TME FLORA OF DISKO [SCAND AND
THE ADJAGENT COAST OF WEST GREENLAND
FROM 66°—71° N. LAT.
WITH REMARKS ON PHYTOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY,
FLOWERING, FRUCTIFICATION AND HIBERNATION
BY
MORTEN P. PORSILD
ASSISTED BY
A. ERLING PORSILD
ARBEJDER FRA
DEN DANSKE ARKTISKE STATION PAA DISKO Nr. 11
FIRST PART
"SERTRYK AF MEDDELELSER OM GRONLAND. LVI
KOBENHAVN
BIANCO LUNOS BOGTRYKKERI
1920
LipRaARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE FLORA OF DISKO ISLAND AND
THE ADJACENT COAST OF WEST GREENLAND
FROM 66°—71° N. LAT.
WITH REMARKS ON PHYTOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY,
FLOWERING, FRUCTIFICATION AND HIBERNATION
BY
MORTEN P. PORSILD
ASSISTED BY
A. ERLING PORSILD
ARBEJDER FRA
DEN DANSKE ARKTISKE STATION PAA DISKO Nr. 11
FIRST PART
S-ERTRYK AF MEDDELELSER OM GRONLAND. LVIII
KOBENHAVN
BIANCO LUNOS BOGTRYKKERI
1920
j
/
eis ae
-
: han oe
ry
o¢) | bares
- ~
FEB 29 Wb4
PRE RACK:
n 1898 I took part in the late Dr. K. J. V. Sreensrrups expedition
] to Disko Island, in which it was my task to study the vegetation
in the localities visited by us. In the report of my work (PorsiLp:
Bidrag 1902) an account was given, for instance p. 229 ff., of the
remarkably large southern flora-contingent which is found on the south
coast of this island. In 1902 I was dispatched again by the Committee
of Geological and Geographical Investigations of Greenland to study
the vegetation in the relatively less-known northern part of the island
which we did not reach the first time. The result of this journey was
proportionately larger owing to my somewhat larger practice and ex-
perience, but, nevertheless, it did not modify my impression of South
Disko’s remarkable floristic peculiarities.
In the following years the results were revised, and in 1905 the
report was finished and might have been delivered to the Committee
for publication. But then the preparations for the establishment of
the Danish Arctic Station on Disko intervened, and, in 1906, when
the station was guaranteed, | wanted to take the finished MS. with
me to Greenland to supplement it further during my intended stay
there. The Committee most kindly agreed to this for which I here offer
my sincerest acknowledgement.
Although South Disko, especially the vicinity of Godhavn where
I am living at present, is botanically by far the best known locality
in Greenland, it became apparent all the same, that it still offered fresh
opportunities for research, and this circumstance by itself naturally
suggested to me that the adjacent parts of West Greenland might
want a further investigation before the floristic characters, which
distinguishes them from Disko, were defined more precisely. I have
therefore used what time I could spare from other work in the sum-
mers of 1906—1918 in such investigations, partly in the island of Disko,
partly on the main land to the north and south of Disko. About some
of these investigations (Hare 0, the South- and West coast of the Nugs-
1*
790
suaq Peninsula from 71° to 73° N. Lat.) I have already published re-
ports (see bibliography), the others are published here for the first time.
In publishing this work, which sums up everything known about
the distribution of the higher plants on Disko and the adjacent parts
of W. Greenland, I am far from supposing that no new discoveries
can be made. The country is so vast, the means of communication so
primitive, and the summer so short, that, in spite of all care, I have
only succeeded in investigating a small part of it thoroughly; but the
obligations of my official work compel me for the time being to finish
and to offer to the public my results in as complete a state as circum-
stances have permitted me.
As an investigation of the flora of Disko was originally my sole
aim and always in this connection my chief object, | have throughout
the following list kept it by itself. And as the flora of Disko, as already
mentioned, has been oftenest examined, a more detailed account of the
growth of our knowledge of the flora in a separate arctic region may
be justified, as from this conclusions can be drawn, to a certain extent,
concerning the greater or lesser reliability of results from other arctic
regions when used as a basis for more extensive plant-geographical
discussions.
Historical survey of the botanical investigations
on the Island of Disko.
wince to the easy access to the harbour of Godhayn and also on ac-
6) count of the importance of this settlement as the head-quarters of
the Royal Inspector of Danish North Greenland, Disko has become the
most frequently visited locality of Greenland. Besides the Danish tra-
vellers, nearly all North-Polar Expeditions through Davis Strait have
anchored here and plants have been collected. With few exceptions
however, only the vicinity of the settlement has been studied.
In the following I shall endeavour shortly to characterize the im-
portance of each contribution or, in other words to give the history
of our knowledge of the higher plants on Disko, however leaving aside
the scanty contributions to the flora of Greenland from the 18th cen-
tury, as surely very few of them have been brought home from that
island.
During his journeys in 1806—13 for the Danish Government,
the famous mineralogist C. L. Gieseckre spent much time in the ex-
ploring of Disko, where he, at different times, visited the Disko-Fjord,
the South Coast, parts of the Vajgat and the North Coast. He also
incidentally collected plants, and gave in his article »Greenland«, in
Brewsters »The Edinburgh Encyclopedia 1816« a list of plants observed
in Greenland, but without any mention of special localities. His
diary, of which the main parts were published in 1878 by JounstRupP,
also contains numerous notices of plants collected or observed. But
Girsecke’s identifications are only partially to be relied upon, and
Lance did not revise the collection of Gresrcke till 1887 (see below).
The richest collections of plants ever brought home from West
Greenland by one collector, were made by Jens Vani, who, sent by our
Government, spent 8 years in Greenland and who, during the years
1855—36 visited several times the neighbourhood of Godhayn. Un-
fortunately this able and thoroughly scientifically trained botanist
6 Morten P. Ponrsirp.
never came to publish his results; he only distributed sets of dupli-
cates with printed labels, giving the distribution of the vaseular plants,
from 60° to 72°48’ n. Lat. At his death in 1854 he left, besides
extensive diaries, a nearly completed MS. with full descriptions of
all plants known to him as occurring in Greenland, but these MSS.,
that together with the collections of Vant are in the possession of the
Botanic Garden at Copenhagen, have never been published. Only
some new forms, found by Vani have been incorporated in the »Flora
Danica« together with figures and short diagnoses of them.
In 1857 Jon. Lance gave a list of plants of Danish Greenland as
an appendix to H. Rinx: Gronland, statistisk og geographisk beskre-
vet vol. I[*. The list is chiefly based upon the collections of Vani and
Rink and on the information given by the former on his written and
printed labels. Special localities are only stated for the rarer species,
the distribution of the common ones is stated by indicating the paral-
lels of their southern and northern limit, as found by Vauv.
According to this list, Vaut has found on Disco between 135 and
155 species?. Amongst the species here recorded from Disco one state-
ment seems to be erroneous, viz. Anemone Richardsoni (see the notes
for this species in my list below).
During Prnny’s voyage some plants were gathered by P. C.
SUTHERLAND; a set of them, named by W. J. Hooker was given to
J. Drexiz, who published them together with a small collection brought
home by INGLEFIELD (see his book: A Summer Search for Sir John
Franklin 1853 p. 135). From Disko 11 species are recorded.
During BEeLcuer’s expedition a collection of plants was made
by Lyati; they were determined and published by J. D. Hooker
(Journal of the Proc. of the Linn. Soe. Botany vol. I 1857 p. 114) who
records about 56 species from Disko. Of the rarer species, Habenaria
albida deserves special mention, because up to that date it had not been
found so far north. The following statements are without doubt erro-
neous: Larbrea uliginosa (= Stellaria longipes), Gnaphalium sylvaticum
(= Gn. norvegicum), Arenaria rubra (= ?).
On Kane’s voyages plants were collected at various places in Danish
Greenland as well as near Smith Sound. In the list given by Duranp
(Appendix No. XVIII to E. K. Kane: Arctic Exploration: The Second
‘ Reprinted in the German and English editions of this work.
* The number of species named in the following notes is always based upon
the limitation of the species accepted by me; the numbers given in the
original papers are therefore often somewhat altered here.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. /
Grinnell Expedition ete. vol. I] Philadelphia and London 1856) some
25 species are recorded from Disko. However it has been pointed out
by several authors! that some confusion must have arisen as to the
statement of provenience of the different specimens, southern plants
being recorded from northern localities, the latitude of the stations
not given exactly etc. To an error in the opposite direction the record
of Saxifraga flagellaris from Disko, is due. As no erroneous determina-
tion of such an easily recognizable high-arctic species seems possible, the
specimen in question must have been collected at some station near
Smith Sound. As to the described new variety of Ranunculus aquaticus
I shall refer the reader to my list, and leaving the Drabas out of dis-
cussion, the remaining species from Disko are all very common plants.
During whaling cruises 1856—61 J. Taytor several times visited
the southern coast of Disko and collected plants there. He published
in 1862 a list of his collections from both sides of Davis Strait and from
Baffins Bay. (Trans. Bot. Society of Edinburg vol. XVI p. 76—87). Besides
21 very common species of which no special localities are named, 19
species are recorded especially from Disko. Two of his statements are
erroneous, viz. Andromeda polifolia and Colpodium latifolium of which
the author says that they are »common on both sides« (see my list
No. 32 and remarks on Andromeda).
Dr. WALKER, surgeon to M’ Ciintock’s expedition, collected plants
from the following places in Danish West Greenland: Frederikshaah,
Godthaab, Disko (0: Godhavn), Fiskemeer and Upernivik. The loca-
lity »Fiskemer« is unknown to me; although its position is stated to
be north of the polar circle, | should be inclined to believe that the
name is a misreading of that of the settlement of Fiskernes at
63°5’, And this supposition is supported also by the record of Poten-
tulla tridentata and Thymus Serpyllum from »Fiskemer«, both being
common in South Greenland, but very scarce north of the polar circle.
The list published by J. D. Hooker (Journ. of the Proc. of the
Linn. Soc. Botany vol. V 1861 p. 79) records some 47 species found on
Disko, of which: Poa nemoralis and Equisetum silvaticum are especi-
ally interesting, their occurrence on Disko not having been verified
by later collectors.
Ros. Brown (of Campster) published 1868 his well-known »Flora
Discoana« (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburg vol. IX) and mentions about
rT
* for instance see A. J. Manmcren: Botaniska Notitser 1865 p. 169; A. G.
Natuorst: Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Férh. 1884 Nr. 1.
8 Morten P. Porsiip.
22 species collected by himself near Godhavn or on the Vajgat shore
near Unartoq and Qutdligssat; only one of them needs especial men-
tion, viz. Potentilla tridentata from Lyngmarken; as it has not been
found here by the numerous other botanists who have visited this
locality, the statement seems erroneous!. Far more interesting are the
instructive descriptions given by this author of the general character
of the vegetation around Godhayn.
Sv. Berccoren, member of NorpenskioLp’s expedition of 1870,
collected plants in the vicinity of Godhavn and gave in 1871 (Ofv. K.
Vet. Ak. Férh. 1871 No. 7) an excellent description of the vegetation
of the localities visited by him. A systematically arranged list was not
published, but in the above named paper, the following species are
for the first time recorded from Disko: Dryopteris Linnaeana, Calamo-
grostis neglecta, Carex capitata, Juncus trifidus, Luzula nivalis, Sagina
saginoides, Melandrium apetalum, Draba arctica, Ranunculus sulfu-
reus, Epilobium palustre, Pirola secunda.
In 1871 Tu. M. Fries made still more valuable collections. He not
only collected on the south coast, but he also visited the fjords on the
western side and the then botanically unknown north and Vajgat coast
of Disko. As far as I am aware, Fries never published his vascular
plants from Greenland himself, but they have been incorporated in
the »Conspectus« of Lance 1880 and in its first suppplements of 1889.
Of plants collected by Fries, the following were new to the flora
of Disko: Potamogeton filiformis, Calamogrostis purpurascens, Dupontia
Fisheri, Poa abbreviata, Puccinellia Vahliana, Puccinellia angustata, Agro-
pyrum violaceum, Cobresia Bellardi, Cobresia bipartita, Carex incurva,
Carex pedata, Carex capillaris, Corallorhiza trifida, Minuartia stricta, Ara-
bis arenicola, A. Holboelli, Braya purpurascens, Draba incana, Les-
querella arctica, Potentilla Frieseana, Euphrasia arctica, Taraxacum
phymatocarpum, T. groenlandicum.
H. C. Harr, naturalist to the British Polar-Expedition of 1875
—76 made rich collections of plants on the south coast of Disko, during
a week’s stay here. In his paper (Journal of Botany, New Series vol.
IX 1880) he gives p. 54—55 a short account of the general character
of the vegetation and in his list he records some 87? species from this
After this was written. H. G. Simmons has shown 1. c. p. 470 that the spe-
cimens of Brown are Sibbaldia procumbens with a small fragment of P. tri-
dentata. But as Brown has collected at Christianshaab, where the latter
species occurs, it seems probable to me, that the uniting of the two plants
is due to some confusion.
? According to my enumeration; Hart himself gives the number as 119 species.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 9
island. Of the most interesting he emphasizes the following, of which
he says, that they have not previously been found on Disko:
Ranunculus affinis, (this statement seems very doubtful to me,
it is according to my opinion nothing but a form of R. nivalis).
Draba alpina var. glabra.
Cerastium latifolium, without doubt a mistake for a form of C.
alpinum.
Gnaphalium sylvaticum (already reported by Hooker as collected
by Lyaxv); this species has never been found in Greenland, and Harr
must have mistaken a form of Gn. norvegicum for it, although he also
mentions this speciest.
Habenaria albida Br. Of this Harv says: »Not recorded north of
64°14’ by Lane, nor noticed by Brown, nor it is given in WALKER’s
plants of Greenland, nor in Durann’s list of Kane’s plants«. All these
statements are quite true, but as we have seen, this plant was already
1857 recorded from Disco by Hooxer under the name of Peristylus
albidus (collected by Lyatt).
Listera cordata, this was really found many years before on Disko
by HoLsBoe tt, but the record of it was not published when Harr wrote
his paper.
Dryopteris Linnaeana was already found here in 1870 and recorded
by Brerceren in 1871.
Of other Disko plants in Hart’s list, the tollowing deserve special
mention:
Potentilla tridentata »common from Englishman's Bay to Point
Lakse«. This statement is most surprising, as no other botanist has found
it here, but H. G. Stumons has now informed us, (I. ¢. p. 470) that the
plants thus determined by Harr are really Sibbaldia procumbens.
Andromeda polifolia; the record of this very rare southern plant
must also be due to some mistake (? Loiselewria procumbens). Accord-
ing to Simmons (I. c. 472) no specimens are to be found amongst Harr’s
collections.
Rumex Acetosella, is sometimes found at Godhayn but as an in-
troduced weed.
Arctagrostis latifolia; according to my experience this statement
is erroneous, as this high-arctic species has not been found by other
collectors on the south coast of Disko, having its southern limit in the
Nordfjord (see my list).
L. Kumiren, the naturalist to the Howgate Expedition of 1877—78,
paid a visit of 3 weeks to south Disko: Godhayn and Disko-Fjord in
* H. G. Simmons has come to the same conclusion and he reports that no
specimens of Gn. sylvaticum occur in the collections of Harr in the British
Museum or at Kew. (I. c. 472).
10 Monten P. Porsito.
1879. The flowering plants were collected by him and determined by
Asa Gray, and a list of them is published in Bull. U. 5. Nat. Mus. No.
15. Washington 1879. No special localities are given. Amongst the plants
mentioned from Disko, the most interesting is Arctostophylos alpina.
Jon. Lance published in 1880 the first part of his excellent »Con-
spectus florae Groenlandicae (Meddelelser om Gronland I11) in which he
has put together all records of Greenland plants known up to that time
and chiefly based his results on his own revision of the large collections in
the museum at Copenhagen. Here also are mentioned for the first time
some small collections made by several Danish officials and ladies
and sent to Copenhagen. For Disko the whole number of vascular plants
recorded by Lance amounts to about 175 species.
A. Beruin and A. C. Naruorst, both participating in Norpen-
SkIOLD’s expedition of 1883, collected plants on Disko. In his paper
BERLIN enumerates about 44 species from the vicinity of Godhayn
(Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Férh. 1884 No. 7) whilst Naruorst records 21 species
from the Vajgat coast. (Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. 1884 No. 1).
In both pamphlets several interesting varieties and forms are
mentioned,
Eua. WarmING, visited during his journey to Greenland in 1884 the
south coast of Disko and made, assisted by Toro. Horm, rich collec-
tions here. Some of their most interesting gatherings are mentioned in
a paper of Warmine’s in Meddelelser om Gronland VI 1886, (for the
rest see the papers by Hoim and Lance quoted below).
The main botanical results of the journey was the classical treatise
of Warminc: Om Gronlands Vegetation (Medd. om Gronland XII 1887
with resumé in French ibid. (see also ENGLER’s Jahrbiicher).
In this work are also given detailed accounts of some stations on Disko.
Tueo. Horm and L. Kotperup Rosenvince travelled in West Green-
land in 1886 and also collected on the southcoast of Disko. Hot published
the results of his two journeys in ENGLER’s Jahrbicher VIII p. 285 ff.,
where some 121 species are mentioned from Disko, amongst them the
very rare Alchimilla alpina, Rhodiola rosea and Carex gynocrates new
to Disko.
The new localities found by RosenvinGE, who was chiefly engaged
in studies on Algae, are incorporated in the following paper. New to
Disko are Sedum villosum.
In 1887 Jon. Lance published a supplement to his »Con-
spectus« (Medd. om Gronland III, 2) in which several new localities are
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 11
mentioned, chiefly based upon collections made by Danish travellers
and officials in Greenland, but partly compiled from papers of British
and Swedish authors.
N. Hartz visited in 1890 a few localities on the Vajgat coast and
in the neighbourhood of Mudderbuegt and gave in 1894 (Medd. om Gron-
land XV) an account of the vegetation of those places. Of his most
interesting gatherings Polentilla Ranunculus, Pirola minor, and Calli-
triche verna, were new to Disko, perhaps also Stellaria borealis. For the
remainder of his gatherings see the following.
L. Ko_perRup Rosenvince published in 1892 (Medd. om Grl. III
cont.) a thoroughly revised list of the plants of Greenland, as a second
supplement to Lance’s Conspectus. Of Disko plants it contains most
of Houm’s and all Harrz’ gatherings.
W. E. Meenan collected in 1892, during an expedition to PEARY’s
winter-quarters, some plants near Godhavn, and published in 1895 a list
of them, as well as of some plants collected by Dr. Burck in the same
locality (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia 1893). Although in this list
special localities are wanting, | suppose all the same that about 50—60
of his species may have been collected here.
MeenAn records, without doubt erroneusly, the following interesting
of his plants from Disko.
Potentilla tridentata; 2? = Sibbaldia (see above Taytor and Harr.
Matricaria inodora as a garden weed; perhaps this is correct; only
I may point out, that 1/7. Chamomilla is quite common as a weed near
the settlement.
Pedicularis capitata — |
Pedicularis versicolor |
It is evident to every one with any knowledge of the flora of
Greenland and it is shown by different authors (for instance by TuEo.
Houm (ibid. 1895 p. 543 ff.), Mrruan’s paper is totally uncritical and
unscientific, and no credit can be given to his statements, so long as
they are not verified by others. Unfortunately Mr. Hotm only saw
part of his collections.
- probably = P. flammea.
H. E.Weruericy collected, during the Peary Auxiliary Expedition
of 1894 plants, partly near Godhayn, partly on the little-studied N. W.
coast of Disko. A list was made by the staff of the botanical department
of Harvard University (Buil. No. 5 of the Geogr. Club. of Philadel-
phia). From Disko 35 species are recorded, amongst which Deschampsia
alpina is new to that island, and Raphanus Raphanistrum, a garden
weed, is new to Greenland.
12 Monten P. Ponsinp.
In 1896 L. KoLtpErRup RosenvinGe published a list of new records
made since his paper of 1892. As far as Disko is concerned, some most
interesting gatherings by the Rev. P. H. Sorensen, partly from God-
havn, partly from the Disko fjord are incorporated with it; also some
collections made by M. Trausrep?.
A remarkable number of the Rev. Sonensen’s findings are made
outside the ordinary area of distribution. All the determinations of
these findings have been verified by Rosenvince, and the labels
bear quite correct statements of finding-place, date, ete. But all
the same I do think that some of them ought to be questioned, be-
cause, during several years, I have made an unavailing search for the
plants in those localities within my reach, as for instance, Cornus suecica,
a very conspicuous species which is recorded both from Egedesminde
and Godhayn, even with ripe fruit. Besides, we meet with some quite
improbable statements in the material collected by SoreNseN. Pota-
mogeton gramineus, for instance, being recorded from Rode Ely near
Godhavn. But Rode Elv is a cold glacier torrent in which no Potamogeton
is able to grow, least of all this purely temperate species, which other-
wise is known from 60°—61° only, and occasionally up to 67°.
As the Rev. SorENSEN lived during those years when he formed
his collection, sometimes at Godthaab, about 64°, and sometimes at
Disko-Bay | cannot get rid of the idea that his collections from the
various places have somehow got mixed, which often happens, I am
sorry to say, in the case of amateurs who fail to see the wide bearing
of their statements. Therefore I cannot take these statements, into
consideration, till they have been confirmed by more recent discoveries.
A. W. Rowter and K. M. Wrecanp published 1897 in ( Botanical
Gazette XXVI 2 p. 417—26) a list of plants collected by the Cornett-
Party of the Peary expedition of 1896. From the vicinity of Godhavn
67 species are named, of which a few are rather rare, all however having
been previously found here.
Cur. Kruuse visited in 1897 during a botanical journey to West
Greenland, the neighbourhood of Godhayn and gave in 1898 some ac-
counts of the vegetation and of the plants noticed by him (Medd. om
Grl. XIV p. 348 ff.).
Morven P. Porstxp visited Disko in 1898 and collected on the south
coast, the Vajgat coast and some branches of the Disko-Fjord and in
some valleys leading to the interior viz. the Kiganguag valley, the
Kvan-valley behind Ujaragsugssuk. Of my collections, the Potentillas
have been studied by P. A. Rypsere (Bull. of the Torr. bot. Club 28,
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 13
1901). Of the vegetation I published an account in Medd. om Grl.
XXYV; for the remaining collections see below.
Herm. G. Simmons, botanist to the second Norwegian »Fram« Ex-
pedition in 1898, made an excursion to Lyngmarken near Godhayn.
In a preliminary paper (Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne B. ‘41,
1903 p. 223) he mentions some of the plants noticed.
Tueo. Horm published in 1900 a list of plants collected by the
Prary Expedition of 1897 (Bull. of the Torr. bot. Cl. 27, p. 65—68);
2 species are mentioned from Godhavn.
Morten P. Porsitp, during a summer trip to West Greenland in
1902, made a boat excursion round Disko and collected plants, not only
on the coast round the island, but in all the fjords and on the western
sides and at several stations in the interior of the northwestern part
also.
Since my moving to Greenland in 1906 I have, partly alone, partly
together with visitors to the Danish Arctic Station: H. BacuMann of
Lucerne, M. Riku of Zirich, W. Jost of Berne, Lauce Kocu of Copen-
hagen, TH. Wutrr of Stockholm, W. E. Exsiaw of Urbana, IJ]. made
numerous excursions on Disko, to the southern coast as well to the
others, to the fjords and in the interior. On most of those excursions |
was assisted by one or by both of my two sons: THorByOrN and Er-
LING PorsiLp, who besides collected on several trips for themselves.
Also my former assistant Mr. J. N. NyGAaarp made several gatherings
on the south coast.
I have found on Disko Island and, as far as | am aware for the
first time:
Potamogeton Friestt (new to Greenland!), Alopecurus aristulatus,
Arctagrostis latifolia (efr. TAyLor and Hart), Deschampsia caespitosa var.
pumila, Puccinellia tenella, Heleocharis acicularis v. submersa, Carex cane-
scens, Ranunculus paucistamineus y. eradicatus, R. p. var. divaricatus
new to Greenland!), R. reptans, Draba aurea, Saxifraga aizoides, Poten-
tulla tridentata (cfr. Taytor, Harr), Callitriche autumnalis, Gentiana
aurea, Plantago decipiens, Linnaea borealis, Antennaria intermedia, Hie-
racium groenlandicum (together with Prof. M. Rr«trt).
J. N. NyGaarp was the first to find:
Calamogrostis hyperborea.
THorssORN Porsittp was the first to find:
Carex rufina, Pirola minor grandifolia (new to Greenland!)
14 Monren P. Porsicp.
Ertinc Porsitp was the first to find:
Botrychium lanceolatum.
This detailed enumeration shows clearly, that even from the best
and most frequently investigated localities some new species could still
be found and that consequently from lesser investigated areas
the discovery of several species may still be expected.
The botanical investigation of the mainland of West
Greenland between 71° and 66° has not been nearly so thorough as
that of Disko Island but, nevertheless, better than on several other
parts of the coast. My own excursions here extend from the Itivdleq-
fjord at 66°30° N-Lat. to the Laksefjord at 72°30’, and they comprise
especially:
1) The fjords in the Holsteinborg district, 1914.
2) Nordre Stromfjord, 1918.
3) The district of Egedesminde 1912, 1914, 1918.
4) The region about South East Bay 1917.
5) The land between the icefjords of Jakobshayn and Torssu-
katak 1915.
6) The south and west coasts of Nigssuaq Peninsula 1902, 1908,
1909, 1911, 1913:
7) Hare Island 1909.
8) The coast and fjords between 71° and 72°30’ N-Lat., 1911.
TuorpsORN Porsitp took part in the collecting work of No.
7 and 8 and on the journeys of 1911 and 1913 under No. 6, whilst
Ertinc Porsitp was my partner on the journeys No. 1, 2 and 3.
In the following is given an enumeration of the localities, where more
or less extensive botanical collections have been made. For the names
of the collectors I have used the following abbreviations. The mark!
behind a name denotes specimens seen by me.
Bg. = Sy. Berggren. tz NS Hartz
Bl. = A. Berlin. Th. H. = Theo. Holm.
R. Br. = Rob. Brown. Jens. = J. A. D. Jensen (Bildsoe).
Engell = M. C. Engell. Jost. = W. Jost.
Fr: = “Ta, IES Korn. = A. Kornerup.
Hart. = EH Ch: Hart: Kr. Kruuse.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland 15
Nath. = A. G. Nathorst. Ros. = L. Kolderup Rosenvinge.
Nord. = A. E. Nordenskidld. R. & W. = Rowlee and Wiegand.
IN ey) A. P. Olsen. Syl. = Sylow.
Rie = | Prete Sor. — P. H. Sorensen (Vibek).
12 = Morten P. Porsild. as = Taylor.
1B, 1B = A. Erling Porsild. Vi = dle. Well:
Th. P. = Thorbjorn Porsild. Vh. - Vanhoffen.
P. & E. = Erling & Morten P. W. = Eug. Warming.
Porsild. W. & H. = Warming and Holm.
Inne == daly IRunmlke.
H. H. = Herbarium Hauniensis, i. e.: the Arctic collections of the
3otanical Museum at Copenhagen.
Hare Island. T. between 1856 and 1861; Nath. 1883; P. 1909.
Nfigssuaq Peninsula, Westcoast. Basalt and tufa.
Nucssuag Udsted) 70°41" Ve 836. he Ps ce Pe 19 Ps Long:
Big Valley from mouth along the north side of the river from Mar-
rait to about 53°10’ W Long. P. 1902.
Marrait, Niagornarssuk, 70°28’, P. 1902 & 1908.
Nuigssaq, Ivilik, Igdluluarssuit ab. 70°25’ V. 1836 P. 1902 & 1913.
Qingmerssorfik, Aussivik, Igpiarssuk ab. 70°25’ P. 1902 & 1913.
Niagornarssuk 70°22’ P. 1909 & 1913.
Nfigssuaq Peninsula coast of Waygat. Carboniferous sandstone and
shales interrupted by basaltic veins and by superimposed
basaltic beds.
Alianaitstnguaq, 70°21’ P. 1909.
Nak, Nuk qiterdleq, 70°20’ P. 1909.
Ata, Kugssinerssuaq, 70° 16—17’, Rink, Schuchert & White 1897,
12, INO feh, AUS YOKS) es TnIBY
PAY TOUS Niet, altststs}, Telivz, ISK), 12, ISO) ey Il),
Manik 70°9’, Kingigtog 70°8’, V. 1836, Htz. 1890, P. 1915.
Qardlinguaq 70°4’, Htz. 1890.
Atanikerdluk 70°2’ R. Br. 1867, Nordensk. 1870; Th. Fr. 1871
Nath. 1883; Htz. 1890; Schuchert & White 1897; P. 1909 & 15.
Naigssuaq Peninsula, south coast, gneissic district north of Tor-
ssukatak Icefiord.
Naujat, Sargaq 70°0’ V. 1835 & 36; R. Br. 1867; Bg. 1870; Wh. Jee.
WSLS alti, We IP, Ulsys I 1, wile}
Qitingusait 70°8’ V. 1836.
Qegertaq 70°0’ Bg. 1870; Sylow 1885; E. P. 1913.
Valley near Majorqarssuatsiaq 70°29’ Bg. 1870.
16 Mornren P. Ponrsiip
Land between Torssukétak and Jakobshayn Leetjords.
Ulassat 69°52’ Sylow 1883.
ledlutalik, Qegqertakavsaq 69°53’ P. 1915,
Arsivik, [gdluluarssuit 60°50’ P. 1915.
Eqe 69°44’ P. 1913 & 15; Jost 1912 & 13.
Ata 695437 Th, Po 19s. Po L9ilb.
Ritenbenk, Kangeq 69°43’ V. 1836; R. Br. 1867; Bg. 1870; Sylow
1883; Htz. 1890; Kr. 1897.
Klokkerhuk 69°32’ V. 1835.
Pakitsoq, Ilordlegq, Berggrens Havn 69°28’ V. 1833 & 35 & 36;
R. Br. 1867; Bg. 1870; Sylow 1883; P. 1915.
Rode Bay 69°20’ V. 1836; R. Br. 1867; Ser.
Brede Bugt 69°17’ P. 1915.
Jakobshavn, Sermermiut 69°13’ V. 1833 & 35; R. Br. 1867; Beg.
1870; W. & H. 1884; Ser.; P. 1915—18. A. P. O.
Imilik 69°11" Ser. Th. P. 1918.
Navdluarssuk 69°13’ W. & H. 1884.
From Jakobshavns Icefjord to Sydostbugt.
Claushavn, Sandbugt, Tasiussaq, Nunatap tasia, ca. 69°5' Y.
1835; R. Br. 1867; Bg. 1870; Engell 1902.
Lerbugt 69°0’ Be. 1870; Htz. 1890.
Christianshaab, Kangersuneq 68°48’ V. 1835; R. Br. 1867; Bg.
1870; Sylow 1883; W. & H. 1884; Htz. 1890; P: 1917.
Niaqornaq, Niaqornarssuk 68°43’ V. 1835.
Islets in the Sydostbugt, Akugdlit, ca. 68°40’ Bg. 1870; Htz. 1890;
le, AG ALT
Ikamiut 68°38’ Bl. 1883; Kr. 1897.
Orpigssuit, 68°36’ V. 1835; Htz. 1890; Engell 1902.
Sarpiussat, south coast of Sydostbugt, ab. 68°32’ Bg. 1870; P. 1917.
Archipelago of Egedesminde.
Kronprinsens Ejland 69°0’ V. 1883; Kr. 1897.
Hunde Ejland 68°52’ Sor. Kr. 1897; P. several times.
Kullen, Manitsoq, Isuamiut ab. 68°45’ BI. 1883; Kr. 1897; P. 1918.
Egedesminde and environs, Akunaq, Tuluvartalik, ab. 68°43’ E. P.
1918 north side of Sarqardlit island V. 1883; R. Br. 1867; Bl.
1883; W. & H. 1884; Htz. 1890; Ser.; P. several times.
Manermiut, south side of Sarqardlit island, Nivag ab. 68°35’ Bg.
1870; Kr. 1890; P. & EH. 1918.
Islands in the Bay of Nivaq, northern part, 68°30’—35’ Kr. 1897;
P. & He (sis:
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 17
Islands in the Bay of Nivaq, southern part, 68°25’—30' Kr. 1897;
Ie we Is UGhLsk
Kangatsiaq and environs 68°18’ Bg. 1870; Bl. 1883; Kr. 1897.
Simiutarssuaq and other islands in the mouth of Arfersiorfik 68°10’.
Alangorssuaq and Tugtulik in the mouth of Ataneq fjord 68°5’
Kors oie
Agto and other islands hereabout ca. 67°58’ Kr. 1897; P. & E.
1914 & 18.
Kangeq, s. of Agto 67°48’ E. P. 1918.
Interior of Egedesminde District.
Northwest coast of Naternaq 68°25’, fjord s. of Nangissat 68°50’
Pe He 198:
Isthmus to Tasiussarssuaq ca. 68°32’. Be. 1870; BI. 1883; P. 1917.
Tasiussarssuaq, Sofias harbour ca. 68°25’. Bg. 1870; Bl. 1883.
Aulatsivik and environs ca. 68°10’ Bg. 1870; Kr. 1897.
Ataneq Fj. ca. 68°0’ P. & E. 1914.
Kangerdluarssuk, east of Agto 67°59’ E. P. 1918.
Northern Stromfjord.
Daseralik, 67°26 P. & HE. 1918.
Eqaluarssuit, 67°36’, P.
1918.
Tiggaq, 67°38’, Sor.
Ipiutarssuaq, 67°43’, Korn. 1879; P. & E. 1918.
Southern branch ab. 67°30’, Jens. & Korn. 1879.
Branch from Ipiutarssuaq — to the rapids of Sarfarssuaq 67°45’
—48’ Korn. 1879; P. & E. 1918.
Ugssuit, 67°46’—50’ P. & KE. 1918.
Qarsorsag, 67°53’ P. & E. 1918.
