145,
the plate cited t. 425 is named Phlogacanthus curviflorus : there is some great blunder
here, and the description is puzzling.
55. S. Blaingrayi, Clarke ; leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends
somewhat pubescent, heads subsessile ovoid nearly glabrous, bracts ovate or
elliptic large concave often crenate upwards glabrous.
Malaya, probably Malacca or Penang ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1182).
A shrub, apparently allied to S. pectinatus & glabratus ; branches pubescent.
Leaves 4 by 1 in., serrulate, puberous and inspersed with most minute raphides;
nerves 8 pair, brown-pubescent beneath at least when young ; petiole scarcely | in.
Peduncles 0-g- in., rusty-pubescent; heads 1 in. ; bracts |-1 in., outermost barren
ovate, inner elliptic, usually with a few coarse crenations near the apex ; bracteoles
\-^ in., linear, glabrous. Sepals rather larger than, similar to, the bracts. Corolla
\\ in. at least, glabrous. — No capsule nor expanded flowers seen. There are specimens
(unnamed) from Sumatra which may be conspecific with this, but they have hairy
heads.
• 56. S. glomeratus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 475 ; leaves
ovate acute serrate hairy, heads ovoid subsessile hairy, bracts elliptic
elongate or oblong entire or toothed, corolla I3-25 in. purplish glabrous.
Ruellia glomerata, Wall. Cat. 2361. Goldfussia glomerata, Nees in Wall.
PI. As. Bar. iii. 88, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 173 ; Pot. Mag. t. 3881 ; Maund
Potanist, t. 155.
Khasia Mts., alt. 1000-3500 ft. , frequent ; Wallich, &c. Beitish Burma, in
the hills, Prandis, Parish.
A shrub, 2-6 ft. ; branches hairy upwards, often horizontal with complanate foliage.
Leaves 4| by %\ in., base narrowed or rounded (often unequal), villous above, less so
beneath; nerves 6 pair; petiole |-1 in. Heads 1-1^ in., often pseudo-axillary; bracts
1 by i in., herbaceous, softly hairy, outermost pair usually serrate subfoliaceous, inner
entire; bracteoles \-\ in.,- linear-lanceolate. Calyx £-| in., divided nearly to the
base; segments linear-oblong, in fruit nervose, membranous, subobtuse. Corolla
subsymmetric ; cylindric nearly as long as the ventricose part. Filaments and pistil
sparsely hairy. Capsule § in., broadly oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds £ in., densely silkily
subinelastically hairy ; areoles very small. — T. Anderson has placed this in his Gold-
fussia section, which has ''the spikes naked in fiower-time and bracts early deciduous ;"
but the outermost bracks, including the empty pair (floral leaves), are persistent when
the capsule is dehiscent.
57. S. Brandisii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 475; leaves
elliptic acuminate each end thinly hairy, heads obovoid softly densely
white-hairy, bracts linear-spathulate, corolla 1\ in. nearly glabrous.
Pegu ; Karen Hills, Kurz ; Tongoo, alt. 4000 ft., Prandis (fide T. Anderson).
StrobUanthes.] cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 449
Stems slender, shrubby, pubescent or softly shaggy. Leaves 4 by 2 in., crenate,
lineolate and sparsely slenderly bristly above, paler more glabrate beneath ; nerves
6 pair j petiole f in. Heads § in., numerous, on axillary and terminal peduncles;
bracts | in., very narrow, outermost pair often more or less leaf-like, persistent}
bracteoles | in., linear. Sepals \ in. and upwards, linear, densely softly white-hairy.
Corolla nearly straight and symmetric ; cyliudric part shorter than the ventricose,
lobes ovate. Stamens glabrous (T. Anders.). Capsule J in., oblong, glabrous, with a
tuft of hairs at the apex, 4-seeded. Seeds {2 in. , ovate, densely subinelastically silky ;
areoles very small.
58. S. Falconeri, T. Anders, in Jour n. Linn. Soc. ix. 484; leaves
ovate or elliptic acuminate hairy, heads small subsessile dense with long
soft silvery bristles, bracts ovate hirsute herbaceous, corolla f in. straight
slightly hairy without. S. Karensium, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii.
94, ex descr.
Moulmein; Falconer. Tenasserim; Beddome.
Stem tetragonous, ciliate with long, patent, weak, white hairs. Leaves 4 by \\ in.,
narrowed at both ends (upper ovate base obtuse), sparsely white-hairy on both sur-
faces, not lineolate; nerves 6 pair; petiole § in. Heads 2>\ in., surrounded by leaves;
bracteoles ^ in., linear. Calyx deeply 5-partite; segments shorter than the brac-
teoles, linear, hirsute. Corolla 1£ in., curved near the mouth, a little hairy without,
deep blue; stamens included. Capsule tomentose at the apex. Seeds large, ovate,
hirsute. — The species seems allied to S. Brandisii, but is remarkable by the copious
long soft white bristles upon the flower-heads, which extend in less numbers to the
leaves and stem.
** Flowers strobilate.
f Seeds glabrous. (Species of Ceylon and S. Deccan Peninsula.)
59. S. vestitus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 180; hirsute, leaves rhom-
boid-elliptic acuminate, bracts ovate acuminate hirsute. T. Anders, hi
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 466 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 260.
Ceylon, alt. 5-7000 ft. ; Walker, Thwaites.
Herbaceous (fide Beddome) ; branches stout. Leaves f>\ by 2| in., narrowed
downwards, cuneate or shortly rounded on the petiole, serrulate, hirsute on both sur-
faces; nerves 7 pair; petiole 1\ in. Spikes 1-3^ in.; bracts § in., somewhat squar-
rose ; bracteoles ^ in., oblong. Calyx \ in. (in fruit § in.), divided nearly to the base ;
segments lanceolate, shaggy with white or tawny hairs. Corolla 1\ in., subsymmetric,
glabrous ; cylindric base short, broad. Filaments and pistil glabrous. Capsule
\-% in., 4-seeded. Seeds \ in., thin, ovate, apiculate, glabrous ; areoles very small,
oblong.
60. S. Hookeri, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 185, excl. Var. 0; leaves
broadly lanceolate, base cuneate sparsely hairy or glabrate, bracts orbicular
or ovate glabrous or slightly ciliate. T. Anders, in Thwaites Ennm. 227,
and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 469 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. t. 262 .
Ceylon, alt. 7000 ft. ; Gardner, Thwaites, &c.
A shrub, 5-6 ft., branches nearly glabrous. Leaves 5£ by 2 in., acuminate,
serrulate, upper surface with scattered weak hairs above or mature glabrous ; nerves
8 pair ; petiole 1 in. Spikes 1-3 in. ; bracts 1 in., entire or minutely toothed, obtuse
or subacute, white; bracteoles & in., spathulate-oblong. Calyx jf in., divided nearly
to the base; segments lanceolate, often setulose, white. Corolla l\ in., eampanulate,
subsymmetric, glabrous, white with purple streaks; cyliudric base, broad, very
short. Stamens and pistil glabrous. Capsule § in., frequently 2-seeded. Seeds
I in., very thin, ovate, apiculate, glabrous ; areoles very small, oblong.— The colours
are from a field-note of Col. Walker. This is placed by T. Anderson in a section
VOL. IV. G S
450 cix. acanthaoe^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanfhes.
far removed from S. vestitus ; but it is so nearly allied that the specimens have been
sometimes confounded by the best botanists.
61. S. calycinus, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 227, and in Jonrn.
Linn. Soc. ix. 469 ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends hairy on both
surfaces, bracts spathulate ovate obtuse glabrous or hairy. Bedd. Ic.
PI. Lid. Or. t. 209. S. coloratus, Nees in DC. Prodr. ix. 186, not of T.
Anders.
Ceylon, alt. 5-7000 ft. ; Gardner, &c.
A shrub, 4-6 ft., stem glabrous below, more or less hairy upwards. Bracts spathu-
late, often subpetioled, lower passing sometimes into leaves as shown in Beddome's
figure. Corolla varying from green to a lurid reddish yellow. Seeds 4 to the capsule,
scarcely \ in., obovate. — Otherwise as S. Hookeri, from which this species (which is
Nees' S. coloratus) differs at sight by being a little more hairy. The S. calycinus
var. £ of Nees is founded on a sheet of 3 fragments, whereof 2 are S. calycinus T.
Anders., 1 is S. Hoolceri.
Vae. ?parvifolia; leaves £-§ in. long, heads small 2-5-fld., corolla scarcely
£ in., anthers subexserted. S. calycinus, Nees in DC. Prodr. ix. 469. — Ceylon;
Walker.
62. S. laxus, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 228, and in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 469 ; leaves cordate ovate acuminate minutely scabrous-hairy or
glabrate, bracts ovate or orbicular subentire glabrous or ciliate. Bedd. Ic.
PI. Ind. Or. t. 223.
Ceylon; Hantani, alt. 4000 ft., Thwaites.
A shrub, 4-6 ft. ; branches glabrate. Leaves 6 by 3£ in., crenate or toothed ;
nerves 6 pair ; petiole 2 in. Spikes 2-5 in., often in dense subsessile clusters on the old
wood ; bracts £-1 in.; bracteoles ^ in., linear-oblong. Sepals % in. (or more in fruit),
lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, ciliate. Corolla f-1 in., glabrous except hairy lines
within, orange-red ; ventricose portion short, about as long as the contracted portion ;
lobes ovate, elongate, subacute, as described by T. Anderson, not well shown in
Beddome's figure. Stamens and pistil glabrous. Capsule i in., narrowly ellipsoid,
4-seeded. Seeds £-^ m-> thin, obovate or subquadrate, glabrous ; areoles obsolete. —
Easily distinguished from the allied Ceylon species by the broad decisively-cordate
base of the leaves.
63. S. Andersonii, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 222, and Lc. PI.
Lnd. Or. t. 208 ; leaves rhomboid-elliptic or ovate acuminate loosely villous
on both surfaces, bracts elliptic obtuse glabrous ciliate. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 469.
S. Deccan; Anamallay Mts., alt. 6000 ft., Beddome.
A very large shrub up to 20 ft. (Beddome) ; branches hairy upwards. Leaves 7
by 4 in., rhomboid, base rounded or subcordate, crenulate ; nerves 7 pair; petiole
1| in. Spikes 1-2^ in., axillary, nodding; bracts % in.; bracteoles | in., linear-
oblong. Sepals |-| in., linear-oblong, ciliate. Corolla \\ in., subcanrpanulate,
contracted base very short, subsymmetrio, glabrous except hairy lines within, pale-
blueish. Stamens and pistil glabrous. Capsule not seen ; but the species is doubt-
less closely allied to S. calycinus, as Beddome says, and the leaves still more resemble
S. vestitus.
64. S. luridus, Wight Ic. t. 1515-6 ; leaves ovate acuminate closely
softly hairy on both surfaces, bracts large orbicular entire glabrous. T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 469.
Nilghebby Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft.; Gardner, Wight, &c. Anamallay Mts.
(fide Beddome's list).
Gregarious shrubs, 10-18 ft. high, often forming entire coppices, flowering every
Strobilanthes.~\ cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 451
spring from the old wood, often from near the ground. Leaves 6 by 3 in., tapering
at the base, crenulate ; nerves 9 pair ; petiole 1 J in. Spikes 3-11 in., often clustered,
pendulous; bracts f in., blackish-purple; bracteoles f in., ligulate, minutely scabrous.
Calyx % in., divided nearly to the base ; segments lanceolate, minutely scabrous.
Corolla 1-1 \ in., glabrous except lines within, lurid purple, somewhat 2-lipped ; ven-
tricose portion short, longer than the contracted portion ; lobes ovate. Stamens and
pistil glabrous. Capsule f in., usually 4-seeded. Seeds ^in., thin, obovate, obtuse,
glabrous ; areoles obsolete.
65. S. bolamputtensis, JBedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 200 ; leaves ovate
acuminate glabrous except few scattered minute bristles, bracts large orbi-
cular serrate softly hairy afterwards glabrate.
S. Dkccan ; Bolamputty Hills near Coimbatore, alt. 6000 ft., Beddome.
A shrub, 15 ft., flowering every year from the old wood; habit of S. luridus.
Leaves 6 by 3 in., base attenuate, crenulate or toothed, lineolate, white-bristly
sparsely on the surface above and on the 6-7 pair of nerves beneath ; petiole 1£ in.
Spikes 2-4 in., very broad, from the old wood and also terminal; bracts f-lf in.
wide, obtuse ; bracteoles | in., narrowly oblong. Sepals f in. (at least in fruit),
broadly lanceolate, ciliate, somewhat white-bristly. Corolla 1 in., subcampanulate,
glabrous, brown (Beddome) ; lobes short in Beddome's picture, appear longer more as
of S. luridus in his example. Stamens and pistil glabrous. Capsule f in., broadly
oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds % in., thin, subquadrate, glabrous ; areoles obsolete.
ft Seeds hairy (where known).
66. S. callosus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 85 chiefly, and
in DC. Prodr. xi. 185 chiefly ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
sparsely hairy above glabrate beneath, bracts ovate or elliptic concave
obtuse glabrous, bracteoles 0, capsule 2-seeded. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
188 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 469. S. Grrahamianus, Wight Ic.
t. 1520 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 187 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
469. Euellia callosa, Wall. Cat. 2359.— Strobilanthes sp. n. 69, Herb. Ind.
Or. H.f. Sf T.
Bombay Ghauts and Centeal India ; Graham, Dalzell, &c.
A shrub, 6 ft. ; branches glabrate, often warted or scabrous-tubercled. Leaves 7
by 3 in., sometimes much larger, crenate, conspicuously lineolate above ; nerves 8-16
pair; petiole 2 in. Spikes 1-4 in., often densely or laxly cymose ; bracts ^-1 in.,
orbicular or elliptic. Calyx \ in., in fruit often exceeding £ in., lobed nearly to the
base, segments oblong, obtuse, softly hairy. Corolla \\ in., subsymmetric, glabrous
without, very hairy within, deep-blue (Dalzell); cylindric base as long as the ventri-
cose portion. Filaments hairy downwards. Pistil glabrous. Capsule f by ^ in.
Seeds more than ^ in. long, thin, obovate acute, densely shaggy with white adpressed
inelastic hairs, except on the large oblong areoles. — As Dalzell says his S. callosus had
the seeds " quite smooth," it might be supposed that he considered the present plant
S. Grahamianus, and called S. Dalzellii, T. Anders, his S. callosus ; but a reference
to his Herbarium and notes shows this was not so* He distinguished S. Dalzellii as
a species, but proposes no name for it ; while he (most erroneously) notes on his own
excellent fruiting specimen of S. callosus that it differs from S. Grahamianus in
having the seeds glabrous.
Vab. hispida ; bracts copiously white-hispid. — Dasgowa, in the Mahratta country,
Hove.
61. S. zeylanicus, T. Anders, in Thwaites Fnum. 227, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 470 ; glabrescent, leaves ovate shortly acuminate' at both
ends, bracts ovate often with a ligulate apex, bracteoles about as long as the
calyx. Bedd, Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 224. S. callosus, Nees in Wall. PL As.
Par. iii. 85, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 185, the Ceylon material.
G g 2
452 cix. acanthace.e. (C B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
Ceylon ; Walker ; alt. 2000 ft., Thwaites.
A shrub, 3-5 ft. Leaves 7 by 3| in., crenate, lineolate on both surfaces; nerves
7 pair ; petiole 1 J in. Spikes quasi-peduncled, mostly solitary, sometimes 1 in. ovoid
capitate, sometimes 2\ in., distinctly densely strobiliform ; bracts 1 in., entire or denti-
culate, the ligulate tip often squarrose sometimes closely reflexed in fruit, sometimes
obsolete. Calyx ^ in., divided more than half-way down ; segments lanceolate, slightly
hairy. Corolla 1£ in., narrow, hairy, white (T. Anderson) ; linear-cylindric base shorter
than the long urn-shaped upper part; lobes short. Filaments hairy towards the
base. Pistil glabrous. Capsule not seen. — Evidently different from the Bombay
S. callosus, but may not belong to this part of the series.
68. S. asper, Wight Ic. t. 1518, not of Dene. ; thinly softly hairy,
leaves ovate shortly acuminate at both ends, spikes in close panicles or
subfasciculate, bracts oblong or ovate, base narrowed. T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 466.
Mts. of S. India, alt. 5-8000 ft. ; Nilgherries, Anamallays, Bababooduns, Gardner,
Wight, &c. Malabar Ghats ; Concan, Stocks.
A shrub, 2-4 ft. Leaves 4\ by 2^ in., crenate; nerves 7 pair; petiole lj in.
Spikes in flower 1-1 ij in., oblong; in Iruit 2-3 in., with bracts and calyces enlarged ;
thinly softly hairy, somewhat viscous; bracts ^-J in., often reddish ; bracteoles | in.,
linear. Sepals ^ in., linear-lanceolate. Corolla f in. (or in Wight's figure much
larger), glabrous without* hairy within ; linear-cylindric base about as long as the
ventricose portion ; limb somewhat oblique, segments short rounded. Filaments hairy
towards the base. Pistil glabrous. Capsule \ in., oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds T'5 in.,
orbicular, elastically hairy ; areoles prominent, round, glabrous. — The form of the
bracts seems very variable ; the typical Nilgherry plant has them broadly ovate ; a
Bababoodun example (reckoned by Wight distinct) has them linear-oblong; and
there are a great number of intermediate forms.
69. S. sessilis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 85, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 177 ; leaves sessile ovate acute hairy, spikes cylindric exactly
strobiliform, bracts large ovate acute hairy, bracteoles 0, corolla \\ in. pale
purple. Bot. Mag. t. 3902 ; Wight III. t. 164 b, fig. 4 (right-hand), and Ic.
t. 1511 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 467.
Nilgheeey Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft. ; Wight, &c, frequent. Wynaad and Tea-
VANCOEE ; Beddome.
Stems 12-18 in., numerous, erect, little divided, from a woody perennial root,
patently villous. Leaves f-l| in., base rounded or subcordate, crenate, softly villous
on both surfaces. Spikes 1-2 in., short-peduncled, quasi-axillary and terminal ;
bracts f in., softly hairy. Sepals I in., lanceolate. Corolla nearly straight, subsym-
metric, slightly hairy within and without ; cylindric base nearly as long as the ventri-
cose part ; segments rounded. Filaments included ; longer shaggy, shorter glabrous
with much smaller anthers. Ovary glabrous, gland-bearing near the tip ; style thinly
hairy ; ovules 4. Capsule not seen.
Vae. sessiloides ( Wight Ic. t. 1512) ; leaves larger bristle-hirsute rugose, spikes
larger, bracts (especially the upper) corolloid glabrate upwards, corolla rather larger
more hairy both within and without. S. sessiloides, Wight Ic. t. 1512, not of T.
Anders.— Nilgherries ; Wight.— A very trifling variety (or mere form, Beddome) of
S. sessilis.
Vae. Ritchiei; bristly without any soft hairs, leaves nearly glabrous beneath
except the bristly nerves, bracts acuminate long-bristlv. S. sessiloides, Dalz Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 187 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 467, not of Wight.— Malabar
Ghats ; near Bombay, Dalzell ; PurwharGhat, Ritchie; Tulkut (perhaps^, e. Talikote),
Stocks. — Noted by Ritchie as flowering only once in 7 years, but the woody root with
annual undivided stems seems the same as in S. sessilis. Stems densely hispid with
very long stout white bristles or glabrate. Leaves scabrous-hispid lineolate above,
much more glabrous than in S. sessilis. Bracts and spikes with white or tawny
bristles nearly | in. long, sometimes dense^sometimes few scattered.
Strolilanthes.'] cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 453
70. S. Dupeni, Beddome ms. ; leaves subcordate ovate acuminate bristly
pubescent on both surfaces, spikes large oblong dense viscous slightly hairy,
bracts 4- ranked large ovate obtuse adnate at base closely imbricate, capsule
4-seeded, seeds hairy.
Anamallay Mts. ; top of Neliamputty Ghat, Beddome.
A shrub. Leaves 4£ by 2\ in., crenate, bristly above, chiefly on the 9 pair of
nerves beneath ; raphides small, obscure ; petiole 1-2 in. Spikes 2| by £ in., appearing
terminal on sbort axillary peduncles ; bracts § by | in., coloured, nervose, very sticky;
bracteoles small, lanceolate. Calyx \ in., deeply 5-lobed ; linear green acumination
of the segments longer than the short elliptic scarious base. Corolla large, blue.
Capsule i in., ellipsoid, sessile, glabrous. , Seeds J- in. diam. ; areola3 nearly half the
diam. of the seed.
71. S. auriculatus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 69, 86, t. 295,
-and in DC. Prodr. xi. 191 ; leaves sessile auriculate oblong or ovate acumi-
nate hairy, spikes linear oblong closely velvety, bracts obovate obtuse,
bracteoles 0. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 472 ; Bedd. Lc. PI. Ind.
Or. t. 210. S. amplectens, Nees in Wall. Cat. 7158, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 191. Euellia auriculata, Wall Cat. 2341.
Central India, alt. 1-4000 ft., common; Behar ; Jubbulpore to Chota Nagpore,
J. D. BZ.y Beddome, &c. — Disteib. Ava.
A shrub, 2-6 ft. ; branches many divaricate often zigzag, quadrangular, glabrous,
tips more or less hairy. Leaves often very unequal, sometimes one 10 by 2£ in. oblong,
the other 3 by 1^ ovate, sometimes subequal, serrulate, sparsely hairy above ; nerves
(in the longer leaves) 10-13 pair, minutely hairy beneath. Spikes 3£ by £ in., mostly
terminal, solitary, quasi-peduncled ; bracts |—§ in., broader than long, very obtuse,
apex often recurved in fruit. Calyx divided nearly to the base ; segments \-± in.,
unequal, linear, obtuse, closely velvety. Corolla 1 in., curved, very slightly hairy,
pale purple ; cylindric base much shorter than the ventricose part ; limb somewhat
2-lipped. Stamens and pistil nearly glabrous. Capsule ^ in., glabrous, 4-seeded.
Seeds scarcely T'5 in., thin, orbicular, elastically white-hairy ; areoles very small.
Vae. JEdgeworthiana ; bracts with spreading white cilia f in. long, sepals long
white-ciliate at the tips. S. Pdgetvorthiana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 190. — Sub-
tropical Himalaya, alt. 500-2000 ft., from the Siwaliks (Stewart) to Sikkim (Gamble),
frequent in the dry Terai. Parasnath, Edgeworth. Tenasserim; alt. 2000 ft.,
Beddome. — Distrib. Upper Burma.
Vae. plumulosa ; leaves broadly elliptic, spikes short axillary subsessile densely
white-ciliate. S. plumulosus, Nees' in Wall. Cat. 7157, and in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii.
86, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 191.— Mts. of Prome; Wallich.— Leaves 8 by 3£ in., sub-
equal, spathulate to the widened auriculate base. Spikes 1-1 £ in.
Var. oracteolata ; leaves sessile auriculate oblong acuminate hairy, spikes linear-
oblong ciliate, bracts obovate, bracteoles \ in. linear-spathnlate. — Khasia Mts., alt.
5000 ft. ; Nunklow and Myrung, H. f. Sf T.— Branches divaricate, hairy. Leaves
unequal, the larger 4j by f-1 in., serrate. Spikes l-2£ in., quasi-peduncled, mostly
solitary ; bracts £ in., less obtuse than those of #. auriculatus.
72. S. XtXaclellandi, Clarke ; leaves large elliptic acuminate at both
ends sparsely hairy, spikes linear, bracts obovate obtuse white hairy, brac-
teoles 0. '
Rangoon; M'Lelland.
Branches stout, quadrangular, zigzag, hairy. Leaves 12 by 4\ in., lower petioled,
uppermost subsessile, none auricled ; nerves 20 pair. Spikes 3 by £ in., slender,
white, hairy, pendent mostly 3 together from short axillary peduncles.— This has
been supposed a form of S. auriculatus, but the large many-nerved leaves and slender
pendent spikes give it a different aspect : the capsule is rather larger, the seeds nearly
the same as in 8. auriculatus. It would appear distinct enough but for the subjoined
variety.
454 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strohilanthes.
Vae. ? latipes ; leaves sessile suddenly narrowed subauriculate, bracts narrowly
obovate. — Tenasserim j Beddome.— Leaves 13 by 4§ in., primary nerves 20 on each
side the midrib.
73. S. Sabinianus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 86, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 190 ; leaves petioled broadly elliptic shortly acuminate at both
ends nearly entire uppermost often sessile cordate, spikes linear pubescent
often interrupted towards the base, bracts obovate obtuse, sepals oblong
minutely pubescent. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 472. Euellia
Sabiniana, Wall. Cat. 2338 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1238 ; Peichb. JExot. t. 210. E.
argentea, Wall. Gat. 2339.
Nepal; Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent ; Wallich, Sec.
A shrub, 2-5 ft. ; branches glabrous. Leaves 6 J by 3 in., undulate, subcrenate,
lineolate, minutely setulose above, glabrate or obscurely pubescent beneath ; upper
leaves often unequal dissimilar, one of each pair smaller sessile cordate. Spikes 2-4 in.,
quasi-peduncled, mostly solitary ; bracts \ by ^ in. ; bracteoles \ in., oblong. Sepals
scarious, minutely glandular-pilose, obscurely oblanceolate not spathulate. Corolla
1\ in., curved, much ventricose nearly glabrous, lavender-coloured, contracted base
short. Filaments glabrous. Capsule scarcely ^ in., pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds ^in.,
much compressed, orbicular ; when wet the fine white hairs spring out abundantly;
areoles nearly half the diam. of the seed, glabrous. — The figures Bol. Mag. t. 3517
and Lodd. Bot. Mag. 1. 1712, adduced for this species by Nees and T. Anderson, show
the uppermost leaves petioled much acuminate at the base. Some examples of S.
Sabinianus have the spike much interrupted, and the species might be placed in the
next section. Wallich notes, in the Nepal example named R. argentea, that the
flowers were white. •
74. S. tamburensis, Clarke ; leaves ovate shortly acuminate serrate,
spikes linear interrupted towards the base ciliate subhirsute, bracts ovate,
sepals spathulate ciliate.
E. Nepal ; at the Tambur River, alt. 4-5000 ft., J. L). IT.
Capsule upwards of J in., 4-seeded. Seeds T'5 in., much compressed, orbicular in
outline, covered all over with short inelastic hairs ; areoles 0. The general habit and
corolla as of S. Sabinianus, but the serrate leaves, subhirsute spike, and seeds will not
match.
75. S. nutans, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 475 ; leaves ovate
or broadly elliptic acuminate serrate hairy, spikes ellipsoid or oblong very
dense glabrous, bracts large elliptic concave. Euellia strobilina, Wall. Cat.
2362. E. hirta, Don Prodr. 119. Goldfussia nutans, Nees in Wall. PI.
As. Ear. iii. 88, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 174.
Nepal; Wallich.
A shrub, 1-2 ft. ; branches hairy. Leaves 3 by 1§ in., base attenuate or rounded,
with scattered hairs on both surfaces, not lineolate ; nerves 7 pair ; petiole f-1 in.
Peduncles £-l§ in., divaricate or deflexed, hairy; spikes 1-1£ by § in.; bracts \ in.,
subacute ; bracteoles ^ in., oblong. Calyx \-^ in., divided nearly to the base, seg-
ments linear glabrous. Corolla 1-1£ in., curved ; ventricose part longer than the
contracted base. Capsule not seen ; and the place of the species is dubious ; the
spike resembles that of some of the strictly strobiliform Malabar species ; Nees says
the bracts are deciduous, but they cannot be so till long after flower.
76. S. acrocephalus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 473 ; leaves
ovate acute crenate hirsute, spikes peduncled solitary linear-cylindric dense
hairy, bracts ovate, seeds puberulous subglabrate. Adenosma aflinis, Griff.
Notul. iv. 133.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., plentiful in the northern half, Griffith, S. f. 8r T.,
&c.
Strobilanthes.] cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 455
Shrubby, 1-2 ft., branching ; stems hirsute. Leaves 2\ by 1\ in., base obtuse or
rounded, densely minutely lineolate above ; nerves 7-8 pair ; petiole § in. Peduncles
1-4 in., hirsute ; bracts ^-^ in., obtuse or scarcely acute, closely strobilate; brac-
teoles i in., spatbulate-oblong. Calyx \ in., divided f the way down ; segments
narrowly oblong, obtuse, hairy. Corolla 1 in., curved, glabrous without, purplish ;
cylindric base scarcely so long as the ventricose portion ; limb somewhat 2-lipped.
Stamens glabrous. Ovary hirsute at the apex, style sparsely hairy. Capsule \ in.,
hairy, 4-seeded. Seeds ^ in., orbicular, distinctly pubescent when young, mature
subglabrous, the base of the short hairs only remaining ; areoles 0. — A species not
very closely allied to any other in the genus.
77. S. imbricatus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 86, and Cat.
7156, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 186 ; leaves spathulate elliptic acute sparsely
hairy on both surfaces, spikes cylindric strobiliform in axillary quasi-panicles,
corolla very small, placentae rising elastically from the bottom of the de-
hiscing capsule. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 473. S. pterocanlis,
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 93.
Pegu and Tenasseeim ; Heifer, M'Lelland, Kurz. — Disteib. Ava.
An annual herb fide Kurz, but the examples have all the appearance of the other
perennial species ; stems stout, sharply quadrangular, hirsute or glabrate. Leaves
attaining 12^ by 5 in. (or the upper much smaller 2 by 1 in.), crenate or toothed,
lineolate on the upper surface ; nerves (in the larger leaves) 15 or more pair ; petiole
very short owing to the long-decurrent ieaf-base. Spikes 1^ in., mostly 5-11 in lax
hirsute axillary panicles ; leaves at the trichotomous divisions scarcely g- in. ; bracts
^in., obovate-oblong, hirsute towards the apex; bracteoles £ in., linear-spathulate.
Sepals £ in., linear, obtuse, hirsute at the tips. Corolla £ in., subcampanulate, violet
ex Nees, yellow ex Kurz. Capsule % in., hairy at the tip, 4-seeded. Seeds ^ in.,
orbicular, hairy ; areoles nearly half the diam. of the seed, glabrous. — The spikes in
fruit are like those of Hunyia. Wallich's specimens from Ava have much smaller
leaves than the Pegu examples.
78. S. longlpes, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acuminate at each end snb-
entire pubescent or glabrate, spikes oblong hairy or glandular-puberulous,
bracts narrowly obovate obtuse or emarginate, calyx nearly equally sub-5-
partite segments linear-spathulate obtuse, corolla If in. S. acuminatus,
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 478, chiefly (not Adenacanthus acumi-
natus, Nees).
Tenasseeim ; Heifer (Herb. Propr. n. 304, Kew Distrib. n. 6114) ; Mooleyit,
Beddome.
Branches slender. Leaves 6 by 2£ in., obscurely toothed, raphides conspicuous in
the lower paler surfaces, embedded obscure in the upper ; nerves 8 pair ; petiole \ in.
Spikes 1-2| in., clavate-oblong, continuous ; bracts f-J in., lower deciduous in fruit ;
bracteoles \ in., linear-obovate. Calyx £ in. and upwards ; segments distinctly wider
at the tips. Corolla nearly straight, puberulous ; ventricose portion nearly 1 in.,
linear portion \ in. ; lobes rounded, subequal. Capsule £ in., pubescent at the tip,
4-seeded. Seeds i, in., ovoid, inelastically shaggy ; areoles subobsolete.— Kurz has
founded his S. subflaccidus on Heifer's plant (Kew, n. 6114), but, as he says the
calyx is 2-lipped with the upper lip three-lobed only £ the way down, it is clear that
his S. subflaccidus cannot be this plant ; there may have been some error in distribu-
tion, or Kurz may have relied on T. Anderson's reduction of this n. 6114 under
Adenacanthus, Nees.
79. S. subcapitatus, Clarke-, leaves elliptic acuminate subentire
glabrous, spikes ellipsoid or snbovoid small laxly peduncled, bracts elliptic
concave or obovate minutely ciliate-pubescent.
Tenasseeim ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6111). t
Shrubby ; branches slender, quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves 4 by If in., base
456 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobikmthes.
attenuate or obtuse, conspicuously liueolate above, obscurely so beneath ; nerves 6
pair ; petiole | in. Peduncles 2-4 in., slender, quadrangular, glabrous, numerous,
axillary, often divided, sometimes bearing reduced caducous leaves; bracts £ in.,
rounded at the tip, densely lineolate ; bracteoles £ in., linear-obovate, densely 1 ineo-
late. Calyx \ in., divided subequally nearly to the base; segments linear-spa titillate,
minutely ciliate. Corolla not seen. Capsule 3 in., pubescent at the tip, 4-seeded.
Seeds ^ in., ovate, densely shaggy; areoles small. — Seems very nearly allied to S.
subflaccidus, Kurz ; but the spikes are in general so much shortened that it might be
looked for among the capitate series. As in S. subflaccidus, the fruiting spikes have
the upper bracts, but some of the lower fallen.
*** Spikes elongate more or less interrupted, or floioers nearly all dis-
tant but mostly opposite. — (Seeds in all hairy.)
80. S. Helferi, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 472 ; leaves ovate
acuminate ronnded or subcordate at the base nearly glabrous, spikes simple
elongate lax subtomentose, flowers distant opposite, bracts broadly obovate
obtuse, corolla 1^-li in.
Tenassekim, " Three Pagodas," Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6117).
Branches divaricate, somewhat zigzag, terete, pubescent upwards. Leaves 3^ by
\\ in., crenate, puberulous and lineolate above, subpubescent on the 7 pair of nerves
beneath; petiole 1 in. Spikes axillary, short-peduncled, solitary, opposite, 2-5 in. ;
flowers nearly all paired and distant ; bract 1 to each flower, \ in., densely minutely
fuscous-pubescent, ciliate, apex £ in. broad green patent or reflexed ; bracteoles 0.
Calyx I in., equally sub-5-partite ; segments linear-ligulate, pubescent, subobtuse.
Corolla nearly glabrous, straight ; cylindric base twice as long as the calyx. Capsule
^ in. Seeds -j'2 in., orbicular, dusky pubescent ; areoles small. — T. Anderson errs in
saying * corolla small ; " the buds, which appear on the point of expansion, are scarcely
3 in. long ; but there is one fully expanded flower overlooked by T. Anderson, which
is (dry) nearly 1^ in.
81. S. macrosteg'iuSy Clarke; leaves elliptic acuminate subentire
nearly glabrous, spikes axillary sessile lax scarcely interrupted, bracts
obovate suddenly linear- acuminate, capsule and seeds large. S. fimbriatus,
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 470 partly, not of Nees. Endopogon
macrostegius, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 470.
Assam and Khasia Mts.; Griffith. Chittagong; Kasalong, Clarice.
A straggling, inelegant shrub, 2-5 ft. ; branches terete, pubescent upwards or
nearly glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2\ in., base cuneate, lineolate above, obscurely so
beneath, minutely pubescent on the 9 pair of nerves beneath; petiole 1§ in. Spikes
2-5 in., with 6-8 flowers in opposite pairs; bracts f-1 in., including the linear
acumen J in. long, pubescent, or in Griffith's examples subglabrous ; bracteoles § in.,
linear- oblanceolate cuspidate, fulvous-pubescent upwards. Sepals in fruit similar to
the bracteoles. Corolla not seen. Ovary glabrous, a dense fulvous tuft of hairs at
the apex. Capsule 1 in., oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds £ in., ovate, shaggy; areoles obso-
lete.—Probably S. fimbriatus, Kurz {For. Fl. ii. 244), from the forests of the Pegu
Yomah and Tenasserim, the bracts of which Kurz says are entire, so that it could not
have been Nees5 S. fimbriatus.
82. S. polythrix, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 470; leaves
elliptic acuminate rufous-ciliate, spikes axillary subsessile continuous very
rufous-ciliate, bracts 1-1^ in. linear-lanceolate.
Khasia Mts. ; Serb. Kew and Serb. Calc.
A shrub ; branches terete, with patent long rufous hairs. Leaves 6£ by 2| in.,
base attenuate or subobtuse, remotely serrate, mature with few scattered long rufous
hairs ; nerves 9 pair ; petiole 1 in. Spikes 2-4 in., rufous hairs £ in. long, slender,
patent ; bracteoles f- in,, linear, green, rufous-ciliate. Calyx in fruit nearly 1 in.,
Stwbibnrihes.] cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 457
divided nearly to the base ; segments linear-lanceolate, scarious below, rufous-ciliate
upwards. Corolla not seen. Capsule f in., linear-oblong, glabrous, tip minutely
rufous-hairy, 4-seeded. Seeds i in., ovate, silky ; areoles hardly any.
83. S. Brunonianus, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 87, and in DC
Prodr. xi. 188 ; leaves lanceolate attenuate at both ends nearly glabrous,
spikes subpaniculate linear, bracts oblong, sepals linear oblong fulvous
hirsute, corolla § in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 472. S. petio-
laris, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 189, partly. Euellia Brunoniana, Wall. Cat.
2368.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., common, Wallich, &c. ; lower hills of Assam,
Jaintea, and Nagas country.
An erect, dense, annually-flowering shrub, 2-3 ft. Leaves 4 by 3 in. subentire in
Wallich's, often broader, sometimes 2 by § in. crenate nearly to the base, base always
gradually attenuated; nerves 8 pair, often obscure; petiole \ in., often narrowly
winged. Spikes 1-4 in., usually very numerous, dense but often interrupted towards
the base, erect ; bracts £-3 in., spathulate-oblong> obtuse, apex recurved or the lowest
ovate narrowed upwards, subglabrous in Wallich's specimens, often fulvous-hirsute ;
bracteoles | in., oblong, erect. Sepals $ in. Corolla curved, pubescent without in
the bud, lavender or white, cylindric base shorter than the much-ventricose upper
part. Stamens glabrous, more monadelphous than usual. Capsule i in., oblong,
pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds ^ in., orbicular, pubescent ; areoles 0. — S. petiolaris,
Nees, is founded on two plants collected by Griffith, one in Khasia, one in Assam, which
are both preserved at Kew, authenticated in Nees' hand ; of these the Khasia one is
identically S. Brunonianus, Nees, the other is taken as S. petiolaris below.
84. S. maculatus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 190 ; leaves ovate (upper
elliptic) acuminate at both ends nearly glabrous, spikes erect linear sub-
interrupted at the base compound hairy, bracts oblong or cuneate-oblong,
corolla scarcely £ in. ventricose. Euellia maculata, Wall. PI. As. Ear.
iii. 33, t. 250.
Khasia Mts., alt. 1-3000 ft., frequent, Clarke.
Shrub, 2-4 ft., lax. Leaves 5 by 2&-3£ in. (upper 5 by l§-2 in.), serrate, mature
glabrous or obscurely scabrid-puberulous on the nerves beneath, densely lineolate on
the upper surface, often beautifully blotched with white when fresh, and as often
uniformly green ; nerves 10-11 pair ; petiole 1-1£ in. Spikes 1-3 in., forming lateral
and terminal cymes or panicles, the uppermost leaves being small, caducous ; bracts £
by T's in., linear-oblong (in the most characteristic form), but vary to cuneate-oblong
bracteoles £ in., linear-oblong. Calyx £-3 in., sub-5-partite ; segments linear-oblong,
unequal, subobtuse, hairy. Corolla slightly curved, nearly glabrous, pale blue or
lavender, cylindric base nearly as long as the greatly ventricose upper portion ; limb
subequal, segments short round reflexed. Stamens glabrous, monadelphous, exactly as
in &. Brunonianus. Capsule % in., oblong, pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds %iriB in. diam.,
orbicular, shaggy with long hairs ; areoles rather small. — This was sent to Wallich
from Silhet ; it is common along the lower Khasia range 20 miles N. of Silhet. Wal-
lich's picture, from a cultivated plant, shows the flowers larger than in any of the
wild specimens seen ; his statement that the species differs essentially from S. mona-
delphus by having the "filaments free at base" is altogether misleading; Nees
perhaps went entirely on the somewhat coarse picture in Wall. PL As. Bar.
85. S. monadelphus, Nees in Wall. Cat. 7159, and in Wall. PL As.
Bar. iii. 87, and in DC Prodr. xi. 188 ; leaves ovate acuminate at both
ends pubescent on the nerves beneath, spikes erect linear panicle very hairy,
bracts ovate often squarrose, corolla scarcely £ in. ventricose.
Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent ; Wallich, &c.
A rather rigid shrub, 2-3 ft.; branches often scabrous, hairy, quadrangular. Leaves
3£ by 2 in., serrate, mature usually more or less hairy on both surfaces, not known to
458 cix. acanthace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strolilanthes.
occur blotched; nerves 9-11 pair. Inflorescence and flowers as of S. maculates, but
the bracts usually £-£ in. wide towards their base. Seeds -^ in. diam., pubescsnt. —
Certainly closely allied to S. maculatus, and may be a high-level hairy form of it, as T.
Anderson supposed; but besides the difference in the bracts fixed on by Nees the seeds
are about double the diam., much more shortly dusky hairy.
86. S. petiolaris, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 189, in part; leaves ovate
acuminate at both ends mature nearly glabrous, spikes linear panicled hairy,
bracts obovate-spathulate, corolla 1^ in. ventricose. S. niaculatus, T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 473, chiefly.
Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 3-10,000 ft., common ; Griffith, T. Anderson, &c.
Assam ; Griffith.
A lax shrub, perhaps not specifically distinct from S. niaculatus ; the leaves are
often spotted as on it, the small seeds' are similar ; but the bracts are much broader
(as Nees states), and the corolla is much larger, usually purplish or even rose instead of
lavender blue ; nerves 7 pair, i. e. much more distant than in S. maculatus & mona-
delphus. The species reaches a very high level, the Alpino specimens being smaller
with smaller leaves but equally large flowers.
Vab. tubiflos; spikes divaricate densely glandular-hairy, corolla (unexpanded)
more than 1 in. the ventricose portion scarcely £ in. diam. — Mishmee ; Dailoo, Griffith
(Kew Distrib. nn. 6095, 6103).—" Corolla deep blue ; bracts lead-coloured " (Griflith's
field-note). — This is very possibly a distinct species, though it must be closely allied to
S. petiolaris ; but it is very dangerous to assume the shape of the corolla from buds
in this genus.
87. S. perfoliatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 471 ; leaves
sessile lanceolate or elliptic much acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes
axillary cymose lax sub-continuous very viscid ciliate, bracts oblong linear-
acuminate, capsule clavate 2-seeded. Endopogon integrifolius, Dalz. in
Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 342 ; Dalz. Sr Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 185. Leptacanthus
alatus, Wight 1c. t. 1527.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; Concan, Canara, Coorg, Law, JDalzell, &c.
Shrubby, nearly glabrous except the spikes. Leaves attaining 15 by 4| in., more
often 6 by l£-2^ in., very variable in size and in width, sparingly toothed, lineolate
above; nerves 6-12 pair; petiole winged to the base, there dilated, auriculate,
sometimes subdecurrent, never perfoliate. Spikes 2-5 in., closely cymed (or solitary)
on very short axillary peduncles, very open, hardly interrupted even at the base in
fruit; bracts f by | in.; bracteoles ^ in., linear. Calyx \-\ in. (elongate in fruit),
divided nearly to the base, segments linear. Corolla \\ in., straight, glabrous
without, hairy within; cylindric base of the tube nearly as long as the ventricose
part. Stamens included ; longer filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous, style thinly
hairy. Capsule \-\ in., compressed. Seeds £ in., ovate, shaggy ; areoles hardly
any.
88. S. glutinosus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 86, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 194 ; viscous hairy, leaves ovate acute, spikes short, lowest bracts
leaf -like upper obovate or oblong shorter than the calyx, corolla 2 in. T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn^ Soc. ix. 476. Ruellia glutinosa, Wall. Cat. 2350.
E. Jacquemontiana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 145.
Kashmir, Gurwhal, Kumaon and Nepal ; Wallich, Jacquetnont, &c.
A shrub, 2-5 ft. ; branches villous. Leaves 3 by l£ in., base cuneate or rounded,
crenate, villous on both surfaces ; nerves 5-6 pair ; petiole i-f in. Spikes densely
capitate, or more often the lowest flowers are remote, solitary, opposite in the
axils of bract-like leaves ; bract £-£ in., ovate, subfoliaceous, persistent ; bracteoles
£ in., oblong. Calyx £-£ in., divided nearly to the base ; segments linear, obtuse,
viscous hairy. Corolla nearly glabrous ; linear-cylindric base nearly as long as the
ventricose part. Stamens glabrous. Capsule f in., viscous-pubescent, 4-seeded.
Strohilanthes.] . cix. acanthace-e. (C. B. Clarke.) 459
Seeds |-£ in., ovate, shaggy ; areoles hardly any.— In spite of the enormous differ-
ences in the capsule and seeds, this plant has been much mixed with Mchmanthera
tomentosa.
Series B. Nudatce. Bracts caducous, often before the flowers expand.
Flowers clustered or in distant mostly opposite pairs ; not most of them
scattered alternate. Seeds in all hairy. — (All, except S. Newii from N.
India or Malay Peninsula.)
* Heads even in fruit capitate or ovate, not interrupted below.
89. S. greniculatus, Clarice ; nearly glabrous, leaves elliptic acumi-
nate serrate, heads 2-3-fld., bracts large ovate acuminate caducous, brac-
teoles 0. S. gracilis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 474, not of Bed-
dome, f
Mishmee ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6116).
A small shrub ; branches slender, somewhat zigzag. I/eaves 5 by 1| in., base
cuneate or rhomboid, serrulate, upper surface dense with raphides ; nerves 6-7 pair ;
petiole £ in. Peduncles 1-3 in., with a node carrying two reduced caducous leaves
at the middle, there geniculate and sometimes divided; heads f in., 2-4 outer
bract-like leaves barren, early caducous ; bract | by \ in., lineolate. Calyx £-£ in.,
divided nearly to the base ; segments linear, unequal, obtuse, glandular. Corolla
1\ in., glabrous, purple. Capsule § in., clavate, 4-seeded, glandular-pubescent.
Seeds ^ iu., ovate, shaggy; areoles small. — Each flower is subtended by one bract, and \
there. are 2-4 outer empty similar bracts ; before the expansion of the corolla all the
bracts but 1 or 2 of the uppermost fall, and these disappear before fruit.
Var. Integra ; leaves nearly entire, sepals in fruit nearly £ in. hairy. — Khasia
Mts.; Clarke. Leaves 5 by 2| in., subovate j petiole £-£ in. Seeds £ in. and up-
wards. — Probably merely the fully-developed state of S. geniculates, which Griffith
collected in a colder country.
90. S. capitatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 475 ; leaves
ovate acuminate at each end nearly glabrous, bracts elliptic-oblong herba-
ceous pubescent as long as the calyx, bracteoles half as long as the calyx,
corolla If— 2 in. deep blue. Euellia capitata, Wall. Cat. 2351, partly ;
Don Prodr. 120. Goldfussia capitata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 88,
and in DC. Prodr. xi. 173. G. biceps, Nees in Wall. Cat. 7161, and in
Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 88, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 172. — Acanthacea sp.
Griff. Bin. Notes, 116, n. 213.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan, common ;
Wallich, Griffith, H.f. Sf T., &c. Pegij; Karen Hills (fide T. Anderson).— Distrib.
Ava.
A shrub, 1-3 ft. Leaves 6 by 2f in., serrate, obscurely lineolate above, minutely
hairy on the nerves beneath ; nerves 6-7 pair ; petiole \\ hi. Peduncles usually
short, l~l in., sometimes 2-4 in., glabrous or pubescent. Beads 1 in. diam., closely
capitate even in fruit, many-fld., outer empty bracts sometimes long leaf-like, some-
times hardly half so long as the heads, caducous; bracts proper to each flower elon-
gate upwards, closely adpressedly softly white pubescent; bracteoles %-% in., ligulate,
herbaceous, pubescent, caducous in fruit. Calyx | in., deeply divided but connate into
a hardened short tube at the base ; segments narrowly lanceolate, softly hairy even in
fruit. Corolla curved, tubular-ventricose, nearly glabrous. Stamens glabrous.
Ovary glandular ; style thinly patently hairy. Capsule i in., slightly clavate, pubes-
cent, 4-seeded. Seeds £-£ in., ovate, shaggy; areoles small.
Var. nitida ; heads larger shining glabrate in fruit, bracteoles nearly as long as
the calyx obovate-oblong glabrous fimbriate in fruit.— Khasia Mts. ; Mousto, alt.
2500 ft., Clarke.— Bracts and bracteoles shining scarious in fruit from a short green
base. Seeds 3 in., densely silky.
4:60 cix. acanthace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilantlies,
91. S. quadrang-ularis, Clarice ; leaves large subsessile broadly
elliptic acuminate at both ends serrate minutely hairy, heads ovoid pedun-
cled, bracts large ovate acute grey pubescent caducous, corolla !■§ in. pubes-
cent without. Ruellia quadrangularis, Wall. Cat. 2358. R. bracteata,
Wall. Cat. 2357 b only. Goldfussia bracteata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar.
iii. 88, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 173.
Nepal ; Wallich. Kumaon ; Mohargari, alt. 6500 ft., and Kalamundi, alt. 8500 ft.,
Strachey Sr Winterbottom.
Stem 2 ft., herbaceous, acutely quadrangular, somewhat pubescent upwards.
Leaves 8 by 3| in., shortly scabrous-setulose above, remotely minutely hairy beneath ;
nerves 13 pair. Peduncles 1-4 in., 1-2 in each axil or the uppermost-subumbellate,
hairy, clavate, quadrangular upwards, 1 -headed ; heads in flower 1^ in. ; bracts |-1 in.,
deciduous before the flowers expand ; bracteoles 0. Calyx ^ in., distinctly gamo-
sepalous, subequally 5-fid ; segments linear-oblong, green, very viscidly golden-pubes-
cent. Corolla in shape nearly as of S. JDalhousianus. Capsule not seen.
92. S. pentstemonoides, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 477, in
part ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, bracts orbicular con-
cave whitened glabrous, bracteoles 0, calyx pubescent, corolla 1^ in. nearly
glabrous pale purple. Ruellia pentstemonoides, Wall. Cat. 2340. R.
Cephalotes, Wall. Cat. 2352. R. capitata, Wall. Cat. 2351, partly. Gold-
fussia pentstemonoides, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 88, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 175 ; Wight Ic. t. 1510.
Stjbtbopical Himalaya, alt. 1-6000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan, frequent ;
Wallich, H.f.SfT.,kc.
A much branched shrub, 3-8 ft. diam. ; stems glabrous. Leaves 6J by 2| in.,
closely serrate, lineolate on both surfaces ; nerves 7 pair ; petiole £ in. Peduncles
1-3 in., sometimes glandular-hairy, 1-2 together, mostly 1-3-headed ; heads |- 1 in.,
young exactly globular, outer bracts enclosing the heads ; but in some of Wallich's
examples the young heads are oblong-cylindric, strobiliform ; bracts \-\ in., obtuse,
early caducous. Calyx \ in., in fruit often \ in., divided nearly to the base, segments
linear. Corolla more or less curved ; narrow part of the tube sometimes minutely
pubescent. Stamens glabrous. Capsule § in., oblong-clavate, glandular-pubescent,
4-seeded. Seeds | in., ovate, silky ; areoles very small.
Vae. Jlexuosa ; small, branches short flexuose rooting, peduncles long with Ismail
head. Euellia flexuosa, Wall. Cat. 2412. Goldfussia flexuosa, Nees in Wall. PL As.
Ear. iii. 88, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 175.—" India," Serb. Wight. Branches\-1\ foot,
apparently prostrate. Leaves 2\ by | in., thinly herbaceous; nerves 5 pair. — The
example in Herb. Wight looks very unlike the Himalayan 8. pentstemonoides ; and,
though taken up as a species by Nees, T. Anderson seems to have been so dissatisfied
about it that he has left it out altogether. But there is a piece of the same thing
mixed in Wallich's herbarium with Euellia Cephalotes (Wall. Cat. 2352, type sheet);
and it is probably an alpine starved (or cultivated ?) form of 8. pentstemonoides.
93. S. Dalhousianus, Clarke; leaves elliptic acuminate at both
ends hairy, bracts orbicular concave whitened glabrous, bracteoles 0, calyx
glabrate or sparingly hairy, corolla nearly 2 in. glabrous purple. S. pent-
stemonoides, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 477, partly. Goldfussia
Dalhousiana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 174; Wight Ic. t. 1509.
W. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-8000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, frequent ;
Lady Lalhousie, Thomson^ &c.
A suberect shrub, 2-3 ft.; stems hairy. Practs scarcely \ in., caducous; outer-
most oblong, green upwards, small, not enclosing the heads. Calyx in the typical
form glabrous, subscarious, lobes linear-oblong, sometimes minutely softly hairy. —
United with £. pentstemonoides by T. Anders., from which it differs in habit, in having
much more hairy leaves and less hairy calyx. It also grows at a different level.
Strobilanthes.] cix. acanthace/e. (C. B. Clarke.) 461
94. S. multidens, Clarke ; leaves ovate shortly acuminate at both
ends minutely sparsely hairy on both surfaces, heads panicled viscous hairy,
bracts small obovate viscous hairy deciduous, calyx viscous-pubescent,
corolla If in. purple.
Sikkim, alt. 3-6000 ft.; J, D. LT., &c. Bhotan ; Griffith, Serb. Bropr.
n. 2398.
Leaves 1\ by 4 in., closely regularly serrate (often with more than 100 teeth to
the leaf ; both surfaces with few remote minute hairs and small scattered raphides.
Bracts £ in,, very viscous-hairy; bracteoles £ in., linear-oblong. Capsule $ in.,
viscous-pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds \ in., subquadrate, fulvous-hairy ; areoles sub-
obsolete. — This is the so-called Sikkim S. Dalhousianus ; it is nearer the true S. pent-
stemonoides, but the young heads are never glabrous globose as in that, and the
panicle is compound very glandular-hairy. The corollas in Griffith's Bhotan example
are not more than 1£ in., but are not thoroughly expanded.
95. S. rhombifolius, Clarke; leaves subsessilo rhomboid-ovate
shortly acute at both ends glabrous, bracts small elliptic concave caducous,
bracteoles 0, corolla 1^-lf in, nearly glabrous. Groldfussia sessilis, Nees in
DC Prodr. xi. 172, not Strobilanthes sessilis, Nees%
Assam ; Jenkins.
Branches long, subterete, glabrous. Leaves (often unequal) 3£ by 2 in., remotely
serrulate, lineolate on both surfaces ; nerves 5 pair. Peduncles 1-3 in., 1-3-headed ;
heads \ in. diam,, closely capitate ; all the bracts early caducous. Calyx in flower
\-\ in., divided nearly to the base ; segments narrowly lanceolate, fuscous pubescent.
Corolla nearly as of Sx pentstemonoides, purple-mouthed. Filaments glabrous,
longer hairy near the base. Capsule not seen. — This seems very near 8. pentste-
monoides, differing little but in the shape of the leaves ; the heads however, by the
time the first flowers expand, have lost all their bracts, which gives them a very
different look.
96. S. oligroeephalus, T. Anders, ms. in Serb. Kew ; leaves elliptic
caudate-acuminate nearly glabrous oiliate, young heads globose, bracts
round concave glabrous, bracteoles 0, calyx hairy, corolla 1\ in. pubescent
without dark-purple. — Goldfussia sp. n. 24, Herb. Ind. Or, H.f. Sf T.
Upper Sikkim, alt. 5-7000 ft,; Yoksun, J. L>. H., &c.
A small shrub, 1-2 ft,; branches slender, terete, glabrous. Leaves attaining 6£
by 3 in. (usually smaller much narrower), base cuneate, minutely remotely denticulate,
sparingly thinly lineolate, sparsely puberulous especially toward the margins beneath ;
nerves 5-6 pair; petiole % in. Bracts as in & pentstemonoides, but rather smaller.
Corolla viscous-pubescent without, usually nearly black. — When dried hardly
distinguishable from S. pentstemonoides but by the smaller heads and the oiliate
leaves.
Vae.? Treutleri; heads slightly elongate, bracts ovate-lanceolate herbaceous hairy,
bracteoles £ in. linear, sepals §-£ in.— Sikkim, alt, 9-10,000 ft., frequent on Tonglo
and Sundukphoo, Treutler, &c.
97. S. dasyspermus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii, 94; leaves
elliptic or ovate acuminate very sparsely minutely hairy, heads even in
fruit capitate forming (by the falling of the floral leaves) quasi-pamcles,
bracts small oblong caducous, corolla 1 in. blue glabrous without.
Pegu; Kurz.
An erect, nearly glabrous herb, 3-4 ft. (Kurz) ; branches obscurely quadrangular.
Leaves 5* by 2| in., base suddenly shortly acuminate (the uppermost and reduced
floral leaves sessile cordate), crenate-serrate, subglabrous, minutely lineolate above;
nerves 7-8 pair ; petiole 0-% in. Heads few-fid., glandular-hairy ; peduncles £-f in. ;
bracts \ hi. ; bracteoles £ in., obovate- oblong, caducous. Calyx %-\ in., divided
nearly to the base ; segments linear-ligulate. Corolla nearly straight ; cyhndnc base
462 cix. acaxthace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilantfyes.
about as long as the moderately-widened ventricose part ; segments ovate. Filaments
and style sparsely hairy. Capsule | in., narrowly elliptic, pubescent upwards, 4-seeded.
Seeds £ in., ovate, silky ; areoles hardly any. — Kurz rightly refers this to the neigh-
bourhood of S. pentstemonoides.
98. S. discolor, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 477; leaves elliptic
cuspidate-acuminate glabrous, beads cymose running into compound
panicles, bracts ^fugacious, calyx hairy, corolla 1| in. nearly glabrous.
Goldfussia discolor, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 172 (excl. West Himalayan
examples).
Bhota:*, Assam, and Khasia Mts.; Griffith (Herb. Fropr. nn. 2399, 2400 ;
Kew Distrib. nn. 6105, 6120).
A shrub, closely resembling S. pentstemonoides and 8. sessilis ; differing from the
former in having the leaves more shortly petioled, less sharply toothed, the inflores-
cence more compound ; from the latter in the leaves cuspidate acuminate. In the
type examples of Nees the leaves are scarcely whitened beneath. Bracts not seen,
oblong-lanceolate, fide Nees.
Vae. nudicalyx ; leaves densely lineolate above coriaceous very white beneath,
bracts \ in. obovate, sepals glabrate lineolate. Goldfussia sp. n. 25, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f.Sf T.— Khasia, alt. 4000 ft. ; Mausmai Falls, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6120);
Cherra, H. f. Sf T. — The type examples of this collected by J. D. H. look like a
very distinct species ; but some of the pieces of Griffith have the sepals glandular
hairy.
99. S. isophyllus, T. Anders, in Cat. Sort. Calcutt. 43, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 478 ; leaves linear-lanceolate attenuate at both ends glabrous,
heads numerous small cymed, bracts elliptic obtuse green shorter than the
calyx, bracteoles nearly as long as the bracts, corolla 1 in. nearly glabrous
lavender. Goldfussia isophylla, Nees in Wall. Cat. 7162, and in Wall. PI.
As. Bar. iii. 88, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 176; Pot. Mag. t. 4363 ; Maund
Pot. t. 244. Strobilanthes Goldfussia, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Pomb. Fl. Suppl. 71,
excl. syn.
Khasia Mts., or adjoining parts of Silhet or Assam. All the examples are of
cultivated plants.
A nearly glabrous, erect, very ramous shrub, 1-2 ft. Leaves 3 by \-\ in., oppo-
site, subequal, entire or slightly serrulate, covered with raphides on both surfaces;
nerves 4-5 pair ; petiole 0-| in. Heads \ in. diam., 1-4-fid., terminal but appearing
axillary cymed, the reduced leaves on the short axillary branches being caducous ;
bracteal leaves to the heads caducous ; bract \ in. , green, nearly glabrous, subper-
sistent ; bracteoles \ in., linear-oblong, green, nearly glabrous. Calyx i in., divided
nearly to the base, pubescent; segments sublinear. Corolla curved ; cylindric base
much shorter than the ventricose portion, lobes short round. Stamens and style
hairy. Capsule nearly \ in., glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds T!0 in., ovate, silky; areoles
hardly any.
100. S. anisophyllus, T. Anders, in Cat. Hort. Calcutt. 43, and in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 478 ; leaves very unequal or pseudo-alternate lanceolate
acuminate at both ends glabrous, heads small often cymed, bracts elliptic
obtuse green about as long as the calyx, "bracteoles rather shorter than the
bracts, corolla 1\ in. nearly glabrous lavender. Kuellia anisophylla, Wall.
Cat. 2349 ; Hook. Fl. Exot. t. 191. E. persicifolia, Griff. Ltin. Notes, 70 ;
Pot. Beq. t. 955. Goldfussia anisophylla, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 88,
and in DC. Prodr. xi. 176 ; Pot. Mag. t. 3404.
Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., common ; Wallich, &c.
A shrub, 2-3 ft. Leaves 3| by f-1 in. ; the opposite leaf of each pair 1| by £ in.
or obsolete. — Except in the unequal, rather broader leaves, this wholly agrees with
Strobilantlies.\ cix. acantitace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 463
S. isophyllus ; and as S. isophyllus cannot be found wild, it may prove to be a rever-
sionary (under cultivation) form of S. anisophyllus.
101. S. crataeg-ifolius, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 477;
leaves subsessile elliptic or obovate crenulate glabrous, heads 1-5-fld.
terminal solitary^ on numerous short leafy lateral branches hairy, bracts
and bracteoles linear-oblong about as long as the calyx, corolla 1$ in.
blue.
Motjlmein ; Griffith, Parish.
Branches elongate (15 in. at least), glabrous, subsimple with numerous shortened
small-leaved lateral branches in opposite pairs each terminated by a flower-head.
Leaves 2\ by 1 in. (those on the lateral branches \-% in.), lineolate above, pale
leathery beneath; nerves 6 pair. Peduncles 0-J in.; bract ^ by \ in., green,
prominently white-ciliate ; bracteoles similar to, rather smaller. Sepals ^ in., linear-
lanceolate, green, ciliate, | in. in fruit. Corolla nearly straight, glabrous; cyliudric
base much shorter than the ventricose portion. Capsule^ in., broadly clavate-elliptic,
minutely pubescent, 2-seeded. Seeds ^ in., fulvous-shaggy ; areoles very small.
** Heads elongate mostly interrupted ''below, frequently all the flowers
scattered or only a few at the tips of the spikes capitellate.
102. S. lamiifolius, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 476, partly;
leaves ovate acute nearly glabrous, young heads strobilate, bracts ovate
acute scarcely pubescent, bracteoles oblong about as long as the calyx,
corolla ll-lf in. nearly glabrous. Euellia rotundifolia, Don Prodr. 120.
E. lamiif olia, Wall. Cat. 2347. Goldf ussia lamiif olia, Nees in Wall. PI. As.
Ear. iii. 88, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 172.
Nepal ; Wallich.
Stems 15 in., flexuose, glabrous. Leaves 2 by \\ in., base rounded or shortly acumi-
nate, serrate, minutely pubescent on the nerves beneath, lineolate on the upper surface;
nerves 6-7 pair ; petiole J in. Spikes peduncled, mostly solitary, 1 in. in flower
scarcely 2 in. not interrupted in fruit; bracts £ in.; bracteoles ^ in., caducous.
Calyx J in., in fruit | in., divided nearly to the base; segments linear-lanceolate,
pubescent. Corolla purple (Nees). Capsule I in., pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds ^in.,
ovate, silky ; areoles hardly any.
103. S. pauper, Clarke; leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends
puberulous beneath or glabrate, heads oblong in fruit interrupted small or
1-fld., bracts obovate quadrate shorter than the calyx, corolla 1| in. purple.
S. lamiifolius, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 476, partly. — Goldfussia
sp. n. 26, Serb. Jnd. Or. H.f.SfT.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Nunklow and Nungbree, H.f. Sf T., &c.
A meagre shrub, 1-2 ft. ; branches upwards hairy or glabrate. Leaves 3£ by f-1 in.,
minutely toothed or subentire, densely obscurely lineolate ; nerves 6-7 pair ; petiole
i-1 in. Spikes in fruit sometimes 2 in., usually shorter, or the flowers occasionally
nearly all solitary ; bracts scarcely | in., tip obtusely triangular, green, subpubescent,
caducous; bracteoles £ in., oblong, caducous. Calyx | in., in fruit £ in., sub-5-
partite ; segments linear-spathulate, glandular-pubescent. Corolla nearly glabrous ;
narrow cylindric base nearly as long as the ventricose part. Stamens glabrous. Cap-
sule \ in., pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds ^4 in., ovate, shaggy ; areoles small.
104. S. extensus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 195; leaves subsessile ovate
acuminate hairy base rounded or cordate, spikes long interrupted below,
bracts ovate, corolla 1^-1 £ in. nearly glabrous purple. T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 476. Goldfussia extensa, Nees in Wall. Cat. 7160, and in
Wall, PI. As. Bar. iii. 88.
464 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., common; Wallich, &c. Assam ; Griffith, Mrs.
Mack.
An erect shrub, 1-2 ft. ; branches hairy. Leaves 1\ by § in., upper cordate
sessile, lower sometimes short-petioled, serrate; nerves 5 pair, springing near the leaf-
base. Spikes 2-6 in., terminal, hairy, dense at the tip, usually much interrupted
below ; the lowest flowers often distant solitary in the axil of altogether leaf-like
persistent bracts; bract proper |-| in., herbaceous, glandular, deciduous; bracteoles
^ in., elliptic. Calyx ^-\ in. (or more in fruit), divided nearly to the base ; segments
linear-oblong, subobtuse, glandular-pubescent. Corolla curved ; narrow cylindric
base of the tube hardly so long as the ventricose part. Filaments glabrous ; style
thinly hairy. Capsule £-§ in., glandular-pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds £ in., ovate,
hairy ; areoles small.
105. S. phyllocaulos, Clarke ; leaves short-petioled ovate acute
hairy, spikes long dense interrupted below in fruit, bracts ovate, corolla
\\ in. nearly glabrous purple,
Khasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft. ; Moflong, J. D. H. ; Dingling, Clarice.
Stems stout, hairy ; internodes not half as long as the leaves. Leaves Z\ by 1,1 in.,
without the acuraination characteristic of S. extensus, base of the lower leaves shortly
acuminate, serrations often 40-50 to the leaf (rarely 20 in S. extensus), upper surface
softly densely adpressedly hairy, lower softly patently hairy reticulately nervose;
nerves 8 pair, subequally distant (not all springing near the base of the leaf). Inflo-
rescence, flowers and capsule exactly as of S. extensus. — So unlike S. extensus in its
densely leafy stem that it has been sorted in the Herbarium with JEchmanthera
leiosperma, which it exceedingly resembles; but it is difficult to separate it from S.
extensus by any technical character. ,
106. S. Newii, Beddome wis. ; leaves petioled ovate acute pubescent,
spikes much interrupted panicled, bracts lanceolate, corolla \\-\ \ in.
nearly glabrous purple. S. extensus, Bedd. Ic. PI. Lid. Or. t. 202, not of
Nees.
W. Mysore ; Manjeerabad, New (fide Beddome).
A small shrub ; branches puberulous, glandular hairy towards the tips. Leaves
2 by 14 in., base rounded or subcordate, serrate, puberulous scabrous above pubescent
beneath ; petiole |-£ in. (uppermost leaves sessile). Panicles 6-10 in. ; flowers
nearly all opposite distant. Calyx and corolla nearly as of S. extensus. — Col. Beddome
published this as S. extensus, to which it is no doubt closely allied, but the leaves
will not match, and the bracts are totally different, very hairy, early caducous, the
bracteoles subobsolete.
107. S. alatus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 194; leaves petioled ovate
acute hairy, spikes early panicled, flowers all distant, bracts narrowly
oblong caducous, corolla 1£ in. nearly glabrous purple. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 476 (excl. SikJcim examples). S. reflexus, Nees I. c.
194. S. attenuatus, Nees I. c. 193 (excl. syn.). Ruellia urticifolia, Wall.
Cat. 2346.
W. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft., common; from Kashmir to Kumaon.
— Distrib. N.E. Cabul.
A shrub, 2-4 ft., erect, viscous-hairy. Leaves 5 by 2| in., upper sessile, lower
long-petioled, base cordate rounded or attenuate, serrate ; nerves 7-8 pair ; petiole
1-3 in., linear or winged upwards. Spikes (by tbe early fall of the bracts) forming
terminal panicles ; upper flowers soon in distant pairs, not capitate ; bracts narrow-
lanceolate or oblong, caducous ; upper hardly so long as the calyx ; bracteoles I in.,
narrowly oblong, caducous. Calyx \-\ in., deeply divided ; segments unequal, linear,
obtuse, green, viscous-hairy. Corolla ventricose, mouth curved, constricted base
hardly longer than the calyx, 2 hairy lines within. Stamens glabrous. Ovary glandular,
style very remotely minutely hairy. Capsule § in., narrowly elliptic, glandular-hairy,
StroMlanthes.] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 465
4-seeded. Seeds \ in., ovate, shaggy; areoles hardly any.— The lower long-petioled leaves
are usually cordate, but leaves acuminate at the base occur on the same plant. The
species is better distinguished by the tips of the spikes having the flowers (quite early)
spicate not capitate, and all the bracts very narrow ; but the leaves about the base of
the panicle are cordate ovate acuminate. Nees has written this species up under 3
names in the Kew Herbarium : as S.alatus, which is altogether right; as S. attenuatus,
which is erroneous so far as he doubtfully meant it for Ruellia attenuata, Wall. &
Nees (an Echinacanthus) ; and as S. extensus, which is a blunder.
108. S. Lachenensis, Clarke ; leaves ovate attenuated at the base
laxly hairy, spikes long interrupted at the base, bracts sessile elliptic trun-
cate at the base exceeding the calyx caducous, corolla middle-sized glabrate
without.
Sikkim: Himalaya ; Lachen, alt. 10,000 ft., /. D. H.
Branches elongate, with lax white patent hairs. Leaves 2\ by 1£ in., obtuse or
triangular, base (even in the uppermost) acuminate, decurrent. Spikes 2-5 in.,
solitary, simple ; lower bracts £ by \ in., green, entire, exactly truncate, not at all
cordate. Corolla (not expanded) § in., with a few scattered lax hairs towards the
apex without. — This has been referred as a Sikkim form to S. alatus, to which it is
certainly allied ; but no one of the numerous examples of S. alatus will it match even
reasonably well.
109. S. collinus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 86, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 192 ; leaves large elliptic acuminate glabrous, spikes forming thin
terminal pubescent panicles, bracts narrowly elliptic overtopping the calyx,
corolla 2 in. nearly glabrous. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 476.
Euellia collina, Wall. Cat. 2343.
Penano ; O. Porter.
Branch-tips stout, glabrous; internodes elongate. Leaves 9£ by 3£ in., base
cuneate, repand-crenate, bearing raphides on both surfaces ; nerves 7 pair; petiole
§ in. Spikes 3-4 in., with few flowers in remote opposite pairs, early running into
a few-branched panicle; bracts \ in., concave; bracteoles 0. Calyx {-^ in., divided
nearly to the base ; segments linear, with weak subulate pubescent tips. Corolla
slightly curved, cylindric base as long as the ventricose part. Capsule § in., clavate-
oblong, puberulous, 4-seeded. Seeds £ in., ovate, shortly fulvous-hairy ; areoles small.
— Habit and calyx much like those of the large Asystasias, but the capsule and seeds
are of Strobilanthes.
110. S. lancifolius, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn-. Soc. ix. 480 ; leaves
elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes linear interrupted hairy
collected into terminal panicles, bracts oblong obtuse green shorter than the
calyx deciduous, corolla If in. minutely pubescent without deep-blue.
MoiTLMElN; Parish. TenassebiM; Beddome.
A shrub ; branches terete. Leaves 7 by 3 in., widest about the middle, serrate,
minutely lineolate above; nerves 7-8 pair; petiole 1 in. Spikes ascending, straight;
flowers nearly all in opposite pairs ; bracts \-% in. ; bracteoles \ in., linear-oblong, •
obtuse, deciduous. Calyx %-% in., subequally divided nearly to the base ; segments
linear-oblong, obtuse, pubescent. Corolla nearly straight, funnel-shaped, ventricose
upwards ; segments ovate, dense rows of long white hair within. Longer filaments
white hairy. Capsule § in., glabrate, 4-seeded. Seeds shaggy.
111. S. denticulatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 483; leaves
long-petioled elliptic acuminate at both ends fuscous-pubescent on the
nerves beneath, spikes linear interrupted fuscous-pubescent, flowers (or
many of them) in distant pairs, bracts lanceolate. Ruellia denticuiata,
Wall. Cat. 2418. Asystasia denticuiata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. m. 89,
and in DC. Prodr. xi. 164.
Khasia Mts.; Wallich. Patkoye Mts. (in S.E. Assam), at the river Namyoon
(by error Kamyoon in Griffith's Journals); Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6112).
VOL. IV. H h
466 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
A shrub ; branches quadrangular, scabrid puberulous upwards. Leaves 6 by 2£ in.,
crenulate-dentate, with small raphides on both surfaces, paler beneath ; nerves 12
pair; petiole 5— 3 in. (often very unequal in the opposite pairs). Spikes 1-4 in.,
axillary, 1 or 2 together, interrupted, slender even before fiower-time ; bracts \-% in.,
green, slightly pubescent ; bracteoles ^ in. Calyx \-\ in., divided nearly to the base ;
segments lanceolate, scarcely acute, fuscous-pubescent. Corolla \\ in., pubescent
without, nearly straight; linear-cylindric part of the tube nearly as long as the
ventricose part. Filaments very hairy (Nees). Capsule not seen.
112. S. microcarpus9 T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 482 ; leaves
large petioled ovate acuminate coarsely serrate hirsute on both surfaces,
flowers panicled distant mostly in opposite pairs, bracts and bracteoles very
small, corolla f in. glabrous without.
Tenassebim or Andamans ; Hdfer (Kew Distrib. n. 6113).
A shrub; branches terete, swollen at the nodes, glabrous. Leaves 8 by 4| in.,
base broadly rhomboid, hirsute with white hairs which are stellately clustered on the
upper surface, closely minutely lineolate on both surfaces ; nerves 15 pair ; petiole
l§-2in. Inflorescence viscidly glandular-hairy ; spikes proper apparently laxly few-
fid., axillary and running into a terminal panicle ; bracts \ in., linear ; bracteoles
similar to the bracts. Calyx % in., divided nearly to the base, viscous ; segments linear,
more or less unequal. Corolla nearly straight, very hairy within ; cylindric base
much shorter than the ventricose portion ; segments short. Capsule scarcely ^ in.,
clavate, 2-seeded where examined. — Heifer's examples are in bad condition, with the
leaves (both cauline and floral) all detached; and the species very possibly is not
placed here correctly.
113. S. angrustifrons, Clarice ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both
ends nearly glabrous, spikes lateral and terminal paniculate with capitellate
tips, bracts oblong acuminate caducous, corolla 1J in. nearly glabrous
purple. — Strobilanthes sp. n. 29, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. Sf T., partly.
Goldfussia Edgeworthiana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 173 ?
N.W. Himalaya ; Deyra, alt. 2500 ft., Thomson ; Kangra and Dhurmsala,
alt. 3-6000 ft., Clarke.
A suberect shrub, 2-3 ft. ; branches glabrous. Leaves 4| by If in., upper all
attenuate at the base, serrulate, upper surface and margin minutely hairy or glabrous,
raphides small on both surfaces ; nerves 6 pair ; petiole ^ in. Spikes forming short
irregular panicles, branches nearly glabrous ; lower bracts leaf -like, lanceolate (base
never cordate), upper shorter than the calyx ; bracteoles £ in., linear, scarcely pubescent.
Sepals j-i in., linear, pubescent. Corolla nearly as of S. alatus, but much nar-
rower. Capsule g— \ in., sparsely pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds scarcely § in.,
orbicular, hairy; areoles hardly any. — This differs from S. alatus by the slenderer
corolla, capsule and seeds, and by the uppermost leaves being narrowed never cordate
at the base.
114. S. agrestis, Clarke ; leaves ovate acuminate at both ends
sparsely hairy on both surfaces, spikes elongate paniculate with capitellate
tips, bracts shorter than the calyx obovate pubescent caducous, coroila 2 in.
glabrous without.
Subtbopical Sikkim and W. Bhotan, alt. 2-5000 ft., frequent ; Clarke.
An erect, branched undershrub, 1-2 ft.; branches upwards quadrangular, pubescent.
Leaves 4 by 2 in., often unequal, shortly acuminate at the base, serrulate, shortly
sparsely hairy above, minutely pubescent beneath, minutely lineolate on both sur-
faces; nerves 6 pair ; petiole j-| in. Spikes 1-4 in., hairy, lower flowers in distant
pairs; bracts i in.; bracteoles £ in., linear-oblong. Corolla slightly curved, rather
narrowly tubular- ventricose, lavender colour. Capsule and seeds as of >S'. anyustifrons,
to which it is nearly allied.
Vab. hemiotis ; one leaf of every pair sessile cordate less than | the length of the
other.— Khasia Mts.3 Herb. Watt.
Strobihmthes.] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 467
115. S. Thomson!, T. Anders, in Jour n. Linn. Soc. ix. 478; leaves
ovate or elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes short cymose or ,
fascicled axillary shorter than the leaves glabrous or viscous-hairy, bracts
and bracteoles very small, corolla 1£ in. purple.— Strobilanthes sp. n. 30,
Serb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Subtropical Sikkim and W. Bhotan, alt. 2-6000 ft., common ; J. D. H., T.
Anders., &c.
A shrub, 3-5 ft. ; branches elongate, flexuose, glabrous. Leaves 4J-6$ by 2£ in.,
serrate, with small raphides on both surfaces; nerves 6 pair; petiole ^-f in., some-
times 0. Spikes 1-3 in., in nearly all the axils, densely divided from the base, the
flowers nearly all in crowded but distinct opposite pairs; lower bracts resembling
reduced leaves, lanceolate; upper £ in. spathulate, glabrous pubescent or very viscous-
hairy. Calyx in flower often less than \ in., in fruit sometimes nearly \ in., divided
nearly to the base ; segments equal or unequal, glaucous or green, hairy. Corolla
somewhat curved, minutely pubescent, ultimately glabrate. Capsule scarcely ^ in.,
minutely pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds -^ in., orbicular, innumerable fine white hairs
springing out on applying water; areoles very small. — There is a wide series of forms
here collected, varying much in the size and hairiness of the calyx, but all remarkable
by the fasciculate axillary inflorescence. Possibly T. Anderson also included here S.
agrestis, which has different inflorescence, and much larger capsules.
116. S. lsevigratus, Clarke ; nearly glabrous, leaves elliptic acumi-
nate at both ends serrate, flowers loosely panicled nearly all in opposite dis-
tant pairs, bracts very caducous, corolla If in. nearly glabrous.
Sikkim ; J. D. H.
A shrub, glabrous except a few glandular hairs occasionally on the calyx and
panicle-rachis. Leaves 7 by 2\ in., sharply serrate, obscurely lineolate, nerves 8
pair ; petiole f in. Panicles axillary and terminal, large, lax ; bracts and bracteoles
all fallen before some of the corollas have opened. Calyx ^ in., divided nearly to the
base; segments subequal, narrowly lanceolate, subobtuse, somewhat enlarged, mem-
branous in fruit. Corolla nearly as of S. angustifrons & agrestis. Capsule
£-§ in., glabrous, tip obscurely glandular.
117. S. debilis, Clarke; leaves small elliptic sparsely hairy, spikes
small interrupted, flowers in opposite pairs, bracts linear-lanceolate, corolla
1 in. nearly glabrous without long white-hairy within.
Pegu ; Kurz.
Stem creeping, rooting ; flowering branches 4-8 in., erect, branching, pubescent.
Leaves 1^ by § in., apex triangular, very obtuse, base cuneate, undulate or crenate,
densely lineolate and with a few long multicellular hairs above, pubescent beneath ;
nerves 5 pair ; petiole £ in. Spikes 1-2 in., weak, hairy ; bracts £ in. ; bracteoles
|-£ in., linear, green, hairy. Sepals \-\ in., linear, subulate, very hairy. Corolla
nearly straight ; cylindric base hardly half as long as the urceolate part ; segments 5,
short, round, subequal. Filaments glabrous. Ovary 4-ovulate. Capsule not seen.—
A very anomalous species ; it is possible that the bracts are not caducous, and that it
should not be arranged here.
118. S. glandulosus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 92 ; viscous,
leaves narrowly elliptic repand-crenate, spikes very numerous, lowest
bracts leaf -like subpersistent, proper bracts small oblong caducous, corolla
scarcely £ in. yellow. Hemigraphis glandulosa, T. Anders, in Kurz Anda-
man Rep. App. B. 13.
S. Andaman Islands ; Kurz.
A branched herb (Kurz). Leaves 3 by 1 in., subobtusely cuneate at both ends
nearly glabrous; nerves 6 pair; petiole ± in. Inflorescence exceedingly sticky, very
compound ; lower bracts persistent, or deciduous forming the spikes into compound
panicles ; flowers distant in opposite pairs, or in small heads ; or in appearance solitary,
468 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
terminal, pedicelled. Calyx \-% in., divided nearly to the base ; segments linear.
Corolla straight, tubular-ventricose, hardly £ in. diam. ; segments short, round.
Filaments and style glabrous ; ovary 4-ovulate. Capsule \ in., clavate, compressed,
pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds \ in., orbicular ; when wetted the fine hairs spring out ;
areoles very small. — Kurz, after removing this species to Strobilanthes, suggests that
it is allied to Remigraphis Griffithiana, of which not merely the ovules, but the
inflorescence, &c, are totally different.
119. S. secundus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 480 ; leaves
elliptic acute at both ends nearly glabrous, spikes lax long, flowers distant
in opposite pairs, bracts petioled ovate deciduous, corolla 1| in. minutely
pubescent without yellow with a brown-purple tube. — Strobilanthes sp.
n. 23, Herb. Ind. Or. S.f. Sf T., partly.
Mishmee and Assam ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6122). Assam ; Simons.
Leaves Q\ by 3 in., crenate or subentire, ashy puberulous on the nerves beneath
otherwise glabrous, upper surface with minute raphides ; nerves 8 pair ; petiole % in.
Spikes 12 in., whip-like, sparingly branched (in Griffith's type specimens), sometimes
depauperated 3 in., 5-fld. ; lower bracts leaf-like, upper gradually smaller, leaf-like,
deciduous, uppermost only ^ in., lanceolate; bracteoles obsolete. Calyx \ in., divided
nearly to the base, glabrous, enlarged in fruit ; segments unequal, narrowly lanceolate,
linear-elongate, subobtuse. Corolla curved, cylindric base hardly so long as the calyx.
Capsule nearly 1 in., base long barren narrow, 4-seeded. Seeds £-% in., ovate,
shaggy ; areoles very small.
120. S. flaccidifolius, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 194;
leaves elliptic acute at both ends, spikes forming somewhat dense panicles,
flowers opposite many remote, bracts petioled ovate deciduous, corolla 2 in.
nearly glabrous purple. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 481. S.
Championi, T. Anders, in Benth. FL Hongk. 261. S. flaccidus, Mann,
Assam For. Rep. 1876-7, par. 135; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 280 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 239. Ruellia indigofera, Griff. Trav. 237. R. indigotica, Fortune,
JResid. Chin. 158. Balfour, Cyclop. Ind. IV. {Ruellia). R. Cusia,
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2386. Goldi ussia Cusia, Nees in Wall. PL As. Rar.
iii. 88, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 175. Dipteracanthus ? calycinus, Champ, in
Hook. Few Jotirn. v. 133.
N. and E. Bengal with Assam, alt. 1-4000 ft. in the lower hills, often cultivated,
Hamilton, Griffith, &c. — Distbib. N. Burma, S. China.
A shrub. Leaves and flowers closely resembling (when dry) those of S. secundus,
but the inflorescence denser, the flowers rather larger. Capsule § in., not constricted
at the base ; lower seeds less than i in. from the base. — Except as to the capsule, this
looks exceedingly like a cultivated torm of S. secundus. Yields the dye " Room."
Series C. Alterniflorce. Bracts persistent or caducous, large or small,
in opposite pairs (sometimes unequal) one of each pair mostly barren.
Spikes linear lax usually interrupted often liexuose, zigzag or twisted, or
compound passing into much-branched panicles ; spikes upwards at least
generally sympodal. Floivers mostly distant, alternate. — (Several species
in this section have some of their flowers opposite, but these are in such
case often twisted much to one side ; and in many cases where such occur
as solitary in the axils of leaves, they are really alternate on shortened
axillary branches with 2 opposite bracts, whereof one only contains a flower.)
— Species of N. India and the Malay Peninsula.
121. S. divaricatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 478 ; leaves
lanceolate or elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes axillary and
terminal elongate flexuose or zigzag, flowers distant both paired and alter-
Strobihmthes.] cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 469
nate. bracts very small caducous, corolla 1} in. nearly glabrous purple.
Euelha divaricata, Wall. Cat. 2372. Goldfussia divaricata, Nees in Wall
PI. As. Bar. iii. 89, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 176.— Strobilanthes sp. n. 23,
Serb. Ind. Or. S.f. Sf T., partly.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-9000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan, common ; Wallich
&c. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent; H.f Sf T., &c.
A shrub, 2-5 ft., nearly glabrous. Leaves 5£ by 2 in. (in the Himalaya plant
usually narrower), serrulate, obscurely setulose; nerves 7 pair ; petiole l3 in. Spikes
very lax, divaricate ; glabrous or (in the Khasia form) thinly hairy upwards. Bracts
£ in., ovate, caducous; bracteoles £-£ in., obovate-oblong, caducous. Calyx \-\ in.,
subequally divided to the base ; segments narrow elongate caudate, often glabrous in
the Himalaya form, usually hairy (sometimes very hairy in fruit) in the Khasia form.
Corolla curved, tubular, ventricose, subviscid dark purple, glossy in the high-level
Himalaya plant. Stamens glabrous or the filaments minutely pubescent at the base.
Capsule % in., glabrate, 4-seeded. Seeds T'a in., ovate, pubescent ; areoles small.
122. S. rubescens, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 479 ; lower
leaves subsessile oblong acuminate subentire coriaceous hairy or glabrate,
spikes curved, flowers mostly remote not opposite, bracts very small ovate,
corolla nearly 2 in., seeds \ in.— Goldfussia sp., Griff. Bin. Notes, 20, n. 309.
Goldfussia sp. n. 27, Herb. Ind. Or. S.f. Sf T., in great part.
Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., common ; Griffith, H.f Sf T., &c.
Suberect flexuose, or lax curved, 1-2 ft., hairy or glabrous. Lower leaves 3^ by
1^ in. with petiole rarely £ in., upper cordate sessile, sparsely lineolate above ; nerves
5 pair. Spikes 1-5 in., axillary, and forming a quasi-terminal panicle, secund,
glabrous or sparingly glandular-hairy ; bracts scarcely | in., ovate, opposite, usually
only one bearing a flower; bracteoles nearly as long as the bracts, linear. Calyx
\-\ in., divided nearly to the base; segment linear-lanceolate, somewhat enlarged in
fruit. Corolla nearly straight, glabrous, purple or lilac ; cylindric base £ in., ventri-
cose part 1 in. Capsule |-§ in., glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds ovate, shaggy principally
on the margin ; areoles small.
Vae. ? microsperma ; leaves more distinctly serrate lower sessile cordate, capsule
scarcely \ in., seeds j'g in.— Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., H.f. Sf T. Darjeeling; Jor
Bungalow, alt. 7500 ft., Beddome. — The small , seeds appear perfectly ripe. Col.
Beddome's Darjeeling plant may be a new species.
123. S. boerhaavioides, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 479 ;
lower leaves long-petioled ovate acuminate crenate glabrate, spikes curved,
flowers mostly remote not opposite, bracts very small ovate, corolla 1£ in.,
seeds % in.— Goldfussia sp. n. 27, Serb. Ind. Or. S.f.Sf T., in part.
Sikkim Himalaya; Thomson. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft.; Pomrang,
J. D. H
Lower leaves 6^ by 3 in. ; petiole 1-1 \ in., winged upwards. Otherwise so closely
resembling S. rubescens type, that the species have been thrown into one in Herb.
Kew.
124. S. Helictus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 479 ; leaves lan-
ceolate or elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes elongate zigzag
twisted glabrous or viscous hairy, bracts linear shorter than the calyx,
corolla li in. creamy-white. Ruellia calycina, Wall. Cat. 2417. Asystasia
calycina, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 90. Echinacanthus calycmus,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 168.
Sikkim, alt. 6000 ft. j Treutler. Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 4000 ft.
frequent ; Griffith, &c. .
A shrub, 1-4 ft. ; branches sometimes pubescent upwards. Leaves 4* by 1-I? in.
lanceolate (in the Sikkim example 4| by 2 in. elliptic), serrate ; upper surface hueo-
470 cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
late ; nerves 5-9 pair ; petiole | in. Spikes 3-8 in., axillary and terminal, but little
branched ; flowers all distant alternate ; bracts J— J in., unequal, opposite, the smaller
one barren ; bracteoles ^ in., linear. Calyx \-\\ in., divided subequally nearly to the
base ; segments linear, glabrous or very viscous hairy, more or less enlarged in fruit.
Corolla nearly glabrous, very ventricose from a constricted base scarce \ in. long ;
segments short, round. Stamens 4, filaments very hairy downwards. Capsule J in.,
glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds £ in., ovate, pubescent hair at first dense white, ultimately
tawny less ; areoles very small. — T. Anderson says the leaves are " softly tomentose
beneath," which is a mistake.
125. S. G-riffithianus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 481 ; leaves
broadly lanceolate acuminate at both ends puberulous on the nerves beneath,
spikes elongate zigzag viscous pubescent, flowers distant alternate, bracts
lanceolate obtuse persistent, corolla If in. yellow. Triasnanthus Griffithi-
anus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 169.
Xhasia Mts., alt. 2-3000 ft., Griffith, J. D. S., &c, frequent on the southern
face.
A spreading shrub, 3-7 ft. diam. ; branches fuscous-puberulous upwards. Leaves
6 by 1| in., minutely denticulate ; nerves 10 pair ; petiole f in. Spikes 3-8 in.,
lateral and in lax terminal panicles ; bracts 1 in., opposite, more or less unequal, one
of each pair supporting a flower ; bracteoles \ in., linear-oblong. Calyx ^-\ in.,
divided subequally very nearly to the base ; segments (one a little longer than the other
4) linear-oblong, green, viscous-pubescent. Corolla nearly straight glabrous, yellow
with brown or red spots or lines ; linear-cylindric base\>f the tube about as long as
the ventricose part. Filaments very hairy. Capsule' % in., nearly glabrous, 4-seeded.
Seeds §-£ in., fulvous-hairy; areoles very small. — Nees erected this plant into a
genus on the ground that the calyx was 2-lipped with one lip trifid but half-way
down ; an error of fact.
126. S. paucinervius, T. Anders, in Herb. Kew; glabrous, leaves
elliptic acuminate, spikes linear elongated interrupted flexuose alternate-fid.,
bracts lanceolate persistent.
Tenasserim or Andaman Islands ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6115).
Apparently a lax shrub. Leaves 4£ by 1J in., base rhomboid, subentire or
minutely denticulate, lineolate on both surfaces; nerves 5-6 pair ; petiole £ in.
Spikes 2-4 in., axillary, short peduncled, 1 or 2 together; bracts £ in., bracteoles
nearly as long, narrower, persistent. Calyx subequally 5-fid nearly to the base ;
segments linear-lanceolate acute. Capsule § in., glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds % in.,
ovate, shaggy ; areoles hardly any.
_ 127. S. elong-atus, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves lanceolate acuminate,
spikes very long lax, flowers alternate and opposite distant, bracts lanceo-
late persistent, sepals linear- lanceolate rather longer than the bracts.
Assam ; Namroop, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6183).
A shrub. Leaves 4£ by 1^ in., base cuneate, minutely serrate, densely lineolate
above; nerves 11 pair; petiole | in. Spikes axillary and quasi-terminal, 1 or 2
together, attaining 7 in., sparingly branched, leafless ; bracts in opposite pairs, all
distant, both or one or neither bearing a flower, ^ by ^ in.; bracteoles linear,
shorter than the bracts. . Sepals i in., glabrous. Corolla not seen. Capsule ^-^in.,
4-seeded, glabrous. Seeds compressed, orbicular, subelastically hairy.
128. S. farinosus, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acuminate at each end
serrate glabrous, spikes in a pubescent panicle, flowers distant alternate,
bracts very small persistent, corolla 1| in. nearly glabrous without.
Moulmein ; Thoung Yun, Loll.
Branch terete, glabrous. Leaves 5 by \\ in., upper surface lineolate, lower pale;
nerves 7 pair ; petiole % in. Spikes axillary, and a terminal panicle 4 in. diam. ;
Strobilanthes.] cix. acanthace^}. (C. B. Clarke.) 471
bracts £ in., elliptic, pubescent, opposite one of eacli pair usually barren ; bracteoles
oblong rather longer than the bracts. Calyx \-± in., divided subequally nearly to
the base ; segments linear-ligulate, softly pubescent, densely white papillose down the
back. Corolla nearly straight, much ventricose upwards, constricted base of the tube
short. Style glabrous. Capsule § in., spathulate-oblong, puberous, 4-seeded. Seeds
^ in., ovate, shaggy ; areoles very small. — The papillae on the backs of the sepals
(and continued also on the bracts) give this species a powdered or farinose look.
129. S. nobilis, Clarice; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
sparsely hairy on the nerves beneath, spikes long flexuose panicled pubes-
cent, flowers alternate, bracts lanceolate acute persistent.
Jaintea Hills ; Jarain, alt. 3500 ft., Clarke.
An erect gregarious shrub, 6-10 ft. Leaves 9 by 3 in., unequal-sided, upper ses-
sile, serrate, thinly lineolate above ; nerves 10 pair. Spikes 6-12 in., hardly inter-
rupted ; bracts |-1 in., very acuminate, minutely hairy; bracteoles % in.,' linear-
lanceolate. Calyx | in., divided nearly to the base equally ; segments linear, minutely
scabrous- pubescent. Capsule f in., nearly glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds £ in., ovate,
shaggy; areoles very small. — Corolla not preserved, believed to be yellow.
130. S. inflatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 476 ; villous,
leaves elliptic or subovate acuminate, flowers alternate or some opposite in
flexuose or twisted 1-sided spikes, lower bracts leaf-like upper spathulate,
corolla 1§ in. much curved pubescent without. — Goldfussia sp. n. 28, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. 8r T.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-8000 ft. ; J. B. H.
Branches woody, flexuose, terete, fulvous-villous. Leaves 2,\ by |-1£ m-> serrate,
hairy on both surfaces ; nerves 6 pair ; petiole 1\ in. Spikes 1-3 in., fulvous villous,
internodes zigzag or contorted almost as in S. Helictus ; most of the bracts foliaceous ;
bracteoles minute linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, inflated, tube very much curved
towards the top ; segments subquadrate orbicular. Capsule § in., narrowly elliptic,
glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds £ in., subquadrate, shaggy; areoles subobsolete. — Nearly
all the bracts are leaf -like, persistent ; the uppermost, entirely bracteiform ones, are
deciduous.
131. S. Wallichii, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 87, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 193; leaves petioled elliptic acuminate nearly glabrous upper
sessile cordate, spikes lax 1-sided, flowers solitary or paired, many of the
lower bracts large leaf-like, sepals linear subobtuse glabrous in fruit elon-
gate somewhat hairy at the tips, corolla \\ in. blue. T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 477. Euellia alata, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 26, t. 31, and
Cat. 2371 a. Goldfussia Thomsoni, Bot. Mag. t. 5119, not Strobilanthes
Thomsoniy T. Anders.
Stjbalpine Himalaya, alt. 7-11,000 ft.; from Nepal to Bhotan, common,
Wallich, &c.
Stems 6-24 in., weak, quadrangular sometimes sharply, glabrous or pubescent on
the angles. Leaves 3 by 1 in., crenate-serrate, puberulous or glabrate, thinly lineo-
late above ; nerves 6 pair; petiole § in. Spikes 1-6" in., often flexuose or zigzag,
lowest flowers appearing often axillary solitary opposite ; bracts (many of the middle
ones) ovate or subcordate, altogether resembling the upper leaves ; uppermost bracts
often small, less than £ in., ovate or obovate, glabrate ; bracteoles hnear-oblong,
small or 0. Sepals in flower £ in., usually quite glabrous, in fruit often more than
1 in laxly flexuose, very narrow, usually more or less glandular hairy at least at the
tips.' Corolla nearly straight, glabrous or with minute lines of hairs within ; cyhn-
dric base about as long as the ventricose portion ; segments short, round. Filaments
and style glabrous. Capsule i-§ in., glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds | in., ovate, pubes-
cent • areoles small.— The lowest flowers often appear axillary opposite, with 2 small
ovate bracteoles each : more careful comparison shows that the axdlary flower is on a
472 'cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilardhes.
short axillary branch which has 2 opposite bracts, 1 barren, the other with a flower
often supported by the two normal but minute bracteoles.
Var. microphylla, Nees ; leaves very thin herbaceous uppermost cuneate or
rhomboid at the base, bracts lanceolate or subovate many foliaceous not cordate, sepals
in fruit much broader than in S. Wallichii type, corolla-mouth much on one side,
capsule more than f in., seeds \ in. Ruellia alata, Wall. Cat. 2371 h. — N.W.
Himalaya, alt. 7-11,000 ft.; from Kashmir to Kumaon, common, Wallich, &c. —
Connected by intermediate forms with the Sikkim type. Leaves often large, some-
times small.
132. S. atropurpureusj Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 86, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 195 ; leaves ovate acute coarsely serrate sparsely hairy,
spikes lax, flowers solitary or paired, many of the lower bracts leaf-like,
sepals linear subobtuse patently hairy, corolla If in. blue. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 477. Ruellia atropurpurea, Wall. Cat. 2398.
Subalpine W. Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. ; from Jamu to Nepal, frequent,
Wallich, &c.
A perennial, often growing in swamps ; stems 1-1^ foot, thick, succulent, hirsute
upwards, or dwarfed 3-6 in. Lower leaves petioled or the petiole winged to the
base. Corolla usually much curved, the ventricose part of the tube very broad.
Otherwise as S. Wallichii var. microphylla, of which this species has been treated
(perhaps correctly) at Kew as a var. •
133. S. subnudatus, Clarke; leaves petioled elliptic acuminate at
both ends nearly glabrous uppermost sessile cordate, spikes linear hairy
interrupted, nearly all the bracts small oblong, sepals linear elongated sub-
obtuse hairy, corolla H in. purple. — Goldfussia sp. n. 29, Herb. Ind. Or.
H. f. Sf T.
Subalpine Sikkim ; Lachoong, alt. 9000 ft., J. D. H.
Stems 1 foot, from a woody rootstock, slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves 1\ by
\ in., crenate, with minute scattered bristly hairs above and on the nerves beneath,
raphides obsolete ; petiole £ in., one or two pairs of the leaves at the base of the
spikes sessile cordate. Spikes 1-4 in. ; flowers mostly subsolitary, occasionally oppo-
site ; bracts \ in., oblong or elliptic (none of the flowers with large bracts similar to
the uppermost sessile cordate leaves as in S. Wallichii) ; bracteoles similar to the
bracts. Sepals in fruit ^-| in., as of S. Wallichii. — This has been taken as a form
of$. Wallichii; but none of the numerous forms of S. Wallichii have bracts and
hairy spikes without foliaceous bracts like it.
134. S. urophyllus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 192; leaves lanceolate
acuminate at both ends glabrous, flowers scattered, lower bracts leaf-like
upper small long-petioled ovate, corolla ^ in. curved pubescent without.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.ix. 477. Ruellia urophylla. Wall. Cat. 2344.
Dipteracanthus urophyllus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 82.
Khasia Mts. ; Wallich. Jaintea, alt. 4000 ft. : Jarain, Clarke.
A small, ramous, nearly glabrous shrub. Leaves h\ by \\ in., those on the flower-
ing branches much reduced, serrate, not (or very obscurely) lineolate; nerves 9 pair;
petiole 1| in. Flowers scattered, alternate and subopposite on small-leaved branches;
bracts £ in. exclusive of their \ in. petioles, nearly glabrous, persistent ; bracteoles
similar. Calyx J— J in., divided nearly to the base, pubescent; segments linear,
enlarged more hairy in fruit. Capsule \-\ in., 4-seeded. Seeds \ in., ovate,
pubescent ; areoles very small.
Var. sikkimensis ; leaves much broader, corolla 1 in. much curved purple-blue. —
Darjeeling; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6125); alt. 6000 ft., Treutler.— Leaves 5^ by
2i in. " Flowers faintly fragrant" (Treutler).
135. S. stenophyllus, Clarke ; leaves narrowly lanceolate attenuate
Strobilanthes.~\ cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 473
at both ends ciliolate pubescent, flowers alternate or opposite in leafy spikes,
npper bracts ovate or spathulate persistent, corolla 1 in. nearly glabrous
purple.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent ; J. _D. H., &c.
A small, erect, somewhat densely branched shrub. Leaves 2\ by J in., equal or
subequal, minutely dentate undulate or subentire ; nerves 5-6 pair, puberulous,
beneath ciliate ; petiole obscure. Spikes 1-3 in., numerous, axillary and terminal,
nearly glabrous ; lower bracts leaf-like ; upper sometimes spathulate (hardly petioled
as in 8. urophyllus) ; bracteoles -^ in., ovate. Sepals ^-^ in., subequal, linear, obtuse.
Corolla nearly straight, hairy within ; cylindric base shorter than the ventricose
portion; segments short, round. Filaments very hairy downwards. Ovary glabrous ;
style sparsely hairy. Capsule fin., 4-seeded. Seeds |-£ in., ovate, pubescent;
areoles hardly any. — This common Khasia in habit and leaves remarkably resembles S.
isophyllus ; the inflorescence, sepals, &c, are totally different.
136. S. Panichangra, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 478; leaves
broadly elliptic acuminate at both ends rusty -pubescent, panicles lax capil-
lary pubescent, flowers scattered mostly alternate, bracts minute persistent,
corolla If in. nearly glabrous. Kuellia Panichanga, Wall. Vat. 2387.
Asy stasia Panichanga, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 90, and- in DC. Prodr.
xi. 167. ,
Silhet ; Wallieh. Cachae ; Keenan.
A shrub ; branches tetragonous, pubescent upwards. Leaves 6§ by 2| in., serrate ;
nerves 10 pair; petiole f in. Peduncles \-2 in., repeatedly trichotomous ; bracts
and bracteoles scarcely | in., linear, pubescent. Calyx \ in., deeply subequally 5-fid,
closely uniformly pubescent ; segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla nearly straight,
puberulous, cylindric base longer than the calyx, gradually widening into the rather
narrow cylindric portion of the tube; segments round, short, contorted in bud.
Filaments and style with scattered white hairs. Capsule more than \ in.
137. S. coloratus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 481, not of
Nees ; leaves ovate or elliptic acuminate glabrous, panicles capillary very
compound glabrous, bracts elliptic caducous, corolla U in. nearly glabrous
pale purple. Kuellia colorata, Wall. Cat. 2388. Goldfussia colorata, Nees
in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 89, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 176.— Acanthacea,
Griff. Bin. Notes, 87, n. 1280.
Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 2-5000 ft., Clarke. Assam and
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., frequent; Griffith, H. f. Sf T., &c. .
A nearly glabrous shrub, 3-6 ft. Leaves 7 by 24-4 in., serrate ; nerves 7-8 pair ;
petiole £-H in. Panicle often 1 foot in diam., leafless bractless with 200-500 flowers,
sometimes denser with stouter shorter branches ; bracts £ in. Calyx £-£ in., deeply
5-fid ; segments subequal, lanceolate, glabrous. Corolla tubular- ventricose, glabrous.
Capsule H in., 4-seeded. Seeds J-£ in., ovate, pubescent; areoles hardly any.—
The flowers said by Nees to be capitate are mostly alternate scattered ; they are
capitate only at the tips of the younger panicle-branches.
Vak. crinita; panicle-branches minutely thinly glandular- hairy, b. cnnitus,
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 481. Goldfussia crinita, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi.
176.— Bhotan, alt. 1000 ft.; Griffith. Assam.— Varies in the thinness of the panicle-
branches just as does the type.
Series D. Paniculate. Flowers panicled laxly, or densely, secund, sub-
spicate. Bracts conspicuous, persistent. Capsule elliptic, compressed,
cuneate at both ends. Seeds shaggy, often only 2 perfected, or if 4mibn-
cated- Species of Ceylon or S. Deccan Peninsula. ^%£™**W™?* hf
in technical character, though not in habit, the section *** ot the series A,
Bracteatee. Compare 8. perfoliate above, which Wight placed here.)
474 cix. acanthace^i. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strobilanthes.
138. S. sexennis, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 187; leaves sessile elliptic
attenuate at each end denticulate nearly glabrous, bracts sessile ovate base
rounded or subcordate glandular-hairy or glabrate, corolla 1\ in. glabrous.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 483. S. interruptus, Benth. in PI.
Uohenack. n. 1432.
Ceylon; Walker, Thwaites, C. P. n. 2593. Nilgheeey Mts.; on Dodabetta,
Sohenacker.
A shrub, flowering at 6 or 7 years old, then dying down. Branches subquadran-
gular, glabrous, transversely verrucose. Leaves 3 by 1 in. ; nerves 5-6 pair ; petiole
winged, base dilated. Bracts | by \-^ in., glabrous or bairy on the same spike ;
bracteoles \ in., oblong obtuse. Calyx divided subequally nearly to the base ; seg-
ments linear-oblong, hairy at least at the tips. Corolla white (Beddome). Capsule
$ in., glabrous, 2-seeded. — Described from Nees' type specimen; the specimen in leaf
only which he adds has very large many-nerved leaves very woolly when young, and
is a gregarious undershrub well known to Col. Beddome in Ceylon, of which the
flower has not yet been observed.
Vae. arguta ; leaves distinctly dentate sometimes slightly hairy, petiole (even in
the leaves near the spikes) usually well defined sometimes 1-2 in. not dilated at the
base, spikes often elongate secund sometimes dense. S. argutus, Nees in DC. Prodr.
xi. 188. — Ceylon, frequent ; Gardner, Thwaites, C. P. 66 partly, &c. — Appears a
trifling variety.
Vae. cerinthoides ; leaves sessile elliptic or oblong narrowed suddenly at the very
base subentire coriaceous few-nerved. S. cerinthoides, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 724;
T. Anders, in Thwaites JEnum. 229. Mackenziea sessilis, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 308.
— Ceylon; Thwaites (C. P. nn. 2594, 66 partly), Mackenzie, &c. — The type of this
with nearly all the leaves subsessile rounded at the base seems to form a distinct species,
but there are examples wherein the lower leaves are cuneate at the base. The flowers
are noted white with much purple marking.
Vae. hirsutissima ; stem and leaves hirsute. S. hirsutissimus, Nees in DC.
Prodr. xi. 187.— Ceylon; Walker, Thwaites (C. P. n. 3626), &c.
139. S- homotropus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 187; leaves oblong or
elliptic long attenuate at the base glabrous, spikes very hairy flexuose
or somewhat twisted, bracts elliptic or eubovate narrowed at the base,
corolla 1 in. nearly glabrous. S. sexennis, Bedd. Lc. PI. Ind. Or. t. 206, not
of Nees.
Nilghebey Mrs., alt. 8000 ft. ; Wight, &c.
This has been treated as a var. of S. sexennis, but the bracts are quite unlike.
140. S. violaceus, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 205 ; leaves large petioled
ovate hairy on both surfaces, bracts elliptic or oblong much shorter than
the calyx, corolla 1^ in. glabrous without deep violet.
Nilgheeey Mts. ; Sisparah, alt. 6000 ft., Beddome.
A large shrub, very rarely flowering (Beddome) ; branches quadrangular, hairy
upwards. Leaves Q\ by 3| in., shortly acuminate at both ends, crenulate ; nerves
14 pair; petiole 1-2 in. Panicles 6-10 in., lax, hairy ; bracts £ in. ; bracteoles \ in.,
oblong hairy. Calyx divided nearly to the base, less hairy than the bracteoles ; seg-
ments \ in., narrowly oblong, obtuse. Corolla nearly straight, urceolate, very hairy
within ; constricted base short ; segments short, rounded. Capsule not seen.
141. S. gracilis, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 222, and Ic. PI. Ind.
Or. t. 207, not of T. Anders. ; leaves sessile lanceolate attenuate at both
ends glabrous, panicle glabrous, bracts oblong much shorter than the calyx,
bracteoles 0, corolla 1 in. white lilac tinged. S. Beddomei, T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 482.
Anamallay Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft.; Beddome.
Strobil'irdhes.] cix. acanthace-m. (C. B. Clarke.) 475
A very large shrub (Beddome), glabrous or the sepal-tips thinly glandular-hairy ;
branches terete. Leaves 7 by 2\ in., serrulate ; nerves 10 pair. Panicle lax,
branches long curved, flowers distant ; bracts in opposite pairs, £-£ in., sometimes'
both, more often one only, carrying a flower on a pedicel 0-^ in. Sepals £-£ in.,
liuear-ligulate. Corolla slightly curved, nearly glabrous, constricted part of the tube
short (from Beddome). Filaments and style hairy (Beddome). Capsule \ in.,
glabrous.
142. S. helicoides, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 229, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 483 ; leaves elliptic or obovate acuminate glabrous, panicle
very compound capillary divaricate glabrous, flowers scattered mostly in
appearance pedicelled, bracts much smaller than the calyx, corolla 1 in.
glabrous without violet. JBedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 220. Leptacanthus
helicoides, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 170.
Ceylon, up to 3000 ft. alt. ; Walker, Thwaites.
A shrub, 2-3 ft., glabrous except the sepal-tips. Leaves 4 by 1 \ in. (lower larger),
base cuneate rounded (or the upper cordate), toothed, paler beneath ; nerves 5-6
pair; petiole 0-^ in. Panicle 6-12 in. diam., dense with slender divaricate recurved
or zigzag branches ; bracts at the forks |-| in. , ovate ; bracts below the flowers T'2-£ in.,
linear or liuear-obovate. Sepals £ in., linear, glabrous or sparsely glandular-hairy
at the tips. Corolla nearly straight, ventricose, constricted base very short ; segments
short, rounded. Capsule j in., glabrous, 2-seeded (4-seeded, Nees). — The flowers are
in appearance solitary terminal on pedicels \-^ in., with 2 bracts (called bracteoles by
Beddome) placed 0-^ in. below the flower.
143. S. rubicundus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 483 (not of
Thwaites Enum. 229) ; leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends nearly
glabrous, panicle compound slender glandular-pubescent, bracts at the
forks ovate acuminate, flower-bracts 0, corolla f in. pubescent without
violet. S. paniculatus, Bedd, Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 199, not of T. Anders.
Kuellia rubicunda, Heyne in Herb. Bottler ; Wall. Cat. 2337. Leptacan-
thus rubicundus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 90, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 170.
S. Deccan Peninsula; Wynaad and Coorg, alt. 2-3000 ft., Bottler, Beddome.
A rather delicate shrub, 5-6 ft. ; branches cylindric, glabrous. Leaves 5 by l£ in.,
unulate crenate or subentire ; nerves 6-7 pair, glabrous or pubescent beneath ; petiole
^ in. Panicle 8 in. , narrow ; bracts at the forks £-£ in., lanceolate from an ovate base ;
pedicels ^-\ in., mostly ebracteolate except at the base. Calyx \-^ in., divided
deeply, closely pubescent ; segments lanceolate-subulate, often very unequal.
Corolla nearly straight; base funnel-shaped, hardly cylindric. Capsule not seen.
144. S. paniculatus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 483, not of
Bedd. ; leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends nearly glabrous, panicle
compound slender glandular-pubescent, bracts at the forks linear or linear-
oblong, pedicels very short, flower-bracts 0, corolla nearly 1 in. glabrous
without. S. rubicundus, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 229, not of Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 483.
Ceylon ; Thwaites (C. P. n. 3351).
Pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx ±-\ in., glandular-hairy. Otherwise as S. rubicundus ;
the leaves are in the examples a good deal longer.
145. S. pulcherrimus, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 229, excl. syn.,
and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 483, the Ceylon plant only; leaves elliptic acumi-
nate at both ends hairy on the nerves beneath, panicle large very compound
viscous hairy, bracts at its divisions ovate acute, flower-bracts obsolete,
corolla 1 in. puberulous without violet, capsule hairy. Leptacanthus
Walkeri, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 170, not of Wight.
476 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Strolilanthes.
Ceylon, alt. 4-7000 ft. ; Walker, Thwaites (C. P. nn. 266, 301).
A large, rambling shrub (Walker) ; branches terete, glabrous. Leaves Q\ by 2\ in.,
minutely toothed; nerves 9 pair; petiole 1^ in. Panicle 8-14 in.; branches
ascending, bracts \-\ in., sessile, base rounded or cordate ; pedicels £-^ in., mostly
ebracteolate except at the base. Calyx J-J in., divided nearly to the base, viscous-
hairy ; segments linear caudate. Corolla nearly straight; tube broad-cylindric from
the base, very hairy within; segments short, round. Capsule § in., 4-seeded.
146. S. amabilis, Clarke ; leaves broadly elliptic acuminate at both
ends glabrous, panicle large compound viscous hairy, bracts at its divisions
linear-oblong, flower-bracts linear much shorter than the calyx, corolla
li-l£ in. glabrous without purplish, capsule glabrous. Leptacanthus
Walkeri, Wight Ic. t. 1507, not of Nees, nor Strobilanthes Walkeri, Nees.
JSilgherry Mts., alt. 6000 ft.; Gardner, &c, Hohenacker, n. 1440.
Leaves 1\ by 3 \ in., glabrous beneath; nerves 10-12 pair. Calyx J-f in., closely
subtended by 2 linear bracts. Capsule £ in. and upwards, conspicuously stipitate. —
Closely allied to S. pulcherrimus, which it was taken for by Wight. T. Anderson
overlooked the numerous points of difference above diagnosed, which are constant.
A much finer species than the Ceylon one, the panicle stouter with fewer but larger
flowers.
SPECIES NOT SEEN.
147. S. Neesii, Kurt in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 93, and For. Fl. ii. 245 ;
leaves large lanceolate minutely hairy on both surfaces, spikes sessile dense bracteate
ultimately elongated interrupted below, bracts proper oblong-linear shorter than the
calyx slightly serrate at the tips, corolla 1^— 1§ in. glabrous without purple.
Mabtaban ; Kurz.
A large shrub, 10-12 ft. Leaves attaining 10 in., shortly acuminate, base
attenuate, obsoletely repand-toothed ; petiole £~H m» Lowest bracts (or floral leaves)
leaf-like, caducous, £ in., tips serrate ; bracteoles 2, linear-lanceolate, glandular-
hirsute, as long as the calyx. Calyx -segments § in. or more, linear, hoary, ciliate.
Corolla-tube long, slender, hairy within. Stamens 2 only ; filaments glabrous.
Style hairy. Capsule a little longer than the calyx, glabrous, tip pubescent, 4-seeded.
Seeds silky.
148. S. bemottjs, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 471 ; leaves ovate
acuminate subentire glabrous, spikes axillary 1 or 2 together elongate, flowers remote
solitary, bracteoles and calyx-segments smaller than the bracts, capsule elongate
glabrous.
Tenasseeim ; Heifer.
Stem subterete, glabrous. Spikes l£-3 in.; bracts ^ in., lanceolate, mucronate,
1-nerved, glabrous ; bracteoles and calyx-segments ^ in., narrower than the bracts.
Capsule I in. — Allied to S. Jimbriatus and S. polythrix.
149. S. haplanthoides, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.'ix. 471 ; leaves petioled
ovate acuminate at both ends crenate or undulate glabrous or floral leaves ciliate,
spikes suberect lax, bracts bracteoles and calyx-segments linear hirsute with hyaline
bristles, corolla funnel-shaped pubescent without hairy within.
Beitish Burma; Moulmein, Falconer (n. 402 in Herb. Calcutt.), Heifer,
n. 255.
An erect herb, 1-1 £ foot. Stem terete, swollen at the nodes, glabrous. Leaves
2-3| by 1-1^ in., paler beneath ; petiole £ in. Spikes 2-3 in., lax, crowded in the
upper axils and subtermiual, on slender hirsute peduncles ; bracts \ in. ; bracteoles
and calyx \ in. Corolla \ in., tube suddenly narrowed, segments small. Capsule
\ in., constricted at the base, upwards ovate, acute, glabrous. — Placed by T. Anderson
next S. khasyanus.
150. S. Masteesi, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 481; upper leaves sub-
sessile lanceolate acute serrate subglabrous, panicles dichotomous lax erect viscous,
pedicels elongate mostly 1-fld., bracts lanceolate acute sparsely glandular deciduous,
corolla funnel-shaped suberect glabrous.
Strohilavthes.] cix. acanthaoej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 477
Assam:; Masters, Simons.
Stem erect, tetragonous, glandular, viscous. Calyx-segments equal, linear, glan-
dular, viscous. Stamens included. Capsule oblanceolate, elongate, tip glandular,
4-seeded. — Placed by Anderson next S. coloratus.
151. S. spicatus, T. Anders, in Jour n. Linn. Soc. ix. 484; leaves subsessile ovate
or ovate-lanceolate acute base subcordate serrate tomentose above pale pubescent
beneatb, spikes terminal elongate, flowers solitary sessile opposite, bracts leaf-like
ovate pubescent, bracteoles small herbaceous spathulate, corolla 1J in. funnel-shaped
glabrous.
Khasia Mts. ; above Nunklow, Simons.
Softly pubescent ; stem tetragonous. Leaves 1-3 by J-l in., floral passing into
bracts. Bracts |-| in. ; bracteoles £ in. Calyx \ in. ; segments linear, unequal.
Capsule oblanceolate, glandular at the tip, 4-seeded. Seeds large. — Affinity uncer-
tain, T. Anderson.
152. S. lamioidfs, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 485; floral leaves large
sessile ovate acuminate serrate tomentose beneath, heads terminal few-fld., bracts
spathulate glandular-tomentose ciliate, corolla straight tomentose without and within.
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 244.
Pegtt ; Mt. Taijoo, alt. 4000 ft., Brandis ; Mts. Nattoung, Cross. Maetaban
Hills, alt. 2-4000 ft. ; Kurz.
An evergreen shrub (Kurz), glandular-tomentose; stem subtetragonous. Floral
leaves 3-1 by 2-1 in., glabrous above. Heads leafy, lax, sessile or shortly peduncled ;
bracteoles linear, acute, subglabrous. Calyx 5-cleft to the middle ; lobes linear,
acute. Corolla $ in., like that of Ruellia. Stamens included. Capsule \ in., com-
pressed, tip bearded. Seeds large. — Of doubtful affinity (T. Anderson). Corolla
blueish-purple, seeds shortly tomentose (Kurz).
153. S. viol.efolitjs, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 485 ; leaves petioled
obliquely ovate acute serrate subglabrous, spikes few-fld., flowers distant subsessile in
opposite pairs, bracts linear, corolla funnel-shaped straight glabrous without and
within.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5000 ft. ; Ratong Valley, T. Anderson.
Stem herbaceous, weak ; innovations pubescent. Lower leaves round ; petiole
1 in., filiform ; upper leaves sessile, H~3£ by 1-1£ in. Spikes 3-4 in., terminal on
lateral branches ; bracts \-\ in., linear sometimes spathulate, herbaceous ; bracteoles
-,'n in., subulate. Calyx deeply divided; segments $■ in., linear, acute, glabrous.
Corolla | in., pale blue; lobes equal, small.— Of doubtful affinity (T. Anderson).
154. S. ? lanatus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 191 ; leaves ovate acuminate entire
glabrate above woolly-tomentose beneath, spikes axillary and terminal ternate cylindric
dense, bracts oblong obtusely cuspidate woolly-tomentose beneath glabrous lanceolate
above.
Nilgheebies ; Perrottet.
Very distinct from the stem, petioles under surface of leaves and spikes being
densely softly tomentose. Corolla-tube 1 in., slender, throat campanulate, approaching
that of Stenosiphonium. Calyx sub-5-partite ; segments linear, obtuse, very villous.
— Genus doubtful : referred to Strobilanthes from its similarity to S. Mysurensis,
Nees, which is an Asystasia.
S. veeeuculosus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 181, from " India" remains obscure ;
Nees doubts whether it may not have been a Ruellia.
XIX. CALACANTHUS, T. Anders.
A shrub. Leaves large, entire. Spikes terminal, dense or elongate,
hairy ; bracts prominent, elliptic ; flowers large, purple. Calyx sub-5-par-
tite, segments unequal. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; posterior lip narrow,
shortly 2-fid, anterior of 3 short emarginate lobes ; lobes all contorted in
bud. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers subequal, oblong 2-celled muti-
cous Ovary 4-ovulate ; style long, stigma simple linear. Capsule ellipsoid,
478 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Calacanthus.
compressed, acute at both ends, 2-seeded. Seeds compressed, exareolate,
densely shortly hairy.
C. Dalzelliana, T. Anders. \ Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1088. Lepida-
gathis grandiaora, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 138 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 190; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 226.
Sthadeee Mts. ; near Bombay, Dalzell. Canaba ; near the foot of the Ghats,
plentiful, Beddome ; Purvvhur Ghat, Ritchie.
Leaves 7 by 3£ in., acuminate at both ends, very sparsely hairy above, glabrous
beneath, minutely lineolate on both surfaces ; nerves 11 pair ; petiole 0-1 in. Spikes
1-6 in., sometimes interrupted towards the base ; bracts § in. ; bracteoles |-J in.,
oblong. Calyx | in., hairy; one segment elliptic, two narrowly oblong, two linear-
lanceolate. Corolla l|-2 in. ; cylindric base shorter than the lobes ; palate bullate,
yellow-hairy. Filaments glabrous; anther- cells hairy. Ovary glabrous; style
hairy. Capsule f by ^ in. Seeds nearly ^ in. diam.
XX. BLEPHABIS, Juss.
Herbs or undershrubs, harsh often rigid or prickly. Leaves opposite or
4 in a whorl, subentire toothed or prickly. Spikes terminal or on suppressed
axillary branches, strobiliform, 4-ranked or capitate and few-fid., or many-
bracteate and 1-fld., bracteate and bracteolate. Sepals 4, unequal, in
opposite pairs, inner smaller ; one of the outer pair emarginate or 2-lobed.
Corolla-tube ovoid, horny ; limb of 2 lips, upper subobsolete ; lower patent,
3-lobed, blue or pinkish. Stamens 4, didynamous ; filaments thick, rigid,
anterior produced above the insertion of the anthers; anthers 1-celled, mar-
gins densely bearded, second cell small or 0. Ovary glabrous, 4- or 2-ovu-
late; style linear, very shortly 2-fid. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, 2- or 4-
celled. Seeds compressed, orbicular, echinate by thick papillae formed of
closely connected tubes spirally or annularly thickened, which when
moistened usually become free at their upper ends (see Kippist in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xix. t. 6, fig. 5). — Species 20, Indian and African.
1. B. asperrima, Nees in DC. Prodr.xi. 267 ; leaves ovate subentire
setulose, bracteoles obovate 3-toothed subglabrous green-nerved, capsule 4-
seeded. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 192 ; Wight Lc. t. 1534 ; T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 499.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; Concan and Canara, on the Ghauts common, Dalzell,
&c.
Stems 8-24 in., herbaceous, erect, glabrous or sparsely setulose. Leaves 2| by
1J in., base rounded or obtuse; petiole £ in. Heads terminal and quasi-axillary, few-
fid. ; outermost bracts leafy ; proper bracts £ in. or small, obovate or subpetioled,
ovate ; bracteoles \-\ in., usually with 3 lanceolate subspinescent teeth, the middle
the shortest. Calyx green-and-white nerved, glabrous thinly ciliate or setulose ;
2 outer segments |-1 in., spathulate, one bilobed ; 2 inner much smaller, lanceolate.
Corolla f-1 in., blue. Capsule \ in., oblong, seed-bearing from the base. Seeds
|— £ in., compressed, ovate, closely echinate; spines obtuse, lanceolate, many closely
connected tubes containing spiral filaments, which rise elastically when moistened,
but do not separate.
2. B. boerhaaviaefolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 180; leaves usually 4 in a
whorl elliptic repand-toothed puberulous or glabrate, bracteoles spathulate
bristle-ciliate subglabrous green-nerved, capsule 2-seeded. Wall. Cat. 2513 ;
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 97, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 266; Wight III.
t. 164 b, fig. 6, and lc. t. 458 ; Dalz. Sf ®ibs. Bomb. Fl. 192 ; T. Anders, in
BlepJtaris.] cix. acanthace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) 479
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 500. B. maderaspatensis, Roth Nov. Sp. 320. Acan-
thus maderaspatensis, Linn. Sp. PI. 892; Roxb. Fl. Ind iii 33 A
ciliaris, Burm. Fl. Ind. 139, t. 42, fig. 2.
Deccan Peninsula, from Mt. Aboo and Behar to Ceylon ; common. Pegu •
Wallich, &c. — Disteib. Ava, Tropical Africa.
Prostrate, scabrous or puberulous. Leaves If by § in.,*acute at both ends ; petiole
| in. Spikes axillary or peduncled, 1- or few-fld. ; bracts ^ in., ovate, bristle-ciliate ;
bracteoles £-£ in. Calyx £-§ in. ; segments 4, oblong, unequal, nerved, subglabrous,'
one of the outer pair minutely emarginate. Corolla § in., pink, purple or nearly
white. Capsule \-l5 in., ellipsoid, compressed, shining glabrous. Seeds densely
covered with obtuse spines formed of tubes free at the vertex when moistened.
Wight depicts the ovary 2-ovulate, and no more can be found ; nor does the capsule
show (as 2-seeded capsules usually do) the papillae of the suppressed ovules; but Nees
and Benth. in Gen. PI. say the ovary is always 4-ovulate.
3. B. mollug inifolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 180 ; leaves usually 4 in a whorl
oblong hairy or minutely scabrous, heads mostly 1-fld. many of the outer
bracts barren, bracteoles elliptic or oblong subsessile, capsule 2-seeded.
Wall. Cat. 2514; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 97, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 266 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 192 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
500. B. repens, Roth Nov. Sp. 321. Acanthus repens, Vahl Symb. ii. 76.
A. maderaspatensis, Linn. Herb, partly.
Deccan Peninsula ; common in the Carnatic, and from Delhi and Chota Nag-
pore to Ceylon.
A wiry perennial ; branches 3-6 in., prostrate, usually roughly hairy. Leaves
-|— 1 in., subsessile, obtuse. Bracts and bracteoles bristle-ciliate ; bracts shorter than
the bracteoles. Calyx and corolla nearly as of B. boerhaavicefolia, but much smaller ;
corolla (including the larger lip) only 5— £ in. Capsule and seeds as of B. boerhaavice-
folia, but the seeds appear (even when dry) shaggy, from the numerous bundles of
annular tubes being connected only at the base. — As in B. boerhaavicefolia, only 2-
ovulate ovaries and 2-seeded capsules have been seen.
4. B. sindica, Stocks ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 500 ; leaves
linear or narrowly oblong pubescent, heads few- or many-fid., bracteoles
linear hairy shorter than the bracts, capsule 2-seeded. Acanthodium gros-
sum, Wight Ic. tt. 1535, 1536, not of Nees.
Scinde ; Stocks, Lalzell. Punjab ; Stewart, Vicary, Aitchison.
Stems 3-6 in., or very short. Leaves (J.-2 in., toothed or subspinescent. Heads
few- or many-fld., 3-4 in. in fruit, quadrifarious ; bracts 1 in. or more, ovate with
divaricate lanceolate tips, prickly, hairy within and without ; bracteoles £ in. Calyx
softly hairy ; 2 outer segments § in., ovate ; 2 inner £ in. narrowly ovate. Corolla
|-f in. Capsule £ in., ellipsoid, compressed, shining brown. Seeds \ in. ; appearing
echinate, but the tufts of tubes (even in the dry state) have all their ends free.
5. B. edulis, Pers. Syn. ii. 180 ; leaves elliptic or oblong glaucous or
pubescent, heads few- or many-fld., bracteoles linear hairy shorter than the
bracts, capsule 2-seeded. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 500 ; Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 520. Acanthus edulis, Forsk. Fl. Mg.-Arab. 114. A.
Delillii, Spreng. Syst. ii. 819. Ruellia persica, Burm. Fl. Ind. p. 135, t. 42,
fig. 1. Acanthodium spicatum, Delile Fl. Eg. 97, t. 33, fig. 3 ; Nees in
DC. Prodr. xi. 274.
Punjab and Scinde (T. Anderson).— Disteib. S.W. Asia, N.E. Africa.
Stems short or 1 foot or more, branched. Leaves often \ in. broad, spinescent.
Bracts longer and more spinous than in B. sindica. Corolla §-| in., blue.— This
differs from B. sindica by the broader usually glabrous-glaucous leaves, and the
larger flowers : no Indian specimens have been seen. Ruellia ciliaris, Linn. Mant.
480 cix. aoanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Blepharis.
89, adduced as a syn. by Nees and T. Anderson, described as from India with ciliate
leaves, seems more likely to have been Blepharis boerhaavicefolia, i. e. Burmann's
ciliaris.
XXL ACANTHUS, Linn.
Erect or twining shrubs, or herbs. Leaves pinnatifid, toothed, spinous
or rarely entire. Splices terminal or pseudo-axillary, dense strobiliform
or interrupted ; bracts ovate, large spinescent, or small ; bracteoles large,
lanceolate, rarely 0 ; flowers subsessile, blue or white. Sepals 4, 2 outer
opposite, 2 inner opposite smaller. Corolla-tube short, ovoid, horny ; limb
of 2 lips, upper obsolete, lower elongate obovate, shortly obtusely 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous, shorter than the lip ; filaments stout, narrowed
curved below the anther, not excurrent near the apex ; anthers oblong,
1 -celled, bearded. Disc 0. Ovary 4-ovulate ; style very shortly 2-fid ;
ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule ellipsoid, compressed, shining chestnut-
brown, 4-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular, without hairs ; testa very
lax. — Species 14, in the warm and hot zones of the Old World.
1. A. carduaceus, Griff. Jtin. Notes, 144, and Lc. PI. As. Or.
t. 427 ; leaves large sessile elliptic deeply pinnatifid glabrous lobes toothed
spinescent, spikes long woolly, bracteoles 1 in. linear silky- woolly. T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 500.
Bhotan ; Oongar, Griffith.
A robust shrub, scandent on rocks (Griffith). Leaves 12-20 by 6 in., black -green
or (Griff. Priv. Journ. 265) flesh-coloured ; lobes lanceolate. Spikes 6-12 in.,
crowded towards the ends of the branches, and on long axillary peduncles, the leaves
at the base of the sessile spike being only 2-4 in. long, strobiliform, obscurely 4-
ranked ; bracts 1£ by f in., ovate, hairy within and without, spinous ; bracteoles lan-
ceolate. Calyx silky, 2 outer lobes |-1 in., lanceolate one shortly 2-toothed ; 2 inner
lobes | in., lanceolate. Corolla 1£ in., white (Griffith), altogether as in the genus.
Capsule 1-1^ in., ellipsoid, compressed, glabrous, shining brown, 4-seeded, much as
of A. ilicifolius.
2. A. leucostachyus, Wall. Cat. 2512 ; leaves short-petioled elliptic
or oblong spinous-serrate slightly hairy beneath, spikes hairy, bracteoles
| in. linear-lanceolate hairy. Nees in Wall. PI. As. Mar. iii. 98, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 270; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 501.
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft., frequent; Wallich, &c. Namroop in the Patkoyb
Mts., Griffith. Cachae ; Keenan.
Stem 6-15 in., decumbent, viscous-woolly. Leaves 8 by JJj in., cuneate at both
ends, whitened beneath ; nerves beneath viscous-pubescent, prominently reticulate ;
petiole f in., woolly. Spikes 3-6 in., mostly terminal, solitary ; bracts f-1 by £ in.,
elliptic, spinous-toothed, hairy on both sides. Calyx softly hairy j 2 outer lobes
§ in., one shortly 2-toothed ; 2 inner £-^ in., sublinear. Corolla § in., white (Nees).
Capsule \-% in., ellipsoid, compressed, glabrous, shining-brown, 4-seeded. — The cap-
sule and seeds greatly resemble A. ilicifolius, but are not ripe.
3. A. long-ipetiolatus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 241 ; leaves long-petioled
ovate subserrate pubescent on the nerves beneath, bracts obovate spinous-
toothed softly hairy, corolla 1^ in. nearly glabrous.
Pegtj; Brandts (Herb. Kurz).
Stem 1 foot, rather stout, decumbent, rooting, then erect, simple, rusty-pubescent.
Leaves 6 J by 3^ in., cuneate subacute at both ends, serraturetr very shallow not spines-
cent ; petiole nearly 2 in. Spike solitary, simple, 5| by 1£ in., continuous ; pedun-
cle \ in., stout, pubescent; bracts f by \ in., teeth few, large; bracteoles 1 in.,
linear-subulate, hairy. Sepals 5, sottly hairy ; one 1£ by £ in. oblong obtuse, two
AcanlJius.] cix. acanthace,e. (C. B. Clarke.) 481
1 by | in oblong two | by T'rt in. Corolla and stamens as in A. ilicifolius, the
curving of the top of the filament insisted on by Kurz being the same as in the other
species of Acanthus, and without the excurrent point of Blepharis. Capsule not
seen.
4. A. ilicifolius, Linn. ; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 548 ; leaves shortly
petioled oblong or elliptic toothed or pinnatifid spinous rigid glabrous,
ypikes elongate often interrupted, bracteoles broadly lanceolate glabrous,
calyx § m., corolla 1£ in. blue. Burnt. Fl. Ind. 138 ; Blvme Bijd 806 •
Wall. Cat. 2511 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 32 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix!
501 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 241. A. Doloarius, Blanco Fl. Filip. 487. Dilivaria
ihcifolia, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 98, and in DC. Brodr xi 268-
Wight Ic. t. 459 ; Bah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 192.— Bkeede Hort. Mai. ii.'
t. 48.
Sea-coast, from Malabar to Ceylon, and from the Soonderbund to Malacca.
Distrib. Malaya to the Philippines and Australia.
Stems 1-5 ft., in clumps, little divided, terete, glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2 h in. ;
petiole £ in., base usually spinous. Spikes 4-16 in., terminal, commonly solitary ;
flowers mostly opposite; bract ^-| in., ovate, acute, glabrous; bracteoles ±-\ in.
Sepals, 2 outer elliptic rounded, 2 inner broadly lanceolate subacute. Corolla pubes-
cent within. Capsule 1 \ by § in. Seeds ^-\ in., testa white very lax.
Vab. integrifulia, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 232; leaves lanceolate entire
tip acute spinous. — Ceylon ; Thwaites.
5. A. ebracteatus, Yahl Symb. ii. 75, t. 40 ; leaves shortly petioled
oblong or elliptic toothed or pinnatifid spinous rigid glabrous, spikes elon-
gate somewhat lax, bracts caducous, bracteoles obsolete, calyx £ in., corolla
| in. white. Blume Bijd. 806 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 501 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 242. A. ilicifolius, Lour. Fl. Coehinch. 375, not of Linn. ;
Wall. Cat. 2511, E and part D. Dilivaria ebracteata, Pers. Syn. ii. 179;
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 98, and Cat. 7169, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 269.
— Bumph. Amb. vi. t. 71, fig. 1.
Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. Andamans ; ex Kurz. — Distrib. Siam, Java,
Cochin China.
Stems and leaves of A. ilicifolius ; base of petiole spinous or not. Bracts \ in.,
usually caducous before the flowers expand. Capsule f in. — Seems to differ from A.
ilicifolius by the much smaller calyx, corolla and capsule. Vahl puts the difference too
strongly when he says the flowers are only one quarter the size. Bentham (Fl.
Austral, iv. 548) doubts the distinctness of the species. Herbarium examples of A.
ilicifolius with the flowers in bud, which show neither the evanescence of the bracts
nor the true size of the corolla, can only be distinguished by the presence of the
bracteoles.
6. A. volubilis, Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 56, t. 172; twining, unarmed,
leaves oblong or elliptic entire glabrous, spikes linear-oblong, bracteoles 0,
corolla white. T, Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 501 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
242. Dilivaria volubilis, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 98 ; Griff. Notul.
iv. 138. D. scandens, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 269.
Sea-shores of the Malay Peninsula; Soonderbund, Wallich, &c. ; Pegu,
Kurz; Mergui, Griffith. — Distrib. Siam.
Stems twining in long grass, internodes often 4-8 in. Leaves 3£ by 1$ in.,
obtuse or subacute, base attenuated; petiole £ in. Spikes 2-3 in., hardly inter-
rupted; flowers sub-2-seriate; bracts | in., elliptic, acute. Calyx §-§ in., outer
segments elliptic, acute, glabrous ; inner similar, much shorter. Corolla 1 in., white,
slightly tinged yellow (Wallich), probably when fading; rose (Nees).— The syn. of
Rumphius (Herb. Amb. vi. t. 71, tig. 2, wrongly cited as t. 72 by Nees) has alternate
leaves and fruits quite unlike Acanthacece.
VOL. IV.
I 1
482 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Acanthus.
7. A. long-ibracteatus, Kurz in Flora 1870, 363, and in Journ. As.
Soc. 1870, ii. 79 ; leaves long-petioled ovate or elliptic-oblong acute at both
ends remotely toothed pubescent, spikes terminal linear-oblong, bracts lan-
ceolate spinous-mucronate, corolla § in.
Pegu j Brandis (fide Kurz).
Annual, 3-5 in. ; stems terete, decumbent or ascending-, densely puberulous.
Leaves 2 in., membranous, setulose between the teeth, sparsely hairy above, nerves
beneath pubescent. Spikes as in A. leucostachyus ; rachis pilose; bracts ^ in.,
pubescent, lower entire, upper with 2 or 3 spinous teeth on each side; bracteoles as
long as the bracts, linear. Calyx \ in., adpressedly pubescent and nervose ; lower
segment deeply 2-fid, lobes lanceolate acuminate. Corolla 5-lobed, minutely hirsute
in the throat. — Copied from Kurz. Notwithstanding the narrow bracts and small
corolla, I suspect that this is Kurz's subsequently described A. longipetiolatus.
XXII. BARLERIA, Linn.
TJndershrubs or herbs, spinescent or unarmed. Leaves opposite, entire.
Flowers showy, purple blue yellow or white, sessile, solitary or in dense or
sublax spikes ; bracts and bracteoles large, small or 0. Sepals 4, in oppo-
site pairs, outer pair very much the larger, anterior often emarginate bifid
or deeply 2-lobed. Corolla-tube elongate, sometimes very long, funnel-
shaped upwards ; lobes 5, subequal, ovate, or elliptic, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 2 with oblong 2-celled anthers ; 2 small, rudimentary, or rarely
with a few grains of pollen ; rudimentary 5th often present. Disc large,
often a toothed cup half enclosing the ovary. Ovary 4-ovulate ; style long,
shortly bifid or subentire. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 2- or 4-seeded below
the middle. Seeds compressed, ovate, hairs wavy silky close-adpressed non-
elastic (except in B. Gibsoni). — Species 60, tropical, mostly Old World.
Barleria lupulina, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. & 1483, is frequently cultivated in India,
and appears as an escape.
Barleria rubra, Ham., and B. spicata, Roxb., are entered in Steudel's Nomencla-
ture as Indian : but it is not known from what source obtained.
Subgenus 1. Prionitis. Capsule ovoid, beak solid, 2-seeded close to
the base.
1. B. Prionitis, Linn. ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 93, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 237 ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends spine-tipped
glabrous or sometimes tawny sericeous beneath, flowers in terminal spikes
yellow, bracts large elliptic spine-tipped, bracteoles very small bristles or 0.
Burm. Fl. Lnd. 135; Blume Bijd. 805; Wall. Cat. 2510; Eoxb. Ft. Lid.
iii. 36 ; Decne. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. 388 ; Wight Lc. t. 452 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 189; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 490. B. Hystrix,
Linn. Mant. 89; Wall. Cat. 7145; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 93, and
in DC. I. c. 239. B. pubiflora, Benth. in Flora 1849, 558. Prionitis Hys-
trix & pubiflora, Mia. Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii. 809, 810.— Bumpli. Herb. Amb.
vii. 13. Bheede Sort. Mai. ix. t. 41.
Tropical India ; from the Himalaya to Ceylon and Malacca, probably in most
cases introduced. — Disteib. Tropical Asia and Africa.
A bush, 2-5 ft., sometimes planted for a fence ; usually very prickly, rarely nearly
unarmed; densely scabrid liueolate, sometimes puberulous. Leaves 4 by 1| in.,
entire ; petioles of the lower leaves usually distinct sometimes \-l in. Flowers
axillary, 1-3-nate, uppermost spiked; bracts £-1 in., entire, the lower larger, folia-
ceous. Sejmls broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 2 outer §-§ in., 2 inner § in. Corolla
l|-lf in., glabrous or puberulous. Stamens 4, 2 minute or sterile. Disc annular.
Barleria.] cix. acaxthaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 483
Pistil glabrous. Capsule f-1 in., 2-seeded. Seeds £ in. diam., much compressed,
ovate.
2. B. cuspidata, Heyne; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 93, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 239; glabrous, leaves subsessile narrowly oblong-lanceolate
spine-tipped, flowers axillary scarcely spiked at the end of the branches,
bracts lanceolate acuminate spine-tipped, bracteoles minute bristles or 0.
Wall. Cat. 2499 ; Wight Ic. t. 451 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
490.
S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 0-2000 ft. ; Concan, Carnatic, Mysore, Coimbatore,
Bottler, Wight, &c.
A lower, harsher, more prickly undershrub than B. Prionitis, with shorter inter-
nodes. Leaves 2% by ^ in., occasionally 1 by J in., elliptic, entire. Flowers nearly all
axillary, distant; bracts |-f in., usually very narrow. Calyx f-1 in., segments long
acuminate. Corolla \\ in., yellow. Capsule and seeds as of B. Prionitis.—
Exceedingly near B. Prionitis, as Heyne has noted in Herb. Rottler. Noes erroneously
says the corolla is pale blue ; does not allow it to have been B. cuspidata, Heyne,
but says it is part of B. noctiflora, Heyne. Heyne has, however, named these two
species correctly in Rottler's Herbarium.
3. B. Hochstetteri, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 231; pubescent, leaves
elliptic or oblong entire, flowers pedicelled, bracteoles small narrow remote
from the calyx, corolla f-1 in. lilac. Wight Lc. t. 1528 ; Hook. Ic. PI.
t. 803 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 494 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 523.
Barlerites Hochstetteri, Oerst. in Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob. 1854, 137.
Scinde; Stocks. — Distrib. S.W. Asia. N.E. Africa.
A woody, harsh undershrub, scarcely 1 foot high, sometimes spinescent. Leaves
2 by f-1 in., obtuse, base narrowed ; petiole ^ iu. Pedicels \-^ in., pubescent, often
3 on an apparent peduncle, the 2 leaves at their base much reduced, usually petioled,
oblong or sublinear ; bracteoles about the middle of the pedicel 2, 1, or 0, very small,
linear (? bracts). Calyx green, pubescent ; 2 outer lobes ^ in., triangular-ovate,
2 inner very small. Stamens 2, the 3 smaller nearly obsolete. Disc prominent,
cup-shaped. Ovary hairy ; stigma scarcely bifid. Capsule nearly \ in., pubescent,
ovoid, rostrate, 2-seeded near the base. Seeds densely silky. — Oersted attributes to
his very bad. genus Barlerites a unilateral linear stigma and glabrous seeds, which is
wholly wrong.
Subgenus 2. Eubarleria. Capsule oblong or narrowly ellipsoid, 4-
rarely 2-seeded at pr near the middle by the suppression of the 2 lower
seeds.
* Bract 0, bracteoles 2 divaricate long-linear or spines, 2 outer sepals
large. [Each flower on the sympodal raceme is in the axil of one of two
opposite bracteoles, and the terminal flower also is apparently 2-bracteolate ;
by comparing such species as B. longijiora & tomentosa, it is seen that it
is the bracteoles that are really aborted in this section. The next section
differs in the terminal flower having 3 (or 4) bracts in place of 2._,
t Prickly.
4 B. buxifolia, Linn. ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 94, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 241 ; leaves small broadly elliptic obtuse mucronat.- miry flowers
solitary pedicelled or sessile, 2 outer sepals oblong entire.. Roth a^Sm
313; Wall. Cat. 2504, partly \ Boxb. Fl. Ind. in. 37; Wight Jh. t 8/0;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. jSoc. ix. 489. Dicranacanthus buxifolia, Oerst.
in Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob. 1854, 136.
S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 0-4000 ft.; Rottler; Courtallum, Wight- Concan,
Law, &c. • 0
119
484 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) . [Barleria.
A small, very prickly undershrub ; branches hairy. Leaves £-§ in. ; petiole
hardly any. Bracteoles £- 1 in., simple spines ; pedicel (above the bracteoles) $-1$ in.,
sometimes 0 (B. rotundifolia, Heyne in Herb. Rottler). Sepals pubescent, ciliatej
2 outer in flower 3 by ^ in. often lanceolate, in fruit sometimes f in., oblong, obcuse,
scarious, nervose, glabrate ; 2 inner small. Corolla 1 in., purple blueish rose or
white. Capsule f in., 4-seeded. — Separable from the following by the much narrower
entire outer sepals. The variation in the length of the pedicel is remarkable, but
there appears to be only one species here.
/
5. B. mysorensis, Both Nov. Sp. 313 ; leaves "broadly elliptic obtuse
mucronate hairy, flowers axillary sessile, 2 outer sepals large ovate sub-
spinose denticulate softly hairy. Heyne in Herb. Rottler. B. buxifolia,
Wall. Cat. 2504, sheets A and B partly, not of Linn. B. spina-ceylanica,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 242; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 490. B.
bispinosa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 94, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 241,
not of Vahl. Dicranacanthus spina-ceylanica, Oerst. in Vidensk. Meddel.
Kjob. 1854, 136.
5. Deccan Peninsula with Ceylon, alt. 0-4000 ft. ; Rottler, Wight, Thwaites,
&c.
A very prickly small shrub ; branches hairy. Leaves \-\ in., hairy beneath,
deciduously scabrid pubescent above ; petiole hardly any. Bracteoles simple spines.
Outer sepals |-1 by fin., broadest very near the base; in fruit scarious, nerved.
Corolla 1£ in., purple. Capsule f in., 4-seeded. — Nees reduced B. mysorensis,
Heyne, to B. noctiflora,.\i\\t both Heyne's examples and Roth's description show it
to have been this.
6. B. no c tin" or a, Linn. f. Suppl. 290 ; leaves oblong or narrowly
obovate mucronate pubescent afterwards glabrate, flowers axillary solitary,
2 outer sepals large ovate acute spinous-dentate sparsely pubescent, corolla-
tube elongate narrowly cylindric. Heyne in Herb. Rottler; Wall. Cat.
2496; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 93, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 240,
excl. syn. Roth; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 490 (by typog. error
B. nootifolia). B. cristata, Lamh. Diet. i. 380, not of Linn. Barleria-
canthus noctiflora, Oerst. in Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob. 1854, 136.
Nilgheebt Mts., alt. 7500 ft. ; Ootacamund, Wight. Ceylon ; Bottler.
A small, very prickly undershrub ; branches pubescent upwards. Leaves f by
£ in., obtuse or acute, grey pubescent at first; petiole hardly any. Bracteoles
4^| iQ-, with simple spines or denticulate near the base. Sepals soon scarious,
glabrate, nervose; 2 outer | by \-\ in. Corolla-tube \\ by \ in., pubescent without;
lobes g- in., round-ovate. Capsule § in., 4-seeded.
7. B. acanthoides, Vahl Symb. i. 47 ; leaves obovate or elliptic
obtuse mucronate pubescent, flowers solitary or in dense 1 -sided spikes,
2 outer sepals ovate subentire pubescent, corolla- tube very long sublinear.
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 240; T. .Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 490 (excl.
syn. P. Candida) ; Poiss. PI. Orient, iv. 524. Barleriacanthus 'acanthoides,
Oerst. in Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob. 1854, 136.
Scinde ; Stocks. Punjab ; Kirana Hill, Edgeworth. — Distbib. Arabia, N.E.
Africa.
A small, hoary, prickly undershrub; prickles often pinnatifid near the base.
Leaves \\ by \ in., base attenuated; petiole 0-£ in. Bracteoles linear or linear-
lanceolate, spine-tipped, rigid, often denticulate. Sepals soon scarious, glabrate,
nervose ; 2 outer § by £ iu., acute, mucronate, scarcely denticulate. Corolla
white; tube 2£ by |-£ in., puberulous without; lobes ^ in., ovate. Capsule § in.,
4-seeded.
fiarleria.] cix. aoanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 48.")
ff Unarmed.
8. B. long-iflora, Linn. f. Suppl. 239 ; pubescent, leaves petioled
ovate, flowers in short dense few-fld. spikes or solitary, bracteoles very long
linear laxly patent, corolla-tnbe very long linear pubescent without. Vahl
Symb. i. 46, t. 16 ; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 253, t. 54 ; Wall. Cat. 2501 ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 40 ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 93, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 235.
B. longifolia, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 491, by typog. error not
of Linn. Barleriosiphon longiflorus, Oerst. in Vidensk. Mcddel. Kjob.
1854, 136.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Bottler, &c. ; Tinnevelly, Beddome.
A shrub, 2-4 ft. Leaves If by 1 in., subacute, base rounded, entire ; petiole
^-\ in. Spikes mostly 1-4-fld. ; bracteoles £-1 by x\ in., softly pubescent. Sepals
pubescent, afterwards scarious, glabrate, nervose ; 2 outer f-1 by £ in., ovate, entire.
Corolla-tube 2-3 by | in. ; lobes £-| in., ovate. Capsule § in., 4-seeded.
9. B. tomentosa, Roth 'Nov. Sp. 314 ; leaves elliptic or ovate acumi-
nate at both ends yellow-hirsute above, bracteoles linear or linear-spathulate,
sepals oblong acute young scarious coloured, corolla 2-2£ iu. glabrous.
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 92, and in DC. Prodr. ix. 233 ; T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 451. B. paniculata. Wall. Cat. 2407; Nees in Wall,
PI. As. Rar. iii. 92, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 233.
S. Deccan Peninsula; Bottler, &c.
A low shrub ; branches hirsute. Leaves 2^ by 1 in., yellow-hirsute on the nerves
beneath, more or less so on the surface; petiole | in. Bacemes mostly 1-3-fld.;
bracteoles i-| in. Calyx scarious, purple-veined before the flower expands ; 2 outer
segments ^ in., broadly oblong, entire, 2 inner £ in. ; elongated in fruit. Corolla
rose (Beddome) ; tube 2 in., linear-cylindric, upper \ in., funnel-shaped ; lobes f in.,
elliptic. Capsule £ in., 4-seeded, occasionally the 2 lower seeds suppressed.
Vae. acuminata ; leaves densely pubescent subtomentose rounded or subcordate
at the base, petiole 1 in. B. acuminata, Wight Ic. t. 450 ; Nees in Wall. PL As.
Bar. iii. 93, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 234. B. tomentosa, Wall. Cat. 2503. B.
racemosa, Heyne in Herb. Bottler. — S. Deccan Peninsula; Nilgberries, Anamallays,
Madura, &c, Bottler, Wight, &c— Easily distinguished from B. tomentosa, but
differs only in the shape of the leaves and indumentum ; the corolla is somewhat
smaller.
10. 25. 'l\-AY©"Vacrata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 92, and in DC.
Prodr. \i.2.?2; leaves elliptic narrow at both ends yellow-strigose on the
nerves beneath, racemes lew-rid. axillary, bracteoles lanceolate or linear
much shorter than the sepals, sepals 1 in. elongate elliptic, corolla 2 m.
blue. Wight III. t. 164; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 492. B.
pentandra, Am. ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 232 ; T. Anders, in Thwaites
Enum. 230, partly. B. Macraei, Am. ms.
Ceylon, in the hills; Macrae, Gardner, &c. Malabar (var. elata).
Herbaceous, strigose. Leaves 4* by If in., sparsely yellow strigillose above;
petiole I in. Bacemes yellow-strigose ; bracteoles \ by \ in. (in Nees type), 3 by^ , in.
(in Arnott's B. pentandra). Sepals subacute. Corolla-tube 1± in ; lobes 1* in.,
obovate-elliptic. Capsule nearly 1 in., 4-seeded.— Nees has confounded the Cey on
and Nilgiri varieties of this species ; his description of B. mcolucrata is founded
on Wight's n. 1958 from Ceylon, and he says the bracteoles are 4 lines long; he then
places under this the Malabar specimens, which do not suit the description, and which
all belong to his B. terminalis (see B. strigoso, var.) The Ceylon specimens are very
uniform, drying black, and having the racemes mainly axillary. Ihe bracteoles are
in well-developed specimens much longer than in the J poor P^es Nees > »* Arnott
had, but still much shorter than in B. elata. Wight's n. 1958 has the bracteoles
unusually broad and obtuse.
486 cix. acanthaoe^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Barleria.
Var. elata ; leaves larger lower often a foot long, l'acemes stout helicoid often
collected towards the ends of the branches, bracteoles often 1-1| in., linear-lanceolate,
corolla 3-3£ in. ( B. elata, Dalz. in Hook. Kern Journ. iii. 227 ; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb.
FL 189. B. coerulea, Wall. Cat. 2509, sheet 0, partly.— Malabar, alt. 2-5000 ft.,
from the Bombay Ghauts to the Pulneys and Anamallays, frequent ; Gardner, &c. —
Shrubby, 6 ft. high (Dalzell). In Wight's Nilgherry examples, the corolla-tube is
If in., the upper f whereof is considerably inflated; the lobes are If by f in.,obovate,
obtuse ; the racemes form dense sub-leafless short terminal panicles.
11. B. vestita, T. Anders, in Thwaites PJnum. 230, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 492 ; leaves elliptic or somewhat obovate acuminate at both
ends fulvous-shaggy on both surfaces, racemes lax, bracteoles linear-lan-
ceolate, outer sepals elliptic elongate-acuminate, corolla 3 in. Bedd. Lc. PL
Ind. Or. t. 263. B. pentandra, Var. /3, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 233.
Ceylon, alt. 5000 ft. ; Walker, Thwaites.
Herbaceous; stems stout, hirsute. Leaves 7 by 3 in. ; nerves 12-15 pair, con-
spicuous; petiole \— j in. Racemes on peduncles 3 in., i.e. the leaves at their base
| in., linear-lanceolate, scarcely larger than the other bracts; lower flowers 1 in. or
more apart. Calyx and corolla exactly as of B. involucrata, of which Nees considered
it a var.
** Bracteoles 2, opposite, close to the calyx or above the bract at the base
of the pedicel, narrow, much smaller than the 2 outer sepals.
12. B. pilosa. Wall. Cat. 2502 ; softly hairy, leaves ovate acuminate,
flowers axillary solitary, outer sepals ovate or orbicular scarious dentate,
corolla 1| in. blue. JLeyne in Herb. Bottler; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar.
iii. 93, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 234 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 491 ;
Bedd. Lc. PL Lnd. Or. t. 256.
S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 1000-1500 ft. ; Courtallum, Bottler, Wight ; Coim-
batore, Beddome.
A small, ramous shrub. Leaves 4 by 2 in., often much smaller on the lateral
flower-bearing branchlets, sometimes obscurely denticulate ; petiole 2 in. Pedicels
\ in. ; bracteoles £-| in., linear, subdenticulate, hairy, above the base of the pedicel.
Sepals hairy, ultimately glabrate, nervose; 2 outer £- \ in. diam., subspinosely
toothed. Corolla glabrous ; tube nearly 1 in. ; lobes \-\ in., broadly elliptic.
Capsule % in., 4-seeded; seeds shaggy, the hair finally rubbing off except near the
hilum.
13. 8. Lawii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 492 ; leaves elliptic
acuminate at both ends lineolate above fulvous-strigose on the nerves
beneath, racemes short capitate, bracts and bracteoles small linear, outer
sepals 1 in. elliptic acute entire, corolla 3-3£ in. minutely pilose without.
B. Beddomei, Bedd. Lc. PL Lnd. Or. t. 258.— Barleria sp. n. 33, Herb. Lnd.
Or. LL.f. Sr T.
W. Deccan Peninsula, in the Ghauts ; Bababoodun Hills, Law (T. Anderson).
An erect shrub; branches strigose upwards. Leaves 6 by 2^ in.; petiole \-\ in.
Racemes fulvous-strigose ; bracts \ in., linear-spathulate ; bracteoles nearly as long,
linear, acute. Sepals nervose, strigose without ; 2 outer £-] in. broad, one of these
shortly 2-toothed. Corolla white (Dalzell), beautifully veined when dry, noted
blue in Wight's Herbarium; tube elongate funnel-shaped, lobes 1 in., obovate.
Capsule nearly 1 in., oblong or slightly obovate, 4-seeded ; fruiting-sepals somewhat
enlarged.
14. 8. Arnottiana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 232 ; leaves elliptic acu-
minate at both ends hairy, pedicels axillary solitary, bracteoles lanceolate,
Barleria.] cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 487
outer sepals large ovate subobtuse, corolla 2£ m. T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 492.
Ceylon, alt. 6000 ft. ; Gardner, Thwaites, &c.
Herbaceous; stems fulvous-strigose. Leaves 4 by 1\ in., with scattered yellow
hairs above, obscurely lineolate, beneath yellow-strigose especially on tbe nerves;
petiole i-1 in. Bracteoles \-\ in., lanceolate or elliptic spatbulate or 0. Outer
sepals \\ by \ in., yellow-strigose, obtuse, one shortly bifid. Corolla blue ; tube 1.] in.,
lobes 1 in., obovate, subemarginate. Capsule 1 in., broadly oblong, 4-seeded ; sepals
enlarged, scarious, nerved in fruit.
Vak. pentandra-, leaves thinner glabrescent conspicuously lineolate above,
bracteoles £ in., linear-setaceous, outer sepals elliptic elongate acute nearly glabrous.
B. pentandra, Am. ; T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 230 partly, excl. sun. — Ceylon
Thwaites (C. P. n. 2558).
Var. Beddomei; leaves elliptic acute at both ends bristly pubescent on both
surfaces, flowers solitary axillary, sepals large ovate acute nervose bristly-pubescent. —
Tenasserim ; Mooleyit slopes, Beddome. — Herbaceous ; steins fulvous-pubescent or
substrigose. Leaves 3-4 by 1£ in., not acuminate, petiole ^ in. Pedicel £ in.;
bracteoles %-\ in., linear, rigid, bristly-pubescent. Outer sepals nearly 1 by $ in., one
of them very shortly bifid at the tip. Corolla 2| in., beautifully veined when dry,
altogether as of B. Arnottiana. Capsule f in., narrowly ellipsoid, rigid. Seeds
more than { in. diam., obovate-truncate, compressed, rugose-silky. — Possibly a new
species ; close to B. Arnottiana.
15. B. sepalosa, Clarke ; hairy, leaves elliptic acute, racemes
axillary 1-3 fid., bracteoles narrowly lanceolate, outer sepals very large
broadly elliptic acute. — Barleria sp. n. 35, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Concan ; Gibson.
Shrubby; stems upward villous, subtomentose. Upper leaves 3| by \\ in., base
shortly narrowed, covered with short yellow hairs on both surfaces, somewhat rigid,
strongly reticulated beneath ; petiole £ in. Bracteoles f by £ in., rigid, acute.
Outer sepals 1| by | in., one bifid, base rounded, yellow-villous, subtomentose, in fruit
nervose, subscarious. Capsule f-1 in. Corolla not seen.
16. B. montana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 92, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 232 ; nearly glabrous, leaves narrowly ovate acuminate at both
ends, flowers axillary solitary and running into terminal spikes, outer sepals
large ovate, corolla 2 in., seeds densely silky. Dalz. <$f Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
189 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 493 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 257.
B. purpurea, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 344. Ruellia? montana, Wall. Gat. 2391.
—Barleria sp. n. 32, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. fr T.
W. Deccan Peninsula, in the Ghauts frequent ; from Jubbulpore to Travancore.
Herbaceous, erect, 2 ft. high. Leaves 5 by 2 in., often glaucous, margins some-
times minutely scabrous ; petiole ^-1 in. Bracteoles linear, \ in. or in large examples
1 in. Outer sepals 1£ by f in. in large examples, often hardly half so large, rounded
or very acute, entire, glabrous or minutely scabrous. Corolla blue (Beddome), rose
(Dalzell) ; lobes | in. diam., orbicular. Capsule 1 in., 4-seeded. Seeds i in. diam.
or more, close covered with wavy silky yellowish hair, as in many other species.
17. B. G-ibsoni, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 339 ; nearly glabrous,
leaves ovate acute, flowers axillary solitary and running into terminal
spikes, outer sepals large ovate, corolla 2-2£ in., seeds glabrous. Dalz. #
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 189 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 493. B. mon-
tana, Wight Sf Nees partly; Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. n. 34.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; Concan, Stocks; Ellora Hill, Ralph ; Belgaum, Ritchie ;
Bombay Ghauts and Bralnuinwara Range, Dalzell; N. Canara, Brandts.
So exceedingly like B. montana, except as to the seeds, that it has been mixed
488 cix. acanthace^;. ., (C. B. Clarke.) [Barleria.
therewith from Wight's day. Lower leaves often very large and very glaucous. Ter-
minal spike more closely imbricated than in B. montana ; flowers rather larger, corolla-
lobes often 1 in. Capsule % in., 4-seeded. Seeds \ in. diam., when ripe nearly black ;
always glabrous, and so differing from all other Barlerias.
18. B. grandiflora, Date, in LLooJc. Kew Journ. ii. 339 ; nearly-
glabrous, leaves elliptic narrowed at both ends, flowers solitary axillary,
outer sepals very large broadly elliptic acute, corolla 4 in. white. Date. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. FL 189 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 493.
Concan ; Stocks ; Mangellee Ghaut, Dalzell.
Herbaceous ; innovations shortly minutely pubescent. Leaves 5 by 2 in., often
glaucous ; petiole £ in., pubescent. Bracteoles ^— § in., linear-ligulate. Outer sepals
2 by 1 in., entire, herbaceous, pubescent within. Corolla minutely pubescent
without; lobes 1| in. Capsule not seen. — Closely allied to B. Oibsoni.
1 9. H. cristata, Linn. ; Benth. Fl. Hongjc. 262 ; leaves oblong or
elliptic acute yeltow-nairy beneath, spikes capitate, outer sepals ovate-
acuminate or lanceolate toothed nervose, corolla l£ in. purple-blue or white.
Burm. FL Ind. 136; Boxb. Fl. Lnd. iii. 37; Wall. Cat. 2506 ; Don Prodr.
119; Both Nov. Sp. 315; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 92, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 229 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1615 ; Wight Lc. t. 453 ; Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 188 ; T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 230, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 490
B. dichotoma, Boxb. Fl. Lnd. iii. 39 ; Wall. Cat. 2508 ; Nees in Wall. PL
As. Bar. iii. 91, and in DC. I. c. 227; Date. Sf Gibs. I. c. 188. B. ciliata,
Boxb. L c. 38 ; Wall. Cat. 2507 ; Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 92, and in
DC. I. c. 228. B. napalensis & nuda, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii.
91, 92, and in DC. I. c. 228, 229. B. laciniata, Wall. Cat. 7144, and Nees
11. c.
Subteopical India; N.W. Himalaya, Sikkim, Khasia, Burma, Central India,
Nilgherries, common. — Disteib. Gardens of India, Malaya, China, &c.
An erect or diffuse undershrub ; branches adpressedly yellow-hairy. Leaves 3-4
by 1 in., or, where burnt up, 1 by ^ in., yellow-hairy or lineolate above ; petiole %-\ in.
Spikes ovate, often compound, dense; bracteoles ^-§ in., linear-lanceolate, toothed.
Outer sepals | in., toothed, softly hairy, glabrous, subspinescent. Corolla-tube
funnel-shaped in the upper half; lobes | in., ovate. Capsule § in., 4-seeded. Seeds
orbicular, compressed, silky. — Uniform except as to habit and indumentum. The
common Sikkim form has erect stems, leaves 4 in. long, glabrate lineolate above,
outer sepals subspinous-ciliate; a common Khasia form is similar, but has the sepals
very sparingly toothed ; the West Himalaya form {B. napalensis var. microphylla,
Nees) has leaves hardly an inch long and many solitary flowers ; B. salicifolia, Heyue,
has a diffuse weedy habit, linear-oblong leaves and much yellow hair ; the South
Indian plant, on hotter drier rocks, has often smaller more rigid very hairy leaves, and
very hairy sepals. There can be, as T. Anderson states, no doubt that this plant is
wild everywhere in the lower hills of N.E. and Central India; and no doubt in the
Mts. of S. India also.
20. B. nutans, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 227 ; leaves narrowly obovate
attenuately acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes elongate pubescent,
bracts and bracteoles small lanceolate, sepals lanceolate minutely pubescent,
corolla 1 in. blueish purple. T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 230, and in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 493 ; Bedd. Lc. PL Lnd. Or. t. 264.
Ceylon, alt. 1-3000 ft. ; Gardner, Champion, &c.
An undershrub. Leaves 8 by If in., lineolate above ; petiole |-1| in. Spikes
1-5 in., often nodding, dense with flowers ; bracts and bracteoles |— J in. Outer
sepals nearly A in., nervose, one divided £ the way down into 2 narrow-lanceolate teeth.
Corolla nearly glabrous, deep blue-purple ; tube funnel-shaped upwards ; lobes \ in.,
ovate. Capsule £-1 in., 4-seeded. Seeds £ in. diam., silky.
Barlen'a.] cix. acakthace/E. (C. B. Clarke.) 489
21. B. courtallica, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 226; leaves narrowly
obovate or elliptic attenuately acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes
elongate pubescent, bracts and bracteoles small linear-lanceolate, sepals
elliptic acuminate very pubescent, corolla l£-2 in. Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
188; Wight Ic. t. 1529; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 493. B.
insequalis, Benth. in Flora 1849, 577.
W. Deccan Peninsula; from the Concan to Courtallutn, Wight, &c.
A large shrub (Wight). Spikes 1-3 in., dense; bracts £ in.; bracteoles \-$ in.
Outer sepals £ by | in., nervose, subcorolloid, much more pubescent than in B.
nutans. Corolla blue and yellow (Dalzell), white (Ritchie). Capsule and seeds as in
B. nutans. — Closely allied to B. nutans, differing in the broader sepals and larger
flowers.
### Bracteoles 2, lanceolate or elliptic, often nearly as long as the
calyx.
22. B. conspicua, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii, 92, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 226 ; leaves elongate-oblong acuminate at both ends, spikes linear-
oblong somewhat yellow-strigose, bracteoles linear-oblong as long as the
calyx, corolla 1 in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 493. Justicia
conspicua, Wall. Cat. 2460.
PenanG; Wallich.
Leaves 8 by 2 in., lineolate above, somewhat yellow-strigose on the nerves beneath ;
petiole | in. Spikes 4 in., terminal, erect, somewhat lax; bracts f by £ in., spathu-
late-oblong ; bracteoles f by \ in. Outer sepals § in., lanceolate, acute, yellow-hairy,
one bifid at the apex. Capsule § in., narrowly ellipsoid, acute at both ends, glabrate,
4-seeded. Seeds ultimately nearly glabrous except near the base.
23. B. Stocksii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 493; leaves
subsessile elliptic acute shining nearly glabrous, flowers solitary axillary,
bracteoles narrowly oblong hispid-ciliate as long as the calyx, capsule
2-seeded.
Bombay ; Bababoodun Hills, Stocks.
A small undershrub ; branches erect, sparsely hispid. Leaves 2\ by 1 in., base
rounded, glabrous or slightly hispid-ciliate ; petiole 0-| in. Bracteoles 1 by J in.,
subobtuse. Sepals 1 in., subentire, hispid-ciliate, 2 outer lanceolate, one bifid j the
way down into narrow lanceolate segments. Corolla not seen. Capsule f in.,
shortly obovoid compressed rostrate. Seeds nearly £ in. diam., silky, occupying the
middle of the capsule. — T. Anderson, from the habit and leaves of this plant,
evidently considered it allied to B. montana. The capsule is narrowed towards the
base, or it might be arranged in the section Prionitis. It is really a very marked
species, almost worthy a sectioa to itself.
24. B. strteosa, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 379; leaves large ovate acute
loiig-<ieeurient on th labrate above, spikes dense many-fid. 1-sided,
bracteoles oblong or elirptio E&orteT than the calyx, outer sepals ovate cihate-
denticulate minutely strigose, corolla 1 §-2 in. blue. Seyne in Herb. Bottler.
B. ceerulea, Boxb. Sort. Beng. 45, and Fl. Ind. iii. 39; Wall. Cat. 2509;
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 91, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 226; T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 491. B. macrophylla, Heyne in Herb. Bottler.
Pseudobarleria ceerulea, Oerst. in Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob. 1854, 135.
Bengal, in the lower hills, alt. 0-4000 ft., common ; Orissa, Chota Nagpoee,
Sikkim, Assam. — Distbib. Much cultivated in India and Malaya.
Shrubby, 2-4 ft. ; branches fulvous-strigose upwards. Leaves b\ by 2i in. (some-
times twice as large), widest towards the base, lineolate above, fulvous-stngose on the
beneath; petiole £-1 in., or 0, i. e. subalate by the much decurrent leaf-base.
490 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Barlrria.
Spikes 1-3 in., very dense, often glomerate, always secund, the sepals densely imbri-
111.
cated, the bracteoles appearing patent or reflexed on one side ; bracteoles Wj
lanceolate or subovate. Outer sepals 1 in., sometimes more, nervo.se. Corolla
funnel-shaped in the upper half of the tube ; lobes § in., ovate. Capsule § in.,
4-seeded ; seeds silky.
Vae. polystachya; leaves very large fulvous-hirsute above somewhat glaucescent
beneath, spikes densely agglomerated yellow -hirsute. B. polystachya, Nees in DC.
JProdr. xi. 226. — Concan ; Stocks.
Vae. terminalis ; leaves thinly fulvous-hirsute above, spikes substrobilate not or
very obscurely 1-sided, outer sepals more softly hairy often obtuse. B. terminalis,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 225; Dalz Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 188. — Concan; Jacquemont,
&c. Belgaum; Ritchie. — This may be a distinct species, as Dalzell considers; but T.
Anderson does not deem it worth notice as a var.
25. B. polytricha, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 72, t. 82, and Cat. 7143 ;
leaves large oblong attenuate at both ends hirsute above, spikes dense
many-fld. 1-sided, bracteoles oblong or elliptic somewhat shorter than the
calyx, outer sepals ovate ciliate-denticulate hirsute, corolla 1^-2 in. blue..
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 91, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 225 ; T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 491. B. caerulea, Wall. Cat. 2509, letter K only.
B. hirsuta, Wall. Cat. 7142 ; Nees 11. c. Pseudobarleria polytricha, Oerst.
in Vidensk. Meddel. itjob. 1854, 135.
Chittagong, Pegu and Tenassebim ; Wallich, &c, frequent.— Disteib. Ava.
Leaves 6 by 1| in., base gradually cuneately attenuated, hairs long on the upper
surface ; otherwise altogether as B. strigosa.
Var. polystachya has the leaves suddenly narrowed to the subalate petiole.
B. hirsuta is a young state, having the heads substrobiliform, not (or very obscurely)
1-sided ; probably always more or less 1-sided in fruit.
26. B. nitida, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 91, and in DC. Prodr. xi.
224 ; leaves ovate or elliptic shortly acuminate at both ends lineolate nearly
glabrous above, spikes dense 1-sided, bracteoles elliptic or subovate nearly
as long as the calyx, outer sepals ovate strongly ciliate-denticulate shining
sparsely hispidulous not strigose, corolla 1£ in. blue. Wight Ic. t. 454 ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 491. B. caerulea, Wall. Cat. 2509,
letter H only. B. bracteata, Heyne in Herb. Bottler.
Hills of S. Deccan Peninsula; Bottler-, Courtallum, Wight; Nilghiries.
Foulkes ; Tinnevelly Hills, Beddome.
Leaves \\-2 in. Outer sepals shining, with scattered yellow hairs, but no strigose
pubescence on the nerves without ; otherwise as B. strigosa, from which T. Anderson
admits it to be specifically distinct. The Simla plant referred to this species by Nees
is B. strigosa, with (as usual in the N.W. Himalaya) smaller leaves than in the Sikkim
Terai form.
XXIII. NEURACANTHUS, Nees.
Perennials ; flowering stems erect, annual. Leaves entire. Flowers
small, blue, spicate ; spikes axillary or terminal, elongate strobilate or
dense capitate ; bracts ovate, membranous or coriaceous ; bracteoles 0 or
minute. Calyx 2-partite ; posterior segment 3-toothed, anterior 2-toothed
or 2-partite. Corolla tubular, upper half wide-funnel-shaped ; limb sub-
entire or obscurely lobed, plicate. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anterior anthers
2-lobed, posterior 1-lobed (second lobe rudimentary) ; lobes ovoid, distinct,
sometimes hairy. Style at the apex 2-branched, 1 branch linear-lanceolate,
the other obsolete ; ovary 4-ovulate. Capsule oblong, glabrous, 4-seeded.
Seeds much compressed, ovate, densely inelastically silky. — Species 6, the 5
following and a tropical African one.
Neur acanthus.] cix. acanthace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 491
Lepidagathis differs by the anthers all 2-celled, the stigma subequally minutely
2-lobed, and the presence of bracteoles. N. subuuinervius, Kurz, has been removed
to Lepidagathis.
Spikes axillary, elongate, bracts sub -^-ranked.
1. N. trinervius, Wight 7c. t. 1532 ; leaves sessile elliptic cuneate at
both ends nearly glabrous, bracts ovate or obovate spinous- mucronate 5-
nerved, calyx-segments linear-lanceolate long-ciliate. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 190; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 494.
Concan ; in the Ghauts, Law, Dalzell, &c. ; Salsette, Kerb. Wight.
Stems 1-3 ft., glabrous except at the tips. Leaves 4£ by If in., lineolate above,
sometimes minutely setose. Spikes 1-5 in., hairy ; bracts \ by £ in. Calyx \ in. ;
segments divided about half-way down ; cilia \ "in., rising from minute glistening
tubercles. Corolla \ in., blue, nearly glabrous without, 2-lipped ; segments 5, sub-*
similar, obtusely triangular, plicate in bud, tips tufted. Capsule \ in. Seeds
2. N. tetragonostachyus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 97, and
Cat. 7168, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 248; leaves short-petioled elliptic or
obovate-lanceolate attenuate at both ends thinly pubescent or glabrous,
bracts elliptic spinous-mucronate 5-nerved, calyx-segments linear-lanceolate
long-ciliate. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 494.
Pegu ; Prome Hills, Wallich ; Rangoon, M'Lelland ; Moulmein, Parish.
Hardly differs from N. trinervius except in the greater attenuation of the leaves
at both ends. Flowers blue {Parish).
3. N. grandiflorus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 95 ; leaves
small obovate or oblong subobtuse nearly glabrous, bracts ovate-lanceolate
rigid 5-nerved, calyx- segments lanceolate long-ciliate.
Pegu ; Prome, Kurz.
Leaves 1§ by | in., not lineolate, minute scabrid-pubescent (in Kurz's specimen) ;
petiole obsolete. Corolla J in., or rather more, blue. — Exceedingly near N. tetragono-
stachyus, but has much smaller leaves, and larger flowers. Neuracanthus sp. (Kew
Distrib. n. 6144), collected by Griffith in Hookhoom Valley, Upper Burma, is perhaps
a variety, but has the leaves closely pubescent beneath.
** Spikes axillary, densely capitate, bracts not ^-ranked.
4. N. sphaerostachyus, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 140 ; leaves
subsessile elliptic nearly glabrous, bracts ovate softly white-hairy, calyx-
segments lanceolate or subovate subobtuse. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 190;
Hook. Ic. PI. t. 835. K Lawii, Wight Ic. t. 1531 ; T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 494. Lepidagathis sphserostachya, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi.
^04.
Concan ; Dalzell, &c. ; common in Bombay Island.
Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves 4£ by 2 in., obtuse or subacute, lineolate above; petiole
scarcely £ in. Spikes 1-2 in., sometimes agglomerated into axillary globes 3-4 in.
diam. ; bracts $ in., purplish. Calyx £ in., one lobe shortly 3-toothed, the other
deeply 2-fid. Corolla § in. ; limb a tine blue, obconic, subeutire, plicate ; lower lip
of 3 very depressed triangular lobes, upper an emarginate subsimilar lobe. Anthers
pubescent. Capsule § in., 4-seeded. Seeds £ in. diam.— The plant appears rarely to
seed, as Dalzell notes.
*** Spikes terminal, oblong.
5. N. Neesianus, Clarke; hoary silky subtomentose, leaves sessile
492 cix. acanthace^s. (C. B. Clarke.) [Neuracantkus.
ovate or broadly elliptic base cuneate. Lepidagathis Neesianus, Wight;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 499.
Madeas ; Paloor (in Arcot) on black cotton -soil, Wight.
Stems 12-18 in., procumbent, terete, softly hairy. Leaves 2 by 1 in., obtuse,
entire, silky on both surfaces, young white-tonientose beneath. Spikes 2 by r, in.,
dense; bracts | in., ovate, acute, obscurely 4-ranked; bracteoles small, subulate.
Calyx 2-partite ; one segment 3-lobed less than half-way down, lobes lanceolate acute ;
the other 2-lobed nearly to the base. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip ovate minutely
bifid, lower 3-partite, lobes ovate mucronate. Stamens 4, included ; the upper
anthers 2 with 2 divaricate cells, lower 1-celled; connective hairy. Capsule ^ in.,
oblong, 4-seeded.x Seeds compressed, hairy. — Flowers or stamens described by T.
Anderson, whose account of the stamens requires the species to be transferred from
Lepidagathis to Neuracanthus, as does also the structure of the calyx, which is
erroneously given by T. Anderson. Wight has written on his original ticket " Paloor,
in black cotton soil," which T. Anderson has taken to be Palamcottah (near Tinne-
velly), where it is believed there is no black cotton-soil.
XXTY. CROSSANDRA, Salisb.
Undershrubs. Leaves entire or undulate, subdentate. Spikes linear-
oblong ; bracts imbricate ; bracteoles linear ; flowers sessile, yellow. Sepals
5, ovate, acute, 2 inner much smaller. Corolla-tube linear, incurved ; limb
on one side of 5 subequal, elliptic lobes, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4,
didynamous ; anthers 1-celled, muticous ; connective mucronate. Style
minutely 2-lobed at the tip; ovary 4-ovulate. Capsule oblong, acute, 4-
seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular, adpressedly scaly ; scales of numerous
hairs coalescing nearly to their tips, which are seen imperfectly free
when moistened. — Species 5 ; 1 in India, 4 in Tropical Africa or Mada-
gascar.
C. undulaefolia, Salisb. Par. Lond. t. 12 ; leaves ovate or lanceo-
late narrowed at both ends, spikes sessile or peduncled pubescent. Hot.
Reg. t. 69 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2186. 0. axillaris:, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii.
98, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 281 ; Wight 111. t. 164 b, fig. 7, and Ic. t. 460;
Dalz. <$f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 193. C. infundibuliformis, Nees in Wall. PI. As.
Rar. iii. 98, and in DC. I. c. 280; Wight 1c. t. 461; T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 494. C. oppositif'olia, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 98, and
in DC. J. c. 281. C. coccinea, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 71. Justicia
infundibuliformis, Linn. ; Barm. Fl. Ind. 7. Harrachia speciosa, Jacq. Eel.
33, t. 21 ; Blume B>jd. 793. Buellia infundibuliformis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
41 ; Wall. Cat. 236 k~R/ieede Rort. Mai. ix. t. 62.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon.— Distbib. Cult, in N. India, the Malay
Peninsula and Islands.
Stems 1-3 ft., pubescent upwards. Leaves 4 by 1J in. (often much smaller),,
glabrous or pubescent beneath ; petiole J-l in. Peduncles 0-5 in. ; spikes 1-4 in. ;
bracts \ by \ in., elliptic, acute ; bracteoles \ in. Sepals much imbricated, outer ^ in.,
rigid, subscarious. Corolla glabrous ; tube | by T'5 in. ; lobes | by I in. Capsule
£ in., glabrous. — Wallich's and Griffith's Nepal and Sikkim specimens, treated as
wild by Nees and T. Anderson, are no doubt cultivated ones.
XXV. ASYSTASIA, Blume.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire. Spikes or racemes lax or dense,
simple or compound, 1 -sided or suberect ; bracts and bracteoles linear,
shorter than the calyx (except in A. Lawiana) ; flowers opposite or alter-
Astasia.] cix. acanthaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 493
nate, usually solitary, blue purple rose or yellow. Sepals narrow. Corolla-
tube short or long, funnel-shaped ventricose or narrow ; lobes 5, subequal,
imbricate m bud. Stamens 4, all perfect, didynamous, subequal ; anthers
oblong, cells parallel, approximate, base minutely spurred or submuticous,
tlie points only obscurely whitened. Ovary 4-ovulate, very hairy ; stigma
minutely bitid or subcapitate. Capsule elliptic, 4-seeded, base contracted
solid. Seeds compressed, orbicular or irregularly angular, rugose or tuber-
cular, glabrous. — Species 15, Tropical Asiatic and S. African.
The species having only 2 fertile stamens are transferred to Eranthemum, and
those with large bracts to Lepidagathis. It might be better to sink Asystasia in
Eranthemum, for many of the species have a long narrow corolla-tube as in Eranthe-
mum, and the character of the stamens appears of rather less value than in separat-
ing Hemiadelphis from ffygrophila.
* Corolla tubular -ventricose, about f-l£ in. long.
1. A. intrusa, Blume Bijd. 796, not of Nees ; leaves ovate or ellliptic
acuminate puberulous above, calyx subsessile glabrous or minutely ciliate,
corolla f-1 in. tube exceedingly slender. A. Blumei, Nees in DC. Prodr.
xi. 167. A. nemorum, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 90, as to descr. and
Malay material.
Singapore ; SchomburgJc. — Disteib. Java.
Stems 1 foot, dichotomous, slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves 2 by % in., base
cuneate or rhomboid, undulate, subcrenate, dotted with most minute hairs above,
glabrous beneath ; nerves 5-6 pair; petiole £ in. Spikes 1-2 in., slender ; flowers
mostly opposite ; bracts scarcely Jg in- 1 lowest pedicels subobsolete. Calyx £ in. ;
segments linear-lanceolate, glabrous on the back. Corolla glabrous; tube hardly
-jf, in. diam. ; limb hardly \ in. in expanse. Stamens 4, nearly equal. Style nearly
glabrous; stigma subcapitate. Capsule £ in., 4-seeded, minutely hairy.— This differs
from. A. coromandeliana (and its allies) in the very slender corolla; the tube is
widened only near its apex, and is there scarcely £ in. broad.
2. A. coromandeliana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 89, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 165; grey puberulous, leaves ovate acute some rounded or
suddenly narrowed at base, lower pedicels manifest, corolla 1-1^ in. inflated
'part of the tube mucb longer than its cylindric base. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 186. A. plumbaginea, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 89, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 164. A. gangetica, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 235. A.
violacea, But. Mag. t. 5882. Justicia Gangetica, Linn. Amoen. Acad. iv.
299. J. plumbaginea, Wall. Cat. 2487. Ruellia secunda, Vahl Symb. m.
84 ; Wall. Cat. 2401. R. Digitalis, Koen. ; Spreng. Syst. ii. 825 ; Nees I. c.
xi. 153. R. zeylanica, Koen. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 42. R. Coromandehana,
Wall. Cat. 2399, partly.— Bheede Sort. Mai. ix. t. 45.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, common.— Disteib. Malaya, Africa, Arabia.
A procumbent, perennial weed, 1-2 ft., usually dusky pubescent. ^™e*
1-H in., lower mostly subcordate, base rounded or suddenly narrovyed ; nerves 5-b
pair; petiole ^ in. Racemes 2-5 in., lax ; lower pedicels often attaining £ m. ; bract
and bracteoles at the base of the pedicel, about ,'5 in. Sepals * in. lunar-lanceolate,
puberulous or pubescent on the back. Corolla pubescent; tube yellow, limb pink or
pale purple, usually dull or lurid, sometimes yellow altogether. Idaments with few
small hairs. Style 'glabrous except near the base. Capsule 1 in., pubescent ; solid
cylindric compressed base £ in. Seeds I in. diam., much compressed, ovoid angular
wrinkled or subtubercular glabrous.
3. A. chelonoides, Nees in Wall. PI, -***»!• iil89\^\Z^
Prodr. xi. 164; leaves elliptic narrowed at both ends minutely hairy or
494 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Asystasia.
glabrate, racemes compound many-fid., lower pedicels longer than the
pubescent calyx, corolla §-$ in. purple. T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum.
236.
Ceylon; Walker, Thwaites, &c. Tbayancoee and Tinnevelly Hills;
Beddome (wild). — Disteib. Cultivated in S. India and Malabar.
Leaves h\ by If in., lower all cuneate or acuminate at the base, punctate or
puberulous or with scattered hairs (without the dull grey pubescence of A. coro-
mandeliana) ; nerves 6-8 pair. Racemes usually panicled, often peduncled, some-
times 50-60-fld. ; lower pedicels |— ^ in. Capsule nearly of A. coromandeliana. — ■
Described from Nees' type specimen marked A. chelonoides, Var. a, in Nees' hand.
It is the species with numerous small purple flowers much cultivated in S. India ;
and Col. Beddome believes it to be wild in S. Malabar, but there are no specimens
except from Ceylon.
Var. amoena ; more hairy, leaves hairy on both surfaces, sepals subhirsute, corolla
as of A. chelonoides, type. — Arracan ; forests near Akyab, Kurz.
Vae. quadrangularis ; stem acutely quadrangular, leaves ovate or narrowly lan-
ceolate glabrate, corolla small as of A. chelonoides, type. A. coromandeliana, Var.
variabilis, Nees in DC Prodr. xi. 165. A. nemorura, Var. B, T. Anders, in Joum.
Linn. Soc. ix. 525. Ruellia quadrangula -is, BZeyne in Kerb. Rottler. — Wynaad ;
Rottler. Anamallays ; Redd. Ceylon; Macrae, Thwaites. — Leaves very variable;
in Macrae's example 1 by f in., in Beddome's 7 by 1 in., in Thwaites' 2| by I in.
4. A. violacea, Dalz. msn not in Hook. Kew Joum. ii. 139; leaves
large subovate lower narrowed at base, lower pedicels shorter than the hairy
calyx, corolla 1^-14 in. fine blue. A. chelonoides, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi.
164, "Var. /3 only ; T. Anders, in Joum. Linn. Soc. ix. 525, chiefly. A. nemo-
rum, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 90, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 167 (except
the Nilgiri material). A. coromandeliana, Bot. Mag. t. 4248. Ruellia
filiformis, LTeyne in Herb. Rottler. R. coromandeliana, Wall. Cat. 2399,
type sheet partly.
W. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 2-6000 ft., frequent ; Rottler, &c.
Leaves often §\ by 2| in., membranous, green, sparsely pubescent or glabrate.
Calyx-segments nearly ^ in., narrowly oblong, acute. Capsule 1-1^ in. — Described
from specimens named by himself, which are identical with Wight's Herb. Propr.
n. 1952. In his original description Dalzell says the flowers of A. violacea are about
half as large as those of A. coromandeliana, and the description appears to belong
altogether to A. chelonoides, Nees' type ; but in Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 186 the
character of A. violacea is at once shortened and widened.
5. A. crispata, Benth. in Linnma 1851, 647; leaves elliptic or oblong
acuminate lower narrowed into the petiole repand crispately crenulate
glabrate, lower pedicels shorter than the pnbesceut calyx, corolla 1 in. white
with rose or dark purple dots in the palate. T. Anders, in Joum. Linn.
Soc. ix. 526. A. nemorum, Nees in Wall. PL As. Par. iii. 90, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 167, as to the Nilgiri material ; T. Anders, in Joum. Linn. Soc.
ix. 524. A. coromandeliana, Wight Ic. t. 1506, not of Nees. Ruellia
chelonoides, Wall. Cat. 2335 chiefly, not Asystasia chelonoides, Nees.
Mts. of S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; Rottler, Wight, &c, common
about Ooty.
Leaves very variable in width, nearly always crisped subcrenulate ; upper often
sessile, with base rounded. Flowers very constant in colour. Capsule as of A.
coromandeliana. — This species (as also A. chelonoides) is so closely allied to A.
coromandeliana that Col. Beddome says he can hardly distinguish them but by the
colour of the flower. They sort out pretty well in the Herbarinm, and among the
large non- Indian material there is nothing like A. chelonoides or crispata.
6. A. travancorica, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 178 ; leaves elongate-
Asystasia.'] cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 495
lanceolate sparingly pubescent, lower pedicels often longer than the calyx,
corolla 1^-1 i in. purple-violet (or in cultivation white).
Trayancore, S. Tinnevelly and Anamallays, alt. 3000 fc. ; Beddome.
A large shrub, 6-8 ft. high ; branches pubesceut upwards. Leaves 4-5 by |-1? in.,
base cuneate or rhomboid ; nerves 7-9 pair, very oblique ; petiole ^-£ in. Racemes
2-8 in., pubescent; lower pedicels sometimes \ in. Capsule 1 in., nearly as of A.
coromandeliana. — Closely allied to A. coromandeliana, though the elongate oblique-
nerved leaves give it a very different aspect.
7. A. macrocarpa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 89, and in DC.
JProdr. xi. 163; pubescent, leaves oblong or elliptic narrowed at both ends,
racemes dense or elongate very pubescent, corolla \\ in. dull pink, cylindric
base of its tube much shorter than the veutricose part. T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 525. Ruellia macrocarpa, Wall. Cat. 2348. — Acanthacea,
Griff. Bin. Notes, 106, n. 92, and Ic. PI. As. t. 438.
Subtropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Bhotan ; in the Terai, alt. 1000 ft.,
and in the hotter valleys ascending to 4000 ft.
A diffuse, rambling undershrub, 1-4 ft. Leaves 4| by If in. ; nerves 8 pair ;
petiole |- in. Racemes usually condensed, 1-sided ; sometimes 3-4 in., erect, lax,
with opposite flowers; lower pedicels 0-£ in.; bracts ^ in. Sepals £ in., linear-
lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla pubescent. Stamens 4, perfect ; anther-cells dis-
tinctly spurred at the base. Capsule 1£ in., pubescent ; cylindric base § in. Seeds
\ in. diam., much compressed, tubercular, rugose, glabrous.
8. A. lanceolata, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 524 ; leaves
lanceolate acuminate glabrous, bracts lanceolate acute villous as long as the
calyx, corolla 1 in. funnel-shaped constricted base of the tube short.
BURMA; Baragyn, JBrandis (T. Anderson).
An erect, glabrous herb ; stem terete, sparingly branched, internodes long. Leaves
4-6 by 1£ in., undulate; petiole short. Spikes terminal, erect; bracts opposite,
£ in., subherbaceous, lax, decussate, somewhat remote ; flowers sessile, 1 or 2 in the
axil of each bract. Sepals linear, equal, villous, membranous. Corolla villous with-
out ; lobes 5, unequal, small, erect. Anther-cells 2, bases inucronate. — Not seen.
Var. ? Beddomei j leaves linear-lanceolate hairy on both surfaces, corolla \\ in.
and upwards before expansion. — Tenasserim, Mooleyit, Beddome. — Leaves 8 by
%-\ in., caudate-acuminate, widest close to the rounded or subcordate base ; petiole
0— j'n in. Spikes compound, most of the lower bracts and calyces small without
flowers ; upper bracts \-^ in., lanceolate, glabrate. Corolla broad, nearly straight,
urn-shaped on a short cylindric base; lobes subequal, § in., ovate, obtuse. Stamens^,
2 conspicuously longer ; anthers 2-celled, cells broadly oblong, parallel, equal, white-
apiculate at base. Pistil as of Asystasia. Capsule not seen.
*# Corolla linear shortly funnel-shaped upwards about 2 in. long.
9. A. atroviridis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 526 ; leaves
large elliptic acuminate at both ends nearly glabrous, racemes condensed
nearly glabrous, corolla 2 in. rose-pink tube very long linear. Euellia atro-
viridis, Wall. Cat. 2404. — Asystasia sp. n. 15, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. df T.
Verbenacearum sp., Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 155.
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft., frequent ; Wallich, Griffith, K.f. Sr T., &c.
Stems 1-3 ft., herbaceous. Leaves 8| by 3£ in.; nerves 10-14 pair; petiole 1| in.
Racemes usually paniculate in a dense terminal subsessile head ; bracts T!2 in. ; pedi-
cels £ in., often pubescent. Sepals \ iu., sublinear, glabrous or pubescent. Corolla
glabrous, linear portion of the tube \\ in., limb about 1 in. diam. Stamens 4,
glabrous ; anthers muticous, or very obscurely mucronate at the base. Capsule
496 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Asystama,
1\ in., with the seeds nearly as of A. macrocarpa. — The name is very misleading ;
the corolla is always a fine rose. In one example the raceme is developed into a lax-
very compound panicle, and the plant is noted as 6 ft. high.
10. A. Neesiana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 89, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 164; leaves large broadly elliptic acute sparingly pubescent,
racemes elongate very lax pubescent, corolla 2 in. pink tube very long linear.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 526. Ruellia Neesiana, Wall. PL As.
Bar. i. 73, t. 83, and Cat. 2342.— Asystasia sp. n. 14, Herb. Lid. Or. S. f.
SfT.
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft., frequent; Wallich, &c. Cachae; Keenan.
MOULMEIN; Parish.
Leaves 8 by 3 in., lower long-petioled, uppermost pair usually (not always) sessile.
Raceme often nearly a foot long, very pubescent. Corolla, capsule and seeds nearly
as of A. atroviridis. Anther-cells minutely mucronate at the base.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
11. A. ? Kunthiana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 89, and in DC. Prodr. xi.
163 ; leaves oblong or elliptic acuminate at both ends pubescent beneath, spikes dense
few-fid. on very short axillary peduncles. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 525.
Ruellia Kunthiana, Wall. Cat. 2419.
Penang; Wallich.
Stems creeping, rooting; branches 1 foot, erect, subterete, glabrous. Leaves 3|
by \\ in., lineolate above ; petiole scarcely \ in. Peduncles 0-£ in. ; spikes J— J in.,
glabrous, lineolate ; bracts T'g in. Sepals \ in., linear. Capsule £ in., constricted for
a short space at the base, 4-seeded, glabrous. Flowers not seen. — T. Anderson does
not doubt this being an Asystasia, but it might quite as well be a Justicia.
12. A. ? Eranthemum montanum, Pot. Mag. t. 4031, not of Poxb.; leaves elliptic
acuminate at both ends glabrate, racemes lax compound puberulous, sepals linear-
subulate ciliate, corolla 2| in. purple tube very long linear.
" India ;" cultivated formerly at Kew. — Upper leaves 4^ by 1\ in. ; nerves 7 pair ;
petiole £ in. Peduncle 3 in., grey puberulous; panicle lax; bracts |-^ in., linear-
lanceolate, much shorter than the calyx ; lower pedicels 0-^ in. Sepals i in. Corolla
glabrous. Stamens 4 perfect, subsimilar, glabrous ; anther-cells 2, bases acute.
Stigma minutely equally bifid. — A plant of which nothing is known, but the excellent
figure cited, and the specimen from which it was taken. The description is incorrect
as to the 2 stamens, of which there are 4, hardly at all didynamous. The minute bracts
are as in Asystasia, and will not do for Lcedalacanthus. Its true place is, in the
absence of fruit, uncertain.
13. A. Lawiana, Lalz. in 'HooJc. Kew Journ. iv. 344 ; leaves elliptic acute at
both ends very sparsely hairy, spikes short-oblong dense softly-hairy, bracts large
imbricated, corolla |-| in. white. Lalz. 8c Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 186. A. mysurensis,
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 524. Ruellia mysurensis, Roth Nov. Sp. 303 ;
Wall. Cat. 2402. Strobilanthes mysurensis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 86, and
in DC. Prodr. xi. 192.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; from Saugur to Kurg, frequent ; Rottler, &c.
Stem herbaceous, erect, thinly hairy. Leaves 4 by If in., with few distant multi-
cellular hairs above, minutely lineolate, puberulous beneath ; petiole 1\ in. Flower-
heads \\ by | in., substrobiliform ; bracts f-1 by £ in., broadly lanceolate, softly
hirsute; bracteoles § in., lanceolate membranous. Sepals \ in., linear hairy.
Stamens slightly didynamous, nearly glabrous ; anthers 2-celled ; cells ovate or sub-
ellipsoid, muticous, one slightly above the other. Style glabrous ; stigma very
minutely bifid; ovary pubescent. Capsule f in., 4-seeded; solid cylindric base \ in.
Seeds compressed, angular ; testa minutely laxly hexagonal, glabrous. — Very unlike
the genus in the bracts, corolla, anthers, and habit, in which it more resembles
Strobilanthes micranthus.
ErantJu'nium.] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 497
XXVI. ERANTHEMUM, Linn.
Stamens 2 fertile, 2 rudimentary or 0. Ovary often glabrous. Otherwise
as Asystasia. — Species 30, tropics of both hemispheres.
E. diantherum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 112, Wall. PI. As. Ear.n\. 108, and E. racemosum,
Roxb. 1. c. 113, Wall. 1. c. 107, DC. Prodr. xi. 455, came from the Moluccas.—
E. semperflorens, Roth Nov. Sp. 2, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 458, came from Mar-
tinique, nor is there reason from Roth's account to believe it otherwise than cultivated
by Heyne.— Justicia sp., Griff. Ic. PI. As. t. 426 (Kew |Distrib. n. 6177), is a fine
Eranthemum, collected in Ava, outside the bounds of British India.
* Corolla tubular-ventricose.
1. 35. indicum, Clarke; leaves lanceolate or subovate acuminate at
both ends glabrous, racemes dense puberulous or glabrate, corolla \\ in.
white abundantly purple- veined. Thyrsacanthus indicus, Nees in DC.
Prodr. ix. 325. Asystasia thyrsacanthus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 525.
Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 1-5000 ft., frequent ; H.f. Sf T., &c. Assam, in the
lower hills ; Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent.
A diffuse undershrub, 1-4 ft. Leaves 7 by 2^ in. ; nerves 5-7 pair ; petiole £-f in.
Racemes 1-5 in. ; lower pedicels 0-g in.; bracts §-£ in., linear. Sepals gin., linear-
lanceolate, glabrous or puberulous. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, upper lip subentire
emarginate galeate, lower 3-fid, middle lobe the widest. Filaments and style minutely
hairy. Capsule 1^ in., base long, cylindric, solid. Seeds £ in., orbicular, tubercled,
rugose, glabrous. — It is difficult to give a reason why this is not a Thyrsacanthus, ex-
cept that it is not American ; the curved subgaleate corolla does not agree well either
with Asystasia or Eranthemum.
** Corolla-tube linear -cylindric, often very narrow.
2. S. crenulatum, Lindl. in Lot. Beg. t. 879, not of Nees ; leaves
lanceolate or elliptic acuminate at both ends, racemes slender glabrous or
puberulous, flowers solitary, corolla pale purple or lilac tube § in. slender
narrowly funnel-shaped upwards, ovary glabrous.
Khasia Teeai, alt. 0-2000 ft., frequent ; Wallich, H.f. $f T., &c.
Perennial; 18 in., glabrous. Leaoes 6£ by 2 in., undulate-creuate; nerves 8
pair ; petiole 4$ in. Racemes in a terminal panicle with curved drooping slender
branches; bracts | in., linear-lanceolate; pedicels 0-| in. Sepals £ in., sublinear,
glabrous or puberulous. Corolla-limb obscurely 2-lipped, \ in. diam. Stamens 2,
subincluded. Capsule f in. ; cylindric base \ in. Seeds £ in., rugose, glabrous. —
Lindley's picture is excellent, but shows a small example in young flower ; the panicle
is often 8-12 in. diam., the flowers becoming distant on the branches. The species
has been quite lost sight of by Nees and T. Anderson, Hooker's examples having
(probably from the short corolla) been referred to Codonacanthus.
3. S. malabaricum, Clarke ; leaves elliptic or ovate narrowed at
both ends glabrous, spikes glabrous or puberulous, corolla white or yellowish
tube 1-1£ in., ovary glabrous. E. crenulatum, Wall. Cat. 2491 ; Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 195 ; T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 235, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 523, chiefly. Justicia latif olia, Vahl Symb. ii. 4 ?
W. Dkccan Peninsula, frequent; Wight, Hohenacker. Ceylon ; Thwaites
(C. P. n. 1979).
Suffrutescent, 2 ft. high. Leaves 5 by 2\ in., uudulate-crennlate, minutely
lineolate on both surfaces ; nerves 6-7 pair ; petiole l3 in. Spikes 4-9 in. ; lowest
pedicels obsolete in fruit ; bracts | in., linear-lanceoiate. Sepals £ in., sublinear,
VOL. IV. K k
498 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke!.) [Eranthemum.
glabrous or puberulous. Corolla-tube linear, only slightly widened close to the apex ;
limb 1-1 1 in. diam., obscurely 2-lipped. Capsule % in., eylindric base \ in. Seeds
£ in., rugose, subtubercled glabrous. — Vabl's description agrees pretty well with this
Malabar species, and he received his examples from Koenig ; but his reference to
Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 44 (which has extremely different flowers) throws a doubt on
the identification. Nees says his K. crenulatum was founded entirely on material
from Silhet to Malacca, and therefore it should not belong to IE. malabaricum, even
in part ; but in fact a good deal of Nees' material came from Malabar.
4. E. palatiferum, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 108, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 457 ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends pubescent on the
midrib beneath or ultimately glabrate, racemes pubescent flowers often
fascicled, corolla pale-purple tube 1?-1£ in. linear, ovary pubescent.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Son. ix. 524. Justicia palatifera, Wall. PI. As.
Bar. i. 80, t. 92. J. rubicunda, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2480.
Subtropical Sikkim and JBhotan, alt. 0-3000 ft., frequent; Treutler, Gamble,
&c. Assam and Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft., common ; Wallich, Griffith, &c.
Perennial, 3 ft. ; stems pubescent upwards. Leaves 7 by 2-3 in., very obscurely
(or not) lineolate ; nerves 8-10 pair ; petiole ^ in. Racemes often one foot long, pubes-
cent; bracts |-£ in., sublinear; lower pedicels rarely attaining £ in. Sepals £ in.,
linear, pubescent. Corolla-tube linear almost to its apex ; limb 1£ in. diam., obscurely
2-lipped ; purple often with a yellowish spot on the middle lobe of the lower lip.
Capsule nearly 1 in., pubescent. Seeds £ in. diam., reticulate- rugose, glabrous.^
Vab. levicapsa ; leaves more conspicuously lineolate on the upper surface, spikes
long slender iu more or less compound panicles, flowers often slenderer, capsule less
pubescent usually soon glabrate. E. crenulatum, Wall. Cat. 2491, letter F. —
Chittagong, alt. 0-2000«ft., frequent ; S. f. $ T., &c. Pegu, M'Lelland. Mergui,
Griffith. Attran, Wallich.
Vae. elata ; leaves | large uppermost petioled elongate-cuneate at the base.
E. elatum, Kurz in Journ. Bot. 1872, 46, and 1873, 47. E. latifoliusn, Kurz in Flora
1870, 363 excl. syn. ? — Pegu, Yomah, Kurz. Rangoon, M'Lelland. — Kurz notes that
this species produces on the same plant dimorphous flowers ; one kind as of E. palati-
ferum type, the other (usually the upper ones in the spike) about £ in. long, which chiefly
produce fruit. Similar dimorphic flowers occur in typical Khasian JE. palatiferum.
5. E. album, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 455 ; leaves elliptic acuminate
puberulous on the midrib beneath or glabrate, spikes panicled minutely
pubescent, corolla white tube 1£ in. linear. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 523. E. crenulatum, Wall. Cat. 2491, letters D, E. Justicia alba, Boxb.
Fl. 2nd. i. 116, and Ic. Ined. in Serb. Kew.
Andamans ; Roxburgh, Kurz. Pegu ; Brandis. Chittagong ; J. L>. S.
PENANG; Wallich. NlCOBARS; Kurz.
Stem woody upwards, bark whiteish. Uppermost leaves very shortly petioled,
base usually rounded, but in Roxburgh's picture (and in the Chittagong example)
cuneate. — This when dry, seems very difficult to separate from JE. palatiferum, Nees,
Var. levicapsa, except by the woodinessof the stems, almost to the panicle as shown in
Roxburgh's picture and in Kurz's and Hooker's examples ; the stems in JE. palatiferum
being distinctly herbaceous unless very near the base.
6. E. malaccense, Clarice ; leaves broad-lanceolate minutely pilose
on the midrib beneath, spikes 1-3 subterminal puberulous or pubescent,
corolla pale-purple tube 1-1 £ in. linear, ovary nearly glabrous. E. crenu-
latum, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 107, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 453,
chiefly; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 523, partly (not of Lindl.). E.
palatiferum, Bot. Mag. t. 5957, left-hand fig. only. Justicia orbiculata,
Wall. Cat. 2489, letter b.
Malacca ; Griffith (Kew t>istrib. n. 6175), Cuming, nn. 2357, 2389, &c.
Eranthemum."] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 499
An undershrub, 4 ft. high. Leaves 5§ by \\ in., acuminate, base cuneate, obscurely
or obsoletely lineolate; nerves 5-6 pair, much curved, usually crispedly pubescent
when young; petiole ^ in. Spikes 2-5 in., fuscous-puberulous, few- or little-branched,
never forming a lax panicle ; bracts ^ in. ; lower pedicels very short. Flowers and
fruits very nearly as of L. palatiferum. Young capsule sometimes sparsely pilose,
soon glabrous. — This plant seems plentiful at Malacca, and probably occurs in the
Malay Isles, but does not exactly agree with any Malay species at Kew, nor with the
descriptions of the Dutch botanists. It may (ex descr.) possibly be E. punctatum,
Nees in DC. Pro dr. xi. 455.
7. E. Andersoni, Masters in Gard. Chron. 1869 ; leaves large lan-
ceolate acute at both ends glabrous, spike very long linear flower-clusters
whorled below, bracts and calyces glabrous or puberulous, corolla-tube
H-lf in. Bot. Mag. t. 5771. E. elegans, Masters I. c. 1868, p. 1234, not
of Br. E. Blumei, Teijs.? Mia. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 836; T. Anders. Joum.
Linn. Soc. ix. 523 ; Kurz in Flora 1870, 363.
Singapore ; T. Anderson. — Distrib. Malaya.
Upper leaves 5 by 1£ m- ; petiole § in. Spike (coming into flower) 10 in. ; lower
clusters distant, many-fld., upper few-fld., continuous; bracts £ in. Calyx \ in.;
lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla white, pubescent ; lobes § by \ in. Capsule not seen.
— Described from T. Anderson's Singapore example. The name should be JE. Blumei,
but there is no authentic example of that for comparison ; nor is it known whether,
by recording JE. Blumei among the Indian Acanthacece, T. Anderson alluded to his
Singapore plant.
8. E. cinnabarinum, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 20, t. 21, and Cat.
9088 ; leaves large elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes rather
short rigidly panicled fuscous-puberulous, corolla crimson tube 1£ in. linear.
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 108, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 453; T. Anders,
in Joum. Linn. Soc. ix. 524. E. palatiferum, Bot. Mag. t. 5957, right-
hand fig.
Lower Burma and Tenasserim ; WallicTi, Parish, Beddome.
Leaves 8| by 2| in., undulate-crenulate; raphides sunk, obscure ; nerves 8-11
pair; petiole £-l§ in. Panicles compound, stout; branches short, patent or ulti-
mately recurved ; flowers subsessile, often fascicled; bracts § in., linear. Sepals £in.,
sublinear. Corolla-tube linear to the apex ; limb 2-lipped, lobes of the lower lip wider
than those of the upper ; eye often more intensely crimson, sometimes a yellowish spot
on the middle lobe of the lower lip.
Var. succisifolia ; flowers white. JE. succisifolium, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1876,
pt. ii. 142. — Nicobars ; Kurz. — The dried examples show no good distinction between
this and JE. cinnabarinum ; the leaves have rather fewer nerVes than in Wallich's
specimen, but not than in his picture ; the flowers are hardly smaller than Wallich's ;
the capsules are § in., altogether as of the genus.
9. ZS. Parishii, Clarice ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
glabrous, spikes puberulous or pubescent subpanicled, flowers often fascicled,
corolla purplish-pink tube 1| in. distinctly funnel-shaped upwards. E.
crenulatum var. grandiflora, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5440. A sy stasia
Parishii, T. Anders, in Joum. Linn. Soc. ix. 526.
Motjlmein ; Parish. Tenasserim ; Beddome.
Leaves 4£ by I3— 1£* in., very acute, variegated in all the wild examples, densely
puncticulate not lineolate above ; nerves 6 pair; petiole § in. Spikes 2-5 in., sub-
erect ; bracts £ in. Sepals £ in., linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla-tube linear
below, upper J part distinctly widened subinflated ; limb f in. diam., segments
subequal. Anthers subexsert. Ovary glabrous or very nearly so. — In Bot. Mag.
t. 5440, the stamens are figured 4 subequal; in the accompanying text they are said
to be 2 or 4. Wild specimens have 2 perfect and 2 minute rudimentary stamens.
k k 2
500 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Eranthemum.
10. S. leptanthus, Clarice \ leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
glabrous, racemes elongate many-fid. subglabrous, corolla small tube \-% in.
linear curved.
Mishmee Hills ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6181).
Apparently a large herb; branches subterete, glabrous. Leaves 7i by 2\ !n., not
or very obscurely lineolate ; nerves 11-16 pair ; petiole 1-1^ in. Racemes 5-9 in.,
1-5 subterminal, nearly simple; pedicels fascicled, unusually long, upper often ^ in. ;
bracts at the base of the pedicels, minute, linear. Sepals £ in., linear-lanceolate,
glabrous, margins puberulous. Corolla glabrous ; tube linear, slightly inflated, base
gibbous ; limb subequally 5-lobed. Stamens 2, with 2 minute linear rudiments ;
filaments somewhat ligulate, glabrous ; anthers oblong ; cells straight, parallel, muti-
cous, on the same level exactly. Pistil glabrous; disc annular; ovary 4-ovulate ;
stigma minute, obscurely bifid. Capsule not seen. — A species differing widely from
all others, but referred by Mr. Bentham to this genus, of which it appears to possess
all the essential characters.
species impeefectly known.
11. E. gbaciliflorum, Wees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 107, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 454; leaves 8 by 3| in. elliptic acute at both ends subglabrous, nerves 7-9 pair
puberulous beneath, petiole 2-3£ in. puberulous, thyrse 4 in. dense-fld. and densely
pubescent, pedicels 0-£ in., bracts \ in. linear, sepals ^ in. pubescent, corolla-tube
1\ in. linear for § its length. Justicia graciliflora, Wall. Cat. 2427. — Penang Mts. ;
Wallieh (specimens without fruit, and with only a very imperfect flower).
12. E. BLFARir/M, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 458; leaves ovate attenuate at both
ends glabrate, spike small puberulous, flowers solitary opposite, bracts and bracteoles
linear-subulate shorter than the calyx. Gendarussa bifaria, Wall. Cat. 7173 ; Nees
in Wall. PL As. Par. iii. 104. — Pegu; Pingee, Wallieh. — Leaves 7 by 3£ in.,
entire, minutely lineolate on both surfaces ; petiole 1| in., puberulous. Spike (one
only seen) 2£ in., puberulous; flowers ^ iu. apart. Calyx-segments \ in., linear,
puberulous. Corolla not seen. Capsule f-1 in., altogether of Eranthemum. — Nees
founded this on the 2 opposite lines of minute crisped hairs near the tips of the
branches ; which may be seen in E. album, malaccense and others. The solitary
example of E. bifarium in Herb. Wallieh differs from the neighbouring species in its
depauperated spike and long-petioled leaves, but it is impossible to say that it may
not be one of them.
13. E. pubescens, Roth Nov. Sp. 1 ; leaves ovate obtuse, spikes terminal sub-
distichous, bracts imbricated obovate-oblong mucronate keeled densely pubescent,
calyx unequal scarious. Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 458. — India; Heyne. — A shrub;
branches subtetragonous, ashy farinose. Leaves from oblong to ovate, nearly entire,
nervose, paler beneath, farinose ; petiole 1 in. Spike terminal, 3 in., enveloped at base
by 4 or 5 ovate acute bracts ; proper bracts \ in., dense clothed with capitate hairs;
bracteoles 2, linear-subulate. Calyx 5-leaved, 2 lanceolate subulate, 1 broader 2-nerved
sub-bifid, 2 smaller. Corolla showy, pubescent without ; tube 1 in. filiform, limb of
5 subequal round lobes. Stamens 2 with oblong villous anthers, 2 sterile very short.
Style long, tip semi-bifid. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 4-seeded. Seeds brown, compressed,
ovate subrotund, under a lens elegantly clothed with imbricated adpressed ferruginous
scales.
XXVII. CODONACANTHUS, Nees.
Corolla small ventricose nearly from the base. — Otherwise as JErav-
themum.
The solitary species differs from Eranthemum indicum in its very small flowers ;
from E. leptanthus in its ventricose corolla.
C. pauciflorus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 103; leaves elliptic
acuminate at both ends pubescent on the nerves beneath or glabrate,
CodonacmdJnis.] cix. acanthacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) 501
flowers i in. many of them distinctly pedicelled. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 524. C. acuminatus, Nees I. c. Ruellia pauciflora, Wall. Cat.
2369. Asystasia pauciflora, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 90.
Khasia Hills, alt. 0-3000 ft., and Assam; Wallich, Jenkins, H.f. Sf T., &c.
Chittagoni} Hills ; Clarke. — Disteib. S. China.
An erect herb. Leaves 5 by l£-2 in. ; petiole ^ in., usually pubescent. Racemes
in the Indian examples forming very compound, slender, terminal, lax panicles; bracts
minute linear ; pedicels often |~£ in. Sepals | in., linear-lanceolate. Corolla
glabrous, pink or whiteish ; cylindric base of the tube scarcely T'B in. ; lobes 5, ovate,
subequal. Stamens 2, with 2 minute linear rudiments. Capsule | in. ; base cylindric,
solid. Seeds 4 as of Eranthemum, but nearly smooth, scarcely rugose. — The Chinese
examples all differ from the Indian in their much simpler inflorescence. Bentham, in
allowing the genus 2 species in the Gen. PI., appears to think the Chinese plant
distinct, but in the Flora of Hongkong he had united them.
XXVIII. ANDROGBAFHIS, Wall.
Annual herbs or very small shrubs, erect or procumbent. Leaves entire.
Racemes axillary and terminal, lax, often compound subpanicled, or dense
or subcapitate, sometimes reduced and 1-fld., frequently 1-sided ; bracts
small; bracteoles minute or 0. Sepals narrow. Corolla small, tubular,
2-lipped, white or pink with dark-purple lower lip, pubescent. Stamens 2 ;
filaments ciliate or setulose; anthers exserted, 2-celled; cells oblong,
parallel, muticous, subequal, base bearded. Ovary 6-12-ovulate, thinly
hairy ; style slender, tip minutely bifid. Capsule linear-oblong or elliptic,
compressed contrary to the septum, 6-12-seeded. Seeds osseous, sub-
qaadrate or oblong, not compressed, rugose-pitted, glabrous. — Endemic in
India ; the 17 species being very closely connected, and identical as to form
and colour of flower, and as to seeds.
* Capsule linear, thrice as long as broad.
f Racemes elongate often loosely subpaniculate, lower flowers distant.
1. A. paniculata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 116, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 515; leaves lanceolate glabrous, racemes lax paniculate divari-
cate, pedicels manifest, capsule nearly glabrous. Wight Ic. t. 518 ; Dalz.
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 198 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 502 ; Bent I.
Sf Trim. Med. PI. t. 197. Justicia paniculata, Burm. Fl. Ind. 9 ; Wall.
Cat. 2454; Blume Bijd. 788; Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 117.— Rheede Sort. Mai.
t. 56.
Throughout India from Lucknow and Assam to Ceylon (probably introduced in
some of the northern stations). — Disteib. Cultivated in the E. and W. Indies.
An erect annual, 1-3 ft. ; stems quadrangular, base not pubescent. Leaves 2% by
i-f in., narrowed at both ends, never spathulate, ovate at base, paler beneath ; petiole
0-J in. Racemes 1-4 in. ; pedicels 0-£ in., distant, usually pubescent; bract Tls in.,
linear ; bracteoles smaller or 0 ; inflorescence mostly sympodal, the pedicel in the axil
of one of each pair of bracts suppressed. Sepals ^ in., linear-lanceolate, pubescent.
Corolla \ in., 2-lipped for at least half its length, hairy ; white, spotted rose-purple.
Filaments hairy upwards. Ovary and base of style subglabrous or very thinly hairy.
Capsule | by £ in., young slightly glandular-hairy, mature glabrous. Seeds subquad-
rate, osseous, rugose, without hairs or scales at any period, wet or dry, yellow or deep
brown.— Bentley and Trimen's figure is erroneous as to the seeds being hairy. Nees
and others have doubted this being Roxburgh's Justicia paniculata, because Roxburgh
says the bracts are large ; but Roxburgh regards the reduced leaves at the base of
the racemes as bracts, and does not notice the true small bracts at the base of the
pedicels.
502 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Andrographis.
2. A. subspathulata, Clarke ; leaves subspathulate elliptic minutely
scabrid-punctate on both surfaces, racemes lax divaricate, pedicels manifest,
capsule nearly glabrous.
Madras ; Kuruool at the foot of the Nellyinallays, Beddome.
In habit resembling A. paniculata ; stem minutely hispid near the base. Leaves
3 by 1 in., apex scarcely acute, base suddenly narrowed; petiole |- in., often winged
to the base. Lower pedicels £ in. Corolla § in., similar to that of A. paniculata,
but ratber longer. — This has been considered a var. of A. paniculata j but points
above noted as differential are constant.
3. A. elongrata, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 502 ; leaves
petioled ovate-lanceolate pubescent or glabrate, spikes forming straggling
panicles, sepals glabrate or minutely pubescent, anthers exsert not barbate,
capsule nearly glabrous. Justicia elongata, Yahl Enum. i. 130. J. cordi-
folia, Wall. Cat. 2482. Cryptophragmium cordifdlium, Nees in Wall. PI.
As. Bar. iii. 100. C. elongatum, Nees in DC. Prudr. xi. 95.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Courtallum, Wight ; Tinnevelly Hills, Beddome.
Annual, erect, 2-3 ft. ; branches divaricate, acutely quadrangular. Leaves 2 by
1 in., base somewhat suddenly narrowed or rarely subcordate ; raphides inconspicuous ;
petiole often attaining \ in. Panicles often a foot each way ; pedicels mostly very
short. Sepals | in., linear- lanceolate. Corolla % in., tube curved, limb £-£ in.,
obscurely 2-lipped. Filaments flattened, glabrous or very nearly so, a little longer
than the corolla ; anthers glabrous. Capsule f by | in., compressed, at first minutely
hairy, soon glabrous. Seeds osseous, rugose, not compressed, glabrous.
4. A. ovata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1100; stem glandular-hirsute,
leaves petioled ovate, spikes often panicled rather lax somewhat recurved,
corolla 5 in., anthers included not barbate, capsule hairy. Gymnostachyum
ovatum, T. Anders, ms. ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 250.
Deccan Peninsula ; Myhendra Hills, Berhampore and Jeypur Hills (Vizagapa-
tam), alt. 2-4000 ft., Beddome.
Stems 6-10 in., quadrangular, glandular-pubescent or subhirsute below. Leaves
2A-3 by nearly 2 in., shortly attenuated into the petiole, sparsely hairy above,
pubescent on the nerves beneath. Racemes axillary and terminal, 2-4 in. Corolla
as of A. elongata. Filaments much dilated, thinly minutely hairy. Capsule f by
i in., compressed. Seeds 8-10, subquadrate, osseous, rugose, glabrous, not compressed.
— Perhaps a form only of A. elongata, Nees.
5. A. tenuiflora, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 502 ; leaves
ovate or lanceolate glabrous or pubescent on the nerves, spikes lax simple or
compound, corolla £ in. obscurely 2-lipped, anthers included pubescent or
slightly bearded, capsule pubescent ultimately glabrate. Haplanthus tener,
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 115, and Cat. 7185, and in DC. Prodr. xi.
512. Gymnostachyum Parishii & andrographioides, T. Anders. I. c. 504. ,
Eastern Fbontieb, alt. 500-3000 ft., from Assam to Tavoy, frequent. Anda-
mans ; Kurz. — Disteib. Java, Borneo.
Stems 1-2 ft., quadrangular, pubescent, or glabrous unless at the very base.
Leaves suddenly or cuneately narrowed at base ; or the upper subsessile, base rounded
or subcordate. Pedicels rarely ,J, in. — Perhaps not distinct from A. ovata : it pre-
sents three leading variations, viz. (a) tenuiflora type, T. Anders., leaves ovate, spikes
long, flowers in remote clusters ; (b) Parishii, T. Anders., leaves ovate, panicles lax
glabrate, flowers mostly solitary ; (c) andrographioides, T. Anders., leaves lan-
ceolate.
Vae. recedens ; nearly glabrous except the very lax compound closely glandular-
pubescent panicle. — Tenasserim ; Mooleeyit, alt. 2000 ft., Beddome.
6. A. alata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 516 ; leaves petioled ovate upper
And rographisJ] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 503
linear-oblong glabrous, panicle large lax branches 4- winged, sepals pubes-
cent or subhirsute, capsule hairy. T. Anders, in Thwaites JEnurri. 232, and
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 502. Justicia alata, Vahl Enum. i. 139.
S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 1-3000 ft. ; Coimbatore, Wight, &c. ; Nilgherries,
Gardner. Ceylon ; Thwaites.
Stems 2-4 ft., annual, erect, glabrous, 4-angular. Leaves 3^ by If in., somewhat
suddenly attenuate into the petiole, conspicuously lineolate above ; upper leaves few,
distant, narrow. Panicle often 15 in. diam. ; branches glabrous; pedicels 0 £ in.,
pubescent. Sepals ^-^ in., bristle- pointed, pubescent oi\ very hairy. Corolla ^-f in.,
hairy, white with pink spots ; tube curved, limb Obscurely 2-lipped. Anthers
exserted ; filaments subglabrous. Capsule 1 by | in., compressed. Seeds osseous,
glabrous, not compressed. — Perhaps only a variety of A. elongata. The panicle being
large, the examples of the old collectors show only the panicle with the reduced
narrow leaves belonging thereto ; and the descriptions of Vahl, Nees and T. Ander-
son do not describe the proper cauline leaves.
7. A. stenophylla, Clarice ; glabrous, cauline leaves linear, racemes
lax, flowers nearly all pedicelled, capsule glabrous.
Coimbatoee ; Wight (Herb. Propr. n. 2245).
Rootstoch woody ; annual stems from its crown numerous, erect and diffuse,
quadrangular. Leaves 1-1§ by §-£ in. ; raphides 0 or obscure. Racemes 2-5 in.,
axillary and terminal, not distinctly panicled, the upper leaves being nearly similar
to the cauline ; pedicels mostly nearly as long as the calyx. Sepals £ in., linear-
lanceolate, glabrous or very nearly so. Corolla nearly as of A. paniculata. Capsule
| by ^ in., compressed.
8. A. "Wightiana, Am. ex Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 517 ; nearly glabrous,
leaves subsessile lanceolate, racemes lax few-fld., pedicels sometimes as long
as the calyx, corolla § in. conspicuously 2-lipped, capsule glabrous. Wight
Ic. t. 1558. A. gracilis, Nees I. c. 516 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 503.— Rheede Sort. Mai. ix. t. 44.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Courtallum and Anamallay Forests, Wight ; Mysore, G.
Thomson ; Mangalore, Hohenacker ; Travancore and Tinnevelly Ghauts, Beddome.
Stems elongate, diffuse, lax, quadrangular, glabrous, or thinly obscurely glandular-
hairy. Leaves attaining 3 by 1 in., subovate, base obtuse rarely cordate, glabrous
minutely lineolate above rarely obscurely scabrid puberulous; petiole 0-^j in.
Racemes 2-4 in., weak, glabrous or rarely minutely glandular-hairy ; lower pedicels
sometimes £ in. Sepals ^ in., sublinear, lineolate, glabrous. Corolla purplish, spotted
on the lower lip ; lips £ in. Anthers exserted, slightly bearded at the base; filaments
setulose. Capsule |-1 by £-£ in. — Authentic examples only differ from A. gracilis
in the few thin glandular hairs scattered on the upper part of the stem and panicle.
That Nees understood the same plant as Arnott and Wight is clear from his saying
that in his A. Wightiana the calyx was glabrous.
9. A. macrobotrys, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 516; sparingly pubes-
cent, leaves very short-petioled oblong-lanceolate, racemes elongate, sepals
glandular-hairy, corolla § in. conspicuously 2-lipped, capsule glabrous. A.
Wightiana, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 232, and in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 502, not of Nees.
Mts. of S. Deccan Peninsula ; Mangalore, Hohenacker ; Anamallays and
Pulneys, Beddome. Ceylon ; Macrae, &c.
Leaves 3 by f in. ; base cuneate or rhomboid, not rounded ; nerves beneath often
puberulous ; petiole 0-£ in. Racemes 6-8 in. or more, glandular-hairy, often 1-2-
branched. Corolla and capsule exactly as of A. Wightiana. — Very near A.
Wightiana ; but dries blacker, and has the leaves not widest at the base.
V ar, parvifolia; leaves 1-1 f in. A. ceylanica, Nees I. c. 518; T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 502, not of Wight.— Ceylon ; Walker.
504 cix. ACANTHACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Androgr aphis.
ft Racemes dense, forming a viscous or own-hairy head or panicle.
10. A. viscosula, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 116, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 517 ; leaves lanceolate glabrous densely lineolate above, corolla
§ in. hairy. Wight Ic. t. 1559 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 502.
Justicia lineata, Wall. Cat. 2486, letter b.
S. Deccan Peninsula; Courtallum, Wight (Herb. Propr. n. 677) ; Pulney Hills,
Beddome.
An undershrub, scarcely 1 foot ; branches numerous, glabrous, 4-lineolate. Leaves
II by \ in., narrowed at both ends ; petiole O-3 in. Panicles 1-2^ in., terminal,
many-fld., viscidly brown-hairy ; pedicels 0-T'0 in. ; bracts 2'g in., linear. Sepals
i~£ in., linear-lanceolate. Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped; lips |-g in. Anthers
exserted, bases thinly bearded, filaments thinly bristly. Capsule ^-§ by £ in., pubes-
cent. Seeds osseous, rugose, glabrous, not compressed.
Vae. explicata ; leaves 3 by f-1 in., panicle elongate 6-8 in. less dense, cap-
sules rather larger. A. ceylanica, Wight Ic. t. 1560, not of Nees. — Courtallum ;
Wight (Herb. Propr. nn. 676, 2242). Concan ; Stocks. Anamailays and Nil-
gherries, Beddome. — Wight himself, after figuring his A. ceylanica from n. 676, has
altered the name of a portion of his n. 676 to A. viscosula.
11. A. Neesiana, Wight Ic. t. 1561 ; leaves elliptic acute at both
ends sparsely minutely hairy above glabrate beneath, racemes terminal
subcapitate, sepals £ in., corolla § in. hairy. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 502, excl. syn.
Pulney Mts. ; Wight (Herb. Propr. n. 2705). Wynaad ; Beddome.
Branches elongate, undivided, glabrate, obscurely quadrangular. Leaves 2| by
I5 in. ; hairs remote many-cellular, raphides 0 ; petiole 0-\ in. Racemes forming a
dense panicle 2-5 in. diam.. viscidly brown-hairy. Capsule attaining 1 by 3 in., com-
prtssed, minutely hairy. — Differs from A. viscosula in the absence of raphides from the
leaves above.
Vae. producta ; leaves elongate, heads produced into oblong sub-lax panicles. A.
ceylanica, Wight in Serb. Andrographis sp. n. 13, Serb. Ind. Or. II. f. Sf T. —
Shevagherry Hills; Wight (Herb. Propr. n. 2702). Tinnevelly; Beddome. Mala-
bar; Gibson (in Herb. Dalzell), &c. — Leaves 4| by \ in., subsessile. Panicles 5 in.,
pyramidal. Texture, indumentum, &c, of the leaves exactly as in A. Neesiana
type.
Vae. affinis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 116, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 517 ^sp.) ;
leaves small elliptic or oblong pubescent, panicles pyramidal or oblong viscidly brown-
pubescent, corolla \ in. T.Anders, in DC. Prodr. ix. 502.— Nilgherry and Kurg
Ml s., frequent ; Wight, kc. — Leaves 1 by | in., or smaller; minutely bristly above
with no raphides, pubescent beneath ; nerves less impressed on the upper surface,
usually fulvous-pubescent. Capsule very hairy.
12. . A. stellulata, Clarke ; hairy, leaves short- petioled elliptic nar-
rowed at both ends, heads terminal dense, sepals exceeding i in. linear-
setaceous, corolla § in. A. Neesiana, Benth. in PI. Sohenack. n. 1435, not
of Wight.
Nilgheeet Mts., alt. 6000 ft., BohenacJcer, &c.
Branches elongate, obscurely quadrangular, closely villous. Leaves 2 J by 1 in.,
copiously sprinkled with fulvous multicellular hairs above, closely villous beneath ;
petiole O-3 in. Heads 1-2 in. diam., viscidly brown- hairy. Corolla pale pink with
purple spots on the lower lip. Filaments somewhat flattened, hairy upwards. Cap-
sule I by ^ in. (and upwards), hairy, compressed. Seeds osseous, rugose, glabrous, not
compressed. — Much resembling A. Neesiana and others of this subsection, but dis-
tinguished by the long substellate sepals.
13. A. lineata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 116, and in DC.
Andrographis.] cix. acanthace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) 505
Prodr. xi. 516 ; leaves subsessile ovate or broadly oblong shortly acute
glabrous, panicles very compound viscidly grey- or dusky-pubescent, corolla
§ in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 502. — Andrographis sp. n. 14,
Herb. Lid. Or. PL.f. 8r T. Justicia lineata, Wall. Cat. 2486, letter a.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Mysore and adjacent parts of the Nilghiri and Kurg
Mts., Wight, G. Thomson, Lobb ; Anamallays, Beddome.
Branches elongate, quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves If by 1 in., suddenly acute,
base rounded ; raphides above embedded, obscure ; nerves beneath usually strongly
elevated ; petiole 0-T'5 in. Panicle 2-10 in. ; pedicels 0 or very short. Sepals ^-£ in.,
linear-lanceolate acute, glandular-bairy. Corolla hairy. Anthers bearded at the
base. Capsule s by ^-£ in., thinly hairy. — Hardly separable from A. viscosula
var. explicata by the less acuminate leaves with more strongly-marked nerves and
the more densely bearded anthers.
Vae. Lawii ; stem closely pubescent, leaves 3 in. sparsely pilose above pubescent
beneath, panicle large open. — Bababoodun Hills; Law. Nundidroog, Beddome. —
Referred to A. affinis in Herb. Hooker : the large strongly lineate leaves, large panicle
and densely barbate anthers bring it nearer to A. lineata type.
14. A. lobelioides, Wight Ill.t. 164 b, fig. 11, and Ic. t. 1557; leaves
small sessile ovate pubescent or glabrous, racemes in a subterminal panicle,
corolla ^ in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 503. Justicia lobelioides,
Wall. Cat. 2484. Eriantbera lobelioides, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 115,
and in DC. Prodr. xi. 514.
Nilghiei Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft., common in the open grass, Wight, &c.
Very rusty pubescent or nearly glabrous. Rootstoclc woody ; stems 2-8 in., very
numerous, procumbent. Leaves |-| in. diam. Panicles 1-4 in.; lower pedicels
T'5— £ in. Sepals £ in. Anthers much exserted, conspicuously white-barbate. Capsule
§ by ^ in. — Very variable in indumentum. Easily distinguished (without the fruit)
from A. serpyllifolia by the absence of flowers in the lower axils.
Vae. composita ; racemes elongate compound forming a terminal quasi-panicle 12
by 8 in. — Courtallurn Hills and Tinnevelly ; Beddome.
** Capsule elliptic, 2-3 times as long as broad.
15. A. echioides, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 117, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 518 ; erect, hairy, leaves sessile oblong or subelliptic obtuse,
racemes numerous axillary, corolla g— £ in. Wight Ic. t. 467 ; Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. PI. 198; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 503. Justicia
echioides, Linn. ; Burm. PI. Ind. 9 ; Boxb. PI. Ind. i. 118 ; Wall. Cat. 2439.
— Bheede Sort. Mai. ix. t. 46.
Teopical India, in the drier districts from the Punjab and Chota Nagpore
to Ceylon, common (absent in Bengal proper and humid Malabaria).
Annual, 8-24 in., closely pubescent and with patent white hairs. Leaves 2^ by
1 in., base cuneate. Racemes about as long as the leaves, divaricate or recurved,
often one from each axil about the middle of the stem ; pedicels very short.
Sepals %-\ in., linear ; in fruit elongated, sometimes \ in. Corolla pubescent,
pink or white, lower lip dark-purple. Anthers much exserted, white-barbate.
Capsule ^ by £ in., acute at both ends, hairy. Seeds twice as long as broad,
osseous, rugose, glabrous, not compressed.
16. A. glandulosa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 115, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 518 ; hairy, leaves petioled oblong or subelliptic obtuse, racemes
numerous axillary, lower pedicels nearly as long as the calyx. Justicia
glandulosa, Wall. Cat. 2485.
Mtsoee ; Heyne (fide Nees), Wight (Herb. Prop. n. 3026).
Leaves 1 by £ in., both in Wight's and Wallich's examples, on which Nees
506 Cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Andrographis.
founds his species ; which both hardly differ from A. echioides but by their
short-petioled (not sessile) leaves and rather shorter (^ in.) sepals. — This is cer-
tainly A. glandulosa, Nees, for he has written his name on Wight's n. 2026,
though this appears to be an erect annual.
17. A. Rothii, Clarice ; shrubby, hairy, leaves small shortly petioled
ovate or orbicular, racemes axillary lax few-fid., lower pedicels nearly as
long as the calyx. Justicia glandulosa, Both Nov. Sp. 13? ; not of Wall.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Wight (Herb. Propr. n. 675).
Rootstock woody ; branches 8-12 in., wavy, closely pubescent, and with white
patent hairs, some glandular. Leaves £— § in., base rounded or in a few of the lower
very shortly attenuated ; petiole 0-\ in. Racemes 2-4 in., patent or recurved,
wavy, sometimes bifid, upper subpanicled; bracts | in., ovate. Sepals £-£ in. Cap-
sule ^ by | in., subobtuse. — Found loose in Wight's Herbarium, marked simply
JErianthera : it appears to fit very closely Roth's description of his Justicia
glandulosa.
18. A. serpyllifolia, Wight Ic. t. 517; stems procumbent villous,
leaves small sessile orbicular, racemes many 1- or few-fld. in the lower axils.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 503. Justicia serpyllifolia, Vahl Fnum.
i. 169. J. nummularifolia, Wall. Cat. 2461. Erianthera serpyllifolia, Nees
in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 115, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 514.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Mysore, Palamcotta, &c, Shuter, Wight, &c.
Rootstock woody ; annual stems 2-12 in., closely procumbent, curved, densely
leafy. Leaves % in. diam., obtuse, more or less hairy. Racemes sometimes forming
a small terminal quasi-panicle, but always with many 1-2-fld. in the lower axils ;
bracts ^-jt in , orbicular, being gradually reduced leaves. Sepals £-£ in., linear ;
in fruit often ^ in. Corolla %-% in. Capsule ^-\ by |-£ in.
19. A. Beddomei, Clarice ; leaves short-petioled elliptic and obovate
glabrous, racemes solitary axillary small few-fld., lower pedicels viscous-
pubescent, corolla £-§ in. conspicuously 2-lipped, anthers exserted bases
densely white-bearded.
Madras ; Kurnool, Nallaymallays, alt. 2000 ft., Beddome.
Stems 4-6 in., subsimple, quadrangular. Leaves 3£ by 1|- 2 in., subobtuse, some-
what coriaceous, base cuneate, raphides 0 or obscure ; petiole 0-£ in. Racemes § in.,
3-5-fld., viscous-pubescent; bracts £ in., obloug, subobtuse. Calyx \ in. Corolla
and stamens nearly as of A. echioides. Capsule not seen.
XXIX. HAPLANTKUS, Nees.
Erect herbs. Leaves petioled, ovate, entire. Flowers axillary, appearing
whorled, whorls sometimes approximated into terminal spikes, surrounded
by numerous barren branchlets, reduced to acicular cladodes terminated
by 2-3 minute spines ; proper bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx small;
sepals sublinear. Corolla smallish, tubular ; limb 2-lipped ; lobes imbri-
cated. Stamens 2 ; anthers 2-celled ; cells ovate, equal or one sometimes
much smaller, muticous ; connective very hairy behind. Ovary 6-16-ovu-
late ; style shortly bifid at the tip. Capsule narrowly oblong acute, 6-16-
seeded from the base. Seeds ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, densely
shortly hairy when moistened. — Species 3, endemic in India.
1. H. verticillaris, Nees in DC. Prodr. ix. 513; cladodes in fruit
stout rigid pubescent scarcely ciliate towards the tips, calyx minutely
pubescent or glabrate. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 197 ; T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 504. Justicia verticillata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 135.
Haplanthue.] cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 507
W. Deccan Peninsula, frequent, Roxburgh, &c., extending north to Mt.
Aboo, Stocks.
Stems 2-3 ft., pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves 3£ by 2 in., shortly acumi-
nate, base suddenly attenuated, pubescent or nearly glabrous ; petiole 1 in. Cladodes
often 1-1 i in. in fruit, pubescent or glabrous, with or without scattered patent
bristles in their lower half. Calyx \ in., glabrous or puberulous. Corolla § in.,
pale lilac. Calyx \ in. and upwards, glabrous.
2. K. tentaculatus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 513; cladodes in fruit
slender curved glabrous or pubescent not ciliate, calyx pubescent scarcely
ciliate. Dalz. df Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 197 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
503. Euellia tentaculata, Linn. Amain. Acad. iv. 320 ; Burnt. Fl. Ind. 134,
t. 40, fig. 1. E. aciculata, Roth Nov. Sp. 301.
Bombay ; Dalzell. Belgaum ; Ritchie. Malabar ; Yelwah Hill in Palghaut,
Beddome. Central India ; Mandoo, Edgeworth.
Cladodes in fruit \ in. Corolla less than ^ in., white (Ritchie). Capsule |-£in.,
glabrous ; seeds much smaller than in 3. verticillaris. — Very near 3. verticillaris.
Dalzell says 1. c. that Bl. tentaculatus is a much stouter species than H. verticillaris ;
but his numerous examples submitted are named by hitu in accordance with Nees'
naming.
Vak. nilgherrensis ; whorls collected mostly in terminal spikes, cladodes and
sepals with many patent needle-like white hairs. H. nilgherrensis, Wight Ic. 1. 1556.
— Mts. of Nilghiri and Kurg, frequent ; Wight, Hohenacker, &c.
Vab. plumosa ; calyx densely hispid-hairy subplumose. H. plumosa, T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 504. Haplanthus sp. n. 4, Serb. Ind. Or. H. f. Sc T. —
Concan ; Stocks. Belgaum ; Ritchie.
3. H. ? hygrophiloides, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 503;
leaves petioled ovate acute tomentose on both surfaces, flowers axillary
aggregated, bracts minute linear.
Pegtj; Brandis (fide T. Anderson).
An insignificant weed ; stems 4-angular furfuraceous. Leaves 1-li by \-\ in.,
minutely lineolate. Sepals \ in., subulate. Corolla small, pubescent. Stamens 2 ;
anthers 2-celled, one cell bearded. Capsule linear, compressed, glandular, many-
seeded. — No example seen ; the foregoing copied from T. Anderson.
XXX. 6YMNOSTACHYUM, Nees.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves cauline or subradical, entire, sinuate
crenulate or toothed. Cymes axillary or in a terminal panicle, often spicate
or racemose, sometimes small axillary ; bracts and bracteoles very small,
except in G. hirsutum; flowers subsessile or shortly pedicelled. Calyx
small (except in G. hirsutum), sub-5-partite ; segments equal, linear-
lanceolate. Corolla-tube slender, cylindric ; limb small, 2-lipped ; lobes 5,
subequal, quadrate-elliptic, imbricate. Stamens 2, nearly as long as the
corolla ; filaments usually hairy at least near the base ; anthers 2-celled ; cells
subequal, oblong or ovate, hairy or glabrous. Ovary pubescent, many-
ovulate ; style subentire at the tip. Capsule linear, pubescent or nearly
glabrate, 16-24- seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed, hairy, hairs very shortly
spreading when moistened. — Species 15, Indian, with a few Malayan.
* Panicle terminal, leafless or nearly so.
f Leaves mostly near the base of the stem.
1. Cr. venustum, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 506 ; leaves large
508 cix. acanthacEjE. (C. B. Clarke.) \Gymnodaclajum.
ovate, panicle large pubescent, corolla f-1 in. slender. Justicia venusta,
Wall. Cat. 2470, and PI. As. Bar. i. 53, t. 66; Bot. Reg. t. 1380.
Cryptophragmium venustum, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 180, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 94; Pot. Mag. t. 3208.
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft., common on the southern face, Wallich., H.f. Sf T,
&c.
Attaining 1-4 ft. ; stem leafless or with few remote very small leaves. Radical
leaves 6 by 3-4 in., or larger, acute, decurrent on the petiole, entire or undulate-
crenate, nearly glabrous, or with scattered minute hairs above, nerves beneath pubes-
cent ; petiole 0-4 in. Panicle sometimes 8 by 12 in., or reduced to a single spike ;
flowers opposite, 1-3 together; bracts small, linear; bracteoles 0. Sepals ^-^ in.,
linear, hairy. Corolla pubescent; limb deep purple or blueish. A nthers oblong,
glabrous. Capsule | in.
2. G-. febrifugrum, Penth. in Flora 1849, 558 ; leaves ovate, panicle
pubernlons, corolla l\ in. upper half inflated, capsule 1 in. G. alatum,
Wight Lc. t. 1525 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 506.
S. Deccan Peninsula; Mangalore, Hohenaclcer (n. 374), Wight.
Nearly stemless. Leaves 6£ by 3 in., decurrent on the petiole, subentire or undu-
late-crenulate, above lineolate nearly glabrous or minutely sparsely setulose, beneath
paler glabrous or pubescent on the nerves. Panicles 6-12 in., in appearance radical ;
flowers opposite, solitary or in very small few-fld. cymes; bracts small, narrow ;
bracteoles 0. Sepals \-^ in., glabrous or puberulous. Corolla glabrous. Anthers
ovate, hairy. — Hohenacker observes that " a decoction of the root is a febrifuge,"
and Bentham's name febrifugum has one year's priority over alatum.
3. Cr. ceylanicum, Am. Sf Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 93 ; leaves elliptic
glabrate lineolate above, panicles linear pubescent, corolla f in. T. Anders,
in Thwaites JSnum. 232, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 506 ; Bedd. Lc. PI.
Lnd. Or. t. 265.
Ceylon; Walker, Thwaites, &c.
Stem 1-3 in., villous. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., obtuse, base acuminate, undulate-
crenate, pubescent beneath especially on the nerves; petiole 1£ in. Peduncles 1-6 in. ;
panicles 5-9 by f in.; cymes small, subfascicled ; bracts \ in., linear. Sepals ^ in.,
linear-lanceolate, grey-pubescent. Corolla nearly glabrous; tube narrow purplish ;
limb small greenish-yellow. Anthers subquadrate, glabrous. Capsule f in.
4. G-. Thwaitesii, T. Anders, in Thwaites JEnum. 232 ; leaves elliptic
hairy on both surfaces, panicles oblong pubescent, corolla \ in. Bedd. Lc.
PL Lnd. Or. t. 255.
Ceylon ; Ambagamowa District, Thwaites.
Leaves above with many lax multicellular hairs. Panicle open ; lateral cymes
|-1£ in. Otherwise as G. ceylanicum.
5. Cr. poly anthum, Wight Lc. t. 1494 ; leaves broadly ovate sub-
glabrate base rounded or cordate, panicles linear glabrous or nearly so,
corolla | in.
Cooeg; Jerdon, in Herb. Wight.
Stem 1 in., grey-puberulous. Leaves 2\ in. diam., shortly acute or subobtuse,
nearly entire, punctulate above ; nerves beneath much raised, grey-puberulous ; petiole
If in. Panicles 8 by | in.; flowers in subcapitate cymes; bracts minute, linear.
Sepals |-£ in., linear-lanceolate, glabrous or obscurely puberulous. Corolla puberu-
lous, pink (in the dried example). Capsule § in. — Overlooked by T. Anderson.
ft Stems elongate-, leafy upwards.
6. Cr. paniculatum, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 232 ; leaves ovate
Oymnostachyum.] cix. acanthaceji. (C. B. Clarke.) 509
or elliptic acute at both ends pubescent at least on the nerves beneath,
panicle subterminal pubescent branches cymose, corolla § in. Bedd. Ic. PL
Ind. Or. t. 252.
Ceylon, alt. 1-2000 ft. j Walker, Thwaites.
Erect, 2-3 ft., hairy, leafy to the panicle. Leaves 5 by 2 in., undulate, lineolate,
glabrate or hairy above ; petiole \ in. Panicles 7 by 3 in., sometimes somewhat leafy
at the base ; lateral branches repeatedly closely 2-3-chotomous ; bracts £-£ in., linear;
pedicels 0-\ in., often distinct. Sepals £ in., linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla
pubescent. Anthers ovate, glabrous. Capsule § in.
7- Gr. grlabrum, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 506 ; leaves ovate
or elliptic acuminate at both ends undulate-crenate pubescent on the nerves
beneath, panicle terminal villous, flowers fascicled on the spikes, corolla § in.
Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 251. Cryptophragmium glabrum, Dalz. in
Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 338 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 185.
CONCAN ; Law, Dalzell.
An undershrub (Beddome) ; stems nearly glabrous. Leaves 7 by 2| in., puberu-
lous on both surfaces or glabrate; petiole fin. Flowers sessile, clustered ; bracts
\ in., linear-lanceolate. Sepals £ in., sublinear, villous, often viscid glandular.
Corolla minutely pubescent, white purple-spotted in the throat. Anthers ovate,
glabrous. Capsule f in.
Var. denticulata ; leaves distinctly toothed glabrous even when young. — Concan
Ghauts ; Dalzell, Ritchie.
8. G-. leptostachyum, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 106, and Cat.
7178, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 93; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
slightly pubescent, panicle reduced to 1 or 2 long-linear spikes hairy,
corolla § in.
Tavot; Wallich.
Stems creeping, rooting ; annual flowering branches 3-5 in., erect, simple, villous.
Leaves 4£ by 1| in., subentire, upper surface with distant multicellular lax hairs,
lower pubescent on the nerves; petiole \ in. Spikes 1 or 2 terminal, 3-10 in. ;
flowers solitary, distant ; bracts £ in., linear-lanceolate. Sepals £ in., linear-lanceo-
late, pubescent. Corolla narrow, straight. Capsule £ in., very slender, 20-seeded. —
Overlooked by T. Anderson.
** Inflorescence axillary, a terminal panicle sometimes added.
9. G-. canescens, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 505; leaves
tfvate acuminate at both ends pubescent on both surfaces, panicles axillary
and terminal pubescent or villous, corolla § in. Gr. serrulatum, T. Anders.
I. c. ; Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 254 Cryptophragmium canescens, Nees in
Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 100, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 95; Wight Ic. t. 1495.
C. serrulatum, Nees 11. c. Justicia serrulata, Wall. Cat. 2452.
W. Deccan Peninsula, from Bombay to Courtallum, Wight ; Tinnevelly,
Beddome.
Apparently a shrub. Branches pubescent or villous. Leaves 8 by 3| in.,
undulate or minutely toothed; petiole 1£ in. Panicles trichotomous ; bracts | in.,
lanceolate; pedicels hardly any. Sepals £-£ in., linear-lanceolate, minutely pubescent.
Corolla pubescent. Anthers ovate, puberulous. Capsule \ in. — Nees made 2 species
out of Wallich's 4 branches ; and it is not clear why T. Anderson kept them up, unless
he meant to transfer Nees' name serrulatum to the following var.
Vab. longifolia ; leaves 9 by If in. elongate lanceolate distinctly toothed. G.
longifolia, T. Anders, nxs. — Canara Ghauts ; Law.
10. Cr. latifolium, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 505 ; glabrous,
510 cix. acanthace,e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gymnostachyum.
leaves large long-petioled ovate, panicles mostly lateral many- fid., corolla
1 in. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 253. Cryptophragmium latii'olium, Dalz.
in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 137 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 185. Phlogacanthns
latifolins, Wight Ic. t. 1537 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 508.
Concan, Canara, and Malabar, Balzell, Wight, &c. ; Bababoodun Hills,
Wight.
An undershrub, 3 ft. (Dalzell). Leaves attaining- 9 by 5£ in., acute, very shortly
acuminate into the petiole, subentire ; petiole often 6 in. Panicles chiefly from the
axils of fallen leaves, 3-5 in. ; branches subspicate ; flowers solitary or clustered ;
bracts small, linear. Sepals £ in., linear. Corolla puberulous ; limb greenish-yellow.
Anthers ovate, minutely hairy. Capsule f in., very narrow, glabrate, 24-seeded.
Seeds ovoid, compressed, hairy.
11. Cr. sangfuinolentum, T. Anders, in Thwaites JEnum. 232, and in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 506 ; leaves elliptic narrowed at both ends nearly
glabrous, cymes small axillary short-peduncled few-fid. subglobose some-
what pnbescent, corolla f in. Justicia sanguinolenta, Vahl Symb. ii. 10.
Cryptophragmium sanguinolentum, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 96. C. axillare,
Nees I.e.; Wight Lc. t. 1496.
Ceylon ; Champion, Walker, &c.
Diffuse ; branches nearly glabrous. Leaves 4 by 1 J in., entire undulate or irregu-
larly subdentate, punctate or minutely lineolate above sometimes obscurely scaberulous ;
petiole £-| in. Peduncles £-^ in., nearly glabrous ; cymes J-1 in. diam. ; bracts
fin., linear; pedicels 0-| in. Sepals £ in., linear, puberulous. Corolla pubescent.
Capsule | in.
12. Cr. tomentosum, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 505 ; glan-
dular-tomentose, leaves ovate hirsute on both surfaces, spikes axillary and
terminal trichotomous, corolla £ in. subcylindric pubescent.
Central India ; Beddome (fide T. Anderson).
A perennial, erect herb, 1-2 ft. Upper leaves 1 by § in., sessile, base attenuated,
undulate, whitened beneath. Spikes dense ; flowers pedicelled ; bracts £ in., linear,
glandular ciliate. Sepals % in., aristate ciliate. Stamens included ; anther-cells
equal. Capsule 1 in., linear, many-seeded; retinacula erect, acute (T. Anderson). —
Not seen, genus very doubtful.
13. Cr. hirsutum, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 233, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 505 ; leaves broadly elliptic acute or ovate acute at
both ends hairy on both surfaces, spikes axillary and terminal dense
cylindric hirsute, bracteoles £ in. linear, corolla '4 in. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind.
Or. t. 249.
Ceylon ; Thwaites.
Erect, 2-3 ft., glabrous except at the tip. Leaves 8 by 3£ in., entire or undulate;
petiole 2 in. Spikes 1-4 by 1 in., quasi-peduncled, sometimes panicled, resembling
those of the dense-fld. species of JEbermaiera. Sepals £ in., linear, hirsute. Corolla,
stamens and pistil as of Gymnostachyum (fide Beddome). Capsule | in., many-
seeded.
XXXI. PHLOGACANTHUS, Nees.
Shrubs or tall herbs. Leaves entire, or obscurely crenate. Flowers
orange red or pink ; thyrses or narrow panicles terminal, rarely racemes or
cymes axillary ; bracts small, bracteoles 0. Calyx deeply 5-fid ; segments
very narrow. Corolla tubular, curved upwards ; limb on one side or (not
very deeply) 2-lipped; segments ovate or oblong, connivent patent or
recurved, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, sometimes 2 small rudiments added;
Phlogacanthus.] cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 511
anthers 2-celled, oblong, muticous, glabrous. Ovary usually glabrous,
10-16-ovulate ; style filiform, subsimple at the tip. Capsule elongate, sub-
tetragonous, many-seeded from the base. Seeds lenticular, ovate in outline,
glabrous or densely shortly hairy. — Species 11, endemic in India.
This genus differs from Qymnostachyum in the broader, curved corolla, the glabrous
ovary, and the much stouter capsule. The 2 following genera Cystacanthus and
Diotacanthus are with difficulty discerned by the form of the corolla.
* Thyrses or dense panicles terminal.
1. P. curviflorus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 99, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 320 ; leaves large elliptic or obovate nearly glabrous, thyrse
dense closely villous, calyx-teeth ^ in., corolla If in. tubular curved scarcely
widened upwards. Pot. Mag. t. 3783 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
506 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 246. Justicia curvinora, Wall. Cat. 2429, and PI. As.
Bar. ii. 9, t. 112.
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft. ; frequent on the southern face, Wallich, &c.
Stem 3-6 ft., stout, glabrous, puberulous upwards. Uppermost leaves often 12 by
4-5 in., acuminate at both ends, subentire, punctulate on both surfaces, nerves beneath
sometimes puberulous; petiole 2£ in. Thyrse 4-8 in., short-peduncled ; bracts | in.,
linear. Calyx-tube -\ in. ; teeth sublinear, closely villous. Corolla densely villous,
brick -red or orange; limb small, lobes hardly patent. Stamens glabrous, 2 small
rudiments present. Style thinly hairy. Capsule 1£ by £ in., glabrous, 12-14-seeded.
Seeds £ in. diam., much compressed, glabrous. — Wallich says the flowers are bright
orange-red ; it is generally a brick- red obscurely orange; it is not known wild of the
colour depicted by Wallich, or in Bot. Mag.
Var. brevicalyx ; calyx-teeth scarcely \ in. — Pegu ; Kurz. Moulmein ; Parish.
Tenasserim; Beddome.—A shrub, 15 ft. (JBeddome). Thyrse much less densely villous
than in P. curviflorus type. Sepals without sometimes nearly glabrous, mnch shorter
than in P. curviflorus type. Flowers greenish-yellow (Parish). — T. Anderson is
mistaken in supposing that this variety is cultivated in Lower Burma, and not wild.
2. P. Wallichii, Clarice \ leaves large elliptic acuminate at both
ends glabrous, thryse dense closely villous, calyx-teeth £ in., corolla f in.
tubular curved scarcely widened upwards. P. asperulus, Wall. Cat. 7171
partly, not of Nees. Loxanthus Gomezii, Nees in Wall. Cat. 7170, and
in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 99, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 322, partly.
Khasia Mts.; Gomez. Jaintea Hills ; Jarain, alt. 3000 ft., Clarice.
Leaves 10| by 3£ in., subentire; petiole 1 in. Thyrse 2-4 in., short-peduncled ;
bracts \ in., linear. Calyx-tube T'ff in., teeth linear-lanceolate villous. Corolla
densely villous, red ; limb small, lobes subequal, scarcely patent. Stamens and style
glabrous. — Resembling P. curviflorus, but with a smaller thyrse, and very much
smaller corolla.
3. P. tubiflorus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 99, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 321 ; leaves large elliptic or ovate narrowed at both ends softly
pubescent beneath, panicles elongate dense somewhat pubescent, calyx-teeth
£ in., corolla f in. tubular curved scarcely widened upwards. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 506, partly. Justicia tubiflora, Wall. Cat. 2428.
Assam Plains ; Hamilton, Jenkins, Masters : and adjacent Khasia Teeai,
alt. 2000 ft. ; Borpani, H.f. $ T.
Leaves attaining 10 by 3-5J in., subentire or crenulate, densely punctulate above,
almost woolly (but deciduously) pubescent beneath; petiole 1-2 in., pubescent.
Panicle 2-8 in., densely closely ramous, subthyrsoid ; pedicels often \ in. ; bracts
£ in., linear. Calyx-tube 7'B in.; teeth linear-lanceolate, pubescent or glabrate.
Corolla nearly as of P. Wallichii, yellow -red (Nees). Capsule l£ by \ in., glabrous,
512 • cix. ACANTHACE2E. (C.B.Clarke.) [Phlogacanthui,
12-seeded. Seeds much compressed, glabrous. — Nearly allied to P. Wallichii, differ-
ing in the softly hairy under surface of the leaves and the much more open panicle.
4. P. parviflorus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 506 ; leaves
large broadly lanceolate glabrous, panicle terminal linear nearly glabrous,
sepals £ in., corolla 1 in. narrowly tubular curved.
S.E. Assam ; Namyoon in the Patkoye Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6154,
n. 6155 partly).
A shrub similar in habit to P. Wallichii. Leaves 9 by 2\ in., acuminate at both
ends, subentire, obscurely puberulous above, paler and glabrous beneath ; petiole
1 in. Panicles 4 by f in., subsessile; pedicels 0-£ in. Calyx-tube scarcely ^ in. ;
teeth linear-lanceolate, nearly glabrous. Corolla very slightly pubescent, blood-red,
miniate {Griffith) ; lobes small, scarcely patent. Capsule not seen. — Griffith's
original ticket remains on the example authenticated by T. Anderson, and shows that
the plant was not collected in Mishmee.
5. P. thyrsiflorus, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 99, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 321 ; leaves large lanceolate glabrous, thyrses elongate dense
villous, calyx-teeth $-% in., corolla $ in. wide-tubular 2-lipped. T. Anders.
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 506 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 246. Justicia thyrsiflora,
Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 114; Wall. Cat. 2430.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 0-4000 ft., from Gurwhal to Bhotan, very common.
Khasia Mts. and Assam, alt. 0-3000 ft., common. Motjlmein ; Parish.— Distrib.
Ava.
A shrub, 3-7 ft. Leaves 7 by If in., tapering at both ends, subentire, densely
punctulate ; petiole f in. Thyrses 4-12 in., terminal, solitary or several, or
quasi-axillary on lateral branches; peduncles short; bracts \ in., linear. Calyx-
tube \ in. ; teeth setaceous, densely pubescent. Corolla closely villous, orange ;
tube broad from the base, curved ; upper lip suberect, lower patent. Stamens
glabrous, or slightly hairy near the base of the filaments ; 2 rudiments often dis-
cernible. Style glabrous. Capsule 1£ by £ in., subquadrungular, glabrous, 12-14-
seeded. Seeds much compressed, orbicular in outline, densely shortly hairy, hairs
elastically spreading when moistened.
6. P. asperulus, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 99, and Cat. 7171, and
in DC. Prodr. xi. 321, excl. some syn. ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends
glabrous, panicles linear subthyrsoid somewhat pubescent, calyx-teeth £ in.,
corolla £-i in. tube cylindric limb much inflated ovoid. P. vitellinus, T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 507, excl. some syn.; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
246. Justicia vitellina, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 115, and Ic. Ined. in Herb. .h'cir.
J. quadrangular! s, Wall. Cat. 2451 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2845. J. asperula, Lodd.
Bot. Cab. t. 1681, not of Wall. J. guttata, Wall. Cat. 2431, by mixture.
Endopogon vitellinus, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 723.
Khasia Mts. and Assam ; Wallich, Simons. Chittagong Hills ; Roxburgh,
Clarke.
A shrub, 3 ft., nearly glabrous. Leaves 5 by 2 in., undulate, scarcely puberulous
or punctate ; petiole § in. Panicle 2-4 in;, terminal, usually solitary, very narrow ;
bracts £ in., linear. Calyx-tube T'8 in. ; teeth setaceous, puberulous. Corolla sud-
denly curved and inflated at the summit of the tube, pubescent, pink-purple often
yellow-marked ; limb ringent (Roxburgh), segments connivent or not widely patent.
\\tpsule | by £ in., glabrous. Seeds glabrous. — This is one of the many species which
Nees named Tliyrsacanthus indicus.
7. P. gruttatus, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 99, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 321 ; leaves large oblong or elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous,
panicles linear dense somewhat pubescent, calyx-teeth £ in., corolla
3-f in. 2-lipped, segments oblong patent subrecurved. T. Anders, in Journ.
Phlogacanthus.] cix. acanthacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) . 513
Linn. Soc. ix. 507. Justicia guttata, Wall. Cat. 2431 chiefly, and PI. As.
Bar. i. 24, t. 28 ; Bot. Beg. t. 1334.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. ; on the southern face common, Wallich, &c.
Bhotan (T. Anderson).
Leaven often 9 by 3 in. ; petiole \\ in. Panicles 3-6 by 1 in., terminal or quasi-
terminal, solitary or 2-3 together. Corolla pubescent ; upper lip suberect, shortly
2-lobed, yellow ; lower deeply 3-lobed, segments patent subrecurved, green with
purple spots. Capsule 1| by \ in., 12-seeded. — Confused with P. asperulus, but
the leaves are larger, the corolla larger and altogether a different shape and colour.
Nees doubts whether Bot. Reg. t. 1334 belongs here, but it is a most faithful
picture.
8. P. elong-atus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 508; leaves
long-petioled ovate acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes elongate
slender, corolla | in. tubular 2-lipped. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 246.
Tenasseeim ; Amherst, Falconer (T. Anderson).
An undershrub, 1-2 ft.; stein terete, primrose. Leaves including the petiole
4-6 by 24 in. Spikes nearly a foot, most terminal trichotomously branched or
axillary simple ; flowers distichously opposite, sessile, solitary ; bracts £ in., ovate,
acute ; bracteoles subulate. Calyx deeply 5-partite, segments linear. Corolla-tube
straight, pubescent, lower lip hirsute within. Stamens of the genus. Capsule | in.,
clavate, subtetragonous, glabrous, 8-seeded {T. Anderson). — Not seen.
** Cymes or short panicles axillary.
9. P. pubinervius, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 508 ; leaves
elliptic or ovate acute at both ends pubescent on the nerves beneath,
cymes axillary, calyx-segments woolly within nearly glabrous on the back.
— Phlogacanthus sp. n. 7, Herb. Lnd. Or. R.f. Sf T.
Sikkim, alt. 5-7000 ft., J. D. H. Bhotan ; Griffith. Assam and Khasia
Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent, Griffith, &c.
A much-branched shrub, 3-8 ft. diam. Leaves 3£ by \\ in.,subentire,puberulous
or glabrate above ; petiole jj in. Cymes numerous, 1 in. diam., subsessile, nearly
glabrous ; pedicels often $ in., ebracteolate at the apex ; bracts at their base minute
Calyx-tube yg in. ; teeth £ in., linear-lanceolate, appearing woolly on the margins.
Corolla $ in., mature puberulous, tubular-inflated nearly from the base, red ; limb
small, segments ovate subconnivent. Stamens 2, glabrous; anthers far-exserted.
Ovary glabrous. Capsule elongate, many-seeded. — Nees marked this Graptophyllum
hortense.
10. P. Jenkinsii, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acute at both ends glabrous,
racemes or small panicles axillary grey pubescent, calyx-segments uniformly
grey pubescent.
Assam ; Jenkins. — Distkib. Bhamo.
Branches elongate, stout, quadrangular, glabrous, puberulous upwards. Leaves
6£ by 2^ in., subentire ; petiole 1£ in. Racemes \-2\ in., dense-fld., sometimes com-
pound ; pedicels 0-£ in., closely grey pubescent. Calyx-tube fa in., segments ^ in.,
linear-lanceolate. Corolla nearly as of P. pubinervius, but rather more pubescent ;
appears to have been orange. Stamens 2, glabrous; anthers very shortly exserted.
Ovary glabrous, 12-ovulate; style glabrous. Capsule not seen. — The calyx and
corolla of this species are very like those of P. pubinervius, but the habit is more that
of P. thyrsiflorus. Nees marked this Thyrsacanthus indicus, regardless of the 2
stamens, and 12 ovules.
XXXII. C VST ACANTHUS, T. Anders.
Corolla tubular, ventricose upwards ; segments 5, ovate, scarcely patent.
vol. iv. ^ 1
514 cix. A0ANTHACEJ3. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cystacanthus.
Otherwise as Phlogacanthus. — Species 4, in Pegu, Tenasserim, and Cochin
China.
1. C. paniculatus9 T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 458 ; leaves
elliptic acuminate at both ends puberulous on the nerves beneath, panicle
terminal ovate-oblong somewhat lax hairy, calyx- segments |-^ in.
MOULMEIN ; T. Lobb.
Branches elongate, stout, tetragonous, glabrous. Leaves 5 J by Z\ in., undulate ;
petiole hardly h in. Panicle 7 by 3 in., many-fld.; bracts at the main division 1 by
£ in., glabrous, foliaceous, otherwise very hairy. Sepals linear-ohlong. Corolla
1 in., upper half ventricose, hairy, violet (Lobb); segments ovate, suberect. Anthers
ncluded. Capsule 1\ by £ in., very hairy, 16-seeded. Seeds lenticular, densely
shortly hairy ; hairs standing out when wetted.
2. C. cymosus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 458 ; leaves elliptic
or lanceolate pubescent on both surfaces, cymes axillary few-fid. Phloga-
canthus cymosus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 246.
BURMA ; Brandis.
A shrub ; branches puberulous, internodes short. Leaves 3-4 by |-1| in., acute
at both ends, softly silky beneath ; petiole 1 in. Cymes viscous-hairy; pedicels \ in.
Sepals § in., linear-oblong, very hairy. Corolla 1\ in., inflated upwards, viscous ;
lobes small, subequal. Capsule 1£ by | in., tomentose. — Mostly copied from T.
Anderson, the Kew example being imperfect; but it is sufficient to show that the
species is congeneric with C. paniculatus, which Bentham (Gen. PI. ii. 1098)
doubts.
3. C. pulcherrimus, Clarke; leaves large elongate-lanceolate gla-
brous, panicle terminal linear, calyx-teeth |— £ in. Loxanthus Gomezii,
Nees in DC. JProdr. xi. 322 (as to the Mergui plant). Phlogacanthus pul-
cherrimus, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 507 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
246.
Mergui ; Griffith, (Kew Distrib. n. 6155, partly). Moulmein ; Parish.
Tenasserim; Beddome.
A shrub. Leaves 8 by 2 in., acuminate at both ends, subentire ; petiole 1 in.
Panicle 4-18 by f in., nearly glabrous ; proper bracts small, but foliaceous ; other
bracts f by ^ in. are sometimes scattered throughout the panicle ; pedicels 0-£ in.
Calyx-tube T'B in., teeth linear, slightly or densely pubescent. Corolla 1 in., tubular-
funnel-shaped, somewhat curved, nearly glabrous, appears to have been green -yellow
with purple spots ; lobes ovate, erect-patent. Filaments very hairy at the base ;
connective minutely hispid on the back. Capsule \-\ in., stout, glabrous. — This
was no part of the original Loxanthus Gomezii, Nees (in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii.
99).
Var. ? bracteosa ; panicle ashy pubescent, bracts and bracteoles numerous large
oblong or linear-spathulate, corolla straight subsyminetric. — Pegu ; Brandis. Tenas-
serim, Mooleyit, Beddome. Mergui, Griffith (Herb. Propr. n. 875).
4. C. insigrnis, Clarke; leaves large broadly elliptic acute at both
ends glabrous, panicle terminal dense slightly pubescent, calyx-teeth ^ in.
Phlogacanthus insignis, Kurz in Flora 1870, 364, and in Journ. As. Soc.
1870, ii. 79, and For. Fl. ii. 246.
Pegu ; in tropical forests up to 3000 ft., Kurz, Brandis.
An evergreen meagre shrub, 3-5 ft. ; stem tetragonous, white. Leaves 9 by
4| in.; petiole 1 in. Panicles 2-4 in., sessile, compound oblong; bracts minute,
linear, a few foliaceous § in. sometimes interspersed. Corolla 1\ in., veutricose for
| its length, dark violet golden villous in the throat (Kurz) ; lobes ^ in., broadly lan-
ceolate, subequal, nearly erect. Filaments and style glabrous. Capsule 1^- by \ in.,
cylindric, glabrate, 10-seeded. Seeds §-£ in. diani., compressed, orbicular, fulvous-
hairy.
Bio) 'acanthus.] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 515
XXXIII. DIOTACANTHUS, Benth.
Corolla- tube short, limb large ventricose 2-lipped. Otherwise as Phloga-
canthus or Cystacanthus. — Species 2, S. Malabaria. /
1. D. grandis, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1101 ; glabrous, leaves large
lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, panicles axillary peduncled many-fid.
mostly exceeding the leaves, corolla crimson. Phlogacanthus grandis, Bedd.
Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 179.
Tinnevellt and Travancoee, alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Beddome.
A shrub, 8-12 ft. Leaves 7 by 2f in., attenuate at both ends, undulate, obscurely
crenate ; nerves 12 pair ; petiole | in. Peduncles 2-5 in., stout, compressed ; panicles
often 4-8 in.; bracts at its divisions § in., linear; proper bracts £ in., linear. Sepals
\ in., linear. Corolla minutely pubescent, tube £ in., limb f in. ; upper lip emargi-
nate, lower shortly 3-lobed. Filaments as long as the corolla, stout, minutely
scabrous. Style minutely pubescent, subentire. Capsule 1 by |-£ in., 24-seeded.
Seeds much compressed, orbicular in outline, minutely crisped-pubescent.
2. X>. albiflorus, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1101 ; nearly glabrous, leaves
elliptic acute at both ends, panicles axillary peduncled few-fid. shorter than
the leaves, corolla pure white. Phlogacanthus albiflorus, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind.
Or. t. 180.
S. Tinnevelly, alt. 3-5000 ft., and near Courtallum, Beddome.
A shrub, 6-10 ft. Leaves 5 by If in., subentire ; nerves 7 pair; petiole \-\ in.
Peduncles 1-2 in., slender ; panicles 1-1^ in., depressed corymbiform. Calyx,
corolla and capsule nearly as of D. grandis. — Beddome describes the filaments as
" much dilated below, articulated near the apex, quite black above the articulation ;"
this character being remarkable in the Acanthacea, Mr. Bentham refers to (Gen. PI.
ii. 1101) the articulation of the filaments. But in a prolonged examination of the
very filaments supplied by Beddome no articulation whatever has been made out by
myself and Prof. Oliver.
XXXIV. LEPZDAGATHIS, Willd.
Herbs or undershrubs, with often pubescent bracts or leaves. Leaves
entire or crenate-serrate. Flowers sessile, usually capitate, sometimes
opposite or solitary ; heads terminal or axillary, dense (rarely lax), usually
1-sided, often fascicled ; bracts usually larger than the calyx-segments,
rarely small ; bracteoles narrower than the bracts. Calyx deeply 5-lobed ;
segments unequal, the 2 anterior more or less connate (calyx 4-partite).
Corolla small (except in L. longifolia), tubular, suddenly ventricose in
the middle, 2-lipped ; lower lip 3-lobed, patent, usually spotted. Stamen*
4, didynamous ; anthers all 2-celled ; cells oblong, muticous, parallel, Or
one lower somewhat divergent. Stigma capitellate, minutely bifid or entire.
Capsule 2- or 4-seeded, elongate conoid or oblong. Seeds compressed,
ovate-oblong, or orbicular, hairy. — Species 50 tropical, whereof 2 only
are American.
Lepidagathis falcata & dulcis, Wall. Cat. 7166, 7167, came from Ava, outside
the bounds of British India.
Sect. 1. Capsule 2-seeded, elongate-conic, dorsally scarious, thin, irregu-
larly tearing, only ultimately 2-valved from the subsolid tip. Seeds
ovate-lanceolate, with very long hair spreading elastically when wet, very
mucilaginous.
l 1 2
516 cix. acanthace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lepidagathia.
* Spikes chiefly aggregated, globose, near the base of the stem.
1. Zi. cr is tat a, Willd. Sp. PL iii. 400; leaves linear or oblong
nearly glabrous, bracts and bracteoles elliptic ovate or obovate suddenly
spinose-acuminate, sepals elliptic or obovate suddenly spinulose in fruit
thickened very hairy upwards. Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. 63, t. 267, and Fl.
Ind. iii. 53; Wall. Cat. 2421, chiefly; Nees Monogr. Lepidag. 25, and
in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 96, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 256, Var. a only ;
Wight 111. t. 164 b, fig. 5, and lc. t. 455 ; Dalz. 8r Gibs, Bomb. Fl. 191 ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 494. L. Shuteri, T. Anders. I. c. —
Lepidagathis sp. n. 18, Herb. Ind. Or. S.f. Sf T.
Coromandel, in the tropical region, frequent; Rottler, Wight (Herb. Propr.
n. 1971), &c.
Rootstock perennial; stems 6-18 in., branched, procumbent, quadrangular, puberu-
lous or slightly pubescent. Leaves 1 by \ in., sessile, lineolate above, minutely
scabrid-pubescent on the nerves beneath or glabrate. Inflorescence subradical,
globose ; one or two smaller heads sometimes added on the lower part of the
leafy branches ; bracts ^ in., rigid in fruit ; bracteoles membranous, hairy, spines-
cent. Calyx sub- 4- partite, one segment bifid; segments upwards thickened, oblong
obtuse with a mucro, hairy, in fruit densely hairy. Corolla ^ in., densely hairy
in bud, white with brown or purple spots in the palate. Staynens glabrous;
anther- cells one slightly above the other, papillose-ciliate. Ovary glabrous. Cap-
sule \ in. — T. Anderson's specimens of L. Shuteri are merely the fruiting states of
L. cristata, with particularly glabrous leaves, &c. His description agaiu appears
drawn up chiefly from L. mitis. The older botanists did not separate L. cristata
from the 2 following, and Willdenow's original description does not mention the bracts,
and may belong to all of the three. So Roxburgh's picture cited shows obtuse
bracts ; but his description says " bracts lanceolate ciliated pointed," which may
have been taken from L. Sookeri.
Var. rupestris ; stem pubescent, leaves elliptic pubescent on both surfaces. L.
rupestris, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 96, and in PC. Prodr. xi. 256 ; T. Anders.
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 494. — Coromandel (?), Wight (Herb. Propr. n. 1970).
2. Zi. Hamiltoniana, Wall. Cat. 2422; leaves linear or narrowly
oblong nearly glabrous, bracts lanceolate spinescnt patently ciliate up-
wards, calyx-lobes lanceolate spinescent not thickened upwards. Nees
Monogr. Lepidag. 23, and in Wall. PL As. Par. iii. 96, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 255. Lu Beddomei, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 499.
Behar, alt. 1000 ft. ; B, Sone at Rotasghur, J. P. H. j Bhagulpore, Hamil-
ton. Bundelkund; Pdgeworth. Jubbulpore; Beddome. Chota Nagpore,
alt, 1-3000 ft., plentiful.
Closely resembling L. cristata in habit, leaves aud inflorescence. Bracts long-
tapering upwards, with long white hairs on their margins. Calyx -segments tough-
membranous. Corolla with adpressed straight white hairs, not densely furred as
iu L. cristata. — The flowers in Beddome's example are detached ; T. Auderson
describes them as terminal, which is certainly not the case.
3. Zi. mitis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iii. 226 ; leaves oblong pubes-
cent scabrous on the nerves beneath, flower-heads not prickly, bracts
softly membranous obtuse or shortly acute. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 191.
W. Deccan Peninsula; Concan, Belgaum, Mangalore, Wight, Stocks, &c.
Closely allied to L. cristata. Stems usually acutely quadrangular, puberulous or
pubescent. Leaves \\ by \-\ in., broader than in the two preceding species, often
distinctly scabrid- ciliate. Bracts chafl'y, purple or yellow. — Seems well separated from
L. cristata, but the bracts pass insensibly into the following var.
Var. subarmata ; bracts lanceolate sofVor subspinescent or rigidly spinous. L.
cristata var. latii'olia, Nees in PC. Prodr. xi. 256 ; Pah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 191. L.
Lepidagathis.] cix. acanthace,e. (C. B. Clarke.) 517
cristata, Wall. Cat. 2421, letter C. L. rupestris, Bedd. Ic. PL Ltd. Or. t. 229 —
Malabaria ; frequent, Wight, &c— This form differs from L. Hamiltoniana by its
much wider xisually ciliate leaves.
** Spikes mostly axillary scattered.
4. Zi. trinervis, Nees Monogr. Lepidag. 21, and in Wall. PI. As. Bar.
iii. 96, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 254 ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate entire
glabrous 3-nerved, bracts ovate or obovate spinose-cuspidate glabrous or
cobweb-ciliate, corolla white. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 495.
Barleria ? trinervis, Wall. Cat. 2500.
Dry hills of Central India, alt. 1-2000 ft. ; from Bombay Ghauts, Balzell, and
Goojerat, Stocks, to the Kymore Hills, J. B. H, and Chota Nagpore. Sikkim
(probably base of the hills), Kerb. Griffith. N. W. Himalaya ? Serb. Falconer.
Rootstock woody ; stems numerous, 5-10 in. Leaves 1\ by |— \ in., sessile,
muticous, liueolate above ; midrib beneath distinct, with 2 slender nerves parallel to
it near the margins. Spikes § in., ovoid, often numerous, generally near the base
of the stems, sometimes all conglomerated into a subradical globe as in L. cristata;
bracts ^-| in., nearly half their length occupied by the subsquarrose cusp; bracteoles
linear-lanceolate, softly membranous. Calyx non-spinescent. Corolla and capsule
nearly as of L. cristata.
Vab. asperrima, T. Anders, ms. ; leaves | by -^ in. mucronate very scabrous.
Lepidagathis sp. n. 21, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. Sf T.— Concan ; Stocks. — Stem 6 in.,
branched, stoutly lignescent ; branches numerous, internodes very short.
5. Xi. lutea, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 139 ; leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate nearly glabrous 3-nerved, outer bracts often stout elongate
spinous inner much smaller, corolla yellow. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 190;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 495.
Bombay Ghauts ; Balzell, Stocks, Law.
Rootstock woody; stems 6-20 in., quadrangular, pubescent or nearly glabrous.
Leaves 2 by £ in., sessile, minutely hairy above, glabrous beneath. Spikes usually
1-3 together in many of the axils, and also a subradical congested globe, pubeseent ;
outermost bract of each spike often 1-2 in. with a very stout bayonet-like tip ; inner
bracts £-5 in., membranous, acute or shortly spinescent. Calyx shortly spinescent or
innocuous. Corolla % in. (fide Dalzell) ; but appears only \ in. in the dried specimens,
much as of L. cristata.
6. Xi. spinosa, Wight ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 97, and Monogr.
Lepidag. 32, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 258; leaves obovate spinous-mucronate
mostly entire glabrous, bracts broadly oblong acuminate spinescent. T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 495. Barleria ? spinosa, Wall. Cat. 2497.
Acanthus mucronatus, Heyne in Herb. Bottler.
Cabnatic and Mysobe ; Rottler, Wight, Hamilton, &c.
A prostrate, much-branched perennial, 6-20 in. Leaves \ by \-% in., sessile,
usually with one spine only at the tip, rarely 1-2 spines on the margins added.
Heads \~\ in., scattered, ovoid, few-fid.; outer barren bracts numerous, § in. includ-
ing the strong spine, rigid; inner bracts and bracteoles softer ; calyx (or its inner
segments at least) villous muticous. Corolla and capsule as of L. cristata.
7. L. puns ens, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 97, and in 'Monogr.
Lepidag. 33, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 58 ; leaves ovate spinous-serrate
glabrous, bracts lanceolate or ovate lanceolate spinous-mucronate. Wight
ic. t. 456; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 495. Barleria? pungens,
Wall. Cat. 2498.
S. Madbas ; Rottler, Wight, G. Thomson.
518 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lepidagathu.
Nearly all the leaves with 2-3 strong spines on each margin ; otherwise closely
resembling L. spinosa.
8. Xi. clavata, Dalz.in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 340; leaves sessile ovate
subentire spinous-mucronate glabrescent, spikes solitary terminal oblong
or subclavate, bracts sub-4-ranked resembling the leaves but woolly. Dalz.
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 191 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 495.
Bombay Ghauts and Syhadree Mts. ; Dalzell, Stocks.
Rootstock stout, woody ; stems several 8-12 in., erect, undivided or rarely divided,
lower leaves caducous. Leaves 1 in., rigid, plicate, squarrose, slightly ciliate or gla-
brate. Spikes 1-3 in., dense, harsh ; lower bracts altogether as the leaves, upper
smaller, becoming very woolly; bracteoles , resembling the calyx-segments. Calyx
£ in.; segments unequal, silky. Corolla § in. as of L. cristata, but (fide Dalzell)
rose. Capsule and seeds as of L. cristata.
9. Xi. prostrata, Dalz.in Hook. -Kew Journ. ii. 138; leaves sessile
ovate subentire spinous-mucronate pubescent, spikes terminal on short
lateral branches ovate or oblong, bracts resembling the leaves. Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 190 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 495.
W. Deccan Peninsula; Concan, Dalzell, Stocks; Canara, Ritchie. Sub-
tropical W. Himalaya ; Kangra, alt. 1-4000 ft., Clarke.
Rootstock woody ; branches 6-15 in., prostrate, much branched pubescent.
Leaves \-l in., rigid, plicate, squarrose, strongly nerved. Spikes %-2 in., in appear-
ance axillary, dense, varying much in length ; lower bracts as the leaves, upper
smaller. Calyx ^-\ in., villous ; inner segments smaller, not spinescent. Corolla
and capsule as of L. clavata, to which this species appears closely allied, though
differing so greatly in habit. •
10. Xi. diffusa, Clarke ; leaves sessile linear or elliptic entire muticous
glabrescent, spikes ovate axillary often clustered, bracts lanceolate acumi-
nate spinescent. Barleria diffusa, Wight in Herb. Projpr.
Deccan Peninsula ; Wight ; Bellary, Beddome.
Rootstock woody ; branches 3-10 in., prostrate, much-divided, nearly glabrous.
Leaves 1 by ,V-| in., varying considerably on the same plant, sometimes acute almost
mucronate. Spikes |-|in., dense, hairy, mostly towards the upper ends of the stems,
really terminal on much-shortened lateral branches ; bracts ^ in. Calyx 4-partite,
villous ; 2 outer segments lanceolate undivided, inner narrower. Corolla \ in. —
Wight doubtless referred this to Barleria because both the outer larger calyx-
segments are undivided. The corolla, stamens and capsule are altogether as of
L. cristata.
Sect. 2. Capsule 4-seeded, oblong, early 2-valved from the apex. Seeds
ovate or orbicular, with very short hairs elastic when wetted.
* Leaves entire or undulate.
11. Xi. rigida, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 341 ; softly hairy, leaves
linear-lanceolate muticous, spikes oblong dense terminal often appearing
clustered, bracts narrowly ovate shortly spinescent. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 191 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 495.
Bombay Ghauts ; Balzell, Stocks, &c. Scinde (T. Anderson).
Suffruticose, 1-2 ft. (at least), erect, softly hairy. Leaves 3| by ^ in., attenuate
at both ends, glandular-pubescent on both surfaces; petiole indistinct. Spikes
\-"i\ in., often appearing as in terminal clusters on shortened lateral branches ;
bracts \-\ in., entire, rigid. Corolla \ in., yellow-white. Capsule \ in., 4-seeded.
Seeds -^ in. diam. — The inflorescence, capsule and seeds approach those of
L. hyalina.
Lepidagathis.] cix. ACANTHAOEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 519
12. Xi. cuspidata, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. hi. 97, and Monogr.
Lepidag. 31, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 258 ; leaves elliptic or ovate attenuate
at both ends puberulous, spikes dense or very lax pubescent, bracts ovate
cuspidate 3-nerved. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 495; Bedd. Lc. PL
Ind. Or. t. 227. Kuellia cuspidata, Wall. Cat. 2405.
Tropical India ; extending from W. Himalaya, Falconer, Bdgeworth, to Cooeg,
Bottler, and Malabar from the plains nearly to the top of the Ghauts.
Shrubby ; stems 1-2| ft., erect or diffuse, glabrous or pubescent towards the
apex. Leaves of the main stem 4| by If in., mutieous ; petiole £-5 in.; on the
lateral flowering branches the leaves are mostly 1 in., sessile, mucronate. Spikes
1 in., dense, or 6 in. lax with the flowers in distinct opposite pairs; bracts § by ^ in.
Calyx \ in., 5-partite. Corolla scarcely \ in., whiteish with purple spots. Capsule
4-seedcd.
13. Xi. calycina, Eochst. ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 252 ; leaves petioled
oblong entire nearly glabrous, spikes numerous small ovoid sparingly scabrid
puberulous, bracts obovate 3-nerved aristate not #spinescent. T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 496 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 525. L. strobilifera, Stocks
in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 177.
Scinde ; Stocks. — Distrib. Beloochistan, Abyssinia.
A small, erect, rigid, much-branched undershrub. Leaves lj by ^ in., lineolate,
obscurely ciliate-pubescent ; petiole ±-£ in. Beads % in., appearing sessile often
conglomerate ; bracts 5 by ^ in., scarious, 3-5 nerved, scabrid-puberulous on the nerves ;
bracteoles £ in., linear, ciliate. Calyx 4-partite; 2 outer segments 3— \ in. broad,
scarious, nerved, one bifid half-way down ; 2 inner segments £-£ in., linear. Corolla
1 in., white, lower lip purple-spotted. Capsule nearly ^ in., 4-seeded.
14. Xi. chlorostachya, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 256 ; leaves large
petioled elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, spikes axillary oblong
dense ciliate scarcely pubescent, bracts and bracteoles narrowly lanceolate
mucronate scarcely spinescent. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 496.
Mekgui ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6141).
Shrubby, ei-ect. Leaves 6£ by If in., entire membranous ; petiole ^-1 in. Spikes
2 by ^ in., subsessije, mostly solitary in each axil sometimes 2 together, erect, 1-sided
or subsymmetric; bracts £ by ^ in., white ciliate, subsymmetiic or in the 1-sided
spikes falcate ; bracteoles similar rather smaller. Calyx 5-partite ; segments linear-
lanceolate, nearly similar. Corolla £ in., and stamens as of L. hyalina. Capsule
oblong, 4-seeded.
15. Xi. subuninervia, Clarke ; spikes linear-oblong pubescent, bracts
linear-lanceolate sub-1-nerved ciliate mucronate. Neuracanthus subuniner-
vius, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 95.
Prome Hills ; Kurz.
The fragment on which Kurz founded this species is the leafless base of a
stem, whence arise 2 erect spikes, very similar to those of L. chlorostachya, but
pubescent as well as ciliate, and the bracts rather smaller. Stamens 4 ; anthers all
2-celled, cells superposed ; filaments slightly bearded at the apex. Style glabrous,
stigma small minutely bifid. — The stamens and bracts are not those of a Ne ur acanthus ;
and the fragmentary solitary specimen is so like L. chlorostachya that it might be
merely a burnt-down hill specimen of it.
16. Xi. purpuricaulis, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 96, and Monogr.
Lepidag. 27, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 257 ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate
pubescent, spikes axillary sessile solitary or clustered oblong hairy, bracts
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate mucronate striate, calyx sub-5-partite one
segment broad the other 4 very narrow. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
520 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lepidag a tin's,
496. L. striata, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 96, and Monogr. Lepidag.
26, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 257, and in Wall. Cat. 7165. Euellia mucronata,
Wall. Cat. 2366, sheets 0, d, £.
Subtropical W. Himalaya ; Hooshianpur, Aitchison ; Hurdwar, Wallich ;
Kumaon, Strachey Sf Winterbottom. Chota Nagpoee ; Parasnath, Edgeworth;
Rajmahl, Watt. Prome Hills ; Wallich.
Stems herbaceous, 8-24 in., suberect or diffuse, glabrous or hairy, often purple.
Leaves 1-5 in., sometimes in unequal pairs; larger attenuate at both ends glabrate,
smaller subovate more pubescent. Spikes £-l| in., dense; bracts | by ± in.; brac-
teoles £ in., linear-falcate. Large sepal %-\ by £ in. ; 2 next \ in., linear-
lanceolate, 2 inner linear. Corolla and capsule as of L. hyalina, from which this
species differs very little.
17. Zi. dulcis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 96, and Monogr.
Lepidag. 30, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 257, and in Wall. Cat. 7167; leaves
petioled elliptic narrowed at both ends pubescent on the nerves beneath,
spikes axillary ovoid or somewhat elongate hairy, bracts elliptic scarious,
calyx sub-5-partite, outer segment broad. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 496. Kuellia dulcis, Wall. Cat. 7167.
Prome Hills ; Wallich. Pegu; Kurz.
Annual stems 6-12 in., subundivided, flexuose, in appearance procumbent, some-
what pubescent. Leaves 34 by 1^ in., undulate, soon glabrate above; petiole |-^ in.
Spikes 1 by § in., mostly solitary opposite, 1-sided ; bracts 5 by £ in., somewhat
obovate, apiculate not spinescent, nerved, scarious, ciliate ; bracteoles similar, but
rather smaller, subfalcate. Outer sepal nearly i by ^ in., obovate, nerved, scarious,
ciliate ; 2 next 3 by § in. falcate, 2 inner I in. linear. Corolla § in. (Nees). Capsule
exceeding ^ in., 4-seeded.
18. Xi. scariosa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 95, and Monogr.
Lepidag. lb, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 251 ; leaves petioled ovate fnrfuraceous-
pubescent, spikes mostly terminal ovoid dense, bracts narrowly obovate
mucronate, outer calyx-segment large obovate scarious. Wight Ic. t. 457 ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 497. L. terminalis, Hochst. ; Nees in
DC. Prodr. xi. 251. Kuellia scariosa, Wall. Cat. 2354.
S. Deccan Peninsula; Coimbatore, Wight; S. Canara, Beddome — Disteib.
Abyssinia.
A small undershrub ; branches numerous, much-divided, stellately woolly or
glabrate. Leaves 2 by 1\ in., hardly acute, undulate; petiole 0-£ in. Spikes 1 in.
diam., solitary or 2-3, conglomerate, all at the tips of the branches ; bracts g in.,
ciliate, scariose ; bracteoles 5 in., nearly linear. Calyx \ in., sub-5-partite ; outer
segment \ in. broad ; 2 next T'5 in. broad, 2 innermost linear. Corolla % in. and
upwards. Capsule ^ in., 4-seeded. — T. Anderson, as well as Nees, keeps L. terminalis
distinct; but the only difference is that the corolla in L. terminalis is f in., whereas
in L. scariosa it must not exceed § in.
19. Xi. simplex, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 497 ; leaves sessile
narrowly oblong glabrous, spikes terminal solitary ovoid or ellipsoid, bracts
and bracteoles narrowly obovate white-ciliate, calyx snb-5-partite, segments
lanceolate submucronate.
Tenasseeim; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6140).
Stem simple, 4-10 in., erect, glabrous, 4-angular. Leaves 1 by \ in., rigid, obtuse,
entire, shining. Spike £-1 in., sessile, 1-sided; bracts 3 by Jin., scarcely acute,
scarious; bracteoles similar to the bracts, but rather smaller. Calyx \-^ in., white
ciliate ; 2 outer segments oblong, subentire, 2 inner linear. Corolla not seen.
Capsule \ in., oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds densely, elastically hairy. — This looks like
a form of L. hyalina var. semiherbacea.
Lepidagathis.] cix. acanthace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) 521
20. Ii. hyalina, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 95, and Monogr.
Lepidag. 16, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 252 ; leaves petioled ovate or oblong
minutely viscid-pubescent, spikes oblong very dense axillary and terminal
often clustered ciliate often softly hairy, bracts lanceolate acuminate
mucronate, calyx sub-5-partite, segments linear-lanceolate mucronate
outer larger, corolla £ in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 498. L.
incurva, Don Prodr. 119. Euellia dependens, Roxb. Fl. Lid. iii. 49 ;
Wall. Cat. 2365.
Throughout N. India, alt. 0-4000 ft., very common ; from Jamu to Upper Assam
and Chittagong. Behar and Chota Nagpore, frequent. Pegu and Tenasserim,
common. — Distrib. Burma, S. China.
A perennial herb, 1-2 ft. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., uppermost often narrower, pendent,
undulate ; petiole £ in. Spikes ^-1^ in., erect, 1-sided ; bracts nearly ^ in. ; brac-
teoles ^ in., linear-lanceolate, mucronate. Sepals £ in., ciliate, sometimes softly hairy.
Corolla white with brown spots in the palate. Capsule £ in., 4-seeded. — Of this plant
so universal in N. India there is no plate extant; nor is there any example of the
typical form at Kew collected in the Deccan. Roxburgh says his Buellia dependens
is native in Mysore; but the examples in his collections under that name are all the
common Bengal form.
Var. mollis ; leaves all ovate hairy on both surfaces, heads very softly hairy. —
Himalaya Terai, frequent.
Var. ustulata ; plant 1-5 in., leaves 1 in., spikes \-l in. ovoid, bracts rather
larger than in L. hyalina type. L. ustulata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 95, and
Monogr. Lepidag. 18, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 253. Ruellia mucronata, Wall. Cat.
2366, letters y, e.— Kashmir and N.W. Himalaya, alt. 2-4000 ft., Thomson,
Strachey Sf Winterbottom, &c. A very local and easily separable form.
Var. mucronata ; leaves ovate pubescent beneath, spikes and heads small or large,
bracts £ in. L. mucronata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 95, and Monogr. Lepidag.
11, and in PC. Prodr. xi. 250. L. neurophylla, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
497. Ruellia mucronata, Wall. Cat. 2366, type sheet.— Concan, Canara, Nilgherries,
&c, Stocks, Wight, Dalzell, &c. — Nees founded this species on Wight's plant (Herb.
Propr. n. 1968), which has small leaves ; subsequently he (in DC. Prodr.) added such
specimens from Mergui as had small leaves : these, however, having bracts g-| in. are
nearer L. purpuricaulis, though their stems are not very purple. T. Anderson's
L. neurophylla has full-sized leaves; the bracts are nearly the same as in Var.
mucronata.
Var. lophostachyoides, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 252 ; leaves large, spikes 2\ by 3 in.
1 -sided, bracts as in L. hyalina type. — Ceylon; Gardner, Walker, &c. Bababoodun
Hills ; Cleghorn. — This variety in habit and in details runs very near L. chloro-
stachya, but has the spikes rather slenderer, the bracts rather smaller.
Var. semiherlacea ; leaves linear-lanceolate often shining. L. semiherbacea,
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 96, and Cat. 7164, and Monogr. Lepidag. 20, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 253; Wall. Cat. 7164. L. iridescens, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 496. Lepidagathis sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 137. — From Sikkim and Assam to
Burma, very common in the Terai and adjacent Tropical Valleys. — Stems often elon-
gate, diffuse, with long nodes ; the lower stem leaves (in the extreme form of the
variety) 7 by % in. But intermediate forms are more common, having the lower
leaves ovate, the upper or uppermost oblong or linear, large or small. Some of the
examples only differ from L. simplex, T. Anders., in having numerous heads.
Var. riparia; leaves large ovate, heads large softly ciliate, bracts \ in. (or some-
times longer) acuminate long arista te. L. riparia, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 253.
L. aristata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 95, and Monogr. Lepidag. 19 ; Wall. Cat.
7163 (not Ruellia aristata, Vahl). — Rangoon; M'Lelland. Pegu Yomah; Kurz.
Tenasserim ; Beddome. Siamese Hills; Parish. — Kurz and Beddome have noted on
their specimens that this is probably a distinct species ; and it seems more distinct
from L. hyalina, to which T. Anderson reduced it, than some usually admitted
species.
21. Xi. linearis, T. Anders, in Cat. Sort. Calc. 43, and in Journ.
522 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lepidagathfo.
Linn. Soc. ix. 496 ; leaves subsessile linear acute at both ends scabrous pale
beneath., spikes terminal or axillary tetragonal subsecund dense woolly,
bracts herbaceous obliquely lanceolate mucronate ciliate 1-nerved, calyx
5-partite membranous ciliate upper segment lanceolate rounded at the tip
3-nerved.
Burma ; _R. Scott.
Perennial ; stems several, 2-3 ft., tetragonous, winged, glabrous. Leaves 3-6 in.,
scabrous. Spikes 1-2 in., hoary woolly. Terminal spikes 2-3 together, axillary
solitary opposite ; bracteoles membranous, concave, obovate, obtuse at both ends,
ciliate. Corolla and capsule appear (ex descr.) same as of L. hyalina {T. Anderson).
— Not seen.
** Leaves crenate or crenate-serrate. (Anther-cells more separated and
more divergent at the base than in the rest of the genus.)
22. Zi. ceylanica, Nes Monogr. Lepidag. 35, and in DC. Prodr. xi.
259; leaves petioled ovate-lanceolate nearly glabrous, bracts as long as the
calyx elliptic or obovate scarious 3-nerved glabrous ciliate. T. Anders, in
■Journ. Linn.cSoc. ix. 498. L. nervosa, Wight Ic. t. 1620.
Ceylon ; Walker, Thwaites.
Stems 2-3 ft., herbaceous, diffuse, 4-angular, glabrous. Leaves 3 by ^ in., acumi-
nate at botb ends, crenate-serrate, obscurely puberulous ; petiole ^ in. Spikes f in.,
ovoid or obovoid, in dense panicles or clusters; bracts 5 by ^ in., mucronate; brac-
teoles 3 by ^ in., subfalcate, scarious, 3-nerved, ciliate. Calyx ^-\ in., deeply 5-fid,
scarious, glabrous, ciliate ; outer segment oblong or elliptic, other 4 narrow.
Corolla \ in. Capsule £ in., 4-seeded.
23. Zi. Walker iana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 260 ; leaves petioled
ovate-lanceolate nearly glabrous, bracts half as long as the calyx elliptic.
Wight Lc. t. 1530; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 499. L. ceylanica,
Yar. j3, Nees Monogr. Lepidag. 35.
Ceyl.on ; Walker, Macrae, &c.
Bracts £ in., 3-nerved, subscarious. Calyx \ in., densely minutely glandular-
hairy or glabrate ciliate. Otherwise as L. ceylanica, which • it so greatly resembles
that Wight has noted on the specimen he has figured a doubt whether it was the
" true Walkeriana," which it'certainly is.
24. Xi. fasciculata, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 95, and Monogr.
Lepidag. 10, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 260; leaves petioled ovate or ovate-
lanceolate pubescent, bracts herbaceous as long as the calyx ovate or elliptic
3-nerved hairy. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 498 ; Bedd. Lc. PI. Lnd.
Or. t. 228 ; Wawra Bot. Lt. Pr. S. Cob. i. 88, t. 13. L. hirta, Nees Monogr.
Lepidag. 37. L. goensis, Dalz. in JLook. Kew Journ. ii. 340 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 191. Euellia fasciculata, Betz. Obs. iv. 28 ; Boxb. Fl. Lnd. iii.
48; Wall. Cat. 2406, and 2394 partly.
Throughout Tropical and Subtropical India, from the base of the N.W.
Himalaya and Bengal 'to Ceylon and Tenassekim ; mostly rare, plentiful in
Malabaria.
Stems 1 foot, herbaceous, diffuse, hairy. Leaves 2 by 1 in., crenate-serrate,
pubescent at least on the nerves beneath; petiole \ in. Spikes \ in. diam., or
often elongate, interrupted below with the lower flowers in opposite pairs; bracts
^-\ in., iu fruit somewhat enlarged; bracteoles rather shorter than the bructs,
talcate-oblong. Corolla and capsule nearly as of L. hyalina. — This plant always
occurs mixed with Hemigraphis latebrosa, Nees ; without counting the ovules or
seeds it may be distinguished therefrom by the presence of bracteoles, the capi-
Lepidaguthis.] cix. acanthacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) 523
tellate sub-bifid stigma, the corolla suddenly ventricose in the middle not tubular (as
in Hemigrajihis latebrosa).
Var. major ; leaves larger toothed or subentire, heads larger, bracts \ by \ in.
acute subspiuulose, calyx ^ in., corolla \ in. — Tenasserim ; Mooleyit, Beddome. — Much
finer than the ordinary L. fasciculata, of which some examples from moist valleys in
Malabar (marked L. goensis) come so near this Tenasserim plant that it is difficult to
treat the latter as a species.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
L. longifolia, Wight Iv. t. 1564 ; leaves large lanceolate glabrous, 'spikes
elongate lax terminal subpanicled, bracts large elliptic acute, flowers large, anthers
minutely spurred at the base. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 499.
Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6138), Maingay.
Branches terete, glabrescent. Leaves 9 by 2 in., acute at both ends, entire ;
petiole | in. Spikes 3-7 by 1 in., clustered towards the end of the branch, lax,
nodding, pubescent; bracts f by \ in., opposite, one of each pair usually barren;
bracteoles £ in., oblong. Calyx nearly £ in., 5-lobed nearly to the base ; 3 segments
broadly lanceolate, 2 linear. Corolla in form nearly as of Lepidagathis but larger,
minutely hairy without, nearly glabrous ; no traces of dots on the lower lip. Stamens
4, slightly didynauious; filaments glabrous, connective papillose; anthers oblong,
cells parallel approximate each with a divaricate minute mucro at the base. Ovary
depressed, glabrous, 4-ovulate ; style patently hairy ; stigma capitellate (not as in
Wight Ic). Capsule not seen. — A remarkable plant, both in habit and characters
removed froin Lepidagathis ; in the absence of fruit it is advisable not to found a new
genus on it. Nees marked it " Species ab Acanthaceis aliena." In many points it
approaches Asy stasia Lawiana and Strobilanthes.
L. steobilina, T. Anders, rns.; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 96;
glabrous, leaves lanceolate membranous entire, heads lax terminal largeish, corolla
1 in. funnel-shaped purple-lilac tube short.
Maetaban ; Parish (fide Kurz). ,
A herb, 1-2 ft., stems terete with 4 elevated lines. Leaves 7-8 in., acuminate at
both ends, shining, petioled. Bracts 1 in., oblong-lanceolate acuminate thin-papery,
tinged purple-lilac, 1-nerved and reticulated, glandulose-puberulous ; bracteoles
similar to the bracts but narrower. Calyx large. Capsule wanting. — Not seen ; the
foregoing translated from Kurz 1. c. Appears ex descr. to be allied to L. longifolia.
XXXV. PHXALACANTHUS, Benth.
An erect, glabrous shrub. Leaves large, entire. Cyme terminal, loosely
corymbose; pedicels slender; bracts minute. Calyx membranous, coloured,
tubular-campanulate, shortly 5- toothed. Corolla-tube elongate, ventricose
upwards ; limb 2-lipped ; lobes 5, subequal, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 ;
anthers all 2-celled ; cells oblong, parallel, muticous. Style filiform ;
stigma minutely 2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule shortly stalked,
oblong, 4-seeded. Seeds (unripe) compressed, orbicular in outline, retinacula
stout.
P. Oriffithii, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1102.
MlSHMEE ; Griffith.
Leaves 7£ by 2£ in., broad-elliptic, acuminate at both ends, bearing raphides on
both surfaces ; petiole 1| in. Cymes 3 in. diam., short-peduncled ; lower bracts £ in.,
linear, upper minute ; pedicels \ in. Calyx i by | in., enlarged in fruit ; teeth T'sin.,
triangular. Corolla If in., orange with yellow mouth (Griffith). Stamens glabrous;
anthers minutely pubescent. Style glabrous. Disc small, cup-shaped. Capsule
(unripe) | in., glabrous.
XXXVI. IMONOTHECXUIK, Hochst.
Diffuse herbs. Leaves entire. Spikes small, ovate or oblong, dense ;
524 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Monothecium.
bracts and bracteoles linear or setaceous. Sepals 5, equal, linear-setaceous.
Corolla small, tubular, limb deeply 2-lipped. Stamens 2 ; anthers narrowly-
oblong, 1-celled, muticous, attached by the middle of the back. Style
minutely bifid. Capsule oblong, on a short solid stalk, 4-seeded. Seeds
compressed, orbicular, rugose subtubercled ; retinacula stout. — Species 2,
Indian and Tropical African.
M. aristatum, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 234; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate pubescent on the nerves beneath, bracts i—fa in. linear
setaceous lineolate. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 269. Justicia aristata, Wall.
Cat. 2481 ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 115. Anthocometes aristatus,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 312.
Ceylon ; Walker, Wight, &c. Nilgherry Mts. ; G. Thomson.
Stems 1 foot, procumbent, much branched, often rooting. Leaves \\ by § in.,
cuneate at both ends; petiole £ in. Spikes ^-l^ in., peduncled or sessile, pubescent
or nearly glabrous ; bracteoles 0 (barren bracts frequent). Sepals | in. Corolla % in.,
white, lower lip brown-spotted. Capsule \ in. — This is so like Justicia procumbens
that an example of it in Herb. Kew is marked " Ro stellular ia procumbens, Var. a or
ft" by Nees' hand.
XXXVII. CLINACANTHUS, Nees.
A tall herb, minutely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or
toothed. Flowers conspicuous, dull red, in small drooping cymes at the
tips of the branches ; bracts and bracteoles small, linear. Sepals 5, equal,
linear-subulate. Corolla-tube elongate, curved at the base, widened
upwards ; limb 2-lipped. Stamens 2 ; anthers scarcely exserted, 1-celled,
narrowly oblong, muticous, attached by the middle of the back. Style
minutely bifid. Capsule oblong, on a short solid stalk, 4-seeded. Seeds
muricate (Nees).
Only differs from Hypoestes by the small bracts.
C. Burmanni, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 511. Justicia nutans, Burm.
Fl. Ind. 10, t. 5, fig. 1. J. fulgida, Blume Bijd. 784. Beleropone ? fulgida,
JECassk. Cat. Sort. Bogor. 151.
Malacca; Maingay. — Disteib. Java, Borneo, Hainan.
Leaves 2| by 1 in., acuminate, base cuneate or rounded ; petiole \ in., puberulous.
Cymes about 5-rld. ; bracts £ in., linear ; pedicels-^ in. Sepals \ in., rusty pubescent.
Corolla 1{ in., lobed ^-\ in. Stamens and pistil glabrous.
XXXVIII. JUSTICIA, Linn.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers sessile or nearly so, spiked or
panicled (rarely solitary), small or middle-sized; bracts large or small;
bracteoles narrow or 0. Calyx 5- or 4-partite ; segments narrow. Corolla-
tube shorter, or scarcely longer, than the 2-lipped limb ; upper lip 2-lobed or
subentire, lower 3-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, filaments often
dilated, hairy near the base ; anthers 2-celled ; cells oblong or round,
usually more or less separate, lower always with a white basal appendage.
Ovary 4-ovulate j style filiform, shortly bifid. Capsule ovoid or ellipsoid,
4-seeded from the base, or with a long solid cylindric stalk 4-seeded at
the apex. Seeds ovoid, more or less compressed, tubercular, scaly or
glochidiate-subspinescent (appearing hispid), never with fine elastic hairs
springing out when wetted. — Species 100, in the warm regions of both
hemispheres.
Justicia.] cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 525
Justicia bivalvis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 124, came from the Moluccas, and was
probably a Dicliptera ; though Roxburgh quotes his species as the same as Linnaeus'
under that name, he excludes (correctly) the plate on which Linnaeus founded his
species.
Gendarussa virgata, Wall. Cat. 7176, was collected in Ava, outside the bounds of
British India.
Justicia inconspicua, Wall. Cat. 2475, collected in Penang, is not in Wallich's
Herbarium at the Linn. Soc, nor are there any data for determining its genus.
Sect. 1. Hemichoriste. Shrubby. Spikes elongate ; flowers clus-
tered ; bracts herbaceous, subovate. Corolla and capsule large.
1. J. montana, Wall. Cat. 2471, not of Roxb. ; leaves large elliptic
acute at both ends glabrous, spikes near the ends of the branches subpani-
culate, inflorescence subviscidly pubescent. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 509; Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1109. J. longifolia, Wall. Cat. 2437.
Hemichoriste montana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 102, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 367 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 194 ; Wight Ic. t. 1538.
W. Deccan Peninsula, in the Ghauts, from Mahabelaishwur {Law) to
Nilgherries {Wight).
Stem erect, subtetragonous, puberulous upwards. Leaves 9 by 3| in., both sur-
faces punctulate ; petiole 1 in. Spikes 6-15 in., the terminal often paniculately
branched ; lower clusters of flowers usually distant, upper continuous ; bracts £ by
£ in., lower larger; bracteoles smaller, elliptic, near the base of the pedicel; pedicels
0-| in. Sepals 5, £ in., sublinear, pubescent. Corolla 1-1? in., 2-lipped half its
length, minutely pubescent, red. Stamens 2 (without any rudiments) ; lower anther-
cells long-spurred. Capsule 1 in., clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded near the top. Seeds
glabrous, intensely rugose, but possibly smooth when fully ripe. — Nees says " stamens
4, 2 shorter with 1-celled anthers or rudimentary/' but there is no trace of these
shorter stamens iu the example named by Nees' hand.
Sect. 2. Betonica. Shrubs or herbs. Spikes continuous ; bracts ovate
or elliptic, often 4-ranked, mostly imbricate. Calyx-segments 5, nearly
equal.
* Bracts white, green-nerved.
2. J. Betonica, Linn. ; Poxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 128 ; tall shrubby puberu-
lous, leaves ovate-lanceolate, bracteoles large ovate-lanceolate, corolla ^ in.
white rose-spotted. Burm. Fl. Lnd. 8 ; Wall. Cat. 2 133 ; T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 510; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 247. J. ochroleuca, Blume
Bijd. 786. Adb.atoda Betonica, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 103, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 385.— Rheede Sort. Mai. ii. t. 21.
Throughout India and Ceylon, common ; often cultivated. — Distrib. Malaya,
Tropical Africa.
Branches terete, glabrous, tips pubescent. Leaves 3 by If in. (lower sometimes
much larger), punctulate on both surfaces, not lineolate, base shortly attenuate j
petiole \ in. Spikes 1-4 by f in., short-peduncled, terminal, often on short lateral
branches appearing lateral ; bracts § by ^ in., ovate acute, white, minutely pubescent;
bracteoles ^~J in., similar to the bracts. Sepals £ in., linear-lanceolate, pubescent.
Capsule I in., stoutly clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds ovoid, somewhat com-
pressed, glabrous, densely rugose in nearly all herbarium specimens, but smooth in
some fully ripened.
Vab. villosa ; stem softly hairy, leaves hairy beneath, flowers salmon-coloured.
J. Pseudo- Betonica, Roth Nov. Sp. 17. — Central India and Chota Nagpore, alt.
1-5000 ft , common.
Var. ramosissima ; stems decumbent diffuse, bracts rather narrower. J. ramo-
sissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 129 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 510. Adhatoda
526 cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Jwtieia,
ramosissima, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 103. and in DC. Prodr. xi. 385; Dnlz.
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 193. — Throughout India, frequent. — This plant is said to have
both axillary and terminal spikes, while J. Betonica is said to have only terminal;
hut there is no difference in the inflorescence between them.
3. J. nilg'herrensis, Wall. Cat. 2435 ; small procumbent nearly
glabrous, leaves sessile oblong obtuse, spikes dense, bracteoles 4-£ by \ in.,
corolla ^-f in. pale. J. neilgherriensis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii.
118. Adhatoda nilgherrensis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 103. A.
nilgherrica, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 386 ; Wight Ic. t. 1544.
Nilghereies, alt. 7-8000 ft. ; plentiful in the grass round Ooty.
Bootstock woody. Stems 2-8 in., numerous. Leaves 1£ by \ in. Spikes ter-
minal, ^-2 in. ; bracts § by ^ in., scarious-marginetl, very acute. Capsule § in., stout,
clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds (not ripe) glabrous, subtubercular, rugose, not
differing from those of some examples of J. Betonica at the same stage. — Seems dis-
tinct, but not allowed by T. Anderson (in Thwaifes Enum. 233). Though the plant
is so humble, the bracts, corolla and capsule are full as large as in J. Betonica.
4. J. trinervia? Vahl Enum. i. 156; small, procumbent, nearly
glabrous, leaves ovate or elliptic, spikes lax continuous, bracteoles ^ in.
lanceolate, corolla ^ in. Wall. Cat. 2446. J. Betonica, T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 509, partly. Adhatoda trinervia, Nees in Wall.
PI. As. Rar. iii. 103, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 386 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 194.
W. Deccan Peninsula, in the Ghauts, frequent; Concan, Stocks, Dalzell ;
Canara, Ritchie ; Nilgherries, Wight, &c.
Bootstock woody; stems 3-8 in. Leaves \-l in., lower mostly short-petioled,
upper sessile. Spikes 1-4 by | in. ; bracts i by | in., lanceolate, white or some-
times green, not or obscurely nervose. — This plant, "a small var. of J. Betonica"
(T. Anders, ms. ), differs considerably in the slender spikes and narrow bracts, as well
as in size and habit, nor are there intermediates in the Herbarium.
Var. arenaria ; leaves linear-oblong, spikes often small. Adhatoda arenaria,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 387. — W. India; Concan, Belgaum, &c.
** Bracts green, often purple-tinged, not white though sometimes scarious-
margined.
5. J. ventricosa, Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 80, t. 93, and Cat. 2436, and
7174 in part; leaves elliptic cuneate at both ends glabrous minutely lineo-
late, bracts orbicular imbricated usually 3-fld., bracteoles minute, corolla
§ in. white rose-spotted. Bot. Mag. t. 2766 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 509; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 248. Adhatoda ventricosa, Nees in DC.
Prodr. xi. 407. Gendarussa ventricosa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii.
104.
Pegu and Tenasseeim; Wallich, M'Lelland, &c— Disteib. Siam, China
(cultivated ?).
Branches stout, glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2\ in.; petiole \ in. Spikes 3 by § in.,
continuous, somewhat dense; peduncles 0-1 in., terminal, or terminal on short
lateral branches ; bracts \-% in. diam., sub-4-ranked, puberulous. Flowers usually
3 in the axil of each bract subsessile ; bracteoles ^ in., subulate, or 0. Calyx ^-£ in. ;
segments sublinear. Capsule £ in., hairy.
6. J. oreophila, Clarke ; leaves broadly elliptic acute at both ends
pubescent beneath, bracts orbicular imbricate 1-fld., bracteoles large spathu-
late-oblong.
Chittagong Seetakoond alt. 1000 ft., J. J). H.
Justicta.] cix. ACANTHACEiE. (C. P>. Clarke.) 527
A shrub, habit of J. ventricosa ; innovations densely silky strigose. Leaves 8|
by Z\ in., above minutely thinly hairy, nerves reticulate impressed, beneath pubescent
especially on the nerves; peti61e f in. Peduncles 1-3 in., axillary ; spikes 4 by 1 in.,
rachis softly hairy ; bracts sub-4-ranked, \ by ^ in., green, puberulous, 5-nerved ;
bracteoles ^ by £ in., green. Calyx £ in., pubescent ; segments linear-lanceolate. —
Differs from J. ventricosa in the indumentum and bracteoles.
7. J. punduana, Wall. Cat. 2453; leaves broadly elliptic acute at
both ends minutely lineolate nerves beneath villous, bracts ovate scarious-
margined 1-fld., bracteoles oblong acute scarious longer than the calyx,
corolla ^ in. Rungia punduana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 1]0, and
in DC. Prodr. xi. 473; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 518.
E. Bfngal; Jaintea Mts., Gomez ; Cachar, Keenan.
A shrub ; stem rootiner ; annual branches 1 foot, villous-pubescent. Leaves 6 by
2-2f in. ; petiole | in. Spikes axillary and terminal, 1| by \ in., dense ; peduncles
\ in. ; bracts closely imbricate, imperfectly 4-ranked, £ by £ in., obtuse or subacute ;
bracteoles \ in., minutely hairy. Sepals £ in., equal, linear-lanceolate, minutely hairy.
Anther-cells minutely hairy, lower distinctly white-tailed. Capsule scarcely ^ in.,
pubescent, clavate, 4-seeded ; pedicel solid, placentae not rising elastically from the
capsule-base. Seeds glabrous, rugose, subtubercular. — Very few of the plants marked
Pundua by Wallich were collected at or near Pundua; the present species was col-
lected by Gomez (Wallich's trained Eurasian collector), and delivered to Wallich in
his boat at Pundua. It is strange that Nees and T. Anderson should have removed
this species to Rungia ; for it is a shrub resembling J. Atkinsoni, &c.
8. J. burmanica, Clarice; leaves long-petioled broadly elliptic
acute at both ends villous on the nerves beneath, bracts obovate or
orbicular nearly glabrous 1-fld., bracteoles broadly lanceolate longer than
the calyx.
Burma; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6184).
Resembling very much J. Kee%ani, but the leaves are long-petioled, the bracts
herbaceous, uniformly intensely green (even when dried) without a scarious margin.
Spikes 2-5 in., continuous but lax ; bracts sometimes scarcely imbricate, subpatent.
Corolla not seen. Capsule % in., 4-seeded, glabrous or puberulous.
9. J. argyrostachya, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 510; leaves
large ovate minutely pubescent, bracts ovate patently softly long-hairy
1-fld., bracteoles falcate-oblong longer than the calyx, corolla ^ in. Adha-
toda argyrostachya, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 1027, and Cat. 7172,
and in DC. Prodr. xi. 385.
Burma ; Prome Hills, Wallich.
An undershrub (or large herb) with the habit of the preceding species. Leaves
11 by 5 in., shortly attenuate at both ends ; petiole 1\ in. Spikes axillary, solitary
and terminal, 2-5 by 1 in., coutinuous ; peduncles short ; bracts ^-| by 4 in., imbri-
cate, green purple-margined ; bracteoles J— | in. Sepals 5, \ in., liuear-lanceolate.
Corolla (fide Nees) yellowish-white purple-marked. Capsule ^ in., clavate, 4-seeded.
— This differs from the allied species (except J. Kurzii) by the long soft hairs on the
bracts.
10. J. Kairzii, Clarke ; leaves large ovate minutely pubescent, bracts
large elliptic acute softly long-hairy I-fld., bracteoles sublinear longer than
the calyx, corolla nearly 1 in.
Pegu; Kurz.
A large herb, closely resembling J. argyrostachya except as to the corolla. Leaves
7 by 4£ in., acute, base suddenly attenuate ; petiole 2£ in. Spikes 3-4 in.; bracts
| by | in., sub-4-ranked ; bracteoles £-£ in., hairy. Calyx-segments |-| in., linear-
528 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Justieia.
setaceous hairy. Corolla (dried) rose-purple, spotted ; tube much inflated upwards.
Lower anther-cell conspicuously white-tailed.— A specimen, issued by Kurz under the
same number (2167), has large oblong leaves much attenuate at both ends ; petiole
winged to the base, and there often auriculate ; capsules % in., clavate, 4-seeded.
From the variations of the leaves in some allied species, it is probably a form of
J. Kurzii.
11. J. Atkinsoni, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 509 ; leaves
long-petioled ovate caudate-acumiuate puberulous on the nerves beneath,
bracts suborbicnlar pubescent 1-fld., bracteoles linear nearly as long as the
bracts, corolla \ in.
Sikkim and E. Bhotan, alt. 2-6000 ft., from the outer hills to the northern
valleys frequent, T. Anderson, &c.
A shrub, 2-3 ft. Leaves 8 by 4| in. (many smaller narrower), base shortly
decurrent ; petiole 3 in. Spikes terminal, solitary, 2-5 by f in., continuous ;
peduncles £-2 in. ; bracts \-\ in., green, purple-margined; bracteoles \ in., green.
Sepals 5, \-^ in., linear, puberulous. Corolla hairy without, yellowish-white rose-
marked. Stamens and pistil glabrous; lower anther-cell distinctly white-tailed
Capsule \ in., clavate, 4-seeded. Seeds glabrous, rugose, subtubercular.
12. J. grandifolia, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 510; leaves
long-petioled large round-ovate nearly glabrous, bracts elliptic acute rusty
pubescent 1-fld., bracteoles \ in. linear-lanceolate hairy, corolla f-1 in.
Moulmein; Parish. Tenasseeim; Beddome.
A herb (T. Anders.). Leaves 8-5 in., attaining 14 by 7 in. (T. Anders.), shortly
acuminate, base rounded or very shortly decurrent; petiole 3 \ in. Spikes axillary
and terminal, 3-11 by 1 in., continuous, somewhat lax, very pubescent; peduncles
0-1 in. ; bracts f-1 by ^ in. Sepals 5, § in., linear-lanceolate, very pubescent.
Corolla f-1 in., pubescent, white purple-marked. Anther-cells glabrous, subparallel,
lower minutely white-tailed. Capsule % in., stoutly clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded.
13. J. dasycarpa, JT%rz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 96 ; leaves
ovate acute subglabrous, bracts ovate softly hairy, bracteoles oblong longer
than the calyx, corolla £ in. Neuracanthus tetragonostachyus, Wall. Cat.
7168, by admixture.
Tenasseeim; Chappedong, Wallich. Rangoon; M'Lelland. Kaeen Hills,
Kurz.
Stem l£-3 ft., glabrous, pubescent upwards. Leaves 3 by 2 in., base obtuse,
raphides conspicuous on both surfaces ; petiole i in., pubescent. Spikes axillary and
terminal, £-l£ by | in., continuous; peduncles § in. ; bracts | in., green ; bracteoles
£ Id. Calyx § in. ; segments 5, linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Lower anther-cell
shortly white-tailed. Capsule £ in., clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded.— The bracts are
1-3-fld. ; where several flowers occur, some of the bracteoles are suppressed. The
leaves, bracts and flowers are considerably smaller than in the preceding species.
14. J. frag-ilis, Wall. Cat. 7174, type sheet only; leaves oblong
narrowed at both ends glabrous, bracts elliptic acute puberulous several-
fld., bracteoles small linear or 0, corolla § in.— Justicia sp., Griff. Notul.
iv. 143.
Tenasseeim; Amherst, Wallich; Mergui, Griffith.
i Branch elongate, glabrous. Leaf 5 by \\ in. ; petiole \ in. Spikes 1-5 in., ter-
minal and quasi-axillary on short-lateral branches, interrupted below ; bracts £ by
£in., uniformly green, somewhat deciduous, upper imbricate; flowers clustered on the
spikes ; bracteoles 0-£ in. Sepals 5, §-$ in., linear, puberulous. Corolla pubescent,
altogether as of Sect. Betonica. Stamens and pistil very nearly glabrous; lower
anther-cell distinctly shortly white-tailed.— The elongate spikes interrupted below
Justicia.] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 529
and deciduous bracts are very uulike J. ventricosa, with which Nees united this, and
which has been distributed by Wallich under the same number.
15. J. caloneura, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 96; leaves
elliptic acute at both ends minutely pubescent, bracts ovate acuminate
pubescent, bracteoles broadly lanceolate exceeding the calyx, corolla ^-£ in.
"f enasseeim ; Beddome.
A perennial herb ; stems 2-3 ft., glabrous or crisped-pubescent. Leaves 4 by 1| in.,
nerves conspicuously reticulate on both surfaces; petiole 0-£ in., crisped-pubescent.
Spikes terminal, 1] by $ in., dense ; peduucles \ in. ; bracts £ by £ in., 4-ranked,
striate, green black-tipped, ciliate ; bracteoles 5 by ^ in., green. Sepals 5, £ in.,
linear, pubescent. Corolla minutely hairy, straw-coloured (Kurz). Anther-cell dis-
tinctly white-tailed. Capsule not seen. — Identified with Kurz's J. caloneura from
description only.
16. J. ceylanica, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 233, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 513 ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate glabrous, bracts
and bracteoles spathulate orbicular, corolla \ in. Adhatoda ceylanica, Nees
in DC. Prodr. xi. 400.
Ceylon ; Walker ; Gardner, &c.
Herbaceous, 2-3 ft., branched, glabrous ; whole plant, including the bracts, drying
black. Leaves 3 by 1 in., acuminate, not or very obscurely lineolate, base cuneate,
midrib beneath glabrous ; petiole £ in. Spikes axillary, branched, lax, nearly glabrous;
bracts J in.,(orbicular, on a ^ in. pedicel, patent; bracteoles similar, but rather smaller;
flowers in distant opposite pairs. Calyx-segments 5, \ in., linear, nearly glabrous.
Corolla nearly glabrous, purple (fide Nees) ; lower lip longer. Capsule £ in., clavate,
puberulous, 4-seeded.
Vae. viridescens ; leaves larger pubescent on the nerves beneath, bracts larger
obovate, bracteoles oblong. — Ceylon ; Walker, Thwaites, C. P. n. 2422, partly. —
Whole plant drying green. Leaves 5 by 2 in., conspicuously lineolate on both sur-
faces. Spikes 2-4 in., much interrupted ; bracts 3 by J in., green, nearly glabrous ;
bracteoles £ in. Calyx-segments |-3 in., green, lineolate. Capsule as of type. — Very
unlike, «7. ceylanica, of which both Nees and T. Anderson consider it a form.
Vae. capitata, T. Anders, ms. ; leaves pubescent, spikes capitate globose solitary
on short axillary peduucles.: — Ceylon ; Thivaites, n. 3919, and 2422 partly. — Branches
pubescent. Leaves subhispidly pubescent on both surfaces, drying green. Peduncles
\ in.; heads § in. diam., rusty pubescent ; bracts densely imbricate. Calyx-segments
\ in., oblong-lanceolate, subscarious. Corolla and stamens as of J. ceylanica. Cap-
sule not seen. — A very puzzling plant, not seen by Nees ; Mr. Bentham observes that
it is " very near Sect. Anisostachya."
17. J. glauca, Bottler ; Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. i. 165 ; herbaceous, leaves
1-2 in. ovate puberulous or pubescent, bracts ovate or orbicular puberulous
ciliate or pubescent, corolla ^ in. J. brachiides, Roth Nov. Sp. 16. J.
orixensis, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 132 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 510,
partly. J. tranquebariensis, Roxb. I. c. 130 ; Wall. Cat. 2424 {not 2462) ;
T. Anders. 1. c. 513, partly, not of Linn.f. J. brachionoides, Spreng. Syst.
i. 82. Gendarussa orixensis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 104. Adhatoda
orixensis & diversiformis, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 400, 399.
Deccan Peninsula, alt. 0-2000 ft., frequent; Bottler, &c.
Stems 8-20 in., herbaceous, puberulous, diffuse ; internodes long. Leaves pubescent
on the nerves beneath, those at the main nodes acute at both ends, many smaller often
rounded leaves on the lateral branches; petiole ^ in. Spikes 1-5 by £ in., terminal,
lax; solitary bractless flowers often scattered in the distant lower axils; bracts \ in.
diam., often subpatent, very variable in indumentum ; bracteoles £ in., obovate-
oblong, or often 0. Sepals J-J in., linear, pubescent or glabrous. Capsule ± in., nearly
glabrous, short-stalked, 4-seeded. Seeds hispid with ovate acute scales.— Perhaps not
VOL. IV. M m
530 cix. acanthacejj. (C. B. Clarke.) [Justicia.
distinct from the next. T. Anderson regards the presence of scattered solitary
flowers in the lower axils as of specific importance, and has deviated from the results
of the older botanists accordingly.
18. J. tranquebariensis, Linn. f. Suppl. 85 ; very woody, leaves
£-§ in. orbicular or obovate puberulous or pubescent, bracts ovate or
orbicular puberulous or pubescent, corolla ^ in. Wall. Cat. 2462 ; T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 513, partly. Gendarussa tranquebariensis, Nees in
Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 105; Wight III. t. 164 b, fig. 8, and 1c. t. 462.
Adhatoda tranquebariensis, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 399.
S. Madeas and Ceylon, especially on hot dry low hills, frequent ; Wight, &c.
A low, intricate undershrub ; nodes very short. Inflorescence, corolla, capsule
and seeds as of J. glauca. — Wight's figure represents a more diffuse plant with leaves
considerably larger than in any of the specimens ; it is a form intermediate between
J. glauca & tranquebariensis as here understood ; Col. Beddome believes these two not
specifically distinct. ,
19. J. salsoloides, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 514 ; branches
softly white- hairy, leaves small spathulate or oblong subglabrous, bracts
elliptic or oblong, corolla 3— ^ *°" densely white-hairy.
Caenatic and Mtsoee ; Wight, G. Thomson.
A rigid, much-branched, small undershrub ; branches densely shortly hairy.
Leaves sessile, J-f in., obtuse. Spikes terminal, few-fid., with scattered solitary, often
ebracteate flowers in the axils below; bracts \ by ^ in.; bracteoles similar, smaller, or
often 0. Sepals £ in., linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Lower anther-cell tailed.
Capsule J in., clavate, densely pubescent (T. Anderson). — Easily separated from J.
trinervis (and its Var. arenaria) by the white-furred branches and narrower non-
marginate bracts.
Sect. 3. Calcphanoides. Flowers axillary, solitary clustered or in
dense cymes, without a terminal spike or panicle. Calyx sub-5-partite.
Corolla small. Seeds subtubercular or verrucose, not hispid.
* Bracts obovate or spathulate (all perhaps var. of one).
20. J. quadrifaria, Wall. Cat. 2479 ; leaves shortly petioled elliptic
acute at both ends puberulous on the nerves beneath, flowers in close
axillary clusters, corolla ^4 in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 514,
partly. Gendarussa quadrifaria, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 105.
Adhatoda quadrifaria, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 396.
Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 3000 ft. ; Wallich, &c. Assam ; Griffith (Kew
Distrib. n. 6188).— Disteib. S. China.
Branches 2 ft., little divided, rusty-pubescent. Leaves Z\ by 1^ in., drying black,
not or obscurely lineolate; petiole \ in. Flowers 1-5-nate ; bracts £ in., spathulate,
orbicular or emarginate, very rusty-pubescent; bracteoles similar, smaller, or 0.
Sepals I in. and upwards, linear-lanceolate, lineolate, puberulous. Corolla hairy,
white rose-spotted. Lower anther-cell white-tailed. Capsule \ in., minutely pubes-
cent, 4-seeded; solid pedicel very short. Seeds tubercular, verrucose, glabrous.
21. J. Zolling-eriana, Clarke; leaves shortly petioled oblong acu-
minate at both ends nearly glabrous, flowers in close axillary clusters,
corolla %-h, in. J. quadrifaria, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 514,
partly. Adhatoda Zollingeriana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 396.
Tenasserim; Beddome.— Disteib. Java.
Resembling J. quadrifaria, but much more glabrous. Branches minutely pubes-
Justicia.] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 531
cent. Leaves 4 by 1 'in. ; nerves conspicuous. Bracts % in., spathulate, orbicular,
subglabrous. Corolla subglabrous.
22. J. salicifolia, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix, 514; leaves
subpetioled lanceolate acuminate at both ends glabrous or pubescent,
flowers in close axillary clusters, corolla £ in. minutely hairy. — Adhatoda
sp. n. 20, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
N. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft.; Borpani and Shillong, H.f $ T., &c.
Leaves 2^ by \ in. ; petiole -^ in. Bracts £ in., spathulate, orbicular, glabrous
or sparsely pubescent.
23. J. Neesiana, Wall. ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 513 ;
leaves linear-lanceolate glabrous, flowers in close axillary clusters, corolla
j in. Gendarussa Neesiana, Wall. Cat. 7175; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar.
iii. 105. Adhatoda Neesiana, Nees in DC. Trodr. xi. 397.
Khasia Mts. ; Wallich.
A small undershrub ; mternodes very short. Leaves 1\ by \ in. ; petiole hardly
any. Bracts as in the 3 preceding species, which differ from the present by their
diffuse habit and elongate internodes.
** Bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
24. J. flava, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 97; subglabrous,
leaves ovate or ovate acuminate; cymes small axillary densely subcapitate
subglabrous, corolla £-£ in. pubescent yellow.
Tenasseeim; Beddome; Martaban (fide Kurz).
A herb, 2-3 ft., erect {Kurz). Leaves 4-6 in., acuminate at both ends, nerves
prominent ; petiole § in. Cymes forming axillary heads 1£ in. diam. ; bracts and brac-
teoles small, linear, glabrous. Sepals 5, £-^ in., linear-lanceolate, caudate, glabrous.
Lower anther-cell distinctly white-tailed. Capsule \ in., clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded ;
seeds minutely rugulose {Kurz). — No specimen of Kurz's plant has been seen, but his
description fits very satisfactorily Beddome's Herb. Propr. n. 81.
25. J. Brandisii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 514; leaves
ovate acute pubescent on the nerves beneath, flowers sessile or sometimes
aggregated on a very short peduncle, corolla pubescent tube short.
Buema; Mt. Toungoo, Brandis, and Karen Hills, Masson (fide T. Anderson).
An undershrub, 1-2 ft. ; stem terete, glabrous. Leaves scabrous above, puberu-
lous beneath, decurrent into the petiole ; nerves prominent, approximate. Bracts and
bracteoles small, subulate. Sepals 5, equal, £ in., subulate, hoary pubescent. Lower
anther-cell long-tailed. Ovary 4-ovulate (T. Anderson). — Not seen. Anderson
places it in a section with "flowers axillary solitary or 2 or 3 together," along with
J. salicifolia & quadrifaria. Nevertheless it may be J. faccida, Kurz, of the
Section Gendarussa.
26. J. heterocarpa, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 41 ; leaves
petioled ovate minutely lineolate subglabrous, flowers minute in small
axillary clusters, capsules of 2 kinds in nearly every axil, abnormal winged
crested 1-seeded. Harnieria dimorphocarpa, Solms in Schweinf. JEthiop.
110.
Westeen India ; Deesa (Goojerat) and Kurrachee (Scinde), Stocks ; Ferozepore
(Punjab), Vicary. — Disteib. Abyssinia.
A herb, 8-12 in., minutely grey-pubescent. Leaves 1 by \ in. ; petiole \ in. Flowers
1-4-nate, closely axillary ; bracts and bracteoles small, linear. Calyx sub-5-partite ;
segments \ in., linear, minutely pubescent. Corolla \ in., upper lip shortly 2-lobed,
lower transversely marked shortly 3-lobed. Anther-cells ovate j lower white-tailed.
M m 2
532 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Justicia.
Normal capsule ^-£ in., ellipsoid, acute at each end, hardly stalked, pubescent,
4-seeded. Seeds papillose, subhispid ; abnormal 1-celled, 1-seeded capsules occur
I in., ellipsoid with 3-6 vertical crested wings, with seed ovoid, larger than in the
normal, nearly smooth, on a nearly basal retinaculum. — The examples collected far
apart show the heterocarpous capsules to be characteristic, not monstrous. The
species is not nearly allied to any other; but as the inflorescence is axillary and the
calyx 5-merous, it has been moved here so as to fortify the characters of the
Section Rostellaria.
Sect. 4. G-endarussa. Spikes terminal and on short lateral branches
(in J. Hookeriana axillary), interrupted ; terminal often large, paniculate ;
bracts mostly narrow, lower rarely imbricate. Calyx sub-5-partite. Flowers
small or middle-sized. Seeds (where known) verrucose or tubercular,
glabrous, not glochidiate nor hispid.
27. J. G-endarussa, Linn. f. Suppl. 85 ; leaves short-petioled lanceo-
late glabrous, spikes puberulous or glabrous, bracts linear shorter than the
calyx, corolla £ in. Jacq. Eel. t. 11 ; Burm. Fl. Ind. 10; Roxb. Fl. Ind i.
128 ; Blume Bijd. 785 ; Wall. Cat. 2442 ; Bot. Reg. t. 635 ; Blanco Fl. Fil.
14 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 71 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
513; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 247. Gendarussa vulgaris, Nees in Wall. PI. As.
Bar. iii. 104, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 410; Wight Ic. t. 468 ; Decne. in Nouv.
Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. iii. 382. — Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. t. 28. Rheede
Sort. Mai. ix. t. 42.
Throughout India, from Bengal to Ceylon and Malacca, often an escape from
cultivation. — Distbib. Malaya and China to the Philippines (? wild).
Stems 2-4 ft., erect. Leaves 4 by f in. ; petiole £ in. Spikes 2-5 by § in., ter-
minal often forming a panicle ; flowers clustered, lower clusters usually distant ;
bracts | in. Sepals £ in. Corolla nenrly glabrous, white or rose with purple spots.
Lower anther-cell distinctly tailed. Capsule | in., clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded. — No
capsule has been seen except on an example of Wight's ; and that does not suffice for
a description of the seed. This commonly cultivated plaut is considered by Nees and
T. Anderson wild in various parts' of India, but the rarity of the seeds renders this
doubtful. Col. Beddome says " wild on Mooleyit in Tenasserim."
28. J. Hookeriana, T. Anders, in Thwaites Fnum. 233, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 513 ; leaves short petioled lanceolate glabrous, spikes simple
or compound all axillary lax nearly glabrous, bracts linear or linear-spathu-
late mostly shorter than the calyx, corolla $-£ in. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind, Or.
t. 268. Adhatoda Hookeriana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 403. Leptostachya
zeylanica, Nees I. c. 379.
Ceylon ; Macrae, Walker, &c.
An undershrub, less erect, more branched than J. Oendarussa. Leaves as of J.
Gendarussa. Spikes 2-7 in., simple or paniculate ; flowers distant, solitary or oppo-
site ; bracts ^ in., linear, rarely spathulate ; bracteoles £ in., linear, or 0. Flowers
nearly as of J. Gendarussa. Capsule ^ in., clavate, 4-seeded, Seeds verrucose,
glabrous. — Beddome figures the inflorescence terminal, but in the examples the upper-
most axils are sterile, many lower axils with spikes.
29. J. decussata, Roxb. Sort. Beng. 4, and Fl. Ind. ed, Carey Sf
Wall. i. 128 ; leaves ovate or obovate pubescent or glabrate, panicle ter-
minal large divaricate pubescent, flowers in distant clusters, corolla J-J in.
pubescent. Wall. Cat. 2476; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 515.
Gendarussa decussata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 104. Adhatoda
decussata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 408.
Pegu and Tenasseeim, frequent; Wallich, Griffith, &c.
Justicia.] cix. aoanthacevE. (C. B. Clarke.) 533
A shrub, 3-6 ft. ; branches pubescent upwards. Leaves (upper cauline alone
seen) 6 -10 by 3-6 in., petioled ovate, or sessile spathulate-obpvate, base auricled,
punctulate, puberulous at least when young. Panicles 12-20 in. long and broad;
branches lung, subsiinple, often recurved in fruit ; clusters 2-8-fld., pubescent, lower
often 1-3 in.' apart ; bracts g in., linear-lanceolate, but the clusters are often supported
by reduced leaves £-1 in. ; bracteoles | in., linear, often 0. Sepals |-^ in., linear-
lanceolate, pubescent. Lower anther-cell distinctly white-tailed. Capsule § in.,
long-stalked, pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds verrucose, glabrous.