Nuerssorfit ab. 67°55’ P. & E. 1918.
& E. and north coast opposite P. & E.
Land between Northern Stromfjord and Holsteinborg.
Tatsip ata 67°20’ W. & H. 1884; Htz. 1890.
Kororssuaq in N. Isortog 67°15’ VY. 1832, Ros. 1886.
Kangarssuk, 67°53’ V. 1832.
N. Kangerdluarssuk 67°4’ Ros. 1886.
S. Kangerdluarssuk ca. 67°0’ W. & H. 1884; Ros. 1886.
Land between 66°—67°, Holsteinborg and fjords.
Holsteinborg, Preestefjeld, Kellingehetten, 66°55’ V. 1832—33;
Korn. 1879; W. & H. 1884; Ros. 1886; Htz. 1889 & 90; P.
& E. 1914.
LVIII. 2
18 Monten P. Ponsitp
Kerrortussog, 66°55’ W. & H. 1884.
Sarfanguaq, 66°53’ W. & H. 1884; BE. P. 1914.
Maligiag, 66°56’ W. & H. 1884; P. & E. 1914.
Itivneq-valley 66°57’—67°2’, V. 1832; W. & H. 1884; P. & E.
1914.
Ikert6q fjord 66°47, V.
Naujarssuit, fjord of Qegertalik 66°45’, Brummerstedt, P. & E.
1914.
Head of Itivdleq-Fjord of 66°30’, P. &E. 1914.
Itivdlinguagq 66°29 Jens. 1884; P. & E. 1914.
Head of S. Stromfjord, Nakajanga, Umivik and environs ca. 66°50'
Jens. 1884.
The above mentioned list shows that the botanically examined
localities are situated rather close to the outer coast, while the interior
of the large ice-free territory from 66°5’ up to the Disco Bay still is
quite insufficiently investigated. The numerous discoveries of rare
plants, often far from their ordinary area of distribution, which have
especially been made in the southern part of the country, show that
large results may still be looked forward to here. And as this territory
in geographical-geological respect, too, may probably be reckoned
among the most interesting in Greenland, both a closer investigation
and a better and more detailed charting would seem to be one of the
most remunerative tasks of the future. May they come soon!
Remarks to the following catalogue of plants.
Determination of the material.
I determined the results of my first journey at Copenhagen where
1 had free access to the Arctic Herbarium in the Botanical Mu-
seum. Besides, great assistance was given me by Prof. Dr. C. H. OstEN-
FELD, the then inspector of the Museum. After my departure for Green-
land numerous critical questions have been sent Dr. OsTENFELD for
decision. Some plants have been determined by Prof. C. RAUNKIER,
Copenhagen (Potamogeton mucronatus), Dr. H. Dautstept, Stock-
holm (Taraxacum, Hieracium), and Dr. P. A. Rypperc, New York
(Potentilla). My warmest thanks are due to these men, whose names
I have mentioned, for the help given to me. Where in the following
list the determination is due solely to their judgement, this is expressly
mentioned, where nothing is stated, the responsibility of the deter-
mination rests on me.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 19
Nomenclature. As I have but a limited access to literature
here, especially to the older one, and none at all to any larger collec-
tions, | am absolutely debarred from having any independent opinion
as to the question of nomenclature. I have therefore largely made use
of the nomenclature of the following works:
1) C. H. Osrenre tp: Flora arctica I. 1902 (NB! published before
the Vienna Rules of 1905).
2) Diverse works by H.G.Stumons especially: The Vascular Plants
in the Flora of Ellesmereland 1906. Flowerimg Plants and
Ferns of North Western Greenland, 1909, and Survey of the
Plytogeography of the Arctic American Archipelage 1915.
3) B. L. Ropinson and M. L. Fernatp: Handbook of Flowering
Plants and Ferns. (Gray’s new Manual 7th edition 1908).
4) C. A.M. LinpmMan: Svensk Fanerogamflora Stockholm 1918.
The distribution of the plants: This section is written by
ErtinG Porsitp, revised and finally prepared for publication by M. P.
Porsitp. Besides literature, our own collections and our excursion
diaries have been resorted to, which especially contain information
about the occurrence of the species common to the region concerned.
As to rarer species we have mentioned the name of the finder, but in
those cases when the species is fairly common we have omitted this
and replaced it by our general indications of frequency. Our special
aim has been to state, with greater accuracy than that used in LANGE’s
Conspectus Fl. Grl., the character of the natural habitats of the plants.
We have especially proceeded on the lines laid down by L. KoLtpERupP
ROsENVINGE in ,,Andet Tilleg and by N. Harrz in ,,Fanerogamer og
Karkryptogamer fra Nordostgronland™.
The vertical distribution we have tried to express in general
remarks, having dispensed with statements of the actual numbers in
hand. In fact they seem to us still far too few and casual and
hardly entitled to be published. Generally we think that a true
arctic plant, what we in the following call a northern or widely
distributed type, has no limit of elevation upwards, but on
the other hand, it frequently has a limit of elevation downwards
near the southern limit of its horizontal distribution, which, of
course, does not prevent it from occurring occasionally below its
continuous distribution, especially in places where fresh moraine ad-
vances far down in the lowland, or where rivers and mountain streams
may carry it right down to the coast. The absence of certain arctic
species in the lowland are hardly due to climatic conditions, the cause
being the competition between the species.
Far otherwise the plants which we denote as southern types.
o*
20) Morten P. Ponrsitp
They are almost without any exception lowland plants at the northern
limit of their horizontal distribution.
Our use of the expression lowland is relative, somewhat varying
according to the locality. On the north side of big massives we denote
as lowland a level as low as a couple of hundred meters above sea-level,
on the south side and in protected places in the interior up to 400—500,
occasionally even up to 600—700 meters above sea-level. The decisive
proof to us has been whether the place had old concentrated vegetation
or fresh moraine soil with open vegetation.
Generally we have not stated the exact dates of flowering of
the plants. After having kept, through a longer period of years, a journal
of the earliest flowers from a single place and its vicinity we have arri-
ved at the conclusion that a certain succession in the time of
flowering can be proved for a majority of the arctic species, but that
the actual dates may vary at least 6 weeks, namely just as much
.or more than the date varies at which the positive mean temperature
begins. A few pronounced arctic species have no definite flowering
season at all, they flower continuously throughout the period of vege-
tation.
As a general fact may be stated that the true arctic species (north-
ern and widely distributed types) flower early, the subarctic or tem-
perate late, provided that they attain to put forth flowers at all. When
two systematically closely allied species belong each to its own type a
characteristic difference, as to their flowering season, may be found,
this fact being supported by numerous examples:
Early flowering. Late flowering.
Deschampsia caespitosa var. pumila D. alpina.
Luzula confusa, L. nivalis. L. frigida, L. spicata.
Stellaria longipes, St. humifusa. St. borealis.
Potentilla Vahliana, P. nivea. P. alpestris.
Chamaenerium latifolium. Ch. angustifolium.
Pirola grandiflora. P. minor, P. secunda.
Pedicularis lanata, P. hirsuta. other species of P., the latest flow-
ering is P. euphrasioides.
Erigeron eriocephalus. E. unalaschkensis.
Antennaria alpina. A. intermedia.
ete.
At another occasion we hope to come back to this subject, mean-
while confining our attention here to statements of early and late
flowering in such cases where this seemed especially characteristic
to us, just as we everywhere have stated absence of flowering as far
as this was known to us.
The Flora-of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 21
Likewise we have everywhere mentioned if the plant fruits,
and our observations are in this case based, not only upon observations
and gatherings of seeds and fruits in nature, but also in most cases
upon seedlings which we have either collected or observed in nature
or cultivated from gathered seeds. Also this material will be treated
of in another place. We have especially tried to give minute information
in regard to these cases in which fruiting occasionally took place or
was always wanting.
Finally we have stated — mainly proceeding along the lines laid
down by Harrz (1. c.) — our observations concerning the hibernation
of the plants whether it took place under cover of snow, cover of ice
or snowless. But we have hereby only considered the living parts
of the plants, buds, live leaves and stalks, and not the withered fruiting
inflorescences.
It is only occasionally that we have stated the occurrence of plants
with withered inflorescence over the snow (»winterstanders«, SERNAN-
DER), partly because we think, that a plant with empty or unripe fruits
whose seeds consequently have lost their power of germination, ought
not to be classed here, and partly because our observations on this
point are not yet complete.
Naturally we have made our experiences from the vicinity of our
home in South-Disco the basis of these biological observations. As to
species occurring only in more remote regions, which we have but been
able to see during winter, we have, as far as possible, tried to judge
of the cover of snow there, which is deducible from the local conditions
predominant in the place: chiefly the aspect of the rest of the vegeta-
tion and, to a great extent, the occurrence of lichens on boulders and
stones. In this connection we have again drawn upon our experiences
from numerous sledge-travels and excursions during winter, not only
on Disco, but also far to the south and north of it. Besides travels
along the coasts we have made numerous trips into the inner highland
of Disco, through the peninsula of Nuigssuaq and the Ataneq-fiord,
Nordre Stromfjord, Isortoq fjord to Holsteinborg.
Numeration.
In the lst we have incorporated with numbers all indigenous
species and such varieties or races which had a distribution deviating
from the main species.
Without number we have incorporated such species that are
mentioned in literature, but whose occurrence in the locality we doubt;
furthermore acclimatized introduced species. On the other hand we
have not at all incorporated the numerous weeds which now and then
appear near the settlements, leading but an ephemeral existence.
22 Morren P. Porsitp
Type-denomination and -symbols.
At almost every species we have stated to which type of distri-
bution it belongs. In this we have mainly considered West Greenland
in its entirety, and then the rest of Greenland, America or Europe.
Besides we have tried to fix the type-determination in a symbol
which through its form might direct the thought to what it ought
to express, and yet be produced in ordinary typographical get-up. Thus
signifies:
T a species whose main distribution is in the high arctic territory
and which only, as an isolated exception, occurs to the south of
this.
Vanorthern type whose distribution extends from the high arctie
territory more or less far down into W. Greenland where it gra-
dually becomes scarcer or at last occurs but as alpine.
an arctic type widely distributed in W. Greenland yet decreas-
ing, alpine or quite absent in the very southernmost part.
1 awidely distributed species without northern- or south-
ern limits in W. Greenland.
widely distributed species which yet, as far as hitherto known,
become scarcer or are quite absent as well in the north-
ernmost as in the southernmost W. Greenland.
| widely distributed species without southern limit, but
which yet in the northern tracts become very scarce, confining
themselves to specially favourable sites or being quite absent.
A southern types, subarctic species without southern limit, but
with more or less sharply marked northern limits in W. Greenland:
in our area all of them lowland plants.
1 non-arctic types whose main distribution in other countries
is in the temperate regions; in our area they are rare and
without continuity in their distribution. A great number of aquatic
plants are classed among them.
Finally we have incorporated with number two plants that hitherto
have been found only in South Disco. They are not sufficiently known
The Flora of Disco Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 23
being probably either hybrids or chance mutations, endemic species
in an embryo state.
They are indicated thus: e
The distribution in the adjacent parts to the south of the area is
briefly subjoined, quoted almost exclusively from L. KoLtpERuP RosEn-
vinGrE’s carefully revised “Andet Tilleg ete.”. As to the distribution
to the north of the area we have made use of ABRomert’s revision of
Vanuorrer’s collections, but especially of our own observations pub-
lished in “Vascular Plants 71°—73°*
Cryptogamae vasculares.
J | ro)
I. Polypodiaceae.
1 1. Dryopteris Linnzana C. Cur. (Aspidium Dr. (L.) Baume.
In herb-mats and copses, often in the shade under rocks, but al-
ways in favourably situated, sheltered places; especially near the hot
springs.
Disko: The south-coast from Laksebugt to Skansen, from many places
(several collectors). Disko-Fjord: the north-coast, rarer; the northmost at Kuaner-
so6q 69°32’ (P.).
Mainland: N. Isortog 67°10’ (Ros.), Prastefjeld at Holsteinborg (W. & H.),
(P. & B.}.
A decided southern type; in vain searched for in a great many
favourably situated places in the fjords south of Disko-Bay. South
of the here mentioned place from 65°64’ and (according to Rosenvinge)
common south of 63°,
All the mentioned places in the lowland. Usually sori are found,
but sporangia only seen on specimens from KuanersoK.
During the winter under a thick cover of snow.
Vv 2. Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Scuorr.
On sheltered, sunny, not too dry rock-shelves; more scarce on
stony soil in the heath.
Disko: Very rare, hitherto only from the vicinity of Godhavn (V.) and basalt-
rocks behind Evqitsog in Diskofjord 69°32’ (P.).
Mainland: Rather common in the gneissic tracts, especially at some distance
from the outer coast; from 70° at least to 67°. Still, in the fjords inland from Hol-
steinborg, rather common. The southmost locality hitherto known at ca. 64°44”
In Greenland a decided northern type; in U.S. A., however, to
be found down to New England and Minnesota.
24 Morren P. Ponrsitp.
Ascending at least to 700 m.
To be sure often snowless during winter, the living shoots being
protected by the withered old leaves.
Abundantly fruiting.
Ti 3. Dryopteris dilatata (Horrm.) A. Gray.
In sheltered and humid herb-mats, very rare in our area.
Disko: Recorded from Godhayn, 69°14’ (Sor.) but afterwards vainly searched
for on every suitable spot here.
Mainland: Portusit Island N. of Kangatsiaq, 68°27’ (Kr.!), Itivneq, 66°55’
(W. & H.).
A decided southern type, not common till south of 62°.
Covered by thick layers of snow in winter. The specimens from
Portustit were fruiting.
tt 4. Polystichum Lonchitis (L.) Rorn.
In sunny and most herb-mats, on rock-ledges and in bushland.
Disko: Mellemfjord: Kuanit 69°44’ (P.). The south coast of Disko at God-
havn especially Engelskmandens Havyn, several collectors. Blawsedal (Th. H.).
A decided southern type. On the main land found south of 65°25’
only.
Abundantly fruiting. Hibernates under a thick cover of snow.
| 5. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernu.
On sunny, not too dry rock-ledges, in fissures, herb-mats, and
thickets, but not at all everywhere; yet found in numerous favourably
exposed localities, throughout the whole area.
Chiefly in the lowland, but also higher up now and then. Widely
distributed species without northern or southern limit in Greenland.
Occurs in several forms according to the quality of the habitat.
Abundantly fruiting.
Rhizome and buds always covered by snow.
| 6. Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. and var. alpina Boiron
Ascu. & GRAEBN.
On rocks and often on gravel and similar barren places. Very com-
mon throughout the whole area, but rarer on basalt than on gneiss.
Most frequently the variety occurs, the main-species being limited to
the most favourable conditions and is likely not to be found in the
northern part of the area.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 25
The species widely distributed, with northern limit in Greenland,
but the precise limit cannot yet be settled, undoubtedly occurring
north of 74°.
Ascending the hills certainly to the snow-line.
Abundantly fruiting.
Rhizomes and buds covered by the withered leaves which are
loosened by the pressure of the snow-cover, being squeezed together
in a lump that contributes to protect the rhizome and the buds till
the snow melts or drifts away.
Certainly snowbare now and then.
Vv 7. Woodsia slabella R. Br.
On warm, moist rock-ledges often near waterfalls, rarer on grav-
elly soil. Rare, only occurring in small associations and often as isolated
specimens only.
No doubt often overlooked.
Disko: Near Godhayn. On rocks near a spring in Osterdal (Th. P.) Blasedal
near Rede Ely on basalt gravel (Ekblaw).
Diskofjord: The basalt-rock at Evqitsoq (P.), Kuanerssuit (P.).
Mainland: Eqe 69°45’ (P.), Igdluluarssuit 69°50’ (P.), Christianshaab (V.,
Th. H.), Tasiussarssuaq (Bg.), Sofiehavn (BI.), the mainland south of Nivaq Fjord
68°30’ (P. & E.), Kangerdluarssuk E. of Agto 67°59’ (E. P.), N. Isortog 67°15’ (V.),
Ikert6q (V.).
Just as Dryopteris fragrans this species, too, is a northern
type in Greenland, although it is found far southwards in U. S. A.
Hence in W. Greenland the southern limit is at the last mentioned
locality.
On the other hand it has been found in E. Greenland down to
61°30’.
All the above-mentioned localities are in the lowland, but south-
wards it is likely to be found at considerable altitudes.
Abundantly fruiting.
No doubt always covered by snow in winter or enclosed in ice.
II. Ophioglossaceae.
it 8. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw.
On warm and somewhat moist slopes, in herb-mats often in shade
under other vegetation.
Disko: Environs of Godhayn 69°15’; from Engelskmandens Hayn to Kuanit
gathered at several places by various collectors.
26} Morten P. Porsitp
A decided southern type, on the mainland hitherto only found
to 65°10’ and not common till S. of 62° (Ros.). Lowland plant.
Fructificates in favourable places.
Covered by thick layers of snow in winter.
aL 9, Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmev.) Ancsrr.
Disko: Engelskmandens Havn, only found once and in a single specimen
(EB. P.), afterwards often searched for in vain.
A decided southern type, in, Westgreenland only known from
several places between 60° and 61°30 and single specimens from 63
and 64°25’.
Our specimen was abundantly fructificating (Aug. 1911).
III. Equisetaceae.
1 10. Equisetum variegatum ScHLeicu.
In bogs, swamps and heath among mosses and other vegetation,
often in water some part of the year; frequently forming pure associa-
tions, especially on periodically inundated sand. Thus at the river-
mouths in the sandstone-districts.
Common throughout the whole range.
A widely distributed species, the northern limit of which must
be N. of 72°30’, but is not yet known.
At Disko-Bay ascending the hills to 800 m.
Mostly sterile; fructificating specimens found especially in favour-
able places.
During winter covered by snow, often also by ice.
IE 11. Equisetum scirpoides Micux.
In luxuriant not too moist herb-mats and bush-land, often in
shade.
Disko: Very rare, only found a few times in the neighbourhood of Godhavn
69°15’ (Br.; Bg.; Th. H.; Kr.) and now most likely extinguished because of the cut-
ting down of the willows for fuel.
Diskofjord: Kuanerssuit (69°33’ P.).
Mainland: Tasiussag S. of Egedesminde, 68°40’ (W. & H.),* Kangerdluar-
ssuk S. of Agto 67°59’ (E.P.), in Nordre Stromfjord (P. & E.), at several places and
rather common in the fjords inland from Holsteinborg (P. & E.).
A decided southern type; among the above mentioned localities
the north-limit is to be found.! S. of Holsteinborg it seems to become
rarer or perhaps overlooked.
‘In herb. Jon. Lance I have seen a specimen labelled ‘‘Tasiussag **/; 1887.
Ryder.” If correct that would mean the place at 73°22’, but I think the
record must be due to some confusion.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 27
All the mentioned localities are in the lowland.
Mostly abundantly fruiting.
Hibernates covered by thick layers of snow.
tL 12. Equisetum silvaticum L.
A decided southern type, from 65° and southwards rather com-
mon. N. of this latitude it is recorded from Aulatsivikfjord 68°0' (Bg.);
an islet in the Sydostbugt (Bg.); Imilik at the icefjord of Jakobshayn
69°10’ (Sor.) and Disko at Godhayn (Walker). In all these places it
has been repeatedly sought in vain for by us, and it has never been found,
neither by the above mentioned collectors nor by us, at the heads of the
big fjords at Holsteinborg and north of it. The northmost specimens
in H. H. are from South Isortog (65°20’) and vicinity of Godthaab.
| 13. Equisetum arvense L.
In bogs, swamps, and heath; often inundated a great part of the
summer when growing on lakeshores. Also as undergrowth in rich herb-
mats and thickets. Often it forms extensive growths along the shores
of rivulets and lakes or in thickets.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Wide-spread species, probably without northern limit in Green-
land. Ascends undoubtedly to the snowline. Abundantly fruiting ex-
cept in the most humid places.
Covered by snow and often by ice in winter.
Varies very much in luxuriant places; in the southern part of the
land, especially in herb-mats and thickets, forms occur with spikes
on the branching green shoots.
IV. Lycopodiaceae.
I 14. Lycopodium Selago L.
In swampy heath and bogs, in herb-mats and willow-thickets
especially on organogenous soil, not on petrogenous. Very common
throughout the whole range. Wide-spread species, probably without
northern limit on the coast of Greenland. Ascends the hills as far as
the preceding vegetation has deposited sufficient mould, and is thus
not among the pioneers of plants.
Varies according to the quality of the habitat; most common is
f. appressa Desy. the very branchy, yellow-green form with densely
appressed leaves. Hardly ever fruiting, but forming bulblets in abundance
with great power of migration and germination. In vigorous heath, herb-
mats and copses less ramified forms occur with distant leaves, in appea-
rance and size quite similar to the main-species from the temperate
28 Morten P. Ponsivn.
regions. The main form is often fructificating, it never forms bulblets
or exceptionally a few at the top of the shoots. This latter form we
have not seen north of South-Disko.
Covered by snow during the winter.
A 15. Lycopodium annotinum |.
In thickets and luxuriant heath.
Disko: Not uncommon on the south-coast, in the big valleys and the two
southmost fjords. Not noted elsewhere on the island.
Mainland: Rather common in the gneiss-land, especially at. some distance
from the coast growing more and more common southwards. Not noted in the
basalt- and sandstone-range and rare in the outer part of the archipelago of Ege-
desminde.
Common is var. pungens Desy. In thickets the mainspecies is rare,
but there are numerous transitorial forms between them.
The species must be considered a southern type, rather wide-
spread in Greenland, but getting more scarce northwards and here the
north-limit is provisionally to be settled at 72°48’.
Usually a lowland plant, not ascending to any considerable altitude.
As a rule abundantly fruiting.
Covered by snow during winter.
af 16. Lycopodium complanatum yar. Chamaecyparissus
A. Br. (L. tristachyum Pursn).
A pronounced southern type recorded from Disko at Godhayn 69°15’ (Ser.);
in vain scarched for by us for several years; besides found at Skansen 69°25’ (Rikli).
From the mainland known from a few places, the northmost of which at
ca. 65°.
A 17. Lycopodium alpinum L.
In favourably exposed heath and dry herb-mats.
Disko: Numerous localities along the southcoast (many collectors); Eqa-
uit 69°40’ (P.); Mellemfjord Sarqardlit ilordlit 69°40’ (P.).
Mainland: At the trading-place Nugssuaq 70°40’ (V.); Majorqgarssuatsiaq
70°12’ (Bg.); Jakobshavn (W. & H.); Egedesminde (W. & H.); Kangerdluarssuk
S. of Agto 67°59’ (E. P.); Eqaluarssuit in Nordre Stromfjord 67°36’ (P. & E.); N.
Isortoq 67°10’ (Ros.).
Recorded by many collectors and from numerous localities in the
broad land, between 66° and 67°.
A southern type with north limit at the northmost of the men-
tioned habitats.
Lowland plant. Often sterile, although fruiting specimens occur
now and then.
Covered by snow in winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 29
V. Isoétaceae.
L 18. Isoétes echinospora Dur.
A pronounced southern type found at Tasiussarssuaq, Sofiehayn 68°25’
(BL), otherwise not known till between 60° and 61°.
The specimens were sterile.
Gymnospermae.
VI. Pinaceae.
A 19. Juniperus communis L. var. montana Air.
On warm sunny rock-slopes.
A southern type known from several localities in the fjords inland from Hol-
steinsborg, but by no means common. In the interior of N. Stromfjord rare f. inst.
Eqaluarssuit 67°36’ (P. & E.); Ipiutarssuaq 67°44’ (P. & E.); Sarfarssuaq 67°50’
(Korn.); Ugssuit 67°58’ (P. & E.); at Tasiusarssuaq 68°28’ (BI.); Orpigssuit 68°35’
(Engell).
Finally, according to verbal communication from Mr. P. Danacer, it is said
to occur at the head of Kangersunegfjord 68°50’ and thus we have the north-
limit here.
All above mentioned localities are in the lowland.
Most of the observed specimens were abundantly fruiting. — No
doubt covered by snow in winter, but early snowless in spring.
Monocytyledones.
VII. Sparganiaceae.
L 20. Sparganium submuticum (Harrm.) Neum.
Waterplant.
A decided southern type collected only in the following places: Naujat
20°0’ (Htz.); Orpigssuit 68°37’ (Htz.); Tasiussarssuaq 68°28’ (Bg. refound by BL.);
Nivaq Bugt. several places (P. & E.). Aulatsivik settlement 68°10’ (Kr.), Other-
wise not observed till south of 64°, but likely often overlooked.
Some of the above mentioned findings were fruiting.
Hibernates under or enclosed in ice.
VIII. Potamogetonaceae.
Flowering, fructification and wintering.
All the species of this family, as well as the rest of the Greenlandic
true waterplants, occur in shallow water especially in ponds that freeze
50 Morten P. Ponsiip.
to the bottom during the winter. The length of their vegetative period
especially depends upon the condition of the spring and the autumn.
In case of a cold spring the ice along the pondshores is rather long
in melting, and if the autumn sets in early, the ponds are quickly freezing
up again. During such unfortunate summers the Potamogetonaceae (and
other waterplants) hardly attain to flowering and not at all to fructi-
fication, they reproduce by continuous forming of winterbuds. In more
fortunate seasons the period of vegetation in the same water will last
long enough for the forming of flowers and fruits. But this is, in our
area, an exception, all the following species being decided southern
types with their north limit here.
As the climatic conditions in the arctic lands vary from year to
year, and as the amount of warmth necessary to the vital functions
of the plants is not only relatively, but also absolutely inconsiderable,
it is no wonder that the same species on the same latitude is sometimes
found flowering, sometimes quite sterile.
Jk 21. Potamogeton alpinus Ba ce.
Itivneq at Holsteinborg 66°58’ (W. & H.), only once collected
here; the north limit of the species.
Known from Godthaabfjord and some places in the extreme
South Greenland.
L 22, Potamogeton gramineus L.
In a small lake near the river to the head of S. Stromfjord ca. 67° (Jens.)
only once found here. The north limit of the species.
Elsewhere only known from the southmost part of Greenland 60°—61°.
Note: The species is also recorded from Rode Ely at Godhayn 69°15’ by Rey.
Sorensen. The specimens were determined, and of course correctly, by Prof. L. Kk.
RoseNnviInGE, but from where it originates. we cannot say. It can not be from
Rode Ely, this being a cold clacier-torrent in which no phanerogamous water-
plant is able to thrive, least of all a Potamogeton with a southerly distribution
as P. gramineus.
1 23. Potamogeton mucronatus Scurap. (P. Friesii Rupr.).
Diskofjord in small ponds at Eqalinguit Itivnere 69°32’ (P.) det. Prof. C.
Raunkrer. Afterwards not seen in Greenland.
The specimen was sterile.
Jl 24. Potamogeton obtusifolius \. & Kk. i
The district of Egedesminde: Ikamiut inlet in Nivaq Bugt 68°40’ (Kr.).
The specimens were sterile.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 31
A 25. Potamogeton pusillus an L.? (P. groenlandicus Hacsrr.)
Collected several times in the vicinity of Diskobugt; perhaps
more careful observation will prove the plant to be of not infrequent
occurrence.
Disko: A pond at the blubber-yard at Godhavn 69°15’ (P.).
Mainland: Sarqagq 70°0’ (Htz.), the north-limit of the species, Ritenbenk
69°45’ (S. H.); Jakobshavn 69°13’ (Soer.); Claushavn 69°5’ (Bg.); Christianshaab
Orpigssuit (Htz.) 68°37’; Egedesminde (Bl.); Sofiahavn 68°25’ (B1.).
For the rest only known from a few localities in the southernmost
part of Greenland, most likely overlooked.
A 26. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. (P. marinus L. p. p.).
This species has been found a few times in the fjords inland from Holstein-
borg 66°58’(W. & H.), and here later on found to be commonly extended in all smaller
ponds (P. & E.); at the head of S. Stromfjord about 67° (Jens.); Itivdlinguaq 66°29’
in the southmost part of Greenland, being no doubt common here.
The next domain is in the vicinity of the Sydost-Bugt: Manitsoq at Egedes-
minde 69°45’ (Bl.); Tasiussarssuaq and the passage to this place about 68°30’ (Be.
and others); at the head of Orpigsdq 68°40’ (Htz.); Christianshaab 68°45’ (V.).
Further it has been found isolated at Narssaq on Disko 69°52’ (Th. Fr.);
Nuigssuaq Peninsula: Atanikerdluk 70°65’ (Htz.) and Ikerasak 70°30’ (Vh.), the
northern limit of the species.
In some of the mentioned localities the species were flowering.
IX. Juncaginaceae.
A 27. Triglochin palustre L.
On strand-meadows, on lake-shores in marshes and periodically
inundicated riverbeds.
Undoubtedly often overlooked.
Disko: From localities on the southern coast and Diskofjord (P.); Nordfjord:
in the big valley from the head of the fjord about 70° (P.).
Mainland: From Jakobshayn down to the fjord-complex inland from Hol-
steinborg found so often as to be considered common. N. of Jakobshayn found now
and then along the coast of Waygat up to Ata 70°15’ (P. and others); in the Nord-
ost-Bugt at Ikerasak 70°30’ (Vh.) and Umanaq 70°43’ (Vh.) the northern limit of
the species.
A decided southern type, in the district not ascending to any
height worth mentioning.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly, but not every year.
Hibernates abundantly covered by snow and sometimes also by ice.
32 Morten P. Ponrsitp.
X. Gramineae.
I 28. Hierochloé alpina (Litsesy.) KR. & S.
On mouldy and peaty soil, on rocky flats and especially in dry heath,
rarer in thickets and herb-mats.
Stands manuring very well, but does not occur in aggregate patches.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Wide-spread arctic plant with neither northern nor southern limit.
Ascends the hills to the snow-line, but only in old vegetation, not
belonging itself to the pioneers of the new moraines.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Probably often snowless during winter. The live buds densely
covered by the withered leaf-sheaths.
A 29. Phleum alpinum L.
In vigorous herb-mats and thickets.
Disko: South-coast at Godhavn 69°15’ numerous localities (P. and others);
inside the Blesedalen about 69°20’ (Nygaard); Diskofjord (69°30’ (P.) rare. All
the localities in neighbourhood of hot springs.
Mainland: N. Isortoq 67°10’ (Ros.); Preestefjeld at Holsteinborg 66°55’
(P. & E.). Thereafter at 65° and 64° and common south of 64° (Ros.).
A decided southern type, the above mentioned localities being
the north limit in Westgreenland.
All the mentioned localities are in the lowland, but in the south-
most part of Greenland it is observed to a height of 500 m (Ros.). Flow-
ers yearly, but only as an exception does it fruit in the most favourable
localities. The grains are however not spread, remaining in the spike
under the snow, but through experiments I have ascertained their
growing power (E. P.).
Hibernates abundantly covered by snow.
Vv 30. Alopecurus alpinus 5m.
The natural habitats of the plant are moss-bogs and moist spots
in the heath; but owing to its great predilection for organical manure
and great power of dispersal it appears at all the present and former
settlements, tent places, underneath fowling cliffs, on fowling islets and
near fox’s dens in friable soil. In these manured places the plant beco-
mes much more vigorous than in the bogs and forms extensive patches
that characterize the settlements more than any other plant. When
the supply of manure is stopped, an abatement in its luxuriant growth
sets in; hence we can, to a certain extent, draw a conclusion, as to the
age of the old settlements, from the rate of its development.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 33
Sometimes it occurs in places that are inundated in the spring
and early summer. In these places it develops long floating leaves
and resembles the following species.
During wet summers, when the pools do not dry up, it does not
flower, thus differing from the following one.
Because of its vegetative luxuriance in manured places it is par-
ticularly adapted to fodder for sheep and goats, both as green fodder
and as hay, and perhaps it may prove itself a valuable fodder-plant in
subalpine regions. But there is an inconvenience by the hay-making:
the plant forms big semispherical tufts which render the mowing with
scythe difficult. The green turfs formed by its web of roots are very
compact, hence preferred by the natives for house-building
Very common on Disko and the Mainland around Disko-Bay;
also common in the archipelago of Egedesminde district and south-
wards along the coast down to Holsteimsborg.
Still frequently to be found at the tent places in the fjords, but
else very rare here or quite absent.
Possibly it may be found isolated in alpine habitats; we did not
find it during any of our excursions on the hills although we searched
for it.
In N. Stromfjord it was very common on the islet Taseralik at
the mouth of the fjord, where yearly 3—400 men and women meet;
at the tent- and fishing-place Eqaluarssuit it was found in great abun-
dance, but locally; but not at any of the tentplaces within that,
not even in the hills.
In the region of Holsteinsborg it has been found a few times in the
vicinity of Amerdloq-Fjord down to 66°45’ and for the present this
place must be etablished as the south limit of its continual distribution.
It has been recorded isolated from the head of Kangerdluarssuk-Fjord
at Frederikshaab by Tu. Hotm (Enciers Jahrbiicher VIII, p. 200),
but the specimen does not exist. Mistake of identity is excluded; per-
haps it was alpine here, but this is not recorded by the collector.
Northern type; in East Greenland known to ca. 68°, but does
not occur on Iceland (yet in Scottish mountains).
Ascends, following the bog-formation, to the snow-line.
Abundantly flowermg and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
A 31. Alopecurus aristulatus Micux.
Rooted in small ponds and on lake-shores with floating leaves and
stalks. During exceptionally dry summers to be found trailing on the
LVITI. 3
54 Monten P, Ponsinn.
desiccated borders preferably in the shade of overhanging Carer
tufts, but withers when exposed to long exsiceation.
Seems in Greenland to be rare, but oceurs widely distributed in
isolated growths.
Disko: The south coast, in Blaesedalen (P.); Diskofjord: Evqitsoq 69°30"
(EB. P.); Nordfjord: on the southern side of the mouth 69°55’ (P.).
Mainland: Sarqaq about 70° (Th. Fr., re-found by E. P.); Taseralik 67°25"
(E. P.); N. Isortog 67°10’ (V.); Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (V.); at the head of 5. Strem-
fjord (Jens.).