30. J. Helferi, Clarke; leaves petioled elliptic acute at both ends
glabrous, panicle terminal of 3 erect spikes, clusters of flowers distant
pubescent, corolla ^ in. pubescent.
Tenasseeim or Andamans ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6185).
Branch woody, terete, glabrous. Upper leaves 5| by 2 in., minutely lineolate on
both surfaces ; petiole \ in. Panicle 3 in. diam., trichotomous, sparingly pubescent;
lateral spikes curved, ascending ; bracts |-s in., linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Calyx
and corolla as of J. decussata, but rather smaller. — This may be a small var. of J.
decussata, as the example is poor ; but the leaves do not match, and the curved
ascending spikes are very unlike the habit of J. decussata.
31. J. flaccida, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1870, ii. 80, and in Flora
1870, 364; leaves large sessile spathulate-elliptic nearly glabrous, panicles
terminal very lax, flowers- distant rarely clustered, corolla § in. nearly
glabrous pale yellow or testaceous (Kurz). — Adhatoda h. 19, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f. Sf T.
Pegu ; M'Lelland, Kurz, Brandis.
Annual, 1-2 ft., erect. Leaves opposite and ternate, 7-12 in., acuminate, lineolate
above ; petiole winged to the base, there often auriculate. Panicle ofcen 12 in. long
and broad, very thin flaccid, nearly glabrous ; flowers opposite or alternate, lower
often 1 in. apart; bracts hardly ^ in., linear-lanceolate. Sepals \ in., linear-lanceo-
late, puberulous or glabrate. Corolla slender. Lower anther-cell white-tailed.
Capsule § in., long-stalked, thinly pubescent, 4-seeded.
32. J. wynaadensis, Wall. Cat. 2474 ; leaves petioled elliptic acumi-
nate at both ends pubescent or glabrous, spikes simple or compound axillary
and terminal pubescent interrupted, flowers solitary opposite, bracts linear-
lanceolate shorter than the calyx, corolla g— ^ in. T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 515. J. lineata, Wall. Cat. 2486, second sheet. Gendarussa
wynaadensis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 104. Adhatoda wynaadensis,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 406; Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 194; Wight Ic.
t. 1545.
S. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 1-3000 ft. ; Wynaad, Belgaum, Coorg, &c, Wiglit,
Bitchie, &c.
Branches elongate, terete, glabrescent; internodes long. Leaves 4J by 2 in.,
pubescent beneath or glabrous; petiole | in. Spikes 2-4 in., somewhat dense in
flower, elongate interrupted in fruit; bracts £-6 in.; bracteoles £ in., linear. SepaU
\ in., linear, very pubescent. Corolla pubescent, purple. Lower anther-cell white-
tailed. Capsule ^-| in., very pubescent, clavate, 4-seeded. Seeds verrucose, glabrous.
— Very variable in indumentum ; Wight's type, from the Nilgherries' base, has the
leaves very pubescent beneath, and has been marked Bhaphidospora sp. by T. Anderson.
Dalzell's specimens have the leaves glabrous beneath.
33. J. vasculosa, Wall. Cat. 2469 ; leaves ovate attenuate at both
ends minutely crisped pubescent on the midrib beneath, flowers solitary
opposite, corolla £-£ in. upper lip oblong entire lower pendent. T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 515. Euellia rivinsefolia, Wall. Cat. 2413. Gen-
534 cix. ACANTHACE.&. (C. B. Clarke.) [JitMicia.
darussa vasculosa, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 104. Adhatoda vasculosa,
Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 407.
E. Himalaya and Khasia Mts., alt. 2-5000 ft., common ; Wallich, H.f. Sf T.,
&c.
RootstocJc perennial ; branches 8-20 in., glabrous except at the tip. Leaves 5 by
2 in., puncticulate above; petiole | in. Spikes 1-4 in., axillary and terminal, simple
or paniculate, pubescent ; bracts oblong or linear, mostly shorter than the calyx,
pubescent ; bracteoles similar to the bracts, but smaller. Calyx sub-5-partite ; seg-
ments | in., lanceolate. Corolla pubescent, yellowish slightly pink-spotted ; tube
cylindric ; upper lip hardly broader than one of the three lobes of the lower. Anther-
cells divaricate, lower with a minute white appendage at the base. Ovary glabrous ;
style pubescent in the lower part. Capsule not seen, the ahundant specimens all
being in flower. — T. Anderson places this in Raphidospora, and in the absence of the
seed it is impossible to prove he is wrong ; but in the Sect. Raphidospora, the flowers
are " laxly panicled," as T. Anderson says.
Vae. ? Parishii ; leaves glabrous, upper lip of corolla ovate ^ in. broad lower
erect-patent. — Moulmein ; Parish, n. 417. Tenasserim, Mooleyit ; Beddome, n. 86.
— This may be specifically distinct.
Vae. Brandish ; bracts (even in the upper part of the spikes) exceeding £ in.
elliptic-acuminate. — Pegu; Sitang, Brandis. — Capsule J in., narrowly cylindric,
clavate, very hairy. Seeds roughly verrucose, glabrous.
34. J. andrographioides, Clarke; leaves ovate acuminate glabrous
base rhomboid or rounded, flowers solitary opposite, corolla \ in. both lips
erect-patent.
Tenasserim ; Mooleyit, Beddome.
Closely resembling ^vasculosa, both in leaves and inflorescence, but the corolla
as of Androgr aphis. Leaves 3 by 1 in. Spikes (all seen) solitary, terminal, simple,
pubescent ; bracts small linear, or the lower £ in., linear-spathulate. Lower anther-
cell with a microscopically small white spur.
35. J. ptychostoma, Wall. Cat. 2478 ; leaves ovate acuminate at
both ends minutely pubescent on the nerves beneath, spikes axillary linear
dense nearly glabrous, bracts minute, corolla £— §■ in. T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 517 ? Gendarnssa ? sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 832.
Penang; Wallich.— Distrib. Sumatra.
Wallich's imperfect example is perhaps the same as J. vasculosa var. Parishii
above. Branches slender, with long internodes, glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2J in., nearly
glabrous, closely lineolate above ; petiole H in. Spikes 3£ by £ in., those seen ail
axillary, but there may have been also terminal spikes; bracts ^j in., ovate or lanceo-
late; bracteoles ^ in., linear-lanceolate. Sepals | in.— J. ptychostoma, Nees in Wall.
PI, As. Rar. \\\. 108 (Rhytiglossa? ptychostoma, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 337), is
founded on this Wallichian number, but the description of the bracts is so different
from the example that there must have been some confusion.
36. J. Xftaingrayi, Clarke; leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceo-
late minutely pubescent on both surfaces, flowers solitary mostly alternate,
corolla ^ in.
Penang ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1181).
A small shrub (Maingay); branches elongate, slender, glabrous except at the tips.
Leaves 4 by £-1 in., very variable in breadth on the same branch, base cuneate ;
petiole \ in. Spikes axillary and terminal, simple or divided, 2-3 in., slender, lax,
pubescent; lower flowers distant, mostly alternate; bracts \ in., linear- lanceolate,
pubescent. Calyx and corolla nearly as of J. vasculosa, but upper corolla-lip ovate,
broader. Capsule ^ in., stalk solidified. — The line between the small Justicias of this
section and Dianthera is artificial, and the present species has quite the habit of
others which have been removed by Bentham (in Herb. Kew) to Dianthera. It is
Jtttticia.] cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 535
retained in Justicia because the white tail of the lower anther-cell, though small, is
yet larger than in J. vasculosa, a species retained by name in Justicia by Bentham.
— These small Justicias (J. vasculosa, Maingayi, &c. ) form with Dianthera collina,
&c, a very natural group ; but they cannot be kept together unless we pull the
Acanthaceae all to pieces, and abolish anther-tails from tbe generic characters (which
will be done some day).
37. J. flagpelliformiSj Clarke ; leaves ovate attenuate at both ends
minutely crisped pubescent on the midrib beneath, spikes linear, bracts and
bracteoles lanceolate longer than the calyx, corolla ^ in.
Tenasseeim or Andamans ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6172).
Branches elongate slender, glabrous except at the tips. Leaves 5 by 2 in., puncti-
culate above ; petiole f in. or frequently 0. Spikes 1-3, terminal, 3-5 by ^ in., wavy,
subinterrupted below ; bracts |-§- by ,'g in., green, minutely pubescent ; bracteoles
nearly as long, narrower, subfalcate. Calyx sub-5-partite ; segments £ in., linear
pubescent. Corolla nearly as of J. vasculosa ; upper lip ovate subentire. Lower
anther-cell white-tailed. Capsule J in., clavate.— The leaves closely resemble those
of J. vasculosa, but the narrow subimbricate bracts are altogether different.
38. J. grossa, Clarke; leaves petioled large ovate glabrous, spikes
terminal solitary linear pubescent, bracts elliptic or oblong often as long as
the calyx, corolla £ in.
Meegui; Griffith.
Branches glabrous, with numerous large leaves near the tips. Leaves 8-10 by
4 in., acute, base rhomboid or obtuse; petiole 1 in. Spike 5 in., subsessile, inter-
rupted below ; bracts \-% in., puberulous. Sepals g in., linear-lanceolate. Anther-
cells subparallel, slightly divaricate at the base, oue somewhat Jower, both white-
tailed at the base. Ovary glabrous, 4-ovulate \ style minutely hairy below ; stigma
minute, subsimple. Capsule not seen. — This plant has been named by Nees Phloga-
canthus asperulus, together with many -others which he did not recognize. Wight
marked it " Hemichoriste ? " ; and this is probably its true affinity, though its small
flowers are opposed to it. It is nearly allied to J. fiagelliformis.
39. J. boerhaaviaefolia, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 517;
leaves petioled ovate-lanceolate uppermost sessile cordate, spikes £ in.
secund on filiform dichtomous terminal branches, bracts subulate narrowly
white- margined, corolla £ in. purple in the throat.
Tenasseeim ; Amherst, Falconer (fide T. Anderson).
A weedy herb ; stem diffuse, terete, glabrous. Cauline leaves long-petioled,
2-5 in. long (petiole included) ; upper and floral leaves £-l£ by £-§ in. ; all glabrous
above, glaucous beneath. Corolla 2-lipped, glabrous, with 2 lines of recurved hairs in
the throat. Upper anthers small, sterile. Capsule \-^ in., compressed, sterile part
very short (T. Anderson). — Anderson was seldom wrong in generic determinations,
but his description suggests that this is a Rungia.
Sect. 5. Rhaphidospora. Flowers laxly panicled. Bracts small
linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds retrorsely hispid.
40. J. glabra, Koen. ; Roxb. Sort. Beng. 4, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf
Wall. i. 132 ; leaves petioled ovate acute puberulous on the nerves or
glabrate, cymes axillary and terminal, corolla ? in. Wall. Cat. 2455 ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 516. J. Careyana, Wall. Cat. 2456.
Khaphidospora glabra, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 115, and in DC.
Brodr. xi. 499 ; Wight Ic. t. 1554.
S. Deccan Peninsula; Roxburgh, Wight. Ceylon; Walker, &c— Disteib.
Java.
536 cix. acanthaoe^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Justicia.
An erect, branched herb. Leaves 1| by § in. (in one example 4£ by 1 in.), base
attenuate or rounded ; petiole i-l£ in. Axillary peduncles numerous, $-l£ in.,
divaricate; pedicels 0-£ in., puberulous or pubescent ; bracts and bracteoles minute.
Calyx-segments scarcely £ in., narrow, pubescent. Corolla upper lip erect, eraargi-
nate, lower pendent or reflexed. Lower anther-cell distinctly wbite-tailed. Capsule
\ in. ; seed-bearing part subquadrate ellipsoid suddenly narrowed into the linear-
cylindric pedicel.
41. J. pubigrera, Wall. Cat. 2490 ; leaves short-petioled ovate lanceo-
late hairy on both surfaces, cymes axillary trichotomous, corolla § in.
J. Edgeworthii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 516. Peristrophe
pubigera, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 114, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 498.
Rhaphidospora ciliata, Nees I. c. 500.
Temperate N.W. Himalaya ; Bhuddimath (Kumaon), Wallich, Royle ; Simla,
Madden ; Grangootri, alt. 4500 ft., Strachey Sf Winterbottom ; Mussoorie, alt. 7000 ft.,
W. S. Atkinson.
Stems herbaceous, erect, terete, hairy. Leaves 2f by 1^ in., cuneate or rhomboid
at the base ; petiole £ in. Cymes axillary, 2-3 in., somewhat rigid, dense, ascending,
hairy ; bracts |— £ in., linear ; pedicels 0-^ in. ; bracteoles 0 or minute. Calyx sub-
5-partite; 'segments \ in., linear, pubescent. Corolla pubescent, purplish-red;
lower lip \ in., pendent. Lower anther-cell distinctly white-tailed. Capsule \ in.,
linear-clavate, pubescent. Seeds unripe, probably glabrous, only slightly tubercular ;
in which case the species will not belong to Sect. Rhaphidospora. The inflorescence
and corolla are exceedingly Wke^Peristrophe ; but the small bracts and distinct anther-
tails do not suit. f
Sect. 6. Rostellularia (Gen. Nees). Spikes terminal and axillary,
cylindric or linear. Bracts and bracteoles narrowly lanceolate, usually
about as long as the calyx. Calyx sub-4-partite (5th segment if sometimes
present small), segments linear or linear-lanceolate. Corolla small. Cap-
sule small, 4- seeded nearly from the base. Seeds subconcentrically tuber-
cular or rugose or nearly smooth. — Small closely allied weeds, abundant in
the tropics, all collected under 3 or 4 ill-defined species by T. Anderson. To
facilitate their description it is necessary to arrange them in more species,
or reduce them to vars. of one.
< 42. J. micrantha, Wall. Cat. 2449, partly ; leaves ovate or elliptic,
spikes short cylindric dense, sepals oblong scarious glabrous midrib green
excurrent as a very hispid arista, seeds small concentrically rugose. J.
procumbens, Linn. ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 511, partly. Ros-
tellularia crinita, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 101, and in DC. Prodr. xi.
373 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 193.
Deccan Peninsula ; Wight ; Vingorla (S. Concan), Balzell.
Stems much branched, minutely pubescent or hirsute. Leaves 1£ by f in., mature
subglabrous or sparsely setose; raphides numerous sunk on both surfaces; petiole £ in.
Spikes |-1£ in. ; bracteoles £ in., sublinear. Sepals much wider than the bracteoles,
nearly glabrous except the awns, hispid with many patent multicellular hairs.
Corolla \ in., rose-purple. Capsule £ in., pubescent. — A strongly marked species,
but it is difficult to settle the best name. Wallich's type sheet is mixed, and his
name micrantha perhaps relates really to the small-fld. J. procumbens mixed thereon.
As to the name J. crinita, that appears to relate chiefly to a mixture of J. procumbens
var. latispica with J. diffusa var. orbiculata.
43. J. quinqueang-ularis, Koen. ; Roxb. Fl. 2nd. ed. Carey 8f Wall.
i. 134 ; nearly glabrous, branches elongate, leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
spikes elongate ^ in. broad, sepals linear-oblong tip obtuse herbaceous
glabrous, capsule %-% in. stout. Wall. Cat. 2443, partly. J. peploides,
Juxticia.] cix. acanthacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) 537
Var. 3 angustifolia, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 511 (excl. syn.
J. Vahlii). Rostellularia quinquangularis, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii.
101, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 375.
Central India, common ; from W. Bengal and Agra to Belgaum.
Branches often 20 in., rigid, 4-5-angular, geniculate; interuodes long. Leaves 3
by \-% in., glabrous, raphides obscure ; petiole 0-£ in., puberulous. Spikes 1-6 in. ;
lower flowers usually opposite solitary, calyx just reaching to the next pair ; bracts
£ in., linear-oblong, glabrous, scarions-margined ; bracteoles similar, smaller. Sepals
$-jt in., hardly broader than the bracteoles. Seeds much larger than in the neigh-
bouring species, slightly concentrically tubercular-rugose. — J. Vahlii, Roth, resembles
this in the narrow leaves.
Vab. peploides ; leaves oblong or ovate petiole often I in., spikes shorter often
subovate when young. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 511 (sp.) ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 525. J. procumbens, Wall. Cat. 2441, partly. Rostellularia peploides,
Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 101, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 375 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 193. — Throughout the Gangetic Plain, from the Punjab to Bengal, and through
Central India to the Concan. Distrib. Affghanistan. — Usually much more branched
than the type, sometimes small 3-6 in. diam. This var. is very unlike the type in
general aspect, and does not graduate into it ; but the obtuse glabrous sepal-tips and
large capsule and seeds agree closely.
44. J. notha, Clarice ; stems simple glabrous, leaves sessile oblong
white- setulose on the nerves beneath, bracts elliptic, sepals linear-oblong
white-setulose upwards. Rostellularia simplex, Wight Ic. t. 1542 (not
Justicia simplex, D. Don).
India?; Herb. Wight.
Stems 1 foot, slender, 4-5-angular. Leaves 1£ by £ in., subobtuse at both ends,
transversely lineolate glabrate above. Spikes 2 by £ in., terminal, solitary, dense;
bracts 5 by | in., setulose-ciliate on margins and midrib, otherwise glabrous. Corolla
Ji in. Capsule £ in., ellipsoid. — Wight gives no locality for this ; it is a well-charac-
terized plant, and probably Malayan.
45. J. khasiana, Clarke ; stems elongate hispid, leaves sessile
oblong hispid on both surfaces, bracts linear-oblong hispid, sepals sublinear
hispid.
Khasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft., common ; Griffith, R.f. % T., &c.
Stems l£-3 ft., branched. Leaves 1$ by | in. Spikes 2-4 by £ in., hardly inter-
rupted at the base, very hispid; bracts ^ by ^-^ in. Corolla ^-^ in. Capsule £iu.,
ellipsoid. Seeds undulate obscurely rugose ; testa minutely reticulated. — Nearly
allied to J. notha, but differing in the indumentum and narrower bracts.
46. J. assamica, Clarke; leaves sessile narrowly obovate obtuse
glabrous, bracts narrowly oblong minutely hispid, sepals narrowly lanceolate
hispidulous.
Assam; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6159).
Stems prostrate, copiously rooting ; flowering oranches 3-4 in., numerous, erect,
1-spicate. Leaves 1 by £ in., base long-cuneate ; raphides sunk. Spikes 2 by £ in.,
continuous, somewhat dense ; bracts £ by T'g in., scarious-margined. Corolla nearly
£ in. Capsule |-£ in., ellipsoid. — In the sessile leaves, large corolla, and small capsule,
this is allied to J. notha and J. khasiana.
47. J. Royeniana, Clarke; leaves subsessile linear-oblong obtuse
glabrous, bracts and sepals linear-lanceolate acute glistening bristle-ciliate.
Rostellularia Royeniana, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 373; T. Anders, in
Thwaites Pnum. 234, partly.
Ceylon; Walker, Thwaites.
538 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Justicia.
Stems 10-15 in., procumbent, branched, glabrous. Leaves 2 by ^ in., obtuse,
transversely lineolate above ; base long attenuate, petiole 0, or in some lower leaves
short. Spikes 2| by £ in., subinterrupted at base, louger or shorter than the peduncle ;
bracts £ by ^-T'g in., bracteoles £ in. Sepals £-£ in., glistening ciliate on the margins
and keel, otherwise glabrate. Corolla ^ in. Capsule ^ in.— Nearly allied to J. notha,
differing pi'incipally in the glabrate leaves and very narrow bracts.
48. J. diffusa, Willd. Sp. PL i. 87 ; leaves petioled elliptic acuminate
at both ends sparsely hairy, spikes slender sparsely hairy, bracts linear-
lanceolate or linear mostly shorter than the calyx, sepals lanceolate acute
minutely scabrous upwards. Roth Nov. Sp. 14; Wall. Cat. 2444; T.
Anders in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 512. J. procumbens, Linn, partly ;
VaJil Symb. ii. 14; Roxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 132. Rostellularia diffusa, Nees in
Wall. PL As. Rar. iii. 100, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 371 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb.Fl. 193 {several of these citations referring partly or mainly to plants
here separately described as vars.).
Kumaon and Punjab Teeai ; Strachey Sf Winterbottom, &c. Deccan Penin-
sula and Ceylon, plentiful ; extending north to Chota Nagpore. Rangoon ;
MLelland. — Distbib. Siam.
Stems 1-2 ft., herbaceous, quadrangular, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves
(well developed) 3£ by 1^ in. ; raphides large, sunk, on both surfaces ; petiole \ in.,
pubescent. Spikes 1-7 by \ in.; lower flowers opposite, distant the length of the
calyx; bracts £ in., narrowly or not scarious- margined, tip minutely scabrous;
bracteoles -^-^ in., lanceolate. Sepals £ in., resembling the bracts. Corolla $ in.
Capsule \-^ in., glabrous. Seeds very nearly smooth, concentric rugosities remaining
as obscure tubercles.
Vab. prostrata, Roxb. ms. ; leaves smaller often obtuse or orbicular, bracts and
sepals shorter broader rather more scabrous, capsule hairy. — Deccan Peninsula and
Ceylon, common. — Stems prostrate, intricately branched, patently hairy. Leaves
i-i in. diam. Spikes 1-2 by ^ in.
Vab. Vahlii ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, bracts lanceolate white-
margined, sepals lanceolate subacute tips minutely scabrous. J. Vahlii, Roth Nov.
Sp. 14. J. quinqueangularis, Wall. Cat. 2443, type sheet and mainly. J. Vahliaua,
Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. Mant. i. 138. Rostellularia Vahlii, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar.
iii. 102, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 376, partly. — Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, exteuding
to Chota Nagpore, common. — It is vain to quote extensively synonymy for this plant,
as the same specimen has been named differently by the highest authorities. The
narrow-leaved forms have been, both by Nees and T. Anderson, mixed with J.
quinqueanyularis, which differs in the large capsule and seeds, aud in the glabrous
obtuse sepal-tips. In the linear-leaved forms the spikes, bracts and sepals are often
as in J. diffusa var. prostrata. Connected by imperceptible gradations with
J. diffusa, type.
Vab. hedyotidifolia ; woody, leaves petioled ovate, spikes shortened dense, sepal-
tips lengthened sometimes very ciliate. J. hedyotidifolia, Wall. Cat. 2450. Rostel-
lularia hedyotidifolia, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 100, and in DC. Prodr. xi.370;
Wight Ic. t. 1540.— Mts. of S. India. — The extreme forms in Wight's herbarium are
very woody and glabrous, with small black leaves ; but there are herbaceous examples
with larger more hairy leaves, even from the Nilgherries at 8000 ft. alt., which have
been marked J. hedyotidifolia by Mr. Bentham, and which cannot be distinguished
from J. diffusa, type.
Vab. orbiculata; leaves petioled ovate hairy specially beneath. J. orbiculata,
Wall. CW. 2489; T.Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 512, partly. Rostellularia
rotundifoha, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 100, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 370. — Deccan
Peninsula, northwards to Parasuath, T. Anderson. Distrib. Siam. — The examples
are marked by Nees (doubtless on account of the pubescent or patently hairy stem)
" Rostellularia procumbens, Var. 0 aud y" but the same thing is marked by T. Anderson
" hedyotidifolia," which is the true affinity. Most of the examples marked orbiculata
by Nees and T« Anderson are J. simplex, D. Don.
Justicia.] cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 539
49. J- simplex, Don Prodr. 118 (not Eostellularia simplex, Wight) ;
leaves petioled ovate hairy or oblong, spikes cylindric dense hairy, bracts
elliptic shortly acute scarious-marginate, sepals lanceolate acute hairy nearly
to their base. J. orbiculata, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 512, partly.
J. mollissima, Wall. Cat. 2445. J. procumbens, Wall. Cat. 2441, partly ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 40, not of Linn. Rostellularia rotundi-
folia & mollissima, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 100, 101, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 370, 373, partly. B,. abyssinica, Brongn., and glandulosa, Nees in
DC. Prodr. xi. 372, 373.
West fen India, alt. 2-5000" ft., in the hills, common ; from Kashmir, Scinde
Hills (Stocks), Nepal {Wallich), to the Nilgherries. Abundant in Central India
and Chota Nagpoee. — Disteib. Abyssinia, Maflaya to the Loochoo Isles.
Herbaceous, hairy, branched ; branches sometimes long as in Wallich's Nepal
examples, whence D. Don took his unfortunate name. Spikes much broader and
more hairy than in any var. of J. diffusa. Bracts usually as long as the calyx, green-
keeled, very hairy with glistening many-jointed tawny or whiteish hairs. — Near J.
procumbens, diffei'ing in its bracts ; it is very uniform to its character, but the
synonymy is uncertain, as the abundant examples are marked "crinita, peploides," &c,
and the Abyssinian examples have several names.
Vae. serpyllifolia, Benth. ms. in Hohenack. n. 571 ; very small, leaves spikes
bracts and flowers smaller. — Throughout the Deccan from Chota Nagpore to S.
Madras, frequent. — Leaves £ in. diam., elliptic or round, obtuse or subacute. Spikes
1 by £ in. ; bracts -fa-fi in., elliptic or broadly lanceolate, fulvous-hirsute. — Regarded
by Bentham as a var. of J. procumbens, Linn.
50. J. procumbens, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 19 ; leaves petioled elliptic or
lanceolate hairy or glabrate, spikes cylindric dense hirsute, bracts linear-
lanceolate acute, sepals sublinear acute hirsute nearly their whole length.
Roxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 132, partly ; Wall. Cat. 2441, partly ; T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 511, partly; Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 549, with Australian syn.
J. micrantha, Wall. Cat. 2449, chiefly. J. hirtella, Wall. Cat. 2448. Eos-
tellularia procumbens, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 101, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 371, partly (excl. all Himalayan examples) ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 193. R. adenostachya, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 101, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 373.
S. Deccan Peninsula with Ceylon, frequent ; extending north to the S. Concan.
— Disteib. Malaya, Australia. — Separated from J. simplex by the narrower bracts ;
a character which at all events suits the geography better than the distinctions put
forward by Nees, and accepted by T. Anderson.
Vae. latispica, Clarke; stouter, spikes larger, bracts and corolla longer. Rostel-
lularia procumbens, Wight Ic. t. 1539. R. mollissima, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 373,
partly. — Mts. of S. India and Ceylon, common. Khasia Mts. and adjacent parts
of Assam, frequent. Pegu and Tenasserim. — Bracts g— | by ^ in., hispid-ciliate.
Corolla \-\ in. Capsule £-£ in. — The type of this var. is Wight Ic. t. 1539 (excel-
lent), which shows the narrow bracts very correctly, and represents the common
Nilgherry form : from this the Khasian and Malayan forms cannot be distinguished.
In Ceylon a larger, more woody form is frequent ; this is marked by Nees R. procum-
bens Sf grandijlora. The objection to calling this plant mollissima is that the type
of J. mollissima (and J. orbiculata) was the round-leaved hairy Var. vestita of
J. diffusa.
SPECIES NOT 8EEN.
J. bieloea, Vahl Symb. ii. 9 ; leaves ovate, peduncles axillary 2-fld. as long as
the leaves, bracts subulate. Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 428.
India ; Schumacher.
A branched undershrub. Leaves 1 in., but little attenuate, base acute, very
glabrous ; petiole lax, lower as long as the leaves. Peduncles filitorin ; 2 petioled
510 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Justicia.
bracts at the base of the unequal pedicels, oblong, acute ; floral bracts 3 under each
calyx, unequal; 2 subulate, the third ovate. Calyx 5-partite (Vahl).
J. Moretiana, Vahl Enum. i. 162 ; leaves lanceolate, flowers solitary axillary
and in a short bracteated terminal spike, calyx 5-toothed half the way down, corolla
£ in. 2-lipped, capsule £ in. 4-seeded. Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 428. — Burm. Thes.
Zeyl. t. 3, fig. 1.
Ceylon ; Burmann.
Leaves 2\ by § in., acute at both ends ; petiole \ in. Axillary flowers on peduncles
\ in., ebracteate ; spicate flowers subsessile, bracts \ in., oblong, acute. Calyx \ in.,
toothed hardly half-way down, lobes subtriangular lanceolate. Corolla upper lip erect,
ovate, subentire, lower pendent deeply 3-lobed. Capsule solid below. — The good
picture of the capsule and seeds renders it nearly certain that this was some Justicia :
the inflorescence is very nearly that of J. glauca, but the bracts are much too narrow
and acute for that species.
XXXIX. ADHATODA, Nees.
As Justicia Sect. Betonica, except that the anther-cells are acute, some-
times minutely apiculate, but scarcely spurred. — Species 6, Tropical; 1
Indian, 1 Cosmopolitan, 5 African or American.
Bentham (in Gen. Plant.) says of the anther-cells, "minime calcaratse," but this
is an error, and the genus should be merged in Justicia Sect. Betonica, following
Nees and Anderson.
1. A. vasica, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 103, and in DC. Prodr. xi.
387; leaves elliptic acute at both ends entire minutely pubescent, spikes
dense short, bracts ovate or obovate subacute puberulous or glabrate,
corolla 1\ in. white tube short. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 194. Justicia
Adhatoda, Linn. ; Lamh. III. t. 12, fig. 1 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 126 ; Blume
Bijd, 785 ; Wall. Cat. 2434 ; Bot. Mag. t. 861 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 140 ;
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 509. — Adhatoda sp. Griff. Notul. iv.
141, and Ic. PI. As. t. 424. Bheede Hort. Hal. ix. t. 43.
India; from the Punjab and Assam to Ceylon and Singapore, common, frequently
cultivated. — Disteib. Malaya, S.E. Asia.
A dense shrub, 4-8 ft. ; sometimes arborescent, 20 ft. Leaves 8 by 3 in. ; petiole
1 in. Spikes 1-3 in., terminal, often several together; bracts f by \ in., elliptic ;
bracteoles \ by £ in., faleate-oblong. Calyx ^-\ in., deeply 5 lobed; lobes equal,
lanceolate. Corolla-tube %-\ in. broad; lips white, palate transversely rose-barred.
Stamens glabrous ; anther-cells acuminate at base, sometimes minutely white-tailed.
Ovary and style-base minutely hairy. Capsule § in., clavate, pubescent, 4-seeded.
Seeds £ in. diam., glabrous, tubercular- verrucose.
2. A. Beddomei, Clarke; leaves oblong attenuate at both ends
entire minutely pubescent, spikes peduncled capitate, bracts ovate subacute
puberulous or glabrate, corolla § in. creamy white tube short.
S. Teavancore, alt. 300C ft. ; Beddome.
A very large shrub (Beddome). Leaves 6 by 1| in. ; petiole | in. Peduncles
|-| in., axillary, opposite, stout; heads 1 in. diam. ; bracts | by ^--^ in., narrowed at
base; bracteoles £-£ in., narrowly oblong. Calyx \ in., sub- 5-partite; segments
narrowly oblong, acute, minutely pubescent especially within. Corolla hairy ; tube
\ in., broadly cylindric ; lips oblong, upper emarginate, lower 3-lobed nearly to the
base. Filaments stout, glabrous except at base; anther-cells superposed, lower
obscurely tailed. Ovary glabrous, 4-ovulate ; style hairy j stigma minutely bifid.
Capsule not known.
Ehinacanthus.] cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 541
XL. EHINACANTHUS, Nees.
Shrubs,' sometimes subscandent. Leaves entire. Panicle divaricate or
dense ; flowers solitary (or in minute cymes), sessile ; bracts and brac-
teoles small, linear-lanceolate. Calyx small, sub-5-partite, segments linear-
lanceolate. Corolla white, tube very long narrowly cylindric, scarcely
widened at the top; limb 2-lipped, upper lip lanceolate acuminate entire or
shortly 2-lobed, recurved or twisted, lower broad 3-lobed. Stamens 2,
inserted near the top of the corolla-tube ; anthers 2- celled ; cells superposed,
muticous. Ovary 4-ovulate; style filiform, minutely bifid at the tip.
Capsvle clavate, 4lseeded, stalk long solid cylindric. Seeds ovoid, mode-
rately compressed, glabrous, obscurely rugose or tuberculate. — Species 4,
tropical Asiatic and African.
1. R. communis, Nees in Wall PI. As. Par. iii. 109, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 442 ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong pubescent or glabrate, panicle
large spreading, calyx densely pubescent. Wight III. 164 bis, fig. 9, and
lc. t. 464 ; Dalz. dif Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 194; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 622. Kh. Rottleriauns, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 109, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 443. Justicia nasuta, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 120 ; Plume
Bijd. 785; Wall. Corf: 2440; Blanco Fl. Filip.U; Bot. Mag. t. 325 ; Griff.
Notul. iv. 143. J. 'Bottle riana, Wall. Gat. 24>77.—Pheede Sort. Mai. ix.
t. 69.
Throughout ItfDiA, cultivated ; perhaps wild in the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon.
— Distrib. Java, Madagascar, &c, cultivated.
Leaves 3-4 by j-li in., usually narrowed at both ends, margin undulate ; petiole
J in. Cymes terminal and on short lateral branches, dusky-pubescent ; flowers often
clustered ; bracts and bracteoles 0-- ^ in., linear. Calyx ^ in. Corolla-tube 1 by
•fe in. ; lobes \ in., 3 lower each twice as broad as the shortly bifid upper.
Vae. montana ; leaves ovate softly hairy often furred beneath base frequently
obtuse. J. scandens, Vahl Symb. ii. 7. J. dichotoma, Rottl. S( Willd. in Nov.
Act. Nat. Cur. iv. 221 (fide Nees). Dianthera paniculata, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. i. 26.
— Mts. of S. Deccan, alt. 3-6000 ft., frequent. — Perhaps the wild state, of which the
narrow-leaved glabrate E. communis is the domesticated form.
2. R. calcaratus, Nees in Wall. PL As. Par. iii. 109, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 444 ; leaves large elliptic or narrow-obovate acuminate at both
ends glabrous, panicle terminal somewhat dense flowers very many. T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 522. Justicia calcarata, Wall. PI. As. Par.
ii. 9, t. 113, and Cat. 2426.
Khasia Mts. ; Wallich, &c. Cachab ; Keenan.
Branches stout. Leaves 10 by 4 in. ; petiole 1^ in. Panicle 6 by 4 in., nearly
glabrous j peduncle 1-2 in. ; bracts -^ in. Calyx |-£ in., nearly glabrous ; lobes
linear-lanceolate. Corolla as of B. communis, but larger ; tube l£ in. ; lobes \ in. ;
upper lip subentire, or lobes minute setaceous, twisted. Capsule not seen.
XLI. DIANTHERA, Linn.
Diffuse herbs or undershrubs. Leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, puberu-
lous or glabrate. Spikes or panicles terminal, axillary sometimes added ;
flowers, or many of the lower, distant; bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx
sub-5-pai tite ; segments narrow. Corolla small or middle-sized, white
yellowish or rose-purple, 2-lipped; upper lip suberect emarginate, lower
pendent, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, glabrous or nearly so ; anther-cells 2, ellips-
542 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Dianthera.
oid, muticcras, subopposite or superposed. Ovary glabrous or nearly so,
4-ovuled ; style minutely hairy below, tip sub-bifid. Capsule clavate,
4-seeded, base subcylindric solid. Seeds compressed, scabrous verrucose or
subhispid. — SjDecies 80, chiefly American; about 10 in the tropics of the
Old World.
The character ,'of the genus is here narrowed to the Indian species, which differ
from the small-flowered Justicias {J. vasculosa, &c.) only by having the lower anther-
cell absolutely muticous.
Flowers 5— £ in., sessile or nearly so.
1. D. leptostachya, JBenth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1114 ; leaves elliptic or
oblong narrowed at both ends puberulous on the nerves beneath or glabrate,
bracts hardly T'n in. linear. Euellia leptostachya, Wall. Cat. 2411. Lepto-
stachya Wallichii, Neesin Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 105, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 379, the Indian plant only, Wight Ic. t. 1543. Justicia Wallichii, T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 516. — Adhatoda sp. n. 17, Herb. Ind. Or,
H.f. Sf T.
Mts. of S. Deccan Peninsula; Courtallum, &c, Wight, &c.
A herb; stem terete, puberulous. Leaves 4£ by If in., puncticulate on both
surfaces ; petiole |-2 in. Spikes linear, slender, interrupted, mostly collected in a
terminal panicle 8-10 in. diam., puberulous; flowers opposite; pedicels 0—^ in., or
the lower developed into very small cymes. Calyx-segments ^-^ in., linear-lanceolate,
puberulous. Corolla scarcely \ in., nearly glabrous. Capsule \ in., clavate, puberu-
lous. Seeds glabrous, tubercular- verrucose. — The Philippine plant (Cuming, n. 548),
combined with this species by Nees, is different, and probably not of this genus (ride
Bentham).
2. D. vir grata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1114; leaves elliptic narrowed at
both ends pubescent on the nerves beneath, bracts ovate or elliptic acute as
long as the calyx. Justicia virgata, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 516,
chiefly.— Adhatoda sp. n. 18, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Sikkim and Khasia Mts. , alt. 1-3000 ft., frequent j Griffith, B. f. Sf T., &c.
A somewhat slender herb, 2-3 ft. Leaves 4£ by If i"-? acuminate, punctulate on
both surfaces, base attenuate or rhomboid ; petiole 1 in., pubescent. Spikes 3-6 in.,
linear, slender, interrupted, terminal, 1-3 together, or sometimes panicled ; bracts
£ in. ; flowers opposite, solitary, sessile. Calyx sub-5-partite ; segments 5 in., linear-
lanceolate, minutely pubescent. Corolla 4 in., white or slightly yellow-tinged.
Anther-cells completely superposed. Capsule \ in., clavate, puberulous. Seeds
glabrous, tubercular- verrucose. — Leptostachya virgata, Nees in Wall. PL As. Ear.
iii. 105, and Cat. 7177, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 379, from Ava, united with this by T.
Anderson, has a very large panicle, cymose flowers and linear bracts, and seems much
nearer JD. leptostachya.
3. D. debilis, Clarke-, leaves cordate-lanceolate pubescent on the
nerves beneath, bracts linear or linear-oblong shorter than the calyx.
Khasia Teeai, alt. 500 ft. ; Shaila, Clarke.
Kesembling D. virgata, but very weak. Leaves 4^ by If in., acuminate, mem-
branous ; petiole 1£ in- Spikes 1-3 in., linear, often 3 on a terminal peduncle 1-2 in. ;
bracts ^ in., pubescent ; flowers opposite, solitary, distant. Calyx sub-5-partite ;
segments ^ in., linear, pubescent. Corolla £ in., yellowish-white. Anther-cells
parallel, one very slightly higher than the other. Ovary glabrous ; base of style hairy.
Young capsule as of D. virgata.
4. D. G-riffithii, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1114 ; leaves petioled ovate
acute glabrous, panicles terminal trichotomous, bracts and bracteoles
Di 'anther •«.] cix. acanthaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 543
minute subulate glabrous. Justicia Griffithii, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 516.
Mishmee Hills ; Griffith (fide T. Anderson).
A glabrous herb ; stem terete, base woody, upwards herbaceous tetragonous.
Leaves 4-10 by 2-4 in.; base decurrent. Panicles with elongate, ascending
branches; flowers remote, opposite, solitary, sessile. Sepals 5, linear. Corolla ^ in.,
tube ventricose ; limb 5-partite, green, lower lip spotted red. Ovary 4-ovulate.
Capsule a little longer than the corolla, subclavate at the tip, acute (T. Anderson). —
Not seen.
** Flowers £ in. or more, many distinctly pedicelled.
5. D. collina, Clarke ; leaves ovate nearly glabrous, panicles terminal
and axillary, anther-cells muticous distant superposed. Justicia collina,
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 515.
Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 5-7000 ft. ; Griffith, BZ.f. Sf T., &c. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4000 ft. ; Griffith.
A diffuse herb, 1-2 ft., branches puberulous. Leaves 3 by 1\ in., acute, base
cuneate or of the upper leaves almost rounded ; petiole 1 in., or of the upper leaves
sometimes 0. Cymes few-fld., running into an elongate terminal panicle by the
gradual reduction of the leaves into bracts ; proper bract hardly ^ in., linear ; pedicels
0-^ in. ; bracteoles minute or 0. Sepals \ in., linear, green, glabrous. Corolla f in.,
white, nearly glabrous; tube elongate cylindric. Capsule \ in., clavate, glabrous,
4-seeded. Seeds verrucose-scaly, obscurely hispidulous.
6. D. dichotoma, Clarice ; leaves ovate acute nearly glabrous,
panicles terminal minutely pubescent, anther-cells muticous one superposed
for half its length. Justicia dichotoma, Blume Bijd. 783 ; T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 516. Rhaphidospora dichotoma, Nees in DC. Prodr.
xi. 500. Leptostachya dichotoma, Nees I. c. 379. Peristrophe dichotoma,
Hassle. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 152.
Ceylon (fide T. Anderson). — Distbib. Java, Philippines.
Much resembling L>. collina, the corolla rather more ventricose and rose-purple. —
There is no Ceylon example of this at Kew. We may suppose that T. Anderson had
seen such at Calcutta ; C. P. 2718, which he quotes, is certainly not this plant.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
D. ? indica ; leaves scarcely 1 in. rhomboid-ovate acute hairy, flowers congested
into axillary and terminal decompound globose or oblong spikes, spikelets by suppres-
sion mostlv 1-fld. supported by a lanceolate often empty bract. Rhytiglossa ? indica,
Wawra in Oestr. Bot. Zeit. 1881, 281, and Bot. Reis. Br. S. Cob. 82, t. 9, fig. A.
Gabwhal ; at Mussoorie, alt. 4000 ft., Wawra.
An undershrub ; branches prostrate, variously twisted and incurved. Uppermost
bract sterile, with the fertile valvately enclosing the single flower of the spikelet;
bracteoles linear-setaceous, similar to the calyx-segments. Corolla ringeut, rose,
hairy ; tube as long as the calyx ; lips as long as the tube, upper ovate, emarginate ;
lower longer, cuneately 3-lobed. Filaments flattened ; anther-cells superposed, ovate,
muticous. Style capillary, elongate after flowering, bifid. Ovary 4-ovulate. — Not
seen. I know of no woody prostrate Acanthaceous plant at Mussoorie, and do not
understand the bracts as described.
XLIL PTYSSXGX.OTTXS, T. Anders.
A small, procumbent herb. Leaves ovate, entire. Spikes peduncled,
few-fld. ; bracts and bracteoles linear. Calyx sub-5-partite ; segments
544 cix. acanthace,e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ptyssiglottis.
linear. Corolla-tube short, limb 2-lipped ; upper lip shortly 2-fid, lower
3-lobed ; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 2 ; anthers 2-celled ; cells ellips-
oid, parallel, approximate, muticous or base minutely apiculate. Ovary
4-ovulate ; style filiform, minutely bifid. Capsule clavate, 4-seeded. Seeds
compressed, orbicular, verrucose-scaly, almost muricate, not hairy.
P. radicosa, T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum. 235, excL syn. ; Bedd. Ic.
PI. Ind. Or. t. 267. Ehytiglossa radicosa, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 344.
Ceylon ; Champion, Thwaites.
Stems 3-8 in., weak, rooting, branched, puberulous. Leaves § by ^ in., obtnse
or subacute at either end, lineolate, nearly glabrous ; petiole js-\ in. Peduncles
\-l in., terminal, slender; spikes \-^ in. ; bracts \ in. Sepals £ in. Corolla
£-§ in., nearly straight, pubescent. Capsule ^ in., 4-seeded near the top ; stalk
solid, linear-cylindric. — Rostellularia sarmentosa, Zoll., described as having the
capsule 4-seeded nearly from the base, does not belong here (cf. Benth. in Gen.
PI. ii. 1118).
XLIII. SPHINCTACANTHUS, Benth.
An erect, glabrous shrub. Leaves large, toothed or subentire. Spikes
interrupted, forming a terminal panicle ; flowers opposite ; bracts and
bracteoles small. Calyx sub-5-partite ; segments linear. Corolla-tube
ovoid, inflated, constricted 'at the top ; limb 2-lipped, upper emarginate,
lower 3-lobed pendent ; lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 ; anthers
2-celled ; cells oblong, approximate, muticous. Ovary 4-ovulate ; style
linear, minutely bifid. Capsule unknown.
S. Griffith!!, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1118 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1205.
Justicia orchioides, Griffith ms.
Mishmeb Mts., or Patkoye Hills in S.E. Assam; Griffith (Kew Distrib.
n. 6161).
Leaves 7h by 3| in., acute at both ends; petiole 1 in. Panicle 5 by 4 in. ;
branches opposite ; bracts -^ in. Calyx -fa in. Corolla-tube £ by ^ in ; lobes |-£ in.,
those of the lower lip subacute. Filaments glabrous, except near the base.
XLIV. ECSOXiXUIVE, Kurz.
A small, nearly glabrous, shrub. Leaves entire. Spikes terminal,
dense ; bracts large, imbricate, somewhat 4-ranked ; bracteoles small,
narrow. Calyx sub-5-partite ; segments equal, narrow. Corolla-tube long,
subfiliform ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip narrow shortly bifid, lower 3-lobed
pendent ; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, attached near the top of the
corolla-tube; anthers 2-celled; cells oblong, parallel, approximate, muti-
cous. Ovary 4-ovulate ; style filiform, very shortly bifid. Capsule long-
stalked, ovoid, compressed, 4-seeded. Seeds 4 or more often 2, large,
compressed, orbicular, tubercular-scabrous.
E. Xiinneanum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 75 ; leaves
petioled ovate or lanceolate, bracts ovate obtuse entire puberulous or pubes-
cent, corolla greenish-blue or purplish. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 526. Justicia
Ecbolium, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 114; Wall. Cat. 2432; But. Mag.
t. 1847 ; Wight Ic. t. 463 ; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 108, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 427 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 194. J. ligustrina, Vahl
Enum. i. 118. J. emarginata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 427. Eranthemum
Ecbolium, T. Anders, in Thivaites Enum. 235, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix.
523 — Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 7, t. 4, fig. 1. Rheede Hort. Mai. ii. t. 20.
Edbolium.] cix. ACAXTHACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 545
S. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon. Malacca; Maingay. — Distbib. Arabia,
Abyssinia, Madagascar.
Branches pubescent upwards. Leaves 4 by 1| in., cuneate or rhomboid at both
ends, puberulous or pubescent on the nerves ; petiole £ in. Spikes 2k by § in., dense;
bracts | by £— | in., sometimes softly hairy ; bracteoles scarcely 4 in., sublinear.
Calyx | in., pubescent. Corolla pubescent; tube 1-1 \ by T's in.; lobes J in.
Stamens glabrous, except the base of the filaments ; anther-cells submucronate at the
base. Ovary hairy at the tip. Capsule-stalk ^ in., linear-cylindric, seed-bearing
part ^ in. diam. Seeds \ in. diam., pale-coloured. — This, the typical form, is stated
by Wight to be frequent in S. Madras, but there is very little of it in the
Herbarium.
Vae. rotundifolia ; leaves sessile ovate or roundish, bracts subdentate often with
a very short acumination. Justicia rotundifolia, Nees 11. c. — Coimbatore; Wight,
nn. 2008, 2266. — A woody undershrub, with shortened internodes and smaller leaves;
Wight's are the only examples at Kew.
Vab. Icetevirens ; glabrescent, leaves larger petioled broadly lanceolate acute at
both ends, spikes often 6-8 in. more lax, bracts § by £ in. broadly lanceolate entire
dusky-pubescent. Justicia laetevirens, Vahl Enum. i. 118; Nees in DC. Prodr.
xi. 427.— S. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon. — This appears the common South
Indian form, and when the bracts become denticulate it passes by degrees into
the next.
Vab. dentata ; glabrescent, leaves larger petioled ovate or lanceolate acute, spikes
dense, bracts % by \~^ in. ovate acuminate toothed. , Justicia dentata, Klein ; Nees
in Wall. PI. As. Par. "in. 108, andUn DC. Prodr. xi. 427. J. livida, Nees in DC.
Prodr. xi. 427; Wight Ic. t. 1546. — Bengal, Assam and Pegu, very common. W.
Deccan Peninsula, Wight, Ritchie. — The Bengal form has glabrate thin bracts, and
a lurid or steely green-blue corolla. The Malabar form should perhaps be referred to
Var. Icetevirens.
XLY. GRAPTOPHYLLUM, Nees.
Glabrous shrubs. Leaves often variegated. Flowers pedicelled, clustered;
clusters forming terminal thyrses ; bracts and bracteoles very small, narrow.
Calyx small, sub-5-partite ; segments equal, linear-lanceolate. Corolla-tube
curved ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip shortly 2-fid, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2,
2 minute staminodes added ; anthers oblong, 2-celled ; cells parallel, muti-
cous. Ovary 4-ovulate ; style filiform, scarcely bifid. Capsule oblong, hard,
contracted into a long stalk. Seeds usually 2, orbicular or subquadrate,
compressed flat, lacunose-rugose. — Species 4, Australian or Pacific, one long
time cultivated.
Cr. hortense, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 102, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 328; leaves petioled broadly elliptic narrowed at both ends entire,
corolla 1-1£ in. crimson. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 523. G.
pictum, Griff. Notul. iv. 139. Justicia picta, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 117:
Wall. Cat. 2438; Blume Bijd. 784; Blanco Fl. Filip. 12; Bot. Maq.
t. 1870; Bot. Reg. t. 1227; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 71.— Rheede
Hurt. Mai. vi. t. 60. Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. t. 30.
Throughout India and Malaya cultivated ; where wild, uncertain.
Leaves 4£ by 1| in. ; petiole \ in. Pedicels often £ in. Calyx £ in. The
description of the capsule and seeds is taken from •« Gen. Plant."
XLYI. RVN6ZA, Nees,
Diffuse or erect herbs, or shrubs. Leaves entire. Spikes dense, terminal
or axillary, 1-sided ; bracts 2-ranked, or 4-ranked, with 2 of the ranks
often flowerless ; flowering bracts often scarious-margined ; bracteoles
vol. iv. u n
546 cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Rungia.
similar to the bracts or narrow. Calyx small, deeply 5-lobed ; segments
linear-lanceolate. Corolla small, blueish or white ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip
emarginate shorter than the lower 3-lobed lip. Stamens 2 ; anthers 'J-
celled, cells parallel subequal, or more often superposed, lower cell muticous
or white-tailed. Ovary 4-ovulate ; style filiform, minutely bifid. Capsule
ovoid or oblong,, shortly stalked ; after dehiscence the placentae with the
retinacula rise elastically from the base of the capsule, scattering the
seeds. Seeds 4, compressed, orbicular, glabrous, verrucose, sometimes
minutely, sometimes very strongly, so that the seed is concentrically rugose
or subcristate. — Species 20, mostly Asiatic, a few Tropical African.
I am unable to make sections of this genus ; the species are described in order of
their size, beginning with the largest.
1. R. sisparensis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 518; leaves
large elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous, bracts dimorphic bif'arious
ovate subacute not acuminate glabrous, corolla ^-£ in. Adhatoda sispa-
rensis, Benth. in PL Hohenack. n. 1436.
Nilgheeeies ; Sispara, Wight, Gardner, &c. ; Valla Caudoo, Wight ; Wynaad,
Beddome.
Shrubby, nearly glabrous. Leaves 6 by If in., obscurely lineolate; petiole 1 in.
Spikes 2-3 by f in., 1-sided, 2 series of large empty bracts on one side, 2 series of
smaller flowering ones on the other ; empty bracts | by \ in., narrowed at both ends,
shining green, not or very narrowly marginate, striate ; flowering bracts similar but
hardly half so large, subscariose, more acute ; bracteoles £ in., lanceolate. Calyx
£ in. ; segments linear-lanceolate, minutely pubescent. Anther-cells separated,
lower white-tailed. Capsule ^-| in., minutely pubescent. Seeds verrucose, almost
tubercled.
2. R. Wig-htiana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 110, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 472 ; leaves large lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate glabrous, bracts
dimorphic obscurely 2-ranked round-ovate prominently margined nearly
glabrous, corolla §- in. Wight Ic. t. 1549 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soe.
ix. 518. K. Arnottiana, Wight Lc. t. 1550. Justicia Wightiana, Wall. Cat.
2472.
S. Deccan Peninsula; Courtallum, Wight, G. Thomson; Attramallay,
Beddome.
Leaves 6| by 2 in., base attenuate, lineolate ; petiole lh in.. Spikes 2 by £ in.,
somewhat laxly imbricate, often panicled ; empty bracts \ in. diam., obtuse rarely
minutely apiculate ; flowering bracts rather narrower, somewhat obovate ; bracteoles
£ in., subovate, pubescent. Calyx £-£ in. ; segments linear-lanceolate, minutely
pubescent. Anther-cells superposed, lower white-tailed. Capsule % in., minutely
pubescent. Seeds subtubercular verrucose.— R. Arnottiana, Wight, differs only in
the uppermost leaves being as broad as the middle cauline.
3. R. laeta, Clarice; leaves ovate acute at both ends subglabrous,
bracts large broadly elliptic acute marginate ciliate, corolla § in.
S. Deccan Peninsula (?); Herb. Wight.
Leaves 2£ by l\ in. ; petiole \ in. Peduncles \ in., axillary ; spikes 1^ by § in. ;
bracts sub-4-seriate, all fertile, § by § in., narrowed at base; margin prominent,
scarious, purplish ; bracteoles ^ in., linear, glabrous. Calyx 3- in. ; segments linear-
lanceolate, puberulous. Anther-cells oblong, contiguous, parallel, one scarcely lower
than the other, slightly whitened, not tailed at the base. Ovary glabrous, subglan-
dular, style hairy near the base. Capsule not seen. — This appears much the finest
species in the genus, but there is only a branchlet in Herb. Wight.
4. R. latior, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 472; scabrous-pubescent, leaves
JRungia.] cix. acanthacexE. (C. B. Clarke.) 547
petioled ovate or broad-lanceolate, spikes ovoid or oblong dense often
clustered, bracts roundly obovate margined hairy, bracteoles obovate
margined, corolla ^ in. Wight Lc. t. 1548; T. Anders, in Jburn. Linn. Soc.
ix. 518 (except the Ceylon plant). E,. longifolia, T. Anders, in Thwaites
JEnum. 235, partim.
Mts. of S. Deccan Peninsula ; Wight, Gardner, &c.
Stems herbaceous, hairy. Leaves 2| by \\ in., euneate at both ends ; petiole £ in.
Spikes 1 by § in. ; bracts obscurely 4-seriate (many barren more or less unlike the
fertile), £ by £ in.,., obtuse rarely apiculate ; bracteoles similar to the bracts, but
smaller. Calyx £in.; segments linear-lanceolate, softly hairy. Anther-cells super-
posed, lower white-tailed. Capsule £ in., nearly glabrous* Seeds small, minutely
glandular-verrucose, ultimately glabrous. — This is not allied to R. repens as Nees
supposed, but may be a var. of R. longifolia, as T. Anderson first supposed.
5. R. longifolia, Nees 8f Am. in DC. Prodr. xi. 471, excl. Philippine
example, not of Beddome ; nearly glabrous, leaves linear-lanceolate, spikes
shortly oblong often clustered, bracts biform fertile roundly obovate
marginate minutely pubescent, corolla £ in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 517, chiefly.
Ceylon ; Walker, &c.
Leaves 4 by £ in. Flowerless bracts in 2 ranks on one side of the spike, ovate-
lanceolate, obscurely margined. Otherwise as R. latior, from which this typical form
of R. longifolia is easily separable : not so the
Vae. latifolia, Wight ms. ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, barren bracts
few less distinctly 2-ranked less unlike the fertile. R. latior, Nees Sf T. Anders, in
herb, partim. — Ceylon, numerous examples. S. Travancore; Beddome. — I follow
Wight (in preference to Nees and T. Anderson) in regarding all the Ceylon forms as
one species, of which the S. Indian is an allied species, or a variety. T. Anderson
divided Thwaites n. 89 between R. latior and R'. longifolia, depending upon the
breadth of the leaves alone.
6. R. crenata, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 518 ; leaves petioled
ovate-lanceolate sparsely hairy, spikes short dense 1 -sided, bracts markedly
biform barren oblong acute mucronate fertile orbicular marginate,. corolla
i in. Rungia sp. n. 9, Herb. Lnd. Or. H.f. Sf T.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; Canara, Law ; Concan, Stocks ; Belgaum, Ritchie.
Stem herbaceous, ramous, nearly glabrous. Leaves 2\ by 1 in., base shortly
acuminate, sparsely laxly hairy ou both surfaces, finally scabrid lineolate glabrate ;
petiole J in. Spikes 1 by § in., terminal, or sessile quasi-axillary clustered ;. flowerless
bracts in 2 regular series on one side the spike, ^ by -^ in., green, striate, not or very
narrowly margined; flowering bracts \ in. diam., somewhat hairy ; bracteoles £ in.,
obovate, scarious-margined. Calyx ^ in. ; segments linear-lanceolate, pubescent.
Capsule scarcely £ in., pubescent.— Allied to R. parvijlora, Nees, but with much longer
flowerless bracts.
7. R. stolonifera, Clarke; leaves petioled ovate minutely scabrid-
pubescent, bracts ovate minutely hairy, calyx glabrous, corolla tubular
£-§ in., anther-cells white-tailed. Dicliptera sp. n. 14, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f. Sf T. Justicia sp. {Sect. Rostellularia), Benth. ms. in Herb. Kew.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-5000 ft. ; H.f. 8r T., &c.
Stems 18 in., procumbent, rooting, branched ; many small-leaved barren branches
from the lower nodes. Leaves 1-3 by |-1| in., euneate at both ends, undulate some-
times sinuate, with few minute scattered hairs on both surfaces; petiole ^ in. Spikes
|-1£ in., terminal and quasi-axillary, imperfectly 2-4-farious ; bracts £ by £ in., sub-
obtuse, scarious-margined ; bracteoles oblong, nearly as long as the bracts. Calyx
£ in., deeply 5-partite; segments narrowly lanceolate, scarious. Corolla-tube ^ by
N n 2
548 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mungia.
Tlj in., narrowly cylindric, straight; limb ^ in., 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, subentire,
lower pendent. Capsule £-£ in., nearly glabrous; placentae rising elastically from
the base. Seeds minutely glandular-papillose, glabrate when fully ripe.
8. R. khasiana, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 518; leaves
petioled ovate or elliptic minutely scabrid-pubescent, bracts ovate acuminate
somewhat pubescent, calyx minutely pubescent, corolla \-^ in. Rungia sp.
n. 11, Herb.mInd. Or. H. f. Sf T. Acanthacea, Griff. Bin. Notes, 36,
n. 589.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3000 ft. ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6165), H.f. Sf T.
Much branched; branches 10 in., pubescent, or with deflexed hairs. Leaves 3|
by 3_ii jn#) cuneate at both ends ; petiole £ in. Spikes 1-2 in., terminal and on
short lateral branches, quadrifarious; bracts ^-| by \ in., acutely or long acuminate,
scarious-margined, nervose ; bracteoles \ in., linear. Calyx scarcely \ in., segments
narrowly linear. Anther-cells superposed, muticous. Capsule £ in., pubescent,
placentae rising elastically from the base. Seeds minutely verrucose.
9. R. himalayensis, Clarke ; leaves long-petioled ovate minutely
scabrid-pubescent, spikes slenderly peduncled 4-farious secund, bracts ovate
shortly acuminate somewhat pubescent, calyx minutely pubescent, corolla
E. Nepal ; Tambur River, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. Sikkim, alt. 3-4000 ft. ;
Dikeeling, Clarke.
Stems 1 foot, diffuse, weak, branched, pubescent. Leaves 1| by |-1 in., cuneate
at both ends; petiole | in. Spikes 1 in.; peduncles ^-1 in.; bracts \ by £ in.,
scarious-margined ; bracteoles £ in., linear. Calyx £ in., segments sublinear.
Anther-cells superposed, lower muticous or whitened at base. Ovary nearly glabrous ;
style thinly hairy at base. Capsule less than £ in., minutely pubescent ; young
shortly glandular-verrucose. Seeds small, minutely verrucose, appearing punctate. —
Differs from R. repens in the longer-petioled broader leaves and much smaller cap-
sule and seeds ; from R. apiculata in the longer petioled leaves, glabrous ovary, and
slender peduncles (perhaps hardly sufficiently).
10. R. linifolia, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 110, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 469 ; leaves short-petioled elliptic acute nearly glabrous, spikes
peduncled slender 4-farious secund, bracts lanceolate acute, corolla \ in.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 517. Justicia linifolia, Wall. Cat. 2447.
J. gracilis, T. Anders. I. c. 512. Eostellularia gracilis, Wight Ic. t. 1541.
W. Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan southwards, Reyne, Wight, &c.
Stems 6-12 in., slender, minutely pubescent. Leaves 1 by ^-^ in., from ovate to
narrow-lanceolate, often apiculate, base cuneate or almost rounded, minutely scabrid
or glabrous, lineolate on both surfaces ; petiole usually less than ^ in. Spikes 1 by
\ in.; peduncles 0-1 in., slender; bracts |-^ in., minutely pubescent, green or nar-
rowly scarious-margined, obscurely striate ; bracteoles \ in., linear-lanceolate. Calyx
V-i in. ; segments sublinear, pubescent. One anther-cell lower than the other, acute
hardly tailed at the base. Ovary pubescent, style glabrous except close to the base.
Capsule not seen.
11. R. apiculata, JBcdd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or.t. 247; leaves petioled ovate
or linear-oblong puberulous on the nerves beneath, spikes peduncled quadri-
farious secund, bracts ovate-lanceolate apiculate minutely pubescent, calyx
pubescent, corolla £-£ in. R. repens, var., T. Anders, in Thwaites Enum.
235, in Obs.— Rungia sp. n. 8, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Mts. of S. Deccan ; Tinnevelly Hills, alt. 4000 ft., Beddome. Ceylon ; Thwaites,
C. P. n. 1973.
Stems 6-15 in., diffuse, branched, rooting, minutely pubescent. Leaves 2£ by
Ritngia.] cix. acanthace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 549
f-1 in., cuneate at both ends; petiole £ in.; leaves very variable, on one branch are
seen ovate upper leaves and below them a leaf \\ by £ in. Spikes lh in. ; peduncles
|-1 in. ; bracts -J in., narrowly scarious-margined, finely striate; bracteoles £ in.,
sublinear. Calyx $-£■ in., segments sublinear. Anther-cells superposed, muticous.
Ovary hairy, style-base glabrous; young capsule densely hairy. Capsule I in., pubes-
Vab. compta; leaves small short-petioled lanceolate. — S. Travancore; Beddome.
— Leaves 1 by \ in.; petiole ^ in. : spikes in flower, capsule not seen.
12. R. repens, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 110, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 472 ; leaves subsessile oblong-lanceolate scabrid-puberulous, bracts
round apiculate nearly glabrous, corolla £ in., seeds ^ in. diam. concentri-
cally rugose. Wight Ic. t. 465 ; Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 196 ; T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 518. Justicia repens, Linn. ; Roxb. Corom. PI. ii.
29, t. 152, and Fl. Ind, i. 132 ; Wall. Cat. 2459. Dicliptera repens, Poem.
Sf Sch. Syst. i. 171.— Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 3, fig. 2.
Throughout India, from the Punjab and Bengal to Ceylon ; common. (No
specimens from the Malay Peninsula.)
A procumbent, rooting, ramous weed; branches quadrangular, pubescent or nearly
glabrous. Leaves 2 by § in., or often smaller narrower; petiole rarely so much as
I in. Spikes 2 by ^ in., appearing often peduncled, the 2 leaves close to their base
usually much reduced ; bracts closely regularly imbricated 4-farious, spike less 1-sided
than in most species; bracts \ by §-| in., white margin broad prominent ; bracteoles
3 in., linear-lanceolate, minutely pubescent. Calyx £ in. ; segments linear-lanceolate,
pubescent. Corolla white, with rose or purple spots. Anther-cells superposed, lower
white-tailed. Ovary glabrous, style thinly hairy at base. Capsule \ in. and upwards,
minutely thinly hairy. Seeds ovoid, moderately compressed, rugose almost fur-
rowed.
13. R. elegrans, Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 196 ; steins patently white-
hirsute, leaves subsessile ovate acuminate, bracts round ovate apiculate
minutely hairy, corolla | in. fine blue. R. repens var. villosa, Nees in
DC. Prodr. xi. 472. Justicia repens, Wall. Cat. 2459, letter B partly.
W. Deccan Peninsula ; Concan and Canara, Wight, Law, Stocks, &c.
Possibly a large form of R. repens. Leaves attaining 3 by 1\ in., nerves beneath
prominent, often patently white-hairy. Spikes $— j in. broad ; bracts large, scarious
margin very prominent sometimes coloured purplish. Capsule \ in., thin, very hairy ;
seeds concentrically furrowed, the ridges very sharp sometimes crested.
14. R. Beddomei, Clarke ; leaves nearly sessile ovate acute sub-
glabrous, spikes slenderly peduncled dense, bracts broadly ovate apiculate
nearly glabrous, corolla 5 in.
Tenassebim; Mooleyit and the Forest Ranges, Beddome.
Stems diffuse, branched, puberulous. Leaves 2 by f-1 in., obscurely or not
lineolate; petiole \ in. Spikes 1£ by i in., appearing to form lax terminal corymbs;
uppermost leaves £ by 2'5 in. ; bracts nearly as of R. repens, more densely imbricated,
4-farious, regular. Capsule s in. Seeds very small, minutely verrucose. — The spikes
bear considerable resemblance to R. repens ; but it seems more nearly allied to R.
himalayensis, which differs in its long-petioled leaves, and slenderer spikes.
1 5. R. Brandisii, Clarke ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate
at both ends nearly glabrous, bracts all fertile ovate acuminate nearly gla-
brous, bracteoles boat-shaped acuminate pubescent, corolla £ in.
Tenassebim ; Parish, Brandts, Beddome.
Stems 18 in., nearly glabrous. Leaves 3£ by f-l£ in., membranous, finely lineo-
late ; petiole 1 in. Spikes 1£ by ^ in., terminal and axillary clustered short-peduncled ;
bracts i by £ in., obscurely 4-rauked, very narrowly marginate; bracteoles £ in.
550 cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Rungia.
Calyx | in.; segments linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Anther-cells superposed, lower
white-tailed. Capsule \ in., puberulous. Seeds small, minutely verrucose.
16. R. parviflora, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 110, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 469. excl. syn. ; leaves small ovate or lanceolate nearly glabrous,
bracts dimorphic barren elliptic or oblong subobtuse striate hardly margined,
fertile obovate glabrous scarious-margined ciliate, bracteoles elliptic scarcely
acute, corolla \ in. It. repens, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 518
partly, not of Nees. E. longifolia, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 266, not of Nees.
S. Deccan Peninsula j Wight (2011, 2285 Herb. Propr.). Ceylon ; Thwailes
(C. P., nn.257, 3354).
A small, ramous weed. Lower leaves 1 by |-§ in., petioled, ovate, upper narrow
sometimes linear. Spikes § by \ in., nearly all terminal, markedly 1-sided ; barren
bracts not cuspidate. Capsule £ in. ; seeds small, minutely verrucose. — This, the
typical R. parviflora, Nees, appears a very rare plant ; Nees, however, referred
numerous specimens with the fertile bracts hairy all over to J2. parviflora, but
which are R. pectinata, Nees, as far as the description goes.
Vab. pectinata; flowerless bracts mucronate often cuspidate powering hairy. K.
pectinata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 470 ; Wight Ic. t. 1547 ; T. Anders, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ix. 517. R. parviflora, Nees I. c. partly ; Oriff. Notul. iv. 144 ; Dalz.
Sc Gibs. Bomb. PL 195. R. polygonoides, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Mar. Hi. 110, and
Cat. 7181, and mDC. Prodr. xi. 471 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. PL 196. Justicia pectinata,
Linn. Amcen. Acad, iv. 299; Lamk. III. i. t. 12, fig. 3; Roxb. Corom. PI. ii. 29,
t. 153, and PL Ind. i. 133 ; Wall. Cat. 2458. J. parviflora, Retz Obs. v. 9. J.
infracta, VahlPnum. i. 155. — Throughout India, from the Himalaya to Ceylon and
Pegu, a universal weed. — Usually ramous. Leaves f by ^ in. ; petiole^ in. Spikes
1 by 5 in., terminal and axillary, clustered, subsessile, distinctly 1-sided ; barren
bracts £ by T'5 in., scarcely margined ; fertile -^ in. diam., orbicular, apiculate, scarious-
marginate, hairy on back as well as on margins ; bracteoles ^ in., elliptic, subacute.
Calyx ^ in.; segments linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla blue or whiteish, upper
lip short. Anther-cells superposed, lower white-tailed. — The area of this aburdant
plaut should perhaps be extended to Java, &c, but the examples thence (Dicliptera
ccerulea, Plume Bijd. 791) differ considerably from all the Indian material, which is
very uuiform in character, the size of the heads and bracts varying a little.
Vab. muralis ; spikes very dense, barren bracts ovate acute hardly longer than
the fertile. R. -muralis, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 470. — S. Deccan Peninsula;
Ptohenacker, n. 18, &c. Chittagong; J. D. IT., &c. Distrib. Ava. — Spikes some-
times If by £ in., densely strobiliform.
Vab. origanoides ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, spikes dense narrow, barren bracts
orbicular scarious-margined very hairy on the back nearly as the fertile. R. ori-
ganoides, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 110, and Cat. 7182, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 471.— Pegu; Wallieh.
SPECIES NOT SEEN.
R. Masteesi, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 519 ; glabrous, leaves long-
petioled ovate, spikes terminal ternate or panicled lax, bracts remote alternate spathu-
late-linear obtuse, corolla small.
Assam ; banks of R. Soonder, Masters.
Herbaceous, larger than the other species of the genus. Leaves (including petiole)
5-8 by l|-2 in., minutely lineolate, pale beneath. Spikes 3-6 in., more or less
secund, glabrous or pubescent ; bracts £ by ^ in., mostly linear, obtuse, glabrous ;
bracteoles as the bracts or ovate acute glumaceous. .Corolla^ in., glabrous. Cap-
sule I in., sparsely puberulous or pubescent' (T. Anderson).
XLYII. DICLIPTERA, jW
Diffuse herbs. Leaves ovate, acute, entire or obscurely undulate.
Inflorescence cymose, clustered or panicled ; proper bracts opposite, unequal,
Diclipiera.] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 551
larger than the calyx (except in D. parvibracteata) ; flowers sessile, oppo-
site, one of each pair usually reduced to a rudimentary calyx and bracteoles ;
bracteoles liuear or linear-ianceolate, as long as the calyx (except in D.
parvibracteata). Calyx sub-5-partite ; segments equal, linear-lanceolate,
more or less pubescent. Corolla red or rose, purple-spotted, tube slender,
limb deeply 2-lipped ; upper lip entire or emarginate, lower 3-lobed recurved.
Stamens 2 ; anthers 2-celled ; cells ovoid, superposed, muticous. Ovary
4-ovulate ; style filiform, shortly bifid. Capsule clavate, stalk solid; pla-
centae rising elastically from their base. Seeds ovoid, compressed, glabrous,
verrucose or glandular subpapillose. — Species 60, tropics of both Hemi-
spheres.
Justicia chinensis, Vahl, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 124, Wall. Cat. 2466 (type sheet),
has been long cultivated at Calcutta, having been introduced from China or Malaya ;
it looks like an enlarged or garden form of D. Burmanni, noticed below under D.
Leonotis, Dalz.
* Inflorescence panicled, i. e. each pair of bracts mostly long-petioled.
1. D. parvibracteata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. Ill, and in
DC. JProdr. xi. 488 ; leaves ovate acuminate nearly glabrous, bracts 7'0 in.
linear. Justicia retorta, Vahl JEnum. i. 150 ? J. latebrosa, Koen. ; Moxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 125.
Madras ; Circars, Wight (Herb. Propr. n. 51 or 2014) ; Vizagapatam (Jaipoor
Hills), Beddome.
Stem diffuse, striate, obscurely pubescent upwards. Leaves 5 by 2f in. (or all
except the lowest small, 1-2 in.), base shortly acuminate .; petiole 1 in. Panicle 6 in.,
divaricate, lax, nearly glabrous ; floral leaves at the bifurcations ^-\ in., linear-lan-
ceolate; bracteoles Js in., linear. Calyx js in., sub-5-partite ; segments linear-lan-
ceolate, minutely pubescent. Corolla | in., slender, minutely pubescent. Capsule
I in., clavate, pubescent ; placentae rising elastically. — Justicia latebrosa, Koen., has
never been satisfactorily recovered. The Ic. Ined. of this at Kew is D. parvibracteata ;
a separate imperfect drawing of a capsule added in the corner perhaps not pertaining.
But Roxburgh's description does not suit in several points, of which u Flowers large "
is difficult to get over. A scrap in Wallich's Herbarium, marked in old handwriting
" Justicia latebrosa, Roxb. " is Dicliptera cuneata.
2. D. Beddomei, Clarke; leaves ovate acuminate minutely pubescent,
bracts £ in. linear-oblong suddenly mucronate ciliate.
N. Madras ; Nallaymallays (in Kurnool), Beddome.
Stems diffuse, striate, glabrous except the tips. Leaves 5^ by 3^ in., pubescen
beneath or nearly glabrous, base acuminate; petiole 2 in. Panicle 6 in., lax
branches often patently white-hairy ; floral leaves at the bifurcations gradually
reduced, uppermost linear ; bracteoles £ in., linear-lanceolate. Corolla § in., minute!}
pubescent. Capsule nearly ^ in., clavate, pubescent ; placentae rising elastically fron
the base. Seeds verrucose.
3. D. KLurzii, Clarke ; patently white-hairy, leaves lanceolate, bracts
^ in. linear-lanceolate hirsute glandular-hairy. D. speciosa, Var. /3 only,
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 97.
Pegu; Kurz.
Stem stout, striate, patently white-hairy. Leaves 5 by 1£ in., acuminate at both
ends, thinly hairy on both surfaces; petiole \ in. Panicle 6-15 in., divaricate, lax,
patently white-hairy ; bracts and bracteoles with glandular hammer-headed hairs,
and also white-hirsute. Corolla £-§ in., slender, minutely hairy. Capsule ± in.,
clavate, pubescent, placenta) rising elastically. Seeds verrucose.— Placed doubtfully
as a var. of D. speciosa by Kurz ; the inflorescence is different, and the corolla is
considerably smaller.
552 cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Dictipiera,
4. D. speciosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. Var.a only,
leaves large lanceolate thinly hairy on both surfaces, bracts ^-§ in.spathu-
late-oblong obtuse hirsute glandular-hairy.
Pegu; Kurz.
Stem terete, glabrous, except towards the top. Leaves 8 by %\ in., acuminate at
both ends ; petiole 1| in. Cymes 1-1| in., axillary, often several together, sometimes
from the lower axils ; mostly subsimply umbelled, rarely compound ; floral leaves
| in., linear; proper bracts ^ in. broad, on cinereous-pubescent peduncles ^ in. long.
Corolla nearly 1 in., lower lip broad. Capsule (immature) clavate, minutely glan-
dulose-pubescent, 4-seeded.
5. D. zeylanica, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 474; leaves ovate acuminate
minutely scabrid or glabrate, bracts ovate or elliptic mucronate glabrous or
minutely pubescent. D. bivalvis, Nees I. c. 475 (as to the Indian material);
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 196; Wight III. t. 164 b, fig. 10, and Ic. t. 1551 ;
T. Anders. Thwaites Enum. 235, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 519, not
of Juss.
W. Deccan Peninsula from the Concan southward, and Ceylon ; frequent.
Stem glabrous, sometimes pubescent or densely woolly. Leaves attaining 5 by
2\ in., base shortly acuminate ; petiole § in. Inflorescence variable ; in the type of
Wight running into terminal panicles, upper floral leaves linear, peduncles £-1 in. ;
more often cymes axillary, abbreviated, peduncles ternate ; or peduncles subobsolete, or
the inflorescence reduced to one pair of bracts ; bracts \ in. broad in the type speci-
men, often only \ in. broad, never acuminate, either cuneate or subobtuse mucronate,
frequently nervose; bracteoles small, linear-lanceolate. Corolla \ in. Capsule
\—^ in., clavate, pubescent. Seeds minutely verrucose. — Dicliptera bivalvis, Juss., is
exactly Justicia bivalvis, Linn.; which, in so far as it relates to any Indian plant, is
founded on Rheede Sort. Mai. ix. t. 43, which cannot represent the present plant
(and may be Peristrophe montana). L. bivalvis, Juss., can, therefore, not even
partim be the present D. zeylanica.
** Inflorescence clustered subcapitate, i. e. each pair of bracts, subsessile
or very shortly petioled (see also 5, D. zeylanica).
6. D. cuneata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. Ill, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 481 ; leaves ovate acuminate glabrous, flower-clusters often long-
peduncled, bracts obovate elliptic or cuneate apiculate or mucronate nearly
glabrous. Wight Ic. t. 1552 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 521.
Justicia umbellata, Wall. Cat. 2467.
S. Madras ; Wight, &c. ; Tinnevelly, Beddome.
Pairs of bracts on short peduncles 0-£ in., often 3-8 together forming a subcapi-
tate cluster; these clusters often on a peduncle \-l% in., floral leaves supporting the
cluster usually reduced, narrow. — Otherwise very near the glabrous forms of D.
zeylanica with congested inflorescence : both T. Anderson and Beddome have, how-
ever, treated the species as distinct.
7. D. reptans, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 483 ; leaves elliptic acuminate
puberulous beneath, flower-clusters axillary subsessile, bracts elliptic acute
mucronate softly pubescent.
Mekgui; Griffith.
^ Stems procumbent, rooting; branches 6-10 in., erect, puberulous. Leaves 3 by
1 in., base shortly acuminate; petiole \ in. Peduncles to the flower-clusters 0-£ in.;
floral leaves ^ in., linear; peduncles to the pairs of bracts 0-£ in., minutely pubescent;
bracts nearly £ by £ in., 1-nerved ; secondary nerves oblique, subpromineut. Corolla
i in., slender. — Capsule not seen ; and anther-cells rather long for a Dicliptera ; it
is possibly a Peristrophe (as Griffith marked it in the field), and greatly resembles
P. acuminata wax.fragilis, except that the flower is smaller.
DicMptera.] cix. acanthace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 553
8. 12. micranthes, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 112, and in DC.
Prod r. xi. 484, excl. syn. ; leaves ovate acuminate nearly glabrous, flowe.--
olusters mostly in axillary whorls, bracts oblong somewhat obovate cuspi-
date ciliate. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 197 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 521.
'Centkal India, alt. 1-3000 ft.; from Behar (J. T>. LE.) and Chota Nagpore to
the Concan, frequent. — Disteib. Abyssinia.
Branches striate, puberulous or glabrate. Leaves 4 by 1J in., base shortly
acuminate; petiole 1J in. Bracts § by T'.j in., often nearly glabrous except the densely
white ciliate margins. Corolla scarcely exceeding I in., very slender. Capsule gin.,
clavate, very shortly stalked, membranous, glabrous except the minutely hairy tip.
Seeds very small, conspicuously verrucose.
9. D. Xieonotis, Dalz. ms. ; leaves elliptic acuminate glabrous, flower-
clusters mostly in axillary whorls, bracts oblong-lanceolate acuminate
cuspidate minutely pubescent. D. Burmanni, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par.
iii. 112, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 483 partly, not of T. Anders. ; Dalz.
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 196?. Justicia chinensis, Wall. Cat. 2466, letter c
partly.
Deccan Peninsula ? ; Wight (Herb. Propr. n. 2016). Goojeeat and Ajmeee,
Dalzell.
Closely allied to 2). micranthes, but the bracts, flowers, capsules and seeds con-
siderably larger. Leaves 3 by 1 in. ; petiole ^ in. Bracts \ by \ in., much acumi-
nate. Corolla | in. Capsule £ in., very hairy. Seeds much larger than in D.
micranthes, minutely glandulose-papillose, scarcely verrucose. — Nees grounds his JD.
Burmanni on Burmann's figure of a Java species ; this is D. Burmanni, T. Anders.
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 520. In founding the species, Nees states he had only seen
one specimen, viz. Wight n. 2016, which sheet named by Nees' hand is at Kew; but
it is not the plant figured by Burmann.
10. D. riparia, Nees in Wall. PL As. Par. iii. 112, and Cat. 7183,
and in DC. Prodr. xi. 480 ; leaves ovate acuminate glabrous or pubescent,
flower-clusters terminal and axillary subverticillate, bracts narrowly
obovate obtuse hairy ciliate, corolla § in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 520.
Pegu and Tenasseeim ; Wallich, Griffith, MLelland, &c.
Branches elongate. Leaves 4| by 1^-2 \ in., base shortly acuminate ; petiole 1^ in.
Flowers subsessile ; bracts unequal, similar, larger ^ by £ in.; bracteoles \ in., linear.
Calyx £ in.; segments linear, nearly glabrous. Capsule \ in., clavate, nearly glabrous.
Seeds minutely papillose, hardly verrucose. — Perhaps only a form of D. Rox-
burghiana, differing in the softly pubescent flower-clusters, and the very obtuse often
emarginate bracts. The numerous examples are exactly alike, but come from one
neighbourhood.
11. D. Roxburghiana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. Ill, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 483, excl. syn. ; leaves elliptic acute obscurely pubescent or
glabrate, flower- clusters axillary and terminal sessile more rarely shortly
peduncled, bracts cuneate-elliptic or obovate apiculate not acuminate.
T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 519, partly ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
196 ?. Justicia chinensis, Wall. Cat. 2466, letter D, said part B, C.
Plains of N. India, from the Punjab to Assam, Silhet and E. Bengal, frequent.
Bhotan; Griffith.
Stems 1-3 ft., elongate, nearly glabrous. Reaves 2\ by 1 in., base cuneate;
petiole \ in. Bracts nearly \ by \ in., often 3-nerved, ciliate, thinly pubescent.
Corolla | in. Capsule \ in., clavate, puberulous or glabrous. Seeds conspicuously
verrucose. — The whole of the plains form of B. Roxburghiana differs from Var.
554 cix. acanthacexE. (C. B. Clarke. ) [Didiptem.
bupleuroides in the broader, more or less obovate, bracts. Nees founded bis sr/ecies
on the common Assam and E. Bengal plant, and the original ticket on his type
specimen is marked Assam. Bentham, however (in Fl. Hongk. 266), says this was ail
error, and that this type specimen came from the Calcutta Botanic Garden ; but it is
not known how Bentham discovered this. Nees, however, is in error in citing Rox-
burgh's Justicia chinensis, for Roxburgh's Ic. Ined. proves this to have been the true
plant, long cultivated at Calcutta.
Var. bupleuroides, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. Ill, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 485,
excl. syn. Roxb. (sp.) ; leaves ovate or elliptic acute or acuminate glabrous or somewhat
pubescent, flower-clusters dense axillai-y and terminal mostly sessile, bracts linear
or linear-oblong nearly parallel-sided acuminate cuspidate. D. cardiocarpa, Nees in
Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. Ill, and in DC. Prodr. xi. 480. D. hirtula, Nees in DC.
Prodr. xi. 485. D. Roxburghii, T. Anders, in Joum. Linn. Soc. ix. 519, chiefly.
D. Roxburghiaua, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 526, not of Nees-, D. rupestris, Nees in DC.
Prodr. xi. 486. D. crinita, Nees I. c. 485, as to the Indian examples so named by
Nees. Justicia chinensis, Wall. Cat. 2466, letter B, C partly ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
125, Obs. only. J. canescens, Wall. Cat. 2423. — Throughout India in the hills,
alt. 1-6000 ft., abundant in the north, becoming rare in the Malabar Ghauts ; in the
Himalaya from Kashmir to Upper Assam and the Chittagong Hills ; Mt. Aboo, Stocks;
Central India. Distrib. Affghanistan. — A large very uniform series, varying only
slightly in the pubescence of the bracts. In the extreme forms the bracts are § by
T's in., glistening ciliate, and in some of Beddome's Malabar specimens they are almost
subulate. Though the bracts are often broader than in these, the plant as a whole is
tolerably well separable from D. Roxburghiana.
XLYIII. PERISTROPHE, Nees.
Erect, spreading herbs. Leaves entire. Flower-clusters axillary or ter-
minal, often panicled "by the reduction of the floral leaves ; bracts 1-4
together, linear or ovate, longer (rarely shorter) than the calyx ; bracteoles
linear-lanceolate, shorter than the bracts. Calyx deeply 5-lobed ; segments
equal, linear-lanceolate. Corolla rose or purple ; tube slender, limb deeply
2-lipped, upper lip subentire, lower very shortly 3-lobed. Stamens 2;
filaments pubescent below ; anthers 2-celled, cells linear (or in P. bicalycu-
lata ovoid), muticous, one higher than the other or distant. Ovary 4-
ovulate ; style filiform, minutely bifid. Capsule ellipsoid, stalked, usually
4- seeded, more or less dusky pubescent. Seeds ovoid, compressed, glabrous,
minutely glandular-papillose, scarcely verrucose. — Species 15, from Tropical
and S. Africa to New Caledonia and S. Japan.
1. P. bicalyculata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 113, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 496 ; thinly patently hairy, leaves ovate acuminate, panicle lax
divaricate, bracts linear or linear-spathulate acute mucronate, corolla £- ^ in.
Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 197 ; T. Anders, in Joum. Linn. Soc. ix. 521. P.1
Kotschyana, Nees I. c. 197. Justicia bicalyculata, Vahl Symb. ii. 13 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 126 ; Blume Bijd. 783 ; Wall. Cat. 2457. J. ligulata,
LamJc. III. t. 12, fig. 2 ; Cav. Ic. t. i. 52, t. 71. Dianthera malabarica,
Linn.f. Suppl. 85. D. bicalyculata, Retz in Act. Holm. 1775, 297, t. 9, and
Obs. i. 10. Ruellia paniculata, Linn. Serb.
Tropical and Subtropical India; from the Punjab and Scinde to Assam,
Pegu and Madras, very common ; not known from Ceylon. — Distrib. Tropical
Africa.
Leaves 2 by 1 in. ; petiole £ in. Each pair of proper bracts long-petioled ;
bracts ^ by ^ in., unequal. Anther-cells ovoid, remote, resembling those of
Dicliptera, not of other Peristrophes. Capsule ^-^ in. Seeds minutely glandular-
papillose.
Peridroplie.'] cix. acanthace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 555
Var. rivinoides ; young; inflorescence axillary very short-peduncled capitellate.
P. rivinoides, Wall. Cat. 2488. P. bicalyculata, Var. &, Nees ms. in Wight Herb.
Propr. n. 2018 c— S. India.
2. P. undulata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 496; puberulous, leaves
lanceolate undulate, panicles small close, bracts linear-lanceolate, corolla
| in. Justicia undulata, Vahl Symb. ii. 8, excl. syn.
Malabar (Koenig, fide Vahl). Nilgiris ; Beddome.
Leaves 2| by § in., attenuate at both ends, sinuate, in Beddorae's examples varie-
gated; petiole ^ in. Panicle 1-2 in. diam., terminal, hardly exceeding the upper
leaves ; bracts |-| by T'2 in., 2 or 3-4 together, 2-4-fld., lineolate, nearly glabrous.
Corolla purple-red, tube J in., limb | in., lobes 2 very shortly toothed. Anther-cells
linear, one placed close above the other. Capsule not seen. — This appears closely
allied to P. acuminata, as Nees states.
3. P. acuminata, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 113, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 496 ; leaves narrowly lanceolate nearly glabrous, panicles com-
pact, bracts \ by T'B in. glabrous, corolla \ in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Sac. ix. 521. P. Blumeana, Nees I.e. 496. Justicia acuminata, Wall. Cat.
2425, sheet B partly.
Tavoy ; Wallich. Malacca; Griffith. — Distrib. Java.
Leaves 3 by § in., acuminate at both ends, lineate on both surfaces, minutely
pubescent on the midrib beneath or glabrous; petiole £ in. Bracts 2-4 together,
\ in. long or in other cymes of the same branch scarcely \ in. Anther-cells linear, one
slightly overlapping the -other, upper usually narrower -curved. Capsule \-\ in.,
nearly glabrous. — The plants here collected under P. acuminata are separated from
P. montana by the much smaller corolla, and possibly include 2 or more species ;
but the material is insufficient. As noted by Nees, some of the specimens show
great variation in the bracts on one branchlet; yet species have been founded on
characters almost wholly drawn from them. In justification of throwing the species
into one, it may be observed that the Malacca plant marked P. acuminata by T.
Anderson is identical with the Java plant marked P. Blumeana by Nees ; but there is
no specimen from Burma (much less from Khasia) that matches this, as might be
inferred from Nees and T. Anderson : and MiqueFs P. acuminata from Java is very
unlike P. acuminata, Nees.
YAB..fragilis; leaves larger ovate-lanceolate, bracts § by ^ in. broadly lanceolate
glabrous. P. gracilis, Nees in Wall.JPL As. Bar. iii. 113, and in DC. Prodr. xi.
495, and in Wall. Cat. 7184 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 522. Justicia
acuminata, Wall. Cat. 2425, sheet B partly. — Tavoy; Wallich. Bangoon ;
M'Lelland. Mergui; Griffith. — Leaves 5 by 2 in.; nerves many, pubescent;
uppermost leaves linear-lanceolate. — The Tavoy example marked by Nees frag His is
identical with some of that marked by him acuminata.
Var. Jchasiana, bracts all small \ in. fuscous-pubescent. Justicia acuminata,
Wall. Cat. 2425, letter A right-hand fragments. — Khasia Mts. ; Wallich. — This does
not look like a Beristrophe, but the corolla and stamens are exactly as in P. acuminata,
type.
4. P. lanceolaria, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 114, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 496; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate nearly glabrous,
panicles densely glandular-pubescent, bracts § in. linear-laneeolate, corolla
If in. Pot. Mag. 5566 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Lmn. Soc. ix. 522. Justicia
lanceolaria, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 121 ; Wall. Cat. 2463.
Silhet and Jainteapoor, alt. 500 ft. ; Wallich, &c, frequent. Moulmein j
Parish. Tenasserim; Beddome.
Leaves b\ by 2 in., acute at both ends, pubescent on the nerves beneath orglabrate,
obscurely or not lineolate; petiole f in. Panicles strict, branches erect. Calyx
\-^ in.; segments sublinear. Anther-cells linear-oblong, immediately superposed.
556 oix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Peristrophe
Capsule | in., viscous-pubescent. — A strongly marked species ; the Moulmein plant
(P. grandiflora, Parish ms.) has the flowers hardly larger than in some examples
from Silhet.
5. P. speciosa, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 113, and in. DC.
Prodr. xi. 495 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or elliptic acute nearly glabrous,
floral leaves mostly large, bracts linear-oblong not acute nearly glabrous
many widened upwards, corolla If in. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ix. 521. Justicia speciosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 122 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2722 ; Wall."
Cat. 2464 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1915.
Subtropical Himalaya, *alt. 1-5000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan, frequent;
Wallich, &c. Silhet Station ; Clarke.
Leaves 5 by 2 in., base rhomboid or acute ; petiole 1 in. Floral leaves often
1-2 in., so that the flower- clusters often appear terminal or axillary subcapitate rather
than panicled; bracts § by £-£ in., subobtuse, sometimes spathulate, tips often
recurved. Anther-cells linear-oblong, one superposed half its length.
6. P. montana, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 113, and in DC.
Prodr. xi. 493, partly ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends subglabrous,
bracts large elliptic glabrous nervose, corolla 2\ in. Wight Ic. t. 1553 ; T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 521. Justicia sylvestris, Wall. Cat.
2468.
W. Deccan Peninsula from the Concan southward, and Ceylon, frequent;
Wight, &c.
Leaves 5£ by 1| in., raphides very slender on both surfaces ; petiole 1| in.
Bracts f by ^— | in., obtuse or minutely apiculate, not acuminate. Fdaments pubes-
cent ; anther-cells linear, one half its length below the other. — Described from Wight,
Herb. Propr. n. 2017, its type (named in Nees' hand) ; and includes all the S. Indian
examples of Nees and T. Anderson, not their Khasi material.
7. P. tinctoria, Nees in Wall. PL As. Bar. iii. 113, and in DC. Prodr.
xi. 493 ? ; dusky-puberulous, leaves short-petioled ovate subacute not large,
bracts elliptic subacute nervose not ciliate, corolla l^in. slender. T. Anders,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 521, partly. Justicia tinctoria, Boxb. Fl. Lnd. i.
123; Wall. Cat. 2465. J. Eoxburghiana, Boem. Sf Sch. Syst. Mant. i.
140.
India ; cultivated frequently from Assam to Ceylon. — Distbjb. Malaya, S.E.
Asia ; where wild not known.
Leaves 2-3 by 1-1^ in.; lower petioles rarely exceeding \ in., dusky-puberulous.
Bracts f by ^ in., somewhat nervose,. dusky-puberulous. Anther-cells linear, one
superposed for half its length. Capsule hardly £ in., shortly stalked. —A well-marked
cultivated form, described from Roxburgh's and Wallich's specimens. Nees has
diagnosed his P. tinctoria so as expressly to exclude (by the ciliate bracts, &c.) all
the examples ; so that the name P. tinctoria,, Nees, can only be understood to refer
to some of Nees' synonyms. The figure of Dianthera japouica, Thunb. Fl. Jap.
21, t. 4, cited by Nees for this species, is a Dicliptera, and with it much of Nees'
synonymy falls to the ground.
8. P. fera, Clarke; leaves long-petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate
more or less pubescent, bracts elliptic often elongate nervose ciliate often
hairy, corolla If in. P. montana, Var. /3 sylvestris, Nees in DC. Prodr.
xi. 493 (as to the N. Indian examples). P. tinctoria, Nees I. c. as to descr.
only ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 521, chiefly. Justicia acuminata,
Wall. Cat. 2425, left example on type sheet. — Peristrophe sp., Griff. Bin.
Notes, 36, n. 596.
Eastern Frontier Bhotan, Griffith. Assam and Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft.,
common, H.f. $ T., &c.
Peristrophe.] cix. acanthace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 557
Leaves 4i by 1| in. ; raphides obscure or 0; petiole (of the middle cauline leaves)
often exceeding 1 in. Bracts f by \ in., often obtusely acuminate. Corolla much
broader than in P. tinetoria. — Possibly the wild form of P. tinctoria. Nees, after
diagnosing bis P. montana as having non-ciliate bracts, has thus named examples of
P.fera with intensely ciliate bracts.
Vab~ intermedia ; bracts more hairy, flowers smaller. — Chittagong, alt. 1000 ft. ;
H.f. Sf T. Pegu ; Ktirz. Tenasserim ; Beddome.— This has been named P. jalap-
pafolia, Nees, but the corolla is much smaller than in the Malay examples of that
species. It is suspiciously intermediate between the P. acuminata var. fragilis and
P.fera; and both plants were collected by Beddome on the slopes of Mooleyit in
Tenasserim ; the corolla is the same size in both, and the only difference between
them is that in Var. intermedia the bracts are \ in. broad and hairy, but in P. acumi-
nata var. fragilis \ in. broad and glabrous.
XLIX. HYPOESTES, R. Br.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire or toothed. Flower-clusters spiked,
capitellate or rarely solitary ; bracts 2-4 together, free or united at base,
enclosing 1-4 flowers, of whieh all but 1 are usually reduced or obsolete ;
bracteoles shorter than the bracts, narrow. Calyx very small (or in H.
Janata nearly equalling the bracteoles), deeply 5-lobed, scarious or mem-
branous ; segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla pink purple or white (in the
Indian species) ; tube slender, limb 2-partite ; upper lip subentire, lower
very shortly 3-lobed. Stamens 2 ; anthers 1-celled, mutinous. Ovary
4- celled ? ; style filiform, scarcely bifid at the tip. Capsule ellipsoid,
stalked, usually 4-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed, glabrous, in the Indian
species verrucose. — Species 70, from Tropical and S. Africa, the Himalaya,
China and Australia.
Hypoestes purpurea, B. Br., Nees in Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 114 (Justicia pur-
purea, Wall. Cat. 2473), is a Malay Archipelago plant, cultivated from long ago in
Bengal.
1. H. lanata, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 343; leaves elliptic
acuminate entire nearly glabrous, spikes elongate interrupted softly hairy
axillary and running into large terminal panicles, bracts distinct linear,
corolla 1 in. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 197; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 522.
Concan Ghauts ; Law, Dalzell.
An undershrub. Leaves 5 by \\ in., minutely lineolate on both surfaces ; petiole
| in., sometimes winged. Spikes 6 in. and upwards; flowers mostly in opposite dis-
tant clusters, each cluster consisting of 1-3 bracts and 1 (with 1 or 2 reduced) flower :
bracts £-§ in., very hairy. Calyx \ in., hairy. Capsule nearly f in., stalked, pubes-
cent. Seeds verrucose. — Habit very remote from Hypoestes, superficially resembling
Strobilanthes perfoliatus, but the corolla and stamens are typical Hypoestes.
2. H. triflora, Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. i. 88 ; leaves ovate somewhat hairy
on both surfaces, flower-clusters capitellate axillary and terminal, bracts
narrowly obovate subobtuse, corolla scarcely | in. Nees in DC. Prodr. xi.
506 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soe. ix. 522. H. Wallichii, Nees in Wall.
PI. As. Rar. iii. 114. Justicia chinensis, Wall. Cat. 2466, letter E.
Nepal ; Wallich ; Tambur River, alt. 1-3000 ft., J. D. H. Sikkim and Bhotan,
alt. 4-7000 ft., Clarice, Griffith.— Disteib. Abyssinia.
Herbaceous, ramous. Leaves attaining 3^- by 2 in., mostly much smaller, crenate
or denticulate, sparsely hairy above, pubescent beneath; petiole 1^ in. Floioer-
clusters 1-5 (often 3) together, subsessile ; bracts opposite, paired, flower in one of
each pair nearly always 0 or much reduced ; bracteoles \-^ in., linear-lanceolate,
558 cix. acanthace^i. (C.B.Clarke.) [Hypoestes.
nearly as long as the bracts. Calyx ^ in. Corolla pink or white. Capsule £ in.,
nearly glabrous. Seeds verrucose. — The placentae tend to rise elastically, and the
inflorescence also draws this plant very close to Dicliptera.
3. K. malaccensis, Wight Ic. t. 1555 ; leaves elliptic acuminate
pubescent beneath, flower-clusters numerous capitate, bracts lanceolate
acute connate at base, corolla f in. slender. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 522. H. Decaisneana & laxiflora, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 508.
Malacca; Griffith, Capt. A. C. Wight, Maingay.
Branches herbaceous, diffuse, minutely pubescent. Leaves 2| by 1 in., petiole
\ in. Inflorescence dense, minutely ashy -pubescent; bracts \-\ in., several connate
into a tube, enclosing 1-4 flowers, of which all but 1 are usually rudimentary ; brac-
teoles \ in., linear, scarious. Calyx scarcely \ in., membranous. Capsule nearly
\ in. — This extends, with slight variation in size of corolla and degree of union of the
bracts, throughout the Malay Archipelago to the Philippines.
Order CX. SELAGINE2E. (By J. D. Hooker.)
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, entire or toothed.
Flowers small, solitary or spicate, irregular, 2-sexual. Calyx inferior,
spathaceous or tubular and 2-5-fid or -partite, imbricate in bud. Corolla
monopetalous, tube entire or split, limb 2-lipped or 4-5-lobed, imbricate in
bad. Stamens inserted on the corolla- throat or -lobes, 2, or 4 with a rudi-
mentary 5thr filaments filiform ; anther-cells confluent. Ovary free, 2-celled ;
style simple, terminal, stigma subcapitate or 2-lobed ; ovules 1 pendulous
from the top of each cell, anatropous. Fruit small, 2-celled,. indehiscent or
of 2 cocci, one often imperfect. Seeds pendulous ; embryo straight in the
axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons 4-cylindric, radicle superior. — Distrib.
Species 140, all S. African, except the European genus Globularia and the
following.
XiAG-OTXS, Gaertn. (Gymnandra, Pall.)
Perennial fleshy herbs. Leaves radical and cauline, entire crenate or
incised. Flowering branches scape-like, ascending, leafy above. Flowers
spicate or capitate, bracteate, blue or purple, ebracteolate ; bracts usually
broad, imbricating, as long or longer than the flowers. Calyx spathaceous
or of 2 sepals. Corolla-tube curved ;. limb 2-lipped, lower lip 2-4-lobed.
Stamens 2, inserted on the corolla-throat ; anthers very large, reniform.
Ovary 2-celled ;. style slender, jointed at the base, stigma capitate or 2-fid.
Drupe small, 2-celled, 1-2-seeded, sometimes separable into 2 indehiscent
cocci. — Distrib. Species 4 or 5, Arctic Regions and Mts. of N. Asia and
N.W. America.
L. stolonifera, Koch (Gymnandra), a species found from Armenia to Afghanistan,
has been collected in Wazuristan, alt. 5-7000 ft., by Stewart, close to the British
frontier. It may be known by its small size, narrow leaves, and long stolons.
* Calyx of '2 oblong sepals*
1. Zi. globosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. xxxix. 2, 80, t. 7, f. 1 (Gymnan-
dra); leaves long-petioled oblong pinnatifid, scape almost naked, bracts much
lai-ger than and concealing the flowers suborbicular densely imbricate
forming a globose head.
Western Tibet; Therichan Pass, alt. 15-16,000 ft., Heyde ; Gilgit, Col.
Turner {fid. C. B. Clarke).
Lagotis.] ex. selagine;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 559
Rootstock slender. Leaves few, cut to the midrib; lobes linear-oblong, widened
towards their obtuse or notched tips; petiole 2-3 in. Scape slender, shorter than the
leaves, with a few leafy .bracts at the tip. Heads 1— 1| in. diam., like a double
rose; outer bracts^ in., orbicular-obovate, concave (when dry membranous), inner
narrower. Flowers \ the length of the bract. Sepals obovate-oblong, one obtuse,
the other 2-toothed. Filaments slender, as long as the upper lip ; anthers small for
the genus. Style included, stigma notched. Fruit £ in. long, ellipsoid.
2. Zi. decumbens, Ruprecht Serf. Thianschan, 64 ; leaves long-
petioled ovate or oblong coarsely erenate, scape few-leaved, bracts much
larger than and concealing the flowers broadly ovate densely imbricate
forming an oblong head.
Westeen Tibet ; Karakoram, alt. 16-18,000 ft., Thomson, Henderson; Kara-
kasb Mts., Stewart.— Distblb. Thianschan Mts.
Rootstoclc small. Leaves 1-1£ in., obtuse, base cuneate ; petiole 2-4 in., tapering
downwards. Flowering stems ascending, longer than the leaves, with a few leafy
bracts near the top. Spike l|-2 in. ; bracts g- in. long,, entire, obtuse, membranous.
Flowers £ in. long. Sepals as in L. globosa. Lower corolla-lip 3- or 4-cleft.
Anthers subsessile. Style short,, included, stigma notched.. Fruit narrowly oblong.
** Calyx very large, spathaceous, hooded, concealing the corolla,, acute,
nerves meeting in the tip.
3. Xi. Clarkei, Hook. f. ; stem ascending leafy,, leaves elliptic-ovate
acute irregularly toothed, spike elongate, calyx longer than the bract.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Yakla, alt. 16,000 ft., Clarke.
Stems or branches 6-8 in., stout,, flexuous. Leaves, radical long-petioled ; cauline
2-3 in., sessile;, nerves many,, strong, reticulate. Spike recurved; bracts \ in.,
toothed. Calyx twice as long, ovate-lanceolate, complicate,, open by a narrow slit in
front nearly to the base, veined.. Corolla half as long, lips very short, subequal,
recurved, upper dilated at the hooded tip, lower obtusely 3-lobed ? Filaments adnate
to the margins of the upper lip. Ovary slender ; style exserted, stigma 2-fid. — A very
remarkable plant, more caulescent than its congeners. The specimens are very bad,
and the description of the corolla may want correction. I found at Tungu (in N,
Sikkim) what I take to be young plants of this, judging from the reticulate nervation
of the leaves.
*** Calyx spathaceous, dor sally plane, 2-nerved; nerves ending apart in
the terminal lobes or teeth.
4. X*. glauca, Gaertn. in Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. 533, t.. 18, f. 2 ;
stolons 0, leaves oblong ovate or obovate toothed or erenate petiole very-
stout, cauline obtuse, spike elongate, bracts obovate or elliptic equalling or
longer or shorter than the flowers. Maximovicz in Bull. Imp. Acad. St.
Petersb. xxvii. (1881) 523, excl. syn. L. decumbens. Gymnandra Stelleri, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Alpine Himalaya, alt. 11-15,000 ft., Boyle, &c. — Distbib. Mts. of Central and
N. Asia, and Arctic Asia and America.
Rootstock stout, with thick fleshy root-fibres. Leaves fleshy, radical 2-3 in., vari-
able in breadth and toothing, narrowed into the very stout petiole ; cauline \ to \\ in.,
\- am plexicaul, often quite entire. Floioering stems several, 3-10 in. high, decumbent
below, stout, leafy above. Spike 2-5 in. ; bracts g— | in. Calyx nearly as long as the
corolla-tube or shorter ; lobes minutely fimbriate. Corolla-tube rather slender,
tips very variable.
Vae. cashmeriana; radical leaves elliptic or oblong obtuse, bracts ovate toothed
rather loDger than the calyx, corolla deep blue much longer than the calyx, lower lip
2-cleft, or 3-cleft with the mid-lobe narrowest, filaments from half as long to as
560 ex. selaginejE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lagotis.
long as the upper lip adnate below to its margins, style far exserted, stigma minute.
Gymnandra cashmeriana, Royle in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 47 ', and III. Himal. PL 291,
t. 73, f. 3 ; Chois. in DC. Prodr. xii. 25. — Western Himalaya, from Chumba to
Kashmir, alt. 11-15,000 ft.
Var. Jcunawurensis ; radical leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse crenate-
toothed, cauline sessile ovate subacute, bracts broadly ovate rather longer tban the
calyx, corolla purplish tube about equalling the calyx, lower lip usually 3-cleft,
authers subsessile, style shortly exserted 2-fid, fruit ovoid rugose. Gymnandra kuna-
wurensis, Royle Sf Chois. II. ce. — Western Himalaya ; Kunawur, alt. 12-15,000 ft. ;
Rajhoti, N. of Kumaon, alt. 15,000 ft., Strachey Sf Winterbottom. — A stouter plant
than Var. cashmeriana.
Var. sikkimensls ; habit of Var. Jcunaivurensis, but flowers larger, corolla-lobes
longer, lower lip cleft into 2 narrow lobes. — Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 16-17,000 ft.,
J. D. H.
I follow Maximovicz in referring all the Himalayan plants to L. glauca, except
L. decumbens (the calyx of which is widely different, as are the habit and bracts).
That author further refers Gymnandra borealis, Pallasii, and Stelleri to the same
species, and I suppose with good reason. The two principal Himalayan forms,
Jcunawurensis and cashmeriana, are however readily distinguishable, if I mistake
not, by size, colour of flower, length of filaments, and stigma ; and possibly by
fruit, if, as I suspect (judging from unripe ones), that of cashmeriana is much the
smaller, narrower, and smoother.
5. Zi. spectabilis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. xxxix. 2, 80 (Gymnandra) ;
tall, very robust, stem leafy, cauline leaves sessile orbicular-obovate cuspidate
quite entire, spike long, bracts ovate acute toothed rather longer than the
calyx, anthers subsessile, style included, stigma capitate.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Phalloot, alt. 13,000 ft., Kurz.
Rootstock and radical leaves ,not seen. Stem 18 in., ^ in. diam., tapering down-
wards, naked below the middle. Leaves 2-3 in. long, ^-amplexicaul, decumbent ;
nerves very slender, nearly parallel to the margin, finely reticulate. Spike 4 in. ;
bracts \ in. Calyx-teeth fimbriate. Corolla-tube equalling the calyx ; upper lip
short, lower of 2 long linear lobes. — Probably a very large state of L. glauca var.
sikkimensis i I have seen but one specimen, without root-leaves.
Order CXI. VERBENACEJE. (By C. B. Clarke.)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, apparently scattered
in Geunsia, simple or digitate (in Peronema pinnate) ; stipules 0. Inflo-
rescence cymose, racemose or spicate ; cymes often compound or panicled ;
bracts various. Calyx gamosepalous, persistent, 5-4- (rarely 6-8-) toothed.
Corolla gamopetalous ; tube often cylindric, limb 2-lipped or subequal 5-
(rarely many-) lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely 2, 5-6. Ovary superior,
2-carpellary (except in Geunsia), 2-4-celled, or sub-1-celled, 4-ovuled (in
JPhryma 1-celled 1-ovuled), entire or 4-lobed ; style terminal ; ovules variously
attached. Fruit a drupe or almost capsular, 4-2-1-celled (with many pyrenes
in Geunsia), cells 1-seeded. Seeds erect or pendulous, albumen 0 (in the
Indian genera) ; radicle inferior (except in Phryma). — Species 700, chiefly
tropical.
Duranta, a large American bush, is much cultivated in India; it differs from
all the Indian genera in its 8-celled ovary, drupe with 4 2-seeded pyrenes.
Tribe 1. Phryme^e. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Herb. Spike slender, iuterrupted 1. Phryma.
Tribe 2. Yerbene^e. Inflorescence spicate, centripetal.
* Pyrenes of the fruit 2-1, 1-seeded.
Phryma.] cxi. VERBENACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 561
Shrubs. Calyx small. Fruit a drupe 2. Lantana.
Small shrubs. Calyx small. Fruit capsular 3. Lippia.
Small shrubs. Calyx narrowly cylindric, 5-ribbed. Stamens 4 4. Bouchea.
Herb. Calyx narrowly cylindric, 5-ribbed. Stamens 4 . . 5. Stachytabpheta.
** Pyrenes of the fruit 2, 2-seeded.
Herb. Calyx accrescent, enclosing the fruit 6. Peiva.
*** Pyrenes of the fruit 4, 1-seeded.
Herb. Calyx tubular, not accrescent 7. Vebbena.
Tribe 3. ViticEjE. Inflorescence cymose, centrifugal ; cymes panicled.
Drupe with 4 (in Geunsia many) pyrenes. — Trees or shrubs.
* Corolla regular, stamens isomerous, equal. (Leaves entire.)
Flowers 5-merous. Leaves scattered. Drupe with 5-2 pyrenes 8. Geunsia.
Flowers 4-merous. Drupe with 4 pyrenes 9. Callicaepa.
Flowers 4-6-merous. Drupe with 1 4-celled pyrene, included
in the accrescent calyx 10. Tectona.
** Corolla 2-lipped, stamens didynamous.
f Drupe with 1 pyrene.
Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers small 11. Pbemna.
Leaves entire or toothed. Corolla 1 inch 12. Gmelina.
Leaves digitate (in 1 species unifoliolate) 13. Vitex.
•ft Drupe with 4* pyrenes. (Leaves simple.)
Calyx in flower campanulate 14. Clebodendbon".
Calyx in flower large, patelliform 15. Holmskjoldia.
Tribe 4. Caryopteride^e. Inflorescence cymose, centrifugal ; cymes
panicled. Fruit dividing into 4 pyrenes.— Trees or shrubs.
Leaves simple. Cymes axillary dense or thyrsoid ... 16. Caeyopteeis.
Leaves entire. Cymes in a dense corymbose panicle ... 17. Glossocaeya.
Leaves entire. Panicle pyramidal, lax 18. Hymenopyhamis.
Leaves large, impari-pinnate 19. Peeonema.
Tribe 5. Symphoreme^e. Cymes 3-9-flowered, capitate; bracts of the
flower-head 6 or 3^, usually large, involucriform. Fruit nearly dry, small.
— Large climbers.
Bracts 6. Corolla 6-16-merous. Anthers long exsert . . 20. Symphoeema.
Bracts 6. Corolla 5-6-merous. Anthers included or shortly
exsert 21. Sphenodesma.
Bracts 3-4. Corolla 2-lipped 22. Congea.
Tribe 6. Avicennie^e. Cymes densely capitate. Calyx 5--partite; segments
concave, much imbricate. Fruit capsular, somewhat fleshy, dehiscent.
Shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers small 23. Avicenxia.
I. PHRYMA, Linn.
An erect herb. Leaves petioled, membranous, toothed. Spikes long,
slender ; bracts linear, small ; bracteoles minute. Calyx tubular ; teeth 3,
linear, hooked. Corolla small, tubular, 2-lipped; lower lip larger, of 3
vol. iv. ° °
562 cxi. verbenace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Phryma.
rounded patent lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers ronnd. Ovary
oblong, oblique ; ovule 1, erect, attached on one side near the base; style
linear; stigma shortly unequally 2-lobed. Utricle membranous, enclosed
in the reflexed calyx ; radicle superior, cotyledons convolute.
P. leptostachya, Linn. ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 520 ; leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate thinly pubescent, peduncles terminal and from the upper
axils. Gaertn, Fruct. i. 363, t. 75, fig. 10 ; Lamk. III. t. 516 ; Wall. Cat.
2088 ; Schnizl. Ic. Fam. Nat. t. 150 a ; Walp. Rep. iv. 36.
W. Himalaya, alt. 3-7000 ft.; from Kashmir to Nepal frequent, Wallich, Royle,
&c. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., H. f. Sf T., &c— Distrib. Amurland and
Japan, Temp. N. America.
Height 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-4 in. ; petiole £- 1£ in- Spikes 6-15 in. ; flowers alter-
nate. Calyx-tube \ in. ; nerves 15, in 5 groups of 3 ; teeth T'0 in. with purplish
hooks. Corolla £-J in., pink or pale purple. Calyx in fruit deflexed and appressed to
the rachis. Utricle ± in., oblong.
IT. XiANTANA, Linn.
Eambling shrubs,, pubescent or scabrous ; branches tetragonous, some-
times prickly. Leaves simple,, petioled, crenate, often rugose. Spikes
peduncled, capitate, ovoid or cylmdric ; bracts conspicuous, exceeding the
calyx; bracteolesO. Calyx small, membranous, truncate or siouate-toothed.
Corolla-tube slender, cylindric; lobes 4r-5, spreading. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, included ; anthers broadly oblong. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled ; style
short, stigma oblique subcapitate. Drupe fleshy or nearly dry, containing
2 bony, 1-celled pyrenes. Seed without albumen ; radicle inferior. — Species
40, tropical or subtropical, mostly American.
L. Caniara, Linn. (Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 598 ; L. aculeata, Linn.; Roxb.
Rort. Beng. 46. ? L. mixta, Linn, in Thwaites Enum. 242), an American plant, lias
run wild in India, especially in the W.. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon. It is readily
recognized by the numerous recurved prickles on the branches.
1. Xi. indica, Roxb. Sort.. Beng. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 89 ; leaves ovate
or lanceolate softly hairy above,, bracts ovate or elliptic acuminate softly
loosely hairy. Wall. Cat. 1823, type sheet a, b; Wight III. t. 173 b, fig. 3,
and Ic. t. 1464. L. latifolia, Tausch in Flora 1836, 391. L. dubia, Wall.
Cat. 1821, 2 and C not 1 ; Royle III. 300, t. 73, fig. 2. L. collina, Decne. in
Jacquem. Voy. Rot. 136, t. 141. L. alba, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 606;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 198; Brandis For. FL 369 ; Karz For. Fl. ii. 253;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 532, not of Miller, Dene., nor Link.
Throughout India and Ceylon in the warmer parts, common ; on the river-
banks of Bengal one of the commonest weeds. — Djstkib. Beloochistan, Trop. Africa.
A shrub, b-8 ft. high ; branches long, rambling, appressedly scabrid-pubescent, or
towards the tips patently densely fulvous-hairy. Leaves 1-3 in., opposite or ternate,
tip not rounded, rugose, above softly hairy, beneatb more densely often woolly some-
times wbite-woolly ; petiole ^ in. Peduncles numerous, axillary 1-3 in., usually
opposite; beads ovoid, usually \-% in., sometimes in fruit 2-3 in. long, cylindric*;
bracts \-^ in., upper smaller, ovate or even cordate in the typical form, but varying
to lanceolate. Calyx less than -,'s in., hairy. Corolla \ in., hairy, mouth £ in. diara.,
usually pink, the tube yellowish, varying from dull purple to white. Drupe £-^ in.
diam., purple.
Vae. albijlora, Wight ms. ; leaves small obtuse, outer bracts ovate minutely
closely pubescent. L. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 2655. Lintana n. 1, Herb. Ltd. Or.
R.f. # 2*. — S. Madras, in or near the hills ; Pulhey Mts. and Courtallum, Wight,
&c. — Leaves \-% in. Corolla £ in. diam. Drupe T'5 in. diam.
Lantancu] cxi. verbenacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) 563
2. Ei. crenulata, Otto Sf Dietr. in Berlin Gartenzeit. ix. 363 ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate very scabrous above, bracts narrowly oblong or subspathu-
late scabrid-pubescent. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xii. 598. L. indica var.
salvifolia only, Wall. Cat. 1823. L. annua, Hort. Calc, not Linn.
N.W. India, Rogle, Falconer; Moradabad (cultivated), Thomson. Madras ;
Vola Charn.ee, Thomson.
Resembling L. indica. Leaves finely crenated, very scabrid above. Outermost
bracts \ by ,'B in. Corolla from yellow to orange. — This plant may not be wild in
India, but it is not known where it is so.
3. L. trifolia, Linn.. ; Bot. Mag. t. 1449 ; branches patently hairy,
leaves often ternate ovate-lanceolate hairy somewhat scabrous above, outer
bracts lanceolate much acuminate hairs not closely appressed. Schauer in
DC. Prodr. xi. 607. L. indica, Wall. Cat. 1823, sheet B, letters a, d. L.
dubia, Wall. Cat. 1821, n. 1 only.
Throughout India, naturalized from the N.W., Royle, to Ceylon, Wight.
Bengal; Dacca, Burisal, Chittagong, J. D.H., &c. — Distbib. Trop. America.
Resembling L. indica ; so much so that termite-leaved examples of L. indica
are generally marked L. trifolia. Perhaps only a denizen in British India.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
L. scabba, Wall. Cat. 1822, is not to be found in Wallich's Herbarium.
III. X.XPPXA, Linn.
Fruit dry, separating into 2 1-seeded pyrenes. Otherwise as Lantana. —
Species 90, mostly American.
The genus Lippia can hardly be distinguished from Lantana, but the present
species is easily recognized by its creeping habit and alternate peduncles. Rheede
Hort. Mai. x. t. 93, sometimes quoted for this plant, has large bracts to the heads,
nor does it represent the creeping habit. Roxburgh, by some slip, has omitted the
genus Verbena in Fl. Ind., though he has it in Hort.. Beng.
1. Zi. nodiflora, Rich, in Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. ii, 15 ; annual, creep-
ing, minutely strigose, leaves cuneate-spathulate serrate, peduncles axillary
rarely opposite, bracts obovate shortly acuminate as long as the corolla-tube.
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 585; Wight HI. t. 173 b, fig. 2, and Ic. t. H63;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 198 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 532. Verbena nodiflora,
Linn, ; Burm. Fl. Lnd. 12, t. 6, fig. 1 ; Boxb. Hort. Beng. 4; Sibth. Fl. Gr.
t. 553. Y. capitata, Forsk. Fl. JEg.-Arab. 10. Blairia nodiflora, Gaertn.
Fruct. i. 266, t. 56. Zapania nodiflora, Lamk. Lll. t. 17; Wall. Cat. 1824.
L. repens, Bert. Bar. LtaJ. PI. iii. 27. Lantana sarmentosa & repens,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 752. Phyla chinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 66.
Throughout India and Ceylon, in wet grass ; abundant.— Distrib. All tropical
and warm -temperate regions.
Extending 6-30 in., much branched, often rooting from the nodes. Leaves sub-
sessile, 1 by £ in., sharply toothed, base attenuate entire. Peduncle 1-3 in., with very
rarely another from the opposite axil ; heads \ by \ in., ovoid or cylindric ; bracts
,'j, in., ovate, shortly acute, outermost not much larger than the others. Calyx
minute, 2-fid, hairy. Corolla l^-\ in., tube slender, mouth 2-lipped, lower lip rather
longer, pinkish- purple to white. Fruit hardly ^ in. diarn., nearly dry.
2. L. g-eminata, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. Sf Sp. PI. ii. 266 ; shrubby,
, leaves ovate-oblong crenate softly strigose, peduncles mostly opposite, bracts
ovate acuminate softly hairy. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 582, with syn,
o o 2
564 cxi. verbenace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lippia.
Lantana sp. n. 5, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T. Lantana canescens, Sort. Calc,
not Linn.
Bengal, frequent; below Dacca, J. D. H., &c— Disteib. Trop. America, a
widely dispersed weed.
So closely resembling Lantana indica that without fruit it is difficult to dis-
tinguish. Leaves and peduncles opposite or ternate. Peduncles rarely exceeding
^-1 in. ; outer bracts rarely exceeding \ in. Fruit j'B— Tl5 in. diam.
IV. BOUCKEA, Cham.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves petioled,' ovate or oblong, toothed. Spikes
terminal, linear, elongate; bracts much shorter than the calyx. Calyx
narrowly cylindric, strongly 5-ribbed, very shortly 5-toothed, in fruit slightly
enlarged, split to the base on the outer side (in the Indian species). Corolla-
tube very narrowly cylindric ; limb patent, 5-lobed. Stamens included,
didynamous ; anthers ovate, cells 2 parallel. Ovary 2-celled, cells 1-2-
ovuled ; style short, linear; stigma 1- sided, toothed. Fruit dry, included in
the calyx, of 2 elongate-oblong 1-seeded pyrenes. — Species 16, in the warmer
parts of America and Africa, 2 extending to India.
1. B. marrubifolia, Schauer in DC, Prodr. xi. 558 ; hoary-pubescent,
leaves ovate, corolla-tube £-§ in., mouth scarcely i in. diam. Wight Lc.
t. 1461.
Scinde ; Stocks, Dalzell. — Disteib. Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Central Africa.
Woody, much branched. Leaves 1 by \ in., coarsely toothed, hoary-pubescent
on both surfaces; petiole £ in. Spikes 2-5 in., nearly continuous; flowers alternate;
bracts £ in., lanceolate. Calyx \ in., subtruncate, inflated in fruit. Corolla-tube
scarcely ^ in. diam. Pyrenes ^-£ in., linear-oblong, black.
2. B. hyderabadensis, Walp. Rep, iv. 12; leaves ovate-oblong
glabrescent, corolla-tube £-§ in. mouth ^ in. diam. Wight III. t. 173 b,
fig. 1, and lc. t. 1462 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 559 ; Thwaites Enum. 241.
Verbena hyderabadensis, Heyne in Herb. Bottler ; Wall. Cat. 6318.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; Rottler, Wight, Thwaites, &c.
Branches woody, elongate little divided upwards, nearly glabrous. Leaves 3-4
by 1£ in., serrate, nerves beneath minutely pubescent ; petiole § in. Spikes 2-6 in.,
dense ; bracts £ in., laneeolate. Calyx \ in., nearly glabrous ; teeth fs in., linear.
Corolla-tube funnel-shaped upwards ; limb pink-purple. Pyrenes exceeding \ in.,
linear-oblong, slightly wider upwards, margined, straw-coloured, smooth on the inner
face (the thickened inner layer of tissue becoming white and flaking off).
V. STACHYTARPHETA, Vahl.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves toothed. Spikes terminal, long, slender (in
the Indian species) ; bracts long or short ; bracteoles 0. Calyx narrowly
cylindric, shortly 4-5-toothed. Corolla-tube cylindric ; limb oblique, patent,
5-lobed. Stamens 2 fertile, included; anther-cells ovate, vertically divaricate.
Ovary and fruit nearly as of Bouchea.— Species 40, in warm America.
S. indica, Vahl Enum. i. 206 ; leaves elliptic serrate nearly glabrous,
flowers ultimately somewhat sunk in the thickened rachis, bracts lanceolate
as long as the oblique 4-toothed calyx. Thwaites Enum. 241. S. jamai-
censis, Vahl 1. c. • Bot. Mag. t._1860. S. urticifolia, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
Suppl. 68. Stachytarpha indica & jamaicensis, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi.
Stachytarpheta.'] cxi. verbenace^j. (C. B. Clarke!) 565
564. S. villosa, Turcz. in Bull. Son. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863, ii. 197. Verbena
indica, Linn. ; Wall. Cat. 2656. V. jamaicensis, Linn. ; Boxb. Sort.
Beng. 4.
Tropical India from the Punjab and Silhefc to Travancore and Singapore;
Ceylon, plentiful. — Disteib. Trop. Asia and America.
A herb, 1-2 ft., nearly glabrous ; branches quadrangular. Leaves 1-4 in., sub-
obtuse, base decurrent. Spikes 3-12 in., nearly continuous. Calyx ^ in., 4-nerved.
Corolla ^-\ in., deep-blue. Pyrenes fc in. — Probably naturalized in Asia; the ex-
amples from extra- tropical India are almost surely escapes.
VI. FBIVA, Adans.
Erect herbs. Leaves toothed. Spikes slender; bracts small, narrow.
Calyx tubular, shortly 5-toothed ; in fruit enlarged, ovoid with a very small
mouth. Corolla-tube narrowly cylindric ; limb oblique, patent, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-cells parallel. Ovary 2-celled,
cells 2-ovuled; style linear, stigma on one side. Fruit dry, separating into
2 2-seeded pyrenes. — Species 9, chiefly tropical American.
P. leptostachya, Juss. in Ann. Mus. vii. 70 ; leaves petioled ovate,
spikes long interrupted, calyx with hooked hairs, fruit obcordate muricate.
Walp. Bep. iv. 35; Schauer in DC- Prodr. xi. 533; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 198. P. abyssinica & P. Forskalii, Meyer; Jaub. 8c Spach. III. PL Or.
tt. 453-455. Tortula aspera, Boxb. ; Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 359 ; Both Nov. Sp.
299. Streptium asperum, Boxb. Cor. PI. ii. 25, t. 146, and Fl. Ind. iii. 90;
Wall. Cat. 2657 ; Wight in Hook. Journ. Bot. i. 230, t. 130.
Deccan Peninsula ; Roxburgh, Wight, &c. — Disteib. Africa.
Stem 6-18 in. Leaves If by \ in., crenate-serrate, thinly somewhat softly hairy in
all the examples, but (ex Roxburgh) covered with stiff hooked hairs ; petiole 1 in.
Spikes 6-12 in., lower flowers distant. Calyx | by ^ in. in flower; in fruit \ in.
broad, hispid with 1-celled white hooked hairs. Corolla ^ in., white. Pyrenes
obcordate, with 2 rows of hooked small spines on the back, each presenting a large
cavity towards the axis.
VII. VERBENA, Linn.
Pubescent herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or ternately whorled,
toothed or pinnatifid. Spikes terminal, simple or corymbose ; bracts and
flowers small. Calyx tubular, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular; limb
more or less oblique, sub-2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, in-
cluded ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, cells sub-parallel. Ovary 1-celled, more or
less 4-lobed (sometimes even at flower-time 4-celled), 4-ovuled ; style short,
obscurely 2-lobed ; ovules attached laterally near the base of the cell. Fruit
included in the calyx ; pyrenes 4 or fewer, oblong. — Species 80 ; all except 2
American.
V. bonariensis, Linn. (Roxb. Hort. Beng. 4; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 541), a
native of Brazil, is naturalized in the Himalaya, the Nilgherries, and elsewhere in the
Old World. It has sessile, oblong, sharply serrate leaves, and short spikes in dense
corymbs or heads.
V. officinalis, Linn.; Schauer in DC Prodr. xi. 547; herbaceous,
leaves oblong or ovate pinnatifid or coarsely toothed, spikes panicled slender
ultimately interrupted below. Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 27 ; Boxb. Hort. Beng.
4; Wall. Cat. 1825; Hayne PI. Off. 5, t. 42; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 534.
566 cxi. verbenace,£. (C. B. Clarke.) [Verbena.
V. spuria, Linn. Sj>. PL 29. V. sororia, Don Prodr. 104 ; Sweet Brit. Fl.
Gard. iii. t. 202.
Himalaya, alt. 1-6000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, frequent. Bengal Plain
to the Sunderbunds, frequent. — Distrib. Temperate and subtropical regions.
Stems 1-2 ft., decumbent, then erect, quadrangular, puberulous. Leaves 2-4 in.,
variously lobed, base narrowed, lower petioled, more or less pubescent, usually hoary
on the nerves beneath. Spikes at first dense, in fruit 3-10 in. Calyx T's— T'2 in.,
apparently of 4 oblong and 1 linear segments united into a tube by their scarious
margins; teeth most minute. Corolla £ in., blue ; lobes subquadrate, throat hairy.
Pyrenes ^-^g in., oblong, 3-ribbed, smooth dorsally, their inner faces with minute
white flaking cells similar to those of Bouchea hyderabadensv}. — T. Thomson collected
at Kussoor, and Clarke at Chumba, a monstrous form with proliferous spikes, forming
densely branched panicles, the lower flowers all pedicelled, variously altered and
infertile.
YITL GEUNSIA, Blume.
Trees or large shrubs, stellately tomentose. Leaves opposite, every
alternate pair usually widely separated so that there appear to be 2 alternate
leaves on each internode, petioled, nearly entire. Cymes peduncled, axillary,
many-flowered; bracts linear, small. Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-6-
toothed. Corolla tubular ; limb equally 5-6-toothed. Stamens 5 ; anthers
exserted ; cells oblong, parallel. Ovary imperfectly 5-3-celled ; cells 2-
ovuled; style exserted, stigma dilated 5-3-lobed. Drupe small; pyrenes
5-2, 1-seeded. — Species 4, Malayan.
Gr. farinosa, Blume Bijd. 819; leaves broadly oblong acuminate
minutely toothed stellate-tomentose beneath, flowers 5-merous. Callicarpa
pentandra, Boxb. FL Ind. i. 395; WalL Cat. 1835; Schauer in DC. Prodr.
xi. 646. C. acuminatissima, Teijs. Sf Binn. in Batav. Nat. Tidschr. xxv.
316.
Singapore ; Wallich. — Distrib, Malaya.
A lofty tree. Leaves 8 by 3 in., base cuneate or rounded, mature glabrate above;
petiole 1 in. Peduncles 1-2 in.; cymes 2-3 in. diam., densely stellate-tomentose.
Corolla I in., lilac, occasionally 6-merous, fide Teijs, & Binnend. Drupe % in. diam. —
Resembling the arborescent Callicarpas ; readily distinguished by the mixture of
both opposite and alternate leaves, and by the 5-merous flowers. C. hexandra, Teijs.
& Binn. I. c, is C. Cvmingiana, Schauer I. c. 644, or very nearly so, and perhaps
neither is distinct from Geunsia farinosa; but Cuming's n. 1773, reduced to G.
farinosa by Schauer, is probably, as stated in Gen. PI. 2, p. 1150, a good species.
IX. CALLICARPA, Linn.
Shrubs or trees ; innovations stellately hairy. Leaves opposite, rarely
ternately, whorled toothed or subentire (in C. lobata lobed). Cymes axillary,
shorter than the leaves ; bracts linear, inconspicuous. Calyx very small
(less than £ in.), campanulate, limb minutely 4-lobed, unaltered in fruit.
Corolla small (about \ in.), tubular, subsym metric, purple or red ; lobes 4,
subquadrate-oblong, patent. Stamens 4; anthers exserted, 2-celled, glan-
dular. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style linear, stigma
dilated obscurely bifid. Drupe small (less than £ in.), globose ; pyrenes 4,
or by suppression fewer, 1-seeded. Seeds shortly obloug, exalbuminous. —
Species 30, mostly E. Asian, Malayan and N. Australian ; a few Polynesian,
Columbian and W. Indian.
1. C. lobata, Clarke ; leaves very long-petioled ample cordate-ovate
Catticarpa.] cxi. verbenace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 567
3-5-lobed mature nearly glabrate, cymes dense stellately tomentose shorter
than the petiole. Callicarpa sp. n. 27, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f $[ T.
Alpine N.E. Nepal ; Yalloong, alt. 10-11,000 ft., J. L>. H.
A deciduous tree, 16 ft. ; branches thick, stellately tomentose, crowded with leaves
at the tips. Leaves 12-15 in. diam., palmately 5-7-nerved, membranous; lobes ovate,
acuminate, deuticulate, stellately hairy on both surfaces when young, mature with
some stellate hair along the nerves beneath ; hairs stalked, often with 2 whorls of
secondary hairs ; glands scattered ; petiole 4-8 in. Peduncles 2J in., often 2 super-
posed in each opposite axil ; leaves fallen from the flower- bearing axils in the speci-
mens ; cymes 2-4 in. diam., resembling those of C. arborea. Calyx ^ in., funnel-
shaped, subtruncate, stellately hairy. Corolla | in., tubular, nearly glabrous in
flower ; lobes 4, short, ovate. Stamens 4. Fruit not seen.
2. C. arborea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 10, and Fl. Ind. i. 390; arboreous,
leaves ovate to narrowly oblong acute entire or nearly so closely tomentose
beneath, peduncles as long as the petioles closely tomentose, fruit purple
ultimately black. Wall. Cat. 1826, chiefly, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 641 ;
Brand. For. Fl. 368; Kurz For. Fl. ii 274. C. tectonaefolia, Wall. Cat.
1827. C. villosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. I. c. C. farinosa, Roxb. mss.
N. India, in the iower hills, alt. 0-4000 ft., from Kumaon to Assam, common in
the Sikkim Terai; Rajmahl. E. Peninsula, from the Khasia Terai and Muneypoor
to Singapore. — Distrib. Ava, Sumatra.
A tree, often 40 ft., with a thick trunk and round head. Leaves usually 6-8 in.,
base rhomboid, leathery, mature glabrate above ; stellate hairs beneath very close,
sessile, persistent, covering the numerous glands ; petiole 1-2 in. Calyx ^ in., sub-
truncate, stellately pubescent. Corolla £ in., puberulous, lavender or pale purple.
Berry ^ in. diam. — Generally to be recognized by the entire leaves with very close
persistent hard tomentum beneath ; but the leaves are toothed in Kbasian examples
collected at Nunklow, and the tomentum is spreading and very woolly on some from
the Malay Peninsula. Leaves usually cuneate at base, but rounded in the form C.
villosa, Roxb. C. villosa, Vahl, is a doubtfully Indian plant.
3. C. vestita, Wall. ms. ; arboreous, leaves ovate acute subentire
silkily white-tomentose beneath, peduncles as long as the petioles stellately
tomentose. C. lanata, Gamble Darjeeling List 60, not of Linn. 0. arborea,
Wall. Cat. 1826, partly.— Callicarpa sp. n. 3 & 4, Serb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Nepal ; Noakote, Wallich. Sikkim, alt. 1-4000 ft., in the outer valleys and
Terai, frequent ; Herb. Griffith, J. D. R. (Kew Distrib. n. 6042), &c.
A tree, 30 ft. ; resembling C. arborea. Leaves 4-10 in., base rounded or cuneate ;
tomentum beneath of stellate hairs having the secondary hairs fine, long and white.
Inflorescence stellately white or tawny tomentose. Calyx at flower-time nearly
glabrous. — Otherwise resembling C. arborea.
4. C. lanata, Linn, Mant. 331, not of Schauer, nor of Griff. ; arboreous,
leaves ovate or ovate -lanceolate subentire stellately tomentose beneath,
peduncles shorter than the petioles furred. Vahl Symb. iii. 13 ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 391; Ham. in Trans. Linn. xvii. 251 ; Wall. Cat. 1831 ; Grah. Cat.
PI. Bomb. 156 ; Brand. For. Fl. 368 ; Bedd. For. Man. 173, and Anal. PI.
21, fig. 6. C. Tomex, Poir. Suppl. ii. 32. C. cana, Dalz. 8c Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 200, not of Linn. C. Wallichiana, Walp. Rep. iv. 125; Schauer in DC.
Prodr. xi. 641 ; Wight III. t. 173 b, fig. 5, and Ic. 1. 1480. C. arborea, Mia.
in PI. HohenacJc. n. 152, not of Roxb. Tomex tomentosa, Linn. Fl. Zeyl.
24. Cornutia corymbosa, Lamk. Diet. i. 54.
Throughout the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, common; ascending to
4000 ft.
A tree, 20-40 ft.; tips of branches cinnamoneous, shaggy and woolly. Leaves
568 cxi. verbenace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) \Callicarpa.
4-8 in., base cuneate rounded or subcordate; tomentuin beneath of stalked hairs
often with several whorls of secondary hairs, usually dense, in a few examples from
Cochin tbin but of similar structure. Calyx at flower-time stellately hairy.— Other-
wise much resembling C. arborea and Hookeri. The leaves vary from subcordate
orbicular cuspidate to oblong and acuminate at both ends. The nature of the hairs
appears absolutely constant. C. lanata, Griff. Notul. iv. 173, and Ic. PL Asiat. t. 447
from Bhamo, has 5 stamens.
5. C. macrophylla, Vahl Symb. iii. 13, t. 53 ; shrubby, leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate closely crenate densely persistently stellate-tomentose
beneath, peduncles short, berry white. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 393 ; Wall. Cat.
1832; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 644; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 270; Brandis
For. Fl. 368 ; Xurz For. Fl. ii. 274. C. incana, Roxb. I. c. C. Roxburghii,
Wall. Cat. 1833, partly. C. cana, Gamble Darjeeling List 60, and Indian
Timbers 283, not of Linn. — Callicarpus sp., Jones in As. Research, iv. 233.
Throughout N. and E. India, ascending to 6000 ft. in the W. Himalaya ; from
Kashmir to Assam and Pegu : abundant in Bengal Plain. ? Deccan Peninsula..
A shrub, 3-8 ft. ; trunk hardly any, branches wand-like, usually shaggy as well as
tomentose at the tips. Leaves 4-7 in., acuminate, base rounded or cuneate, mature
glabrate above, tomentose with compound stellate hairs beneath ; petiole %-\ in.
Peduncles usually shorter than the petioles; cymes 1-3 in. diam., globose. Calyx
scarcely 5'3 in. long, stellately hairy at flower-time, lobes small triangular or hardly
any. Anthers small, ovate. — There is only one example of this from the Deccan,
marked as communicated by W. Barclay from Malabar. From Wight and Beddome's
silence it may be doubted if it is wild there. Rheede Hort. Mai. 4, t. 60, usually
quoted as C. macrophylla, looks as like C. lanata, but may not be a Callicarpa at
all. Wall. Cat. 1833 type sheet is the true C. Roxburghii (Schauer 1. c. 640), a non-
Indian plant. The typical C. macrophylla, Vahl, has ovate leaves, somewhat obtuse
at base, thickly white-tomentose beneath. This is common in and near the hills.
Roxburgh's C. incana is the less showy form, common in Bengal Plain (as he truly
says), with the leaf-base often cuneate.
Vae. Griffthii ; much branched, leaves smaller fuscous-woolly obscurely stellate
beneath ultimately glabrate. — Bhotan; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6041).— Differs a
good deal in habit from C. macrophylla, but connected by E. Nepal specimens collected
by Sir J. D. H.
Var. sinensis; leaves oblong-lanceolate closely denticulate, peduncles longer than the
petioles, anthers oblong larger. — Canara ; Gibson. Calcutta; cult. Distrib. China. —
Branches upwards dense with leaves. Teeth of the leaves with minute black glandular
points. Calyx in flower stellately tomentose, soon nearly glabrate ; teeth triangular,
in fruit sometimes longer than the tube. Probably a cultivated plant : it seems as
near to C. Reevesii as to C. macrophylla.
6. C. Reevesii, Wall. Cat. 1830; shrubby, leaves elliptic-lanceolate
closely crenate mature glabrate above densely stellate-tomentose beneath,
peduncles longer than the petioles, cymes somewhat lax stellately tomentose,
calyx at flower-time nearly glabrous. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 641 ;
Benth. Fl. Hongk. 270. C. nudiflora, Hook, et Am. Bot. Beech. Voy. p. 206,
t. 46.
Tenasserim (?) ; Falconer. Singapore; Murton. — Distrib. S.China.
May be a cultivated plant ; it is very near C. macrophylla. The leaves are very
handsome, dark above, white tomentose beneath ; the anthers are nearly as of
C. macrophylla var. sinensis.
7. C. cana, Linn. Mant. 198 ; shrubby, leaves broadly elliptic shortly
. acuminate at both ends sharply crenate-serrate mature glabrate above
densely stellate-tomentose beneath, peduncles very short, calyx in fruit
stellate-tomentose. Vahl Symb. iii. 12 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 392 ; Wall. Cat.
Callicarjm.] cxi. verbenace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 569
1834, type sheet ; Blume Bijd. 817; Dene, in Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. 401;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 643; Benth. FL Austral, v. 56. C. tomentosa,
Lamk. Diet. i. 562. C. americana, Lour. FL Cochinch. 70, not of Linn.
C. adenanthera, Br. Prodr. 513. C. Heynei, Roth Nov. Sp. 82 ; Blume
Bijd. 819. 0. bicolor, Juss. in Ann. Mus. vii. 77 ; Schauer I. c. 642. C.
sumatrana, Mia. FL Ind. Bat. ii. 886. C. dentata, Herb. Roxb., Wall. Cat.
1834 by admixture, not of Roth.
Penang; Wallich. Malacca; Griffith, Maingay. — Distrib. Malaya and
Philippine Islands, N. Australia.
Leaves 4 \ by 2\ in., suddenly cuneate and narrowed into the petiole, often
almost spathulate, mature shining above, usually very white beneath ; petiole |-| in.
Peduncles usually \-\ in. ; cyme 1-2 in. diam., globose. Fruit deep-purple, finally
black. — Widely cultivated for the strong contrast between the upper and lower
surface of the leaves. The figure in Bot. Mag. (t. 2107) is doubted by Bentham 1. c,
and with reason.
8. C. pedunculata, Br. Prodr. 513 ; shrubby, leaves broadly elliptic
acufninate base rounded closely serrulate mature puberulous above thinly
stellate-flocculose beneath, peduncles often as long as the petiole. Benth.
FL Austral, v. 57. C. cuspidata, Roxb. FL Lnd. i. 394. C. dentata, Roth
Nov. Sp. 81; Blume Bijd, 818; Wall. Cat. 6319. C. cana, Wall. Cat.
1834, n. 2. C. lanata, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 644, not of Linn., nor of
Vahl. C. tiliaefolia, Teijsm. Sf Binnend. fide Kurz ms.
Penang ; Wallich. — Distrib. Malaya, Trop. Australia.
Leaves 5 by 2 \ in., membranous, stellate tomentum somewhat deciduous; petiole
£ in., stellate-woolly. Cymes 1-2 in. diam., globose, dense, stellately woolly ;
peduncles %-\ in. Fruit ^ in. diam., dark purple. — Easily distinguished from
C. cana by the nearly concolorous surfaces of the leaf.
9. C. rubella, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 883; arborescent, leaves very
short-petioled cordate-oblong acuminate crenate- serrate mature softly
pubescent above tomentose beneath, peduncles short, calyx in flower
stellately tomentose. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 645; Benth. FL Honqk.
271. C. sessilifolia, Wall. Cat. 1837; Walp. Rep. iv. 130. C. tenuiflora,
Champ, in Hook. Few Journ. v. 135.
Sikkim, alt. 2000 ft. ; Clarke. Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft.,
frequent ; Wallich, H.f. Sf T., &c— Distrib. China.
An erect, single-stemmed shrub, 10-20 ft., with horizontal branches and com-
planate foliage. Leaves 5 by 1-1 \ in., parallel-sided or slightly obovate, closely
covered with short simple hairs above, concolorous beneath ; petiole -^-\ in.
Peduncles J— | in.; cymes 1-2 in. diam. , stellately tomentose. Calyx not membranous,
nor glabrate in fruit. Corolla pink. Fruit |-£ in. diam., fine purple. — Lindley's
figure represents correctly the Chinese form of this species having the leaves *' crossing
each other" subsessile, mature nearly glabrate above very thinly stellate-hairy beneath.
The description of Schauer 1. c. is taken from the Indian form, C. sessilifolia, Wall.,
which, however, has the petioles longer than the Chinese.
10. P. psilocalyx, Clarke; arborescent, leaves elliptic acuminate
denticulate mature nearly glabrous, cymes small short-peduncled stellately
villous, calyx membranous in flower glandular scarcely hairy.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. ; Wallich, J. D. H., &c.
A small tree; branchlets densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves 8 by 2| in., or 2\
by 1 in., base rounded or cuneate thinly membranous, mature with scattered stellate
hairs on the midrib beneath, tertiary venation close prominent, glands minute
scattered; petiole £-| in. Peduncles mostly very short; cymes usually few-fid.;
pedicels sometimes pink. Calyx 2'4 in., minutely 4- toothed, greenish or pinkish,
1
570 cxi. verbenace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gallicarpa.
minutely gland-dotted, with a few scattered hairs when young, whiteish or membrii-
nous in fruit. Corolla pink. Fruit scarcely ^ in. diara. — C. longitolia, Benth. Fl.
Hongk. 270 (not of Lamk.), in the glabrous calyx, inflorescence, and structure of
leaves comes very near this ; but in that the leaves are linear-lanceolate, and the fruit
very much larger.
11. C. long-ifolia, Lamk. III. i. 563, and HI. t. 69 ; shrubby, leaves
petioled broadly lanceolate acuminate at both ends serrulate mature thinly
stellate-hairy beneath, cymes short- peduncled dense, calyx stellately white-
tomentose. Bot. Reg. t. 864 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 394 ; Brand. For. Fl. 369 ;
Kurz For. Fl. 275 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 645, Var. 3 only ; Benth. Fl.
Austral, v. 57, not Fl. Hongk. 270. C. Roxburghiana, Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. iii.
Mant. 54. C. attennata, Wall. Cat. 1835. C. cana, Wall. Cat'. 1834,
partly. C. dentata, Wall. Cat. 6319, partly.
Malay Peninsula; Penang, Wallich, Roxburgh; Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib.
n. 6039), &c. Nicobabs ; Kurz.— Distbib. W. Malaya to N. Australia.
Branchlets densely stellate- tomentose. Leaves 5 by 2 in., base much attenuate,
mature nearly glabrous above, beneath so closely fulvous stellate-villous that few of
the largeish glands can be seen; petiole \ in. Cyme in flower \\ in. diam., densely
stellate-tomentose ; peduncle \ in. Calyx T'g— j^ in. Corolla purple or pink, or
sometimes white (fide Benth.). Berry ^ in. diam., white. — The details of this
description are from the Penang plant. C. longifolia, Hook. Fl. Exot. ii. t. 133, is C.
longifolia var. brevipes, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 270, which has subsessile obtuse-based
linear-lanceolate leaves, glabrous calyx, &c.
Vab. lanceolaria ; leaves narrower thinner mature beneath glabrate densely
minutely glandular-dotted, C. lanceolaria, Roxb. FL Ind. i. 395 ; Wall. Cat. 1829.
C. lanceolaria, Var. a subglabrata. Schauer I. c. excl. syn. — E. Bengal ; in the plains,
common ; also in the Khasia, Chittagong Hills up to 3000 ft., plentiful. (W. Malaya.)
— Cymes laxer, flowers and fruits smaller, than in the type. The abundant material
for this common plant is very uniform .; except that, while the leaves are generally
regularly serrulate, a form with them subentire appears in Chittagong, and is common
in the Malay Peninsula and islands,
12. C. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 394; shrubby, innovations
stellately white-tomentose, leaves broadly lanceolate acuminate denticulate,
panicles axillary long-peduncled dichotomous shorter than the leaves.
Silhet ; Roxburgh.
Leaves 4-5 by 2 in., mature glabrate reticulate above, hairy beneath. Peduncles
longer than in the other species. — Not seen ; the foregoing copied from Roxburgh.
Schauer reduces this to C. longifolia • but there is no form of that known with the
peduncles longer than in the other species described by him. His description points
altogether to C. Reevesii, for which the locality does not suit. Possibly Roxburgh's
specimen was a cultivated one, as C. Reevesii has been long cultivated.
X. TECTONA, Linn. f.
Trees, stellately tomentose. Leaves opposite or whorled, large, petioled,
entire. Cymes dichotomous, many-fid., in large terminal panicles ; bracts
small, narrow. Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-6-lobed, in fruit enlarged
ovoid or urceolate. Corolla small, tube short ; limb equally 5-6-lobed,
spreading. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, on the corolla-tube ; anthers
exserted, oblong. Ovary 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; style linear, tip shortly
bifid. Drupe enclosed in the calyx, 4-celled ; endocarp bony. Seeds erect,
oblong. — Species 3, the following and a Philippine Island one.
1. T. grandis, Linn. f. Suppl. 151; leaves opposite ovate mature
TectonaJ] cxi. verbenace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 571
scabrous or subglabrate above, calyx in fruit 1 in. diam. ovoid membranous.
Gaertn. Fruct. i. 275, t. 57 ; Boxb. Cor. PI. i. 10, t. 6, and FL Ind. i. 600 ;
Wall. Cat. 772 ; Graham Cat. PI. Bomb. 158 ; Schauer in DC. Pmdr. xi.
629; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 199; Bocq. Rev. Verb. 99, t. 10; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 250 (two); Brand, For. Fl. 354, t. 44; Kurz For. Fl.n.2b9;
Gamble Indian Timbers, 283.— Theka, jus*. Gen. 108 ; Lamh. III. t. 136.—
Bumph. Herb. Amb. iii. t. 18 ; Bheede Sort. Mai. iv. t. 27.
W. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 500-4000 ft., common ; from Centeal India to
Orissa. Malay Peninsula, alt. 500-4000 ft. ; from Burma (common) to Malacca.
— Disteib. Sumatra, Java.
A tree, 80-150 ft.; branchlets quadrangular, stellately tomentose. Leaves 12 by
8 in. (of seedlings sometimes 3 ft.), cuneate at both ends, mature with hard close
tomentum beneath ; petiole 1 in. Panicles 18 in. diam., and more ; flowers very
numerous, but only a few fertile ; bracts | by 7'3 in., deciduous, with also usually some
reduced leaves at the forks. Calyx (in flower) £-^ in., lobed less than half-way down,
stellatelv white-tomentose. Corolla scarcely ^ in. long1, white, glabrous in the throat.
Drupe | in. diam. ; cells 4 with a central cavity, densely hirsute ; calyx in fruit ovoid
or subpvrmnidal, membranous, often reticulately -nerved nearly glabrous, mouth very
small. — Teak.
2. T. Hamiltoniana, Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 68, t. 294, and Cat.
773 ; leaves mostly ternate whorled, ovate mature scabrid above, calyx in
fruit \ in. diam. narrowly urceolate densely woolly. Waif. Bep. iv. 99 ;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 629 (excl. the Philippine Island plant) ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 259 ; Gamble Indian Timbers, 293. Theka ternifolia, Ham. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 185.
Burma, at Prome; Wallich, Kurz. — Distrib. Ava.
A small tree, 30-40 ft. ; branchlets 6-8-angular. Leaves sometimes opposite or
4-nate, 8 by 5 in., base rhomboid or obtuse, white tomentose beneath or ultimately
softly hairy ; petiole § in. Panicle 6-12 in., stellately woolly ; branches ascending.
Calyx (in flower) £ in., lobed scarcely half-way down. Corolla \ in. long, throat
very hairy; lobes pale blue. Drupe £ by \ in., glabrous or with some soft wool,
4-celled without a central cavity ; calyx in fruit \ by \ in., narrower upwards. — This
tree flowers before the leaves are fully developed.
XI. PREBXNA, linn.
Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.
Cymes corymbose or panicled, sometimes thyrsoid, pubescent ; bracts small,
narrow. Flowers often polygamous, greenish or yellowish white, small (in
P. cordifolia and P. corymbosa rather larger, then scarcely \ in. long).
Calyx small, cup-shaped, subentire or minutely 2— 5-tootbed, subequal or
2-lipped. Corolla tubular, throat hairy ; limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed, or sub-
equally 4-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, 4-ovuled;
style linear, shortly bifid. Drupe small, surrounded below by the calyx,
globose or oblong-obovoid ; endocarp hard undivided 1-4-celled 1-4-seeded.
Seeds oblong. — Species 40, chiefly Indian.
* Calyx 2-hpped or subtruncate, lips subentire.
f Cymes forming an elongate interrupted thyrse.
1. P. racemosa, Wall, Cat. 1777; leaves petioled ovate or obovate
acuminate, spikes simple densely shortly villous, calyx minutely hairy or
glabrate. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 633; Brand. For. Fl. 367; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 263.
572 cxi. verbenace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Premna.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft.; Wallich, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6023); R.f. $ T„
&c. Tenasserim (Kurz).
A small tree, 10-30 ft. ; innovations minutely fulvous-villous. Leaves 3 by 1 J in.,
obscurely erenate, mature nearly glabrous, nerves 4-5 pair ; petiole ^ in. Spikes
2-5 in. ; bracts £ in., elliptic, nerved, whitened, deciduous, or much smaller incon-
spicuous. Calyx T'g in., usually whitened upwards, glabrate, lobed half-way down
into 2 rounded lips, or subtruncate and very shallowly lobed. Corolla £-£ in.,
greenish -white, mouth subequally 4-lobed, throat very hairy. Ovary nearly glabrous
at the tip. Drupe £ in., mostly 1-seeded, narrowly obovoid.
2. P. interrupta, Wall. Cat. 1778 ; leaves subsessile ovate or
obovate very shortly acuminate, spikes simple densely shortly villous, calyx
puberulous or glabrate. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 633 ; Brand. For. Fl.
367.
Temperate Himalaya, frequent, alt. 5-8000 ft., from Kumaon, Strachey 8r
Winterbottom, to Sikkim, J. D. R.
A small tree, 10-30 ft., resembling P. racemosa very closely, except in the larger
subsessile leaves. Leaves, those next the spikes 9 by 4| in., sometimes 6 by 3 in. ;
petiole £-£ in. , broadly channelled. Spikes as of P. racemosa, but rather larger ;
bracts % in., whitened, nervose, or inconspicuous. Corolla hairy in the throat.
Drupe (the few examined) 1-seeded, rather shorter and broader than in P. racemosa.
— Gamble (Darjeeling List, 61, and Indian Timbers, 293) says that this and the next
are large climbers, and it is very probable that they are so sometimes. But Gamble's
plants being published with imperfect diagnoses, and some being wrongly identified,
the information regaining others is doubtful.
3. P. bract eat a, Wall. Cat. 1772 ; leaves short-petioled elliptic or
obovate acuminate at both ends, spikes panicled and calyx densely puberu-
lous. P. racemosa, Gamble Darjeeling List, 61 ?, not of Wall. Labiata?
Griff. Bin. Notes 199, n. 1138.
Subtropical Sikkim, alt. 2-3000-ft. ; J. D: R, &c. Bhotan ; Griffith (Kew
Distrib. n. 6022). Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft. ; Wallich, Griffith, R.f # T.
A tree, 40 ft. ; innovations densely cinereous pubescent. Leaves 9 by 3| in.,
subentire, mature glabrate, nerves 8 pair; petiole ^ in., somewhat winged, or 0.
Panicles 7 by 4 in.; bracts £ in., broadly lanceolate, acute, or 0; cymes mostly in
distant capitate whorls on the panicle branches. Calyx ^ in. ; lips entire shallow, or
sometimes one minutely 2-toothed, the other still more obscurely 3-toothed. Corolla
| in., white, as of P. interrupta but smaller, hardly hairy in the throat. Drupe
not seen.
tf Cymes in compound corymbs.
4. P. cordifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 78; leaves subcordate-ovate
acuminate, corymb dense, pedicels very short hairy, corolla £ in. tube
cylindric densely hairy nearly to the base. Walp. Rep. iv. 94 ; Schauer
in DC. Prodr. xi. 632 partly, not of Wight or Beddome.
Penano; Roxburgh. Singapore; Lobb.
A shrub, 6-8 ft. Leaves 6 by 3 in., subentire, drying red, mature nearly glabrous,
nerves 5-6 pair; petiole 1 in., fulvous-puberulous. Corymb 3-5 in. diam., many-fld.;
bracts £ in., lanceolate, acute ; branches thick, shortly yellow-hirsute. Calyx -^ in ,
scabridly puberulous, 2-lipped ; lips broad, rounded. Corolla-tube twice as long as the
calyx, densely filled with hair within in the lower part ; limb 2-lipped. Ovary
glabrous at the tip. Drupe £ in. diam., subglobose, usually 3-4-seeded. — Schauer' s
diagnosis is taken from Roxburgh ; his description mainly from P. Perrottetii. P.
cordifolia, Wall. Cat. 2467, is not in Wallich's Herbarium ; but, as it came from
Gongachora, it is very unlikely to have been P. cordifolia, Boxb.
Premna.'] cxi. verbenace^i. (C. B. Clarke.) 573
. 5. P. corymbosa, Rottl. Sf Willd. in Gesell. Nat. Freunde Neue
Schr. iv. (1803) 187, 188 ; leaves subcordate-ovate acuminate undulate,
panicles dense branches diehotomous slender glabrate coloured, corolla \ in.
tube cylindric hairy near the top. P. densiflora, Wall. Cat. 1773. P.
cordifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1483; Bedd. For. Man. 172 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr.
xi. 632, partly ; Bah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 199 ?, not of Boxb. P. truncata,
Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863, ii. 215, ex. descr. Cornutia
corymbosa, Burm. Fl. Ind. 133, t. 41, fig. 1, not of Lamk.
Caenatic; Wight, Shuter; Cuddapah Hills, Beddome. Ceylon ; Burmann,
Thwaites, C. P. n. 193.
Leaves 3£ by If in., young sometimes woolly, mature nearly glabrous, upper
surface impressed reticulate; petiole 1 in., pubescent. Panicles small, pyramidal,
very dense, brachiate, patently deciduously pubescent with simple hairs ; bracts nar-
rowly lanceolate. Calyx T'5 in., early glabrate ; in fruit enlarged, 2-lipped, membra-
nous or whitened. Corolla tubular, limb subequally 4-lobed. Drupe £ in., obovoid,
3-4-seeded.
6. P. coriacea, Clarke ; leaves cordate ovate or orbicular shortly
acuminate mature coriaceous glabrous, corymbs large compound, corolla
£ in. P. cordifolia, Gr.ah. Cat. PI. Bomb. 155, not of Boxb. P. scandens,
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 199, not of Boxb.
W. Deccan Peninsula, in the Ghauts, from Bombay to Cochin, common ; Wight,
Graham, Hohenacker, &c.
A large climber (Ritchie) or a tree (Graham). Leaves 5 by 3£ in. , entire, mature
very shining smooth, nerves 4-5 pair ; petiole 1 in. Corymb 8 in. diam., 3 in. high,
closely shortly hairy ; bracts J in., lanceolate, scattered. Calyx T'2 in , cup-shaped,
truncate, hardly 2-lipped, minutely pubescent. Corolla greenish-yellow, throat
hairy. Drupe £ in., 1-seeded, narrowly obovoid.
Vab. oblonga; leaves elliptic or oblong often caudate. P. scandens, Wall. Cat.
1774, partly. Premna n. 23, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.— Khasia Teraij H.f. Sf T.
Nathpur; Hamilton. Sikkim Terai; Clarke. — A tree, 20-40 ft.
Vab. cuneata ; leaves oblong base cuneate often caudate. Premna n. 23, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. $ T.— Khasia Terai ; Silhet and Pundua, H. f. Sf T.
7. P. villosa, Clarke; leaves cordate-ovate shortly acuminate mature
densely villous beneath, corymbs large compound closely pubescent, corolla
£ in.— Premna n. 25, Serb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Deccan Peninsula; Mts. of Kurg, Wight, G. Thomson-, Wynaad, alt. 3000 ft.,
Beddome.
A tree (or a large climber, Beddome), closely resembling P. coriacea except as to
the indumentum. Leaves (mature) densely villous with simple straight hairs beneath,
most copiously on the nerves, glabrate above ; petiole 2 in. Corymb, calyx,
corolla, and young drupe as of P. coriacea, of which this may be a var., as Beddome
suspects.
8. P. scandens, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 82 ; leaves petioled elliptic and
acuminate or lanceolate entire membranous glabrous, corymbs large com-
pound lax puberulous many-fld., calyx subentire membranous in fruit,
corolla scarcely £ in. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 632 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
263. P. ramosa, Wall. Cat. 1774.— Premna n. 24, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f- Sf T.
Tebai of N. and E. Bengal, frequent; Sikkim, J. D. H, &c. ; Bhotan and
Assam, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6034). Silhet ; Roxburgh, Wallich ; Cachae,
Keenan. MaetabaN; Kurz.
A tree, 20-40 ft., or (fide Roxburgh) a large climber. Leaves 11 by 4 in., base
rounded or cuneate, nerves 6 pair ; petiole 1£ in., glabrous. Corymbs 4-10 in. diam.
574 cxi. VERBENACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Premna,
Calyx X in., cup-shaped, nearly glabrous at flower-time. Corolla bearded in the
throat. Drupe (fide Roxburgh) size of a pea, globose, "tubercled.— The immature
drupes appear narrowly obovoid, and the plant hardly to differ from P. ooriacea
var. oblonga, except in the thinner texture. Roxburgh says the petioles are some-
times hairy ; from which it may be doubted whether he did not erroneously refer
other things to this species. I cannot satisfactorily identify from the descriptions the,
P. scandens & cordifolia of Brandis For. Flora.
9. P. purpurascens, Thwaites Enum. 242; leaves broadly oblong
suddenly shortly acuminate entire glabrous, corymbs large closely pubescent,
calyx small truncate cinereous-pubescent.
Ceylon ; Ambagamowa District, Thwaites.
A large climber. Leaves 4£ by 2£ in., suddenly subobtusely acuminate, base obtuse
or subcordate, mature fulvous-puberulous on the nerves beneath or glabrate ; nerves
8 pair; petiole 1 in. Corymbs 6 in., straggling, with many small flowers clustered at
the ends of the branches. Calyx 5'3 in., obscurely 2-lipped. Corolla T'2 in., subequally
4-lobed, pale-purple, Thwaites. Drupe not seen.
Vab. ? paucinervis ; nerves 3-4 pair, not inarching except very close to the margin.
— Anamallays, alt. 3000 ft., Beddome. — A gigantic climber with the purple colour of
Thwaites' P. purpurascens by Beddome, and referred doubtfully thereto by him.
Beddome's specimen is very immature, but the nervation of the leaves U unlike that
of P. purpurascens, and may indicate a new species.
** Calyx 2-lipped, one lip 2-tootbed, the other subentire.
10. P. integrifolia, Linn. Mant. 252 (excl. syn. Burm.) .; leaves
broadly oblong or ovate subobtuse undulate or coarsely toothed mature
glabrous, corymbs dense minutely hairy, calyx sparsely minutely pubescent
or scabrid puberulous. Wight Ic. t. 1469 ; Brand. For. Ft. 366. P. ser-
ratifolia, Linn. I. c. 253 ; Wall. Cat. 1767 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 632 ;
Bedd. For. Man. 172 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 263. P. spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ltd.
iii. 77. P. sambucina, Wall. Cat. 1775; Schauer I. c. 631 ; Kurz I. c. 261.
P. viburnoides, Wall. Cat. 2646, letter C. P. subcordata, Turcz. in Bull.
Sec. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863, ii. 216. P. ovalifolia, Wall. Cat. 1782.— Gumira
littorea, Rumjph. Herb. Amb. iii. 209, t. 134. G-. integrifolia, Hassk. Hort.
Bogor. 135.
India, near the sea from Bombay to Malacca. Silhet ; Wallich. CsTiON.
Andamans ; andNicoBAES, Kurz.— Disteib. Malaya.
A small tree, or shrub ; trunk and large branches often spinous, branchlets
unarmed. Leaves 4 by 2\ in. (sometimes 1 by ^ in.), subobtusely very shortly
acuminate or obtuse, sometimes obovate, entire sinuate or in the upper half with a •
few coarse teeth, mature glabrous or minutely hairy on the nerves above or beside the
nerves beneath ; nerves 4-5 pair ; petiole \ in., usually somewhat pubescent. Corymbs
2-4 in. diam., short-peduncled, minutely cinereous-pubescent, and often with some
fulvous deciduous hair ; bracts T's in., lanceolate, pubescent. Calyx T8 in. , 3-toothed.
Corolla £ in., greenish-white, throat hairy, subequally 4-lobed. Drupe £ in. diam.,
globose,.3-4-seeded. — Some of the synonyms cited above are uncertain; specimens
with the calyx at all distinctly 5-toothed (rather^ than 3-toothed) must be referred to
P. lalifolia, Roxb. : it may be doubted whether any of the examples said to have
come (Brandis 1. c.) from Oudh and Gurwhal belong here. Gamble, however, says
(Darjeeling List, 60, and Indian Timbers, 295) that the tree is found in the Sikkiin
Terai ; and as he describes the tree as thorny, it would appear that he identified it
correctly.
Vab,. angustior; leaves elliptic narrowed at both ends obtuse, corymbs small. —
Malacca; Griffith (Ken Distrib. n. 6030). -Leaves 2£ by f in., widest about the
middle. Corymbs numerous, 1-2 in. diam.
11. P. parasitica, Blume Bijd. 816 ; leaves ovate or obovate very
Premna.] cxi. verbenace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 575
shortly acuminate entire glabrous, corymbs nearly glabrous, flowers mostly
sessile, calyx nearly glabrous. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 633. P. tricho-
stoma, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 892.
Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n.6019). Tenasserim; Heifer. Singapore;
G. Thomson.— Distrib. Java, Borneo.
A large climber. Leaves 5J by 3 in., base obtuse or cordate, nerves 5 pair ;
petiole § in. Corymbs 3-4 in. diam., puberulous, hardly pubesceut ; branches
somewhat thick, bracts deciduous. Calyx ^ in., 2-lipped, usually membranous,
glabrous after flowering ; one lip shortly 2-fid, the other subentire. Drupe
not seen.
12. P. divaricata, Wall. Cat. 1781 ; leaves ovate acuminate entire
mature nearly glabrous, corymbs compound many-fld. pubescent, calyx
subtruncate with 2 minute teeth. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 633. P.
lucidula, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 263 (? of Miquel).— Premna n. 33, Serb. Ind. Or.
H.f. Sf T.
Mergui ; Griffith. Malacca ; Mainyay (Kew Distrib.. n. 1198, 1199). Anda-
MANS (Kurz). — Distrib. Java.
A climber. Leaves 5 by 2£ in., nerves 5-6 pair, usually puberulous above,
beneath most obscurely dotted and sometimes pubescent ; petiole \-'2\ in. Corymbs
3 in. diam.; bracts \ in., lanceolate; flowers shortly pedicelled or sessile. Calyx
^ in., broadly cup-shaped ; upper lip in flower of 2 minute acute teeth, lower sub-
eutire. Corolla § in., throat hairy. Drupe £ in.xdiam., globose, 3-4-seeded. — An
authentic Javau example from Miquel of his lucidula has the corymbs stouter, the
calyx larger, more distinctly toothed, the corolla fully £ in..
13. P. punctulata, Clarke; leaves broadly elliptic suddenly shortly
acuminate entire mature glabrate punctulate "beneath, corymbs large
pubescent, calyx closely pubescent 2-lipped, lips subequal one 2-toothed the
other subentire.
Malacca ; Mainyay (Kew Distrib. n. 1200).
Leaves 5| hy 3 in., base obtuse or rounded, nerves 4 pair ; petiole 1 in. Corymbs
4-5 in. diam. ; lower bracts | in., linear-oblong ; flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled.
Calyx ^ in., closely minutely grey -pubescent; after flowering somewhat deeply
2-lipped. Drupe not seen. — This may be P. ceramensis (Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 893),
of which no authentic specimen is at Kew.
14. P. khasiana, Clarke ; leaves large ovate caudate-acuminate
entire glabrous nerves pubescent above, corymbs large lax pubescent, calyx
2-lipped sub-5-toothed.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4300 ft. ; Jasper Hill near Cherfa, H.f. Sf T.
Subscandent (Hooker). Leaves 7 by 4| in., base obtuse, shining, subcoriaceous,
young scarcely pubescent beneath, nerves 7 pair; petiole \\ in., pubescent. Corymbs
6 in. diam., straggling, closely pubescent with simple hairs and minute scales ; bracts
\ in., linear. Calyx j^-j^ in., pubescent; one lip distinctly 2-toothed, the other more
shortly 3-toothed or subentire. Corolla ^ in., subequally 4-lobed, glabrous without,
throat somewhat hairy. Drupe not seen. — From the subcoriaceous, shining, much
acuminate large leaves and scandent habit, the true affinity of this may be near P.
coriacea; but the artificial sectional character taken from- the calyx does not allow it
to stand there.
15. P. longrifolia, Roxb. Sort. Beng. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 79, not of
Wall, nor of Schauer ; leaves large long-petioled ovate acute entire mature
glabrate, corymbs compound pubescent, calyx 2-lipped lower lip shorter sub-
entire or obscurely 3-toothed. Walp. Hep. iv. 93.
Bengal ; Roxburyh.
A tree. Leaves 9 by 4| in., base obtuse or subcordate, mature glabrate epunctate,
576 cxi. verbenacke. (C. B. Clarke.) [Premna.
a little yellow hair clinging to the sides of the midrib beneath ; nerves 6 pair,
secondary reticulating nerves conspicuous ; petiole 2^ in. Corymbs terminal, short-
peduncled, 3-4 in. diam., closely pubescent and with some deciduous fulvous hairs,
exceedingly like P. integrifolia, but rather larger. Calyx -^ in., in fruit 3-toothed,
closely scabrid-puberulous. Corolla |-£ in., greenish- white, hairy in the throat.
Drupe £ in. diam., globose, 4-seeded (Roxburgh). — The two examples of Roxburgh,
one named by himself, agree exactly with his Ic. Ined. at Kew, and with his descrip-
tion ; and are very unlike the P. longifolia of Wallich, accepted as Roxburgh's by
Schauer. It seems very near P. integrifolia, Linn.
*** Calyx 5-4-toothed, subequally or obscurely 2-lipped.
f Leaves entire or nearly so.
16. P. milleflora, Clarke ; leaves large long-petioled ovate acute
entire mature minutely crisped-pubescent on the nerves, corymb large very
many-fid., calyx minutely 5-toothed. — Premna n. 30, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f.
Assam ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6028) ; Upper Assam, Jenkins.
Generally resembling P. longifolia, Roxb., but with a very large dense corymb
of very small flowers. Leaves 7 by 4 in., base rhomboid, mature minutely pubes-
cent on the nerves (primary and secondary) beneath, nerves 8 pair ; petiole 2£ in.
Corymb a foot diam., about 2000-flowered (in Griffith's n. 320), and calyx (^ in.),
minutely pubescent. Corolla ^ in., throat hairy. Drupe \ in., globose.
17. P. tomentosa, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 314 ; leaves ovate acuminate
entire mature stellate-woolly beneath, corymbs panicled densely stellate -
woolly, calyx shortly 5-fid, ovary upwards very hairy. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
76; Wall. Cat. 1769; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 634; Wight Ic. t. 1468;
Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 251 ; Brand. For. Fl. 367. P. flavescens, Juss. in Ann.
Mus. oVHist. Nat. vii. 77, not of Wall. Cornutia corymbosa, Lamh. Diet.
i. 54, not of Burm.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, frequent ; from the Circars and Central Pro-
vinces southward.
A tree, often 50 ft. ; branchlets densely stellate-woolly. Leaves 6 by 3^ in., base
rounded or subcordate, coriaceous, minutely glandular scabrous above, nerves 7 pair ;
petiole 1 in. Corymbs | in. diam., often sessile, upper branches (or nearly all)
alternate; bracts^ in., linear. Calyx -fa in., stellately woolly. Corolla £- £ in., 2-
lipped, hairy in the throat, greenish-yellow. Drupe £ in. diam., deciduously hairy,
ovoid, 3-1-seeded. — This is certainly P. tomentosa of Roxb., but whether of Willd. may
be questioned. Willdenow founds his plant as a syn. of Cornutia corymbosa, Lamk.
Lamarck does not say whether it was the same as Cornutia corymbosa, Burin. If it
was the same, which from the description seems not improbable, then Premna
tomentosa. Willd., is a mere syn. of P. corymbosa.
Vae. detergibilis ; mature leaves with most of the wool rubbed off. P. latifolia,
Thwaites Enum. 242, not of Roxb.— Ceylon; Thwaites, C. P. n. 2893.
18. P. pyramidata, Wall. Cat. 1779; leaves large ovate very shortly
acuminate subentire mature glabrous above hairy and somewhat woolly
beneath, panicles pyramidal many-fld. stellately villous. Schauer in DC.
Prodr. xi. 633. P. tomentosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 260; Gamble Indian
Timbers, 294.
Tavot and Amheest ; Wallich. — Disteib. Java ?
A large tree {Wallich). Leaves 8 by 5 in., from ovate to orbicular, base obtuse
sometimes subcordate, nerves 7 pair ; petiole 1£ in., stellately villous. Panicles 6 in.
diam. ; branches opposite, ascending, peduncles 1J in., flowers crowded at the ends of
the branches; bracts i in., linear, numerous. Calyx T'.> in., distinctly 5-toothed at
flower-time, stellately villous. Corolla | in., or rather more, stellately villous with-
Premna.] cxi. verbenace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 577
out. Drupe £ in. diam., globose, glabrous. — Brandis and Kurz consider tbis tbe same
as P. tomentosa ; but tbe rounded shoulders of the leaves, and the brachiate panicles
give it a very different aspect ; and the drupe marks it a distinctspecies. The Javan
P. tomentosa, Blume (Bijd. 816), is nearly allied to this.
19. P. bcnii alensis, Clarice ; leaves ovate or narrowly elliptic acn mi-
Date entire mature stellately pubescent on the nerves, corymbs spreading
stellately pubescent or tomentose, calyx shortly 5-toothed. C. longifolia,
Wall. Cat. 1771 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 634
Throughout Bengal Plain, alt. 0-1000 ft., common ; extending to the Sikkim
Terai, Assam and Cachar; Wallich, Griffith (KewDistrib. n. 6029), &c.
A large shrub, or a tree, 30 ft. ; shoots stellately tomentose. Leaves 8 by 3| in.,
ovate, or 5 by 2 in. obovate-oblong, mature Jwith minute scattered stellate hair on
the surface beneath or glabrous except the 7-8 pair of nerves ; petiole 1 in. Corymb
4-8 in. diam., closely stellate-tomentose without any patent hairs; bracts ^ in.,
linear. Calyx 4j in. Corolla |-£ in., 2-lipped, yellowish or greenish white, throat
hairy. Drupe %-\ in., globose or somewhat obovoid. — This has been supposed to
be P. pubesoens, Blume, in which the leaves are described as repand-toothed, and the
pubescence of the corymb as simple.
20. P. punduana, Wall. Cat. 2651 ; leaves elliptic acuminate entire
nerves stellately tomentose, panicle-branches elongate raceme-like, calyx
minutely 5-toothed stellately tomentose. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 637.
—Premna n. 26, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Khasia Mts. ; below Churra, Wallich, Griffith, H.f $ T., &c.
A large shrub ; shoots stellately tomentose. Leaves 8 by 3 in., base cuneate,
mature punctulate glabrate on both surfaces, nerves 7 pair ; petiole 1£ in. Panicles
6-8 in., pyramidal, densely stellate-tomentose ; branches mostly opposite, often 3 by
\ in. ; bracts \-\ in., linear-lanceolate, numerous, persistent, conspicuous. Calyx
-j'g in., obscurely 2-lipped, the 3 teeth of the lower lip wider apart (at flower-time)
than those of the upper, but hardly shorter. Corolla £- £ in., 2-lipped ; lobes stellately
tomentose without. Drupe \-\ in., globose.
21. P. integrerrima, Wight Ic. 1. 1484 ; leaves large oblong acuminate
entire glabrous, corymbs large minutely closely pubescent, calyx very shortly
5-toothed minutely pubescent. Bedd. For. Man. 172.
S. Deccan Peninsula ; Courtallum, Wight ; Mts. of Kurg, G. Thomson ; Tinne-
velly Mts., Beddome.
A shrub, 6 ft. Leaves 7 by 2% in., base obtuse or cuneate, entire or (fide
Beddome) sometimes serrate, nerves 5 pair ; petiole £ in. Corymbs 5 in. diam. ;
bracts £ in. ; broad-lanceolate. Calyx ^-^ in. ; lobes very small, obtuse or broadly
triangular. Corolla £-£ in., 2-lipped. Drupe not seen.
22. P. latifolia, Roxb. Hort. Peng. 46, and PI. Ind. iii. 76 ; leaves
cordate-ovate shortly acuminate undulate young softly minutely hairy on
both surfaces, corymbs closely simply villous, calyx strigose shortly 5-toothed
much enlarged in fruit. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 635.
Lower hills of the Coromandel Coast and Bengal; from Rajmahl to the
Southern Circars ; Roxburgh, &c.
A small, poor tree, attaining 25 ft. Leaves 4 by 2^ in., usually smaller, base
(in the type form) shallowly cordate but then usually with a small cuneate decurreuce
on the petiole, entire, rarely serrate, dusky pubescent, drying blackish above cinereous
beneath, mature usually pubescent at least on tbe nerves ; nerves 7 pair, reticulations
distinct; petiole ^ in. Corymbs 2-3 in. diam., bard y brachiate; bracts small, deci-
duous. Calyx -,'s in., in fruit often nearly £ in. diam. Corolla £-, in., 2-lipped,
densely hairy in the throat. Drupe £ in. diam., globose, hardly verrucose. —
VOL. IV. P p
578 cxi. verbenace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Premna.
Roxburgh grounds his species on the cordate base of the leaves : this form appears
confined to the Coromandel Hills.
Var. cuneata; leaf-base rhomboid or cnneate, calyx strigose. P. viburnoides,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 261.— Pegu ; Kurz. Burma ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6035). — A
small tree of the dusky sombre colour of P. latifolia Roxb. type, the leaves drying
blue-black above, ashy beneath, often very pubescent when young.
Vab. mollissima ; leaves small base obtuse or rhomboid, corymbs 1\ in. diam.
P. mollissima, Roth Nov. Sp. 287; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 638. P. viburnoides,
Wall. Cat. 2646, letter a only ; Schauer I. c. 635, chiefly.— Madras ; Wight. — This
looks like a burnt-up form of Var. cuneata, than which it is not more hairy, but
has smaller calyx and corolla.
Vab. mucronata ; leaves cuneate at both ends mature minutely pubescent on
the midrib beneath, corymbs somewhat broad rusty-pubescent, calyx subpatently
pubescent. P. mucronata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 635 ; Wall. Cat. 1766 ; Schauer in
DC. Prodr. xi. 635 ; Brand. For. Fl. 366. — N. India from Kumaon to Bhotan and
the Khasia Mts., ascending to 5000 ft, and spreading into Bengal Plain, common,
Wallich, H.f Sf T., &c— This could not be distinguished from P. latifolia by Wallich
or Brandis, and seems to be a state of P. latifolia grown in a moister soil. The
leaves are often 6 in. long, the drupes larger and more verrucose.
Vab. viburnoides, Wall. Cat. 2646, letter b only ; leaves ovate base rhomboid
glabrate drying green surfaces concolorous. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 635, in sm ill
part. P. latifolia, Wight Ic. t. 869. — S. Deccan Peninsula ; Cochin and Gingee Hills,
Wight ; near Madras, G. Thomson. — Leaves broad, not cordate, nearly glabrous even
when young. — This may be a distinct species ; the green colour easily separates it from
all the preceding forms of P. latifolia.
23. P. flavescens, Ham. ; Wall. Cat. 2649 ; leaves ovate or obovate
acuminate entire mature setulose above villous beneath, corymbs large
densely pubescent, calyx closely pubescent shortly 5-toothed.
£. Bengal; Goal para, Hamilton ; Dacca, Clarke.
A shrub or a small tree ; shoots villous or woolly. Leaves 6 by 2J in., base obtuse
or subcordate, upper surface with minute scattered hairs erect from the reticulating
nerves; nerves 7 pair; petiole 1 in. Corymbs 4-7 in. diam., usually rusty-villous ;
bracts \'m., linear. Calyx -jj in. Corolla §-£ in., 2-lipped, very hairy below within.
Drupe 1 in.
Vab. glabrior ; leaves setulose above sparingly pubescent or glabrate beneath
green. Premna n. 24, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f 8c T.— Subtropical Sikkim, alt. 3000 ft.,
Clarke. Silhet ; H.f. Sf T.
Var. rubens; leaves setulose above glabrate beneath drying usually reddish.
Premna n. 32, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f Sc T.— Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6020 .
(Java.) — Possibly a distinct species ; but, except as to the colour of the leaves, no
diagnostic mark has been found to separate it from Var. glabrior.
24. P. micrantha, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 635 ; leaves ovate
acuminate entire mature setulose above somewhat pubescent beneath,
corymbs compound minutely pubescent, calyx very small minutely 5-toothed.
P. scandens, Wall. Cat. 1774, in small part.
Silhet ; Wallich.
Leaves 3| by If in., base rounded. Calyx 5',-^ in. when the flower is expanded. —
This very closely resembles P. flavescens, Ham., and may be a form of it ; it differs in
the very small calyx. The bristliuess of the upper surface of the leaves is peculiar to
P. flavescens and P. micrantha among Premnas.
25. P. Wig-htiana, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 635; leaves ovate
shortly acuminate subentire mature sparsely pubescent above, panicles
narrow subthyrsoid in fruit minutely thinly scabrid-pubescent, calyx-teeth
5 subequal ovate or triangular. P. thyrsiflora, Heyne; Wall. Cat. 1770.
Premr/a.] cxi. verbenace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 579
S. Dhccan Peninsula; Heyne ; Sira Mullee, Wight-, Anamallay Mts., Beddome.
Appears a large rambling or subscandent shrub. Leaves 3 by 2 in. (mostly
smaller), membranous, base obtuse or subcordate, undulate, rarely shallowly crenate,
mature nearly glabrous beneath ; nerves 5 pair, secondary distinct ; petiole £-J in.
Panicle 1£ in., pyramidal; in fruit often 2-3 in., oblong; bracts -^ in., lanceolate,
persistent, nearly glabrous. Calyx •}, in , minutely scabrid, hardly pubescent. Corolla
$ in., glabrate without, subequally 4-fid. Drupe £ in., obovoid, dry tubercular-rugose.
26. P. Thwaitesii, Clarke ; leaves ovate acuminate entire or remotely
crenate softly hairy beneath, panicles subthyrsoid densely shortly villous,
calyx shortly subequally 5-toothed. P. micrantha, Thwaites Mnum. 242,
not of Schauer.
Ceylon; Thwaites.
A tree, 8-10 ft. (Thwaites). Leaves 3 by 1£ in., base cuneate, minutely hairy
above, densely deciduously simply hairy beneath, nerves 5 pair; petiole %-\ in., villous.
Panicle 1| by 1 in., densely branched; bracts £ in., linear, villous, persistent.
Calyx ■j'g—f'j in., minutely appressedly hairy. Corolla £-£ in., yellowish. Drupe £ in.
diain., globose, smooth. — Possibly a var. of P. Wightiana, but not at all like P.
micrantha, Schauer.
ff Leaves {mature) tootlied (teeth sometimes very few in P. barbata).
27. P. thyrsoidea, Wight Ic. 1. 1485 ; leaves ovate shortly acuminate
serrate mature glabrate, panicle thyrsoid villous or woolly, calyx pubescent
or villous shortly subequally 5-toothed.
Travancore and Courtallum ; Wight.
A small tree or large shrub (Wight). Leaves 3£ by 2 in., base rhomboid or sub-
cordate, mature minutely pubescent on the nerves or glabrous; nerves 5 pair, secondary
distinct; petiole \-\ in. Panicle (in flower) 4 by 2 in., densely branched; bracts
subpersistent. Calyx T'B in. Corolla \-^ in., glabrous without ; lobes 4, subequal.
Drupe J in., globos-e. verrucose-tubercular. — Wight subsequently reduced this species
to P. Wightiana, Schauer, remarking that the thyrse was much larger. This may be
so, but in addition to the differences noted by Wight, the leaves are always serrate,
and the indumentum differs. Beddome's description of P. Wightiana (For. Man.
173) is designed to include the two.
28. P. barbata, Wall. Cat. 1768; leaves oblong or ovate acuminate
more or less toothed mature minutely pubescent beneath, corymbs villous
with small simple hairs, calyx subequally 4-toothed glabrate or pubescent.
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 636; Brand. For. Fl. 366. P. cana, Wall. Cat.
1783.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 500-5000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan, frequent ;
Wallich, H.f. Sr T., &c.
A small tree or a 6hrub. Leaves 6 by 1|-2J in., base obtuse sometimes subcordate,
usually distinctly toothed, sometimes with only a few teeth towards the tip, young
softly minutely pubescent ou both surfaces, mature nearly glabrous above, nerves 6
pair ; petiole 1 in. Corymbs 1-2| in. diam., somewhat dense, in fruit sometimes
subglabrate; bracts small, linear, deciduous. Calyx T'2 in.; teeth oblong, obtuse.
Corolla |-£ in., 2-lipped, hairy in the throat. Drupe £ in., globose or somewhat
obovoid, glabrous obscurely verrucose.
Var. anodon ; lea'ves very sparingly toothed, often nearly glabrous when young. —
Sikkim and Bhotan, frequent ; Clarke.
29. P. pingnis, Clarke-, leaves ovate acuminate serrate mature
pubescent on the nerves, corymbs dense subsessile, calyx subequally
5-toothed glandular scarcely pubescent. Premna n. 22, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f. <Sf T.
p p 2
580 cxi. verbenacejs. (C. B. Clarke.) [Premna.
Assam ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6025). Khasia Tebai ; BZ.f.Sr T.— Distrib.
Ava.
An undershrub ; stems 1-1§ foot (Griffith), tbick, patently hairy. Leaves 6J by 4|
in., somewhat coriaceous, base rounded often cordate, serrate nearly to the base, sparsely
pubescent on both surfaces when young, nerves 5 pair ; petiole 1 in., pubescent or
woolly. Corymb (in flower) \\ in diara., in fruit %\ in. ; branches hairy. Calyx T'5 in.,
green. Corolla \-\ in., white. Drupe £ in., obovoid, smooth, purple.
30. P- esculent a, Roxb. Hort. Peng. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 80 ; leaves
short-petioled obovate or elliptic acuminate sharply serrate, corymbs com-
pact nearly glabrous, calyx minutely 5-toothed, corolla £ in. Wall. Cat.
1761 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 636 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 261.
Assam (without name of collector). Chittagong ; fide Roxburgh. — Cultivated
in the Calcutta Botanic Garden.
A branching shrub, 6-8 ft., trunk hardly any. Leaves 6J by 3 in., base entire
cuneate suddenly narrowed sometimes very shortly cordate, mature glabrate, nerves
5 pair; petiole \ in., obscurely puberulous. Corymb 2| in. diam., short-peduncled,
globose, many-fld., bracts -^ in., linear. Calyx T's in., cup-shaped, obscurely puberulous ;
somewhat enlarged, more distinctly toothed, in fruit. Corolla yellowish-white, 2-
lipped, throat hairy. Drupe £ in., globose or somewhat obovoid, usually 3-4-seeded.
— All the examples seen of this appear to be cultivated ; and the native habitat is
uncertain.
31. P. amplectens, Wall. Cat. 1762 ; leaves sessile narrowly obovate
acuminate serrate, corymbs compact nearly glabrous, calyx minutely 5-
toothed, corolla § in. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 636; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
262. P. angustata, Wall. Cat. 1763.— Clerodendron n. 33, Herb. DZ.f. Sr T.
Rangoon; Wallich, M'Lelland. Pegu, Maetaban and Uppeb Tenassebim,
common, Kurz.
An undershrub (Kurz), throwing up flower-shoots 1-2 ft. high after the jungle
fires. Leaves whitened underneath; sessile cordate, or petiole sometimes ^ in. (Kurz).
— This agrees so closely with P. esculent a except in the want of petioles, that it may
be the wild state of it. P. angustata, Wall., is the same, the leaves being 10 by 4 in.
32. P. macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 1765; leaves sessile elongate-obovate
remotely shallowly toothed, corymbs compact patently softly pubescent,
calyx 5-toothed enlarged in. fruit. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 636; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 262.
Pbome Hills ; Wallich. Mabtaban and Pegu ; common (Kurz).
A low undershrub, sending up flower-shoots 1-2 ft. after the jungle fires; all the
young parts softly pubescent. Leaves 12 by 4 in., base attenuate cuneate, whitened
beneath, mature glabrous. Corymbs 2 in. diam., dense, softly hairy even in fruit ;
bracts \ in., narrowly lanceolate, hairy, persistent. Calyx in fruit \ in., deeply 2-lioped,
striate. Drupe £ in., tubercular-rugose (in the dried state), usually 2-seeded (Kurz).
— Perhaps a var. of P. amplectens, of which the drupe when dried appears nearly
smooth (as in P. esculenta).
33. P. procumbens, Moon ; Wall. Cat. 1780 ; leaves cordate- oblong
acute serrate mature glabrescent, corymbs small subsessile globose pubescent,
calyx shortly 5-toothed. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 636.
Ceylon, fide Wallich ; not uncommon in the hotter parts of the island, Thwaites.
Branches minutely strigose-pubescent. Leaves 8§" by 1\ in., base abrupt or
cordate, sparsely pubescent above when young, nerves 5 pair; petiole ^ in. Corymbs
1 in. diam. ; in fruit l|-2 in., pyramidal or subthyrsoid. Calyx -,'2 in., minutely
pubescent or scabrid. Corolla £ in. Drupe \ in., obovoid, tuberculate. — All the
specimens seen are from the Calcutta Botanic Garden, cultivated.
Premna.] cxi. verbenace2e. (C. B. Clarke.) 581
34. P. herbacea, Roxb. Sort. Beng. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 80 ; stem
hardly any, leaves sessile obovate coarsely serrate mature pubescent on the
nerves, corymbs small, calyx subequally 5- toothed. Schauer in DC. Prodr.
xi. 637 ; G-rijf. Itin. Notes, p. 96, n. 1422, and Ic. t. 447, lower Jig. ; Brand.
For. Fl. 368. P. pygmaea, Wall. Cat. 1776.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 500-3000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan, frequent in
the Terai, Wallich, he. S. Deccan Peni«\8ULA; Mudurnallay, Beddome.
A small undershrub ; flowering branches 1-4 in., springing up after the jungle fires.
Leaves 4 by 2-3 in., obtuse, mature microsropically dotted above, minutely deeiduously
pubescent beneath, nerves 5 pair. Corymbs \\ in. diam., pubesc-nt, somewhat dense ;
peduncle 0-1 1 in. Calyx ^ in., closely pubescent; lobes ovate, obtuse. Corolla Jin.,
greenish-white, hairy in the throat, 4-lobed obscurely 2-lipped. Drupe \ in. diam.,
globose.
IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.
35. P. GROSSA, Wall. Cat. 1764, type sheet; leaves short-petioled narrowly obovate
or elliptic coarsely obtusely toothed mature glabrate, petiole stellately fulvous-tomen-
tose. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 638, partly. — Burma ; Pingee, Wallich.
Wallich's example is a branch with leaves only, in habit exceedingly like P. esculenta,
except as to the points mentioned in the diagnosis. Leaves 5J by 2 in., mature
glabrate. Schauer's description appears compounded out of Wallich's two sheets of
1764, the second of which may very possibly not be of the same genus or order.
Var. ? orbiculata; leaves suborbicular base shortly cuneate coarsely toothed soft
with simple hairs on both surfaces. P. grossa, Wail. Cat. 1764, second sheet only. —
Prome ; Wallich.
Premna Roxburgh iana, Wall. Cat. 2648, is not in the Wallichian Herbarium.
Premna ? Wall. Cat. 9077, is Viburnum sambucinum, Reinw.
XII. OlMELINA, Linn.
Trees or shrubs, shoots tomentose, unarmed or spinous. Leaves opposite,
entire toothed or lobed. Cymes panicled or small; bracts narrow, except in
G. Hystrix. Flowers large, yellow or brownish, tomentose at least when
young. Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-toothed or subentire. Corolla-tube
slender below, ventricose upwards; limb oblique, 5- (or 4-) lobed. Stamens
4, didynamous, subexserted; anther-cells oblong, pendulous, subseparate.
Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled ; style slender, shortly bifid. Drupe succulent ;
endocarp bony, undivided, 4-2-celled; calyx persistent, unaltered. Seeds
oblong. — Species 8, E. Asiatic and N. Australian.
1. G-. arbor ea, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. 41, t. 246, and Fl. Lnd. iii.
84 ; arboreous, leaves large cordate-ovate acute beneath and panicles f ulvous-
tomentose, bracts linear-lanceolate, corolla 1£ in. Wall. Cat. 1817 ; Schauer
in DC. Prodr. xi. 680; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 201; Wight Lc. t. 1470;
Griff. Notul. iv. 179, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 443; Bocq. Rev. Verben. t. 14,
fig. 1-11 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 253 ; Brand. For. Fl. 364 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
264; Gamble Indian Timbers, 295. G. Rheedii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4395;
Thwaites Fnum. 244. Premna arborea, Roth Nov. Sp. 287. P. tomentosa,
Miq. in PI. HohenacJc. n. 554, not Willd. — Rheede Hort. Mai. i. t. 41.
Throughout the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, frequent, extending to the foot
of the N.W. Himalaya. Chittagong. — Djstrib. Malayan and Philippine Islands.
An unarmed tree, sometimes attaining 60 ft., deciduous, flowering with the young
leaves. Leaves 9 by 6 in., more or less acuminate, entire, mature glabrate above,
stellately hairy beneath ; petiole 3 in., top glandular. Panicles often 1 foot, terminal ;
bracts £ in. ; flowers numerous. Calyx & in., teeth very small or obsolete. Corolla
brown- ve low, upper lip shortly bitid, longer than the lower. Drupe % in., ovoid,
usually 2-1-seeded.
582 cxi. verbenace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) . [Gmelina.
Vab. glaucescens ; leaves glaucous beneath mature often nearly glabrous, calyx-
teeth larger triangular. — Subtropical Himalaya and Khasia Mts., alt. 0-2000 ft. ;
J. D. K., &c. Burma and Tenasserim, Kurz.— Probably only the form of G. arborea
from moist places ; some N.W. Himalayan examples are intermediate between it and
the type.
2. G. villosa, Roxb. ILort. Beng. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 86 ; arboreous,
leaves ovate or elliptic mature beneath and small racemose cymes fulvous-
tomehtose, bracts broadly lanceolate acuminate, corolla 1| in. Jack in
Malay Misc. i. 17, and in Hook. Bat. J rise i. 284 ; Wall. Cat. 1816 ; Schauer
in DC. Prodr. xi. 679. G. asiatica, Wall. Cat.1818, partly ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 265, not of Linn. — Gmelina sp. n. 2, Griff. Notul. iv. 179. Rumph. Herb.
Amb. ii. t. 39...
Penang; Wallich. Malacca; Griffith, Maing ay. Singapobe; G. Thomson.
NlCOBABS; Kurz.— Distrib. Malaya.
Spinous (Roxburgh) ; branchlets unarmed. Leaves 3 by 2 in., obtuse or cuneate
at both ends, subentire or coarsely toothed, mature glabrate above ; petiole § in.
Racemes terminal, 1-2 in. ; bracts \ in. Calyx $-£ in., tomeutose with several large
glabrous glands; teeth small. Corolla yellow ; tube very narrow- below ; upper lip of
the limb larger than the lower, subentire. Drupe § in., ovoid or obovoid, 2-1-seeded.
3. G. asiatica, Linn.; JRnxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 87; shrubby, leaves small
ovate or obo'vate entire or lobed mature glabrous, racemes terminal fulvous-
tomentose, bracts small caducous, corolla H in. Lamk. III. t. 642 ; Wall.
Cat. 1818, partly ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi.W\ Wight III. 1. 17 4,; Bedd.
For. Man. 172; Brand. For. Fl. 365. G. coromandeliana, Burm. Fl. Ind.
132. G. lobata, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 268, t. 56, excl. syn. Rumph. G. parvifolia,
Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. 32, t. 162 ; Wall. Cat. 2654 ; Schauer I. c. G. parviflora,
Roxb. I. c. G. inermis, Blanco Fl. Filip. 493. Michelia spinosa, Amman,
in Act. Petrop. viii. 218, t. 18.
Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, frequent; Roxburgh, &c. — Bengal; culti-
vated.
Spinescent, or unarmed. Leaves \-\\ in., entire or coarsely lobed, mature beneath
glabrous glaucescent from a close coat of minute round glands; petiole ^ in. Racemes
1-2 in. ;■ bracts § in. Calyx £ in., tomentose, but with large bare glands, as in G.
villosa, as is the corolla. Drupe also as of G. villosa, with which this species has been
confounded by Kurz and others.
4. O. Hystrix, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1870, ii. 81 , and For. Fl. ii. 265 ;
leaves elliptic cuneate or rhomboid at both ends mature glabrous, cymes
subcapitate, bracts very large nervose coloured, corolla 2 in. Benth. in Gen.
PI. ii. 1154. G. Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 6317.
Tenasseeim ; fide Kurz.— Distrib Siam, Philippines.
A large, spinous, scandent shrub. Leaves 3 by 1\ in., entire, beneath glaucous
with scattered round glands ; petiole 1 in. Cymes 2 in. ; bracts 1£ by 1 in., ovate,
5-nerved. Corolla yellow, much as of G. villosa, but less tomentose without ; dried
exceeding 2 in., 1 in. (Kurz). Drupe \ in., obovoid, 2-seeded.
5. Cr. oblong*ifolia7 Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 83 ; arboreous, leaves ovate or
oblong entire somewhat rough, panicles terminal brachiate brown-farinose,
bracts small caducous, corolla large rosy. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 679.
E. Bengal {Roxburgh).
A tall timber tree. Leaves 6-12 by 3-8 in. ; petiole 2 in., with several glands
close to the apex. Calyx cyathiform, entire, farinose, a few glands on the outside.
Corolla-tube short ; limb 5-partite, lower lip longer with a deep yellow mark in the
centre of its base. Anthers bipartite. Drupe oblong, somewhat 4-cornered and
Gmelina.] cxi. verbenace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) 583
obtuse, size of a large olive, smooth, ripe bright crimson, 1-celled; endocarp clavate,
4-rornered, 4-celled, perforated from the base up the centre. Seed solitary, lanceolate.
— The foregoing is extracted from Roxburgh, and indicates a remarkable tree that no
one else has seen. There is at Kew an unpublished drawing of Roxburgh's of this
tree, agreeing exactly with the description.
EXCLUDED SPECIES.
G. speciosissima, Don Prodr. 104, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 680, is Wightia
gigantea, Wall.
XIII. VITEX, Linn.
Trees or shrubs ; shoots hairy or tomentose. Leaves opposite, digitately
3-5-foliolate (in V. simplicifolia 1-foliolate). Inflorescence terminal and
axillary, or wholly axillary ; cymes peduncled or sessile, forming large or
small panicles or corymbs ; bracts small or longer than the calyx. Calyx
campanulate, truncate or shortly 5-toothed (in V. gamosepala 3-toothed).
Corolla small, tubular ; limb 2-lipped, 5-toothed ; central lobe of the lower lip
usually much larger than the others. Stamens 4, didynamous. usually exserted;
anther-cells at first parallel pendulous, afterwards divaricate, often twisting
so that their lower ends are suberect. Ovary ,2-4-celled, 4-ovuled ; style
filiform, shortly bifid. Drupe globose or obovoid, supported by the more or
less enlarged calyx ; endocarp bony 4-, or by suppression 3-1 -celled. Seeds
obovate or oblong. — Species 60; in all tropical and warm temperate
regions.
Subgenus 1. Eua^nus, Schauer. Calyx cup-shaped, shortly snbequally
■5-toothed or truncate.
* Panicles terminal, penultimate axiUary peduncles often added.
1. V. trifolia, Linn. f. Suppl. 293 ; leaves simple and 3-foliolate,
leaflets sessile obovate or obovate-oblong entire glabrate above beneath and
panicles closely white-tomentose, corolla £-£ in., drupe 3 in. diam. black.
Roxh.Fl. Ind. iii. 69; Wall. Cat. 1743; Bot. Mag. t. 2187 ; Schauer in
DC. Prodr. xi. 683 ; Bedd. For. Man. 172 ; Brand. For. Fl. 370. V. ovata,
Tlmnh. Fl. Jap. 257; Hook. &■ Am. Bot. Beech. Voy. 206, t. 47. V. repeus,
Blanco Fl. Filip. 513. V. mcisa, Wall. Cat. 1746 partly, not of Lamk.
V. A-gnus castus, var. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 269. — Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. t. 18.
Rheede Hart. Mai. ii. t. 11.
Scattered throughout India, in the tropical and subtropical region, from the foot
of the Himalaya to Ceylon and Malacca, nowhere common. — Distbib. S.E. Asia to
Japan, the Philippines and N. Australia.
A shrub or small tree. Leaflets 1-3 in., subobtuse, tomentum beneath of matted
scarcely stellate hairs, so close as with difficulty to be scraped off; petiole 1 in. Panicles
1-4 in., oblong, often leafy at the base ; bracts minute. Calyx |— £ in., minutely 5-
toothed. Corolla tomentose, lavender to blue. Filaments hairy at the base. — Perhaps
commoner than supposed, being frequently unnoticed from its close general resemhlance
to the universal V. Negundo.
2. V. Negundo, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Lnd. iii. 70; leaves 3-5-foliolate,
leaflets petioluled lanceolate entire or crenate glabrate above beneath and
panicles" closely white-tomentose, corolla {-% in., drupe 3 in. diam. black.
Wall. Cat. 1744; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 684; Wight Lc. t. 519; Bedd.
For. Man. 171; Bran I . For. Fl. 369; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 269; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 535. V. bicolor, Willd. Fnum. Hort. Berol. 660 ; Schauer I. c.
683 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 201. V. arborea, Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris. 391.
584 cxi. verbenace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Vitex.
V. paniculata, Lamk. Diet, ii. 612; Boxb. I. c. 71.— Humph. Herb. Amb. iv.
1. 19. Rheede Sort. Mai. ii. t. 12.
Throughout India and Ceylon, in the warmer zone a universal plant. Nicobabs ;
Kurz. — Disteib. Cabul, E. Asia to the Philippines.
A shrub or small tree, hardly distinguishable from V. trifolia but by the points
mentioned in the diagnosis. The leaflets are frequently 5, the centre one at least
usually distinctly petioluled, the flowers rather smaller.
Vab. incisa; leaflets crenate-serrate or subpiunatifid. V. incisa, Lamk. Diet. ii.
611, and III. t. 541, fig. 2; Bot. Mag. t. 364; Roxb. I. c. 72; Wall. Cat. 1746,
partly; Schauer I. c. 684.— Throughout India. Distrib. E. Asia. — The extreme
pinnatifid form of this var. is Chinese ; the wild Indian examples are crenate-serrate,
i.e. intermediate.
3. V. altissima, Linn.f. Suppl. 294; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets sub-
sessile lanceolate subentire mature glabrate above thinly pubescent beneath,
panicles compound fulvous-villous, corolla scarcely \ in., drupe 3 in. diam.
Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 71 ; Wall. Cat. 1755 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 685 ; Dalz.
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 201 ; Wight Ic. t. 1466 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 252 ; Brand.
For. Fl. 370.
Deccan Peninsula, especially the west side, up to 4000 ft., common; Seyne,
Wight, &c.
A very large tree ; shoots tawny-villous or woolly. Leaves 3-foliolate, occasionally
5-foliolate (Beddome) ; leaflets 5j by If in., mature glabrous above except the midrib,
beneath closely distinctly reticulate and with scattered round yellow glands ; petiole
2£ in., sometimes somewhat winged upwards. Panicles 3-8 in. diam. ; branches
elongate, interrupted, cymes clustered ; bracts T'2-£ in., elliptic. Calyx \ in., fulvous-
villous, teeth short, triangular. Corolla woolly. Ovary and young fruit fulvous-
villous at the apex.
Var. zeylanica ; mature leaves glabrate beneath. V. zeylanica, Turcz. in Bull.
Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863, ii. 223. V. altissima (forma subglabra), Thwaites Enum.
244.— Ceylon ; Walker, Thwaites. — Leaves beneath reticulate, the depressions
microscopically tomentose, as in V. altissima after all the hair is rubbed off.
4. V. alata, Heyne ; Roth Nov. Sp. 316 ; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets
subsessile broadly lanceolate subentire mature glabrate above thinly pubes-
cent beneath, wing of the petiole broad cordate at base, panicles terminal
compound fulvous-villous, corolla scarcely \ in., drupe 3 in. diam. Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 201, not of Schauer, nor of Kurz. V. appendiculata, Rottler
in Herb. Wall. — Rheede Sort. Mai. v. t. 1.
Madbas; VanRoyen; Tuichecoonum, Rottler. Mtsoee ; Cleghom.
Scarcely differs from V. altissima but by the wing of the petiole, which is J-| in.
wide, continuous, dilated, cordate and subamplexicaul at the base; leaflets 2% in. wide.
— Some branches, apparently of this, collected by Shuter, Law, aud Stocks, have
some of the leaves 5-foliolate.
5. V. limonifolia, Wall. Cat. 1754; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets sessile
ovate entire mature pubescent beneath, petiole broadly winged, panicles long-
branched, cymes clustered distant, bracts prominent persistent. Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 271. V. alata, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 685, not of Heyne.
Pegu and Tenasseeim ; Wallich, &c. — Distbib. Ava, Siam.
A tree; shoots fulvous-hairy or woolly. Leaflets 7 by 2| in., acute at both ends,
mature nearly glabrate above, minutely densely fulvous-pubescent beneath ; petiole 3-4
by i~| in. Panicles 18 by 6 in., fulvous-hairy ; branches interruptedly spicate ;
bracts |-£ in., lanceolate, often imbricate. Calyx | in., very shortly toothed, closely
fulvous-strigillose. Corolla $ in., fulvous-villous. Drupe $ in. diam., globose, smooth.
— The leaves are exceedingly like those of V. pubescens, except that the petiole is
winged ; the elongated interrupted panicle-branches are quite different.
Vitex.] cxi. verbenace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 585
6. V. pubescens, Vahl Symb. iii. 85; leaves 3-4-foliolate, leaflets
sessile ovate or oblong entire pubescent, corymbs dense fulvous-tomentose,
bracts ovate persistent prominent, corolla £-£ in., drupe \- ^ in. diam.
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 686 ; Plume P'jd. 812 ; Dccne. in Nouv. Ann.
Mus. £ Hist. Nat. iii. 401; Pedd. For. Man. 171; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 271.
Y. avborea, Roxb. Sort. Peng. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 73 ; Jack in Mai. Misc.
i. 18, and in Hook. Pot. Misc. i. 285; Wall. Cat. 1747; Wight Ic. t. 1465.
Y. insBcroifolia, Turcz. in Pull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863, ii. 223. Pistacia
Yitex, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 195. Wallrothia articulata, Both Nov. Sp. 317.
S. Dkccan Peninsula and Ceylon, frequent. E. Bengal and Malay Penin-
sula, from the Khasia Terai, H.f. Sf T., to Singapore ; frequent from Pegu south-
wards.— DiS'i RIB Throughout Malaya.
A tree, 30-50 ft. Leaves 3-foliolate, one or two smaller leaflets occasionally added ;
leaflets attaining 8 by 3 in., cuueate or scarcely acuminate, base cuneate rhomboid or
of the lateral leaflets unequal rounded on one side, minutely pubescent on both surfaces,
more strongly on the nerves; petiole 2-3 in., not winged. Corymbs 3-5 in. diam.,
depressed- pyramidal ; bracts £-| in. Calyx £ in., densely fulvous-tomentose. Corolla
tomentose, blue, upper lip ochroleucous. Drupe glabrous at the apex.
7- V. diversifolia, Kurz Andam. Pep. App. A 45 and B 14 ; leaves
simple and 3-foliolate glabrate, leaflets sessile oblong cuneate at both ends
entire, panicles terminal fulvous-strigose, bracts ovate prominent, corolla
£in.
Andaman Islands ; Kurz.
Branchlets and shoots fulvous-strigose, or subtomentose. Leaflets attaining 5 by
If in., above with minute thinly-scattered white glands, beneath finely reticulated,
microscopically white-tomentose in the depressions, obscurely puberulous on the midrib ;
nerves 6-8 pair; petiole 1£ in. Panicles 2-3 in., upper leaves graduating into bracts;
upper bracts £ in. Calyx \ in., campanulate, subtruncate, fulvous-strigose. Corolla
fulvous-villous, subtomentose. Drupe not seen.
8. V. heterophylla, Poxb. Hort. Peng. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 75 ;
leaves 5-foliolate glabrate, leaflets petioluled elliptic or oblong much acumi-
nate entire, panicles compound thinly cinereous-tomentose branches elongate,
calyx -j'g in. cup-shaped, corolla tomentose. Wall. PI. As. Par, iii. 15,
t. 226, and Cat. 1745 ; Schauer in PC. Prodr. xi. 686, partly.
Assam ; Jenkins. E. Bengal; Tipperah {Roxburgh).
A large tree, Wallich. Upper leaves generally 5-foliolate; leaflets 7 by 2| in.,
with scattered white glands above and yellow glands beneath, petiolule of the central
leaflet usually \-% in. ; petiole 2 in., glabrate. Panicles 8 by 6 in., cymes dense-fld.,
clustered along the branches; bracts ^ in., linear, deciduous. Calyx truncate. Corolla
£ in., ochroleucous, lower lip blue. Drupe scarcely \ in. diam., glabrous at the
apex.
Var. undulata ; leaves smaller all the upper 3-foliolate, leaflets shining undulate.
V. undulata, Wall. Cat. 1756. V. heterophylla, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 270. i^ereosperma
n. 7, Herb. P. f. Sf T. — Pegu ; MPelland. Rangoon ; Wallich. Tenasserim ;
Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6068). Distrib. Java. — Branchlets sharply quadrangular.
Drupes small.
9. V. urceolata, Clarke ; leaves 3-foliolate glabrate, leaflets petioluled
obovate shortly suddenly acuminate entire, panicles compound thinly cine-
reous-tomentose branches elongate, calyx £-£ in. oblong or suburceolate,
corolla tomentose. Y. heterophylla, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 686, partly.
Y. Loureirii, Herb. Wight, not of Hook. & Am. Yitex n. 12, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f.SfT.
Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6064), Maingay (Kew Distrib. nn. 1205,
1207).— Distrib. S.E. Asia, Malaya.
586 cxi. verbenace^:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Vitex.
A medium-sized tree (Maingay). Leaves (all the upper) 3-foliolate, a small leaflet
rarely added; leaflets 5 by 2£ in., obtuse, tip usually less than £ in., with scattered
white glands above and yellow beneath, petiolule of the middle leaflet often ^ in. ;
petiole 1-2 in., not winged. Panicles 8 by 5 in., terminal, penultimate sometimes
added; cymes densely flowered clustered along the branches; bracts £ in., linear,
deciduous. Calyx minutely toothed at flower-time, much enlarged, § in. diam.,
roundly 5-lobed in fruit. Corolla \-\ in. Drupe i-| in., apiculate.— This species
differs from all the preceding by (inter alia) the large drupe. The inflorescence,
calyx, corolla and drupe are so like those of V. sumatrana (Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
Suppl. 567), that it may be a var. of it ; but in V. sumatrana the leaves are mostly
5-foliolate and pubescent beneath.
10. V. coriacea, Clarice ; leaves 3-foliolate coriaceous glabrous,
leaflets petioluled oblong entire, panicles terminal fulvous-pubescent, flowers
clustered on the elongate branches, calyx T|j in. 5-toothed. Yitex n. 13,
Herb. Ind. Or. LT.f. Sf T.
Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6065), Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1203).
Branchlets round, tips puberulous. Lea/lets 4 by If in., obtuse or acute, beneath
minutely glandular and with thick elevated nerves, petiolule of the central leaflet
£-j in., petiole 1-2 in., not winged. Panicles 6 by 3 in., strict, branches elongate
ascending; bracts £ in., oblong, fulvous-pubescent, deciduous; cymes condensed
almost to clusters. Calyx fulvous-pubescent, wide funnel-shaped, in flower con-
spicuously 5-toothed; in fruit enlarged, cup-shsiped, subtruncate. Corolla \ in.,
fulvous-pubescent, as are the pistil and filaments. Drupe \ by \ in., teretely ellipsoid,
very smooth.
11. V. canescens, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 101, and For. Fl.
ii. 270 ; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets petioluled ovate or elliptic entire young
fulvous-villous, panicles compound fulvous-pubescent branches elongate
pedicels whorled.
Assam; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6066), Masters. Pegu; M'Lelland, Kurz.
— Distrib. Ava.
A tree, 20-30 ft., or a shrub (Griffith) ; innovations fulvous- or dusky-pubescent.
Leaves (upper alone seen) 3-foliolate, or (Kurz) 5-foliolate; leaflets A\ by 2 in.,
mature scabrid or glabrate fulvous-pubescent on the nerve* ; petiolule of the middle
leaflet \ in. ; petiole 2 in., fulvous-pubescent, not winged. Panicles 12 by 6 in.,
with numerous elongate spreading branches ; bracts very small, deciduous ; pedicels
TT"6 m* Calyx ,'g in., pubescent, very shortly toothed. Corolla £ in., fulvous-tomen-
tose. Drupe \-\ in. diam., globose, smooth. — Vitex canesceus, Wall. Cat. 1757, is
not in Wallich's Herbarium ; Kurz does not state whether he intended or guessed his
own V. canescens to be the same as Wallich's or no.
12. V. Wimberleyi, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 271 ; leaves 5-3-foliolate gla-
brous, leaflets petioluled elliptically oblong or lanceolate coarsely crenate-
serrate, panicles terminal and penultimate puberulous.
Andaman Islands ; Kurz.
A small evergreen tree, much resembling Y. sumatrana. Petioles 2-3 in.,
slender, glabrous. Flowers small, clustered or cymulose ; bracts caducous, lower
leaf -like, upper linear-oblong as long as the calyces. Calyx g in., subtruncate, velvety.
Corolla pubescent ; tube wide, short ; lobes obtuse, lowest much produced. — Not seen ;
the foregoing is copied from Kurz. Imperfect specimens of a plant collected by me
in the Chittagong Hills show similar coarsely crenate-serrate leaflets, but have the
petioles winged ; it may be the young state of this species.
13. V. simplicifolia, Clarke; leaves 1-foliolate coriaceous glabrous,
leaflet lanceolate entire, panicles terminal branches elongate, calyx ^-£ in.
fulvous-hairy pedicelled. Vitex nn. 14 and 11, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Vitex.] cxi. verbenacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) 587
Malacca; Griffith. — Distrib. Borneo.
A small tree; branchlets round, puberulous or glabrate. Leaflet 7^ by 2| in.,
punctulate beneath, sessile, articulate on a petiole \ in. Panicle a foot, one braneb
15 by 1| in. in Griffitb's example, rusty-pubescent; cymes distant ; bracts small,
caducous; pedicels 12-16 in., thickened in fruit. Calyx shortly but distinctly
toothed, enlarged in fruit. Corolla nearly \ in., tomentose, ochroleucous, the middle
lobe of the lower lip purple-lilac (Griffith). Drupe ^ in. or more, ovoid ; apex depressed.
— Wight supposed this to be Vitex macrophylla, R. Br. (now removed to Gmelina by
Bentham) ; and it is so very like it, except in having narrow leaves, that it appears
unnatural to refer the two plants to different genera.
** Peduncles all axillary, sometimes subobsolete.
14. V. vestita, Wall. Cat. 1750; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets petioluled
ovate-lanceolate entire mature softly pubescent beneath, cymes axillary
mostly shorter than the petioles. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 692; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 272. Y. Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 6314.
Penang; Wallich. Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6063), Cuming. —
Distrib. Ava, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
A tree; shoots softly hairy or almost woolly. Leaflets 6 by 2| in., acuminate at
both ends; petiolule of the middle leaflet often £ in.; petiole 2-3 in., not winged.
Cymes sessile, small, few-fid., fulvous-pubescent ; bracts ^ in., linear ; pedicels 0-| in.
Calyx \ in , subtruncate, fulvous-pubescent. Corolla | in. ; tube narrow, glabrate,
densely yellow-glandular; lobes small. Anther-cells not very unequal, divaricate.
Drupe \ in. diam. ; fruit-calyx saucer-shaped.
15. V. peduncularis, Wall. Cat. 1753; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets
petioluled lanceolate entire matnre glabrate, panicles long-peduncled elongate
many-fld. cinereous-farinose. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 687.
From Assam and Bengal to Tenasserim, frequent ; Roxburgh, Wallich, &c.
A tree, 20-40 ft. ; shoots cinereous-pubescent. Leaflets 4£ by 1 in., acuminate,
mature densely covered by minute yellow glauds beneath, midrid sometimes puberulous ;
petiolule of the middle leaflet £-£ in. ; petiole 2-4 in., slender or sometimes slightly
winged. Peduncles 3-4 in., from the penultimate axils ; panicles often 6-8 by 2 in.,
open ; bracts -^ in., liuear. Calyx ^ in., grey- pubescent, subtruncate. Corolla £ in.,
grey-pubescent. Drupe \ in. diam., cuboid-globose.
Var. Roxburghiana • less grey-pubescent, petioles winged, panicles lax few-fid.
V. alata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 72; Wall. Cat. 1752; Kurz For.Fl.W 272, noto/Heyne
nor of Schauer. — Behar, at Parasnath, Fdgeworth. E. Bengal and Khasia Terai;
H.f. Sf T. Pegu ; Kurz. — Roxburgh quotes (for his Chittagong V. alata) Rheede
Hort. Mai. v. t. 1, which has leaves that might do, but a totally different inflorescence,
and is Heyne's V. alata.
16. V. leucoxylon, Linn. f. Suppl. 293; leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets
petioluled oblong entire mature woolly along the midrib beneath otherwise
glabrate, corymbs divaricate lax, drupe § in. Roxb. Hort. Benq. 46, and
Fl. Ind. iii. 74; Wall. Cat. 1748; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 692, partly ;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 201 ; Bedd. For. Man. 171 ; Brand. For. Fl. 370
partly, not of Kurz. V. saligna, Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 75 ; Wall. Cat. 6313 ;
Schauer I. c. Vitex n. 18, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. Wallrothia leucoxylon,
Roth Nov. Sp. 319 ; Wight Ic. t. 1467.— Rheede Hort. Mai. iv. t. 36.
S. Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, up to 3000 ft., Roxburgh, Rottler, &c.
A small tree. Leaflets 5 by 1 in., obtuse or obtusely acuminate, when young
sparsely hairy, mature with patent yellowish hairs along each side of the midrib
beneath; petiolules ^-f in. ; petiole 1-3 iu., not winged. Corymbs nearly glabrous ;
bracts | in., lanceolate, scarious, marcescent ; flowers sessile in each dichotomy. Calyx
588 cxi. VERBENACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Vitex.
| in., minutely toothed, tomentose or nearly glabrous. Corolla ^ in., woolly without.
Drupe obovoid, succulent. — In the typical form the leaflets are coriaceous, shining,
yellowish beneath, nervation obscure : in Y. saligna, Roxb., they are mnre membranous,
the reticulated nervation distinct on both surfaces. A very handsome form with
broader leaflets is marked Wallrothia tomentosa by Wight ; but the extreme mem*
pranous narrow-leaved Y. saligna (Roxburgh's specimen) shows similar hair on each
side the midrib beneath.
17. V. glabrata, Br. Prodr, 512; leaves 5-3-foliolate, leaflets ovate
or oblong subentire mature sparsely strigillose beneath, corymbs divaricate,
drape £-£■ in. - Srhauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 695; Benth. Fl. Austral, v. 68.
V. CunninghftmiL Schauer I. c. 690. V. leucoxylon, Schauer I. c. 692, partly ;
Blume Bijd. >813 ;- Kurz For. Fl. ii. 273 ; Gamble Indian Timbers, 298. V.
bombacifolia, Walk Gat. 1749 ; Walp. Rep. iv. 86. V. pallida, Wall. Gat.
1751.— Yitex nn. 10 and 18, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
From S. Assam and Cachab to Malacca, frequent. — Distrib. Siam, Cochin
China, Malaya. N. Australia.
A small tree j shoots fulvous-tomentose or woolly. Leaves mostly 5-foliolate (in
the Indian tree) ; leaflets 5 by 2\ in., acute or cuneate at both ends, entire rarely
toothed, young very softly hairy or subtomentose, mature with scattered appressed
minute hairs beneath; petiolules |-§ in.; petiole 1-4 in., not winged. Peduncles
long or more often short ; flowers somewhat numerous, mostly shortly pedicelled ;
bracts inconspicuous. Calyx T'g in., minutely toothed. Corolla |— £ in., tomentose,
ochroleucous ; lowest segment much the largest, hairy, blue-purple. Filaments
minutely hairy. Pistil glabrous. Drupe obovoid, succulent. — The typical Y.glabrata,
R. Br., has leaves usually 3-foliolate and rounder more glabrate leaflets and fewer-fld.
corymbs thaif the Indian tree; but some of the examples of V. Cunninghamii appear
identical with Silhet specimens. The typical V. bombacifolia, Wallich (Vitex n. 18,
Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T.), has the leaflets mostly 5, large and broad ; V. pallida,
Walliqh (Vit^x n. 10, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T.), has smaller, more hairy leaflets, and
short peduncles.
Subgenus 2. Glossocalyx. Calyx unequally 2-lipped, deeply 3-toothed.
18. V. gramosepala, Griff ' Notul. iv. 178, and Ic. PL Asiat. t. 448,
fig. 2 ; leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets petioluled ovate or lanceolate entire glabrate
except the nerves beneath, cymes axillary sessile short. Benth. in Gen. PI.
ii. 1154.— Vitex nn. 15, 16, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6065), Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1202).
A middle-sized tree; shoots fulvous-hairy. Leaflets 4 by If in., somewhat
coriaceous, petiolule of the middle leaflet \ in. ; petiole 1-2 in., not winged. Cymes
1-8 in. diam., globose, repeatedly 2-3-tomous, sparingly fulvous-hairy; bracts caducous.
Calyx \ in. ; tube shorter than the lip, ovoid ; upper lip of two oblong segments, lower
twice as long, elliptic, entire. Corolla nearly \ in. ; tube narrow, glabrate, with many
yellow glauds, limb small. Anther-cells divaricate as in Vitex type (GrriffitU's drawing
shows them very young). Drupe £ in., ovoid,. glabrous. — The corolla as well as the
inflorescence shows the affinity to V. vestita.
UNKNOWN SPECIES.
Vitex ? axillaris, Wall. Cat. 1760, from Tavoy, is not in Wallich's Herbarium.
Vitex Hayng-a, Roxb. Hort. Peng. 46, from Chittagong (name only), is probably
one of the species described in PI. Ind., under which Roxburgh has omitted to record
the earlier name.
ViTiX scabea, Wall. Cat. 1758, from Ava (Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 695), is
represented by a braiichlet and leaves only in Wallich's Herbarium.
Clerodendron.] cxi. verbenace^. . (C. B. Clarke.) 589
XIV. CLERODENDRON, Linn.
Trees, or shrubs, sometimes rambling. Leaves opposite, rarely 3-4-nate,
simple, occasionally lobed. Cymes axillary or in terminal panicles, often
leafy below ; bracts prominent or small. Calyx campanulate, truncate or
5-toothed, or sub-5-partite, persistent often accrescent or coloured. Corolla*
tube slender, cylindric, usually long filiform ; limb 5-fid, spreading, more or
less oblique. Stamens 4; anthers long-exserted, cells parallel. Ovary
imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovuled ; style filiform, shortly bifid. Drupe globose,
succulent, more rarely nearly dry, 4-grooved, separating into 4 pyrenes of
which 1-3 are often suppressed. Seeds oblong. — Species 70, in the warmer
regions of both Hemispheres, chiefly in the Eastern. >
Clerodendron aculeatum, Linn, (under Volkameria), a native of America, is culti-
vated in Indian gardens ; it is allied to C. inerme, but has axillary spines. C. fragrans,
Vent., a Chinese species, is extensively cultivated, particularly the double-flowered
variety ; it is allied to C. bracteatum. C. canescens, Wall., also Chinese, and closely
allied to the last, is occasionally cultivated.
Subgenus 1. Euclerodendron. Corolla-tube less than 1£ in.
* Peduncles mainly axillary, or panicle lax leafy beloio.
1. C. inerme, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 271, t. 57, .fig. 1 ; leaves obovate or
elliptic subobtuse entire glabrate, calyx £-£ in. minutely toothed, in fruit
somewhat enlarged subtruncate closely embracing the base of the obovoid
drupe. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 58 ; Wall. Cat. 1788, chiefly. Schemer- in DC.
Prodr. xi. 660 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 200 ;" Bedd. For. Man. 174; Brand.
For. Fl. 363 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 266. Volkameria, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 231.—
Bheede Sort. Mai. v. t. 49.
India and Ceylon near the sea, from Bombay to Tenasserim.
A straggling shrub, 3-7 ft.; shoots grey -pubescent. Leaves opposite, rarely
ternate, |-1^ in., young somewhat grey-pubescent, base cuneate ; petiole § in.
Peduncles \-\\ in., all axillary, 3-7-fld. ; bracts 3'5 in., Knear ; pedicels A-£ in. Calyx
grey-puberulous or glabrate. Corolla white ; tube £ in., glabrate ; lobes 3 in., oblong.
Drupe % by J in., spongy, hardly succulent, smooth hardly sulcate, separating into 4
woody pyrenes.
2. C. neriifolium, Wall. Cat. 1789; leaves elliptic acute or linear-
oblong entire glabrate, calyx £ in. shortly toothed, in fruit enlarged sub-
patent striate distinctly toothed or lobed. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 660.
C. inerme, Benth. Fl. HongJc. 271, and Fl. Austral, v. 61 ; Schauer I. c, in
great part; Wall. Cat. 1788, type sheet. C. inerme var. neriifolia, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 266. Yolkameria neriifolia, Poxb. Fl. Lnd. iii. 64.—Bumph.
Serb. Amb. v. t. 46 (drupe very immature).
Malay Peninsula near the sea, from Cbittagong to Malacca, frequent. —
Disteib. Malaya, Cbina, Australia, Polynesia.
Leaves mostly ternate, 3| by 1£ in. ; or, in the extreme type form of Roxburgh,
sublinear, A\ by \ in. Cymes and drupe rather larger than in C. inerme. Calyx
often \ in. diam. in fruit.— Otherwise as C. inerme, of which this may be a var., as
Bentham and Kurz have treated it.
Var. microcarpa, Wall. ms. ; drupe 1^ by | in. — Martaban ; Wallich. Rangoon ;
M'Lelland.
3. C. disparifolium, Blume Bijd. 809; leaves oblong or elliptic
acuminate subentire glabrate, calyx \ in. deeply 5-lobed nearly glabrous.
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 672; Hassk. Betzia, i. 57. C. acuminatum, Wall.
590 cxi. verbenacejE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Olerodendron.
Cat 1792; Schauer I. c. 664. C. Jackianum, Wall. Cat. 1794, and in Bot.
Mag. t. 3049, in note ; Schauer I. c.
Malacca and Sixgapobe, frequent; Wallich, Griffith, &c. — Disteib. Through-
out Malaya.
A shrub; branchlets puberulous. Leaves opposite, unequal or equal, 4 by If in.,
base obtuse, undulate or obscurely toothed, young scarcely pubescent ; petiole 1-2 in.
Peduncles numerous, axillary, or penultimate forming a terminal panicle ; bracts \ in.,
linear ; cymes 10-20-fld., puberulous; pedicels \-\ in. Calyx divided nearly to the
base, often purplish, minutely puberulous ; segments broad-lanceolate acuminate.
Corolla pale yellow (Blume); tube nearly 1 in., glabrous; lobes ^ in., narrowly
obovate. Drupe £ in. diam., globose, succulent ; calyx-lobes in fruit g- in., pendent.
— Wallich's specimens exactly agree with those from Java ; but the one species has
been made into two because Blume describes the panicle as terminal, which Schauer
regarded as axillary.
4. C. G-riffithianum, Clarice ; leaves oblong acuminate minutely
toothed pubescent beneath at least on the midrib, inflorescence subterminal
very lax, calyx £- 1 in. deeply 5-lobed.
Assam ; Griffith ( Kew Distrib. n. 6054). — Distrib. Ava.
A small tree (Griffith) ; in habit resembling C. disparifolium, but the branches
viscous-pubescent. Leaves 6 by 1^ in., base rounded or cuneate, mature glabrate
above, pubescent (usually minutely) on the lamina beneath; petiole 1 in., viscidly
pubescent. Peduncles penultimate from petioled leaf-like bracts, and running into
completely terminal panicles ; bracts \ in., filiform ; cymes lax, viscidly pubescent ;
pedicels \-% in. Calyx minutely pubescent ; tube short, distinctly campauulate ;
lobes lanceolate, acuminate, more or less reddish. Corolla glabrate, white {Griffith) ;
tube 1 in. ; lobes % in., oblong. Drupe i by ^ in., ovoid ; calyx-tube much enlarged,
almost enclosing the drupe ; segments % in., triangular, thickened, erect, overtopping
the drupe.
5. C. Iiobbii, Clarke; leaves ovate entire minutely pubescent beneath,
peduncles axillary long, calyx 3 in. deeply lobed.
Penang; Lobb.
Apparently a rambling shrub ; branchlets minutely pubescent. Leaves 3 by 2£
in., obtuse, base rounded, glabrate above ; petiole probably short. Peduncles
numerous, 3-4 in. ; bracts £ in., linear ; cymes minutely grey-pubescent, 12-iid. ;
pedicels £-£ in. Calyx obovoid, minutely grey-pubescent, enclosing the corolla, with
scattered round glands ; segments £ in., ovate-triangular, valvate in bud. Corolla
(not fully expanded) glabrate, probably § in. long, altogether of Clerodendron, as are
the stamens and pistd.
6. C. phlomoides, Linn.f. Suppl. 292 ; leaves ovate sinuate or serrate
mature puberulous or pubescent beneath, calyx lobed half-way down lobes
triangular caudate-acuminate. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 57; Wall. Cat. 1787;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 663; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 200; Wight Ic.
1. 1473 ; Bedd. For. Man. 174; Brand, For. Fl. 363. Yolkameria multiflora,
Burnt. Fl. Ind. 137, t. 45, fig. 1.
From the N.W. Himalaya Terai to Ceylon, general in the drier climates, ex-
tending to Behab and Okissa (not to Bengal).
A large bush, sometimes 30 ft. ; shoots pubescent. Leaves If by 1£ in., obtuse
or acute, often sub-rhomboid, usually sinuate-crenate sometimes entire, rarely crenate-
dentate; petiole § in., pubescent. Peduncles 1 in., axillary, or panicle sometimes
truly terminal ; cymes 12-fld., lax, pubescent ; bracts § in., obovate-lanceolate ; pedicels
£-i in. Calyx £-| in., puberulous; in fruit slightly enlarged, more rigid, glabrescent.
Corolla puberulous, white ; tube nearly 1 in., filiform; segments £ in., elliptic.
Drupe |-i in., obovoid, slightly succulent, separating into 4 pyrenes much as in C.
Clerodendron.] cxi. verbenace;e. (C. B. Clarke.) 591
7. C- calamitosum, Linn. Mant. 90 ; leaves broadly elliptic coarsely
toothed mature nearly glabrous, calyx lobed nearly to the base lobes narrowly
oblong cuneately acute. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 663; Bot. Mag. t. 5294.
Volkameria alternifolia, Burnt. Fl. Ind. 1 37, t. 44.
Malacca ; Maingay. — Disteib. Java.
A shrub ; branches minutely pubescent. Leaves 4 by 2 in., opposite rarely alter-
nate, obtuse, base rhomboid ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles axillary and in a terminal
panicle, puberulous; bracts \ iu., linear; cymes 6-fld. ; pedicels £- \ in. Calyx ex-
ceeding ^ in., minutely pubescent. Corolla puberulous, white ; tube 1 in. ; lobes £-|
in^ narrowly obovoid. Drupe not spem — Appears closely allied to C^vhlomoides.
** PhniclePterminal, elongate, ihr, often pendulous J ' *
8. G- nutans, Wall, in Bot. Mag. t. 3049, and Cat. 1793 ; glabrous,
leaves short-petioled narrowly obvate or lan-ceolate subentire, calyx divided
nearly to the broad base segments ovate-lanceolate. Don Prodr. 103 ;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 663; Griff. Itin. Notes > 24, n. 375; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 268.
From Sikkim and Assam to Chittagong, alt. 0-3000 ft.; Wallich, &c. —
Disteib. Ava.
A shrub, commonly 6 ft. Leaves 8 by 1| in., or 6 by 2 in., much acuminate,
base attenuate, entire or occasionally slightly toothed ; petiole §. in. Panicles 3-12
by 2-3 in., very lax, few-fld.,.brachiate; bracts | in., filiform ; pedicels ^-^ in. Calyx
^ in. ; in fruit stellate red, more or less enlarged, in one example If in. diaui. Corolla
white; tube | in.; lobes | in., obovate. Drupe % in. diam., succulent, dark-purple,
pyrenes 1-4.
C. penduliflorum, Wall. Cat. 1795, and in Bot. ifag. t. 3049, in
leaves distinctly petioled lanceolate or oblong acuminate subentire
mature glabrate, panicle minutely pubescent, calyx divided nearly to the
base segments oblong cuneately acute minutely pubescent. Schauer in Jj&jfr
Prodr. xi. 664. *
Malay Peninsula, from Akyab, Kurz, to Tenasserim, Heifer (Kew Distrib.
n. 6047). Nicobar Islks.
A shrub, resembling C. nutans except as to the calyx. Leaves from 8 by 1 in. to
5 by 2\ in., or sometimes 9 by 4 in. ; base cuneate or frequently obtuse, usually entire,
feometimes distinctly toothed. Panicle puberulous in the typical form, but (as the
corolla) very nearly glabrous in some Moulmein examples. Calyx £ to J in., segments
scarcely wider at the base. Drupe \-% in. diam., globose, succulent, pyrenes 4 ;
sepals in fruit slightly enlarged, reflexed, reddish.
jk
10. C. macrostachyum, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863,
ii. 220 ; leaves long-petioled cordate-ovate toothed sparsely pubescent, calyx
very small subtruncate. Clerodendron n. 34, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. —
Verbenacea, Wall. Cat. 6316.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2000 ft. ; on limestone rocks above Chela, Wallich, H.f. Sf T.;
Upper Kala Pani, alt. 5000 ft., Clarke. Moulmein ; on limestone rocks, Parish,
Lobb.
A membranous herb. Leaves attaining 9 by Q\ in., subacute, deeply cordate, very
membranous, whitened beneath ; petiole 6^ in. Panicles 5-12 in., terminal, sometimes
compound, brauches long, narrow, many-fid., pubescent somewhat glandular or gla-
brate ; bracts £ in., ovate, or smaller oblong; pedicels slender, \ in. Calyx ^-^ in.,
cup-shaped, limb shallowly toothed, glabrate or obscurely pubescent or with red glands ;
unaltered or slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla glabrous, delicate, pale blue (Hooker) ;
tube \ in., linear; lobes \ in., obovate. Stamens loug-exserted. Ovary 2- (imperfectly 4-)
celled, 4-ovuled, with large red glands, style subterminal. Drupe ^ in., obovoid,
nearly dry, covered with red glands, dividing into 4 pyrenes. — Mot allied to any other
592 cxi. VERBENACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Clerodendron.
Clerodendron. The Moulmein material has smaller, less toothed, leaves, and has more
pubescence and glands than the Chela plants.
*** Panicles terminal, elongate, conspicuously bracteate ; calyx sub-
truncate.
11. C. serratum, Spreng. Syst. ii. 758; shrubby, leaves subsessile
oblong or elliptic acuminate serrate, pedicels densely pubescent. Don Prodr.
103; tfall. Cat. 1809; Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 187; Schauer in
DC. Prodr. xi. 664; Date. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 200; Wight Ie. t. 1472;
Brand. For. Fl. 364 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 267. C. ternifolium, Don Prodr.
103. C. macropbyllum, Bot. Mag. t. 2536 ; Reich. Fl. Fxot. t. 209 ; Schauer
I. c. 674. C. ornatum, Wall. Cat. 1811 ; Schauer I. c. 675. C. berbaceum,
Wall. Cat. 1815; Schauer I. c. 675. C. cuneatum, Turcz.in Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Mosc. 1863, ii. 221. Volkameria serrata, Linn. Mant. 90; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 62. Y. herbacea, Roxb. Sort. Beng. 46.
From the Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, to Ceylon and Tenassebim, alt. 0-4000
ft., frequent ; very common in Bengal.
Stems usually 2-8 ft., simple, hardly woody, being burnt annually in the jungle
fires ; when more than a year old becoming branched, more or less hairy or glabrate.
Leaves usually some of them ternate, commonly 6 by 2 in., narrowly obovate-oblong
or subelliptic, base cuneate, mature glabrate puberulous pubescent or (in some S.
Indian examples) closely villous on the lamina beneath ; petiole 0-^ in. Panicle 6
by 1 in., sublinear, or 10 by 5 in. subpyraraidal, pubescent often villous, branches
and pedicels patently shortly hairy ; bracts £-l£ in«> fr°m obovate to lanceolate,
pubescent, subpersistent, often coloured ; pedicels 0-\ in. Calyx £ in., cup-shaped,
pubescent or puberulous, limb very shortly 5-lobed, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolli
nearly glabrous without, hairy at the base of tlie stamens, from p 'rplish-blue and
white to nearly white ; tube ^-\ in., narrow-cylindric ; mouth oblique, 2-lipped ;
lobes \-\ in., oblong or elliptic. Drupe £ by £-$ in., succulent, purple-black, 4— 1-pyrened.
sin the form C. herbaceum, Wall., the panicle is cyliudric dense subspicate ; in C.
Qgfatum, Wall, (only seen from Pegu), the panicle is diffuse, slender, unusually
glabrous.
Vae. Wallichii ; leaves large often shortly petioled, panicle large pyramidal open
pubescent, bracteoles prominent lanceolate, calyx truncate or very nearly so. C.
farinosum, Wall. Cat. 1810 (not Volkameria farinosa. Roxb.). C. divaricatum, Jack in
Mai. Mine. i. 2, and in Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 89 ; Schauer I. c. 674. C. javanicum,
Waif. Rep. iv. 113. — Eastern India ; from Sikkim and Assam to Malacca, common.
Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Cambodia. — The upper leaves (at least) in some examples of
this are quite entire.
12. C. venosum, Wall. Cat. 1807; arboreous, leaves opposite petioled
elliptic acuminate glabrescent, panicle often farinose-tomentose. Volkameria
farinosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 64, not C. farinosum, Wall.
— Volkameria? sp., Griff. Itin. Notes. 70, n. 1082. Clerodendron n. 30, Herb.
Ind, Or. H.f. Sf T.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft. ; Mamloo, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6052) ; Cherra,
K.f.SfT.,kc.
A tree (Roxburgh), 40 ft., with well-marked trunk (Clarke). Leaves (none ter-
nate) 7 by 3 in., base attenuate; petiole ^-l iu. (or uppermost leaves sessile).
Panicle 8 by 5 in., brachiate, branches divaricate; rachis acutely quadrangular ;
bracts 1-2 in., ovate, acuminate, leaf-like ; bracteoles \ in., linear-oblong, persistent,
farinose-tomentose without spreading hairs ; pedicels secund. Calyx £ in., truncate,
glabrescent. Corolla nearly as of C. serrata, but with a greenish-white tinge. Drupe
nearly as of C. serrata.
*### Panicles peduncled, of 1 or more heads, axillary or sometimes
pseudo-terminal.
Clerodendron.] cxi. verbenaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 593
13. C. deflexum, Wall. PI. As. Par. in. 10, t. 215, and Cat. 1808 ;
leaves elliptic or oblong acuminate subentire mature softly pubescent
beneath, bracts narrow, a few leaf-like often added. Schauer in DC Prodr.
xi. 665.
Pbnang ; Wallich. Malacca and Singapore ; Griffith, &c.
A shrub, 4 ft. (Wallich) ; branches pubescent. Leaves opposite, 13 by 4 in., base
cuneate or rounded, mature glabrate above ; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 1-5 in., axillary,
or sometimes one pseudo-terminal lateral deflexed, with 1 rarely 3 heads. Panicles
1-3 in. diam., pubescent, red. Calyx £-£ in., divided more than half-way down ;
lobes lanceolate, suberect, scarcely acuminate, sparingly pubescent. Corolla slightly
pubescent, white suffused rose-purple ; tube f in. ; lobes £ in., elliptic. Drupe \-^ in.
diam., succulent, purple. — Hardly any of Schauer' s section of axillifloree have the
inflorescence so exclusively axillary as this, whicb he places in a section defined as
having a terminal panicle.
s> 14. C. bracteatum, Wall. Cat. 1800 ; leaves ovate acuminate entire
mature villous, bracts numerous ovate or oblong. Walp. Rep. iv. 106 ;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 665. — Clerodendron, Griff. Itin. Notes, 34, n. 563.
Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 2-5000 ft., frequent. Mishmee ; Griffith. Assam,
Cachar and Khasia Mts. up to 4000 ft., Wallich, H.f. Sr T., &c.
A shrub, 8 ft., or arborescent 20 ft. ; branches f ulvous-villous. Leaves oppo-
site, 6 by 3-4 in., base from cordate to cuneate, mature softly hairy above, villous
or almost woolly beneath; petiole 1-3 in. Inflorescence fulvous-villous; peduncles
3 in., bearing 1 rarely 3 heads; bracts | by £ in., prominent. Calyx \ in., divided
more than half-way down ; segments ovate-lanceolate, suberect. Corolla pubescent,
white ; tube 1 in. ; lobes \ in., elliptic. Drupe \ in., purple ; calyx enlarged,
reddish ; segments subpatent.
***** Leaves beneath glabrate, toithjnany round glands ; petioles con-
nected by a dense ring of hairs ; panicle terminal, large, open.
15. C. paniculatum, Linn. Mant. 90 ; leaves cordate-ovate 5-3-lobed,
calyx %-i in. divided nearly to the base, segments narrowly oblong. Vahl
Si/mb. ii. 74; Pot. Peg. t. 406; Reichh. PI. Exot. t. 208; Schauer in DC.
Prodr. xi. 668. C. pyramidale, Andr. Pot. Rep. t. 628; Wall. Cat. 1802.
C. spiendidum, Wall. Cat. 1803. Yolkameria angulata, Lour. PI. Cochinch.
389.
Penang- ; Wallich. Mergui and Malacca ; Griffith. — Distrib. Siam, Cochin-
China, Java.
A shrub, 3-6 feet. Leaves 8 in. diam., lobed 1-3 in. deep, denticulate, above with
scattered multicellular hairs or glabrate ; petiole 1-4 in. Panicle 4-12 by 3-8 in.,
pubescent, often leafy below, very lax, the branches often prolonged subracemose,
usually coloured red ; bracteoles linear. Corolla pubescent or nearly glabrous, red
orange or nearly white ; tube \-% in., filiform ; lobes \-^ in. Drupe not seen.
Var. diversifolia ; upper leaves not lobed base cordate or hastate. V. diversifolia,
Vahl Symb. ii. 75 ; Schauer I. c. — Moulmein ; Parish.
16. C. squamatum, Vahl Symb. ii. 74; leaves cordate roundly ovate
shortlv acuminate denticulate, calyx £—£ in. deeply divided segments broad
lanceolate acute. Wall. Cat. 1798 ; Pot. Reg. t. 649 ; Maund Pot. t. 13 ;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 669. C. dentatum, Wall. Cat. 1799 ; Schauer
I. c. 674. Volkameria Kaempferi, Jacg. Ic. PL Par. t. 500. Y. dentata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 61.
Sikkim, Bhotan, Assam, Khasia Mts. and Silhet, alt. 0-4000 ft. ; Wallich,
H.f. $• T., &c, frequent.— Widely cultivated.
A shrub, 2-5 ft. ; glabrate, or the panicle and innovations minutely thinly hairy.
VOL. IV. Q q
594 cxi. verbenace^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Glerodendron.
Leaves 6-15 in. diam., teeth usually scarcely \ in. deep ; petiole 2-4 in. Panicle
often 18 by 12 in., open, red ; bracts small. Corolla nearly glabrous, scarlet ; tube
f-1 in., filiform ; lobes ^ in. Drupe \-\ in. diam., blue-black ; fruiting calyx enlarged,
patent \\ in. diam.
Vae. urticifolia; teeth of the leaves \-\ in. deep patent all round the leaves. V.
urticifolia, Wall. Cat. 1801 ; Schauer I. c. Volkameria urticifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
61. — Assam, E. Bengal, Pegu ; Wallich, &c. Distrib. Ava.
***** Panicles terminal, capitate or corymbose; leaves beneath not or
very obscurely glandular.
17. C. lasiocephalum, Clarice; leaves ovate acuminate dentate
pubescent, panicle subcapitate, calyx- segments § in. linear subulate.
Mishmee ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6055).
Branches pubescent upwards. Leaves opposite, 10 by \ in., base cuneate or
rounded, membranous, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces; petiole 2 in. Panicle
sessile, 2-3 in. diam., dense, depressed-globose, pubescent ; bracts linear. Calyx
divided, nearly to the base ; segments flaccid caudate, pubescent. Corolla not seen.
Drupe \ in. diam., red.
18. C. Colebrookianum, Walp. Rep.br. 114; leaves shallowly cor-
date ovate acute entire mature subglabrate, panicle large spreading, flowers
clustered, calyx £- i in. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 672 ; Gamble Indian
Timbers, 299. C. glandulosum, Wall. Cat, 1806 ; Lindl. in Pot. Reg. 1844,
19, in note ; Schauer I. c.
Sikkim, Assam:, and Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent; H.f.SfT.,kc.
Motjlmein ; Parish. Peome Hills ; Col.. Benson. Singapoee ; Lobb.
A shrub, 4-8 ft. Leaves often 9 in. diam., young puberulous, beneath eglandular
or with a few scattered large glands especially near the apex of the petiole ; petiole
2-8 in. Panicles 1-2 ft. diam., straggling, pubescent ; flowers very numerous in
clusters ; bracts lanceolate, caducous at flower-time. Calyx pubescent, often bearing
a tew large glands, divided hardly half-way down ; teeth triangular or lanceolate.
Corolla nearly glabrous, from rose-purple to white ; tube 1 in. ; lobes £ in., elliptic.
Drupe I in. diam., blue, pyrenes usually 4; calyx in fruit ^-^ in. diam.— C. glandu-
losum, Wall., is a specimen from the Calc. Bot. Garden, with the leaves rather more
pubescent, and the bracts persistent.
Vae. denticulata ; leaves irregularly sinuate denticulate. — Jaintea Hills; Jowye,
Clarke.
19. C. infortunatum, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 271, t. 57, fig. 1 ; leaves ovate
acuminate entire or serrulate mature hairy, panicle open villous, corolla-tube
exceeding the eglandular calyx-lobes £ in. Lamk. III. t. 544 ; Wall. Cat.
1796; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 667; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Pomb. Fl. 200; Wight
Ic. 1. 1471 ; Pedd. For. Man. 173, and Anal. PI. xxii. fig. 1 ; Prand,\For. Fl.
363; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 267. C. viscosum, Vent. Jard. Malm. t. 25; Pot.
Mag. t. 1805 ; Pot. Reg. t. 629. 0. cordatum, Don Prodr. 103 ; Schauer
I.e. 674. C. castaneaefolium, Klotzsch in Re is. Pr. Wa Id. Pot. 102, t. 65.
C. calycinum, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863, ii. 222. Yolka-
meria iufortunata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 59. — Glerodendron, Linn. Fl. Zei/l.
232; Burm.Thes. Zeyl. 66; Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv. t. 49 ; Rheede Hort.
Mai. ii. t. 25.
Throughout India, from Gurwhal and Assam to Ceylon and Singapore, in the
warm region ; very common. — Disteib. Malaya.
A shrub, 4 ft., often gregarious, yellow- or white-villous upwards, sometimes a small
tree according to a note in Herb. Wallich. Leaves 4-8 in , base cordate or obtuse,
varying from round-ovate to broad- oblong, in the Deccan examples usually entire, in
Clerodendwn.] cxi. verbenaceze. (C. B. Clarke.) 595
the N. Indian denticulate, somewhat roughly hairy above, beneath densely villous or
thinly hairy often with small obscure round glands ; petiole 1-4 in. Panicle 6-12 by
4-8an., erect, bracbiate, sometimes leafy on the main rachis, upper branches and
calyces more or less reddening ; bracts of the cymes usually caducous. Calyx, in
flower, £ in., divided nearly to the base ; segments broadly lanceolate, very acute,
suberect. Corolla pubescent without, white pink-tinged ; tube § in. Drupe f in.
diam., black ; calyx in fruit enlarged, sometimes 1^ in. diam. — Mountain specimens have
often large leaves, and are unusually high-coloured. Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 19,
doubtfully referred here by Schauer, has high-red flowers, and may possibly be some
garden form of C. infortunatum, which in the wild state produces a nearly white
corolla.
20. C. villosum, Blume Bijd. 811 {excl. syn. Rheede) ; leaves cordate-
ovate entire mature villous, panicle open silky hairy, corolla-tube about as
long as the glandular calyx-lobes £ in. Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 667 ;
Kurt For. Fl. ii. 268. C. molle, Jack in Malay Misc. i. 15, and in Hook.
lint. Misc. i. 283, not ofH. B. K. C. velutinum, Wall. Cat. 1797. C. fer-
rucrinenm, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863, ii. 221. C. ? trichoto-
nmm, Wall. Cat. 6315, letter B, not of Thunb.
Malay Peninsula frequent; from Mergui {Griffith) to Singapore {Sir R.
Schomburgk) . — Distkib. Java.
A shrub 3-5 ft., or a small tree 15-20 ft. (Kurz). Leaves as of C. infortunatum,
but slightly more silky rather than roughly villous. Panicle as of C. infortunatum,
but more softly hairy, and not red. Calyx ^ in., divided rather more than half-way
down. Corolla pubescent, greenish-white, altogether smaller than of C. infortunatum.
Drupe t|- in diam., dry black appearing hardly succulent. — Very like C. infortunatum,
but distinguished by its small flowers, and generally also by the glandular calyx-seg-
ments. But in a few examples of C. infortunatum from the Malay Peninsula the
calyx is full of glands.
Subgenus 2. Siphonanthus. Corolla-tube more than 3 in., filiform.
21. C. Siphonanthus, Br. in Ait. LTort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 65 ; glabrous,
leaves 3-4-nate or opposite subsessile narrowly lanceolate snbentire, panicle
terminal elongate lax. Wall. Cat. 1784 ; Wight III. t. 173 ; Schauer in DC
Prodr. xi. 670 ; Brand. For. Fl. 364. C. verticillatnm, Don Prodr. 102 ;
Schauer I. c. 671. Siphonanthus indica, Willd. Sp. PL i. 606; Lamk. III.
t. 79, fig. 1 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 67. S. angustifolia, Willd. I. c. Ovieda
mitis, Burm. Fl. Ind. 136, t. 43, fig. 1, 2.
From Sikkim and Assam to Tenasserim, frequent. Mts. of S. Deccan Penin-
sula. Kumaon, wild, fide Brandis. — Distrib. Sumatra, extensively cultivated in
both hemispheres.
A shrub, 4-8 ft., branches virgate. Leaves 6 by 1 in., shortly acuminate, base
tapering, usually entire or sinuate, rarely remotely crenately lobed ; petiole 0-£ in.
Panicle 8-18 by 4-6 in, often leafy below; cymes very lax. few-fld. ; bracts \ in.,
linear or linear-lanceolate ; pedicels ^-1^ in. Calyx | in., divided § the way down ;
segments oblonsr, cuneately acute. Corolla glabrous, white; tube 3-4| in.; lobes
§ in., obovate-oblong.
Var. semiserrata ; leaves opposite short-petioled elliptic crenate-lobate. panicle
terminal 3-4-fld. C. semiserrata, Wall. Cat. 1785.— Prome and Segain ; Wallich.
— Apparently a much-branched shrub ; but the specimens are possibly only short
imperfect flower-branches rapidly developed from a normal plant of C. Siphonanthus
cut to the base by a hot-weather jungle-fire ; for the calyx and corolla are exactly
as of C. Siphonanthus.
22. C. hastatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1307 ; pubescent or villous,
leaves opposite hastate ovate or oblong often angular or sublobate, panicle
Q q 2
596 cxi. verbenace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) [Clerodendron.
terminal densely corymbose. Bot. Mag. t. 3398; Schauer in DC. Prodr.
xi. 671. C. sagittatum, Wall. Cat. 1786. Siphonanthus hastata, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 67.
Silhet ; Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft., H.f. Sf T., &c.
A large shrub. Leaves 6 by 4 in., angular, toothed, or oblong and hardly angular;
petiole 4 in. Corymb subsessile, 4-8 in. diam., pubescent, with reduced leaves often
scattered ; proper bracts § in., linear. Calyx % in., divided nearly to the base ; seg-
ments oblong, shortly acute. Corolla pubescent, white; tube 4 in.; lobes £ in.,
elliptic. Drupe |-£in. diaui., succulent, black-purple; calyx much enlarged in fruit,
dark red.
DOUBTFUL OB EXCLUDED SPECIES.
C. cobomandelianum, Spreng. Syst. ii. 758, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 673,
is another name for C. ovatum, Pair. Suppl. iv. 352; a species founded on a plant
from Pondicherry, resembling C. squamatum, but with entire glabrous leaves and
whiteish flowers.
C. Btjchanani, Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 60 (under Volkameria), and Ic. Ined. at Kew, is a
Clerodendron with terminal compact red panicle and ovate leaves from Amboina and
Celebes. This was unitecTby D.Don (Prodr. Nepal. 103) with his Cl.foetidum from
Nepal, a plant with axillary inflorescence, which Hamilton's original specimen in the
British Museum shows to nave been Caryopter is grata. Walpers (Hep. iv. 108) and
Schauer (DC. Prodr. xi. 672) have copied ; there is no reason to suppose that Rox-
burgh's Buchanani has ever been found in Nepal or in British India. C. Buchanani,
Wall. Cat. 2653, is not in his Herbarium.
C. eobtunatum, Linn., erroneously stated by Schauer (in DC. Prodr. xi. 671) to
be an Indian species, is a Chinese plant. C. fortunatum, Wall. Cat. 2652, is not in his
Herbarium.
C. SEBICF.UM, Wall. Cat. 1814, is Hiptage sericea, Hook. f.
XY. HOXiXttSK.XOX.DXA, Retz.
Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Cymes short, axillary or collected at the tips
of the branches ; bracts small. Calyx widely obconic, subtruncate, membra-
nous, coloured. Corolla cylindric, curved ; limb oblique ; lobes 5, short.
Stamens 4, didyuamous ; anthers exserted, ovate ; cells parallel. Ovary
obtuse or obscurely depressed, imperfectly (afterwards completely) 4-celled,
4-ovuled ; ovules laterally attached ; style terminal, shortly 2-fid. Drupe
obovoid, included in the enlarged calyx, divaricately 4-lobed nearly half-way
down, pyrenes 1-4. Seeds oblong. — Species 3, an Indian, Madagascarian,
and Tropical African.
XX. sang-uinea, Retz. Obs. vi. 31, and in, Roffm. Pkyt. Blaett. 35, t. 3 ;
leaves petioled ovate acuminate base obtuse somewhat pubescent, cymes
bright red. Wall. Cat. 2087 ; Bot. Reg. t. 692 ; Benth. Lab. 642 ; Schauer
in DC. Prodr. xi. 696 ; Reichb. Fl. Fxot. t. 149 ; Decne. in Jacquem. Voy.
Bot. t.140; Boca. Rev. Verben. 135, t. 20, fig. 1-8; Brand. For. Fl. 370;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 257. H. rubra, Pers. Syn. ii. 144. Hastiugia coccinea,
Smith Fxot. Bot. ii. 41, t. 80 ; Roxb. Fl. Lid. iii. 65. H. scandens, Roxb.
1. c. Platunium rubrum, Juss. in Ann. Mus. a" Mist. Nat. vii. 76.
Subtbopical Himalaya, alt. 0-4000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan, and the Peome
Hills, frequent.
A straggling shrub, 10-30 ft. Leaves 3 by 2 in., entire or toothed ; petiole \ in.
Cymes 1-2 in., puberulous, red becoming scarlet in fruit. Corolla 1 by £ in., brick-
red or somewhat orange. Stamens glabrous. Ovary glandular; style glabrous.
Drupe \-\ in. ; fruiting calyx 1 in. diam.
Caryopteris.] cxi. verbenaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 597
XVI. CARYOPTEEIS, Bunge.
Shrubs, erect or rambling. Leaves opposite, acuminate, toothed or sub-
entire, minutely punctate with yellow glistening glands. Cymes small,
dense, many-fid., axillary or running into a terminal thyrse ; bracts small.
Calyx deeply 5-fid ; segments triangular or lanceolate, somewhat accrescent.
Curolla-tu^e short, cylindric ; limb spreading, middle lobe of the lower lip
larger, crisped or (in the typical non-Indian species) fimbriate. Stamens 4,
didynamous ; anthers exserted, cells divaricate (in the Indian species), con-
fluent. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform, shortly 2- fid.
Capsule small, globose, dividing into 4 concave valves with incurved margins
holding the seeds. Seeds oblong, erect. — Species 5, two N.E. Asiatic and
the following.
Though the genus is near Clerodendron, two of the Indian species are easily dis-
tinguished by their very short corolla : the third, C. Wallichiana, has the corolla-tube
scarcely \ in. The capsule is hardly less succulent than in several species of Cleroden-
dron, nor is the incurving of the edges of the valves different from what occurs in
that genus.
1. C. Wallichiana, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 625; leaves elliptic
acuminate, cymes collected mostly in terminal thyrses, corolla } in., calyx-
segments in fruit lanceolate erect 1-3-ribbed. Brand. For. Fl. 370. Volka-
meria odorata, Roxb. Sort. Benq. 46. Clerodendron odoratum, Don Prodr.
102 ; Wall. Cat. 1812.— Volkameri® sp., Griff. Bin. Notes, 128, n. 504.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 0-4500 ft., from the Punjab to Bhotan; frequent.
A spreading shrub, 4-12 ft. ; shoots ashy-pubescent or subtomentose. Leaves 4 by
1§ in., hase cuneate, toothed or nearly entire, ashy-pubescent or puberulous; petiole
£ in. Cymes mostly in terminal thyrses 3-5 by 1 in., ashy-pubescent, glandular.
Calyx T'2 in., in fruit \ in. Corolla-tube | in., pubescent, glandular ; middle lobe of
lower lip nearly \ in. blue, 4 other lobes about £ in., white. Capsule £- £ in. diam.,
globose, closely pubescent.
2. C. grata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1158; leaves elliptic acuminate
pubescent, cymes mostly axillary small corymbose, corolla ^ in., calyx-
segments in fruit subpatent triangular. Clerodendron gratum, Wall. Cat.
1813 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 674, not of Kurz. C. foetidum, Don Prodr.
103; Schauer I. c. 672, not of Bunge. Yitex sex-dentata, Wall. Cat. 1759;
Schauer I. c. 696.
Kumaon; below Nynee Tal, alt. 4000 ft., Thomson, Strachey fy Winterbottom.
Nepal ; Wallieh.
A rambling shrub ; branches pubescent or tomentose. Leaves 4£ by If in. (mostly
smaller), base rhomboid or almost rounded, toothed or subentire, mature softly pubes-
cent or almost villous beneath ; petiole \ in. Cymes £-f in., densely pubescent, 3-8-
fld., dichotomous, without a common rachis. Calyx ^ in., densely pubescent, in
fruit ^—fc in., membranous, not ribbed. Corolla pubescent, glandular. Capsule £ in.
diam., globose, nearly glabrous, somewhat ribbed.
3. C. paniculata, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acuminate mature glabrate,
panicles axillary small dense many-fid., corolla £ in., calyx-segments in fruit
small lanceolate. Clerodendron gratum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 268, not of Wall.
— Callicarpa n. 9, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent; from E. Nepal, J. D. JET., to
Mishmee, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6044). — Disteib. Ava.
A spreading shrub; branches terete, slender, pubescent. Leaves mostly obtuse oi
rounded at the base. Panicles axillary, subsessile, ^-2£ in., distinctly pauicled, rachis
598 cxi. VERBENACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Caryopteris.
distinct, often 20-fiO-fld., pubescent or glabrate. Corolla pubescent, deep red. Drupe
pubescent ; calyx hardly accrescent. — Otherwise much resembling C. grata: the whole
panicle usually is red ; but in C. grata it is often more or less red.
XVII. GLOSSOCARYA, Wall.
Grey-tomentose, scandeut shrubs. Leaves opposite, ovate, shortly
petioled, entire. Cymes many-fld., in a dense terminal corymbose panicle ;
flowers sessile ; bracts small. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, hardly accres-
cent. Corolla-tube narrow-cylindric ; limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4,
didynamous ; anthers long-exserted, ovate ; cells parallel. Ovary imperfectly
4-celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform, 2-fid. Capsule oblong, somewhat widened
upwards, exserted, 4-valved ; valves narrowly obovoid, snbstipitate, margins
inflexed holding the seed, one produced downwards as a 1-sided wing. Seeds
narrowly oblong, erect.— Species 3, an Australian and the following.
1. G-. Xiinnaei, Benth.in Gen. PZ. ii. 1158; leaves ovate or obovate
subccrdate mature glabrescent, capsule grey strigose. Clerodendron Linnaei,
Thwaites Enum. 243.
Ceylon, in hot dry places ; Walker, Thwaites.
Scandent ; branches pubescent. Leaves 3^ by 1\ in., apiculate ; petiole £ in.
Corymbs 3 in. diam., grey- torn entose ; bracts \ in., elliptic, or some of the lower
foliaceous. Calyx £ in., or in fruit £ in., limb shallowly roundly lobed. Corolla
strigose, white; tube \ in., slender; lobes §-- £ in. Filaments exserted 1 in. Capsule
H by 1 in.
2 . G-. mollis. Wall. Cat. 1741 ; leaves ovate mature softly pubescent
beneath, capsule patently grey-hairy. Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii.
366; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 626; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 257.
Motjlmein; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6017), Lobb.
Closely resembling O. Linncei, but generally more hairy ; branchlets and panicles-
densely softly grey -villous. Capsule rather longer, £ in.
XVIII. HYIVEENOPYRAIVIIS, Wall.
A large, rambling shrub ; branches grey-tomentose. Leaves opposite,
ovate, entire. Cymes lax, in large, pyramidal, axillary or terminal panicles;
flowers very small ; bracts minute. Calyx minute, 4-fid ; greatly accrescent
in fruit, membranous, 4-winged, utricular. Corolla-tube cylindric ; limb
oblique, 4-fid. Stamens 4 ; anthers exserted, ovate ; cells parallel. Ovary
2 -celled, 4-ovuled ; style filiform, shortly 2-fid. Capsule small, obovoid,
included, 4-valvular ; valves obovoid- oblong, margins inflexed holding the
seed. Seeds pendulous, subtriquetous.
H. brachiata, Wall. Cat. 774; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii.
365 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 626 ; Boca. Rev. Verben. 113, 1. 11, fig. 1-10 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 258.
Pegu; Wallich. — Distrib. Ava. — In N. and Central India cultivated.
Leaves 3£ by \ in., acuminate, base obtuse or rhomboid, mature glabrate above,
grey-tomentose or pubescent beneath ; petiole ^ in. Panicles 12 by 8 in., leafy below,
grey-tomentose. Calyx ^ in. Corolla § in., pubescent, white. Capsule §-£ in., ful-
vous-hirsute; utricle |-rj in., ovoid, acutely 4-winged, mouth minute.
Peronema.] cxi. verbenace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 599
XIX. PERONEMA, Jack.
A lofty tree ; branchlets grey-tomentose. Leaves opposite, unequally
pinnate ; leaflets several pair, entire. Panicles in the upper axils large,
compound; bracts small; flowers very small. Calyx shortly 5-fid, not
accrescent. Corolla-tube cyliudric ; limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 2 ;
anthers subexserted, ovate ; cells parallel, subseparate. Ovary 4-celled,
4-ovuled ; style filiform, subentire. Capsule small, globose, longer than the
calyx, 4-valved ; valves quarter-spheres, margins inflexed holding the seeds.
Seeds pendulous.
P. canescens, Jack in Mai. Misc. 2, vii. 46, and in Hook. Comp. Bot.
Mag. i. 152 ; Wall. Cat. 9057 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 627 ; Wight Ic.
t. 1460; Griff. Notul. iv. 177. C. heterophyllum, Mia. Fl. Ind. Bat.
Suppl. 570.
Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6015). — Disteib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Leaves 1-2 ft., grey-tomentose or pubescent beneath ; rachis winged, leaflets
9 by 2 in., sessile, acute; petiole 2-7 in. Panicles 1 foot, corymbose, pubescent.
Calyx -j's in., deeply toothed. Corolla ^— ^ in., pubescent. Capsule -fa in., hirsute.
XX. SYMPHOREMA, Roxb.
Scandent shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Cymes peduncled,
capitate, 7-fld. ; involucre of 6 oblong bracts, accrescent in fruit. Calyx
obovoid, short 4-8-toothed, somewhat accrescent. Corolla small, white ;
tube cylindric ; lobes 6-16, subequal, narrowly oblong. Stamens as many
as the corolla-lobes ; anthers exserted, ovate ; cells parallel. Ovary 2-
(imperfectly 4-) celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform, shortly bifid. Fruit nearly
dry, included in the calyx, 1-seeded. Seed erect, cotyledons fleshy. — Specie3
3, a Philippine Island one and the following.
1. S. involucratum, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. 46, t. 186, and Fl. Ind. ii.
262; leaves ovate or elliptic pubescent or villous, corolla \ in. 6-8-lobed,
involucre in fruit reticulate membranous. Wight Ic. t. 362 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 199, not of Wall, nor of Schauer. Congea paniculata, Wall. Cat.
1739, partly.
W. Deccan Peninsula from the Concan southwards, frequent, and in Ceylon.
Behar ; Monghyr Hills, Hamilton.
Innovations stellately tomentose. Leaves 2| by \\ in., subacute, usually toothed,
ultimately nearly glabrous above; petiole \ in. Peduncles 1 in.; bracts in flower
i in., pubescent or villous; in fruit 1^ by \ in., spathulate-elliptic, thinly pubescent.
Calyx £ in., stellately tomentose ; in fruit \ in., or more, narrower upwards. Fruit
£ in., subglobose, nearly glabrous. — The leaves on the main branches are often large;
the flowering branches often produce only small leaves ^-§ in. The picture of Rox-
burgh shows the corolla decidedly too large, which misled Wallich, whom Schauer
followed. Kurz {For. Fl. ii. 254) says this species is u common all over Ava, Martaban
and Pegu," where no one else has found it : it might be suspected that Kurz had
mistaken for it some Sphenodesma, but he describes the corolla as having 6-8 linear-
lanceolate acute lobes, and the leaves as coarsely toothed.
2. S. polyandrum, Wight Ic. t. 363, and III. t. 173 6w,fig. 7 ; leaves
ovate villous, corolla § in. 14-18-lobed, involucre in fruit tomentose. C.
involucratum, Wall. Cat. 1740 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 621, not of Roxb.
S. involucratum, Kew Distrib. n. 6007.
S. Deccan Peninsula in the hills ; Wight, Beddome, &c, extending north to
Belgaum.
600 cxi. verbenace^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Symphorema.
Similar to &. involucratum, but larger in all its parts and more hairy. Leaves
4 by 2| in., some on the main stem 8-9 by 4 in., stellately villous beneath. Calyx
\ in. and upwards in flower. Bracts in fruit 1\ by f in., obscurely membranous.
XXL SPHENODES1VIA, Jack.
Scandent, mostly large, shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, shortly petioled.
Cymes capitate, 3- or 7-fld., with an involucre of 6 oblong or obovate bracts ;
panicled, i. e. the leaves at the base of the peduncles to the cymes more or less
bract-like, mostly deciduous. Calyx funnel-shaped, 5- (rarely 4-6-) toothed,
sometimes enlarged or inflated in fruit. Corolla-tube short, cylindric ; lobes
5, rarely 6, ovate oblong or narrowly lanceolate. Stamens 5, included, rarely
subexserted ; anthers ovate. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, 4-ovuled; ovules
pendulous from the apex of the placentiferous axis ; style filiform, shortly
bifid, or (in subgenus Brachynema) very short or obsolete, stigma obscurely
2-lobed. Drupe globose or obovoid, small, included or subincluded in the
calyx ; 1- (or rarely 2-) seeded in the few (mostly imperfectly ripe) examples
seen.— Species 9, some Bornean and those here described.
The cyme in this genus is dichotomous with a single flower in the fork ; the two
lateral branches are again dichotomous with a single flower in the fork; the cyme is
thus 7-fld. ; or, in 1 or 2 species, 3-fld. by the lateral flowers of the 2 cyme-branches
being undeveloped. The flower in the principal fork is necessarily the oldest, and
ebracteate : hence the bracts are always 6.
Sect. 1. Brachynema, Griff. (Genus). Corolla-lobes oblong, or
narrowly lanceolate. Anthers included. Style obsolete or minute.
1. S. microstylis, Clarke; leaves ovate mature softly pubescent or
villous beneath, corolla-lobes 5-6 narrowly lanceolate. Brachynema ferru-
ginea, Griff. Notul. iv. 176. Symphorema microstylis, Bedd. ms.
Mebgui and Moulmein, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6007, partly). Tavoy;
Parish. — Disteib. Siam.
A shrub, 6-8 ft. (Parish) ; shoots and inflorescence rusty stellate-villous or sub-
tomentose. Leaves 5£ by 3§ in., subacute, base obtuse, entire, mature pubescent
above at least on the nerves; petiole \ in. Peduncle's \\ in.; heads 7-fld., rusty
villous; bracts (at flower-time) % by \ in., spathulate-elliptic, obtuse. Calyx in
flower | in. or more : teeth ovate. Corolla-tube £ in., narrowly funnel-shaped, densely
hairy to the base within; lobes \-^ by 5'0 in., piiberulous, subtomentose. Anthers
ovate, low in the corolla-tube. Ovary 4-ovuled ; style minute. Drupe not seen. —
Wight, Parish and Beddome have all referred this to Symphorema from the narrow
corolla-lobes, but the short filaments will not suit. Supposing the state of the style
to be due to dimorphism, the species is distinct and possibly indicates a new genus. It
cannot be Kurz's Symphorema involucratum, which Kurz says has coarsely toothed
leaves.
2. S. paniculata, Clarke; leaves ovate or elliptic mature pubescent
beneath, corolla-lobes 5-6 oblong obtuse or narrowly obovoid. Congea
paniculata, Wall. Cat. 1739.
Deccan Peninsula \ Kurg, Bottler ; Cochin, Johnstone.
A scandent shrub ; shoots and inflorescence rusty stellately villous. Leaves 3} by
lf-2£ in., subacute; petiole £ in. Peduncles \-l in., appearing panicled, the half-
bractlike leaves at their base often deciduous; bracts £ by i in., narrowly obovoid.
Calyx ^ in.; lobes ovate. Corolla-tube £ in., densely hairy to the base within; lobes
s by T6 in-, puberulous, subtomentose. Anthers ovate, low in the corolla-tube. Ovary
4-ovuled ; style 0. Drupe not seen. — Very near S. microstylis except as to the obtuse
corolla-lobes.
SphenodesmaJ] cxi. verbenace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 601
3. S. ung-uiculata, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 623; leaves elliptic
acuminate young stellately fulvous -hairy mature glabrate, corolla-lobes 5-6
oblong or narrowly obovoid. Congea unguiculata & ferruginea, Wall. Cat.
1736, 1737. Vitex involucratus, Presl Pot. PemerJc. 148. Symphorema
unguiculutum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 255. — Congeae sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 91«,
n. 1353.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-3000 ft. ; Wallich, H f. Sr T., &c. Cachar ; Keenan.
Chittagong; Wallich. Moulmkin and Tenasseeim; Griffith fy Heifer (Kew
Distrib. n. 6010), &c. S. Andaman ; Kurz.
A large, climbing shrub. Leaves 6 by 2\ in., base obtuse or rounded, scattered
stellate hairs deciduous ; petiole \ in. Bracts \\ by \ in., spathulate-elliptic, obtuse,
membranous, whitened, ultimately nearly glabrate. Calyx less than £ in., obconic,
stellately fulvous-tomentose ; teeth triangular, rather rigid. Corolla pale yellow : tube
hardly so long as the calyx, lobes ^-^ in., obtuse. Stigma sessile, bifid. Drupe
(young) obovoid, glabrous, glandular at the apex. — This has larger leaves and bracts,
shorter calyx and corolla, than S. astylis.
Sect. 2. Eusphenodesma. Corolla-lobes ovate or oblong. Anthers
subexserted. Style filiform.
* Practs of the involucre small, shorter than the calyx.
4. S. eryciboides, Kurz in Flora 1871,345; leaves elliptic mature
pubescent or grey-tomentose beneath, flower-heads nearly sessile fulvous-
tomentose, corolla white. S. grossum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 254. Spheno-
desma ? Wall. Cat. 9076.
Pegtj and Tenasseeim, frequent; Wallich, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6011).
A large, scandent shrub, or a small tree (Parish); shoots tomentose. Leaves 4£
by 2| in., subacute, base rhomboid, glabrate above ; petiole J in. Heads 7-fld., hardly
£ in. diam.; bracts | in., round-elliptic; peduncles numerous, 0-^ in., bracts at their
base caducous, the inflorescence thus appearing a compound spike thyrse, or panicle.
Calyx £ in., broadly funnel-shaped, fulvous-tomentose, densely white-silky within,
globular and inflated in fruit ; teeth triangular. Corolla \ in. ; lobes 5-6, narrowly
obovoid, puberulous.
** Practs of the involucre mostly longer than the calyx.
5. S. triflora, Wight Ic. t. 1478; leaves lanceolate grey-puberulous,
panicles compound, heads short-peduncled 3-fld. Griff. Notul. iv. 182.
Congea Jackiana, Wall. Cat. 1735, partly.
Penang ; Wallich. Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6009, partly), Maingay
(Kew Distrib. n. 1196).
Branchlets grey-puberulous. Leaves 5 by 1\ in., cuneate at both ends; petiole
5 in. Panicles 9 in. diam., asby-pubescent ; leaves £-£ in., half-bractlike ; peduncles
to the heads |-£ in. ; bracts, usually 6 to each head, exceedingly variable in size on the
same panicle ; many small, lanceolate, hardly exceeding the calyx, others 1 by \ in.,
spathulate-elliptic, obtuse, membranous, reticulate, cinereous- puberulous. Calyx £-£ in.,
ribbed, teeth triangular. Corolla \ in., throat bairy, lobes ovate. Style linear,
subincluded. Drupe (imperfectly ripe) \. in., narrowly obovoid, glabrous, 1-seeded;
calyx not inflated. — A plant collected by Beccari in Borneo is perhaps not specifically
separable, but has the heads shortly fulvous-villous.
6. S. barbata, Schauer in PC. Prodr. 623 ; branchlets and inflores-
cence patently rufous-hirsute, leaves elliptic acute hairy, heads 7-fld. closely
capitate. S. ferrugineum, Wight Ic. t. 1474. Congea barbata, Wall. Cat.
1738. V Viticastrum racemosum, Presl Pot. Pemerk. 148 ; Walp. Pep.
vi. 691 (ex Schauer).
602 cxi. verbenaoe^;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Sphenodesma.
Penang-; Wallich. MALACCA; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6009, partly), Maingay
(Kew Distrib. n. 1194).
Leaves 3 by 1^ in., subacute at botb ends, above thinly, beneath more thickly,
rufous- or fulvous-lmiry ; petiole \-^ in. Peduncles \-l\ in-> axillary and running into
terminal panicles; bracts 1 by ^ in., spathulate-elliptic, obtuse, thinly rufous-pubescent.
Calyx scarcely | in., densely rufous-hirsute. Corolla £ in., blue. Drupe not seen. —
Schauer 1. c. doubtfully reduces here Viticastrum racemosum, Presl Bot. Bemerk.
148 ; but the description does not fit in several points ; inter alia in the 5-celled
ovary.
7. S. G-riffithiana, Wight Ic. 1. 1477, text ; leaves ovate or lanceo-
late mature nearly glabrate, heads 7-fld., bracts oblong, fruit-calyx patently-
hairy teeth closely incurved with a narrow horn-like tooth recurved from
each sinus. S. Jackiauum, Wight Ic. t. 1 477, not of Schauer. Decadontia
coerulescens, Griff. Notul. iv. 175. Symphorema pentandrum, Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 255, not Sphenodesma pentandra, Jack, nor Congea pentandra,
Roxb.
Mebgtti; Griffith. Tavot; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6008).
A large, scandent shrub. Leaves 3| by 1 in., oblong acuminate, or 3 by 2 in.
ovate, acute, base rounded or obtuse ; petiole \ in. Panicles terminal, 12-18 in.
diam., leafless (i.e. main bracts caducous), minutely hairy, rufous-villous in the axils;
peduncles 4-1 in., slender, fulvous-pubescent; bracts 1 by £ in., spatbulate-oblong,
obtuse, membranous, nearly glabrous ; flowers sessile. Calyx § in. ; in fruit \ in.,
slightly inflated, obconic. Corolla \ in., purple; lobes ovate; throat hairy. Drupe
not seen.
8. P. pentandra, Jack in Mai. Misc. i. 19, and in Hook. Bot. Misc. i.
285 ; leaves oblong or ovate acuminate mature nearly glabrous, calyx
nearly glabrous funnel-shaped shortly 5-toothed in fruit mouth inflated
with 5 accessory teeth. Wight Ic. t. 1475 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 181. S.
Wallichiana & Jackiana, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 622. S. acuminata,
Wight Ic. t. 1476. Roscoea pentandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 54. Congea
pentandra & Jackiana, Wall. Cat. 1734, 1735. C. azurea, Wall. Cat. 1733,
■partly. Symphorema Jackianum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 256.
From Assam and the Khasia Mts. to Malacca ; frequent.
A scandent shrub. Leaves 4 by 1^-lf in., base rounded or obtuse, maturely thinly
hairy about the midrib beneath ; petiole i in. Panicles 6-15 in., often very dense
with heads, sparingly pubescent ; bracts 1 by \ in., broad-oblong, obtuse, membra-
nous, glabrescent. Calyx £-% in., in fruit sometimes £ in., glabrous within ; teeth
usually more prominent, sometimes triangular, acuminate in fruit ; accessory teeth
only developed after flower. Corolla J-J in., glabrate without, densely hairy within,
purple. Ovary fulvous-hirsute ; style filiform, shortly bifid. Drupe size of a pea
(Roxburgh), hairy, half hid in the calyx. — In unexpanded flowers the calyx-limb
appears obtusely 5-toothed ; after flowering the teeth are sometimes triangular abbre-
viated, sometimes lanceolate-subulate, and 5 linear teeth are developed in the sinuses.
Wallich declares (in Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 286) that Jack mistook his Malacca plant
-for Roxburgh's Silhet one, and accordingly Wight and Schauer call the Malayan plant
S. Jackiana or acuminata ; but the calyx-teeth are so little longer, and other points
so exactly a'ccord, that the species have been united.
XXII. CONGEA, Roxb.
Large climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Cymes peduncled,
capitate, 3-9-fld., in large terminal panicles; bracts at the base of the
peduncles leaf-like, often white or coloured ; involucres to the cymes of 3
or 4. elliptic or oblong bracts, connate at the base. Calyx funnel-shaped,
5-toothed, slightly accrescent. Corolla-tube slender, rarely much longer
Congea.] cxi. verbenaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 603
than the calyx, glabrate without ; throat usually hairy; limb 2-lipped, upper
lip erect-patent of 2 linear-oblong lobes, lower pendent, of 3 much shorter
obovate lobes. Stamens 4; anthers exserted, ovate ; cells parallel. Ovary
imperfectly 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; ovules pendulous from the apex of the axis ;
style filiform, shortly bifid. Drupe small, obovoid, nearly dry ; in the few
examples seen 4-seeded, 4-partite. — Species 4, Malayan.
1. C. vestita, Griff. Notul. iv. 174, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 458, fig. 21 ;
branches patently fulvous-hirsute, leaves ovate villous beneath, involucral
bracts broadly elliptic white-tomentose beneaGh, calyx white-hirsute teeth
ovate-lanceolate.
Tenasserim ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 6014) ; Mergui, and Donat Range, alt.
1500 ft., Griffith.
A large climber. Leaves 6 by 3 in., acute, base obtuse or shortly cordate, mature
scabrous-pubescent above, villous and tomentose beneath ; petiole \ in. Panicles
very large, bracts like small whitened leaves ; involucral bracts 1 by £ in., not
attenuate at the base. Calyx \-\ in., funnel-shaped, lobed ^ the way down. Corolla
glabrous without, tube shorter than the calyx; limb 2-lipped, rose, somewhat brown-
striated, especially the upper lip (Griffith). Ovary glabrous, glandular upwards. Drupe
nearly dry, obovoid, 4-partite.
2. C. velutina, Wight Ic. t. 1479, 3 or 1566 ; leaves ovate acumi-
nate mature glabrous, involucral bracts spathulate-oblong distinctly nervose,
calyx densely shortly hirsute teeth triangular.
Tenasseeim ; at Mergui, Griffith (Herb. Propr. n. 838). Tavoy ; Heifer (Kew
Distrib. n. 6012).
A large climber ; branches closely pubescent. Leaves 5 by 2£ in., base obtuse
or rounded, young thinly sparsely pubescent ; petiole 3 in. Panicle large, more lax
than in C. vestita, closely pubescent, nodes villous ; bracts \\ by ^ in., obtuse, base
attenuate, tomentose beneath. Calyx ^ in., lobed scarcely \ the way down. Corolla
small, tube shorter than the calyx ; limb white, somewhat brown, streaked near the
base of the lobes (Griffith). Drupe not seen.
3. C. villosa, Wight Ic. t. 1479, 1, fig. B ; leaves ovate or oblong
mature villous beneath, involucral bracts spathulate-oblong, calyx tomentose
teeth shortly triangular. Roscoea villosa, Roxb. Sort. Beng. 95, and Fl.
Ind. iii. 56, and Ic. Ined. at Kew.
Pegu; Rangoon (Roxburgh). Mergui ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6012,
partly).
A large climber, resembling C. velutina, but the leaves very villous beneath.
Leaves in Roxburgh's drawing ovate, in Griffith's example oblong ; glabrate above
except the midrib. Panicle large, very lax ; bracts uniformly 4 in Griffith's example,
3 (one of which is often bifid) in Roxburgh's picture; resembling in form the bracts
of C. velutina.
4. C. tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. 90, t. 293 ; branchlets tomen-
tose, leaves ovate acute softly hairy beneath, involucral bracts elliptic,
calyx shaggy toothed £ the way down. Wight Ic. t. 1479, 2 or 1565 ;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 623 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 256. Roscoea tomen-
tosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 95, and Fl. Ind. iii. 57. Calochlamys capitata,
Presl Bot. Bemerk. 149.
Chittagong; Roxburgh. Burma; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6013).— Distrib.
Siam.
A large climber. Leaves 3 by 2| in., base rounded or shortly cordate, minutely
setulose above, closely villous beneath. Bracts 1 by \ in., not attenuated at base»
tomentose, white or lilac-blue. Corolla white.
(
604 cxi. VERBENACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Congea.
Vae. azurea ; leaves elliptic acute more thinly hairy beneath, bracts oblong or
narrowly oblong, calyx larger lobed half-way down teeth broadly lanceolate. C.
azurea, Wall. Cat. 1733 ; Wight Ic. t. 1479, 1, fig. A. C. tomentosa var. oblongi-
folia, Schauer 1. c. 624, excl. syn. Roxb. — Pegu and Tenasseriin, frequent; Wallich
M'Lelland, &c. Cultivated in N. India.
XXIII. AVICENNIA, Linn.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, entire coriaceous. Cymes
contracted, or densely capitate heads peduncled, in the penultimate axils
or in a trichotomous corymb; bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx 5-
partite, unaltered in fruit ; segments ovate, concave, deeply imbricate.
Corolla-tube short-cylindric, limb sj)reading 5-4-lobed. Stamens 4, on the
corolla-throat ; anthers shortly exserted, ovate ; cells parallel. Ovary
imperfectly 4-celled by a 4- winged central column, 4-ovuled ; ovules pen-
dulous between the wings of the central column ; style long or short, tip
bifid. Capsule broad, compressed, dehiscing by 2 thick valves, 1-seeded.
Seed erect ; embryo imperfectly clothed by its two integuments ; cotyledons
large, plaited lengthwise ; radicle inferior, villous.
A. officinalis, Linn. ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 700; leaves obovate
or elliptic obtuse whitened beneath, corolla-limb glabrate yellow, style
short. Bedd. For. Man. 174, and Anal. Pi. xx. fig. 2 ; Brand. For. Fl.
371 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 536. A. resinifera, Forst. ; Decne. in Nouv.
Ann. Mus. iii. 402. A. tomentosa, Jacq. ; Br. Prodr. 518 ; Roxb. Fl.
Lnd. iii. 88 ; Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 44, t. 271 ; Wight Lc. t. 1481 ; Griff.
Notul. iv. 185; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 276. Halodendron Thouarsii, Poem.
Sc Sch. Syst. iii. 485. — Rumph. Serb. Amb. iii. t. 76. Pheede Sort.
Mai. iv. t. 45.
Mangrove swamps of the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, common; less
frequent in the Malay Peninsula. — Distrib. Malaya, Shores of the Indian and
Pacific Ocean.
A shrub, or tree, 25 ft. Leaves 3| by 1^ in., base tapering, beneath with hard
tomentum or glabrate ; petiole ^ in. Bract ^ in., ovate ; bracteoles similar, rather
smaller. Calyx \ in., minutely pubescent. Corolla \ in. ; lobes 4, ovate, acute,
or one lobe shortly bifid, or lobes 5 subequal (not rarely all forms on one bush).
Style distinct, sometimes nearly as long as the hairy ovary. Fruit 1 in.
Vab. alba, Blume Bijd. -821 (sp.) ; leaves lanceolate acute, style short or hardly
any. Decne. l. c. ; Wight Ic. t. 1482. A. resinifera, Griff. Notul. iv. 186, and in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 6, fig. 1. A. intermedia, Griff. 1. c. A. officinalis, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 275. — Malay Peninsula; common. Distrib. Malaya, S.E. Asia, N.
Australia. — Mr. Bentham considers the American and African A. tomentosa not
specifically separable.
Order OXII. LABIATJE. (By J. D. Hooker.)
Herbs, rarely shrubs, usually loaded with oil-glands. Stem usually
4-gonous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipules 0. Flowers -irregular,
solitary 2-nate or fascicled and axillary, or in centrifugal spicate cymes
which by their union in pairs form false whorls. Calyx persistent, sub-
regular, 4-5-cleft or .2-lipped. Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous ; limb
4-5-lobed or 2-lipped, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted in the
corolla-tube, 4 didynamous, or the 2 upper imperfect. Anther-cells connate
or separate or confluent. Disc prominent. Ovary free, 2 of 2-celled carpels ;
style simple, inserted between the lobes, stigma usually 2-fid ; ovules one
in each cell, erect, anatropous. Fruit of 4 dry or rarely fleshy 1-seeded
lobes (nutlets) at the base of the calyx. Seeds small, erect, albumen sparing
cxii. LABiATiB. (J. D. Hooker.) 605
or 0, radicle inferior. — Species about 2600, chiefly of north temperate
regions.
Tribe 1. Ocimoideae. Perfect stamens 4, rarely 2, declinate ; anther-
cells confluent. Ovary 4-partite. Nutlets dry, basal scar small.
Subtribe 1. Euocimeje. Upper calyx-lobe usually broadest. Corolla with
4 of the lobes equal or the 2 upper connate, the lower (lip) dissimilar.
Stamens usually exserted.
* Loioer lip of corolla flat or nearly so.
Fruiting calyx deflexed, upper tooth very large, decur-
rent, stigma 2-fid 1.. QOHOTM.
Fruiting calyx suberect or declinate, tube deeply pitted 2. (J-eniosporum.
Fruiting calyx declinate, 2-lipped, upper filaments
toothed 3. Mesona.
Fruiting calyx declinate, 2-lipped ; filaments simple,
included 4. Platystoma.
Fruiting calyx suberect, 4 lower teeth cuneate ; fila-
ments simple, included 5. AcrocephaluS.
Fruiting calyx usually declinate, equally 5-toothed, or
upper tooth broader ; filaments included 6. Mosuhosma.
Fruiting calyx deflexed ; corolla-tube often long ; stigma
entire . . . . ; 7. Orthosiphon.
** Lower lip of corolla concave or boat-shaped.
Calyx equally 5-toothed or 2-lipped ; filaments free . . 8. Plectranthus.
Stamens 4 ; filaments connate below 9. Coleus.
Calyx-mouth oblique, upper lip usually decurved ; fila-
ments free 10. Anisochilus.
Corolla-lip deflexed, contracted at the base .... 10*. Hyptis.
Subtribe 2. Lavandule^i. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-fid, lower 3-fid.
Stamens included. Nutlets with an oblique basal scar.
11. Lavandula.
Tribe 2. Satureineae. Perfect stamens 4 with the upper pair longest,
or 2, straight diverging or ascending ; anthers (1- or) 2-celled, cells short.
Corolla-lobes flat.
Subtribe 1. Pogostemone^e. Stamens 4; filaments straight; anthers
1 -celled.
Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla 4-fid, lip spreading .... 12. Pogostemon.
Calyx 5-toothed; corolla subequally 4-fid; stamens
exserted 13. Dysophylla. .
Calyx 5-partite, segments plumose; stamens included . 14. Colebeookia.
Subtribe 2. Menthoide^e. Stamens 4s or 2, distant, erect or spreading ;
anthers 2-celled (at least when young).
•
Whorls many-fid., spiked or racemed, not axillary.
Fruiting calyx erect, elongate ; stamens 4 15. Elsholtzta.
Fruiting calyx declinate, 2-lipped; stamens 4 . ... 16. Perilla.
Stamens 2 17. Mosla.
** Whorls many -fid., axillary, rarely spicate ; calyx lQ-13-nerved.
Calyx 10-nerved ; stamens 4, anther-cells parallel . . 18. Mentha.
Calyx 4-5-toothed stamens 2 ; nutlets truncate . . 19. Lycopus.
606 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.)
### Whorls many-fid., capitate, involucrate. Stamens 4.
20. OfilGANUM.
#### Whorls few-fid. Stamens 4 ..... 21. Thymus.
***** Whorls axillary secund. Calyx lh-nerved.
22. Hyssopus.
Subtribe 3. Melisse^e. Calyx 13-nerved. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens
2 or 4, ascending.
Calyx 5-toothed 23. Micromeeia.
Calyx 2-lipped ; corolla-tube nearly straight .... 24. Calamintha.
Calyx 2-lipped ; corolla-tube recurved 25. Melissa.
Tribe 3. BKonardeae. Perfect stamens 2, ascending, parallel ; anther-
cells linear, solitary or separated by a filiform connective.
Anther-cells equal, contiguous, pendulous from a small
connective 26. Pebowskia.
Anther-cells equal, distant, pendulous from a long
connective 27. Meriandra.
Anther-cells very unequal or solitary, on a long connec-
tive . 28. Salvia.
Tribe 4. Nepeteae. Perfect stamens 4 with the upper pair longest,
rarely 2, ascending or diverging ; anthers 2-celled, cells at length diverging.
Ovary 4-partite. Nutlets dry, with a small basal areola.
Calyx tubular, 5-tootbed 29. Nepeta.
Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip much the largest 30. Deacocephalum.
Calyx 2-lipped, lateral lobes of upper lip on the face of
the midlobe 31. Lallemantia.
Tribe 5. Stachydeae. Perfect stamens 4, ascending, lower pair
longest. Calyx 5-10-nerved. Upper lip of corolla erect hooded, lower spread-
ing 3-fid. Nutlets dry, basal areola small.
Subtribe 1. Scutellariae. Calyx 2-lipped, mouth closed after flower-
ing.
Fruiting calyx 2-partite; lips entire, upper with a
broad plate 32. Scutellaria.
Fruiting calyx tubular, upper lip 3- lower 2-toothed . 33. Brunella.
Subtribe 2. Marruble^:. Calyx tubular or campanulate. Stamens
included in the corolla-tube 34. Marrubittm.
Subtribe 3. Lamie^;. Calyx tubular or campanulate. Stamens exserted
from the corolla-tube.
* Upper lip of the corolla short, nearly fiat, glabrous or pubescent
Calyx subglobose ; anther-cells divaricate ; nutlets
subglobose 35. Craniotome.
Anther- cells of lower stamens parallel, transverse, of
upper dimidiate 36. Anisomeles.
Anther-cells confluent; nutlets hispid or scaly . . . 37. Achyrospermum.
Anther-cells confluent ; nutlets winged ...... 38. Colquhounia.
** Upper lip of the corolla hooded,
Calyx 5-toothed ; anther-cells divergent ; nutlets obtuse 39. Stachys.
cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 607
Calyx 5-spinous ; anther-cells ciliate ; nutlets com-
pressed 40. Galeopsis.
Calyx 5-spinous ; anther-cells parallel ; nutlets tri-
quetrous 41. Leonttrus.
Calyx 5-toothed ; anther-cells hairy ; nutlets trique-
trous 42. Lamitjm.
Calyx-lobes 5, oblong 5-reticulate 43. Roylea.
Calyx-limb dilated ; fruiting very large, membranous . 44. Otostegia.
Calyx 8-10-toothed ; corolla lower lip large .... 45. Leucas.
Calyx 8-10-toothed ; corolla lower lip very small . . 46. Leonotis.
Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla upper lip compressed . . . 47. Phlomis.
Calyx-teeth 5, membranous, with hooked awns . . . 48. NOTOCHiETE.
Calyx-teeth 5, broad, apiculate or spinous; nutlets
bearded 49. Eremostachys.
Calyx-limb very broad membranous, broadly 5-toothed 50. Eriophyton.
Tribe 6. Prasieae. Calyx, corolla and stamens of Stachydece. Ovary
4-partite or 4-fid. Nutlets smooth, thick or fleshy, with a small basal
areola.
Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla-tube slender, throat broad . 51. Gomphostemma.
Tribe 7. Ajugoideae. Calyx 10-nerved. Stamens 4, ascending.
Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets with a large very oblique or lateral areola.
Upper corolla-lip very short ; stamens very long straight
diverging 52. Let/COSCEL'TRUM.
Upper corolla-lip very short, 2-fid, with the incurved
stamens exserted from the cleft; nutlets minute . . 53. Teucrium.
Upper corolla-lip short, notched, usually shorter than
the incurved stamens 54. Ajuga.
Upper corolla-lip arched, longer than the stamens . . 55. Cymaria.
1. OCXXKUXK, Linn.
Strongly scented herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Whorls 6-10-fld.,
spiked or racemed, tips of pedicels recurved; bracts minute, caducous ;
flowers small. Calyx ovoid or campanulate, deflexed in fruit ; upper tooth
broadest, decurrent, 2 lower acuminate. Corolla-tube short, not annulate
within ; upper lip subequally 4-fid, lower hardly longer declinate entire.
Stamens declinate, exserted, filaments free or the lower connate below,
naked or the upper toothed or hairy below ; anther-cells confluent. Disc
entire or 3-4-lobed. Style-lobes subulate or flattened. Nutlets smooth or
subrugose, mucilaginous when moistened. — Species about 40, tropical and
chiefly Asiatic.
• 1. O. canum, Sims Bot. Mag. t. 2452 (stamineum in text) ; herbaceous,
erect, pubescent, leaves petioled narrowly ovate toothed or entire, bracts
petioled, two lower calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate awned longer than the
rounded upper, lateral smaller than the lower, corolla £ in. long. Wall.
Cat. 2714 A; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 32; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 147;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 203. O. americanum, Linn. Amozn. Acad. iv. 276,
and Sp. PI. 833, not of Jacq. O. album, Boxb. Sort. Beng. 44>, and Fl.
Ind. iii. 15, not of Linn.
Plains and lower hills of India ; from Silhet, Bengal, Behar and Central India
to the S. Deccan, &c. Ceylon ; abundant about native gardens, Thwaites. —
Distrib. Java, W. Asia, Trop. Africa, Madagascar (America, cult.).
Branched from the base, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves 1-1£ in.; petiole very slender,
608 cxn. labiatje (J. D. Hooker.) [Ocimum.
usually clliate. Spikes 3-8 in. ; whorls rather close ; flowers subsessile ; bracts
ovate, awued, not so large as the nearly glabrous calyx, ciliate. Filaments twice as
long as the white corolla, hairy at the knee. Nutlets pitchy-black, narrowly ellipsoid,
punctulate.
2. O. Basilicum, Linn ; herbaceous, erect, glabrous or pubescent,
leaves ovate toothed or entire, bracts petiolate, fruiting calyx very shortly
pedicelled, two lower teeth ovate-lanceolate awned longer than the rounded
upper, lateral smaller than the lower, corolla ■§-% in. long. LamJc. III.
t. 514; Burnt. Fl. Ind. 129; Sayne Gew. xi. t. 3; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 539; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 17; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 33; Wall.
Cat. 2713 & 2714 (O. canum in part); Datz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 203;
Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 147. 0. minimum, Burm. Fl. Ind, 129, not of Linn.
O. hispidum, Lamh. Dict.i. 384. O. pilosum, Willd. Enum. Sort. Berol. ;
Roxb. I. c. 16 ; Fleming in Asiat. Res. xi. 173. O. menthgefolium, Benth.
in DC. I. c. (the Indian plant). 0. ciliatum, Hovnem. Sort. Hafn. ii. 565.
O. americanum, Jacq. Mort. Vind. iii. t. 86, not of Linn. 0. album, Linn.
Mant. 85, nut of Roxb. 0. integerrimum, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 162. O.
caryophyllatum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 45, and Fl. Ind. iii. 16. O. Basilicum,
var. thyrsiflorum, Wight Ic. t. 868 ; Benth. Lab. 5, and in Wall. PI. As.
Bar. ii. 13; Wall. Cat. 2715. 0. thyrsiflorum, Linn. Mant. 84; Jacq.
Sort. Vind. iii. t. 72 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, 15. O. Barrelieri, Roth Nov. Sp. 278.
Plectranthus Barrelieri, Spreng. Syst. ii. 691. — Rheede Sort. Mai. x.
t. 87.
Throughout tropical and hotter India, cultivated from the Punjab to Ava,
Travancore, Malacca and Penang. Indigenous in the Punjab on low hills, Aitchison.
Ceylon, cultivated; Thwaites. — Distbib. Hotter W. Asia, Africa, the Malay
and Pacific Islands (perhaps always cultivated only).
This widely cultivated plant differs from O. canum chiefly in the much larger size
of all its parts, the flowers and seeds being often three times as large. Corolla white,
pink or purplish. I cannot distinguish the varieties described by Bentham by any
constant characters. It varies much in robustness and the hairiness of all its parts.
Var. thyrsiflora is a luxuriant state; var. difforme, Benth. 1. c. (O. lacerum, Heyne
in Herb. Rottl., 0. bullatum, Lamk. ), has abnormal deeply cut leaves; var. pur-
purascens, Benth. 1. c. (0 medium, Mill.), is a purple-coloured state, imported from
Persia ; var. glabratum has very large fruiting calyces sometimes \ in. diam., with
a rather elongate upper lobe. O. ciliatum, Hornem. (O. ciliare, Heyne in Herb. Rottl.,
O.scabrum, Herb. Wight), has a hispidulous white corolla; it is cult, in Hort. Cal-
cutt. under the erroneous name of O. cristatum, Roxb.
3. O. gratissimum, Linn. ; shrubby, glabrescent, leaves ovate acute
crenate or coarsely toothed, bracts sessile lanceolate awned from a rounded
base, two lower calyx-teeth minute much shorter than the rounded upper,
lateral triangular broader than the lower, corolla £ in. Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar.
iii. t. 495; Wall. Cat. 2720; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 17; Benth. in DC. Prodr.
xii. 34 (excl. syn.) ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 147 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
203. 0. citronatum, Ham., and O. robustum, Seyne in Serb. Wall. —
Rheede Sort. Mai. x. t. 86.
Bengal, Chittagong, E. Nepal, and throughout the Deccan Peninsula ;
and Ceylon, doubtful if indigenous. — Distbib. Java, Trop. Africa and America
(? native).
A shrub, 4-8 ft., much branched, woody below. Leaves 2-4 in. ; petiole 1-2 in.
Racemes strict, slender ; whorls rather close-set ; pedicels shorter and bracts longer
than the calyx. Calyx pubescent, fruiting ^ in. long, recurved. Corolla hardly
exceeding the calyx, pale yellow. Filaments exerted, knee bearded. Nutlets sub-
globose, rugose with glandular depressions.
Or! mum.'] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 609
Vae. suavis ; leaves densely softly tomentose on both surfaces. O. suave, Willd.
JEnum. Hort. Berol. 629; Benth. in DC.Prodr. xii. 35, excl. various syn. ; Thwaites
Fnum. 236. O. urticeefolium, Both Catal. Bot. ii. 52. 0. inenthaefoliura, Socket,
in Schimp. Herb. Abyss, n. 1860. — Ceylon; Arabagamowa district, Thwaites. —
Distrib. Trop. Africa and Madagascar (apparently native). Cult, in W. Indies, &c. —
This differs from O. gratissumum only in pubescence.
4. O. adscendens, Willd. Sp. PL iii. 166 ; herbaceous, puberulous,
erect, or prostrate with ascending branches, leaves small oblong-ovate obtuse
entire or sparingly toothed, floral lanceolate petiolate, two lower calyx-teeth
reduced to short bristles, upper broadly obovate, lateral truncate ciliate,
corolla J in. Wall. Cat. 2719; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 35; Date. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 203. O. indicum, Roth Nov. Sp. 273. 0. cristatum,ifo.r6.
Hort. Beng. 45, and in Fl. Ind. iii. 19. O. verticillatum, Heyne in Herb.
Rottl. Plectranthus indicus, Spreng. Sj/st. ii. 691.
The Dec<JAN, in sandy places ; Heyne, &c. Centbal India ; Jubbulpore,
Beddome.
Annual, very variable in habit, 4-16 in. hisrh ; branches often widely spreading.
Leaves |-1 in., narrowed into the petiole. Racemes short, rather lax-fld. ; bracts
lanceolate, caducous, with a gland at the base. Corolla £ in., pale rose. Filaments
twice as lon^ as the corolla ; knees dilated, hairy. Fruiting calyx %-l3 in. ; lower lip
as long as the upper, rather membranous. Nutlets subglobose, compressed, smooth,
red-brown.
5. O. sanctum, Linn. Mant. 85 ; herbaceous, erect, softly patently
hairy, leaves oblong obtuse or acute entire or subserrate, floral sessile
ovate-lanceolate or cordate, racemes very slender, calyx short, two lower
teeth very long-awned longer than the broadly oblong upper, lateral broadly
ovate shorter than the lower, corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 14; Wall. Cat. 2716; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 38, and in
FL Austral, v. 74; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 147; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. FL
204; Thwaites Fnum. 236; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 539. O. monachorum,
Linn. Mant. 85. O. tenuiflorum, Linn. Sp. PL 833 ; Benth. in DC. I. c. 39.
O. inodorum, Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 174, t. 80, f. 2, aud FL Ind. 150, not of
Koenig.—Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 174, t. 80, f. 1; Rumph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 92,
t 1. Parnassa, Jones in Asiat. Research, iv. 288.
Throughout India, ascending the Himalaya to 6000 ft. (doubtfully indigenous).
Ceylon ; common in waste places, Thwaites. — DisTBiB.^Malay Islands to Australia
and the Pacific, W. Asia to Arabia.
Stem sometimes woody below ; branches erect, ascending or spreading. Leaves
1-2! in., variable in breadth, base narrowed. Racemes 6-8 in. long; pedicels as long
as the calyx. Corolla very small, hardly longer than the calyx. Filaments exserted,
knee villous. Fruiting ealyx £ in. long, on a slender pedicel, broadly campanulate,
membranous. Nutlets subglobose or broadly oblong, slightly compressed, nearly
smooth, pale red-brown.
Vae. hir.suta; densely pubescent. O. hirsutum, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Rat
ii. 14; Wall. Cat. 2717? O. villosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 13. O. subserratuin,
Heyne in Herb. Rottl. — South Deccan.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
O. minimum, Linn. {Benth in DC. Prodr. xii. 33), is a very small cultivated
form, probably of O. Bas'dicum (with which it agrees iu all essential characters), to
which Linnaeus has assigned Ceylon as a habitat. I have seen specimens from gardens
in various parts of the world.
2. GENXOSPORUXK, Wall.
Herbs. Whorls many-fid., in long lax racemes or spikes; bracts often
vol. iv. B, r
610 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Geniosporum.
coloured ; flowers small or minute. Calyx ovoid in flower, in fruit tubular,
suberect or decimate, 5-toothed, upper tooth broadest, not decurrent ;
lateral free, or connate with the upper ; lower short, free or connate.
Con lla-tube short, upper lip 4-fid, lower dedicate entire. Filaments free,
toothless. Disk tumid, gibbous. Style-arms short, flattened. Nutlets
ovoid or obloug, smooth or puuctulate. — Species 6 or 7, Indian and African.
1. G. strobiliferum, Wall. Cat. 2749 ; erect, puberulous, leaves
petioled lanceolate coarsely serrate, floral exceeding the flowers, fruiting
calyces erect, throat glabrous. Benth. Lab. 20, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 45 ;
Hook. Ic. PI. t. 462. Plectranthus coloratus, Don Prodr. 116. — Labiata,
Griff. Bin. Notes, 82, n. 1192.
Stjbteopical Himalaya; in dry forests from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 1-5000 ft.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., common.
Stem 2-3 ft., obtusely angled. Leaves 2-5 by 1^-2 in., base acute or rounded,
narrowed into the petiole of %-% in. Spikes 2-5 in. ; bracts white, deciduous.
> lowers \ in. long. Calyx pubescent, with 2 black glands on the lower lip. Corolla
' hite with purple veins, hairy, lower lip narrow. Filaments exserted. Fruiting
r tubular, pedicelled, \ in. long, deeply pitted. Nutlets ellipsoid, black, smooth,
towards the top.
2. Gr. elong atum, Benth. Lab. 21, and in DC Prodr. xii. 45 ; erect
ndi ng, pubescent, stems very slender, leaves subsessile narrowly lan-
ceolate, lower floral exceeding the flowers, fruiting calyces spreading, throat
naked. Thwaites Enum. 236. E-hiuanthus indica, Linn. ; Burm. Fl. Lnd.
131, t. 39, f. 1.
Northern Circars ; Teypur Hills, Beddome. Ceylon ; Central Province, in
grassy places, alt. 4-6000 ft.
Stem 1-2 ft., angles thickened. Leaves in distant pairs, 1-2 by ^-^ in., crenate-
serrate, base narrowed. Spikes 3-5 in. ; bracts orbicular-ovate, subpersistent ;
flowers ^ in. long. Calyx hirsute. Corolla very small, hairy. Filaments exserted.
Fruiting calyx T'5 in. long, ovoid, strongly ribbed, pitted, lobes short. Nutlets ellips-
oid, smooth.
3. G. prostratum, Benth. in PI. As. Bar. ii. 18, Lab. 21, 708, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 45; prostrate, stems slender glabrous pubescent or hirsute,
leaves small sessile or petioled obovate-lanceolate or oblong or linear
sparingly toothed, fruiting calyces spreading shorter than their pedicels,
calyx-throat with a ring of hairs. Wall. Cat. 2751 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI.
148 ; Thwaites Enum. 237. Ocimum menthoides, Burm. Fl. Lnd. 129. O.
prostratum, Linn. Mant. 166. O. macrostachyum, Poir. Suppl. i. 492 ;
Benth. Lab. 16. O. tenuiflorum, Heyne in Herb. Rottl., not of Benth. ? of
Linn. Mentha ocimoides, Lamk. Diet. iv. 103. Elsholtzia ocimoides,
Pets. Syn. ii. 114. Lumnitzera prostrata, Sprenq. Si/st. ii. 687. Thymus
indicus, Burm. Fl. Lnd. 129.— Mentha, Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 158, t. 70, f. 2.
Deccan Peninsula, from the Coucan southwards. Ceylon ; warmer part of
the island.
Stems many from a woody stock. Leaves in distant pairs, very variable, from
\ by ^ in. to 2 by f in., rather thick, base narrowed. Spikes elongate, slender;
whorls close or distant; bracts ovate, acute, reflexed ; flowers minute, pedicelled.
Calyx hairy, upper lip very variable in size, throat hairy. Corolla ,'s in., hairy.
Filaments exserted. Fruiting calyx T'2 in., subcampanulate, ribbed, tube not pitted,
pubescent. Nutlets extremely minute, ellipsoid, smooth, naked.
Var. gracilis, Thwaites Enum. 237 ; stems very slender, 12-18 in. , leaves glabrous,
narrower. G. gracile, Benth. Lab. 21, and iu DC. Prodr. xii. 45. — Deccan Peninsula
and Ceylon.
Mesona.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 611
3. MESONA, Blame.
Annuals. Whorls many- fid., racemose ; flowers small ; bracts caducous.
Calyx campanulate ; fruiting tubular, declinate, 2-lipped, tube deeply pitted
between the nerves ; lips rather broad, upper 3-fi.d, lower entire. Corolla-
tube short, upper lip truncate or 4-toothed, lower oblong. Stamens 4,
filaments exserted, free, upper toothed at the base. Style 2-fid. Disk
tumid, gibbous. Nutlets ellipsoid or ovoid. — Species 4, Trop. Asiatic and
Malayan.
IMC. Wallichiana, Benth, in DC. Prodr. xii. 46 ; erect, sparsely
hairy, leaves ovate-lanceolate serrate. Geniosporum parviflorum, Wall.
Cat. 2750; Benth. Lab. 20, and in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 18.
Khasia Mrs., alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Be Sllva, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft., branching upwards, slender, rigid. Leaves 1-3 in., narrowed into
a petiole £-| in. Racemes numerous, slender, erect, 3-7 in. ; flowers very numerous,
purplish, ^ in. long; bracts deflexed, ovate, purplish. Fruiting calyx £ in. long, on
a slender rigid pedicel longer than itself. Smells like Patchouli.
4. PLATYSTOMA, Beauv. (Platostoma.)
Small annuals. Whorls many-fld., racemose ; flowers minute ; bracts
caducous. Calyx campanulate ; fruiting deflexed 2-lipped, upper lip ovate,
toothed on each side ; lower broad inflexed, sinus very open. Corolla-tube
short ; lips subequal, upper broad 2-fid, lower entire concave. Stamens 4,
docliuate, filaments free included, dilated downwards. Disk tumid, gibbous.
Style 2-fid. Nutlets ovoid. — Species 3, Indian and African.
P. flaccidum, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 1173; sparingly pubescent,
leaves ovate serrate, fruiting pedicel as long as the calyx-tube. Ocimum
flaccidum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 179.
The Concan; on the Kela nuddeh, Ritchie, Lalzell. — Distrib. Trop. Africa.
Strict, erect, slender, 4-8 in. high, simple or branched, branches erect. Leaves
l-l in., membranous. Racemes slender, strict, as long as the whole plant ; flowers
f'.j in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate. Nutlets black, minutely reticulate. — Probably only
a state of P. africanum, Beauv.
5. ACROCEPHALUS, Benth.
Annuals. Whorls in terminal or axillary globose or ovoid dense heads
with imbricate bracts ; flowers very small, sessile. Calyx ovoid, fruiting
tubular, base gibbous ; upper lip flat, entire, lower entire or 4-toothed ;
throat naked. Corolla-tube very short, subequally 4-lobed. Stamens 4,
filaments free, toothless, included. Disk small, gibbous. Style 2-fid.
Nutlets smooth. — Species 10, Tropical and Subtropical Asiatic and
African.
1. A. capitatus, Benth, in Wall. PI. As. Par. ii. 18, Lab. 23, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 47; sparingly pubescent, leaves petioled few-nerved,
heads terminal. Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 204 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 456. A.
scariosus, Wall. Cat. 1563. A. Blumei, Benth. I. c. Prunella indica,
Burnt. Fl. Ind, 130. Ocimum capitellatum, Linn. f. Suppl. 276. O. capi-
tatum, Roth Nov. Sp. 276. O. acrocephalum, Blume Bijd. 834. O. Chandra,
Ham. in Herb. Wall. Lumnitzera capitata, Spreny. Syst. ii. 687.
Ii r 2
612 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Acrocephalus.
Throughout India from Kashmir to Bhotan in the Himalaya, ascending to
5000 ft.; and in hilly districts from the Khasia Mts. to Cape Comorin and Pegu.
(Not seen from Ceylon or the Malay Peninsula.) — Disteib. Muneypoor, Burma, Java,
Borneo.
Stem 6-12 in., simple or branched from the base ; branches ascending or
decumbent. Leaves £-1 in., ovate or lanceolate, coarsely serrate, narrowed into the
petiole. Heads §-f in. diam., rarely cylindric, often with two spreading leaves at
the base ; flowers imbricating, suberect, £ in. long, pale purple.
2. A. axillaris, Bentli. in DC. Prodr. xii. 48; stems and leaves
beneath pubescent, leaves small lower oblong upper orbicular many-nerved,
heads axillary sessile.
Assam ; Jenkins, Mack.
Stem slender, erect, simple, a foot long and upwards. Leaves in distant pairs,
lower | in., upper \ in. ; nerves very strong beneath, forming salient parallel ribs.
Heads \-\ in. diam. — A very singular plant, with the habit and ribbed leaves of a
Spermacoce ; the corollas have fallen away.
6. BXOSCHOS1KA, Reichb.
Herbs, annual or perennial. Whorls 6-10-fld., secund, in axillary and
terminal panicled racemes, flowers very minute ; bracts small. Calyx ovoid
or campanulate, 5-toothed, fruiting declinate, upper or 3 upper teeth largest,
margins not decurrent; throat naked. Corolla -tube very short; upper lip
shortly 4-fid ; lower entire with 4 flat lobes. Stamens 4, declinate, filaments
free, toothless ; anther-cells confluent. Style clavate-capitate, tip 2-fid.
Nutlets compressed, smooth.— Species 6, Tropical Asiatic, African and
Australian.
IH. polystachyum, Bentli. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 13, Lab. 24,
708, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 48; nearly glabrous, stem acutely 4-angled,
leaves long-petioled ovate long-acuminate coarsely serrate, racemes very
slender. Reichb. in Wall. Cat. 2711 ; Dalz. Sf' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 204. Oci-
mum tenuiflorum, Burm. Fl. Ind. 129, excl. syn. Rumph., not of Linn. O.
polystachyum, Linn. Mant. 567 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 18. Plectranthus parvi-
florus, Br. Prodr. 506, not of Willd. P. micranthus, Spreng. Syst. ii.
691.
Wet places in Bengal ; Dacca, Clarice. Deccan Peninsula, Burma and
Tenassehim. Ceylon.— Distbib. Java, China, Philippine Islands, Trop. Africa
and Australia.
A very slender much-branched annual glabrate-or puberulous herb, 2-3 ft.; angles
of stem often scabrid. Leaves 1-2 in., very membranous, base cuneate, rounded or
subcordate, quite entire, narrowed into 'a filiform petiole as long as the blade.
Racemes 3-6 in.; peduncles and rachis filiform ; whorls about 6-fld. ; bracts minute,
caducous ; pedicels shorter than the calyx. Flowers T's in. long. Fruiting calyx
4-f'g in. Corolla flesh-coloured. Nutlets black, smooth, ellipsoid.
7. ORTHOSIPHON, Bentli.
Under-shrubs or shrubs. Whorls 6- or fewer-fid., racemose. Calyx
ovoid, campanulate or tubular, fruiting deflexed, upper tooth broad mem-
branous, margins decurrent on the tube, lateral and lower distinct or shortly
connate, usually subulate. Corolla-tube often slender, straight or incurved ;
upper lip 3-4-fid ; lower entire, concave. Stamens 4, declinate, filaments free,
toothless; snther-cells confluent. Disc usually gibbous. Style with a
Orthosiphon-!\ cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 613
minute capitate or clavate entire or notched stigma. Nutlets ovoid or
orbicular, smooth or nearly so. — Species 16, tropics of the Old World.
* Calyx-throat villous. Stamens included.
1. O. diffusus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 50; woody, diffusely
branched, viscidly tomentose, leaves ovate or elliptic obtuse crenate, corolla-
tube shortly exserted, fruiting calyx ^-£ in. Ocimum ? diffusum, Benth. in
Wall. Cat. 2718, and in Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 14. O. hirsutum, Wall.
Cat. 2717 in part.
Deccan Peninsula ; Pulney and Nilghiri Mts., in dry rocky places, Klein, &c.
? Ceylon ; Walker.
Branches many and straggling from the woody stock, stout, cylindric, 6-8 in.
high. Leaves \ in. long, tomentose on both surfaces, base rounded ; petiole £-£ in.
Racemes 3-4 in., stout or slender ; whorls rather distant, 2-4-fld., floral leaves
minute. Calyx pubescent, throat with long hairs, fruiting ribbed, 2 lower lobes
rigid, subulate. Corolla about \ in. long. Nutlets oblong, obscurely reticulate,
brown, nearly smooth. — I suspect that the Ceylon habitat is an error.
Vab. hispida; tomentose or villous, branches longer more slender, leaves more
narrowed at the base. O. hispidus, Benth. I. c— Nilghiri and Cuddapah Hills.
** Calyx-throat naked. Stamens included,
f Leaves petioled.
2. O. pallidus, Boyle mss. ; B^nth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 70, Lab.
708, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 50 ; woody, diffusely branched, glabrous or
finely pubescent, leaves petioled ovate obtuse coarsely toothed or crenate,
two lowest calyx-teeth aw'ned, corolla- tube about equalling the calyx.
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 205 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 539. O. verticillatus,
Heyne in Serb. Rottl. O. inodorus, Koen. ; Boxb. Ic. ined. in Herb. Kew,
noio/Fl. Ind. iii. 19.
Nobth-Westebn India; from Kashmir and the Punjab to Behar, and south-
wards to Travancore. — Disteib. Beluchistan, Arabia.
Branches 6-12 in., many, ascending from a stout woody stock. Leaves f -2 in.,
obtuse or acute, scentless, base cuneate entire and narrowed into a petiole \- % the
length of the blade. Racemes long or short, stout or slender ; floral leaves minute ;
flowers ^ in. loug. Corolla white. Fruiting calyx as long as the pedicel, \-\ in.
long, deflexed ; lower teeth subulate or aristate. Nutlets subglobose, compressed,
pale, nearly smooth. — With difficulty distinguished from states-of Ocimum adscendens,
the calyx being nearly identical. Roxburgh's figure of O. inodorus is this plant, but
his description refers to some other with cordate rugose leaves and cordate bracts.
3. O. tomentosus, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 14, Lab. 27, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 51 ; tomentose, pubescent or glabrate, sometimes viscid,
leaves petioled ovate, base rounded cuneate or cordate, racemes elongate,
bracts ovate, 4 lower calyx-teeth awned, corolla from half as long to thrice as
long as the calyx, tube , subincurved, nutlets subglobose compressed pale
brown nearly smooth.
Deccan Peninsula ; on the Ghats, and from the Concan southwards. Ceylon.
A most variable plant. I am quite unable to find any characters whereby to define
strictly the following forms. The O. rubicundus is distinguished by the long sessile
or subsessile leaves.
Vab. tomentosa proper ; 12-18 in., rarely more, pubescent or tomentose, leaves
£-1 in., petiole half the length of the blade or less, corolla about \ in. lonsr, twice as
loug as the calyx or less. O. tomentosus, Benth. I. c. ? O. triste, Roth Nov. Sp.
270. Plectranthus tristis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 690.— Nilghiri Hills.
614 cxii. labiatte. (J. D. Hooker.) [Or tho siphon.
Var. vixcosa ; usually taller and stouter,viscidly pubescent or tomentose with spread-
ing hairs, leaves 1-3 in', base often cordate, petiole slender, corolla £-§ in. twice or
thrice as long as the calyx. O. viscosus, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2723 and 11. c. —
On the Ghats from Canara southwards.
Var. rubiginosa, Clarke mss. ; branches and leaves beneath clothed with a fine rlo^e
rusty pubescence, leaves of var. viscida, flowers rather larger. — Nilghiris; Wight,
Clarke, &c.
Var. glabrata ; usually more slender, quite glabrous or sparsely patently hairy,
leaves 1-3 in., usually broadly ovate-cordate or. base rounded coarsely toothed, petiole
sometimes as long as the blade and very slender, .corolla about \ in., tube slender 2-3
times as long as the calyx. O. glabratus, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2724, and 11. c. ;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 205 J Thwaites JSnum. 237. ? Ocimum thymiflorum, Roth
'Nov. Sp. 269. ? Plectranthus thymiflorus, Spreng. Syst. ii. 690. Ocimum glaucum,
Heyne in Herb. Rottl. O. ascendens, Wight, and O. cordifolium, Herb. Madr. in
Wall. Cat. — Common from the Concan southwards. Ceylon common. Thwaites
remarks that this in Ceylon varies much in the size of the flowers. 0. petiolaris,
Mi quel, of Java, with the habit of this, differs in the narrow bracts and form of the
calyx.
Var. farviflora ; pubescent or glabrate, leaves \-% in. ovate, calyx shorter broader,
fruiting £ in. long campanulate, corolla \ in. long very narrow, twice as long as the
calyx. O. tomentosus, var. parviflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 51. — Nilghiris;
Wight, &c. — Probably a distinct species.
4. O. incur vus, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2725, arid in Wall. PI. As. Bar.
ii. 15, Lab. 28, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 52 ; pubernlous, pubescent or tomen-
tose, stem usually subsimple ascending 4-angled, leaves 3-6 in. petioled
ovate or ovate-lanceolate coarsely crenate, bracts ovate, 2 lower calyx-teeth
awned, corolla $-1 in. straight or incurved, nutlets broadly ellipsoid com-
pressed asperulous. Hook. Pot. Mag* t. 3847 ; Maund Botanist, iv.
t. 173.
Subtropical Himalaya; Nepal, Hamilton; Sikkim {Herb. Griff.), J. D. H.,
&c. Khasia Hills, alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Bruce, Masters, &c.
Stem 1-3 ft., rarely branched. Leaves narrowed into winged petioles |— 3 in. long,
rough or smooth above, sometimes of a fine purple beneath. Calyx in fruit ^ in. ;
lateral teeth triangular, hardly awned. Corolla pale pink, variable in size and curva-
ture.— 0. rubicundus, Benth., consists of two plants, one of which with petioled
leaves I refer to 0. incurvus, the other with more lanceolate subsessile leaves is the
true rubicundus, Bth.
Var. elata ; tall, branched, racemes densely tomentose, bracts larger longer than
the pedicels.— E. Nepal, Tambur and Khabili rivers, alt. 4-6000 ft.; J. D. H.—A
very large form with ovate-lanceolate leaves 4-7 in. long, scaberulous above and
beneath. Corolla % in. long, tube slender.
5. O. robustus? HooJc.f. • finely pubescent, stem robust terete, leaves
5-6 in. shortly petiole! oblong-lanceolate subacute obscurely crenate, bracts
ovate acute, 2 lower calyx-teeth awned, corolla 1 in.
Assam j Jyrung Hills, Simons {Herb. Calcutt).
Whole plant when dried a dark rusty purple colour, clothed uniformly with a
fine pubescence. Stem nearly as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 2§ in. broad, base
cuneate ; petiole stout, ^-f in. Racemes stout, whorls rather distant. Fruiting calyx
(unripe) £ in. long.
ft Leaves sessile, rarely petioled in 0. rubicundus.
6. O. rubicundus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 141, Lab. 26, and
in PC. Prodr. xii. 57; erect, tomentose pubescent or glabrate, stems 4-angled,
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate coarsely toothed, bracts minute, 4 lowTer
calyx-teeth subulate, corolla twice as long as the calyx pubescent, nutlets
Ortlwdphon.\ . cxn. labiate. (J.D.Hooker.) G15
suborbicnlar compressed nearly smooth. Wall. Cat. 2721 ; Hook. Ic. PL
t. 459. O. virgatus, Benth. II. c. ; Wall. Cat. 2722. Ocimum tuberosum,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 18. Plectranthus rubicundus & virgatus, Don Prodr.
116. ^ P. mollissimus, Wall. mss. P. amoenus, Wall. Lumnitzera rubi-
cunda & virgata, Spreng. Syst., Cur. post. 223. Ocimum Miria, Ham. in
WkIL Cat. 2722. 0. ruhicundum & virgatum, Ham. mss. 0. mollissimum,
Wall. mss. O. tuberosum, Roxb. mss.
Western Subtropical Himalaya ; from Central Nepal to Jama, alt. 2-4000 ft.
and southward to the Circars and Nilghiris. Ava; Waliich. — Distuib. Upper
Burma.
Stem 1-2 ft., slender. Leaves 2-4 in., variable in breadth, and toothing- obtuse or
acute, base cuneate. Corolla \-\ in., white rose or pink, throat funnel-shaped.
Outlets punctulate.
' Var. rigida; leaves petiolate. O. rubicundus, v. rigida, Benth. II. c. Ociinum
rigidum, Ham.
Var. ? Hohenackeri ; smaller, laxly tomentose, leaves 1 in., corolla £ in., fruiting
calyx smaller ^ in. — Nilgbiri Mts. ; Hohenaclcer, n. 1394. — Possibly a distinct species,
but the specimens are insufficient. The nutlets are as in O. rubicundus?
7. O. comosus, Wight mss. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 52 ; tomentose,
shrubby, branches opposite terete leafy, leaves close set oblong or linear-
oblong or obovate obtuse crenate, racemes sessile, bracts deciduous upper
very large coloured, calyx tubular, lips subequal in length, 4 lower teetli sub-
equal subulate. O. bracteatus, Wight Ic. t. 1428.
Deccan Peninstla; Shevagherry and Tinnevelly Hills, Wight, JBeddome.
This differs greatly in habit from its congeners. Wight figures the stem as 4-angled,
but they appear quite cylindric. Branches as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves |-L in.,
rugose. Mac his of raceme stout; whorls 6-fld.; flowers suberect. Calyx nearly 5 in.,
upper lip orbicular, straight. Corolla f-1 in., pubescent, tube very slender. Nutlets
not seen.
*## Calyx-throat naked. Stamens far exserted.
8. O. stamineus, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Rar. ii. 15, Lab. 29, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 52 ; slender, glabrous or pubescent, leaves petioled ovate
acuminate coarsely toothed, base cuneate, calyx campanulate, 2 lower teeth
subulate, corolla-tube thrice as long very slender, filaments capillary twice
as long as the corolla. Wall. Cat. 2727 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5833 ; Miquel Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 944. Ocimum granditlorum, Blame Bijd. 835. 0. longiflorum,
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2727.
Assam ; Jenkins. Burma and Martaban ; Waliich. Deccan Peninsula ;
Anamallay Hills, Wight. Nicobar Islands. — Djstrib. Malay and Philippine
Islands, Australia.
Stem 1-2 ft., 4-angled. Leaves in distant pairs, 2-4 in., narrowed into the petiole.
Racemes very lax-fld. Calyx £ in. Corolla 1 in., glabrous, white or purplish.
Nutlets broadly oblong, compressed, rugulose.
9. O. scapig-er, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Rar. ii. 15, Lab. 28, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 52 ; glabrous, stem very short, leaves subradical petioled oblong
obtuse coarsely crenate, racemes very long, calyx campanulate, 4 lower teeth
subulate, corolla-tube short, throat funnel-shaped, filaments twice as long as
the limb, nutlets oblong rugulose. Wall. Cat. 2726 [scapigerum).
Nepal; Waliich.
Rootstock short, woody. Leaves 4-6 in., narrowed into a short or long slender
petiole. Racemes 1 foot, strict, puberulous. Calyx \ in. Corolla |-£ in. long, blue ;
upper lip short, 4-toothed ; lower longer, concave.
616 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Plectranthv*.
8. PIiECTRANTHUS, L'Herit.
Herbs or undershrnbs. Flowers usually small, in lax (rarely <
panicled or racemed 6-8-fld. cymes (whorls). Calyx 5-toothed, 2-lippel,
enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube exserted, long or short, straight or decurved,
limb equal or gibbous or spurred, 2-lipped ; upper lip usually short, broad,
3-4-fid recurved ; lower much longer, entire, boat-shaped, narrow at the base
or stipitate. Stamens 4, declinate; filaments simple, free; anther-cells
usually confluent. Disc usually produced in front, and there equalling or
exceeding the ovary. Style subequally-2-fid. Nutlets orbicular, ovoid or
oblong, smooth, granulate or punctate. — Species about 80, Tropical and Sub-
tropical Asiatic, African, Australian and Polynesian.
The species of the sections Isodox and Coleoides are numerous and very
difficult of discrimination, and the latter should perhaps be referred to Coleus, or better
still refer all the Plectranihi to sections of Coleus, of which genus P. coleoides and
urtieifolius have all the habit.
Sect. 1. Zsodon. Fruiting calyx decurved, subequally 5-toothed, or
2-lipped, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-toothed. Nutlets oblong or rounded,
obtuse.
* Fruiting calyx broad, open, deeply 2-lipped, upper lip very broad with
3 distant spinous teeth, lower of 2 long subulate teeth. Corolla 1 in.
tube straight t base equal.
1. P. macranthus, Hook. f. ; sparsely hairy, leaves petioled o
lanceolate coarsely serrate, inflorescence racemose, flowers opposite.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Chola, alt. 6-8000 ft., J. B. H. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. ;
Lobb, J. D. M. 4" T. T., &c. Burma ; Griffith.
Stem 6-12 in., simple or branched, weak. Leaves 3-5 in., membranous. Racemes.
6-12 in.; bracts ovate-lanceokte. persistent: pedicels \ in. Corolla-tube st:
1 in. long, £ in. diam. ; lips short, subequal, rounded. Fruiting calyx \ in.
Sutlets globose, ^ in. diam. — Very near the Japanese P. longitubus, Miq., and i
a variety of it, but the cyme branches are much shorter and 1-fld. ; the :
cence being a simple raceme with opposite flowers. — Probably both should be referred
to Orthosiphon.
** Fruiting calyx longer than broad, distinctly 2-lipped for A way down,
upper lip subequally 3-toothed, lower 2-toothed. Corolla ±-± in. long, tube
straight, base equal. (It is not easy to distinguish this section froi
next.)
2. P. scrophularoides. Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 16, and Cat. 273-
slender, nearly glabrous, leaves long-petioled ovate crenate, base cordate or
cuneate, corolla-tube broad about twice as loner as the lower lip, fruiting
calyx with obtuse teeth, nutlets subglobose smooth. Benth. Lab. -10, and in
DC. Prodr. xi. 55 ; Hook. Ic. PL t. -164 in part.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 8-1000 ft., from Kumaon to Sikkim ; Wallicl.
Stem 2—4 ft. or more. Leaves 3-7 in., often as broad, sparsely minutely hairy ;
petiole 1-4 in. Cymes in broad open slender panicles. Corolla \ in., pale rose, tube
nearly straight, upper lip very short, lower short, narrow, acute, hardly cymbitbrm.
Stamens far exserted. Fruiting calyx \ in.— A much larger plant than* P.' G
a»«w, which it cloudy resembles. The figure in Icoues Plantarum (copied from a
drawing by Heyland of Paris) is, I suspect. ~made up of the magnified calyx and corolla
of this, but of the leave*, panicle and nutlets of P. Gerardianus.
Plectranthus.~\ cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 617
3. P. pulneyensis, Hoolc.f. ; tall, robust, villous, lower leaves stoutly
petioled ovate-cordate reticulate crenate, racemes narrow, branches short,
corolla-tube short broad, lips short subequal, stamens far exserted, fruiting
calyx ^ in. sparingly hispid, lobes obtuse, nutlets broadly oblong. P. stria-
tus, Kerb. Wight 2096.
Deccan Peninsula ; Pulney Mts., Wight.
Foliage, hairiness, and stout stems of P. nilghiricus, but flowers and fruit quite
different.
4. P. nigrescens, Bent//. Lab. 710, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 58;
erect, finely pubescent, rarely subvillous, blackish when dry, leaves small
petioled ovate or ovate-cordate crenate, cymes narrow usually terminal and
solitary, corolla-tube short, lips subequal short, stamens shortly exserted
or included, fruiting calyx sparsely scabrid, lobes obtuse, nutlets suborbicular.
Thivaites Enum. 237, excl. syn. P. Walkeri. P. montanus, Herb. Wight.
P. hians, and P. scabrellus, Benth. in DC. I. c. 57, 58.
Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 4-7000 ft., Mackenzie, &c.
Stem stout or slender, simple or branched, variable in pubescence. Leaves 1-1^ in.
Corolla l6 in., white, spotted with red. Fruiting calyx about as long.
5. P. Walkeri, Am. Pugill. PI. Ind. Or. 36, and in Nov. Act. Nat.
Cur. xviii. 354 ; stems subsimple ascending leafy pubescent, leaves petioled
lanceolate serrate above the middle glabrous, cymes terminal solitary narrow
hoary, corolla-tube rather broad longer than the subequal lips, stamens
shortly exserted, fruiting calyx nearly glabrous, lobes obtuse, nutlets broadly
oblong. P. nigrescens, var. Thivaites Enum. 237.
Ceylon ; Ramboddi, &c, alt. 4-5000 ft., Sir G. Mackenzie, Walker. Deccan
Peninsula ; Tinnevelly Hills, alt. 4000 ft., Beddome.
A very distinct plant, blackish when dry. Stem 12-18 in. Leaves 1^-2 in ,
acute, puberulous on the nerves. Racemes 2-5 in. Calyx nearly as in P. nigrescens.
6. P. rivularis, Wight mss. ; stem erect leafy pubescent, leaves long-
petioled lanceolate crenate to below the middle pubescent or glabrate, racemes
terminal and axillary narrow pubescent, corolla-tube rather broad longer
than the subequal lips, stamens shortly exserted, fruiting calyx nearly
glabrous, lobes subacute, nutlets broadly oblong. P. nigrescens, #.
scabrellus, Wight (Kew Distrib. 2093).
Nilghiei and Anamallay Hills ; Sispara, Wight, Gardner, Beddome.
Very near P. Walkeri, and perhaps a variety, but taller, more hairy, green when
dry, leaves longer petioled, crenate (not serrate) to near the base.
### Fruiting calyx indistinctly 2-lipped, shortly h-toothed. Corolla £-£ in-
long, tube straight, equal at the base.
7. P. G-erardianus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. ii. 17, Lab. 40, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 56 {all in part) ; tall, branched, nearly glabrous, leaves
large lower petioled ovate crenate or toothed, floral and bracts small, cymes
in branched panicles, corolla ^ in., tube subcylindric, lips subequal, fruiting
calyx \$ in. glabrous or nearly so, teeth subacute, nutlets ellipsoid. Wall.
Cat. 2742. P. oblongifolius, Wall. PL As. Ear. ii. 16; Cat. 2739; Benth.
lie.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 3-9000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Sikkim (ascending to
12,000). Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Wallich, &c.
Stem 4r-6 ft., glabrous or puberulous above. Leaves 3-7 by 1-4 in., acuminate,
618 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Plectrantku*
membranous or rigid, sparsely scaberulous above or more so all over ; base of lower
narrowed into the long or short petiole. Panicles pyramidal, branches slender.
Flowers white, speckled with pink. Stamens exserted. — I cannot distinguish P. qraci-
lifiorus by any sufficient character. Hyssopus lophanthoides, Ham., referred here by
Bentham, is, according to an original specimen of Hamilton's, a different plant (see
end of genus). P. oblongifolius is a diseased state with inflated barren calyces.
Var. graciliflora ; leaves more scabrous above, and usually red-brown when dry.
P. graciliflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 56. P. Gerardiamis, var. hispida, Herb. Ind.
Or. H.f. Sf T.— Nepal, Sikkim, and Khasia Mts.
Var. brachyantha ; corolla-tube very short and wide, scarcely exceeding the calyx.
— Khasia Mts.; Churra, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. Sf T. T. Sikkim, alt. 5-8000 ft.,
Clarke, J. D. H. Prome Hills, Benson (in Herb. Maingay).—A dubious plant,
referred by Clarke (mss.) to P. striatus, which small specimens resemble. Fruiting
calyx not seen.
8. P. striatus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. HIT, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 56 ; stem usually 6-12 in. glabrous pubescent or subvillous, leaves small
lower petioled broadly ovate crenate, cymes panicled, corolla-tube broad
or narrow sbort or tubular, fruiting calyx fa in. hispid, teeth obtuse, nutlets
oblong. Wall. Cat. 2740.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 4-8000 ft., Wallich, &c.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-6000 ft., common.
The usually much smaller size, shorter broader leaves, more flaccid habit, and
hispid calyx best distinguish this from P. Oerardianus, but there are many specimens
that I am in doubt about. The corolla is very variable, and the stamens are nor-
mally far exserted.
9. P. Stracheyi, Benth. mss.; stem simple ascending puberulous,
leaves 4-5 in. short-petioled narrowly lanceolate serrate above the middle,
cymes in a terminal narrow panicle.
Western Himalaya ; Kumaon, in the Surja valley, alt. 4500 ft., Strachey 8c
Winterbottom.
Flowers of P. Oerardianus, but very distinct in foliage and habit, which resemble
P. Walkeri. The fruit is not ripe. A very similar but more flaccid plant (speci-
mens without corolla and fruit), and with longer petioles, is found in Pegu by Dr.
Brandis.
10. P. hispidus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 17, Lab. 41, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 57 ; stout, erect, scaberulous, densely pubescent or villous,
leaves subsessile ovate crenate or serrate tomentose beneath, corolla tubular
pubescent, lower lip much longer than the upper, fruiting calyx 7'2 in. densely
villous, nutlets very minute ellipsoid. Wall. Cat. 2741.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft. ; Wallich, &c.
Like a robust and (usually) deusely woolly form of P. Oerardianus, with a very
minute woolly calyx. Flowers white, speckled with red.
11. P. Stocksii, Hook, f.; slender, simple or branched, glabrous or
sparsely hairy, leaves petioled ovate or ovate-cordate crenate membranous,
panicles pyramidal, corolla-tube short broad, fruiting calyx T'5 in. scaberulous,
teeth subacute, nutlets broadly oblong. P. striatus & Concan, Kerb. Ind.
Or. H.f fr T. P. Wightii, Qrah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 148; Dalz. 8c Gibs. Bomb.