In deeper water floating and sterile forms are common (cfr. Sim-
mons: Uber einige lappl. Phanerog. Arkiv for Bot. 6, No.17, p. 4; idem:
Bot. Not. 1908 p. 121—128).
A decided southern type, south of the area known from Godt-
haabsfjord and a few localities between 60° and 62°.
The north limit at Ikerasak 70°30’ (Vh.).
Ordinarily flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates under or enclosed in ice.
Agrostis canina L.
Recorded from Egedesminde by Beri (Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh.
1884, No. 7, p. 76), but the author himself seems to doubt the correct-
ness of his own determination. Probably confounded with the following
species, otherwise only known from the west coast between 60° and 62°.
A 32. Agrostis borealis Harrm. (4. rubra WAHL p. p.)-
In dry stony soil: dry rocky-flats, rarer on gravel and dry heath-
vegetation.
Disko: Common in the gneiss-domain of the south coast: strangely not
found on basalt.
Mainland: Common in the gneiss domain. especially southwards at some
distance from the coast.
In the districts of Jakobshavn and Christianshaab the localities are
situated at some distance from each other though rather numerous.
Not found within the basalt and sandstone-domain of Nigssuaq.
A southern type, north of the area found on Qaratsap-Nunata
70°30’ and at the head of the fjords inland from Proven 72°30' (Th. P.)
this hitherto being the north-limit.
Ascends the favourably exposed hill-slopes to at least 500 m.
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
No doubt often without any cover of snow during winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greeniand. 30
Vv 33. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Grises.
In bogs and vigorous heath, scarce on gravel in riverbeds.
A decided northern type, the southmost occurrence of which
is to be settled within the area.
Disko: The northland here and there; the southmost locality is on the
southern side of Nordfjord about 69°55’ (P.). — Harr l. c. p. 304 states the range
of the species to lie between 69°14’ and $1°51’. The first mentioned latitude
corresponds to that of Godhayn, but as | have not been able to re-find the easily
recognizable species here during a stay of 12 years, | am inclined to consider the
record as erroneous. — Hare © (P.); Nugssuaq, the Interior (P.); and along the
coast of Waygat; the southmost localities here are Atanikerdluk (Th. Fr.) and Sar-
qaq about 70° (V.); Eqe, at the edge of the inland ice at a height of 700m _ is the
southern limit of the species (69°44’).
Abundantly flowermg and fruiting.
Covered by snow during winter.
I 34. Calamogrostis purpurascens R. Br.
In sandy and gravelly localities in riverbeds and deltas, on rock-
ledges and in crevices; rare in heath.
Disko: Rather common on the northland especially on the coast of Waygat
and in the adjacent valleys as well as in the interior; at Mudderbugt, in the sand-
stone-domain. Diskofjord: at Ikineq, on gneiss-rocks and gravel. Otherwise not
observed on the southland (P.).
Hare @ (P.).
Mainland: Common in the sandstone-domain of the coast of Nugssuagq (P.),
and known from numerous localities between Torssukatak and the Sydostbugt
(P.). South of Disko-Bay it seems to be perceptibly scarcer and mostly to occur
at some distance from the out-coast. The rapids of Arfersiorfik (K.). N. Stromfjord:
Sarfarssuag (P. & E.) and the vicinity of the fjord-arm of Ugssuit, common (P.& E.):
N. Isortogq 70°10’ (V.); Ikert6q Fjord (V.); Itivneq 66°58’ (W. & H., P. & E.); Sar-
fanguaq 66°55’ (W. & H.); S. Stromfjord 66°35’ (Jens.).
This species has formerly been included among the southern types
by me (Medd. om Gronld. 50 p. 386), but | now doubt the correctness
of this statement.
South of the territory treated of here it has been found a few times
in West Greenland down to ca. 61° (in H. H. | have not seen specimens
from localities south of 64°!), but there is, in fact, nothing strange in
the occurence a plant of a high-arctic range to the south of its con-
tinual distribution, for instance on the hills whence they occasionally
are washed down in the lowland. The southern limit therefore will al-
ways be less distinct than the northern.
But according to my observations in the regions around Disko-
Bay and northwards (made after the publishing of the above menti-
oned paper) the species occurs more frequently northwards, and on
3*
56 Monten P. Porsitp
Disko it just occurs in the area of the northern types, being rarer on
the southland.
At the northmost known locality of the species: Laksefjord 72°30
it was too common for settling this place as the northern limit.
Therefore | am inclined to consider it a northern type in
Greenland, belonging to that contingent of West-American arctic spec-
ies migrated to Greenland over Smith-Sound. (Cf. Simmons: Phyto-
geography -p. 135 sqq. and Map. 1).
On favourable expositions, 1. e. rather warm sandy-gravelly tracts,
where it does supplant either other Gramineae or other vegetation it
is able to become so abundant as to characterize the vegetation, thus
in the inmost of the Ktiiganguaq-valley on the northside of Disko; but
it never forms dense carpets as other species of the genus.
In the sandstone-domain of Waygat it ascends to considerable
heights.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Undoubtedly often snowless. The living parts of the shoots are pro-
tected by the withered remains of the leave sheaths.
A 35. Calamogrostis hyperborea Lance, Ropinson & FERNALD.
In vigorous, sandy and moist localities in herb-mats and thickets.
Disko: The south coast 69°15’ very rare near Udkiggen at Godhavn ( Nygaard!):
Osterdalen near the hot springs (Th. P.!).
Mainland: Pakitsoq 69°28’ (V.); Tasiussarssuaq 68°20’ (Bg.): Sofiehavn
68°20’ (Bl.); N. Stromfjord: several places (Korn.; Holst; Th. Fr.) Ipiutarssuag
67°44’ very common (P. & E.); vicinity of Holsteinsborg: Sarfanguaq 66°58’ (E. P.):
Maligiaq 66°58’ (P. & E.); Naujarssuit in Qeqertalik 66°44’ (P. & E_).
A decided southern type, the northmost localities is Umanaq
(Rink teste Lange) 70°40’. South of the area found in several localities.
S. of 64° the localities are lying rather closely together, but it is pro-
bably nowhere common.
Often forming large dense carpets.
All the above mentioned localities are in the lowland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
A 36. Calamogrostis neglecta (EHruH.) FL. per Werr.
On moist sand, especially on lake-shores and along water-courses.
Disko: The southland from Mudderbugt to Diskofjord included, rather
common (P.); Laksebugt 69°40’; the valley of Iterdlagssuaq 69°45’ (P.) in Mel-
lemfjord; in valleys in the northwest-land at 70°11’ (P.); Hare © (P.).
ee)
=~]
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland.
Mainland: From the tracts of Holsteinsborg to the icefjord of Jakobshayn
rather common, especially at some distance from the outcoast (P.). Becoming rarer
northwards; Ritenbenk (Bg.); Pakitsoq-fjord (V; Bg.; P.); Atanikerdluk (Htz.);
Nugssuaq (P.).
A southern type with hitherto known north limit on Schades
Der 71°22’ (P.).
Often forming carpets recognizable at a distance by the green
colour and without admixture of other species.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
A 37. Calamogrostis Langsdorfii (Link.) Trin.
On favourably exposed, moist hill-slopes, along rivulets and espe-
cially at the edge of thickets.
Disko: Very rare; at Godhavn 69°15’ (R. Br. Wetherill, not re-found by us:
perhaps extinct owing to the felling of willows; near Skansen (Rikli!), and in the
valley of Kugssuaq 69°30’, within this locality (LL. Geissler). ®
Mainland: Qeqertaq 70°, seen in the houses of the natives used as boot-
straw (P.); Pakitsoq-fjord several localities (V.; P.); Egedesminde 68°40’ (P.).
From here southwards becoming common in the fjords and the valleys of
the larger islands; in the interior around of N. Stromfjord very common (P.& F.),
as well as in the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg (P. & E.).
A decided southern type having its northern limit at 70°,
As a rule forming extensive dense carpets. Because of the length,
the delicacy and the toughness of the straw highly valued as boot-
straw by the natives, being the best material for this purpose. From
Egedesminde southwards often used for the making of domestic indu-
strial objects, for instance trays, baskets and caps.
All the above mentioned localities are in the lowland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting; at the northernmost localities
not annually getting ripe.
Hibernates covered by thick layers of snow.
1 38. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin var. montana (L.) HarrM.
Very rare, not common till the southmost part of Greenland 60°
— 61° (Ros.).
In the area found at Itivneg 66°58’ (W. & H.); besides recorded by Sorensen
from Godhavn 69°15’. Determined by L. K. Rosenyince and approved by GELERT
in Fl. Arctica, but the specimen may not originate from Godhavn. The only member
of the genus, which I have found at Godhavn after a search extending through
many years, is a form belonging to the following species.
A pronounced southern type.
DB Monten P. Ponsitp,
vy 39. Dechampsia caespitosa (L.) Breauy. var. pumila Leven.
On moist sandy clay, sometimes almost submerse on lake-shores;
very rare.
Disko: Godhayn 65°14 near Udkiggen (Rikli; P.); the west coast (Wethe-
rill); the north coast: Gieseckes Dal, 70°15’ (P. 1902 det. C. H. Ostenretp: Medd.
2
om Gronld. 43 p. 13, re-found 1916 P.). Hare © (Nath.).
A decided northern type, the above mentioned localities repre-
senting the south limit; for the rest only known from a few localities
on the coast of East- and West Greenland (Cf. Osrenrecp, |. c. and
Porsitp Medd. om Gronld. 50, p. 365).
On land abundantly flowering and fruiting, being only rarely sub-
merse.
Hibernates covered by snow and ice.
A 40. Deschampsia alpina (L.) R. & Scu. (Syn. Aira caespitosa
v. borealis TRAUTY.).
A pronounced southern type common south of 64° and only
known from a few localities in the southmost part of the area.
The region of Holsteinborg 66°55’ (Th. Fr.); S. Kangerdluarssuk about 67°
(W. & H.); Eqaluarssuit in N. Stromfjord 67°36’ (P. & E.) several places on sandy,
clayey riverbanks.
The last mentioned locality for the present the north limit.
The species was here abundantly flowering, but viviparous. Every-
where we found spikes a year old weighed down by the early fall of
snow, the bulbils being not yet ripe and ready for dispersal. Several
of the specimens had preserved their power of germination, but the
power of migration of the species seemed to be lost.
l 41. Trisetum spicatum (L.) BEauvy.
On fell-field, clefts, vigorous heath, herb-mats, thickets, strand-
dunes, often in manured soil at the houses and below fowling cliffs
(f. villosissima Lge.), but not on newly-formed moraine; f. laxior Lange
is a shade-form from thickets.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Neither southern nor northern limit in Greenland.
No doubt ascending the hills to the snowline, but not among the
pioneers of the newly-formed moraine.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Undoubtedly always covered by snow during winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 3Y
aT 42. Dupontia Fisheri R. Br.
In moist marsh-land and meadows or submerse in shallow pools
and lagoons.
A pronounced high-arectic plant with southmost occurrence in
the northern part of the area.
Disko: On the northland from several localities between Qutdligssat at the
Waygat about 70° and the head of Nordfjord and the valleys herefrom (P.).
Mainland: The coast of Nugssuaq from 70°15’ to the mouth of the great
river, about 70°30’ (P.).
In the localities, from which | have observed this plant, as well
within the area as farther northwards, it was growing near the shore;
a single exception is the great valley of Nordfjord where it grows on
newly raised fjord-bottom.
Therefore | am inclined to consider the plant as halophilous.
Hence all the localities in the lowland.
Occurs forming widely extended carpets almost free from other
species and easily recognizable by the striking red-brown colour. In
water of some depth the whole carpet is ordinarily sterile, but near the
shore and on dryer ground it is abundantly flowering and fruiting.
During winter covered by snow and, as a rule, also by ice.
I 45. Phippsia algida (Sor.) R. Br.
In moist localities among other Gramineae, in heath and bogs, in
manured soil near the houses and the deserted settlements, at pools, on
fowling islands and in the hills at the border of the melting snow-fields.
Very common throughout the whole area, in the southern part
however, confined to the belt of rocks and islands girding the coast;
or in the mountain region of the interior, the ground of the lowland
here being occupied by competitors.
At the settlements it has found its way, moreover, to the Danish
gardens and together with Stellaria media it has become a trouble-some
weed in the hotbeds. Here it develops to a phantastic size compared with
its appearance in nature.
A widely distributed arctic plant, in Greenland without neither
northern nor southern limit, decreasing however, in frequency south-
wards, rather a northern type.
! 44. Poa pratensis L.
In nearly every kind of soil from the coast up to considerable
altitudes. On luxuriant slopes and on bushland very vigorous and often
forming dense extensive associations. Near new settlements it conquers
10 Morten P. Ponsitp.
the manured soil and holds its own for several years until finally it is
overpowered by Alopecurus alpinus. In rich and manured soil adequately
irrigated during the period of vegetation it attains, about Disko Bay, a
height sufficient for hay-making.
Very common in the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland, without southern and probably
also without northern limit.
Flowering and fruiting abundantly.
Most regularly covered by. snow during winter.
I 45. Poa arctica R. Br. (P. cenisia Autt. non ALL.).
In dry heath, in stony, gravelly or rocky soil a little rarer than
the preceding species in the lowland, becoming commoner upwards.
Common throughout the whole area, in the fjords of the southern
parts; scarce, however, in the richly plant-covered lowland.
Widely distributed arctic plant, without northern limit in Green-
land; also found down to Cape Farewell, but according to ROoSENVINGE
searce and principally alpine in South Greenland. Hence we consider
the species as a northern type.
Ascending the hills to the snow-line.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting. Seldom occurring in pure
associations.
Probably often snowbare during winter.
I 46. Poa alpina L.
In soil rich in humus, on herb-slopes amongst thickets and in
luxuriant heath, sometimes amongst mosses at springs, or in rock-
crevices, more seldom in sandy or clayey soil poor in humus along
watercourses.
Disko: Common in the southern part and in the two southernmost fjords,
rarer in the southern parts along the Waygat, and here mostly confined to springs
and other luxuriant spots. Nordfjord, occurring in the big valleys. West coast;
locally, but rare. North coast: not observed.
Hare Island: south coast, rare (P.).
Mainland: rare on the coasts of Nigssuaq peninsula, becoming more abun-
dant south of Torsukatak, southwards common except on the smallest and out-
most lying islets of the archipelago.
As to distribution on Disko resembling the southern types,
to which it is to be reckoned. Widely distributed in Southern Green-
land without southern limit. The exact northern limit of the species
is unknown, its occurring to 74° is certain, from places north of Cape
York it has often been stated in literature, but Simmons has proved
most of the statements to be erroneous or at least improbable.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 4]
P. alpina often characterizes rather large areas, but it never forms
dense associations.
On favourable spots, ascending the slopes to considerable altitudes.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting. Viviparous specimens have
never been seen by us.
Snow-covered during winter.
L 47. Poa laxa HaAkENke.
In Fl. Aret. GeLerr states the distribution of this species as lying between
60° and 70°!; the sign of ! indicates that he has seen and approved the determination
of the specimens from within these limits. But in H. H., revised by Geverv, I did
not in 1910 find any specimens gathered from localities north of 66°55’. I have vari-
ous specimens myself from the coasts of Disko and Nugssuaq corresponding fairly
well with the diagnosis of P. lava, but owing to the lack of figures and exactly
determined Greenlandic material of P. lavituscula LANGE I dare not quite trust these
determinations, the closely related P. glauca being so very much variable.
A southern type.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
T 48. Poa abbreviata R. Br.
On barren sand and gravel and newly formed moraine. A high-
arctic species found a few times in the northmost part ‘of the area.
Disko: The north-western coast: Igdlorpait 70°5’ (Th. Fr.); the coast of Way-
gat: Kuaganguaq 70°15’ (Th. Fr.; P.); Asuk 70°10’ (Th. Fr.; P.); Qutdligssat 70°
(Htz.).
These localities represent the hnown southern limit in Greenland.
Here flowering and fruiting.
No doubt often snowless.
| 49. Poa glauca M. VaAut.
On fell-field; gravelly, sandy and stony soil, newly formed mo-
raine, sand-shores: and dunes, but also to be found under better con-
ditions, for instance, in manured soil and thus frequent at the settle-
ments. Varies without limits according to the quality of the place.
Often forming extensive patches, especially when manured and irrigated
during the period of vegetation. Not well adapted to forage plant for
cattle, having only a few leaves and the straw being short, stiff and
too early ripening.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed species without neither northern nor southern
himit in Greenland.
42 Monten P. Ponsitp
Ascending from the coast to the snow-line.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Often snowless during winter.
a 50. Poa nemoralis L. var. glaucantha Bryrv.
Almost the same applies to this southern type as to P. laxa. LayGe gives the
distribution between 60° and 69°20’ and this GeLerr approves by his sign!; but in
H. H. revised by GeLerr no specimens occur from localities north of ca. 67°. The
localities recorded north hereof are: Disko (WALKER), some localities near Jakobs-
havn (R. Br.) and Christianshaab (W. & H.).
In. addition I have referred to this species a grass from a few localities in N.
Stromfjord: Eqaluarssuit 67°36’ and Ipiutarssuaq 67°44" (P. & E_).
The plant was here growing in thickets and seemed to have been
fruiting the preceding year.
The above mentioned localities are from the lowland.
Hibernates under thick lavers of snow.
Puccinellia.
The species belonging to this difficult genus have recently been
thoroughly studied by various American and European botanists. Thus
M. L. Fernatp and C. A. Weatuersy in Rhodora 18. 1916 gave a
description of the species in Eastern North America, accompanied by
extensive synonymic and excellent figures. And on the European and
Arctic species Dr. O. R. Hotmperu, has published various smaller
papers as precusory studies for an exhaustive monograph.
As I have had an opportunity of comparing my M. S. and my field-
notes, but not my herbarium-plants, with the material in H. H. revised
and labelled by Dr. Hotmpere, it seemed desirable to bring the names
of the species here treated of in accordance with the nomenclature of
HotmBerG’s monograph, still unpublished. For that purpose my friend
Dr. Hotmpers kindly provided me with a list of the combinations
to be used.
For the explanation of those combinations and their synonymic,
in shorthy for the entire systematic part of the classification, the reader
is referred to HotmBerc’s own work soon to be published.
V 51. Pucinellia Vahliana (LiesM.) Scripy. & Merr. (Incl. Glyceria
Kjellmani (LANGE).
In open spots in the heath, on newly formed moraine and on clayey
and sandy slopes, but not halophilous.
Disko: The Northland from about 70°0’ on the coast of Waygat and around
to the Nordfjord gathered from several localities, no doubt rather common (P.); in
the great valleys from the head of Nordfjord 69°50’ (P.). Hare O (Nath.: P.).
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 45
Mainland: The westcoast of Nugssuaq peninsula and the Waygat-coast down
to Paotit 70°12° rather common (P.).
Decidedly a northern type having its south-limit at the men-
tioned localities.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Probably sometimes snowless during winter.
I 52. Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scripy. & Merr.
(Catabrosa vilfoidea ANDERSS.).
On moist sand and clay at the sea-shore; in the Basalt- and Sand-
stone-domains, for instance, within the dunes of the beach along the edges
of lagoons; on alluvial formations at the mouths of rivers in the interior
of the fjords. It attains to its highest development when regularly inun-
dated by the tide, and in such places it forms a sort of marsh (PorsiLp:
Medd. om Grid. 65 p. 194, 217, Fig. 16. Résumé franegais p. 290, 299).
Great areas are here covered by its trailing shoots and these form a
low, but often very dense, purple-greenish carpet. In this condition
it is always sterile. But when the sand-drifts arrive, the ground is raised
so much as to prevent the high-water from but occasionally reaching
it, the vegetative power is ceasing, and then, as a rule a few flower-
ing specimens are to be found at the margin of the carpet. Appar-
ently much rarer on the gneiss-coasts. When the rocks are falling straight
into the water there will not be any room for the plant, but in the smal-
lest inlet, with but the shghtest trace of sand or clay, we need not
search if in vain.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland without southern — and no
doubt without northern limit too.
Always covered by snow and ice in the winter.
A 53. Puccinellia retroflexa (Curr.) Hotms. apud LinpMan:
Svensk Fanerogamflora 1918 p. 97.
=
7
In Ostenvetv: Flora Arctica p. 127 GELER?, united a consider-
able number of Puccinellias, discerned by Lance, under the name of
Glyceria distans (.) Want. But according to HotmBera’s investiga-
tions this is erroneous, as the true Puccinellia distais (L.) Parl. does
not occur at all in Greenlaad. Some of the plants, referred by GELERT
and authors following him to this species, belong in fact to P. retro-
fleca (Curv)) Hortmp. or rather to a subspecies borealis Ho!mb., still
unpublished.
Of this new subspecies | have seen several sheets in H. H., labelled
by Dr. Hotmsperc. According to that material the range of the plant
will lie between the extreme south of Greenland and the southern parts
14 Monten P. Porsitp
of our area, where it is very scarce. Hence it must be considered a south-
ern type in West Greenland. :
Not knowing P. retroflera and its several forms myself, | cannot
add any observations as to its occurrence.
About the remaining plants contained in the »Glyceria distanse of
GeELERT see the following nurabers 54—56.
Vv 54. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Rano & Repr.
At the sea-shore but also intermingled in the not-halophilous vegeta-
tion or occurring on the peat from previous land-vegetation now killed
by the salt water; besides in all the places which agree with the var.
vaginata and together with this variety.
A northern type, rather common on the coasts of Waygat. Besides from
numerous localities around Disko-Bay becoming scarcer down the archipelago of
Eeedesminde; the southern limit is about 67°.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
Vv 55. Puccinellia angustata var. vaginata (LANGE).
Hotms. hoe loco!
The most common Puccinellia in our area.
At the sea-shore, mostly on clayey, moist-sandy ground, or among
other strand-vegetation; normally forming semi-globular cespits and the
straw decumbent and closely pressed to the ground. Stands manuring
very well, and in exceedingly manured soil, for instance at settlements
or on small fowling-islets the tufts become hummocky and the newly
hatched youngs of gulls and terns are able to hide in the channels
under the leaves of the cespits.
Very common throughout the northern part of the area.
Like the preceding a northern type.
Flowers and fruits in great abundance.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
A 56. Puccinellia arctica (Hook) Fern & Weartu.
By this name I understand a rather coarse grass, habitually
differing widely from the preceding by its erect growth. It occurs
on plains, raised marine clay, on clayey sandy terraces at the head of
fjords and along the banks of the rivers falling into these.
Much searecer than the preceding species because of the absence
of suitable places; but covering extended areas when occurring, though
not forming dense carpets as the foregoing.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 45
One of the main-plants of the clay-plains in the interior, from the districts
of Holsteinsborg to Disko Bay. Besides from some localities on the shores of
Waygat.
Probably a southern type in West Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
| 57. Puccinellia tenella (Lance) Hotms. hoc loco!
(Incl. Glyceria Langeana BERL.).
In localities similar to those of the preceeding species, rarer or
overlooked because of its diminutiveness.
No doubt to be found in a great many places when only searched
for.
Disko: In several places near Godhavyn (P.).
Hare © (P.).
Mainland: From several localities in the Sydostbugt (Htz.; P.); the archi-
pelago of Egedesminde: Kullen (K.); Kangatsiaq (BI.; k.); Augpilagtoq 68°44’ (K.).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
1 58. Festuca ovina L.
In all sorts of soil from the most barren gravel and sand, in cre-
vices between boulders and pebbles to heath, vigorous herb-mats,
thickets and manured places.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Being common in the littoral halophilous zone of the coast, it
ascends the hills to the snow-line.
Widely distributed in Greenland; if the rather much deviating
F. brevifolia R. Br. is to be reckoned as a form of F’. ovina the species
has neither northern nor southern limit. Otherwise the northern limit
has to be searched for somewhere at the shores of Melville Bay.
Very much variable, and numerous forms and varieties have been
described. To be sure most of them are dependent upon the quality of
the native place. I have not been able to elicit whether hereditary
constant forms occur too or not.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
In many of the native places hibernating without cover of snow,
A 59. Festuca rubra L. var. arenaria Oss.
On fairly moist sand, for instance, along the shores of rivers and
lakes; among other Gramineae in heath; at the base of dunes and
often in manured soil or in thickets.
46 Monren P. Porsity
Often forming dense carpets.
Common throughout the whole area, but more isolated in the
basalt-domain and the northern part.
\ southern type, north of the area only known from a few loca-
lities, the northmost at 72°.
Undoubtedly a lowland-plant throughout the whole area.
Rather much variable, but not as much as the preceding one
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Covered by snow during winter.
th 60. Agropyron violaceum (Hony.) LANGE.
On sand and sandy clay at the sea-shore, but also to be found at
considerable distance from the coast; ascends to considerable altitudes.
Disko: Kuiganguagq (Th. Fr.); at Mudderbugt? (P.) the determination doubt-
ful, the plant being observed on a sled-journey in the winter.
Mainland: The Waygat-coast of Nuigssuaq-peninsula, common from Ata
69°20’ to Atanikerdluk (Th. Fr.; Htz.; P.). The tract of Holsteinsborg: Ikertég
Fjord 66°50’ (V.); Itivneq about 67° (V.; W. & H.): hence not observed till 60
ita) aah
A decided southern Ly pe.
Abundantly flowermg and fruiting.
Now and then snowless during winter.
A 61. Elymus arenarius L. var. villosus E. \ey.
On sandy shores often forming dunes (ep. Porsttp: Medd. om
Grl. 25 p. 135 ff. fig. 3—4); also im manured soil at the settlements
and under, as well as on the fowling-cliffs; here eften ascending to con-
siderably altitudes. On Disko and Nigssuak-peninsula very common in
the basalt- and sandstone-domain, here bemg the most conspicuous
plant of the sand-shore forming great dense growths.
More scarce en the rocky coasts of the gneiss-domain, but occurs
in the smaller creeks ending in sand-formations. The plant is to be
found far into the valleys of the fjords following the banks of the great
rivers, but sometimes it is absent over great distances in the interior
of the fjords owing to the lack of suitable conditions.
Commonly used by the natives for boot-straw when they cannot
get Calamogrostis Langsdorfit.
A southern type only known from a few localities north of
the area; the northmost at 70°29' (P.).
Abundantly, but late flowering (at Disko-Bay) and only fruiting
after favourable summers.
A decided winter-stander, but we have often found the unripened
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 47
grains in the spikes during the whole of winter. But an intense and pa-
tient search will always result in the finding of seedlings.
Normally only the spikes protrude above the snow.
XI. Cyperaceae.
I 62. Eriophorum polystachion L. (2. angustifolium Roru.).
In moist moss-bogs and marshes along the shores of lakes and
brackish lagoons, often in great quantities.
Very common throughout the whole area, but certainly not as
widely distributed as the following species.
Very common in Greenland without southern or northern limit,
ascends to considerable altitudes just as far as the bogs and pools are
thawed up every day for at least a couple of months. even when they
are covered with ice during the night.
F. ferrugineum! Bristles reddish, nearly as in E. russeolum Fr.,
upwards paler.
At Qamavik on the southern side of the Nordfjord I saw a great
growth of f. ferrugineum, all the plants of which having rust-coloured
bristles. The other species were growing just in the neighbourhood
and partly mingled with it, but kept the normal colour of the bristles;
| did not observe any intermediate forms.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
I 63. Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe.
In localities similar to those of the preceding species, still more
common.
Note: The upper sheaths often somewhat swollen and perhaps this is the
reason why such specimens in dried condition have been determined as EL. vaginatum
L., which species does not occur in Greenland.
It seems to be a pathological phenomenon due to the effect of the night-trost
in the springtime. Phenomenons similar to this have been observed on various
species of the Gramineae (comp. Fr. Bucnenau: 2. Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, IT, 1,
Botanik p. 53, who attributes this to another cause).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
A 64. Heleocharis acicularis (L.) R. Br. f. submersa Hy. Nitss.
Forming carpets at the borders of small, shallow, not quite dried-
up lakes and ponds.
[8 Monten P. Ponsitp.
Disko: The north-eastern coast: Ingnangnagq 70°17' (P.).
Mainland: Sarqaq about 70° (Bs. P.
!); Claushavn (Bg.); Christianshaab (Htz
Orpigssuit (Htz.); Nivag-Bugt 68°32’ (K.); Sofiehavn 68°20’ (BL)
Besides found a few times north of the area to 71°42’ (P.)
Though not found south of the area it is no doubt a decided south-
ern type, overlooked because of its diminutiveness and undoubtedly
to be found in several localities.
From all the localities the plant was quite sterile; at the north
limit it was also found on desiccated soil, but without any trace of
flowers. Thus it does not seem to have any power of dispersal.
Hibernates enclosed in ice.
A 65. Scirpus caespitosus L. (Trichophorum austriacum PALLa.).
On moist spots in heath and moss-bogs or along the borders of
small brooks; occurs isolated, but always in great quantities.
Disko: In several places on the southcoast.
Mainland: From Torssukatak about 70° southwards from a great many
localities as well in the inland as near the coast. From the fjords in the southern
part of the area only from a few places, perhaps owing to the overlooking of the
plant. We have not observed it neither in N. Stromfjord nor in the fjords inland
from Holsteinsborg.
A southern type common south of 64° (Ros.) and north of the
area quite isolated at 72°27’ (P.).
Ascending the hills to 4—500 m.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and sometimes by ice.
| 66. Cobresia Bellardii (ALL.) DeGu. (Elyna spicata ScHRAD.
Cobresia scirpina \WILLD.).
On dry rock-ledges, bare spots in heath-vegetation and in gray-
elly places.
Disko: The southcoast in the gneiss area and at the coasts of Waygat in the
sandstone-domain. Hitherto not observed on basalt; always scarce (P.). ,
Mainland: On the coast of Nigssuaq peninsula from the sandstone-domain;
from the gneiss-domain southwards here and there; the places forming a continu-
ous area of distribution. In the southern part observed in Godthaab-fjord and
60°—61°; likely overlooked in the interjacent localities.
Widely distributed in West Greenland, though only found to about
71°; but being found, not only on the east coast north of this latitude,
but also on either side of Smith’s Sound, it is likely to occur on the
interjacent part of the west coast.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Undoubtedly snowless now and then.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 49
Ole Cobresia lipartita (ALL.) Datta Torre (C. caricina WILLD. ).
On warm rock-ledges, sunny and rather dry heath and from the
outskirt of thickets.
Disko: Lyngmarken at Godhayn 69°15’ (Th. Fr.).
Mainland: Here and there, but the rather numerous localities form together
a continuous area of distribution; from the fjords inland from Holsteinborg follow-
ing the interior part of the gneiss-land to Nuigssuaq peninsula and here only in
the gneissic part northwards to the interior of the Nordost-Bugt.
The northmost locality is on Ubekendt Ejland 71°12’ (P.).
South of this domain known quite isolated at 64°45’. Otherwise
not found till the southern coast of Ellesmere Land and on the east
coast of Greenland at 71° and 73°20’.
Seems thus to be a northern type.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Undoubtedly snowless now and then.
| 68. Carex nardina Fr.
In barren, sandy and gravelly places; on open heath and often
characterizing this vegetation, but rare in stony soil.
Very common in the basalt and sandstone areas from the coast
to the snow-line; scarcer in the gneiss-land and often absent in vigo-
rous, dense vegetation of the lowland, but to be found on the hills or
in barren places. This is especially the case in the great fjords, but
occasionally also to be found here in the lowland for instance, on gravelly
river-banks or on the slopes of marine layers of clay, where they have
been cut through by streams.
Has neither southern nor northern limit in Greenland, but is scarce
in South Greenland, and here it is to be reckoned as an Alpine species,
only occasionally and by chance descending into the lowland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
No doubt often snowless during winter. The living part of the
plant, however, is very well guarded by the compact, involuted
remains of the leaf-sheaths.
A 69. Carex capitata SOL.
In sandy soil, open spots on the heath, rock-ledges and clefts.
Disko: Only seen a few times in the gneiss-domain of the south coast (P.).
Mainland: Paottit 70°12’ (Htz.); from Torssukatak southwards there is a
great many localities as well in the inland as, for instance, in the archipelago of Ege-
desminde. Nevertheless we did not see it in N. Stromfjord nor in the fjords inland
from Holsteinsborg, though observed here several times by other collectors.
A southern type, north of the area only known from two loca-
lities in the interior part of the Nordost-Bugt.
LVI 4
D0 Monten P. Ponsiin,.
\bundantly flowering and fruiting.
Undoubtedly snowless now and then during winter
I 70. Carex incurva Licutr.
On sandy coasts, sometimes also in manured soil at the settlements.
Disko: The southcoast at Godhavn 69°15’ (Th. P.) at some small bogs near
a little lagoon.
It appeared at the Arctic Station, which lies a few hundred meters from the
sea, after the building of the houses and grows now in mouldy manured soil along
a drain and forms here a dense carpet. Rather common on Nord-Disko; Hare 0.
Mainland: Waygat-coast of Nugssuaq peninsula. In the gneiss-domain isolated
and scarce, for instance, Eqe 69°45’ (P.); several places from the sandy shores
around Sydost-Bugt (V.; Htz.; P.); Kangatsiaq 68°15’ (Bg.) and observed a few
times in the surroundings of Holsteinsborg.
In West Greenland known from 60° to 61° and from 65° to 71°30°,
but besides from the coasts of Smith’s Sound; no doubt often overlooked.
Even without flowers very easily distinguished from other spec-
ies. But in nature it is not very conspicuous, not even with spikes, these
normally being bent down and hid among the leaves.
f. erecta O. F. Lang seems to be a shade-form.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
L 71. Carex pratensis Drej.
At the foot of a fowling cliff among other tall vegetation: Qeqertalik-Fjord,
Naujarssuit 66°44’ (E. P.).
A decided southern and rare type, for the rest only known
from a few places in Godthaabfjord and Tunugdharfik. The above
mentioned locality thus the northern limit of the species.
Here abundantly flowering.
Hibernates covered by a thick layer of snow.
A 72. Carex Macloviana d’Urv. (C. festiva Drew.).