FL 205.
Deccan Peninsula ; the Concan, Stocks, Law, &c. ; Bababoodan Hills, Heyne in
Kerb. Bottler ; Belgaum, at Purwar Ghat, Bitchie.
Possibly a form of P. striatus, but is a larger plant. Small specimens from the
Kala Nuddi (banks above Saopa), from Ritchie, have very minute fruiting calyces.
Heyne's specimen is a very small one, but, 1 think, of this species.
PlectrantJucs.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 619
12. P. "Wiffhtii, Benth. Lab. 41, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 56 ; tall, robust,
branched, glabrous or scaberulous, leaves petioled broadly ovate or cordate
crenate-toothed rather rigid, cymes lax-fid. often leafy, large pyramidal
panicles, corolla-tube short broad, fruiting calyx ^-^ in. scaberulous, teeth
obtuse, nutlets oblong. Wight Ic. t. 1429.
Njlghibi and Pulney Mts., alt. 1-7000 ft. ; Wight, &c.
The var. macrophylla, Benth., is only a larger-leaved specimen.
13. P. nilghiricus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 57; villous, stem very
robust, leaves thick stoutly petioled broadly ovate-cordate rugose crenate,
cymes in pyramidal panicles, flowers rather crowded, corolla tubular, lobes
pubescent, fruiting calyx T'2 in. densely woolly, nutlets suborbicular. ? P.
bullatus, Benth. I. c.
Nilghiri and^A-NAMALLAY Mts. ; Sir F. Adams, Wight, Beddome.
Apparently a very distinct species. Whole plant yellowish-brown when dry. P.
bullatus, Benth., may be the same thing ; I have seen no authentic specimens of it.
14. P. capillipes, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 57; annual, small, softly
pubescent, rather slender, leaves small petioled ovate or cordate crenate,
cymes in narrowly pyramidal panicles, corolla tubular, lips subequal lower
very small, fruiting calyx 1,a in. puberulous, teeth obtuse, nutlets oblong.
Thwaites Enum. 237.
Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 3-5000 ft., Walker, &c.
Habit of P. striatus, which small spepimens resemble, whilst larger ones approxi-
mate to P. Wightii. Corolla white, with pink spots on upper lip. Stamens
exserted.
15. P. nepetsefolius, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 57; villous with soft
spreading hairs, stem 1-2 ft. simple, leaves petioled ovate-cordate crenate
soft and softly hairy on both surfaces, cymes in narrowly pyramidal panicles,
corolla tubular, lips subequal, fruiting calyx ^ in. pubescent, teeth obtuse,
nutlets ovoid-oblong.
Deccan Peninsula, Wight, Perrottet ; Nilghiri and Anamallay Hills, Beddome.
A much smaller plant than P. Wightii, clothed with long hairs, and with a
tubular corolla ^ in. long.
**** Fruiting calyx longer than broad, 2-Upped or subequally 5-toothed.
Corolla ^-j in., tube decimate or abruptly decurved (except P. re-pens), base
usually gibbous.
16. P. repens, Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 17, and Cat. 2746; pubescent or
villous, stem short, leaves long-petioled broadly ovate- or orbicular-cordate
obtuse crenate, cymes in narrow racemes which are longer than the stem,
corolla-tube nearly straight cylindric obtusely spurred at the base above,
stamens included, fruiting calyx scaberulous, teeth short obtuse, nutlets very
minute broadly oblong. Benth. Lab. 43, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 58.
Centeal and Eastern Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 6-9000 ft.,
J. P. H., Clarke.
Stem 4-6 in., prostrate below. Leaves l£-3 in. broad, membranous; petiole
1-3 in. Panicles solitary and terminal, or few axillary, 1 foot long and under, lax fid.
Corolla §• in. Fruiting calyx T'5 in. — The corolla is not like that of P. Coetsa, nor are
the calyx-teeth lanceolate and acute (as described iu DC Prodr.).
17. P. Coetsa, Ham. in Don Prodr. 117 ; tall, erect, branched, pubescent
620 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [PJedranthus.
or glabrate, leaves ovate crenate narrowed into the winged petiole, cymes
in lax-fld. panicled racemes, corolla-tube much shorter than the large saccate
lower lip, fruiting calyx narrow shortly 2-lipped, teeth acute, nutlets oblong
or subglobose. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 17, Lab. 42, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 58 (excl. syn. Burm.); Wall. Gat. 2743. Ocimum Coetsa, Spreng.
Syst., Cur. post. 223.
Tempebate and Subtbopioal Himalaya ; fromMurreeto Mishmi, alt. 3-8000 ft.,
abundant. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Burma, Wallich.
A tall strong-smelling 6-8 ft. undershrub. Leaves 1-3 in. Cymes very numerous,
branchlets subsecund. Corolla £ in., lavender-blue ; upper lip very short. Stamens
included in the lower lip. Fruiting calyx ^,-g in., hoary or scaberulous. Nutlets
apparently variable.
Vae. Hookeri; tall, leaves sometimes 5 in. glabrous or puberulous, fruiting calyx
larger \-^ in. very broad, teeth longer more acute, nutlets twice as large. Plectran-
thus no. 15, Herb. Iud. Or. H. f. & T. P. Hookeri, Clarke mss. — Khasia Mts. ;
Moflong, alt. 5000 ft., J. P. R. % T. T.
18. P. menthoides, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 17, Lab. 42, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 59 ; tall, erect, branched, hoary pubescent or tomentose,
leaves petioled ovate crenate narrowed into the winged petiole, cymes in
long racemes dense or lax-fld., corolla short, tube about as long as the
saccate lower lip, fruiting calyx hoary, teeth subequal subacute, nutlets
oblong. Wall. Cat. 2744. P. Macraei, Benth. Lab. 42, and in DC. I. c. ;
Wight La. t. 1430. P. rugosus, /3. tomentosus, Benth. in Wall. 1. c. ii. 17;
Wall. Cat. 2745 B. P. Coetsa, Thwaites Enum. 237. Scutellaria japonica,
Burm. PI. Lnd. 130.
South Deccan Peninsula, from Belgaum southward; Nilghiri and Pulney
Mts., by wet ditches, Wight. Ceylon; Central Province, alt. 4-6000 ft.
The southern representative of P. Coetsa, and probably only a variety of that
plant. The length of the corolla-tube is variable, as is the pubescence of the leaves.
19. P. RXaddeni, Benth. in Strach. Cat. PI. Kumaon, 86 ; stout, erect,
branched, nearly glabrous, leaves ovate crenate narrowed into the winged
petiole, cymes in lax- or dense-fid. racemes, corolla-tube much shorter than
the saccate lower lip, fruiting calyx broadly campanulate glabrous, teeth
obtuse, nutlets subglobose.
Tempeeate Himalaya; Kumaon, alt. 7-8500 ft., Strachey Sf Winterbottom,
Puthie; Sikkim, alt. 5-10,000 ft., J. P. H.
Very near P. Coetsa, and perhaps a form of it, but more glabrous, with broadei
fruiting calyces, which have obtuse teeth and more rounded nutlets.
20. P. melissoides, Benth. Lab. 39, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 62 ;
herbaceous, erect, tomentose or puberulous, leaves small sessile or shortly
petioled ovate or rounded crenate, cymes in lax-fld. slender racemes, corolla-
tube short broad, fruiting calyx 2-lipped subhispid, teeth acute, nutlets
globose. Wall. Cat. 7122.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Wallich, Mack, Griffith, H.f. Sf T, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft., rather slender, strict. Leaves £-1 in., glabrate or very tomentose
beneath or on both surfaces, narrowed into the short petiole. Racemes long, slender,
strict. Corolla \ in., pink ; lips short, gibbously hemispheric. Fruiting calyx
\ in., broadly campanulate.
21. P. rugosus, Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 17, and Cat. 2745 ; shrubby,
erect, hoary with stellate down, leaves small petioled ovate or elliptic obtuse
crenate rugose above beneath densely white-tomentose, cymes axillary lax-
Plectranihus.] cxu. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 621
fid. panicled, corolla- tube very short, lips very large, fruiting calyx hoary, teeth
subequal acute, nutlets oblong. Benth. Lab. 43, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 59,
var. a. ; Gamble Ind. Timbers, 300.
Western Himalaya ; dry hills from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 3-8000 ft. Bhotan ;
Griffith. Mar war ; on Mt. Abo, Stocks. — Distrib. Affghanistan.
A shrub ; branches slender, strict. Leaves 1 in. and less, leathery, finely reticu-
late above ; base subcordate, rarely acute ; petiole slender. Cymes in leafy racemes,
with slender peduncles and pedicels. Corolla £ in., white, with rose or purple spots ;
lips much longer than the tube, lower longest. Fruiting calyx £ in. long, very
shortly 2-lipped.
Sect. 2. Pyramidium. Fruiting calyx erect, tubular, equally 5-toothed.
Corolla-tube decurved, base gibbous. Nutlets trigonous, ovoid-oblong,
acuminate.
22. P. ternifolius, Don Prodr. 117 ; robust, densely white-tomentose,
leaves opposite and ternately whorled subsessile lanceolate acuminate serrate
rugose, cymes in dense long white villous panicles, corolla very short villous,
fruiting calyx cylindric, teeth subequal. Wall. Cat. 2748 ; Benth. in Lab.
44 ; in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 17, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 61 ; Hook. Lc. PL
t. 460. Ocimum ternifolium, Spreng. Syst., Cur. post. 224.
Tboptcal Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 0-4000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 0-3000 ft. ^engal, Assam. Behar, at Parusnath, J. D. R. — Distrib.
Burma, S. Chinn.
A bush, 3-5 ft., with strict erect branches. Leaves 3-7 in., thick, rugose, base
acute. Panicles cylindric, white; lower bracts leafy; flowers subsessile, densely
crowded. Corolla white, with pink spots at base of upper lip ; tube inflated, and
lips very short. Stamens included. Fruiting calyx ]6-% in., straight, erect ; teeth
rounded. Nutlets trigonous, acuminate.
Sect. 3. Coleoides. Fruiting calyx 2-lipped, upper lip large, rounded,
reflexed, very shortly 2-toothed or entire ; lower with 3 acute, awned, or subu-
late pointed teeth. Corolla-tube deflexed or decimate, base gibbons or not.
23. P. incanus. Link Fnum. Hort. Berol. ii. 120 ; herbaceous, pale,
hoary, stem subsimple, leaves large long-petioled broadly ovate-cordate
crenate, cymes lax-fid. racemose, corolla-tube short longer than the short
hemispheric lower lip, base not gibbous, fruiting calyx broadly campanulate,
lower lip longest, teeth with long points, nutlets large subglobose. P. cor-
difolius, Don Prodr. 116 ; Benth. Lab. 35, in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 16, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 66; Wall. Cat. 2736; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 148; Dalz.
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 205. P. secundus, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 45, and Fl. Ind.
iii. 20. P. divaricatus, Weinm. in Syll. PI. Soc. Batisb. i. 68, and in Flora,
1826, 174. P. mollis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 690. Ocimum molle, Ait. Hort. Few,
ii. 322. O. mayporense, Both Nov. Sp. 27l.—Bheede, Hort. Mai. x. t. 84.
Hills of Continental India, from the Himalaya (Simla to Sikkim), ascending
to 5500 ft., Khasia Mts. and Central Inlia, to the Anamallays. (Absent in
Ceylon and in the Malay Peninsula.)
Whole plant usually hoary with very fine pubescence. Stem robust below.
Leaves 2-4 in., sometimes as broad ; petiole as long or longer than the blade.
Corolla ^ in. long, slightly decurved, white pubescent. Stamens included. Fruiting
calyx % in. Nutlets T'2 in. diam. — Lower lip of corolla longest of any Indian species.
24. P. subincisus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 16, Lab. 36, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 66 ; glabrous or puberulous, stem short branched, leaves
long petioled orbicular ovate obtuse sinuate-crenate, corolla very small, tube
622 cxii. labiate. (J.D.Hooker.) \Plectranthn'».
slender decurved longer than the short lower lip, fruiting calyx campanulate,
lips short upper rounded, teeth of lower with subulate tips, nutlets globose
smooth, or rugose. Wall. Cat. 2737.
Deccan Peninsula; near Courtallum and Dindigul, Herb. Bottler, Wight.
Ceylon (var. Gardneri).
Stem a foot high, flaccid, vaguely branched. Leaves 1J-2 in. long and broad,
flaccid ; petiole as long. Corolla g in. long, pubescent. Fruiting calyx dimorphic,
larger £ in., with deeply pitted brown nutlets; smaller £ in., with smooth pale
nutlets.— The specimens "in Wallich's, Wight's, and Rottler's Herbaria are very im-
perfect.
Vae. Gardneri ; leaves narrowed into the petiole, purplish when dry. P. Gardneri,
Thivaites Enum. 237.— Ceylon ; Central Province, Adam's Peak, &c, Walker, &c.
25. P. Parishii, Hook.f. ; annual, puberulous, flaccid, branched, leaves
orbicular-ovate narrowed into the very long petiole coarsely crenate or
lobulate, cymes in lax-fid. racemes, corolla § in., tube very slender with the
inflated throat much longer than the narrow lip.
TenassebiM; Moulmein, Parish.
Stem succulent, 6-10 in. Leaves 2 in. long and broad, membranous, obtuse.
Calyx minute in flower ; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; lower lip with subulate
teeth. Corolla with pale blue lower lip. Fruiting calyx £ in., broadly campanulate,
subequally very shortly 2-lipped; upper lip triangular, tip subulate; teeth of lower
similar but narrower. Nutlets very pale. — I have but one specimen of this very
distinct species.
26. P. zeylanicuSj Benth. Lab. 36, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 66; tall,
slender, densely finely glandular- pubescent, leaves shortly petioled orbicular-
cordate crenate, flowers minute whorled in very long slender racemes, corolla-
tube longer than the short lower lip, fruiting calyx minute subspheric, upper
lip rounded mucronate, teeth of lower subulate.
Cetlon ; Central Province, at Ramboddi. Gardner. (Commonly cultivated in
native gardens as a medicine, unknown wild, Thivaites.)
Stem 2-3 ft, stout, succulent, naked. Leaves in few pairs, 1-4 in. diam.,
rather thick. Racemes 6-12 in., very narrow; flowers in 6-10-fld. whorls on the
main rachis ; pedicels ^ in. Corolla \ in. long, slightly curved, tube hardly gibbous
at the base. Fruiting calyx 7'g in., densely glandular-pubescent like the whole raceme.
Nutlets not seen.
27. P. coleoides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 64 ; very stout, branched,
glandular-tomentoseor glabrate, leaves long-petioled ovate or orbicular-ovate
crenate obtuse, flowers racemed on the branches of a pyramidal densely
glandular-tomentose panicle, corolla pubescent, tube about equalling the lower
lip, upper lip of fruiting calyx rounded, teeth of lower lanceolate acuminate,
nutlets oblong black shining. Pot. Mag. t. 5841 ; Saunders Befug. Bot.
t. 256. Coleus Wightii, Benth. Lab. 58, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 78; Wight
Ic. t. 1433. C. glabratus, Benth. Lab. 58, and in DC. 1. c. C. panicu-
latus, Benth. in Wall. Plant. As. Bar. ii. 79 ; Wall. Cat. 2734, and in DC.
I. c.
Ntt.ghiri and Anamallay Mts.; ascending to 7000 ft. in moist places, Wight,
Perrottet, &c.
Stem 2-3 ft., succulent. Leaves 1-4 in. diam., fleshy ; petiole as long as the
blade. Panicles thyrsiform, sometimes 1 foot across the lower branches. Corolla
$ in. long, lilac; lower lip ciliate. Stamens included. Fruiting calyx very variable,
broad straight and campanulate, or narrowed and curved.
28. P. urticifolius, Hook. f. ; very robust, glabrous except the
Plcct r<i nthus.~\ cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 623
puberulous panicle, leaves very large stoutly petioled broadly ovate obtusely
acuminate, margin regularly obtusely lobulate, lobules crenate, cymes in
stout branched panicles, corolla-tube equalling the narrow lower lip, fruiting
calyx large, upper lip orbicular ovate, teeth of lower subulate-lanceolate,
nutlets large orbicular oblong brown shining. Coleus urticifolius, Benth. in
DC. Prodr. xii. 78.
Deccan Peninsula ; Courtallum, Wight ; Tinnevelly Hills, alt. 4500 ft., Beddome.
Stem short. Leaves 3-6 in. long and nearly as broad, sometimes minutely pube-
rulous above, gland-dotted beneath, lobules rounded or ovate1; petiole 2-3 in., very thick.
Panicle very large; branches suberect ; flowers racemed or corymbose. Flowers
§ in. long. Corolla-tube eylindric, decurved ; lips subequal, upper very broad, lower
narrowly cymbiform. Stamen quite free. Fruiting calyx \ in. long, 2 lowest teeth
longest, incurved. Nutlets large.— Near P. coleoides.
29. P. fruticosus, Wight Cat. 2524 ; very robust, shrubby, branches
and leaves beneath densely tomentose, leaves large rounded ovate or
cordate obtusely acuminate coarsely crenate, flowers secundly racemed on
the erect branches of a dense stout glandular-pubescent thyrsus, corolla
decurved. Coleus fruticosus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 78.
Deccan Peninsula ; Pulney Mts., Wight.
Stem as thick as the middle finger, spongy. Leaves 3-5 in. long and broad,
pubescent above, margin sublobulate ; petiole 1-2 in., very stout, almost woolly.
Panicle 6-10 in., rachis and primary branches woody, ultimate 1-3 in., flexuous,
many-fid. ; flowers alternate, shortly pedicelled. Corolla pubescent, § in. long.
Filaments quite free. Upper calyx-lip ovate, teeth of lower acuminate. — A very
robust well-marked species. The fruit is not ripe.
30. P. G-rifiithii, Hook, f. ; erect, branched, hirsutely tomentose,
leaves petioled ovate acuminate toothed or crenate, cymes very short in
long slender narrow racemes, corolla-tube very slender longer than the
lower lip, fruiting calyx sparsely hairy, upper lip broad rounded, teeth of
lower acuminate, nutlets orbicular smooth black shining.
Easteen Assam ; Mishmi Hills, Griffith.
Stem rather woody, tomentose ; branches, racemes and leaf nerves beneath with
long hairs amongst the tomentum. Leaves 3-5 in., hirsute on both surfaces, base
rounded, shortly cordate at the insertion of the \-\\ in. long petiole. Racemes
6-10 in., | in. diam., leafless, rather dense-lid., rachis very hirsute ; cymes short,
sessile, with pedicelled flowers. Corolla £ in. long, tube declinate, curved, white,
lips subequal, pale rose-coloured. Fruiting calyx £ in., contracted above the
swollen base, mouth campauulate, lips subequal in length.
31. P. crenulatus, Ilook.f. ; erect, densely finely tomentose through-
out, leaves petioled ovate acute crenulate, cymes short in axillary racemes,
fruiting calyx hairy, upper lip broad rounded, teeth of lower acuminate,
nutlets orbicular black granulate opaque.
Upper Assam; Namroop, Griffith.
Very near P. Griffithii, but uot at all hirsute, leaves similar in shape but less
acuminate, and crenatures smaller, racemes shorter and nutlets opaque and granulate.
Flowers not seen.
32. P.? Helferi, LTook.f.; stem woody below and branches and young
leaves finely puberulous, leaves shortly petioled lanceolate subacute crenate
above the entire base glabrous, cymes short subsessile in branched glandular-
tomentose racemes, upper lip of glandular-hairy fruiting calyx orbicular,
teeth of lower subulate.
Tenasseeimj Heifer.
624 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Plectranthus.
Stem 1-2 feet. Leaves l\-2\ in., narrowed into the petiole, rather coriaceous,
nerves oblique. Fruiting calyx £ in. Corolla and nutlets not seen. — The
specimens are hardly fit for description, but the species is too remarkable to be
passed over.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES. /
P. Patchouli, Clarke mss. ; tall, erect, branched, hirsutely tomentose, leaves
petioled ovate-cordate crenate-toothed, cymes branched, fiowers subsecundly sub-
sessile on the branchlets of a loose panicle, calyx-teeth subequal, corolla-limb
subclavate with a large incurved cymbiform obtuse lower lip and shorter narrow
upper lip.
Assam; Jenkins (Herb. Calcutt.). Khasia Mts. ; Johra, alt. 4000 ft., cult.,
Clarke.
Stem stout, branched. Leaves 2-3 in., hairy on both surfaces. Cymes panicled,
irregularly branched; bracts small, leafy; pedicels -^ in. or 0. Calyx hardly
2-lipped, teeth acute. Corolla 1\ in., tube slender, upper lip much shorter and
narrower than the saccate obtuse lower, which is much larger than the tube. — " This,
I am told, is the true Patchouli plant, and has the true scent, which Pogostemon
Patchouli has not." C. B. Clarke. I have seen no fruit, and the inflorescence is
very peculiar ; it may not be a Plectranthus.
P.? montanus, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 17, and in DC. Prodr. xii.
60; Wall. Cat. 2/74H ; densely tomentose, stem short very robust, leaves shortly
petioled ovate or rounded crenate very thick rugose, racemes dense-fld. pyiamidate,
branches very thick ascending, whorls close set but not confluent, flowers sessile or
pedicelled, calyx T\> in. hemispheric with 5 triangular subacute teeth, nutlets suborbi-
cular polished pale. — Mysore; at Nundydroug, Klein. Herb. Bottler. — Habit of
P. coleoides, but calyx very different. The specimens are very imperfect, and have
no corolla.
Htssopus LOPHANTHOIDES, Ham. in Don Prodr. 110, referred to P Gerardia-
nus by Bentham, can hardly be that plant ; a specimen of it from Hamilton more
resembles P. striatus, being very pubescent. It may, however, be a hairy form of
P. Gerardianus.
Ocimum dbnsiflobum, Both Nov. Sp. 275, doubtfully referred by Bentham to
P. rugosus, must be a very different plant, according to the description.
P. botundifolius, Spreng. Syst. ii. 690; Benth. Lab. 34, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 65 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 148. Coleus ? rugosus, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar.
ii. 15. Germania rotundifolia, Poir. Diet. ii. 763. Nepeta madagascariensis, Lam. ?
Diet. i. 712.— Kurka, Bheede Sort. Mai. xi. t. 25 ? — A reputed native of Mauritius
and Coromandel ? The last habitat is no doubt founded on the supposed identity of
the Mauritian with the plant figured by Rheede, which represents a flowerless tuberi-
ferous herb which has not been identified. Local botanists should be able to discover
what Rheede's plant is.
9. COLEUS, Lour.
Characters of Plectranthus, but filaments combined below into a sheath
around the style. — Species about 50, Tropical African and Asiatic, and one
Australian.
* Calyx-throat villous within.
1. C. spicatus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. ii. 15, Lab. 49, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 71; stem very stout villous with long spreading hairs or
glabrate, leaves subsessile obovate ovate or orbicular glabrous fleshy entire
or crenate, floral large concave deciduous, whorls in a dense cylindric spici-
form villous thyrse, upper calyx-lip very broad truncate. Wight 1c.
t. 1431 ; Wall. Cat. 2729. C. Heynii, Benth. Lab. 50, and in DC. I. c. C.
Zatarhendi, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 206 ; ? Benth. Lab. 50. Plectranthus
i8. ] cvii. lai!iati:. (J. D. Hooker.) 628
mouadelphus, Heyne mss.; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 45, and Fl. Ind. iii. -11.
P. caninns, Roth Nov. Sp. 279. Ocimum monadelphum, Roth I. c. 2<>7.
? 0. Zatarhendi, Forsk. Fl. Mg. Arab. 109.
South Deccan ; on low rocky hills, common.
Stem 6-12 in., simple or branched. Leaves few, very variable, J by 3£ in.
Spikes 4-8 in. by \ — § in. diam. ; bracts broad, acute, ciliate ; flowers $ in. long ;
upper calyx-lip crenulate, teeth of lower acute. Corolla-tube slender, bent above
the middle ; upper lip 4-lobed, lower boat-shaped.
2. C. barbatus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 15, Lab. 49, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 71 ; stem stout villous with long hairs, leaves petioled ovate
or obovate obtuse crenate villous or hispid, floral ovate deciduous, whorls
distant, upper calyx-lip rounded ovate acute. Wall. Cat. 2728 ; Grah. Cat.
PI. Bomb. US; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 205; Wight Ic. t. 1432. C.
Schimperi, Vatke in Linnaa, xxxvii. 320. Plectranthus barbatus, Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 494. P. comosus, Bot. Mag. t. 2318. P. Forskohlii, Willd.
Sp. PI. iii. 169 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2036. P. asper, Sprang. Syst. ii. 690. P.
mysorensis, Heyne mss. Germania Forskohlii, Poir. Diet. ii. 764. Ocimum
asperum, Roth Nov. Sp. 268. O. cinereum, Broivn in Salt. Abyss. App.
O. saccharoides, Willd. fid. Heyne.
Subtropical Himalaya ; Nepal and Kumaon, ascending to 8000 ft. Behab ;
top of Parusnath, Thomson. Deccan Peninsula ; common. Ceylon ; Oovah
district, alt. 3-5000 ft.— Distbib. Tropical E. Africa.
Stem 1-2 ft., ascending, branched. Leaves 3-5 in., narrowed into the petiole.
Racemes 6-12 in., stout; flowers f — 1 in. Corolla pale blue, much like C.
spicatus. Fruiting calyx \-\ in., upper lip acuminate, teeth of lower subulate, all
pungent.
** Calyx-throat glabrous within.
3. C. aromaticus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 15, Lab. 51, aud
in DC. Prodr. xii. 72 ; shrubby below, hispidly villous or tomentose, leaves
petioled broadly ovate or cordate crenate fleshy, floral minute, whorls
distant densely many-fld., upper calyx-lip ovate acute membranous, lower
acuminate. Wall. Cat. 2730 ; Wight III. ii. t. 175 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI.
148; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 66; Bot. Reg. t. 1520. C. amboi-
nicus, Lour. Fl. Coch. 372. C. crassifolius, Benth. in Wall PI. As. Rar.
ii. 13, and Lab. 52 ; Wall. Cat. 2731. Plectranthus aromaticus, Roxb.
Hort. Beng. 45, and Fl. Ind. iii. 22.
Cultivated throughout India, Ceylon and various tropical countries.
Stem 1-3 ft., fleshy. Leaves 1-2 in., very aromatic. Flowers shortly pedicelled,
I in. long. Corolla pale purplish, tube short, throat inflated, lips short. Stamens
shortly exserted. Fruiting calyx subereet. — Roxburgh describes the flowers as blue.
C. amboinicus is the earliest name, but not very appropriate.
4. C. parvifiorus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 72 ; stem stout fleshy, roots
tuberous, leaves petioled rounded-ovate obtuse coarsely crenate glabrous or
nearly so, whorls subdistant slender pubescent, racemes laxly many-fld.,
upper calyx-lip ovate, teeth of lower obtuse or lowest mucronate. ? C.
tuberosus, Benth. Lab. 59 (Plectranthus tuberosus, Blume).
Deccan Peninsula; Quilon and Panpanassum, Wight. Ceflon, cultivated,
Gardner.
Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 1J-2 in., often as broad, base cuneate or subcordatc.
Flowers \-\ in. Corolla decurved, lips short. Stamens included. Fruiting calyx
not seen. — Probably C. tuberosus, which is cultivated for its tubers in Java as this is
in Ceylon, but Blume describes the Javan plant as having quite entire leaves.
VOL. IV. S s
626 oxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Coleus.
5. C. scutellarioides, Benth. in Wall. Bl. As. Bar. ii. 1 6, Lab. 53,
and in DC. Brodr. xii. 73 ; tall, slender, glabrous or minutely hairy, leaves
petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate crenate membranous, whorls
in distant slender puberulous racemes laxly many-fld., upper calyx-lip ovate,
lateral teeth of lower obtuse, lowest acute. Wall. Cat. 2732. Ocimum
scutellarioides, Linn. ; Burm. Fl. Ind. 130 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1446. Plectran-
thus scutellarioides, Br. Brodr. 506; Boxb. Fl. Lnd. iii. 21. P. nudiflorus,
Willd. Sp. Bl. iii. 168. Germania nudiflora, Boir. Diet. Suppl. ii. 763.
Cultivated in India. — Disteib. Malay Islands, Australia.
Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 1-3 in., usually purplish beneath, base rounded or cuneate.
Floicers | in., white with a blue lower lip, tube abruptly decurved. Stamens included.
— There are several very distinct varieties described from Australia (Benth. Fl. Austral.
v. 30).
6. C. atropurpureus, Benth. in Wall. Bl. As. Bar. ii. 17, Lab.
54, and in DC. Brodr. xii. 74; tall, slender, finely pubescent, leaves long-
petioled broadly ovate or rounded obtuse or acute coarsely crenate, flowers
in lax whorl ed cymes which form narrow panicles, upper calyx-lip ovate sub-
acute, teeth of lower variable, two lowest aristate. Nunes Fl. Filip. t. 208;
Wall. Cat. 2733.
Malacca, Penang- and Singapoee ; Wallich, &c. — Disteib. Malay and Pacific
Islands.
Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 2-4 in., membranous, base rounded truncate or cuneate ;
petiole 1-2 in. Cymes irregularly branched, peduncled ; flowers pedicelled. Corolla
I in. , much as in C. scutellarioides. Stamens included. Fruiting calyx variable,
i~i in. long.
7. C. malabaricus, Benth. in Wall. Bl. As. Bar. ii. 16, Lah. 57,
and in DC. Brodr. xii. 76 ; glabrous, puberulous or villous, leaves large
membranous long-petioled ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate crenate,
flowers laxly "cymose or racemose on the branches of spreading panicles,
fruiting calyx broad membranous, upper lip large rounded acute, teeth of
lower longer acuminate. Wall. Cat. 2735; Thwaites Enum. 238. C. ovatus
& Macraei, Benth. Lab. 57, 58, and in DC. I. c. 76, 77. C. Macraei, Bot.
Mag. t. 4690. C. Walkeri, Benth. in DC. I. c. 77.
Teavancoee and the Nilghibi Mts. ; Wight, Gardner. Ceylon ; common
up to 6000 ft.
Stem 2-3 ft., usually dark purple, as are the leaves beneath and peduncles, pedicels,
and calyx. Leaves 3-6 in., petiole often as long, base rounded, cuneate or narrowly
cordate; floral caducous. Panicles usually pyramidal; branches with distant whorls
of cymes ; flowers f-1 in. long. Calyx \ in. long and broad. Corolla-tube pale lilac,
abruptly decurved, throat inflated ; upper lip short, crenate, dark blue ; lower boat-
shaped, acute, pale. Stamens included. — Very variable.
Vab. mollis; leaves softly pubescent. C. mollis, Benth. in D.C. 1. c. 77. —
Ceylon.
Vae. leptostachys ; puberulous, leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, flowers
smaller.— Ceylon.
8. C. inflatus, Benth. Lab. 58, and in DC. Brodr. xii. 78; stout,
glabrous or puberulous, leaves long-petioled ovate or lanceolate acuminate
toothed or serrate, base cuneate, cymes lax-fld. racemed on the branches of
a pyramidal panicle, corolla- tube very long flexuous, lips very small, calyx
membranous, upper lip ovate acuminate, lateral teeth of lower small, lowest
longer acuminate. Bot. Mag. t. 5236. Wa?rra, Bin. Br. 8. Cob. Bot. 105.
C. Benthamianus, Am. Bugill. 36, and in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 354.
Coleus.] cxn. labiate. (J. I). Hooker.) 627
Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 6-8000 ft., Macrae, &c.
Stem stout, green. Leaves 2-5 in., petiole 1-2 in. Racemes or branches of the
panicle 3-6 in. ; pedicels short. Corolla 1 in. long, pale lilac, slightly decurved at the
middle, tube slender, as long as the cylindric throat, lips very short, upper crenate
larger than the small ovate acute lower.
10. ANISOCHILUS, Wall.
Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in dense oblong 4-gonal or cylin-
dric spikes. Calyx snberect, inflated below the middle, 2-lipped or 5-toothed,
rarely 1-lipped, upper lip entire and deflexed or shorthand 3-crenate. Corolla
2-lipped ; tube slender, decurved ; throat inflated ; upper lip short, entire
or 3-4-fid ; lower elongate, concave. Stamens ■[-, filaments free. Style 2-fid.
Disclobed. — Distrib. Species about 16, Asiatic.
* Fruiting calyx with the upper lip large, broad, entire, defitxed, con-
cealing the mouth, lower truncate obscurely toothed.
1. A. carnosus, Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 18, Cat. 2753; annual, erect,
glabrous or tomentose, leaves petioled ovate oblong or rounded obtuse
crenate fleshy, floral ovate obtuse, fruiting spikes 4-gonous then cylindric
obtuse, calyx glabrous pubescent or ciliate, lip deflexed ovate acute ciliate.
Benth. Lab. 59, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 81 ; Wight III. t. 176 b, f . 1 ; Grah.
Cat. Bomb. PL 148; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 206. A. crassus, Benth. in.
DC. I. c. A. glaber, Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1833, 1. A. rupestris,
Wight Cat. 2521. Plectranthus strobiliferus, Roxb. Hurt. Beng. 45, and in
Fl. Ind. iii. 23. P. carnosus, Smith in Bees Cyclop, v. 27. P. dubius,
Spr. Syst. ii. 691. Lavandula carnosa, Linn. Amozn. Acad. x. 56, t. 3.
Origanum watariense, Ic. Roxb. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 90.
Western Himalaya ; Kumaon and Garwhal, ascending to 8000 ft., Edgeivortk,
and throughout Central and Southern India to Travancore and Ceylon. —
Distrib. Ava.
Stem 1-2 ft., stout, 4-angled. Leaves 2-3 in., rugose, sometimes densely tomen-
tose; petiole 5-2 in. Spikes long-peduncled, 1-3 in. long, £-| in. diam. ; flowers
tj in. long, pale purple. Calyx-tube very variable in length, glabrous or pubescent;
upper lip sometimes with the tip erect throughout the spike. — A protean plant, the
varieties of which I fail to distinguish by good characters.
Var. purpurascens, Benth., from Ava, has narrow purple cylindric spikes and
very short xialyces.
Varr. glabrior and villosior, Benth., explain themselves.
Var. e. ? viridis, Benth. (A. rupestris, Wight), is founded on an immature
plant with the habit of A. eriocephalus. A. crassus, Benth., differs in no way from
the type.
2. A. scaber, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 81 ; shrubby, hoary-tomen-
tose, leaves small petioled oblong obtuse crenulate thick, peduncles very
long stout, spikes 1-3 oblong, calyx pubescent, lip deflexed ovate obtuse
ciliate.
Peccan Peninsula; Courtallum, Wight.
Branches short, stout, ascending from a woody stem. Leaves 1-1 \ in., densely
tomentose beneath. Peduncles 6-12 in. ; spikes 1-1^ by \ in., purplish when dry.
Calyx-tube very short ; upper lip glabrous except the ciliate margins.
3. A. eriocephalus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 81 ; herbaceous,
glabrous or puberulous, leaves petioled broadly ovate or cordate crenate,
peduncles slender, spikes many ovoid or cylindric, calyx villous or woolly,
s s 2
A
628 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Anisochihis.
upper lip deflexed broadly ovate acuminate. A. decussatus, Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 206.
Behab; on the Kymore Hills, J. D. LT. Deccan Peninsula; rocky ghats from
the Concan, Dahell, &c, southwards; Bellary, Wight.
A more slender plant than the Concan form of A. carnosus, but perhaps only a
state of that variable plant.
4. A. Wigrhtii, Hook. f. ; shrubby, hoary-tomentose, leaves shortly
petioled oblong or ovate obtuse crenate, peduncles long stout, spikes
3-6 cylindric narrow, calyx minute villous, upper lip deflexed very small
acute.
Deccan Peninsula ; Anamallay Mts., Wight.
A very distinct-looking plant, with the habit and dense pubescence of A. scaber,
but the long narrow spikes not \ in. diam., almost black when dry, and the minute
calyx (about T'n in. long) with acute upper lip, seem very different.
5. A. paniculatus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 82; stout, shrubby?,
glabrous or hoary-tomentose, leaves shortly petioled obovate or rounded
obtuse crenate, spikes numerous small short panicled, calyx pubescent or
tomentose very short, upper lip small deflexed obtuse ciliate.
Deccan Peninsula ; Maisor ? G. Thomson. Ceylon ; Serb. Bottler,
Walker.
Stem very stout below. Leaves and branches densely ciliate-tomentose in the
Madras specimens, puberulous brown in the Ceylon ones. Spikes |— § in. long, on
divaricating peduncles and pedicels. Calyx hispidly pubescent, about T'5 in. long,
tube very short. Fruit not seen.
** Fruiting calyx with the upper lip short, broad, recurved or hooded,
entire or Z-notched, not concealing the mouth, lower truncate.
6. A. dysophylloides, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 19, Lab.
60, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 82; silkily tomentose, stout, shrubby, decum-
bent, leaves thick subsessile obovate or oblong obtuse entire or crenate,
Bpikes very many longer than the leaves axillary and terminal cylindric,
peduneles very stout, calyx woolly, corolla-tube very short included.
Wall. Cat. 2756 ; Wight Ic. t. 1434. A. purpureus, and A. albidus, Wight
Ic. tt. 1435, 1436.
Nllghiri Hills ; Wight, &c. ; Anamallays, Beddome.
Stem as thick as a swan's quill, woody. Leaves 1-2 in., narrowed into the
petiole, silky on both surfaces. Spikes 1-3 in. ; peduncles short, very stout.
Fruiting calyx T'5 in. long, nearly as broad. Corolla white or purple.
7. A. plantar ineus, LTook. f. ; dwarf, shrubby, pubescent, stem or
branches very short, leaves sessile oblong-obovate obtuse entire, spikes
terminal solitary elongate narrow, peduncles very stout tomentose, calyx
woolly, corolla-tube exserted decimate.
Deccan Peninsula ; Bababoodan Hills, JDalzell, Law, Stocks.
Bootstock often as thick as the thumb, sending up short stout branches leafy at the
top. Leaves |-1| in. Spikes 2-3 in., longer than their peduncles; bracts 3-lobed.
Calyx small, upper lip obscurely lobed.
> 8. A. suffruticosus, Wight Ic. t. 1437 ; shrubby, very stout, densely
thickly tomentose, leaves shortly petioled ovate-lanceolate subacute entire,
nerves very stout and close beneath, spikes numerous long peduncled in
terminal racemes, calyx pubescent, corolla-tube exserted sharply declinate
from above the base, calyx-lips very short truncate.
Anisochilus.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 629
Nilghiei Mts. ; Sisparah, Wight, Gardner; Tinnevelly, Beddome (a drawing).
Branches (annual from a woody rootstock, Wight) as thick as a swan's quill,
covered with broad scars, spreading, tomentose above. Leaves towards the ends of
the branches, l|-2 in. long ; petiole and midrib very stout. Spikes l£-2 in., stout,
peduncles usually longer, rarely with 2 spikes, rusty brown when dry. — The Ceylon
plant referred to this by Thwaites seems quite different (see end of genus).
9. A sericeus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 82 ; erect, densely silkily
tomentose, leaves densely crowded sessile linear-oblong obtuse subcrenate or
entire, nerves stout parallel, spikes in terminal panicles, bracts much longer
than the flowers.
Deccan Peninsula ; Courtallum, Wight.
Stem stout, simple, 1-2 ft., densely leafy. Leaves 1^-2^ in., rather thick, imbri-
cating, narrowed at the very base. Spikes 1-2 in., shortly peduncled ; bracts ovate
acute, £ in. long, imbricating over the young flowers. — The material from which
Bentham described this consists of two very imperfect specimens of the true plant,
along with one of A. dysophylloides. Wight's later specimens are in full leaf, but
very young flower.
10. A. robustus, LToolc. f. ; suffruticose, very robust, densely tomen-
tose, leaves very large stoutly petioled ovate crenulate thick reticulate above,
spikes slender in terminal panicles with a stout woolly rachis and short
peduncles, fruiting calyx ventricose, upper lip truncate recurved, lower
very short.
Deccan Peninsula ; Courtallum, Wight.
Stem as thick as the little finger, densely woolly. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3£ in., obtuse,
most densely woolly beneath, nerves diverging, base rounded; petiole 1-2 in., woolly.
Panicle of spikes 10 in. ; rachis woolly. Spikes 2-3 in., slender, fruiting only seen.
Fruiting calyx £ in., hoary ; upper calyx-lip contracted at the truncate tip. Nutlets
oblong. — A very singular species.
11. A. verticillatus, Hook. f. ; silkily villous, stem stout erect
simple, leaves mostly whorled sessile narrowly lanceolate obtuse or acute
crenulate or entire, spike large solitary terminal, bracts large lanceolate,
fruiting calyx shortly cylindric, lips very short truncate.
The Concan ; Cheetah Hills, at Purvvar Ghat, Ritchie, Dalzell, &c. ; Golconda,
Beddome.
Stem 1|- 3^ ft., channelled when dry. Leaves 4-6 in a whorl, 2-3 in. , spreading
and recurved, upper smaller rarely alternate. Spike 2-7 in., .peduncled; bracts very
variable, sometimes § in. Corolla § in. long, pubescent, very pale blue. Fruiting
calyx £ in. long, pubescent, mouth transverse, small.
### Fruiting calyx with the upper Up forming a narrow 3-toothed galeate
beak decurved closing the mouth ; lower very short.
12. A. pallidus, Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 18, and Cat. 2754 ; stem tall,
branched, puberulous, leaves long-petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate mem-
branous toothed, spikes panicled long-peduncled, flowering narrowed upwards,
fruiting-calyx tomentose, midlobe of upper lip subulate. Benth. Lab. 60,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 82.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft. ; J. L. H., Clarke. Burma ; Taong-dong,
Wallich; Patkoye Mts., Griffith; Prome Hills, Benson.
Annual, 2-3 ft. Leaves 3-8 in. ; petiole 1-2 in., very slender. Spikes 1^-3 in.,
subtomentose, shorter than their peduncles ; fruiting cylindric, much thickened.
Corolla blueish, tube slender; upper lip inflated, minutely toothed; lower longer,
linear, obtuse. Fruiting calyx £ in. long, like a cat's claw.
630 cxn. labiat.e. (J. D. Hooker. ) [Anisochilus.
###* Fruiting calyx slit in front, mouth very oblique, 1-lipped, lip
decurved, 5-toothed, not closing the mouth.
13. A. polystachyus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 19, Lab. 66,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 82; finely tomentose, stem tall branched, leaves
subsessile lanceolate acuminate membranous serrate, spikes panicled long
peduncled, flowering narrowed upwards, fruiting calyx curved upwards
tomentose. Wall. Cat. 2755.
Teopical Himalaya, from Nepal, Wallich, to Mishmi, Griffith. Khasia Mts. ;
J. D. H. St T. T. Assam ; Jenkins.
Annual. Stem strict, 3-9 ft., subsiinple below. Leaves 3-6 in., rnuch narrowed at
the base, almost petioled. Panicles of spikes sometimes much branched branches
and peduncles stout, stiff, suberect. Spikes 1-1£ in., hoary-tomentose, fruiting
thickened, cylindric. Corolla cream-coloured, form as in A. pallidus, but tube
longer. Fruiting calyx £ in. long, mouth vertical, teeth subequal. Nutlets ellipsoid.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
A. suffbuticosus, Thivaites Fnum. 238, is not Wight's plant of that name, but
more like A. paniculatus. The specimen is too imperfect for determination.
A. adenanthus, Dalz. Sf Oibs. Bomb. Fl. 206 ; spikes dense, pyramidal, floral
leaves lanceolate acuminate pubescent 3-nerred 3 lines long, calyx minute oblique
truncate scarcely toothed tomentose, corolla glandular-dotted 5 lines long tomentose,
lower lip long entire boat-shaped, upper 3- or 4-lobed rounded obtuse short. — Baba-
boodan Hills, near Darwar, Dalzell.
10*. HYPTIS, Jacq.
Herbs or shrubs. Inflorescence various, capitate in the following species.
Corolla 5-lobed, lower lobe or lip abruptly deflexed, saccate, contracted at
the base. Stamens 4, declinate; anther-cells confluent. Style subentire
or 2-fid. Nutlets various. — Species 250, all American.
1. H. brevipes, Poit. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 107 ; erect, stem
pilose or glabrate, leaves petioled ovate oblong or lanceolate serrate hispid
above or glabrate, peduncles equalling the globose heads or shorter, bracts
lanceolate, calyx pubescent, teeth erect subulate.
Malacca, Griffith', introduced. Singapoee; Anderson. — Disteib. Mexico to
Brazil, introduced into Tropical Africa and the Malay Archipelago.
An erect annual. Leaves 2-3 in. long, nerves beneath hispid or glabrous. Heads
| in. diain.; bracts often as long, inner and calyx ciliate. Corolla about equalling
the calyx.
2. XX. suaveolens, Poit.-, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 126; stem hairy,
leaves petioled broadly ovate sinuate and serrulate pubescent villous or
tomentose lower cordate, peduncles racemose equalling the globose heads,
bracts minute setaceous, calyx striate, mouth villous, teeth erect subulate.
Bysteropogon graveolens, Blume Bijd. 824. Schauera graveolens, Hassle,
in Flora, 1842, ii. Beibl. 25.
Deccan Peninsula, Cachab and Nicobae Islands; introduced.— Disteib.
Trop. America, introduced into Trop. Asia.
. A rigid annual, 2-3 ft. Leaves 1-3 in., very variable. Heads secund, fruiting
^ in. long, sometimes reduced to a few flowers.
11. LAVANDULA, Linn.
Herb or shrub. Leaves entire or cut. Flowers in 2-10 fld. whorls
Lavandula.] cxn. labiatte. (J. D. Hooker.) 631
collected into simple or branched spikes. Calyx erect, 13-15-nerved,
5-toothed. Corolla blue, 2-lipped, upper lip 2-fid, lower 3-partite, lobes all
spreadiug. Stamens 4, declinate, included, filaments free; anther-cells
confluent. Style 2-fid. Nutlets smooth. — Species about 20, chiefly
Mediterranean.
1. L. G-ibsoni, Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 149 ; villous, leaves pinna-
tifid, lobes oblong or linear, spikes densely villous, bracts ovate-lanceolate.
Dalz. <Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 206. L. Perrottetii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii.
147. L. Lawii, Wight Ic. t. 1439.
The Concan j hills at Sattara, Law, &c.
Stem 2-3 ft., robust, leafy. Leaves 4-8 in., lower petioled, lobes acute or
obtuse. Spikes few, 1-2 in., robust; bracts villous, 1-fld., ^ in. Fruiting calyx
1 in. long.
2. Zi. Burmanni, Benth. Lab. 157, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 147 ;
pubescent, leaves pinnatisect, segments linear simple or cut, spikes
pubescent, bracts subulate. Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 149; Wight Ic. t. 1438;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 1438. Wawra, Bin. Pr. S. Cob. Bot. 109. L.
multifida, Burnt. Fl. Ind. 126 {excl. t. 38, f. 1). Bysteropogon bipinnatus,
Roth Nov. Sp. 255. Cheetostachys multifida, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar.
ii. 19, and Cat. 2757.
Deccan Peninsula ; common on the West from the Concan to Coorg. Center l
India ; Jubbulpore, Beddome.
Stem 2-3 ft., stout or slender, simple or branched. Leaves 3-4 in. long and
broad ; segments ^-^ in. broad. Spikes solitary or few, or numerous and subumbel-
late ; bracts 1-fld. , nearly glabrous, tips capillary. Corolla blue or white. Fruiting
calyx £ in. long.
12. POGOSTEXKON, Desf.
Herbs or undersbrubs. Leaves opposite, very rarely 3-nately whorled.
Floioers small, in solitary or panicled spikes or contracted racemes formed
of many and dense-fid. subcapitate cymes (whorls). Calyx subequally
4-5-toothed. Corolla-tube exserted or included; limb spreading, sub-2-lipped ;
lobes 4, lower usually longest. Stamens 4, exserted, straight or declinate.
filaments usually bearded; anther-cells confluent. Disc subentire, eqnal.
Style 2-fid. Nutlets smooth, ovoid or oblong. — Species about 30, Indian and
E. Asiatic.
* Spikes or racemes terminal and axillary, forming a panicled inflores-
cence. Filaments bearded in all.
f Whorls forming continuous {rarely interrupted) spikes.
1. P. paniculatus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 30, Lab. 153, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 151 ; erect, branched, laxly hairy or villous, leaves petioled
ovate irregularly inciso-serrate, base cuneate, whorls globose secund in
slender spikes, bracts obliquely suborbicular membranous ciliate, calyx
narrow, teeth lanceolate ciliate, filaments bearded. Wall. Cat. 1561 ; Grah.
Cat. Bomb. PI. 149 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 207. Elsholtzia paniculata,
Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 59. Hyssopus cristatus, Lamk. Diet. iii. 187. — Rheede
Hort. Mai. x. t. 65.
Tenasseeim; Maetaban and Tavoy, Wallich, &c. Pegu ; M'Clelland. W.
Deccan Peninsula, from the S. Concan to Travaucore.
632 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pogostemon.
Stem 3-5 ft., rather flexuous. Leaves 3-5 in., very membranous ; petiole short
or long. Spikes 4-8 in. ; whorls ^ in. diam. ; bracts very variable, sliorter or longer
than the calyces, regularly secund and imbricate. Calyx £-4 in. long, membranous ;
teeth variable in length. — P. comosus, Miq., of Java, is very near this.
2. P. G-ardneri, LTook.f.; erect, stout, villous, leaves long-petioled ovate
inciso-crenate, base cuneate, whorls globose in stout dense spikes, bracts
oblong-lanceolate membranous ciliate, calyx- teeth short broad ciliate.
Nilghibi Mts. ; Wynaad, Wight, Gardner.
Very near P. paniculatus, but much stouter, more villous, leaves longer petioled,
whorls denser, bracts much narrower, not so unilateral and regularly secund and
imbricate, and calyx shorter with broader teeth.
3. P. plectranthoides, Desf. in Ann. Mus. ii. 156, t. 6 ; shrubby,
hoary-pubescent, leaves petioled ovate acute doubly-toothed or -serrate,
whorls subsecund crowded in large stout spikes, bracts ovate glandular
exceeding the hirsute calyx, calyx-teeth shortly triangular-lanceolate ciliate.
Wall. Cat. 1530; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 31, Lab. 153, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 151; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 207; Bot. Mag.t. 3238.
? Origanum benghalense, Burm. Fl. Incl. 128, t. 38, f. 3. ? O. indicum, Roth
Nov. Sp. 265. Mentha secunda, Roxb. Sort. Beng. 44. ? M. fruticosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 6 (not of his drawings).
Western Himalaya, from Nepal to Simla, alt. 1-5000 ft. Lower Bengal and
Behar ; Patna and top of Parusnath, J. D.H., &c. The Concan, Canara and the
ClRCARS.
A large bush ; branches round, often dark purple. Leaves 3-6 in., longer than the
petiole. Panicle usually elongate, whorls distant or confluent, silkily villous. Calyx
subcylindric, g in., silky, ciliate. Corolla pink or white. — Roxburgh's description of
Mentha fruticosa agrees with this, but his drawing represents a ditferent plant with
glabrous filaments.
4. P. villosus, Benth. Lab. 153, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 152 ; stout,
erect, villous all over, leaves large long-petioled ovate acute crenulate or sub-
sinuate and crenate, whorls crowded in cylindric panicled stout spikes not
secund, bracts ovate equalling the villous calyx, calyx silky or villous, teeth
shortly lanceolate. ? Elscholzia villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 4.
Silhet; Wallich.
There are two forms of this in Herb. Wallich, both with leaves 5-7 in. long and
2-4 broad ; one is more robust with exactly ovate finely crenulate leaves ; the
other is more villous, and has broader sinuate and obscurely crenate leaves, and much
more numerous denser and shorter branched panicles. In both the whorls form con-
tinuous cylindric spikes 2-3 in. long and \ id. diam. Calyx £ in., sessile, narrow.
5. P. purpurascens, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 337 ; erect,
branched, softly villous with spreading hairs, leaves long-petioled large
membranous ovate or ovate-lanceolate sinuate or cut and toothed or crenate,
base narrowly cuneate, whorls dense- fid. globose secund continuous or
separate in long peduncled hirsute spikes, bracts narrow falcate equalling
the calyx ciliate, calyx tubular, teeth long-subulate ciliate. Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 207.
The Concan and Canara ; Laiv, &c.
H'bit and villosity of P. Gardneri, but the calyx-teeth are much longer and more
slender. Stem 4-angled. Leaves sometimes 9 in. long. Spikes sometimes as long.
Calyx I in. long. Corolla white, with purple upper lip. — Probably a large form of
P. parviflorus.
6. P. parviflorus. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 31, Lab. 154, and
Pogostemon.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 633
in DC. Prodr. xii. 152 ; stout, erect, branched, glabrous pubescent or scaberu-
lous, leaves long-petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate singly or doubly crenate-
toothed or serrate, base cuneate, whorls dense-fid. subglobose in dense
cylindric or one-sided softly hairy spikes, bracts elliptic-ovate exceeding the
hirsute calyx, calyx-teeth short triangular-lanceolate ciliate. Wall. Cat.
1531. P. pubescens, Benth. in DC. I. c. P. frutescens, Grah. Cat. Bomb.
PI. 149. P. purpuricaulis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 336 ; Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. PL 207. P. intermedins, Wall. Cat. 2327.
Subtropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 500-4000 ft. Assam,
Khasia Mts. aud Silhet, alt. 2-3000 ft. CmTTAG-ONa and Tenasserim. West
Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan to the Anamallays.— Distrib. Burma, Hong-
kong-.
This most resembles a small P. plectranthoides, the bracts imbricating over the
flowers in the young spikes, but spikes and narrower bracts are much smaller, and the
whole plant when pubescent is never hoary. In its usual glabrous form it is a very
distinct plant. The leaves vary much in shape and cutting of the margin, and attain
9 inches in length, and are sometimes velvety beneath. The stem and branches are
usually dark purple, but not constantly. Calyx £ in. long, narrow, usually purplish.
— It is difficult to distinguish some states of this from P. Heyneanus. Bentham says
that his var. Jacquemontii is almost intermediate between P. parvijlorus and glaber ;
it has more glabrous leaves and villous spikes.
7. P. glaber, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 31, Lab. 154, and in
PC. Prodr. xii. 152 ; erect, branched, glabrous or sparsely hairy, leaves long-
petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate doubly-toothed or -serrate,
whorls small subglobose dense-fid. continuous in slender ciliate spikes, bracts
ovate much shorter than the very small calyx, calyx- teeth triangular
shortly ciliate. Wall. -Cat. 1533.
Subteopical Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 1-3000 ft., J. D. H.
Kuasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft. ; Griffith, J. D. H. Sf T. T.
Habit of P. parvijlorus, but spikes more slender, bracts smaller, and calyx only
-j'jj in. long, obovoid, with shortly ciliate teeth. Stem and branches green or purple,
sometimes very dark.
ff Whorls usually separate, forming interrupted spikes (except P. Pat-
chouli, var. suavis).
8. P. tuberculosus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar.i. 31, Lab. 154, and
in PC. Prodr. xii. 152; stout, erect, branched, scabrid with stellate hairs,
leaves long-petioled ovate or deltoid-ovate acuminate doubly toothed, base
cuneate, whorls small subglobose many-fid. distant or separate on the long
slender panicled spikes, bracts scabrid oblong shorter than the small scabrid
obovoid calyx, calyx-teeth short triangular ciliate.
Tropical Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft. ; from Nepal, Wallich, to Bhotan, Clarke.
Stem and branches woody, terete, striate. Leaves 3-5 by 1§-3J in., scabrid on
both surfaces. Spikes 7-10 in'. Calyx T'c in. Corolla twice as long, purple.
9. P. Patchouli, Pelletier in Mem. Soc. Sc. Orleans, v. 5, with Jig.;
erect, branched, pubescent or glabrate, leaves long-petioled ovate acute
acuminate or obtuse crenate or simply or doubly toothed or incised, base
cuneate, whorls subglobose many- and dense-fid. distinct or subconfluen't on
the slender pubescent or tomentose panicled spikes, calyx pubescent or
tdmentose, teeth triangular ciliate. Benth,. .in DC. Prodr. x>*. 153; Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. PL, Addend. 66: P. Heyneanus, Benth. in W*ll. PL As. Par.
i. 31, Lab. 154, and in DC. I. c. ; Wall. -Cat. 1532 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI.
634 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pogostemon.
149; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 207; Thwaites E num. 239; Wight Ic. 1. 1440.
? Origanum indicum, Roth Nov. Sp. 265. — Rheede Sort. Mai. x.^77.
Western Peninsula, from Bombay southwards, wild and cultivated. Ceylon,
common. (Malacca and Singapore, cult.) — Distrib. Sumatra and Borneo
(cult. ?).
A herb, 2-3 ft. ; stem more or less softly hairy. Leaves 2-3 in., rarely more,
subglabrous, membranous, sometimes incised ; petiole ^-lf in. Spikes 3-6 in., rarely
short and dense ; whorls ^ in. diam., usually distant ; bracts elliptic, acute, equalling
the calyx or shorter. Calyx £ in., teeth acute. Corolla very small, tube shortly
exserted. — Perhaps only a var. of P. parviflorus. A tracing of Pelletier's figure
kindly sent me by M. de Candolle enables me to identify P. Heyneanus with P.
Patchouli. It is a common Indian garden plant, noted for its perfume, often much
altered by cultivation.
Var. suavis ; leaves larger more rounded 3 in. long and broad, margin lobulate
and crenate, spike much broader, whorls f in. diam., calyx \ in. angular more
pubescent, teeth subulate-lanceolate. P. suavis, Tenore in Giorn. Pot. Hal. (1847),
ii. 56. P. Patchouli, Hook. Kew Journ. Pot. i. 328, t. 11, excl. syn. Putcha-pat. ;
Wallich in Kew Journ. i. 22, — Cult, in Palermo and Kew Bot. Gardens. — This more
resembles parviflorus in the shape of the calyx-teeth, but it has the scent of
Patchouli.
10. P. amarantoides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 153; glabrous or
minutely pubescent, leaves ovate or oblong acuminate incised-serrate,
whorls small few- or many-fld. separate or confluent on the long slender
panicled spikes, bracts short, calyx small terete glabrous or hoary, teeth
short triangular pubescent within, edges not ciliate but with finely pubes-
cent margins.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 fc. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. ; Griffith, &c.
A tall leafy herb. Leaves 3-6 in., serrate or biserrate, membranous ; petiole
1-2 in., slender. Spikes 2-6 in. ; whorls \—^ in. diam. ; bracts elliptic. Calyx A- ^ in.,
campanulate, terete, more pubescent in the Khasia form. Corolla minute, white or
pink. Filaments purple. — Flowers much smaller, and whole plant more glabrous than
in its allies.
11. P. elsholtzioides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 153; erect, branched,
stem above young parts and inflorescence hoary-tomentose, leaves petioled
lanceolate long-acuminate serrulate glabrous, whorls small subsecund many-
fld. separate or confluent in very slender spikes, calyx small terete hoary,
teeth narrow subacute not ciliate.
Bhotan, Griffith. Khasia Mts., Griffith; Churra, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H.
Sc T. T.
Very leafy ; stem and branches slender. Leaves 4-6 in., petiole rather short.
Spikes 3-4 in. ; whorls sometimes all secund, ±-\ in. diam. Calyx fo in. long. Corolla
very short, purple. Filaments sparingly hairy. — The very narrow leaves and small
secund hoary spikes well distinguish this.
** Spikes or racemes simple, axillary and terminal or solitary.
f Filaments bearded.
12. P. rupestris, Benth. Lab. 156, andinZ)C. Prodr. xii. 154 ; glabrous,
leaves small ovate or ovate-lanceolate coarsely obtusely serrate, racemes
slender, whorls distant few-fld., bracts and bracteoles minute, calyx glabrous,
teeth short ovate.
Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 5-8000 ft., Macrae, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft., often decumbent below. Leaves 1-1£ in., obtuse, base cuneate
Pogostemon.~\ cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 635
rounded or subcordate, brown when dry ; petiole slender, £-£ in. Racemes 1-3 in. ;
whorls 3-5-fld. Calyx £ in. long. Corolla minute.
13. P. hirsutus, Benth. Lab. 155, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 154; stem
hirsute with reflexed hairs or glabrate, leaves small ovate or ovate-lanceolate
coarsely serrate, spikes short stout usually dense-fid., bracts linear-subulate,
calyx hispid, teeth lanceolate subulate ciliate. P. rupestris, var. /3. hirsutus,
Thwaites Ennm. 239. 1
Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 5-7000 ft., Macrae, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft., branched, decumbent and rooting below. Leaves 1-2 in., hairy above
and on the nerves beneath, base rounded or acute ; petiole £-§ in. Spikes usually
sessile and dense-fid., £ in. diam., hirsute. Calyx £ in. long, inflated. Corolla
minute. — Thwaites regards this as a var. of P. rupestris, but this must be through
inadvertence.
14. P. paludosus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 154 ; stem sparingly
pubescent or glabrate, leaves rounded-ovate obtuse coarsely crenate, base
rounded, spike strict stiff, whorls small remote few-fid., bracts and bracteoles
minute, calyx terete hispid, teeth triangular subacute ciliate.
Nilghiei Hills ; Ootamacund, Perrottet, Wight.
Stem stiff, erect. Leaves 2 in. long, and nearly, as broad, sparingly hairy above
and on the nerves beneath; petiole ^-f in., slender. Spike 3-5 in., rachis and calyces
hispid with spreading hairs ; whorls ^ in. diam. Calyx § in. long. — I have seen only
indifferent specimens gathered by Wight.
15. P. fraternus, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 963 ; much branched,
branches above and racemes glandular-tomentose or hirsute, leaves ovate
singly or doubly crenate or serrate, racemes terminating all the branches
elongate, whorls distinct many-fid., bracts and bracteoles linear, calyx
pedicelled hirsute, teeth long lanceolate ciliate. Pogostemon n. 28, Kerb.
Ind. Or. H.f.SfT.
Sikxim Himalaya, alt. 3-5000 ft.; J. D. H., Clarke. Khasia Mts. ; Lobb.
Tenasseeim; Beddome.— Disteib. Java.
Sttm 2-3 ft. ; branches straggling. Leaves 2-4J in., base acute rounded or cor-
date ; petiole sometimes as long as the blade. Racemes 3-6 in. long, nearly £ in. diam. ;
whorls close but distinct; bracts and bracteoles often as long as the flowers, but
very variable ; pedicel sometimes as long as the calyx, which is | in. long or less and
I . Corolla funnel-shaped, twice as long as the calyx. — Miquel describes the
i ts as glabrous in the Javan plant ; they are hairy towards the base in the
Indian.
16. P. Wigrhtii, Benth. Lab. 155, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 154; hirsute
with long lax cellular often glandular hairs, much branched, leaves ovate
doubly crenate or sublaciniate, base rounded or broadly cuneate, spikes stout
cylindric dense-fid., whorls densely crowded, bracts and bracteoles short
linear, calyx inflated membranous terete glabrous or sparsely hairy, teeth
triangular ciliate. P. petiolaris, Benth. in DC. 1. c. P. hirsutus, Wight Ic.
t. 1442.
Nilghiei and Anamallay Mts., Wight, &c, in wet places.
Branches suberect or spreading, stout. Leaves 1-2 in., base rarely subcordate ;
petiole half as long as the blade. Spikes 2-4 in., very stout, § in. diam.; lowest
whorls sometimes remote. Calyx £ in. long, sessile. Corolla-tube very short. — Two
specimens were amongst the Concau collections of Stocks, but I suspect were from the
south.
17. P. mollis, Benth. Lab. 155, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 154 ; villous,
636 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pogostemon.
softly tomentose or finely pubescent, leaves shortly petioled orbicular or
oblong crenate, tip rounded, spikes cylindric dense-fld., whorls crowded or the
lowest distant, bracts and bracteoles slender, calyx small sessile terete
villous, teeth subulate-lanceolate ciliate. P. rotundatus, Wight Ic. t. 1441.
Nilghiri Hills ; common on outskirts of forests, alt. 7-8000 ft., Wight, &c.
The Concan ; Dalzell, Stocks.
A low-growing plant, very variable in hairiness, branched from the woody base ;
hairs of branches not reflexed. Leaves I-I5 in. Spikes 3-7 in., | in. diam., flexuous,
rachis stout. Calyx £ in. Corolla white, tube hardly exserted. Filaments bearded
at the middle. — I do not find the leaves to be acute, as represented by Wight, in any
of the numerous specimens examined.
18. P. rotundatus, JBenth. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 31, Lab. 155,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 155 ; low, villous, leaves orbicular doubly crenate, base
rounded truncate or cordate, spikes stout dense-fld., whorls distinct but close
niany-M., bracts and bracteoles linear-subulate, calyx large angled villous,
teeth triangular-lanceolate ciliate. Wall. Cat. 1535.
Deccan Peninsula ; Heyne.
Stem short, ascending, hairs not reflexed. Leaves 1-2J in. long and broad, laxly
hairy on both surfaces ; petiole 1 in. and less. Spikes 3-5 in., f in. diam., rachis
stout. Calyx sessile, \ in. long. Corolla-tube hardly exceeding the calyx. Filaments
bearded. —Only known from specimens distributed by Wallich. In foliage it much
resembles the P. Patchouli figured in the Kew Journal of Botany, but the calyx is much
larger, with broader teeth and the corolla-tube shorter, and there is no appearance of
a paniculate form of inflorescence.
19. P. vestitus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 31, Lab. 155, and
in DC. Prodr. xii'. 155 ; shrubby, densely white-woolly, leaves shortly petioled
thick ovate oblong or cordate crenate rugose above, tip rounded, spikes short
thick dense, whorls confluent, bracts and bracteoles linear-subulate, calyx
large terete densely villous, teeth triangular-lanceolate. Wall. Cat. 1534.
Deccan Peninsula, Heyne ; Paul Ghaut, Wight.
A low species ; branches stout, terete, often bearing below tufts of long soft shaggy
or silky hairs. Leaves \-\\ in., nerves beneath very thick, surfaces equally woolly ;
petiole stout, \-\ in. Spikes 2-4 in., |-1 in. diam. Calyx \ in. long and upwards,
teeth woolly not ciliate. Corolla-tube a little longer than the calyx. Filaments
bearded in the middle.
20. P. strig-osus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 155; erect, branches
strigose with erect hairs, leaves subsessile lanceolate acuminate serrate hairy,
spikes long slender, whorls confluent or separate below, bracts and bracteoles
long slender, calyx tubular terete hirsute, teeth unequal subulate ciliate.
Dysophylla strigosa, Benth. in Wall. Plant. As. Rar. i. 30, and Cat. 1549,
Lab. 157.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. ; Wallich, &c.
Stern 2-3 ft. ; branches erect. Leaves sometimes ternately whorled, 2-3 in.,
narrowed into the very short stout petiole. Spikes 3-5 in., \ in. diam., rachis stout.
Calyx g in., sessile. Corolla very small, tube hardly exserted, lobes sparingly hairy.
Filaments £ in., bearded in the middle.
ft Filaments naked or nearly so.
21. P. atropurpureus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 154; shrubby,
densely velvety, leaves thick stoutly petioled ovate subacute doubly crenu-
late, spikes with the rachis very stout, whorls crowded few-fld., bracts and
stemon.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 637
bracteoles minute setaceous, calyx terete tubular velvety, lobes short
triangular obtuse ciliate. P. imberbe, Wight mss.
NiLGiiiEi Hills ; Perrottet, Wight, Gardner.
Branches terete, woody ; hairs roost dense, reflexed. Leaves 1-2 in., dark brown
when dry, velvety on both surfaces, base subacute. Calyx i-\ in. long, teeth short,
throat villous. Corolla dark purple ; tube slender, exserted. Filaments glabrous.
22. P. speciosus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 31, Lab. 156, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 155; branches above petioles and spikes hirsute with long
spreading and glandular hairs, leaves large long-petioled broadly ovate
doubly crcnate, base rounded or cordate^ spikes stout dense, whorls confluent,
bracts minute, calyx tubular angled glabrous or sparsely hairy, teeth subu-
late ciliate or not. Wall. Cat. 2328 ; Wight Ic. t. 1443.
Nilghiei and Anamallay Hills ; on the outskirts of woods, alt. 7-8000 ft.
Stem 2-3 ft., woody. Leaves 2-3 in., sometimes nearly as broad, sparsely hairy
above and beneath ; petiole 1-1| in. Spikes 3-5 in. by 1 in. or less. Calyx sessile,
membranous, T'0 in. and under, teeth very narrow. Corolla-tube not exserted. Fila-
ments I in., glabrous.
23. P. travancoricus, Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 159; quite
glabrous, leaves long-petioled ovate doubly crenate subacute, base rounded
or cuneate, racemes lax-fid., flowers pedicelled reflexed, whorls few-fid.,
bracts minute or 0, calyx terete glabrous, teeth triangular not ciliate.
Teavancoee ; Attraymallay Ghat, alt. 4000 ft., Beddome.
Stem woody below, branches smooth and racemes black when dry. Leaves
1-2 in. ; petiole £-1 in., slender. Racemes 3-6 in., tapering upwards. Calyx \ in.,
pedicel half its length. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube exserted, lobes pubescent.
Filaments | in., glabrous.
24. P. reflexus, Benth. in J)C. Prodr. xii. 155 ; branches stout densely
shortly tomentose with reflexed hairs, leaves long-petioled ovate or ovate-
cordate subacute doubly crenate, spikes villous dense-fld., whorls confluent
or lower distinct, bracts minute, flowers sessile spreading or reflexed, calyx
densely hirsute or villous terete, teeth triangular- subulate ciliate.
Ceylon ; higher parts of the island, alt. 5000 ft., Mackenzie, Walker, &c.
Erect, branched, woody below. Leaves 2-3 in., pubescent above, velvety beneath,
base cordate rounded or acute; petiole stout, %-l in. Spikes 2-4 in., ^-f in. diam.
Calyx I in., sessile. Corolla-tube shortly exserted, lobes sparsely pubescent. Fila-
ments a in., glabrous or nearly so.
25. P. brachystachys, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 156; low, procum-
bent below, much branched, branches pubescent with reflexed hairs, leaves
small ovate subacute doubly crenate hirsute or finely tomentose, spikes
narrow dense villous, whorls confluent or the lower separate, bracts minute
linear, calyx minute hirsute or hispid, teeth subulate ciliate.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.; Griffith, Mack, &c. Assam; Naga Hills to
N. Burma, Griffith.
A low, straggling, much-branched species, procumbent and rooting below, variable
in hairiness. Leaves 1-2 in., very variable in form, rarely oblong-lanceolate. Spikes
1-4 in., narrow, very dense-fld. Calyx sessile, -^ in. Corolla very small, dull purple;
tube hardly exserted ; lobes hirsute. Filaments £ in., glabrous or nearly so. — The
specific name is not very appropriate.
13. OYSOPHYLLA, Blume.
Herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers minute, in very dense
long spikes formed of many- and dense-fld,. cymes (whorls). Calyx very
638 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dysqphylla.
minute, ovoid, equal, 5-toothed, throat naked within. Corolla minute, tube
exserted or included ; limb equally 4-fid ; upper lobe entire or 2-fid, lower
spreading. Stamens 4, exserted, straight or subdeclinate ; filaments very
long, bearded ; anther-cells confluent. Disc equal, subentire. Style 2-fid.
Nutlets smooth or rough, ovoid or oblong. — Species about 12, Tropical
Asiatic and Australian.
* Calyx-tube terete or obscurely angled.
f Leaves opposite.
1. D. myosuroides, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Rar. i. 30, Lab. 157, and
in DC Prodr. xii. 156 (all in part); perennial, erect, silkily tomentose,
branches woody, leaves subsessile linear-oblong obtuse denticulate, spikes
very slender 3-5 in. by \ in. diam. tomentose, calyx-teeth very short trian-
gular. Wall. Cat. 1547; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 208. Mentha myosu-
roides, Roth Nov. Sp. 257. M. venulosa, Herb. Heyne.
Deccan Peninsula, Heyne, Wight ; Bababoodan Hills and Copper Mts., Bellary,
Laio, Stocks.
Stem erect, 8-12 in., from a large woody rootstock, terete. Leaves 1-1 ^ by
!~! in., thick, silkily pubescent on both surfaces. Spikes very slender, shortly peduncled,
flexnous. Calyx ^ in., densely tomentose, fruiting1 hardly enlarged, teeth erect in
fruit. Corolla minute, glabrous ; tube included. Nutlets ellipsoid, compressed, granu-
late.— Bentham's var. bracteata is founded on a young spike with the bracts protruded.
2. D. rugosa, Hook. /. ; perennial, erect, appressed, fulvous-woolly,
branches woody, leaves subsessile linear-oblong obtuse subentire, spikes
slender 2 in. by \ in. diam. tomentose, calyx-teeth very short triangular.
D. myosuroides, Benth. II. c. in part. Mentha rugosa, Herb. Heyne.
Deccan Peninsula; Mountains of Tinnevelly, Beddome; at Pallamcotta,
Heyne.
Very closely allied to D. myosuroides, and confounded with it by Wallich and
Bentham ; of the same size and habit, but not at all silky ; form of leaves the same,
but nerves more spreading, spikes much shorcer and thicker. — Heyne seems to have
distinguished the two from the names quoted by Wallich, of which that of M. rugosa
is attached to a specimen in Rottler's Herbarium, no doubt collected by Heyne
himself.
3. D. salicifolia, Dalz. mss.; stem and young leaves appressedly
pubescent or silky, leaves sessile or petioled linear-lanceolate subentire or
remotely serrate, spikes slender 2-4 in. villous, calyx villous short, teeth
triangular almost equalling the tube. Dysophylla sp. 3, Herb. Lnd. Or.
The Concan ; Mahableshwur Hills, Gibson ; Hingregee Watercourse, Belgaum,
Ritchie ; Bombay, Dalzell.
Stem 1-2 ft., much branched; branches slender, erect, woody. Leaves 1-3^ in.,
rather membranous. Spikes \-\ in. diam., on slender peduncles; whorls confluent.
Calyx in fruit -^ in., with erect teeth. Corolla-tube exserted, lobes sparsely hairy.
Nutlets ellipsoid, obtusely 3-gonous, shining.
4. D. auricularia, Blume Bijd. 826; annual, hirsute or villous,
leaves sessile or shortly petioled oblong serrate, spikes 2-3 in. villous, calyx-
teeth triangular incurved in fruit. Benth. Lab. 158, in Wall. PI. As. Rar.
i. 30, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 156; Wall. Cat. 1548; Wight Lc. t. 1445;
Grrah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 150. Mentha auricularia, Linn. Mant. 81 ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 4 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 200. M. f cetida, Barm. Fl. Lnd. 126.
Dysuphylla.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 639
From Sikkim and Assam through; E. Bengal to Penang and Singapore.
Deccan Peninsula, from Goa southwards. Ceylon. — Disteib. East to S. China,
Borneo and the Philippines.
A coarse annual, 1-2 ft. j hairs often shaggy, spreading. Leaves 1-3 in., acute
or obtuse ; petiole rarely-^ in. Spikes £-i in. diam., pedicelled ; whorls all confluent.
Calyx not J, in., enlarged, in fruit. Corolla ^ in., usually pink ; tube slender, far
exserted ; lobes hairy, filaments very villous. Nutlets ellipsoid, nearly smooth. —
Some very villous specimens from S. India and Ceylon have stouter spikes and white
flowers, and may prove to belong to a distinct form.
ft Leaves in whorls of three or four (rarely more).
5. D. quadrifolia, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. i. 30, Lab. 158,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 157; perennial, erect, tomentose, subsilky or pubes-
cent, leaves 4 in a whorl, shortly petioled linear or linear-oblong acute or
.obtuse serrate or subentire, spikes elongate tomentose or pubescent, base
'often interrupted. Wall. Cat. 1539. D. velutina, Benth. in Wall. Cat.
1538. D. linearis, Wall. Cat. 1540. D. rupestris, JDalz. in Hook. Kew
Journ, iii. 120 ; Bah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 208. Mentha quadrifolia, Roxb.
Hort. Benq. 44, and Fl. Ind. iii. 4. M. quaternifolia, Heyne in Herb.
Rottl. ; ? Roth Nov. Sp. 256. Chotellia sericea, ' Ojpiz Sf Corda in Flora,
1830, 35.
Khasia Mts. ; on rocks by streams, alt. 3-6000 ft. Chittagong, alt. 300 ft.,
Clarke, to Tknasshiim, Wallich. South Canaea ; on dry rocks, Malwar, Dal-
zell, &c, from the CiECAESand Concan to Mtsoee and the Anamallay Hills, Heyne,
&c. : Anamallays, Beddome.
A stout undershrub, 2-4 ft., with a woody rootstock ; stem simple or branched.
Leaves very variable, 1-4 by £-| in. ; petiole very short. Spikes 4-8 in., ±-L in. diam.
Calyx sometimes glabrate, teeth triangular. — Qasfer of chamomile (Dalzell).
6. D. cruciata, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 30, and Cat. 1541 ;
Lab. 158, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 157 ; hirsute, stem simple erect, leaves 3-6
in a whorl sessile linear obtuse, margins revolute quite entire, spikes villous.
D. tetraphylla, Wight Ic. t. 1444. Mentha quadrifolia, Don Prodr. 113.
Dysophylla, Griff.' It. Notes, 80, n. 1165.
Subteopical Himalaya, from Kumaon, alt. 5000 ft., Royle, &c, to Nepal,
Wallich. Khasia Mts. , alt. 2-4000 ft. • Griffith, &c. * Nilghiki Hills ; Wight.
Stem 12-18 in., stout, strict. Leaves 1-1^ in., suberect. Spikes sometimes 5 in.,
-Jin. diam.; whorls confluent. Calyx villous. Corolla-tube scarcely exserted, lobes
glabrous.
7. D. linearis, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 157 ; annual, stem erect
simple and leaves sparsely hairy or glabrate, leaves sessile 4 in a whorl
linear or linear-lanceolate obtuse, margins revolute entire or sparingly
toothed, spikes short, calyx glabrous.
Khasia Hills, alt. 4-6000 ft., in swamps and rice-fields ; Mack, H. f. Sf T„
Clarke.
Habit of J), cruciata, but nearly glabrous, with very different spikes, ^-2 in. long
and J-| broad, and corolla and nutlets twice as large.
8. D. verticillata, Benth, in Wall. PL As. Rar. i. 30, and Lab. 159,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 157; annual, erect, branched, glabrous or very
sparsely hairy, leaves 4-10 in a whorl linear quite entire or obscurely
toothed, spikes sometimes whorled tomentose or villous, teeth of fruiting
calyx stellately spreading. Wall. 'Cat, 1544; T/ncaites Enum. 239, excl.
syn. D. ramosissima, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 1543. D. Benthamiana,
640 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dysophylla.
Hancc in Ann. Sc. Nat. Sep. 5, v. 234. Mentha stellata, Lour. Fl. Cochmch.
36./ M. verticillata, Boxb. Sort. Benq. 44, and Fl. Ind. iii. 5. Pogosteraon
verticillatus, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 965.
Bengal, Silhet, Rangoon and Tenasseeim, in swamps and vice-fields.
Ceylon ; Bottler, Thwaites. — Distkib. Malay Archipelago, China, Philippine Islands,
Australia.
Very variable, sometimes 2 ft. high, excessively branched, with stem as thick as
the thumb, at others very slender (var. ? gracilis, Benth.), subsimple, with stem as thick
as a crow-quill ; branches erect. Leaves 1-3 in., rarely \ in. diam., spreading and
deflexed. Spikes 1-3 in., ^ in. diam. Calyx very conspicuous in fruit from the
spreading teeth.
9. D. crassicaulis, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 30, Lab. 159,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 158 ; annual, glabrous, decumbent below, leaves 4-6
in a whorl sessile linear or linear-oblong or -lanceolate obtuse subentire or
serrate, spikes elongate glabrate or pubescent, calyx campanulate, teeth
erect or conniving in fruit. Wall. Cat. 1545.
N.W. Himalaya, in swamps ; Kashmir, Chumba and Kulu, alt. 2-4000 ft.,
Jacquemont, Thomson, Clarice. SlKKiM ; Serb. Griffith, J. D. H. Bengal ;
Assam, Silhet and Khasia Mts., Wallich, &c.
Very similar to D. verticillata, and similarly variable, best distinguished by the
larger flowers, more glabrous calyx with teeth that do not spread stellately. Leaves
rounded subcordate or acute at the base, very variable in breadth. Bracts oblanceo-
late. Calyx j'j. in., lobes triangular, fruiting -^ in. Corolla-tube exserted, lobes
nearly glabrous. Nutlets very small, orbicular, compressed, pale, shining.
Var. pumila; dwarf, spikes |-1 in., calyx more hairy. D. pumila, Benth. II. e.j
Wall. Cat. 1546. Mentha pumila, Grah. in Pdinb. New Phil. Journ. 1828, 393.
M. verticillata, Don Prodr. 114; BZooh. Bot. Mag. t. 2907.
10. D. Heifer i, Hook. f. ; annual, dwarf, erect, glabrous, leaves few
4 in a whorl sessile linear or oblong serrate, spikes short pubescent, calyx-
teeth lanceolate erect in fruit.
Tenasseeim; East Pagoda, Heifer.
Stem a span high and under, very slender ; branches slender, spreading. Leaves
£-1 in. Spikes i-l§ in. ; bracts minute, linear-lanceolate. Calyx (fruiting) -fe' in.,
campanulate, membranous, sparsely pubescent. Corolla not seen. Nutlets very
minute, orbicular-oblong, dark chestnut, shining.
tff Annuals. Leaves in whorls of 5 or more, sessile, very narrow, quite
entire (see also sp. 5, 8 and 9).
11. D. stellata, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 30, Lab. 159, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 158 ; stem decumbent or creeping below much branched,
branches short densely leafy hairy, internodes very short, leaves many in a
whorl very short narrowly linear obtuse, margins revolute, spikes slender
tomentose, bracts linear or clavellate equalling the flowers, flowering calyx
Jg in. hemispheric, teeth short erect or incurved in fruit. Wall. Cat. 1542;
Bot. Beg. 1845, t. 23; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 150; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 209. Mentha stellata, Ham. in Boxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 5. M. malabarica,
Herb. Heyne.
Deccan Peninslla; from Belgaum southwards, in rice-fields.
Branches numerous, ascending, flexuous, stout, leafy to the base with close-set
' whorls. Leaves \-\ in., rarely ^ in. broad, base obtuse, upper often pubescent.
Spikes 1-2 in., \—\ in. diam., bracteoles filiform or clavellate. Calyx ^-^ in.,
cupular or obconic, very variable, a little enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube very short,
lobes hirsute. Nutlets very small, shining. — The differences between the extreme
DysopJiylla.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 641
forms of fruiting calyx are great, and possibly indicate two species ; in some speci-
mens it is almost campanulate with erect teeth, in others almost globose with
incurved teeth.
12. X>. tomentosa, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 337 ; stout, erect,
branched, softly pubescent all over with long hairs, internodes very short,
leaves many in a whorl linear obtuse, margins revolute, spikes stout villous,
bracts equalling the flowers linear, flowering calyx ^ in. subcampanulate.
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 208.
Southern Concan ; Malwar, in rice-fields, Dalzell.
Probably a large hairy state of D. stellata, with spikes ^ in. diam. Young
specimens are decumbent, old and large ones have the habit of Dv Stocksii and
pentagona.
13. D. gracilis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 377 ; stem erect stout
or slender hairy or glabrate, internodes very short, leaves sessile 5-20 in a
whorl narrowly linear obtuse, or subacute glabrous cxr hoary, margins revo-
lute quite entire, spikes 1-2 in. slender villous, bracts equalling the flowers
filiform, calyx 5'5 in. campanulate hemispheric and hardly enlarged in fruit
with erect teeth. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 208.
Deccan Peninsula ; Sihadree Hills,, near Phonda Ghat,. Eitchiey Dalzell.
Very near D. tomentosa, with which it agrees in habit, but the spikes are more slender,
and the calyx much smaller. The form of the bracts affords an inconstant character
in this and in D. stellata, of which I suspect this is only a tall form. Stem 2-3 ft.,
sometimes as thick as a swan's quill. Leaves \-% in., often recurved. Spikes £ in.
diam. Calyx densely villous. — I do not find the toothing of the leaves described by
Dalzell.
14. D. erecta, Dalz. in Hook. Kew' Journ. ii. 337; stem erect tall
hispidulous, leaves 9-12 in a whorl linear or almost filiform obtuse or acute
glabrous or scaberulous, margins recurved, spikes slender pubescent, bracts
very short equalling the calyx clavellate, calyx shortly campanulate, teeth
obtuse erect. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 208.
Southern Concan ; margins of swamps, Malwar, Dalzell*
This is hardly distinguishable from D. gracilis. Dalzell's specimens (named by
himself) are of two forms ; one from very wet places has nearly simple flexuous stems,
almost capillary lower leaves (evidently immersed), and linear obtuse glabrous upper
ones § in. long, in whorls of about 12 ; the other, from drier places, is shorter, more
robust, much branched, with scaberulous leaves 4-8 in a whorl, and spikes exactly
like D. stellata, of which I suspect the species is a form.
** Calyx-tube deeply h-grooved, with 5 elevated ridges {all annuals, toith
sessile quite entire
15. D. pentagona, Clarke mss. ; slender, erect, nearly glabrous,
leaves 4 in a whorl linear obtuse, spikes slender pubescent, calyx
densely pubescent all over, angles obtuse, mouth closed by the minute
obtuse teeth.
Chota Nagpore ; at Songhboom, alt. 2000 ft., Clarke.
Stem 12-18 in., branches suberect. Leaves 1-1| in., erecto-patent, base obtuse or
acute. Spikes 2-3 in., £-£ in. diam. ; rachis hirsute ; bracts liuear. Fruiting calyx
T'g in., nearly globose, pointed at either end; angles or wings thick. Nutlet solitary,
linear-oblong, completely enveloped by the calyx-tube.
16. D. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; slender, erect, nearly glabrous, leaves 4
in a whorl linear obtuse, spikes slender pubescent, fruiting calyx obconic
acutely 5-angled, tube glabrous, lobes incurved villous.
VOL. IV. t t
642 cxil labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dysophylla.
Ori^SA ; at Sumbulpore, Griffith.
Habit and foliage of D. pentagona, but calyx very different, fruiting about ,', in.,
chestnut brown and shining below, crowned with white bearded lobes. Nutlets 4,
minute suborbicular.
17. D. Stocksii, Hook. f. ; very stout, erect, nearly glabrous, leaves
9-20 in. a whorl narrowly linear obtuse, margins recurved, spikes slender,
fruiting calyx densely pubescent all over, angles acute, mouth closed by the
minute obtuse teeth.
The Concan ; Stocks.
Stem as thick as a goose-quill, decumbent and closely annulate below, branches
suberect. Leaves £-§ by jU-^, in., spreading. Spikes 2-3 in. by £-£ in. diam. ; rachis
hairy ; bracts filiform, tips clavellate. Calyx ^ in., lobes as long as the tube, obtuse.
Corolla-tube very short ; lobes nearly glabrous. Fruiting calyx T'g in., very concave
between the angles. Nutlet solitary enclosed as in D. pentagona.
14. COLEBROOKIA, Smith.
A densely woolly hoary shrub. Leaves opposite or 3-nate, petioled,
rugose, elliptic-oblong, crenulate. Whorls dense-fid. in panicled spikes,
flowers small ; bracts connate. Calyx-tube very short ; teeth long, subulate,
at length elongate, capillary and feathery. Corolla minute, tube short ;
limb very short, subequally 4-fid. Stamens 4, very short, included, equal,
distant ; anthers orbicular, cells confluent. Disk equal. Style 2-fid ; lobes
subulate. Nutlets hairy, obovoid.
C. oppositifolia, Smith Exot. Bot. ii. t. Ill ; Benth. in Wall. PI.
As. Bar. i. 29, Lab. 165, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 158 ; Wall. Cat. 1528 ;
Boxb. Fl. lnd, iii. 26 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 277 ; Gamble Darjeel. Timbers, 63,
and Lndian Timbers, 300. 0. ternifolia, Boxb. Cor. PI. iii. 40, t. 245, and
Fl. Lnd. iii. 25; Wall. Cat. 1529; Benth. II. c. ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL
150; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 209. Elsholtzia oppositifolia, Poir. Diet.
Suppl. v. 663.
Subtropical Himalaya; from the Salt range and Peshawur to Sikkim,
alt, 1-4000 ft. Berar, Central India and the Deccan Peninsula to Travan-
CORE. Tenasserim; Heifer.
Shrub, 5-10 ft. high ; trunk stout ; branches stout, terete, often whorled in threes.
Leaves 4-8 in. ; petiole stout, \- 1 in. Spikes very numerous, 2-4 in. long, flowering
£ in. diam., fruiting £ in. Calyx very minute, teeth in fruit | in., tube deeply
grooved, villous. Corolla white.
15. ELSHOLTZIA, Willd.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. Whorls in simple or panicled
slender or stout terete or secund spikes ; flowers minute; bracts various.
Calyx 5-toothed, throat naked, fruiting erect often enlarged or inflated.
Corolla small, tube straight or incurved ; limb oblique or sub-2-lipped,
4-fid, upper lobe or lip erect, notched, the others spreading. Stamens 4,
diverging or distant, filaments naked ; anther-cells divaricate, or at length
confluent. Disk much produced behind the ovary. Style subequally 2-fid,
lobes subulate. Nutlets smooth or tubercled. — Species about 20, Temperate
and Tropical Asiatic and Malayan, one of them also European.
* Spikes jpanicled, cylindric or subsecund ; bracts narrow, linear subulate
or acicular. Nutlets shining. Aphanochilus, Benth.
1. E. flava, Benth. Lab. 161, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 160; tall,
Ehholizia.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 643
branches and petioles scabenilous, leaves large long-petioled ovate or
rhombic- ovate caudate-acuminate toothed, spikes stout terete puberulous,
corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx, fruiting calyx \ in. pedicelled tubular
inflated below, teeth erect. Aphanochilus flavus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As.
Bar. i. 28, t. 34, and Cat. 1553.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Nepal, alt. 5-9500 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 5-6000 ft.
An annual bush, 3-5 ft. ; branches obtusely 4-angled, sometimes muricate.
Leaves 4-8 in., base cuneate rounded or cordate. Spikes axillary and terminal,
2-4 in., | in. broad in fruit. Bracts ovate or lanceolate acute, deciduous. Flowers
shortly pedicelled. Corolla yellow, puberulous. Nutlets ellipsoid, dark brown.
2. E. polystachya, Benth. Lab. 161, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 159 ;
tall, branched, puberulous or hoary-pubescent, leaves subsessile lanceolate
or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate, spikes long slender, corolla villous,
tube twice as long as the calyx, fruiting calyx £ in. pedicelled narrowly
tubular curved, teeth erect. Gamble Bid. Timbers, 301. Aphanochilus
polystachyus, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 27, t. 33, and Cat. 1554.
Colebrookia oppositifolia, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 487. ? Perilla fruticosa, Don
Prodr. 115.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 7-9000 ft., Wallich, &c.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5500 ft., Griffith, &c.
An annual bush, 3-4 ft.; branches obscurely 4-angled. Leaves 3-6 in., rather
rigid, base acute, sometimes deeply toothed or crenate. Spikes 4-10 in., often
fascicled, flowering ^ in. diam., narrower in fruit ; bracts minute. Corolla white,
pubescent. Fruiting calyx ribbed to the base, with short triangular acute teeth.
Nutlets narrow. — Bentham cites Don's Perilla fruticosa, but his description of the
calyx with linear teeth and corolla with a very large midlobe of the lower lip is
wholly at variance. Graham {Cat. Bomb. PI. 150) gives " Chibler in the Surat
collectorate as a habitat," which is very unlikely, and is not taken up in Dalzell and
Gibson's Bombay Flora.
3. E. Thompson!, Hook. f. ; stout, densely tomentose, leaves sub-
sessile lanceolate acuminate serrate, spikes leafy interrupted, corolla-tube
shortly exserted, fruiting calyx \ in. pedicelled tubular straight woolly, teeth
spreading.
Oudh ; at Gadughat, R. Thompson.
Branches terete, very stout, with brown close short pubescence. Leaves 4-5 in.,
hard, scabrid above, almost woolly beneath. Spikes many, panicled, bracts leafy,
buds woolly." Corolla pubescent. Calyx ribbed to the base ; teeth short, broadly
triangular. Nutlets linear-oblong.
4. Beddomei, Clarke mss. ; hoary-tomentose, branches slender, leaves
shortly petioled narrowly oblong-lanceolate obtuse crenulate, hoary on both
surfaces, spikes long slender terete white- villous interrupted, corolla tomen-
tose, tube incurved twice as long as the calyx.
Tenasseeim ; Thougyeen forests, Beddome.
Shrubby ? Branches nearly terete. Leaves 2-3 by ^-\ in., rather thick, base
entire narrowed into the petiole. Spikes 3-4 in., ^ in. diam., very white; bracts
minute, lanceolate j flowers £ in. long, sessile. Calyx-teeth lanceolate; fruiting
not seen.
5. E. blanda, Benth. Lab. 162, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 160; slender,
puberulous or hoary, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate,
spikes slender panicled one-sided, corolla-tube short, fruiting calyx
T t 2
644 ex ii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Elsholtzia.
j\ in. pedicelled urceolate glandular-pubescent, teeth erect lanceolate.
Aphanochilus blandus, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. i. 19, and Cat.
1550 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3091. ? Perilla elata, Don Prodr. 115. Mentha blanda,
Wall. mss.
Ceftbal and Easteen Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 3-7500 ft.,
J. L>. H., &c. Khasia Mts., alt. 2-6000 ft., Be Silva, &c. Tenasserim, Beddome.
— Disteib. Ava, Sumatra.
Bushy, 2-5 ft. high ; branches slender, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 1-4 in. ;
petiole short. Spikes 2-5 in., flowering i in. diam., fruiting broader, whorls lax or
dense; bracts subulate-lanceolate. Corolla white, sparingly pubescent. Fruiting
calyx short, mouth contracted. Outlets broadly ellipsoid.— Bentham refers Don's
Perilla elata to this, but the description of the leaves *" scabrid above, tomentose
beneath," does not agree. He also quotes "Arabia" on ForskbTs authority as a
habitat, which is most improbable.
6. E. incisa, Benth. Lab. 162, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 161 ; puberulous,
leaves long-petioled broadly ovate obtuse coarsely crenate-toothed, petiole
winged above, spikes terete, flowering very slender terete, corolla-tube short,
fruiting calyx urceolate £ in. sessile glandular-pubescent, teeth erect lan-
ceolate. Aphanochilus incisus, fcetens & paniculatus, Benth. in Wall.
PL As. Bar. i. 29, 30, and Cat. 1551, 1552, 1557. Perilla leptostachya,
Don Prodr. 115. Hyptis stachyodes, Link JEnum. ii. 106. Mentha
paniculata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 4. M. blanda, DC. PL Bar. Kort. Genev.
27, t. 8.
Temperate and Subtropical Himalaya; often in cultivated fields, from
Kishmir to Mishmi, alt. 3-5000 ft. Chittagong; Roxburgh. — Disteib. Ava.
A tender herb, 1-3 ft., branches 4-gonous. Leaves 1-2 in., membranous,
base entire, cuneate, produced into the slender petiole, which is as long as the blade.
Spikes panicled, 4-6 in., flowering £ in. diam., fruiting ^ in.; bracts setaceous,
often exceeding the flowers. Corolla minute, tube short, lobes glabrous. Nutlets
ellipsoid.
Vae. ? major ; tall very stout, stem with soft spreading hairs, fruiting spikes
very stout, Jin. diam., fruiting calyx ^-uearly £ in.— Kumaon, near Dol, alt. 6500 ft.,
Strachey. Sikkim, at Ryang, alt. 6000 ft., Clarke. — I have seen only fruiting
branches.
7. E. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; hoary-pubescent, leaves short-petioled
lanceolate subacute, spikes short terete dense-fid., calyx in flower narrow,
teeth lanceolate, 2 upper much the longest.
Uppee Assam ; Mishmi Hills, Griffith.
Habit of E. incisa, but leaves rigid, 1 by ^ in., narrowed into a petiole not one-third
the length of the blade. Spikes 1-2 in., flowering \ in. diam., very dense-fld. ; bracts
setaceous, exceeding the flowers. Calyx hoary-pubescent; fruiting not seen.
Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx, lobes pubescent.
8. E. pilosa, Benth. Lab. 163, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 162 ; coarsely
hairy, leaves petioled ovate obtuse coarsely crenate, spikes subsolitary short
stout terete dense-fld., bracts subulate awned ciliate longer than the flowers,
fruiting calyx \ in. urceolate hispid, teeth lanceolate. Aphanochilus pilosus,
Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 30, and Cat. 1556.
Tempeeate Himalaya; from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 5-7000 ft., Wallich, &c.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.
A coarse herb, 1-2 ft. ; stem stout or slender, hairs flaccid. Leaves 1-2 by £-f in.,
membranous, base cuneate ; petiole %-\ in. Spikes 1-1£ in., stout both in flower and
fruit, hispid, very dense-fld. ; bracts rigid, with a stout pale midrib. Calyx-teeth
very unequal. Corolla minute, lobes hairy.
Elsholtzla.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 645
** Bracts rounded or broadly ovate, very short. Nutlets opaque.
9. E. densa, Benth. Lab. 714, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 162 ; sparsely
pubescent, leaves shortly petioled oblong-lanceolate or elliptic acute or
obtuse serrate, spikes oblong or shortly cylindric villous, bracts shoru
rounded, fruiting calyx \ in. broadly funnel-shaped inflated membranous,
teeth short rounded. Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 127, 1. 131. E. eriostachya, Serb.
Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Western Himalaya and Westebn Tibet; from Kumaon to Ladak, alt.
10-13,000 ft., Jacquemont, &c.
Annual, 6-18 in., branched from the base ; stem slender to very stout, 4-angled.
Leaves 1-3 in., rarely ovate or elliptic; petiole 5— | in. Spikes 1-1£ in., or more
and interrupted, fruiting §-§ in. broad; bracts shorter than the flowers. Calyx,
flowering very minute, cupular; fruiting greatly enlarged. Corolla minute, villous,
lilac, tube very short. Nutlets ^ in. long, ellipsoid, opaque.
10. E. eriostachya, Benth. Lab. 163, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 162 ;
softly hairy, leaves shortly petioled oblong or ovate-oblong obtuse denticu-
late, spikes solitary cylindric stout villous, bracts short ovate, fruiting calyx
£ in. campanulate membranous, teeth minute triangular. E. Hoffmeisteri,
Klotzsch in Beise Pr. Waldem. Bot. 105, t. 66. Aphanochilus eriostachya,
Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 29, and Cat. 155.
Alpine Himalaya; from Kumaon, alt. 10-12,000 ft., Blinkworth, &c, Nepal,
Wallich, to Sikkim, alt. 14-16,000 ft., J. L>. H.
A strong- scented annual, 6-18 in., branched from the base, branches 4-angled
suberect. Leaves l-\\ in., sometimes tomentose beneath ; petiole £-\ in. Spikes
1-2J in., flowering £ in. fruiting \ in. diam. ; flowers densely imbricate. Calyx,
flowering Jg in. Corolla very miijute, yellow. Nutlets 5'ff in., ellipsoid, opaque.
Vae. pusilla ; dwarf, 3-6 in., stem usually simple, leaves \-% in., fruiting calyx
smaller. E. pusilla, Benth. Lab. 714, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 162. — Interior
Himalaya; from Sikkim to W. Tibet, alt. 12-16,000 ft., and to 18,000 ft. in Rupchu,
Stoliczfca.
### Spikes cylindric ; bracts broad, obcuneate, membranous, ciliatc}
forming together imbricating cups longer than the calyx. Cyclostigta,
Benth.
11. E. strobilifera, Benth. Lab. 163, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 162;
sparsely hairy, leaves small petioled ovate obtuse crenulate or serrate,
spikes villous or pubescent. Oyclostigia strobilifera, Benth. in Wall. PI.
As. Ear. i. 30, excl. syn., and Cat. 1562.
Temperate and Alpine Himalaya ; from Simla, alt. 5-10,000 ft., to Sikkim,
alt. 6-14,000 ft.
Very variable, from a simple filiform stem 2 in. high, to a much-branched herb of
18 in.; stem and branches with usually a line of crisp hairs. Leaves |-1 in., rarely
ovate and coarsely serrate ; petiole £-| in. Spikes \-2 in., fruiting sometimes \ in.
diam. ; bracts imbricating all round the spike very broad, margin semicircular.
Calyx hyaline, narrow-tubular, fruiting <fc in., teeth lanceolate. Corolla-tube very
slender, much longer than the calyx, lobes minute glabrous. Nutlets 5\j in., oblong,
red-brown, not shining.
#### Spikes completely one-sided; bracts large, secund, orbicular,
cuspidate, closely imbricate, membranous, ciliate. Elsholtzia, Willd.
12. E. cristata, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 29 ; nearly glabrous, leaves long-
petioled ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate coarsely serrate, spikes broad
pubescent or villous, fruiting calyx £ in. tubular hairy. Benth. in Wall.
646 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Plsholtzia.
PI. As. Bar. i. 29, and Cat. 1560; Lab. 164, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 163 ;
Pot. Mag. t. 2560. Mentha ovata, Cav. Ic. 36, t. 360, f. 1. Hyssopus
ocymifolius, Lamlc. Diet. iii. 187. Perilla polystachya, Don Prodr. 115.
Tempeeate and Tropical Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Mishmi, alt. 1-9000 ft.
Westeen Tibet, alt. 9-11,000 ft. (Nilghiris, introduced.) — Disteib. N. Europe,
N. Asia, China, Japan.
An erect fragrant herb, very variable in size, from 6 in. to 2 ft. ; stem simple or
branched. Leaves 1-3 in., membrauous, base cuneate ; petiole half as long as the
blade or more. Spikes 1-3 in., fruiting | in. diam. or less, rather villous ; bracts
shortly petioled, cusps acicular. Calyx minute in flower, in fruit vesicular, teeth
triangular. Corolla piuk or purplish, tube exserted, curved ; limb villous. Nutlets
T'g in., oblong, smooth. — Some N. Chinese specimens are almost woolly.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
E. leptostachta, Benth. Lab. 713, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 160; Cambess. in
Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 128, t. 32, from Kashmir (Jacquemont). I have seen no speci-
mens. Bentham compares it with P. polystachya, from which the extremely slender
spike distinguishes it, as do the distant whorls, and leaves contracted above the base.
Is it an Plsholtzia ?
16. PERILLA, Linn.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Whorls 2-fld., in secnnd axillary and terminal
simple or panicled racemes ; flowers and bracts small. Calyx campanulate,
5-toothed; fruiting greatly enlarged, 2-lipped, base gibbous, upper lip
dilated 3-toothed, lower of 2 lanceolate-subulate teeth. Corolla-tube short,
throat bell-shaped, 5-fid. Stamens 4, subequal, erect, distant, hardly
(exserted; anther-cells distinct, parallel, at length diverging. Disk a large
posticous gland. Style equally 2 -fid. Nutlets subglobose, coarsely reticu-
late.— Species 1 (or 2), Eastern Asiatic.
P. ocimoides, Linn. ; Penth. Lab. 166, in Wall. PI. As. Par. i.
29, and Cat. 1558, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 163 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 150 ;
Don Prodr. 114 ; Pot. Mag. t. 2395. P. macrostachya, Penth. in Wall.
Cat. 1559. Ocimum frutescens, Linn. Sp. PI. ii. 832, excl. syn. Rheede.
Melissa maxima, Arduin Sp. ii. 28, t. 13. Mentha perilloides, Willd. ;
Lamk. Diet. iv. 112 ; Poxb. PI. 2nd. iii. 7.
Teopical and Tempeeate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 1-10,000 ft.,
common, often cultivated. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-6000 ft. — Disteib. Burma, China,
Japan.
A coarse aromatic often shaggy annual, 2-4 ft. Leaves 3-6 in., ovate or rounded,
obtuse toothed serrate or coarsely crenate ; petiole 1-3 in. Racemes 3-8 in., erect ;
bracts lanceolate. Corolla white, £ in. Fruiting calyx j-§ in., villous. Nutlets
3^ in. — Some Japan specimens are nearly glabrous ; others have fruiting calyx £ in.,
and nutlets nearly -^ in.
doubtful species.
Peeilla peuticosa, Don Prodr. 115, see under Plsholtzia polystachya, p. 643.
Peeilla elata, Don Prodr. 115, see Plsholtzia blanda, p. 643.
17. ttXOSXiA, Ham.
^ Annual fragrant herbs. Leaves opposite. Whorls 2-fld., in terminal and
axillary secund racemes ; flowers and bracts very minute or the lower leafy.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, fruiting enlarged, subequal or 2-lipped,
base gibbous ; upper lip truncate or 3-toothed, lower of 2 longer teeth ;
throat closed with hairs. Corolla-tube naked or with a ring of hairs ; lips
Modla.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 647
short, upper notched, lower 3-fid. Stamens 2, posticous, short, erect, distant ;
antber-cells 2, divaricate; staminodes 2. Disk a large posticous gland.
Nutlets globose, smooth or reticulate. — Species 6, East Asiatic.
UT. dianthera, Maximovicz in Bull. Imp. Acad. Petersb. ix. 430 ;
slender, sparsely pubescent, leaves petioled ovate acute serrate, nutlets
reticulate. M. ocimoides, Ham. mss. in Benth. Lab. 366. Hedeoma nepa-
lensis, Benth. Lab. 366, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 244 ; Dene, in Jacquem.
Voy. Bat. 133, t. 138. Melissa nepalensis, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i.
66 ; Wall. Cat. 2124. Moschosma ocimoides, Reichb. in Wall. Cat. 2712.
Lycopus dianthera, Ham. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 144. Cunila Buchanani,
Spreng. Syst. i. 54. C. nepalensis, Don Prodr. 107.
Tropical and Temperate Himalaya and N. Bengal Plains ; from Kashmir
to Bbotan, alt. 1-6000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt, 0-5000 ft. Chittagong, J. B. B. S,"
T. T. — Distkib. Burma, China.
A very strong-scented strict erect herb, 1-3 ft. Leaves 1-1 \ in. ; petiole £-£ in.
Racemes very slender, terminating the branches, lax-fid. Corolla \ in. long, white
or purplish, tube short. Fruiting calyx £ in., hemispherical. Nutlets as in Perilla.—
The other described species are all extremely near M. dianthera, and perhaps forms
of it.
18. MENTHA, Linn.
Strong-scented perennial herbs, rootstock creeping. Whorls many-fld.,
in axillary and terminal spikes, bracts various ; flowers small. Calyx cam-
panulate or tubular, 5-toothed, throat naked or villous. Corolla subequally
4-lobed. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant ; anther-cells parallel. Style-arms
short. Nutlets smooth or reticulate. — Species about 25, N. temp, regions,
introduced in many countries.
Mentha viridis, L. (spear-mint), M. piperita, L. (peppermint), M. sativa, L., and
JJf. aquatica, L., occur in Indian gardens, and as escapes.
1. JUL. sylvestris, Linn. ; leaves broadly or narrowly oblong obovate
or lanceolate subacute serrate hoary beneath, whorls in terminal spikes,
calyx-teeth triangular or lanceolate, corolla hairy glabrous within. Benth.
Lab. 171, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 166 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 82.
Temperate Western Himalaya and Western Tibet ; from Kashmir to
Gurwhal, alt. 4-12,000 ft., Royle, &c. — Distrib. Affghanistan, Temp. Europe and
W. and Central Asia.
Stem robust or slender, 2-3 ft., hoary-tomentose. Leaves 1-3 by f-2 in., base
rounded or cordate. Spikes 1-3 in., £-£ in. diam. ; bracts lanceolate ; pedicels hairy.
Corolla lilac, about ^ in. diam. Nutlets usually pale, smooth, sometimes brown and
conspicuously delicately reticulate.
1 have vainly endeavoured to find any character whereby to distinguish M.
incana and Royleana from M. sylvestris, the only available one afforded by the calyx
being excessively variable. Boissier unites them under one variety 5. petiolata (Fl.
Orient, iv. 543), distinguished from sylvestris proper by the hoariness and petioled
leaves, but I think the slender spike and usually minute calyx of incana are better
varietal characters. Strachey and Winterbottom's specimens from Gurwhal (Niti,
alt. 11,500 ft.) appear to be typical M. sylvestris with purplish calyces.
Var. incana ; uniformly hoary-tomentose, spikes slender much interrupted, calyx
very small, teeth short. M. incana, Willd. Enum. Hort. JBerol. 609 ; Benth. Lab.
170, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 169.— Simla to Murree, Mooltan, Edgeworth. — Sometimes
densely woolly. Peshawur specimens have small capitate spikes.
Var. Royleana; uniformly hoary-tomentose, spikes stout usually continuous,
calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular with subulate lips. M. Royleana, Benth. in Walt.
PL As. Rar. i. 29, and Cat. 1537 ; Lab. 171, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 169.
648 cxu. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Mentha,
2. BX. arvensis, Linn. ; hairy or glabrate, leaves shortly petioled or
feessile oblong ovate or lanceolate serrate, whorls axillary capitate, calyx-
teeth triangular or lanceolate. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 171 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 544.
Western Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 5-10,000 ft. — Disteib. Europe, N. and W.
Asia to China.
Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 1-2 in., obtusely or acutely serrate. Bracts acute, shorter
than the flowers. Calyx hairy. Corolla hairy without and within.
Vae. javanica ; leaves lanceolate, calyx-teeth longer, often exceeding the tube.
M. javanica, Blume Bijd. 826 ; Benth. I. c. M. sativa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 6. M.
arvensis, Thivaites Enum. 239. — Malacca, Griffith; Ceylon, Gardner, &c, borders
of paddy-fields in the Central Province, Thioaites. — I suspect this is introduced,
and is M. sativa, L.,^6 which Boissier refers as a synonym to M. arvensis, L.
19. LYCOPUS, Tourn.
Marsh perennial herbs. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers small in
dense axillary whorls. Calyx subequally 4-5-toothed, throat naked.
Corolla campannlate, subequally 4-5-fid. Stamens 2, distant; anther-cells
parallel; staminodes 2. Style 2-fid, lobes flattened. Nutlets smooth,
obovate, compressed, margins thickened. — Species 2, N. temp, regions and
Australia.
Ii. europaeus, Linn. ; glabrous or puberulous, leaves sinuate-toothed
or serrate, staminodes minute. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 179 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 545.
Westeen Himalaya ; "Kashmir, alt. 1-6000 ft.— Disteib. Europe, W. N. and
Central Asia.
BootstocTc creeping or stoloniferous. Stem 1-3 ft. Leaves subsessile, elliptic-
oblong, sometimes pinnatifid. Corolla blueish-white, dotted with purple, hairy
within. Nutlets longer than the calyx-tube.
Vae. exaltata; stouter, leaves more pinnatifid, staminodes capitellate. L.
I exaltatus, Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 179; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 545.—
Kashmir, alt. 3-6000 ft. — Distrib. of L. europaus.
20. ORIGANUM, Tourn.
Aromatic herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire or toothed. Cymes
corymbose, bracts large, imbricating. Calyx 10-13-nerved, 5-toothed or
2-lipped ; throat villous. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, upper lip notched or
2-fid ; lower spreading, 3-fid. Stamens 4, distant, ascending ; anther-cells
distinct, spreading. Style-lobes acute. Nutlets smooth. — Species about 25,
of N. temperate regions.
The Marjoram, O. Marjorana, L. (O. Wallichianum, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 1565)
is extensively cultivated in India.
O. vulgrare, Linn. ; erect, villous or glabrate, corymbosely branched,
leaves broadly ovate. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 193 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
551. O. Watsoni, T. A. Schmidt in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1868, 234, t. 82,
f. 5-7. O. norm ale, Don Prodr. 113 ; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 31,
in Lab. 335, and in DC. I. c. ; Wall. Cat. 1564. O. laxiflora, Boyle in
Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 376 ; Benth. Lab. 336, and in DC. I. c. 194.
Tempeeate Himalaya j from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 7-12,000 ft.— Disteib.
Europe, N. Africa, W. and N. Asia.
Stoloniferous, erect or prostrate ; 6tem 1-3 ft. Leaves £-1 in., entire or toothed,
Origanum.'] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 649
lower early withering. Cymes \-l in., ovoid, 4-gonous ; bracts green \pr purple,
ovate, obtuse or acute. Flowers dimorphic, larger 2-sexual, purple, smaller 9 , paler.
Calyx-teeth short. O. laxijiorum, Itoyle, is a prostrate state. O. normale, Dou, has
usually smaller less-coloured bracts, but intermediates are very common.
21. THYMUS, Linn.
< Small, slender, much-branched shrubs, very aromatic. Leaves small,
quite entire. Cymes few-fld., in dense or lax spikes, bracts minute ; flowers
small. Calyx 10-13-nerved, 2-lipped; throat villous. Corolla obscurely
2-lipped; upper lip straight, flattish, notched, lower 3-fid. Stamens 4,
distant, straight, lower pair longer; anther-cells parallel or diverging.
Style-lobes subulate. Nutlets nearly smooth. — Species about 50, of N.
temperate regions.
T. Serpyllum, Linn. ; branches prostrate or ascending, leaves ovate
linear oblong or obovate obtuse. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 200 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 554. T. linearis, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Ear. i. 31, Lab. 346,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 202; Wall. Cat. 1567.
Westeen Tempeeate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5-13,000 ft.
Westeen Tibet, alt 10-15,000 ft. ; Strachey Sf Winterbottom, &c. — Distbib. Europe,
N. Africa, W. and N. Asia.
Glabrous or hairy. EootstocJc woody, stems or branches usually decumbent.
Leaves \-\ in., short-petioled. Whorls capitate ; flowers dimorphic, males largest.
Calyx-teeth ciliate. Corolla \-\ in., purple, very variable.— Common Thyme.
22. HYSSOPUS, Linn.
An undershrub. Leaves sessile, obtuse, entire. Whorls 6-15-fld., secuncl,
axillary and in terminal spikes. Calyx 15-nerved, 5-toothed, throat naked.
Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched; lower spreading, 3-lobed,
midlobe very broad. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging, lower longer ; anther-
cells linear, spreading. Style-lobes subequal, subulate. Nutlets narrow,
nearly smooth, triquetrous.
H. officinalis, Linn. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 251; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 584 ; Reichb. Ic. FL Germ. 1. 1259.
Westeen Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaou, alt. 8-11,000 ft., Falconer, &c.
— Disteib. E. Europe, W. Asia.
Usually glabrous ; stem below branched, woody ; branches 1-2 ft., erect or
diffuse. Leaves sessile, oblong-linear or lanceolate. Calyx, fruiting \-% in. long.
Corolla blueish-purple.
23. MICROKERIA,
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually small, entire or toothed. Whorls
axillary or in terminal spikes, rarely panicled ; flowers small. Calyx
13-nerved, 5-toothed or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish,
entire or notched; lower spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, lower longer
ascending, incurved with diverging tips ; anther-cells distinct, parallel, at
length diverging, connective usually thickened. Style-lobes equal or upper
very short, lower recurved flattened. Nutlets smooth.— Species about 60,
all regions but Australia.
1. K. capitellata, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 218; pubescent, stems
tall slender erect, leaves entire or subserrate obtuse, whorls subglobose
650 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Micromeria.
distant in slender spikes, lower peduncled. M. Malcolmiana, Benth. in PL
HohenacJc. n. 1402 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. FL 209. Marrubium Malcolmii,
Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 109.
Behar; or Parusnath, alt. 4500 ft., Clarice. Western Himalaya; Dehra
Doon, Dathie. Western Ghats ; from the Concan to the Nilghiris, Wight, &c.
Rootstock woody; stem 1-2 ft. Leaves \-l iu., ovate or oblong, fiat ; floral
small; petiole short. Bracts small. Flowers | in. Calyx villous; teeth long,
subulate, erect ; fruiting ^ in. — Very aromatic.
2. IMC. biflora, Benth. Lab. 378, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 220; glabrons,
hairy or puberulous, stems short dense leafy, leaves small sessile ovate sub-
acute, whorls axillary small flew-nd. Dene, in Jaequem. Voy. Bot. 129,
t. 134; Wight III. t. 176 bis, f. 5, and Ic. t. 1446. M. ovata, B'eck. in
Schimp. PI. Iter Abyss, n. 12. Thymus bfflorus, Ham. in Wall. Cat.
1556, Don Prodr. 112 ; Benth. in Wall. PI. A"s. Bar. i. 31.
Tropical and Temperate Himalaya (exclusive of Sikkim) ; from Kashmir to
Bhotan, alt. 1-7000 ft. Nu.aHiRi and Anamallay Hills. — Distrib. Afghanistan,
Arabia, Abyssinia, S. Africa.
Dwarf. Rootstock woody, stems or branches excessively numerous, 3-6 in.,
fastigiate, filiform. Leaves £-£ in., margins thickened. Flowers small, often soli-
tary, pedicelled. Calyx hirsute, fruiting £ in. ; teeth subulate, very variable in
length.
3. XMf. hydaspidis, Pale, mss.; Benth in DC. Prodr. xii. 224;
pubescent, stem erect, leaves shortly petioled ovate obtuse subcrenate,
whorls spicate many-fld. shortly peduncled, flowers pedicelled. V
Western Kashmir ; Jhelum Valley from Patlee to Nashga Valley, Falconer.
Stem 10-18 in., erect, rather stout, subsimple. Leaves ^-f in. Spikes con-
tinuous or interrupted. Calyx £ in. long, erect, puberulous ; teetli lanceolate.
24. CALAMINTHA, Moench.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire or toothed. Whorls dense and axillary
or loose and panicled or spiked. Calyx 13-nerved, 2-lipped, upper lip
3-toothed, lower 2 -fid, teeth narrower than of the upper; throat naked or
villous. Corolla-tube straight, throat villous ; upper lip erect, nattish ;
lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4 (or 2 upper imperfect), ascending under
the upper lip ; anther-cells parallel or diverging. Style-lobes equal, or the
lower larger. Nutlets minute, subglobose, smooth, dry. — Species about 40,
of N. temperate regions.
1. C. Clinopodium, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 233; erect, softly
hairy, whorls dense-fid., bracts filiform equalling the calyx, calyx-teeth sub-
equal in length all very slender. Boiss. FL Orient, iv. 579 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. t. 1274, f. 1. Melissa Clinopodium, Benth. Lab. 392. Clinopodium
vulgare, Linn.
Western Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-12,000 ft. —
Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia, Canada.
Rootstock woody, stoloniferous. Stem 1-3 ft., slender, subsimple. Leaves
remote, 1-2 in., ovate, subacute, subcrenate. Whorls terminal and axillary, f-1 in.
diam., depressed. Calyx % in. usually curved, hispid. Corolla |-1 in., purple, hairy.
— Wild Basil. " „
2. C. umbrosa, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 232; procumbent, laxly
hairy, whorls globose lax or dense-fid., bracts short or long, upper calyx-
teeth with triangular teeth, lower with often longer subulate ones. Boiss.
Calamirdha.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 651
Fl. Orient, iv. 578. C. Clinopodium, var. umbrosa, Hook. f. in Thwaitcs
Enum. 239. C. repens, JBenth. in DC. 1. c. 233. C. nepalensis, Fisch. <Sf
Mey. Ind. Sent. Hort. Petrop. 1845, 53, n. 521. Clinopodium repens, Roxb.
Sort. Beng. 44, and Fl. Ind. iii. 13 ; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 66 ;
Wall. Cat. 2130. Thymus repens, Bon Prodr. 113. Melissa umbrosa,
Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 63 ; Benth. Lab. 392 ; Wight Ic. t. 1447. M.
repens, Benth. Lab. 392.
Tempee ate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 4-12,000 ft. Khasia
Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Western Ghats ; from the Concan to the Anamallay
Hills. Ceylon ; at Newera Elia. — Disteib. Afi'ghanistan, Caucasus, China, Japan,
Java.
A very common and variable Indian plant with difficulty* distinguishable in some
states from C. Clinopodium, Wallich's Nepal specimens being as robust, and with equally
long bracts, and calyx almost as large ; but the habit is usually decumbent or pro-
cumbent, and more slender, the bracts shorter, calyces only £-£ in., their upper-lip
segments shorter and more recurved. I am quite unable to distinguish C. repens from
C. umbrosa; a diminutive form of it has very small calyces with sbort broad upper
teeth sometimes strongly recurved. C. nepalensis is a very stout suherect Kashmir
form with numerous often close-set and sometimes spicate whorls, short bracts and
short calyx-teeth.
3. C. longricaulis, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 234 ; erect or decum-
bent, softly hairy, whorls lax-fid. subsecund, bracts very minute, calyx-
teeth short subequal in length not ^ the length of the tube. Thymus
piperitus & origanifolius, Don Prodr. 112. Clinopodium longicaule, Benth.
in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 66 ; Wall. Cat. 2131. Melissa longicaulis, Benth.
Lab. 395.
Centeal Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich.
Stem 2-3 ft., slender, woody below. Leaves \ in., quite entire or with a few
crenatures. Whorls towards the ends of the branches, 2-6-fld. ; bracts shorter thau
the calyx. Calyx \ in., hispid, glabrate or hairy within, teeth short. Corolla violet,
tube slender, twice as long as the calyx. — A very distinct plant.
25. MELISSA, Linn.
Erect branched herbs. Leaves opposite, crenate. Whorls axillary,
secund, lax-fld. Calyx 1 3 -ribbed ; lips small; upper flattish, 3-toothed;
lower 2-toothed. Corolla-tube recurved and ascending; upper lip erect;
lower flat, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, arching and meeting under the
upper lip ; anther-cells at length divaricate. Style-lobes subequal, subulate.
Nutlets narrowly obovoid, smooth, dark. — Species 2 or 3, S. European and
Asiatic.
1. M. parviflora, Benth. Lab. 394, in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 65, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 241 ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute, calyx ^-g- in.,
corolla white, tube very short. Wall. Cat. 2825. Geniosporum axillare,
Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 18 ; Wall. Cat. 2752.
Tempeeate Himalaya; from Gurwhal, alt. 5-8000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 7-10,000 ft.,
and Mishmi. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.— Disteib. Java.
Pubescent or glabrate. Stem tall, erect, angles hirsute. Leaves 1-4 in., base acute
rounded or cordate ; petiole £-1 in., slender. Whorls numerous, few- or many-fld. ;
flowers pedicelled. Calyx-teeth very variable in length of the acute points ; bracts
narrow. Corolla-tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Very near M. officinalis, which
has its Eastern limit in Eastern Persia, but the leaves are more acute and the lower
calyx-teeth are broader and shorter, but these are variable characters in the European
plant.
652 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Melissa.
2. 1H. flava, Benth. Lai. 394, in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 65, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 241 ; calyx nearly | in., corolla yellow, tube longer than the
calyx. Wall. Caf2l26.
Nepal, Wallich ; Kttmaon, alt. 7600 ft., Madden, Strachey $ Winterlottom.
Bhotan, Griffith.
I much doubt this being more than a variety of M. parvijlora. It is, however,
a larger plant.
26. PEROWSKIA, Karel.
Erect, branched, strong- scented, rigid, hoary and scurfy, dioecious under-
shrubs. Leaves opposite, incised or crenate. Whorls small, distant, in simple
or compound or panicled spikes, 2- or more-fid. ; flowers small. Calyx short,
terete; lips short, upper minutely 2-3-toothed, lower 2-toothed. Corolla
2-lipped, tube exserted, with a ring of hairs within, lower lip oblong entire,
upper broad spreading erect 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 lower fertile, erect, diverg-
ing; 2 upper minute, imperfect; anther-cells linear, parallel. Disk swollen
behind. Style-lobes acute. Nutlets pyriform, smooth, dry. — Species 4 or 5,
Central Asiatic. — Genus of doubtful affinity.
1. P. atriplicifolia, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 261 ; densely clothed
with white stellate scurf, leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate crenate-serrate
or incised, calyx hispid. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 589.
Western Tibet, Falconer ; Lahul, Capt. Hay ; Karakoram and Iskardo, alt.
7500-10,200 ft., Clarke.— Disteib. Affghanistan and Beluchistau.
A rigid herb, 2-3 ft., paniculately branched. Leaves 1-2 in., rigid, rugose.
Whorls 2-6-fld. Calyx £ in. Corolla twice as long. — I doubt this being more than
a form of the following.
2. P. abrotanoides, Kiril. in Bull. Mosq. 1841, 15, t. 1 ; densely or
sparsely clothed with white or grey stellate scurf, leaves linear-oblong
incised or pinnatisect, calyx clothed with long cottony wool. Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 389.
Western Tibet, alt. 8-13,000 ft., Thomson, &c— Disteib. Affghanistan,
Persia, Turcomania.
A much-branched twiggy shrub or undershrub, 2-4 ft. high, woody below, with
the habit of a Lavandula. Leaves 1-2 in., sometimes bipinnatisect, crenatures or
lobes or segments obtuse.
27. MEEIANDRA, Benth.
Shrubs smelling of sage, hoary or woolly. Leaves opposite, coriaceous,
oblong, crenulate, rugulose above. Whorls many, dense-fid., large and in
terminal broad spikes or small and in panicled calkin-like spikes with
closely imbricating bracts ; flowers small. Calyx ovoid, upper lip concave,
subentire; lower 2-fid; throat naked. Corolla-tube short, equally 4- fid ;
lobes flat, upper entire or 2-fid. Stamens short, stout ; 2 lower fertile erect
distant, one or both of upper imperfect ; anther-cells separate, stipitate,
pendulous. Style 2-lamellate. Nutlets obovoid, smooth, brown. — The fol-
lowing are the only species.
1. M. strobilifera, Benth. Lab. 188, in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 29, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 262 ; flocculeutly woolly, spikes 4-angled with imbricat-
ing appressed bracts. Wall. Cat. 1527; Gamble Ind. Timbers, 301.
Western Temperate Himalaya : on drv rocks from Simla to Kurnaon,
alt. 5-6000 ft.
Meriandra.] cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 653
A small shrub ; branches obscurely angled. Leaves 3-4 by f-l± in., obtuse or
acute, base sagittate or cordate, upper surface almost granulate, lower white ; petiole
£ in., very stout. Spikes 1-2 in. by ^ in. diara., panicled ; **bracts broadly ovate.
Calyx ^ in., woolly. Corolla rather longer, as much in diameter.
2. Tit. beng-alensis, Benth. Lab. 189, in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 29, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 262 ; finely tomentose or hoary, spikes terminal with
interrupted ebracteate globose whorls. Wall. Cat. 1526 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb.
PI. 151 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl., Addend. 6Q ; Dene, in Jacquem. Voy.
Bot. 134, t. 139. Salvia bengalensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 145. S. dianthera,
Roth Nov. Sp. 18. S. abyssinica, Br. in Append. Salt's Travels. S.
Schimperiana, LTochst. in Schimp. Iter Abyss, n. 1781.
Cultivated in India. Distrib. Native of Abyssinia.
A large straggling shrub ; branches cylindric. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1£ "*•» finely
crenulate, obtuse, thinner than in M. strobilifera, as finely granulate above and
reticulate beneath, base rounded or bractate ; petiole slender, £-£ in. Whorls £-f in.
diam., villous. Calyx | in. long, pedicelled, teeth acute. Corolla white, lips
spreading or recurved.
28. SAX. VIA, Linn.
Herbs or shrubs. Whorls usually racemed or spiked ; bracts small or
large. Calyx tubular or campanulate, upper lip entire or 3-toothed, lower
2-fid, throat naked. Corolla-tube naked or with a ring of hairs inside ;
upper lip erect, lower 3-lobed, lateral lobes spreading. Stamens, 2 perfect,
filaments short, jointed on the slender connective which bears 1 or 2 perfect
cells. Disk tumid behind. Style ascending, 2-fid. Nutlets 3-quetrous,
smooth.— Species 450, tropical and temperate.
Sect. 1. Drymosphace, Benth. Perennial herbs ; floral leaves very
small. Upper calyx-lip entire or 3-toothed. Corolla-tube exserted, annu-
late within ; upper lip falcate, compressed. Connectives with an imperfect
cell behind.
1. S. glutinosa, Linn.; herbaceous, tall, robust, viscidly hairy, leaves
hastately ovate-oblong toothed, whorls distant few- and lax-fid., calyx tubu-
lar-campanulate, corolla large yellow. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 276;
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1246, f. 1 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 609. S. nubicola,
Benth. Lab. 219, and in Wall. PL As. Rar. i. 68 ; Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard.
t. 140 ; Wall. Cat. 2146.
Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir, alt. 6-9000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 10-12,000 ft.
Distrib. Affghanistan, S. Europe, W. Asia.
Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 4-7 by 2-4 in. ; petiole 1-3 in. Flowers in large branched,
spreading panicles, shortly pedicelled. Calyx \ in., upper lip ovate acute entire,
teeth of lower ovate acute. Corolla 1-1 £ m«> tube exserted, throat dilated, limb
gaping. Nutlets | in., elliptic-obovate, compressed, smooth.
2. S. hians, Roylemss. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 373, and 111. PI. LTimal.
303, t. 75, f. 3 ; herbaceous, tall, robust, viscidly hairy, leaves long-petioled
ovate-hastate or -cordate toothed, whorls distant few- and lax-lid., calyx
broadly shortly campanulate, corolla very large blue. Benth. Lab. 219,
717, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 276 ; Bot. Reg. 1841 t. 39; Bot. Mag. t. 6517
(excl. syn. S. macrophylla ?).
Western Temperate Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 8-11,000 ft., Falconer, &c.
Habit of S. glutinosa, but petioles much longer, often 10 in., and leaves rather
broader; calyx much broader; corolla 1\ in., blue with very inflated throat and
shorter lips ; nutlets similar but larger, £ in. long.
654 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Salvia.
3. S. campanulata, Wall. Cat. 2143 ; herbaceous, robust, viscidly
hirsute, leaves long-petioled ovate-cordate toothed, whorls few- ancUax-fld.,
calyx broadly shortly campanulate, corolla large yellow. Benth. in Wall.
PI. As. Bar. i. 67, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 276.
Stjbalpine Himalaya; from Kumaon to Sikkira, alt. 9-13,000 ft.,
WalHch, &c.
Habit of S. Mans, but leaves much broader with more cordate bases, and petioles
equally long; calyx £ in., gaping very wide; corolla-tube shortly exserted, inflated,
lips very stout ; nutlets the same.
Sect. 2. JEEthiopis, Benth. Perennial herbs with large orbicular
cuspidate floral leaves. Upper calyx-lip 3-toothed. Corolla-tube exserted,
not annulate within ; upper lip falcate, compressed ; lower with the side
lobes oblong often erect or twisted, midlobe rounded, Connectives connected
by callous tips deflexed backwards, imperfect cell abruptly dilated.
4. S. asperata, Falc. mss. ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 282 ; stout,
erect, branched, sparsely glandular and hispid, leaves oblong-ovate cordate
obtuse crenate, whorls distant 6-10-fld., calyx broadly campanulate hispid.
Bot. Mag. t. 4884.
Westeen Tempeeate Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., Falconer,
Thomson.
A harsh coarse herb. Leaves 3-6 by 2-3 in., petiole as long stout, floral orbicular
1 in. diam. and under, ciliate. Calyx \ in. long, rigid, teeth spinous. Corolla § in.
long, white, tube short, slender ; throat shortly inflated, upper lip long, narrow,
arched, lower shorter. Nutlets ^ in., subglobose.
5. S- JHoorcroftiana, Wall. Cat. 2144 ; tall, robust, woolly, leaves
long-petioled oblong or oblong-cordate obtuse doubly crenate and lobulate,
whorls many distant 6-10 fid., calyx campanulate equally spinous-5-toothed
scabrid. Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. i. 67, Lab. 228, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 286.
Western Tempeeate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-9000 ft.
Very robust ; stem leaves beneath and often above petiole and branches of panicle
usually thickly woolly, rarely glabrate. Leaves 6-12 by 3-5 in., thick, rugose, rarely
acute, base rounded or cordate ; petiole 4-8 in., stout, floral 1 in. diam. and under,
white and rose-coloured. Calyx, flowering ^ in., fruiting § in. Corolla 1 in., rose-
coloured, tube slender, upper lip long arched, very narrow. Nutlets subglobose. — The
Ladak habitat given by Wallich is an error, for the plant is not Tibetan. Moorcrof t
no doubt collected it en route to Ladak. .
6. S. lanata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 147 ; robust, densely softly woolly,
leaves sessile oblong or oblanceolate obtuse crenulate, whorls many distant,
calyx campanulate 2-lipped subequally spinous-5-toothed. Benth. in Wall.
PI. As. Bar. i. 67, and ii. 11, t. 116, Lab. 228, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 286;
Wight Ic. t. 325, and III. t. 176 Ms, f. 3. S. integrifolia, Hardw. in
Asiat. Bes. vi. 349. S. cana, Wall. Cat. 2145. Stenarrhena lanata, Don
Prodr. 111.
Westeen Tempeeate Himalaya ; Kumaon to Murree, alt. 5-8000 ft.
Stems usually many from the root, 12-18 in. high, simple or branched.
Leaves subradical, 6-8 by 1-1§ in., white beneath, narrowed at the base ; floral \ in.
diam. ; whorls distant, viscidly hairy, 6-8-fld. Calyx, flowering \ in., fruiting ± in.,
glandular-hairy. Corolla § in. long, tube slender, throat inflated, upper lip about as
ioag as the tube, lower small. Nutlets ^ in., brown.
Sect. 3. Plethicsphace, Benth. Perennial herbs, floral leaves
Salvia.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 655
small. Calyx ovoid-campanulate, upper lip recurved with 3 conniving teeth,
lower acutely 2-toothed. Corolla-tube not annulate within ; upper lip arched,
lower with oblong lateral lobes and a rounded midlobe. Connectives deflexed
behind, united by the callous tips, imperfect cell abruptly dilated.
7. S. dumetorum, Andrz. in Rep. Fnum. PI. Yolhyn. 3, 40 ; hirsute
tomentose or pubescent, lower leaves long-petioled ovate- or oblong-cordate
doubly crenate rugulose above, floral rounded, whorls viscid distant 6-fld.,
calyx subsessile viscid. Benth. in DC. JProdr. xii. 290; Ledeb. Fl. Alt.
i. 24.
Westeen Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 6000 ft., Falconer, Clarice. — Distbib.
Yolhynia, Podolia, Altai.
Stem 1-3 ft., very robust, tall and much branched in Kashmir specimens. Leaves
3-4 by l^-2£ in,, petiole of lower 1-4 in.; floral cuspidate, £ in. diam. Calyx,
flowering £ in. Corolla |-§ in., blue, tube exserted, throat inflated. — Very near and
perbaps only a variety of 5. pratensis, L.
Sect. 4. Notiosphace, JBenth. Herbs or shrubs with minute floral
leaves. Calyx with the upper lip entire, or shortly 3-toothed, lower 2-fid.
Corolla small, tube anuulate within. Connectives distant in front, acute or
bearing an empty anther.
8. S. saxicola? Wall. Cat. 2147 ; . dwarf, subscapigerous, radical
leaves long-petioled broad oblong or rounded cordate coarsely crenate,
cauline few or 0, floral minute ovate, whorls distant or the upper crowded,
calyx nodding, corolla very short. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 68, Lab.
310, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 355.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Wallich, &c.
Rootstock woody. Leaves 1-1^ in. diam., nearly glabrous; petiole 2-3 in.,
slender. Scapes 6-12 in., pubescent. Calyx, flowering £ in., fruiting \ in., glan-
dular-hairy. Corolla very short, pale purple, lips short. Connective with the an-
theriferous arm decurved, the other shorter, acute, Nutlets ^ in., ellipsoid.
9. S. plectranthoides, Griff. Notul. iv. 199, and Ic. PI. Asiat.
t. 450 ; herbaceous, slender, sparsely hairy, leaves chiefly radical pinnate,
segments few ovate or broadly oblong- cordate, terminal much the largest,
lateral sessile or petiolulate, petiole very slender, scape long, spike simple,
calyx nodding glandular-hairy. Plectranthus, Griff. Lt. Notes, 163,
n. 845.
Easteen Himalaya ; Bhotan, near Panukka, Griffith.
Habit of a Valeriana. Rootstock rather slender. Leaves membranous, 3-5 in. ;
pinnules 2-5 pairs, terminal 2-3 in. long, base rounded or deeply lobed, lateral ovate-
lanceolate. Scape or stem very slender, 18 in. ; whorls few-fld. Calyx pedicelled,
upper lip entire, lower 2-toothed. Corolla flesh-coloured; tube shortly exserted,
hairy; upper lip arched, lower with small erect lateral lobes and an orbicular notched
midlobe. Connectives recurved, barren arm obtuse. — Griffith's figure of this remark-
able species represents a very stout plant with sessile leaflets; his specimens are very
slender, with usually petiolulate leaflets. It is very near S.japonica, Thunb., differing
only in the shorter calyx-teeth.
10. S. plebeia, Br. Prodr. 501; annual, stem stout erect hoary or
scaberulous, leaves petioled oblong obtuse or upper ovate acute crenate,
spikes panicled often fastigiate, whorls very numerous, upper calyx-lip
entire, lower obtusely 2-toothed, stamens very small whitish. Benth. Lab.
309, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 355 ; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 209. S. brachiata,
Roxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 145 ; Wall. Cat. 2149. ? S. parviflora, Boxb. Eort. Beng. 4.
656 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Salvia.
S. minutiflora, Bunge Enum. PI. Chin. Bor. 50. Ocimum fastigiatum, Roth
Nov. Sp. 277. Lumnitzera fastigiata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 687.
Throughout India, in the plains and ascending the hills to 5000 ft. (absent from
Ceylon). — Disteib. China, Malay Islands, Australia.
Stem stout, 6-18 in., strict, fastigiately branched. Leaves, 1-3 in., narrowed at
both ends ; floral small, lanceolate. Calyx pedicelled, | in. Corolla-tube very short,
not exserted, limb very small. Nutlets very minute, g'0 in. long, ellipsoid.
11. S. segryptiaca, Linn. ; a very dwarf scaberulous hispid or
hoary much-branched undershrub, leaves few small subsessile linear or
lanceolate acute rigid crenate, whorls remote 2-3-fld., flowers small, calyx
glandular- hairy. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 355 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 631 ;
J acq. Hort. Vind. ii. 49, t. 108.
Panjab Plain, from Delhi westwards, alt. 1-2000 ft. ; Jacquemont, &c—
Disteib. Afghanistan, W. Asia, N. Africa to the Cape Verde Islands.
Branched from the base; branches straggling, divaricate, rigid. Leaves rarely
1 in. Whorls distant. Calyx nodding, pedicelled, ovoid-campanulate, fruiting £ in.
long ; upper lip orbicular minutely 3-toothed, teeth of lower subulate. Corolla and
stamens as in S. plebeia. Nutlets ^ in. long, narrowly oblong, nearly black.
Vae. pumila; more scabrid and hispid, leaves very rigid and rugose, calyx
villous with long hairs. S. pumila, Benth. Lab. 726, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 356 ;
Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 128, t. 133.— The Panjab plains i»nd hills from Delhi
westward ; Scinde, Stocks ; Afghanistan and Beluchistan.
12. S. santolinaefolia, Boiss. Diagn. Ser. 1, v. 13, and Fl. Orient.
iv. 632 ; a dwarf much-branched hoary undershrub, leaves minute petioled
linear pectinately lobed, lobes rounded, margins revolute, whorls 2-3-fld. on
very slender spikes, flowers minute, calyx hispid with long hairs.
Scinde; on the Boogtie Hills, Vicary. — Disteib. Afghanistan, Persia.
Trie specimens are flowerless and very insufficient, but I think referable to this
curious little species. The calyx resembles that of S. cegyptiaca, var. pumila. Floral
leaves persistent, elliptic, acute, T'o in. long.
EXCLUDED AND UNKNOWN SPECIES.
S. indica, Linn., is a Syrian plant, and not Indian, whence the name is changed
by Boissier to S. brachycalyx.
S. acaulis, Vahl Enum. i. 157 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 354 (S. ocimoides,
Boxb. in Wall. Cat. 2148 ; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 68. S. lyrata, Boxb.
Hort. Beng. 4, fid. Wight in Herb.), is only known as a plant cultivated in the Mis-
sion Garden by Rottler, and is doubtless not Indian ; it has a long tubular corolla.
Roxburgh says his 8. lyrata is American.
S. Geeaediana, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2150, is the American S. coccinea, L. (see
Wall. Cat., p. 92), cultivated in India.
29. NEPETA, Linn.
Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite. Whorls axillary or ter-
minal; floweib blue, yellow or white. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed, equally
5-toothed, or 2 lower teeth narrower. Corolla-tube not annulate within,
throat inflated ; upper lip straight, notched or 2-fid ; lower 3-fid, midlobe
largest. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip or exserted, upper pair
longest ; anther-cells diverging. Style-lobes subulate. Nutlets smooth. —
Species about 120, Temp. Europe, N. Africa and Asia.
The following arrangement of the species of this troublesome genus is very artifi-
cial. I think that much better characters may be found in the corolla, but this would
Nepeta.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 657
require a careful re-examination of the whole genus. I suspect that some of the
Indian species will prove identical with Persian. Ltracocephalum stamineum &
Hookeri should probably be transferred to Nepeta.
A. Whorls in single terminal oblong or cylindric spikes, which are rarely
interrupted at the base.— (The spikes of 13. JV. discolor and others are occa-
sionally interrupted; and species placed under C. occasionally present
solitary simple spikes.)
* Leaves bipinnatifid.
1. N. botryoides, Ait. Sort. Kew, ii. 287 ; annual, branched, laxly
hairy ; leaves sub-2-mnnatifid,- bracts linear-subulate, spikes cylindric
dense-fid., calyx tubular straight. N. multifida, Linn. Suppl. 273. N.
annua, Pall, in Act. Petrop. 1879, ii. 263, t. 12. N. bipinnata, Cav. Lc.
Par. i. 36, t. 49.
Western Tibet; Rupchu, alt. 14,500 ft., Thomson. — Disteib. Soongaria,
Altai.
Annual, 6-12 in., robust. Leaves \-l in., segments linear or oblong, obtuse.
Spikes 1-3 in., flowers small. Calyx pedicelled, fruiting £ in. long, membranous,
teeth mucronate. Corolla very small, yellow. Stamens short.
** Leaves entire or crenate, sessile or subsessile.
2. N. linearis, Royle rnss. ex Benth. in HooJc. Pot. Misc. iii. 377,
Lab. 469, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 371 ; rootstock tuberous, stems ascending,
leaves sessile linear acute or obtuse, spike ovoid or oblong, bracts lanceolate
or subulate, calyx £ in. peduncled hairy, teeth spinescent.
Western Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Simla, alt. 7-11,000 ft.,
Falconer, &c.
Rootstock often as large as a walnut. Stems 6-18 in., stout, sparsely leafy,
glabrous or puberulous. Leaves 1-3 by -flj-f in. Spikes 1-2$ in. Calyx tubular,
fruiting £ in. or more. Corolla-tube twice as long, throat dilated, lips short. — Varies
much in size of all parts.
3. N. connata, Poyle ex Benth. in HooJc. Bot. Misc. iii. 378, Lab.
469, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 371; tall, stout, glabrous or hairy, rootstock
tuberous, stem simple, leaves sessile narrowly linear-lanceolate acuminate
entire, base cordate, spike cylindric, lowest floral bracts large ovate aristate,
upper narrow, calyx £ in. pedicelled hairy, teeth very long-awned.
Western Temperate Himalaya; from Dalhousie to Kashmir, alt. 8-11,000 ft.,
Falconer, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft., sometimes as thick as a swan's quill, glabrous, rarely woolly.
Leaves 3-6 by £-f in., coriaceous, sometimes sinuate-toothed. Spikes 1-5 in.,
lower whorls sometimes axillary. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube, very slender.
Corolla twice as long, blue. Stamens included. Nutlets ^ in., orbicular, compressed-
trigonous, brown, shining.
4. N. eriostachya, Benin. Lab. 734, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 371;
stem subsimple sparsely hairy, leaves sessile broadly ovate of ovate-cordate
obtuse crenate, lower florar similar, spike cylindric-oblong dense-fid. villous,
calyx sessile { in., teeth slender plumose.
Western Temperate Himalaya; Buspa Valley, Jacquemont; Kashmir, over
Sonamurg, alt. 11,500 ft., Clarke; Gurwhal, alt. 11-12,000 ft., Duthie.
Stem ascending, 6-10 in. Leaves |~| in., sometimes nearly as broad, pubescent .
beneath. Spikes 1-3 in. Calyx membranous, teeth as long as the tube. Corolla
twice as long, bright blue. Stamens included. — I have not seen Jacquemont's
VOL. IV. TJ u
658 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Nepeta.
specimens. Clarke makes of his a var. latibracteata with broader bracts than Bentham
describes. Habit of Brunella.
5. N. nervosa, Boyle ex Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 378, Lab.
469, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 372 ; stem tall subsimple glabrous, kaves sessile
or shortly petioled linear-lanceolate acuminate serrate, spike cylindric
robust, bracts ovate or lanceolate mucronate, calyx sessile i in., teeth very
slender laxly villous. N. campestris, Serb. Jnd. Or. H.f. 8f T.
Western Temperate Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 6-10,000 ft., Falconer,
Jaequemont, &c.
Rootstoclc long, woody. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-4 by |-f in., base rounded or
cordate. Spike stout, 1-3 in. Calyx membranous; teeth as long as the tube,
filiform. Corolla twice as long, pale blue. Stamens included.
Var. lutea; flowers yellow. — Western Tibet; Karakoram, alt. 14,000 ft.,
Clarke.
6. N. campestris, Benth. Lab. 734, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 372; stem
tall subsimple sparsely hairy, leaves sessile narrowly oblong-lanceolate sub-
acute serrate, spikes slender, bracts all ovate mucronate, calyx sessile \ in.,
teeth very slender glabrous or ciliate.
Western Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir, Jaequemont, to Kumaon,
alt. 7-9000 ft., Madden, &c.
Closely allied to N. nervosa, but the leaves appear to be always sessile (which
distinguishes it from N. spicata), the spikes are much longer and more slender, the
calyx-teeth more glabrous and divergent, and the corolla-tube more slender.
7. N. elliptica, Boyle ex Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 378, Lab.
470, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 373 ; stem branched villous, leaves subsessile
elliptic oblong or oblong-cordate, tip rounded or acute pectinately crenate,
spike long slender often interrupted, bracts ovate or lanceolate awned,
calyx sessile i in., teeth filiform ciliate as long as the tube. N. polystachya,
Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. I. c.
Western Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5-8000 ft.
Stem 1-2 ffc., often flexuous, usually woolly. Leaves |-1 in., tomentose. Floivers
very much as in N. nervosa.
8. N. Thomsoni, Benth. mss. ; finely pubescent, stems short stout
very leafy, leaves sessile or shortly petioled oblong-cordate obtuse or acute
crenate, floral large, whorls in a dense ovoid or conical spike with large
leafy crenate bracts, calyx £ in. scaberulous, teeth ovate-lanceolate much
shorter than the tube.
Western Tibet; Hanle, alt. 14,500-16,000 ft., Thomson. Eastern Tibet;
north of Sikkim, J. JD. H.
Stem a span to a foot high, stout, simple or with simple ascending branches
from the base. Leaves close set, 1-2 by ^-| in.; petiole rarely £ in.; floral
similar. Spike of dense approximate superposed whorls with green elliptic bracts
far exceeding the calyces, Corolla not seen. Nutlets large, nearly ^ in.,
suborbicular.
9. N. supina, Stev. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosq. iii. 365 ; erect, branched,
finely pubescent, leaves small sessile ovate obtuse crenate, floral subsimilar
or narrow, whorls d^nse-fld., lower axillary, upper in an ovoid spike, bracts
lanceolate, calyx ^ in. curved narrow villous, mouth very oblique, teeth
setaceous shorter tban the tube, nutlets linear. Benth. Lab. 473, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 374; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 462.
Nepeta.] cxn. labiate. (J. J). Hooker.) 659
Western Tempeeate Himalaya; from Murree, Fleming, to Gurwhal, alt.
15,000ft., Strachey Sf Winterbottom. Western Tibet; Iskardo, alt. 12,000 ft.,
Clarice. — Disteib. Caucasus.
Stem 8-18 in. Leaves §-1 in., tomentose beneath. Corolla \-% in. long.
Nutlets nearly -^ in. long, trigonous. — The largest Indian specimens are taller,
stouter and more branched than the Caucasian, and the flowers are smaller, but the
remarkable long narrow seeds are quite the same.
*** Leaves distinctly petioled, entire or crenate.
10. N. spicata, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 64, Lab. 470, and in
DC. Trodr. xii. 372; stem erect branched glabrous hoary or pnbescent,
leaves petioled ovate- or triangular-cordate acute coarsely crenate or serrate,
spike oblong or cylindric, bracts ovate or lanceolate awned, calyx sessile
\ in. scabrid, teeth slender as long as the tube ciliate or hispid. Wall.
Cat. 2083; Sot. Mag. t. 6405 (starved form). Betonica lasvigata, Don
Prodr. 110. .
Westeen Tempeeate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-12,000 ft.
— Disteib. Affghanistan.
Stem 1-3 ft., with often spreading branches. Leaves 1|~4 by |-3 in., glabrous
or pubescent or hoary beneath ; petiole 1-3 in. Spike 2-4 in., stout or slender,
often interrupted ; bracts very variable. Flowers as in N. campestris, pale blue. —
Bentham's var. elata seems only a large state.
11. N. lamiopsis, Benth. mss.\ stems ascending subsimple flaccid
sparsely hairy, leaves few sessile or petioled broadly ovate-cordate obtuse
coarsely crenate, floral large, whorls dense-fid., lower axillary, npper in ovoid
spikes, bracts orbicular and green crenate or narrower or linear, calyx % in.
pubescent, mouth oblique, teeth slender diverging as long as the tube,
nutlets broadly oblong.
Alpine Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 12-16,000 ft., J. D. H.
Stems succulent, 6-18 in. Leaves %-\\ in., flaccid ; petiole 0-| in., floral sessile
Axillary whorls few, much shorter than the leaves, terminal in an ovoid spike
\-\\ in.; bracts sometimes all linear. Coroda deep blue, tube twice as long as the
calyx, limb small. Nutlets about -^ in. long. — Habit of a Lamium.
12. N. raphanorhiza, Benth. Lab. 734, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 373 ;
rootstock tuberous, stems weak ascending glabrous or villous, leaves small
petioled broadly ovate or ovate-cordate obtuse crenate or toothed, spikes
short ovoid, bracts ovate to lanceolate, calyx £ in. sessile, teeth lanceolate
ciliate shorter than the tube.
Westeen Tempeeate Himalaya; Kashmir to Chamba, alt. 5-12,000 ft.,
Jacguemont, &c. — Disteib. Affghanistan.
Stems many from n globose black rootstock as large as a nut or walnut, diffuse or
ascending, 6-18 in. high, simple or branched. Leaves £-1 in., sometimes nearly as
broad ; petiole half their length. Spikes 1 in. and less, pubescent or villous. Calyx
smaller than in the preceding species, with shorter teeth. Corolla purplish blue,
tube twice as long as the calyx, slender. — Roots eaten.
13. N. discolor, Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 378, Lab. 470, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 373; rootstock elongate, stems weak ascending glabrous or
villous, leaves small petioled broadly ovate or ovate-cordate crenate, spikes
ovoid or cylindric, bracts elliptic mucronate, calyx \ in. sessile villous, teeth
filiform as long as the tube. ~N. Sabinei, T. A. Schmidt in Trim. Journ.
Bot. 1868, 238, t. 82, f. 1-4.
Westeen Tempeeate and Alpine Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Gurwhal
and Westeen Tibet, alt. 10-15,000 ft.— Disteib. Affghanistan.
uu2
660 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Nepeta.
Closely resembles in habit and foliage large forms of N. raphanorhiza, but wants
the tuberous rootstock, and has much longer spikes with long calyx-teeth as in N.
spicata. Leaves often white with appressed tomentum beneath. Flowers white or
pale blue.
14 N. longribracteata, Benth. Lab. 737, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 392;
dwarf, diffuse, softly pubescent or woolly, leaves petioled fan-shaped or
cuneate-obovate crenate or lobulate, spikes capitate with the cymes sepsile
amongst the crowded uppermost and long silky bracts, calyx £ in. silky,
teeth subequal nearly equalling the tube, stamens included, nutlets oblong.
Dene, in Jacquem. Toy. Dot. 132, t. 137.
Alpine Western Himalaya and Western Tibet, alt. 14,000-17,000 ft.;
Falconer, Jacquemont, &c.
RootstocJc long, stout, excessively divided at the top ; stems 3-6 in., suberect or
prostrate, simple or branched. Leaves \ in. long or broad or less, petiole about as
long. Heads subglobose, 1 in. diam. ; lower bracts fan -shaped, pectinate. Corolla
twice as long as the calyx, blue, tube curved, funnel-shaped, limb small. Stamens
included. Nutlets ^ in. — Strongly aromatic, lemon-scented. Placed by Bentham in
the Glechoma section. It very closely resembles the Siberian Lracocephalum
pinnatum except in the calyx -teeth, which are, however, very variable in that
plant.
B. Whorls all or mostly axillary, many, distant.
15. N. g-lutinosa, Denth. Lab. 735, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 377;
glandular-pubescent, stem stout strict erect leafy, leaves small sessile
ovate-cordate acute pectinately inciso-serrate, whorls few-fid., bracts linear-
oblong aristate, calyx £ in. pedicelled, teeth ovate mucronate much shorter
than the tube.
Western Sub alpine Himalaya ; Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 11-13,000 ft.,
Jacquemont, Thomson, &c.
Strongly scented. Stem 1^-2 ft., stiff. Leaves |-1 in., sometimes ^-amplexicaul ;
floral often equalling the calyx. Corolla f in. long, white or blue, tube curved,
slender, limb small.
C. Whorls forming interrupted spikes, rarely solitary heads.
16. N. mollis, Benth. Lab. 734, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 378; softly
tomentose, stem slender subsimple, leaves shortly petioled ovate-cordate
obtuse crenate or subcreuate, whorls few-fid., bracts elliptic ovate or lanceo-
late awned, calyx \ in., mouth oblique, teeth lanceolate shorter than the
tube softly hairy. Nepeta n. 23, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.
Western Tempebate Himalaya; Marri, Fleming; Kashmir, alt. 8-9000 ft.,
Jacquemont, Falconer, Thomson, &c.
RootstocJc elongate, woody. Stems 6-18 in., slender, sparingly leafy. Leaves
1-2 by £-1 in., grey-tomentose ; petiole £-i in. Spik-s 3-8 in. ; lower bracts (floral
leaves) ovate or lanceolate, longer or shorter than the cymes, which are sometimes
peduncled. Whorls white, softly hairy. Calyx villous, often decurved. Corolla
rose-coloured, tube shortly exserted, limb small.
17. N. distans, Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 379, Lab. 475, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 378; softly tomentose, stem slender subsimple, leaves
shortly petioled ovate-cordate obtuse crenate, whorls few-fid., bracts narrowly
linear, calyx \ in. curved, mouth oblique, teeth lanceolate shorter than the
tube glabrous or softly hairy.
Western Temperate Himalaya; Gurwhal, Mussorie and the Syen Range,
Royle. Panjab Himalaya, Falconer, Stewart.
N<'j>cta.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 661
I doubt this being more than a form of N. mollis with narrow bracts and a longer
more curved calyx.
18. N. ciliaris, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 64, Lab. 475, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 379; tall, erect, branched, softly densely tomentose, leaves
shortly petioled ovate-cordate obtuse crenate, whorls secund dense-fld. in
long interrupted villous spikes, upper crowded, bracts lanceolate, calyx \ in.
curved villous, teeth slender shorter than the tube, nutlets broadly ellipsoid.
Wall. Cat. 2082.
Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-8000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Gurwhal,
Boyle, Jacquemont, JEdgeworth.
Stem 2-3 ft., strict. Leaves f-l£ m-> sometimes almost as broad, lower floral
large. Spikes 4-8 in., pale; whorls sometimes shortly pedicelled. Corolla very
sni ill, about ^ in., lilac, tube slender. — Very like N. ruderalis, but the inflorescence
is more simple, the whorls rarely peduncled. Bentham describes the nutlets as
minutely granular, but I find them smooth. Clarke doubts Royle's habitat of
" road to Kashmir," and suspects that the species is confined to the Simla and neigh-
bouring hills.
D. Whorls in branched panicles, some or all more or less peduncled.
• Corolla less than \ in. long.
21. N. ruderalis, Hamilt. mss. ; annual, erect or ascending, finely
pubescent or hoary, leaves petioled broadly ovate- or orbicular-cordate
obtuse crenate, whorls very dense-fld. subglobose in interrupted spikes
villous, the lower peduncled, calyx £ in. villous, mouth subequal, 3 upper
teeth triangular aristate, 2 lower filiform, nutlets obscurely granulate.
Benth. Lab. 475, in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 64, and in DC. Prodr. xii.
381. N. secunda, Wall. Cat. 2122. 1ST. calaminthoides, Benth. in DC.
1. c. in part. N. clinopocTioides, Boyle ex Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc.
iii. 379, Lab. I. c, and in DC. Prodr. I. c. 382. Glechoma erecta, Boxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 7. Gr. hindostana, Both Nov. Sp. 258. G-. indica, Spreng. Syst.
ii. 727. Thymus nepetoides, Don Prodr. 113.
Tropical and Subtropical India; from the Indus to Behar, Central India
and the Concan, ascending the Himalaya to 8000 ft. — Distrib. Affghanistan.
Stem 6-18 in., branched from the base, robust or slender, obtusely angled. Leaves
§-2| in., green or hoary ; petiole £-§ in. Whorls £-1 in. diaui., unilateral, depressed;
peduncles sometimes 1 in. ; flowers pedicelled. Corolla very small, \ in., purplish,
tube shortly exserted. Nutlets Jg in. long, broadly oblong. The granulation consists
of more or less tumid separated areolae, and is sometimes very indistinct. — N. clihopo-
dioides, with a calyx less hairy and flowers smaller, is scarcely a variety, found ou the
Jumna by Royle. Woodrow sends from Poona a plant resembling N. ruderalis in
habit, but with a large calyx and nutlets like N. bombaiensis (from which the calyx-
teeth distinguish it).
22. N. bombaiensis, Dalz. in Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 209 ; erect,
branched, tomentose or laxly villous, leaves long-petioled rounded ovate-
cordate coarsely crenate, cymes all axillary few and lax-fid., peduncles
equalling the petioles, flowers long pedicelled, calyx \ in. laxly hairy, 3 upper
teeth broadly triangular acute much shorter than the tube, 2 lower subulate,
nutlets nearly smooth.
The Concan ; old walls and rocks at Swenere Fort, Dalzell.
Stem 1 foot. Leaves 2 in., green, sparsely hairy ; petiole 1 in. Cymes 6-8-fld. ;
bracts at the base elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, green. Corolla very small, pale
blue, with purple spots. Nutlets ellipsoid, T'g in. long. — A remarkable species, unlike
632 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) \Nepeta.,
any other in habit, in the great size of the foliage and smallness of the long peduncled
axillary cymes.
23. N. Cataria, Linn. ; perennial, erect, branched, hoary-pubescent,
leaves petioled ovate or ovate-cordate acute coarsely crenate or toothed,
whorls in long narrow terminal shortly peduncled dense-fld. spikes, bracts
subulate equalling the calyx or shorter, calyx \ in. curved pubescent, mouth
oblique, teeth subequal subulate shorter than the tube, nutlets smooth.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 383; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 643; Reichb. Ic. Fl.
Germ, xviii. t. 1242. N. calaminthoides, Benth. in DC. I. c. in parts. N.
ruderalis, var. clinopodioides, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. N. ruderalis, Boiss.
I. c. 644.
Western Tempeeatb Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 1-5000 ft., Falconer, Jacque-
mont, Thomson. — Disteib. Affghanistan to W. Europe.
Stem 2-3 ft., leafy, acutely angled. Leaves 1-3 in. ; petiole |-| in. Spikes
4-10 in., narrow, strict, with 6-20 whorls or cymes ; bracts of lower leafy, of upper
reduced ; flowers pedicelled. Corolla % in., dotted with purple. Nutlets 2\y in.,
broadly oblong, smooth.
24. N. leucophylla, Benth. Lab. 476, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 381 ;
slender, branched, erect or ascending, hoary-tomentose, leaves small shortly
petioled ovate-cordate obtuse or acute crenate rugose above, whorls distant
dense-fld. in very long narrow interrupted shortly peduncled terminal spikes,
bracts subulate, calyx \ in. villous, mouth oblique, teeth lanceolate-subulate
rather shorter than the tube, corolla very small, nutlets smooth. Wight
III. t. 176 bis, f. 6.
Western Temperate Himalaya; Simla to Kumaon, alt. 6-8000 ft., Royle,
Ldgeworth, &c.
tStem 2-3 ft., obtusely angled, leafy. Leaves 1-1| in. ; petiole £- \ in. Spikes
as in N. Cataria, but more slender and villous. Corolla about twice as long as the
calyx. Nutlets as in N. Cataria.
25. N. leucolaena, Benth. mss. ; erect, branched, white-tomentose,
leaves small subsessile ovate acute or obtuse crenate, whorls distant in
interrupted terminal spikes, the lower very shortly peduncled, bracts lanceo-
late, calyx £ in. woolly, upper teeth much shorter than the tube triangular,
lower subulate much shorter, nutlets Hd ear-oblong.
Westeen Tibet; Zanskar and Ladak, alt. 12-13,000 ft., Thomson.
Stem 2-3 ft., nearly cylindric, leafy. Leaves ^-1 in., furfuraceously tomentose
on both surfaces, petiole 0-£ in. Whorls few -M., the lower axillary. Corolla thrice
as long as the calyx, tube curved, funnel-shaped ; lips short. Nutlets T's in. long,
smooth.— Habit of N. ciliaris, and perhaps referable to Section C, but the spikes
which are not very advanced have pedicelled lower cymes.
26. N. floccosa, Benth. Lab. 736, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 380; floccose
with white wool, stems many from the root ascending, leaves long-petioled
orbicular cordate crenate, whorls distant in brachiate branches or terminating
long peduncles woolly, bracts linear, calyx $-} in. villous, mouth oblique,
teeth much shorter than the tube, upper triangular or lanceolate,- lower much
shorter, nutlets linear-oblong. N. rotundifolia, Benth. in DC. I. c. 392.
Marmoritis rotundifolia, Benth. Lab. 490.
Westeen Tibet, alt. 7-11,000 ft., Jacquemont, Falconer, &c.
Stems stout or sleuder, central sometimes 2-3 ft. and branched, obtusely 4-angled.
Leaves 1-3 in. diam., margin sometimes sinuate; petiole stout, 4 in. and less.
Whorls dense-fld., often coloured rose or purple ; peduncle of lateral often 3 in.
Calyx-teeth variable. Corolla $ in., tube slender, lips small. Nutlets T'5 in., quite
Nepeta.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 663
smooth. — N. rotundifolia (Marmoritis, Benth. Lab.) is founded on imperfect speci-
mens of N.Jloecosa.
■ 27. N. graciliflora, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 65, Lab. 476,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 382 ; annual, glabrate or pubescent, stems many
from the root very slender branched, leaves long-petioled ovate or ovate-
cordate acute coarsely serrate or crenate, whorls very few-fid. axillary and
forming lax panicles with capillary branches and peduncles and long pedi-
celled flowers, bracts setaceous, calyx £ in. pubescent or glabrous, upper
teeth triangular or lanceolate awned, lower shorter setaceous, nutlets granu-
late. Wall. Cat. 2123.
Panjab Plains, from Hurdwar to the Indus, and Subtropical Himalaya
N. of it, ascending to 4000 ft.
Nearly allied to N. ruderalis, but much more slender, with membranous coarsely
crenate leaves, longer petioles and very lax few-fld. cymes, often on axillary long
filiform peduncles, and nutlets more strongly tubercled. Calyx -teeth as long as the
tube or shorter, variable in breadth. Corolla \ in.,- pale rose. Nutlets oblong,
58 in- lonS-
## Corolla more than \ inch long.
28. N. Govaniana, Benth. Lab. 482, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 388;
tall, erect, branched, finely pubescent, leaves large petioled ovate oblong or
elliptic acute crenate, cymes few-fld. distant long-peduncled in axillary
and terminal racemes, calyx £ in. pedicelled puberulous, teeth triangular
much shorter than the tube, corolla 1 in. yellow, nutlets broadly oblong.
Dracocephalum Govanianum, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 65, and
Cat. 2127.
Western Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 8-11,000 ft.
Stem- 2—4 ft., 4-angled. Leaves 3-6 by l|-3 in., very variable, base acute rounded
or cordate ; petiole |-2 in. Racemes 3-6-fld. ; bracts minute. Calyx straight,
cvlmdric. Corolla yellow; tube long, very small, curved, greatly dilated above the
middle. Nutlets T'g in. long, broadly obovoid-oblong, quite smooth.
29. N. erecta, Benth. Lab. 482, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 388; tall,
erect, branched, finely pubescent, leaves petioled ovate or oblong acute,
whorls many-fid. distant axillary or in terminal spikes, the lower usually
peduncled, calyx £ in. pubescent, teeth triangular much shorter than the
tube, corolla £-1 in. blue, nutlets broadly oblong. Dracocephalum erec-
tum, Boyle ex Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 380. N. macrantha, Led.
Herb. Lnd. Or. H.f. 8[ T.
Foliage of N. Govaniana, and calyx the same, but the inflorescence is contracted
to spikes of interrupted sometimes many-fid. whorls with only a tendency to the lower
being peduncled, and the flowers are blue. — It is very near the Siberian N. macrantha,
but the nutlets are not linear.
30. N. Clarkei, Hook, f.; finely pubescent, erect, branched, leaves
shortly petioled ovate-oblong or -lanceolate subacute toothed or crenate,
whorls dense-fid. distant in strict terminal spikes and shortly peduncled in
the lower axils, bracts lanceolate, lower leafy, calyx £ in. pubescent, teeth
triangular acute much shorter than the tube, corolla £ in. blue, tube very
slender, nutlets linear.
Western Himalaya; Kashmir, at Tilail, alt. 11,000 ft., and Kuuylwan, alt.
7500 ft., Clarke.
Stem strict, obtusely angled. Leaves 1-2 in., base acute or coidate; petiole
664 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Nepeta.
£-§ in. Spikes terminal, 3-6 in. ; bracts of upper lanceolate, inner linear about
equalling the calyx. Calyx nearly straight, mouth oblique ; teeth subequal. Nutlets
j5 in., smooth. Corolla-tube three times as loug as the calyx, mouth dilated ; lips
small, not \ in. across. — I have seen no lower leaves of this very distinct species.
31. N. salviaefolia, Boyle ex Benth. in Hook. Sot. Misc. iii. 397,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 388 ; siender, erect, branched, densely white-tomen-
tose all over, leaves small shortly petioled oblong or ovate obtuse crenate,
whorls or cymes shortly peduncled distant in long strict narrow racemes or
spikes, bracts minute subulate, calyx \ in. pedicelled scaberulous, teeth
triangular subequal much shorter than the tube, corolla f in. pale blue or
white, tube very slender, nutlets oblong.
Temperate Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 6-10,000 ft., Jacquemont,
Falconer, &c. Western Tibet, alt. 10-12,000 ft. ; Thomson.
Stem 1-2 ft., nearly cylindric. Leaves thick, 1-1^ in., base acute rounded or
cordate, wrinkled above, densely closely woolly beneath. Racemes a foot long and
under ; peduncles of cymes £-1 in. Corolla ^-f in. ; tube very slender, throat
shortly dilated, limb \ in. across. Nutlets^\m. long, smooth. — The Tibetan specimens
have more contracted racemes than the Kashmir, and the nutlets are rather narrower.
Habit and white tomentum of N. leucophylla and N. leucolcena, but the calyx is
very different.
E. Dwarf species. Leaves crowded. Cymes or whorls axillary, floral
leaves as large as the cauline, and close set. (Glechoma, L.) See 14. longi-
bracteata in A. /
32. N. nivalis, Benth. Lab. 737, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 391 ; erect,
pubescent, leaves sessile orbicular rugose green crenate, cymes all axillary
few-fid. shorter than the leaves, calyx ^ in. pubescent, teeth subequal lanceo-
late, stamens exserted, nutlets linear-oblong.
Western Tibet; alt. 15-16,000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson.
Mootstock creeping ; stems 3-6 in. Leaves \-l in. diam., close-set, base
rounded or cordate. Cymes shortly peduncled, bracts minute. Corolla |-§ iu.,
pale blue, resupinate, tube upcurved, throat slightly dilated, limb small. Nutlets
,^ in., smooth.
33. N. tibetica, Benth. Lab. 737, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 392;
prostrate, softly tomentose, leaves petioled fan-shaped rugose crenate,
cymes all axillary few-fid. shorter than the leaves, calyx £ in. woolly, teeth
subequal lanceolate shorter than the tube, stamens included, nutlets linear-
oblong.
Western Tibet ; Kookioghang, Jacquemont ; Lunjar (N. of Kumaon), alt.
17,500 ft., Strachey Sf Winterbottom.
Rootstock long, slender, branching ; stems 3-6 in. Leaves |-1 in. diam., close-
set; basecuneate; petiole £-^ in. Cymes subsessile, bracts filiform. Corolla § in.,
white; tube straight, funnel-shaped ; limb small, regular. Nutlets £ in., smooth.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
N. nepalensis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 730, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 395, from Nepal.
—•Of this nothing is known, and the description is insufficient to identify it.
30l DBACOCEPHALUM, Linn.
Erect or prostrate herbs. Whorls axillary or terminal, flowers blue,
purple or white. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, 5-toothed ; teeth all subequal,
Dracocephalum.~\ cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 665
or upper much the largest, or 3 upper combined into a broad lip. Corolla-
tube not annulate within, upper lip erect notched, lower spreading 3-fid,
midlobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, anther-cells
diverging. Style-lobes subulate. Nutlets smooth. — Species about 30, S.
European and Temperate Asiatic.
As characterized in modern works, Lracocephalum cannot be distinguished from
Nepeta, to which latter genus the two last described species should probably be
referred.
* Calyx coriaceous, 2-lipped, upper lip of one very broad ovate entire
acute tooth. Stamens included.
1. D. speciosum, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. ii. 65, Lab. 494, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 399; stem simple tall robust, radical leaves long-petioled
orbicular-cordate crenate, cauline sessile, floral orbicular, whorls in a large
solitary spike or axillary, calyx ^ in. coriaceous, upper tooth ovate, lower
lanceolate. Wall. Cat. 2128; Pot. Mag. t. 6281.
Alpine Himalaya ; from Simla to Sikkim, alt. 12-15,000 ft.
Glabrous or woolly upwards. Root of very thick fleshy fibres; stem solitary,
6-18 in., 4-angled. Leaves, radical 2-4 in. diam., cauline smaller ; petiole 5-12 in.,
slender. Flowers sessile in dense heads ; bracts small, orbicular. Calyx-teeth
apiculate, very variable in length and breadth. Corolla 1 in., blue'purple with dark
spots, tubular, pubescent, lips short. Stamens subexserted. Nutlets jt in., linear-
oblong, top crenate. — Near L>. altaica.
2. D. nutans, Linn. ; stem ascending, leaves shortly petioled ovate or
oblong obtuse crenate, spikes long interrupted, lower whorls axillary, calyx
i in. coriaceous puberulous, upper tooth broadly ovate, lower setaceous.
Benth. Lab. 499, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 400; Pall. Fl. Boss. iii. t. 17; Bot.
Bey. t. 841. Zornia nutans, Moench Meth. 411. — Gmel. PI. Sibir. iii.
231, t. 49.
Temperate Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 9-10,000 ft., Falconer $ Thom-
son, Clarke. — Distrib. Central Asia, from Soongaria to Dahuria.
Scaberulous. Stems 6-12 in., simple or branched, 4-augled. Leaves J-l in. ;
petiole £-i in. Spikes 4-6' in.; whorls dense-fld., flowers horizontal or drooping,
sessile ; bracts ovate or oblong. Calyx often purple. Corolla § in., bright blue,
tube slender. Stamens included. Nutlets ^ in., linear-oblong.
** Calyx coriaceous, 2-lipped; upper lip broad, ^-toothed. Stamens
included.
3. X>. moldavicum, Linn. ; annual, erect, branched, leaves sessile or
petioled lanceolate obtusely deeply serrate or subpinnatifid, spikes long
leafy, whorls distinct or distant, bracts lanceolate, teeth long-awned, calyx
■^ in. glabrous, upper teeth broadly ovate mucronate. Benth. in DC. Prodr.
xii. 401 ; Lamk. III. t. 513, f. 1 ; Pall. PI. Boss. iii. t. 18 ; Beichb. Ic. Fl.
Germ, t. 1240, f. 1.
Western Temperate Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 7-8000 ft., Falconer, Edge-
worth, Clarke. — Distrib. Siberia, Dahuria.
Quite glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft., branched from the base. Leaves 1-2 in., narrowed
into a short slender petiole. Spikes 4-8 in. Flowers pedicelled, shorter than the
floral leaves. Corolla f-1 in., blue, tube greatly dilated to the throat. Stamens
subexserted. Nutlets ^ iu., narrowly oblong truncate.
4. X>. heterophyllum, Benth. Lab. 738, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 401 ;
stems ascending, leaves petioled oblong 'ovate or cordate obtuse crenate,
666 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Draeocephalum.
spikes large dense-fid. leafy, floral leaves and bracts pectinate, teeth awned,
calyx ^-1 in. glabrons or pubescent, upper teeth broadly ovate aristate. —
D. acanthoides, Edgew. ex JBenth. in DC. I. c.
Western Tibet, alt. 13-16,000 ft.; Jacquemont, Falconer, &c.— Distrib.
Turkestan.
Glabrous or scaberulous, brittle. Stems 6-8 in., stout, ascending, obtusely angled,
simple or divided. Leaves \-\\ in., coriaceous ; petiole ^-1 in. Spikes often larger
than tbe rest of the plant, cylindric, 1-1| in. diam.; bracts green, elliptic, membra-
nous. Calyx most variable in size, thinly coriaceous. Corolla f-l£ in., wbite, hoary,
inflated beyond the calyx, lower lip sbort. Stamens included. Nutlets \-% in.,
narrow oblong, tip truncate or crenulate. — D. acanthoides is a rather larger leaved
said flowered state from Tibet N. of Kumaon,alt 12-15,500 ft. (Fdgeworth, Strachey Sf
Winterbottom).
5. D. Ruprechtii, Hegel Descr. Plant. Nov. fasc. vii. 77 ; stems
ascending scaberulous, leaves sessile pinnatifid, lobes linear, whorls few-fid.
distant, bracts pinnatifid with awned lobes, calyx $-f in. glabrous, upper
teeth broadly ovate mucronate. D. bipinnatum, Hupr. Sert. Thianschen.
65 {ex Reg el).
Western Tibet ; Gilgit, Col. Tanner. — Distrib. Turkestan.
Nearly allied to D. moldavicum, but leaves pinnate with narrow lobes, corolla
much larger, 1-1 \ in. long, more tubular, not so abruptly inflated, nutlets larger.
Calyx often purple. Corolla pubescent, blue.
### Calyx nearly equally h-cleft. Stamens exserted.
6. D. stamineum, Karel. Sf Kiril. ; low, diffusely branched from the
base, stems terete few-leaved, leaves small petioled orbicular-cordate or
reniform deeply crenate, whorls tomentose dense-fid. in terminal heads and
one or more lower on the stem, calyx \-^ in.* tomentose, teeth ovate-lanceo-
late aristate.
Western Himalaya; Kashmir, on Barjila, alt. 11,000 ft., Clarke. Western
Tibet, alt. 14-16,000 ft., Thomson, Clarke. —Distrib. Turkestan, Alatau Mts.
Stems excessively numerous from the root, ascending, green or purple. Leaves
\-\ in. diam., rugose, glabrous or tomentose ; petiole of lower 1-3 in., very slender.
Heads % in. diam. ; bracts small, cuneate, entire or toothed. Calyx sessile, often
coloured. Corolla small, dark blue, tube shortly exserted, limb small. Filaments
sometimes twice the length of the tube. Nutlets ^ in. long, oblong, snlooth. — Rather
a Nepeta than a Draeocephalum.
7. 1>. Hookerij Clarke mss. ; scaberulous, leaves pinnatifid, segments
narrow linear, margins recurved, whorls in a dense terminal spike inter-
rupted at the base, bracts pinnatifid, calyx ^-§ in. scaberulous, teeth equal
nearly as long as the tube lanceolate pungent, sinus thickened.
Eastern Tibet; north of Sikkim, alt 15,000 ft. ? J. D. H.
Specimens incomplete procured by collectors ; upper portions of stem and spikes
alone seen. Stem 4-angled. Leaves 1 in., sessile; segments few, spreading. Spikes
2-3 in. long by 1 broad. Flowers sessile. ' Calyx straight or curved. Corolla
twice as long, tube narrow, throat moderately inflated. Stamens shortly exserted.
Nutlets ,'g in., oblong, smooth.
31. LALLEKANTIA, Fisch. Sf Mey.
Characters of Draeocephalum, but upper lip of calyx with 3 obtuse lobes,
of which the lateral are placed under the central. — Distrib. Species 4,
Oriental and N.W. Indian.
This genus would better be included in Draeocephalum.
Lallemantia.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 667
Zi. Royleana, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 404; hoary-pubescent or
glabrate, leaves shortly petioled ovate or oblong obtuse coarsely crenate,
bracts oblong or lanceolate, teeth long-awned, calyx-teeth erect with incurved
margins. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 674. Dracocephalum Royleanum, Benth.
in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 65, and Lab. 497 ; Wall. Cat. 2129. D. inderiense,
Karel. # Kiril. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. xv. 424. Nepeta erodiifolia,
Boiss. Diagn. v. 24.
Paxjab Plains and Hills ; from Lahore westward indigenous ? and cultivated.
— Distkib. Afghanistan, Persia, Turkestan.
Annual, erect, 6-18 in. ; stem branched or simple, obtusely angled. Leaves
\-\ in., base cordate or narrowed into the petiole. Whorls very numerous, in long
interrupted narrow spikes ; flowers shortly pedicelled ; bracts small, deciduous.
Calyx \ in., erect, rigid. Corolla pale lilac, tube hardly exserted, limb small.
Stamens included. Nutlets. ^ in., narrowly oblong, smooth.
32. SCUTELLARIA, Linn.
Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence various. Calyx 2-lipped, lips
closed in fruit, upper deciduous ; tube with a large deciduous shield or
pouch opposite the upper lip. Corolla-tube long, usually sharply recurved
from the base and erect, not annulate within ; upper lip entire or notched,
lower broad, 3-lobed. Stamens 4 ; anthers conniving, ciliate, lower 1- upper
2-celled. Disk elongate. Ovary oblique, upper style-lobe short. Nutlets
very minute, smooth, granulate or hispidulous. — Species about 90, N. Temp,
and Tropical, many Andean.
* Flowers in short leafy terminal spikes that are Wangled in bud,
bracts leafy.
1. S. prostrata, Jacquem. mss.; Benth. Lab. 733, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 413; dwarf, prostrate, much branched, tomentose, leaves
small petioled ovate coarsely toothed, spikes short 4-gonous, bracts ovate,
corolla 1 in.
Westeen Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 8-14,000 ft., Jacque-
mont, &c.
Rootstock stout ; stems many, 4-8 in., flexuous, subterete. Leaves \-\ in., base
cordate or cuneate. Spikes 1-2 in. Corolla yellow tipped with violet. Nutlets
hispidulous.
2. S. Heydei, Hook. f. ; dwarf, prostrate, much branched, branches
and calyx hirsute with long spreading hairs, leaves very small shortly
petioled ovate or cordate obtuse crenate, spikes short 4-gonous, bracts
ovate, corolla f in. S. glutinosae, Benth. var. ?, Aitchison in Journ. Linn.
Soc.Bot.xix. 183.
Westeen Alpine Himalaya; Zanskar, alt. 15-16,000 ft., Thomson, Eeyde. —
Distkib. Atfghanistan.
Habit of S. prostrata, but leaves more woolly, smaller, shorter-petioled, and with
long spreading white hairs ou the branches and calyx. Corolla yellow, tipped with
blue or rose. — Near S. pulchella, Bunge, of the Altai.
** Flowers in long narrow racemes, bracts shorter than the pedicel and
calyx.
3. S. discolor, Coleb. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 66 ; pubescent or
tomentose, leaves long-petioled elliptic obtuse crenate, base rounded or
cordate, floral minute, racemes very long slender, flowers scattered rarely
668 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Scutellaria.
opposite secund, corolla |-| in., nutlets scabrid. Benth. in DC. Prodr.
xii. 417 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. 'Bomb. Fl. 210. S. iadica, Blume Bijd. 839; Wall.
Cat. 2134 ; Don Prodr. 109 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 152. S. heteropoda,
Mia. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 972.
Subtropical Himalaya; from Kumaon to Assam, alt. 1-6000 ft. Khasia
Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Tenassebim, Parish. Malabab Ghats ; Concan and Canara,
Ritchie, &c. — Disteib. Burma, Java.
Stem ascending from a creeping rootstock, 1-2 ft., rarely branched, often naked
above. Leaves 2-5 by f-3 in., rarely orbicular ; petiole 1-3 in. Racemes 6-10 in. ;
pedicels £ in. j bracts linear or oblong, all or all but the lowest shorter than the
pedicel.
4. S. violacea, Heyne mss. ; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 66,
Lab. 429, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 418; pubescent tomentose or glabrate,
leaves long-petioled ovate-cordate subacute coarsely crenate or sinuate-
toothed, flowers opposite secund. Wall. Cat. 2136 ; Wight Ic. t. 1449, and
III. 176 bis, f. 7. Thwaites Fnum. 239. S. indica, Poxb. Hort. Beng. 45,
and Fl. Ind. iii. 24.
Deccan Peninsula; Mts. from the Nilghiris, alt. 5-7000 ft., southwards.
Ceylon, ascending to 7000 ft.
Habit of S. discolor, but at once distinguished by the opposite flowers. Corolla
1 in. long, " white or tinged with rose," Wight. Nutlets hispid. The following
forms do not seem to me to constitute definitely marked varieties.
Vae. Colebrookiana ; leaves more deltoid thicker softly tomentose on both
surfaces, calyx larger. S. Colebrookiana, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 67, and in
DC. I.e.; Wall. Cat. 2135.
Vae. hispidior, Benth. in DC. I. c. ; stouter, more rigid, leaves thick, bracts some-
times equalling the pedicels. S. robusta, Benth. in DC. 1. c. S. Wightiana, Benth.
in Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 67; Wall. Cat. 2708. S. nodulosa, A. Ram. Monogr.
Scutell. 26.— Ceylon and Nilghiris.
Vae. fioribunda ; branched, inflorescence compound, flowers rather smaller. S.
floribunda, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Ceylon.
Vae. siJcMmensis ; often tall, rambling and much branched. — Sikkim, J. D. BZ.
5. S. oblong-a, Benth. in Bot. Peg. x. 1. 1493 in note, Lab. 429, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 418; pubescent or glabrate, erect or decumbent, leaves
petioled oblong- or linear-lanceolate obtuse or acute or acuminate serrate or
sinuate-toothed, flowers opposite, corolla \ in. Thwaites Enum. 240.
Ceylon ; Central Province, ascending to 7000 ft.
Stem often woody below, 6-24 in., simple or branched, leafy. Leaves l-2£ by
£-1 in., base acute, rarely rounded, never cordate, pale beneath. Racemes rarely
6 in.; pedicels £ in., longer than the bracts. Corolla blue. Nutlets minutely
granulate.
6?. S. incurva, Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 67; "stem ascending branched
pubescent, leaves subsessile elliptic-oblong acute remotely serrate almost
glabrous, floral minute, flowers opposite secund, pedicels thrice as long as
the calyx, corolla-tube slender incurved, lips deeply split, upper broad hooded,
lower shorter." Benth. in. DC. Prodr. xii. 418 ; Wall. Cat. 2138.
Buema ; at Taongdong, Wallich.
The above is Bentham's description of the solitary imperfect specimen in the
Wallichian Herbarium. The habitat is beyond the British boundary.
*#* ]?lowers {n iong narrow racemes, bracts longer than the pedicel and
calyx but hardly leafy.
Scutellaria.'] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 669
7. S. grlandulosa, Hook. f. ; dwarf, erect, glandular-hairy, leaves
small sessile oblong-lanceolate obtuse subserrate, flowers opposite, pedicels
very short, corolla ^ in.
Burma ; valley of Mogoung, dry plains towards the Serpentine mines, Griffith.
A span high ; rootstock woody ; stem simple or sparingly branched. Leaves few,
§-1 in., sparsely hairy on both surfaces. Racemes strict, very glandular ; bracts
elliptic, longer than the pedicels. — A curious little species from beyond the British
boundary.
8. S. grossa, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 67 ; Cat. 2142 ; pubescent, stem
procumbent below much branched, leaves petioled ovate acute coarsely
crenate -serrate, base truncate rarely cuneate, bracts elliptic exceeding the
calyx, corolla f in. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 419. S. mussooriensis,
Wawra in (Estr. Pot. Zeit. 1881, 69, and It. Pr. Sax. Cob. Pot. 106.
Temperate Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-8000 ft.,
Wallich, &c.
Black when dry. Stems slender, 1-2 ft., creeping below. Leaves 1-2 J in., nearly
glabrous; petiole $-1 in., slender. Raceme slender, 3-6 in.; pedicels very short;
bracts £-5 in. Corolla pubescent, blue-purple. Nutlets puberulous.
9. S. khasiana, Clarke onss. ; glabrescent, slender, leaves long-
petioled ovate acute crenate, base acute, bracts small longer than the
pedicels, corolla § in. throat inflated.
Khasia Mrs., alt. 4-5000 ft. ; Nunklow, Griffith ; Kala pani, Clarke.
Stem 2-8 ft., branched, rambling, terete, glabrous. Leaves l£-2 in., glabrous,
membranous ; petiole £-1 in. Racemes 3-4 in., lax-fid., pubescent ; bracts |-£ in.,
elliptic or ovate, lower crenate. Corolla pale blue ? Nutlets granulate.
10. S. angulosa, Penth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 67, Lab. 444, and
in PC. Prodr. xii. 430; tall, sparsely hairy, branches diffuse acutely
4-angled, leaves short-petioled ovate or lanceolate obtuse or acute crenate
or serrate, base rounded or subcordate, racemes tomentose, lower bracts
leafy, corolla 1 in. Wall. Cat. 2139. S. scandens, Don Prodr. 110 ;
Benth. Lab. 444. S. celtidifolia, A. Ham. Monogr. Scutell. 27.
Temperate Western and Central Himalaya; from Kashmir to Nepal, alt.
4-9000 ft., Wallich, &c.
Stem very stout below ; branches rambling for several feet (not scandent) ;
angles with slender ribs. Leaves 1-3 in., with a few small scattered hairs, often
purple beneath ; petiole £-£ in. Racemes 3-4 in. ; bracts all leafy, upper small
entire. Corolla white. Nutlets granulate.
11. S. repens, Ham. in Don Prodr. 110; pubescent or tomentose,
diffuse, branches long ascending, leaves petioled ovate acute entire or
crenate-serrate, base acute or truncate, racemes long glandular-hairy, bracts
\-% in. ovate, corolla £ in. Penth. Lab. 443, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 429.
8. cana, Wall. PI. As. Mar. i. 67, and Cat. 2141. S. Wallichiana, A. Ham.
Monogr. Scutell. 28, t. 2, f. 1.
Subtropical Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 1-5000 ft. — Distrib.
Ava.
Stems long, stout, curved, brittle, obtusely 4-angled ; branches crowded, curved,
ascending. Leaves £-l| in., upper quite entire ; base rarely subcordate; petiole
i-1 in. Racemes 6-10 in., stout or slender, curved ; bracts ovate, £-£ in., entire or
crenate; pedicels very short. Corolla sharply recurved, pale purple ("yellow," Don).
Nutlets subgranulate.
12. S. linearis, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 66, Lab. 435, and in
670 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Scutellaria.
DC. Prodr. xii. 423 ; dwarf, puberulous, stems prostrate and ascending,
leaves snbsessile linear obtuse, margins recurved quite entire, racemes very
snort glandular-pubescent, bracts ovate entire, corolla f-1 in., throat much
inflated. Wall. Cat. 2137.
Temperate Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 3-8000 ft. —
Distrib. Afghanistan.
RootstocTc stout, woody ; stems very numerous, 4-8 in., terete. Leaves \-l\ in.,
rarely oblong-lanceolate. Racemes |-1 in.; pedicels very short; bracts £-i in.,
Corolla purple, tube nearly straight. Nutlets puberulous.
**** Flowers all axillary.
13. S. rivularis, Wall. PI. As. Bar.i. 66, and Cat. 2140; dwarf,
glabrous, stems subsimple leafy, leaves lower shortly petioled, upper sessile
ovate or lanceolate obtuse entire or crenate, base acute dilated or cordate,
flowers axillary subsessile or spicate, corolla i-% in. nearly straight. JBenth.
Lab. 437, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 426 ; Wight Ic. t. 1450. S. peregrina,
Poxb. Sort. Peng. 45, and Fl. Ind. iii. 24. S. barbata, Don Prodr. 109.
S. squamulosa, A. Sam. Monogr. Scutell. 35. S. minor, /3 indica, Benth. in
DC. I. c. 427.
Central Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. ; Griffith,
&c. Tenasserim ; at Moulmein, Parish. Nilghiri and Anamallay Mts. ; Wight,
&c. — Distrib. China.
Stem creeping below, ascending 6-8 in. and leafy, or drawn out to 12-15 in., sub-
terete. Leaves very variable, \-\ in., close set, passing into the floral or bracts.
Spikes 3-6 in., bracts quite entire ovate or lanceolate. Calyx and corolla (blue)
glabrous or pubescent. Nutlets granular. — Very near S. minor, L.
14. S. galericulata, Linn. ; puberulous, erect, leaves shortly petioled
ovate-lanceolate obtuse or subacute, base cordate crenate or upper entire,
flowers axillary, bracts all leafy much exceeding the calyx, pedicels very
short, corolla | in. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 425; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
690 Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1256, f. 2.
Western Temperate Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 5-8000 ft.— Distrib. Europe,
from the Caucasus westward, N. Africa, Central and N. Asia, N. America.
Stem below creeping, then erect, 2-3 ft. Leaves l£-2£ in., crenatures rather
remote, upper often entire.
33. BRUNELLA, Linn. (Prunella, Linn.)
Perennial herbs. Whorls in dense heads ; bracts orbicular ; flowers
purplish, rarely white. Calyx reticulate, 2-lipped, closed in fruit, upper lip
flat, 3-toothed, lower 2-lobed; throat naked. Corolla ascending, tube annu-
late at the base within ; upper lip erect, concave ; lower spreading, side
lobes de flexed, midlobe concave. Stamens 4, exserted, filaments 2-fid, lower
arm antheriferous ; anthers conniving, cells diverging. Disk erect, sym-
metrical. Style-lobes subulate. Nutlets oblong, smooth. — Species 3, N.
and S. temp, regions.
S. vulgaris, Linn. ; leaves petioled ovate or oblong entire toothed or
pinnatifid. Don Prodr. 109; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 66, and in
J)C. Prodr. xii. 410 ; Wall. Cat. 2132 ; Wight Ic. t. 1448 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 691.
Temperate Himalaya and Western Tibet ; from Kashmir to Bhotan ; alt.
Bninella.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 671
4-11,000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000. Nilghiei and Teavancoee MtS., alt.
6-8000 ft.— Disteib. N. Temp. Zone, Andes, Australia.
Bootstoclc creeping. Stem 4-12 in., erect or ascending. Leaves 1-2 in., upper
sessile. Spikes 1-3 in., cylindric ; bracts ovate-cordate, ciliate, edges often purple.
Flowers dimorphic, larger 2-sexual, smaller female. Calyx-teeth very variable, awned
or not. Corolla J-f in., purple or white.
Vae. vulgaris; glabrous or sparingly hairy. — Himalaya Mts.
Vae. hispida, Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; hispidly hairy. B. hispida, Benth. in
Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 66. B. ovata, Wall. Cat. 2133.— Sikkim, Khasia and
Nilghiri Mts.
34. XttARRUBXUBX, Linn.
Perennial tomentose or woolly herbs. Whorls axillary, flowers small.
Calyx tubular, 5-LO-nerved; teeth 5-10, equal, short, subspinescent.
Corolla short, tube naked or annulate within, upper lip erect, lower
spreading, midlobe largest. Stamens 4, included ; anthers glandular, cells
diverging. Style-lobes short, obtuse. Nutlets obtuse. — Species 30, tem-
perate and warm regions of the Old "World.
1. XMC. vulg'are, Linn.-, tall, robust, shortly woolly, leaves petioled
ovate or orbicular crenate rugose, whorls axillary many and dense-fid.,
calyx-teeth 10 subulate spreading and recurved, throat woolly. Benth. in
DC. Prodr. xii. 153; JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 703; Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
t. 1224, f. 1. M. propinquum, Benth. in DC. I. c. (the Kashmir plant).
Westeen Tempeeate Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 5-8000 ft., Falconer. — Disteib.
Westward through Europe and N. Africa.
Stem 2-4 ft., leafy. Leaves $-1% in. diam., base rounded or cordate or cuneate,
leathery, wrinkled ; petiole \-\ in. Whorls depressed, villous. Calyx £-| in.,
coriaceous ; teeth often hooked at the tip. Corolla % in., white, tube slender, upper
lip long, 2-fid. Nutlets T'5 in., smooth.
2. BX. lanatum, Benth. Lab. 587, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 448; dwarf,
clothed with long soft white wool, leaves petioled rounded lobed and
crenate or ^-pinnatifid, whorls in a dense terminal cylindric or oblong
thickly woolly spike, calyx-teeth 5 acicular spreading and recurved, throat
naked. Mollucella Marrubiastrum, StepJi. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. ii. 8 ;
Ledeb. Lc. PI. Fl. Boss. Alt. t. 150. Lagopsis incana, Bunge Monog.
Molucc. ined.
Westeen Tibet, alt. 15-16,000 ft. ; Thomson, Henderson. Noethebn
Gitewhal ; at Shelshil, alt. 16,000 ft., Strachey Sf Winterbottom. Disteib. Turkestan
and Altai Mts.
Stems many, ascending from the stout rootstock, stout, 3-6 in. Leaves very thick,
^-1 in. diam. ; petiole stout, as long or shorter. Spikes 1-2 in., 1 in. diam. ; flowers
immersed in wool ; bracts linear or setaceous. Calyx-tube £ in., membranous, teeth
as long, pungent. Corolla very small, upper lip short, entire. Nutlets T'2 in. long,
hoary.
35. CRANIOTOME, Beichb.
A. perennial erect branched herb. Leaves long- petioled. Flowers
minute, in slender lax-fid. panicled racemes. Calyx ovoid, fruiting globose,
equally 5-toothed; throat constricted, villous within. Corolla, upper lip
minute, concave, entire ; lower longer, spreading, 3-fid. Stamens ascending
under the upper lip; anther-cells didymous, at length diverging. Style
subequally 2-fid. Nutlets very minute, subglobose, smooth.
C. versicolor, Beichb. Lconogr. i. 39, t. 54; Benth. in Wall. PI. As.
672 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Craniotome.
Ear. i. 64, Lab. 704, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 455; Wall. Cat. 2081.
Nepeta versicolor, Trevir. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xii. 183. ^Anisomeles
nepalensis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 706. Ajuga furcata, Link Enum. ii. 99.
Temperate Himalaya; from Simla to Bhotan, alt. 5-7000 ft., Wallich, &c.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.
Usually densely patently softly hirsute all over. Stem erect, 1-2 ft., terete,
stout or slender. Leaves 2-4 by 1-3 in., broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, toothed or
crenate; petiole slender, 1-2 in. Cymes copious and very compound ; bracts subulate.
Calyx T'5 in., teeth triangular. Corolla about twice as long, pale purple or rose-
coloured. Nutlets g'g in., pale, shining. — In Sikkim a state occurs with the fruiting
calyx campanulate and \ in. long, without nutlets.
36. ANXSOXKEIiES, Br.
Tall, erect, branching, coarse herbs. Flowers in axillary whorls or lax-fld.
branched panicled cymes, purplish. Calyx ovoid or tubular, straight,
equally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short, annulate within ; upper lip erect,
entire; lower broad, spreading, midlobe notched. Stamens exserted;
anthers conniving, of the longer pair dimidiate, of the shorter 2-celled, cells
transverse parallel. Style subequally 2-fid. Nutlets smooth. — Species
about 8, warmer Asia and Australia.
1. A. Heyneana, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 59, Lab. 702, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 455; sparsely hairy or glabrate, leaves ovate-lanceolate
acuminate crenate-serrate, cymes peduncled lax-fld., calyx £-^ in. hispid,
teeth triangular-lanceolate acuminate, margins fringed. Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 210. Teucrium secundum, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 2028.
Deccan Peninsula ; Western Ghats, from the Concan southwards.
Stem 3-4 ft., acutely angled. Leaves 2-3 in., green; petiole £~| in. Cymes
sometimes elongate and many-flowered ; bracts small, subulate. Calyx-teeth strongly
reticulate, hairy within, margin fringed. Corolla \ in., white. Nutlets ^ in.,
broadly oblong, polished. — Perhaps only a variety of A. ovata.
2. A. ovata, Br. in Ait. Hort. Few, ed. 2, ii. 364; tomentose or
densely woolly rarely sparsely hairy, leaves ovate acuminate crenate-serrate,
whorls axillary dense-fid. and in dense terminal spikes, calyx £-£ in. hirsute,
teeth triangular-lanceolate acuminate. Wall. Cat. 2040 ; Jacq. Eduq. i.
t. 86; Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 358, Suppl. t. 19 ; Benth. in Wall. PL As. Ear.
i. 59, and in DC Prodr. xii. 455; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 153; Wight Ic.
t. 865. A. disticha, Heyne in Eoth Nov. Sp. 254; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. in 2 ;
Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 210. A. glabrata, Benth. in Wall. Cat, 2041.
A. mollissima, Wall. Cat. 2039. Nepeta indica, Linn. Sp. PI. 799. N.
amboinica, Linn. fil. Suppl. 273. N. disticha, Blume Bijd, 823. Ballota
disticha, Linn. Mant. 83. B. mauritiana, Pert. Si/n. ii. 126. Ajuga
disticha, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 2. Marrubium indicum, Barm. Fl. Ind. 227.
M. odoratissimum, Burm, Thes. Zeyl. t. 71, f. 1. Monarda zeylanica, Burm.
Fl. Ind. 12. Phlomis alba, Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. i. 474. — Eheede Hort.
Mai. x. t. 88.
Tropical and Subtropical India, from the Indus to Assam, ascending the
Himalaya to 5000 ft., and south to Singapore, Travancore and Ceylon. — Distrib.
Malay Archipelago, China, Philippines.
Annual, 3-6 ft., most "variable in hairiness. Leaves 1-3 in., thick, 6 in. green
and. membranous in Sikkim specimens, white or green; petiole \-\\ in. Whorls
many- and dense-fld. ; bracts variable. Corolla purplish. Nutlets as in A. Heyneana.
— Order of Camphor.
Anisomeles.'] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 673
3. A. candicans, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. i. 59, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 456 ; softly tomentose or velvety, leaves shortly petioled lanceo-
late or oblong acnminate serrate, whorls axillary dense-fid. and in dense
terminal spikes, calyx £-£ in. hirsute, teeth triangular-lanceolate acuminate.
Wall. Cat. 2038. M. malabarica, /3 nigrescens, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 457 ;
Wall. Cat. 2037.
Burma ; at Prome and Yenanghuen, Wallich.
A very doubtful species, of which there are two forms in Wallich's Herbarium
under the name, one with oblong obtuse petioled leaves, the other with subsessile
lanceolate ones, the latter agreeing with Bentham's A. malabarica, var. nigrescens.
Of this last the calyx is that of ovata, the leaves of malabarica.
4. A. malabarica, Br. in Bot Mag. t. 2071 ; densely tomentose or
thickly woolly, leaves short-petioled oblong linear-oblong or oblong- lanceo-
late obtuse acute or acuminate crenate or serrate, calyx \— J in. villous or
woolly, teeth narrow lanceolate. Wall. Cat. 2037 ; Hook. Jo-urn. Bot. i.
225, t. 127 ; Wight Ic. t. 164 ; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 59, Lab. 702,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 456; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 153; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 210. A. intermedia, Wight in Benth. Lab. 703, and in DC.
I. c. Nepeta malabarica, Linn. Mant. 566. Ajuga fruticosa, Boxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 1.
Deccan Peninsula, abundant; Penang, Wallich. Ceylon, in hot dry places. —
Distrib. Mauritius.
Shrubby, 4-6 ft. ; branches sometimes very stout and most densely clothed with
snow-white appressed wool. Leaves 2-6 in., very thick, base cuneate, very rarely
cordate; petiole ^— | in., very stout. Spikes sometimes very heavy with dense whorls
2 in. diam., densely woolly; bracts filiform, teeth very slender. Corolla purple.
Nutlets pale.
37. ACHYROSPERTCUBX, Blume.
Softly pubescent undershrubs or herbs; branches terete. Whorls in
dense spikes. Calyx, 10-nerved, lips short, upper erect, 3-fid ; lower shorter,
spreading, 2-fid. Corolla-tube slender, not annulate within; upper lip
short, erect, notched ; lower 3-lobed, midlobe largest concave. Stamens 4,
subequal, ascending ; anthers 2- or by confluence 1-celled. Style 2-fid.
Nutlets crowned with a rugged annul ns or chaffy beard. — Species 5 or 6, of
India, the Malaya Islands, Tropical Africa and Madagascar.
A. Wallichianum, Benth. mss. ; hoary or tomentose or villous,-
leaves elliptic-ovate acuminate crenate-toothed, blade decurrent on the long
petiole, bracts exceeding the calyx orbicular acuminate, nutlets crowned
with a lagged annulus. Teucrium Wallichianum, Benth. in Wall. PI. As.
Bar. ii. 19, Lab. 671, and in DC. 1. c. 580 ; Wall. Cat. 2758.
Eastern Subtropical Himalaya ; from Sikkim, alt. 3-6000 ft., J. D. B., to
Mishmi, Griffith. Khasia Hills, alt. 2-5000 ft.; Bruce, Griffith. Tenasserim,
Belfer.
Suffrutescent ; stem terete, 1-3 ft., simple or branched, rigid. Leaves 4-6 by
2-4 in., membranous, sparsely pubescent. Spikes 2-6 in., cylindric, glabrate or
villous; bracts membranous, ciliate. Calyx \-± in., rather inflated, membranous ;
teeth triangular, reticulate. Corolla | in., white dotted with rose. Nutlets £ in.,
turgid, faintly hairy. — There are two varieties, one tomentose with villous spikes
from Silhet (Wallich) and Tenasserim ; the other more glabrous from the Khasia and
Himalaya. I suspect both may prove forms of the Javau A. densijlorum, Bl., from
which A. philippinense, Betfth., does not differ.
VOL. IV. X X
674 cxii. labiatvE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Colquhounia.
38. COLQUHOUNIA, Wall.
Tall, robust, rambling shrubs ; branches terete. Whorls axillary and in
lax-fld. spikes or racemes of orange or scarlet flowers. Calyx obscurely 10-
nerved, subequally 5-toothed, throat naked. Corolla-tube incurved, not
annulate, throat inflated ; upper lip short, entire or notched, lower sub-
equally 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending ; anthers conniving in pairs ; cells
divaricate, confluent. Style subequally 2-fid. Nutlets winged above. —
Species 3 or 4, Indian.
I am quite unable to distinguish the first three species, or to reconcile their
specimens, descriptions and published drawings with one another.
1. C. coccinea, Wall, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 608 ; Tent. Fl. Nap.
i. 13, t. 6, and Cat. 2085 ; branches tomentose, leaves elliptic ovate or cor-
date glabrate or subtomentose, calyx £-£ in. hoary. Benth. in DC. Prodr.
xii. 457 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4514. C. tomentosa, Houllet in Rev. Sortie. 1873,
131, with fig.
Temperate Himalaya; from Kumaon, Wallich, to Sikkim, alt. 7-9000 ft.,
J. D. H.
A shrub, 8-10 ft. Leaves 2-5 in., very variable in form and clothing. Flowers
in an original drawing named by Wallich, and in the Tentamen figure, chiefly axillary,
with a short subhemispheric calyx \ in. long (Bentham's var. j8 parviflora), arid dull
red corolla with the broad cylindric tube not twice the length of the calyx ; in
Wallich's and other specimens the flowers are very different, both axillary and in
terminal spikes, the calyx and corolla are both twice as long, and the latter has a
narrow tube. The plant figured in the Botanical Magazine, which was raised from
seed sent by Wallich, has flowers all axillary, small calyces, a corolla § in. long,
funnel-shaped above the calyx, with much narrower orange-red lobes, the latter
golden yellow at the base and in the throat. — Nutlets £ in. long, wing obliquely
truncate.
2. C. vestita, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nap. i. 14 ; Plant. As. Par. iii. 43,
t. 267, and Gat. 2086; densely clothed with thick white wool, leaves
elliptic ovate or cordate, calyx J-| in. woolly. Benth. in DC. Prodr.
xii. 457.
Temperate Himalaya ; Kumaon, alt. 6-8000 ft. ; Bhotan and Mishmi, Griffith.
Khasia Mts., alt. 5-7000 ft. ; Griffith, &c.
This, I suspect, is only a woolly variety of C. coccinea, which, owing to the wetness
of the climate, does not occur in Sikkim. Wallich's figure, however, represents a plant
of very different habit from that of C. coccinea, having long eubracemose terminal spikes
of rose-pink flowers 1£ in. long. Of the specimens both from Kumaon and the Khasia,
many agree with the plate; others with smaller more axillary flowers and less clothed
leaves pass into C. coccinea. Khasia specimens have often very thick leaves finely
rugose on the upper surface, and densely cottony beneath.
3. C. eleg-ans, Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 65, iii. 43, t. 268, and Cat. 2084 ;
densely softly tomentose, leaves shortly petioled, flowers in small axillary
heads, calyx £ in. subhemispheric, corolla-tube broad thrice as long as the
calyx. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 457.
Burma; on Taong Dong, Wallich.
Probably only another variety of C. coccinea, which I cannot distinguish from
Bentham's var. parviflora of that plant, except in the longer corolla.
4. C. tenuiflora, HooJc.f.; branches scaberulous and hirsute, leaves
elliptic serrate pubescent, flowers subcapitate on very short lateral villous
branches, calyx \ in., teeth acuminate, corolla 1 in. very slender densely
pubescent.
Colquhounia.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 675
Pegu ; Karene Hills, Rev. F. Mason. Tenasserim ; at Moulmein, Parish.
Apparently a very distinct species, of which the specimens are indifferent;
the acuminate calyx-teeth and long slender corolla are very unlike any form of
C. coccinea.
39. STACHYS, Linn.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves crenate or serrate. Whorls axillary
and in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-10-nerved, teeth 5 snbeqnal.
Corolla with usually a ring of hairs within, throat not dilated, upper lip
erect ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, midlobe the largest. Stamens 4, ascending;
anthers conniving, cells parallel or diverging. Style-lobes subequal. Nut-
lets obtuse. — Species about 160, all temperate and some warm climates,
chiefly Oriental.
* Serbs, stem ^-angled. Whorls many-fid., bracts as long as the
calyx.
1. S. floccosa, Benth. Lab. 739, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 465; stout,
tall, erect, densely clothed with soft white wool, leaves petioled ovate or
ovate-lanceolate cordate acute crenulate, whorls many-fid. axillary and in
a terminal spike, calyx-teeth spinescent, corolla woolly.
Western Temperate Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft.; Jacquemont,
Falconer, &c. — Distrib. Affghanistan.
Stem 2-4 ft., simple, sometimes as thick below as the little finger, obtusely
4-gonous. Leaves 3-4 by 1-2 in., thick, velvety above ; petiole £-1 in., very stout.
Whorls dense, depressed, villous ; bracts nearly equalling the calyx ; flowers sessile.
Calyx $ in.; fruiting ^ in., villous; teeth triangular, spinous point coloured.
Corolla-tube shortly exserted. Nutlets turgidly obpyriform, smooth.
2. S. sericea, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 64, and Cat. 2077) tall, erect,
more or less densely villous with long silky hairs, leaves shortly petioled
ovate- or oblong-cordate acute crenate, whorls many-fid. axillary and in
terminal spikes, calyx-teeth spinescent, spines coloured. N Benth. Jjdb.
537, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 465. S. vestita, Benth. II. c. in 'part. S.
splendens, Wall. I. c, and Cat. 2075, Benth. II. c, and in DC. I. c. 466,
in part.
Temperate .Himalaya; from Nepal to Kashmir, alt. 6-9000 ft.— Distrib.
Affghanistan, Central Asia.
A most variable plant, differing only in the hairiness from S. floccosa, of which it
is possibly fl form. I cannot distinguish most of the specimens of Bentham's S.
vestita and *Sy. splendens from it, though some plants uuder the former name may be
separated by the usually shorter calyx, the teeth of which have not the yellow spines
of sericea ; and these must be referred to S. melisscefolia. The corolla varies in
length of tube, which is rarely exserted (S. splendens), and in breadth across the
lips, of £-§ in. ; the usual colour is pale pink spotted with purple.
3. S. melissaefolia, Benth. Lab. 538, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 466, in
pari ; tall, erect, tomentose or villous with silky hairs, rarely pubescent
only, leaves sessile or shortly petioled ovate- or oblong-cordate acute crenate,
whorls many-fid. axillary distant, calyx short, teeth triangular acute not
spinescent. S. oblongifolia, Benth. partly (Nepal specimens). S. splendens,
Wall, in part.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft.
Usually a smaller more slender and less hairy silky and leafy plant than S. sericea,
best distinguished in its typical state by the shorter calyx as Jbroad as long, with the
triangular teeth acute or with a thickened tip, not ending in a pale spine ; but there
x x 2
676 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Stachys.
are specimens difficult to refer to either one. The specimens described by Bentham
under the names of sericea, vestita, splendens and melisscefolia, are so mixed up that
it is useless to individualize them. Corolla colour as of S. sericea; tube exserted
or not.
**
Herbs, stem ^-angled. Whorls few-fld. ; bracts minute.
4. S. oblong-ifolia, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 64, Lab. 545,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 474; erect, pubescent or villous, leaves shortly
petioled oblong-lanceolate subacute crenate-serrate, floral longer than
the calyx, whorls 2-6-fld. all distant, calyx ^ in. villous, teeth
triangular or lanceolate, tips setaceous, corolla-tube included. Wall. Cat.
2076, in 'part.
Plains of Bengal. Assam and Silhet ; in wet places, Wallich, &c.
Annual. Stem 1-2 ft., scabrid below. Leaves 2-3 by £-1 in., base broadly
cordate; petiole J-f in., floral sessile. Whorls §-f in. diam., never spicate. Calyx
variable, sometimes short and cupular with very broad teeth. Corolla very sma 11,
pink. Nutlets subglobose, smooth. — The form of the leaves best distinguishes this
from 8. melisscefolia.
5. S. palustris, Linn. ; erect, stem scabrid or hispid with reversed
hairs, leaves sessile narrowly oblong- or ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrate,
base rounded or cordate, floral longer than the calyx, whorls sub-6-lld. all .
distant, calyx \ in. hispid, teeth lanceolate, tips spinescent, corolla- tube
included. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 470; Boiss. PI. Orient, iv. 7-0;
Reichb. Ic. PI. Germ. t. 1211.
Westeen Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft.; Thomson. — Disteib. N. and W.
Asia, Europe, N. America.
Herbaceous, 1-2 ft., perennial. Leaves 3-4 by |-1 in., floral leafy. Whorls
£-1 in. diam., never spicate. Calyx-teeth equalling the tube. Corolla small, pink.
Nutlets broadly obovoid, nearly smooth.
6. S. sylvatica, Linn. ; stem erect hispidly hairy, leaves long-
petioled broadly ovate-cordate serrate softly hairy, floral sessile longer than
the calyx, whorls few-fld., calyx £ in., teeth triangular, tips acicular, corolla
small, tube exserted. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 469 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
726; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1211, 1232.
Westeen Himalaya; Kashmir, Falconer. — Disteib. Europe and N. Asia.
Foetid when bruised. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem 1-3 ft., rather
slender. Leaves 2-4 in., radical early withering; petiole of lower often longer.
Whorls glandular-hairy. Corolla \ in. long, pink. Nutlets subglobose.
^ 7. S. scaberula, Vatke in Bot. Zeit. 1875, 462 ; erect, stem scabrid
with reversed hairs, leaves petioled ovate-cordate acuminate crenate pubes-
cent, floral longer than the calyx sessile, whorls 4-6-fld. distant or upper
crowded, calyx £ in. glandular-pubescent, teeth triangular acuminate, corolla-
tube exserted.
Khasia Mts. ; banks of the Kala Panee, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. S. Sf T. T.
Rootstock slender, creeping; stem 1-2 ft., simple or branched. Leaves 1-2 in.,
broadly cordate, beneath subscaberulous ; petiole £-ff in., scabrid. Calyx broadly
campanulate, teeth shorter than the tube. Corolla § in. long, white dotted with
pink. Nutlets subglobose, smooth.
#*# Shrubs or undershrubs, stems terete or nearly so.
8. S. tibetica, Vatke in Bot. Zeit. 1875, 447 ; glabrous or puberulous,
much branched, branches slender, leaves shortly petioled oblong ovate lau-
Siachye,] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 677
ceolate or linear entire or irregularly lobed, whorls 1-2- fld. all axillary.
Stacliys, n. 8, Serb. Lnd. Or. LT.f. Sf T.
Western Tibet and Northern Kashmir, alt. 10-14,000 ft. ; Thomson, &c—
Distrib. Kasbgar.
RootstocJc stout, woody ; stems 1-2 ft., twiggy, much branched. Leaves |-1| iu.,
obtuse, narrowed into the petiole or sessile, green. Floioers sessile. Calyx \ in.,
campanulate, glabrous or villous ; teeth as long as the tube, triangular ; tips long,
pubescent, erect or spreading. Corolla f-1 in., long, pink, pubescent ; tube thrice
as long as the calyx ; upper lip long, narrow. Nutlets \ in., broadly obovoid-oblong.
— Near the Persian 8. macrocheilos, but the tube of the corolla is much longer than
the calyx.
9. S. parviflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 490; densely clothed with
flocculent white wool, leaves sessile thick elliptic oblong or oblong-ovate or
-lanceolate subacute entire or serrate, floral far exceeding the flowers,
whorls distant 2-4-fld., calyx £-£ in. densely woolly cupular, teeth short
acute, corolla very small. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 740.
Panjab Plains and Hills, from the Jbelum eastwards and northwards to
Murree. — Distrib. Affghanistan.
Erect, branched from the base and upwards ; stem and branches very stout, nearly
terete. Leaves 1-3 in., extremely variable, glabrous and shining or cottony above,
upper woolly all over. Calyx immersed in wool, fruiting closed over the nutlets with
the teeth incurved. Corolla red-purple ; lips very small, upper short rounded.
Nutlets enclosed in the ovoid or subglobose calyx, usually 2, turgid, plano-convex,
£ in. long, grey, granulate.
40. GALEOPSIS, Linn.
Annuals. Whorls many-fld., axillary and in terminal leafy spikes.
Calyx 5-nerved ; teeth 5, subequal, spinescent. Corolla-tube straight, not
annulate ; throat dilated ; upper lip arched, lower 3-fid, midlobe obcordate
or 2-fid ; palate with erect teeth at the union of the lips. Stamens 4,
exserted ; anther-cells transversely 2-valved, inner valve rounded, ciliate ;
outer larger, naked. Nutlets rounded, compressed, subreticulate. — Species
3, Europe, N. and W. Asia.
Cr. Tetrahit, Linn. ; hispid, nodes thickened, calyx-teeth equalling or
exceeding the tube. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 198. Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
t. 1231.
Sikkim Himalaya ; fields at Lachen, alt. 11-12,000 ft., J. L\ B.— Distrib.
of the genus. ~
Stem 1-3 ft., hairs spreading and deflexed, nodes very hispid. ' Leaves 1-4 in.,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate. Calyx £-f in., teeth
straight. Corolla |-1£ in., yellow and purple.
41. LEONURUS, Linn.
Erect, leafy, stout herbs. Leaves lobed. Whorls axillary, dense-fid.,
distant ; bracts subulate, flowers small. Calyx 5-nerved, turbinate ; teeth
5, spreading, spinescent. Corolla-tube naked or annulate within, upper lip
entire, erect; lower 3-fid, midlobe obcordate. Stamens 4; anthers con-
niving, cells transverse. Style-lobes obtuse or subulate. Nutlets trique-
trous, truncate, smooth. — Species 10, Europe, Asia and America.
* Corolla-tube annulate within, upper lip fiattish, narrowed at the base,
lower spreading, midlobe entire.
678 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leonurus.
1. Zi. Cardiaca, Linn. ; leaves lanceolate ovate or orbicular lacerate or
pinnatifid, corolla with the galea densely villous. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii.
500; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 753 ; Reichb. Jc. Fl. Germ. t. 1232, 1233.
Tempeeate Westebn Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-10,000 ft.
— Disteib. Europe, N. Asia and Asia Minor.
Root stock stout. Stem 2-4 ft., stout, erect. Leaves very variable, close set,
radical long-petioled, 1-3 in. long, often as broad, base cuneate, lower sometimes
multifid, upper palmately lobed. Whorls very many ; bracts large, lower petioled ;
bracteoles subulate. Calyx £ in., teetb triangular, spines long. Corolla I in., rosy
or white. Nutlets smooth.
L. Cardiaca proper ; leaves cordate- ovate serrate or lacerate pubescent or villous
beneath.
Vae. pubescens; leaves elliptic-lanceolate coarsely serrate finely pubescent.
L. pubescens, Benth. in Wall. Fl. As. Ear. i. 63, and Lab. 518, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 499 ; Wall. Cat. 2072.— Kashmir to Kumaon.
Vae. Royleana; leaves ovate-lanceolate rhomboid or orbicular or obovate, base
rounded or cordate pinnatifidly cut white-tomeutose beneath. L. Koyleanus, Benth.
II. c. ; Wall. Cat. 2073.— Kashmir to Sciude.
** Corolla-tube straight, not annulate ; upper lip arched, lower sub-
erect or with the midlobe alone spreading ibcordate or 2-Jld.
2. Ii. sibiricus, Linn.; glabrous or pubescent, leaves pinnati- or
palmati-partite, segments linear incised, galea of corolla pubescent. Benth.
in DC. Prodr. xii. 501 j Wall. Cat. 2071; Sm. Exot. Pot. ii. 67, t. 94;
Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. hi. 204. L. tartaricus, Burnt. Fl. Ind. 127 ; Roxb.
Fl. Lnd. hi. 8 {not Linn.). L. heterophyllus, Sweet I. c. ii. 197. Stachys
Artemisiae, Lour. Fl. Coch. 365.
Plains of India ; from Bengal and Silhet to Coorg, indigenous ?— Disteib. Tropical
Asia, Africa and America.
Annual. Stems 2-6 ft. Leaves 2-4 in., long-petioled, 3-multi-partite, upper
floral entire, all pale beneath ; petiole slender. Whorls numerous ; bracts equalling
the calyx, spiuescent. Calyx % in* ; teeth spinescent. Corolla red. Stamens
exserted. Nutlets smooth (hispid, Benth.).
42. LAMIUM, Linn.
Annual or perennial hairy herbs. Whorls axillary, many-fld. or in leafy
heads, bracteoles 0 or subulate. Calyx 5-nerved ; teeth 5, equal or the
upper longer. Corolla-tube annulate or not within, throat dilated ; upper
lip arched ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, midlobe broad contracted at the base.
Stamens 4 ; anthers conniving ; cells diverging. Style-lobes subulate.
Nutlets triquetrous, truncate, smooth, scaly or tubercled. — Species 40,
Europe, Temp. Asia and N. Africa.
1. Ii. rhomboideum, Benth. Lab. 509, and in DC. Prodr. 504;
dwarf, densely softly velvety, leaves very large crowded rhomboid rugose
crenate, flowers very large, corolla thrice as long as the calyx, anthers
hirsute. Dene, in Jacqucm. Voy. Bot. t. 135. Erianthera rhomboidea,
Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 380.
Alpine Westeen Himalaya and Westeen Tibet; in stony debris from
Kashmir to Kunawur, alt. 12-15,000 ft.— Disteib. Affghanistan, Turkestan.
Stem 6-12 in., very stout, often as thick as a goose-quill, more slender helow where
it is sunk deep in the ground, flexuous, densely tomentose, rarely divided. Leaves,
lower small, upper 2-4 in. diam., base suddenly contracted into a very thick short
woolly petiole ; veins fiabellate and reticulate, crenatures shallow or deep. Bracts
Lamium.] cxn. labiat^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 679
subulate. Ftoioers few, 1^ in. long-, subsessile. Calyx f in., woolly ; teeth lanceolate.
Corolla purplish ; tube straight, naked within ; galea broad, woolly ; lateral lobes
ovate, entire. — A most remarkable plant.
2. Xi. amplexicaule, Linn. ; annual, leaves petioled orbicular inciso-
crenate, whorls distant, calyx small pubescent, teeth equalling the tube
converging in fruit, corolla-tube long slender nearly straight. Wall. Cat.
2074; Don Prodr. Ill ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 508; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 760; Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1204, f. 2.
The Panjab, Temperate Himalaya and Western Tibet ; in fields, alt.
2-10,000 ft.— Distrib. N. and W. Asia, Europe, N. Africa.
Hairy or glubrescent, 4-10 in., branched from the base. Leaves ^— | in. , lower
long-petioled, almost lobulate ; base rounded or cordate ; floral sessile, broader than
long. Corolla § in., or shorter, very slender, rosy, pubescent. Nutlets scaly.
3. Zi. album, Linn. ; perennial, glabrous or hispidly hairy, leaves all
petioled ovate-cordate crenate or serrate, upper whorls crowded lower dis-
tant, calyx-teeth longer than the tube, points long, corolla-tube curved
gibbous at the base below. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 510; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 763 ; Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1205. L. petiolatum, Boyle ex
Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 381, Lab. 513, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 509.
Temperate Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5-10,000 ft.
— Distrib. N. and W. Asia, Europe, N. Africa.
Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous ; stem 6-18 in., ascending. Leaves 1-3 in.,
lower long-petioled, rarely incised ; floral shortly petioled. Calyx glabrous or hispid
with long hairs ; teeth triangular-subulate, ciliate or not. Corolla f-1 in. ; upper
lip vaulted, villous ; lateral lobes various, with or without a minute basal tooth j ring
in the tube oblique, tube constructed below it. Nutlets naked.
43. ROYLEA, Wall.
A tall hoary undershrub. Leaves shortly petioled, deeply crenate-
toothed or lobed. Whorls all axillary, 6-10-M. ; bracteoles small, subulate.
Calyx 10-nerved, lobes 5, large, obovate-oblong, obtuse, rigid, reticulate.
Corolla-tube included, annulate within ; upper lip erect, entire ; lower
spreading, 3-fid, midlobe entire. Stamens 4, ascending; anthers conniving,
cells diverging. Style-lobes subequal. Nutlets obovuid-oblong, obtuse,
smooth.
R. eleg-ans, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 57, t. 74, and Cat. 2069 ; Benth.
Lab. 601, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 516. Phlomis calycina, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
2. Ballota cinerea, Don Prodr. 111.
Subtropical Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 2-5000 ft.,
Wallioh, &c.
Much branched, 3-5 ft. high ; branches slender, terete, finely tomentose. Leaves
1-1J in., ovate, tomentose beneath, base cuneate ; petiole £-£ in. Fruiting calyx
|- 1 in., tube deeply ribbed, lobes as long. Corolla narrow, $ in., white or pinkish.
Nutlets | in. — Odour of lemons.
44. OTOSTEGIA, Benth.
Shrubs. Whorls axillary, many-fld. ; outer bracteoles often spinescent.
Calyx 10-nerved ; limb dilated, membranous ; upper lip very short, 3-angled
or -toothed ; lower very large, broad, angled or shortly 4-toothed. Corolla-
tube included, annulate within; upper lip erect, concave, crown villous;
680 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Otostegia.
lower spreading, 3-fid, midlobe broad. Stamens 4, ascending ; anthers con-
niving, cells at length divaricate. Style subequally 2-fid. Nutlets o bo void,
obtnse. — Species 8, Oriental.
O. limbata, Benth. mss.; hoary, leaves snbsessile elliptic-lanceolate
obtuse quite entire nerveless, bracts spinescent. Ballota limbata, Benth.
Lab. 743, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 521.
Panjab; lower hills in rocky places west of the Jhelum to the Salt range,
Falconer, Jacquemont, &c.
A small grey spiny bnsh; branches tornentose, white, terete; spines £-f in.
Leaves 1 in., base narrowed, hoary on both surfaces, floral exceeding the calyces.
Whorls distant; lower bracts spinescent, upper dilated, pungent. Calyx villous,
throat bearded ; flowering £ in., turbinate, with a broad membranous 5-toothed limb,
which in fruit expands into a reticulated 5-angled cup, § in. diam., with often toothed
margins. Corolla $ in., tube short ; upper lip very long, villous. Stamens exserted.
Nutlets \ in., solitary ?, flattened, smooth. '
45. XiEUCAS, Br.
Woolly or villous rarely glabrate herbs or undershrubs. Whorls
axillary, usually distant. Calyx 10-nerved, striate ; mouth equal or
oblique, equally or unequally 6-10-toothed. Corolla-tube included, annu-
late or not within ; upper lip erect, concave, crown villous ; lower spreading,
3-fid, midlobe very large. Stamens 4, ascending ; anthers conniving, cells
divaricate at length confluent. Style subulate, posterior lobe obsolete.
Nutlets ovoid, triquetrous, obtuse. — Species 50, Asiatic and African.
Sect. 1. Herr.istoma. Calyx membranous, mouth oblique, split
above, produced beiow. Whorls dense, many-fid., bracteoles equalling
the calyx.
1. Zi. urticaefolia, Br. Prodr. 504; annual, leaves ovate coarsely
toothed, whorls remote globose, calyx cylindric reticulated ^-| in. pubescent
or villous, lower lip truncate, teeth minute. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii.
524 ; Wight III. t. 176 b. f . 10, and Ic. 1. 1451 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 212 ;
Boiss. PI. Orient, iv. 778. L. membranacea, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2052.
Phlomis urticsefolia, Vahl Symb. iii. 76 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 11.
Upper Gangetic Plain; from Patna to the Panjab, and southward to Scinde,
Coromandel and Malabae.— Disteib. Beluchistan, Arabia, Abyssinia.
Annual. Stem 6-18 in., hoary. Leaves 2-3 in., petioled, glabrous or hoary.
Whorls 1 in. diam. ; bracts ciliate. Corolla white, not annulate.
Sect. 2. Ortholeucas. Calyx straight, mouth nearly equal, throat
naked; teeth 10, triangular, subulate or lanceolate. Whorls numerous,
axillary ; bracts usually minute, setaceous (long in 4. Helferi, 13. marru-
bioides and 15. pubescens).
* Perennial rooted. Branches terete. Calyx-teeth not i the length of
the tube.
2. Zi. teres, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 62, Lab. 608, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 526; shrubby, hoary-pubescent, branches very slender terete,
leaves very shortly petioled elliptic obtuse subserrate, whorls few-fid., bracts
minute, calyx-teeth minute subulate. Wall. Cat. 2060.
Burma ; banks of the Irawaddi, Wallich.
Branches long, hairs deflexed. Leaves |-1 in., scaberulous above, tornentose
is.] cxii. LABiATiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 681
beneath ; petiole | in. Calyx shortly pedicelled, £-£ in. Corolla very small.
Nutlets T's in.
3. L. nepeteefolia, Pew^A. i» TFM PZ. As. liar. i. 62, Z<z5. 609, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 527 ; shrubby, tomentose, branches terete, leaves petioled
orbicular-ovate obtuse coarsely crenate, whorls few-fid., bracts setaceous,
calyx-teeth triangular. Watl. Cat. 2526.
Deccan Peninsula; at Pullejmadam ("in a journey to Hydrabad," ex
Bottler mss.).
Branches hoary ; hairs spreading, yellow. Leaves 1-1| in., pubescent above,
tomentose beneath ; petiole ^ in., very slender. Calyx £-J in., villous; teeth short.
Corolla small. Nutlets -j'g-^ in., grey,
4. Xi. Helferi, Hook. f. ; floccose with soft spreading white wool or
glabrate, stem procumbent very slender flexuous terete, leaves shortly
petioled ovate obtuse crenate, whorls few-fid., bracts slender short or long,
calyx \ in. villous, teeth subulate spreading.
Tenasserim; Heifer.
Stem 1-2 ft., wiry, sparingly branched ; wool on branches and leaves very fine
and long, easily removed. Leaves |-1 in., membranous, sometimes silky beneath ;
petiole |-^ in., very slender. Corolla very small. — The specimens are far from
satisfactory.
** Perennial rooted. Branches 4-angled, hairs on them erect or spread-
ing (not deflexed). Calyx-teeth not I the length of the tube.
5. Xi. lanata, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 61, Lab. 607, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 525 ; everywhere densely softly woolly or subsilky,
branches stout, their hairs erect, leaves mostly sessile thick ovate or oblong
obtuse or acute crenate, whorls many-fid., bracts setaceous, calyx truncate,
teeth minute erect. Wall. Cat. 2055. L. collina, Dalz. in Hook. Kew
Journ. ii. 338; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 211. Marrubium mollissimum,
Don Prodr. 112.
Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 3-8000 ft. Banda;
JEdgeworth. Behae ; on Parusnath, J. D. S., &c. Deccan Peninsula, dry hills
in the west from the Concan to the Nilghiris. — Distbib. S. China.
RootstocJc stout, woody ; stem 2-3 ft., often woody ; branches stout, obtusely
4-angled. Leaves 1-3 in., lower shortly petioled, sometimes silky beneath, nerves
above impressed. Whorls dense-fid. Calyx-teeth variable, always very short. —
Dalzell's L. collina is in no point different enough to be a marked variety ; some states
of it have the leaves beautifully silky beneath. The Parusnath specimens have a
smaller calyx and browner more scurfy torn en turn on the branches. The hairs of the
branches at once distinguish this from L. montana. A variety with longer setaceous
calyx-teeth and bracts half as long as the calyx, is in Dalzell's Herbarium, marked
" L. zeylanica."
*** Perennial rooted. Branches 4-angled, hairs on them deflexed (also
spreading in L. jpilosa). Calyx-teeth not \ the length of the tube.
f Whorls many -fid. ; few-fid. in impoverished states and varieties of
some.
6. Xi. chinensis, Br. Prodr. 504 ; densely tomentose, leaves shortly
petioled broadly ovate acute or obtuse crenate, whorls few-fid., calyx ^-| in.
funnel-shaped, teeth equal spreading broadly triangular, tip spinulose.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 524 ; Wall. Cat. 2b27. Phlomis chinensis,
lietz Obs. ii. 19.
682 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leucas.
South Deccan; Pulney Hills, Wight; Anamallay and Balarangar Hills,
Beddome. — Distrib. China.
Somewhat shrubby, sometimes only hoary. Leaves l-2£ in., membranous or
coriaceous, upper sessile ; , petiole J-j in. Calyx pedicelled ; bracts setaceous. —
Calyx of the section Astrodon, but the mouth not villous, and the bracts are
minute.
Var. lanata ; densely clothed with woolly tomentum, calyx-teeth not awned. —
Vellyengry Hill, Wight. — As densely clothed as L. lanata.
7. Xi. montana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 742 ; shrubby, all over densely softly
woolly or tomentose, leaves thick shortly petioled ovate or ovate-rotundate
obtuse crenate, whorls many-fid., calyx £-§■ in. subcylindric, teeth minute
erect. Wall. Cat. 2056 ; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 61, Lab. 607,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 525. ? L. Hamiltoniana, Benth. II. c. ; Wall. Cat.
2525. Phlomisvmontana, Both Nov. Sp. 263 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 8.
Deccan Peninsula ; Heyne, Wight. Pulney Hills and Bellary, Beddome.
Behak ; Monghir, Hamilton ; on Parusnath, alt. 4,5000 ft., Clarice.
Lower branches woody, upper 4-gonous, with deflexed hairs. Leaves 1-2 in.,
velvety; petiole 0-| in. Calyx subsessile ; bracts minute. — I doubt if it is possible
to determine by descriptions what Roth's Phlomis montana was. In Bottler's Her-
barium there is under this name a mixture of several things. I doubt the species
being distinct from L. mollissima. L. Hamiltoniana, Benth., is I think referable
here.
Var. Wightii; calyx \ in. long. L. montana, Herb. Wt. propr.
8. Ii. mollissima, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 62, and Cat. 2054 ; slender,
much branched, hoary -tomentose, leaves sessile or shortly petioled ovate-
lanceolate or ovate acute rarely obtuse serrate, calyx J-£ in. tomentose or
woolly cylindric straight, teeth very short usually slender. Benth. Lab.
607, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 525. L. pilosa, var. pubescens, Benth. in Wall.
and DC. II. e.
Subtropical Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Kumaon, Falconer, &c. Khasia.
Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., Griffith, &c. The Concan, Stocks, &c. Central India ;
Chota Nagpore, Clarke. Ceylon ; N. of the island, Gardner. — Distrib. China.
More slender than L. montana, and never so densely woolly, with more acute
calyx-teeth; but these are sometimes very short and broad.
Bentham describes the flower as " white ? but oftener purple."
Var. scaberula ; more glabrous, calyx hispid. — Central India and Khasia Mts.,
Clarke.
Var. angustifolia ; puberulous, very slender, leaves membranous linear-lanceolate
subentire. L. angustifolia, Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 62 ; Cat. 2064 ; Benth. in DC. I. c.
527.— Nepal, Wallich.
Var. strigosa; branches very slender and leaves above strigosely pubescent,
leaves sessile elliptic- or linear- lanceolate subacute subserrate tomentose beneath,
whorls few-fld. L. strigosa, Benth. in Wall. I. c, Lab. 608, and in DC. I. c.
526; Wall. Cat. 2059.— Burma; at Prome, Wallich. Bangoon, M'Clelland.
9. Xi. ovata, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 61, Lab. 607, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 525 ; branches long slender tomentose, leaves large sessile broadly
ovate-cordate subcrenate, tip rounded, pubescent above, woolly beneath,
whorls many-fid., bracts minute, calyx \ in. straight villous, teeth minute,
tips acicular. Wall. Cat. 2057.
Burma ; banks of the Irawaddi, Wallich.
This may be another forin of L. mollissima, but is a very different-looking
plant.
Branches 3 ft., 4-angled ; hairs deflexed. Leaves 3 by 2 in., very obscurely
crenate. — Described from a single specimen.
Leucas.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 683
10. Zi. pilosa, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 62, Lab. 609, and in
DC Prodr. xii. 526 (excl. var. /3) ; branches very slender with appressed
deflexed and long spreading hairs, leaves petioled membranous ovate acumi-
nate coarsely serrate sparsely hairy on both surfaces, upper sessile, whorls
few-fl 1., calyx \ in. straight hispid, teeth very short, tips acicular. Wall.
Cat. 2058.
Hr/RMA; banks of the Irawaddi, Wallich.
Branches long, leaves and whorls very distant. Leaves 3 by \\ in. ; petiole ^in.
— Described from a single specimen j the long spreading hairs are quite unlike those of
any other species in this section.
ft Whorls l-2-Jld.
11. Zi. procumbens, JDesf. in Mem. Mus. xi. 7, t. 3 ; procumbent,
nearly glabrous, branches very long and slender, leaves petioled membra-
nous elliptic-ovate or lanceolate acute subserrate, flowers 1-3 pedicelled,
bracts minute, calyx ^-% in. straight glabrous, teeth short lanceolate .acumi-
nate. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 62, Lab. 610, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 527, in part. L. biflora, Wall. Cat. 2063, in part. Phlomis biflora,
Boxb. Fl. Lnd. iii. 12, in part.
Bengal Plains ; Roxburgh, &c. Canara ; Ritchie, &c. Mysore ; Heyne,
&c.
Branches horn a woody rootstock, 2-3 ft. ; angles and tips puberulous. Leaves
J— 1 i in., base acute; petiole £-| in. Calyx with the pedicel sometimes half as long
as the tube.
#### Perennial rooted. Calyx-teeth |-£ the length of the tube.
12. Zi. biflora, Br. Prodr. 504; procumbent, pubescent, branches
long slender, leaves petioled ovate elliptic or oblong coarsely serrate or
crenate, flowers 1-2 subsessile, bracts minute, calyx |-£ in. straight hispid,
teeth subulate i-| the length of the tube. Wall. Cat. 2529 ; Benth. in
Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 62, Lab. 610, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 527 ; Wight Ic.
t. 866 (bad); Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 153; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 211./
L. procumbens, Thwaites Enum. 240. Phlomis biflora, Vahl Symb. iii. 77 ;
Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 12. Nepeta indica, Burm. Fl. Lnd. 126, and Thes. Zeyl.
t. 63, f. 1.
Deccan Peninsula, in dry places from the Concan southward. Ceylon ;
from the sea to 8000 ft., Thwaites.
Habit and foliage of L. procumbens, distinguished by its pubescence and long
calyx-teeth, and native country.
13. Zi. marrubioides, Desf. in Mem. Mus. xi. 6, t. 3, f. 1 ; stem
very stout, leaves sessile or shortly petioled thick ovate rounded or broadly
ovate-cordate crenate velvety above densely white woolly beneath, whorls
densely many-fid., calyx woolly, teeth subulate \-\ as long as the tube.
Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 61, Lab. 611, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 528;
Thwaites Enum. 240.
West Deccan Peninsula, on the Ghats from the Concan to Travancore.
Ceylon, common.
Stem 1-2 ft., simple or sparingly branched, densely white-tomentose with reflexed
or spreading hairs. Leaves 1-2 in. long and broad, or more ovate, rarely acute,
often rugose above, white beneath ; petiole \-% in., stout. Whorls very dense and
woolly or silky; bracts villous, often equalling the calyx-tube. Calyx-teeth very
variable in length.
684 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leucas.
Vae. pulneyensis ; leaves ovate acute not so thick, calyx less densely tomentose,
teeth flexuous as long as the tube.— Pulney Mts., Wight.
14. Zi. ang-ularis, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 62, Lab. 608,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 526; pubescent or tomentose, branches long ascend-
ing or erect, leaves shortly petioled subacute or obtuse coarsely crenate-ser-
rate or toothed, whorls few- or many-fid., bracts minute, calyx £ in. hispid,
teeth very slender ciliate half as long as the tube. L. pubescens, Thwaites
Enum. 240.
Nilghiei Hills ; Wight, kc. Ceylon; Walker, &c. — Disteib. Java.
Stem and branches rather slender, several feet Ions:, straggling. Leaves 1-2 in.,
pubescent on both surfaces ; petiole £- 1 in. Whorls lax-fld. ; flowers shortly
pedicelled, bracts subulate. — L. javanica, var. Horsfieldiana, of Java appears to
be this.
15. Zi. pubescens, Benth. Lab. 610, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 628 ;
pubescent or tomentose, rather stout, erect, leaves petioled rounded or ovate
coarsely crenate-serrate. whorls densely many-fld., bracts linear nearly as
long as the calyx or less, calyx \ in. hispid, teeth subulate ciliate half as
long as the tube. L. marrubioides, Wall. Cat. 2524.
Decoan Peninsula ; Wight. Pulney Hills, Beddome.
Differs from L. angularis in the stouter erect habit, usually rounder longer-petioled
leaves, and especially in the long ciliate bracts.
***** Annuals. Stem 4-angled.
16. Zi. flaccida, Br. Prodr. 505 ; pubescent or tomentose, branched
from the base, branches weak, hairs deflexed, leaves membranous long-petioled
ovate or oblong obtuse crenate, whorls few-fid., bracts minute, calyx i in.
hairy or villous, teeth £ the length of the tube, alternate ones with capillary
points. Benth. Lab. 609, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 526. L. parviflora, Benth.
in Wall. PI. As. Bar. I. c. ; Wall. Cat. 2061. L. melissasfolia, Benth. in
Wall. I. c. L.' melissaeflora, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2062. L. decemdentata,
Smith in Bees Cyclop. ; Benth. in DC. I. c.
Burma and Tenassebim ; Wallich, Griffith. — Disteib. Siam, Malay and
Pacific Islands, Australia, W. Indies (introduced).
A slender flaccid annual ; stem 6-8 in. ; hairs on stem deflexed. Leaves 1-2 in.,
base cuneate; petiole |-1 in., very slender. Calyx slightly curved, pedicelled.
Corolla-tube much exserted.
17. Zi. longrifolia, Benth. Lab. 744, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 527 ; erect,
branched above, scaberulous or hispid, leaves sessile narrowly linear quite
entire, whorls few-fld., bracts minute, calyx i in. sessile hispid turbinate
truncate, teeth minute. Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 153 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
PI. 210.
The Concan ; at Poona, &c, Jacquemont, Stocks, &c.
A foot high, rigid ; stem naked below ; hairs erect or spreading. Leaves lf-2£
by -jk— \ in., obtuse or subacute: Calyx-mouth villous. Corolla | in., tube exserted ;
upper lip very short, lower very much longer and broader. — An unmistakable
species.
Sect. 3. Astrodon. Calyx straight, mouth equal, throat villous ;
teeth 10, usually steJlately spreading. Whorls terminal and axillary,
densely many-fld. ; bracteoles usually about equallihg the calyx (setaceous
in L. suffruticosa). (See also 28. L. stricta and 34. diffusa.)
Leucas.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 685
* Leaves quite entire.
18. Xi. suffruticosa, Benth. Lab. 611, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 528 ;
a low shrub, branches densely fulvous-tomentose and hispid, leaves 1 in.
sessile coriaceous linear obtuse hispid above white-tomentose beneath,
whorls 1-2 terminating very long scapiform branches, calyx £ in. villous
turbinate, teeth spinulose erect. Wight Ic. t. 1454.
South Deccan; Nilghiri Hills, common in pastures, alt. 7000 ft., Wight, kc.
Anamallay Hills, JBeddome.
Rootstock very long and stout ; branches ascending, rigid, terete, 4-6 in. (without
the scape), appressed hairs erect, bristles spreading. Leaves quite entire, margins
recurved. Scapes 6-10 in., tomentose only. Whorls |-1 in. diam., with one or a
pair of floral leaves ; bracts setaceous, half the length of the calyx. Calyx sessile,
villi of throat shorter than the teeth. Corolla-tube included, galea most densely
villous. Nutlets £ in., oblong, terete, smooth.
19. Xi. rosmarinirolia, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 61, Lab.
612, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 528 ; a low excessively branched strigosely
tomentose shrub, leaves 1 in. sessile fascicled linear obtuse softly villous
beneath, whorls 1-2 terminating short scapiform branches, calyx i in.
turbinate hispidly villous, teeth very minute erect. Wall. Cat. 2521 ;
Wight Lc. t. 1455.
Nilghiri Mts.; alt. 7-8000 ft., in any soil, Wight, &c.
Stem woody, terete, fastigiately branched, hairs erect. Leaves ^-^ in. diam.,
rigid, grey; margins quite entire, revolute. Whorls often solitary, |-1 in. diam.,
hemispheric, villous, with a pair of floral leaves ; bracts linear, rigid, nearly equalling
the calyx. Calyx sessile, closing over the fruit, villi of throat white, much
exceeding the teeth. Nutlets oblong, T'0 in., obtusely trigonous.
20. Xi. helianthemifolia, Desf. in Mem. Mus. xi. 2, 1. 1, f. 1 ; a low
shrub, densely softly subsilkily villous (white or buff) tomentose, leaves
opposite and ternate f-1? in. sessile coriaceous linear-oblong obtuse, whorls
few few-fid., calyx \ in. turbinate densely woolly, teeth minute erect. Benth.
Lab. 612, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 528. L. ternifolia, Desf. I. c. t. 1, f . 2 ;
Bent. II. c. ; Wight Lc. t. 1453.
South Deccan; Pulney, Nilghiri and Anamallay Hills, alt. 5-7000 ft.,
Wight, &c.
Stem woody, terete, much branched ; branches 6-12 in., rigid, erect ; hairs
spreading or erect. Leaves £-^ in. diam., sometimes narrowed from the middle
downwards ; margin revolute, quite entire. Whorls ^-f in. broad, often crowded,
dense-fld. ; bracts almost equalling the calyx, subulate, tomentose. Calyx sessile,
villi of the mouth as long as the teeth. Corolla very short. Nutlets | in., oblong.
21. Xi. laencesefolia, Desf. in Mem. Mus. xi. 5, t. 2, f. 2; tall, erect*
shrubby, stem stout rufous-tomentose, leaves 3-4 in. petioled coriaceous
lanceolate subacute scaberulous above white-tomentose beneath, nerves
distinct, whorls axillary many- and dense-fld., calyx £ in. campanulate
pubescent or tomentose, teeth minute spinulose spreading. Benth. Lab.
61, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 612; Wight Lc. t. 1452. L. lanciformis, Wall.
Cat. 2759.
Nilghiri Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft., Wight, &c, common.
Tall, 6-8 ft., very stout, "forming great clumps" (Wight); stem terete, hairs
erect. Leaves ^-1 in. diam., subacute, dark 'above when dry, grey beneath with
reddish silky veins ; floral similar. Whorls 1 in. diam. ; bracts linear-lanceolate,
shorter than the calyx. Calyx sessile, hairs of mouth shorter than the teeth.
Corolla small, tube included.
686 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leucas.
** Leaves more or less serrate or crenate.
22. Zi. stellig-era, Wall. PL As. Ear. i. 61, and Cat. 2049; her-
baceous, erect, branched, pubescent or tomentose, leaves 2-4 in. shortly
petioled elliptic-lanceolate subacute obtusely serrate, whorls large crowded
many- and dense-fld., calyx £-f in. tubular-campanulate scabrid or tomen-
tose, teeth thick triangular subulate spreading and recurved longer than
tne villi of the mouth. Benth. Lab. 61, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 529; Dalz.
Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 211. L. hamatula, Am. Pugill. PI. Ind. Or. 37;
Benth. in DC. I. c.
Ceylon ; on the^ Ghats, Dalzell; Warree country, Stocks; Belgaum, Ritchie.
Stem 2-3 ft. ; branches obtusely 4-gonous, hairs spreading. Leaves £-§ in. diam.,
green, scaberulous or glabrate above, pubescent beneath, narrowed iuto the petiole.
Whorls 1— 1| in. diam. ; bracts linear-lanceolate, nearly as long as the calyx. Calyx
very variable in size, fruiting membranous, naked below the middle j teeth rarely
spinescent, tomentose. Nutlets T'2 in., oblong.
23. Xi. eriostoma, Hook. f. ; suffruticose, hispidly hairy, woolly or
tomentose, leaves l§-4 in. shortly petioled narrowly linear-lanceolate or
oblong obtuse obtusely serrate, whorls axillary many- and dense-fld., bracts
equalling the calyx plumose or ciliate, calyx J-§ in. tubular-funnel-shaped
villous above the middle, teeth very minute much shorter than the dense
ring of white villi in the mouth. Phlomis eriostoma, Heyne mss.
Deccan Peninsula ; Western Ghats, from the Concan to the Nilghiris.
Branches 6-10 in., stout, nearly terete. Leaves very variable in length, nerves
unpressed above. Whorls £-f in. diam. Calyx naked below the middle. Corolla
very small, tube included. Nutlets -^ in., oblong. — There are several varieties
of this.
Vae. Heynii ; hispidly hairy on the branches and leaves, hairs spreading, leaves
2-3 in. — Wynaad, BZeyne.
Vae. longifolia ; hoary-tomentose, leaves 3-4 in. nearly glabrous. Herb.
Wight, &c.
Vae. latifolia ; very robust, villously tomentose, leaves broader elliptic oblong or
lanceolate, 2-3 by 1-1| in., whorls large globose 1J in. diam. Herb. Wight.
Vae. lanata; branches clothed with dense loug soft white spreading hairs,
leaves 1-1| in. oblong lanceolate villous on both surfaces. — Nilghiris and Bababoodan
Hills. — L. lepistoma, Herb. Wight.
Vae. Stocksii ; branches densely clothed as in var. lanata, but tomentum shorter
and whiter, leaves subsilky'beneath 1-1 1 in.
24. Xi. lamiifolia, Desf. in Mem. Mas. xi. 4, t. 2, f. 1 ; tall, shrubby
below, branches very stout square and petioles hirsute with long brown hairs,
leaves 3-5 in. shortly petioled ovate subacute crenate- serrate villous above
densely tomentose beneath, whorls subsolitary subglobose many- and dense-
fld., calyx £ in. subcampanulate villous, teeth slender erect longer than the
villi of the mouth ciliate, corolla-tube included. Benth. Lab. 613, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 529.
Nilghiei Hills, alt. 6500-7500 ft. ; Wight, &c.
Much the largest and largest-leaved species, 8 ft. high, branches \ in. diam.
Leaves l\-2% in. broad, base sometimes cordate. Whorls terminal, rarely 2 on the
same branch, 1| in. diam. ; bracts exceeding the calyx, outer linear-lanceolate, inner
filiform. Calyx membranous, teeth about \ the length of the tube, villi of the mouth
sparse. Corolla small. Nutlets \ in. long, oblong.
25. Xi. vestita, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 61, Lab. 613 {excl.
Silhet), and in DC. Prodr. xii. 530; tall, herbaceous, branches square and
petioles hirsute, leaves shortly petioled 2-4 in. ovate-lanceolate acute ser-
Leuca8.~] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 687
rate pubescent above tomentose beneath, whorls subsolitary and terminal
many- and dense-fid., calyx \-\ in. tubular narrowed below villous, teeth
slender erect ciliate longer than the villi of the mouth, corolla large. Wight
Ic. t.
South Deccan Peninsula ; Wight. Pulney and Balaramgan Hills (Mysore),
Beddome.
A more slender plant than L. lamiifolia, apparently annual, more sparsely hairy,
with narrower leaves, smaller heads, longer calyx and larger corolla.
Vae. oblongifolia ; shorter, stem woody below, leaves smaller l$-2 in. more
oblong and villous above. — Courtallam, Wight.
Vae. sericostoma ; branches with soft spreading hairs, leaves silkily villous,
calyx-teeth shorter than the long white silky hairs of the mouth. — Anaraallay Hills,
Beddome.
Vae. angustifolia ; tall, branches with soft spreading hairs, leaves 2-3 by \ in.
elliptic-lanceolate obtuse, calyx-teeth as long as two-thirds of the tube. — Sisparah,
Wight ; Palghat high range, Beddome.
26. Xi. hirta, Spreng. Syst. ii. 743 ; villously hirsute or scabrid, stem
woody below, leaves 1-2 in. sessile or shortly petioled elliptic or linear
oblong obtuse obscurely toothed, whorls solitary terminal, bracts as long as
the scabrid turbinate calyx, calyx-teeth recurved equalling or shorter than
the copious villi of the mouth. Benth. Lab. 613, and in DC. Prodr. xii.
530. L. helianthemifolia, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 61 ; Wall. Cat.
2053, non Desf. L. rufescens, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2053. Phlomis hirta,
Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 264.
Deccan Peninsula; Bangalore, Bottler ; Nilghiri, Mysore and Shevaghery
Hills, Wight.
Probably a dry country or locality form of L. vestita, much smaller, more scabridly
hirsute or villous, with very much smaller leaves and calyces and longer villi of the
mouth than the latter. The hairs on the branches are deflexed or spreading, rarely
appressed.
Vae. prostrata; smaller, more slender, branches prostrate or ascending, leaves
1-1 in. broadly ovate often petioled, villi of calyx-mouth shorter. — Anamallay and
Nilghiri Hills, alt. 6-8000 ft.
Vae. ? Beddomei ; erect, softly villous with spreading hairs, leaves 2-2^ in.
linear-oblong subsilkily villous on both surfaces, whorls iu several axils, calyx § in.,
teeth very small recurved triangular subulate spinescent longer than the villi of the
mouth. — Chambra Peek, Wynaad, alt. 5000 ft., Beddome.
27. Xi. ciliata, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 61, Lab. 614, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 530; stem and branches hirsute with spreading and
deflexed hairs, leaves petioled 2-4 in. ovate or lanceolate coarsely serrate
pubescent or glabrate, whorls globose large many- and dense-fid. terminal
and axillary, bracts as long as the calyx hirsute, calyx |-f in. tubular
scabrid or villous, teeth long slender patent or recurved, mouth wide naked
or ciliate. Wall. Cat. 2046 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 211.
Tempeeate Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 7-9000 ft., J. B. H. ;
Bhotan, Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. ; Wallich, &c. Deccan Penin-
sula; on the Ghats, from the Concan to Travancore.
A tall annual ? 1-3 ft. , stem branched, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves membra-
nous, narrowed at the base ; petiole £-f in. Whorls 1-1^ in. diam., crinite from the
slender long bracts and calyx-teeth. C tlyx very variable in size and hairiness, teeth
llexuous, ciliate, in small forms more than half as long as the tube. Corolla-tube
included. Nutlets -,'r£ in., oblong, smooth.
« Scr ia. Bracts usually as long as the calyx or
/^ nearly so. Cafy .le obconic or tubular, mouth very oblique, the
688 cxn. LABiATiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leucas.
upper part projecting forwards, throat glabrous or nearly so, teeth erect
(mouth straight in 28. strict a, 34. diffusa).
* Annuals. Whorls terminal or axillary. Calyx-teeth long and
slender.
28. Zi. stricta, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 61, Lab. 614, and in
DC Trodr. xii. 531 ; annual, slender, erect, hispidly hairy, leaves oblong-
lanceolate or linear, whorls solitary terminal, calyx \ in. hispid between
tubular and funnel-snaped nearly straight, teeth long very slender ciliate.
Wall. Cat. 2045. Phlomis stricta, Heyne mss.
Deccan Peninsula; Pullicat Mts., Heyne ; Sandstone Hills, N.E. of Belgauin,
Ritchie, &c. ; Bellary, Beddome.
Stem 6-10 in., branches acutely 4-gonous. Leaves |-1| in., obtuse, floral like
' the cauline, bracts filiform rigid ciliate. Calyx slightly hairy within ; teeth some-
times nearly as long as the tube, much longer than the villi of the mouth. Corolla-
tube included, upper lip very short, lower twice as large.
29. Xi. Clarkei, Hook. f. ; annual ? slender, sparsely appressedly
pubescent, branches ascending scabrid, leaves linear or linear-lanceolate
entire or subserrate, whorls terminal globose, calyx short £ in. pubescent
turbinate subdecurved, teeth very slender, 3 upper much the longest, mouth
laxly hairy.
Behae ; on Parusnath, alt. 1500 ft., Clarke.
Branches 1-2 ft., up-curved, 4-gonous, hairs short deflexed. Leaves 1-2 in.,
obtuse, floral many, like the cauline. Whorls subglobose, %-l in. diam. ; bracts
very slender, ciliate, tips and of calyx-teeth aciqular. Calyx broad; teeth rather
squarrose, scabrid, longer than the villi of the mouth. Corolla-tube included, upper
lip short, lower ^ in. long, widely spreading.
30. Zi. nutans, Spreng. Syst. ii. 743; annual, dwarf, diffusely
branched, laxly hairy, leaves 1-2 in. shortly petioled oblong or linear-oblong
obtuse subserrate, whorls terminal and axillary dense-fid., calyx ^ in.
falcately decurved hispid deeply striate, teeth subequal lanceolate ciliate.
Benth. Lab. 616, and in DC. Pro dr. xii. 532. L. decurva, Benth.
in Wall. PL As. Par. i. 60, and Cat. 2050. Phlomis nutans, ,Roth Nov.
Sp. 263.
N. and N.W. India, from the upper Gangetic plain to the Indus. Scinde;
Stocks. TheDECCAN; Heyne. Behae ; on Parusnath, Clarke. Buema; on the
Irawaddi, Wallich.
A small often straggling species. Leaves sometimes petioled. Whorls conspicuous
for the sharply decurved calyces, the teeth of which are less slender than in L.
Clarkei or martinicensis . Bracts ciliate, very slender. Calyx membranous, teeth
much longer than the hairs of the mouth. Corolla small.
31. Zi. martinicensis, Br. Prodr. 504 ; annual, tall, stout, scabe-
rulous, leaves 3-4 in. petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate obtuse coarsely
crenate-serrate, whorls axillary globose, bracts and calyx-teeth spinescent
ciliate, calyx £-§ in. pubescent tubular sigmoidly curved, teeth slender,
uppermost longest. Benth. in Wall. PL As. Par. i. 60, Lab. 617, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 533. L. polycephala, Wall. Cat. 2051.
Sporadic in India, doubtfully indigenous. The Deccan; from the Concan
southwards, Heyne, &c. Ava; Wallich. — Disteib. Tropical Africa and America.
A stout herb, 2-4 ft. ; branches 4-gonous, sometimes hispidly hairy. Leaves
membranous, base cuneate ; petiole |-| in. ; floral sessile, more lanceolate. Whorls
numerous, £-1 in. diam. ; bracts slender, tips pale, often hooked. Calyx much
Leucas."] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 689
enlarged in fruit, teeth tipped like the bracts, ciliate, often recurved. Corolla small.
Nutlets T'5 in., obovate-oblong, shining.
** Annuals. Whorls terminal, rarely axillary. Calyx-teeth very
short.
32. Zi. Cephalotes, Spreng. Syst. ii. 743 ; annual, tall, stout, scaberu-
lous, leaves 2-4 in. shortly petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate subacute
crenate- serrate, whorls very large terminal globose, bracts membranous
elliptic- or linear- lanceolate awned, calyx f in. tubular slightly curved,
teeth short subulate scabrid, mouth hairy. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par.
i. 60, Lab. 616, and in BCr Prodr. xii. 532; Wall. Cat. 2043; Wight Ic.
t. 337; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 153; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 211 ; Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iv. 779. L. capitata, Desf. in Mem. Mus. xi. 8, t. 4. Phlomis
Cephalotes, Roth Nov. Sp. 262 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 10.
Himalaya; from Simla to Bhotan, alt. 2-6000 ft. Plains from Chittagong and
Assam to the Pan jab, and south through the Deccan (not in Ceylon). — Disteib.
AfFghanistan.
Stem 2-3 ft., hairs spreading. Leaves membranous, more or less pubescent.
Whorls 1-2 in. diam., surrounded by the imbricating membranous appressed bracts,
which are quite unlike those of any other species. Calyx usually softly pubescent,
membranous ; hairs of mouth as long as the teeth.
33. Xi. zeylanica, Br. Prodr. 504 ; annual, erect, pubescent or hispidly
hairy, leaves 2-3 in. shortly petioled linear- or elliptic -lanceolate obtuse
^subserrate, whorls subterminal many-fld., bracts few ciliate, calyx £-^ in.
obliquely turbinate glabrous scabrid or sparsely hispid, teeth minute, mouth
broad pubescent within. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 60, Lab. 614, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 531 ; Wight. III. t. 176 ; Thwaites Fnum. 240 {exrt. syn.).
L. involucrata, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2047. Phlomis zeylanica, Linn. Sp.
PI. 820. Leonurus Marrubiastrum, Burin. Fl. Ind. 127, non Linn.
Assam ; Jenkins. Cachab and Chittagong ; Clarice. Malay Peninsula ; from
Rangoon, Wallich, to Singapore, G. Thomson. Ceylon, common.— Disteib. Malay
Islands, China.
Stem 1-3 ft., branched above ; hairs spreading, deflexed or appressed. Leaves
sometimes 1 in. diam. Whorls small, |-f in. diam., rarely axillary ; bracts fewer
and shorter than in the allies, filiform, ciliate. Calyx very constant in size and shape,
teeth erect or spreading horizontally,
Vae. Walkeri ; branches long and strict, hairs appressed or spreading, leaves
very narrow 2-3 by £-£ in. L. Walkeri, Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 531.— Ceylon,
Walker, Champion. — Bentham regards this as near L. hyssopifolia. Without
knowing whether it is annual or perennial, it is difficult to say whether it is a variety
of that plant or of L. zeylanica, of which it has the tall habit and solitary terminal
whorls.
34. Xi. diffusa, Benth. Lab. 615, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 531 ; annual,
diffusely branched from the root, branches slender ascending hispid or
hirsute, leaves £-1 in. linear or linear-oblong obtuse subentire, whorls
chiefly solitary and terminal few-fid., calyx J in. turbinate curved smooth
below ribbed and hispid above, mouth wide truncate, teeth small subulate
erect rather longer than the villi. Phlomis diffusa, Herb. Bottler.
Deccan Peninsula ; Heyne, Wight, &c.
This differs from L. zeylanica in the diffuse habit and small leaves. It has been
mixed in Wallich's Herbarium with L. nutans and L. dimidiata, Benth. (? of
Sprengel), which is the same as L. aspera. From the latter the habit, almost entire
leaves, smaller fewer-fid. wborls, and much shorter calyx with a wider truncate not
oblique mouth abundantly distinguish it.
VOL. iv. Y y
690 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leucas.
*** Annual, except L. hyssopifolia. Whorls terminal and axillary.
Calyx-teeth very short.
35. Zi. hyssopifolia, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 60, Lab. 615,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 531 ; perennial, erect, hispidly hairy, leaves 1-2 i in.
linear obtuse, margins recurved entire, whorls terminal and axillary small,
bracts few subulate, calyx i in. obconic glabrous, mouth wide truncate
glabrous, teeth very minute erect. Wall. Cat. 2044.
Subtkopical Himalaya and plains at their feet ; from Jamu to Sikkim, alt.
1-3000 ft. Chota Nag-pobe ; at Suinbulpore, Griffith.
MootstocTc stout, woody j branches numerous, 4-8 in. Leaves spreading, ^-\ in.
broad, often rigid. Whorls |— f in. diam. ; bracts very slender. Calyx very like
L. zeylanica and Wightii ; mouth glabrous within.
36. Zi. Wig'htiana, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 60; annual, erect,
scabrid, leaves 1-2 in. linear obtuse entire, whorls small axillary and ter-
minal or in dense terminal cylindric spikes, calyx \ in. obovoid hispid,
mouth wide very oblique villous, teeth irregular triangular, upper longer.
Wall. Ca't. 2520. L. aspera, var. Wightiana, Benth. Lab. 616, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 532.
Deccan Peninsula ; Wight, G. Thomson.
Stem 6-10 in., and branches very stout, and leaves grey ; hairs minute, deflexed
and appressed. Leaves %—% in. broad, margins flat or recurved. Whorls £-§ in. ;
bracts slender, hispid. Calyx membranous below, green and striated above, not con-
tracted at the junction. Corolla very small. — The stout scabrid habit, narrow entire
leaves, small whorls, and short calyx, not contracted above the nutlets (with, how-
ever, similar teeth) distinguish this from L. aspera.
37. Zi. aspera, Spreng. Syst. ii. 743 ; annual, erect or diffuse, stem
stout hispid or scabrid, leaves 1-3 in. linear or oblong obtuse entire or
crenate, whorls large terminal and axillary, bracts long linear and filiform,
calyx ^-f in. tubular curved smooth below green and ribbed and scabrid
above contracted above the nutlets, mouth small glabrous very oblique
shortly irregularly toothed. Benth. Lab. 615, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 532 ;
Grah.Cat. Bomb. PL 153; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. PI, 211. L. Plukenetii,
Benth. in Wall. PL As. Par. i. 60 (? Spreng.); Wall. Cat. 2522. L. dirai-
diata, Benth. in DC. I. c. 532 (? of Spreng.). Phlomis aspera, Willd,
Enum. Sort. Berol. ii. 621. P. Plukenetii, Both Nov. Sp.261: P. escu-
lenta, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 10. P. obliqua, Ham. mss. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x.
t. 91.
Plains of India ; from Sikkim and Behar to the Panjab, and southward to Cape
Comorin. — Distkib. Mauritius, Java, Philippine Islands.
Very variable. Stem erect, usually much diffusely branched from below, the
branches 4-6 in. , rather leafy, sometimes taller with erect branches and larger leaves
§ in. broad. Whorls often 1 in. diam., very dense-fld. and hispid. Calyx variable,
but with always the upper lip produced and with short triangular teeth. Corolla
small. — Whole plant fragrant and used as a pot-herb, Roxb. Bentham's L. dimidiata,
from Burma (Wallich) is certainly L. aspera, and may or may not be Sprengel's plant
of that name. A piece of L. nutans is on the same sheet.
'. <SW. ii. 743; annual, erect, smooth or
BCatoeiul linear-lanceolate obtuse entire or sub-
serrate, wti y and terminal, bracts few short, calyx %—i in. obovoid
glabrous or puberulous, mouth very oblique contracted glabrous within,
upper lip projecting acute 3-toothed, lower 2-fid. Benth. in Wall. PI. As.
Par. i. 60, Lab. 617, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 533; Wall. Cat. 2048; Grah.
as.] cxu. LABiATiE. (J. D. Hooker.) C91
Cat. Bomb. PI. 153; Dalz.Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 211. L. lavandulrefolia,
8m. in Rees Cyclop. Phlomis linifolia, Roth Nov. Sp. 260. P. zeylanica,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 9 ; Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar. i. 11, t. 111. Leonurus indicus,
Burnt. Fl. Ind. 127.— Rumph. Herb. Amb. vi. t. 16, f. 1.
Plains of India ; from Assam and Bengal and Silhet to Singapore. In the
Deccan; from the Concan to Travancore (not seen from the W. or N.W. Provinces
of India, nor from Ceylon). — Distrib. Mauritius, Malay Islands.
Stem 2-3 ft., usually stout and much branched above. Leaves rarely | in. broad;
petiole 0-§ in. Whorls towards the ends of the branches, fc-f in. diain.; bracts
setaceous. Calyx pale below, not striate above, toothing variable, sometimes
spinescent.
Vab. deeipiens ; hispidly hairy, bracts very many ciliate, tips spinescent, calyx
larger hirsute or pubescent, teeth longer spinous, uppermost pungent. L. aspera,
PL Ind. Or. Hohenack. n. 1234. — South Deccan; Pycarrah, Wight', Nilghiris,
Hohenacker. — Confounded with L. aspera in various collections, with which it agrees
in hairiness.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
L. dimtdiata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 743; stem hairy, leaves oblong-lanceolate sub-
serrate hirsute, whorls dimidiate, calyx oblong hairy above, teeth 10 subulate subpun-
gent. — East Indies. — Probably L. aspera, to which belongs the specimen referred
to this species by Bentham in his " Labiatarum Gen. & Sp./' and which is entirely
different from L. diffusa.
46. LEONOTIS, Br.
Herbs or shrubs. Whorls axillary, densely many-fid. ; bracteoles many,
slender; flowers scarlet or yellow. Calyx 10-nerved, often incurved, mouth
oblique ; teeth 8-10, rigid, upper largest. Corolla-tube exserted ; upper
lip long, concave, crown villous; lower very small, spreading, concave,
midlobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending ; anthers conniving, cells divaricate.
Disk equal. Style subulate, upper lobe very short. Nutlets oblong or
ovoid, .triquetrous, obtuse or truncate, glabrous. — Species 12, African, one
also Indian.
Xi. nepetaefolia, Br. Prodr. 504 ; herbaceous, leaves membranous
ovate crenate, bracts spinescent, calyx ^-1 in., upper lip. prominent rigid
spinescent, lower with three erect or recurved spinescent teeth. Benth. in
Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 59, Lab. 618, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 535; Wall. Cat.
2042 ; Gffi&Cat. Bomb. PI. 153 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 211 ; Wight
III. ii. t. FYjrMs, f. 11, and Ic. t. 867; Bot.'Reg. t. 281 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3700.
Phlomis nepetaefolia, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 8. Leonurus globosus,
Moench Meth. 400.
Throughout hotter India, from the Panjab to Travancore and Singapore, but not
very common ; cultivated and naturalized, doubtfully indigenous. Ceylon ; in the
drier parts. — Distbib. Tropical Asia, Africa and America.
A tall annual, 4-6 ft. ; stem as thick as the finger, 4-angled with concave faces,
puberulous. Leaves 4-8 by 2-5 in. ; floral lanceolate, deflexed ; petiole 1-3 in., winged
above, slender. Whorls distant, globose, 2-3 in. diam., squarrose ; bracts slender,
linear, deflexed. Calyx % in. long, ribbed and reticulate, pubescent or villous,
tubular, incurved, teeth spinescent, upper \ in. long ; throat glabrous. Corolla
orange-red, 1 in. long ; tube slender, exserted, villous like the upper lip, lower lip
minute. Nutlets linear-oblong, widening upwards, truncate.
47. PHLOMIS, Linn.
Herbs or shrubs. Whorls axillary, dense-fid. ; bracteoles many, ovate
y y 2
cxii. labiatje. (J. D. Hooker.) [Phlomis.
lanceolate, or linear ; flowers yellow, purple or white. Calyx 5- or 10-nerved,
usually plicate, mouth equal truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla-tube usually
annulate within ; upper lip concave, crown villous (except P. rugosa &
brevi flora ?), lower spreading, 3-fid. Stamens 4, ascending, posterior fila-
ments often appendaged at the base ; anthers conniving, cells divaricate.
Disk equal. Style 2-fid, upper lobe shortest. Nutlets ovoid or obovoid,
triquetrous, top glabrous. — Species about 45, Oriental and Temperate
Asiatic.
* Stem and branches terete.
1. P. spectabiliSj Falc. niss.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 542; tall,
stout, hoary, leaves large broadly ovate-cordate crenate or sublobulate
rugose stellately tomentose beneath, tip rounded, whorls many-fld., bracts
filiform rigid hispid, calyx |-f in. pubescent, teeth spiniform £ shorter than
the tube.
Westeen Himalaya ; Kashmir and Kishtwar, alt. 3-8000 ft., Jacquemont,
Falconer, &c. — Disteib. A Afghanistan.
Stem 4-6 ft., terete, as thick as the little finger, hoary or loosely stellately downy.
Leaves sometimes a foot broad and not so long, nerves beneath softly hairy ; floral
small ; petiole 6-12 in. Whorls 1|— 2 in. diam. ; bracts with acicular tips. Corolla
rose-purple, galea beautifully fringed with silvery hairs. Nutlets \ in. long, linear.
— P. oreophilla, Karel. & Kiril., from Alatau, is probably a small state of this.
2. P. cashmeriana, Boyle III. 303, t. 75 A ; stout, erect, densely
clothed with stellate white flocculent wool, leaves linear-oblong obtuse crenate
rugose, base cordate, whorls many-fid., bracts filiform tomentose and ciliate,
calyx \-\ in. plicate tomentose, teeth spiniform half the length of the tube.
Benth. in LTook. Bot. Misc. iii. 382, Lab. 630, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 542 ;
Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 22.
Westeen Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 5-6500 ft., Boyle, Thomson, &c. — Disteib.
Affghanistan.
Stems several from the very stout rootstock, 2-3 ft. high, terete. Radical leaves
long-petioled, 5-9 by 2-4 in., coriaceous, finely pubescent above, nerves reticulate
beneath ; petiole 4-6 in. Whorls 1-1£ in. diam. ; bracts numerous, § in., tips
acicular. Corolla pale purple ; galea very large, tomentose, not fringed ; lower lip
very broad, adze-shaped. Nutlets broadly oblong, I in. long.
3. P. Stewartii, LTook.f.; densely stellately woolly, stem short stout
woody branched, leaves shortly petioled linear-lanceolate subulate crenulate
rugose above, base attenuate, whorls many-fld., bracts stout narrowly linear
acute, calyx £ in. densely woolly angled, teeth very short triangular
recurved.
Panjab ; beyond the Indus, on the Suliman and Salt ranges, alt. 2500-4500 ft.,
Stewart, Talbot.
A low shrub, with spreading terete branches 6-10 in. long; wool flocculent, buff-
coloured. Leaves 3-5 by |-f in., very leathery, scaberulous above. Whorls 1 in.
diam.; bracts as long as the calyx, much thicker than in P. cashmeriana. Corolla
small ; galea tomentose, margin not fringed. Nutlets (ripe ?) very small.
** Stem and branches 4-angled.
4. P. macrophylla, Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 62, and Cat. 2065 ; stem
tall stout hirsute or glabrate, leaves long-petioled broadly ovate or oblong
crenate, base broadly cordate, petiole almost as long as the blade, bracts
equalling the calyx slender rigid ciliate, tips spinescent, calyx £ in. sparsely
Phlomis.'] cxn. labiate. (J. D, Hooker.) 693
hairy, teeth spiniform \ the length of the tube. Benth. Lab. 631, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 543.
Temperate Himalaya; Kumaon, alt. 10,000 ft., Strachey $ Winterbottom,
Anderson ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 10-13,000 ft., J. D. H.
Stem 5-6 ft., as thick as the little finger. Leaves 4-8 by 3-6 in., variable in
breadth, base rarely cuneate, pubescent above and beneath ; petiole stout. . Whorls
1-1 \ in. diam. Corolla-tube included, galea villous. Nutlets narrowly obcuneate,
nearly ^ in. long.
5. P. breviflora, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Par. i. 62, Lab. 631, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 543 ; tall, erect, glabrous or slightly pubescent, leaves long-
petioled broadly ovate deeply cordate acuminate crenate, whorls few-fld.,
bracts slender glabrous, calyx 5—^ in. short nearly glabrous, teeth very short.
P. parviflora, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2066.
Eastern Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. B., &c.
Perhaps only a variety of P. macrophylla, but the leaves are much more deeply
cordate with rounded lobes, and the calyx is very small with minute teeth.
6. P. setig*era, Falcon, mss.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 543; tall,
erect, nearly glabrous or sparsely pubescent, leaves short-petioled ovate
acuminate crenate, base rounded or cordate, whorls many-fld., bracts short
rigid setaceous ciliate,tips spinescent, calyx ^- § in. hairy, teeth erect subulate
ciliate 5 the length of the tube.
Temperate Himalaya; Kashmir, Clarke; Kumaon, Falconer; Sikkim, alt.
10-12,000 ft., J. JD. S.y &c.
Habit of P. macrophylla, differing in the short |-1 in. petioles, the much shorter
bracts, and the nutlets, which are £ in. long, obovoid, with a truncate top.
? Var. occidentalis, Clarke mss. ; bracts much longer and less rigid, calyx-teeth
longer half the length of the tube. — Kashmir, Palgam, alt. 7000 ft., Clarice.
? ' V ar. filiformis ; bracts soft filiform flexuous hirsute (not rigid nor spinous-
tipped), nutlets TJ5 in. long oblong. — Sikkim, JolTgri and Tungu, alt. 1200-13,000 ft.,
J. D. H. — Of this subalpine plant the specimens are very poor ; the bracts are very
different from those of P. setigera, which, however, Clarke gathered at Jongri. Ic
may be a form of P. bracteosa. s
7. P. bracteosa, Boyle mss. ; Benth. in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 383,
Lab. 633, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 545 ; hoary pubescent or subtomentose,
leaves petioled ovate obtuse crenate, base broadly cordate, whorls many-
and dense-fld., bracts ciliate long, outer membranous lanceolate or linear
tip not spinous, inner narrower, calyx £-| in. hispid or glabrate, teeth
slender ciliate. P. lamiifolia, latifolia, simplex and cordata, Boyle mss. ;
Benth. II. d.
Western Temperate Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 5-11,000 ft.
— Distrib. Affghanistan.
A tall stout herb, stem simple or branched, hairs stellate on the leaves, spreading
or deflexed when present on the stem. Leaves 2-4 in. long, very variable in breadth
and in the base, which is never deeply cordate and is sometimes truncate, tip usually
rounded, rarely subacute, both surfaces tomentose or almost silky in Royle's P.
cordata, finely tomentose in the ordinai'y form, much more glabrous in P. lamii-
folia ; petiole usually shorter than the blade. Whorls f-1 in. diam. ; bracts usually
equalling the calyx, erect. Calyx-teeth half the length of the tube or shorter.
Corolla blue-purple ; galea fringed with white hairs. Nutlets £-£ in., obovoid, tip
rounded.
Var. longifolia\ leaves 6-8 in. ovate-lanceolate acuminate or acute sparsely
pubescent. — Kashmir, Tragbol and Shapryon, alt. 7-8500 ft., Clarke.
8. P. rugosa, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 63, Lab. 634, and in
694 cxii. LABiATiE. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Plilomis.
DC. Prodr. xii. 545; nearly glabrous, leaves long-petioled membranous
elliptic or oblong-ovate acuminate minutely toothed, whorls small, bracts
filiform, calyx ^ in. obconic-campanulate glabrous or hispid, teeth very
slender from a triangular base. Wall. Cat. 2067. Gomphostemma mem-
branifolium, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 988.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Pomong, alt. 2-5000 ft., J. D. H„ Clarice. KhasiaMts.,
alt. 5-6000 ft. ; Wallich, &c. Upper Assam ; Mishmi Hills and Patkoye Mts.,
Griffith. — Distrib. Java, Philippines.
Stem tall, 2-3 ft., stout or slender, minutely hairy, hairs deflexed. Leaves 6-8
by 3-4 in. , glabrous or with minute scattered hairs above, base acute or rounded ;
petiole 3-4 in., very slender. Whorls distant, often many below the leaves \-l in.
diam. Calyx coriaceous, teeth half the length of the tube. Corolla faintly pubes-
cent, white or yellowish, upper lip narrow, lower with narrow side-lobes. Nutlets
very large, i in. long, obovoid, base acute, tip rounded. — An anomalous Phlomis with
the calyx of P. brevijlora, but very different leaves. The name rugosa is wholly
inapplicable.
9. P. rotata, Benth. in Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T. ; stemless, leaves
large rotately spreading orbicular or reniform coriaceous crenate rugose
densely tomentose lacunosely reticulate beneath, whorls in a very short
spike or subsessile head, bracts filiform, calyx . sparsely hispid, teeth
spinous.
Alpine Sikkim Himalaya ; in the inner ranges, alt. 13-16,000 ft., J. P. H.
Annual ? Leaves 3-6 in. diam., very thick, suddenly contracted into a very
broad tomentose petiole | in. broad; nerves very thick, flabellate; floral 0 or 2
oblong crenate. Whorls sometimes on a slender peduncle 2-3 in. long, at others
forming a dense head \\ in. diam. or less in the centre of the leaves ; bracts with
acicular tips. Calyx \ in., funnel-shaped, rather membranous, teeth short. Corolla
small, tube included, galea pubescent, densely fringed with white hairsf. — A very
remarkable plant, with the habit of Lamium rhomboideum.
48. NOTOCHiETE, Benth.
An erect herb. Leaves long-petioled. Whorls axillary, globose, densely
many-fld. ; bracts slender, at length spinous with hooked lips. Calyx
5-nerved, membranous ; teeth 5, equal, with long hook-tipped spines at the
back. Corolla very small, tube included, not annulate ; upper lip erect,
concave ; lower spreading, subequally trifid. Stamens 4, ascending ; anthers
conniving, cells divaricate. Style-lobes minute, subequal. Nutlets narrow
oblong, triquetrous, truncate, smooth.
N. hamosa, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 63, Lab. 636, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 547 ; Wall. Cat. 2068 ; Hook. Ic. PL 1. 1217.
Centeal and Eastern Tempebate Himalaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim,
alt. 4-8000 ft., J. D. H., &c.
Glabrous or pubescent. Stem creeping at the base, 2-4 ft., stout, 4-angled.
Leaves 5-10 by 3-5 in., membranous, ovate, acuminate, toothed, base acute rounded
or subcordate; petiole 2-3 in. Whorls 1-1J in. diam., densely spiny, bracts longer
than the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube £-| in., slender, villous above the middle, fruiting
hard 4-valved ; spines at length £ in. Corolla as long as the calyx-spines, galea
villous, lower lip as long subequally 3-lobed.
49. ERXSXttOSTACHYS,
Erect herbs. Leaves, radical broad, toothed or cut ; cauline few, smaller.
Whorls densely many-fld., axillary and in a terminal spike. Calyx subcam-
Eremostacliys.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 695
panulate or upper lip broad membranous; teeth 5, equal, setaceous.
Corolla-tube included, upper lip erect, hooded, bearded within; lower
spreading, 3-lobed, midlobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, urjper filaments
fimbriate or appendaged at the base ; anthers conniving, cells divaricate.
Disk equal. Style-lobes equal or upper shorter. Nutlets obovoid, trique-
trous, truncate, top densely hairy. Species 27, W. Asiatic.
1. E. superba, Royle mss.; Benth. in Hook. JBot. Misc. iii. 381, Lab.
637, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 548 ; root-leaves pinnatisect, segments lobulate,
the lower petioled, floral ovate acute, whorls many-fid. crowded in a very
stout woolly spike, calyx subcampanulate, mouth truncate shortly broadly
5-lobed. Boyle III. 303, t. 74.
Western Himalaya ; Gurwbal, on the Kheree Pass, Royle. Westeen Panjab ;
Peshawur, Vicary.
Stem 2 ft., strict, erect, unbranched, base | in. diarn., softly hairy. Leaves, radical
ovate in outline, 8-12 in. ; lobes or peduncles broad, obtuse ; petiole hirsute ; cauline
few, small, sessile, pinnatifid. Spike 6-10 in. ; floral leaves erect, concave, covering
the flowers, deciduous. Calyx £ in., woolly. Corolla-tube included, galea % in.,
villous ; lower lip broad, 3-lobed.
2. E. Vicaryi, Benth in Aitch. Cat. PI. Panjab Sf Scinde, 119 ; root-
leaves pinnatisect, segments sessile pinnatifid, lower floral sessile oblong
lobulate, whorls many-fid., at length distant, calyx campanulate scurfily
tomentose, mouth truncate shortly 5-crenate, crenatures apiculate.
Western Panjab ; Peshawur, Vicary ; Salt range, Jhelum, Aitchison. —
Disteib. Beluchistan.
Stem 3-5 ft., very stout, simple or branched. Leaves radical, 12-18 in., ovate in
outline, segments or pinnules sessile glabrous ; petiole stout, base woolly. Spikes
8-10 in.„ rachis very stout. Calyx \ in. Corolla smaller than in E. superba, galea
villous and fringed with white hairs.
3. E. acantho calyx, Boiss. Diagn. 2, iv. 49, and Fl. Orient, iv.
795 ; root-leaves pinnatisect, segments pinnatifid or lobulate, lower
petioled, floral short broad, whorls many-fid., bracts linear-lanceolate
spin escent, calyx campanulate stellately pubescent, teeth spinescent. E.
laciniata, Aitchison Cat. PI. Panjab Sf Scinde, 118 (not ofBunge).
Westeen Panjab ; Peshawur, Stewart. — Disteib. Beluchistan, Afghanistan.
Stem 3-5 ft., very stout, simple or branched. Leaves, radical 6-12 in., oblong-
ovate, hispid beneath ; floral very broad, sessile, concave, as long as the flowers,
deciduous; petiole and rachis hirsute. Whorls 1-2 in. diam., lower distant; bracts
shorter than the calyx. Calyx % in., mouth very shortly 5-lobed, lobes with a dorsal
spreading spine ^ in. long. Corolla 1 in., tube exserted, galea pubescent, fringed
with white hairs.
50. ERIOPHYTON, Benth.
A dwarf thickly woolly herb. Leaves rounded or rhomboid, toothed.
WhorU 6-fld., axillary, crowded or the lower distant, flowers very large,
yellow. Calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, membranous, 5-lobed to the middle,
lobes finely acuminate. Corolla-tube included, upper lip very broad, galeate,
compressed, arching over the lower, which is small with 3 rounded lobes.
Stamens 4, posterior filaments thickened at the base ; anthers conniving,
villous, cells divaricate. Disk equal. Style-arms subequal. Nutlets large,
irregularly broadly obovoid and triquetrous, truncate, glabrous.
E. Wallichianum, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 63 (Wallichii),
Lab. 638, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 549 ; Wall. Cat. 2070.
696 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Erioplujton.
Alpine Centeal Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 15-17,000 ft,
J. D. R.
RootstocJc stout; stem 4-6 in., stout, simple, naked below ; wool on leaves, bracts
and calyx \ in. long, white, very soft, hardly silky. Leaves very close set, imbricating,
spreading or deflexed, l§-2 in. diam., base broadly cuueate, nerves flabellate.
Bracts 1-1| in. broad, broadly cuneate, membranous, deeply toothed ; bracteoles
filiform. Calyx hidden amongst the leaves, 1 in. long ; lobes triangular, finely
pointed. Corolla 1\ in., galea pubescent. Nutlets | in. diam. — A very remarkable
Labiate, which should be placed near Lamium, from which the broad galea and nutlets
distinguish it.
51. GOMPHOSTEItXIVIA, Wall.
Perennial, stellately pubescent or tomentose herbs ; roots often with
elongate tubers. Whorls 6-8-fld., dense- or lax-fid., axillary or in terminal
spikes. Calyx 10-nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube slender ;
throat dilated, not annulate; upper lip galeate, lower broadly 3-fid.
Stamens ascending; anthers conniving, cells parallel, transverse, naked.
Disk symmetric or produced behind. Style-lobes subequal. Nutlets
(drupes) various, glabrous or pubescent, hilum broad, pericarp thick corky
or fleshy. Cotyledons often unequal. — Species 16, Indian, Malayan and
Chinese.
* Upper or all the whorls in terminal or axillary spikes.
1. Gr. strobilinum, Wall. Cat. 2151 ; stem scurfily scabrid or tomen-
tose, leaves elliptic-ovate subacute crenate scabrid above densely tomentose
beneath, whorls in a dense stout terminal tomentose spike, bracts
broadly elliptic-ovate exceeding the calyx, calyx £ in., lobes triangular
acute. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 12, Lab. 647, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 550.
Burma ; Prome, Rangoon, &c, Wallich, M' Clelland. — Disteib. Ava.
Leaves 4-10 by 2-6 in., narrowed into a petiole |-3 in. Spike sometimes 1 ft.
and 2 in. broad; bracts 1 in. and under. Calyx \ in. Corolla twice as long.
Nutlets I in., turgid.
\^> Vae. viridis ; leaves more membranous narrowly elliptic-lanceolate finely pubes-
cent beneath, flowers larger. G. viride, Wall. Cat. 2153 ; Benth. II. c— Tenasserim,
Wallich ; Moulmein, Parish.
Vae. Heyneana ; stem petioles spikes and leaves beneath tomentose or densely
woolly, " flowers blueish with a purple tinge/' Wight. G. Heyneanum, Wall. Cat.
2152 ; Benth. II. c. ; Wight III. t. 176 bis, f. 9, and Ic. t. 1456.— Deccan, from the
Bababoodan Hills to Travancore.
2. G-. pedunculatum, Benth. tuss. ; tomentose, leaves long-petioled
3-12 by 1^-7 in., ovate or elliptic-ovate denticulate pubescent above, whorls
crowded in short axillary peduncled oblong heads or spikes, bracts longer
than the calyx ovate serrate, calyx £ in., lobes triangular acute.
Khasia Mts. ; below Nurtiung, J. D. R. 8f T. T.
Stem long, flexuous, prostrate, rooting below. Leaves distant. Spikes 1-4 in.
long, axillary and from below the leaves or even from the rooting portion of the stem;
peduncle tomentose, £-1 in. ; bracts and calyx red-brown. Corolla § in., glabrous,
pale sulphur colour. Nutlets £ in., subglobose, rugose.
3. G-. acaule, Kurz mss.\ stemless, densely pubescent, leaves 4-8
by 3-4^ in. elliptic obtuse crenate, petiole very stout long or short, whorls
in a very short velvety terminal sessile spike softly tomentose, bracts much
longer than the calyx ovate crenate, calyx f in., lobes lanceolate.
Gomphostemma.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 697
Abeacan ; on the Mingoo Hill, Boronga Island, Kurz.
Leaves spreading from the crown; petiole 1-3 in. Spike 2 in. long, 1 in. broad,
leafy.
4. Cr. nutans, Hook. f. ; stem very slender and leaves beneath and
spikes softly densely tomentose, leaves 2-3§ in. subsessile ovate aente
toothed pubescent above, whorls in a solitary short oblong terminal nodding
or drooping spike, bracts longer than the calyx ovate subentire, calyx § in.,
lobes lanceolate.
Khasia Mts., Simons, Loll ; Nunklow, alt. 3500 ft., Clarke.
Stem 12-18 in., erect, much more slender than in any other species. Leaves in
distant pairs, base acute, petiole £-j in. Spike 2 in. long, 1 in. broad. Corolla
1-1^ in. long. Nutlets rugose.
** Whorls axillary.
t Stem stout.
5. G-. oblongum, Wall. Cat. 2154 ; stem-leaves beneath and whorls
densely tomentose, leaves shortly petioled 6-10 by 2-3| in. oblanceolate or
acuminate crenate scabrid above, whorls sessile few-fid., bracts small,
calyx \ in. ribbed, teeth linear-lanceolate, corolla l£ in. pubescent. Benth.
in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 12, Lab. 648, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 551.
Tenassebim ; Tavoy and Mergui, Wallich, &c.
Stem 2-3 ft., stout, erect. Leaves acute at the base ; petiole £-1 in. Bracts
variable, shorter than the calyx. Corolla-tube far exserted, very slender.
Tab. ?Helferi; leaves much broader 8-9 by 4^-5 in. obovate brown tomentose
beneath, calyx | in. — Tenasserim, Heifer.
6. Cr. lucidum, Wall. Cat. 2156; stem -leaves beneath and whorls
densely brown woolly or tomentose, leaves short-petiole d elliptic acute or
oblanceolate acuminate subserrate scabrid above, whorls sessile few-fid.,
bracts small subulate, calyx £ in. ribbed, teeth short triangular, corolla
H in. pubescent. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 12, Lab. 648, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 551.
Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., common. W^
Stem very stout. Leaves shining above, base narrowed ; petiole ^-1 in. Bract*
variable. Calyx cupular in fruit. Corolla as in G. ollongum. Nutlets \ in.,
oblong.
7. Cr. niveum, Hook. f. ; stem and leaves beneath white-tomentose,
leaves sessile or shortly petioled, oblanceolate acuminate serrate glabrous
above, whorls sessile many-fid., bracts slender, calyx £ in., teeth very
slender as long as the tube.
East Bengal ; Griffith.
Stem erect, rather stout. Leaves much narrowed downwards either to the stem
or into a very stout petiole. Bracts membranous, as long as the calyx. Corolla
unexpanded, £ in. Nutlets £ in., oblong.
8. G-. parviflorum, Wall. Cat. 2158 ; stem-leaves beneath and cymes
densely softly tomentose, leaves shortly petioled 6-16 by 1-5 in. broadly or
narrowly oblanceolate acuminate toothed, cymes peduncled many-fid..,
bracts slender or broad and leafy, calyx i in., teeth very slender as long as
the tube, corolla 1 in. glabrate. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 12, Lab.
648, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 551. G. multiflorum, Benth. II. c.
Teopical Himalaya; from Nepal to Mishmi, alt. 0-4000 ft. Assam,
Khasia Mts., Chittagong and Tenasseeim. Penang, Wallich.
698 cxn. labiatjg. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gompho&emma.
Stem very stout. Leaves narrowed into a stout petiole 1-2 in. long. Cymes
laxly fascicled ; peduncle |-1£ in. ; flowers often pedicelled ; bracts longer than the
calyx, from linear to ovate-lanceolate. Corolla very slender, ochreous, throat and
limb small. Nutlets usually solitary, ellipsoid, rugose.
9. G-. crinitum, Wall. Cat. 2159; stem and leaves beneath finely
tomentose, leaves petioled 8-12 by 2|-4| in. elliptic and decurrent on the
petiole or oblanceolate subacute entire or toothed, whorls sessile many- and
dense-fid., bracts exceeding the calyx long linear, calyx k in., teeth capillary
exceeding the terete tube. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 12, Lab. 648,
and in DC. JProdr. xii. 552.
Tenassebim ; Tavoy, Wallich. Malacca, Mount Ophir and Cheboo Forest,
Griffith.
Stem stout. Leaves in Wallich's specimen broad, toothed, suddenly narrowed
into a wing, in Griffith's narrow subentire and narrowed into a stout petiole. Whorls
in Wallich's glabrate, in Griffith's pubescent or villous. Corolla f in., lemon-coloured,
tube very slender, limb subglobose.
10. Gr. Thomsoni, Benth. in Serb. Ind. Or. Hook. f. Sf T. ; stem
•woody, and leaves beneath pubescent or tomentose, leaves long-petioled
6-12 by 2§-8 in. membranous oblong or orbicular ovate acute crenulate
pubescent above, whorls in dense crowded masses in the lower axils and on
the stem below then sessile very many-fid., bracts as long as the calyx
linear and lanceolate, calyx J in., tube narrow, teeth subulate as long as the
tube, corolla slender, limb small glabrous.
Khasia Mts. ; Churra, alt. 3-5000 ft., J. D. R. Sf T. T.
Stem as thick as the little finger, hoary; wood hard. Leaves the largest of the
genus, very variable in breadth. Whorls in globose or irregular clusters 1 in. long
and broad, subcrinite from the slender tips of the bracts and the calyx-teeth. Calyx
small in flower, tube in fruit oblong. Corolla glabrous, pale yellow, tube extremely
slender, throat hardly inflated ; upper lip narrow, lower smalL Nutlets | in.,
oblong, rugose.
11. G-. eriocarpum, Benth. in Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 12, Lab. 649,
d in DC. Prodr. xii. 552; stem rather slender tomentose, leaves 3-5 in.
rtly petioled elliptic-oblong or lanceolate acute toothed glabrous above
'oftly tomentose beneath, nerves reticulate, whorls small sessile few-fid.,
bracts broad and narrow, calyx £ in., teeth filiform as long as the tube,
corolla slender, limb small puberulous, nutlets globose tomentose. Wall.
Cat. 2710. G. oblongum, Wight Ic. t. 1457.
Southebn Deccan ; Courtallum, Wight, &c. ; Anamallays and Tinnevelly Hills,
Beddome.
Stem 2-3 ft., leafy. Leaves narrowed into the petiole of 1-2 in. Whorls §-§ in.
diam., subcrinite. Calyx-tube cupular in fruit, with one globose nutlet ^ in. diam.
clothed with grey pubescence.
ft Stem very short, or slender prostrate, rooting at the base and ascending
above.
12. G-. melissaefolium, Wall. Cat. 2157; puberulous or glabrate,
stem slender prostrate, leaves petioled 2-3a in. elliptic acute faintly
toothed, whorls 2-5 fid., calyx \ in. puberulous, teeth lanceolate, corolla very
large. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 12, Lab. 649, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 552. Prasium melissifolium, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 26.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft. ; J. D. H. Assam, Silhet and Cachae,
Wallich, &c.
X!
soft
Gompkostemma.] cxn. labiate. (J.D.Hooker.) 699
Stem 2-3 ft., flexuous, rooting for half its length. Leaves membranous, sometimes
sparsely hairy above, nerves beneath puberulous, base acute ; petiole |-1 in. Bracts
ovate or lanceolate. Corolla \\ in. long, pubescent; throat inflated, £ in. diam.
Nutlets scarlet.
13. G. velutinum, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 13, Lab. 649,
and in DC. Prodr. xii. 552 ; densely velvety-tomentose, stem prostrate
rooting below, leaves 11-2 in. thick petioled elliptic subacute crenate,
whorls few-fid., bracts equalling the calyx slender, calyx ^ in. villous, teeth
lanceolate. Wall. Cat. 2709.
Assam, Silhet and Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft. ; Wallich, &c.
Stem flexuous or tortuous. Leaves the smallest of the Indian species, equally
velvety on both surfaces ; base cuneate ; petiole £-1 in. Corolla 1 in., tube rather
short ; throat long, moderately inflated.
14. Cr. ovatum, Wall. Cat. 2155 ; stem short suberect, petioles whorls
and leaves beneath softly tomentose, leaves 4-6 in. long-petioled broadly
elliptic obtuse crenate puberulous above, whorls few-fid., bracts longer than
the calyx ovate leafy, calyx £ in., teeth narrowly lanceolate, corolla lj in.,
tube and throat long.
Teopical Himalaya ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 3-4000 ft., J. D. B.
Stem ascending or suberect, not creeping, 10-12 in. Leaves membranous, base
cuneate ; petiole 1-3 in. Bracts as in G. strobiliniim. Coro lla pale yellow,
pubescent, tube gradually dilating into the funnel-shaped throat.
15. Cr. Mastersii, JBenth. in Serb. Ind. Or. LT.f. fy T. ; stem short
ascending and leaves beneath and whorls pubescent or tomentose, leaves
petioled 4-8 in. broadly (rarely narrowly) elliptic ovate obtuse toothed or
crenate pubescent or setose or subsilky above, whorls few-fld., bracts equal-
ling the calyx lanceolate with filiform points, outer sometimes ovate, calyx
|-| in., teeth lanceolate, points very slender, corolla 2 in., tube long. G.
melissaefolium, Wall. Cat. 2157, in part.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 3000 ft. ; J. D. H. Assam, Khasia Mts., ascending io
4000 ft., Silhet and Cachar ; Wallich, &c.
A very variable plant, possibly not distinct from G. ovatum. Boot-tubers fusiform,
|-1 in. long. Leaves in some specimens with long spreading hairs on the upper
surface, in others with deep irregular crenatures, in others with a rounded or even
cordate base ; petiole 1-2J in. Whorls occasionally shortly peduncled (as in G.
pedunculatum). Corolla pubescent, ochreous, yellow, tube gradually dilating into
the throat.
52. LEUCOSCEPTRUM, Smith.
A tomentose or villous shrub or small tree. Leaves large. Whorls in
dense cylindric terminal spikes, bracts large, transversely oblong caducous.
Calyx campanulate decurved, teeth rounded. Corolla minute, 5-lobed ;
lobes rounded, upper largest. Stamens very far exserted, filaments very
long, straight in flower, diverging, pubescent below; anthers reniform,
1-celled, very short. Style-arms minute, subulate. Nutlets elongate-
cuneate, triquetrous.
Zi. canum, Sm. Exot. Bot. ii. 113, t. 116; Benth. in Wall. PL. As.
Bar. i. 58 ; Wall. Cat. 2023. Teucrium macrostachyum, Wall, in Benth.
Lab. 664; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 574; Gamble Ind. Timbers, 302, and
List of Trees, Sfc., of Darjeeling, 62. Clerodendron Leucosceptrum, Don
Prodr. 103. Buddleia, Griff. Notul. iv. 125 ; Bin. Notes, 107 (n. 94 a),
700 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leucosceptrum.
and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 422. Colquhounia sp., Clarice in Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. xv. 145.
Temperate Himalaya ) from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 2-8000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-5000 ft.
Tree, 30 ft., trunk short. Branches nearly terete, very stout, and as well as the
leaves beneath petioles and spikes densely or laxly tomentose or woolly, rarely glabrate.
Leaves 6-12 by 2|-4| in., elliptie-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenate, glabrous
above, beneath with silvery- white or buff or brown tomentum most variable in thick-
ness, rarely green and glabrate; petiole 1-1^ in. Spikes 4-6 in., | in. diam. (without
the stamens) ; bracts | in. broad, subreniform, hoary or tomentose, imbricating and
covering the buds when very young, early caducous. Calyx £ in., hoary, sessile or
pedicelled. Corolla white or pinkish, hoary without. Stamens £-| in., filaments
diverging, at length deflexed, stout, yellow ; anthers minute. — This seems to me as
distinct a genus as any in the Order ; the stamens are very characteristic, spreading
as in Satureinece, with the anther-cells parallel, not divergent, and the filaments
involute in bud.
53. TEUCRIUM, Linn.
Herbs or shrubs. Whorls in 2-6-fld. axillary or terminal spikes racemes
or heads. Calyx 10-nerved, teeth 5, equal or the upper larger. Corolla-tube
not annulate, limb 1-lipped, the 2 upper and lateral lobes cuneate and very
short or obsolete, lower lobe very large. Stamens 4, exserted ; anther
reniform, cells short, at length confluent. Disk symmetrical. Style-lobes
subequal. Nutlets minute, reticulate, smooth or rugulose ; hilum large,
oblique or lateral. — Species about 100, chiefly temperate and S. European.
Sect. 1. Scorodonia. Whorls 2-fld., secund, in terminal racemes.
Calyx campanulate, declinate, upper tooth largest.
1. T. tomentosum, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 2025; pubescent tomentose
or woolly, leaves ovate serrate toothed or crenate, base cuneate, racemes
panicled, calyx ^ in. villous, lower teeth triangular acuminate. Benth. in
Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 58, Lab. 674, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 582 ; Thwaites
Enum. 241. T. paniculatum, Serb. Madr. in Wall. Cat. sub. 2025.
Deccan Peninsula; on the Ghats from the Concan southward, Heyne, &c.
Ceylon, alt. 5-7000 ft. ; Walker, &c.
An erect copiously flowering herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves 2-3 in., base rarely
rounded or cordate; petiole |-1§ in., slender. Bracts lanceolate, usually longer
than the pedicels. Corolla-tube included, limb small. Nutlets minute, globose,
granulate.
2. T. stoloniferum, Boxb. Sort. JBeng. 44, and Fl. Lnd: iii. 3;
stoloniferous, glabrous or puberulous, leaves ovate or oblong-ovate sub-
acute deeply crenate or obtusely serrate, base truncate or cuneate, racemes
simple or panicled, calyx £ in. glandular-pubescent, lower teeth short
obtuse. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 58, Lab. 674, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 583 ; Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petersb., Mel. Biol. ix. 825. T. elevatum,
Benth. in Wall. Cat. 2026. T. viscidum, Blume Bijd. 827.
Sie:kim Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft.; J. D. R. Bengal Plains, Khasia Mts.,
ascending to 4000 ft., and Chittagong.— Distbib. Ava, Java, China.
An erect herb, 1-2 ft., stem sometimes woody below. Leaves 1-3 in., base rarely
cordate. Racemes slender ; bracts lanceolate, fruiting pedicels usually longer than
the shortly campanulate calyx. Corolla pink, tube included, limb very small.
Nutlets enclosed in the globose calyx-tube, nearly smooth.
3. T. Royleanum, Wall. Cat. 2027 ; stoloniferous, pubescent, tomen-
Teuerium.] cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 701
tose or villous, leaves petioled ovate or oblong-ovate cordate acute serrate,
racemes short, calyx £ in. villous, upper tooth rounded acute, 2 lower lan-
ceolate acuminate, lateral shorter, corolla-lobe exserted. Benth. in Wall.
PI. As. Bar. i. 58, Lab. 675, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 583.
Westeen Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 3-5000 ft., Boyle, &c. —
Distkib. Afghanistan.
Stem prostrate and rooting below, then erect, 12-18 in., rather slender. Leaves
1^-3 in.; petiole \-\ in., slender. Racemes subsimple, 1-3 in., rarely more; bracts
lanceolate, longer than the pedicels. Calyx carapanulate, upper and 2 lower teeth
usually incurved. Corolla £-| in., tube sometimes twice the length of the calyx.
Nutlets enclosed in the globose calyx-teeth, subrugose.
4. T. laxum, Bon Prodr. 109 ; stem slender diffusely branched laxly
villous or glabrate, leaves petioled ovate acuminate serrate, racemes short
often recurved, calyx \ in. pubescent, upper lip rounded acute, 2 lower lan-
ceolate acute, corolla- tube included. Benth. Lab. 675, and in DC. Prodr.
xii. 583. Ajuga laxa, Ham. mss.
Central Himalaya ; Nepal, Hamilton ; Kumaon, Edgeworth, alt. 8000 ft. ;
Ramgunga River, alt. 4500 ft., Strachey 8{ Winterbottom (Hedeoma n. 2).
Stems or branches 10-12 in., rather slender, villous with long sparse spreading
hairs in Edgeworth's specimen, glabrous in Sti*achey's, Leaves £- 1^ in., base rounded,
petiole |—j in. Racemes 1-2 in. ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the calyx.
Corolla not twice the length of the calyx. — Don's character hardly agrees with the
specimens above described in the ventricose calyx.
5. T. quadrifarium, Ham. in Don Prodr. 108 ; stout, erect, tomen-
tose or villous, rarely glabrate, leaves sessile or short-petioled ovate or
oblong-ovate cordate acute serrate racemes panicled, bracts ovate acute
much exceeding the flowers, calyx ^ in., upper lip rounded, 2 lower
acute or obtuse, corolla-tube included. Wall. Cat. 2024 ; Benth. in Wall.
PI. As. Bar. i. 58, Lab. 675, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 583 ; Maxim, in
Bull. Acad. Petersb., Mel. Biol. ix. 827. T. Fortunei, Benth. in DC. I. c.
(excl. Perrottet's plant).
Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 4-8000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-5500 ft. — Disteib. Ava, China.
A stout herb, stem 2-4 ft., almost terete below, sometimes villous with long
spreading hairs. Leaves 2-3 in., often rugose ; petiole usually \ in., rarely 1 in.
Spikes 2-6 in., stout, with the bracts on f in. diam.; bracts £ in., broadly ovate,
suddenly acuminate, villous near the base, young quadrifarious imbricating and con-
cealing the flowers, often red-purple ; flowers sessile or very shortly pedicelled.
Corolla purple, not twice the length of the calyx. Style entire. Nutlets sub-
globose, rugose.
6. T. Wiffhtiij Hook. f. ; very robust, densely villous, leaves short-
petioled very thick rugose rounded ovate obtuse toothed, racemes panicled,
bracts shorter than the calyx elliptic acute, calyx \ in. villous, upper tooth
rounded apiculate, 2 lower lanceolate, corolla-tube included. T. quadrifa-
rium, Herb. Wight {Kew Distrib. 2168). T. tomentosum, Wight let. 1458.
T. n. sp., Benth. PI. HohenacJc. n. 1396.
Nilohibi Hills ; in dry rocky places, alt. 7000 ft., Wight, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft., obtusely angled ; hairs tawny, most dense, spreading. Leaves
1-1| in.; petiole stout, £ in. Racemes 3-4 in. Corolla purple, \ in. long.
Stule entire or 2-toothed. Nutlets subglobose, glistening, faintly reticulate. —
Wight represents the leaves acute, which is the case in T. tomentosum, but never
in this.
702 cxii. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tencrium,
7. T. palmatum, Benth. in Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. Sr T.; nearly
glabrou3, slender, stolonif erous, leaves long-petioled 3-foliolate leaflets rhom-
boid-ovate acuminate coarsely serrate, racemes short puberulous few-fld.,
calyx i in., upper lip of 3 triangular acuminate teeth, corolla-tube included,
upper lip oblong.
Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachen, alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. D. H.
Stem 1-2 ft., weak, erect, puberulous above. Leaves membranous, leaflets 2-3
by 1_1£ in., base cuneate ; petiole 1^-3 in. Racemes 1-2 in.; bracts subulate,
equalling or shorter than the pedicel. Corolla \ in., upper lip half as long as the
lower, concave, obtusely 2-fid, lateral lobes of lower broad, midlobe longest retuse.
Fruiting calyx membranous reticulate, lips broad gaping. Nutlets T'2 in. diam.,
globose, faintly reticulate.
Sect. 2. Scordium. Whorls 2-6-fld., axillary.
8. T. Scordium, Linn. ; perennial, tomentose or glabrate, leafy, leaves
small sessile oblong obtuse coarsely toothed. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii.
586 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 812 ; Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1239.
Western Himalaya j Kashmir, Jacquemont. — Distrib. Affghanistan, N. & W.
Asia, Europe, N. Africa.
Stoloniferous, foetid and glandular. Leaves uniform, ^— 1 J in., base cuneate.
Flowers pedicelled. Calyx § iu., shortly campanulate, base gibbous, teeth triangular
subequal. Corolla ^ in., rose-purple. Nutlets oblong, rugose.
54. AJU6A, Linn,
Annual or perennial herbs. Wliorls 2- or more-fid., axillary or in terminal
leafy spikes. Calyx 10- or more-nerved ; teeth 5, subequal. Corolla-tube
often annulate within, upper lip very short, 2-fid ; lower spreading, midlobe
usually the largest notched or 2-fid. Stamens 4, ascending, exserted or
included ; anther-cells diverging, distinct or at length confluent. Dish
symmetric or produced behind. Ovary shortly 4-lobed; style-lobes sub-
equal. Nutlets obovoid, rugose, hilum lateral. — Species 30, of the temperate
Old World.
* Corolla-tube straight, base not inflated. Stamens exserted.
1. A. lobata, Don Prodr. 108 ; softly hairy or glabrate, stems very
long and slender prostrate or creeping, leaves long-petioled orbicular or
broadly oblong cordate sinuate-lobed, whorls axillary or in short erect
axillary spikes. Wall. Cat. 2034 ; Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 58, Lab.
692, and in DC. Prodr. xii. 595.
Central and Eastern Himalaya, alt. 8-10,000 ft. ; from Nepal, Wallich, to
Bhotan, Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. ; J. JD. H. Sf T. T., &c.
Sterns 1-2 ft., flexuous. Leaves distant, 1-2 in. long and broad; petiole as long
or longer. Spike 1-3 in. ; bracts ovate-oblong, toothed ; lower whorls distant, 2-fld.,
upper 6-fld. Calyx \ in. ; teeth long, lanceolate. Corolla lilac ; tube thrice as long
as the calyx, slender, laxly pubescent ; upper lip very short ; lower very large, side
lobes linear-oblong, midlobe broadly dilated retuse.
2. A. bract eosa, Wall. Cat. 2032 ; softly pubescent villous or glabrate,
rarely substrigose or hispid, stolons 0, stems or branches erect or ascending,
leaves oblanceolate or subspathulate obtuse sinuate-toothed, whorls axillary
or crowded in spikes much shorter than the leafy ovate or cuneate-obovate
entire or toothed bracts, calyx-teeth ovate -lanceolate, corolla-tube exserted,
Ajuga."] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 703
stamens exserted. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 59, Lab. 696, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 598; Maximov. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Petersb., Mel. Biol. xi.
818. A. remota, Benth. II. c. ; Maximov. I. c. 817.
AVesteen Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nepal, alt. 1-7000 ft., and in the
plains near them from Oudh to Peshawur. — Disteib. Affghanistan, China, Japan,
Abyssinia.
Stem or branches many from the rootstock, 4-12 in., simple or divided, usually
stout, leafy, pubescence most variable. Leaves 1-4 in., lower petioled, upper sessile.
Calyx £ in., villous; teeth half the length of the tube, ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla pale blue or lilac, pubescent ; tube rarely twice as long as the calyx ; upper
lip erect, 2-fid; side lobes of lower oblong, midlobe dilated variable in length.
Nutlets ^ in., ellipsoid, deeply rugosely pitted. — I am quite unable to distinguish
Bentham's A. remota, which was probably intended to include the form with distant
whorls and large floral leaves. Nor can I distinguish a common Japanese plant
from A. bracteosa.
Vab. densifiora • stem scapiform, radical leaves obovate-oblong obtuse subentire,
cauline 0 or oblong sessile, spike 2-3 in. villous, bracts shorter than the flowers,
corolla very shortly exserted. A. densifiora, Wall. Cat. 2031 ; Benth. II. c. — Nepal,
Wallich. — This looks like a starved A. bracteosa, which the form of the calyx, corolla
and nutlets entirely resemble.
** Corolla-tube straight. Stamens included in the tube.
3. A. parviflora, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 59, Lab. 696, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 598; softly villons, stems or branches short diffuse
ascending, stolons 0, radical leaves sessile or shortly petioled oblanceolate
or obovate-spathulate obtuse entire or crenate, whorls in bracteate spikes,
calyx-teeth, lanceolate, corolla very small, tube exserted. Maxim, in Bull.
Acad. Sc. Petersb., Mel. Biol. xi. 825^ Wawra Ltin. Pr. S. Cob., Bot. 105.
Teucrium hispidum, Wall. Cat. 2029 {corrected p. 89).
Westeen Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 2-7000 ft. — Disteib.
A Afghanistan.
Branches very numerous from the woody rootstock, stout or slender, leafy.
Radical leaves 2-3 (rarely 5 by 2) in. ; cauline smaller, obovate or oblong. Spike
1-4 in., whorls generally crowded, lower sometimes distant ; bracts ovate or oblong,
much longer than the flowers. Calyx ^-\ in., teeth as long as the tube. Corolla
blue, tube slender, £-^ in. long, glabrous or hairy; limb very small, upper lip very
short 2-lobed, lateral lobes of lower subequal or the midlobe the largest. Nutlets
-fg in., rugosely pitted. — Very variable in habit and size of leaves.
Vab. depressa ; densely villous, branches depressed. A. depressa, Maxim. I. c.
826. — This is a stunted alpine state from an elevation of 8000 ft. in Kumaon.
{Strachey Sf Winterbottom, Ajuga, n. 5.)
4. A. brachystemon, Maximov. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xi.
825 ; dwarf, villous, stem very short ascending leafy, radical leaves petioled
obovate obtuse crenate, cauline sessile, whorls in very short snbsessile leafy
spikes, shorter than the ovate bracts, calyx-teeth very short rounded, corolla-
tube shortly exserted.
Westeen Himalaya; Kumaon, Pindari, alt. 12,500 ft., Strachey 8f Winter-
bottom (Ajuga, n. 4).
Stem 1-2 in. from a small woody rootstock. Leaves 1-1| in., radical shortly
petioled, crenulate, cauline shorter. Spike \ in. Calyx obcouic, -^ in. long, teeth
ciliate. Corolla £ in., tube straight, upper lip short, 2-lobed ; side-lobes of lower
linear-oblong, obtuse ; midlobe twice as broad, dilated, retuse. Stamens wholly
included. — This looks like a starved state of something, but I cannot refer it to any
described species ; the calyx resembles A. macrosperma in miniature, but the corolla-
tube is straight with included stamens.
704 cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Ajuga.
*** Corolla inflated at the base, geniculate above the swelling. Stamens
exserted.
5. A. macrosperma, Wall. Cat. 2030 ; glabrous pubescent or villous,
stem or branches decumbent or ascending often stout and tall, leaves
petioled ovate-oblong or obovate obtuse sinuate-crenate, whorls villous
continuous or interrupted longer than the ovate bracts, calyx-teeth very-
short obtuse. Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 58, Lab. 697, and in DC.
Prodr. xii. 599; Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb., Mel. Biol. xi.
623. A. repens, Boxb.Fl. Ltd. iii. 0. A. o-eniculata, Maxim. I. c. 821.
TRoncAL and Temperate Himalaya, from Kumuou to Bhotan, alt. 1-8000 ft.
Khasia Mts., alt. 1-5000 ft. Chittagong, Pegu.— Distrib. Ava.
Very variable ; stems or branches 6 in. to 3 ft., sometimes as thick as a swan's
quill, spreading and branching, sometimes rooting, and glabrous or densely pubescent
or villous. Leaves 1-6 in. long, very variable in breadth, narrowed into the often
very long petiole, rarely lobed or cut. Spikes 1-8 in., whorls continuous or interrupted*
lower bracts leaf-like. Calyx short, teeth always obtuse. Corolla azure, tube twice
as long as the calyx, usuaiiy glabrous, limb small ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lobes of
lower subequal or midlobe broadest. Nutlets ^-^ in. long, deeply rugosely pitted. —
A very common species in the hilly countries of N. India, being the largest of the
genus ; in the low grounds forming a bushy herb sometimes 3 feet high, with widely
spreading decumbent branches and abundant spikes of blue flowers. In the higher
elevations it assumes a lower and more slender form with smaller leaves {A. sikkim-
ensis, Miq.), with the corolla laxly hairy and its tube scarcely exserted. This form
has sometimes stems only a few inches high and irregularly toothed leaves. Whether
A. macrosperma, and any of its states, be the A. decumbens, Thunb., of Japan, as
would follow from Don's and Bentham's references, is unknown to me, as I have seen
no Japanese Ajuga with a geniculate corolla-tube. According to Maximovicz's descrip-
tion of A. decumbens, it must differ in the deeper sharper calyx-lobes, the more
prominent midlobe of the corolla, and in the minutely reticulate nutlets.
Var. Thomsoni ; glabrous, stems slender flaccid rooting prostrate, spikes with a
very slender rachis, calyx-teeth very short rounded, corolla glabrous, tube exserted.
A. Thomsoni, Maxim. I. c. 821.— Sikkim, alt. 6-9000 ft., J. JD. B. Sf T. T.— This is
certainly only an upland state of A. macrosperma. However unlike the extreme
low-land form, it is united by intermediates collected near to it at lower
elevations.
Var. breviflora ; smaller, branches more slender than the type 4 in.-2 ft.,
corolla-tube shorter sometimes quite included often hairy. A. decumbens, Bon
Prodr. 108; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 598 (? of Thunberg). A. sikkimensis, Miq.
Prolus. Fl. Jap. 46; Maxim. 1. c. 822.— Higher parts of the Khasia Mts.,
ascending to 10,000 ft. in Sikkim. Behar; top of Parusnath, J. D. B.— Perhaps
all the Himalayan forms of A. macrosperma should be referred to this, but I can find
no definite characters for them.
UNKNOWN SPECIES.
A. ? ovata, Wall. Cat. 2036, from Ava, is indeterminable, having no flower
or fruit.
55. CYIVXARIA, Benth.
Shrubs. Flowers small, in lax many-fld. axillary peduncled cymes,
ebracteate or crowded in a terminal thyrse. Calyx erect, 10-nerved,
5-toothed, fruiting-tube globose, throat naked. Corolla-tube straight; lips
subequal, upper arched, erect; lower spreading, 3-fid, midlobe largest.
Stamens 4, ascending ; anthers conniving, cells divaricate. Bisk sym-
metric. Ovary shortly 4-lobed ; upper style-lobe very short. Nutlets
subglobose or obovoid, rugosely pitted ; hilum lateral. — Species 3, Burman
and Malayan.
Cymaria.] cxn. labiate. (J. D. Hooker.) 705
1. C. dichotoma, JSenth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 64, Lab. 705, and
in DC. Prodr. xii. 603; branches petioles cymes and leaves beneath finely
pubescent, leaves ovate or rhomboid subacute faintly crenate, cymes axillary
long-peduncled lax-fid. Wall. Gat. 2080.
Burma ; at Taong-dong, Wallich.
Stem terete, woody ; branches strict, slender, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 3-4 by
1^-2 in., membranous, base cuneate; petiole ^-.j in. Peduncle £-2 in., slender.
Calyx £ in., teeth triangular acute, as long as the tube. Corolla minute, tube hardly
exserted. Stamens included. Nutlets 3'3 in.
2. C. elong-ata, Benth. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 64, Lab. 705, and in
DC. Prodr. xii. 603 ; branches petioles leaves beneath and cymes densely
tomentose, leaves subsessile ovate obtuse subcrenate, cymes short-peduncled
dense-fid. in a long terminal leafy raceme. Wall. Cat. 2079.
Burma; at Taong-dong, Wallich.
Branches long, robust. Leaves lg-3 in., thick, finely tomentose above. Peduncle
\-\ in., and pedicels stout. Calyx £ in., as in C. dichotoma, but tomentose. Nutlets
J? in., obovoid.
Order CXIII. PLANTAGINE2E.
Scapigerous herbs. Leaves usually radical. Scapes axillary. Flowers
small, greenish, spicate, often dimorphic. Sepals 4, imbricate in bud, per-
sistent. Corolla hypogynous, salver-shaped, scarious ; lobes 4, imbricate in
bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments capillary, inflexed
in bud, persistent ; anthers large, pendulous, versatile. Ovary free, 2-4-
celled ; style filiform with 2 lines of stigmatic hairs ; ovules 1 basal in
each cell, or several peltately attached to the septum. Capswle 1-4-celled,
circumsciss, membranous, 1- or more-seeded, septum free. Seed usually
peltate, testa thin, mucilaginous, albumen fleshy; embryo cylindric, trans-
verse, radicle inferior. — Genera 3, species about 50. — The above character
does not include the anomalous monotypic genera Littorella and JBougueria.
Plantago, Linn.
Characters of the Order.
Sect. 1. Euplantag"o, Boiss. Leaves all radical.
* Corolla glabrous. Capsule 2-celled, cells 4-8-seeJed. Seeds angular.
1. P. major, Linn. ; perennial, leaves petioled oblong or oblong-ovate
subentire or toothed 3-7-ribbed, scape short, spike very long and slender.
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 878; Dene, in DC. Prodr. xii. 1, 696; Thioaites
Enum. 245. P. erosa, Wall, in Boxb. Fl. Lnd., Ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 423,
and Cat. 6412 ; Don Prodr. 77 ; Dene. I. c. P. asiatica, Linn. Sp. PI. 163 ;
Dene. I. e. 695 ; Wight III. t. 177. P. longiscapa, Jacauem. mss.
Temperate and Alpine Himalaya; from Peshawur aftd Kashmir to Bhotan,
alt. 2-8000 ft., and Western Tibet, alt. 10-12,000 ft. Assam, Griffith. Khasia
Mts., alt 4-5000 ft. Burma and Malacca, Griffith. Singapore or Penang,
Walker. Bombay, Stocks. Nilghiri Hills, Foulkes, &c. Ceylon; higher
parts of the island, Walker, &c— Distrib. Malay Islands; Affghanistan and west-
wards to the Atlantic ; wild or introduced, in these and many other countries.
Glabrous or hairy ; rootstock stout, truncate. Leaves 2-5 in., variable in breadth,
toothing irregular ; petiole sometimes 4 in. Spike 3-6 in. ; flowers scattered or
crowded ; bracts equalling the calyx. Sepals, glabrous, £ in. long, margins broadly
scarious, obtusely keeled. Filaments short. Seeds very minute, black.
VOL. IV.
Z Z
706 cxiii. plantagine^:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Plantago.
** Corolla glabrous. Capsule 2-celled, cells 1-2-seeded.
2. P. lanceolata, Linn. ; perennial, leaves shortly petioled lanceolate
entire or toothed 3-5-ribbed, axils woolly, scape long deeply furrowed,
spike very short. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 881 ; Don Prodr. 77 ; Thwaites
Enum. 245 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 714 P. attenuata, Wall, in Roxb.
Fl. Ind., Ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 422, and Cat. 6413.
Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Simla, Boyle, Thomson, &c. Salt
range, Aitchison. Waziristan, alt. 5-8000 ft., Stewart. (Nepal and Ceylon
introduced.) — Disteib. Europe and N. Asia ; introduced into many countries.
Very variable in size. Rootstoek tapering. Leaves 1-12 in. Scape as long or
longer. Spike £-3 in., ovoid, subglobose or cylindric ; bracts acuminate. Sepals
usually ciliate. Filaments long. Seeds oblong, concavo-convex, black.
3. P. tibetica, Serb. Ind. Or. Hook. f. Sf T.; perennial, glabrous or
nearly so, leaves sessile or petioled elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate entire or
toothed 5-ribbed, axils glabrous, scape grooved, spike slender.
Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 4-11,000 ft., Stewart. Westeen Tibet;
common, alt. 10-13,000 ft., Thomson, Henderson.
Rootstoek short, stout. Leaves 2-4 in., variable in width, subacute. Scapes
glabrous or puberulous. Spikes 1-6 in. ; flowers very pale ; bracts oblong, obtuse,
equalling the calyx. Sepals broadly oblong, scarious, midrib green. Corolla very
small, lobes acute. Capsule twice as long as the calyx, very pale. — Some specimens
of apparently first year's plants from wet places have oblong membranous leaves
4 in. long or petioles as long, and very slender scapes and spikes.
4. P. brachyphylla, Edgew. mss.; Dene, in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 696;
perennial, glabrous, leaves elliptic-ovate subsessile or petioled 3-5-ribbed,
axils glabrous, scapes stout glabrous longer than the leaves and cylindric
spikes. P. gentianoides, Dene. I. c. 721 (the Himalayan plant).
Western Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 9-13,000 ft., LJdgeworth,
&c. Westeen Tibet, alt. 11-14,000 ft. ; Thomson.— Distrib. Aftghanistan.
Much resembling a small state of P. major, but the seeds are 1-2 in each cell,
oblong and plano-convex.
5. P. Stocksii, Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 720, and Fl. Orient, iv.
882; annual or perennial, cobwebby or subsilky, leaves shortly petioled
lanceolate long-acuminate entire 3-nerved, scape slender longer than the
leaves, spike short and few-fid. or long with many distant flowers, corolla-
lobes acute. P. remotiflora, Stocks in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 179.
N.W. India; Waziristan, alt. 3-5000 ft., Stewart.— Distrib. Afghanistan
and Beluchistan, Persia.
Root fusiform. Leaves 2—4 in. Spikes sometimes 5 in. long, at others only \ in. ;
bracts rather shorter than the calyx, obtuse, hairy or glabrate, margin membi-anous,
back green. Sepals subsimilar, ovate-oblong, obtuse. Seeds large, narrowly oblong,
boat-shaped, black. — Waziristan is just beyond the British frontier, but as the species
will probably occur on this side of it, I have thought it right to introduce the
description.
6. P. amplexicaulis, Cav. Ic. ii. 22, t. 125 ; annual or perennial,
stemless or subcaulescent, sparsely hairy or glabrate, leaves long very nar-
rowly lanceolate finely acuminate 5-nerved, base sheathing, scapes axillary
terete equalling or exceeding the leaves, spikes ovoid, corolla-lobes ovate
acute. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 883 ; Dene, in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 719. P.
Bauphula, Edgew. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 285 (1840) ; Dene. I. c. P. salina,
Dene. I. c. 720. P. lagopoides, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 135, t. 39.
Plantago.] cxm. PLANTAGiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 707
Panjab Plains; from the Sutlej westwards, Falconer, &c. Malwa, Edge-
worth. Scinde; on the Boogta Hills, Yicary. — Distrib. Westwards to Greece and
Egypt.
Stem 0, or branched from the base, and 2-4 in. high, bearing leaves and axillary
scapes. Leaves 3-6 in., rarely 2 in. diam. ; margin entire or very sparingly toothed.
Scapes very numerous, stout, glabrous. Spikes ^-1| in. ; flowers large ; bracts
cupular, glabrous, membranous except the green midrib. Sepals rounded, outer with
a green keel, inner all membranous. Seeds £ in., boat-shaped, brown ; septum £-£ in.
long, oblong, thickened, black.
7. P. ovata, Forsk. Fl. AEg. Aral. 31 ; annual, stemless or subcaules-
cent, sparsely or thickly villous, leaves narrow-linear or filiform finely
acuminate, scapes longer or shorter than the leaves, spikes ovoid or cylindric,
corolla-lobes rounded concave obtuse. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 885 ; Done, in
DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 706. P. decumbens, Forsh. I. c. ; Dene. I. c. P. Ispaghul,
Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 404, and Ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 421 ; Fleming in As.
Research, xi. 174; Boyle III. 312; Dene. I. c. (Ispaghula) ; Bentl. Sf Trim.
Med. Dot. t. 211. P. argentea, Desf. Fl. Atlant. ii. 136. P. lanata, Wall.
Cat. 6414,
Panjab Plains and low Hills ; from the Sutlej westwards. Scinde, Stocks. —
Distbib. Westwards to Spain and the Canaries.
Stem rarely branched, as in P. amplexicaulis. Leaves 3-9 in., rarely \ in. diam.,
usually 3-nerved, entire or distantly toothed. Scapes glabrous or pubescent. Spikes
j-l|in. ; bracts with broad scarious margins, ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Sepals
subsimilar, glabrous or pubescent. Seeds cymbiform.
*** Corolla-lobes hirsute. Capsule 2-celled, cells 1-seeded.
8. P. ciliata, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 137, t. 39 ; annual or perennial,
stemless or subcaulescent, densely silky or woolly, leaves long- or short-
petioled oblanceolate acuminate, scapes stout longer or shorter than the
leaves, spikes oblong or cylindric, bracts sepals and acuminate corolla-lobes
villous. Dene, in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 708; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 887. P.
eriantha, Dene. 1. c. 707.
The Panjab Hills, west of the Jhelum ; Salt range, Fleming ; Peshawur,
Vicary, &c— Distrib. Westwards to Arabia and Egypt.
Usually a dwarf species, with broadly oblanceolate apiculate leaves 1-4 in. long,
but sometimes caulescent with narrow leaves 6 in. long. Scapes numerous. Spikes
stout, 1-2 in. ; bracts ovate, obtuse, broadly membranous, back green. Sepals mem-
branous. Seeds boat- shaped.
Sect. 2. Psyllium. Stem leafy. leaves opposite.
9. P. Psyllium, Linn.; annual, erect, strict, glandular-pubescent,
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate flat obtuse, peduncles in the upper axils,
spikes ovoid, bracts acute, lower elongate. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 891 ; Dene,
in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 734; Sibth. Fl. Grate. 1. 149; Reichb. 1c. Fl. Germ.
t. 84. P. arenaria, Dene. I. c. 735 (the Indian plant).
North- Western Panjab; Peshawur and South of Brumoo, Stewart; Tarki,
N. of Indus, alt. 2800 ft., Aitchison. — Distrib. Westwards to Greece and Egypt.
Stem 4-8 in. Leaves 1-1& in., with fascicles in their axils, hence appearing
whorled, margin entire with a very few glandular tubercles, bases ciliate. Scapes
usually shorter than the leaves. Spikes ^-| in. ; lower bracts sometimes spreading,
hispid. Sepals oblong, subacute. Corolla very small.
10. P. pumila, Willd. Fnum. Hort. Berol. i. 162; stem ascending
z z 2
708 cxm. PLAXTAGINE.E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Plantago.
flexuous glabrous or puberulous, leaves filiform, margins revolute, peduncles
in the upper axils, spikes ovoid or subglobose puberulous, bracts all longer
than the calyx, lower eqaalling the spike, corolla lobes finely acuminate.
Dene, in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 735; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 891. Plantago,
Griff. It. Notes, 214, n. 84, and Notulce, iv. 213 ; and Ic. PI. Asiat.
t. 462.
North-West India; Royle (raised from seed bought in Bazaar).— Disteib.
Afghanistan, Egypt.
This is, I think, a form of P. Psyllium, or of P. stricta, Schousb. Boyle's only
specimen is very small, 6 in. high and slender, but Griffith's from Afghanistan
is a foot high with a very robust stem. — Boissier doubtfully refers P. indica, L.,
to this.
Order CXIY. NYCTAGINEffi.
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite, quite entire, exstipu-
late. Inflorescence various, flowers often involucrate. Perianth petaloid,
monopetalous ; tube persistent, enveloping the fruit ; limb 3-5-lobed, plaited
in bud. Stamens 8-30, hypogynous, sometimes unilateral, filaments usually
unequal, inflexed in bud ; anthers didymous. Ovary free, 1-celled ; style
involute in bud, stigma simple or multifid ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit
membranous, enclosed in the hardened perianth-tube. Seed ereot, testa
adherent, albumen floury or soft; embryo curved, coiled or .with folded
cotyledons, radicle inferior. — Genera 23, species 215, chiefly tropical
American.
Tribe I. DXirabilieae. Fmbryo hooked, radicle long.
Flowers involucrate 1. Oxybaphus.
Flowers not involucrate 2. Boerhaavja.
Tribe II. Pisonieae. Fmbryo straight, radicle short.
; 3. Pisokia.
1. OXYBAPHUS, VaJil.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Involucre 1-5-fld. Perianth-tube short, limb
deciduous. Stamens 2-5, filaments connate below. Fruit small. — Species
about 20, all but the following American.
O. himalaicus, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 87 ; glandular-pubes-
cent, viscid, leaves petioled ovate or ovate -cordate, flowers solitary in each
involucre. Chois. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 430.
Western Himalaya ; from Kulu to Gurwhal, alt. 6^9000 ft., Fdgeworth, &c.
Stem 2-4 ft., branched, terete, brittle. Leaves 2-3 by l|-2^ in., acute, ciliolate;
petiole l-l in. Flowers panicled, involucre £ in., campanulate, 5-toothed, viscid.
Perianth included, rosy, contracted above the ovary, limb spreading. Stamens 4,
included. Fruit | in. long, ellipsoid or ovoid, rough, black.
2. BOEEHAAVIA, Linn.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Floioers minute or small, panicled umbelled
or capitate, jointed on the pedicel ; bracteoUs small, rarely forming a minute
involucre. Perianth-tube long or short; limb funnel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Stamens 1-5, exserted. Ovary oblique, stipitate, stigma peltate. Fruit
small, glandular. Cotyledons broad, thin, enclosing a soft scanty albumen.
— Species 30, tropical and subtropical.
BoerJiaavia.] cxiv. nyctagine/E. (J. D. Hooker.) 709
* Flowers capitate.
1. B. repens, Linn.; diffusely branched, leaves linear ovate oblong
or rounded obtuse or acute, base rounded or cordate, heads small in terminal
or axillary panicles, flowers "minute capitate, fruit £ in. long shortly clavate
5-ribbed viscid all over, top rounded. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 1045 ; Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 213.
Throughout India ; from the Panjab to Assam and south to Travancore and
Singapore ; ascends in the hot Himalayan valleys to 7000 ft, Ceylon. — Disteib.
Tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa and America.
Root fusiform, very stout ; rootstock woody ; branches 6-24 in., glabrous or
pubescent. Leaves %-2 in., thick, usually white beneath ; petiole as long as the blade
or shorter. Panicle with very slender branches. Perianth red. Stamens 2-3. —
I have refrained from quoting any but Indian authorities for this plant, the whole
genus appearing to me to be in a state of utter confusion. B. ascendens, Willd. ;
hirsuta, Willd., and viscosa, Lag.,1 are probably the same as this. I am furthe?
unable to. draw any line between the following forms, two of which are characterized
by Boissier.
B. repens proper ; small, branches 6-10 in. not very stout appressedly pubescent,
leaves small ovate or oblong often acute rarely cordate green above white beneath. —
B. repens, Delile Fl. Bg. t. 3, f. 1.
Vab. procumbens ; branches 2-3 ft. usually slender glabrous, leaves larger broader
often rounded white beneath, inflorescence panicled. B. procumbens, Herb. Banks
in Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 146; Wight Ic. t. 874; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. J 67.
Vab. diffusa ; more robust, branches long stout glabrous pubescent or viscous,
leaves 1-2 in. ovate obtuse or acute usually cordate green beneath, inflorescence chiefly
axillary. B. diffusa, Linn. Sp. PI. 3 ; Wall. Cat. 6770; Boiss. I. c. 1045. B. repanda,
Wall. Cat. 6769, inpart.—Rheede Sort: Mai. vii. t. 56.
2. B. crispa, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 6771 ; stout, erect, scaberulously
pubescent, stem subsimple, leaves shortly petioled oblong or ovate-oblong
rounded at both ends coriaceous scabrid on both surfaces, nerves very
numerous and strong beneath, flowers few capitate in a laxly branched
panicle with capillary peduncles, fruit £ in. long clavate 5-ribbed glandular,
top rounded. B. rugosa, Bottler mss.
Deccan Peninsula; Beyne.
A robust species. Leaves \-\.\ in., very thick and hard, margin crisped ; petiole
stout, \-\ in. Panicles with decurved branches.— The specimens of this very distinct-
looking plant are in fruit only.
** Flowers umbelled or whorled.
3. B. repanda, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 22 ; subscandent, branches long
pale, leaves triangular-ovate or -cordate acute or acuminate repand-sinuate,
umbels long-peduncled axillary and terminal few-fld., pedicels long slender,
fruit i in. long slender glandular. Chois. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 455; Wall.
Cat. 6769, excl. part of B; Wight Ic. t. 1766; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
213. B. umbellata, Wight mss, Valeriana chinensis, Burm. Fl. Ind. 15?
t. 6, f. 3. _ ^
Uppee Gangetic Plai¥ and Rohjlkund, Wallich, Bdgeworth, &c. The
Concan, Stocks. Mysoee, Teavancoee and the Caenatic, Wight, &c. Pegu and
Buema, Wallich. — Disteib. Beluchistan.,
Branches diffuse, subscandent, glabrous or pubescent, 6 ft. long. Leaves 1-3 in.,
base usually* truncate or cordate ; petiole slender, £-l£ in. Peduncles 1-2 in., very
slender, 2-6 fld. ; pedicels £-1 in., capillary. Perianth pink, tube £ in. long ; limb
£ in. diam. Stamens far exserted. Fruit slightly clavate, covered with large glands,
710 cxiv. NYCTAGiNEiE. (J. D. Hooker. ) [Boerhaavia.
obscurely ribbed. — Tbis closely resembles the American B. scanfens, but the flower
is much larger and the stamens are far exserted.
4. B. verticillata, Poir. Diet. v. 56 ; branches long pale, leaves
broadly ovate or rounded rarely oblong obtuse sinuate, umbels long-
peduncled axillary and panicled few-fid. often superposed, pedicels long
slender, fruit £ in. clavate with large semi-globose glands round the crown.
Chois. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 454 ; Wall. Cat. 6772 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
1044. B. stellata, Wight Ic. t. 875 ; Chois. I. c. ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
213. B. scandens, Gibs. Cat. Bomb. PI. 167 ; Wall. Cat. 6773.
Western Panjab ; Salt range, Mt. Tilla, Aitchison. The Concan, Kattywar
and Scinde, Dalzell, Stocks, &c. Goojerat, Gibson. Mysore, at Hyderabad,
Heyne. Travancore and the Carnatic, Wight. — Distrib. Affghanistan, Belu-
chistan, and westward to Syria and Tropical Africa.
Habit, foliage and inflorescence much as in B. repanda, but leaves usually obtuse ',
flowers smaller, white or pink, and fruit very different.
5. B. fruticosa, Dalz. in Dalz. Sf Gils. Bomb. Fl. 213; "erect,
shrubby, viscidly tomentose, leaves ovate or triangular acuminate much
wrinkled beneath, base truncate, peduncles axillary, pedicels slender,
flowers umbelled small pink, fruit linear-oblong sulcate pubescent, ribs
tubercled."
The Concan ; Ghats east of Bombay and Sewnere forts, DalzelL
Stem 2 in. diam. ; branches very stout. Leaves 1-2 in. j petiole short, stout.
Peduncles as long as the leaves, stout ; umbels sometimes superposed ; pedicels stout,
^-^ in. Perianth ^ in. diam. Fruit not seen. — Probably an African species. It
resembles B. grandiflora, A. Rich, a good deal.
*** Flowers in dutri-chotomous cymes ; pedicels very long, capillary.
6. B. elegans, Chois. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 453; shrubby below, branches
erect, leaves sessile linear oblong or oblong-lanceolate obtuse or apiculate
fleshy pruinose, flowers in a very large excessively di-tri-chotoraously branched
panicle with very long capillary peduncles and pedicels, fruit -,'c in. long
narrowly ellipsoid or clavate strongly ribbed perfectly smooth. Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 1045.
The Panjab ; at Sandal bar, Pdgeworth. Scinde, Stocks.— Distrib. Belu-
chistan, S. Arabia.