On fertile heath-slopes, herb-mats and in thickets.
Disko: The south coast around Godhayn 69°15’ several localities; rather
common (P.); Diskofjord at Kuanerssuit 69°35’ (P.).
Mainland: Sargaq 70° (V.); Pakitsog 69°28’ (Sor.); Egedesminde (W. & H.);
S. Kangerdluarssuk (W. & H.); Holsteinsborg several localities (Th. Fr.; W. & H.).
A decided southern type, the known northern limit of which
has been mentioned above.
In South Greenland it becomes gradually common and is also to
be found at some considerable altitudes (Ros.).
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. D1
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by a thick layer of snow.
L 73. Carex canescens L.
Disko: In 1908 I collected a Carex-species at Kigaq at Mudderbugt; it was
noticeable because of its. stature and vigour and by the pale, rather small, remote
spikelets. With some doubt I have determined it to C. canescens though the beak
of the outricles are somewhat too long and resemble that of C. lagopina. | brought
some of the tuft away with me and planted it at home, and it has retained its aspect
unchanged since, but now it is gradually overcome by the surrounding vegetation.
Mainland: In Kangerdluarssuk (W. & H.); Ikert6q Fjord 67°50’ (V.).
A decided southern type. The above mentioned locality being
its northern limit.
South hereof only observed a few times: from 60° to 61° however
being rather common (Ros.).
Flowers and fructificates.
Hibernates covered by snow.
L 74. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Porir (C. vitilis FR.).
Among grass, in thickets.
Mainland: Holsteinsborg, 66°55’ (Th. H.).
S. Kangerdluarssuk 67° (W. & H.); Ikert6q Fjord 66°50’ (V.).
A decided southern type, the above-mentioned locality being
the north limit.
The distribution resembling that of C. canescens, but, according
to RosENVINGE, somewhat more frequent and undoubtedly common
from 60° to 62°.
Flowers and fructificates.
Hibernates covered by snow.
A 75. Carex lagopina WaAuHLENB.
On vigorous heath, herb-mats, thickets and rock-ledges.
Very common throughout the whole area following old vegeta-
tion. Ascends the hills, but does not belong to the pioneers on new-
gained soil, for instance, moraine ete.
Widely distributed in Greenland, particularly a southern type,
The north limit at about 73°.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
4*
D2 Monten P. Ponsivo.
| 76. Carex glareosa WaAnLens.
At the shore among other vegetation.
When having room enough it forms dense carpets or marshes
along the shore, for instance, at the borders of lagoons inland from
the beach.
C. glareosa grows, just like the other plant characteristic of the
shores of Disko Bay, Puccinellia angustata v. vaginata, in semi-globular
tufts with the fruiting stalks lying densely pressed to the ground and
radiating in all directions. Stands manuring very well.
Very common throughout the whole area; attaining its highest
development when the shore consists of sand or clay.
Widely distributed in Greenland without known northern or
southern limit; the northern limit likely to be found at some place
near Smith’s Sound.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
Vv 77. Carex ursina Dew.
On moist sand at brackish lagoons at the shore, sometimes in
rather extended patches.
Disko: The south coast at Godhavn 69°15’ (E. P.); Maligiaq at the mouth
of Diskofjord 69°25’ (Th. Fr.); at the head of Nordfjord various places 69° 5(’—55’
(P.); the Waygat-coast Unartuarssuk (Nath.); Ivnarssukasik 70°10° (P.).
Hare © (P.).
Mainland: The coast of Nugssuag peninsula from Marraq north of the great
river down to Atanikerdluk (P.), several localities; Eqe 69°42’ (P.): Claushavn
(S. H.); Orpigssuit (Htz.); Egedesminde (BI.); Itivneq (W. & H.).
A decided northern type, the last mentioned locality being the
south limit in West Greenland. North of the area found at Niaqdér-
naq 70°47’ (V.) then not till Ellesmereland (Simmons), but no doubt
overlooked from the interjacent part of the coast.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and ice.
A 78. Carex gynocrates WormMskKJ.
Disko: QOsterdalen (Nyg.) Blesedalen (Th. P.). Skarvefjeld at Godhavn
69°17’ (Th. Fr.); Skansen 69°25’ (Rikli).
Mainland: Claushayn 69°5’ (Bg.); Ikamiut 68°37’ (BI.); Tasiussarssuag 65°23°
(Bg.).
A decided southern type, rare from all localities (perhaps over-
looked)? in Greenland.
The above-mentioned localities represent the north limit; south
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 53
of the area also seen but a few times. The record from 81°40’ (BEssEts:
Asa Gray) seems very doubtful, no doubt owing to confusing of the
material.
Flowers and fructificates.
A 79. Carex alpina Sw. (C. Halleri Gunn.).
On fertile spots in the heath, in bogs, moist herb-mats, thickets
and rock-ledges.
Disko: From the south coast: Diskofjord and Mellemfjord and the adjacent
valleys, from small creeks between the two fjords: common (P.). From the southern
part of the Waygat-coast, but hitherto not observed on the northland and the great
valleys here.
Mainland: A continued area from the tract of Holsteinsborg along Disko
Bay over the interior gneissic tract of Nugssuaq peninsula to the inner part of the
Nordost-Bugt. Here common everywhere at some distance from the outer coast,
and ascending, in localities favourably exposed to the sun, to considerable altitudes.
t in the mentioned
area only from few places, the northmost at 72°22" (P.).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
A southern type, common southwards, bu
Hibernates covered hy snow.
80. Carex holostoma Dreu.
In moist bogs and along lake-shores.
Disko: The south coast at Godhavn 69°15’ and in the vallevs here. rather
common (Th. Fr.; P.).
Mainland: From I[gdluluarssuit 69°50’ down to Tasiussarssuaq 68°25’ ob-
served at many places and no doubt common. Archipelago of Egedesminde: Ege-
desminde © 68°42’ (V.: BL: P.); the southern side of Qegertarssuatsiaq 68°23’
(P. & E.).
The last mentioned locality hitherto the south limit. We sear-
ched for it in the southern fjords, but in vain. Northwards recorded
from Umanaq (V.) and Proven 72°20’ (Hart.).
No more than Noro (Indre og Mellem-Kvenangens larplanter.
Nyt Magazin f. Naturv. 40. 1902 pag. 351), I have seen transition forms
between this and the preceding species, and I quite agree with the
above author as to their having quite different habitats and modes
of living.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
i 81. Carex rariflora (WAHLENB.) SM.
Generally in moss-bogs and moist heath, but also on herb-mats
with abundant and long-lasting snow-cover; now and then in thickets.
ay Morten P. Porsitp
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in West Greenland, without southern limit;
the northern limit not known, but lying somewhere north of 73°.
Ascends the hills following the continuous vegetation.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
V 82. Carex stans Dres (C. aquatilis var. stans Bootr.; OSTENFELD).
Character-plant of the Carex-bogs, along lake-shores growing in
company with Hriophora, Carex pulla, C. rotundata, C. rigida var. con-
color (Cp. Porsild |. c. 167 ff. Fig. 10—11 Resumé 280).
Disko: Very common everywhere, ascending the hills to at least 600 m (P.).
Hare © (P.); Mainland: Nuigssuaq peninsula and from Torssukatak down
to the Sydost-Bugt common; evidently somewhat scarcer in the gneiss-domain
than in the basalt. Egedesminde (V.); the continent at 68°30° (P. & E.).
According to OstenreLp: Fl. Arctica these last localities repre-
sent the southern limit of the species here in West Greenland.
Thus it is a northern type; knovn from Ellesmereland and is
likely to be found from the interjacent coast north of the Danish settle-
ments.
Often the species is difficult to distinguish from the closely allied
C. rigida, C. pulla, C. rotundata.
In addition to the characters already mentioned in the literature
we may add the colour of the old sheaths of C. stans usually being light-
brown and dull, while that of the other species is more or less purple-
coloured and shining.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
At the beginning of the winter a decided winter-stander; later
on thickly covered by snow.
A 83. Carex subspathacea WormskJ. (C. salina var. AUTT.).
On strand-meadows and_ strand-rocks among other halophilous
vegetation; very small and insignificant and no doubt often overlooked.
Only exceptionally forming carpets along the brackish lagoons.
Disko: At Godhavn, Udkiggen 69°12’ on splashed strand-rocks (P.); Mellem-
fjord about 69°45’ (Rikli!); Hare © 70°20’ (P.).
Mainland: Kugsinerssuaq 70°15’, forming extensive patches (P.); Augpa-
lartoq north of Kangatsiaq (K.); Ikert6q Fjord at Holsteinsborg (V.).
A southern type. The above mentioned localities represent the
northern limit, but it is hardly the real one, the plant in East Green-
land being found far north of this latitude.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 5d
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and ice.
I 84. Carex rigida Goon. and var. concolor R. Br.
The main-species on heath, herb-mats, thickets and in stony
soil ascending the hills to considerable altitudes.
The variety: in very moist bogs and especially at lake-shores;
generally in the lowland.
Both very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland with neither southern nor (the
main-species) northern limit.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
The variety thickly covered by snow and often by ice during win-
ter. The main species certainly snowless now and then.
L 85. Carex rufina DRE).
On moist sand, partly inundated during the early part of the
summer.
Disko: In a little pool near Godhavn 69°15’ (Th. P.!) very rare.
Mainland: N. Isortog 67°15’ (V.).
A decided southern type, perhaps often overlooked. The men-
tioned locality indicates the northern limit. Found a few times in
South Greenland.
Flowers and fructificates.
Hibernates covered by snow and ice.
A 86. Carex bicolor ALL.
On moist sand along the shores of lakes and rivulets; on barren
spots of sand and clay in the heath.
Disko: Several localities at Godhavn 69°15’ (Rikli; Th. P.; P.), at the foot
of Ingigsog at the Waygat 69°45’ (P.).
Mainland: Lerbugt at Claushavn (Bg.); Qeqgertarssuatsiaq (the southern
side) 68°23’ (P. & E.); Kangerdluarssuk at Agto 67°69’ (E. P.!).
Everywhere very scarce, often only in single tufts.
A decided southern type; scarce (or overlooked) throughout
Greenland; south of the area only found a few times, to the north of
it found at the interior of Nordost-Bugt 70°32’ (Vh.).
Abundantly flowerig and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
56 Monten P. Porsivo.
i 87. Carex scirpoidea Micux.
In mouldy and peaty soil: in vigorous heath, herb-mats, thickets
and rock-ledges.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland, without southern limit, being
observed till 72°20’; the north-limit is not known.
Ascending the hills following the old dense vegetation.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
Carex deflexa Horn (C. piluliferae var. AUTT.).
Recorded from Rode-Bay 69°20’ by Sorensen; probably an error.
A decided southern type, only found a few times in South Greenland chiefly
between 60° and 62°; the northmost at 65°25’.
Vv 88. Carex rupestris ALL.
On dry heath, in stony soil and on rocks.
Very common in the northern part of the area; and in the archi-
pelago of Egedesminde we found it frequently. Recorded from many
places in the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg.
A northern type, the distribution of which north of 72°30" is
not well known; (recorded from Ellesmereland, but scarce (Simmons).
The southern limit of its continuous distribution is to be settled
in the tract of Holsteinsborg. South hereof recorded quite isolated
from Godthaab 64°11" (Sor.).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Often snowless during winter.
89. Carex supina WAHLENB.
On vigorous heath, sunny gneiss-slopes and the margin of thickets.
Disko: Diskofjord near Ikineq 69°28’ several times (P.).
Mainland: Numerous localities between Torssukatak and Sydost-Bugt:
from here southwards rather common: from the interior of the fjords, thus from
many places in N. Stromfjord (P. & E.), becoming frequent southwards.
Widely distributed species, but probably with north-lmit some-
where in West Greenland: hitherto known to about 73°.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Surely covered by snow during winter.
90. Carex pedata WAHLENB.
In similar localities and with a similar distribution, perhaps some-
what scarcer,
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland, a7
Disko: South coast at Godhavn and Mudderbugt (P.); Eqaluit and Nord-
fjord (Th. Fr.); Ujaragsugssuk at Waygat (Nath.).
Mainland: Sarqaq, Ritenbenk, Pakitsog (V.); Eqe (P.); Jakobshavyn (V.);
N. Stromfjord: Ungoriarfik (Korn.); N. Isortoq (V.).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
No doubt covered by snow during winter.
Vv 91. Carex misandra R. Br. (C. fuliginosa HooK.).
On heath, rocks and fell-field.
Disko, Hare ©, Mainland north, east and south of Disko Bay as-
cending the hills to considerable altitudes, very common. Then becoming scarcer.
Not recorded by Kruuse and not observed by us in the archipelago of Egedesminde.
In N. Stromfjord scarce on the northern coast; from Eqaluarssuit on the south-
coast (P. & E.) but not elsewhere; not even on the hills.
N. Isortoq and Holsteinsborg (V.); Maligiaq and Itivneq 66°58’ (P. & E.);
Naujarssuit; Qeqertalik Fjord 66°46’ (P. & E.).
A northern type; the last mentioned localities indicates the
known south-limit.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Undoubtedly always covered by snow during winter.
V 92. Carex ustulata WAHLENB.
A rare (or overlooked) northern type, only found once at the
northern limit of the area at Marraq north of the great river on Nigs-
suaq peninsula (P.); north hereof only from a few localities.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
! 93. Carex capillaris L.
In open spots on heath and fell-field and on rocks.
Very insignificant and therefore often overlooked. Not especi-
ally noticed in our diaries, but probably common throughout the whole
area; always to be found when intentionally searched for.
Widely distributed in Greenland, but perhaps with a north limit
somewhere at Melville-Bay. Known from north of 74°, and searce from
Jones Sound (Simmons).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Not always covered by snow in winter.
A 94. Carex microglochin WaAnHLENB.
At edges of moist flat rocks, among moss and algal growth; every-
where rare or overlooked.
58 Monren P. Ponsitn.
Disko: Hitherto not found.
Mainland: Imilik at the ice-fjord of Jakobshavn 69°10’ (Th. P.!); Claushayn
(Bg.); Lerbugt (Htz.); Orpigssuit (Htz.); N. Stromfjord: Ivnalik 67°44’ (P. & E
Head of Itivdleg fjord, 66°29" (P. & E.).
Decidedly a southern type; north of the area found twice; the
northmost locality at 70°40’ (V.).
Flowers and fructificates.
Undoubtedly covered by snow during winter.
A 95. Carex rotundata WAHLENB.
In marshes especially on lake-shores.
Disko: The south coast, at Godhayn here and there; Mudderbugt (P.).
Mainland: Several places between Sarqaq 70° and Sydost-Bugt, but not com-
mon; hitherto not collected or reported from the district of Egedesminde, neither
from the archipelago nor from the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg.
A southern type, the known north limit of which is at Ikerasag
NOzaoe
Plant of the lowland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
96. Carex pulla Goon. (C. sazatilis L.).
In swampy bogs, at lake-shores often forming extensive patches
together with C. stans, C. rotundata, C. rigida var. Bigelowii and Erio-
phora.
Disko, Hare 0, Nugssuaq peninsula and Mainland around Disko Bay very
common (P.). Still more frequent in the north-district of Egedesminde, but then
getting scarcer southwards. N. Stromfjord: Sarfarssuaq 67°49’ (P. & E.): S. Kang-
erdluarssuk (W. & H.); Holsteinsborg (V.).
A northern type, being rare south of the area; according to
OsTENFELD known to about 64°. Northward collected rather conti-
nuously to 72°45’, and this does not seem to be the north-limit. Mostly
a lowland plant.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
XII. Juncaceae.
A 97. Juncus arcticus WILLD.
On moist sand and sandy clay at the shores of lakes and rivulets,
on open spots in bogs often among halophilous vegetation.
Sometimes in herb-mats and thickets.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 59
Disko: Locally, but from many localities on the south coast, the fjords and
from the inner part of the great valleys; scarce on the northland and hitherto not
found on the north-east coast.
Hare 9 (P.).
Mainland: Holsteinsborg several places, but not common. From the south-
district of Egedesminde rather common. From the archipelago of Egedesminde
recorded as “rather common” by Kruvse; according to our opinion rather scarce.
In the district of Christianshaab and in the tract to the south of that numerous
localities. Rare in the district of Jakobshayn; Jakobshavn (V.); Ata (P.); Eqe (P.);
from several places on the Waygat-coast of Nigssuaq peninsula.
A southern type, north of the area only recorded from the inner
part of Nordost-Bugt at Ikerasak; Umanaq and at [gdlorssuit on Ube-
kendt Ejland 71°15’, this place the north limit of the species.
Lowland plant, not ascending to any considerable altitude.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
In the first part of the autumn winter-stander; later on covered
by snow and often by ice. Never snowless during winter.
1 98. Juncus bulbosus L. (J. supinus MoENcH).
In loose mire at the borders of shallow ponds, very rare (no doubt
often overlooked because of its diminutiveness).
Mainland: District of Christianshaab: Orpigssuit 68°39’ (Htz.); district of
Egedesminde: the southern side of Sarqardlit 68°37’ (P. & E.).
A southern type; according to Genierr (Ostenfeld: FI. Arctica).
found besides at 60°55’.
The three localities near the coast, the plants small and quite
sterile.
Hibernates enclosed in ice.
A 99. Juncus castaneus Sm.
On moist sand and clay, at the shores of lakes and rivulets, on open
spots in bogs, often among halophilous vegetation; rarer among the
mosses of bogs and from herb-mats.
Rather common throughout the whole area. From the district of
Egedesminde Kruuse states it as “rare”, but this only applies to the
outmost islets of the archipelago.
A southern type, north of the area getting scarcer, limited to pla-
ces far from the outer coast. The known north limit from the interior
at Laksefjord 72°20’. Likewise it seems to become rarer southwards;
south of 63° only known at the terminal moraine of Frederikshaabs
Isblink 62°30’; probably alpine or descended here.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
60 Montes P. Porsitp
At the beginning of the autumn winterstander: later on thickly
covered by snow and often by ice.
1 100. Juncus triglumis |..
On moist sand and clay at lake-shores, and on open spots in bogs
and heath.
Undoubtedly common throughout the whole area, but often ab-
sent from lists of plants owing to overlooking.
Rather a southern type, the north limit of which is not known.
Yo 70°45’ we have specimens and verified records. My previous record
from 72°30’ is apparently incorrect (Medd. om Gronld. 50, p. 371),
owing to an erroneous determination.
Ascending to 5—600 m.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates usually abundantly covered by snow and often by ice.
I 101. Juncus biglumis lL.
On moist sand and clay, often on bare spots in bogs and heath;
scarcer among taller mosses and other vegetation.
Very common throughout the whole area. From the archipelago
of Egedesminde recorded by Kruuse as “rare” but that does not agree
with our observations.
Ascending the hills to the snow-line; in tracts of dense vegetation
often found ascended or on the shady side.
Widely distributed arctic plant without neither southern nor
northern limit in Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
A 102. Juncus trifidus L.
On dry and sunny rock-ledges among other vegetation. sometimes
on gravel or in herb-mats; seems to be rarer on basalt than on gneiss
and sandstone.
Disko: The south coast, at Godhavn rather common and from Mudderbugt
to Ingigsdg 69°45’ (P.).
Mainland: Rode Bay 69°20’? (Sor.). From the archipelago of Egedesminde
reported by Kruusr as ‘‘common’’; no places are indicated and we have not re-
found it here. N. Stromfjord: Ivnalik 67°47’ (P. & E.), N. Isortoq 67°20’ (Ros.)
and S$. Kangerdluarssuk 67°0’ (W. & H.).
Southern type, the above-mentioned localities represent the
known north limit.
Lowland plant.
The Flora of Disko [sland and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 61
Abundantly flowering, but at Godhavn, for instance, not fruiting
every year.
Often snowless; but the living parts of the plant always covered
during winter.
dL 103. Juncus bufonius L.
On moist spots of clay, and especially at the lower edge of bare,
flat gneissrocks.
N. Stromfjord from Ipiutarssuaq along the southern side of the branch to
Sarfarssuaq 67°45’ observed from several places (P. & E.)
We were highly surprised by finding this plant here, being hitherto
only known from paths at the old Norse-ruins at Igaliko (about 61°).
On the map in Medd. om Gronld. 15 tab. XII an old ruin is marked
off at Itivdlerssuaq, the passage from Nuerssorfit to Arfersiorfik. Ac-
cording to informations from the natives in the district there really
is a big ruin, but no doubt of Eskimoie origin. Thus, according to the
absence of Norse-ruins here, it is unlikely that the plant has been in-
troduced by the Norsemen.
The specimens were very small; from simple, only one centimeter
heigh, single-flowered specimens, to specimens 3 centimeter heigh,
ramified from the ground, these bearing 1—3 flowers.
Normally flowering.
A 104. Luzula parviflora (EKuru.) Desr.
In herb-mats and as undergrowth in open copses; on Disko often
in the neighbourhood of the hot springs; often forming extensive pat-
ches.
Disko: The south coast and the valleys here between Laksebugt and Mudder-
bugt, about 69°45’ (P.). 5
Diskofjord, on the north coast and at the hot springs on the south coast (P.).
Eqaluit, 60°30’ (P.); Mellemfjord: the north coast at Kuanit and [korfarssuit,
69°45’ (P.).
Mainland: (Strange to say not recorded from the district of Christianshaab).
Egedesminde? (Sor.) in vain searched for by us (BE. & P.); Augpalartoq north of
Kangatsiaq, 68°25’ (Kr.); Kangerdluarssuk east of Agto, 67°59’ (E. P.); N. Strom-
fjord near Gieseckes lake (Korn.); Eqaluarssuit, 67°36’ (P. & E.), (in the interior
part of the fjord not observed by us!) N. Isortog (V.); Holsteinsborg: from several
places in the fjords, especially from the interior (W. & H.); (P. & E.).
A southern type, the above-mentioned places representing the
north limit in West Greenland, 68°25’ for the mainland, 69°35’
for Disko. Common in South Greenland.
Lowland plant, only ascending to inconsiderable altitudes.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting. When the snow falls in the
62 Monrren P. Porsivp.
autumn the big inflorescences are filled with snow and the thin stalks
break; thus not winter-stander. All the habitats are covered by a thick
layer of snow during the winter, but favourably exposed as to the
melting of the snow in the spring-time. Var. 8 sparsifolia Lange, is a
shade-form from the copses.
A 105. Luzula spicata (L.) De.
On heath, herb-mats and copses
Rather common, though not everywhere, throughout the whole
area, usually at some distance from the shore and in fairly favourable
places. Kruusr records it from the archipelago of Egedesminde as
“very rare’; but this applies only to the small outer islets; in the in-
terior of the greater islands and in the fjords the plant is not rare.
The north limit of the species is not known, but in favourable
places the plant is surely to be found till 72°30’; the records from the
district of Cape York have proved themselves erroneous determinations.
At Disko-Bay and north hereof usually lowland plant though
ascending to 600 m in favourable places.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Winter-stander, the basal shoots being covered by snow during
the winter.
l 106. Luzula confusa Linpves. (L. arcuatae var. AUTT.).
On heath and on fell-field, very common throughout the whole area
except in vigorous and dense lowland vegetation. Ascends the hills
to the snow-line; also on the Nunataqs above the glaciers of Disko.
Widely distributed arctic plant.
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
Specimens from our area determined by other authors as L. arcuata
are, in our opinion, not typical.
Vv 107. Luzula nivalis (Larsr.) BEURLIN.
On Disko, Hare © and Nugssuaq peninsula common on the hills and in
deserted places in the lowland. Recorded from numerous places in the gneissic area
of Disko-Bay; Kruuse records it from the archipelago of Egedesminde as “‘very
rare’ and this is undoubtedly right; still it has been collected at Manermiut (Bg.):
Qeqertarssuatsiag 68°23’ (P. & E.), on the Mainland at 68°30’ (P. & E.); Ka-
ngerdluarssuk east of Agto 67°59’ (E. P.). In N. Stromfjord collected by Kornerup,
but not re-found by us; in Ikert6q Fjord (V.); Sarfanguaq (V.; P. & E.).
A northern type, the known south limit at about 64°50".
Usually abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Often snowless during winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 63
A 108. Luzula frigida (BucH.) Samuretsson (L. multiflora Aurr.
non EnRH.).
In copses, herb-mats and vigorous heath.
Disko: On the south coast; in the fjords and the big valleys rather common
in favourable places in the lowland. Not observed on the north and north-east coast.
Mainland: In the gneissic area of Disko-Bay rather common. As to the ar-
chipelago of Egedesminde Kruuse states: ‘‘rare’’, but this is only the case on the
outmost and small islets; we (P. & E.) found it on the southern side of Sarqardlit
68°39’; on the mainland at 68°30’; Qeqertarssuatsiagq (the southern side) 68°23’;
Kangerdluarssuk east of Agto and common in N. Stromfjord and its ramifications.
Very common in the district of Holsteinsborg (P. & E,)
Certainly a southern type; north of Disko-Bay from a few
places to 72°30’ this temporalily being the north limit of the species.
Usually lowland plant only ascending to inconsiderable altitudes.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Covered by snow during the winter.
NB. The referring of the plants from our area to L. frigida in-
stead of to L. multiflora is due to Dr. G. SAMUELSSON who revised the
material in H. H.
XIII. Liliaceae.
I 109. Tofieldia palustris Huds.
In moss-bogs and moist spots in the heath, sometimes in herb-
mats and copses, but not, as stated by Rowlee and Wiegand |}. c. p. 423,
“on sand along the shore’. Very common throughout the whole
area.
Widely distributed species, the north limit of which is yet un-
known. It has been observed till north of 74°, but the records from
north of Cape York wants confirming.
Ascends the hills following the dense growth of vegetation.
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
Covered by snow in winter.
Vv 110. Tofieldia coccinea Ricu.
This rare plant, hitherto only known from four places in the Nordost-Bugt
(between 70°30’ and 71°45’) and from three places in East Greenland (between
70°30’ and 76°30’), was unexpectedly found by us in the interior of N. Stromfjord
from Ipiutarssuaq 67°42’ towards Sarfarssuaq almost everywhere, growing among
tall mosses on the very vigorous heath of the lowland; besides in several places on
a hill in the narrow passage between the Qarssorsaq-arm of this fjord and Arfer-
siorfik 67°55’ ascending to 3—500 m.
In spite of the occurence here the species must be settled as a
northern type immigrated to Greenland from the North. No doubt
64 Monten P. Porsivo.
it is more common northward and surely overlooked, being difffeult
to distinguish, in sterile state, from the preceding species.
Here abundantly flowering; some of the specimens had a height
of 15—20 em. We also saw old fruitstalks.
In all the places seen by us, the plant was no doubt covered by
snow during the winter.
XIV. Orchidaceae.
a 111. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. (Limnorchis mayor
(LANGE) Rype.
In vigorous herb-mats and open copses, eSpecially at the hot springs.
Disko: The south coast at Godhavn found in several places and by several
collectors. Diskofjord: Unartog 69°25’ (Krogh!), Kuanersoq 69°33’ (P.) and just
opposite Qarusuit 69°32’ (P.).
Mainland: District of Holsteinsborg: Naujarssuit in Qeqertalik-Fjord 66°45’
(P. & E.).
A decided southern type, from hence not known till 64°14’ and
according to RoseNvINGE not common till south of 63°. The above-
mentioned localities thus represent the northern limit on the main-
land and Disko.
All the mentioned places are in the lowland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Covered by snow in winter.
al 112. Habenaria albida (L.) R. Br.
In places similar to those of the preceding species and often growing
in company with it.
Disko: The south coast near Godhayn 69°15—16’ in several places and col-
lected by several people. Diskofjord just opposite Qarusuit 69°32’ (P.).
Mainland: Imilik at Jakobshavns Isfjord (Sor.), here searched for in vain
by us; no doubt a confusion with Imilik in Godthaab-fjord (Sorensen also
collected here!). [kert6q-Fjord 66°50’ (Rink); Qeqertalik 66°45’ (Brummerstedt).
South of 65° common, according to RosENVINGE.
A decided southern type; the above-mentioned places repre-
sent the north limit; all the places in the lowland.
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
Covered by snow during winter.
dt 113. Listera cordata (L.) R. Br.
Disko: The south coast, among the herbs within the area of hot springs in
Sngelskmandens Hayn at Godhayn 69°15’: first found by Horsey, afterwards
by numerous collectors.
Diskofjord: Opposite Qarusuit 69°32" (P.).
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 65
A decided southern type, on the mainland from a few places
in Godthaab-fjord till 64°30’ and not very common at 60° — 62’
according to ROSENVINGE.
All the mentioned places are in the lowland.
At Godhavn usually not flowering, only during favourable, 1. e.
damp and moist summers, but then abundantly.
We found unripened fruits in August 1917.
Under a thick cover of snow in the winter.
1 114. Corallorrhiza trifida (L.) Cuatrev. (C. innata R. Br.).
In vigorous herb-mats and near hot springs.
Disko: Engelskmandens Hayn 69°15’ (Sor.) 1891, not re-found; in Disko-
fjord at Kuanerssuit (Th. Fr.).
A decided southern type. On the mainland known from N.
Isortog 67°15’ (V.); southwards not till Godthaab-fjord.
The above-mentioned specimens from Engelskmandens Havn are
flowering.
Covered by snow in winter.
Dicotyledones.
XV. Salicaceae.
1 115. Salix herbacea L.
In bogs and moist spots in the heath, among stones in the outlets
of springs; very typical for places where the snow-cover lasts long.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in West Greenland without south limit; the
north limit is unknown, no doubt to be found north of 76°.
Ascending the hills to considerable altitudes, though not in newly
formed mineral soil.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by a thick layer of snow and often besides
by ice.
1 116. Salix Myrsinites L. var. parvifolia Anp.
S. ivigtutiana Lunpstr., S. Uva Ursi Porsu sec. SCHNEIDER.
Recorded from Ritenbenk 69°45’ (V.) and from Jakobshayn 69°13’ (V.).
A decided southern type; not known till 64°48’ in the Godthaabs-
fjord; and it is possible that the above-mentioned specimens may prove
themselves to be something else, for instance, a hybrid between the
other species.
LVIIT. 9)
66 Morten P. Porsitp
j 117. Salix groenlandica (Anp.) LuNpstr. (S. arctica var. AUTT.).
In moist soil. In bogs and moist heath, at water-courses, often in
river-deltas washed down from alpine habitats; ascends the hills follow
ing the rivers from the glaciers and the snow-fields.
Often pioneer on recently denuded moraine or alluvial soil.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in West Greenland, without south limit; in
the extreme north perhaps replaced by other varieties of S. arctica.
Under identical conditions this species flowers before the follow-
ing and is abundantly fruiting.
Normally covered by snow and often by the ice of the springs;
perhaps snow-less now and then when growing on the hills.
118. Salix glauca L.
Forming copses in places favourably exposed to the sun, if only
abundantly covered by early melting snow, and provided the following
summers being warm and damp. Thus often on the sunny side of rocky
walls, these lying sheltered from the wind.
Besides it is always present in the heath-vegetation, both in the
dry part and in the moist. It is to be found in bogs right down to the
lake-shores and is sometimes growing in the most dry and barren places,
dunes, gravel among boulders and stones, on rock-ledges and in crevices.
Very frequently used as fuel by the natives. The bushes are pulled
up in the summer and stacked to dry for the winter.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in West Greenland without southern limit. The
north-limit is not known, but undoubtedly to be searched for north
Ot 7Gn-
Abundantly flowering and fruiting, except in the most barren
places.
In many places snowless. But to the copses the snow-cover 1s
absolutely necessary. The long shoots, projecting above the snow, are
usually dying, the copses thus resembling clipped hedges.
Nevertheless the copse- and espalier-willow is able to stand the
night-frost, even when the buds and shoots are denuded of snow, if
only the growth of these have not yet begun.
The willows of Greenland are much varying, especially S. glauca
and S. groenlandica. A great part of the variations are directly depen-
dent on the quality of habitat, and various parts of the same specimen
often have various forms of leaves. But besides these variations there
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 67
often occur others which are not due to the ecological conditions, and
they seem to be hereditable constant.
In every copse of considerable extension several forms occur,
now forming small groups, now growing scattered in the copse.
I have only mentioned above the main-species and none of the
numerous varieties described and named by previous authors, because
| am well aware of my deficiency of ability and my lack of information
and also of my shortage of figures and of properly determined material
for comparison.
The various highly interesting papers on Aretic Willows by C. Kk.
ScHNEIDER (Botan. Gazette 66-67) came to my knowledge after
having handed in my MS. to the printer, and consequently | have
not been able to utilize them here.
XVI. Betulaceae.
119. Betula nana L.
On heath and not too moist bogs. Usually one of the most im-
portant plants of the heath and in places it becomes dominant and
plainly forms “‘birch-heath’. Besides forming espaliers against boul-
ders. Less frequently forming small birch-copses sheltered by willow-
copses.
In places, which are warm in summer and sufficiently covered by
snow during the winter and especially in valleys far from the coast,
it is able to rise from the ground with the branches above the other
plants of the heath: this is the case as well at 72° n. |. as south at 67°.
Very common throughout the whole area, though not everywhere.
As well at the southern as in the northern part of the area, for instance,
on Disko and Ntgssuaq peninsula, one may sometimes walk for miles
without seing a single specimen of Betula.
It cannot be the climatic conditions which causes this scarcity.
| should rather think the lack of the commensals necessary for the
roots was the reason for this.
The larger specimens are collected on a large scale by the natives
who use them for fuel.
Widely distributed in Greenland; the south limit at 63° (Ros.).
The northern limit unknown, but to be searched for north of 74°30’.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates normally covered by snow, but in unfavourable places
the snow-cover periodically may be absent.
5*
6% Morten P. Porsitp.
4 120. Alnus Alnobetula (Ennu.) Harr. var. repens (Wormsks.)
WINKL. (A. viridis var. A. ovata var.).
Recorded from Ikertég-Fjord 66°45’ (V.), but not re-found.
A southern type known in West Greenland from 61° to 66°.