Stock woody, much divided; branches erect, 1-2 ft., glaucous below. Leaves
few, 1-1^ in., curiously mottled with white when dry. Peduncles or branches of
panicle divaricate ; pedicels 1-2 in.; bracts (if present) setaceous. Floivers minute.
Fruit narrowed at both ends, minutely hairy between the ribs. — Schimper's No. 744
from Arabia, which Steudel has named B. rubicunda, and which is referred here by
Choisy and Boissier, is perhaps a different species, having broader petioled leaves (of
the same texture however) and fruit twice as large; it is No. 159 of Fischer's, and
No. 98 of Schwenfurth's Arabian collections. — Seeds eaten, Fdgew.
3. PXSONXA, Linn.
Trees or shrubs, sometimes spinous. Leaves opposite or alternate.
Flowers in corymbose cymes, not involucrate. Flowers usually dioecious,
2-3-bracteolate. Perianth 5-10-toothed, of male flower funnel-shaped, of
female tubular. Stamens 6-10, exserted. Ovary sessile, oblique ; stigma
capitate or feathery. Fruit large or small. Cotyledons crumpled, enclosing
a scanty soft albumen. — Species 60, all tropical, one only African.
Pisonia.] cxiv. nyctagine/E. (J. D. Hooker.) 711
1. P. aculeata, Linn. ; a tall woody climber witli axillary recurved
prickles, cymes dense-fid., fruit narrowly oblong or clavate 5-ribbed, ribs
muricate with several rows of glands. Chois. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 440 ;
LamJc. 111. t. 861 ; Gaertn. Fruct. i. t. 76 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 217 ; Wight Ic.
t. 1763-4; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 167 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 279 ; Bedd. Sylv.
Madr. 175, t. 22, f. 3. P. Georgina, Wall. Cat. 6768. P. villosa, Poir. Diet.
v. 347 ; Chois. I. c. Tragularia horrida, Koen. mss.
South Concan, and elsewhere in theDnccAN Peninsula, Beyne,&e. Ceylon,
Walker, &c. Burma, Wallich. — Distkib. Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia and
America.
Trunk very short ; branches subopposite, horizontal. Leaves 2-3 in., elliptic,
obtuse, entire, base cuneate; petiole \-^ in. Flowers in dense axillary and terminal
corymbose cymes, greenish-white. Male flower T'n in. long, campanulate, pedicelled,
5-toothed. Stamens 7-8. Female flower ovoid, obscurely toothed; stigma lacerate.
Fruit long-pedieelled, |— § in.
2. P. alba,, Spanoghe in Linncea, 1841, 312 ; unarmed, arboreous, leaves
large, fruit narrow club-shaped 5-angled, angles with one row of prickles.
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 279; Wight let. 1765; Mia. Fl. Lnd. Bat. i. 1,990;
Chois. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2,446. PP. inermis, Forst. Prodr.t397. P.
morindsefolia, Br. in Wall. Cat. 7130 ; Chois. I. c. 447. ? P. malabarica,
Poir. Encycl. Suppl. ? P. mitis, Linn. Sp. PL 1511 ; Barm. Fl. Lnd. 224
(excl. citation of Bheede).
Andaman IsLANns ; beach forests rare, Kurz; cultivated in India and Ceylon.
— Djstbib. Malay Islands.
A tree, 30-40 ft., glabrous except the inflorescence ; branches stout. Leaves
6-10 in., oblong-ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate; petiole f-lg- in. Flowers in
dense corymbose terminal cymes. Male flower £ in. long, tubular-campanulate, pedi-
celled, 5-toothed ; stamens 8. Female flower much smaller ; stigma penicellate. Fruit
.j-f in. long, long-pedicelled. — It is very doubtful what name this should bear; it may
probably be identified with F. inermis, Forst., of the Pacific Islands.
3. P. excelsa, Blume Bijd. 735; unarmed, arboreous, leaves large
petioled opposite alternate or 3-nately whorled, fruit elongate linear trun-
cate 5-angled, angles smooth "viscid. Chois. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 441;
Hassle. PL Jav. Bar. 227 ; Spanoghe in Linn&a, 1841, 342 ; Miquel FL
Lnd. Bat. i. 1, 990. P. umbellifera, Seem, ex Kurz For. FL ii. 280. P.
macrocarpa, Presl Symb. t. 56.
Andaman Islands ; forests along the coast, Kurz. — Distbib. Malay Islands.
A tree, 30-50 ft., glabrous except the puberulous shoots. Leaves 1^-1 ft. glossy ;
petiole £-1 in. Flowers small, cymose or umbellate ; peduncles sparingly tomentose
or glabrescent. Perianth nearly glabrous. Fruit 1\ in. or less, glabrous. — Kurz has
referred this to Seemann's P. umbellifera, which Bentham affirms (Fl. Austral.
v. 281) to be Blume's P. excelsa. I have seen only leaf and fruit, the rest of the
above description being from Kurz.
Excluded Species.— P. racemosa, Wall. Cat. 7296, is Petunga longifolia, DC.
(See v. iii. 120).
Order CXY. ILLECEBRACEJE.
Herbs, usually small and tufted. Leaves opposite or alternate ; stipules
scarious. Flowers cymose, minute. Sepals 4-5, persistent, closing over
the fruit. Petals minute or 0. Stamens hypogynous or perigynous ; fila-
ments short ; anthers didymous. Ovary free, 1-celled ; style 2-3-fid, stigmas
decurrent ; ovule 1, erect or pendulous from a basal funicle. Utricle
enclosed in the perianth. Seed globose lenticular or reniform, testa smooth,
albumen floury ; embryo straight curved or annular. — Genera 17, species
70, most warm dry regions.
712 cxv. illecebrace^e. (J. D. Hooker.) [Herniaria.
Gymnocarpos fruticosus, Pers., is in the Genera Plantarum (iii. 17) erroneously
stated to be a native of Scinde, owing to a misstatement in the Herbarium ; it has not
been found further east than Beluchistan.
Tribe I. Paronychieae. Flowers clustered, all perfect and similar.
Embryo annular.
Sepals 5, obtuse. Style 2-fid 1. Herniaria.
Tribe II. Pterantheae. Flowers 3-nate, surrounded by squarrose
bracts, the centre one of the 3 alone perfect. Fmbryo nearly straight.
Floral leaves pinnatipartite 2. Cometes.
1. HEHN1ARIA, Linn.
Tufted prostrate small herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate,
narrow. Flowers minute, in green axillary clusters. Sepals 4-5, obtuse,
connate below. Petals 4-5, minute, setaceous or 0. , Dish annular.
Stamens 4-5. Utricle indehiscent ; style 2-fid ; ovule erect. Seed subglo-
bose or reniform, testa crustaceous shining ;- embryo annular. — Species 8
or 10, Europe, N. and S. Africa, W. and Central Asia.
H. hirsuta, Linn. ; strigosely hirsute, leaves elliptic- or linear-
oblong, sepals 5 not so broad as the rigid hairs are long, stigmas very short
subsessile.
Westeen Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kunawur, alt. 4-8000 ft., Eoyle, &c.
The Pan jab, from the Sutlej to Peshawur.— Distrib. Westward to the Atlantic and
the Canary Islands.
Branches 2-8 in. long, densely tufted, internodes long or short. Leaves T\j-^ in.,
acute or obtuse, base acute. Flowers -fa— fa in. long. Capsule as lon^ as the sepals.
— I am quite unable to discriminate between the species of Herniaria, or to refer this
to any descriptions of Boissier. There is plenty of it under several forms in Griffith's
Affghan collections, and these Boissier alludes to under both J£. incana, Lamk., and
H. cinerea, DC. (Fl. Orient, i. 739). The incana form looks at first sight very
distinct, but there appear to me to be many intermediates.
Var. incana; hoary, most densely matted, leaves densely crowded^ in. long,
flowers many in a cluster ^ in. long. H. incana, Lamk. Diet. iii. 124 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, i. 741. H. macrocarpa, Sibth. Fl. Grcec.t. 252. H. Besseri, Fisch. in Hornem.
Suppl, Sort. Bot. Hafn. 127.
2. COMETES, Linn.
Annual branched herbs. Leaves opposite, mucronate ; stipules setaceous.
Flowers 3 together, surrounded by feathery at length squarrose bracts,
centre flower only perfect. Sepals 5, erect, linear- oblong, awned behind.
Stamens 5, subperigynous, alternating and united with 5 membranous
staminodes forming a cup below. Ovary narrow; style filiform, stigma
3-toothed ; ovule erect. Utricle obovoid. Seed obovoid, erect, testa mem-
branous; embryo large, on one side of a scanty albumen ; cotyledons oblong,
plano-convex. — Species 2, N. African and Oriental.
C. surattensis, Burm. Fl. Lnd. 39, t. 15, f. 5; leaves petioled
elliptic acute at both ends, stamens longer than the staminodes. Boiss. Fl.
Orient, i. 753; Wall. PI. As. Bar. i. 17, t. 17; Cat. 810. C. apiculata, Dene,
in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, ii. 244. Ceratonychia Nidus, Edgew. in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xvi. 1215.
Cometes."] cxv. illecebracejs. (J. D. Hooker.) 713
Scinde, Vicary, Stocks. — Distrib. Beluchistan, Waziristan, and westward to
S. Arabia.
Stem woody below; branches 4-10 in., very numerous, stout, erect, terete, dichoto-
mous. Leaves |-1 in., elliptic, acute at both ends, variable in width ; petiole short.
Heads \-% in. diam., including the feathery rusty appendages which close over the
fruit to prevent the escape of the seed, which germinates in the head. Sepals with
the dorsal awn variable in length. Stamens and staminodes variable in length.
Order CXYI. AMAEANTACES!.
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers
usually in terminal simple or panicled spikes, cymes or clusters (outer in the
cluster sometimes deformed) ; bracts and 2 bracteoles scarious. Sepals 5,
rigid or scarious, persistent, imbricate in bud. Stamens 1-5, opposite the
sepals, filaments free or connate below or united with intervening mem-
branous staminodes into a hypogynous cup ; anthers 1- or 2-celled. Ovary
1 -celled ; styles 1-3 ; ovules 1 or more, basal,/^nicle capillary. Fruit a
utricle, rarely a berry or capsule, enclosed in or resting on the persistent
perianth. Seed erect, orbicular or ovate, compressed, testa crustaceous ;
embryo horseshoe-shaped or annular, surrounding a mealy albumen. —
Genera 48, species 480, tropical and subtropical.
Tribe I. Celosieae. Leaves alternate. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary
2-oo -ovuled.
Fruit a berry. A shrub 1. Deeringia.
Fruit membranous. Herbs 2. Celosia.
Tribe II. Amaranteae. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled.
* Ovule erect. Leaves alternate.
spreading under the fruit 3. BosiA.
Sepals erect, enclosing the fruit.
Flowers psmicled, 2-sexual. Utricle indehiscent 4. Banalia.
Flowers capitate, 2-sexual. Utricle circumsciss 5. Allmania.
Flowers spicate, 2-sexual. Nut crustaceous 6. Digera.
Flowers unisexual 7. Amarantus.
** Ovule suspended from a basal funicle.
f Flowers clustered, 1-3 perfect surrounded by deformed ones. Leavec
opposite.
Stamens with interposed staminodes 8. Cyathula.
Stamens without staminodes 9. Pupalia.
tf Flowers all perfect. Staminodes 0.
Outer sepals 3-ribbed. Stamens 5. Spikes axillary . . .10. Psilotrichum.
Outer sepals 3 -ribbed. Stamens 5. Spikes panicled . . . 11. Psilostachys.
Sepals all hyaline. Stamens 1 or 2 12. Noth-2ERTTA.
ttt Flowers all perfect. Stamens with interposed staminodes.
Sepals hyaline, woolly. Staminodes short 13. JErtta.
Sepals scarious, tipped with wool. Staminodes long . . .14. Stilbanthus.
jpinescent 15. Achyranthes.
714 cxvi. AMARANTACE2E. (J. D. Hooker.) {Deeringia.
Teibe III. G-omphreneae. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled ; ovule
suspended from a basal funicle. Leaves opposite.
Staminal tube very short. Stigma subsessile, capitate . . .16. Altebnantheba.
Staminal tube long. Style long. Stigma 2-dd 17. Gomphbena.
1. DEERINGIA, Br.
Eambling or climbing sbmbs. Leaves alternate, petioled. Flowers
small, in simple or panicled spikes, 1-2- sexual. Sepals 5, oblong, spreading
in fruit. Stamens 4-5 ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes 0. Ovary ovoid or
subglobose ; stigmas 2-4, subulate ; ovules few or many, funicle long. Fruit
a globose berry or circumsciss utricle, seated on the spreading perianth.
Seeds few or many ; radicle descending.— Species 5-6, Asiatic, Australian
and Pacific.
D. celosioides, Br. Prodr. 413; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate
acuminate, racemes long panicled. Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 682, and Ed. Wall. Sf
Carey, ii. 511; Wight Ic. t. 728 ; Wall. Cat. 6888; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl.214>; Bot. Mag. t. 2717; Fndl. Iconogr.t. 62. D. baccata, Moa. in
DC. Prodr. xiii. 236. D. indica, Betz. in Blume Bijd. 542 ; Spreng. Syst.
i. 816. Celosia baccata, Betz. Obs. v. 23. Cladostachys frutescens, Don
Prodr. 76, excl. syn. — Blitum frutescens, Bumph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 83,
f. 2.
Subtropical Himalaya ; from Simla to Bhotam, alt. 1-5000 ft. Assam, Siltiet,
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft. Chittagong and Loweb Bengal ; at Pubna, J. D. H.
Sf T. T. Behab ; Monghir, Hamilton ; and Rotas, J. D. R. Pegu, Wallich. The
Concan, Dalz. S( Gibs. (I have seen no specimen). — Distbib. Malay Islands, China,
Australia.
Blackish or dark green when dry, subscandent, sometimes climbing 18 ft. high ;
branches long, arching. Leaves 2-4 in., base rounded or acute, rarely cordate ; petiole
^-lin. Spikes 4-10 in. Flowers greenish-white, £ in. diam. ; pedicels short; bracts
acute. Berry globose, g— \ in. diam., scarlet.
2. CELOSIA, Linn.
Usually annual herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers clustered or spicate,
white or pink, shining. Sepals scarious, striate or ribbed. Stamens 5,
united below into a cup ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes 0. Utricle cir-
cumsciss, sometimes corky or thickened. Seeds erect, testa crustaceous,
radicle inferior or ascending. — Species 30, tropical Asiatic, African and
American.
^ * Spikes very stout ; flowers densely imbricate. Utricle acute ; style
filiform, lengthening after flowering.
1. C. argrentea, Linn. ; annual, glabrous, erect, leaves linear or lanceo-
late, spikes long-peduncled cylindric or oblong or ovoid, flowers £-§ in.;
style filiform. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 242 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 678, and
Ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 507 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 167 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 215; Wight let. 1767; Wall. Cat. 6916; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 987.
C. linearis, Sweet Sort. Brit. 569. C. margaritacea, L., Wall. Cat. 6917 ;
Don Prodr. IQ.—Bheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 38, 39.
Throughout India and Ceylon in fields, ascending the hills to 4000 ft. (nowhere
really indigenous).— Distbib. Trop. Asia, Africa, America, cultivated or introduced.
Celosia.] cxvi. amarantaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 715
Stem 1-3 ft., stout or slender, simple or branched. Leaves 1-6 in., narrow. Spikes
solitary, few or many, 1-8 by |-1 in. ; peduncle slender ; flowers white, glistening ;
bracts much shorter than the acute sepals. — The top of the spike sometimes branches
out in a cock's-comb form.
2. C. cristata, Linn. ; annual, glabrous, erect, leaves from linear to
ovate acute or acuminate, spikes cylindric, flowers %-\ in., style filiform.
Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 242 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 679, and Ed, Wall. Sf
Carey, ii. 508; Wall. Cat. 6918; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 168; Date. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 215. C. cernua, Roxb. 1. c. 680, and Ed. Carey Sf Wall. 509 ;
Wall. Cat. 6919; Wight lc. 730. C. cristata, Linn.; Lamh. III. t. 168;
Wall. Cat. 6918. C. coccinea, Linn. ; Rot. Reg. t. 1834. C. comosa, Retz.
Obs. vi. 26 ; Andr. Rot. Rep. t. 635. C. pyramidalis, Burm. Fl. Ind. 6.5,
t. 25.
Throughout India, cultivated and as an escape. — Disteib. Tropical Asia, Africa
and America.
Usually a tall branching plant, with broad ovate-lanceolate leaves, sometimes 9 in.
long and 3 broad, and much smaller flowers than C. cristata, but narrow-leaved
forms are difficult to distinguish. Roxburgh's C. cernua is only a very narrow-leaved
strict form ; I doubt its being indigenous in the Rajmahal hills, where, as Dr. King
informs me, there are traces of very old cultivations. — The sportiveness of this
species under cultivation, and its tendency to produce cock's-comb crests and feathery
branched yellow pink or rose fasciated ends of the spikes, have resulted in the
creation of many spurious species. Its native country, like that of C. argentea, of
which it is no doubt a form, is unknown. Burmann's C. pyramidalis is referred by
Moquin to Chamissoa (Allmania), but the habit is totally dissimilar to that of an
Allmania, and quite that of C. cristata.
** Spikes very slender, flowers in distant clusters. Utricle obtuse, top
thickened ; style short, stigmas 2-3 recurved. Seeds minute reniform.
3. C. pulchella, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 238; glabrous, leaves
petioled ovate acute. Wight lc. t. 1768. C. polygonoides, Wall. Cat. 6913.
Nilghiei Hills; in moist soil, Wight, &c. Ceylon, Walker, &c. ; in hot drier
parts of the island, Thwaites.
Slender, 2-3 ft. high, diffusely branched. Leaves l§-2 in., membranous, base
cuneate truncate or subcordate ; petiole slender, i-l| in. Spikes 4-10 in., very
slender ; clusters few-fld. ; flowers -^ in. long, white. Sepals ovate-oblong, acute.
Utricle flask-shaped, exserted. Seeds minute, reniform, black, opaque.
4. C. polyg'onoides, Retz. Obs. ii. 12 ; branches glabrous or hispidu-
lous, leaves petioled rounded-ovate or -cordate obtuse. Celosia trigyna,
Willd. ; Wall. Cat. 6915.
Deccan Peninsula ; in sandy soil, Mysore and the Carnatic, &c, Heyne, &c.
Ceylon ; north part of the island, Gardner.
Slender, 6-10 in. high ; stem woody below, diffusely branched. Leaves f-l£ in-
long, often as broad, glabrous or very sparsely hairy, rarely cordate, tip rounded or
apiculate ; petiole as long as the blade. Spikes 3-5 in. ; clusters few-fld. ; flowers
Jt in. long, white. Sepals ovate-oblong, acute. Utricle flask -shaped, with a very
thick exserted head. — Very near the tropical African species.
UNDETERMINABLE species.
C. Allmanoides, Moq. in LC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 243, from Ava, Wallich, is possibly
an Allmania.
C. exstipulata, Hornem. in Schrank Syllog. Eatisb. i. 202 ; Moq. 1. c. 244.—
Nepal.
-716 cxvi. amaraxtace.e. (J. D. Hooker.) [Celosia.
C. patula, Willd. in Act. Berol. vi/ 198 ; Moq. I. c. (C. glauca, Rottl. Sf Willd.
in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. iv. 1803). — Mountains of Madras.
C. SANGUINEA, Hoffmann Verz. ii. 85 ; Moq. I. c. — East Indies.
3. BOSIA, Linn. (Bosea.)
Erect, stout, glabrous, nauseous shrubs. Leaves alternate, persistent.
Flowers small, 2-4-bracteolate, green, spicate or racemose, often poly-
gamous. Sepals 5, herbaceous, rounded, concave. Stamens 5, inserted on
a hypogynous 10-lobed disk ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary ovoid ; stigmas 2-3,
sessile, recurved; ovule erect, fnnicle short. Berry globose. Seed sub-
globose, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy ; embryo annular, cotyledons
broad.— Species 3, Canaries, Mediterranean, N.W. India.
Bosea trinervia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 87, is no doubt, as Dr. King informs me, Celtis
Wightii, Planch.
S. Amherstiana, Hook. f.\ leaves ovate acute or acuminate,
flowers spicate, bracteoles 2-4. Rodetia Amherstiana, Moq. in DC. JProdr.
xiii. 2, 323; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 302; Deeringia Amherstiana, Wall.
Cat. 6889.
Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-7000 ft.; from Kumaon, Amherst,
Govan, to Kashmir, Thomson.
Quite glabrous. Leaves 3-7 by 1-4 in. ; base acute or rounded ; blade narrowed
into a petiole 4-3 in. Spikes shorter than the leaves. Flowers ^ in. diam. ; bracts
and bracteoles rounded, closely imbricated, green with white margins. Berries £ in.
diam. — Rodetia differs from the original Bosia Yerva-Mora only in the pedicelled
flowers and fewer bracts and dioecious flowers, but the flowers are really only poly-
gamous, and the Bosia cypria of Boissier (from Cyprus) has sessile flowers and bracts
imbricating as in Rodetia.
4. 3ANALIA, Moq.
An erect, glabrous, branching herb. Leaves alternate, membranous.
Flowers in axillary and terminal panicled spikes. Sepals 5, membranous,
linear-oblong, acute, 3-nerved. Stamens 5, united below into a cup, anthers
2-celled. Ovary ovoid, compressed ; style erect, stigmas 2 linear ; ovule
erect. Utricle subglobose, indehiscent. Seed orbicular, testa black crus-
taceous ; embryo annular.
B. thyrsiflora, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 278; Wight Ic. t. 1774.
Celosia thyrsiflora, and C. missionis, Wall. Cat. 6914, §915 A. B. Achy-
ranthes thyrsiflora & polygonata, Herb. Heyne.
Nilghiei Mts., alt. 4-7000 ft. ; Heyne, &c.
A tali very slender herb, branches angular. Leaves S-i in., ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers in large thyrsoid white panicles, sessile, £ in. long.
/
5. ALLB1ANIA, Br.
Herbs. Leaves alternate, narrow. Flowers in axillary and terminal
globose or ovoid heads. Sepals 5, scarious, acuminate, striate. Stamens 5,
united below into a cup ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes 0. Ovary ovoid ;
style slender, stigma capitellate ; ovule 1, erect. Utricle circumsciss. Seed
erect, aril cupular, testa crustaceous ; embryo annular, cotyledons linear
flat.— Species 2 or 3, tropical Asiatic.
1. A. nodiflora, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6890, excl. B; annual, diffusely
Allmania.] cxvi. aharantaoiub. (J. 1). Hooker.) 717-
dichotomously branched, leaves short or long from linear or oblong to
spathulate and orbicular, heads sessile axillary and terminal globose.
Sikkim Terat, Clarke. Mysore and the Carnatic, Malacca, Singapore and
Ceylon.— Distrib. China, Malay Islands.
RootstocJc sometimes woody ; branches rigid or flaccid, 6-12 in., glabrous or
hispidly hairy. Leaves excessively variable, membranous or rigid. Meads ^-1 in.
diam. white or brown. Seeds turgidly lenticular, opaque or shining. — The following
forms are certainly varieties of no great constancy.
Var. angustifolia ; glabrous, rarely with a few scattered hairs, often tall, leaves
1-3 in. oblong or linear-oblong or elongate obovate-oblong obtuse or acute, heads
usually large. A. nodiflora, Wall. Cat. 6980 A. C. E in part. Chamissoa angusti-
folia, Herb. Ham. C. javanica, Hassk. PI. Jav. Bar. 434.— Mysore, Ceylon, widely
diffused. Java, Sumatra. — A tall slender unbranched form of this occurs, apparently
drawn up amongst grass, &c.
Var. dichotoma; glabrous or nearly so, leaves shortly petioled f-1 J in. elliptic
acute, heads ^-h in. A. nodiflora, Wall. Cat. 6890 E. in part. A. dichotoma,
Wight Ic. t. 1771. Celosia dichotoma, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 172. — Courtallum,
Wight.
Var. Roxburghii ; glabrous or pubescent, leaves 1-2 in. spathulate or orbicular-
spathulate often apiculate. A. nodiflora, Wight in Hook. Journ. Rot. i. (1834), 226,
t. 128; Wall. Cat. 6890 E in part. Achyranthes nodiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 678.
Celosia nodiflora, Linn. Sp. PI. 205 ; Roth Nov. Sp. 17 ; Rurm. Fl. Zeyl. 16, t. 5, f. 2.
— Mysore, the Carnatic and Ceylon.
Var. aspera ; hispidly hairy, other characters of Var. angustifolia. A. aspera,
Wight Lc. t. 1770. Celosia aspera, Roth Nov. Sp. 173 ; Moq. I. c. 244. Chamissoa
dichotoma, Moq. I. c. 249. — Corn-fields, Coimbatore and Mysore.
Var. procumbens ; diffuse, branches prostrate often several feet long from a slender
or stout (perennial ?) woody branched stock, glabrous or scabrid, leaves small ^-f in.
spathulate or linear mucronate, heads small g— § in. Wall. Cat. 6980 E in part.
A. procumbens, Wight mss. A. nodiflora, Wight Ic. t. 1770. — Sands and Ked Hills
at Madras. — Distrib. Java.
Var. esculenta ; flaccid, glabrous, leaves 1-2 in. very narrow linear, heads usually
small sometimes pedicelled. A. esculenta, Rr. in Wall. Cat. 6892 ; Moq. I. c. 249.
Chamissoa Brownii, Steudel Nomencl. Fcl. i. 344. — Malacca and Singapore.
2. A. albida, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6981 ; annual, erect or suberect,
leaves short or long from linear to spathulate or obcordate, heads ovoid or
oblong rarely globose peduncled. Chamissoa albida, Mart. Beitr. Amarant.
79 ; Wight Ic. t. 1769. C. pyramidalis, Moq. I. c. Celosia pyramidalis,
Burm. Fl. Ind. 65, t. 25. C. albida, Willd, Sp. PL i. 1197. C. nodiflora,
Wall. Cat. 6890 B.
The Carnatic ; in sandy soil near the coast, Wight, &c. Ceylon, common. —
Java, Philippines. \ * ,
Usually tall, erect, 1-2 ft. high, with erect branches, and foliage simulating many
of the forms of A. nodiflora, of which Thwaites regards it as a form, but I can scarcely
agree with him.
6. DIGERA, ForsJc.
An annual herb. Leaves alternate. Flowers spicate, 3-nate, the 2 outer
reduced to crested scales. Sepals 4-5, oblong, outer larger 5-9-nerved,
inner 2-4-nerved. Stamens 5, free ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes 0. Ovary
oblong, truncate ; style filiform, stigmas 2 recurved; ovule 1, erect. Nut
subglobose, compressed, rugulose. Seed globose, erect, testa thin crus-
taceous, adhering to the albumen ; embryo annular, cotyledons linear.
3>. arvensis, Forsk. Fl. 2Eg. Arab. 65; Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2,
718 cxvi. amarantacejE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Digera.
324 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 343, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 527 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 218, f. 2. D. muricata & ciliata, Mart, JBeitr. Amaranth. 77 ; Wall.
Cat. 6886, 6887. D. ciliata, Moq. I. c. D. Forskalii, Blume Bijd. 542.
D. alternifolia, Aschers. in Schweinf. Beitr. 180 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 994.
Desmochete alternifolia, DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. (1813), 103. D. muricata,
Wight Ic. t. 732. D. ciliata, Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. v. 553 j Mart. I. c. 113;
Wall. Cat.6%87. Achyranthes polygonoides Betz. Obs. ii. 12 {not ofHeyne).
A. I)igera, Pair. Diet. Suppl. i. 2, 11. A. alternifolia, Linn. Mant. 50, 341 ;
Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 674, and Ed. Carey Sf § Wall. ii. 500. A. muricata, /3,
Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1193. Chamissoa arabica, ciliata, commutata & muri-
cata, Spreng. Syst. i. 815. Cladostachys alternifolia, Sweet Hort. Brit.
Ed. 3, 570. 0. muricata, Moq. I. c. 235.
Bengal and N.W. India in the plains to Peshawur and the Salt range. Pegu,
Wallich. South JJeccan ; the Concan, Mysore, and the Carnatic, Heyne, &c.
Ceylon, N. part of the island.— Disteib. Java, Affghanistan and Beluchistan to Arabia
and N. Africa.
A glabrous or ciKate slender annual, 1-2 ft. high, becoming perennial, with spread-
ing branches, prostrate below. Leaves very variable, membranous, ^-3 in., ovate
and acute or elliptic or rounded, base rounded or cuneate ; petiole £-2 in., slender.
Spikes 1-3 in., slender, axillary, long or short peduncled; bracts subulate, persistent;
flowers | in. in distant clusters, greenish. Seeds pale.
7. AMAEANTUS, Linn.
Annuals. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, small, in axillary
clusters, or in panicled erect or drooping densely or laxly spiked clusters.
Sepals 5 or 1-3, ovate oblong linear lanceolate or aristate. Stamens 1-5,
free ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes 0. Ovary compressed ; style short or 0,
stigmas 2-3 filiform or subulate; ovule 1, erect. Utricle compressed,
indehiscent or circumsciss, tip entire or 2-3-toothed. Seed orbicular, com-
pressed, testa crustaceous ; embryo annular, cotyledons linear. — Species
undetermined, tropical and subtropical, a large proportion known only in
cultivation.
* Bracts setaceous or awned, exceeding the 5 sepals. Stamens 5. Utricle
circumsciss, top %-Z-jid.
1. A. spinosus, Linn. ; erect, glabrous, stem terete, leaf-axils with
5 spines, leaves long-petioled ovate or oblong obtuse, flowers in axillary
clusters and long dense- or lax-fid. spikes, bracts setaceous equalling or
■exceeding the sepals, stamens 5, utricle rugose nearly equalling the sepals.
Moq. in DC. Prodr. xii. 2, 260 ; Willd. Amarant. t. 4, f . 8 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 611 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 169 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 216 ; Wight
Ic. t. 513 ; Wall. Cat. 6894.
Throughout India and Ceylon, in waste places, fields and gardens. — Disteib.
Various tropical countries.
Stem 1-2 ft., hard; spines straight, § in. and under. Leaves 1^-4 by f-2 in.,
base cuneate ; petiole slender, equalling the blade or shorter. Flowers ^ in. long.
Sepals of male acuminate, of female obtuse apiculate. Stigmas 2.^ Utricle with a
thickened top. Seeds 3'g in. diam., black, shining, border obtuse not thickened. — The
plant varies in colour from green to red and purple.
2. A. paniculatus,Zw2«. Sp.Pl. Ed. 2, 1406 ; tall, robust, stem striate,
leaves long-petioled elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate acute or finely acuminate,
spikes in dense thyrses squarrose from the long recurved bracts, centre one
Amarantus.'] cxvi. amarantace;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 719
longest, bracts acicular recurved very much longer than the oblong-lan-
ceolate acuminate sepals. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 257 ; Willd. Amarant.
32, t. 2, f. 4; Wall. Cat. 6904, excl. F; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 215.
A speciosus, Sims But. Mag. t. 2227 ; Don Prodr. 75. A sanguineus, Linn. ;
Willd, I. c. t. 2, f. 3 ; Mill. Icon. t. 22. A. strictus, Willd. I. c. t. 3, f. 5.
A. frumentaceus, Ham. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 610; Moq. I. a. 265; Wight Ic.
t. 720. A. farinaceus, Herb. Roxb. A. Anacardana, Ham. in Wall. Cat.
6903 ; Moq. I. c. 256. A. flavus, var. 8. bracteatus, Linn. ; Moq. I. c. 258.
Cultivated throughout India and Ceylon, and up to 9000 ft. in the Himalaya. —
Disteib. Cultivated or an escape in E. and W. Asia, and Africa.
Stem 4-5 ft., sometimes thicker than the thumb, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves
2-6 by 1-3 in., base cuneate ; petiole as long. Spikes suberect, red, green or yellow.
Seeds fa in. diam., either yellowish-white or pitchy black with a thickened rounded
border, or pitchy with a narrow thin border. — I follow Moquin, Wallich, &c, in refer-
ring this to paniculatus of Linnaeus with some doubt, and I am still more perplexed
about the synonyms I have cited, some of which may belong to the following species.
Boissier says of A. paniculatus that it is an introduction from America, whereas this
has been cultivated in India from time immemorial. Like the following, of which it
may be a form, the seeds vary extraordinarily in size, form and colour.
3. A. caudatus, Linn. Sp. PI. 990 ; tall, robust, stem striate, leaves
long-petioled elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate, tip obtuse, spikes in dense soft
thyrses hardly squarrose, centre one and often the lateral usually very long
and pendulous, bracts acicular longer than the obovate mucronate sepals.
Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 255; Wall. Cat. 6907; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv.
988. A. paniculatus, Wall. Cat. 6904 F. A. cruentus, Willd,, Roxb.
I. c.610. A. c,audatus and A. Alopecurus, Hochst.; Bouche Sf Braun in
Append. Obs. Bot. ad Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1872, 1.
Cultivated in various parts of India. — Disteib. Various hot countries, wild or
cultivated.
I find it very difficult to distinguish some states of this from A. paniculatus. In
its typical state it is a smaller plant with the leaves obtuse at the tip, more globose
softer masses of smaller red green or white flowers on the thmfee, the terminal spike
of which is very long, thick and drooping ; the acicular bracts are shorter and not
squarrose, the sepals shorter, broader, more obtuse and usually obovate-oblong, and
the utricle and seeds are smaller ; the latter present the same variations as in A. pani-
culatus. Bouche and Braun, from an examination of Abyssinian specimens cultivated'
at Berlin, point out the remarkable distinction between the two forms of seeds that
this and the foregoing species produce, one white or yellow with a very thick rounded
border (the true caudatus of old authors) ; the other lenticular and pitch-black with
a compressed border {A. alopecurus, Hochst.). The plants which bear them, how-
ever, present no other differences, and I have seen the black seed with the thick
border.
•4 Bracts subulate, equalling or exceeding the 3 lanceolate sepals and
utricle. StamensS. Utricle circumsciss.
4. A. grangreticus, JAnn. ; Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 261 ; erect, gla-
brous, leaves long-petioled ovate oblong or lanceolate obtuse or emarginate,
clusters crowded in the lower axils and forming a long terminal spike,
bracts awned, sepals long-awned much longer than the utricle. Willd.
Amarant. t. 6, f. 11 ;• Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 606 ; Wall. Cat. 6896, excl. C.
A. tricolor, Linn. Sp. PL 989; Roxb. I. c. 608, and Wall. Cat. 6902.
A. lanceolatus, Roxb. I. c. 607 ; Wall. Cat. 6895. A. tristis, Linn. Sp. PI.
989? ; Roxb. I. c. 604; Wall. Cat. 6905, A. C ; Grah. Cat, Bomb. PI. 169;
Wight Ic. t. 713 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 215. A. oleraceus, Roxb. I. c.
605 ; Grah, I. c. ; Wight Ic. t. 715, and Thioaites Fnum. 247, not of Linnaus.
720 cxvi. AMARANTACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Amarantus.
A. polygamus, Roxb. I. c. ; Wall. Cat. 6899, excl. D, and Wight Ic. 714, not
of Linn. A. lividus, Roxb. I. c. ; Wall. Cat. 6896 C. A. amboinicus, Herb.
Sam. in Wall. Cat. 6897. A. inamoenus, Willd. Amarant. t. 7, f. 14.
A. melancholicus, Linn. Sp. PI. 989 ; Roxb. I. c. 608.
Throughout India and Ceylon, cultivated and in cultivated ground. — Distkib,
Tropical Asia, Africa, and America.
An erect, stout, handsome species, 2-3 ft., leafy, green, pink, rufous, liver-coloured
or bright red. Leaves 2-5 in., very variable, from linear-lanceolate to rounded oval and
3 in. diam., or deltoid ovate ; tip rounded or long and slender but always obtuse and
often notched, base elongate cuneate ; petiole equalling the blade. Clusters squar-
rose, bracts £ in. long. Seeds lenticular, pitch-black, ^ in. diam. ; border acute. —
This is Roxburgh's A. tristis, and possibly that of Linnaeus, but the latter desc -ibes
the leaves as ovate-cordate, which these are not. Roxburgh says that his gange\ icus
and oleraceus differ from his polygamus and tristis and their varieties in not admit-
ting of being cut for successive crops, but being hence unrooted for market. I have
not cited Boissier, who says his A. gangeticus is always pentamerous. Of A. melan-
cholicus Roxburgh says that it differs from tricolor in being 6-12 ft. high, ramous,
pyramidal, with more remote broader rarely more than 2-coloured (dull livid purple
and bright crimson) leaves, whereas tricolor in the same soil is 3-4 ft. with simple
erect stem, many numerously variegated leaves, and long axillary clusters of flowers.
A. inamoenus, Wall. Cat. 6905 C, is a curious small state, 6 in. high, erect, strict,
with rhomboid leaves and long spikes ; it is the A. tristis, Herb. Rottler and Heyne.
5. A. mang'ostanus, Linn. Amozn. Acad. iv. 294 ; branches diffuse,
leaves small long-petioled ovate elliptic or deltoid-ovate obtuse emarginate,
clusters green all axillary, bracts awned, sepals lanceolate awned longer than
the utricle. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 261 ; Willd, Amarant. t. 12, f. 23.
A. polygamus, Thwaites Enum. 247. A.'tristis, Wall. Cat. 6905 B.
Throughout India and Ceylon in cultivated ground.
This, as Thwaites observes, is extremely near and perhaps a form of A. gangeticus,
of smaller size and procumbent habit; he refers it to Roxburgh's A. polygamus,
but I think that the want of a terminal spike is against this. A specimen from
Roxburgh, marked A. mangostanus, precisely accords with Willdenou's figure. To
me it looks like a starved or stunted form of gangeticus ; the perianth and seeds are
the same in both. It is A. mucronatus, Hort. Petrop.
6. A. Caturus, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 6900 ; tall, glabrous, leaves long-
petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate thin, nerves very slender, clusters
small globose soft green in very long and very slender axillary simple and
terminal panicled spikes, the upper confluent, bracts equalling or longer
than the lanceolate aristate sepals, ovary elongate.
Deccan Peninsula, Heyne.
Stem 2-3 ft., very slender. Leaves 6 by 2 in., decurrent on the equally long
slender petiole, tip apiculate. Spikes 6-10 in. long. Clusters £-£ in. diam., the
lower axillary ; the lowest on the rachis remote. Flowers -fa in. long ; sepals transparent
with a green rib and short awn. Stamens 3, anthers linear. Young utricle with a
rather longer neck and 3 slender styles. — I know of no species at all like this ; none
has such slender spikes.
*** Brants usually shorter than the 2 or 3 sepals and utricle. Stamens
2 or 3. Utricle indehiscent or circumsciss.
7. A. viridis, Linn . Sp. PI. 1405 ; erect, glabrous, leaves long-petioled
ovate, tip rounded or notched, base truncate or cuneate, clusters very small
green in axillary and terminal panicled slender spikes, sepals 3, utricle
rugose acute indehiscent. Roxb. Fl. Lnd. iii. 605 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 169.
A. polystachyus, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6901. A. fasciatus, Roxb. 1. c. 609 ;
Amarantu8.] cxvi. amarantace/e. (J. D. Hooker.) 721
Wight Ic. t. 717 {bad) ; Euxolus caudatus, Mgg. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2,274 ;
Wight Ic. t. 1773. Albersia caudata, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 992. Cheno-
podium caudatum, Jacg. Ic. Bar. t. 344.
Throughout India, in waste places. — Distrib. All tropical and warm countries.
Stem 1-2 ft. , rarely decumbent below. Leaves 1-2 in., variable in breadth ; petiole
equalling tbe blade or shorter. Clusters lax, on slender branches; flowers 3'n in. long;
brads and sepals ovate-oblong, acute, membranous with a green keel. Styles 2-3. Seed
g'n in diam., pitchy black, border obtuse. — This is the A. viridis of Herb. Linn. A.
fasciatus, Roxb., is a sport with a pale crescentic band across the leaf. — Eaten, but
not cultivated {Roxb.).
.£. A. Blitum, linn. Sp. PL 990; annual, erect or decumbent, glabrous,
leases long-petioled oblong-ovate or rounded obtuse retuse or 2-lobed, base
aciyte, clusters all axillary or the upper in a dense or lax spike, sepals 3
shorter than the utricle linear-oblong or -lanceolate obtuse and apiculate or
acute, utricle orbicular or broadly ovate membranous dehiscent or not.
Waste places throughout India and Ceylon. — Disteib. temperate and tropical
regions.
I find it impossible satisfactorily to discriminate the Indian forms of this variable
weed from one another, and from A. polygamus ; I recognize the following varieties as
more or less constant.
A. Blitum, Linn. Herb. ; procumbent, leaves small 2-lobed, sepals oblong obtuse
apiculate, clusters small all axillary, utricle indehiscent (A. Blitum, Herb. Fries e
Scania). A tristis, Wall. Cat. 6905 D. — A weed, not cultivated.
Var. A. oleraceus, Linn. Sp. PI. 1403 ; tall, succulent, usually erect, leaves ovate
oblong or rounded, top rounded or 2-lobed, clusters axillary and in terminal simple
or lobed spikes, sepals linear-oblong obtuse or acute, utricle indehiscent. Willd.
Amarant. t. 5, f. 9. A. adscendens, Reichb. Ic. Crit. v. t. 472 {by error spicatus). A.
gangeticus, Wall. Cat. 6896 C. A. polygamus, Wall. Cat. 6899 D. Euxolus oleraceus,
lividus & viridis, Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 273. E. oleraceus, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 216. Albersia oleracea & livida, Kunth Fl. Berol. ii. 144. Pyxidium oleraceum,
lividum & viride, Moench Meth. 359. — Cultivated in India and elsewhere. — I find this
in the Kew Herbarium as A. Blitum, Japan (Maximov.) ; Geneva (Herb. Boiss.) ; A.
lividus, Hort. Petrop. ; A. adscendens, Hort. Petrop. and Herb. Requien ; A. Blitum,
var. adscendens, Herb. Gay ; and A. miniatus, Hort. Avignon and Monsp.
Var. A. sylvestris, Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. 41 ; erect, simple or branched, leaves
oblong or obovate-oblong obtuse, clusters all axillary sessile, sepals linear keeled
mucronate, utricle rugose or smooth circumsciss. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 990. A.
Blitum, var. sylvestris, Mog. I. c. 263. — Kashmir, alt. 4-6000 ft., Thomson (Europ.,
Asiat.).
9. A. polygramus, Linn. Amcen. Acad. iv. 294 {not of Roxb.) ; stem
prostrate or ascending, leaves small obovate oblong or ovate obtuse rarely
retuse or 2-lo,bed, often rigid and apiculate, clusters all axillary, sepals 3 as
long as the utricle or snorter subulate acuminate, utricle ovoid rugose
dehiscent or not. Thwaites Enum. 247. A. polygonoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 602 ; Wight Ic. t. 512, 719 ; Wall. Cat. 6906. A. Blitum, var. poly-
gonoides, Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 263. A. tenuifolius, Wall. Cat. 6893 E.
Amblogyna polygonoides, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 219. Albersia poly-
gama, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 991. Euxolus polygamus, Mog. in DC. Prodr.
I. c. 272 ; Thwaites Enum. 248, excl. syn. Amblogyne.
Throughout India and Ceylon, abundant. — Distrib. All hot countries.
I believe that this can only be ranked as a form of A. Blitum (the Linnean form),
with small usually obovate apiculate leaves, fewer flowers in a cluster, often larger
more subulate sepals and smaller more acute utricles.
Var. angustifolia ; stems and branches angled grooved rigid erect or ascending,
leaves linear or linear-oblong more rigid. — The Panjab, Thomson. Mooltan, Edge.
VOL. IV. 3 A
722 cxvi. amarantaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Amarantus.
worth. The Carnatic Perrottet. — This is almost identical with A. grcecizans, Linn.
{A. Bliium, var. grcecizans, Moq. ; A. sylvestris, var. grcecizans, Boiss.).
10. A. tenuif olius, Willd. Sp. PL iv. 381 ; glabrous, branches many-
spreading from the root prostrate or ascending, leaves small petioled
linear-oblong or widened to the rounded obtuse or 2-lobed tip, clusters
minute all axillary, sepals 2 oblong concave nearly as long as the orbicular
compressed membranous indehiscent utricle. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 602 ; Wight
Ic. t. 718; Wall. Cat. 6893, excl.E. A. angustifolius, Roxb.mss. Mengea
tenuifolia, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 271' ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 218.
Bengal, the Gangetic Valley and Panjab. — Disteib. Tropical Africa.
Branches slender, 6-18 in., leafy. Leaves very variable, \-l in. long, narrowed
into the petiole. Clusters smaller than in any other species, green. Stamens 2.
Utricle plicate when dry. Seed ^ in. diam., brown, lenticular, border obtuse.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
A. ateopuepueeus, Boxb. Fl. Ind. 688, is a garden plant, possibly a form of
A. oleraceus.
A. campesteis, Willd. Sp. PI. iv. 382; Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 264, is
undeterminable.
A. eubeicaulis, Page Sort. Angl. (Jtd. Moq. I. c. 267) name only, is inde-
terminable.
8. CYATHVLA, Lour.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers clustered, clusters
solitary spicate and reflexed in fruit, or in dense globose solitary or spicate
heads ; perfect flowers 1-2 in each cluster, surrounded by imperfect ones
reduced to sepals with rigid hooked awns. Sepals 5, scarious, 1 -nerved,
acuminate or with hooked rigid awns. Stamens 5, connate, united below with
the linear lacerate or 2-fid staminodes into a cup; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
obovoid ; style filiform, stigma capitellate ; ovule 1, pendulous from a long
basal f unicle. Utricle ovoid, indehiscent, top areolate. Seed inverse, oblong,
testa coriaceous ; embryo annular, cotyledons linear flat. — Species 10, tropical
Asia, Africa and America.
* Clusters of flowers in large globose heads.
1. C. tomentosa, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 327; densely tomen-
tose or woolly, leaves short-petioled elliptic acute or acuminate, base acute,
heads globose spicate. C. Sequax, Moq. mss. Achyranthes tomentosa,
Roth Nov. Sp. 167; Wight 'Ic. t. 1781. A. Sequax, Wall, in Roxb. FL Ind.,
Fd. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 506. DesmocbaBta tomentosa, Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. v.
554 Polyscelis Sequax, Wall. Cat. 6939.
Tempeeate Himalaya ; from Dalhousie to Bhotan, alt. 2-6500 ft., Wallich, &c.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-5000 ft.
A straggling undershrub, variable in density of tomentum ; branches strict,
obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 2-10 in., rarely orhicuiar or elliptic-lanceolate, pubescent
or glabrate above, often velvety or subsilky beneath ; petiole J-J in. Spikes 2-6 in.
long peduncled ; heads close or distant, 1-1£ in. diam., white, glistening; bracts ovate
below, back hairy. Sepals ^-| in., linear-lanceolate, 2 or all ending in hooked awns,
lengthening in age. Staminodes fimbriate. Anthers linear. " Utricle 2-nerved ;
seed ovate shining," Wallich. — I find no seed in any of the numerous specimens.
2. C. capitata, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 329 ; sparsely hairy, leaves
short-petioled elliptic subcaudate-acuminate, base acute, heads globose sub-
Oyatkula.] cxvi. amarantace;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 723
solitary peduncled bracteate or not. Wight Ic. t. 1782. Polyscelis capitata,
Wall. Cat. 6940.
Temperate Himalaya ; from Dalhousie to Sikkim, alt. 6-9000 ft.
More herbaceous and slender than C. tomentosa. Leaves 2-5 in., membranous ;
petiole \-l in. Heads 1-1 1 in diaua., white, glistening ; flowers as in C. tomentosa.
3. C. ceylanica, Hoofc.f.; erect, tomentose, leaves subsessile elliptic
subacute, heads globose solitary. C. capitata, Thwaites Enum. 249.
Ceylon ; near Kandy, Thwaites.
Branches slender, terete. Leaves l\-2 in., pubescent above, tomentose beneath.
Heads 1 in. diam. Sepals villous. — The specimens are very indifferent. The leaves
resemble those of the African C. globulifera, Moq., but the branches are more slender
and the leaves almost sessile.
** Clusters of flowers small, solitary, spicate, reflexed.
4. C. prostrata, Blume Bijd. 549 ; annual, stem creeping below,
branches erect or ascending, leaves subsessile elliptic rhomboid- oblong or
subpanduriform obtuse, spikes very slender terminal peduncled. Moq. in
DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 326 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 219. C. repens, Moq.
I. c. 330. . Achyranthes prostrata, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 674, and Ed.
Carey Sf Wall., ii. 501 ; G-rah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 168. A. repens, Heyne in
Both Nov. Sp. 167. A. debilis, Poir. Diet. Suppl. i. 2, 10. Desmocha3ta
prostrata & micrantha, DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 1813, 102. D. prostrata,
Wight Ic. t. 733. D. patula ? Wall. Cat. 6937. D. repens, Roem. Sf Sch.
Syst. v. 552 ; Wall. Cat. 6938. Pupalia prostrata, Mart. Beitr. Amarant.
113.— Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 79.
Bengal, Sikkim, Khasia Mts., Chittagong to Malacca, the Deccan Penin-
sula, Burma, aud Ceylon. — Distkib. Tropical Asia, Africa, Australasia, Oceania,
and America.
Very slender, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous or scaberulous. Leaves 1-2 in., base narrowed
often suddenly from below the middle. Spikes 4-6 in., rarely paniculately branched.
Clusters of flowers A in. long, ovoid, blueish. Sepals oblong, pubescent, outer (of
imperfect flowers) as long as the perfect. Staminod.es 2-fid or retuse. Seeds ovoid-
oblong. — Roxburgh believes this to have been introduced into Bengal from the
Moluccas.
9. PUPALZA, Juss.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spicate clusters,
perfect and imperfect; the imperfect reduced to awns bearing stellately
spreading hooked bristles. Sepals 5, herbaceous, acuminate, 3-5-nerved.
Stamens 5, nearly free below ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes 0. Ovary
ovoid ; style slender, stigma capitellate ; ovule 1, pendulous from a long basal
funicle. Utricle ovoid, compressed, indehiscent, top areolate. — Species 3,
Asiatic and African.
1. P. atropurpurea, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 331 ; slender,
erect, leaves petioled ovate or elliptic acute or acuminate, spikes
long, rachis slender, clusters remote bracteate woolly, sepals broadly 3-
nerved, laxly villous. Dalz. Sf Gibj. Bomb. Fl. 219 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
i. 1046. Achyranthes lappacea, Linn. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 95 (excl. syn. Ed. 1) ;
Boxb. Fl. Lid. i. 673, and in Ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 500. A. . atropurpurea,
Lamk. Diet. i. 546. Desmochaeta atropurpurea, DC. Cat. LTort. Monsp.
102; Wall. Cat. 6933, excl.F; Wight Ic. t. 731; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL
1230.— Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 18, f. 1 ; Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 59.
3 a 2
724: cxvi. amarantace^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pupalia.
Nepal, Wallich. Bengal; Maldah, Clarice. Deccan Peninsula, from
Guzerat southward, Singapore and Penang, Wallich. Ceylon. — Disteib. Java,
Madagascar, S. Africa, Philippines.
Biennial or annual, 2-5 It. ; branches long, straggling, glabrous. Leaves 1-5 in.,
membranous, narrowed into the (£-1 in.) petiole. Spikes 1-10 in. ; rachis sparsely
pubescent ; clusters sessile, flowering \ in., fruiting rarely | in. diam. ; bracts broadly
ovate, pungent. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, woolly. Awns often purplish.
2. P. orbiculata, Wight Ic. t. 1783; sparsely pubescent, robust,
leaves short-petioled orbicular very broadly ovate or elliptic obtuse or
retuse nearly glabrous, spikes stout, clusters distant woolly. Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 219. Cyathula orbiculata, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 330. Achy-
ranthes orbiculata, Heyne in Boxb. Fl. Ind., Ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 507. A.
rotundifolia, Klein, mss. Desmochaeta orbiculata, Wall. Cat. 6936.
Concan Ghats (Dalzell). The Caenatic ; in sandy soil near the sea, Heyne,
&c. Ceylon ; Jaffna, Moon.
Stem stout, erect from a woody stock, terete, glabrate or hispidulous, rarely
tomentose. Leaves 1-1§ in. diam., rigid and brown when dry, suddenly narrowed
into the flattened petiole. Spikes 4-8 in., rachis stout, sparsely hairy or pubescent ;
when flowering clusters £ in. long, fruiting § in., spines pale ; outer bract short with
a long spine, inner narrow.
3. P. lappacea, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 331 ; shrubby below,
tomentose, leaves short-petioled from broadly ovate to lanceolate acute or
subacute, clusters remote or approximate, outermost bract very broad mem-
branous, sepals 3-nerved, densely woolly. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 219 ;
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 1046. Achyranthes lappacea, Linn. Sp. PI. Ed. i.
204. A. echinata, Betz. Obs. ii. 12. A. patula, Linn. Suppl. 160. A.
lappacea, echinata & patula, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1192, 1193. A. styracifolia,
Lamk. Diet. i. 546, excl. syn. Desmochaeta flavescens, DC. Cat. Sort.
Monsp. 102 ; Wall. Cat. 6934. D. patula, Poem. Sf Schult. Syst. v. 550.
Amarantus arctioideus, Perrottet PI. Exsic. No. 94.
Uppee Gangetic Valley and Panjab. Westeen Teopical Himalaya, alt.
1-3000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon. Behae, Scinde, Guzeeat and the Deccan
Peninsula.— Disteib. Tropical Asia and Africa.
A large straggling undershrub ; branches terete. Leaves 2-4 in., base acute;
petiole J-£ in. Flowering clusters % in long, fruiting £ in. diam.
Vae. velutina; erect, subsimple, densely villously tomentose, leaves |*-1 in.,
shortly pttioled orbicular. Desmochaeta velutina, Wall. Cat. 6935 ; Moq. I.e. 332.
iErua velutina, Moq. I. c. 301.— Deccan Peninsula, Wight in Herb. Wall. Burma,
at Loungee Yenong and Pagham on the Irawaddi, Wallich. — Moquin has described
Wallich's 6935 under both Desmochaeta and JErua, quoting the same number in
each case.
10. PSXXiOTRXCHiritt, Blume.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers white or greenish, in
solitary or panicled dense clusters or spikes. Sepals 5, hard ; outer boat-
shaped, gibbous below, ribbed. Stamens 5, unequal, connate below into
a cup ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes 0. Ovary oblong or subglobose ; style
slender, stigma capitellate or 2-fid ; ovule 1, pendulous from a long basal
funicle. Utricle globose or compressed, indehiscent. Seed inverse, lenticular,
testa coriaceous or crustaceous ; embryo annular. — Species 10, Asiatic,
African and Pacific.
* Shrubs or undershrubs with woody stocks and lower branches.
1. P, nudum, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 280; shrubby, branches
PsilotricJtum.] cxvi. amarantacezE. (J. D. Hooker.) 725
divaricate glabrous, leaves petioled ovate-lanceolate acute glabrous, spikes
sessile many-fld., bracts lanceolate, sepals £ in. deeply grooved ihairy.
Achyranthes nuda, Herb. Heyne in Boxb. Ft. Ind., Fd. Carey Sf Wall. ii.
507 ; Wall. Gat. 6926. A. montana, Klein mss. A. polygonoides, var.
Herb. Heyne.
Deccan Peninsula ; Heyne, G. Thomson.
Branches many from the woody stock, 2-3 ft., terete, woody, tips only hairy.
Leaves l£-3 in., glabrous, narrowed into a short petiole, nerves faint. Spikes
^-11 in., strict, hairy, 6- or many-fld. ; bracts persistent, acuminate. Sepals pubescent,
deeply grooved, rigid, acuminate. — Very near a S.E. Tropical African species.
2. P. scleranthum, Thwaites Fnum. 248 ; an undershrub, branches
divaricate tomentose, leaves subsessile ovate-lanceolate acute scaberulous,
spikes terminal peduncled 3-nate, bracts broadly ovate, sepals k in. obscurely
grooved hairy.
Ceylon; at Anooradhapoora, Gardner.
Habit of P. nudum, but branches tomentose, leaves scaberulous on both surfaces
and inflorescence branched. The 3 terminal spikes are sessile on the top of a tomentose
peduncle £ in. long, are dense-fld., oblong, the middle one § in. erect, the lateral
horizontal and shorter. Sepals pubescent, pungent. — Described from a single
specimen.
3. P. calceolatum, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 280; a small under-
shrub, branches divaricate pubescent or glabrate, leaves subsessile ovate or
elliptic acute glabrous sparsely hairy, spikes axillary sessile or peduncled
short few-fld., bracts cymbiform acute, sepals £ in. oblong acute ribbed
villous. P. nudum, Wight Ic. t. 1775. Achyranthes calceolata, Herb.
Russel in Wall. Cat. 6927. A. glauca, Herb. Heyne. Ptilotus ovatus,
Moq. I. c. 281.
Deccan Peninsula, Heyne, in jungles on the hills, Wight. Ceylon ; in the
hotter parts of the island, Moon, &c.
Habit of P. nudum (sometimes subscandent, Wight), but much smaller and more
slender. Leaves \-\\ in. Spikes 4-6-fld., sometimes peduncled by being ter-
minal on a leafless axillary branch, at others the peduncle itself lengthens.— A Natal
species hardly differs.
Vak. tomentosa ; leaves pubescent above tomentose beneath. — Scraps of this are
on sheets of 6926 A and 6927 B in Herb. Wall.
** Annuals.
4. P. trichotomum, Plume Bijd. 545 ; annual, slender, glabrous,
branches erect, leaves petioled elliptic- or elliptic-lanceolate acute, spikes
terminal and in the forks sessile or peduncled, bracts lanceolate, sepals fa in.
deeply grooved acuminate glabrous. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 280.
Achyranthes? carnosa, Wall. Cat. 6931. Leiospermum ferrugineum, Wight
Ic. t. 721.
Assam, Griffith. Silhkt, at Terrya Ghat, H. f. Sf T. Pegu, M'Clelland.—
Disteib. Java, Borneo, Philippines.
Flaccid, 12-18 in. high, decumbent. Leaves 1-2J in., rarely obovate, thin, nar-
rowed into a very short petiole. Spikes ^-| in., green, terminal, sometimes 3-nate ;
flowers crowded. Sepals narrow.
5. P. ferrugineum, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 279 ; annual, glabrous,
branches prostrate, leaves linear- or obovate-oblong, spikes terminal and in
the forks sessile or peduncled, bracts subulate-lanceolate, sepals ^ in. deeply-
grooved glabrous, outer obtuse. Achyranthes ferruginea, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i.
726 cxvi. amarantace^e. (J. D. Hooker.) [Psilotrichum.
675, and Ed. Carey Sf Wall., ii. 502. Leiospermum ferrugineum, Wall. Cat.
6923.
Bengal ; a weed in the gardens and cultivated lands of Calcutta, Roxburgh.
Wallich's specimen forms an excessively branched prostrate mass 9 in. diam., with
divaricate branches and linear-oblong leaves 1-li m- ^onS- Spikes \ in. long, dense-
fld., yellow wben dry. — Roxburgh's description applies more Dearly to P. trichotomum
in the form of the leaves, and Wight's figure, copied from Roxburgh's drawing, and
which shows acuminate sepals, is, I think, certainly taken from the latter plant.
There are no indications in Wallich's specimens gathered in the Calcutta Garden of
the rust-coloured stem, reddish leaves and dull red flowers described by Roxburgh.
11. PSILOSTACEYS, Sochst.
Slender dichotomous herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers minute, spicate
at the tips of the filiform branches of a lax panicle. Sepals 5, 2-3 outer
convex, strongly 3-nerved, inner narrower. Stamens 5, free ; anthers
2-celled ; staminodes 0. Ovary ronnded or ovoid, compressed ; style slender ?
stigma capitellate. Utricle indehiscent. Seed inverse, testa coriaceous;
embryo hooked, cotyledons slender. — Species 3, Indian, Arabian and
African.
P. sericea, Hook. f. in Gen. Plant, iii. 32; stem erect, villous with
long hairs, leaves orbicular-ovate acute densely villous above silky beneath,
peduncles very long axillary filiform, pedicels capillary, spikes 4-6 fid.
Achyranthes sericea, Koen. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 675, and Ed. Carey Sf
Wall. ii. 502; Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 318; Wight Ic. 726; Wall. Cat.
6930. Psilotrichum sericeum, Dalz. in Balz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 216.
Goozekat ; sandy hills on the coast of Kattiawar, Dalzell (and Koenig ?).'
Annual ? Stem stout, hard, terete ; hairs patent, ^ in. long, flexuous, terminating
in a lax panicle of erecto-patent opposite branches 2 in. long, which divide at the tip
into capillary pedicels bearing the spikes. Leaves 1 in., thick, base rounded or cor-
date ; petiole very short. Spikes J—| in., rachis capillary zigzag ; flowers T'5 in. long.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate ; outer pungent, deeply ribbed, silky. — A very beautiful
plant ; it is not known where Koenig procured it, if indeed he did himself procure it.
The specimen in the Wallichian Herbarium is marked " Herb. Koenig."
t
12. NOTHOS2ERUA, Wight.
An annual with opposite spreading branches. Leaves opposite. Flowers
most minute, woolly, in axillary solitary or clustered spikelets. Sepals
3-5, hyaline, obtuse, 1-nerved. Stamens 1-2, free ; anthers 2-celled ; stami-
nodes 0. Ovary oblong, compressed ; stigma subsessile, capitellate ; ovule 1,
pendulous from a long basal funicle. Utricle oblong, compressed, indehis-
cent. Seed inverse, lenticular, testa crustaceous ; embryo hooked, cotyledons
linear.
N. brachiata, Wight Lc. vi. 1. Pseudanthus brachiatus, Wight
I. c. t. 1776, excl. analyses, and v. 3, t. 1776 bis, B. iErua brachiata,
Mart. JBeitr. Amarant. 83, n. 3 ; Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 304 (incorrect
as to staminodes) ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 217. M. chenopodiifolia, Bojer
Hort. Maurit. 268. Achyranthes brachiata, Linn. Mant. 50 ; Both Nov.
Sp. 169. Illecebrum brachiatum, Linn. Mant. 23. Amarantus minutus,
Leschen. mss.
Upper Gangetic Valley and the Pakjab, from Moradabad north-eastward.
Notlwsn rua.~\ cxvi. amarantace^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 727
Scinde and the Concan, Stocks, &c. Maisor and the Carnatic. Burma, Wallich.
Ceylon, common. — Distrib. Mauritius, E. and W. tropical Africa.
Erect, 1-2 ft., branched from the base; branches puberulous, spreading. Leaves
1-2 in., ovate elliptic or subovate, obtuse or subacute, membranous, green ; petiole
0-£ in. Spikes very numerous, sessile, \-\ in. long, cylindric, white, dense-fld. ;
bracts broadly ovate, hyaline, persistent. Sepals ^ in. long, silkily villous. — One of
the smallest flowered plants provided with a regular perianth. Moquin has probably
confounded this with the very similar JSrua lanata (as did Wight), to which the
latter part of his description applies.
13. 2ERUA, Forsh.
Woolly herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers
small or minute, in solitary or panicled spikes, often polygamous. Sepals
4-5, short, membranous, all or the inner only woolly. Stamens 4-5, connate
below with interposed linear staminodes into a cup ; anthers 2-celled.
Ovary ovoid or subglobose ; style long or short, stigma capitellate or 2-fid ;
ovule 1, pendulous from a long basal funicle. Utricle indehiscent, or the
coriaceous crown circumsciss. Seed inverse, testa coriaceous ; embryo
annular.— Species 10, ^tropical Asiatic and African. v
* Spikes axillary and in terminal panicles. Leaves opposite or alternate.
1. US. javanica, Juss. in Ann. Mus. xi. 131 ; hoary-tomentose,
shrubby below, leaves from linear to oblanceolate or oblong acute obtuse
or retuse, spikes elongate densely woolly not glistening, style elongate,
stigmas long. Wall. Cat. 6908 : Wight Ic. t. 876 ; Moo. in DC. Prodr.
xiii. 2, 299; Date. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 216; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 992.
M. Wallichiv Moa. I. c. 300. M. tomentosa, Forsh. Fl. JEg. Arab. 122 ;
LamJc. Diet. i. 46. M. aegyptiaca, Gmel. Syst. 1026. M. Bovii, Edgeio. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 206. M. in can a, Mart, in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat.
Cur. xii. (1826), 291. Achyranthes alopecuroides, Lamk. I. c. 548. A. java-
nica, Pers. Syu. i. 259. A. incana, Roxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 671, and Ed. Carey
Sf Wall. ii. 495. Illecebrum javauicum, Ait. Sort. Few, 289. Iresine
javanica & persica, Burm. Fl. Ind. 212 (by error 312), t. 65. Celosia
lanata, Linn. Sp. Fl. 298.
From the Oudft Terai, Wallich, to the Panjab, Boyle, &c. Scinde, Stocks.
Central India, Clarke. The Deccan from the Concan southward. Burma,
Wallich. Ceylon ; N. of the island, Gardner. — Distrib. Westward to Arabia,
E. and W. tropical Africa, and the Cape Verde Islands. Java ?
Dioecious. Stem terete, 2-3 ft., branched, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves
alternate, 1-4 in., fiat or with recurved margins, sessile or narrowed into a petiole ;
nerves distinct. Spikes often in large panicles, sessile, erect or nodding, 1-6 in.
long. Flowers ^ in. long, enveloped in long wool, males very rare. — Edgeworth
(PI. Mall. 1. c.) insists that the narrow-leaved form is a distinct species, and is
odorous, which JE.javanica (which grows with it) is not. Boissier makes a variety
of it ; local botanists should see fco this.
2. 2E. scandens, Wall. Cat. 6911, excl. M; a climbing undershrub,
branches hoary-tomentose, leaves ovate elliptic oblong or lanceolate obtuse
or acute glabrous or hoary, spikes globose ovoid or shortly cylindric woolly
shining, sepals lanceolate acuminate, stigmas very short. Moq. in DC.
Prod", xiii. 2, 302; Wight Ic t. 724 (utricle and seed wrong); Date. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 217. Achyranthes scandens, Roxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 676, and
Ed. Carey Sf Wall., ii. 503.
728 cxvi. amarantace^. (J. D. Hooker.) [JSrua.
Plains of Bengal, and from Assam to the Pan jab ; ascending the Himalaya to
5000 ft. from Kumaon to Bhotan. Central India and Behab, and summit of
Parusnath. Concan, Stocks. Pegu, M'Clelland. Burma, Wallich, &c— Disteib.
China, Malay Islands, Philippines, E. and W. tropical Africa.
Stem woody below ; branches straggling, several feet long. Leaves opposite and
alternate, soft, green, 1-4 in. long, sometimes almost rounded ; petiole \-\ in.
Spikes sessile, rarely peduncled, |-1 in. Sepals ^ in. long, lanceolate. — Wight has
erroneously figured the utricle as circurasciss and seed horizontal. I doubt if
2E. sanguinolenta, Blume, and JE. timorensis, Moq., differ from this.
Vae. ? subglobosa \ branches glabrous, spikes large subovoid or globose, J-| in.
diam., on slender peduncles.— Mergui, Griffith (in Serb. Wight). — This resembles
very indifferent specimens of 2E. scandens (M. velutina, Moq.) from the Philippines
(Cuming, No. 1635), but the spikes are larger.
3. JE. glabrata, Hook. f. ; minutely hairy, leaves elliptic-ovate
subacute, spikes small cylindric panicled or fascicled towards the ends of the
branches glistening, bracts ovate equalling the very minute flowers, sepals
broadly oblong-ovate obtuse or apiculate sparingly hairy.
Buema or Malay Peninsula, Griffith.
Habit of JE. scandens, but the flowers are very minute, about T'5 in. long, with very
broad short and sparsely hairy bracts and sepals, the latter with usually a very broad
green midrib. Hance's A. scandens, var. from Canton, may be the same, but the
spikes are too young for comparison.
** Spikes all axillary sessile. Leaves alternate.
4. JE. lanata, Juss. in Ann. Mus. xi. 131 ; erect or prostrate, branched
from the base, hoary tomentose, leaves small petioled elliptic orbicular-
obovate or orbicular obtuse or acute, spikes small very numerous oblong or
subcylindric densely woolly not glistening. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2,
303 ; Wall. Cat. 6909 ; Wight Ic. t. 723 ; Grak. Cat. Bomb. PL 1G8 ;
Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 217 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 993. M. floribunda,
Wight Ic. t. 1776, the analysis only, and vol. v. t. 1776 bis, f. A. Achy-
ranthes villosa, Forsk. Fl. JEg. Arab. 48. A. lanata, Linn. Sp. PI. 296 ;
Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 676, and Ed. Carey $ Wall. ii. 503. Illecebrum lanatum,
Linn. Mant. 3U.—Bheede Sort. Mai. x. t. 29 ; Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 60, f. 1.
Plains of Bengal from Dacca and Behar westward to the Indus. The Concan,
Centeal India, and throughout the Deccan. Ceylon abundant.— Disteib.
Westward to Arabia and tropical and S. Africa, Java, Philippines.
Branches many, 6-10 in., from a woody stock, simple or divided, woolly. Leaves
\-\ in., woolly or glabrate. Spikes \-\ in., sometimes excessively crowded and
forming subglobose clusters. Sepals obtuse.— Wight's t. 723 is probably A. scandens.
5. JE. Wightii, LTook.f. ; branches short woody and leaves beneath
densely woolly, leaves small broadly ovate or elliptic obtuse thick, clusters
all axillary sessile shortly oblong or globose densely woolly not glistening,
outer sepals linear-oblong ari state, inner obtuse.
Teavancoee ; at Courtallum, Wight.
A low-growing bushy plant, 6-12 in. high, with many stiff branches as thick as a
crow-quill, from a stout woody tap-root. Leaves 1 in. long, narrowed into a short
petiole. Clusters £-^ in. long, with the acicular tips of the bracts and outer sepals a
little longer than the wool j flowers ^ in. long.
*** Spikes peduncled. Sepals 4. Leaves filiform in opposite fascicles.
6. 2E. BXonsonia, Mart. Beitr. Amarant. 83 ; stem hoary-tomentose
JSnta.] cxvi. amarantace^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 729
or woolly trichotomously branched angled and grooved, spikes cylindric on
opposite strict horizontal peduncles or branches glistening, sepals lanceolate
acuminate, utricle oblong, top circumsciss. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2,
305; Wall. Cat. 6912 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 217. M. ? setacea, Mart.
I. c. ; Moq. I. c. Achyranthes Monsonia, Pers. Syn. i. 258 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i. 673, and Ed. Carey $f Wall. ii. 499 ; Wight Ic. t. 725. A. setacea, Roth
Nov. Sp. 168. A. piingens, Lamk. Diet. i. 546. Celosia Monsonia, Retz.
Obs. ii. 13. Illecebrum Monsonium, Linn.f. Suppl. 161.
Bengal, Roxburgh. Central India ; Sumbulpore, Griffith. Burma ; at
Yenongheuui, Wallich. The Concan and Deccan Peninsula; abundant in dry
places.
Branches many, prostrate or ascending from a very long flexuous woody tap-root,
1-3 ft., with numerous woolly nodes, and opposite or 3-nately whorled fascicles of
leaves and peduncled spikes or branches. Leaves \-l in., exceedingly slender,
woolly. Spikes as long, with densely imbricating rose-coloured flowers, solitary or
subpanicled ; bracts many, lanceolate. Sepals 4, subulate-lanceolate, acuminate,
Va in. long. Utricle enclosed in the large staminal cup ; stigma capitate, subsessile.
doubtful species.
M. radicans, Mart. Beitr. Amarant. 83 {Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 302.
Achyranthes radicans, Seyne in Roth Nov. Sp^. 170), is undetermined.
M. ? nervosa, Mart. I. c. (Moq. 1. c. 306, Achyranthes nervosa, Both I. c), and
A. PUBESCENS, Mart. I. c. (Moq. I. c, Achyranthes pubescens, Both I. c. 171 ;
Illecebrum pubescens, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 271) are both indeterminable.
14. STILBANTKUS, Hook. f.
A climbing tree with pendulous branches. Leaves opposite. Flowers
large, white, shining, in panicled pubescent spikes. Sepals 5, hard and
scarious, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acute, tips bearded at the back, outer
broader. Stamens 5, filaments shortly connate below, with long ligulate
lacerate staminodes ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary oblong, compressed, tip
penicillate; style filiform, stigma capitellate; ovule 1, pendulous from a
long basal funicle. Utricle oblong, top villous, indehiscent. Seed inverse,
testa coriaceous ; embryo annular.
S. scandens, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1286. iErua scandens,
Gamble, Trees, Sfc, of Darjeeling, not of Wallich.
Eastern Bengal, Herb. Griffith. Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-7000 ft., J. D. H.
Trunk as thick as the thigh, " reaching the tops cf tall trees, which it covers with
masses of handsome flowers and soft whitish leaves." Gamble. Branches soft,
herbaceous, obtusely 4-angled, terminal silkily hairy, bases of internodes and of
petioles contracting when dry. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., elliptic, acuminate at both
ends, finely pointed, sparsely pubescent above, villous or glabrate beneath ; petiole
^-1 in., villous. Spikes 1-3 in. long, in terminal spreading trichotomously branched
panicles, sessile or peduncled, cylindric; peduncles and pedicels villous. Flowers
spreading, J in. long, white, shining; bracts short, ovate, apiculate ; bracteoles rather
longer. Sepals striate. Filaments very slender, hairy, shorter than the filiform
staminodes ; anthers oblong. — The most gigantic Asiatic plant of the Order.
15. ACHYRANTHES, Linn.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in slender simple or panicled spikes,
soon deflexed; bracts and bracteoles spinescent. Sepals 4-5, subulate-
lanceolate, aristate, shining, at length hardened and strongly ribbed.
Stamens 2-5, filaments connate at the base with as many square staminodes,
each of which is toothed or has a toothed scale at its back ; anthers 2-celled.
730 cxvi. amarantacejs. (J. D. Hooker.) [Achyranthesi
Ovary oblong, subcompressed ; style filiform, stigma capitellate; ovule 1,
pendulous from a long basal funicle. Utricle oblong or ovoid, indehiscent,
top areolate or rounded. Seed inverse, oblong, testa coriaceous ; embryo
annular. — Species 12, all tropical or subtropical.
* Outer sepal longest.
1. A. aquatica, Br. Prodr. 417; tall, stout, finely pubescent, leaves
elliptic -lanceolate acuminate, spikes elongate, rachis villous or pubescent,
flowers £ in. long, bracts small scarious, bracteoles orbicular, sepals rigid
glabrous, outer longer pungent. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 673, and Ed. Carey Sf
Wall. ii. 497. A. natans, Ham. in Wall. Cat. A. trichotoma, Perrott.
Herb. Seneg. n. 180. Centrostacbys aquatica, Wall. Cat. 6932 ; Moq. in
DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 321 ; JEndl. Iconog. t. 20. Celosia spinescens, Herb.
Russel.
Nepal Teeai, Wallich. Assam and Silhet, Griffith, De Silva. Tenasseeim ;
at Mouluiein, Wallich. Ciecaes and Cobomandel, Roxburgh. — Disteib. Tropical
Africa.
Stem 2-4 ft., as thick as the thumb below, straggling in the water and rooting
along the banks of rivers, &c, branched. Leaves 3-6 in., narrowed into a petiole,
^-1 in. Spikes 3-18 in. ; bracts small, membranous, concave, long-acuminate from an
ovate base ; bracteoles membranous, embracing the thickened perianth base. Perianth
shining, very variable in size and thickness, base much thickened.
** Sepals subequal.
2. A. aspera, Linn. Sp. PI. 204 ; leaves orbicular obovate or elliptic,
spikes rigid, bracteoles ovate half as long as their srjine or longer, stamens 5,
staminodes fimbriate. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 314; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 993 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 072, anditf. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 496 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 218 ; Wight Ic. 1780 ; Wall. Cat. 6924, excl. H.
Throughout India and Ceylon ; an abundant weed in dry places.— Disteib.
Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia and America.
Stem 1-3 ft., simple or branched. Leaves 1-5 in., extremely variable, generally
thick, pubescent tomentose or velvety, rarely glabrate ; petiole short. Spikes
usually with a robust rachis that rapidly lengthens, sometimes to a foot long.
Flowers £-£ in. , longer than the bracteoles. Staminodes fimbriate from the margin
or from an appendage below the margin behind.
Vae. rubro-fusca ; leaves elliptic-ovate acute brown when dry. A. rubro-fusca,
Wight Ic. t. 1778 (A. viridis). — Nilghiris, Wight. Ceylon.
Vae. porphyristachya : much larger, 4-6 ft., diffusely branched, leaves 3-10 in.
broadly elliptic acuminate glabrous or pubescent, membranous, spikes with a more
slender rachis. A. porphyristachya, Wall. Cat. 6925 ; Moq. 1. c. 316. ? A. argentea,
Thtoaites Enum. 249. — In moister climates than A. aspera proper. Sikkim
Himalaya, alt. 2-5000 ft. Chittagong, J. D. H. Sf T. T. Nilghiris, Wight, &c.
Ava, Wallich. '
Vae. argentea; leaves silverily silky beneath. A. argentea, Thtoaites Enum.
249 ; Lamk. Diet. i. 545. — Thwaites mentions this as found at Caltura by Moon, but
I have seen no specimens ; he includes under it A. porphyristachya and rubro-fusca,
which makes me doubt his being Lamarck's plant, which is an European, Arabian
and African one.
3. A. bidentata, Blume Bijd. 545 ; branches slender rambling, leaves
from elliptic to linear lanceolate acuminate glabrous or pubescent mem-
branous, spikes very slender, bracteoles usually reduced to a spine minutely
2-auricled at the base, stamens 5, staminodes toothed. Moq. in DC. Prodr.
Achyranthes.'] cxvi. amarantace^b. (J. D. Hooker.) * 731
xiii. 2, 312 ; Wight Ic. t. 1779. A. Wightiana and A. lanceolata, Wall. Cat.
6928, 6929. A. aspera, Wall. Gat. 6924 H.
Temperate and Subtropical Himalaya; from Kishtwar, Clarke, to Sikkim,
alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. II. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Behae ; top of Parus-
nath, Thomson. The Concan, Nilghiei and Tbavancoee Mts., Wight, &c.
Ceylon, abundant. — Disteib. China, Java, Japan.
Habit of A. aspera, var. porphyristachya, and leaves often as large, but the
bracteoles are reduced to spines with scarcely a blade, or with a minute auricle on each
side of the base, and the staminodes are not fringed. It may prove a form of that
plant. Some Nynee-tal specimens, collected by Col. Davidson, almost with the
blade of the bracteoles half as long as the spine, unite them in this respect. The
very narrow-leaved forms ( Wallichiana and lanceolata) occur in the Khasia and
Himalaya along with the more typical, as they do in the Deccan hills.
4. A. diandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 504; stem slender diffusely branched,
leaves linear-lanceolate or linear glabrous or nearly so, spikes very slender
pubescent, bracteoles of a spine as long as the sepals 2-auricled at the base,
stamens 2, staminodes fimbriate. Oentrostachys diandra, Wall, in Roxb.
Fl. Ind., Ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 504; Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 322 ; Wight
Ic. t. 722.
Ceylon ; common in the warmer districts, Thwaites.
Annual or biennial, 12-18 in. high, very much more slender than any other
species. Leaves 2-4 by \-\ in., membranous, green. Spikes 3-6 in. ; flowers
distant, ^ in. long, very slender.
tjndeteeminable species.
A. bengalensis, Lamk. Diet. i. 459 ; Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 317. Parony-
chia bengaleusis, Roem. <fy Schultes Syst. v. 521, not of Juss. Illecebrum bengalense,
Linn. Mant. 213.
A. SAEMENTOSA, Vahl Symb. ii. 44 ; Moq. I. c. 318.
16. ALTERNANTKERA, Forsk.
Herbs, usually prostrate. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, white,
capitate ; heads axillary, often clustered. Sepals unequal, anterior and 2
posterior flattered; 2 lateral innermost, concave. Stamens 2-5, filaments
short, connate into a short cup with or without interposed staminodes;
anthers 1-celled. Ovary orbicular or ovoid; stigma subsessile, capitellate
(rarely 2-fid) ; ovule 1, pendulous from a long basal funicle. Utricle com-
pressed, ovoid orbicular or obcordate, margins often winged or thickened.
Seed inverse, lenticular, testa coriaceous ; embryo annular, cotyledons
narrow. — Species about 16, tropical and subtropical. •
QJ A. sessilis, Br. Prodr. 41 7 ; branches many from the root prostrate
or ascending, leaves linear oblong lanceolate or elliptic obtuse or subacute,
sepals glabrous rigid acute, anthers 2-3, utricle obcordate. Moq. in DC.
Prodr. xiii. 2, 357. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 996 ; Dalz. fy Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 220 ;
Wight Ic. t. 727 ; Wall. Cat. 6921. A denticulata, Wall. Cat. 6922. A.
prostrata, Don Prodr. 86; Moq. I. c. 360, for the most part. Achyranthes
triandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. l. 678, and Ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 505. Gomphrena
sessilis, Linn. Sp. PI. 225. — liheede Hort. Mai. x. 1. 11.
Throughout hotter India and Ceylon in damp places, ascending the Himalaya
to 4000 ft. — Disteib. All warm countries.
Branches 3-18 in. long, glabrous, the ultimate with 2 lines of hairs ; nodes
often villous. Leaves 1-3 in., in watery places even longer (4 by 1 in.), rather
fleshy, sometimes obscurely denticulate. Clusters \-\ in. long, white, hardly glisten-
ing; flowers Tg-i3 in. long. Utricle usually broader than the perianth, very broadly
732 cxvi. amarantace^]. (J. D. Hooker.) [Alternantliera.
obcordate, rarely exceeding the sepals, wings often corky. — Wallich's A. sessilis &
denticulata are all sessilis except Sheet 6921 F, of which all hut the left-hand speci-
mens are as nodiflora.
2. A nodiflora, Br. Prodr. 417 ; branches prostrate or ascending,
leaves linear linear-oblong or lanceolate obtuse or subacute, sepals glabrous
hyaline finely acuminate, anthers 3, utricle much shorter than the sepals
obcordate. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2, 356; Benth. Fl. Austral, v. 249.
A. denticulata, Br. I. c.
Silhet, Wallich. Tenasseeim, at Mergui, Griffith. — Disteib. Tropical Asia,
Australia, Polynesia and Africa, Japan.
Often very difficult to distinguish from A. sessilis, heads often in great clusters
(not seen in Indian specimen), sepals thinner, much more pointed, and utricle smaller
and not so broad. — This would seem to be the most abundant African and Australian
plant, though scarce in India proper. Bentham's A. denticulata (Fl. Austral, v. 249)
is, I think, A. sessilis ; he mentions the difficulty of distinguishing it from nodiflora.
but says nothing about sessilis. Boissier (Fl. Orient, iv. 996) considers nodiflora
and denticulata to be one and the same, and different from sessilis.
17. GOMPHRENA, Linn.
Herbs, hirsute or villous, with usually thickened nodes. Leaves opposite.
Flowers capitate or spicate, white or coloured. Sepals 5, lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Stamens 5, filaments linear united below into a long tube cleft at
the top, with a one-celled anther in each cleft, usually without interposed
staminodes. Ovary subglobose or turbinate ; style short or long, stigmas
2 ; ovule 1, pendulous from a long basal funicle. Utricle compressed, in-
dehiscent. Seed inverse, lenticular, testa coriaceous ; embryo annular.- —
Species 70, S. American and Australian, of which one is also Asiatic.
Gomphrena hispida, Linn. Sp. PI. JEd. 2, i. 326 (Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 1, 411),
is founded on a plate in Hortus Malabaricus (ix. t. 72) which is quite unworthy of
notice. It represents a plant with the habit of G. globosa, but with serrated leaves.
G. angustifolia, Vahl Symb. iii. 45 (Moq. 1. c. 417), stated to be a native of the
East Indies {Koenig) and Guinea {Schumacher), is probably some garden escape of which
nothing is known.
G-. globosa, Linn. Sp. PI. 224 ; erect, branched, hairy or subsilky,
leaves shortly petioled elliptic or obovate-oblong acute or obtuse, heads
large globose with 2 leafy bracts, bracteoles pinkish purple, lateral with a
cristate dorsal wing, sepals densely woolly. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 2,
409; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.63; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 169; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. FL, Suppl. 72; Wight Lc. 1784; Bot. Mag. t. 2815.— Rheede Sort.
Mai. x. t. 37.
An escape from gardens in various parts of India ; cultivated in all countries —
probably originating in America.
A tall dichotomously branched annual, branches stout obscurely 4-angled. Leaves
2-4 in., scaberulous, pale green ; petiole 0-1 in. Heads 1-1 £ in. diam., peduncled,
terminating the branches ; bracts under the head |-1 in. ; flowers densely imbricate ;
branches ^-| in., scarious, lanceolate, much longer than the perianth. Sepals lanceo-
late, densely woolly, shorter than the staminal tube.
ADDITIONS AND COERECTIONS, VOL. IV.
P. 7. Utleria salicifolia, Beddome; add HooJc.f. Ic. PL t. 1432.
P. 8. Atherolepis WallicHi, Hook. f. ; add HooTc.f. Ic. PL t. 1433.
P. 33. At end of Oymnema add : —
G. ? maceanthum, HooJc. f. Ic. PI. t. 1436 ; stem robust, leaves elliptic-ovate
acuminate glabrous, cymes corymbose or subumbellate puberulous, peduncles stout,
flowers large ebracteolate, sepals elliptic-oblong obtuse, corolla-tube equalling the
sepals, lobes pubescent within, coronal processes of the corolla small villous inserted
at the mouth of the corolla alternating with its lobes.
Sikkim Himalayas, King.
Stem terete. Leaves 3-5 in., distant, base rounded or cordate, nerves 3-4 pair ;
petiole 1^-2 in. Peduncles 2-3 in., stout, often decurved ; pedicels |-£ in. Sepals
% in. Corolla \ in. diam., thick, tube glabrous within. Column large, stoutly
stipitate ; scales of the staminal corona adnate to the backs of the anthers, obtuse ;
anther-tips large, ovate-oblong, obtuse, membranous ; pollen-masses shortly stipitate,
oblong-reniform, corpuscle elongate erect. Stigma thick, obtuse, exserted. — A doubtful
Gymnema, larger and more robust than any other Indian species, with singularly
stout peduncles. The corolline coronal scales are almost reduced to tufts of hairs ; the
staminal scales resemble those of a Marsdema.
P. 41. To section ** of Tylophora add: —
T. miceostach ys, HooJc.f. Ic. PI. t. 1450 ; quite glabrous, leaves shortly petioled
linear-lanceolate acuminate, cymes reduced to very short axillary sessile racemes, bracts
minute setaceous, flowers minute shortly pedicelled, sepals setaceous equalling the
corolla, staminal column subovoid, coronal processes obscure, follicles elongate poignard-
shaped, tips elongate.
Tenasseeim ; Moulmein, Falconer in Serb. Calcutta.
Stem very slender, twining. Leaves 2-3 by £-| in., subcoriaceous, midrib stout,
nerves obscure. Racemes \~\ in., oblong. Flowers T'5 in. diam. Corolla-lobes ovate.
Column rather large, tips of anthers rounded. Follicles 2-4 in., thinly coriaceous.
Seeds ^ in. long, oblong-ovoid, concavo-convex, brown, hairs J in. long.
P. 97. Exacum zeylanicum, Eoxb. ; add Wawra It. Pr. S. Cob. Pot. t. 112.
P. 112. Gentiana argentea, Royle ; add Wawra I. c. t. 113.
P. 114. To Gentiana add :—
G. (Chondrophyllum) Loderi, KooTc.f. Ic. PI. 1. 1440 A ; quite glabrous, perennial,
branches prostrate leafy, leaves subsessile broadly elliptic obtuse 3-nerved, flowers
terminal solitary sessile, calyx campanulate, lobes equalling the tube spathulate spreading
and recurved, corolla tubular-campanulate blue, lobes 5 rounded ovate, scales erect
fimbriate, style slender.
Kashmie, in the Sind or Lidar Valley ? Mrs. C. Radcliffe.
Branches 2-3 in. Leaves \ in. long and broad, spreading, coriaceous, green or
purplish-brown ; floral hardly smaller. Calyx % in., tube purplish ; lobes green, coria-
ceous. Corolla-limb 1 in. diam. — I am indebted to E. G. Loder, Esq., for a specimen
of this pretty species, which is quite unlike any other Indian one. It was brought to
him by his friend the finder, who is uncertain as to its exact locality in the Kashmir
Valley where she gathered it.
G. (Chondrophyllum) tibetica, King in HooJc.f. Ic. PI. t. 1441; stem very stout
erect, stem-leaves 6 in. lanceolate connate at the base in a cylindric sheath, uppermost
sessile whorled, flowers crowded in the uppermost axils sessile, calyx tubular membranous
truncate split on one side, mouth minutely 5-toothed, corolla twice as long tubular-
funnel-shaped, lobes 5 triangular with a triangular fold in each sinus, capsule included,
seeds ellipsoid, testa reticulated.
Easteen Himalaya ; Chumbi (between Sikkim and Bhotan), alt. 11,000 ft. {Herb.
Calcutta).
734 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Stem 18 in. high, erect, as stout as a goose-quill, simple. Cauline leaves 5-7 by
1—1$ in., upper broader, uppermost spreading, forming an involucre to the flowers.
Corolla nearly 1 in. long, not spotted, rather inflated in the middle. Ovary sessile ;
style short, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule sessile, linear-oblong, dehiscing at the tip by
recurved valves. — The calyx and broader leaves distinguish this from the following.
G. (Chondrophyllum) robttsta, King mss. ; stem ascending robust simple, cauline
leaves narrowly linear connate at the base in a tubular sheath, upper crowded, flowers
sessile axillary and in a dense terminal involucrate head, calyx spathaceous membranous
half as long as the corolla 5-toothed, teeth short subulate, corolla tubular-campanulate,
lobes short triangular with a triangular fold in each sinus.
Eastern Himalaya with T. tibetica (Herb. Calcutta).
Stem 8-12 in. Cauline leaves 10-12 by 1 in., thickly coriaceous, nerves obscure
near the midrib ; floral shorter, broader at the base. Calyx split to the base, teeth
setaceous, and usually longer than the others. Corolla 1^-1^ in. long, not spotted,
rather inflated in the middle. — This may prove a variety of G. tibetica.
P. 118. 35 G. detonsa, Fries. Asa Gray has shown that G. serrata, Gunner, is
the earlier name for this species.
P. 123. 7 Swertia bimaculata, H. f. & T. — The anthers of this species become
hastate in age.
P. 128. To subgenus Euswertia of Swertia add : —
S. Kimgii, HooTc.f. in Ic. PI. t. 1442 ; perennial -rooted, stem tall erect robust
simple, leaves opposite, radical broad elliptic subacute narrowed into a broad petiole,
cauline oblong-ovate |-amplexicaul, cymes axillary and in a terminal thyrse, sepals
lanceolate quite entire, corolla 2 in. diam., petals oblong obtuse with two basal pits,
margins fimbriate with long hairs, filaments with a fimbriate scale at the base
behind.
Sikkim Himalaya ; at Na Tung {Herb. Calcutta).
PLootstock crowned with long fibrous remains of old leaves. Stem 2 ft. high, as
thick as the thumb below. Lower leaves 3-6 by 2-4 in., many-nerved ; petiole
2-3 in., semi-amplexicaul. Flowers greenish-white, pedicels sometimes umbellate.
Sepals | in., one-third shorter than the corolla-lobes. Filaments subulate-filiform.
Ovary narrowly oblong, stigma sessile. — Most nearly allied to S. petiolata, Royle.
P. 133. Order Polemoniacece ; in description for ovules many, read few or many ;
and for capsule septicidal, read loculicidal.
P. 135. Remove 19 Bothriospermum from **, and place it after 16 Rochelia in *.
P. 167. 19 Bothriospermum, Bunge. In 7th line of description after scar insert
basal, and erase the^l following words. In 8th line erase large.
P. 168. Line 7th from top, erase scar, &c.
P. 176. Under A. Griffithii, Boiss., erase A. echioides, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4409,
not of 1. c.
P. 207. For Ipomcea Stoclcsii, Clarke, read I Clarlcei, Hook. f.
P. 220. Under Fvolvulus insert " F. numularius, Linn., is getting common about
Calcutta," King.
P. 248. 37 Wulfenia, for stamens 4, read 2.
P. 249. Under Phtheirospermum erase reticulate. Erase 50 Fmmenospermum and
the rest of the line.
P. 250. Before 4 Linaria insert Tribe III. Antirrhinea.
P. 253. Before 7 Scrophularia insert Tribe IV. Chelonea.
P. 275. In description of Torenia, in 6th line after appendaged insert or not.
P. 277. 5 T. asiatica, var. concolor. — This I have since seen growing, and think
it may be a different species ; see Bot. Mag. t. 6797 A ; it is T. rubens, Benth. Fl.
Hongk., and a native of China.
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
The Synonyms and Species incidentally mentioned are printed in italics.
Page
Acanthacea, Griff. . 548
ACANTHACE.E . . . 387
ACANTHE.E .... 389
Acanthodium, grossum,
Wight 479
spicatum, Delile . 479
Acanthus, Linn. . . 480
carduaceus, Griff. . 480
ciliaris, Burm. . . 479
Delillii, Spr. . . 479
JDoloarius, Blanco . 481
ebracteatus, Vahl . 481
edulis, Forsk. . . 479
ilicifolius, Linn. . 481
ilicifolius, Lour. . 481
leucostachyus,TFaW. 480
longibracteatus,
Kurz .... 482
longipetiolatus,
Kurz .... 480
maderaspatensis,
Linn. . .- . .479
mucronatus, Heyne 517
repens, Vahl . . . 479
volubilis, Wall.. . 481
Achimenes sesanioides,
Vahl 274
Achyranthes, Linn. . 729
alopecuroides, Lamk. 727
alternifolia, Linn . 718
aquatica, Br. . . 730
? argentea, Thw. . 730
aspera, Linn. . . 730
aspera, Wall. . . 731
atropurpurea,
Lamk 723
bengalensis, Lamk. 731
bidentata, Bl. . . 730
brachiata, Linn. . 726
calceolata, Hb.
Russel .... 725
? carnosa, Wall. . 725
debilis, Poir. . . . 723
diandra, Roxb. . . 731
Digera, Poir. . .718
echinatai Retz . . 724
echinata, Willd. . 724
ferruginea, Roxb. . 725
gavanica, Pers. . . 727
glauca, Hb. Heyne . 725
incana, Roxb. . . 727
lanata, Linn. . . 728
lanceolata, Wall. . 731
lappacea, jjirm. 723,724
lappacea, Willd. . 724
Monsonia, Pers. . 729
montana, Klein . 725
natans, Ham. . . 730
nervosa, Roth. . . 729
nodiflora, Roxb. . 717
nuda, Hb. Heyne . 725
orbiculata, Heyne . 724
patula, Linn. . . 724
patula, Willd. . . 724
polygonata, Heyne . 716
polygonoides, Retz. 718
porphyristachya,
Wall 730
prostrata, Linn. . 723
pubescens, Roth. . 728
pungens, Lamk. . . 729
radicans, Heyne . 728
repens, Heyne . . 723
rotundifolia, Klein . 724
rubro-fusca,
Wight .... 730
sarmentosa, Vahl . 731
scandens, Roxb. . 727
Sequax, Wall. . . 722
sericea, Koen. . . 726
setacea, Roth. . . 729
styracifolia, Lamk. 724
thyrsiflora, Heyne . 716
tomentosa, Roth. . 722
Page
triandra, Roxb. . 731
trichotoma, Perrott. 730
villosa, Forsk. . . 728
Wightiana, Wall. . 731
Achyrospermum,
Blume .... 673
densiflorum, Bl. . 673
philippinense,
Benth 673
Wallichianum,
Benth 673
Acrocephalu.*, Benth. . 611
axillaris. Benth. . . 612
Blumei, Benth. . . 611
capitatus, Benth. . 611
scariosv.fi, Wall. . 611
Actinocarya, Benth. . 154
tibetica, Benth. . 155
Adelostemma,iZbo&./. 20
gracillimum,
BZooh f. ... 21
Adenacanthus acu-
minatus, Nees 431, 455
Adenema hyssopi-
folium, G. Don. . 101
Adenosma, Br. . . . 263
affinis, Griff. . . . 454
balsamea, Spr. . . 404
biplicata, Nees . . 405
camphoratum,
HooJc.f. . . .264
capitatum, Benth. . 264
cceruleum, Br. . . 263
cuspidatum, Benth. 262
elonqatum, Bl. . . 400
G-riffithii, T.
Anders. . . . 404
lanceolatum, Bl. . 398
macrophyllum,
Benth 264
malabaricum, Hook.
/• 264
736
INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
microcephaluin,
Hoof.f. . . .264
ovatum, Benth. . 2G3
pinnatifidum, T.
Auders .... 405
polyspermy Spr. . 406
religiosa, Nees . . 403
spatulatum, Bl. . . 396
subrepens, Benth. . 263
Thwaitesii, T.
Anders 405
Thymus, Nees . . 404
trifiora, Nees . . 405
trifiora, Seem. . .266
verticillata, Nees . 404
villosum, Benth. . 263
Adhatoda, Nees . . 540
arenaria, Nees . . 526
argyrostachya,
Nees 527
Beddomei, Clarice . 540
Betonica, Nees . . 525
ceylanica, Nees . . 529
decussata, Nees . . 532
diversiformis, Nees . 529
Hookeriana, Nees . 532
Neesiana^ees . . 531
nilgherrensis, Nees 526
nilgherrica, Nees . 526
orixensis, Nees . . 529
quadrifaria, Nees . 530
ramosissima, Nees . 525
sisparensis, Benth. 546
tranquebariensis,
Nees .... 530
trinervia, Nees . . 526
vasculosa, Nees . 533
vasica, Nees . . .510
ventrlcosa, Nees . 526
wynaadensis, Nees . 533
Zollingeriana,
Nees 530
iEchmanthera, Nees . 428
gossypina, Nees . 428
leiospernia, Clarke . 429
toinentosa, Nees . 428
Wallichii, Nees . . 428
jEginetia, Linn. . . 320
abbreviata, Ham. . 320
acaulis, Walp. 320, 321
indica, Roxb. . . 320
pedunculata, Wall. 320
iErua, ForsJc. . . . 727
cegyptiaca, Gmel. . 727
Bovii, Edgew. . . 727
brachiata, Mart. . 726
chenopodiifolia,
Bojer .... 726
Page
floribunda, Wight . 728
glabrata, BZook.f. . 728
incana, Roxb. . . 727
javanica, Juss. . . 727
lanata, Juss. . . . 728
Monsonia, Mart. . 729
? nervosa, Mart. . 729
pubesceus, Mart. . 728
radicans, Mart. . . 728
sanguinolenta, Bl. . 728
scaudens, Wall. . 727
scandens, Gambl. . 729
? setacea, Mart. . 729
timorensis, Mly^. . 728
tomentosa, Forsk. . 727
oelutina, Moq. 724, 728
Wallichii, Moq. . 727
Wightii, Sook.f. . 728
JEschynanthoidea,
Griff. . . . .342
JEschynanthus, Jack. 337
acuminata, Wall. . 341
acuminata, G. Don 359
Andersoni, Clarke . 341
bracteata, Wall. . 342
bracteata, Benth. . 341
ceylanica, Oardn. . 340
ceylanica, Wight . 340
chinensis, Gard. &
Champ. . . .341
chiritoides, Clarke 341
conferta, Griff. . . 344
fulgens, Wall. . . 338
gracilis, Parish . . 340
grandiflora. Spr. . 338
Grifflthii, Br. . . 339
Hookeri, Clarke . 338
Kingii, Clarke . . 342.
levipes, Clarke . . 341
Lobbiana, Hook. . 343
longicaulis, Wall. . 337
longipZora, Wall. . 342
maculata, Lindl. . 339
Maunii, Kurz . . 341
Masonise, Kurz . . 341
micrantha, Clarke . 340
obconica, Clarke . 343
parasitica, Clarke . 338
parasitica, Wall.
338, 339, 340
parviflora, G. Don . 339
parviflora, Clarke . 340
JPaxtoni, Lindl. . . 342
Peelii, Hook.f. . . 342
Perrottetii, A. DC. 339
JPerrottetii, Gardn. 340
radicans, Jack. . . 343
radicans. Wall. . . 339
Page
ramosissima, Wall. 339
superba, Clarke . 342
Wallichii, Br. . . 343
JEtheilema mucronata,
? Griff. .... 417
parvipZorum, Spr. . 417
reniforme, Nees . . 417
Aganosma Edithce,
Hance .... 6
Agathotes alata,
G. Don .... 125
Chirata, D. Don . 124
Aikinia carnosa,
G. Don . . . .369
Ajuga, Linn. . . . 702
brachystemon,
Maxim. . . . 703
bracteosa, Wall. . 702
decumbens, Don . 704
decumbens, Thunb. . 704
densifiora, Wall. . 703
depressa, Maxim . 703
disticha, Roxb. . . 672
fruticosa, Roxb. . 673
furcata, Link. . . 672
geniculata, Maxim . 704
lax a, Ham. . . . 701
lobata, Don . . .702
macrosperraa, Wall. 703
ovata, Wall. . . 704
parviflora, Benth. . 703
remota, Benth. . . 703
repens, Roxb. . .701
sikkimensis, Miq. . 704
Thomsoni, Maxim . 704
Ajugoide^: .... 607
Albersia caudata,
Boiss 721
livida, Kunth. . . 721
oleracea, Kunth. . 721
polygama, Boiss. . 721
Alectra, Thunb. . . 297
cordata, Benth. . 297
indica, Benth. . . 297
orobanchoides,
Benth 297
? Thomsoni,Jebo&./. 297
Allmania, Br. . . . 716
albida, Br. . . .717
aspera, Wight . . 717
dichotoma, Wight . 717
esculenta, Br. . . 717
javanica, Hassk. . 717
'nodiflora, Br. . . 716
nodifiora, Wall. . 717
nodiflora, Wight . 717
procumbens, Wight 717
Alternanthera, Forsk. 731
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
737
Page
denticulata, Benth. 732
denticulata, Br. . 7^2
denticulata, Wall. . 731
nodiflora, Br. . . 732
prostrata, Don . . 731
sessilis, Br. . . . 731
Amakantace-E . . 713
Amaeante^: . . . 713
Amavantus, Linn. . . 718
adscendens, Ht.
Petrop 721
adscendens, Rchb. . 721
aJo]j?curus,Hochst. 719
amboinicus, Hb.
Ham 720
Anacardana, Ham . 719
angustifolius, Roxb. 722
arctioideus, Per-
rottet . . . .724
atropurpureus,
Roxb 722
Blitum, Linn. . . 721
Blitum, Hb. Fries. 721
Blitum, Maxim . . 721
campestris, Willd. . 722
Caturus, Heyne . . 720
caudatus, Linn. . . 719
caudatus, Hochst. . 719
cruentus, Willd. . 719
farinaceus, Hb.
Roxb 719
fasciatus, Roxb. . 721
frumentaceus,
Ham .... 719
gangeticus, Linn. . 719
gangeticus, Wall. . 721
grcBcizans, Linn. . 722
inamoenus, Willd. . 720
lanceolatus, Roxb. . 719
licidtis, Ht. Petrop. 721
lividus, Roxb. . . 720
maugostanus, Linn. 720
melancholicus,
Linn 720
miniatus, Ht.
Avignon. . . . 721
minutus, Leschen. . 726
mucronatus, Hort.
Petrop 720
oleraceus, Roxb. . 719
paniculatus, Linn. . 718
paniculatus, Wall. . 719
polygamus, Linn. . 721
polygamus, Roxb. . 720
polygamus, Thw. . 720
polygamus, Wall. . 721
polygonoides, Roxb. 722
polystachyus, Ham. 720
VOL. IV.
Page
rubricaulis, Page . 722
sanguineus, Linn . 719
speciosus, Sims . , 719
spinosus, Linn. . . 718
strictus, Willd. . . 719
tenuifolius, Willd. . 722
tenuifolius, Wall. . 721
tricolor, Linn. . . 719
tristis, Hb. Rottl.
& Heyne . . .720
tristis, Linn. . . 719
tristis. Wall. 720, 721
viridis, Linn. . . 720
Amblogyna polygon-
oides, Dalz. &
Gibs. . . . 721
Ambulia aromatica,
Lamk 268
ebracteata, Ham. . 268
Ampbicome, Lindl. . 385
arguta, Lindl. . . SSI-
em odi, Lindl. . . 385
Anchusa, Linn. . . . 168
arvensis, Bieb. . . 169
hispida, Forsk. . . 168
italica, Retz. . . 168
mollkioides, Bentb. 170
petiolata, Hook. . 158
pulla, Bieb. . . .169
racemosa, DC. . . 171
' sikkimensis, Clarice 168
tenella, Hornem. . 167
zeylanica, Jacq. f. . 167
Anchusopsis longifiora
Biscb 159
Andrographis, Wall. . 501
alata, Nees . . .302
Beddomei, Clarice . 506
ceyldnica, Nees . . 503
ceylanica, Wight . 504
echioides, Nees . . 505
elongata, T.Anders. 502
glandulosa, Nees . 505
gracilis, Nees . . 503
lineata, Nees . . . 501
lobelioides, Wight . 505
macrobotrys, Nees . 503
Neesiana, Wight . 501
Neesiana, Benth. . 504
ovata, Benth. . , 502
paniculata, Nees . 501
Rothii, Clarke . . 506
serpvllifolia,
Wight .... 506
stellulata, Clarice . 501
stenopylla, Clarice . 503
subspathulata,
Clarice .... 502
Page
tenuiflora, T. Anders. 502
viscosula, Nees . . 504
Wightiana, Am. . 503
Wightiana, T.
Anders . . . .503
Aniscia barlerioides,
Chois 201
calycina, Chois. . . 201
un\flora, Chois. . . 201
Anisochilus, Wall. . 627
adenanth'us, Dalz.
Sf Gibs. . . .630
albidus, Wight . . 628
carnosus, Wall. . 627
crassus, Benth. . . 627
decussatus, Dalz. &
Gibs 628
dysophylloides,
Benth 628
eriocephalus, Benth. 627
glaber, Schrad. . .627
pallidas, Wall. , . 629
paniculatus, Benth. 628
plantagineus, Hook.
f. 628
polvstachyus,
Benth 630
purpureus, Wight . 628
robustus, Hook.f. . 629
rupestris, Wight . 627
scaber, Benth. . . 627
sericeus, Benth. . 629
sutt'ruticosus, Thto. . 630
suffruticosus, Wight 628
verticillatus,i?bo&/. 629
Wight Li, Hook.f. . 628
Anisodus humilis,
Hook. f. ... 212
lurida»\, Link. &
Otto 243
stramonifoliuSfDon. 243
Anigguaelesj Br. . . 672
Candicaos, Benth. . 673
flistich'i, Heyne . 672
glabrata, Benth. . 672
Heyneana, Benth. . 672
intermedia, Wight . 673
m&labarica, Br. . . 673
moW.ssimi', Wall. . 672
nepalensis, Spi\ . . 672
ovata, Br. . . . G72
Anis'j ndi-
folia, (i. lL-nslovv 86
Anthocomeiet
aristatus, Nees . 524
Anticharis, Endl. . . 2 18
glandulosa, Aschers. 249
linearis, Hochst. . 250
3 B
738
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
axttkbhineje . . . 246
Antikehinide^: . . 246
Antirrhinum, Linn. . 253
gibbosum, Wall. . . 253
glaucum, Stocks. . 252
gratissimum, Roxb. 206
hexandrum, Forsk. . 279
majus, L 253
minus, Linn. . . 253
Orontium, Linn. . 253
papilionaceum,
Burm 252
Antonia Griffithii,
Wight .... 85
Aphanochilusblandus,
Benth 644
erioslachya, Benth. 645
Jlavus, Benth. . . 643
fcetens, Benth. . . 644
incisus, Benth. . . 644
paniculatus, Benth. 644
pilosu?, Benth. . . 641
polystachyus,
Benth 643
Apocynea viminea,
Wall 64
Apocynum orixense,
Rottl 6
reticulatum, Herb.
Madr 11
tilicefolium, Lamk. . 46
ApTOSiMEiE . 246, 249
Argyreia, Lour. . .184
acuta, Lour. . . . 186
aggregaia, Chois. . 191
alulata, Miq. . . 212
ampla, Chois. . . 185
argentea, Chois. . 185
barbigera, Chois. . 194
Bona-nox, Sweet. . 184
bracteata, Chois. . 18S
capitafa, Brand. . 193
capifata, Chois. . . 193
cu pit at a, Kurz . . 193
Choisyana, Wight . 190
Choisyana, Wight . 189
court allensis,
Wight . . ; «'. 189
cuneata, Ker. . . 19 L
cyrnosa, Sioeet. . . 190
Daltoni, Clarke . 190
elliptica, Chois. . . 192
■festiva, Wall. . . 185
fulgens, C'wis. . . 191
hancornicefolia,
Gardn 196
hirsuta, Am. . . . 189
Hookeri, Clarke . 185
Page
involucrata, Clarke 187
lanceolata, Chois. . 186
Lawii, Clarke . . 190
Leschenaultii, Chois. 188
Leschenaultii,
Thw 188
malabarica, Chois. . 189
nellygherya, Chois. . 1 89
obtecta, Clarke . . 186
obtusifolia, Lour. . 186
ornata, Sweet. . . 183
osyrensis, Chois. . 192
pilosa, Am. . . . 189
pomacea, Chois. . 188
populifolia, Chois. . 187
populifolia, Chois. . 186
Roxburghii, Chois. . 185
Roxburghii, Chois. . 195
rubicunda, Chois. . 195
sericea, Dalz. <$r
Gibs 188
setosa, Chois. . . 194
speciosa, Sioeet. . . 185
splendens, Sioeet. . 186
tilisefblia, Wight . 184
tomentosa, Chois. . 192
unijiora, Sweet. . . 184
venusta, Chois. . . 185
Wallichii, Chois. . 187
zeylanica, Kurz 187, 196
Ariseia Afzelii, G.Don 217
bracteata, Hassk. . 217
Arnebia, Forsk. . . 175
echioides, Hook. . 176
Griffithii, Boiss. 176, 734
hispidissima, DC. . 176
perennis, A. DC. . 177
, Thomsoni, Clarke . 176
tibetana, Kurz . . 176
tingens, A. DC. . . 177
Artanema, Don . . 274
angustitblium,
Benth 275
sesamoides, Benth. 274
ASCLEPIADE.E ... 1
Asclepias, Linn. . . 18
acida, Roxb. ... 26
acuminata, Roxb. . 30
annularis, Roxb. . 21
aphylla, Roxb. . . 26
asthmatica, Willd. . 45
curassavica, Linn. . 18
dichotoma, Kottl. . 42
rechinata, Herb.
Madr 35
echinata, Roxb. . 20
geminata, Roxb. . 29
gigantea, Wilkl. . 17
Pa<re
herbacea, Roxb. . 18
lactifera, Linn. . . 31
laurifolia, Roxb. . 16
longistigma, Roxb. . 14
microphylla, Roxb. 20
? montana, Roxb. . 32
odoratissima, Roxb. 38
pallida, Roxb. . . 38
parasitica, Roxb. . 57
pendula, Roxb. . . 61
procera, Bot. Reg. . 18
pseudo-sarsa, Roxb. 5
pulchella, Roxb. . 19
racemosa. Roxb. . 46
rosea, Roxb. ... 17
spiralis, Forsk. . . 2 J
Sussuela, Roxb. . . 59
tenacissima, Roxb. . 35
tenuis, Heyne . . 41
tenuissima, Roxb. . 42
tinctoria, Roxb. . . 34
tingens, Roxb. . . 31
tomentosa, Herb.
Madr 35
tuberosa, Roxb. . . 63
tunicata. Hort.
Cale 45
tunicata, Roxb. . . 23
Vincetoxicum, Linn. 22
volubilis, Herb.
Madr 63
volubilis, Linn. f. . 46
vomitoria, Koen. . 45
Asperago, Linn. . . 166
procumbens, Linn. . 167
Asteracantha auricu-
lata, Nees . . 409
longifolia, Nees . 409
Asystasia, Bl. . . . 492
atroviridis, T.
Anders. . . . 195
Blumei, Nees . . 493
catycina, Nees . . 409
cholouoides, Nees . 493
chelonoides, Nees . 491
coroinandcliana,
Nees .... 493
corotnandeliana,
Bot. Mag. . . 494
coromandeliana,
Wight .... 494
crispata, Benth. . 494
denticulata, Nees . 405
gangetica,T. Anders. 493
intrusa, Bl. . . . 193
? Kuuthiana, Nees . 496
lanceolata, T.Anders. 495
Lawiana, Dalz. . . 496
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
739
Page
macrocarpa, Nees . 495
mysurensis. T.
Anders. . . . 496
Xeesiana, Nees . .
nemorum, Nees 493, 49 1
Panichauga, Xees . 473
Parishii, T. Anders. 499
paucijlora, Nees . 501
plumbaginea,'Sees . 493
thyrsacanthus, T.
Anders 497
travancoriea, Bedd. 494
violacea, Dalz. . . 494
violacea, T. Anders. 493
Atherandra, Dene. . 9
acutifolia, Dene. . 9
cuspidata, Bl. . . 9
pubt-scens, Bl. . . 9
Wallichii, Benth. . 8
Atherolepis, Hook. f. . 8
Wallichii, Hk. /. 8, 732
Atherostemon, Bl. . 8
javensis, Bl. . . 8
Atropa, Linn. . . . 241
acuminata, Royle . 241
Belladonna, Linn. . 241
lutescens, Jaeq. . . 241
physaloides, Linn. . 240
ATROPE.E 228
Avioennia, Linn. . . 604
intermedia, Griff. . 604
officinalis, Griff. . . 604
officinalis, Linn. . 604
resinifera, Forsk. . 604
resinifl.ua, Griff. . . 604
tomentosa, Br. . . 604
AVICENNIE-E . . . 561
Babactes oblongifolia,
DC 359
Ballota ci7ierea,Don. 679
disticha. Linn. . . 672
limbata, Benth. . . 6f>0
mauritiana, Pers. . 672
Banalia, Moq. . . . 716
thyrsiflora, Moq. . 716
Barleria, Linn. . . 482
acantboides, Vahl . 484
acuminata, Wight . 485
Aruottiana, Nees . 486
Beddomei, Bedd. .
brxpinosa, Keea .
hracteata, Heyne •
buxifolia, Linn. . .
buxifolia, Wail . .
ciliata, Boxb. . . 4SS
Pasre
coerulea, Roxb. . . 489
ceridea, Wall. 486, 490
conspicoa, iVee.s . . 489
conrtallica, Nees . 489
.
r, Laink.
ta, Heyne . 4S3
dichoton a, Roxb,
, Wight . .518
elata, Dalz. . . .486
Gibsoni, Dalz. . . 487
gniuditlora, Dalz. . 488
hexacantha, Moris. 409
hirsuta, Wall. . . 490
Hocbstetteri, Nees. 483
JTustrix, Linn. . . 482
incequalis, Benth. . 489
involncrata, Nee* . 485
liciniata, Wall. . . t88
Lawii, T. Anders. . L86
longiflora, ii;w». y. 485
longifolia, Linn. . 409
longifolia, T. An-
ders 485
lupulina, Lindl. . 482
Macraei, ^l/*». . . 485
macrophylla, Heyne 489
montana, Nees . . 487
montana, Wight &
Nees .... 487
mysorensis, Both. . 484
napalensis, Nees . 488
nitida, Nees . . . 490
noctiflora, Linn. . 484
nuda, Nees . . . 488
♦nutans, Nees . . . 488
paniculata, Wall. . 485
pentandra, Am. 485, 487
pilosa, Wall. . . 486
polysfachya, Nees . 490
polvtricha, Wall. . 490
•:-i. Linn. . . 482
pubifiora, B«-ntb. . 182
? pungens, Wall. . 517
purpurea, Todd. . 487
racemosa, Heyne . 485
rubra, Sam. . . . 482
sepalosa, Clarke . 487
spicata, Boxb. . . 482
spina-zeylanica,
Nees .... 484
?tpino9t$i Wall. . 4!17
Stocksn, T.
u If/7/,/. .
X , . 490
tomentosa, Both. .485
? trinervity Wall. . 517
vestita, T. Anders. . 486
3 B 2
Page
Barleriacanthus, ac-
anthoides, Oerst. . 484
noctiflora, Oerst. . 4^4
Barlerio siphon longi-
fiorus, Oerst. . . 485
Barlerites Hochstetteri,
Oerst 483
Bartsia, Linn. . . . 305
Odontites, Huds. . 305
rubra, Benth. . . 305
serotina, Boiss. . . 305
Bassovia I Wallichii,
Dunal 232
Batatas acetosafolia,
Cbois 213
Choisyana, Wight . 190
edulis, Chois. . . 202
littoralis, Chois. . 213
maritima, Bojer . . 212
paniculata, Chois. . 202
pentaphylla . . . 202
xanthorhiza, Bojer . 202
Belenia praalta,Dcne. 244
Beleropone 1 fulgida,
Hassk 521
Belosfemma hirsutum,
Wall 43
Benjaminea glabra,
' Benj. . . . .272
Betonica laevigata,
Don 659
Beurreria glabra,
G.Don 136
Bidaria, Dene. . . 31
elegans, Dalz.&Gib*. 32
elegans, Dene. . . 32
inodora, Dene. . . 32
pergularioideSjThw. 32
tingens, Dene. . . 31
Bignonia adenophylla,
Wall 381
amoena, Wall. . . 384
atrovirens, Roth. . 380
Azedarachta, Koen. :>77
caudata, Miq. . . 382
chelonoides, Linn. . 382
crispa, Ham. . . 379
fimbriata, Wall. . 383
? Ghorta, Ham. . .381
glauca, Wall. . . 376
glauca, Dene. . . 378
iadien, Linn. . . 378
laeta, Wall. . . .376
longifolia, Willd. . 384
longissima, Lour. . 379
maerostacbya, Wall. 376
multijuga, Wall. . 3.S4
oxypnylla, DC. . .«876
740
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Paganelia, Ham. .
pentandra, Lour. . 378
Posteriana, Wall . 383
quadrilocularis,
Roxb 381
spathacea, Linn. f. 379
spathacea, Roxb. . 380
stipulate, Roxb. . 379
suaveolens, Roxb. . 382
suberosa, Roxb. . . 377
undulata, Sniith . 378
xylocarpa, Roxb. . 283
Bignoxiace^: . . . 376
Blairia nodiflora,
Gaertn 563
Blepbaris, Juss. . . 478
asperrima, Nees . . 478
boerhaaviaffolia,
Pers 478
edulis, Pers. . . . 479
maderaspatensis,
Roth 479
molluginifolia, Pers. 479
repens, Rotb. . . 479
sindica, Stocks . . 479
Blitumfrutescens,
Rumpb. . . . 714
Boca, Cornmers. . . 364
amplexicaulis,
Parish .... 364
flocculosa, Clarke . 365
herbacea, Clarke . 365
multiflora, Br. . . 365
prolixa, Clarke . . 365
Bceica, Clarke . . .362
filiformis, Clarke . 362
fulva, Clarke . . 362
Griffithii, Clarke . 362
hirsute, Clarke . . 362
Boerhaavia, Linn. . 708
ascendens, Willd. . 709
crispa, Heyne . . 709
diffusa, Linn. . . 709
elegans, Chois. , . 710
fruticosa, Dalz. . . 710
Mrsuta, Willd. . . 709
procumbens,
Hb. Banks. . . 709
repanda, Willd. . . 709
repanda, Wall. . . 709
repens, Linn. . . 709
repens, Delile. .- . 709
rugosa, Rottl. . . 709
scandens, Gibs. . . 710
ttellata, Wight. .710
nmbellata, Wight . 709
verticillata, Poir. . 710
viscosa, Lag. . . . 709
Bpnnava. Link & Olio 284
braehiata, Link §
Otto 284
braehiata, Benth. . 284
fyracteata, Griff. . 285
ciliata, Spr. . . .
cordifolia, Spr. . .
cyanea, Griff. . . *85
grandiflora, Spr. . 285
humilis, Spr. . .357
hyssopoides, Benth. 283
marginata, Spr. . 285
minima, G. Don . . 286
minima, Wight . . 284
oppositifolia, Spr. . 286
parviflora, Benth. . 283
peduncularis, Benth. 285
procumbens, Benth. 285
pulegiifolia, Spr. . 285
punctata, G. Don. . 266
pusilla, Benth. . . 284
pusilla,Gr\«. . . 286
reptans, Spr. . . 284
rigida, Benth. . . 285
Bothii, Dietr. . . 285
Roxburghiana,
Dietr 285
ruelloides, Spr. . . 285
serrata, Griff. . . 284
tenuifolia, Spr. . . 286
Vahlii, G. Don . .281
verbencefolia, Benth. 283
vei'onicsefolia,
Spr 285
Wightii, Benth. . 285
Borages .... 134
Boraginea, Edgew. . 169
Boraginea, Wall. . 143
Boraginea . . . 134
Borago qfricana,
Linn 154
indica, Linn. . .153
? spinulosa, Roxb. . 153
verrucosa, Forsk. . 154
zeylanica, Linn. . 154
Boschniackia, C. A.
Hey 327
kimalaica, Hf. 8f T. 327
Bosea, Linn. . . . 716
trinervia, Roxb. . 716
Bosia, Linn 716
Amherstiana, Hook,
f- 716
Bothriospermum,
Bunge . . 167, 734
asperugoides, Sieb.
&Zucc 167
? marifolium, A. DC. 152
Page
tenellum, Fisch. Sf
Mey 167
Boucerosia, TF. fy A. . 77
adscendens, Wall. . 76
Aucheriana, Dene. . 78
campanulata, Wight 77
crenulata, W. fy A. . 77
diffusa, Wight . . 78
edulis, Edgw. . . 76
Hitchinia, Dene. . 78
lasiantha, Wight . 78
p:tuciflora, Wight . 78
Stocksiana, Boiss. . 76
umbellata, W. Sf A. 77
Bouchea, Cham. . . 564
hyderabadensis,
Walp 564
niarrubi folia,
Schauer .... 564
Brachycoris parvi-
flora, Schrad . . 262
Brachylepis, W. Sr A. 7
nervosa, W. Sf A. . 7
Brachynema, Griff. . 600
ferruginea, Griff. . 600
Brachystelma, Br. . 64
attenuatum, Hook.f. 65
Beddomei, Hook.f. 66
glabrum, Hook. f. 65
laevigatum, Hook.f. 65
maculatum, Hook.f. 65
parviflorum, Hook.f. 65
volubile, Hook,f. . 65
Bramia indica,
Larak 272
Brandisia, Hf & T. . 257
discolor, H. f. Sf T. 257
discolor, Hance . 257
Hancei, Hook. f. . 257
Breweria, M. Br. . . 223
cordata, Bl. . . . 223
elegans, Chois. . . 221
evolvuloides, Chois. 224
latifolia, Benth. A24
Boxburghii, Chois. .223
Brunella, Linn. . . 670
hispida, Benth. . . 671
ovata, Wall. . . .671
vulgaris, Linn. . . 670
Buchnera, Linn. . . 297
angustifolia, Don . 299
asiatica, L.,? . . 299
bifida, Ham. . . 299
coccinea, Benth. . 299
cruciate, Ham. . . 298
densiflora, Benth . 299
densiflora, Hook. &
Arn 298
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
741
Page
euphrasioides, Valil 299
hispida, Ham. . . 298
hyderabadensis,
Roth 299
longiflora, Am. . 300
Masuria, Ham. . . 300
orobanchoides, Br. . 299
phcenicea, Benth. . 299
ISchimperiana,
Hochst 298
strict a, Benth. . . 298
sumatrana, Miq. . 298
tetrasticha, Benth. . 298
Wallwhii, Benth. . 300
Buddleia, Linn. . . 81
Buddleia, Griff. . . 699
acuminatissima,
Blume .... 82
asiatica, Zowr. . . 82
Colvillei, Hook.f. . 81
crispa, Benth. . . 81
discolor, Roth. . . 82
n>acrostachya,i?ew^. 81
Mizr/«,T.A.Schmidt 81
Needma, Ham. . . 82
nepalensis, Colla. . 81
paniculate, Wall. . 81
salicina, Lamk. . . 82
serrulata, Roth. . 82
subserrata, Don. . 82
virgata, Blanco. . 82
Buerreria aspera,
G. Don. . . . 142
leevis, G. Don. . . 142
punctata, G. Don. . 142
retusa, G. Don. . . 143
Busea decurrens, Miq. 370
subsessilis, Miq. . 370
Buteraia rhamnifolia,
Nees 433
ulmifolia, Nees . . 430
Bysteropogon bipin-
natus, Roth. . . 631
graveolens, Bl. . . 630
By thophy ton, HooJc.f. 286
indicum, Hook,f. . 286
Calacauthus,r.^nrfers. 477
Dalzelliana, T. An-
ders 478
Calamintha, Moench. . 650
Clinopodium, Benth. 650
longicaulis, Benth. 651
nepalensis, Fisch &
Mey 651
repens, Benth. . . 651
umbrosa, Benth. . 650
Calceolaria mexicana,
Benth 246
Page
Callicarpa, Linn. . . 566
Callicarpa, H. f. & T. 597
acuminata, Roxb. . 570
acuminatissima,
Teijs. & Binn. . 566
adenanthera, Br. . 569
americana, Lour. . 569
arborea, Roxb. . . 567
arborea, Miq. . . 567
arborea, Wall. . . 567
atfenuata, Wall. . 570
bicolor, Juss. . . 569
cana, Linn. . . . 568
cana, Dalz. & Gibs . 567
cana, Gamble . . 568
cana, Wall. . 569, 570
Cumingiana, Schau. 566
cuspidata, Roxb. . 569
dentata, Roth. . . 569
dentata, Roxb. . . 569
dentata, Wall. . . 570
farinosa, Roxb. . 567
hexandra, Teijs. &
Binn 566
Heynei, Roth. . . 569
incana, Roxb. . . 568
lanata, Linn. . . 567
lanata, Gamble . . 567
lanata, Griff. . . 568
lanata, Schau. . . 569
lanceolaria, Roxb. . 570
lobata, Clarke . . 566
longifolia, Lamk. . 570
longifolia, Benth. . 570
longifolia, Hook. . 570
macrophylla,
Rheede .... 568
macrophylla, Vahl. 568
nudifiora, Hook &
Am 568
pednnculata, Br. . 569
pentandra, Roxb. • . 566
psilocalyx, Clarke . 569
Reevesii, Wall. . . 568
Roxburgh iana,
Roem. & Sch. . . 570
Roxburghii, Wall . 568
rubella, Lindl. . . 569
sessilifolia, Wall. . 569
sumatrana, Miq. . 569
tectoncefolia, Wall. . 567
tenuiflora, Champ. . 569
tilicefolia, Teijsm. &
Binn 569
tomentosa, Lamk. . 569
Tomex, Poir. . . 567
vestita, Wall. . . 567
villosa, Roxb. . . 567
Page
villosa, Vahl . . . 567
Wallichiana, Walp. 567 r
Calochlamys c'apitata,
Presl 603
Calonyction asperum,
Chois 198
comorensis, Bojer . 198
comospermum, Bojer 198
co mosper mum, Thw. 198
diversifolium,
Hassk 198
grandi/lorum.Choh. 198
longipZorum, Hassk. 198
muricatum, G. Don 198
muticum, Dene. . . 198
pseudomuricatum,
G. Don . . . . 198
Roxburghii, G. Don 197
speciosum, Chois. . 197
trichospermum,
Chois 198
Calophanes, D. Don . 410
Dalzellii, T. Anders. 411
depressa, T. Anders. 410
littoralis, T.Anders. 410
Nagchana, Nees . 410
rigidus, Dalz. . .411
vagans, Wight . . 41 L
Calorhabdos, Benth. . 291
Brunoniana, Benth. 291
Calosacme acuminata,
Wall . . . 349, 359
amplectens, Wall. . 357
dimidiata, Wall. . 357
fiava, Wall. . . .357
grandifiora, Wall. . 358
macrophylla,
Wall 358
polycarpa, Wall. . 344
Calosanthes indica,
Bl 378
Calotropis, Br. ... 17
Acia, Ham. ... 18
gigantea, Br. . . 17
Hamiltoni, Wall. . 18
herbacea, Wight . 18
heterophylla, "Wall. 18
procera, Br. ... 18
Wallichii, Wight . 18
Calystegia, R. Br. . 217
Acetosoefolia, Turcz. 217
hederacea, Wall. . 217
Keriana, Sweet . .216
Calytriplex obovata,
R. & P 272
Campbellia albida,
Benth 323
? aurantiaca, Wight 323
742
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
cytinoides, Wight . 323
Laioii, Benth. . . 322
subacaulis, Benth. . 321
Campelepis viminea,
Falc 12
Campuleia coccinea,
Hook 299
Campylantbus, Roth. 289
ramosissimus, Wight 290
Ganscora, Lamk. . . 102
alata, Wall. . . .104
andrographioides,
Griff. . . . . 105
concanensis, Clarke 104
decurrens, Dalz. . 103
decussata, Roem. Sf
Sch 104
diffusa, Br. . . . 103
diffusa, ? Wall. . . 105
divaricata, Miq. . 103
foliosa, O. Don. . 103
grandifiora, Wight 104
Helferiana, Wall. . 106
lancifolia, Miq. . . 103
Lauri, Clarke . . 103
Lauri, Wight . . 103
macrocalyx, Miq. . 104
Parish ii, Hook.f. . 105
pauciflora, Dalz. . 103
perfoliata, Wall. . 104
perfoliata, Wall. . 105
pusilla,'Roem.&Sc\i. 100
Schultesii, Wall. . 105
sessiliflora, Roem. &
Sch 104
tenella, Wight . . 103
Wallichii, Clarke . 105
Capraria Crustacea,
Linn ... .279
diffusa, Roxb. 267, 397
dissecta, Del. . . 258
gratissima, Roxb. . 266
rigida, Ham. . . 301
Capsicum, Linn. . . 238
baccatum, Wall. . 239
cerasiforme, Lamk. 239
Chatncecerasus,'Sees 239
fastigiatum, Bl. . 239
frutescens, Linn. . 239
grossum, Willd. . 239
minimum, Roxb. . 239
Caralluma, Br. ... 76
adscendens, Br. . 76
attenuata, Wight . 76
crenulata, Wall. . 78
edulis, Ben'h. . . 76
limbriata, Wall. . 77
Caranga amara, Vahl 275
Page
Cardan th era, Ham. . 403
avana, Benth. . . 405
balsamica, Benth. . 404
Griffithii, .BentfA. . 404
pinnatifida, Benth. . 405
Thwaitesii, Benth. . 405
tri flora, Ham. . . 405
uliginosa, Ham. . . 403
verticillata, Benth. . 404
Cardiolophus decus-
sata, Griff. . . 272
Careyae, Sp. Miq. . . 145
Carmona heterophylla,
Cav 144
CARYOPTEBIDE.2E . . 561
Caryopteris, Bunge . 597
grata, Benth. . . 597
grata, Ham. . . . 596
paniculata, Clarice 597
Wallichiana, Schau. 597
Catonia elliptica,
Vahl 181
glauca, Vahl . . . 181
Celosia, Linn. . . . 714
albida, Willd. . . 7L7
allmanoides, Moq. . 715
argentea, Linn. . . 714
aspera, Roth. . . 717
baccata, Retz. . . 714
cernua, Roxb. . .715
coccinea, Linn. . . 715
comosa, Retz. . . 715
cristata, Linn. . . 715
cristata, Linn. . . 715
dichotoma, Heyne . 717
exstipulata,.ffbr»ejrc. 715
glauca, Rottl. &
Willd 716
lanata, Linn. . . 727
linearis, Sweet . . 714
margaritacea, L. .714
missionis, Wall. . .716
Monsonia, Retz. . 729
nodiflora, Linn. . . 717
nodiflora, Wall. . 717
patula, Willd. . . 716
polygonoides, Retz. 715
poli/gonoides, Wall. 715
pulchella, Moq. . .715
pyramidalis, Burm.
715, 717
sanguinea, Hoffm. . 716
spinescens, Hb. Rus-
sel 730
thyrsifiora, Wall. . 716
trigyna, Willd. . .715
Celosie-E .... 713
Celsia, L 251
Page
coromandeliana,
Vahl . . . .251
viscosa, Roth. . . 251
viscosa, Wight . . 250
Celt is Wightii, Planch. 716
Centaurium malabari-
cum, Borkh. . . 104
Centranthera, Br. . . 300
Brunoniana, Benth. 301
Brunoniana, Thw . 301
grandifiora, Benth. 301
hispida, Br. . . . 301
hispida, Benth. . . 301
humifusa, Wall. . 301
nepalensis, Don. . 301
procumbens, Benth. 301
Centrostachys aquatica,
Wall 730
diandra, Wall. . .731
Centrostemma Lindley
anum, Dene. . . 52
multifiorum, Dcue. . 52
Cer atony chia Nidus,
Edgew 712
Ceropegia, Linn. . . 66
acuminata, Roxb. . 70
acuminata, Dalz. &
Gibs 70
albiflora, Hook. f. . 75
angustifblia, Wight 72
angustifolia, Dalz. . 67
arcta, Nimmo. . . 75
Arnottiana, Wight . 74
attenuata, Hook. . 67
Beddomei, Hook./. 75
biflora, Linn. . .75
brevicollis, Hook. f. 74
brevitubulata, Bedd. 66
bulbosa, Roxb. . . 67
Candelabrum, Linn. 70
Candelabrum, Roxb. 70
Candelabrum, Thw. 71
cilia ta, Wight ... 72
Decaisneana, Wight 73
Decaisneana, Miq. . 42
elegans, Wall. . . 68
Elliottii, Hook.f. . 70
ensifolia, Bedd. . 75
esculenta, Edgew. . 68
fimbrifera, Bedd. . 66
Gardneri, Hook. . 69
hirsuta, W. 8f A. . 71
hirsuta, Wight . . 71
Hookeri, Clarke . 73
intermedia, Wight . 71
? Jacquemontiana,
Dene 72
juncea, Roxb. . . 68
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
743
Page
lanceolafa, Wight . 69
Lawii, Hook. f.. . 67
longi folia, Wall. . 69
longifolia,K.t&T. 72
lucida. Wall. . . 73
Lushii, Grab. . . 68
macrantha, Wight . 74
micans, Nimmo. . 75
mucronata, Roth. . 70
? Munroi, Wight . 67
mysorensis, Wight . 69
oculata, Hook. . . 72
odorata, Nimmo. . 75
ophiocephala, Dalz. 72
pabescens, JF«£Z. . 73
pusilla, JFT^ . . 66
? sjjhenanantha,
W. & A. . . . 68
sphenantha, Dene. . 68
spiralis, Wight . . 66
spiralis <f H. f. & T. 67
Stocksii, HooJc.f. . 74
Thwaitesii, .ffoo/t. . 71
tuberosa, Roxb. . 70
tuberosa, Wall. . . 71
vincrrfolia, Hook. . 72
Walkeriffi, JT/>/^ . 69
Wallicbii, Wight . 67
Wightii, Grah. . . 68
Ceiiopegie^: . . 3, 63
Cestrin^ .... 229
Chcetostachys multi-
fida, Benth. . .631
Cham>ssoa albida,
Mart 717
angustifolia, Hb.
Ham 717
arabica, Spr. . . 718
Brownii, Steud. . . 717
ciliata, Spr. . . . 718
commutata, Spr. . 718
Chamissoa dichotoma,
Moq 717
javanica, Hassk. . 717
muricata, Spr. . .718
pyramidalis, Moq. . 717
Championia, Gardn. . 361
multiflora, Clarke . 368
reticulata, Gardn. . 361
Cheilosandra leptopus,
Griff. .... 368
Chelone jiliformis,
Ham 362
latifolia, Ham. . . 374
rubicunda, Ham. . 362
ClIKLONEiE . . 217, 257
Chenopodium cauda-
tum, Jacq. . . . 721
Page
Chiliandra obovala,
Griff. .... 374
Chirita, Ham. . . .355
acuminata, Br. . . 359
acuminata, A. DC. . 349
bifolia, Don . . .357
brevipes, Clarke . . 359
caliginosa, Clarke . 360
calva, Clarke . .358
Clarkei, HooJc.f. . 359
communis, Gardn. . 356
diaphana, Royle . 357
dimidiata, Br. . . 357
F.dgeworthii, A. DC. 357
Jlava, Br 357
glabra, Clarke . . 358
grandifiora, Wall. . 358
Griffithii, H. f. & T. 314
hamosa, Br. . . . 360
Hookeri, Clarke . 359
Kurzii, Clarke . .358
macrophylla, Wall. 358
monophylla, Clarke 360
Moonii, Gardn. . . 356
primulacea, Clarke . 360
pumila, Don . . . 357
urtieffifolia, Ham. . 358
Walkeri, Gardn. . 356
Walkerice, Hook. . 356
Z'-ylanica, HooJc. . 356
Chironia centaur ioides,
Roxb 102
trinervis, Linn. . . 97
Chibonie^: .... 94
Chotellia sericea,0\)'\z.
cf-Corda. . . .639
Christisonia, Gardn. 321
albida, Thw. . . .323
aurantiaca, Gardn. 322
bicolor, Gardn. . . 322
calcarata, Wight . 322
grandifiora, Gardn. 323
Hookeri, Clarke . 321
Lawii, Wight . . 322
neilgherrica.&ardra. 322
pallida, Gardn. . . 322
Stocksii, Hook. . . 322
subacaulis, Girdn. 321
tricolor, Gardn. . 323
tubulosa, Benth. . 321
? unicolor, Gardn. . 323
Cicendia fast ig iata,
Griseb 100
hgssopifolia, W. &
H 101
microphylla,
Edgew 99
Roxburghii, Griseb. 100
Page
Cistanche, Hoffm. $
Link 323
lutea, Wight . . .324
tubulosa, Wight . 324
Cladostachys alterni-
folia, Sweet . . 718
frutescens, Don . . 714
muricata, Moq. . . 718
Clerodendron, Linn. . 589
aculearum, Linn. . 589
acuminatum, Wall. . 589
bracteatuin, Wall. . 593
Buchanani, Roxb. . 596
Buchanani, Wall. . 596
calamitosum, Linn. 591
calycinum, Turcz. . 594
canescens, Wall. . 589
castanecefolium,
Klotzsch . . . .591
Colebrookianum,
Walp 591
cordatum, Don . . 594
coromandeliaunm,
Spr 596
cuneatum, Tnrez. . 592
deflexum, Wall. . 593
dentatum, Wall. . 593
disparifolium, Bl. . 589
divaricatum, Jack. . 592
farinosum, Wall. . 592
ferrugineum, Turcz. 595
foetidum, Don . 596, 597
fortunatum, Linn. ..596
fortunatum, Wall. . 596
fragram, Vent. . . 589
glandulosum, Wall. 594
gratum, Kurz . . 697
gratum, Wall. . . 597
Griffithianum,
Clarke. . . .590
hastatam, Lindl. . 595
herbaceum, Wall. . 592
inerme, Gaertn. . 589
inerme, Benth. . . 589
infortunatuin,
Gaertn. . . . 594
Jackianum, Wall. . 590
javanicum, Walp. . 592
lasiocephalum,
Clarke . . . .594
Leueosceptrum, Don 699
Linncei, Thw. . . 598
Lobbii, Clarke . . 590
macrophyllum, Bot.
Mag 592
macrostachyum,
Turcz 591
molle, Jack. . . . 595
744
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
neriifolinm, Wall. . 589
nutans, Wall. . . 591
ornatum, Wall. . . 592
ovatum, Poir. . . 596
paniculatum, Linn. 593
penduliflorum, Wall. 591
phlomoides, Linn.f. 590
pyramidale, Andr. . 593
sagittatum, Wall. . 596
sericeum, Wall . . 596
serratum, Spr. . . 592
Siphonanthus, Br. . 595
splendidum, Wall. . 593
squainatum, Vahl . 593
ternifolium, Don . 592
? trichotomum,Wn\\. 595
velutinum, Wall. . 595
venosum, Wall. . . 592
vertillatum, Don . 595
villosum, Bl. . . 596
viscosum, Vent. . . 591
Clinacanthus, Nees . 524
Burmanni, Nees . 524
Clinopodium longi-
caule, Benth. . . 651
repens, Roxb. . .651
vulgare, Linn. . . 650
Cobamba dichotoma,
Blanco 103
Codonacanthus, Nees . 500
acuminatus, Nees . 501
pauciflorus, Nees . 500
Coldenia, Linn. . . 144
procumbens, Linn. 144
Colebrookia Smith. . 642
oppositifolia, Smith 642
oppositifolia, Lodd. 643
ternifolia, Roxb. . 612
Coleus, Lour. . . . 624
amboinicus, Bentb. 625
aromaticus, Benth. . 625
atropurpureus,
Benth 626
barbatus, Benth. . 625
Benthamianus, Am. 626
crassifolius, Bentb. 625
frulicosus, Benth. . 623
glabratus, Benth. . 622
Meynii, Benth. . . 624
inflatus, Benth. . . 626
Macraei, Benth. . 626
Macraei, Bot. Mag. 626
malabaricus, Benth. 626
mollis, Bentb. . . 626
ovatus, Benth. . . 926
paniculatus, Bentb. 622
parviflorus, Benth. . 625
Xugosus, Bentb. . 624
Page
Schimperi, Vatke. . 625
scutellarioides,
Benth. .... 626
spicatus, Benth. . 624
? tuberosus, Benth. . 625
urticifolius, Bentb. . 623
Walkeri, Benth. . 626
Wightii, Bentb. . . 622
Zatarhendi, Dalz. &
Gibs 621
Colly ris major,
Vahl . . . 50,51
minor, Vahl ... 49
Colquhounia, Wall. . 674
Colquhounia, Clarke . 700
coccinea, Wall. . . 674
elegans, Wall. . . 674
tenuiflora, Hook. f. 674
tomentosa, Houllet. 674
vestita, Wall. . . 671
Columnea bahamea,
Roxb 271
diffusa, Roxb. . . 277
heterophylla, Roxb. 270
longifolia, Linn. . 274
minuta, Roxb. . . 281
tomentosa, Roxb. . 259
Coinetes, Linn. . . 712
apiculata, Dene. . 712
surattensis, Barm. . 712
Conchophyllum imbri-
catum, Bl. . . . 51
Congea, Roxb. . . .602
azurea, Wall. . , 602
azurea, Wall. . . 604
barbata, Wall. . . 601
ferruginea, Wall. . 601
involucratum, Wall. 599
Jackiana, Wall. . . 602
Jackiana, Wall. . 601
paniculata, Wall. 599, 600
pentandra, Roxb. . 602
pentandra, Wall. . 602
tomentosa, Roxb. . 603
unguiculata, Wall. . 601
velutina. Wight . 603
vestita, Griff. . . 603
villosa, Wight . . 603
Connaracea, Wall. . 13
Conobea indica, Spr. . 269
Convolvulace^: . . 179
convolvule.e . . 180
Convolvuloides palmata,
Moench. . . . 204
triloba, Moench. . 199
Convolvulus, Linn. . 217
acetoscefolius,
Turcz 217
Page
acetoscefolius, Vahl 213
Adansonii Lamk. . 210
adpressus, Wall. . 196
affims, Wall. . 206, 207
Aitcbisoni, Clarke . 218
albicans, Wall. . . 213
amplus, Wall. . . 185
anceps, Linn. . . 212
angularis, Linn. . 213
angustifolius, Lamk. 205
arenar'ms, Vahl . . 213
argenteus, Wall. . 185
argyrophllus, Wall. 186
arvensis, Linn. . . 219
asclepiadeus, Wall. 220
asper, Wall. . . .198
atropurpureus, Wall. 194
barbatus, Wall. . . 195
barbiger, Wall. . . 193
barlerioides, Wall. . 201
Batatas, Linn. . . 202
Beladambu, Spr. . 210
bellus, Spr. . . . 215
Benthami, Wall. . 205
bicolor, Vahl . . .216
bilobatus, Roxb. . 212
binectariferus,Wa.\\. 216
blandus, Roxb. . .211
Blumii, Dietr. . . 205
brachyphyllus,Bois>s. 217
bracteatus, Vahl . 216
Brownii, Spr. . . 214
bryonicefolius,
Salisb 204
ccespitosus, Roxb. . 205
cairicus, Linn. . , 215
Calverti, Boiss. . 218
calycinus, Roxb. . 201
campanulatus, Spr. 211
candicans, Roth. . 183
candicans, Wall. . 184
capitatus, Vahl . . 193
capitellatus, Wall. 204
capitiformis, Poir. . 193
carnosus, Spr. . .213
cephalanthus , Wall. 216
chinensis, Ker. . .219
Choisyanus, Wall. . 188
chryseides, Spr. . . 206
coccineus, Spr. . . 199
coerulens, Spr. . . 199
copticus, Linn. . . 200
crispatulus, Wall. . 212
cuneatus, Willd. . 191
cymosus, Lamk. . 211
cynanchifolius, Wall. 208
dzsyspermus, Spr. .215
dentatus, Vahl . . 206
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS
745
Page
denticulatus, Lamk. 208
denticulatus, Spr. . 205
deserti 218
dichrous, Roem. &
Sch 213
digitatus, Roxb. . 215
digitatus, Spr. . . 202
Dillenii, Lamk. . . 199
dissectus, Linn. . . 214
divaricatus, Wall. . 219
cdulis, Tlmnb. . . 202
elegans, Wall. . . 224
ellipticus, Spr. . . 192
emarginatus, Vahl . 201
eriocarpus, Spr. . 204
erythrocarpus,Wa\h 187
eaculentus, Salisb. . 202
fastigiatus, Roxb. . 209
fastigiatus, Wall. . 187
festiims, Wall. 185, 187
filicaulis, Vahl . . 205
Fin laysonianus,
Wall 186
Jlagelliformia, Roxb. 209
flavus, Willd. . . 219
formosus, Roxb. . 214
fulgens, Wall. . . 191
gangeticus, Linn. . 206
gangeticus, Roxb. . 184
gangeticus, Wall. . 210
gemellus, Burm. . 207
gemellus, Wall. . . 207
glandulosus, Ham. . 125
glandulosus, Wall. . 220
glomeratus, Chois. . 219
glomeratus, Wall. . 190
gossypinus, Wall. . 203
grand iflorus, Linn. 198
grandifiorus, Wall. . 197
Hardwickii, Spr. . 201
hastatus, Lamk. . 205
heptaphyllus, Rottl. 215
hederaceus, Linn. . 199
hepaticifolius, Spr. 204
hirsutissimus, Wall. 193
hirsutus, Roxb. . . 202
hirtus, Wall. . . . 207
hispidus, Vahl . . 204
hypocrateriformis,
Lamk 184
imbricalus, Spr. . 191
incrassatus, Wall. . 209
indicus, Moris. . . 202
insignis, Spr. . . 202
involucratus, Ker. . 216
kentrocaulos, Steucl. 214
Kleinii, Spr. . . . 210
Kleinii, Wall. . . 214
Page
lanuginosus, A itch. 2 IS
lanuginosus, Lamk. 218
lasiospermus, Vis. . 207
laurifolius , Roxb. . 192
laurif alius, Wight . 186
linifolius, Wall. . 205
littoralis, Linn. . . 213
lupulifolius, Griff. . 215
luteolus, Spr. . . . 199
malabaricus, Heyne 190
malabaricus, Linn.
189, 190
malabaricus , Roxb. 210
malabaricus, Wall. 186
Malcolmii, Roxb. . 219
marginatus, Lamk. 209
maritimus, Lamk. . 212
maximus, Vahl . . 209
medium, Roxb. . . 205
melanostictus,
Schldl 184
microcalyx, Clarke . 220
microphyllus, Sieb. . 218
multibracteatus,
Wall 192
munitus, Wall. 202, 214
muricatus, Linn. . 197
nemorosus, Roem. &
Sch 202
nervosus, Burm. . 185
nil, Linn 199
oblongus, Wall. . . 201
obovatus, Wall. . . 194
obscurus, Linn. . . 207
obtectus, Wall. . . 186
orixensis, Rottl. . 191
ornatus, Wall. . . 183
paniculatus, Linn. . 202
parviHorus, Vahl . 220
pedatus, Roxb. . . 215
peduncular is, Wall. 186
penangianus, Wall. 196
pennatus, Lamk. . 199
pentadactylis, Wall. 214
pentagonus, Roxb. . 211
pentaphyllus, Linn. 202
Pes-Caprce, Linn. . 212
pes-tigridis, Spr. . 204
phozniceus, Spr. . . 199
pileatus, Spr. . . 203
pilosus, Roxb. . .212
platensis, Spr. . . 202
li>\'dty\)e\t\$,Spanoghe 211
pluricaulis. Chois. . 218
polyanthus, Wall.
206, 210
pomaceus, Wall. 188, ISO
purpureus, Linn.
Pa^re
Quarnoclit, Spr. . 190
quinatus, Spr. . . 214
raoemosus, Roem. &
Sch 210
Rampania, Wall. . 201
reniformis, Roxb. . 206
repens, Vahl . . . 210
reptans, Linn. . . 210
Rheedii, Wall. . . 201
rhyniospermus,
Hochst. . . .218
roseus, Kunth. . . 202
Rothii, Spr. . . .211
Rottleri, Spr. . . 189
Rottlerianus, Chois. 219
Roxburghii, Wall. . 185
rubens, Wall. . . 195
rubicundus, Wall. . 195
rufescens, Chois. . 219
rvgosus, Rottl. . . 209
rupestris, Pallas . 207
scindicus, Stocks. . 217
scindicus, Boiss. . 218
semidigynus, Roxb. 223
sepiarius, Wall. . . 209
sessiliflorus, Spr. . 204
setosus, Wall. . . 194
sibiricus, Linn. . . 207
simplex, Pers. . . 205
speciosus, Linn. . 185
sphcerocephalus,
Roxb 204
stipulaceus, Roxb. . 209
stipulatus, Lamk. . 200
stoloniferus, Cyr. . 213
striatus, Vahl . . 209
strigosus, Spr. . . 194
strigosus, Wall. . . 193
Tarita, Wall. . . 220
Tarita, Ham. . . 183
tenuifolius, Vahl . 214
Thonningii, S.chum. 200
tilioefolius, Lamk. . 181
tridentatus, Linn. . 205
triflorus, Vahl . . 209
triqueter, Vahl . . 212
Tuba, Schlech. . . 198
tuberculatus, Lamk. 215
Turpethum, Linn. . 212
umbellatus, Wall. . 211
uniflorus, Lamk. . 201
valerianoides, Blanco 220
vestitus, Wall. . . J.92
vitifolius, Linn. . . 213
Wallichianus, Spr. 217
Wightii, Wall. . . 203
zeylanictts, Moon .216
. . . 1^6
746
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
acuminata, Wall. . 143
africana, Lamk. . 136
angustifolia, Koxb. 138
campanulata, Roxb. 140
cordifolia, Wall. . 137
coromandeliana,
Koenig. & Retz. . 144
diversa, Thw. . . 137
domestica, Roth. . 137
Finlaysoniana, Wall. 140
fragrantissiuia,2iLur£ 139
fulvosa, Wight . . 140
fulvosa, Wight . . 137
grandis, Roxb. . . 137
yrandis, Wall. . . 137
Griffithii, Clarice . 138
hexandra, Roem. &
Sch 140
incana, Boyle . . 139
indica, Lamk. . . 136
latifolia, Roxb. . . 137
latifolia, Wall. . . 136
? Leschenault ii, DC. 138
Macleodii, J^f. Se T. 139
monoica, Roxb. . . 137
Myxa, Linn. . . . 136
Myxa, Thw. . . .137
obliqua, Willd. . . 137
obliqua, Wight . . 137
oblougifolia, Thw. . 138
octandra, A. DC. . 140
officinalis, Lamk. . 136
orientalis, Br. . . 140
paniculata, Roth. . 136
Perrottetii, Wight . 138
Perrottetii, A. DC. 138
polygama, Roxb. . 137
polygama, Wall. . 140
reticulata, Roth. . 138
retusa, Vahl . . . 144
Rothii, Roem 8$ Sch. 138
rotundifolia, Heyne 139
Roxburghii, Clarke 139
Rumphii, Bl. . . 140
Sebestena, Forsk. . 136
serrata, Roxb. . . 140
subcordata, Lamk. . 140
subopposita, DC. . 138
thy rs flora, Sieb. &
Zucc. . . . .141
tomentdsa, Wall. . 137
vestita, Hf. Sf T. . 139
Wallichii, G. Don . 137
COBDIEJ3 134"
Corisanthera vestita,
Griff. .... 373
Cornutia corymbosa,
Burin. . . 573, 576
corymbosa, Lamk.
567, 576
Corusanthera elliptica,
Wall 373
Cosmostigma, Br. . . 46
acuminatum, Wight 46
racemosum, Wight . 46
Cotylanthera, Bl. . . 94
paucisquama, Clarke 94
tenuis, Bl. ... 95
Cranio sper mum parvi-
Jlorum, Dene. . .171
Craniotome, Reichb. . 671
versicolor, Rchb. . 671
Crawfurdia, Wall. . 106
affinis, Wall. . . .107
affinis, Wall. . . .107
angustata, Clarke . 106
Blumei .... 107
campanulacea, Wall.
4- Griff. . . .106
fasciculata, Wall. . 107
fasciculata, Griff. . 108
fasciculata, Thw. . 108
fasciculata, Wall. . 107
japonica, Sieb. 8{
Zucc 107
luteo-viridis, Clarke 108
puberula, Clarke . 107
speciosa, Wall. . . 106
speciosa, Clarke . 106
Cressa 225
australis, Br. . . 225
cretica, Linn. . . 225
indica, Retz. . . . 225
latifolia, T. And. . 224
Cresses 180
Crossandra, Salisb. . 492
axillaris, Nees . . 492
coccinea, Dalz. &
Gibs 492
infundibuliformis,
Nees .... 492
oppositifolia, Nees . 492
undulsefolia, Salisb. 492
Cryptolepis, Br. . . 5
Buchanani, Roem Sf
Sch 5
elegans, Wall. . . 6
filiformis, Wall. . 9
grandiflora, Wight . 5
laxiplora, Bl. . . 6
pauciflora, Wight . 6
reticulata, Wall. . 5
Wightiana, Wall. . 6
Cryp top hrag miu m
ax Mare, Nees . 510
canescens, Nees . . 509
cordifolium, Nees .
elongatum, Nees
glabrum, Dalz. . .
latifolium, Dalz.
sanguinolentum,
Nees
serrulatum, Nees .
venustum, Nees . .
Cryptostegia, Br. . .
grandiflora, Br. . .
Crytoceras floribun-
dum, Maund . .
reflexum, Benn. . .
CunilaBuchananijSpr.
nepalensis, Don . .
Curanga, Juss. . . .
amara, Juss. . . .
Cuscuta, Linn. . . .
aggregata, Roxb. .
anguina, Edgew.
arabica, Wight . .
Boissieri, Stocks .
brevistyla, A. Rich.
capillaris, Edgew. .
capillaris, Wall.
capitata, Roxb. . .
carinata, Br. . .
chinensis, Lamk. .
ciliaris, Hohenack .
elatior, Chois. . .
europaea, Linn. . .
gigantea, Griff . .
grandiflora, Wall. .
Hooker i, Sweet . .
hyalina, Roth. . .
hyalina, Wight . .
macrantha, G. Don
major, C. Bauh.
minor, C. Bauh.
oxypetala, Boiss. .
plauiflora, Tenore .
reflexa, Roxb. . .
sulcata, Koxb. . .
sulcata, Wall. 226
verrucosa, Sweet .
Cuscute^: . . . .
Cyananthus umbrosa,
Griff. . .
Cyathula, Lour.
capitata, Moq.
capitata, Thw.
ceylanica, Mook,
globulifera, Moq
orbiculata, Moq
prostrata, Bl.
repens, Moq.
Sequax, Moq.
toinentosa, Moq
/■
Paee
502
502
509
510
510
509
508
6
6
52
52
647
6 ±7
275
275
225
227
226
226
226
227
227
227
227
227
226
227
226
2^7
226
226
226
226
227
226
227
227
226
227
225
227
227
226
180
371
721
722
723
723
723
72 1
723
723
722
722
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
747
Cybbanthera connata,
Ham
Cyclostigia, Benth. .
strobilifera, Benth.
Cymaria, Benth.' . .
dichotoma, Benth. .
elongata, Benth. .
Cynancheje .
Page
269
645
645
704
705
705
2,16
. 21
30
20
24
23
Cynanchum, Linn,
acuminatum, Ham.
acuminatu m,Thnnb.
acutum, Linn. . .
a latum, DS. Sf A. .
angustifolium,W.&k. 24
Arnottianum, Wight 22
asthmaticum, Ham. 63
auriculatum, Boyle 25
auriculatum, Ham. . 24
bracteatum, Thunb.41, 45
Callialata, Ham. . 24
cordifolium, Retz. . 20
corymbosum, Wight 24
cuspidatum, Thunb. 32
Dalhousise, Wight . 25
deltoideum, Hook.f. 24
echinatum, Tbunb. . 20
externum, Ait. . . 20
Jlavens, Thunb. . . 41
flavum, Thunb. . . 45
formosanum, Maxim. 23
glaucum, Wall. . . 22
gracillimum, Wall. . 21
Heydei, Hook.f. . 25
Heyneana, Boem <$•
Sch 26
humile, Falc. . . 26
inconsjpicuum, Griff. 23
indicum,ilerb.B\irm. 45
inodorum, Lour.
Ipecacuanha, Willd.
Jacquemontianum,
Dene
Kenouriense, Wight
longifolium, Mart. .
micranthum, Thunb.
nanum, Ham. . .
ovalifolium, Wight.
? ovatum, Thunb. .
pauciflorum, Br.
pedunculatum,
Thunb
33
45
26
22
25
42
19
22
68
23
26
pyrotechnicum,¥orsk. 64
reticulatum, Ham. .
reticulatum, Retz. .
Roylei, Wight . .
tingens, Ham. . .
tomentosum, Lamk.
Vincetoxicum, Pers.
Page
45
45
23
/^-V-7
viridifiorum, Sims.
vomitorium. Lamk.
Wallichii, Wight
Wilfordi, Maxim. . 25
Cynoctonum alatum,
Dene 23
angustifolium,Dcne. 24
Blumei, Dene. . . 23
Callialata, Dene. . 24
corymbosum, Dene. 24
ovalifolium, Dene. . 23
jKiucijlorum, Dene. 23
Wallichii, Dene. .' 23
Cynoglossum, Linn. . 155
anchusoides, Liudl. 161
calycinum, Wall. . 157
canescens, Wall. . 157
canescens, Willd. . 156
coelestinum, Lindl. . 160
denticulatura,^4.. DC. 157
diffusum, Roxb. . . 167
Edgeworthii, A. DC. 158
Fmodi, Seholtws. . 161
furcatum, Wall. . 155
glochidiatum, Wall. 156
glochidiatnm,Benth. 157
glochidiatum, Dalz.
& Gibs . . . .157
grandiflorum,Tlenth.. 159
Heynei, G. Don . 156
hirsutum, Jacq. . . 156
lanceolata, Heyne . 156
lanceolatum, ForsJc. 156
laxum, G. Don . . 161
longifiorum, Benth. 159
niacrostylum,B\\nge 161
marifolium, Roxb. . 152
? membranaceum,
A. DC. . . . . 157
mieranthum, Desf. . 156
micranthum, Dalz.
& Gibs 156
micranthum, H.f.&T. 156
microcarpum, A.
Kerner .... 157
mieroglochin,_Z?era£A. 158
nervosum, Benth. . 158
ovatum, Moon . . 155
petiolatum, A. DC. 158
'pro stratum, Don . 167
raremosum, Roxb. . 156
? Ritchiei, Clarice . 157
Boy lei, Wall. . . 161
stellulatum, Wall. . 156
uncinatum, Benth. . 161
vesiculosum, Wall.
156, 157
Wallichii, G. Don . 157
<V-7 Page
zeylanicum, Tbunb. 157
zeylanicum, Wight . 151
Cyril la aquatica,Roxb. 271
Cyrtandra acuminata,
Kurz 370
? acuminata, Wall. 370
? lanuginosa, R. Br. 372
Cyrtandracea, Griff.
340, 341, 342, 358,
362, 368, 373
Cyrtandromoea, Zoll. 370
acuminata, Benth. . 370
cymulosa, Clarke . 371
decurrens, Zoll. . 370
grandiflora, Clarke 371
Cyrtandra, Forst. . . 374
bicolor, Jack. . . 375
Blumeana . . . 375
decirrens, De Vriese 375
dispar, DC. . . .375
frutescens, Wall. . 375
humilis, Bl. . . . 375
pendula. Bl. . . . 375
pilosa, Bl. . . . 375
Cyrtophyllumfragrans,
DC 85
? lanceolatum, DC. 85
peregrinum, Reinw. 85
Cystacanthus, T.
Anders. . . . 513
cyAiosus, T.Anders. 514
insiguis, Clarke . 514
paniculatus, T.
Anders. . . . 514
pulcherrimus, Clarke 514
Cystidianthus cam-
panulatus, Hassk. 62
Dsedalacanthus, T.
Anders. . . . 417
Griffithii, T.Anders. 418
macrophyllus, T.
Anders. . . . 419
microstachyus, T.
Anders. . . .420
montt\xui?,T. Anders. 421
nervosus, T. Anders. 418
Parishii, T. Anders. 421
purpurascens, T.
Anders. . . . 420
roseus, T. Anders. . 419
scaber, T. Anders. . 419
8p\endens,T.Anders. 418
strietus, T. Anders. 419
suffruticosus, T.
Anders. . . . 420
tetragonus. T.Anders.42Q
748
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Patre
tubiflorus, T.Anders. 417
Daemia, Br 20
extensa, Br. ... 20
Dargeria linifolia,
Dene 304
pinnatifida, Di:ne. . 303
Dasystephana adscen-
dens, Borkh. . . 117
Datura. Linn. . . . 242
albai'Seea. . . . 243
dubia, G. Don . . 243
fastuosa, Linn. . . 242
ferox, Nees . . . 242
Blummatu, Bernh. . 242
Metel, Linn. . . . 243
Metel, Roxb. . . 243
Nilhummatu, Dunal 243
Stramonium, Linn. 242
Tatula, Willd. . . 242
Wallichii, Dunal . 242
Decadontia coerules-
cens, Griff. . . .602
Decalepis, W. Sr A. . 11
Hamiltonii, W.SfA. 11
Deeringia, Br. . . . 714
Amherstiana, Wall. 716
baccata, Moq. . . 714
celosioides, Br. . . 714
indica, Retz. . . . 714
Desmochoeta alternU
folia, DC. . . .718
atropurpurea, DC. . 723
ciliata, Roem.& Sch. 718
flavescens, DC. . . 724
micrantha, DC. . . 723
muricata, Wight . 718
orbiculata, Wall. . 724
patula, Roem. &
Schultz. . . .724
patula, ? Wall. . . 723
prostrata, DC. . . 723
prostrata, Wight . 723
repens, Roem. & Sch. 723
tomentosa, Roem. &
Sch 722
velutina, Wall. . . 724
Dianthera, Linn. . . 541
bicalyculata, Retz. 545
collina, Clarke . . 543
debilis, Clarice . . 542
dichotoma, Clarke . 543
Griffithii, Benth. . 542
? indica .... 543
japonica, Thunb. . 556
leptostachya,Bie»^. 542
malabarica, Linn. f. 554
paniculata, Lour. . 541
tomentosa, Roxb. . 395
Page
virgata, Benth. . . 542
Diceros angustifolius,
Wall 275
longifolius, Per?. . 275
Dichrotrichum Grif-
fithii, Clarke . . 344
Dicliptera, Juss. . . 550
Beddomei, Clarke . 551
bivalvis, Nees . . 552
bivalvis, Juss. . . 552
bupleuroides, Nees . 554
Burmanni,T. Anders. 553
Burmanni, Nees . 553
cardiocarpa, Nees . 554
coerulea, Bl. . . .550
crinita, Nees . . . 554
cuneata, Nees . . 552
hirtula, Nees . . 554
Kurzii, Clarke . . 551
Leonotie, Dalz. . . 553
micranthes, Nees . 553
parvibracteata, Nees 551
repens, Roem.& Sch. 549
reptans, Nees . . 552
riparia, Nees . . . 553
Roxburgbiana, Nees 553
Boxburghiana,Bo\ss. 554
Roxburghii, T. An-
ders 554
rupestris, Nees . . 554
speciosa, Kurz . . 552
zeylanica, Nees . . 552
JDicranacanthus buxi-
folius, Oerst. . . 483
Spina-ceglanica,
Oerst 484
Didissandra, Clarke . 355
frutescens, Jack. . 355
lanuginosa, Clarke . 355
rufa, King . . .355
Didymocarpoid, Griff. 355
Didymocarpus, Wall. . 345
acuminata, Br. . . 349
Andei-soni, Clarke . 346
aromatica, Wall. . 347
aromatica, Don. . 348
aromatica, Wall. . 346
aurantiaca, Clarke . 346
barbinerva, Clarke . 350
cinerea, Don . . . 346
corchorifolia, Wall. . 351
cordata, Wall. . . 350
crini'a, Jack. . . 351
cristata, Dalz. . . 360
floccosa, Thio. . . 354
Griffithii, Wight . 344
hamosa, Wall. . . 360
Hookeri, Clarke . 349
Pago
Humboldtiana,
Gardn 353
incana, Benth. . . 352
Kurzii, Clarke . . 358
lanuginosa, Wall. . 355
leucocalyx, Clarke . 348
longepetiolata,
Gardn 354
longipes, Clarke . 351
lyrata, Wight . . 353
macropbylla, Wall. . 345
macrophylla, Wall. . 345
margiuata, Clarke . 352
membranacea, Bedd. 354
missionis, Wall. . . 354
mollis, Wall. . . 350
Mortoni, Clarke . 348
multiflora, Wall. . 365
oblonga, Wall. . . 346
obtusa, Wall. . . 346
ovalifolia, Wight . :354
paucinerva, Clarke . 350
pedicellata, Br. . . 345
platycalyx, Clarke . 349
platypus, Clarke . 352
plicata, Don . . . 346
podocarpa, Clarke . 347
primulafolia,Gardu. 354
primulifolia, Don
347, 348
pulchra, Clarke . . 348
punduana, Wall. . 349
pygmsea, Clarke . 345
repens, Bedd. . .354
reptans, Jack. . . 352
Rottleriana, Wall. . 353
Rottleriana, Wight . 353
rufipes, Clarke . . 351
semitorta, Clarke . 352
subalternans, Wall. . 347
subalternans, Clarke 348
tomentosa, Wight . 353
verticillata, Wall. . 347
villosa, Don . . . 347
villosa, Clarke . . 343
zeylanica, Br. . . 354
Digera, Forsk. . . . 717
alternifol ia, Aschers. 718
arvensis, Forsk. . . 717
ciliata, Mart. . . 718
ciliata, Moq. . . . 718
Forskalii, Bl. . . 718
muricata, Mart. . 718
DlGITALEiE . . 248, 288
Digitalis stricta,Koxb. 301
Dilivaria ebracteata,
Pers 481
ilicifolia, Nees . . 481
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
749
Page
scandens, Nees . . 481
rolubi/is, Nees . . 481
Dinetus paniculatus,
Sweet .... 222
racewosus, Sweet . 222
Dioclea hispidissima,
Spr 176
Diotacanthus,J?eȣA. . 515
albiflorus, Benth. . 515
grandis, Benth. . . 515
Diplanthera. R. Br. . 385
bancana, Scheffer . 385
Diplophyllum cardio-
carpum, Kar. and
Kir 295
Dipfer acanthus ?caly-
oinuSy Champ. . 468
ciliatus, Nees . . 408
ciliatus, Wall. . . 413
dejectus, Nees . . 412
ereetus, Nees . .412
lanceolatus, Nees . 412
longifolius, Stocks. 412
Nagchana, Nees . 410
patulus, Nees . . 412
prostratus, Griff. . 412
prostratus, Nees . 412
Sibua, Nees . . . 413
urophyllus, Nees . 472
vagans, T. Anders. . 411
Dischidia, Br. ... 49
acutifolia, Maingay 51
albida, Griff. . . 50
? albijlora, Griff. . 51
benghalensis, Coleb. 50
Brunoniana, Griff. . 50
clavata, JFaZZ. . . 52
coccinea, Griff". . . 51
Collyris, Wall. . . 51
complex, Griff. . . 51
cuneifolia, Wall. . 50
fasciculata, Dene. . 50
formosana, Maxim. 50
Griffithii, Hook.f. . 51
birsuta, Dene ... 50
khasiaua, HooJc.f. . 50
Nummularis, Br. . 49
obovata, Griff. . . 51
orbicularis, Date. . 49
Rafflesiana, Wall. . 50
spathulata, Bl. . . 50
Wallicbii, Wight . 52
Disternon angustifolius,
Ehrb. & Hempr. . 250
glandulosus, Ehrb.
& Hempr. . . .249
Dittoceras, Hook.f. . 48
Andersoni, Hook.f. 43
Diurospermum album,
Eclgew 334
Dodartea indica .Linn. 262
Dolichandrone, Seem. . 378
arcuata, Clarke . . 380
crispa, Seem. . . . 370
falcata, Seem. . . 389
Lawii, Seem. . . 380
Rheedii, Seem. . . 379
serrulata, Seem. . 380
stipulata, Benth. . 379
Dopatrium, Hamilt. . 273
^xmcQxxm, Ham. . . 274
lobelioides, Benth. . 274
nudicaule, Ham. . 274
Horatanthera linearis,
Benth 250
Dracocephalum, Linn. 664
acanthoides, JEdgew. 666
bipinnatum, Rupr. . 666
erectum, Royle . . 6,-3
Govania?ium, Benth. 663
heteroph^llum,
Benth 665
Hookeri, Clarke . 666
Hookeri .... 657
inderiense, Kar. &
Kir 667
moldavicum,2/m». . 665
nutans, Linn. . . 665
pinnatum .... 660
Royleanum, Benth. . 667
Ruprechtii, Regel . 666
speciosum, Benth. . 665
stamineum, Kar. &
Kir. . . . . .666
stamineum . . . 657
Dregea, E. Meyer . . 46
volubilis, Benth. . 46
Duranta 560
Dysehoriste ccrnua,
Nees 410
depressa, Nees . . 410
Uttoralis, Nees . . 410
Dysophylla, Bl. . . 637
Dysophylla, Griff. . . 639
auricularia, Bl. . . 638
Benthamiana,
Hance . . . .639
cmssic&ulh, Benth. . 610
cruciata, Benth. . 639
erecta, Dalz. . . . 641
gracilis, Dalz. . . 641
Griffithii, Hook. f. 641
Helferi, Hook.f. . 640
linearis, Benth. . . 639
linearis, Wall. . . 639
myosuroides, Benth. 638
myosuroides, Benth. 638
pentagona, Clarke . 641
pnmila, Benth. . . 540
quadrifolia, Benth. . 639
ramosissima, Benth. 639
rugosa, Hook.f. . 638
rupestris, Dalz. . . 639
salicifblia, Dalz. . 638
stellata, Benth. . . 640
Stocksii, Hook.f. . 642
strigosa, Benth. . 636
tetraphylla,Wight . 639
tomentosa, Dalz. . 641
velutina, Benth. . 639
verticillata,5era^. . 639
Ebenacea, Wall. . . 183
Ebermaiera, Nees . . 395
angustifolia, T. An-
ders 398
aristata, T. Anders. 398
argentea, Nees . . 398
axillaris, Usees . . 399
Beddomei, Clarke . 402
coriacea, T. Anders. 402
diffusa, Kurz . . 397
elongata, Nees . . 400
elongata, Nees . . 400
glauca, Nees . . . 395
glauca, T. Anders.
396, 397
glutinosa, Wall. . .396
gracilis, T. Anders. 402
Griffithiana, T. An-
ders 400
Helferi, T. Anders. 399
Helferi, T. Anders. 400
humilis, Nees . . 396
incana, Hassk. . . 397
lanceolata, Hassk. . 397
lasiobotrys, Nees . 400
ligulata, Bedd. . . 395
longitblia, Nees . . 399
macrophylla, T. An-
ders 400
niacrophylla, T. An-
ders.. .... 397
Maclellandii, T. An-
ders 401
merguensis, T. An-
ders .... 402
obtusa, T. Anders. . 401
paniculata, Wall. . 401
y<\Yviftov?L,T. Anders. 402
polybotrya, Nees. . 396
racemosa, Miq. . . 401
setigera, T. Anders. 398
setigera, T. Anders. 398
Simonsii, T. Anders. 399
750
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
spatulata, Hassk. . 396
spatulata, Nees . . 396
Staurogyne, Nees . 398
Staurogyne, T. An-
ders 398
subpaniculata,
Hassk 400
thyrsoidea, Nees . 397
trichocephala, Miq. 398
velutina, Nees . . 397
zeylanica, Nees . . 397
zeylanica, T . Anders. 397
Ebermeyera thyrsoidea,
Kurz . . . .267
Ecbolium, Kurz . . 544
Linneanum, Kurz . 544
Echinacanthus, Nees . 414
Andersoni, Clarke . 415
attenuatus, Nees . 414
Brugmansianus,
Nees .... 415
calycinus, Nees . . 469
longistylus, Clarke . 415
parviflorus, T. An-
ders 415
Pumilio, Clarke . . 415
Echiuospermum,
Swark 162
barbatum, Lehm. . 163
canum, Benth. . . 164
ccelestinum, Wigbt . 160
glochidiatum,k. DC. 161
intermedium, Sedel. 163
minimum, Lehm. . 162
? myosotiflorum,
A. DC 164
patulum, Lebm. . . 163
Redowskii, Lehm. . 163
semiglabrum, Sedel. 163
sericeum, Beuth. . 165
spathulatum, Bentb. 164
ztylanicum, Lebm. . 157
JSchiochilon hispi-
dissimu7n,Ti\usch. 176
JEchites coriacea,
Heyne .... 6
cuspidata, Heyne . 5
dichoioma, Heyne . 14
panciflora, Rottl. . 6
reticulata, Rotb . 5
Echium Benthami,
Wall 177
Ehretia, Linn. . . . 141
acuminata, Br. . . 141
affinis, Wall . . . 142
aspera, Roxh. . . 142
buxifolia, Roxb. . . 144
canarensis, Miq. . 142
Championi, Wight
& Gardn. . . .142
cuneata, Wigbt . . 145
Cutranga, Ham. . 142
dichotoma, Rottl. . 142
Licksoni, Hauce . 141
fioribunda, Benth. . 142
glabra, Roth . . . 136
heterophylla, Spr. . 144
IZee/wii.Roem.&Sch. 142
lsevis, Roxb. . . . 141
lavis, Benth. . . 142
lanceolata, Heyne . 143
longijlora, Champ. . 144
macrophylla, Wall. . 141
microphylla, Lamk. 144
mollis, Wall. . . . 144
obovata, R. Br. . . 143
ob;usifolia, Hochst. 142
ovalitolia, Wight . 143
ovatifolia, Hassk. . 141
parallela, Clarke . 143
pnilippensis, A. DC. 142
pubescens, Benth. . 142
punctata, Roth . . 142
pyrifolia, Don . . 141
retusa, Wall. . . 143
serrata, Roxb. . .141
timorensis, Dene. . 142
tomentosa, Roth . 142
viminea, Wall. . . 145
Wallichiana,^./. Sf
T. 143
Wightiana, Wall. . 143
EHHETIEiE .... 134
Elsboltzia, Willd. . . 642
Beddomei, Clarke . 643
hXimfa, Benth. . . 643
blanda 646
cristata, Willd. . . 645
densa, Benth. . . 645
eriostachya, Benth. . 645
eriostaehya,R.i'.& T. 645
flava, Benth. . . .642
Griffithii, Rook. f. . 644
Hoffimeisteri,
Klotzsch . . /645
incisa, Benth. . . 644
leptostaehya.-Sera^A. 646
ocimoides, Pers. . .610
oppositifolia, Poir. . 642
paniculata, Willd: . 631
pilosa, Benth. . . 644
polystachya, Benth. 643
polystachya . . . 646
pusilla, Benth. . .64 5
stvobilifera, Benth. . 645
Thompsoni, Hook.f. 643
Page
? villosa, Roxb. . . 632
Elytraria, Vahl . . . 394
crenata, Vahl . . 394
indica. Pers. . . . 394
lyrata, Vahl . . . 394
marginata, Beauv. . 394
Vahliana, Michx. . 394
virgata, Vahl . . 394
Emmenospermum,
Clarke . . 305, 734
Endopogon Amomumy
Nees. .... 435
argutus, Nees . . 432
capitatus, Wight . 433
consanguineus, Nees
432, 433
cuspidatus, Benth. . 435
decurrens, Nees 436, 440
digitalis, Nees . . 432
foliosus, Wight . .433
Gardnerianus, Nees 446
hypoleucus, Nees 432,436
integrifolius, Dalz. . 458
khassyanus, Nees . 436
macro stegius, Nees . 456
rh am nifolius, Wight 433
Strobilanthes,Wight 439
versicolor, Wight . 435
viscosus, Nees . . 431
vitellinus, Nees . . 512
JEndotropis auriculata,
Dene 25
caudata, Miq. . . 25
Jacquemontii, Dene. 26
Roylei, Deue. . . 26
Enicostema, Bl. , . 100
littprale, Bl. . . . 101
Eophi/lon Lobbii, A.
Gray 95
Epithema, Bl. . . . 369
carnosum, Benth. . 369
carnosum, Thw. . . 369
ceylanicum, Wight . 369
zeylanica, Gardn. . 369
Erantliemum, Linn. . 497
album, Nees . . . 498
amoenum, Ham. . 420
Andersoni, Masters 499
barlerioides, Roxb.
416, 420
bifarium, Nees . . 5(J0
Blumei, Teijs. ? . .499
capense, Linn. . . 421
cinuabarinum, Wall. 499
crenulatnm, Lindl. . 497
creaulatum, Nees . 598
crenulatum, Wall. 497,498
diantherum, Roxb. . 497
INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
751
Page
Ecbulium,T. Anders. 544
Edgeworthianum,
Nees 418
elatum, Kurz . . 498
elegans, Masters . 499
fastigiatum, Spr. . 421
graciliflorum, Nees . 500
indicum, Clarke . . 497
latifolium, Kurz . 498
leptacanth us, Clarke 500
macrophyllum, Wall. 419
malabaricum,CYarfee 497
inalaccense, Clarke . 498
montanum,Bot.Mag. 496
montanum, Roxb. . 421
montanum, Wall. . 420
nervosum, Br. . . 418
nervosum, Dalz. &
Gibs 421
palatiferum, Nees . 498
palatiferum, Bot.
Mag. . . . 498, 499
Parishii, Clarke . . 499
pubesceus, Roth . . 500
pulchellum, Andr. . 418
pulchellum, Roxb. . 420
punctatum, Nees . 499
purpurascens, Nees . 420
racemosum, Roxb. . 497
roseum, Br. . . .419
salaccensp, Bl. . . 421
semperflorens, JZotfA 497
strictum,Co\eb. . . 419
jwmsj/bZi«w,Kurz . 493
suffruticosum. \\o\b. 420
tetragonum, Wall. . 420
Wightianum, Wall. . 421
Eremostachys, Bunge . 694
acantbocalyx, Boiss. 695
laciniata, Aitch. . 695
superba, Royle . . 695
Vicaryi, Benth. . . 695
Erianthera lobelioid.es,
Nees 505
rhomboidea, Bentb. 678
serpyllifolia, iVees . 5t6
Erica1 a aquatica,
G. Don . . . . 110
argentea, D. Don . 112
capitata, D. Don . 113
carinata, G. Don . 113
coronata, G. Don . 114
decemfida, D. Don . 112
depress a, G. Don . 115
humilis, G. Don . . 110
marginata, D. Don . 113
orbiculata, G. Don . Ill
pedicellata, D. Don 111
Page
procumbens, G. Don 111
quadrifaria, G. Don 111
Royleana, G. Don . 112
squarrosa, G. Don . Ill
tubiflora, G. Don .116
venusta, G. Don . . 116
Ericoila aquatica,
Borkb 110
verticillata, Borkh. 101
Erimatalia Rheedii,
Roem. & Sch. . 181
Erinus bilabiatus,
Roxb 264
Eriopetalum attenua-
turn, Wight . . 65
IcBvigatum, Wight . 65
parviflorum, Wight 65
Eriophyton, Benth. . 695
Walliehianum,
Benth 695
Eritrichium, Schrader 163
basitixum, Clarke . 165
elongatum, A. DC. . 170
fruticulosum,
Klotzsch . . . 164
Jacquemontii, Dene. 164
longifolium, Dene. . 164
microcarpum, DC. . 172
multicaule, DC. . . 172
Munroi, Clarke . . 1(55
nemorosum, A. DC. . 171
ovalifolium, DC. . 172
patens, Dene. . .164
primuloides, Dene. . 170
pustulosum, CYarXre . 164
pygmaeum, Clarke . 165
rotundifolium, DC. 172
secundijlorum, A. DC. 170
spathulatum, Clarke 1 64
strictum, Bene. . . 164
tibeticum, Clarke . 165
villosum, DC. . . 165
Erycala, G. Don . .110
Erycibe, Roxb. . . .180
camptobotrya, Miq. 182
citrinifiora, Griff. . 183
coriacea, Wall. . . 182
expansa, Wall. . . lSl
ferruginosa, Griff. . 181
fragrans, Wall. . . 188
glaueescens, Wall. . 181
glaucescens, DC. . 181
glaueescens, Kurz . 181
g'lomerata, Wall. . 183
Griffithii, Clarke . 182
laevigata, TFa^. . . 181
Icevigata, Wall. . . 181
Maingayi, Clarke . 182
Page
malaccensis, Clarke 182
paniculata, Roxb. . 180
Princei, Wall. . . 182
Rheedii, Blume . . 181
subspicata, Wall. . 181
Wight iana, Grah. . 181
Erythracanthus elon-
gata, Dalz.& Gibs. 397
elongatus, Nees . . 400
Grifflthianus, Nees 400
obtusus, Nees . . 401
obtusus, Wight . . 400
racemosus, Nees . 401
Erjthrsea, L. C. Rich. 101
altaica, Griseb. . .102
babylonica, Griseb. 102
caspica, Griseb. . . 101
latifolia, Griseb. . 101
linarifolia, Clarke . 102
Meyeri, Bunge . . 102
microphylla, Benth. 99
pulchella, Hornem. 101
raniosissima, Pers. . 101
ramosissima, Clarke 102
ramosissima, Griseb. 102
Roxburghii, G.Bon 102
tenuifiora, Link. . 101
Euasclepiadece ... 2
Euloganie^: ... 78
Euphrasia, Linn. . , 304
coromandeliana,
Roth 302
depauperata, Benth. 305
? glandulosa, Benth. 304
Odontites, Linn. . 305
officinalis, Linn . . 305
rubra, Pers. . . . 305
tartarica, Fisch. . 305
Euphrasies . 249, 304
EurythaUa carinata,
D. Don. . . .113
coronata, D. Don . 114
glacialis, G. Don . 109
nana, G. Don . . 109
pedunculata, D.Don 109
Eutropis, Falc. ... 20
Euxoluscaudatus,Moq. 721
Uvidus, Moq. . .721
oleraceus, Dalz. &
Gibs 721
oleraceus, Moq. . .721
polygamus, Moq. . 721
viridis, Moq. . . .721
Evolvulus, Linn. . . 220
alsinoides, Linn. . 220
alsinoides, Wall. . 224
angustifolius, Roxb. 220
emarginatus, Burni. 206
752
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
ferrugineus, Wall. . 218
hederaceus, Burm. . 219
hirsutus, Lamk. . . 220
linifolius, Linn. . . 220
pilosus, Roxb. . . 218
sericeus, Wall. . . 220
tridentatus, Linn. . 205
Exace^e 94
Exacmn, Linn. ... 95
alatum, Roth. . . 104
atropurpureum,
Bedd 97
* axillare, Thio. . . 96
Beddomei, Clarke . 97
bellum, Hance . . 95
bicolor, Roxb. . . 96
carinatum, Roxb. . 98
chironioides, Griseb. 95
? concinnum, Miq. . 100
courtallense, Am. . 97
diffusum, Willd. . 103
erectum, Roth . . 103
foliosum, Griseb. 96, 97
grandiflorum, Wall. 96
Hamiltonii, G. Don 95
heteroclitum, Willd. 104
Horsfieldianum,Wiq. 95
hyssopifolium, Spr. 101
Lawii, Clarke . . 9S
macr'antha, Am. . 97
macr anther um, Miq. 98
Metzianum, Hohen . 96
nummularius . 2, 734
ovale, Griseb. . . 96
peduncalare, Am. . 98
pedunculatum,Z£?w. 97
Perrottetii, Griseb. 95
petiolare, Griseb. . 98
pteranthum, Wall. 99
pumilum, Griseb ." . 98
pnuctatum, Linn.f. 99
rivulare, Edgew. . 98
sessile, Linn. . . 98
sessile, Clarke . . 98
sfylosa, Wall. . . 95
sulcatum, Clarke . 95
sulcatum, Roxb. . 98
sulcatum, Wight . 96
teres, Wall. ... 95
_ tetragonum, Roxb. . 95
travancorictim, Bedd. 97
verticillatum, Spr. . 101
Walkeri, Am. . . 96
Wightianum, Am. . 97
zeylanicum,Roxb. 97, 733
zeylanicum, Wall. . 97
Fagrsea, Thunb.
82
Page
Page
appendiculata, Bl. .
84
Ganosma inodQra,
auriculata, Jack . .
83
Lour. . . . .
33
auricularia, Benth.
83
Gardneria, Wall. . .
93
Blumei, Steud. . .
83
angustifolia, Wall. .
93
carnosa, Jack. . .
82
nutans, Sieb. &Zucc.
93
celebica, Bl. . . .
83
ovata, Wall. . . .
93
coarctata, Bl. . .
81
Wallichii, Wight .
93
coromandeliana,
Gastrocotyle, Bunge .
168
Wight . . . .
83
hispida, Bunge . .
168
crassifolia, Bl. . .
83
Gendarussa bifaria,
? crassifolia, Wall. .
83
Wall
500
crenulata, Maingay
83
decussata, Nees . .
532
cuspidata, Bl. . .
84
Neesiana, Wall. . .
531
fragraus, Roxb. .
85
orixensis, Nees .
529
Gardneri, Thw. . .
84
quadrifaria, Nees .
530
globosa, Wall. . .
83
? sumatrana, Miq. .
534
imperialis, Miq.
83
tranquebariensis,
khasiana, Benth.
81
Nees . . . .
530
lanceolata,Wal\. .
85
vasculosa, Nees . .
533
ligustrina, Bl. . .
85
ventricosa, Nees
526
Maingayi, Clarke .
84
virgata, Wall. .
525
malabarica, Bl. . .
83
vulgaris, Nees . .
532
morindsefolia, Bl. .
84
wynaadensis, Nees .
533
obovata, Wall,. . .
83
Genianthus, Hook.f. .
15
obovato-javana, Bl.
83
crassifolius, Hook.f.
16
peregrina, Bl. .
85
laurifolius, Hook. f.
16
racemosa, Jack. . .
84
Maingayi, Hook.f .
16
robusta, Bl. . . .
84
Geniospormn, Wall. .
609
Th waitesii, F. Mucll.
81
axillare, Benth.
Wallichiana, Benth.
85
elougatum, Benth. .
610
zeylanica, Thunb. .
83
gracile, Benth. . .
010
Falconeria, Hook.f. .
319
rrifiorum, Wall. .
611
himalaica, Hook. f.
319
prostratum, Benth. .
610
Finlaysonia, Wall. . .
7
strnhiliferutn. 1
610
obovata, Wall. . .
i~
Gc'ttiai.a, / '•//>.
Flemingia grandifiora,
nk.
111.
Rottl. & Willd. .
392
3 1 7
Frerea, Balz. . . .
76
ansoDna, Clarke .
indica, Balz. .
76
Anderaoni, Clarke .
113
apnea, Dene.
112
aquatica, Linn. .
no
Gaertnera,Za;wz&. . .
91
aqua t lea, Pall. .
in
acuminata, Benth. .
91
argentea, Royle 112
,733
divaricata, Thw
91
aurea, Linn. .
10S
Gardneri, Thw.
92
azurea, Bunge . .
109
grisea, Hook.f. . .
92
Baconi . . . .
113
junghuhnii, Miq.
91
barbata, Froel . .
118
Koenigii, Wight
91
borealis, Bunge .
109
longifolia, Bojer
93
brachypetala, Bunge
118
obesa, Hook.f. . .
92
cachemirica, Bene.
115
rosea, Benth. . .
92
canaliculata,Roy]e
119
ternifolia, Thtv. . .
92
capitata, Ham. .
113
thyrsiflora, Bl. . .
91
carinata, Griseb.
. 113
viminea, Hook.f. .
91
carinthiaca, Froel.
120
Walkeri, Wight . .
92
centaurium, Linn.
101
Gaeetneee^: . . .
79
cephalodes, Edgew
113
Galeopsis, Linn. . .
77
Chirata, Wall. .
124
Tetrahit, Linn. . .
677
Chirayita, Roxb.
124
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
753
Page
Chirayita, Roxb. . 124
ciliata, Pall. . . .118
contorta, Royle . . 118
coronata, Royle . . 114
crassa, Kurz . . . 114
crinita, Froel. . . 118
decemfida, Ham. . 112
decumbens, Linn.f. 117
depressa, Don . .115
detonsa, Fries. 118, 734
dichotoma, Pall. . 109
diffusa, Vahl. . . 103
Elwesii, Clarke . .115
Falconeri, Clarke . 108
? floribunda, Don . 124
gracilis, Thomas . 109
heteroclita, Linn. . 104
holosteoides,S. & K. 109
Hugelii, Griseb. . 114
humilis, Steven. . .111
infelix, Clarke . . Ill
involucrata, Fries. . 109
Jaeschkei, Kurz . . 119
Karelini, Thorns. . 110
Koenigii, Gunn. . 109
Kurroo, Royle . . 117
laxicaulis, Zoll. . .111
Ledebourii, Reich. . 110
Loderi, Rk.f. . . 732
marginata, Clarke . 113
marginata, Griseb. . 113
marginata, Wall. . 113
micans, Clarke . . 112
minutissima, Boiss. 110
Moorcrof tiana, Wall. 108
Moorcrqftiana, Gr. 119
nana,W\x\f. . . .109
nubigena, Fdgew. . 116
nudicaulis, Kurz . 114
oligosperma, Griseb. 119
Olivieri, Griseb. . 117
orbiculata, Heyne . Ill
ornata, Wall. . . 116
pedicellata, Wall. .Ill
pedunculate, Royle . 109
phyllocalyx, Clarke . 116
prostrata, Clarke . 110
prostrata, Haencke. 110
p rostrata,Ka.r.&Kir. 110
pulmonaria,Txircz. . 109
pumila, Griff. . .111
pygmsea, Clarke. . Ill
quadrifaria, Blume . Ill
quinquefolia,Fl.Dsiri. 109
recurvata, Clarke . 110
riparia, Kar. & Kir. 110
robusta, King . . 734
rotata, M. Bieb. . 120
VOL. IV.
Page
Royleana, Wall. . 112
serrata, Gunn. . . 734
sikkiniensis, Clarke . 114
squarrosa, Ledeb. . Ill
Stelleriana, C. & S. 120
stipitata, Edgevv. . 115
Stoliczkai, Clarke . 109
stylophora, Clarke . 118
tenella, Fries. . . 109
tetragona, Roth . . 109
Thomsoni, Clarke . 109
tibetica, King . . 732
tristriata, Turcz. . 109
tubiflora, Wall. . . 116
umbellata, Bieb. . 109
venusta, Wall. . . 116
verticillaris, Retz. . 101
verticillata, Linn. . 101
volubilis, Don . . 108
zeylanica, Griseb. . Ill
Gentianace^: ... 93
Gentianella barbata,
G. Don . . . . 118
detonsa, G. Don . 118
Gerardia delphinifolia,
Linn 302
Heyneana, Benth. . 302
parvijlora, Wall. . 303
scabra, Wall. . . 302
Sopubia, Benth. . 302
stricta, Benth. . . 302
Geeaedieje . . 248, 297
Germania Forskohlii,
Poir 625
nudiflora, Poir. . . 626
rotundifolia, Poir. . 624
Gesnebace-e . . . 336
Geunsia, Blume . . 566
farinosa, Bl. . . . 566
Glechoma, L. . . . 664
erecta, Roxb. . . . 661
hindostana, Roth. . 661
indica, Spr. . . . 661
Glossanthus grandi-
florus, Benth. . . 371
malabaricu&, ^ein. 366
Notoniana, Br. . . 366
zeylanicus, Br. . . 367
Glossocarya, Wall. . 598
Linnsei, Benth. . . 598
mollis, Wall. . . 598
Glossonema, Dene. . 16
varians, Benth. . . 16
Glossostelma, Wight . 47
Glossostigma, Am. . 287
spathulatum, Am. . 288
Glossostyles arvensis,
Benth 297
Pago
Gmelina, Linn. . . . 581
arborea, Linn. . . 581
asiatica, Linn. . . 582
asiatica, Wall. . . 582
coromandeliana,
Burm 582
Finlaysoniana, Wall.582
Hystrix, Kurz . . 582
inermis, Blanco . . 582
lobata, Gaertn. . . 582
oblongifolia, Roxb. 582
parviflora, Roxb. . 582
parvifolia, Roxb. . 582
Rheedii, Hook. . . 581
speciosissima, Don . 257
villosa, Roxb. . .582
Goldfussia anisophylla,
Nees 462
biceps, Nees. . . . 459
biceps, Wall. ... 429
bracteata, Nees 443, 460
capitata, Nees . . 459
colorata, Nees . . 473
crinita, Nees . . . 473
Cusia, Nees . . . 468
Dalhousiana, Nees 460
decurrens, Wight . 440
discolor, Nees . . 462
divaricata, Nees . 469
Fdgeworthiana,Nees 466
extensa, Nees . . 463
flexuosa, Nees . . 460
glomerata, Nees. . 448
isophylla, Nees . . 462
lamiifolia, Nees. . 463
Lescfienaultiana,
Nees . . . 433, 439
Myrtinia, Nees . . 437
nutans, Nees . . . 454
pentstemonoidesJXees&QO
sessilis, Nees . . . 461
Thomsoni, Bot.Mag. 471
tristis, Wight . . 441
Zenkeriana, Nees . 439
Zenkeriana, Wight 440
Golowninia japonica,
Maxim. . . . 107
Gomphocarpus Icevi-
gatus, Ham. . . 65
volubilis, Ham. . . 21
Gomphostemma, Wall. 696
acaule, Kurz . . . 696
crinitum, Wall. . 698
eriocarpum, Benth. 698
Heyneanum, Wall. . 696
lucidum, Wall. . . 697
Mastersii, Benth. . 699
melisssefolium, Wall. 698
3 c
754
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
melisscefolium,Wn]\. 699
membranifolium,
Miq 694
multiflorum, Benth'. 697v
niveum, Hooh.f. . 697
nutans, Hoofir.f. . 697
oblongum, Wall. ". 697
oblongum, Wight . 698
ovatum, Wall. . . 699
parviflorum, Wall. . 697
pedunculatum, Benth.69Q
strobilinum, Wall. . 696
Thomsoni, Benth. . 698
velutinum, BenthZ . 699
viride, Wall. . . \ 696,
Gomphrena, Linn. . *73Z
angustifolia, Vahl , 732
globosa, Linn. . . 732
hispida, Linn. . . 732
' sessHis, Linn. . . 731
GOMPHRENE.E . . . 714.
Gonatostemon Bouchea- ,
num, Kegel . .358
Gongronema, Dene. . 33
columnare, Dcne.N . » 33
? Finlaysonii, JDcne. 34
nepalense, Bene. . ^3
sagittatum, Dene. ■ . .33
ventricosum, .Hoofr/. 34
Wallichii, Dene. . §3
Goniostemma acumina-
tum, Wight \ . ] 5
Grammica aphylla, ■
Lour 227
Graptophyllum/iVee.sr. 545
hortense, Nees . . 545
pictum, Griff. , . 545
Gratiola, Linn. . . . 273
amara, Koxb. . ~7 275
aphylla, Roth * . 274
aromatica, Pers* . 268
aspera, Roth . . 279
chamaedrifolia,_Lawj&.273
Chamasdrys, Roth . 273
niliata, Colsm. . . 285
ciliata, Keen. . . 285
cordifolia, Vahl . 282
cuneifolia, Roxb. . 274
goodenicefo lia,
Hornem. . . .259
grand/flora, Roxb. . 285
Griffithii, SooJc.f. . 273
hyssopioides, Linn. 283
hyssopioides, Roxb. 274
integrifolia, Roxb. . 281
inundata, Kit. . . 281
juncea, Roxb. . . 274
lobelioides, Betz. . 274
Page
lucida, Heyne . . 266
lucida, Vahl . . .279
marginata, Colsm. . 285
minima, Roth . . 286
Monniera, Linn. . 272
nudicaulis, Willd. . 274
oppositifolia, Roxb. 286
'parvifiora, Roxb. . 284
pulegiifolia, Vahl . 285
^pusilla, Willd. . . 281
' racemosa, Roth . 285
racemosa, Roxb. . 285
reptans, Roxb. . . 285
votundifolia, Linn. 284
Roxburghiana,Roem.
' » & Sch 285
fuelloides, Keen. . 285
serrata, Roxb. . . 284
* fstrigosa, Roth . . 273
tekuifolia, Vahl . 286
trijlda, Willd. . . 271
'- - verbencefolia, Colsm. 285
veroniccefolia, Retz. 285
virginiana, Linn. . 271
Gbatiole^: . . 247, 258
Gumira integrifolia,
Hassk 574
littorea, Rumph. . 574
Gurua obovata, Ham. ' 7
Gymnandra, Pall. . 558
cashmeriana, Royle 560
. kunawurensis, Royle
& Chois. . . .560
Stelleri, H. f. & T. . 559
Gymnema, Br. ... 28
acuminatum, Wall. 30
affine, Bene. ... 29
aurantiaca, Wall. . 63
columnare, Wall. . 33
Lecaisneanum, Wight 29
elcgans, W. Sf A. . 32
Finlaysonii, Wight 34
glabrum, Wight . 30
hirsutum, W. $ A. 29
hirsutum, Wall. . . 43
lactiferum, Br. . . 30
lactiferum, Br. . . 31
latifolium, Wall. . 30
? macranthum,.a"&:/,. 732
Maingayi, Soolc. f. 31
malayanum, Griff. . 31
melicida, Edgew. . 29
molle, Wall. ... 29
montanum, BLoolc.f. 31
nepalense, Wall. . 33
nitens, Bl. ... 31
parviflorum, Wall. . 29
pergularioides,IF.cf,Gf. 32
Page
rotundatum, Thw. . 30
sagittatum, Wall. 33, 45
stenoloba, Sook.f. . 32
sylvestre, Br. . . 29
tenacissima, Spr. . 35
? Thomsoni^oofc./. 32
tingens, W. fy A. . 31
Wallichii, Wight 33, 45
zeylanicum, Dene. . 31
Gymnocarpos fruti-
cosus, Pers. . . 712
Gymnostachyum,'.ZVr<?es 507
alatum, Wight . . 508
andrographio ides, T.
Anders . . . .502
canescens, T.Anders 509
ceylanicum, Am. Sf
Nees 508
febrifugum, Benth. 508
glabrum, T.Anders. 509
hirsutum, T.Anders. 510
latifolium, T.Anders. 509
leptostachyum, Nees 509
Zo»^j/b^a,T.Anderst 509
ovatum, T. Anders. 502
paniculatum, T.
Anders. . . . 508
Parishii, T. Anders. 502
polyanthum, Wight 508
sanguinolentum, T.
Anders. . . . 510
serrulatum, T.
Anders 509
Thwaitesii, TMwcters.508
tomentosum, T.
Anders. . . . 510
venustunijT^Twfers. 507
Gynaion vestitum, A.
DC 139
Halenia 130
elliptica, D. Don . 130
Perrottetii, Grisel. 130
Halodendron Thonarsii,
Roem. & Sch. . . 604
Haplanthus, Nees . . 506
? hygrophiloides, T.
Anders. . . . 507
nilgherrensis, Wight 507
plumosa,T. Anders. 507 l
tener, Nees . . . 502
tentaculatus, Nees . 507
verticillaris, Nees . 506
Harnieria dimorpho-
carpa, Solms. . . 531
Karrachia speciosa,
Jacq 492
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
755
Page
Hastingia coccinea,
Smith .... 596
scandens, Roxb. . 596
Hedeoma nepalensis,
Bentb 647
Hedyotis maritima,
Linn. f. . . . 287
Seliophytum indicum,
DC 152
velutinum, DC. . .152
Heliotropie^e . . 134
Heliotropium, Linn, . 148
affghanum, Boiss. . 150
anisophyllum.Be&uv .1 52
bracteatum, DC. .151
brahuicum, Stocks. 148
brevifolium, Wall. . 151
Brocchianum, Vis. . 150
calcareum, Stocks. . 150
cinerascens, Aitchi-
son 150
compactum, Don . 151
coromandelianum,
Retz 150
crispum, Desf. . .150
cyrtostachyum, Miq. 152
dasycarpum, Ledeb. 148
Eiclnvaldi, Steud. . 149
ellipticum, Ledeb. . 149
eriocarpum, Delile . 150
europceum,Aitchison 150
foliatum, Br. . . 152
glabellum, Br. . . 151
glabellum, Heyne . 151
gracile, Br. . . . 150
indicum, Linn. . . 152
Kunzei, Lebm. . .150
lasiocarpum, Fisch.
& Mey 150
laxiflorum, DC. . .152
linifolium, Lehm. . 151
luteum, Aitchison . 148
luteum, Poir. . . . 148
macrocarpum, Guss. 149
malabarica, Retz. . 149
marifolium, Retz. . 152
marifolium, Wall. . 152
niloticum, A. DC. . 150
nubicum, Bunge . . 151
obovatum, Don . . 150
ophioglossum,£tfoc&s. 149
ovalifolium, ForsJc. . 150
paniculatum, Br. . 151
paniculatum, Heyne 148
paniculatum, Roxb. 153
persicum, Lamk. . 150
polystachyum, Poir. 150
ramosissimum, Sieb. 150
Page
ramosum, Roxb. . 152
rariflorum, Stocks. . 152
Rottleri, Lehm. . .151
Roxburghii, Spr. . 153
scabrum, Retz. . . JL52
Schrenkianum, .
Ledeb JL48
strictum, Ledeb. . 149
strigosum, Willd. . 15!t
stylosum, Francb. . L49 '
snpinum, Linn. . . 149
Syenites, Spr. . .150
tenue, Wall. . . ^ 151
tomentosum, Poir. T 150
undulatum, Vahl . 150
viridiflorum, Lehm. 146
zeylanicum, Lamk. 148
zeylanicum, Heyne. 151
zeylanicum, Lamk.. 153
zeylanicum, Wall. . 152
Hemiadelphis poly-
sperma, Nees . . 406
Semichoriste mon-
tana, Nees . . 525
Hemidesmus, Br. . . 4
indicus, Br. ... 5
pubescens, Wight 8{
Am 5
Wallichii, Miq. . 5
Wallichii, W. & A. 8*
Hemigrapbis, Nees . 422
confinis, T. Anders. 423
dura, T. Anders. . 422
ebracteolata, Clarice 424
elegans, Nees . . 424
elegans, T. Anders. 423
flaccida, Clarke . . 424
flava, Kurz . . . 426
glandulosa, T. An-
ders 467
glaucescens, Clarke 425
Griffithiana, T. An-
ders 425
hirta, T. Anders. . 422
latebrosa, Nees . . 423
latebrosa, Nees . . 522
Bavala, Kurz . . 423
quadrifaria, T. An-
ders 425
rupestris, T. Anders. 424
venosa, Clarke . . 423
Semigymnia Mac-
leodii, Griff. . .139
Hemiphragma, Wall. 289
heteropbyllum, Wall.289
Eenckelia 6i/bZia,Dietr.357
cinerea, Spr. . . . 346
crinita, Spr. . . . 351 )
3 c2
Page
frutescens, Spr. . . 355
grandipZora, , Dietr. 285
grandtfolia, Dietr. 358
incana, Spr. . . . 353
macrophylla, Spr.
346, 358
oblonga, Spr. . . 347
oppositifoiia, Dietr. 286
plicata, Spr. . . . 346
primulifolia, Spr. . 347
pumila, Dietr. . . 357
reptans, Spr. . . 352
R6xburghiana,T)ietr. 285
urt'wcefolia, Dietr. . 358
vU/losa, Spr. . . . 347
Wallichiana, Dietr. 358
Herniaria, Linn. . . 712
Besseri, Fisch. . . 712
cinerea, DC. . .- . 712
hir^uta, Linn. . . 712
incana, Lamk. . . 712
^ mkcroiarpa, Sibtb. 712
Herpestis, Gaertn.f. . 272
amara, Bentb. . . 275
amara, Spanogbe . 273
I donnata, Spr. . . 269
floribunda, Br. . v 273
Hamjltoniana,-Be>^7j.272
javanica, Bl. . . 263
tanceolata, Wight • 273
lanuginosa, Bl. . . 263
linearis, rSpr. s. . 278
Monnief a, S. B.tyK. 212
ovata, Benth. . . 263
polygonQjides,Bent\i. 276
pulcherrima, Griff. . 267
pygmcea, Griff. 267, 268
rugosa, Roth . . 266
spathulata, Bl. . . 272
HeterocdhscoraSchul-
tesii, Clarke . . 105
Seterocaryum mini-
mum, A. DC. . . 163
pachypodum, A. DC. 163
urigidum, A. DC. . 163
Szovitzianum, A.
DC 163
Heterophragma, DC. . 380
adenophyllum, Seem. 381
chelonoides, Dalz. &
Gibs 382
Roxburghii, DC. . 381
suaveolens, Dalz. &
Gibs 383
sulfureum, Kurz . 381
Heterostemma, W.SfA. 47
alatum, Wight . . 47
Dakellii, Rook.f. . 48
756
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
stellatum, HooJc. f. 47
tanjorense, W. Sf A. 47
tanjorense, Thw. . 48
urceolaturn, JDalz. . 49
Wallichii, Wight . 47
Wallichii, Dalz. &
Gibs 48
Hewittia, W. Sf A. . 216
bicolor, Wight . . 216
caspitosa, Steud. . 205
Hexacentris acumi-
nata, Nees . . . 393
coccinea, Nees . . 393
dentata, Nees , . 393
mysorensis, Wight. 393
Hippion aquaticum,
Schmidt . . .110
hyssopifolium, Spr. 101
longepedunculatum,
Schmidt . . .109
orientate, Dalz. &
Gibs 101
verticillatum, Spr. . 101
Hiptage sericea,Hk.f. 596
Hitchinia indica, W.
&A 78
Holmskioldia, Retz. . 596
rubra, Pers. . . . 596
sanguinea, Retz. . 596
Holostemma, Br. . . 21
Adakodien, Itoem.
& Sch 21
Srunonianitm,'Roy\e 21
Candolleana, Sprang. 21
fragrans, Wall. . 21
Iceue, Bl 23
Kheedei, Wall. . . 21
Rheedianum,
Spreng. ... 21
Homostyles tenerrima,
Wall 44
Hoppea, Willd. . . 100
dichotoma, Willd. . 100
dichotoma, Vahl . 100
fastigiata, Clarice . 100
Hornemannia bicolor,
Willd 259
ovata, Link & Otto. 279
pinnata, Benth. . 288
prostrata, Jack. . 281
Hottonia indica, Linn. 271
sessiliflora, Vahl . 270
Hoya, Br 52
acuminata, Benth. . 53
Arnottiana, Wight . 60
bella, Hook. ... 56
Brunoniana, Wight 61
campanulata, Bl. . 62
Page
carnosa, Br. . . ' . 62
caudata, Hook. f. . 60
cinnamomifolia,
Hook 57
coriacea, Bl. ... 61
coriacea, Lindl. . . 52
coronaria, Bl. . . 58
coronaria, Bl. . . 62
crassifolia, Haw. . 62
diversifolia, Bl. . . 61
Edeni, King ... 53
elliptica, Hook.f. . 58
Finlaysonii, Wight 62
fusca, Wall. ... 58
globulosa, Hook. f. 60
Griffithiana, Dene. . 53
Griffith ii, Hook.f. . 59
Gymnanthera, Wight 62
Hookeriana, Wight 57
imperialis, Lindl. . 59
Lacuna, Ham. . . 47
laennosa, Bl. . . 55
lanceolata, Wall. . 54
latifolia, O. Don . 57
latifolia, Wall. . . 62
linearis, Wall. . . 53
Lobbii, Hook.f. . 54
longifolia, Wall. . 56
macrophylla, Wight 57
Maingayi, Hook.f. 62
micrantha, Hook.f. 55
multiflora, Bl. . . 52
nicobarica, Br. . .62
Nummularia, Dene. 55
2>aZZjd#,Dalz.&Gibs. 59
pallida, Lindl. . . 57
parasitica, Wall. . 57
parviflora, Wight . 54
pauciflora, Wight . 56
pendula, Wight . . 61
pendula, W. & A. . 59
planipZora, Wall. . 45
polyneura, Hook.f. 54
polystachya, Bl. . 57
obcordata, Hook.f. 56
oblanceolata, Hook.f. 57
obtusifolia, Wight . 58
opposita, l)o» . . 62
orbiculata, Wall. . 61
ovalifolia, W. Sf A. 60
ovalifolia, Wall. . 55
retusa, Dalz. . . 56
revoluta, Wight . 55
Rumphii, Bl. . . 62
serpens, Hook.f. . 55
? Shepherdii, Hook. 57
? speciosa, Dene. . 59
teretifolia, Gri^. . 54
Page
Teysmanniana,Wv\. 58
Thomsoni, Hook.f. 61
vaccinioides.^bj^j/'. 56
velutina, Wight . 58
verticillata, G. Don 62
viridiflora, Br. . . 46
Wallichiana, Dene. 62
Wightiana, Thw. . 56
Wightii, Hook.f. . 59
Hydrolea, Linn. . . 133
javanica, Bl. . . 134
zeylanica, Vahl . . 133
Hydrophyllace-Ze . 133
Hydropityon peduncu-
latum, Seringe . 271
Hygrophila, Br. . . 406
angustifolia, Br. . 407
assurgens, Nees . 407
dimidiata, Nees . 407
incana, Nees . . . 408
longifolia, Kurz . 409
obovata, Griff. . . 408
obovata, Nees . . 408
obovata, Wight . . 408
phlomoides, Nees . 408
polysperma, T. An-
ders 406
quadrivalvis, Nees . 408
radicans, Nees . . 407
salicifolia, Nees . . 407
Serpyllura, T. An-
ders 406
spinosa, T. Anders. 408
Stocksii, T. Anders. 407
undulata, Nees . . 408
Hymenopyramis, Wall. 598
brachiata, Wall. . 598
Hymenospermum den-
tatum, Benth. . 297
Hyoscyame^: . . . 228
Hyoscyamus, Linn. . 244
agrestis, Kitaibel . 244
angulatus, Griff. . 245
betcefolius, Lamk. . 245
Datora, Forsk. . . 245
insanus, Stocks. . 245
muticus, Linn. . . 245
niger, Linn. . . . 24A<
persicus, Buhse . 244
praaltus, Walp. . 244
pusillus, Linn. . . 245
Hypocstes, R. Br. . 557
Decaisneana, Nees . 558
lanata, Dalz. . . 557
laxiflora, Nees . . 558
malaccensis, Wight 558
purpurea, R. Br. . 557
trifiora.}Roem.SfSch. 557
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
'57
Page
Wallichii, Nees . 557
Hyptis, }Jdcq. . . .630
brevipes, Poit. . . 630
stachyodes, Link. . 644
suaveolens, Poit. . 630
Hyssopus, Linn. . . 649
cristatus, Lamk. . 631
I ophanthoides, Ham.
618, 624
ocymifolius, Lamk. 646
officinalis, Linn. . 619
ILLECBBBACE.2E . . 711
Illecebrum bengalense,
Linn 731
brachiatum, Linn. . 726
javanicum, Ait. . . 727
lanatum, limn. . . 728
Monsonium, Linn. . 729
Ilysanthes, Rafin. . . 283
gratioloides, Regel 281
hyssopioides, Benth. 283
minima, Benth. . . 284
parviflora, Benth. . 283
rotundifolia, Benth. 284
Incarvillea arguta,
Royle .... 385
diffusa, Royle . . 385
emodi, Wall. . . .385
oblongifolia, Roxb. 359
parasitica, Roxb. . 338
Iphisia Govanii, Wight 40
multifiora,W. &. A. 40
Ipomsea, Linn. . . .196
acetoscefolia, Roem.
& Sch 213
aculeata, Bl. . . 197
anceps, Roem .& Sch. 212
angularis, Chois. . 213
angustifolia, Jacq. . 205
aquatica, Forsk. . 210
atropurpurea,Cho\s. 194
atrosanguinea, Bot.
Mag 191
barbata, Chois. . . 195
barbata, Roth . . 199
barlerioides, Benth. 201
Batatas, Lamk. . . 202
Beladamboe, Roem.
Sf Sch 209
bicolor, Sweet . . 216
bifida, 'Roth . . .211
biloba, Forsk. . . 212
? bipedunculata,
Clarke . . . . 215
Bona-nox, Linn. . 197
Bona-nox, Bl. . . 197
bracteata, Wight . 203
Page
bracteata, Bl. . . 216
bracteata, Grah. . 188
Buchananii, Chois. 200
caliginosa, Chois. . 211
calycina, Benth. . . 201
campanulata, Linn. 211
capitata, Roem. &
Sch 193
capitellata, Chois. . 204
cariosepala, Klotz. . 201
carnosa, Br. . . . 213
Catesbsei, Meg. . . 202
chryseides, Ker . . 206
Clarkei, BZk.f. . . 734
coccinea, Linn. . . 199
ccerulea, Koen. . . 199
coerulescens, Roxb. 200
compressa, Gussone 215
coptica, Roth . . 200
cuspidata, Don . . 215
cgmbalaria, Fenzl. . 206
cymosa,i2oem SfSch. 211
cymosa, Baker . . 208
cynanchifolia, Clarke 208
dasysperma, Jacq. . 215
dentata, Willd. . . 206
denticulata, Chois. . 208
^denticulata, Br. . 205
dichroa, Chois. . . 213
digitata, Linn. . . 202
Dillenn, Boem.fySch. 199
dissecta, Willd. . . 200
dissecta, Chois. . . 214
elliptica, Sweet . . 192
eriocarpa, Br. . . 204
eriosperma, Beauv. 202
fastigiata, Sweet . 209
fastigiata, Chois. . 187
Jilicaulis, Bl. . . 205
gangetica, Sweet . . 184
gemella, Chois. . . 207
gemella, Roth . . 206
glaberrima, Bojer . 198
Glenieii, Thw. . . 208
Gomezii, C. B. C. .211
gossypifolia, Willd. 202
grandiflora, Lamk. . 198
grandifiora, Roxb. . 197
hederacea, Jacq. . 199
hepaticifolia,Bxirm. 204
hepaticifolia, Linn. 204
Jff"^»ei,Roem.&Sch. 211
Reynei, Wall. . . 209
hirsuta, Br. . . . 214
hispida J&oem.&Sch. 204
Horsfieldiana, Miq. 204
imbricata, Roth . 191
insignis, Andr. . . 202
Page
insuavis, Bl. . . . 207
involucrata, Beauv. 203
jucunda, Thw. . . 198
kentrocaulos, Clarke 213
Kleiniana, Roem. &
Sch 188
laciniata, Clarke . 200
lanceolata, G. Don 201
laurifolia, Sweet . 192
ligulata, Bojer . . 204
lilacina, Bl. . . . 184
linifolia, Bl. . . . 205
littoralis, Boiss. . 213
littoralis, Thw. . . 208
longiflora, Br. . . 198
longifolia, Benth. . 213
luteola, Jacq. . . 199
macrantha, ,Roem. &
Sch 198
? macrophylla, Roth 218
malabar ica,Roem . &
Sch 189
maritima, Br. . .212
mauritiana, Jacq. . 202
melano sticta, G. Don 184
microphylla, Roth . 216
multiflora, Boxb. . 215
muricata, Jacq. . 197
nicobarica, Kurz . 208
JM7, Roth .... 199
noctiflora, Griff. . 197
' noctiluca, Herb. . 197
obscura, Ker . . 207
obscura, Hassk. . . 207
ochro leuca, S panoghe 207
ocularis, Bartl. . . 207
Olanda, Sweet . . 211
osyrensis, Roth . 192
ovalifolia, Chois. . 216
palmata, Forsk. . 214
paniculata, Br. . . 202
paniculata, Burm. . 220
paniculatus,Wall. . 213
parviflora, Pers. . 220
peltata, Chois. . . 211
pendula, Br. . . . 214
pentadactylis,Cho\s. 214
pentaphylla, Jacq. . 202
Pes-Caprce, Roth . 212
Pes-tigridis, Linn. . 204
petaloidea, Chois. . 212
phosnicea, Roxb. . 199
pileata, 22oa;i. . . 203
pilosa, Sweet . . . 213
pilosa, Caw . . . 202
plantensis, Bot. Reg. 202
polyantha, Miq. . 206
poranoides, Clarke. 208
758
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
pulchella, Roth . . 214
punctata, Pers. . .199
purpurea, Lamk. . 200
Quamoclit, Linn. . 199
quinata, Br. . . . 214
racemosa, Roth . .210
reniformis, Chois. . 206
repens, Lamk. . . 209
repens, Roth . . 210
rep tans, Poir. . .210
rhyucorhiza, Dalz. . 214
Rothii, Roem.&Sch. 211
Roxburghii, Steud. . 197
rubens, Chois. . . 195
rugosa, Chois. . . 209
rumicifolia, Chois. . 207
sagittata, Roxb. . 201
salicifolia, Roxb. . 210
scabra, Chois. . . 200
senegahnsis, Lamk. 214
sepiaria, Koen. . . 209
sepiaria, Koen. . . 216
sessiliflora, Roth . 204
setulosa, Zoll. . . 205
sibirica, Pers. . . 207
sidaafolia, Chois. . 216
sinuata, Orteg. . . 214
speciosa, Bl. . . . 185
sphcerocephala,Don. 194
sphcerocephala,
Sweet .... 204
splendens, Bot. Mag. 186
staphylina, R. 8c S. 210
stipulacea, Jacq. . 214
stipulacea, Sweet . 209
Stocksii, Clarke
204, 207, 734
striata, Roth. . . 209
strigosa, Roth . . 194
subdentata,Miq.208, 210
subtriflora, Zoll. . 206
subtrilobans, Miq. . 209
tamnifolia, Burm. . 204
tiliafolia, Roeni. &
< Sch 184
timorensis, Bl. . . 216
tr\a.ut\\3L,Roem.fySch. 216
£Wawi!/ia,Roem.&Sch.209
trichosperma, Bl. . 198
tridentata, Roth . 205
triquetra, Roem. &
Sch. ..... 212
Tuba, G. Don . . 198
tuberculata, Roem.
& Sch. . . 214, 215
tuberosa, Linn . . 214
tuberosa, G. F. W.
Mey 202
Page
tuberosa, A. Rich. . 213
Turpethum, Br. . 212
VLmAora.Roem.^Sch. 201
vitifolia, Sweet . . 213
Wallichii, Steud. . 216
Weinmanni, Roem.
& Sch 216
Wightii, Chois. . . 203
xanthantha, Kurz . 212
Yoma, Kurz . . . 198
zeylanica, Gaertn.
187, 196
Iresinejavanica Burm. 727
persica, Burm. . . 727
Isanthera, Nees . . 372
floribunda, Gardn. 372
per mollis, Nees . .372
Jaeschkea, Kurz . .119
gentianoides, Kurz . 119
latisepala, Clarke . 119
microsperma, Clarke 119
Jenkinsia cristata,
Wall 11
Jerdonia, Wight . . 367
indica, Wight . . 368
Justicia, Linn. . . . 524
acaulis, Linn. f. . 394
acuminata,Wa\l.5oo, 556
Adhatoda, Linn. . 540
alata, Vahl . . .503
alba, Roxb. . . . 498
andrographioides,
Clarke .... 534
argyrostachya, T.
Anders. . . . 527
aristata, Wall. . . 524
asperula, Lodd . .512
assamica, Clarke . 537
Atkinsoni, T.Anders. 528
bengalensis, Spr. . 395
Betonica, Linn. . 525
Betonica, T. Anders. 526
bicalyculata, Vahl . 554
biflora, Vahl . . 539
bivalvis, Roxb. . . 525
bivalvis, Linn. . . 551
boerhaaviaefolia, T.
Anders. . . . 535
brachiides, Roth . 529
brachionoides, Spr. 529
Brandisii, T. Anders. 531
brunelloides, Lamk. 395
burmanica, Clarke . 527
calcarata, Wall. . 541
caloneura, Kurz . 529
Page
canescens, Lamk. . 395
canescens, Wall. . 554
Careyana, Wall. . 535
CQ\\'An\ca.,T. Anders. 529
chmensis, Vahl . . 551
chinensis, Wall. . 553,
554, 557
col Una, T. Anders. 543
conspicua, Wall. . 489
cor di folia, Wall. . 502
curviflora, Wall. . 511
dasycarpa, Kurz . 528
decussata, Roxb. . 532
dentata, Klein . . 545
dichotoma, Bl. . . 543
dichotoma, Rottl. &
Willd 541
diffusa, Willd. . . 538
Ecbolium, Linn. . 544
echioides, Linn. . . 505
Kdgetvorthii, T.
Anders. . . . 536
elongata, Vahl . . 502
emarginata, Nees . 544
fastigiata, Lamk. . 421
llaccida, Kurz . . 533
flagelliformis, Clarke 535
flava, Kurz . . .531
fragilis, Wall. . . 528
fulgida, Bl. . . . 524
Gangetica, Linn. . 493
Gendarussa,Z£»rc.;/'. 532
glabra, Koen. . . 535
glandulosa, Roth . 506
glandulosa, Wall. . 505
glauca, Rottl. . . 529
graciliflora, Wall. . 500
gracilis, T. Anders. 548
grandifolia, T.
Anders. . . . 528
Griffithii, T.Anders. 543
grossa, Clarke . . 535
guttata, Wall. 512, 513
hedyotidifolia,\ValL 538
Helferi, Clarke . . 533
heterocarpa, T.
Anders. . . . 531
Ursula , Vahl . . 395
hirtella, Wall. . . 539
Hookeriana, T.
Anders .... 532
inconspicua, Wall. . 525
infracta, Vahl . . 550
infundibuliformis,
Linn 492
khasiana, Clarke . 537
Kurzii, Clarice . . 527
Icetevirens, Vahl . 545
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
759
Page
lamifolia, Koen. . 395
lanceolaria, Roxb. . 555
? latebrosa, Koen. . 551
latebrosa, Roxb. . 551
latifolia, Vahl . . 497
ligulata, Lamk. . 554
ligustrina, Vabl . 544
lineata, Wall. . . 504,
505, 533
linifolia, Wall. . . 548
livida, Nees . . . 545
lobelioides, Wall. . 505
longifolia, Wall. . 525
madurensis, Burm. 410
Maingayi, Clarke . 534
micrantha, Wall. . 536
micrantha, Wall. . 539
mollissima, Wall. . 539
montana, Wall. . 525
montana, Roxb. . 421
Moretiana, Vahl . 540
nasuta, Linn. . . 541
Neesiana, Wall. . 531
neilgherrensis, T.
Anders. . . .526
nervosa, Vabl . . 418
nilgberrensis, Wall. 526
notba, Clarice . . 537
nummularifo lia,
Wall 506
nutans, Burm. . . 524
orbiculata, T.
Anders 539
orbiculata, Wall. 498,538
orchioides, Griffith 544
ochroleuca, Bl. . . 525
oreophila, Clarke . 526
orixensis, Roxb. . 529
palatifera, Wall. . 498
paniculata, Burm. . 501
parvijlora, Retz. . 550
pectlnata, Linn. . 550
pe^lo'ides, T.Anders. 537
picta, Linn. . . . 545
plumbaginea, Wall. 493
polysperma, Roxb. . 406
procumbens, Linn. 539
procumbens, Linn.
536, 538
procumbens, Wall.
537, 539
Pseudo- Betonica,
Rotb .... 525
ptychostoma, Wall. 534
ptychostoma,l$ees. 534
pubigera, Wall. . 536
pulchella, Roxb. . 420
punduana, Wall. . 527
Page
purpurea, Wall. . 557
quadrangularis,
Wall 512
quadrifaria, T
Anders. . . .530
quadrifaria, Wall. . 530
quinqueangularis,
Koen 536
quinq ueangu laris,
Wall 538
ramosissima, Roxb. 525
repens, Linn. . . 549
repens, Wall. . . 549
retorta, Vahl . . 551
Rottleriana, Wall. 541
rotundifolia, Nees . 545
Roxburghiana,
Roem. & Sch. . 556
Royeniana, Clarke . 537
rubicunda, Ham. . 498
salicifolia, T.
Anders. . . . 531
. salsoloides, T.
Anders. . . . 530
sanguinolenta,Ysibl 510
scandens, Vahl . . 541
serpyllifolia, Vahl 506
serrulata, Wall. . 509
simplex, Don . . ~^>V<
speciosa, lioxb. . . 50(5
sylvestris, Wall. . 556
thyrsifiora, Roxb. . 512
tinctoria, Roxb. . 556
tomentosa, Roxb. . 395
tomentosa, Wall. . 395
tranquebariensis,
Linn.f. . . . 530
tranquebariensis,
Roxb 529
trinervia, Vahl . . 526
tubiflora, Wall. . .511
umbellata, Wall. . 552
undulata, Vahl . . 556
Vahliana, Roem. &
Sch 538
Vahlii, Roth . . 538
vasculosa, Wall. . 533
ventricosa, Wall. . 526
venusta, Wall. . . 508
verticillata, Roxb. 506
virgata, T. Anders. 542
vitellina, Roxb. . 512
Wallichii,T.Ander8. 542
WigUiana, Wall. . 546
wynaadensis, Wall. 533
Zollingeriana,
Clarke. . . .530
Justicie^: .... 389
Page
Kentia morindcefolia,
Steud. .... 84
Klugia, Schlecht . . 366
amplicata . . . 367
glabra, Gardn. . . 366
Notoniana, A. DC. 366
Notoniana, Bot.
Mag 367
scabra,Da\z. & Gibs. 366
zeylanica, Gardn. . 367
Kuhlia morindcefolia,
Reinvv 84
Labiata, ? Griff. 572, 610
Labiat.e .... 604
Lagaropyxis qigantea,
Miq. . . \ . 384
glandulosa, Miq. . 383
Lagopsis incana,
Bunge .... 671
Lagotis, Gaertn. . . 558
Clarke, Hook. f. . 559
decumbens, Rupr. . 559
glauca, Gaertn. . 559
globosa, Kurz . . 558
spectabilis, Kurz . 560
stolonifera, Koch. . 558
Lallemantia, Fisch. Sf
Mey 666
Royleana, Benth. . 667
Lamium, Linn. . . 678
album, Linn. . . 679
amplexicaule, Linn. 679
petiolatum, Royle 679
rhomboideum,
< Benth 678
Lancea, S. f.$T. . 260
tibetica, H. f. cf T. 260
Lantana, Linn. . . 562
aculeata, Linn. . . 562
alba, Schauer . . 562
annua, Hort. Calc. . 563
Camara, Linn. . . 562
canescens, Hort.
Calc 564
collina, Dene. . . 562
crenulata, Otto <f"
Dietr 563
dubia, Wall. . 562, 563
indica, Roxb. . . 562-
indica, Wall. . . 563
latifolia, Tausch . 562
? mixta, Linn. . . 562
repens, Bert. . . 563
repens, Spr. . . . 563
sarmentosa, Spr. . 563
760
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
scabra, Wall. . . 563
trifolia, Linn. . .563
Wightiana, Wall. . 562
Larysacanthus ciliatus,
Oerst 413
Lathrsea, Linn. . . 317
squamaria, Linn. . 318
Lavandula, Linn. . . 630
Burmanni, Benth. . 631
carnosa, Linn. . . 627
Gibsoni, Grah. . . 631
Lawii, Wight . . 631
multifida, Burm. . 631
Perrottetii, Benth. 631
Leiocarya Kotschyana,
Hochst. . . . 154
Leiospermumferrugi-
neum, Wall. . . 726
ferrugineum, Wight 725
Lentibulaeiejs. . . 328
Leonotis, Br. . . . 691
. nepetsefolia, Br. . 691
Leonurus, Linn. . . 677
Cardiaca, Linn. . . 678
globosus, Moench. . 691
heterophyllus,Sxveet 678
indicus, Burm. . . 691
marrubiastrum,
Burm 689
pubescens, Benth. . 678
Royleanus, Benth. . 678
sibiricus, Linn. . . 678
tartaricus, Burm. . 678
Lepidagathis, Willd. 515
aristata, Nees . . 521
Beddomei, T.
Anders. . . . 516
calycina, Hochst. . 519
cevlanica, Nees . . 522
chlorostachya, Nees 519
clavata, Dalz. . . 518
cristata, Willd. . 516
cristata, Wall. . . 516
cuspidata, Nees . . 519
diffusa, Clarke . . 518
dulcis, Nees . 515, 520
falcata, Wall. . . 515
fasciculata, Nees . 522
goensis, Dalz. . . 522
grandiflora, Dalz. . 478
Hamiltoniana, Wall. 516
hirta^ees . . . 522
hyalina, Nees . . 521
incurva, Don . .521
iridescens, T.
Anders. . . . 521
linearis, T. Anders. 521
longifolia, Wight . 523
Page
lutea, Dalz. . . .517
mitis, Dalz. . . . 516
mucronata, Nees . 52i
Neesianus, Wight . 492
nervosa, Wight . . 522
neurophylla, T.
Anders. . . . 521
prostrata, Dalz. . 518
pungens, Nees . . 517
purpuricaulis, Nees 519
rigida, Dalz. . . 518
rip aria, Nees . .521
rupestris. Bedd.. . 517
rupestris, Nees . .516
scariosa, Nees . . 520
semiherbacea, Nees 521
Shuteri, T. Anders. 516
simplex, T. Anders. 520
sph&rostachya,H$ees 491
spinosa, Wight . . 517
striata, Nees. . . 520
strobilifera, Stocks. 519
strobilina, T.Anders. 523
subunivervia, Clarice 519
terminalis, Hochst. 520
trinervis, Nees . . 517
ustulata, Nees . . 521
Walkeriana, Nees . 522
Lepistemon, Bl. . . 216
fiavescens, Bl. . . 216
Jlavescens, Wight . 216
niuricatum,Spa.noghe 206
Wallichii, Chois. . 216
Leptacanthus alatus,
Wight . . . .458
helicoides, Nees . .475
rubicundus, Nees . 475
WalJceri, Nees . . 475
WalJceri, Wight . 476
Leptadenia, Br. . . 63
appendiculata,Dcue. 63
brevipes, Wight . . 63
gracilis, Dene . . 64
imberbe, Wight . 63
Jacquemontiana,
Dene 6i
pyrotechnica, Dene. 64
reticulata, W. Sc A. 63
Spartium, Wight . 64
Leptanthe macros-
t achy a, Klotzsch 177
Leptobcea, Benth. . . 368
glabra, Clarice . . 368
multiflora, Gamble . 368
heytorhabdos, Schrenk. 303
Benthamiana, Walp. 303
linifolia, Walp. . . 304
parviflora, Benth. . 303
Page
virgata, Benth. . . 303
Leptostachya dichotoma,
Nees .... 543
virgata, Nees . . 542
Wallichii, Nees . . 542
zeylanica, Nees . . 532
Leptostemma fascicu-
latum, Bl. . . . 50
hirsutum, Bl. . . 50
Lettsomia, Roxb. . . 191
adpressa, Miq. . . 196
aggregata, Roxb. . 191
argentea, Roxb. . . 185
atropurpurea, Clarice 194
barbata, Clarice. . 195
barbigera, Clarke . 193
bella, Clarke. . . 192
Bona-nox, "Roxb. . 184
bracteosa, Clarke . 192
capitata, Miq. . . 193
cuneata, Roxb. . . 191
cymosa, Roxb. . . 190
elliptica, Wight . 192
elliptica, Wight . 195
hancorniaefolia,
Clarke . . . .196
hirsutissima, Clarke 193
PKurzii, Clarke . 196
Maingayi, Clarke . 195
mysorensis, Clarke 192
nervosa, Hort. . . 187
nervosa, Roxb. . . 185
ornata, Roxb. . . 183
peguensis, Clarke . 193
penangiana, Miq. . 196
pomacea, Roxb. . . 188
rubens, Clarke . . 195
rubicunda, Clarke . 195
setosa, Roxb. . . .194
sikkimensis, Clarke 194
speciosa, Roxb. . . 185
splendens, Roxb. . 186
strigosa, Roxb. . . 193
Thomsoni, Clarke . 193
uniflora, Roxb. . . 184
Leucas, Br 680
augularis, Benth. . 684
angustifolia, Wall. 682
aspera, Spr. . . . 690
biflora,£r. . . .683
biflora, Wall. . . 683
capitata, Desf. . . 689
cephalotes, Spr. . 689
chinensis, Br. . . 681
ciliata, Benth. . . 687
Clarkei, Eook.f. . 688
collina, Dalz. . . 681
decemdentata,Swit\i 684
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
761
Page
deeurva, Benth. . . 688
diffusa, Benth. . . 689
dimidiata, Spr. . . 691
dimidiata, Benth. . 690
eriostonia, RooJc.f. 686
iiaccida, Br. . . . 681
hamatula, Arn. . . 686
? Hamiltoniana,
Benth 682
Helferi, Hook, f. . 686
helianthemifolia,
Desf. .... 685
he lianthemifo lia,
Benth 687
hirta, Spr. . . .687
hyssopifolia, Benth. 690
involucrata, Benth. 689
lamiifolia, Desf. . 686
lanata, Benth. . . 681
lanceafolia, Desf. . 685
lanciformis, Wall. . 685
lavanduI(£folia,Sm. 691
lepistoma, Hb. Wt. 686
linifolia, Spr. . . 690
longifolia, Benth. . 684
marrubioides, Desf 683
marrub hides, Wall. 684
martinicensis, Br. .• 688
melissceflora,Benth. 684
me lissasfolia, Benth. 684
membranacea, Benth . 680
mollissima, Wall. . 682
montana, Spr. . . 682
tnontana, Wight . 682
nepetsefolia, Benth. 681
nutans, Spr. . . . 688
ovata, Benth. . . 682
parvifiora, Benth. . 684
pilosa, Benth. . . 683
Plukenetii, Benth. . 690
polycephala, Wall. 688
procumbens, Desf. . 683
procumbens, Thw. . 683
pubescens, Benth. . 684
pubescens, Thw. . 684
rosmarinifolia,i?e»^.685
rufescens, Benth. . 687
stelligera, Wall. . 686
stricta, Benth. . . 688
strigosa, Benth. . 682
suffruticosa, Benth. 685
teres, Benth. . . 680
ternifolia, Desf. . 685
urticffifolia, Br. . . 680
vestita, Benth. . . 686
Walkeri, Benth. . 689
Wightiana, Benth. . 690
zeylanica, Br. . . 689
Page
zeylanica, Dalz. . 681
Leucosceptrum, Smith 699
canum, Sm. . . . 699
Limnanthemum, S. P.
Gmel 131
aurantiacum, Dalz. 132
biflorum, Thw. . . 132
calycinum, Miq. . 132
cristatum, Ghriseb. . 131
Forbesianun^G^meJ. 132
indicum, Thw. . . 131
Kleinianum, Griseb. 131
Moonii, Thw. . . 132
nymphseoides, Link. 131
parvifoliuni, Griseb. 132
Wightianum,Griseb. 132
Limnophila, Br. . . 265
balsamea, Benth. . 266
Benthamiana, Miq. 271
campanuloides,
Benth 80
camphorata, Benth. 267
cana, Griff. . . .269
chamcedrifolia, G.
Don 273
conferta, Benth. . 266
diffusa, Benth. . . 266
diffusa, G. Don . . 267
elongata, Benth. . 271
erecta, Benth. . . 267
gratioloides, Br. . 271
gratissima, Bl. . . 268
gratissima, Bl. . . 273
Griffibhii, Hook.f. . 271
Helferi, Hook.f. . 269
heterophylla,jBe»^. 270
hirsuta, Benth. . . 268
hypericifolia,J9ew^. 269
hyssopifolia, Both . 272
laxa, Benth. . . . 267
laxa, Benth. . . . 267
menthastrum,Benth. 265
micrantha, Benth. . 267
myriophylluides,
Roth . . . .271
polyantha, Kurz . 268
polystachya, Benth. 269
pulcherrima,J2bo^/. 267
punctata, Bl. 268, 273
? punctata, Vahl . 266
pygrnaea, Hook.f . 268
racemosa, Benth. . 271
reflexa, Benth. . . 270
repens, Benth. . . 266
Roxburghii, G. Don 265
Roxburghii, Benth. 271
serrata, Benth. . . 266
serrata, Gaud. . . 266
Pago'
sessiliflora, Bl. . . 270
sessiliflora, Griff. . 272
tillseoi'des, Hook. f. 270
trifida, Spr. . . .271
Limosella, Linn. . . 288
aquatica, Linn. . . 288
diandra, Linn. . . 288
Linaria, Juss. . . . 251
cabulica, Benth. . 251
incana, Wall. . . 252
minor, Desf. . . . 252
ratnosissima, Wall. 251
Boylei, Chavannes . 251
sphcerocarpa,Bexxth. 252
striata, DC. . . .251
triphylla, Mill. . . 251
Lindelofia, Lehm. . . 159
anchusoides, Lehm. 161
Benthami, Hook. f. 159
spectabilis, Lehm. . 159
Lindenbergia, Lehm. . 261
abyssinica, Hochst. 262
grandiflora, Benth. 261
Griffithii, Hook.f. . 262
Hookeri, Clarke . 261
macrostachya,-Ben£&. 262
philippensis, Benth. 261
polyantha, Boyle . 262
siamensis, Miq. . . 262
urticsefolia, Lehm. . 26
Lindernia japonica,
Thunb. . . .259
Kitaibelii, G. Don . 281
? micrantha, Don . 283
pyxidaria, All. . . 281
sesamoides, Spr. . 273
Lippia, Linn. . . . 563
geminata, H. JS. K. 563
nodiflora, Rich. . . 563
repens, Bert. . . . 563
Lisianthus zeylanicus,
Spr. ..... 97
Lithospermum, Linn. 174
arvense, Linn. . . 174
dispermum, Linn. . 166
echioides, Benth. . 170
elongatum, Dene. . 170
euchromon, Royle . 177
heliotropoides,
Forsk 149
hispidissimum,
Lehm 176
hispidum, Forsk. . 150
leucophlceum,
Schweinf. . . .152
moltkioides, Dene. . 170
officinale, Linn. . . 175
ovalfolium, Dene. . 171
762
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
retortum, Pallas . 166
secundijlorum,Dcrie. 170
tenuiflorum, Linn.f. 175
vestitum, Wall. . . 176
viridiflorum, Roxb. 146
Lobophyllum tetran-
drum, F. Muell. . 144
Loganiace.e ... 78
Lomatogonium carin-
thiacum, Braun. . 120
Loxanthus Gomezii,.
Nees . . 511, 514
Loxocarpus, Br. . . 352
alata, Br. . . .352
Loxonia ? alata, Wall. 352
? decurrens, Bl. . . 370
Loxostigma, Clarke . 344
Griffithii, Clarke . 344
Loxotis intermedia,
Benth 367
obliqua, Benth. . . 367
obliqua, Br. . . . 367
Lumnitzera capitata,
Spr 611
fastigiata, Spr. . . 656
prostrata, Spr. . . 610
rubicunda, Spr. . . 615
virgata, Spr. . . . 615
Lycium, Linn. . . . 240
armatum, Griff. . . 241
arabicum, Schweinf. 241
barbarum, Linn. . 241
depressum, Stocks. . 241
Edgeworthii, Dimal 241
europseum, Linn. . 240
foliosum, Stocks. . 241
glaucum, Miers . . 241
indicum, Wight . . 240
intricatum, Boiss. . 241
mediterraneum,
Dunal .... 240
orientate, Miers . 240
persicum, Miers . 240
ruthenieum ,Murray 241
scevum, Miers . . 240
iataricum, Pall. . 241
turcomannicum,
Turcz 241
Lycopersicum, Miller 237
verasiforme, Dunal 237
esculentum, Miller 237
Lycopsis, Linn. . . 168
arvensis, Linn. . . 168
pulla, Linn. . . . 169
Lycopus, Tourn. . . 648
dianthera, Ham. . 647
europaeus, Linn. . 648
exaltalus, Linn. . 618
Page
Lygisma, Sook.f. . 39
angustifolia,Sbo^. 39
Lysionotus, L>. Don . 343
conferta, Clarke . 344
serrata, D. Don . . 344
ternifolia, Wall. . 344
Mackenziea sessilis,
Nees 474
Macrotomia, DC. . . 176
Benthami, DC. . . 177
cyanochroa, Benth . 177
endochroma, H.f.&T. 177
onosmoides, Regel &
Smirnow . . . 177
perennis, Boiss. . . 177
Magarospermum ar-
vense, Dene. . . 174
officinale, Dene. . 175
Maharanga bicolor, A.
DC 179
Emodi, A. DC. . . 179
Wallichiana, A.DC. 179
Mandragora, Juss. . 241
caulescens, Clarke . 242
Manttle-E . . 247, 258
Mappia oblonga,Miera 140
ovafa, Miers . . . 144
Markhamia stipulata,
Seem 379
Marmoritis rotundi-
folia, Benth. . . 662
Marrubium, Linn. . 671
indicum, Burm. . . 672
lanatum, Benth. . 671
Malcolmii, Dalz. . 650
mollissimum, Don . 681
odoratissimum,
Burm 672
propinquum, Benth. 671
vulgare, Linn. . . 671
Marsdenia, Br. ... 34
angustifolia, Wight 39
Brunoniana, W.$A. 36
Calesiana, Wight . 37
eriocarpa, Hook. f. 35
Griffithii, Hook.f. . 36
Hamiltonii, Wight . 36
Jenkinsii, Hook.f . 36
lucida, Edgew. . . 36
lucida, H. f. & T. . 37
monostachya, Wall. 34
rotundifolia, Dene. . 37
Roylei, Wight . . 35
tenacissima, W.Sf A. 35
thyrsiflora, Hook. f. 37
tinctoria, Br. . . 34
tinctoria, H. f. & T. 37
Page
Marsdenie^: . . 3, 27
Martynia diandra,
Glox 386
lanceolata, Moon 356,437
Mastosligma varians.
Stocks 16
Mattia himalayensis,
Klotzsch. . . . 162
Mayodendrou, Kurz . 381
igneum, Kurz . . 382
Mazus, Lour. . . . 259
bicolor, Benth. . . 259
dentatus, Wall. . 260
pinnatus, Wall. . . 288
rugosus, Lour. . . 259
surculosus, Don . 260
vandelloides, Hance 259
Melampyrum, Linn. . 318
indicum, S.f. Sf T. 318
Melissa, Linn. . . . 651
Clinopodium,'Benth. 650
flava, Benth. . . 652
longicaulis, Benth. 651
maxima, Arduin . 646
nepalensis, Benth. . 647
officinalis, L. . . 651
parviHora, Benth. . 651
rep ens, Benth. . .651
umbrosa, Bieb. . . 651
Mengea tenuifolia,Moq.722
Mentha, Linn. . . . 647
aquatica, L. . . . 647
arvensis, Linn. . . 648
arvensis, Thw. . . 648
auricularia, Linn. . 638
blanda, DC. . . . 644
blanda, Wall. . . 644
foetida, Burm. . . 638
?fruticosa, Roxb. . 632
incana, Willd. . . 647
javanica, Bl. . . . 648
malabarica, Heyne . 640
myosuroides, Roth . 638
ocimoides, Lamk. . 610
ovata, Cav. . . . 646
paniculata, Roxb. . 644
perilloides, Willd. . 646
piperita, L. . . . 647
pumila, Grah. . . 640
quadrifolia, Don . 639
quadrifolia, Roxb. . 639
quaternifolia,Ueyne 639
Royleana, Benth. . 647
rugosa,Herb. Heyne 638
sativa, L 647
sativa, Roxb. . . 648
secunda, Roxb. . . 632
stellata, Ham. . . 640
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
763
Page
siellata, Lour. . . 640
sylvestris, Linn. . 647
ven«Zo*(T,Herb.Heyne 638
verticillata, Don . 640
verticillata, Roxb. . 640
viridis, L. . . . 647
Menyanthe-e ... 94
Menyanthes, Linn. . 130
biflora, Moon . . 132
campestris, Macrae
& Wight . . .132
campestris, Moon Cat.132
cristata, Roxb. . . 131
indica, Linn. . . . 132
nymphaoides, Linn. 131
trifoliata, Linn. . . 130
Meriandra, Benth. . 652
bengalensis, Benth. 653
strobilifera, Benth. . 652
Mertensia, Roth . . 169
echioides, Benth. . 170
elongata, Benth. . 170
moltkioides, Clarke 170
primuloides, Clarke 170
racemosa, Benth. . 171
tibetica, Clarke . . 171
Mesona, Blume . . . 611
Wallichiana, Benth. 611
Messerschmidtia his-
pida, Benth. . . 148
Meyenia Haiotayniana,
Nees 391
longiflora, Benth. . 391
Michelia spinosa,
Amman . . . 582
Micranthemum indicum
H. f. &T. . . . 286
Micranthus oppositi-
folius, Wendl. . 417
Micrargeria, Benth. . 303
Wightii, Benth. . . 303
Microcarpsea, Br. . . 286
alterniflora, Bl. . . 287
cochlearifolia, Sm. . 287
diandra, Griff. . . 287
muscosa, Br. . . 287
spathulata, Benth. . 288
Microloma angustifolia,
Ham 64
pyrotechniea, Spr. . 61
Micromeria, Benth. . 649
biflora, Benth. . . 650
capitellata, Benth. . 649
hydaspidis, Falc. . 650
Malcolmiana,Bexxth. 650
ovata, Beck. . . . 650
Microula, Benth. . . 167
Benthami, Clarke . 167
Pace
Millingtonia, Linn. f. 377
hortensis, Linn.f. . 377
Mimulus, L 258
assamicus, Griff. . 258
gracilis, Br. . . . 259
hirsutus, Bl. . . . 278
javanicus, Bl. . . 279
nepalensis, Benth. . 258
orbicularis, Benth. . 259
strictus, Benth. . . 259
? tenellus, Bunge . 259
MlBABILIEiE . . . 708
Mitrasacme, Labill. . 79
alsinoides, Br. . . 80
capillaris, Wall. . 80
chinensis, Griseb. . 80
crystallina, Griff. . 80
indica, Wight . . 80
malaccensis, Wight 80
nudicaulis, Reinw. . 80
polymorpha, Br. . 80
pusilla, Dalz. . . 80
trinervis, Spanoghe 80
Mitreola, Linn. ... 79
inconspicua, Zoll &
Morr 79
oldenlandioides, Wall. 79
paniculata, Wall. . 79
pedicellata, Benth. 79
petiolata, A. DC. . 79
Mollucella Marrubias-
trum, Steph. . . 671
Moltkia, Lehm. . . 171
parviflora, Clarke . 171
Monarda zeylanica,
Burm 672
MonardejE .... 606
Monophyllaea, Br. . . 369
Horsfieldii, Br. . .370
Monothecium, Hochst. 523
&r\staXxmi,T. Anders. 524
Moorcroftia adpressa,
Chois 196
penangiana, Chois.. 196
Morgania aspera, Spr. 279
hyssopioides, Spr. . 283
juncea, Spr. . . . 274
lucida, Spr. . . . 279
Moschosma, Reichb. . 612
ocimoides, Reichb. . 647
polystachyum,
Benth 612
Mosla, Sam. . . . 646
dianthera, Maxim. . 647
ocimoides, Ham. . 647
Munbya cyanochroa,
Boiss 177
Myosotis, Linn. . . 173
Page
arvensis, Hoffm. . 173
barbata, Bieb. . . 163
caespitosa, Schultz . 173
echinophora, Pallas 162
Hookeri, Clarke . 174
intermedia, Link. . 174
lingulata, Lehm. . 173
longipZora, Wall. . 171
microcarpa, Wall. . 172
montana, Besser. . 173
multicaulis, Wall. . 172
ovalifolia, Wall. . 172
pollens, Wall. . . 173
palustris, Benth. . 173
racemosa, Benth. . 171
robusta, Bon . . 174
rotundifoliay Wall. 172
stricta, Link. . . 174
sylvatica, Eoffm. . 173
tenuipZora,Yiv. . . 175
villosa, Sedeb. . .165
Myriopteron, Griff. . 10
Horsfieldii ... 11
paniculatum, Griff. 11
Nama, Linn. . . . 134
zeylanica, Linn. . 134
Kelsonia, R. Br. . . 394
campestris, Br. . . 394
canescens, Nees . . 394
lamiifolia, Spr. . . 394
origanoides, Roem.
& Sch 394
senegalensis, Oersted. 395
Smithii, Oersted. . 395
tomentosa, Nees . 394
vestita,Hoem.& Sch. 395
villosa, Oersted. . 395
NELSONIE.2B .... 388
Nemodon sp., Griff. . 216
Nepeta, Linn. . . . 656
amboinica, Linn. . 672
annua, Pall. . . . 657
bipinnata, Cav. . . 657
bombaiensis, Da Iz . 661
botryoides, Ait. . 657
calaminithodes,
Benth. . . 661, 662
campestris, Benth. . 658
campestris, H.f.&T. 658
Cataria, Linn. . . 662
ciliaris, Benth. . . 66,1
Clarkei, Hook.f. . 663
clinopodioides,Hioy\e 661
connata, Royle . . 657
discolor, Benth. . 659
distans, Benth. . . 660
disticha, Bl. . . . 672
764
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
elliptica, Royle . . 658
erecta, Benth. . . 663
eriostachya, Benth. 657
erodiifolia, Boiss. . 667
floccosa, Benth. . . 662
glutinosa, Benth. . 660
Govaniana, Benth. . 663
graciliflora, Benth.'. 663
indica, Burin. . . 683
indica, Linn. . . 672
lamiopsis, Benth. . 659
leucolaena, Benth. . 662
leucophylla, Benth. 662
linearis, Royle . . 657
longibracteata,
Benth 660
macrantha, Led. . 663
madagascariensis,
Lamk 624
malabarica, Linn. . 673
mollis, Benth. . . 660
multifida, Linn. . 657
nepalensis, Spr. . 664
nervosa, Boyle . . 658
nivalis, Benth. . . 664
polysiachya, Benth. 658
raphanorhiza,I?eȣA. 659
rotundifolia, Benth. 662
ruderalis, Ham. . 661
ruderalis, Boiss. . 662
Sabinei, T. A.
Schmidt . . .659
salvisefolia, Boyle . 664
secunda, Wall. . . 661
spicata, Benth. . . 659
supina, Stev. . . 658
Thomsoni, Benth. . 658
tibetica, Benth. . . 664
versicolor, Trevir. . 672
Nepete^; .... 606
Nerium grandiflorum,
Roxb 6
paucifiorum, Roxb. 6
piscidium,\lovt.Ca\c. 46
reticulatum, Roxb. . 5
Neuracanthus, Nees . 490
grand iflorus, Kurz . 491
Lawii, Wigbt . . 491
Neesianus, Clarke . 491
sphserostachyus,
Dalz 491
subuninervius, Kurz 519
tetragonostachyus,
Nees .... 491
tetragonostachyus,
Wall 528
trinervius, Wight . 491
Neuropeltis, Wall. . 224
Page
bracteata, Griff. . 225
intermedia, Griff. . 225
ovata, Wall. . . .225
racemosa, Wall. . 2,25
Nicandra, Adans. . . 240
anomala, Link. &
Otto 243
ind ica,Roem. & Sch. 238
physaloides, Gaertn. 240
Nicotiana, Linn. . . 245
crispa, Pers. . . . 246
plumbaginifolia, Viv. 246
rustica, Linn. . . 245
Tabacum, Linn. . 245
Nomaphila, Bl. . . 409
corymbosa, Bl. . . 409
Farishii, T.Anders. 409
pinnatijida, Dalz. . 405
pubescens, Kurz . 409
stricta, Nees . . . 409
Nonnea, Moench. . . 169
Edgeworthii, A. DC. 169
pulla, Lamk. . . 169
taurica, Sedeb. . . 169
Norrisia, Gardn. . . 85
malaccensis, Gardn. 85
Nortenia Thomassii,
Cham. & Schl. . 278
Nothosserua, Wight . 726
brachiata, Wight . 726
Notochaete, Benth. . 694
hamosa, Benth. . . 694
NYCTAGINE.2E . . . 708
Nyctocalos, Teijsm. Sf
Binn 376
Thomsoni, HooJc.f. 377
Ocimoide^: . . . 605
Ocimum, Linn. . . 607
acrocephalum, Bl. . 611
adscendens, Willd. 609
adscendens, Wight 614
album, Linn. . . 608
album, Roxb. . . 607
americanum, Jacq. . 608
americanum, Linn. 607
asperum, Roth . . 625
Barrelieri, Roth . 608
Basilicum, Linn. . 608
bullatum, Lamk. . 608
canum, Sims . . . 607
capitatum, Roth . 611
capitellatum,\Anu.L 611
caryophyllatum,
Roxb 608
Chandra, Ham. . 611
ciliare, Heyne . . 608
ciliatum, Hornem. . 608
cinereum, Brown .
citronatum, Ham. .
Coetsa, Spr. . . .
cordifolium, Herb.
Madr
cristatum, Roxb.
608,
densiflorum, Both .
? diff'usum, Benth. .
fastigiatum, Roth .
flaccidum, A. Rich.
frutescens, Linn. .
glaucum, Heyne
grandiflorum, Bl. .
gratissimum, Linn,
hirsutum, Benth. .
hirsutum, Wall. . .
hispidum, Lamk. .
indicum, Roth . .
inodorum, Burm. .
integerrimum, Willd,
lacerum, Heyne . .
longijlorum, Ham. .
macrostachyum,
Poir
mayporense, Roth .
medium, Mill. . .
vnenthcefoliwm,
Bentb
menthcBfoliwUfThw^
menthoides, Burm. .
minimum, Linn. .
minimum, Burm. .
Miria, Ham. . .
molle, Ait. . . .
mollissimum, Wall.
monachorum, Linn.
monadelphum, Roth
petiolaris, Miquel .
pilosum, Willd. . .
polystachyum,Jj\nu.
prostratum, Linn. .
rigidum, Ham. . .
robustum, Heyne .
rubicundum, Ham. .
saccharoides, Willd.
sanctum, Linn. . .
scab rum, Wight
scutellarioides,himi.
suave, Willd. . .
subserratum, Heyne
tenuijlorum, Burm.
tenuijiorum, Heyne
tenuijlorum, Linn. .
temifolium, Spr. .
? thymifiorum, Roth
thyrsijlorum, Linn.
tuberosum, Roxb. .
625
608
620
614
609
624
613
656
611
646
614
615
608
609
613
608
609
609
608
608
615
610
621
608
608
609
610
609
608
615
621
615
609
625
614
608
612
610
615
608
615
625
609
608
626
609
609
612
610
609
62a
614
608
615
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
765
Page
urticafolium, Roth 609
verticillatum, Heyne 609
villosum, Roxb. . 609
virgatum, Hum. . 615
? Zatarhendi,Vorsk. 625
Odontanthera, Wight 4
Odontites rubra, Benth. 305
serotina, Boiss. . . 305
Oianthus, Benth. . . 48
Beddoniei, Hook.f. 49
disciflorus, Hook.f. 49
urceolatus, Benth. . 49
Oldenlandia maritima,
Roth .... 287
Oligopholis tubulosa,
Wight .... 321
Omphalodes, Moench. 155
longiflora, A. DC. . 159
nervosa, Edgew. . 158
Thomsoni, Clarke . 155
Onosma, Linn. . . . 177
arenarium, Waldst. 178
bicolor, Wall. . . 179
bracteatum, Wall. . 178
echioides, Linn. . . 178
Emodi, Wall. . . 179
Emodi,W&\\. . . 179
Gmelini, Ledeb. . 178
hispida. Wall. . . 178
Hookeri, Clarke . 178
macrocephala, Don 178
Thomsoni, Clarke . 168
vestitum, Wall. . . 179
Wallichianum,
Benth 179
Operculina Turpe-
thum, Manso . . 212
Ophelia affinis, Arn. . 126
alata, Griseb. . . 125
alba, Arn. . . .127
angustifolia, D.Don 124
bimaculata, Sieb. &
Zucc 123
Chirata, Griseb. . 124
ciliata, G. Don. . 121
cordata, Griseb. . 123
corymbosa, Griseb. 126
Dalhousiana,Griseb. 121
densifolia, Griseb. . 127
elegans, Wight . . 126
fiorida, G. Don . . 125
Grisebachiana,
Wight .... 126
Lawii, Arn. . . . 126
lucida, G. Don . . 124
lucida, D. Don . . 124
macrosperma,
Clarke . .
123
Page
minor, Griseb. . . 120
multipZora, Dalz. . 127
nuda, Klotszch . . 123
paniculata, D. Don 122
paucijlora, Dalz. . 126
porrigens, G. Don . 125
pratensis, Edgew. . 125
pulchella, D. Don . 125
purpurascens, D.
Don 121
racemosa, Griseb. . 123
tetragona, Edgew. . 122
trichotoma,W.&A. 126
umbellata, Wight . 126
Wallichii, G. Don . 122
zeylanica, Griseb. . 127
Ophiorrhiziphyllon,
Kurz .... 403
macrobotryum,
Kurz . . . .403
Oreosolen, Hook.f. . 318
Wattii, Hook.f. . 318
Origanum, Tourn. . 648
? benghalense,
Burm 632
? indicum, Roth 632, 634
laxiflora, Royle . 648
Marjorana, L. . . 648
normale, Don . . 648
Wallichiana,Bent]i. 648
toatariense, Roxb. . 627
Watsoni, T. A.
Schmidt . . .648
Ornithoboea, Clarke . 366
Parishii, Clarke . 366
Oeobanchace.e . .319
Orobanche, Linn. . . 324
acaulis, Roxb. . . 320
JEginetia, Linn. . 320
borealis, Turcz. . . 325
calotropidis, Edgw. 324
cernua, Loeffl. . . 325
Clarkei, Hook.f. . 326
epithymum, DC. . 325
?foetida, Klotzsch . 325
? Galii, Klotzsch . 325
Hansii, Kern. . . 325
indica, Ham. . . 326
indica, Spr. . . . 299
indica, Wall. . . 325
kashmerica, Clarke 324
nicotiana, Wight . 326
pedunculata, Roxb. 320
psila, Clarke . . 327
ramosa, Linn. . . 326
Solmsii, Clarke . 325
Oroxylum, Vent. . . 377
indicum, Vent. . . 378
Page
Orthanthera, Wight . 64
viminea, W. <$f A. . 64
Orthosiphon, Benth. . 612
bracteatus, Wight . 615
comosus, Wight . 615
diflusus, Benth. . 613
glabratus, Benth. . 614
hispidus, Benth. . 613
incurvus, Benth. . 614
inodorus, Koen. . 613
pallid us, Royle . . 613
robustus, Hook.f. . 614
rubicundus, Benth. 614
scapiger, Benth. . 615
stamiDeus, Benth. . 615
tomentosus, Benth. 613
? triste, Roth . . 613
verticillatus,Heyiie 613
virgatus, Benth. . 615
viscosus, Benth. . 614
vulgare, Linn. . . 648
Orthostemon erectum,
Br 103
Hugelii, Griseb. . 103
Otostegia, Benth. . . 679
limbata, Benth. . . 680
Otostemma lacuno-
sum, Bl. . . . 55
Ourisia pinnata,
Benth 288
Ovieda mitis, Burm. . 595
Oxybaphus, Vahl . . 708
himalaicus, JEdgew. 708
Oxystelma, Br. . . 17
? caudatum, Ham. . 20
esculentum, Br. . 17
Wallichii, Wight . 17
Fcederota Amhers-
tiana, Wall. . . 291
cochlearifolia,
Koen 287
minima, Koen. . . 287
minima, Retz. . . 288
Pajanelia, DC. . .384
Rheedii, DC. . . 384
Palmia bicolor, Endl. 216
Paracaryum, Boiss. . 160
caelestinum, Benth. 160
glochidiatum,Se»^. 161
heliocarpum, A.
Kerne r . . . .161
himalayense, Clarke 162
? Lambertianum,
Clarke .... 161
malabarium, Clarke 160
microcarpum, Boiss. 162
Thomsoni, Clarke . 161
766
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
tibeticum, Clarice . 162
Parmassa, Jones . . 609
Paronychia bengalen-
sis, Roem. & Sch. 731
Paeonychieje. . . 712
Parophiorrhiza kha-
siana, Clarke . . 79
Paganelia multijuga,
Kurz .... 384
Pedaline^e. . . . 386
Pedalium, Linn. . . 386
Murex, Linn. . . 386
Pedicularis, Linn. . . 306
abrotanifolia, H. f.
&T 309
Alberti, Kegel . . 310
aspleniifolia,
Floerke . . .315
aspleniifolia, Wall. 315
? avana, Wall. . . 405
bella, Hook.f . . 313
bicornuta, KL . . 312
brevifolia, Don . . 307
Brunoniana, Wall. . 307
carnosa, Wall. . . 313
cheilantbifolia,
Schrenk . . .508
Clarkei, Hook.f. . 310
comosa, Linn. . . 316
curvipes, Hook.f. . 316
denudata, Hook. f. 309
elephantoides,
Bentb 314
Plepha?, Boiss. . . 314
Elwesii, Hook.f. . 312
excelsa, Hook.f. .311
eximia, Watt . . 312
fissa, Turcz. . . . 316
flagellaris, Benth. . 315
flexuosa, Hook. f. . 308
furfuracea, Wall. . 316
globifera, HooJc.f. . 308
gracilis, Wall. . . 307
himalaiea, Kl. . . 313
Hoffmeisteri, Kl. . 313
Hookeriana, TFaZZ. 313
integrifolia,jffoo&./. 308
Korolkowi, Kegel . 308
labellata, Jacq. . 313
lanigera, Wall. . . 307
lasiostachys,B\mge 316
macrantlm, .E7. . . 311
megalantba, Don . 312
microcalyx,iToo& /. 315
mpllis, Wall. . . 309
pectinata, Wall. . 306
pectinata, H.f.&T. 306
Perrottetii, Benth. . 317
Pasre
polygaloides, HooJcf. 317
porrecta, Wall. . 317
PortenschlagiiySeLut. 315
punctata, Dene. . 313
pyenantha, Boiss. . 310
pyramidata, Royle 306
ramosa, Linn. . . 326
rhinanthoides^cAr. 314
robusta, Hook.f. . 306
rubens, Steph. . . 316
sipbonantba, Don . 313
Stevenii, Bnnge . 309
striata, Wall. . . 307
tenuirostris, Benth. 307
trichoglossa,JE/oo&;/,. 310
tubiflora, Fisch. . 314
tubiformis, Kl. . . 314
venusta, Schangiu. . 316
versicolor, Wahlb. . 316
verticillata, Linn. . 309
Wallichii, Bunge . 315
zeylanica, Benth. . 317
Pentabothra, Hook.f. 18
nana, HooJc.f. . . 19
Pentanura, Bl. . . 4
kbasiana, Kurz. . 4
Pentasacnie, JFaZ£. . 28
caudatiun, Wall. . 28
Wallichii, Wight . 28
Pentatropis, _Br. . . 19
microphylla, W.Sf A. 20
microphylla, Wall.. 19
spiralis, Bene. . . 19
Peplidium, Delile. . 287
humifusum, Del. . 287
Pergularia, Linn. . . 37
Calesiana, Ham. . 37
coromandeliana,
Dene 38
crocea, Zipp. . . 36
exilis, Spr. . . . 44-
minor, Andr. . . 38
minor, Koxb. . . 3S
montana, Dene. . 38
odoratissima, Smith 38
odoratissima, Wight 38
pallida, W. 8r A. . 38
parvijlora, Bl. . . 34
puberula, Jfig1. . . 38
tinctoria, Spr. . . 34
Perilla, Linn. . . . 646
elata, Don . . . 646
elata, Don . . . 644
fruticosa, Don . . 646
?fruticosa, Don .643
leptostachya, Don . 644
macrostachya,
Benth 646
Page
ocimoides, Linn. . 646
polystachya, Don . 646
Periploca, Linn. . . 11
aphylla, Dene. . . 12
calophylla, Pale. . 12
emetica, Retz. . . 13
esculenta, Linn. f. . 17
hydaspidis, J'aZc. . 12
indica, Willd. . . 5
Tchasiana, Benth. . 4
reticulata, Roth . 26
sylvestris, Willd. . 29
tfttwimtojHerb.Madr. 24
tunicata, Retz. . . 23
Peeiploce-E . . . 1, 4
? Peristeira dichoto-
ma, Griff. . . .278
?grandiflora, Griff. 277
paniculata, Griff. . 279
racemosa, Griff. . 278
Peristrophe, iVees . . 554
acuminata, Nees . 555
bicalycalata, iVees . 554
Blumeana, Nees . 555
dichotoma, Hassk. . 543
fera, Clarke . . . 556
gracilis, Nees . . 555
grandifiora, Parish 556
jalap cefolia, Nees . 557
Kotschyana, Nees . 554
lanceolaria, Nees . 555
montana, Nees . . 556
montana .... 552
pubigera, Nees . . 536
rivinoides, Wall. . 555
speciosa, Nees . . 556
tinctoria, Nees . . 556
tinctoria, Nees . . 556
undulata, Nees . . 555
Peronema, Jack. . . 599
canescens, Jack. . 599
heterophyllumM^ 599
Perowskia, Karel . . 652
abrotanoides, Kir. . 652
atriplicifolia,i?e>2iA. 652
Petalidium, Nees . . 416
barlerioides, Nees . 416
£>a£ttZtt»i,Dalz.&Gibs.412
Pharbitis barbata, G.
Don 199
barbigera, G. Don . 193
diversifolia, Lindl. 199
hederacea, Chois. . 199
laciniata, Dalz. . . 200
Nil, Chois. . . .199
punctata, G. Don . 199
Purshii, G. Don . 199
\variifolia, Dene. -.199
INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
767
Page
Phaylopsis, Willd. . 416
parviflora, Willd. . 417
Phelipcea agyptiaca,
Boiss 320
agyptiaca,YL. f.&T. 327
calotropidis, Walp. 324
cytinoides, Reuter . 323
indica, G. Don . . 326
ramosa, C.A.Meyer 327
subacaulisj Beuth. . 321
tubulosa, Schrenk . 324
Phialacanthus, Benth. 523
Griffithii, Benth. . 523
Phlebophyllum angus-
tifolium, Benth. . 434
Kunthianum, Nees . 434
Phlogacanthus, Nees . 510
albifiorus, Bedd. . 515
asperulus, Nees . . 512
asperulus, Wall. . 511
curviflorus, Nees . 511
cymosus, Kurz . . 514
elongsitus,T.Anders. 513
grandis, Bedd. . . 515
guttatus, Nees . . 512
insignis, Kurz . . 514
Jenkinsii, Clarke . 513
latifolius, Wight . 510
parviflorus, T.
Anders. . . . 512
pubinervius, T.
Anders. . . . 513
pulcherrimus, T.
Anders. . . . 514
thyrsiflorus, Nees . 512
tubiflorus, Nees . .511
vitellinus,T. Anders. 512
Wallichii, Clarice . 511
Phlomis, Linn. . . . 691
alba, Blanco . . . 672
aspera, Willd. . . 690
bijlora, Roxb. . . 683
bijlora, Vahl . . .683
bracteosa, Boyle . 693
breviflora, Benth. . 693
ealycina, Roxb. . . 679
cashmeriana, Boyle 692
cephatbtes, Roth . 689
chinensis, Retz . . 681
cordata, Royle . . 693
diffusa, Herb.Rottl. 689
eriostoma, Heyne . 686
esculenta, Roxb. . 690
hirta, Heyne . . 687
lamiifolia, Royle . 623
latifolia, Royle . . 693
linifolia, Roth . . 691
inacrophylla, Wall. 692
Page
montana, Roth . . 682
nepetcefolia, Linn. . 691
nutans, Roth . . 688
obliqua, Ham. . . 690
oreophila, K. & K. 692
parviflora, Benth. . 693
Plukenetii, Roth . 690
rotata, Benth. . . 694
rugosa, Benth. . . 693
setigera, Falc. . . 693
simplex, Royle . . 693
spectabilis, Falc. . 692
Stewartii, Hook. f. 692
stricta, Heyne . . 688
urticafolia, Vahl . 680
zeylanica, Linn. . 689
zeylanica, Roxb. . 691
Phryma, Linn. . . . 561
leptostachya, Linn. 562
Phryme-E .... 560
Phtheirosperraum,
Bunge . . 304, 734
glandulosum,i?<?M^. 304
Parishii, Hook.f. . 304
Phyla chinensis, Lour. 563
Phylloboea, Benth. . 364
amplexicaulis,I?eȣA.3G4
Phyllocyclus Helferi,
Kurz . . . .106
Parishii, Kurz . . 105
Physalis, Linn. . . 238
angulata, Linn. . 238
angulata, Wall. . 238
arborescens, Thunb. 239
daiurcefolia, Lamk. 240
divaricata, Don . . 238
edulis, Sims . . . 238
flexuosa, Linn. . . 239
Hermanni, Dunal . 238
minima, Linn. . . 238
parviflora, Br. . . 238
peruviana, Linn. . 238
pseudo angulata,B\. 238
pubescens, Don . . 238'
pubescens, Wight . 238
Bothiana, R. & S. . 238
somnifera, Link. . 239
stramonifolia,Wa\\. 243
tomentosa, Thunb. 239
villosa, Roth . . 238
Physichilus Serpyl-
lum, Nees . . . 406
Physochlaina, G. Bon 244
grandiflora,iZbo&./. 241
praealta, Hook.f. . 244
Physostelma, Wight . 62
campanulatum,Dcne. 62
Wallichii, Wight . 62
Page
Picrorhiza, Boyle . . 290
Kurrooa, Benth. . 290
Pinguicula, Linn. . . 335
alpina, Linn. . . . 335
brachyloba, Led. . 335
Jlavescens, Fltirke . 335
Piptoclaina malaba-
rica, G. Don . . 149
supina, G. Don . . 149
Pisonia, Linn. . . . 710
aculeata, Linn. . . 711
alba, Spanoghe . . 711
excelsa, Bl. . . . 711
Qeorgina, Wall. . 711
? inermis, Forsk. . 711
macrocarpa, Presl. 711
? malabarica, Poir. 711
? mitis, Linn. . . 711
morindcefolia, Br. . 711
umbellifera, Seem. 711
villosa, Poir. . . 711
PlSONIEiE .... 708
PistachiaVitex, Linn. 585
Pladera decussata,
Roxb 104
fastigiata, Am. . . 100
perfoliata, Roxb. . 104
pusilla, Roxb. . . 100
pusilla, Thw. . . 100
sessiliflora, Roxb. . 104
? virgata, Griff. . 105
virgata, Roxb. . . 103
PLANTAGINE.E . . . 705
Plantago, Linn. . . 705
amplexicaulis, Cav. 706
arenaria, Dene. . . 707
argentea, Desf. . . 707
asiatica, Linn. . . 705
attenuata, Wall. . 706
Bauphula, Edgew. 706
brachyphylla^E'cfyeH^Oe
ciliata, Desf. . . . 707
decumbens, Forsk. . 707
eriantha, Dene. . . 707
erosa, Wall. . . .705
gentianoides, Dene. 706
indica, L. . . . 708
Ispaghul, Roxb. . 707
lagopoides, Desf. . 706
lanata, Wall. . . 707
lanceolata, Linn. . 706
longiscapa, Jacq. . 705
major, Linn. . . . 705
ovata, Forsk. . . 707
Psyllium, Linn. . . 707
pumilla, Willd. . . 707
remotiflora, Stock. 706
salina, Dene. . . 706
768
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
Stocksii, JBoiss. . . 706
strieta, Schousb. . 708
tibetica, H.f Sf T. 706
Platostoma .... 611
Platunium rubrum,
Juss 596
Platystemma, Wall. . 361
majtts, Wall. . . . 361
violoides, Wall. . 361
Platystoma, Beauv. . 611
qfricanum, Beauv. . 611
flaccidurn, Benth. . 611
Plectranthus,Z'iZm£. 611
Plectranthus, Griff. . 6&5
amoznus, Wall. . . 615
aromaticus, Roxb. . 625
asper, Spr. . . . 625
barbatus, Andr. . . 625
Barrelieri, Spr. . 608
? bullatus, Benth. . 619
caninus, Roth . . 624
capillipes, Benth. . 619
carnosus, Smith .627
Coetsa, Ham. . . 619
Coetsa, Th\v. . . 620
coleoides, Benth. . 622
coloratus, Don . . 610
comosus, Bot. Mag. 625
Concan, H. f. &T.. 618
cordifolius, Don . 621
crenulatus, Hook.f 623
cZJraWca^H.SjWeinrn. 621
dubius, Spr. . . . 627
Forskohlii, Willd. . 625
fruticosus, Wight . 623
Gardneri, Thw. . 622
Gerardiauus, Benth. 617
graciliflora, Benth. 618
Griffithii, Hook. f 623
? Helferi, Rook. f 623
Arnns, Benth. . . 617
hispidus, Benth. . 618
Hookeri, Clarke . 620
incanns, Link. . . 621
indicus, Spr. . . . 609
longitubus, Miq. . 616
Macraei, Benth. . 620
macranthus^ooL/". 616
Maddeni, Benth. . 620
melissoides, Benth. . 620
menthoides, Benth. 620
micranthus, Spr. . 612
mollis, Spr. . . .621
mollissimus, Wall. . 615
monadelphus, He;yne 624
? montanus, Benth. 624
montanus, Wight . 617
mysorensis, Heyne . 525
Page
nepetsefolius, Benth. 619
nigrescens, Benth. . 617
nilghiricus, Benth. . 619
nudiflorus, Willd. . 626
oblongifolius, Wall. 617
Parishii, Hook.f. . 622
parviflorus, Br. . . 612
Patchouli, Clarke . 624
pulneyensis.-ZZoofc./. 617
repens, Wall. . . 619
rivularis, Wight . 617
rotundifolius, Spr. . 624
rubicundus, Don . 615
rugosus, Wall. . . 620
scabrellus, Benth. . 617
scrophularoides,
Wall. • ... 616
scutellarioides, Br. 626
secundus, Roxb. . 621
Stocksii, Hook.f. . 618
Stracheyi, Benth. . 618
striatus, Benth. . . 618
striatus, H. f. & T. 618
striatus, Wight . 617
strobiliferus, Roxb. 627
subincisus, Benth. . 621
ternifolius, Don. . 621
? thymiflorus, Spr. . 614
tristis, Spr. . . . 613
tuberosus, Bl. . . 625
urticifolius, Hook.f 622
virgatus, Don . . 615
Walkeri, Am. . . 617
Wightii, Benth. . 619
Wightii, Grah. . . 618
zeylanicus, Benth. . 622
Pleurogyne, JSschsch. 119
brachyanthera,
Clarke . . . .120
carinata, Edgew. . 120
carinthiaca, Griseb. 120
himalayensis,
Klotszch . . .120
? minor, Benth. . . 120
spathulata, A.
Kerner .... 120
Stelleriana, G. Don 120
Thomson!, Clarke . 120
Blocostemma, Bl. . , 53
Pneumonanthe adscen-
dens, Schmidt . 117
depress a, D. Don . 115
Kurroo, D. Don . . 117
ornata, G. Don . . 116
Pogostemon, Desf. . 631
amarantoides,jBe«£A. 634
atropurpureus, Benth.636
brachystachys,.BeȣA.637
Page
comosus, Miq. . . 632
elsholtzioides,5ew^. 634
fraternus, Miq. . . 635
frutescens, Grah. . 633
Gardneri, Hook.f. 632
glaber, Benth. . . 633
Heyneanus, Benth. 633
hirsutus, Benth. . . 635
hirsutus, Wight . . 635
imberbe, Wight . . 637
intennedius, Wall. . 633
mollis, Benth. . . 635
paludosus, Benth. . 635
paniculatus, Benth. 631
parviflorus, Benth. . 632
Patchouli, Pelle . 633
Patchouli, Clarke . 624
- Patchouli, Hook. . 634
petiolaris, Benth . . 635
plectranthoides, Desf 632
pubescens, Benth . . 633
purpurascens, Dalz. 632
purpuricaulis, Dalz. 632
refiexus, Benth. . . 637
rotundatus, Benth. 636
rotundatus, Wight . 636
rupestris, Benth. . 634
speciosus, Benth. . 637
strigosus, Benth. . 636
suavis, Ten. . . . 634
travancoricus,i?e<2^. 637
tuberculosus, Benth. 633
verticillatus, Miq. . 640
vestitus, Benth. . 636
villosus, Benth. . . 632
Wightii, Benth. . 535
POLEMONIACE.E 133, 734
Polemonium, Linn. . 133
cceruleum, Linn. . 133
Poly seel is capitata,
Wall 723
Sequax, Wall. . . 722
Porana, Burm. . . . 221
grandiflora, Wall . 221
malabarica, Clarke . 223
paniculata, Roxb. . 222
racemosa, Roxb. . 222
racemosa, Dalz. &
Gibs 223
speciosa, Benth. . 221
spectabilis, Kurz . 221
stenoloba, Kurz . . 221
truncata, Kurz . . 223
volubilis, Burm. . 222
Prasie^; .... 607
Prasium melissifolium,
Roxb 698
Premna, Linn. . . . 571
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
769
Page
auiplectens, Wall. . 580
angustata, Wall. . 580
arborea, Roth . . 581
barbata, Wall. . . 579
bengalensis, Clarke 577
bracteata, Wall. . 572
cana, Wall. . . . 579
ceramensis, Miq. . 575
cordifolia, Roxb. . 572
cordifolia, Brandis. 574
cordifolia, Grab. . 573
cordifolia, Wight . 573
coriacea, Clarke . 573
corymbosa, Roth Sc
Willd 573
densiflora, Wall. . 573
divaricata, Wall. . 575
esculenta, Roxb. . 580
flavescens, Ham. • . 578
flavescens. Juss. . . 576
grossa, Wall. . .581
herbacea, Roxb. . . 581
integerrirna, Wight 577
integrifolia, Linn. . 574
interrupta, Wall. . 572
khasiana, Clarke . 575
latifolia, Roxb. . . 577
latifolia, Roxb. . . 574
latifolia, Thw. . . 576
latifolia, Wight . 578
longifolia, J2oa:6. . 575
longifolia, Wall. 576, 577
lucidula, Kurz . . 575
macrophylla, Wall. 580
micrantha, Schau. . 578
micrantha, Thw. . 579
milleflora, Clarke . 576
mollissima, Roth . 578
mucronata, Roxb. . 578
ovalifolia, Wall. . 574
parasitica, BZ. . . 574
pinguis, Clarke . . 579
procuinbens, J/oo» 580
pubescens, 131. . . 577
punctulata, Clarke . 575
punduana, JFaW. . 577
purpurascens,
Thwaites . . . 574
pygmcea, Wall. . . 581
pyramidata, JFaZ/. . 576
racemosa, Wall. . 571
racemosa, Gamble . 572
ramosa, Wall . . . 573
Roxburghiana, JFaZ/. 581
sambucina, Wall. . 574
scandens, Roxb. . 573
scandens, Brandis . 574
scandens,Da.\z.&Gibs.573
VOL. IV.
Page
scandens,WuU. 573, 578
serratifolia, Linn. . 574
spinosa. Roxb. . . 574
subcordata, Turcz. . 574
thyrsiflora, Heyne . 578
thyrsoidea, Wight . 579
Thwaitesii, Clarke . 579
tomentosa, Willd. . 576
tomentosa, Bl. . . 577
tomentosa, Kurz . 576
tomentosa, Miq. . . 581
tomentosa, Roxb. . 576
tomentosa, Willd. . 138
trichostoma, Miq. . 575
truncata, Turcz. . 573
viburnoides, Kurz . 578
vibumoides, Wall.
574, 578
villosa, Clarke . . 573
Wightiana, Schau. . 578
Wightiana, Redd. . 579
Prionitis Hystrix,M\(\. 482
pubiflora, Miq. . . 482
Pristidia divaricata,
Thw 91
Priva, Adans. . . . 565
abyssinica, Meyer . 565
Forskalii, Meyer . 565
leptostachya, Juss. . 565
Prunella, Linn. . . 670
indica, Burm. . . 611
Pseudanthus brachia-
ls, Wight . . 726
Pseudobarleria coeru-
lea, Oerst. . . . 489
polytricha, Oerst. . 490
Pseudosolane^: . . 246
Psilostachys, Hochst. 726
sericea, Hook.f. . 726
Psilotrichum, Bl. . . 724
calceolatum, Moq. . 725
ferrugineum, Moq. 725
nudum, Moq. . . 724
nudum, Wight . . 725
sceleranthum, Thw. 725
sericeum, Dalz. . . 726
trichotomum, Bl. . 725
Psychotria obesa, Wall. 92
oxyphylla, Wall. . 91
vaginans, DC. . . 91
viminea, Wall. . . 91
Ptebanthe^; . . . 712
Pterostelma acumina-
tum, Wight . . 53
Pterostigma capitalum,
Benth 261
macrophyllum,
Benth 264
Page
ovalum, Benth. . . 2<>;t
spicatum, Benth. . 264
strictum, Griff. . . 263
subrepensy Thw. . . 263
villosum, Benth. . 263
villosum, Thw. . . 264
Ptiloius otatus, Moq. 725
Ptyssiglottis^.^wrfer*. 543
radicosa, T. Anders. 543
Puneeria coagulans,
Stocks 240
Pupalia, Juss. . . . 723
atropurpurea, Moq. 723
lappacea, Moq. . . 724
orbiculata, Wight . 724
prostrata, Mart. . 723
Pycnorhachis, Benth. 63
Maingayi, Hook.f. . 63
Pyxidium lividum,
Moench . . . 721
oleraceum, Moench 721
viride, Moench . . 721
Quamoclit coccinea,
Moench. . . .199
longiflora, G. Don . 197
phcenicea, Chois. . 199
vulgaris, Chois. . . 199
Quinquelobus glaber,
Benj 272
Radermachera amcena,
Seem 384
gigantea, Miq. . . 384
Lobbii, Miq. . . , 384
stricta, Zoll. . . . 383
Ramphicarpa, Benth. 300
fstulosa, Benth. . 300
longiflora, Benth. . 300
Raphistemma, Wall. . 19
ciliatum, Hook. f. . 20
Hooperianum, Dene. 19
pulchellum, Wall. . 19
Razumovia tranque-
barica, Spr. . . . 301
Retzia pilosa, Heyne . 219
Rhabdia, Mart. . . 144
crebrifolia, Miers . 145
fluoialis, Edgew. . 1 15
lycioides, Mart. . Ii5
viminea, Dalz. & Gribs. 145
Rhaph.'dospora ciliata,
Nees 536
dichotoma, Nees . 543
glabra, Nees . . .535
Rhinacanthus, Nees . 541
calcaratus, Nees . 541
communis, Nees . .511
3 D
0
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
indica, Linn. . . . 610
Rottlerianus, Nees . 541
Rhinanthide.e . . 248
? Rhinanthus bifidus,
Ham 314
Rhynchoglossum, Bl. 367
Blumei, DC . . 367
obliquum, Bl. . . 367
obliquum, Hohen. . 366
obliquum, Wight . 367
scabrum, Dalz. . . 366
zeylanicum,BotMag.S67
Rhynchotechum, Bl. . 372
sp 362
alternifolium, CZar&e 374
calycinum, Clarke . 374
ellipticum,ADe. . 373
latifolium,^./.^. 374
parviflorum, Bl. . 373
vestitum, S.f. $ T. 373
Rhytiglossa ? indica,
Wawra .... 543
? ptychostoma, Nees 534
radicosa, Nees . . 544
Bindera glochidiata,
Wall 161
Rivea, Chois. . . .183
Bona-nox, Roxb. . 184
cuneata, Wight . 191
fragrans, Niinmo . 184
hirsuta, Wight . .189
hypocrateriformis,
Chois 184
? obtecta, Chois. . 186
ornata, Chois. . . J83
ornata, Aitch. . . 184
pomacea, Wight . 188
tiliafolia, Chois. . 184
zeylanica, Thw. . 187
Rochelia, Beichb. . . 165
barbata, Roein. &
Sch 163
cardiosepala, Bunge 166
echinophora, Roem.
& Sch 163
macrocalyx, Bunge 166
rectipes, Stocks . .166
Bedowskii, R. & S. . 163
saccharata, Reiclib. 166
stellulata, Reich. . 166
stellulata, Aitch. . 166
stylaris, Boiss. . . 166
Bodetia Amherstiana,
Moq ,. 716
Roscoea pentandra,
Roxb 602
tomentosa, Roxb. . 603
villosa, Roxb. . -s. 603
Page
Rostellularia abys-
sinica, Brongn. . 539
adenostachya, Nees 539
crinita, Nees . . . 536
difu$a,T$ees . . . 538
glandulosa, Nees . 539
gracilis, Wight . . 548
hedyotidifolia, Nees 538
mollissima, Nees . 539
peploides, Nees . . 537
procumbens, Nees . 539
procumbens, Wight 539
quinquangularis,
Nees 537
rotundifolia, Nees
538, 539
Royeniana,T$ees . 537
sarmentosa, Zoll. . 5i4
simplex, Wight . . 537
Vahlii, Nees . . . 538
Rottlera incana, Vahl 353
Rotula aquatica, Lour. 145
Roylea, Wall. . . .679
elegans, Wall. . . 679
Ruellia, Linn. . . . 411
aciculata, Roth . . 507
alata, Wall. . 471, 472
anisophylla, Wall. . 462
arcuata, Wall. . . 427
argentea, Wall. . . 454
aspera, Nees . . , . 446
atropurpurea, Wall. 472
atroviridis, Wall. . 495
attenuata, Wall. . 414
auriculata, Wall. , 453
balsamica, Linn. f. 404
barbata, Vahl . . 408
barleroides, Roth . 416
Beddomei, Clarke . 413
Blumeana, Kurz . 423
Blumeana, Nees . 423
bracteata, Nees . . 443
bracteata, Roxb.,y . 416
bracteata, Wall . . 460
Brunoniana, Wall. 457
callosa, Wall. . . 451
calycina, Wall. . . 469
canescens, Heyne . 428
capitata, Wall. 459, 460
cephalotes, Wall. . 460
cernua, Roxb. . . 413
cernua, Anders. . . 413
cernua, Heyne . . 404
cernua. Wall. . . 410
chelonoides, Wall. . 494
ciliaris, Linn. . . 479
ciliata, Homem . . 413
ciliata, Heyne . . 437
Page
ciliata, Wall. . . 440
collina, Wall. . . 465
coiorata, Wall. . . 473
comosa, Roxb. . . 430
? comosa, Wall. . . 399
confinis, Nees . . 423
cordifolia, Vahl . 428
cor omandeliana, Wall.
493, 494
crenata, Benth . . 425
crispa, Linn. . . 446
crispa, Nees . . . 423
Cusia, Ham. . . . 468
cuspidata, Wall. . 519
deccanensis, Grah. . 412
denticulata, Wall. . 465
dependens, Roxb. . 521
depressa, Wall. . . 410
diffusa, Wall. . . 424
Digitalis, Koen. . 493
divaricata, Wall. . 469
dorsijlora, Retz. . 417
didcis, Wall.. . . 520
dura, Nees . . .422
ebracteolata, Dalz . 424
elegans, Bot. Mag. . 424
erecta, Burin. . . 410
erecta, Ham. . . 424
erecta, Roth . . . 412
fasciculata, Retz. . 522
fasciculata, Wall. . 424
filiformis, Heyne . 494
fimbriata, Wall. . 447
flaccida, Kurz . . 424
flagelliformis, Roxb. 411
flava, Roxb. . . .426
fiexuosa, Wall. . . 460
glabra, -Heyne . . 414
? glabrata, Wall. . 448
? glandulosa, Roth 414
glomerata, Wall. . 448
glutinosa, Wall. . 458
gossypina, Wall. . 428
Oriffithiana, Nees . 425
hirsuta, Roxb. . . 408
hirta, Don . . . 454
hirta, Vahl ... 422
imbricata, Vahl . . 417
incana, Heyne . .408
indigofera, Griff. . 468
indigotica, Fortune 468
infundib uliformis
Roxb 492
Piuvolucrata, Vahl 414
Jacquemontiana,
Nees . . . . 458
Kunthiana, Wall.
434, 496
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
771
Page
lamiifolia, Wall. . 403
latebrosa, Dalz. &
Gibs 424
latebrosa, Roth . . 424
latebrosa, Roxb. . 423
leptostachya, Wall. 542
littoralis, Linn. f. . 410
longifolia,T. Anders. 412
longifolia, Roth. . 407
longifolia, Roxb. . 409
lupulina, Wall. 443, 444
macrocarpa, Wall. . 495
macrosiphon, Kurz 413
maculata, Wall. . 457
mollissima, Klein . 408
? montana, Wall. . 487
mucronata, Wall.520, 521
mysurensis, Roth . 496
Nagchana, Ham. . 410
Neesiana, Wall. . 496
obovata, Roxb. . . 408
Panichanga, Wall. 473
paniculata ? Heyne 409
paniculata, Linn. . 554
patula, Jacq. . . 412
pauciflora, Wall. . 501
Pavala, Roxb. . . 424
pectinata, Wall. . 447
penstemonoides, Wall.
460
persica, Burm. . . 479
persicifolia, Griff. . 462
phlomoides, Wall. . 408
polyspermia, Roth . 406
prostrata, Lamk. . 411
? punctata, Nees . 442
quadrangularis,
Heyne .... 494
quadrangularis, Wall.
460
quadrifaria. Wall. . 425
quadrivalvis, Wall. 408
racemosa, Heyne . 410
racemosa, Roxb. . 401
radicans, Wall. . . 407
repens, Linn. . . 412
repens, Heyne . . 412
repens, Wall. . 412, 413
ringens, Roxb. . . 412
rivin&folia, Wall. . 533
rOtundifolia, Don . 463
rubicunda, Heyne . 475
rufescens, Roth . . 430
BusselUana, Wall. . 427
Sabiniana, Wall. . 454
salicifolia, Vahl . 407
sarmentosa, Nees . 423
satpoorensis, Wawra. 424
Page
scabra, Wall. . 437, 446
scariosa, Wall. . . 520
secunda, Vahl . . 493
sesamoides, Wall.
428,435
spicata, Roth . . 435
strobilina, Wall. . 454
subsericea, Wall. . 428
suffruticosa, Roxb. 413
tentaculata, Linn. . 507
tomentosa, Wall. . 528
triflora, Nees . . 404
uliginosa, Linn. . 403
uliginosa, Wall. . 406
ulmifolia, Wall. . 430
undulata, Vahl . . 408
urens, Heyne . . 422
urophylla, Wall. . 472
urticifolia, Wall. . 464
varians, Vent. . . 418
venosa, Heyne . . 423
verticillata, Wall. . 404
Wig htiana, Wall. . 412
zeylanica, Koen. . 493
Ruellie^e .... 388
Rungia, Nees . . . 545
apicuTata, Bedd. . 548
Araottiana, Wight . 546
Beddomei, Clarke . 549
Brandisii, Clarke . 519
crenata, T. Anders. 547
elegans, Dalz. Sf
Gibs 549
himalayensiSjCZarfee 548
khasiana, T. Anders. 548
laeta, Clarke . . . 546
latior, Nees . . . 546
latior, Nees & T.
Anders. . . . 547
linifolia, Nees . .548
longifolia, Nees 8f
Am 547
long ij 'olia,T. Anders. 547
longifolia, Bedd. . 550
Mastersi, T. Anders. 550
muralis, Nees . . 550
origanoides, Nees . 550
parviflora, Nees . 550
parviflora., Nees . 550
pectinata, Nees . 550
polygonoides, Nees 550
punduana, Nees . 527
repens, Nees . . . 549
repens, T. Anders. 550
sisparensis, T. An-
ders 546
stolonifera, Clarke. 547
Wightiana, .Nees . 546
Page
Salvia, Linn. . . . 653
abijxsinica. Br. . . 653
acoulis, Vahl . . 656
aegyptiaca, Linn. . 656
asperata, Falc. . . 654
bengalensis, Roxb. . 653
brachiata, Roxb. . 655
brachycalyx, Boiss. 656
campanulata, Wall. 654
cana, Wall. . . . 654
coccinea, Linn. . . 656
dianthera, Roth . 653
dutnetorum, Andrz. 655
Gerardiana, Benth. 656
glutinosa, Linn. . 653
hians, Boyle . . . 653
indica, Linn. . . 656
integrifolia, Hardw. 654
japonica, Thunb. . 655
lanata, Boxb. . . 654
lyrata, Roxb. . . 656
macrophylla . . . 653
minutijlo7-a, Bunge Q56
Moorcrof tiana, Wall.6o4i
nubicola, Benth. . 653
ocimoides, Roxb. . 656
? parviflora, Roxb. 655
plebeia, Br. . . . 655
plectranthoides,
Griff. ^ . . . . 655
pratensis, L.. . . 655
pumila, Benth. . . 656
santolina3folia,J5oiss.656
saxicola, Wall. . . 655
Schimperiana,
Hochst. . . .653
Sarcolobus, Br. . . 27
carinatus, Wall. . 28
carinatus, Griff. . 27
globosus, Wall. . . 27
Sarcostemma, Br. . z6
annulare, Roth . . 21
br achy stigma, Hook. 27
brevistigmajJF.^M. 26
Brunonianum,W.&A. 27
intermedium, Bene. 27
pyrotechnica, Br. . 64
Stocksii, Hook. f. . 27
viminale, W. & A. . 27
SATUREINE.E . . . 605
Schauera graveolens,
Hassk .... 630
Schmidia bicolor,
Wight .... 393
Scholera crassifolia,
Jacq 62
Schweinfurthia, A.
Braun .... 252
3 d 2
772
. 252
. 289
. 289
. 243
. 245
. 245
. 243
. 245
. 244
. 253
. 254
. 253
. 256
INDEX OF
Paere
papalionacea,Boiss. 252
sphserocarpa, A.
Braun . . .
Scoparia, Linn. . .
dulcis, Linn.
Scopolia, Jacq.
Bovena, Dunal .
Datora, Dunal .
lurida, Dunal .
mutica, Dunal .
pr&alta, Dunal .
Scrophularia, L. .
auriculata, Scop,
calycina, Bentli.
canina, Linn. .
decomposita, Eoyle 256
decumbens, Fisch.
& Mey 254
dentata, Boyle . . 256
depauperata, Boiss. 256
Edgeworthii, Benth. 255
elatior, Benth. . . 255
glandulosa, Waldst.
& Kit 254
Grijfithii, Bentli. . 256
himalensis, Boyle . 255
Kotschyi, H. f . & T. 256
lucida, Linn . . . . 256
obtusa, Edgeiv. . . 254
pauciflora, Benth. . 253
polyantha, Boyle . 255
scabiosaefolia,
Benth 256
Scopolii, Hoppe . .254
urticaefolia, Benth. 254
variegata, Bieb. . 256
SCROPHULARINE^E . . 246
Scutellaria, Linn. . 667
angulosa, Benth. . 669
barbata, Don . . 670
cana, "Wall. . . . 669
celtidifolia, A.Ham. 669
Colebrookiana,
Benth 668
discolor, Coleb. . . 667
floribunda, Bentli. . 668
galericulata, Linn. ■ 670
glandulosa, Hook.f. 669
glutinosa, Benth. . 667
grossa, Wall. . . 669
heteropoda, Miq. . 668
Heydei, Hook, f. ,. 667
incurva, Wall. . . 668
indica, Bl. . . . 668
indica, Roxb. . . 668
japonica, Burm. . 620
khasiana, Clarke . 669
linearis, Benth. . . 669
GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
669
670
668
669
99
98
99
136
12
63
13
13
,12
mussoonensis,
Wawra. . . .669
nodulosa, A. Ham. 668
oblonga, Benth. . 668
peregrina, Roxb. . 670
prostrata, Jacquem. 667
pulchella, Buuge . 667
repens, Ham. .
rivularis, Wall. .
robusta, Benth. .
scandens, Don .
squamulosa,A.B.3im. 670
violacea, Heyne . 668
Wallichiana, A.
Ham 669
Wightiana, Benth. 668
Sebsea, B. Br. . . .
awrea, R. Br. . .
carinata, Spr. .
khasiana, Clarke .
Sebistena officinalis,
Gaertn. . . .
Se cam one, Br. . .
canescens, Sm. . .
emetica, Br.. . . .
villosa, Bl. . . .
SecamonEjE . . !
Seddera evolvuloides,
Wight .... 224
Selagineje .... 558
Selagopusilla,Thxmh. 281
Septis repens, Lour. . 272
Sericostoma, Stocks . 175
pauciflorum, Stocks 175
Sesamum, Linn. . . 386
indicum, DC. . . 387
laciniatum, Klein . 387
luteum, Retz. . . 387
occidentale, Heer. &
Regel . * . . .387
orientale, Linn. . . 387
prostratum, Betz. . 387
Shuteria bicolor,
Chois 217
Sibthorpia, Linn. . . 288
pinnata, Benth. . 288
Siphonanthus angusti-
/ol»a,Willd. . . 595
hastata, Roxb. . . 596
indica, Willd. . . 595
Skinneria ccespitosa,
Chois 205
Slevogtia maritima,
Dalz 101
occidentalis, Griseb. 101
orientalis, Griseb. . 101
verticillata, D. Don 101
SOLANAUE.fi .... 228
Solandra oppositi folia.
Moon Cat. . . 83
SOLANE.E 228
Solanum, Linn. . . 229
acetosa^folium,JjQ.vak.22Q
aculeatissimum,
Jacq 237
agreste, Roth . . 235
Anguivi, Boje'r . . 235
angulosum, Heyne 231
argenteum, Heyne 233
armatum, Br. . . 235
barbisetum, Nees . 233
biflorum, Lour. . . 232
biflorum, Don . . 232
bigeminatum, Nees 231
Blumei, Nees . . 231
Gallery anum,Duna\ 232
calycinum, Nees . 230
canaranum, Miq. . 236
canescens, Bl. . . 235
coagulans, Forsk. . 236
conanthum, Dunal 230
cordatum, Forsk. . 237
crassipetalum, Wall. 232
eras sip etalum,
Wight . ... 231
Cumingii, Dunal . 235
cuneatum, Moench 235
cupulatum, Miq. . 231
decemdentatum,
Roxb 232
decemfidum, Nees . 232
denticulatum, Bl. . 231
denticulatum, Nees 231
diffusum, Roxb. . . 236
dulcamara, Linn. . 229
erianthum, Don . 230
eriophorum, Dunal 233
erosum, Van Heurck
& Muell. . . .235
erythramm, Dunal . 229
esculentum, Dunal 235
farinosvm, Wall. . 233
ferox, Linn. . . . 233
ferrugineum, Jacq. . 234
fistulosum, Rich. . 229
flexuosum, Heyne . 231
giganteum, Jacq. . 233
Gouakai, Dunal . 232
gracilipes, Dene. . 237
heteracanthum,
Dunal .... 235
Heynei,B,oem.&Sch. 235
himalense, Dunal . 235
hirsutum, Roxb. . 233
Hohenackeri, Van
Heurck & Muell. 234
INDEX OF GENERA., SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
773
Page
Humboldtii, Wilkl. 237
incanum, Linn. . . 235
incertum, Dunal . 229
inclicura, Linn. . . 234
insanum, Linn. . . 235
involucratum, Bl. . 233
involucratum, Kurz 233
Jacquemonti, Dunal 237
Jficquini, Miq. . . 236
iacquini, Willd. . 236
Junghuhnii, Miq. . 235
khasianum, Clarke 234
laeve, Dunal . . . 231
lasiocarpum, Bl. . 233
laxum, Royle . . 229
longum, Roxb. . . 235
Lycopersicum,Lirm. 237
lyratum, Thunb. . 229
macrodon, Wall. . 232
Melongena, Linn. . 235
Melongena, Wall. . 236
melanocarpum,
Dunal .... 235
membranaceum,
Thw 231
membranaceum,
Wall 231
membranceum,
Wight .... 231
miniatum, Bernh. . 229
mollissimum, Bl. . 232
multiflorum, Roth 235
Neesianum, Dalz. &
Gibs 231
Neesianum, Wall. . 231
nigrum, Linn. . . 229
niveum, Vahl . . 233
nodiflorum, Jacq. . 229
Osbeckii, Dunal . 232
ovigerum, Bl. . . 235
paludosum, Dunal . 229
persicum, Willd. . 229
pinnatifidum, Roth 235
pressum, Dunal . .235
pseudoly coper sicum,
Jacq. .... 237
pseudosaponaceum,
Bl 234
pseudo-undatum,B\. 235
pterocaulon, Dunal 229
pubescens, Willd. . 230
pubescens, Kurz . 231
pubescens, Roxb. . 230
rhinocerotis, Bl. . 229
Roxburghii, Dunal 229
rubrum, Miller . . 229
Rumphii, Dunal . 229
sanctum, Linn. . . 236
Pnge
sarmentosum, Necs 2<i6
sativum, Dunal . . 235
spirale, Roxb. . . 230
stramonifolium,
Dunal . . . . 233
stramonifolium,
Roxb 234
subtruncatum, Wall. 231
suffruticosum,D unal 229
torvum, Swartz . . 234
triangulare, Lamk. 229
trilobatum, Linn. . 236
Trongum, Lamk. . 235
uliginosum, Bl. . . 229
nndatum, Lamk. . 235
vagum, Heyne . . 230
verbascifolium,
Linn 230
villosum, Lamk. . 229
violaceum, Jacq. . 234
virginianum, Jacq. 236
Wightii, Nees . . 234
Wightii, Miq. . . 234
xanthocarpum,
Schrad.SfWendl. 236
zeilanicum, Spr. . 235
Zollingeri, Dunal . 232
Solenanthus,Lede6. . 159
angustifolius,Fisch.
& Mey 159
brachystemon,F.&'M. 159
circiunatus, Lebeb. 160
lanatus, A. DC. . 159
Sopubia, Ham. i . 302
delphinifolia,GM>cm 302
stricta, G. Don . . 302
trifida, Ham. . . 302
Spathodea adenophylla,
A. DC. ... 381
amoena, A. DC. . 384
arcuata, Wight . . 380
atrovirens, Spr. . 380
crispa, Bureau . . 380
crispa,Dalz. & Gibs. 380
crispa, Wall. . . 379
Diepenhorsti, Miq. 379
falcata, Brand. . . 380
falcata, Wall. . . 380
gigantea, Bl. . . 384
glandulosa, Bl. . . 383
ignea, Kurz . . . 382
indica, Pers. . . 378
Lobbii, Teys.& Bin-
nend 384
longiflora, Vent. . 379
? Loureiriana, DC. 379
Rheedii, Wall. . . 379
Roxburghii, Spr. . 381
Page
stipulata, Wall. 379, 383
velutina, Kurz . . 379
xylocarpa, Brand . 384
Sperlingia opposita,
Vahr .... 62
verticillata, Vahl . 62
Sphenodesma, Jack. . 600
acuminata, Wight . 602
barbata, Schau. . 601
eryciboides, Kurz . 601
ferrugineum, Wight 601
Gritfithiana, Wight 602
grossum, Kurz . . 601
Jackiana, Schau. . 602
Jackianum, Wight 602
microstylis, Clarke 600
paniculata, Clarke . 600
pentandra, Jack. . 602
triflora, Wight . . 601
unguiculata, Schau. 601
Wallichiana ,Schau. 602
Sphinctacanthus,
Benth 544
Griffithii, Benth. . 514
Spiranthera penta-
phylla, Bqjer . . 202
Turpethum, Bojer . 212
Stachyde^: .... 606
Stachys, Linn. . . 675
Artemisia?, Lour. . 678
floccosa, Benth. . 675
macrocheilos . . 677
meliss8efolia,Bentli. 675
oblongifolia, Benth. 676
oblongifolia, Benth. 675
palustris, Linn. . 676
parviflora, Benth. . 677
scaberula, Vatke . 676
seiicea, Wall. . . 675
splendens, Wall. . 675
sylvatica, Linn. . 676
tibetica, Vatke . . 676
vestita, Benth. . . 675
Stachytarpha indica,
Schau 564
jamaicensis, Sch*iu. 564
rillosa, Turcz. . . 565
Stachytarpheta, Vahl 564
indica, Vahl . . . 564
jamaicensis, Vahl . 564
urticifolia, Dalz. &
Gibs 564
Stapelia adscendens,
Roxb 76
Callamulia, Ham. . 77
involucrata, Herb.
Madr 47
umbellata, Roxb. . 77
V
774
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
Stauranthera, Benth. 371
? Brandisii . . .372
grandiflora, Benth. 371
grandifolia, Br. . 371
umbrosa, Clarke . 371
Staurogyne, Wall. . 398
angustifolia, Wall. . 398
argentea, Wall. . . 398
Stemodia, Linn. . . 265
aquatica, Willd. . 269
arvensis, Steud. . 265
balsamea, Benth. . 266
camphorata, Vahl . 264
capitata, Benth. . 264
cimicina, Benth. . 267
ccerulea, Benth. . 263
diffusa, Benth. . . 268
grandiflora, Ham. . 261
gratioloides, Benth. 267
hirsuta, Heyne . . 268
hypericifolia,Benth. 269
lutea, Moon Cat. . 261
macrostachya,Benth.262
inaritima, Heyne . 265
menthastrum,Benth. 266
micrantha, Benth. . 267
minuta, G. Don . . 281
muralis, Roxb. . . 262
philippensis,Cha,m. 261
repens, Benth. . . 266
ruderalis, Vahl . . 262
serrata, Benth . . 2fi5
serrata, Benth. . . 266
sessilis, Benth. . . 266
sessilis, Wall. . . 266
lenuiflora, Benth . 266
tenuiflora, Wall. . 266
? tomentosa, G. Don 259
viscosa, Roxb. . . 265
Stenarrhena lanata,
Don 654
Stenosiphonium, Nees 426
confertum, Nees . 427
cori/ertura, T.Anders.427
diandrum, Wight . 426
diandrum, Nees . 432
parviflorum, T.
Anders. . . . 428
Russellianum.Nees 427
Bussellianum,
Wight .... 427
setosum, T. Anders. 427
subsericeum, Nees . 427
Stenosolenium perenne,
Schrenk . . .177
Stephanotis, Thoiiars. 38
Maingayi.Hoofe./. . 39
Stereosperma, H.f.&T. 585
Page
Stereospermum,
Cham 382
chelonoides, DC. . 382
fimbriatum, DC. . 383
? Ghorta, Clarice . 384
glandulosum, Miq. 383
hypostictum, Miq. 384
neuranthum, Kurz 382
suaveolens, DC. . 382
P Wallichii, Clarke 383
xylocarpum, Wight 383
Stilbanthus, Hook. f. 729
scandens, Hook. f.\. 729
Stramonium vulgatum,
Gaertn 242
Streptium asperum,
Roxb 565
StreptocaulonjTF.^A 9
calophyllum, Wight 12
extensum, Wight . 11
Griffithii, Hook. f. . 10
Hamiltonii, Wight . 11
Horsfieldiiy Miq. . 11
Kleinii, W. cy A. . 9
sylvestre, Wight . 10
tonientosum,!^.^^. 10
Wallichii, W. Sr A. 9
Striga, Lour. . . . 298
coccinea, Benth. . 299
densiflora, Benth. . 200
euphrasioides,_Ben£/i.299
glabrata, Benth. . 299
hirsuta, Benth. . . 299
lutea, Lour. . . . 299
Masuria, Benth. . 300
orchidea, Hochst. . 299
orobanchoides, Benth.
299
phoenicea, Benth. . 299
pusilla, Hochst. . 299
sulphurea, Dalz. Sf
Gibs 300
Strobila hispidissima,
G. Don .... 176
Strobilanthes, Bl. . 429
acrocephalus, T.
Anders. . . . 454
acuminatus, T. An-
ders 430
acuminatus, T. An-
ders 452
adenophorus, Bedd. 440
adenophorus, Nees . 437
adnatus, Clarke . 436
agrestis, Clarke . 466
alatus, Nees . . . 464
amabilis, Clarke . 476
amplectens, Nees . 453
Page
anceps, Nees . . . 442
Andersonii, Bedd. . 450
angustifrons,CZarfee 466
aniso.phyllus, T. An~
ders 462
argutus, Nees . . 474
Arnottianus, Nees . 442
asper, Wight . . 452
asperrimus, Nees . 443
asperrimus, Dalz. &
Gibs 444
atr< purpureus,Nees 472
attenuatus^ees 414,464
auriculatus, Nees . 453
barbatus, Nees . . 437
BedcJorae£,T.Anders.474
biceps, T. Anders. . 429
boerhavioides, T.
Anders. . . . 469
bolamputtensis,
Bedd 451
Bra.ndiaii,T. Anders. 448
Brunonianus, Nees 457
burmanica, Kurz . 425
callosus, Nees . . 451
callosus, Nees . . 451
c&\ycmus,T.Anders. 450
calycinus, Nees . . 450
campanulata, Wight 444
canaricus, Bedd. . 434
capitatus,T..A?ic7ers. 459
caudatus, r.Anc7 ers. 441
cerinthoides, Nees 474
Championi, T. An-
ders 468
ciliatus, Nees . . 439
ciliatus, T. Anders. 439
collinus, Nees . . 465
coloratus, T. Anders. 473
coloratus, Nees 443, 450
consanguineus,
Clarke .... 435
consanguineus, T.
Anders. . . 422,435
crataegifolius, T.
Anders. . . . 463
crinitus, T. Anders. 473
crispus, T. Anders. 446
cuspidatus, T. An-
ders 435
Dalhousianus,
Clarke .... 460
Dalzellii, T.Anders. 4^3
dasyspermus, Kurz 461
debilis, Clarke . . 467
? decurrens, Nees . 440
decurrens, T.Anders. 426
deflexus, T. Anders. 433
INDEX OF GENERA, SPE(JIB3 AND SYNONYMS.
775
Page
denticulatus, T.
Anders .... 465
discolor, T. Anders. 462
divaricatus, T.
Anders. . . .468
Dupeni, Bedd. . . 453
durus, T. Anders. . 447
echinatus, Nees . 447
Edgeworthiana,1$ee8 453
elongatus, Clarke . 470
eriocephalus, T.
Anders. . . . 444
exareolatus, Clarice 432
exsertus, Clarke . 445
extensus, Nees . . 463
extensus, Bedd. . .464
FalconeriT. Anders. 449
farinosus, Clarke . 470
fimbriatus, Nees . 447
fimbriatus^. Anders. 456
fimbriatus, Kurz . 456
flaccidifolius, Nees 468
flaccidus, Mann . . 468
Jlavus, Kurz . . . 426
foetidissima, Kurz . 431
foliosus, T. Anders. 433
Gardnerianus, T.
Anders. . . . 446
geniculatus, Clarke 459
glabratus, Nees . . 447
glaudulosus, Kurz 467
glaucescens, Nees . 425
glomeratus, T.
Anders. . . . 448
glutinosus, Nees . 458
glutinosus, Grah. . 444
Goldfussia, Dalz. &
Gibs 462
gossypinus, T.
Anders. . . . 434
gracilis, Bedd. . . 474
gracilis, T. Anders. 459
Qrahamianus, Wight 451
Griffithianus, T.
Anders. . . . 470
haplanthoides, T.
Anders. . . . 476
Helferi, T. Anders. 456
helicoide8,jP. Anders. 475
Helictus, T. Anders. 469
heteromallus, T.
Anders. . . . 437
heteromallus, T.
Anders. . . .426
Heyneanus, Nees . 443
hirsutissimus, Nees 474
homotropus, ifees . 474
Hookeri, Nees . .449
Page
hypoleucusj T.
Anders. . . .432
imbricatus, Nees . 455
inflatus, T. Anders. 471
interruptus, Benth. 474
isophyllus, T.
Anders. . . . 462
ixiocephalu8,Ben</i. 444
jeyporensis, Bedd. . 436
Karensium, Kurz . 449
khasyanus, T.
Anders. . . . 436
Kunthianus, T.
Anders. . . . 434
lachenensis, Clarke 465
laevigatus, Clarke . 467
lamiifolius, T.
Anders. . . . 463
lamioides,T.^4.?iders. 477
? lanatus, Nees . . 477
lanceolatus, Nees . 437
lancifolius, T.
Anders. . . . 465
laxus, T. Anders. . 450
longipes, Clarke . 455
lupulinus, Nees . . 443
lupulinus, T.
Anders. . . 443, 444
lupulinus, Benth. . 444
luridus. Wight . . 450
Maclellandi, Clarke 453
macrostachya,Benth.442
macrostegius, Clar A:e456
maculatus, Nees . 457
in aculatus/F. Anders .458
Maingayi, Clarke . 448
Mastersi, T.Anders. 476
micranthus, Wight 444
microcarpus, T.
Anders. . . . 466
monadelphus, Nees 457
mnltidens, Clarke . 461
Mysurensis, Nees
. 477,496
Neesiamis, Wight . 444
Neesii, Kurz . . . 476
neglectus,T. Anders. 435
neilgherrensis,Bedd.438
Newii, Bedd. . . 464
nigrescens, T.
Anders. ... 433
nobilis, Clarke . . 471
nutans, T. Anders. 454
oligocephalus, I7.
Anders. . . . 461
pallidus, T.Anders. 440
Panic h an ga, T.
Anders. . . . 473
Page
paniculatus, T.
Anders. . . . 475
paniculatus, Bedd. 475
papillosus, T.
Anders. . . . 445
Parishii, Clarke . 431
parviflorus, Bedd. . 439
paucinervius, T.
Anders. . . . 470
pauper, Clarke . . 463
pectinatus, T.
Anders. . . . 447
pentstemonoid es,
T. Anders. . . 460
pentstemonoides,
T. Anders. . . 460
perfoliatus, T.
Anders. . . . 458
PerrottetianuSjJVees 439
petiolaris, Nees . . 453
petiolaris, Nees . . 457
phyllocaulos, Clarke 464
phyllostachyus,
Kurz .... 446
plumulosus, Nees . 453
■poly thrix,T. J nders. 456
pterocaulis, Kurz . 455
pulcherrimus, T.
Anders. . . . 475
pulneyensis, Clarke 438
punctatus, Bedd. . 438
punctatus, Nees . 442
quadrangularis,
Clarke .... 460
refiexus, Nees . . 464
remotus.T. Anders. 476
rharnnifolius, T.
Anders. . . . 433
rhombifolius, Clarke 461
rhytispernia, Clarke 432
roseus, Wall. ... 429
rubescens, T. Anders A69
rubicundus, T.
Anders. . . . 475
rubicundus, T.
Anders. . . . 475
rufescens, T. A nders. 430
rugosus, Wight . . 443
Sabinianus, Nees . 454
salicifolius, T.
Anders. . . . 429
scaber, Nees . . . 446
scaber, T. Anders. 426
scrobiculatus, Dalz. 445
secundus, T. AndersAG8
sessilis, Nees . . 452
sessiloides, Dalz. &
Gibs 452
776
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
ra«8
sessiloides, Wight . 452
sexennis, Nees . . 474
sexennis, Bedd. . . 474
Simonsii, T.Anders. 447
spicatus, T. Anders. 477
stenodon, Clarke . 432
stenophyllus, Clarice 472
subcapitatus, Clarke 455
subnudatus, Clarice 472
subjlaccidus, Kurz . 430
tamburensis, Clarke 454
tener, Nees . . . 443
tetrapterus, Dalz. . 437
Thomsoni, T.Anders. 467
Thwaitesii.T. Anders. 441
trifidus, Nees . . 443
tristis, T. Anders. . 441
urophyllus, Nees . 472
verruculosus, Nees 477
vestitus, Nees . .449
violaceus, Bedd. . 474
violgefolius, T.
Anders. . . 477
viscosus, T.Anders. 431
Walkeri, Nees . . 440
TTaZfeeri, Wight . 476
Wallichii, Nees . . 471
warreensis, Dalz. . 439
Wigktianus, Nees . 438
Zenkerianus, T.
Anders. . . . 439
zeylanicus, T.Anders. 451
Strychnos, iinn. . . 86
acuminata, Walt. . 86
acuminata, Wall. . 89
axillaris, Colebr. . 89
cm£Zaris,Dalz.&Gibs. 87
Beddomei, Clarke . 88
Benthami, Clarke . 87
bicirrhosa, Lesch. . 87
cinnamomi folia, Thw. 89
colubrina, Linn. . 87
colubrina, Bl. . . 88
colubrina, Wall. 88, 90
coriacea, Thw. . . 89
Dalzellii, Clarke . 87
(?aitt/ieriana,Pierre 89
grandis, Wall. . . 86
hypogyna, Clarke . 86
Ignatii, Bergus . . 88
laurina, Wall. . . 88
laurina, Thw. . . 88
ligustrina, Bl. . . 90
lucida, Wall. . . 90
Maingayi, Clarke . 88
malaccensis, Benth 89
micrantha, Thw. 86
minor, Benth. . . 87
Page
minor, Bl. ... 87
Nux-vomica, Linn. 90
ovatifqJ.ia, Wall. . 88
potatorum, Linn. f. 90
pubescens, Clarke . 89
Rheedei, Clarke . 87
rufa, Clarke ... 89
septemnervis, Clarke 88
Tettankotta, Betz. . 90
Wallichiana, Benth. 90
Sussuela esculenta,
Rumph. ... 61
Sutera, Roth . . .258
dissecta, Walp. . . 258
glandulosa, Both . 258
serrata, Hochst. . 265
Swertia, Linn. . . 121
affinis, Clarke . .126
alata, Royle . . .125
alternifolia, Royle . 128
angustifolia, Ham. 125
Beddomei, Clarke . 127
bimaculata, H. f. $f
T..... 123, 734
carinthiaca, Wulf . . 120
centrostemrnafWaM. 130
Chirata, Ham. . . 124
coerulea, Royle . . 129
cordata, Wall. . . 123
corymbosa, Wight . 126
cuneata, Wall. . .129
decussata, Nimmo . 127
dilatata, Clarke . 122
elegans, Wall. . . 125
florida, Wall. . . 125
Griffithii, Clarke . 122
Hookeri, Clarke . 127
Hugelii, Griseb. . 129
Kingii, Hk.f. . . 734
lahulen sis, A. Kerner 128
lurida, Royle . . 124
macrosperma, Clke. 123
multicaulis, Don . 129
nervosa, Wall. . .125
paniculata, Wall. 122
peloria, Griff. . . 130
petiolata, Royle . 128
pulchella, Ham. . 125
purpurascenSjTFa^. 121
racemosa, Wall. . 124
Rex,- Clarke . . .127
rotata, Pall. . . . 120
speciosa, Wall. . 128
speciosa, D. Don . 128
tetragona, Clarke . 122
Thomsoni, CfaW,;e . 129
trichotoma, Wall. 126
zeylaniea, Walker . 127
Pa?e
Sweetie je .... 94
SykesiaKoenijii,Arn. 91
thyrsifiora, Arn. . 91
Walkeri, Arn. . . 92
Symphorema, Roxb. . 599
involucratura,i?otrb. 599
involucratum, Kew
Distrib. . . .599
involucratum, Kurz 600
Jackianum, Kurz . 602
microstijlis, Bedd. . 600
pentandrum, Kurz 603
polyandrum, TFigr/it 599
im<jriucttZa£wm,Kurz 601
SnrPHOREME^E . . . 561
Symphyoglossum has-
tatum, Turcz. . . 25
Synnema avanum,
Benth 405
Synphillium torenioides,
Griff. . . . .275
Tecoma, Juss. . . . 378
? glauca, DC. . . 378
suaveolens, G. Don 383
undulata, G. Don . 378
xylocarpa, G. Don. 384
Tecomella undulata,
Seem 378
Tectona, Linn. f. . . 570
grandis, Linn. f. . 570
Hamiltoniana.TFaZl. 571
Tetrandra glabra,Miq. 147
Wallichii, Miq. . . 147
Teucrium, Linn. . . 700
elevatum, Benth. . 700
Fortunei, Benth. . 701
hispidum, Wall. . 703
laxum, Don . . . 701
macro stachyum,
Wall 699
palmatum, Benth. . 702
paniculatum, Herb.
Madr 700
quadrifarium, Ham. 701
quadrifarium, Hb.
Wight .N . . .701
Royleanum, Wall. . 700
Scordium, Linn. . 702
secundum, Heyne . 672
stoloniferum, Roxb. 700
tomentosum,-He?/7ie 700
tomentosum, Wight 701
viscidum, Bl. . . 700
Wallichianum,
Benth 673
Theka, Juss. . . . 571
ternifolia, Earn. . 571
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
Thunbergia, Linn.f. . 390
alata, Bojer . . .391
angustifolia, Ham. 390
arnhemica,¥Mue\\. 390
coccinea, Wall. . . 393
cordifolia, Nees . . 392
fragrans, Roxb. . 390
fragrans, Bot. Mag. 391
fragrans, Wall. . . 391
grandiflora, Roxb. . 392
grandijiora, Wall. . 392
Harrisi, Hook. . . 392
Hawtayneana, Wall. 391
Hawtaynii, T.
Anders. . . . 391
heterophylla, Wall. 391
javanica, Gaertn. f. 390
Imvis, Nees . . . 391
laurifolia, Lindl. . 392
longifiora, Benth. . 391
lutea, T. Anders. . 392
mysorensis, T.
Anders. . . .393
pendula, Hassk. . 393
Roxburghia, Nees . 390
scandens, Pers. . 390
subsagittata,B\&nco 390
tomentosa, Wall. . 391
volubilis, Pers. . . 390
Wightiana, T.
Anders. . . .393
THUNBERGIE.E . . . 388
Thymus, Linn, . . 649
biflorus, Ham. . . 650
indicus, Burm. . . 610
linearis, Benth. . 649
nepetoides, Don . . 661
organifolius, Don . 651
piperitus, Don . . 651
repens, Don . . . 651
serpyllum, Linn. . 649
Thyrsacanthus indicus,
Nees ...... .497
Tiaridium anisophyl-
lum, G. Don . . 152
indicum, Lehm. . 152
Tittmannia angusti-
folia, Benth. . . 283
Col.smanni, Btnth. 285
elata, Benth. . . 280
erecta, Benth. . . 281
grandiflora, Benth. 282
hirta, Benth. . . 281
obovata, Bunge . 259
ovata, Benth. . . 280
ova ta,, Reichb. . . 279
pusilla, Benth. . . 281
sulcata, Wight . . 281
Page
trichotoma, Benth. 280
viscoso,, Reichb. . 280
Tomex tomentosa,
Linn. . . . .567
Torenia, Linn. . 27 o, 734
alba, Ham. . 276, 279
asiatica, Linn. . . 277
asiatica, Benth. . 276
asiatica, Thw. . . 277
asiatica, Wall. . . 277
asiatica, Wight. . 278
Bailloni, Godef. . 278
bicolor, Balz. . . 278
calcarata, Griff. . 282
cardtosepaZa,Benth. 276
ciliata, Smith . . 278
ccerulea, Miq. . . 279
concclor, Lindl. 277, 734
cordifolia, Benth. . 277
cordifolia, Roxb. . 276
cordifolia, Wight . 276
diffusa, Don . . .277
diffusa, Roxb. . . 282
edentula, Griff. . . 279
edentula, Benth. . 276
? exappendiculata,
Regel . . . .276
flaccida, Br. . . . 279
flava, Ham. . . .278
fiava, Wall. . . .279
globosa, Ham. . . 281
gracilis, Benth. . 285
hians, Roxb. . . 277
hirsuta, Benth. . 277
7wrta,Cham.& Schl. 281
hirtella, Boole, f. . 277
lepidata, Roth. . . 301
longifiora, Morfen 277
lucida, Ham. . . 279
molluginoides,
Benth. . . .280
mucronulata,Beni7i. 276
multijlora, Roxb. . 280
parviflora, Ham. . 278
peduncularis,jE?e7i<7i. 276
peduncularis,Benth. 279
polygonoides,.Ben£7i,. 276
racemosa, Benth. . 279
rubens, Benth. . . 277
rubens, Thw. . 277, 734
8essiliflora, Benth. . 282
vagans, Roxb. . . 277
varians, Griff. . . 282
varians, Roxb. . . 279
Tortula aspera Roxb. 565
Tournefortia, Linn. . 145
arborescens, Lamk. 147
argentea, Linn.f. . 145
Page
Candollii, Clarke . 146
cymosa, Heyne . . 145
Edgeworthii, DC. .148
Heyneana, Wall. . 145
Heyneana, DC. . . 146
Hookeri, Clarke . 147
khasiana, Clarke . 147
ovata, Wall. . . .147
reticosa, Wight. . 146
Roxburghii . . . 146
Roxburghii, Roxb. . 153
Royleana, DC. . . 148
subulata, Hochst. . 148
ternata, Wall. . . 147
tetrandra, Bl. . . 147
tetranda, Wall. . . 147
viridiflora, Wall. . 146
viridijlora, Gamble 147
Walkerae, Clarke . 14^
Wallichii, DC. . . 147
Wallichii, Thw. . 147
Wightii, Clarke. . 146
zeylanica, Wight . 148
Toxocarpus, W. $f A. 13
acuminatus, Benth. 15
concanensis, Hook.f. 14
crassifolius, Dalz. &
Gibs 16
crassifolius, Wight 16
eriocarpus, Hook.f. 15
N Griffithii, Bene. . 13
himalensis, Falc. . 13
Kleinii, W. fy A. . 14
Kurzii, Hook.f. . . 15
laurifolius, Wight . 16
Roxburghii, W. 8f A. 14
Roxburghii, Griff. . 15
villosus, Bene. . . 13
? WightianuSjHoofc.
^ Am 15
Tragularia horrida,
Koen 711
Treisteria cor data,
Griff. .... 277
Tresteira lanceolata,
Griff. . . . .279
Treutlera, Hook.f. . 45
insignis, Hook. f. . 45
Tricenanthus Griffithi-
anus, Nees . . 470
Trichodesma, Br. . . 153
africanum, Br. . .154
amplexicaule, Roth 153
hirsutum, Edgcw. . 153
inwquale, Edgew. . 154
indicum, Br. . .153
indicum,. DC. . . 154
khasianum, Clarke 154
78
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
perfoliatum, Wall. . 153
sulisessilis, Wall. . 153
zeylanicum, Br. . 154
Trichosporum, D.Don 337
grandiflorum, Don . 338
parviflorum, Don . 339
radicans, Nees . . 343
Trigonotis, Stev. . . 171
Hookeri, Benth. . 173
microcarpa, Benth. 172
multicaulis, Benth. 172
ovalifolia, Benth. . 172
rotundifolia,#ett£/i. 172
TripterospermumCham-
pioni, Gardn. . 108
trinerve, Bl. . . . 107
Trisepalnm, Clarice . 363
acutum, Clarice. . 364
» obtusum, Clarice . 363
Tristeria assamica,
<GriS. . . . .275
Tylophora, Br. . . . 39
asthmatica, Wight. 44
asthmatica, Wight . 26
Belo8temma,Be«t7i. 43
capparidifolia, W.
<M 41
carnosa,Dalz.&Gibs. 44
carnosa, Wall. . . 42
cordifolia, Thw. . 44
Dalzellii, Hook. f. . 43
exilis, Coleb. ... 44
fasciculata, Ham. . 40
fasciculata, Thw. . 40
globifera, Hook. f. . 41
Govanii, Dene. . . 40
Helf eri, Hook. f. . 40
himalaica, Hook. f. 42
hirsuta, Wight. . . 43
Iphisia, Dene. . . 40
Jacquemontii,Dcne. 43
longifolia, Wight. . 42
maci-antha, Hook.f. 40
micrantha, Thw. . 42
microstachySjHA;. /. 733
mollissima, Wall. . 43
mollissima, Wight . 43
pauciflora, W. fy A. 41
pauciflora, Hohen. . 40
pauciflora, PH.f.&T. 44
pubescens, Wall. . 45
purpurea, Wall. . 41
rotundifolia, ifaw. 43
tenerrima, Wight . 44
tenuis, Bl. ... 42
tenuissima, W. & A. 42
villosa, Bl. . . . 43
Wallichii, Hook. f. . 45
' Page
zeylanica, Dene. . 42
Utania morindafolia,
G. Don .... 84
Utleria, Bedd. ... 7
salicifolia, JJecZd. 7, 733
Utricularia, Imn. . 328
acuta, Benj. . . .331
affinis, Wight . . 330
alata, Benj. . . . 335
albiflora, Griff. . . 335
albo-ccerulea, Dalz. 330
ambigua, DC. . . 335
arcuata, Wight . . 330
australis, Br. . . 329
bifida, Linn. . . . 332
bifida, Wight . . 333
bifiora, Koxb. . . 329
biflora, Wall. . . 332
Blumei, Miq. . . 329
brachiata, Oliver . 333
brevicaulis, Benj. . 332
campestris, Miq. . 333
capillacea, Thw. . 332
capillacea, Wall. . 332
capillacea, Wight . 332
capillaris, Don . . 335
coerulea, Linn. . . 331
coerulea, A. DC. . 333
coevulea, Benth. . . 331
complanata, Wall. . 333
conferta, Wight . . 331
confervifolia, Don . 329
decipiens, Dalz. . . 330
diantha, A. DC. . 332
diantha, Roem. &
Sch 329
diflora, Boxb. . . 329
elegans, Wall. . . 329
exoleta, Br. . . .329
extensa, Hance . . 329
fasciculata, Roxb. • 329
filicaulis, Wall. . . 333
flexuosa, Vahl . . 329
foveolata, Edgew. . 335
furcellata, Oliver . 334
glochidiata, Wight . 334
graminifolia, Grah. 331
? graminifolia, Vahl33 1
. Griffithii, Wight . 331
hirta, Klein . . . 332
humilis, Heyne . . 332
inccqualis, Benj. . 329
inflexa, Forsk. . . 329
kumaonensi8, Oliver 334
lilacina, Griff. . .335
macrocarpa, Wall. 328
macrolepis, Wight . 332
Page
minor, Linn. . . 330
minutissima, Vahl . 334
'multicaulis, Oliver 334
nivea, , Vahl . . . 333
obfcusiloba, Benj. . 335
; orbiculata, Wall' . 334
oryzetorum, Miq. . 331
paucifolia, Benj. . 335
pedicellata, Wight . 331
polygaloides^dgew. 332
pterosperma,~Edgew. 329
punctata, Wall. . . 329
? purpurascens,
Grah 331
pusilla, Grah. . . 334
racemosa, Wall. . 333
ramosa, Vahl . . 335
reticulata, Smith . 331
rosea, Edgew. . . 333
Boxburghii, Spr. . 329
scandens, Benj. . 332
8candens, Benj. . . 332
setacea, Wall. 332, 333
squamosa, Benj. . 335
squamosa, Wight . 331
Smithiana, Wight . 331
stellaris, Linn.f. . 328
Thonningii, Schum. 329
uliginoides, Wight . 331
uliginosa, Wight . 331
verticillata, Benj. . 333
volubilis, Wight . 332
Wallichiana, Wight 332
Wallichiana, Benj. 332
Wallichiana, Wight 332
Valeriana ? alterni-
folia, Wall. . . 291
Brunoniana, Wall. 291
chinensis, Burm. . 709
? Lindleyana, Wall. 290
Vallaris controversa,
Spr 216
Vandellia, Linn. . . 279
alba, Benth. . . .279
angustif olia, Benth. 282
cordifolia, G. Don . 282
Crustacea, Benth. . 279
elata, Benth. . . 280
erecta, Benth. . . 281
erecta, Benth. . . 280
hirsuta, Benth. . . 280
Hookeri, Clarke . 280
laxa, Benth. . . .281
minima, Benth. . 282
mollis, Benth. .- .281
molluginoides,
Benth 279
INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
779
Page
monnierioides^am. 281
multiflora, O. Don . 280
multiflora,H..f.&T. 280
immmularif olia,.Do7i 282
obovata, Walp. . . 259'
pedunculata,I?en£7i. 282
pyxidovria, Maxim. . 281
Roxburgh**, G. Don 282
scabra, Benth. . . 281
sessilinora, Benth. . 282
Verbasceje . . 246, 250
Verbascum . . . .250
? Blattaria, T. A.
Schmidt . . .250
celsioides, Benth. > . 250
cuspidatum,SchT&d. 250
indicum, Wall. . .250
thcvpsiforme,Schrad. 250
Thapsus, Linn. . . 250
virgatum, With. . 250
Verbena, Linn. . . 565
bonariensis, Linn. . 565
capitata, Forsk. . 563
hyderabadensis,
Heyne .... 564
indica, Linn. . . 565
jamaicensis, Linn. . 565
nodifiora, Linn. . 563
officinalis, Linn. . 565
sororia, Don . . . 566
spuria, Linn. . . 566
Verbenacea, Nees . . 495
Verbenacea, Wall. . . 591
Verbenacea . . . 560
VEKBENEiE .... 560
Veronica, Linn. . . 291
agrestis, Linn. . . 294
Anagallis, Linn. . 293
argute- serrata, Boiss.295
arvensis, Linn. . . 296
bartsiasfolia, Boiss. 295
Beccabunga, Linn. 293
biloba, Linn! . . 294
Brunoniana, Wall. 291
Buxbaumii, Ten. . 294
campylopoda,Boia8. 294
cana, Linn. . . . 295
capitata, Benth. . 295
cardiocarpa, Walp. 295
ciliata, Fisch. . . 292
deltigera, Wall. . 292
elbrusensis, Boiss . 295
grandifiora, Wall. 292
Griffhthii, Benth. . 295
hederaBfolia, Linn, 294
himalensis, Bon , 292
javanica, Bl. . . \ 296
lanosa, Benth. . '. 292
Page
lanuginosa, Benth, 293
laxa, Bentfc. . . .295
? macrostemon,
tfungie . . . .292
Maddeni, Edgew. . 296
microtheca, Boiss.
& Bal 295
oxycarpa, Boiss. . 293
persica, Poir. . .291
polita, Fries. . . 294
punctata, Ham. . 293
pusilla, Benth. . . 293
rupestris, Aitch. . 292
scrophularioides,
Wall 295
serpyllifolia, Linn. 296
Thunbergii, A.Gray 295
? thyrsifiora, Wall. 254
undulata, Wall. . 293
verna, Linn. . . 296
Viburnum sambu-
cinum, Keinw. . 581
Vicarya cristata,W&l\. 11
Villarsia cristata, Spr. 131
egl-andulosa, Griff. . 132
indica, Vent. . . 132
indica, Wall. . .131
macrophylla, Wight 132
nymphoeoides, Vent. 131
parvifolia, Wall. ..132
Vincetoxicum Arnotti-
anum, Wight . . 22
canescens, Dene. . 22
Kenouriense, Dene. 22
luridum, Stocks . 22
montanum, Dene. 22, 40
officinale, Moench . 22
Vitex, Linn. . . . 583
Agnus castus, Kurz 583
alata, Heyne. . .584
alata, Roxb. . . . 587
alata, Schau. . . 584
altissima, Linn. f. . 584
altissima, Thw. . 584
appendiculata,B,ott\.58'l!
arborea, Desf. . . 583
arborea, Roxb. . . 585
? axillaris, Wall. . 588
bico lor, Willd. . . 583
bombacifoUa, Wall. 588
canescens, Kurz 586
canescens, Wall. . 586
coriacea, Clarke . 586
Cunning hamii,
Schau 588
diversifolia, Kurz . 585
Finlaysoniana,
Wall 587
Pape
gamo sepala, Griff. . 588
glabrata, Br. . . 588
Haynga, Roxb. . : 588
heterophylla, Roxb, 585
heterophylla, Kurz 585
heterophyllafBciiSiU. 585
ino3quifolia, Turcz. 585
incisa, Lamk. . . 584
incisa, Wall. . . . 583
involucratus, Presl. 601
leucoxylon, Linn. f. 587
leucoxylon, Schau. . 588
limonifolia, Wall. . 584
Loureirii, Wight . 585
macrophylla, R. Br. 581
Negundo, Linn. . 583
ovata, Thunb. . . 583
pallida, Wall. . . 588
paniculata, Lamk. 584
peduncularis, Wall. 58V5
pubescens, Vahl . 585
repens, Blanco . . 583
saligna, Roxb. . . 587
scabra, Wall. . . 588
sex-dentata, Wall. . 597
simplicifolia, Clarke 586
sumatrana, Miq. . 586
trifolia, Linn. f. . 583
undulata, Wall. . . 585
urceolata, Clarke . 585
vestita, Wall. . . 587
Wimberleyi, Kurz . 586
zeylanica, Turcz. . 584
? Viticastrum racemosum,
Presl 601
VlTICEiE 561
Volkameria, Linn. . 599
alternifolia, Burm. 591
angulata, Lour. . 593
dentata, Roxb. . . 593
diversifolia, Vahl . 593
herbacea, Roxb. . 592
infortunata, Roxb. . 594
Kaempferi, J acq. . 593
multiflora, Burm. . 580
neriifolia, Roxb. . 589
serrata, Linn. . . 592
urticifolia, Wall. . 494
urticifolia, Roxb. . 594
Wallrothia articulata,
Roth .... 585
leucoxylon, Roth . 587
Waltheria microphylla,
Miq 144
Wattakaka viridiflora,
Hassk. ... 46
780
[NDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
Whitley a stramoniflora,
Sweet .... 243
Wightia, Wall. . . .257
gigantea, Wall. . . 257
gigantea, Wall. . . 583
Willughbeia articulata,
Spreng. ... 83
Page
oho.vata, Spreng. . 83
racpmosa, Spreng. . 84
Withania, Pauq. . . 239
coagulans, Dunal . 240
somnifera, Dunal . 239
Wulfenia, Jacq. . 290, 734
Amherstiana,£>en£/? . 291
Page
intenuedia, Wall. . 367
Notoniana, Wall. . 366
obliqua, Wall. . . 367
Zapania nod flora,
Latnk. . . . . 563
Zornia nutans, Moeneh 665
GILBEKT A>'D EIVINGT02T, LIMHED, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LOKDOX.
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