XVII. Polygonaceae.
I 121. Oxyria digyna (L.) Hitt.
On fell-field in moist places often in the melting-water from the
snow-fields. In the lowland at water-courses, in herb-mats and among
stones on the talus.
Very common throughout the whole area. Widely distributed in
Greenland with neither northern nor southern limit.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
To be sure normally covered by snow during winter.
A 122. Rumex Acetosella L.
In rather dry gravelly soil, on heath and in crevices. Few and
scattered occurrences, but, when occurring, usually in great quantities.
Disko: Recorded from Godhayn 69°15’ by Hart, but during many years
searched for in vain. On the other hand, European specimens of the species occur,
rather commonly, as introduced weeds. This form is easily distinguished from the
Greenlandic, for instance, by the decumbency; European ruderal plants in Green-
land are usually decumbent, quick-growing and cannot survive hibernation.
Perhaps the specimen found by Harr, belonged to this form.
The north limit of the Greenlandic form lies in the inner part of Nordost-
Bugten (from a few places (V.)). Rather continuous it occurs along the coasts of
Disko-Bay from Ata 69°45’ (P.) down to Sydost-Bugten; here the habitats lie close
together. Westward to Egedesminde, but in the archipelago neither seen by Kruvse
nor by us; in N. Stromfjord and its branchings common (P. & E.). —
From the district of Holsteinsborg recorded from Ikert6q-Fjord (V.); Maligiag
66°58’ (P. & E.).
A southern type; south of the area to be found here and there,
and south of 61°30’ common (ROSENVINGE).
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
Probably covered by snow during winter.
Polygonum islandicum Metsn. (P. aviculare L. var. boreale LANGE).
Occasionally observed at the settlements throughout the whole area; by us
only seen at Qegertaq 1914, about 70° (P. & E.).
Here it conveyed the impression of an introduced weed, it was flower-
ing, but hardly fructificating before the arrival of the winter. On the
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 69
other hand it was absent here in 1918 (E. P.). This seems really to be
the fact, too, in most of the other places; it may not yet be acclimated,
and thus it cannot be counted among the real Greenlandic plants.
I 123. Polygonum viviparum L.
In all sorts of soil, in heath, herb-slopes, copses and fell-field, on
sand and gravel and very often in manured soil.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland, with neither northern nor southern
limit; ascending from the shore to considerable altitudes.
Abundantly flowering and forming bulblets in great quantities.
In rich soil fruits are developed lately in good summers.
Most of the habitats are covered by snow during winter.
i 124. Koenigia islandica L.
Most frequently found in and by running water, in shallow places
in brooks, among small stones at the borders of brooks and lakes (pools);
in manured drains at inhabited places often forming extensive patches;
also to be found in moist places on the heath and in moss-bogs.
Widely distributed in West Greenland without south limit; the
northern limit unknown, but to be settled north of 73°.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly.
Its habitats are covered during the winter, usually by ice.
XVIII. Caryophyllaceae.
Sagina. The specimens of this genus are usually neglected by the
collectors (also by us) because of their diminutiveness, and thus I have
nothing of importance to add to the hitherto known facts of its distri-
bution.
A 125. Sagina saginoides (L.) Datte Torre (S. Linnaei Pres).
Disko: The south coast, Lyngmarken 69°15’ (Bg.).
Mainland: N. Isortog 67°15’ (Ros.).
A southern type, the above mentioned habitats the only ones
reported from our area and temporarily the north most in Greenland.
No doubt rare.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
I 126. Sagina intermedia Fenzt (S. nivalis Fr. p. p.).
In sandy and clayey spots on heath and fell-field, often at the sea-
shore, but also as an inland-plant, ascending the hills.
70 Monren P. Porsiio,
Round Disko-Bay collected and noticed by numerous collectors from many
places; no doubt common. Not expressly recorded from the districts of Egedes-
minde and Holsteinsborg, perhaps here somewhat rarer.
Widely ranging in Greenland with neither northern nor southern
limit.
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
To be sure often snowless during winter.
i 127. Sagina caespitosa (J. Vau_) Lance. (S. nivalis Fr. p. p.)
(S. Pumilio R. Br. Simm).
In places similar to those of the preceding one, perhaps a little
dryer.
Collected and noticed by many collectors in the sourroundings of Disko-Bay,
to be sure rather common here. Just as 8. intermedia not recorded expressly from
the districts of Egedesminde and Holsteinsborg, but no doubt occurring here also.
Widely distributed, without south-limit; the northern limit to
be searched for at Melville-Bay, north of 74°15’.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
No doubt often snowless during winter.
i 128. Honkenya peploides (L.) Enru. (/alianthus, Ammodenia.
Arenaria, Aurr.) var. diffusa Horn.
On sandy sea-shores often forming extensive patches.
Common throughout the whole area; the distribution often inter-
rupted owing to the absence of sandy localities.
Widely distributed in West Greenland, without southern limit.
The north limit unknown, but likely to be settled near Smith's Sound.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Covered by snow during winter.
V 129. Arenaria ciliata L. subsp. norvegica (GuNN.) Fries.
(cfr. OstENFELD & Dani: Nyt Mag. f. Nat. 55. 1917.
On moist sand, on the hills often in melting-water from the snow-
fields, in the lowland washed down by the brooks. In moist places in
newly formed moraine.
Disko: Rather frequent occurrences on the northland near the coast as well
as on the hills away from the sea (P.). Rare on the south coast: at Rode Elv, 69°16’;
at Kugssuaq-River near Skansen 69°20’; at Mudderbugten 69°42’ (P.).
From Hare © and the interior of Nigssuaq peninsula and the coasts of
Waygat, rather common (P.).
Mainland: Near the inland-ice 68°45’ (Engell!).
A northern type; the above-mentioned places represent the
southern limit in Greenland.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 71
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
The lowland-localities are, at any rate, covered by ice or snow
during winter.
1 130. Minuartia biflora (L.) Scuinz & THELL.
(Alsine biflora Wau, Arenaria sajanensis WILLD. FERN.
In moist spots on heath, herb-mats and fell-field, on fresh moraine
or among grass and other vegetation. Common throughout the whole
area.
Widely distributed in West Greenland without southern limit;
according to RosENVINGE rarer in the southern part of the land pro-
bably alpine.
The north-limit unknown; to be searched for north of 74°30’.
Ascending from the coast to the limit of vegetation.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
| 131. Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern. (incl. Alsine rubella WAHL.
In similar places, occurs intermingled with all sorts of vegetations.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely ranging in Greenland with neither northern nor southern
limit, from the coast ascending to the limit of vegetation.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly.
No doubt often snowless.
A 132. Minuartia verna (L.) var. propinqua (Ricu.) LANGE.
(an = Alsine hirta Worms«.J.)
| do not know this variety sufficiently so as to form an indepen-
dent opinion of it.
The distribution is very characteristic: In West Greenland from relatively
few places, all far from the outer-coast. From 60° up to Disko-Bay; the northmost
places: Christianshaab 68°45’ (Htz.), Diskofjord: Evqitsog 69°30’ (P.), and. from
Mellemfjord 69°40’ (P.). On the east coast of Greenland: 66°18’ to 71°48’ according
to Kruuse.
By later authors, e.g. by FerRNALD and OsteNnreLp considered
identical with the var. hirta Wormsks. which is common throughout
our area.
Thus it seems to be a southern and western type in North
America descending into the temperate area. (Cfr. Roprnson & FER-
NALD: Gray Manual 7th edition p. 381).
Mornren P, Porsitp
=~!
ti
Vv 133. Minuartia stricta (Sw.) Hiern.
Seems to be rare or overlooked. Only found a few times in the northern part
of the area:
Disko: Qutdligssat, about 70° (Th. Fr.). Kigaq (P.). Evqitsog (P.). Lakse
bugt (P.).
Mainland: Nuigssuaq (P.). Lerbugten about 69° (Bg.) and Sarpiussaq 68°35"
(Bg.), this is the south limit of the species. In addition known from a few
places on the north coast of Nugssuaq peninsula near Umanaq.
A northern type, also very rare in Iceland and northern Scan-
dinavia
Flowers and fructificates.
A 1332 Minuartia groenlandica (Revz.) OsTENr.
Recorded from Egedesminde by Sorensen. Afterwards searched for here and
in many other places, but in vain. Within the area only once found at Holsteins-
borg (Mrs. Dr1cHMANN).
A decided southern type.
ay 134. Stellaria media (L.) Wiru.
Very common throughout the whole area, usually as a garden-
weed or in manured places, favourably expesed to the sun, just in the
neighbourhood of the gardens, and here it manages to exist for several
years.
It is never growing far from the gardens and when these are aban-
doned for a series of years, it becomes undoubtedly extinct. The occur-
ence in the cultivated gardens is no doubt due to impurity of the garden
seeds used, these being of various provenience and very variable. Some
of the forms are thus annual, especially in cultures under glass-roof.
We found it indigenous, far from present and former human
dwellings, at the base of the fowling cliff Naujarssuit in Qeqertalik-
Fjord 66°44’ (P. & E.), here growing among tall vegetation of genuine
Greenlandic plants; here perennial.
A decided southern type, expressly recorded indigenous it
was found by Hartz at 61°45’.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting as well in the above-mentioned
place as in the gardens.
Hibernates abundantly covered by snow.
I 135. Stellaria humifusa Rorts.
At the sea-shore, as well on sand and clay as on rocks among other
shore-plants; also in manured places in the neighbourhood of the shore.
Sometimes forming extensive patches.
Very common throughout the whole area.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 73
Widely distributed in Greenland without southern, and probably
also without northern limit.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
L 136. Stellaria borealis Bic. (St. alpestris Hart.
St. calycantha Lupes.).
In vigorous herb-slopes and copses.
Disko: Only at the hot springs on the south coast near Godhayn and in the
great valleys in the inland; from many places in Diskofjord (P.), in Mellemfjord
at Kuanit and Ikorfarssuit 69°44’ (P.); Mudderbugt (P.).
Mainland: Recorded from Egedesminde by Sorensen, but in vain searched
for by us both here and in a great many much more favourable places (P. & E.).
Found in Ikert6q-Fjord 67°50’ (Rink.; Korn.).
A decided southern type; the above-mentioned places on Disko
represent the northern limit; not common till south of 61°30" (Ros.).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow, often by ice.
I 137. Stellaria longipes Go.pie. (Incl. Si. Edwarsiic Hoox.
In almost all sorts of soil, right from the sand and dunes of the
sea-shore, the settlements, the manured soil of the fowling-cliffs and
-islets and to the heath- and rock-vegetation, ascending to the fell-
field near the inland-ice.
Often forming extensive patches and conquering places where the
grass is peeled off: building sites, garden plots and the lke. In the gar-
dens it becomes a troublesome and ineradicable weed.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely diffused in Greenland with neither northern nor southern
limit.
Abundantly flowering, but very seldom fruiting.
Only in unfavourable places not covered by snow in winter.
A 138. Cerastium cerastioides (L.) Brirr. (C. trigynum VILL.).
On moist clay- and sand-spots on the heath and very often as a
pioneer on newly-formed moraine; in bogs and at the springs.
Disko: Common on the southern part of the island and in the two southmost
fjords and the valleys there. Along the west coast rarer. On the Waygat-coast rare,
only on the southern part.
Hare © (P.).
Mainland: From Waygat down the Disko-Bay-coast in spots, not as common
as on Disko. Rather rare in the archipelago of Egedesminde, Qeqertarssuatsiaq
68°23’ (P. & E.), not noticed by us in any locality in N. Stromfjord, but no doubt
to be found on the hills in suitable places.
74 Monten P. Ponsitp.
A southern type, the northmost habitat on Noigssuaq peninsula
70°40’ (P.). South of 64° common, but especially attached to the outer
land (Ros.).
From the shore ascending to at least ROO m.
Flowers lately and fructificates but scarcely.
Covered by snow during winter.
a 139. Cerastium arvense lL..
S. Kangerdluarssuk 67°5’ (W. & H.) among Salix and Archangelica.
Decided southern type, found only once in Greenland.
I 140. Cerastium alpinum L.
As Stellaria longipes in all sorts of soil, and just as widely distri-
buted as that species.
Varies infinitely as to size, the length of the internodes, pubescence,
form and size of the leaves, the form and construction of tuft, the posi-
tion of the shoots erect or decumbent.
No doubt most of these forms are ecological, perhaps some of
them hereditable, but this can only be settled by experiments in culti-
vation. In manured soil round the new buildings it occurs in great
quantities, especially the form procerum Lange, among grasses, these
finally overshading and choking it.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
On the hills very often snowless during winter.
| have found it with expanded flowers (hibernated!!) in April
(a month before it was flowering in the lowland) on the top of a Nuna-
taq from the interior of Disko, ascended to 1300 m.
Vv 141. Melandrium apetalum (L.) Frenz. (incl. f. arctica
Tu. Fr. Ofv. K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Férh. 1869 p. 133).
On sand gravel, clay, bare spots on poor heath on newly formed
moraine and at the borders of brooks from the inland-ice.
‘
Disko: The northland to Nordfjord; on the eastern side to about 69°50
and in the valleys common. (P.). On the south coast not seen, not even ascended.
Hare ©: (Nath.; P.).
Mainland: On the coast of Nugssuaq peninsula common down to 70°, there-
after only at Eqe near the inland-ice 69°42’ (P.) and Claushayn 69°5’ (R. Br.).
A decided northern type; the above-mentioned places repre-
sent the hitherto known south limit.
Ascends the hills to the snow-line.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 7)
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
No doubt normally hibernating snow-covered.
Vv 142: Melandrium affine J. VAHL.
On sand, gravel, clayey banks, fell-field and in bare spots on the
heath, on rocks, often in manured soil.
Disko: Everywhere very common (P.).
Hare © (P.).
Mainland: Nuigssuaq peninsula and the land east of Disko-Bay, common.
By Kruuse recorded “very rare” in the archipelago of Egedesminde; this does not
agree with our observations. In N. Stromfjord common, especially on the southern
side, as well as on the hills (P. & E.); likewise common in the fjords inland from
Holsteinsborg (P. & E.).
A northern type, south of the area only observed a few times.
The southern limit at 65°38".
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
Hibernating snowless, at any rate in alpine places.
Vv 143. Melandrium triflorum (R. Br.) J. VAHL.
In places similar to those of preceeding one and with the same
distribution, but generally rarer, but often locally better developed
than affine. Seems to prefer manured soil to a greater extent than
the preceding one, and here it becomes tall and vigorous.
In the field often very difficult to distinguish from affine, though
always more glandular-hairy than that species. On vigorous speci-
mens the glandular-hair can be developed to such a degree that the
plants are densely covered by adhering sand and dust.
But in the seeds we have a never failing character of distinction
(Cfr. Lance and ABROMEIT).
As the preceding, a northern type and almost with the same
southern limit, about 65°40’.
| 144. Silene acaulis L.
In almost all sorts of soil: sand, gravel, open spots in the heath
and bogs, in crevices and shelves. In quick-sand it often forms spots
more than one meter in diameter.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland with neither northern nor southern
limit; from the sea-shore to the snowline.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Often snowless during winter.
76 Morten P. Ponsiip.
A 145. Viscaria alpina (L.) Don.
Disko: The south coast and the adjacent valleys; here and there, a great
many habitats known, but not common (P.).
The north coast of Mellemfjord 69°45’ rare (P.).
Mainland: Kingigtog 70°10’ (Htz.); Ritenbenk (Bg.); Ata 68° 45P.); at the
); Jakobshayvn (W. & H.)-
round the Sydostbugt from several places; Egedesminde (P.); Qeqertarssuatsiag
68°23’ (P. & E.), the mainland at 68°30’ (P. & E.); Kangerdluarssuk east of Agto
(E. P.); common in N. Stromfjord. From the last place southward rather common,
head of Pakitsoq-Fjord (Bg.; P.); (not seen at Eqe (P.)
especially at some distance from the coast.
A southern type. North of the area only observed a few times,
the northmost at about 72°30’.
In lime-charged soil the colour of the flower is a very intense red;
a white-flowered variety has been observed at Egedesminde.
Flowers and in good seasons some of the fruits are ripened: seed-
lings are found.
Covered by snow during winter.
XIX. Portulacaceae.
A 146. Montia lamprosperma Cuan.
In moist places, for instance, periodically inundated lake-shores,
moist spots between bog-mosses and heath-plants; in manured places
near the houses.
The distribution insufficiently known; often overlooked because
of its diminutiveness.
Disko: The south coast, from several places; no doubt common.
Mainland: From Ritenbenk down to the Sydostbugt collected from several
places; no doubt common.
From the archipelago of Egedesminde recorded as “rare” by Kruuse. In
N. Stromfjord at Eqaluarssuit 67°36’ (P. & E.); Holsteinsborg (V.).
To be sure a southern type. The northmost localities hitherto
known are in the Nordostbugt at about 70°40’ (Vh.).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
The habitats are covered by snow and often by ice.
XX. Ranunculaceae.
A 147. Ranunculus paucistamineus Tauscu. var. eradicatus
Larst. GELERT (Batrachium confervoides FR.).
In pools and the shallow parts of lakes. Common round Disko-
Bay and together with Hippuris the most frequent aquatic plant. There
are fewer statements from the southern part of the area, but no doubt
common here as well.
~]
-~1
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland.
A southern type without southern limit in Greenland; north
of the area only twice observed: 70°28’ (Vh.) and 70°25’ (P.).
Usually abundantly flowering, but during cold summers and in
great lakes, in which the winter-ice does not thaw till far into the sum-
mer, the flowering may fail to take place. Fructificates when flowering.
f. terrestris.
In moist soil among tall Carices, at the border of a little lake in
Blesedalen 69°17’ Disko, in which the above mentioned normal Green-
landic forms occurs, a terrestrical form was observed with finely dis-
sected leaves, sections linear, and rather rigid and considerably shorter
than those of the normal form. Was just flowering Aug. 1913 (Th. P.!).
i 148. Ranunculus divaricatus Scurank. New to Greenland!
(Conf. Geert: Bot. Tidsskr. 19 p. 27 f. pygmaea).
A rather deviating form was observed in a pond in the great valley
from the head of Nordfjorden about 69°55’. The stalks and submerged
leaves deep reddish brown, not fresh green-coloured as in the preceding.
With numerous floating leaves, varying from 3—4 lobed
with lobed sections, gradually to pluridivided with linear sections. The
underside subpubescent. Submerging leaves capillary, not or only
slightly collapsing when withdrawn from the water.
With some hesitation | have classified this plant under the name
given above, as the form of the leaves sheaths and the floral parts
refer it to R. divaricatus, the flowers were somewhat larger and more
showy than in the preceding. This variety was heretofore not recorded
from Greenland neither from any arctic country.
The plant was growing very vigorously. In some parts of the pond
the surface of the water was quite covered by the floating-leaves and
fair white flowers (Th. P. & P.).
Both species hibernate under and enclosed in ice.
T 149. Ranunculus affinis R. Br. Simmons: Ellesm. p. 101.
Only once observed within the limits of the area at Arssalik, 67°30’ (Korn.).
Another time collected in S. Stromfjord a little south of our area (Jens.). These
occurrences are quite isolated and outside the extension of the species.
High-aretic type, otherwise known from North- and East Greenland.
AL 150. Ranunculus acer L.
In berb-mats and copses.
Prestefjeldet at Holsteinborg 66°55’ (W. & H.).
78 Morven P. Porsinip.
A decided southern type with northern limit here.
Besides known from Godthaabs-Fjord and common in the south-
most part of Greenland (NRos.).
Flowers and fructificates.
Hibernates covered by snow.
I 151. Ranunculus pygmaeus WatiLensna.
In moist moss, among pebbles at the borders of brooks, in the
melting-water from the snow-fields, in moist places on the heath; very
often in outlets from manured places near the settlements.
Very common throughout the whole area, though in the fjords of
the southern part generally ascended. In the northern part ascending
to the limit of vegetation.
Widely distributed in Greenland without north-limit, on the west,
coast continually down to about 64°; south hereof known only from
a few, generally high-alpine, habitats.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
Vv 152. Ranunculus nivalis L.
In moss-bogs, moist spots in the heath and moraine, in fell-field.
Disko: Very common on the northland; rather common on the southland
and in the fjords (P.).
Hare ©, common (P.).
Mainland: Common on Nigssuaq peninsula and the land east of Disko-Bay.
Very scarce in the district of Egedesminde, as well in the archipelago as on the land
beyond. N. Stromfjord about 68° (Kory. Not seen by us); Holsteinsborg 66°50’
(W. & H.).
A northern type, the last mentioned places represent the south-
ern limit.
From the coast ascending to the snow-fields and the inland-ice.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly.
Hibernates covered by snow.
Vv 153. Ranunculus sulphurus Sot. (R. aliaicus LAxm.).
In places similar to those of the preceding one and almost with
the same distribution in the area, but somewhat rarer.
Disko: Rather common on the northland and ascended: on the south coast
till 69°15’ rarer, but known from many places rigth down to the sea-shore (P-.).
Hare © (P.).
Mainland: Common within the basaltic part of Nigssuaq peninsula: hith-
erto not observed south of Torssukatak about 70°, neither by previous collectors
nor by us; but no doubt it may be found here. Recorded by Sorensen from Hunde
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 79
Hjland and Manermiut 68°35’; in vain searched for in these places by Kruuse
and us.
A northern type, the above-mentioned places represent the
southern limit.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
154. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rorrts.
In moist places, for instance, in moss at the springs, in small pools,
often in manured soil.
f. fluitans! (Syn. R. aquatilis var. arcticus Durand Pl. Kan. No. 1.
Appendix to E. K. Kane: Arctic Explorations The Second Grinnell
Exp. in search of Sir John Franklin 1853, 54°59’, Philadelphia 1856
vol. II).
In small sheltered and manured pools at the settlements a lux-
uriant form oecurs with lengthened petioles, and floating leaves of extra-
ordinary size. Most frequently the whole surface is covered by them. —
Most frequently quite sterile, but sometimes flowering at the mar-
gins of the patches as the water gradually dries up.
| do not doubt of the identity of the plant collected by Kane and
determined by Durann, with the above mentioned variety, though the
flowers are recorded white. The petals of various Ranunculus-species,
especially those of R. hyperboreus and nivalis, often become white during
the drying, especially when the specimens are laid in the press in wet
condition.
Disko: Very common, from the coast ascending to considerable altitudes.
Hare © (P-).
Mainland: Nugssuaq peninsula and the land east of Disko-Bay, common-
Rather common in the archipelago of Egedesminde; scarce, alpine or absent in the
fjords. Thus we found it common at Taseralik at the mouth of N. Stromfjord, but
absent in the inner part, not even ascended. Also known from several places near
Holsteinsborg.
Widely distributed in Greenland, without northern limit.
Also known right down to southmost Greenland, but searee and
seems here limited to the outer islets (Ros.).
With the exception of the water-form commonly flowering and
fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
A 155. Ranunculus lapponicus L.
In moist moss-bogs in the lowland favourably exposed to the sun
during the summer.
80 Monten P. Porsitp.
Common throughout the whole area though often absent or locally scarce,
for instance, the coast-region of N. W. Disko, but oceurring in great quantities in
the great valleys at the head of Nordfjord. North of the area common inland
from the outer-coast at least to the fjords at 72°32’; here it occurs in such quantities
that the north limit must lie farther northwards (P.). South of the area still common
in the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg (P. & E.). But south hereof only once ob-
served at 65°, and a few times in the southern part of the Godthaabs-Fjord at about
64°8".
Not known from East Greenland (nor from Iceland)!
(Compare with this its interesting distribution in Fenno-Scan-
dinavia: A. Hreintze Bot. Not. 1914, p. 181 ff.).
Flowers late in the summer and is usually setting fruit even at
the northmost habitats. The fruit-stalks project above the first snow-
cover.
All the stalks and roots are deeply buried in moss, only the leaves
and flowers projecting above the surface.
Abundantly covered by snow during winter.
A 156. Ranunculus reptans L.
In shallow pools; in the creeks of lakes, here often among Carices.
Throughout the whole area rare or overlooked.
Disko: South coast near Godhavn, 69°15’, several localities (Th. P. E. P.)
Mudderbugt, 69°35’ (P.).
Mainland: Marraq north of Nussaq 70°30’ (P.). Atanikerdluk 70°5’ (Nath.):
Naujat about 70° (Htz.); Pakitsoq Fjord (Bg.; P.); Jakobshavn (Ser.); Claus-
havn (Bg.); Orpigssuit (Htz.); Tasiussarssuaq (Bg.; Bl.): not recorded from Egedes-
minde nor from Holsteinsborg, but no doubt overlooked.
A southern type. North of the area only found on Qaratsap
Nunata 70°30’ (Vh:).
All the mentioned places in the lowland.
Sparingly flowering, but fructificates though not every year nor
in all places.
A 157. Thalictrum alpinum L.
In herb-mats and copses.
Disko: Rather common on the south coast and in the adjacent valleys. Dis-
kofjord: rather common on the north side, on the southern side only at the hot
springs. Mellemfjord: on the north side, but rare (P.).
Hare ©: on the south-coast (P.).
Mainland: Nugssuaq 70°40’ (P.); Ritenbenk and the surroundings hereof
69°40’ (several collectors); Jakobshavn (Bg.); from the Sydost-Bugt and south-
wards rather common at some distance from the coast (P. & E.). Common south
of 64° (Ros.).
A southern type; only found once north of the area on Umanagq
Stora 70°40’ (Vh.).
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 81
Within the area only a lowland plant.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates abundantly covered by snow.
Sh 158. Anemone Richardsonii Hook.
In copses.
(Disko: On the printed labels of J. Vaux recorded from 69°14’, the lati-
tude of Godhayn. The specimen does not exist and now the plant is absent
here. The record may be due to a slip of memory on the part of Vant, but it is
also possible that the plant has locally become extinct afterwards. The locality
Lyngmarken, from which the most of the rare plants originate, has suffered very
much from willow-felling and thus many southern plants have undoubtedly been
eradicated.)
Mainland: S. Kangerdluarssuk 67°5’ (Jens.); from various places near Hol-
steinsborg 66°55’ (several collectors); Naujarssuit in Qeqertalik Fjord 66°45’ (P. & E.).
A decided southern type; with the exception of the Holsteins-
borg district only known from a few places in S. Isortog 65°20’—40’,
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates abundantly covered by snow.
dk 159. Coptis trifolia Saciss.
In herb-mats, willow-copses and vigorous heath.
Very rare, only in the southmost part of the area. S. Kangerdluarssuk (W. & H.);
N. Isortog (Ros.); N. Stromfjord at 67°32’ (Sor.); Kangerdluarssuk east of Agto
67°58’ (B. P.).
A decided southern type; the last mentioned place represents
the north limit. According to RoseNviNGE common south of 64°. All
the northern localities are in the lowland.
Our specimens were sterile, and I have also got sterile specimens
from Godthaabs-Fjord, probably it only flowers during favourable
summers at its north limit.
Hibernates under a thick layer of snow.
XXI. Papaveraceae.
160. Papaver radicatum Rorts.
In barren gravelly places, new moraine and fell-field, in dried-up
river-beds and deltas; less common on open heath or among grass and
other plants in manured soil. Common throughout the whole area, in
the northern part from the coast to the snow-line, in the southern part
preferably in the highland.
LVI. 6
82 Monten P. Ponsitp.
Widely distributed in West-Greenland, rather a northern type,
on the west coast becoming scarce south of 64°, and on the east coast
it seems to be very rare south of 69°.
Note: P. radicatum no doubt includes several small species as
already indicated by Stmmons and others. The white-flowered variety
is common far into the north, but very rare, already in our area. On
account of its occurence in patches and for other reasons, too, it seems
to be hereditary constant.
Flowers and fruits abundantly. Many fruits are devoured before
ripening by birds, for instance ptarmigans and snow-buntings.
Hibernates often snowless.
XXII. Cruciferae.
I 161. Cardamine bellidifolia L. (C. sinuata (VAHL) RowLee
& WIEGAND).
On moist sand and clay, in fell-field and new moraine; bare spots
on the heath, rarer among grasses in manured soil.
Throughout the whole area from the coast to the snow-line, but
from relatively few places; undoubtedly not because of being rare,
but only overlooked.
Widely distributed in Greenland although rather a northern
type; in the southmost part of Greenland only exceptionally from the
lowland (Ros.).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Undoubtedly covered by snow during the winter.
I 162. Cardamine pratensis L. var. angustifolia Hook.
In moist moss-bogs, at the borders of small lakes often partly
submerse; sometimes in shallow brooks.
Distributed through the whole area, most frequent in the southern
part, but nowhere common. Now and then occurring in small patches.
Widely ranging in Greenland without southern limit; and no
doubt without northern hmit, too, being found far north into Elles-
mereland. The scattered occurrence is no doubt due to the fact that
the plant does not fruit anywhere in Greenland, but disperses itself
only in vegetative manner, by deciduous leaflets.
Usually flowering, though hardly in unfavourable places.
The flowering is specially dependent on the time of the melting
of the snow.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 83
Normally the flower is pure white. On limecharged soil it becomes
: 4 5
lilac, almost as the European form.
Hibernates covered by snow and often by ice.
A 163. Arabis alpina L. (Incl. A. glabra A. Bl. RowLer
& WIEGAND).
From the herb-mats, copses, springs, water-courses and moss-bogs
of the lowland ascending to the fell-field and moist edges of moraines.
Very common throughout the whole area.
A southern type; the known north limit now lying at about
72°30’. Nevertheless in South Greenland more frequent in the coast
region than in the fertile part of the interior.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
A 164. Arabis Holboelli Horn. (Turritis retrofracta (HooK.).
On sunny, not too dry slopes.
Disko: The south coast near Godhavyn 69°15’ from several places (several
collectors, for instance, Hotpo.it); Mellemfjord 69°42’ (Th. Fr.).
Mainland: Tasiussarssuaq (Bg.; Bl.); Christianshaab (Soer.); Jakobshavn
(Holboll); Sarqaq about 70° (V.). Common in the region of Holsteinsborg; espe-
cially in the Fjords.
South of the area rather common till 64°, but south of this latitude
only a single specimen is known from about 61° (Ros.).
In spite of this it must be stated as a decided southern type
according to its occurrence in America.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Certainly always covered by snow during winter.
! 165. Arabis Hookeri Lance (Turritis mollis Hook.).
In favourably situated and rather moist places. Rare and local.
Disko: Without locality recorded by Varxu; not re-found.
Mainland: Eqe 69°42’ near the glacier (P.); N. Stromfjord: Amitsuarssuk
(KKorn.?); Sanerut (Korn.); N. Isortog (V.); the fjords inland from Holsteinshorg:
numerous places (several collectors).
A northern type; south of the area only observed in a few places,
the southmost at about 64°. North of the area extraordinary many
localities in the southmost part of Nordost-Bugt. Besides known from
the district of Cape York.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting
84 Monten P. Porsivp.
1 166. Arabis arenicula (Ricu.) Git. (Sisymbrium humifusum
J. Van. Parryae sp., Butremae sp. Avvv.).
On new moraine, gravelly and sandy fell-field and most commonly
found in river-deltas, washed down from the hills
Disko: The northland: the coast and the great valleys: from Qutdligssat
to Nordfjord, being rather common here (P.); N. Laxebugt on the west coast and
Kuanerssuit in Diskofjord (Th. Fr.).
Mainland: The great valley and the Waygat-coast of Nigssuaq peninsula
rather common (P.); south hereof rare: Eqe 69°42’ near the glacier (P.); Pakitsog
about 69°30’ (V.).
A northern type; south of the mentioned places only seen a
few times either alpine or washed down from the highland, but found
right down to the south point of the land.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
To be sure often snowless during winter.
1 167. Nasturtium palustre (L.) R. Br.
Found once at the river of S. Stromfjord, about 67° (Jens.) and once at about 61°.
A decided southern type.
L 168. Braya humilis (C. A. Mey.) Ropinson (Sisymbrium h.
C. A. Mey.).
On lime-charged soil and raised marine clay.
From a few places at the head of 8. Stromfjord (Jens.). Portage between [tiv-
dleq and §. Stromfjord about 66°30’ (P. & E.), here in great quantities and locally
the most characteristic plant. Here decidedly perennial and not hapaxanthie as
recorded by Leprrour. Cfr. Lance Consp. II, p. 252).
A southern type, in Greenland only known from the mentioned
places, but in America to be found right down into the temperate area.
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
Undoubtedly hibernating under snow.
V 169. Braya purpurascens (R. Br.) Bunce; Platypetalum R. Br.
On new moraine, sandy and gravelly fell-field, from here often
washed down and to be found in the river-deltas. Often growing in
company with Arabis arenicula.
Disko: The north-east coast from Asuk to Kuganguag (Th. Fr.; P.), and
from the valleys beyond the coast (P.). Diskofjord: at the great glacier north of
the inmost branch at Kuanerssuit about 69°40’ (P.). ;
Mainland: The great valley of Nugssuaq peninsula, rather common (P.):
the Waygat-coast from several places (several collectors); Ritenbenk, 69°42’ (V.).
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 85
A decided northern type; the-above-mentioned localities repre-
sent the south-limit of the species.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
No doubt often snowless during winter.
l 170. Cochlearia officinalis L.
In Bih. t. K. S. Vet. Ak. Handl. Bd. 26, Afd. III, No. 1, p. 34
G. Anpersson and H. HesseLtmMAn have published a few short diagnoses
and figures by the late O. GeLerr of the forms of Cochlearia as far as
they vere known at his time from aretic regions. Hence it is usually
easy to refer a specimen to one of the three forms acknowledged by
GELERT:
p. groenlandica (1..) Gel.
y. oblongifolia (D. C.) Gel.
o. arctica (Schlecht.) Gel.
But as GeLertT did not succeed in completing the revision before
his death, and as he unfortunately did not leave any list of syno-
nyms of the forms known from Greenland, a satisfactory distribution
cannot yet be given.
Cochlearia officinalis is growing near the shore, often among other
plants and in manured soil.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow and ice-foot.
A 171. Draba incana L.
In herb-mats.
Disko: Only observed once at Narssaq at Waygat 69°50’ (P.).
Mainland: From the vicinitiy of Disko-Bay, very rare: Sarqaq about 70°
(V.): Tasiussarssuaq (Bg.; Bl.) and southwards perhaps less rare; nevertheless we
did not find it in the fjords of the Egedesminde district. In the southmost part
of Greenland very common (RoOSENVINGE).
A decided southern type, the mentioned places represent the
north limit in Greenland.
Recorded from about 79° by Werneritt, but | should consider
this a confusion with Dr. arctica (Cir. Porsttp: Medd. om Grld. 47,
p. 244).
Within the area a lowland plant.
In the flora the plant is usually given as biennial; but in “Flora
vy. Deutschland und Fennoskandinavien sowie von Island und Spitz-
bergen” F. Hermann very correctly remarks that new rosettes often
86 Monten P. Porsiin.
appear in the axils of the old rosettes, the plant in this way being pe-
rennial.
This is the case with the plant from Greenland (Julianehaab, Qa-
qortoq leg. C. Petersen; Arsuk leg. Lindhard; Qeqertalik at Holstein-
borg leg. Porsild), but I have also seen it on specimens from the Alps
with inflorescences from the preceding year (Scarl., leg. Braun-BLan-
QuET) and from Seandinavia (Visby, leg. K. Jonansson).
Other specimens from Greenland and elsewhere do not flower till
after a strenghtening of several years. Specimens flowering in the se-
cond year I have seen from the southmost part of Greenland (Parmiag-
dluk, leg. E. Lundholm) and this was also the case with plants eulti-
vated here on Disko from seeds brought from Rigi-Scheidegg in the
Alps. (Cfr. also ErisaretH Exman, Arkiv f. Bot. 12. No. 7, p. 15).
To be sure covered by snow during the winter.
A 172. Draba aurea M. VAHL.
On spots favourably exposed to the sun, sandy and gravelly slopes.
Disko: Very rare; Diskofjord: Ikineq 69°25’ (P.) and Kuanerssuit 69°35’ (P.).
Mainland: Rare at Disko-Bay: Sarqaq about 70° (V.); Jakobshavn (V.):
in surroundings of Sydost-Bugten several places, Sofiehavn (BI.); Simiutarssuag
in the district of Egedesminde (K.); N. Stromfjord, several places (P. & E.), for
instance, at the tenting-place Ugssuit it was characteristic of clayey-gravelly slopes.
Becoming more frequent southwards; common in the fjords inland from Holsteins-
borg (P. & E.).
A southern type, the mentioned places represent the north-limit
Abundantly flovering. the seeds are often only partially developed.
Hibernates covered by snow.
Vv 173. Draba alpina L.
On new moraine, in open spots on heath and generally to be found
in waste tracts.
Disko: The northland especially along Waygat, rather common (P.); in the
southland rare, most frequently washed or blown down from the hills.
Diskofjord: Kuanerssuit 69°35’ (P.); Maligiaq (Sor.); from several places near
Godhavn (P.).
Hare © (Nath.; P.).
Mainland. Rather common from the coast and interior of Nugssuaq penin-
sula (P.); from several places near Torssukatak. South of the ice-fjord of Jakobs-
havn very rare: Lerbugten about 69° (Bg.); Aktanaq about 68°40’ (Sor.): Simiu-
tarssuaq about 68°10’ (K.).
A northern type, the above mentioned places represent the
south limit of its continual distribution. Quite isolated it has been found
on Jensen’s Nunataq 62°50’ at an altitude of 1250 m.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 87
Around Disko-Bay also to be found in the lowland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Undoubted!y snowless now and then during the winter.
174. Draba crassifolia Gran.
This insignificant species is undoubtedly often overlooked, thus the
distribution insufficiantly known.
Disko: At Godhavn in the lowland as well as on the hills; observed several
times.
Hare @ (P.).
Mainland: Sarqaq (V.); Kangatsiaq (Sor.); Ikertoq Fjord ca. 66°45’ (V.).
South of the area found at 64°40’, north of it till ca. 73°. From East Greenland
also known from places on the middle of the coast. Nevertheless I am inclined to
consider it a northern type, and it is no doubt to be found far northwards.
Lancer Conspectus p. 38 writes: “annual or biennial hardly peren-
nial”. Specimens from Godhavn are plainly perennial.
In sound condition the petals are pale yellow; I have never
seen white flowers (Cfr. E. Ekman I. ¢. p. 13).
Flowers and fructificates.
No doubt normally covered by snow during the winter.
| 175. Draba nivalis LiLsnst.
On rocks, rarer on gravel. Very common throughout the whole
area.
Widely ranging in Greenland without northern or southern limit.
From the shore to the snowline.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates, often snowless.
V_ 176. Draba fladnizensis Wu r (Incl. Dr. lapponica Want,
Dr. Wahlenbergit HartM.).
In all sorts of soil: sand, clay, gravel, rocks, among grasses a. s. 0.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely ranging in West Greenland, but a northern type with-
out north limit, but with a southern limit of continual distribution at
about 64°; south hereof only observed once.
Ascends the hills to the snowline.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Often snowless during winter.
RS Monten P. Porsitp.
Ll 177. Draba subcapitata Sim.
This very small species of the high north has not been known
with certainty till after the investigation by Simmons (Ellesmereland,
p. 87 ff.); it has been found a few times at the north limit of the area.
Disko: The north-east coast a little north of Kiganguag 70°10’ (P.
Mainland: From the mouth of the great river of Nigssuaq and southward
several places 70°20’—25’ (P.); in these places growing on very barren rocks of
trap-breccie.
The mentioned places represent the southern limit of the
species in Greenland.
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
No doubt snowless during winter.
! 178. Draba hirta L. (Incl. Dr. rupestris R. Br.).
In all sorts of soil from the most barren fell-field and rocks to vi-
gorous heath, herb-mats, copses and grass-fields of the lowland: often
in manured soil.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely ranging in West Greenland. but particularly a northern
type. The continous distribution stops at about 64° according to Ro-
SENVINGE; south hereof very rare, no doubt alpine.
Varies very much, most of the varieties being of ecological nature.
Very abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Often snowless during winter.
V 179. Draba arctica J. Vani (? Dr. magellanica Lam. EKMAN:
Nomenclature of some North-European Drabae. Ark. f. Bot. 12.
No. 7 1912 p. 2).
In places similar to those of the preceding species.
Disko: Hare © and the Mainland down to the ice-fjord of Jakobshavyn,
common but not in the same degree as the foregoing. South of the ice-fjord rather
scarce: at 68°30’ (P. & E.); Kangerdluarssuk at Agto 67°55’ (BE. P.); N. Stromfjord,
Ungoriarfik (Korn.), not seen by us anywhere in the fjord; From the neighbourhood
of Holsteinsborg and the adjacent fjords recorded by many collecteors.
A northern type, having its southern limit of continual di-
stribution in West Greenland at ca. 67°, but occurs isolated at 64°10’.
I cannot accept the opinion expressed by Simmons and other au-
thors, that Dr. arctica is to be considered a variety of Pr. hirta. | will-
ingly admit the difficulty of referring certain specimens to one of the
species, but judging by their occurrence in nature | have the decided
impression that they are different; and the most important mark: the
pubescence is hereditably constant.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 89
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Often snowless during winter.
Vv 180. Lesquerella arctica (Wormsks.) WaArTson.
On sand, especially in the domain of the carboniferous formations,
on gravel, dry moraine and river-deltas.
Disko: Coast of Waygat down to 69°50’ and Kuganguaq-valley, common (P.).
Mainland: Nugssuaq peninsula: the coast of Waygat and the interior part
of the great valley, common (P.); south of Torssukatak only found a few times:
north of Ritenbenk (Sylow); Svarte Vogelbay (Htz.); Eqe 69°42’ (P.); Lerbugten
about 69° (Bg.).
A decided northern type; the mentioned places represent the
south limit in West Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Perhaps snowless now and then during winter.
XXIII. Crassulaceae.
A 181. Rhodiola rosea L.
On sunny rocks especially near the shore, on sand and gravel;
also to be found inland far from the sea.
It is very difficult to account for the distribution of this species
here at the north imit because of some records, which seem to have
appeared through a slip of the memory or changing of labels. An old
record by Kane exist from Upernivik; the species has not been re-
found here, but as Kane’s plant-lists contain many mistakes, evidently
owing to confusion of material from North- and South Greenland, we
need not pay any attention to this record. Later on Ta. Hoxm records
the plant from Proven 72°23’, Skarvefjeld and Asungasungaq near
Godhavn. None of these specimens exist in H. H., and in vain I have
searched for the plant in all the places through many years. —
As a matter of fact the natives do not know the plant from God-
havn, and as Rhodiola is a highly valued article of food it certainly
belongs to the plants known by the natives.
On the mainland common from Holsteinsborg to the southern
part of the district of Egedesminde.
Kruuse states the northern limit here at Kangatsiaq 68°11’; we
have only seen it south of this place (P. & E.). Isolated found at Akug-
dlit 69°43’ (Engell) and at Jakobshayn 69°13’ (Sor.) (in vain searched
for, P.); from several places in Sydostbugten and from Nuk at Chri-
stianshaab 68°50’ recorded by the natives.
90 Monten P. Porsitp.
A southern type.
Flowers and fruits abundantly.
Hibernates undoubtedly covered by snow.
A 182. Sedum villosum L.
On warm, not too dry rocky slopes, favourably exposed to the sun.
Disko: From several places near Godhayn (several coll.) Diskofjord: Kua-
nerssuit 69°35’ (P.); no doubt often overlooked on the south-land.
Mainland: Rather common in the domain of Holsteinsborg and the inner
parts of the land north hereof to Sydostbugten. North of the ice-fjord of Jakobs-
havn known from Jakobshavn 69°13’ and Pakitsog 69°30’ (V.; P.).
A southern type, north of the area only once found at Qarajaq
70°30 (Vh.).
' Abundantly flowering and fruiting; besides abundantly vegeta-
tive propagation.
Hibernates under a thick cover of snow and often of spring-ice.
XXIV. Saxifragaceae.
I 183. Saxifraga oppostifolia L.
On highland-moraines down to the shore, occurring as well in
barren places: gravel and open clayey flats, as among other plants when
not overshaded by these. Thus it often grows among grasses, and in
this case it flowers before the grass begins to sprout.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely ranging in Greenland without southern or northern limit:
in the southern part, however, less prominent and usually alpine.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly.
Often snowless during winter.
Not much variable. The formes pulvinata and reptans described
by AnpErRsson and Hessetmann (Bih. K.S. Vet. Ak. Handl. B. 26,
Afd. III, Nr. 1, 1900, p. 25, fig. 10—12) are very common. The last,
as remarked by the authors, usually in places inundated during the
spring-time. Also very commonly found on gravelly banks of brooks.
A 184. Saxifraga Aizoon (L.) Jaca.
On sunny rocks and slopes, open spots in the heath and among
grasses.
Disko: Rather common on the south-land and in the fjords, not observed on
the north- and Waygat coast (P.). ;
Mainland: From the inner gneiss-domain north of Torssukatak and down
to the Jakobshavn icefjord in several places, though not common. South of the ice-
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 91
fjord rather common. In the inner part of Egedesminde district rather common,
occurs but sparingly in the archipelago. In N. Stromfjord and the sourroundings
of Holsteinsborg common (P. & E.).
Widely distributed in West Greenland (more scarce in East Green-
land), without southern limit; the northern limit not yet known, but
to be searched north of 74°30’. Only few habitats known to the north
of the area.
In the northern part of the area mainly in the lowland and only
ascending some two hundred meters.
Abundantly flowering and ordinarily also fruiting.
Without doubt sometimes snowless during the winter.
Not much varying; the forms ». brevifolia Engl. and £. robusta
Engl., are only ecological.
I 185. Saxifraga aizoides L.
On spots with longlasting snow, amongst mosses, sometimes on
clay and fresh morainic soil.
Disko: Rare, only collected in a few places on the north-land and here parti-
cularly away from the coast (P.).
Mainland: In the great valley and at Ata on the west coast of Nugssuaq
peninsula, and a few places south of Ata; but scarce (P.). Between Torssukatak and
the Sydostbugt from several places; Eqe (P.); Ata (A. P. Olsen!); Pakitsog (V.);
Nlordleq (Bg.; P.); Jakobshavn (V.); Nunatap tasia (Engell!) ; Lerbugt (Htz.).
Also south of Disko Bay scarce: Egedesminde © (Lundager!); Alangorssuaq at
Iginiarfik (K.); N. Stromfjord, Eqaluarssuit (P. & E,). In the district of Holsteins-
borg known from the colony itself (Holb.) and Qegertalik (Brummerstedt).
Widely ranging in Greenland without southern limit; northwards
at least to 78°. Always scarce when occurring.
In most of the places not flowering till late in the summer, hence
the fructification usually fails. When sterile, very easily overlooked
because of its diminutiveness and occurrence in mosses.
Hibernates covered by snow.
I 186. Saxifraga groenlandica L. (S. decipiens EKuru.),
In every kind of soil, dry as well as moist, on rocks and in friable
soil, in deserted places and among other plants, now and then in man-
ured soil. Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland without northern or south-
ern limit. Ascending to the limit of vegetation.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly.
Often snowless during winter. Varying very much, most of the
varieties described seem to be mere ecological forms.
92 Mortres P. Ponsitp.
I 187. Saxifraga nivalis |.
In bogs, herb-mats, on rocks and fell-field; best developed in sunny
crevices with abundant moisture.
Common throughout the whole area, but nowhere occurring in
great quantities.
Widely ranging in Greenland without northern or southern limit.
\scends to considerable altitudes.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hardly snowless during winter.
Varies according to the quality of the habitat from the smallest
dwarf-forms to robust gigantic specimens.
A 188. Saxifraga stellaris L.
To this species | only reckon the so-called mainspecies: S. stellaris &
characterized by richly ramified inflorescences, abundant flowering and
fructification, large rosette-leaves and low stems, whilst the following
species has a rich development of bulblets in the inflorescence, narrower
and firmer leaves and higher stems. In 1910 I collected plants of S. stel-
laris near Godthaab (64°11’) and cultivated them on South Disko
where this species does not occur. They flower and fruetificate every
year and keep the normal aspect of the vegetative parts, without
forming any transitions to S. comosa.
LinsBAveER (Oesterr. Bot. Zeit. 63, 1913; not seen, abstract in
Bot. Centralbl. 126, p. 313) has cultivated bulblets of S. comosa and
developed flowering specimens. From the abstract it cannot he seen
whether they also were S. comosa, what I suppose, as flowering, in my
opinion, does not mark a transition to S. stellaris. Young and feeble
specimens of S. comosa will often show one or a few flowers without
any bulblets at all, whilst older and more vigorous specimens develop
bulblets abundantly, with or without development of flowers.
S. stellaris seems to be absent in America, whilst S. comosa is widely
distributed in Arctic America.
LinpMark (Bidrag till kannedomen om de svenska Saxifraga-
arters yttre byggnad och individbildning. Bih. K. Se. Vet. Ak. Hand.
28, Afd. III, Nr. 2, 1902) figures, in pl. I] figs. 4 and 5, seeds from spec-
imens from northern Sweden and states their size to be 0,6 mm. In the
figure the seed-coat is covered by rather long and coarse seriated pa-
pillae (seriatim tuberculatac LANGE). Seeds from dried specimens frem
Valders, Norway, showed the same appearancec The seeds of 8.
comosa from Greenland were somewhat larger, 0,7—0,8 mm, the pa-
pillae were lower, their rows denser, their appearance intended to be
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 95:
granulated rather than tuberculated. — For this investigation | had,
however, only a scanty material at my disposal.
S. stellaris grows in luxuriant herb-mats and moss bogs and is common in South-
ern Greenland up to 65° (Ros.). In our area it is recorded from Manitsoq, 68°45’ and
Ikamiut, 68°30’ by Bertin. I have not seen the specimens, and therefore I cannot
ascertain, whether they merely were flowering individuals of the subsequent species
or not. We have searched for S. stellaris in the southernmost part of our area, but
mostly in vain; only once, at Ivnalik in N. Stromfjord, 67°50’, did we find spe-
cimens of the true S. stellaris, not yet flowering Aug. 6. 1918.
A distinct southern type, the above mentioned places are the
northern limit in West Greenland.
Vv 189. Saxifraga comosa (Retz.) Brirron (Spathularia
foliolosa (R. Br.) SMALL.
In moist moss on bogs and heathland sometimes in manured soil
and in moist places in alpine situations.
Very common throughout the whole area, but less prominent and
preferably alpine in the southern part. Hence considered a northern
type.
Widely distributed in West Greenland without northern limit,
decreasing southwards though found right to 62°. Not known from the
southern part of the east coast, where S. stellaris, according to KRruuse,
occurs at least to 67°.
In favourably exposed places flowering and also fruiting (see
remarks to the preceding species); besides producing bulblets in abund-
ance. In unfavourable places the flowers fail to appear at all.
Hibernates covered by snow.
I 190. Saxifraga rivularis L.
In wet places, moist moss, at the borders of brooks and lakes and
often in manured soil; from the brackish lagoons at the shore ascending
to the melting edges of the snow-fields.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland without southern or northern
limit.
Hibernates covered by snow and very often by ice.
Varies very much according to the quality of the habitat. Most
of the forms are coloured red by anthocyane; but among the various
forms there is one with green leaves and white flowers almost without
anthocyane-formation. The occurrence of this form does not seem to
be dependent upon the habitat, judging by the wanting transition-forms
when growing among the red forms; and apparently it seems to be her-
editary constant. (Comp. Porsitp: Medd. om Grld. 50, p. 377).
G4 Monten P. Ponsitp
I 191. Saxifraga cernua L.
In not too dry soil, in bogs, heath, herbmats and copses, very often
in manured soil, rarely in fell-fields.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland without northern or southein
limit, though more searce on the southern part of the West coast being
here defeated in the competition with dense vegetation (Ros.).
From the shore ascending to the snow-fields.
In luxuriant habitats flowering abundantly. Ripe fruits were never
described, only LinpMark records unripe capsules filled with ovules.
A very productive dispersal is effected by means of the small dark-red
bulblets on the stem.
As a rule covered by snow in winter.
Vv 192. Saxifraga tricuspidata RKorrs.
On rocks and coarse gravel, sometimes in dry heath or fell-field.
Very common throughout the whole area.
A northern type, in West Greenland common to ca. 64> without
northern limit. Ascends from the shore to the limit of snowless land,
occurring even on the Nunataq’s above widely extended snow-fields.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting except in extremely unfavour-
able places. | have never seen yellow tints in the corolla, only white
ones with orange-coloured spots.
Usually snowless during winter. Not much varying: in the shade,
for instance in crevices, lengthened green forms occur, the plant, as a
rule having an intense red colour; they are usually sterile. Often forming
extensive patches.
XXV. Rosaseae.
A 193. Sibbaldia procumbens L.
In herb-mats and on the edge of willow-copses.
Disko: Very common on the south coast and in the valleys here and in Disko-
fjord; rather common on the northern side of Mellemfjord. Here and there on the
west coast and in the valleys here up to ca. 70°10’ (P.); not observed in the great
valleys of the Nordfjord nor at the hot springs on the Waygat-coast.
Mainland: In the southern part of the area in the district of Holsteinsborg
rather common; also found northwards, but not continuously. Thus it is common
along the coast and rather common in the southern part of the archipelago of Ege-
desminde (with exception of the small barren outside-islets). On the contrary, rare
in N. Stromfjord, where it is has been recorded by Kornervp; found by us in a single
place: on the north coast opposite Eqaluarssuit. In the sourroundings of the Syd-
ostbugt and along the east coast of Disko-Bay up to Torssukatak, rather common,
but decreasing in frequency northwards. North of Torssukatak only known from
Sarqaq(V.); Majorqarssuatsiag (Bg.); Hare 0 (P.); and the settlement Nugssuag (P.).
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 9d
A southern type; north of our area only once found at the south
coast of Svartenhuk at ca. 71°42’ (P.), the northern limit in West
Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
{1 194. Potentilla (Comarum) palustris (L.) Scop.
In smal, shallow pools.
A decided southern type, only observed a few times in the southmost part
of the area: Preestefjeld at Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (W. & H.; P. & E.); Sarfarssuaq
67°50’ (P. & E.).
At the beginning of August our specimens from Holsteinsborg
had even just become free from ice and would hardly be able to flower
that year. But the specimens from N. Stromfjord were flowering abun-
dantly, but we cannot say whether they were able to fructificate or
not, and we did not find old fruits’. The plants were forming extensive
patches totally filling the pool; in another pool just in the neighbour-
hood Menyanthes, equally rare in Greenland, predominated.
The specimens collected by us belonged to f. typiea Gunnarsson,
subf. subglabra Gunnarsson: Bot. Nat. 1914 p. 218—219.
The above mentioned places represent the northern limit of the
species in Greenland; south of the area from various places right down
to the southmost of Greenland, but everywhere rare.
Hibernates under and in ice.
A 195. Potentilla (Sibbaldiopsis) tridentata Sot.
In sandy and poor heath and on rocks.
Disko: Recorded from Godhayn (Lyngmarken) by R. Brown and Harr,
but, according to Simmons, the specimens belong to Szbbaldia. Also by MEEHAN.
In vain searched for by us during many years. — Behind Skansen 69°25’ (P.) on
tertiary sandstones.
Mainland: Ata about 69°45’ (Th. P.!); from several places near Jakobshayn
Icefjord (P.). Pakitsoq fjord 69°28’ in several places (Bg.; P.) From Jakobshavn
icefjord southwards more frequent, but always far from the coast. In N. Stromfjord
and south hereof common.
A southern type. The above mentioned places represent the
northern limit of the species. In South Greenland sometimes ascend-
ing to 6—700 m.
Flovers abundantly, but develops hardly any fruits in the northern
parts of its range.
Undoubtedly sometimes snowless during winter.
' In H. H. I have only seen unripe fruits on one specimen from the south-
most Greenland.
46 Morten P. Porsivo.
196. Potentilla (Argentina) anserina LL. coll.
The opinions, as to the systematical value of the Greenlandic
forms of this collective species, vary very much. Here | follow the
classification given by the last monographer of the genus Tu. Worst
(Monographie der Gattung Potentilla 1908).
I. Folia subtus dense pilis longis adpressis tomentum yerum
obtegentibus argenteo-sericea, nitentia, sepala externe ple-
rumque 3 plurifida, raro integra.
Here a series of varieties, for instance, var. rulgaris HAYNE.
II]. Folia aut subtus glaberrima, aut tomento vero niveo
obtecta, non nitentia vel super nervos pilis brevibus sericeis mican-
tia (prevalente semper tomento opaco); sepala externa fere semper
integerrima, rarissime 2- aut 3-fida.
A. Folia et sepala subtus tomentosa, relique plant partes aut
modice pilosee, aut glabree.
|. Planta robusta, foliis maximis usque 30 cm et ultra
longis, multijugis; tomentum follorum intermixtis pilis
sericeis breyvibus micans.
var. grandis LEHM.
New Foundland, ? Greenland.
2. Planta mediocris vel parva, foliis 5—6 (—10) em longis,
3—5 (—7) jugis, foliolis superioribus 1—2 em longis, tomen-
tum foliorum omnino opacum, ad summum quandoque
secus nervos pilis sericeis paucis submicans.
var. groenlandica SER.
West Greenland to ca. 67°.
B. Folia et sepala utrinque glaberrima sicut plerumque
relique plant# partes.
var. Egedit WorMskJ.
(= Argentina Egedii Ryvs).
West Greenland to ca. 71° N. Lat.
Of the forms accepted by Tu. Wo.r we have, as far as I can see,
the following:
1) var. vulgaris Hayne (variable, may be divided into several sub-
varieties and forms). Not arctic, though occurring in South
Greenland (if identical with P. anserina var. communis (LEHM)
LANGE.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 97
2)
3)
4)
var. grandis Leum. North-east Asia, North America, especially
the western part, but also New Foundland and (? Greenland.
var. Sroenlandica Ser. Arctic- and subarctic Europe, Asia
especially the North-East, America, Greenland.
var. Egedii Wormsks. With the same distribution as the pre-
ceding, but in Greenland farther northwards.
Having no access, however, to Wotr’s work here, but only to
extracts from it, and as Lance and later authors give another classifi-
cation,
I am only able to sketch incompletely the distribution of the
forms in our area.
1) Var. vulgaris has never been seen by us nor reported from our area.
2)
>
SS
Var. grandis has been reported twice: from Sanerut in N. Strom-
fjord 67°40’ (Korn.) and from an islet in Sydost Bugt, 68°35’
(Htz.) By Ropinson & Fernatp (Gray’s Manual 7th edition
this form is merely considered a luxuriant state (of var. vul-
garis?) in rich meadows. We have several times found large,
luxuriant forms in rich manured soil, for instance, on an
islet near Akunaq, 68°35’, Isuamiut, 68°42’ and Ugssuit at the
head of N. Stromfjord, 67°50’, but we do not doubt that they
were only overmanured specimens of var. Hgedii growing close by.
Of var. groenlandica Serr. I have seen vigorous specimens, col-
lected by Ostenretp at Eqaluit, Ameralik-fjord, 64°10’. They
were determined by Ko _pERUp RosENvINGE to the main-
species, but the felt is dull and not covered by silky hairs.
Similar specimens I possess from the island Ssolowetsk in the
White Sea, collected by Ponve!); and in our area we collec-
ted them at Itivneq near Holsteinsborg, 66°58’.
Var. Egedit Wormsk3J. is declared by Roxsrnson & FERNALD,
(I. c.) to be a dwarf state, common on exposed rocks, whereas P. A.
RypBerc, the American monographer of the genus, keeps it
as a distinct species (Argentina Egedit (Wormskj.) Rydb. It is
the form best known to us.
Var. Egedii (Wormsk4J.) occurs only near the shore, as well on sandy
or clayey as on rocky ground with scanty covering of earth, but, as a
rule, only as high up the cliffs as they are periodically wetted by the
surf.
Disko: Numerous localities are known, especially on the southern, western
and northern coasts and in the fjords (P.).
Hare © (P.).
Mainland: from Marrag at the outflow of the big river on Nigssuaq peninsula,
70°30’ southwards, occurring in numerous localities, but nowhere common.
1) from the same place and by the same collector I have specimens of var.
vulgaris With silky hairs over the felt.
LVIIL
~]
OR Morten P. Porsitp
A southern type, north of our area only once observed at 70°40".
The range southwards not known to us, as in the records it was ordina-
rily incorporated with var. groenlandica.
Flowers normally, and fruits are developed in favourable places.
Besides locally dispersed by the widely creeping stolons.
During winter covered by thick layers of snow and ice, but is un-
covered in the early spring by the action of the sea.
We are mostly inclined to follow Rypeerc in keeping Egedii as
a distinct variety or subspecies as we have not found intermediate
forms. We only saw the leaves quite glabrous or with few silky hairs,
not with a dull felt. In proportion to the small size of the plant the
stolons are relatively longer than in var. groenlandica.
Vv 197. Potentilla pulchella R. Br.
On the shore or near it, as well in sandy as in clayey soil, in open
morainie and alluvial soil but probably only in the neighbourhood of
the shore. Sometimes on or under fowling-cliffs, on the resting places
of birds and near fox-traps.
Disko: The north-land from Qutdligssat ca. 70° to the mouth of the Nord-
fjord, not infrequent (P.).
Hare © (Nath.; P.).
Mainland: Nugssuaq peninsula from the mouth of the big river along the
Waygat-coast, not infrequent (P.). The east coast of Disko-Bay, from several places,
but scarce. Kangatsiaq 68°15’ in the archipelago of Egedesminde (K.). Near Hol-
steinsborg 66°56’ (Lundager!).
A decided northern type, the last mentioned places the known
southern limit of the species.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Varies according to the quality of the habitat. Thus var. elatior
LANGE is a luxuriant form from manured soil, as already stated by
SIMMONS.
Vv 198. Potentilla nivea L.
Most frequently in stony soil, in fissures and on rock-shelves, but
also in open gravelly places in the heath, rarer in manured soil.
Very common throughout the whole area. Widely ranging in Green-
land without northern limit; a northern type, its continuous
distribution stopping at 64° on a high-alpine locality: only once ob-
served south hereof.
Within the area ascending to the snow-limit.
Often snowless during winter.
Varying very much, the varieties and forms often difficult to classify.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 99
In the determination of my material | have employed the follow-
ing arrangement extracted from the monograph of Tu. Wotr, with
a few omissions and still fewer additions, the last in [ ].
I. Folia fere semper ternata, crenata vel serrata ad tertiam,
saltem non ultra dimidiam laminae partem incisa, dentibus
latis, saepe remotis, plerumque obtusis; plantae super tomentum
plerumque parce pilosae, nunquam dense villosae.
A. Foliola 1—2 (3) em longa, late ovata vel subrhomboidea, basi
non vel breviter cuneata, circumserrata, fere aeque lata ac
longa vel parum longiora; caules tenues erecti vel adscen-
dentes, 5—20, raro usque ad 35 em alti.
a. Foliola subtus tomentosa: Var. vulgaris (Cu. & Scut.)
Lehm. rare in Greenland.
b. Foliola laxe et tenuissime canescenti-tomentosa, subviridia.
Var. pallidior Sw. (= subviridis Lreum.)
A shade form of the preceding?
B. Fohola 2—5 em longa, irregulariter et grosse sinuato-crenata
dentibus magnis latis obtusis, quandoque margine subrevo-
lutis, nervis rubescentibus; caules sat crassi, compressi,
20—30 cm longi, prostrati, floribus apice glomerato-cy-
mOS1s.
Var. prostrata (Rorrs.) Leu.
A form from shadowed and manured soil of the following?
II. Folia radicalia plerumque ternata intermixtis interdum
quinatis. Foliola 8—15 [35] em longa, intermedio quandoque peti-
olulato, ultra dimidiam partem laminae aut fere ad nervum
medium usque pinnatifida, segmentis sublinearibus aut ob-
longis acutiusculis, plerumque approximatis; plantae quandoque
++ dense sericeo-yillosae.
A. Folia longiuscule petiolata, foliola oblonga, dente supremo
prominulo, utrinque segmentis 3—7 subpectinatim dispo-
sitis; caules 20—30 cm longi, graciles, 2—5 flori, floribus 10
—15 mm latis, plantae plerumque laxe pilis longis subvillosae.
Var. pinnatifida Leum. (= subquinata Lance. Ryps.)
Very common in Greenland.
B. Folia parva brevissima petiolata, foliola fere triangulari-
cuneata vel rhomboideo-obovata, dente supremo vix
prominente, segmentis angustis utrinque subflabellatim
dispositis; eaules 3—5 em longi, firmi, subscapiformes 1—2
flori, floribus 18—20 mm latis; plantae dense caespitosae: vel
pulvinares, pilis longioribus + dense villosae.
100
Morten P. Ponrsitp.
Var. uniflora (Lepes.) Tu. W. (= arctica (Cu. & Scur.) Loe.
IV
P. subg. var. Pedersenit Ryve.)
A common dwarf form of the preceding.
Var. vulgaris Cuam. & ScuL. (an = vulgaris LeuM.
LANGE: Conspectus p. 8).
In Greenland much rarer than var. pinnatifida. Ordi-
narily the plants are slender, — rather like specimens
from the Alps, — but we have also from luxuriant loca-
lities, for instance, Engelskmandens Havn on South
Disko, seen vigorous, stout forms. If identical with the
var. a of LANGE it should be widely distributed in West
Greenland. We have only a few specimens from South
Disko and Diskofjord.
Var. pallidior Sw. (= y subviridis Leum., Lance lI. ec.
p. 9) is probably a shade form of the preceding, occurring
in copses or among tall grasses.
Var. prostrata Rorrs. As to this doubtful and rarely
collected form, OstenreLp (Medd. om Grl. 43, p. 27) has
made the suggestion that it might be a luxuriant form
of var. pinnatifida from manured soil; to this opinion we
can subscribe; we may, however, point out that we did
not observe specimens containing all of the distinguish-
ing characters: coarse, prostrate and flattened stems,
large leaves with scanty felt, purplish ribs and revolute
margins and glomerate flowers. Specimens of y. pinnati-
fida from soil manured to excess are often prostrate with
flattened stems and large leaves. When at the same time
the plants grow in the shade, the leaves are less toment-
ous, but then the flowers are, as a rule, undoubtedly
longstalked. The type specimens of RorTBoLL were sent
to him from SverRpRUuP, missionary at Disko Bay 1764—
88, and one specimen is said to exist in the herbarium of
Pout EGeEpDE, missionary at Disko Bay 1736—40. The
last mentioned collection belongs to the Botanical Garden
at Copenhagen and probably this and other types of
Rorrpoii’s plants may still exist. The specimens col-
lected by Hotso ti, at Umanaq and mentioned by OstTEN-
FELD |. c. were collected between 1825—28!
Besides Rorrspo.i’s specimens (collected near Ja-
kobshavn or Christianshaab ?) the var. prostrata has been
recorded from Uperniviarssuk 73°28’ (RypER). Ryp-
BERG (I. c. pag. 180) considered this plant as belonging
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 101
to P.emarginata. Other records exist from Godhavn (Mar-
GRETE SmitH) and Christianshaab (V.), and we can add
Umanag (LuNpaAGeER) and Jakobshayn (A. P. OLSEN). The
flowers of the last mentioned specimen are glomerate,
but the flowering is in its very beginning. The specimens
of LunpaGeR have pedunculate flowers, but the ribs are
not purplish.
4. var. pinnatifida Lreum., Th. Worr, emend. (Syn. P.
quinquefolia. Rydb. Mem. Dep. Bot. Columb. Univ. 1898.
P. subquinata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 28 p. p. 181,
1901 P. nivea € subquinata Lance, Consp. FI. Groenl.
p. 9, 1880.
The common torm in our area. Exceedingly
varying according to the conditions of the habitat. As a
dwarf form from dry rocks with scanty snow covering
during winter, we consider:
5. var. uniflora (LepEB.) Th. W. (Syn. 6 arctica Cham. &
Scux., Lance |. ec. P. subquinata var. Pedersenti Ryvs.
Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 28, p. 182 and probably var. arenosa
Turez., Lance |. c. p. 236 = P. nivea altaica, BUNGE,
Rypep., l. c. p. 181.) The range of this form is in our area,
identical with that of 4, with which it is connected through
numerous transitions. The most extreme forms are densely
tomentous and with few flowered stems, recalling the
aspect of P. Vahliana. In fact Tu. Woxr placed the var.
Pedersenit as a synonym under P. Vahliana, although
the pubescense is pure white and not yellowish, the flow-
ers smaller ete.
Summarizing the above remarks there are — in our opinion —
only two unities of a higher order in our area, viz. a common: P. nivea
pinnatifida and a rare: P. nivea vulgaris. Whether they are indepen-
dent, hereditary constant species or subspecies or only varieties of
the same species we cannot at present say. The decision must be left
ull future observations and cultivating experiments have settled the
point.
Vv 199. Potentilla Vahliana Lenn.
On dry sand and gravel, rarer in stony soil.
Disko: Very common, especially on the north-land, but also in alpine stations
or on barren basalt-gravel on the south coast to 69°15’ (P.).
Hare @ (Taylor; P.).
Mainland: The basalt- and sandstone-domaines of Nugssuaq, common;
south of Torssukatak at Ritenbenk (V.; Bg.) ca. 69°45’ and quite isolated on the
Prestefjeld at Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (W. & H.).
102 Monten P. Ponsiip.
A decided northern type. The above mentioned localities are the
southern limit of the species.
Ascends the hills to the snowline.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting: it is one of the first flowering,
most beautiful and largest spring flowers of Disko.
Usually snowless during winter, the live buds protected by a dense
covering of withered leaves.
A 200. Potentilla Ranunculus Lance.
In vigorous meadows.
Disko: Kugaq at Mudderbugt 69°45’ (Htz.; several times re-found here P.).
Mainland: Majorqarssuatsiaq 70°10’ (Bg.).
For the rest only once collected on the east coast of Greenland
63°40’.
Outside Greenland only known from the sub-aretic part of Eastern
America, hence it must be settled as a decided southern type.
Flowers abundantly, but fruits are only developed in good sum-
mers.
Hibernates covered by snow.
Vv 201. Potentilla emarginata Punsn.
In fell-fields, gravelly and rocky soil, herb-mats and sometimes
in heath.
Disko: Common on the north-land and in the two northmost fjords. In Disko-
fjord and on the south coast scarce, usually alpine or in barren places in the low-
land (P.).
Hare © (P.).
Mainland: Nuigssuaq peninsula, common: especially in the basalt- and sand-
stone-domain. South of Torssukatak rare. Ritenbenk (V.); Jakobshavn (Bg.); Ma-
nitsog at Egedesminde (K.); N. Stromfjord (Korn.; not found by P. & E.): N. Isor-
toq (Korn.) Prastefjeld at THolsteinsborg 66°55’ (Htz.) only alpine.
A northern type, the above mentioned localities represent the
southern limit. Ascends the hills to the snowline.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly.
Often snowless during winter. Not much varying. In moist places
a tall form occurs with large, dark-green leaves, leaflets obtusely denti-
culate. On dry rocks the forms are low and stunted, yellowish-green,
with acute teeth. (Cp. ABRoMErr pag. 8 et sq.).
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 103
A 202. Potentilla alpestris Hat. fil. (Syn. P. maculata Pourr.;
P. Langeana Ryopp.).
In herb-mats and copses.
Disko: Rather common on the south coast. In Diskofjord on the north coast
and at the hot springs of the south coast. On the north coast of Mellemfjord to 69°45’;
from Mudderbugt to Kvandal behind Ujaragsugssuk 69°45’ (P.),
Hare ©. The south coast, scarce 70°22’ (P.).
Mainland: Ritenbenk 69°45’ (V.); Jakobshavn (Sor.); Egedesminde (Sor.).
On the mainland s. o. Ikamiut island 68°23’ common (P. & E.).
A southern type, the above mentioned localities represent the
northern limit of the species in West Greenland.
All the mentioned localities in the lowland.
Abundantly flowermg and fruiting.
Hibernates covered by snow.
Rather variable, some of the forms certainly depending on the
quality of the habitat. Var. hirta Lange is in well-marked forms a rather
deviating type, by Ryppere |. c. p. 179 considered an independent
species: P. Langeana Rydb.; it is distinguished by several flowered
cymes and the long pubescence of the leaves, but also by the more acute
teeth, the longer and more acutish bractlets and narrower sepals. This
form seems to be more common than the mainspecies; it is sometimes
very tall and robust.
As most of the numerous European forms of the comprehensive col-
lective species P. alpestris are constant in culture, the same may per-
haps be the case with this.
P. rubens Vill. is recorded from Godhavn by RowLer & WIEGAND;
but as this Mediterranean species has been found nowhere else in Green-
land | am inclined to refer the plant to the form-circle of P. alpestris.
Bs 203. Potensilla Frieseana Lancer.
This remarkable plant has only once been recorded from Kuaner-
ssuit in Diskofjord 69°35’ (Th. Fr.)
In vain I have searched for it here during many years. Of the re-
cent monographers of the genus RypBeERG accepts it as a valid species
rather deviating from the other ones; but Tu. Wotr reduced it to a
form of P. alpestris. The most remarkable characters is the dense glan-
.dular pubescence. But as P. emarginata also normally shows a glandular
covering (see Apromeir |. c., KNup Jessen, Medd. om Grl. 37, p. 39).
I feel rather inclined to consider P. Frieseana a luxuriant form of this
species or a hybrid between P. emarginata and P. alpestris, both grow-
ing plentifully at Kuanerssuit.
104 Mornren P. Porsitp
" 204. Dryas integrifolia M. Vauv.
In heath, sandy and gravelly soil, often at the borders and in the
deltas of glacier-torrents washed down from the highlands; also on
fresh morainic soil and in fell-fields.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Narrowleaved, highland specimen of Dryas integrifolia with new shoot, representing
the f. intermedia Natu. From gravel-bank in a river delta.
Widely distributed in West Greenland and without northern limit,
also found in the southmost Greenland but, according to ROSENVINGE,
very scarce south of 64°. Hence a northern type.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Often snowless during winter.
Of the variations of the species, var. intermedia Natu. (Ofv. K. Sy.
Vet. Ak. Férh. 1884, Nr. 1, p. 24) has been discussed several times,
because the existence of this form has been considered a support of
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 105
the argument that Dr. integrifolia was only a variety of Dr. octopetata.
This argument must, however, be discarded, because the var. integrifolia
is merely an ecological form (The same view has been suggested by Sim-
mons: Ellesmereland, p. 45). Plants with leaves larger than usual,
with not revolute margins and better developed leaf-teeth occur in
well watered and somewhat shaded localities. But the finest specimens
are to be met with on gravelly banks in river beds. Narrow-leaved high-
land forms are often washed down and anchored here. The new shoots
developed in this habitat are quite different: they represent the typical
intermedia-form. Also the flowers developed under such favourable cir-
cumstances will hardly differ in size from Dr. octopetala (see figure).
On the poorest and dryest tertiary sandstones occur forms extreme
in the opposite direction: the leaves are strongly revolute, linear, nearly
ericoid.
Very different and without any transitions to the main-species
is the var. canescens Simm., of which I have published a figure Medd.
om Grl. 50, p. 379, fig. 13. It is very rare. In our area we only observed
it in valleys to the head of Nordfjord on Disko 69°55’ and at Marraq
near the mouth of the big river of Nigssuaq peninsula 70°30’. The very
few records, previously known, are all north of our area, and this variety
may perhaps be considered a high-arctic type.
A 205. Alchimilla alpina L.
In herb-mats and on luxuriant slopes.
Disko: Near Godhayn (?) (Tarr. & Martin); in Blesedalen (Th. H.), during
many years searched for by us, but in vain.
Mainland: N. Isortog 67°15’ (Ros.) ; Preestefjaldet near Holsteinsborg (W.& H.) ;
P. & E.); Amerdlog about 66°55’ (W. & H.).
A decided northern ty pe; the above mentioned localities represent
the northern limit in West Greenland. Common south of 64° (Ros.).
Our specimens were not flowering Aug. 6. 1914 (an unfavourable
summer), but the specimens had fruits from the preceding year.
Hibernates covered by snow.
A 206. Alchimilla glomerulans Busenr.
In vigorous herb-mats on, Disko preferably at the hot springs and
their outlets.
Disko: The south-land from Mudderbugt to Blaafjeld in all suitable places.
In the valleys as well. Diskofjord: common at the hot springs and in a few other
places. Mellemfjord: in a few places on the north side of the fjord, at Sarqardlit
silardlit and Ikorfarssuit ca. 69°45’. On the west coast in N. Laxebugt 69°35’ and 69°42’,
Mainland: Jakobshavn 69°13’ (W. & H.); Kangerdluarssuk at Agto (E. P.)
67°55’; N. Stromfjord 67°40’ (Korn.); 5. Kangerdluarssuk, ca. 67° (W. & H.), in
the fjords east of Holsteinsborg from several places, but not as common as on South-
Disko (many collectors).
106 Monten P. Porsitp
A southern type, the above mentioned localities represent the
northern limit of the species in West Greenland. Common south of 67°.
All the mentioned places in the lowland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting and attains to great vegetative
power. Next to Archangelica it has the largest leaves among the plants
of Disko, sometimes with a broadness of 12—-15 em and a midrib of
5-8 em in length.
it 207. Alchimilla minor Huns. subsp. filicaulis (Buser)
LinpBerG fil. (Die nordischen Alchimilla vulgaris Formen und ihre
Verbreitung. Acta. Soe. Scient. Fenn. 37, Nr. 10, 1909).
Only found once in Amerdlog-Fjord at Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (V.).
A decided southern type; the next following locality ca. 65° and
only in the southmost part of the land fairly common.
Perhaps overlooked now and then or, in notes mistaken for the
preceding.
XXVI. Callitrichaeae.
The Callitriche-species observed in Greenland occur near the bor-
ders of shallow lakes, often hid among the stalks of Carex species. The
known localities lie rather isolated between 70° and 60°. As most of the
aquatic plants in Greenland they must be settled as decided southern
types.
If the numerous pools and ponds in the gneiss-domaines of Green-
land were sufficiently investigated it would no doubt become apparent
that the Callitrichaceae and other small aquatic plants have a rather
continuous extension.
All the Callitriche-species, found in Greenland, flower and fructi-
ficate; hitherto they are only found in the lowland. They hibernate
enclosed in ice, because of their occurrence in shallow places in the
lakes, which freeze to the bottom during winter.
JL 208. Callitriche verna (L.) Kirz. var. minima Hopper.
Disko: Mudderbugt 69°45’ (Htz.), the northern limit
Mainland: Jakobshavn 69°13’ (Sor.); the archipelago of Egedesminde from
Ikamiut to Qegertarssuatsiag, from several places (Kr.); Holsteinsborg (W. & H)
southwards herefrom not observed till 60°—62°.
L 209. Callitriche hamulata Kivz.
Mainland: Archipelago of Egedesminde from Ikamiut to Qegertarssuatsiaq,
ca, 68°40’ (Kr.): the northern limit. From this domain southwards not obser-
ved till 65°, 64°25’ and between 60° and 61°.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 107
1 210. Callitriche autumnalis L.
Disko: The north-west coast at ca. 70°10’ (P.); at the mouth of Nordfjord
69°55’ (P.); in pools in Blesedalen at Godhavn 69°17’ (KE. P.; Th. P.).
Mainland: Sermermiut at Jakobshavn 69°13’ (P.); archipelago of Egedes-
minde: in some places in the Nivaq-Bugt 68°35’ (Kr.).
Only found in the mentioned places in Greenland. The specimens
from the two northmost places are very small; the leaf-bearing sprouts
only 15—35 mm long with 8—14 pairs of leaves. The leaves 5—10 mm
long, 0,4-—-0,8 mm broad. But the specimens from Blaesedalen sometimes
become 20 em long in favourable summers.
Also in Greenland a perennial.
XXVII. Empetraceae.
| 211. Empetrum nigrum L.
In heath, moss-bogs, sometimes at the edges of willow-copses.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland, without southern limit and
perhaps also without northern limit.
From the coast ascending to considerable altitudes, but not as far
as, for instance, Cassiope tetragona, and never as a pioneer on fresh
morainic soil.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Normally covered by snow during winter.
Empetrum is the most important heath-species for the natives,
who use it for fuel; the berries are commonly gathered and eaten.
XXVIII. Onagraceae.
A 212. Epilobium anagallidifolium (L.) Lam.
In open spots in moist heath, moist places in fell-fields, often on
fresh moraines, along water-courses; sometimes in herb-mats.
No doubt often overlooked because of its diminutiveness.
Disko. On the south-land and the valleys here, Diskofjord and Mellemfjord
known from many places; undoubtedly rather common. In valleys from the head
of Nordfjord, common; the north-west coast, rather common far from the coast (P.).
Mainland: Paotit 70°12’ (Htz.); southwards not observed till N. Isortog
67°15’ (Ros.) and Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (W. & H.); no doubt overlooked.
A southern type; north of the area found a few times up to
72°8’ (P.). Also overlooked south of the area; it seems to prefer the
coast-region, not being able in competition to hold its own.
108 Monten P. Porsitp.
At Paotat ascending to 800 im.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly.
Hibernates covered by snow.
A 213. Epilobium lactiflorum Hausskyn. (2. alpinum TREeLease:
Revision of the American species of Epilobium Rep. Miss. Bot. G. 1.
1891).
Very rare in the area, only at hot springs, in very moist places
among mosses.
Disko: Lyngmarken (V.; Th. Fr.; P.); Engelskmandens Havn (P.); Kuanit
(Th. P.), Torskenees (Th. P.); Mellemfjord, Kuanit and Ikorfarssuit 69°44’ (P.).
A decided southern type, north of the area found once at Kiik 70°40’ (Vh.).
South of the area observed at 64°10’ and from several places between 60° and 62°
(Ros.).
Abundantly flowering and fruiting. Forms winter-buds.
Abundantly covered by snow and ice during winter.
A 214. Epilobium Hornemanni ReIcHENs.
In similar places together with the preceding, but much more
frequent.
Disko: The south-land from Mudderbugt westwards, Diskofjord, N. Laxe-
bugt, the north side of Mellemfjord at most of the hot springs (P.). The Waygat-
coast at the springs of Unartorssuaq 69°50’ (P.).
Mainland: At the hot spring on Sarqardlit at Egedesminde 68°40’ (P.);
Sarfarssuaq in N. Stromfjord 67°50’ (P. & E.); Prestefjeld at Holsteinsborg 66°55’
(W. & H.); from here not observed southwards till Godthaabsfjord and South
Greenland 60°—62°.
A southern type, the mentioned places represent the northern
limit in Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting in not too cold summers. Forms
winter-buds.
Hibernates covered by snow and ice.
At Kuanit in Mellemfjord 69°43’ Tu. Porstip collected a specimen
just flowering, July 9. 1911, deviating much from the normal E. Horne-
manni by its large and broad leaves. It resembles FE. alsinefolium from
Iceland, leg Hetc1 Jonsson, very much. RoseNvinGE has observed
similar presumed transitorial forms in South Greenland, see Tilleg
p-. 660.
L 215. Epilobium palustre L. var. labradoricum Havsskn.
In similar places, often together with the preceding, but much rarer.
Disko: Near Godhavyn (Bg.); Engelskmandens Havyn (P.); in valleys at Skansen
69°2b% (P2):
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 109
Mainland: N. Stromfjord, Eqaluarssuit 67°36’ (P. & E.); herefrom not ob-
served till Godthaabsfjord, and southwards more frequent.
A decided southern type; the above mentioned places are the
northern limit.
Usually flowering and ocasionally fruiting. Forms winter-buds.
Hibernates abundantly covered by snow and ice.
A 216. Chamaenerium angustifolium (L.) Spacn.
(Epil. spicatum Lam.).
In herb-mats and at the edge of copses.
Disko: The south coast, near Godhavn, eastwards along the coast in several
places; at least east of Skansen 69°25’; the inner part of Diskofjord on the northern
side 69°30’—35’.
Mainland: Christianshaab 68°45’ (Giesecke); s. 0. Manermiut 68°30’ (K.);
N. Stromfjord; Tiggaq (Sor.), Eqaluarssuit 67°36’, very scarse (P. & E.); N. Isortoq
(V.); S. Kangerdluarssuk (W. & H.; Ros.); in the neighbourhood of Holsteinsborg
and in the fjords from several places, but everywhere scarce. Not common till south
of 64° (Ros.).
A southern type; the above mentioned places represent the
northern limit. Records from Upernivik, by Kane, must be considered
as improbable.
Within the area only in the lowland.
Usually late, but abundantly flowering; but strange to say it is
nowhere in Greenland observed fruiting, hence totally deprived of
the power of migration.
The variety intermedium (Wormsks.) LANGE, as defined by Lancr
seems to me hardly to deserve the name. | rather suppose that Worm-
skJOLD has been thinking of a hybrid between Ch. angustifolium and
latifolium.
I 217. Chamaenerium latifolium (L.) Spacu.
In very different kinds of soil, but most vigorously on sand in and
by water-courses and river-deltas. Here it forms extensive patches,
visible far away during the flowering season. Also in not too dry heath
and fell-field.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland with neither northern nor south-
ern limit, from the coast ascending to the snow-fields.
Abundantly flowering, and in the lowland often fruiting, but fre-
quently so late that the capsules usually do not open till the fall of
snow. Often washed down from the highland by brooks.
Perhaps sometimes snowless during winter.
Varies according to the quality of the habitat. The variety steno-
110 Morten P. Porsitp
petalum Hausskn. (tenutflorum Tu. Fr. & Lee.) seems to lie within the
limits of variation of any patch and thus hardly to deserve the name.
On the other hand the var. albiflorum Naru. is hereditary constant.
This fact may especially be observed at the borders of river beds, where
a series of colonies may be started from a single patch and occuring
along one branch of the river, but not along the others.
‘ 218. Chamaenerium ambiguum Tu. Fr. & Lance
(? Ch. angustifolium > latifolium).
Strange to say this presumed hybrid has only been observed on
Disko, but in return rather often. In Lyngmarken at Godhavn it has been
found at least five times, and at Sinigfik 69°22’ also rather often; but
it seems only to occur in few specimens. | have not been so fortunate
as to find it myself in spite of intense searching in places where both
species were growing side by side. The specimens from Sinigfik were
collected flowering, Aug. 11. 1907, and the collector (L. GetsLten) adds
the information that it was growing among Ch. latifolium and Ch, an
gustifolium, and that the last was not yet flowering. Its ovaries are big
like those of latifolium, but they shrink in drying, and the ovules shrivel
completely; thus it seems incapable of fruiting.
XXIX. Halorrhagidaceae.
Lt 219. Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. capillaceum Lance.
In ponds and pools.
Only observed a few times. Sofiehavn at Tasiussarssuaq 68°25’ (Bl.); Itivneq
at Holsteinsborg (W. & H.); in a lake at the head of S. Stromfjord 66°55’ (Jens.);
found a few times at Ikerasak 70°30’ (S. H. Vh.).
A decided southern type in Greenland; only known from the
mentioned places.
Some of the specimens from Ikerasak collected by VANHOFFEN
were flowering already on the July 22, and therefore I suppose it may
be able to fructificate.
Hibernates under ice.
XXX. Hippuridaceae.
A 220. Hippuris vulgaris L.
Will hardly be wanting in any smaller lake or pond which do not
dry up during the summer. It is the most common and widest distri-
buted aquatic plant of Greenland.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 111
In West Greenland known from Cape Farewell to 70°30’, but being
found at 77° on the east coast, this place can hardly be the northern
limit.
Usually abundantly flowering, but not all the fruits ripen; where
the pond is frozen up with early night-frost all the shoots, protruding
above the ice, are killed.
Does not vary much. The form var. maritima (HELLENIUS) HartM.,
supposed to be identical with tetraphylla 1. fil., is recorded the most
common in Greenland. Typical forms of var. letraphylla with few short
and broad leaves are, however, rather scarce. Well developed specimens
collected towards the termination of the summer seems to me not much
deviating from the European form.
The same is said by OstENFELD of specimens from East Greenland
(Medd. om Granld. 43) and by AGNETE SEIDELIN of the great majority
of the investigated arctic specimens (ibd. 36, p. 302). The latter author
refers it to f. litoralis Lindb. fil.
Cornus suecica Ml.
Recorded from Egedesminde © as collected with ripe fruits Sept.
28. 1893 by P. H. SoreNsEN; on the label is noted that the plant also
occurs at Godhavn. In both places | have searched for it during many
years, but in vain; and it is very difficult for me to believe that such
a conspicuous rare plant, whose fruit, moreover, is a berry, might really
be overlooked in this place where | have lived and collected for (3 years.
In West Greenland it is only known from 60°—62° and 64°- 65°47’.
Neither is it met with in the southmost part on the outer islets (Ros.).
XXXI. Umbelliferae.
A 221. Archangelica officinalis Horr.
On luxuriant grassy slopes where the cover of snow is constantly
recurring, but early disappearing and, where during the period of vege-
tation, there is an abundant supply of pure running water; on Disko
only near the hot springs and their outlets. The most prominent repre-
sentative of the southern types and always found together with se-
veral others.
Archangelica is the largest and most conspicuous herb in Green-
land and would, if only for this reason, easily be recognized by anybody.
But as it, moreover, is much coveted by the natives who eat its young
stems and leaf-stalks raw, often untertaking long journeys and trouble-
some excursions to gather it, the determination of its area of distribution
112 Morten P. Porsirp.
is far easier than that of any other plants, a trustworthy information,
as to its occurrence or absence, can be had in any locality.
To the following account | have used, besides literature and per-
sonal investigations, a good deal of information, mostly verbal, from
natives of the different localities. Most complete and most reliable are
the informations relating to the Disko-fjord which all are due to Isak
Danielsen, an Eskimo, who is conspicuous for his remarkable aptitude
for geography. On a map, drawn by himself, of those parts of the Disko
island known to him, he has on my request, among other things, marked
the occurrences of Archangelica known to him. — In the enumeration
of the occurrences, an (!) indicates that I have seen the spot myself,
or, at any rate, the plant from there.
To facilitate the comprehension of some of the place-names in the
following account I will just point out, that the Scandinavian word for
Archangelica: Kvan already in the olden times was adopted into the
language of the Greenland Eskimos in the form of kudneg, plur. kuanit.
From this the following forms are further derivations: kudninguiti. e., the
small (or few) Kvans, kudnerssuit i. e. the large (or many) Kvans, kua-
nikasit i. e. the poor Kvans, kudnidrssuit i. e. the extraordinary (or re-
markable) Kvans etc. ete.
Disko.
I. Mellemfjord.
On the northern shore, at Kuanit, 69°44’(!) in a rich and luxuriant herb-mat
at the outflow of several springs together with Cystopteris, Polystichum Lonchitts,
Poa alpina, Luzula parviflora, Sibbaldia, Alchemilla glomerulans, Potentilla alpestris,
Stellaria borealis, Epilobium lactiflorum, E. Hornemanni, Pirola minor, Bartschia,
Veronica alpina, Taraxacum croceum etc. — Further at the head of the fjord, as
well as on the southern shore near the hot springs (K. J. V. Sreenstrup, Medd.
om Grl. 24, p. 287).
Il. Nordre Laksebugt (Eqaluit).
In the valleys some kilometers away from the coast near the foot of the moun-
tain Igdlorssuaussag, 69°38’, also in luxuriant herb-mats (P.).
Ill. Disko Fjord.
1) The north coast of the northern branch at 69°34'—35’, in four spots, the
two westernmost ones near the small islet Qeqertarssuk, the largest and eastmost
opposite the north point of the big island Qegertaq. Here together with the same
as above and with Dryopteris Linnaeana, Habenaria hyperborea, Linnaea borealis,
Hieracium groenlandicum(!) — 2). In the northward directed branch are two loca-
lities on the eastern shore, at ca. 69°32’, one of them is named Kuanikasit(!). In
the valley leading from this branch to Mellemfjord are 4 or 5 localities on the north-
ern side of the valley, 69°38’. — 3) In the branch Kangerdluarssuk, inland from Eqa-
fanguargat, 69°31’ (!) as well in the valley Eqalanguit Itivnerit leading from this
branch to the fishing place Eqalanguit, in numerous spots (!). Along the foot of the
hill 3125’ of the map, on its southern side, is a widely extended occurrence of Archan-
gelica, the western end of which is called Mamartut (the well-tasting), the eastern
Qiterdlit(the middle onesi.e., in proportion to the following). — 4) At the inner branch
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 113
of the fjord along a brook from the hill 5125’ to the bay at Eqalunguit; here the
occurrence is called Tiggait (the unpleasant smelling). Somewhat eastwards are se-
veral smaller localities near the same hill and in a valley leading behind the northern
side of the hill to Avdlangissat is a very large occurrence of the plant at 69°36’.
Farther inwards at the same branch the occurrences of Archangelica extend with
small interruptions from Orpit to Kuanerssuit at the head of the branch. The last
mentioned locality I have described elsewhere (Medd. om Grl. 25 p. 188—98). As
far as botanical literature is concerned, the word Kuanerssuit denotes the northern
shore here, but, according to the traditions of the natives, the name refers to the
shore inside the very head of the branch. This place is now inaccessible during
summer because of the filling up of the fjord by the action of the torrents here. The
Archangelica-plants are here said to reach a size so large that the stems will project
when carried in the skin of a fullgrown saddle-back seal. — At Angujartutit, where
the shore of the same bends in a south-westerly direction, is an area with numerous
hot springs, 5—6 kilometers in length and more than one kilometer wide. Archangelica
grows over the whole area, the biggest occurrence I have seen. — 5) In the south-
western branch of the fjord, Archangelica occurs at three spots, one somewhat in-
side Ikineg, 69°29'(!) the other about midway between that place and Nangissat.
— 6) In the branch Kangikitdlegq are two localities at the head of the branch near
the valley leading northwards, 60°28’ and one on the southern shore, Kuanikasit,
69°27’. — 7) Finally Archangelica occurs on the southern shore of Qeqertaq, at
69°29’ and on the southern shore of the fjord proper, inside Nipisat Bay, 69°25’,
whereas it is wanting at the hot spring Unartoq on that shore.
IV. South Coast of Disko and valleys hereof.
Along the shore at the foot of the mountain Blaafjeld (Uivfak) about 54° Long.
W. Archangelica occurs in small quantities in several places, turning round the
southeastern corner of the mountain, where they grow denser and reaching up the
valley Itivdleq, ending at the valley Tukingassoq, leading behind Blaafjeld. —
From Kangerdluarssuk (Fortune Bay) to Augpilagtinguaq are 4 or 5 small occurr-
ences. From here they occur almost continually over Quynermiut (!) to Engelsk-
mandens Havn, 69°15’ near Godhayn. In Lyngmarken only a few individuals occur.
In Osterdalen and at the springs in that valley Archangelica was absent, but several
years ago seeds were sown here (E. P.) and seedlings are found. In Blesedalen
Archangelica grows from the foot of the mountain Skarvefjeld and half-way to
the fjord, but scarce (!). At the foot of the said mountain, towards the sea, we have
a very luxuriant locality, named Kuanit, often mentioned and figured because of
the picturesque basalt-columns. Farther eastwards near the cliff Per Dams Skib
(Asungasungaq) we find Archangelica at a considerable height over the sea. Also
at the mouth of Brede Dal, 69°18’ the plant occurs in plenty (!).
From Brede Dal eastwards Archangelica occurs at Puilasstinguaq (!), Tase-
rarssuk and Sinigfik, 69°19’—20'(!), Marrait, Kigdlussat and Sarqarssuaq, 69°20’—
22’, Tuapait 69°25’ and in a valley inside the settlement of Aumarttigssat, the
river of which ends at Kigdlusaitsut nuiat. From this point eastwards towards Mud-
derbugt no occurences are known.
V. Mudderbugt and valleys to that bay. ;
Archangelica occurs on the southern side, rather far from the shore, 69°40,
and on the northern side, also at same distance from the bay. Harrz has, in Medd.
om Grl. 15, p. 55, given a description of the place and its vegetation. Finally at the
head at the largest valley to Mudderbugt, Kvandal behind Ujaragsugssuk, ca. 69°47’,
described by Porsixp, l.c. p. 153. This place is the northernmost known in
LVI. 5
114 Morten P. Porsipp.
Greenland, only in Norway the plant occurs farther north, 70°11’ (NonMann:
Norges Arktiske Flora I, 1, p. 317'). Strange to say this occurrence is at the same
time one of the most elevated known in Greenland, namely 550 m above the sea.
Only at Angmagssalik in East Greenland Kruvuse records a higher station.
On the Waygat-coast of Disko Archangelica does not occur, neither in the
big valleys nor near the hot springs at Unartog and Unartuarssuk. About the big
valley of Kiganguaq Gresecke remarks: »Archangelica wachst im Thale in betracht-
licher Menge«, but I have convinced myself about the incorrectness of that sta-
tement. I may point out here that the work of the celebrated author, given in the
form of a diary, is not written in the field, but during his winters in Greenland,
nay partially in Denmark after his return, and several minor inaccuracies, also
in geographical and other respects are due to slip of memory.
The Mainland of West Greenland.
In his Conspectus Fl. Groenl. Tilleg p. 259 Lancer records Archangelica as
»common to 69°, but in the second supplement p. 682 Rosenvince corrects this
statement and records 8S. Kangerdluarssuk, 67°0' as the northernmost locality on
the mainland. Besides it was known from Ikertoq-fjord 66°45’, but nowhere else re-
corded by the numerous collectors who travelled in the district of Holsteinsborg:
we found the plant at one new locality here, viz. Naujarssuit in Qeqertalik-bay
66°44’ (P. & E.), but we omitted to collect information from the natives.
The plant does, however, occur farther northwards, thus at several places
in N. Stromfjord and therefore undoubtedly also in the N. Isortoq-fjord, lying be-
tween the two areas. We shall here mention in full the localities seen by us or men-
tioned to us by the natives. Most of our records are due to the native ANDREAS
Branpt at Kangatsiaq, who marked for us every occurrence, known to him or to
his much travelling countrymen, in a map of large scale.
I. Nordre Stromfjord and its branches.
1) South Coast of mainbranch: south of Taseralik, 67°25 N. 53°30 W.
Tiggak, 67°32’ (plants seen by us!). Eqaluarssuit 67°33’ N. 53°8’ and 67°35’ 52°58"
(E. P.); Ukusik in Ungoriarfik 67°45’ N.; east of Sérsinilik 67°40" N. 51°32’ W.;
Naujalik, 67°43’ N. 51°18’ W.; east of Sanerut 67°38’ N. 50°58’ W.: West of Qar-
dlinguit, 67°37’ N. 50°50’ W.
2) North coast: north of Kavfit niat, 67°38’ N. 50°30" W.; at 67°35’ N.
50°38’ W.; at the head of Kordlortog, 67°39’ N. 50°35’ W.; point north of Kordlor-
tog, 67° 38’ N. 50°47’ W.; point west of Ujarasugssulik 67°40’ N. 50°52’ W.: Ipiu-
tarssuaq 67°43’ N. 51°2’ W.
3). Sarfarssuaq-branch: east of Ivnalik 67°43’ N. 50°53’ W. (P. & E.).
Kuaniarssuit, 67°44’ N. 50°40" W.
4) Qarsorsaq-branch: at the head, about 67°52’).*
1) In a paper: Uber die Engelwurz. Schweiz. Wochenschr. f. Chemie u. Phar-
macie 1901. M. Rrxx1 has felt himself called upon to correct my statements, but
he has certainly first and foremost saddled me with the mistake which he corrects.
A critic ought, at any rate, to be able to read aright!
2) The existing maps are here very deficient, large branches are only loosely sug-
gested, but not correctly. Hence the positions of this and some of the subsequent
localities are rather uncertain.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 115
5) Nuerssorfit-branch, eastern shore at Upernavik, 67°52’ N. 51°7’ W.
(P. & E.) and at Sikiut, 67°55’ N. 51°10’ W. as well as a locality on the peninsula
Qegertaussaq at nearly the same latitude.
II. Arfersiorfik-fjord: at the head of a small islet at 68°5’ N. 52°56’ W.
Northern limit?
Ill. Ataneq-fjord: Kuanit near Qajuvfik on the southern shore and nearly
opposite at Kuaninguit, somewhat west of Oqorutit. The position of both places
unknown to us.
IV. Environs of Agto: eastern shore of the sound behind the island of Ka-
ngeq, 67°42’—48’; at the head of the small fjord Inuarutdligkat, east of the settlement
of Agto, 67°55’; (plant seen by us!). (absent however in the fjord Kangerdluarssuk
a little northwards (E.P.)); bay of Taterait south of the settlement of Aqigsserniag
67°50.
The vegetative power of the Kvan appears to be comparatively
uniform everywhere, perhaps it is somewhat greater on Disko than
in the parts of the mainland treated of here. The Greenlanders often
make a distinction between the taste of the Kvans from the different
occurrences, and some of the place-names refer to this. In some places
the Kvans are stated to be acrid (perhaps on account of anthocyanine
and tannic acid?). The Eskimos greatly prefer the so-called »male«
Kvans i. e. flowering specimens, whilst the »female« Kvyans, plants
which have not yet attained to flowering, are despised.
Kruuse states (Meddelelser om Gronland 50, p. 248) that the
Kyvan in several places near Angmagssalik must be supposed to have
become extinct through excessive gatherings in the places most easy
of access. We have not observed any distinct analogous cases of this
kind, but it might be permissible to conclude that it is the case in Lyng-
marken, where there has been an extravagant cutting down of the bush
for more than 200 years, on account of which other southern plants
undoubtedly have suffered severely. The Kvan is here exceedingly
searce. On the other hand so was also the state in 1870 according to
BERGGREN.
In every locality known to us the Kvyan flowers abundantly and
fruits, too. Most frequently, however, only the earliest developed um-
bellets attains to ripening of their fruits, while all the others are over-
taken in the autumn by the night-frost, often still in the state of flow-
ering, and consequently killed. In winter the withered stalks of the
Kvan are to be seen projecting above the snow, full of unripe fruits
that have lost their power of germination. However, the numerous
seedlings, found on every Kvyan-slope, seem to indicate, that every
year some of them attain to ripening.
The fruits are, of course, easily dispersed by water from the spring
and carried down to the coast; on the other hand the power of dispersal
over land seems to be exceedingly slight, although the large winged
fruits are relatively very light. It is very common to see two grassy
&*
116 Morten P. Ponsitp.
slopes, apparently equally luxurious and under equally favourable
conditions, parallel and close to each other, one of them containing
Kvans, the other not.
Archangelica hibernates under thick layers of snow, often, but
probably not always, with its root in soil that never freezes. On large
root-specimens the terminal bud is larger than a clenched hand and
contains a complete inflorescence. A little farther down several smaller
buds are to be found in the axils of former leaves. Knuuse states |. ¢. p.
246: »the specimens die after having set fruit«, hence it ought to be
hapaxanthic. Another common appearance here is: an old. root, that
without any apparent cause, is decayed right down, but hence the axil-
lary buds are set free, and the plant consequently perennial, being
also ordinarily indicated as such in the Scandinavian Floras.
XXXII. Pirolaceae.
L 222. Pirola minor L.
In copses and vigorous herb-mats, on Disko usually in shade: not
in the heath.
Disko: Rare, perhaps sometimes overlooked; in the vicinity of Godhayn
69°15’, for instance in Engelskmandens Havn. (P.); Mellemfjord at Kuanit 69°44’
(P.); Mudderbugten 69°45’ (Htz.).
Mainland: Found once at Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (Th. Fr.); Jakobshayn 69°13'
(Sor.), in vain searched for here (P.).
A decided southern type, not common till south of 64° (Ros).
Only known from the lowland.
Late flowering, but fructificates at least in warm summers.
Hibernates abundantly covered by snoy.
iL 223. Pirola secunda L. var. obtusata Turcz (= vy. pumila
Cu. & Scuu.; var. borealis LANGE).
In the shade under copses and tall herb vegetation, no doubt often
overlooked because of its diminutiveness.
Disko: Near Godhavyn 69°15’ in several places and gathered by several col-
lectors. Brede Dal 69°18’ (Nygaard!).
Mainland: Prestefjeld near Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (W. & H.: P. & E.).
A deeided southern type in Greenland, only known from the
mentioned places.
This form, known from sub-aretic America and Asia, but not
from Europe, is rather deviating from the main-species, and as its
ecological variations in Greenland do not seem to approach the European
plant, it had probably better be considered an independent species.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 117
V 224. Pirola grandiflora Rapius (P. rotundifolia var. gr.
Aurr., var. pumila Hoox).
On heath-land, sometimes in thickets and herb-mats.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely ranging in West Greenland, with northern limit north of
79°
scarce. In Greenland a northern type.
, however becoming scarce south of 64° (Ros.); East Greenland
Ranging from the shore as far as dense vegetation is found, not
occurring in purely mineralic soil.
Flowers early and fructificates abundantly.
Normally covered with snow during winter.
Not much varying. At the borders of thickets, especially in the
southern parts of the area taller specimens with richer inflorescences
occur. LANGE has reported a forma lutescens with yellowish petals. I
am inclined to consider the plants in question only discoloured her-
barium specimens. The petals of all live plants seen by us during many
years were pinkish, not pure white as in P. rotundifolia, nor greenish
white.
By several authors considered an arctic form of P. rotundifolia,
but we think the morphological characters alone sufficient to keep it
distinct (see for instance Rapius: De Pyrola et Chimaphila Lips. 1821—29,
Warmine: Bot. Tidsskr. 15 p. 165, ABromerr: Bibl. Bot. 42a p. 47 etc.)
Its distribution in Greenland shows, that it is of high-arctic, west-
ern origin, immigrated to Greenland over Smith’ Sound.
The flowers of Pirola grandiflora are among the most fragrant in
Greenland, the smell recalling that of Convallaria majalis.
Pirola rotundifola L. var. adrenaria LANGE (an = var. arenaria
: Koch?)
Under this name is several times recorded a plant from Southern
Greenland, ranging from 60° to about 69°. I doubt the identity of the
plants seen in H. H. with this European form, and I should rather
consider them to be forms of the preceding grown in thickets.
IL 225. Pirola grandiflora > minor n. hybr.
Aug. 13, 1913 THorBsorn Porsitp collected two specimens of
Pirola near the outflow of the springs in the valley Osterdalen on South
Disko, 69°15’. He labelled them: ‘‘P. grandiflora, extraordinarily late
flowering’’, as the said species that year everywhere was in fruiting stage
at that date. ;
Unfortunately I did not see the plants till the winter 1913—14,
when the collector had left Greenland, and during the subsequent years |
118 Monten P. Ponsivp.
searched for it in vain on the habitat mentioned. Ordinarily a hybrid-
ation between the two species will not easily be effected, because
P. grandiflora has ceased flowering when P. minor begins. But retarded
flowers may sometimes be found on spots where the snow has lasted
longer than usually.
Although [ saw but two specimens I shall mention this probable
hybrid here, not only to call the attention of later collectors to it, but
also because so very few hybrids of arctic plants are yet known.
Plantae sat graciliores quam P. grandiflorae, etiam aliquantulum
minores quam P. minoris specimina ejusdem loct. Folia tenues, non
nitescentia, late ovato-elliptica, folia P. minoris similantia. Corolla
major quam P. minoris, minor quam P. grandifolia sicut utriusque
rosaceo-albida. Petala late ovata. Stylus rectus, germine subduplo longior,
superne dilatatus. Stigma quinquelobatum.
Most of the above named characters do certainly agree with those
of P. media, this species being, however, a tall plant of the woods in
Europe, not occurring in Greenland. A hybrid between P. rotundifolia
and P. minor has been observed in northern Fennia by KiniMan.
XXXIII. Rhodoraceae.
Ledum.
The History of the interpretation of the Greenland
Ledum-forms (By M. P. P.).
Linnaeus in his “Species plantarum’, 1753 labelled a shrub, com-
mon in wooded bogs in Sweden, Ledum palustre, before his nomen-
clature often called Rosmarinus sylvestris. The plant was well-known
to the Swedish people for its fragrance and it was used as a substitute
for hops in brewing or as an insecticide. The name given by Linnaets,
has been in later literature applied to the same plant from other parts
of Europe, and C. Frus Rorrsoxii determined in 1766 the Ledum sent
to him from Greenland as L. palustre L. (Act. Hafn. X. 1770. p. 441).
Although Rorrse.t’s plants do not exist, we may infer from the collee-
tors mentioned by him, that the plants in question belonged to the nar-
row leaved form (L. decumbens).
At the same time another Ledum was brought to Europe by several
travellers from Greenland, Labrador, New Foundland and various parts
af Canada. It was cultivated in most of the leading botanical gardens,
and it became soon generally known under its trivial name “Labrador
tea” or under the gardener’s name “Ledum latifolium”, being from
the first what we now call a nomen nudum. The first valid description
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 119
is given 1771 by Orper in “Flora Danica” fase. X, tab. 567 ~Ledum
groenlandicum, staminibus corolla brevioribus, folits ellipticis. Anglorum
Labrador-The.’ The same name was used in 1779 by Rerzius: “FI.
Seand. Prodr.” p. 77 and in 1786 in his “Observationum Botanicarum
fasc. IV” p. 26. — In the year 1789 Arron published the II vol. of his
“Hortus Kewensis”, where he p. 65 describes “the Labrador plant,
introduced to Kew 1763”, as “Ledum latifolium, foliis oblongis margine
revolutis, subtus tomentosis, floribus subpentandris.” — Also LAMARCK
used the name ZL. latifolium in his “Eneyclopédie” of 1789, p. 458—59,
as did Jacquin: “Icones plant. rarior. III”, tab. 464, 1786—93, and
WILLEDNow: “Enum. plant. hosti regi Berol”, 1809, p. 450. In the
later literature we find the name “Ledum latifolium” cited now with
Arron, now with Lamarck, JAcQguin or WILLDENOW, as authors, and
more often the name of Rerzius is added to Ledum groenlandicum
than that of OrpEr.
A broad-leaved Ledum was also detected in Lapland by WAHLEN-
BERG and described 1812 in his “Fl. Lapponica”’, p. 103 as B dilatatum.
He doubts the identity of this variety with ZL. latifolium of Willdenow.
Arron also named I. c. a “Dwarf-Ledum”’, 8 decumbens from Hud-
son Bay and described it: spithamaeum decumbens in contradistinction
to a “bipedale erectum.”
Of the early American writers MicHaux “Fl. Bor. Americ. 1’, p. 259,
1803 only accepted latifolium (as a form of palustre) and buxifolium
(= Letophyllum), whereas Pursu 1814, “Fl. Amer. Septentr. 1”, p. 300
distinguished :
1. palustre L.
6. decumbens Ait.
2. latifolium Lam. Willd.
To the distinguishing characters between 1 and 2 Pursu adds,
quoted from LAMARCK:
1. palustre....staminibus denis corolla longioribus.
2. latifolium....staminibus subquinis corollam aequantibus.
About decumbens nothing new was said.
A valuable contribution to the understanding of this last form
was rendered by E. Meyer: “De plantis Labradoricis libri tres”, 1830,
p- 48—50. Meyer quotes his correspondent HerzperG, a missionary
of the Moravian Brethren and — according to Meyer — a “vir botani-
carum controversiarum plane ignarus.” About the plant determined
by Meyer, to L. palustre decumbens Ait, HERZBERG says:
120 Monten PVP. Porsivp.
“Der kleine Rosmarin; wichst an der Siidseite der Berge, wo es
trocken ist, und nimmt keine andere Pflanzen unter sich auf. Fangt
Mitte Juny an zu treiben und bliiht von Mitte July bis Ende August.”
About L. latifolium Ait. (L. groenlandicum Ketz.) he says:
“Der grosse Rosmarin. Bliht Mitte August.”
In the discussion of the two forms Meyer mentions the broad-
leaved varieties of L. palustre occurring in Europe (the var. dilatatum
of WAHLENBERG) “in eadem radice haud raro conjuncta”. He doubts
the constancy of the length and the number of the stamens of latifolium,
but nevertheless he considers this plant a valid species, without trans-
itions to decumbens, and besides the differences given by HERZBERG,
Meyer, adds:
L. latifolium L. palustre decumbens
stylus: leviter flexus omnino rectus
puncta auronitentia in
bractets: copiosissima rarissima
gemmae bractearum: obtusissimae et fere multo tenuiores ma-
semiglobosae gisque attenuatae
During his & years of indefatigable investigations of the flora of
Greenland Jens Vani made clear the main points concerning the Green-
land Ledum forms and their distribution. In his labels he determined
them respectively 1) L. groenlandicum and 2) L. palustre 8 decumbens.
As to the occurring of the European form he demonstrates his doubt
by labelling the plants ‘‘L. palustre L.?” “ad a accedens’’, or the like.
In his “Conspectus Florae Groenlandicae” 1880 Jon. LANGE enu-
merates :
L. palustre
a. vulgare. Erectum, parum ramosum, folits lanceolato-linearibus.
3. decumbens Air. Trunco humili, subdepresso, saepius crebre
ramoso, foliis anguste linearibus, gemmis florigeris ovoideis.
L. groenlandicum Orv. Folia elliptica-ovalia, basi subcordata,
pagina superiore dense rugoso-areolata, gemmae florigerae globosae. Flores
saepe pentandri (teste HOOKER).
Lance states a to be rare in Greenland. Further he doubts the
specific rank of L. groenlandicum, having seen specimens that accor-
ding to the form of the leaves might as well be determined as belong-
ing to one or another of the species. Previous to the statement of
Lance, Hooker had stated the same opinion in his “Flora Boreali-
Americana” 1840. in which II. p. 44 for the same reasons he reduced
latifolium to a variety of palustre. And when RoseNVINGE in 1892
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 121
published his ~“Andet Tilleg” to Lance he further reduced groenland-
cum to a variety coordinate with decumbens and palustre a, cp. p. 691.
The reduction of L. groenlandicum to a variety is, however, in direct
opposition to the view of modern American florists and taxonomists.
Having the profoundest knowledge of the plant from their resear-
ches in nature, they without any exception classify it as a separate
species. And, we may add, as all modern dendrologists do, also in
Europe where the plant still everywhere preserves its different aspect
under cultivation; (see for instance C. K. Scunemper: “Tllustr. Handb.
der Laubholzkunde” I]. 1912 p. 469). As will be seen by our investi-
gations we cannot but support this view.
Regarding the other Ledum in Greenland | (i.e. M. P. P.) cannot
see but one taxonomic unit init. I must confess that its variations
on favourable habitats tend to develop larger leaves, but on the other
hand I never found plants like typical specimens of L. palustre from
Northern Europe. There always remains a certain characteristic habit
giving it a different appearance. And as the geographical features
seemed to support my view of L. decumbens as specific distinct from
L. palustre, a closer investigation of a large material became desirable.
As our home in Greenland is situated far to the north of the area of
L. groenlandicum and as our material of herbal specimens of this species
and still more of L. palustre, was too scanty, we applied to the Trustees
of the Botanical Museum at Copenhagen and obtained a large material.
As form and size of the leaves hitherto yielded the most conspicuous
distinguishing characters, an investigation of those points was chosen
as our main object, the more so because time was scarce, the printing
of our M. S. had been begun. This investigation was carried out by
E. P. alone.
The distinguishing characters of Ledum palustre, L. decum-
bens and L. groenlandicum. (By A. E. P.)
In order to ascertain the size and form of the leaves of Ledum
| investigated the material preserved in the herbariums of the Arctic
Station in Greenland and of the Botanical Museum at Copenhagen.
For the great majority of specimens I took the determinations, as they
were left by the several collectors, only of a shght number of specimens
have I altered the determinations, after having found a new distinguish-
ing character (see below). For the investigation a well developed
year’s shoot of every specimen was taken and the leaves were measu-
red: the length without the petiole, the breadth without the
122 Monten P. Porsiip
revolute margins. The lowest and the topmost leaves, ordinarily
somewhat smaller than the rest, were not taken into consideration.
On shoots with a sufficient number of leaves, 10 were measured, other-
wise a smaller number. In all 923 leaves of 135 specimens were inve-
stigaled.
In the following lists I—V. marks
N the number of leaves measured,
| the length in millimetres,
b the breadth in millimetres,
I/b the ratio between lenght and breadth, i. e., the shape
of the leaves.
The lists are arranged after the ratios, beginning with the broadest
and ending with the narrowest leaves.
I. Ledum decumbens.
West-Greenland, 63°—-70° Lat. N.
L b Ib
Kangerdluarssuk 72°38’, Ryder ........... leg 35 3,84
Qegertalik..... 66°44’, Brummerstedt.... 6 13,5 3,0 4,50
Nakajanga..... 66°50’, J. A. D. Jensen... 6 8,7 1,9 4.58
Qegertarssuaq.. 72°53’, Ryder ........... ye 53) 1,6 4.69
Godhavniese-ne (AF lay IR, IBYRON AN oo Goon ae De 32 2,1 4,78
Holsteinsborg .. 66°56’, Lundager........ 6) eal 2,3 4.83
NMEA WAISTENG) 5 (LEAING Uo Well 9553555 2< go Sh 1,6 5,69
Holsteinsborg .. 66°56’, Deichmann....... Os ity SEN,
Pakitsoq...... CS Heed Le NVAail alli, tong kara neonate yee uA) 1,9 5,92
Diskofjord..... GPA, Nl, Tey letorastilWol & 5 10 13,8 23 6,00
Kangerdluarssuk 67°58’, E. Porsild........ 10 10,4 ee 6,02
Diskofjord..... 69229 2s Mose Porsildeeracr 10 —-:16,0 2,3 6,09
Uvkusigssat ... 72°18’, K. J. V. Steenstrup 6 11,8 13 6,21
TsontOoqm seta Gal, do NWellcoc edaacae Gales 21 6,24
Laksefjord..... 72°31’, Th. & M. P. Porsild 10 14,6 2,3 6,27
Skanseneaenee 69225 eu iai Pane onsil diem OT 1,8 6,36
Ikentoqpecreccde: 6645 eI" Mahler sn o- ae lS) 2,0 6,50
Jakobshavney O90 gla ebm cella see 6 13,2 2.0 6,60
Holsteimsborg .: 66°56’, J. Vahl.......... 53) 2,0 6,75
ANGI [5 Go one 68248 ee Ps Porsildiies- 10 2033 113) 6,75
Godthaab ..... Geb, J, WAS so odaoe Tale) DS 6,80
Monssulkcatalk. 24) 109200) SLOW. any tenses eee (oe alee! 1,9 7,02
Wmamatsiag <4. 20°8b’, JeVablit Joe cet e120 ily 7,06
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 123
N L b 1/b
Godthaab ..... 64°11’, Rosenvinge....... @ lal 7 1,6 7,31
Laksefjord..... 72°30’, Th. & M. P. Porsild 10 20,6 2.8 7,42
Laksefjord..... 72°30", Th. & M. P. Porsild 6 15,0 2.0 7,50
Ungoriarfik.... 67°42’, A. Kornerup...... (oy Lal (0) 1,5 7,50
Godthaab ..... 64°11’, Rosenvinge....... COL) 1,4 008)
JAOAINANN 5 6 50 SFB, do Welds ooo o4onue BY 108) IL 3) t.92
Oarajaqueces.- 70°30’, Vanhoffen........ lien) 1,5 8,00
Bjgrnesund.... 63°0’ , Kornerup........ (GS Ale 252, 8,05
Senmillikesseeare (yi). iS IBEW. 5 oon clae eh U5}. 3} 1,6 8,31
Christianshaab . 68°49’, Warming & Holm. 6 10,4 IP, 8,67
OWESHUS $553 5¢ Be, lato, cob hao aeo MO) 10) 5) 1,2 8,75
Christianshaab . 68°33’, M. Mathiesen... .. Onel3O 1,4 9,30
Umanaq sea Nose 70°40’, Iuundager........ ) 1,7 9,47
Nexto qpaersrsrr t-te 66°58’, E. & M. P. Porsild. 10 11,3 Iki 10,00
Sermerssuit.... 65°30", , Warming & Holm. 5 = 13,5 1,3 10,00
Diskofjord..... GOR Deum \ en ea ori emeremens LO W656 1,6 10,54
Laksefjord..... 72°03’, Th. & M. P. Porsild 10 13,1 il} 10,69
Average of 290 measurements on 40
specimens: 12,79 1,85 6,91
Il. Ledum decumbens.
Arctic America and Siberia.
N L b 1/b
Arct. America, Lyon Inlet, Parry........ 6 gil 1,8 5,06
Siberia, Pitlekaj, Kjellman............... 6 8,4 1,3 6,46
Labrador, Hopedale, R. F. Hohenacker ... 8 14,5 2.2 6,60
Arct. America, King Point, G. Hansen.... 6 12,3 1,8 6,83
Siberia, St. Lawrence Bay, a ge Fuedda. 0.0 9,2 3 7,07
Siberia, Boganida, Middendorff . Napier ea tapcon Lai 2,0 0,20
Arct. America, Hudson Bay, J. M. “Mavaan 6, ~1ds3 18) 7,85
Labrador, Turnavik, J. M. Macoun........ 6 14,4 1,8 8,00
Labrador, Rigolet, Geol. Survey.......... Delong eG 9,18
Siberia, Kamschatka, IRiedere.-acaen eee By aS) 1,8 10,82
Siberia, Amur Land, F. Karo (Determina-
MOM COMMA), ooh caocesonsaacvscdes 7 24,0 1,8 BY)
Average of 68 measurements on ne
Ss pec imens SOOO oetOD OH OMS Mote Oo Ds 14,41 1,80 8,03
124 Monten P. Ponsito
Il. Ledum groenlandicum.
South Greenland.
N
Umanaq Re os85c 64°29! S.vblansenie see 5 16,5
Sermersoq..... OOF276, RAs ienserc .. seen eo Lees
Kuanerssoq.... 62 Nieantz. cc .vaeerae 10)” 13:56
Julianehaab ... 60°43’, G. Meldorf....... 10 15,4
Tiningnertéq... 62°20’, Kornerup........ 5 13,4
INGmaAG er tire 0) Ol OD awN mL ALD Zicusie toe g Ay So
Kobbefjord.... 64°08’, Warming & Holm. 7 22,
Nunatarssuaq =. (047300) Jo Vabllis soe LO a3"
Nunarssinguag 64°30’, J. Vahl.:+...-.°. 5 24,
Imeaniiven ons 00 c 619132 (G: Meldorf§e ss. -:- 10 14,6
aed lie ots oo cla Gileli2oimdhardsee a a 10 14,
Sermilik a see 1) Gy ie Inleneerl ne 2 kids 6
East Grid. Chr.
HAO Ahn Ses GOZ00 Ss wlowie-taeec et 10 19,4
WEG croc elec soo. OTH, VA agusooqane 7 20;
Julianehaab ... 60°43’, G. Meldorf ....... 10° «18,4
Qeqertalik..... 66°44’, E. & P.M. Porsild. 10 25,5
Kobbefjord.... 64°08’, Warming & Holm. 7 10,6
Ikmeeihbing codaaac (Gilley, Winyellnengele ob soeoce 10 14,4
Kapisilik...... G42 26 aVialltae Sess eet lil 2210
Godthaab Fjord 64°25’, Nygaard......... 10 24,1
Greenland..... Hb. Hornemann.. 5 26,6
INDIE) sooo CAMO ING IBIRIHI, 2655057 10) 92055
nD Ww DS WH LH W W W W L&
Sm wo WO Ww DW WO W W W LW
* . * 2 ’ . 2 2 2 .
Greenland..... Gieseckerians shaq 0s
(»Egedesminde« ?) 68°42’, H. P. Sorensen.... 5 17,2
Koranersoq= ae. .cao2.. N- Hartz. 0) - 6
BaalssReviers 64730 Vable cca ae 5 32.4
Masermiutey . ac GOmr Dae ee Viole Bey roe. ae Bio
Greenland..... , Wormskiold...... 5 19:0
Godthaab Fjord 64°20’, Nygaard......... 10 18,5
INunarssimeuag= 64050 JeaValll ej se = e205
Ikert6q Fjord .. 66°45’, E. & M. P. Porsild 10 17,6
Greenland..... Hb. M. Vahl...... 5 19.0
Holsteinsborg .. 66°56’, Lundager........ 10 17,2
Ourssokeeee 04 oe miol balls ee sree 6 20,0
Holsteinsborg.. 66°56’, N. Hartz......... Os) Bart
Ikertoqg.. =... 66°58’, E. M. & P. Porsild. 10 20,8
PAGS
om ors] ¢
ON NS
ee
:
io)
PF SRF St
lo olor)
BaalsmRevien = 04-30 emaaValhlins seer ee De 82Dh0
MSG) oth caae lest, Uo Wallies sna dons 5 26,4
or
bo or
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland.
N
OUGESHS conoco Wer, Bioeelall, ooo dooce 6
Greenland... .. Jee Vials sence. eee LO
Average of 508 measurements on 40
S[MOCHIUNE SES resi petri oo a Oromo
20,04
IV. Ledum groenlandicum.
Boreal America.
Canada, Quebec, Mt. Albert, M. L. Fernald 5
New Foundland, St. Johns, Robinson &
SOMME nas oom oh ROO EME oe GO eae 6
U.S. A., Maine, Langerville, M. L. Fernald 5
-- — St. Francis, = 5
[cultivated] Hort. Bot. Jenensis........... 6
Labrador, Rigolet, Geol. Survey ........... 10
Mlaseome lm ealleres cari mat cased mieten ie 3 )
Labrador, Battle Harbor, Geol. Survey.... 8
Average of 50 measurements on 8
SIS CUM EMS 2 Areyerattys exsueity oes) ace ayer ak epee
V. Ledum palustre.
Boreal Europa.
N
Sweden, Jonképing, Mortensen ........... By)
Waplandky Oxrlow,= Kablimantas seme: ey)
— Iballeei, IDiwiTAG . 2645 65G5es04000 8
— BOSE Old, WV eUATMINE, 5 oooodsaueo- 5
Germany, Lauenburg, J. Lange........... 5
Lapland, Bosekop, Warming ............. 6
—_ Mortensncessy NOrdvileee ee eee 6
Germany, Brandenburg, Paukert ......... 6
Sweden, Oland, Ostenfeld................ 5)
— Vastergotland, Almquist......... 5
Russia, St. Newski, Koernicke............ i)
Germany, Brandenburg, A. Lange ........ 6
Sweden, Ostergdtland, J. Lange .......... 5
— Varmland, Liebmann............ 5)
Rnmleuaol, Ahenwaine., (Collin. pcos oawbasoocbee 5
Gernianiya Silesian w/eschena eesti tere 5)
L
23.6
13,8
20,6
24.6
34.0
18,8
20,3
24.1
36,8
29.6
14,9
25,1
30,4
39,0
37,4
44.8
6,31
8,83
2,01
“7
bo
> OF PO
CO 5
“1 = OS fo
Sc
bo or
09 09 G OO OF DW PO
3,14
ou SS
TS co «oO
© oo DO
DD Do
w OO 1 ©
& © 1-1 O
1 =] =]
To)
(oe)
bo Et oo on
re
oo)
mo
So hw
co
H= wo
on fat
ITT.
IV.
126 Monren
Poland, Niosikop
Sweden, Vastervik, Liebmann
Lapland, Lulea, Deinboll
Finland, Abo, Holmén
Poland, Debelowo, Raciborski
Lapland, Bosekop, Warming .............
— Hartmann. ere
Sakkabani, Warming ...........
Iberia Inter, lune 5550 550e1ooocen ens
Germany, Brandenburg, A. Lange
— 1
Austria inferior, Spritzenhofer
Lange
Beg EES. Wo IDE. Goo ad oeaoso nunc
niMlenil, INGUIN. oe goleen dodgers mos sone
Swen, IEMINEINS oon ogonopase ceqbodseu-
Russia, White Sea Island, Pohle
Average of 184 measurements
P,. Porsitp.
on 32
SHOGCOMMEN MIS Soe oe momo concae oe
Results of the investigations.
Summarizing the results of the measurements listed above,
a LE
specimens, 290 measurements 7—12,79—21
. L. decumbens, Arctic America
decumbens, Greenland 40 1
and Siberia 11 specimens, 68
LOMERISWUIRAINA NI 4 sos o5a5a5n5
L. groenlandicum, South Green-
land 40 specimens, 308 measu-
RAIA 5 4 oudipotenadcsoadads
L. groenlandicum, Boreal Ame-
rica, 8 specimens, 50 measure-
TINEMUS pacts sty see tes, wet = « 27,77
. L. palustre, Boreal Europe 32
15—27,30
specimens, 184 measurements
4
5
11—20,04—35
N L b bl
5 18.1 2.1 % 62
a) 52,0 Shy 8.65
G2 Ui s4 8,82
10 33,7 3,8 8,87
9) 19,0 2,1 9,05
6 19.9 2,2 9.07
6 19,6 2,1 9.33
6 20.0 re | 9.52
6 31,0 aes 9.67
6 2285 PA 983
5 20.0 1,9 10,52
5 26:6 2.5 10,64
5 43.0 af Liebe
aye Paifesl) ol WS
5 35,2 2S Ly
LOM aco 1,6 14,56
27,20 3.24 8,41
we find:
b lb
1—1,85—3 3—6,91—11
1.80 8.03
BSR pe
8,83 > 3.14
1.5=— 3:04 —6 5= S415
By comparing the lists I and III we see that the two Greenland
species of Ledum in the great majority of cases will easily
be distinguished by the shape of the leaves alone, L. groen-
landicum being — as was known before — a more broad-leaved form.
However, we must admit that in some cases the lists overlap, i. e. there
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 127
exist some rather narrow-leaved specimens of L. groenlandicum and some
broad-leaved ones of L. decumbens. In those cases, however, the absolute
size of the leaves will be decisive as L. groenlandicum is moreover
a more large-leaved form.
By comparing the lists I and II we see that the scanty material
of L. decumbens from Arctic America and Siberia agrees very well with
the large one investigated from Greenland. The size and the shape
of the leaves are nearly the same. And by comparing the lists HI
and IV, it will be seen that L. groenlandicum from Boreal America has
somewhat larger leaves than the Greenland specimens, but
the shape is the same. The American plants belong to the same
stock, but where growing under more favourable circumstances, they are
better developed.
The next question is: Can the plant here called L. decumbens
by the size and shape of the leaves be distinguished from
L. palustre of Boreal Europe? By comparing the lists T and IT with
V we see, that as to the size there is a wide difference: the leaves of
L. palustre ave on an average twice as long as those of L. decumbens.
As to shape there seems to be a slight difference too: the leaves of
L. palustre are also relatively somewhat longer than those of L. decum-
bens, (Comp. I and V). But as the leaves of plants ranging from boreal
zones into the arctic ordinarily become smaller, the size of the leaves
alone would hardly suffice to establish an independent species.
According to our experience gleaned from the various parts of
West Greenland, L. decumbens also varies, according to the conditions
of the habitat, developing rather large leaves in favourable situations.
Numerous examples will be found in the list I. And, on the other hand,
it will be evident from examples in the list V that also L. palustre,
under unfavourable conditions, varies inversely, leaves growing smaller.
However, even under extreme conditions, the two species will retain a
certain habit of their own, hardly to be described. After having closed
my investigation of the whole material | should easily at a glance be
able to match the different mounted specimens of L. decumbens and
L. palustre without reading their labels.
What is f. dilatata Wahl?
In his Flora Lapponica WAHLENBERG mentions under Ledum pa-
lustre a 8 dilatatum: “foliis oblongo-ovalibus.” Of this form I have seen
the following specimens:
N 1 b I/b
Sweden, Halunsskiartmany iy ree teins etree 6 27 (6) 3:05
Japan Nippon alichechonoskitner::)- iri 5 27.5 6.0 4.58
Lapland, Karesuando, Lastadius...... Pee err Bie 6 40.0 5.8 6.90
128 Morten P. Porsitp.
The specimen of LAsrapius was, as seen by the label, sent to some
correspondent at Copenhagen to have it compared with L. groenlan-
dicum. \t does not indeed, belong to this species. It seems to me as
it seemed to LAsraprus, according to remarks on his label a mere
ecological form, occurring now and then, and hardly inheritable.
Also from America a L. palustre var. dilatata Wahl. is mentioned
in literature. | have not seen this plant. Having not seen any genuine
L. palustre from America, but only L. decumbens, 1 doubt the occurence
of the former species in America, and the American var. dilatata would
thus have to be considered an analogous ecological form of L. decumbens.
Another form seen in the Herb. Haun. is var. longifolia Freyn,
collected in Amur Land, Siberia by Karo. A measurement of 6 leaves
gave
le 2B wre oye alae Wine peelsy
Also this form will hardly be constant, and some of the specimens
listed in V might just as well be called longifolia.
A new distinguishing character for L. decumbens:
As is well-known, the inflorescences of Ledum are terminal umbel-like
clusters and the capsules are 5 celled, dehiscent from the base. In
accordance with this fact, the capsules during ripening are downwards
bent. There are some differences between the species in the number of
flowers, L. palustre having the richest, L. decumbens the poorest inflore-
scences. Also the size of the flowers and capsules is largest in L. palu-
stre, slightly smaller in L. groenlandicum and considerably smaller in
L. decumbens. But most characteristic is the curvature in the peduncles
of the ripe or hibernated capsules. In L. groenlandicum the curvature
is even through the whole lenght of the peduncle. In L. palustre the
curvature is nearly the same, the basal part of the peduncle being,
however, often somewhat straightish. But in L. decumbens the peduncle
itself is not curved or only very slightly, whereas the capsule is abruptly
downwards bent at the very top of the peduncle, also seen by ABROMEIT,
p. 59. This difference in the curvature gives the whole inflorescence in
the fruiting state a very conspicuous appearance.
Perhaps it might be objected that this curvature of the peduncles
would be dependent on climatic conditions and therefore of no more
distinguishing value than the small leaves ete. of L. decumbens. One
might probably think that the shortness of the arctic summer would
not permit an even curving of the peduncle whilst its tissues are yet
unsclerified and that the abrupt bending of the capsule is due to the
abrupt setting-in of the frosts in fall. But against that objection it
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 129
may be urged, that 1) this character marks all fruiting specimens seen
from Greenland, also those growing 4 degrees of latitude south of the
northern limit of L. groenlandicum; 2) that I did not find it on any
specimen of L. palustre trom unfavourable habitats; and 3) that speci-
mens of L. groenlandicum, whose genuineness was proved by other
characters, growing with L. decumbens near the northern hmit of L.
groenlandicum showed no tendencies to such an abrupt hooking of the
peduncles.
The morphologically basal part of the capsule-valves of L. palustre
are distinctly outwardly bent. In L. groenlandicum no such thing is
seen, the outer surface of the valves being symmetrical. In L. decumbens
the basal parts of the valves are often outwardly curved, but only very
slightly or indistinctly.
The distinguishing characters of the 3 species as found
by various authors may be summarized as given in the following page.
The Geographical Distribution. (By M. P. P.)
The main points of the distribution of the Ledum-species in Green-
land was already known to Jens Vaut, and have since been elucidated
by Lance and Rosenvince and I have not much to add.
226. Ledum decumbens (Arr.) E. & M. P. PorsiLp
noy. comb.
On heath, often on very dry forms of heath, as for instance on
tertiary sands. Sometimes in not too moist mossy bogs.
Disko: Common in the gneissic part. Also common in the sandy area on the
south coast, here almost exclusively forming the heath. Ascending to at least 700 m.
On basaltic ground covered by old and dense vegetation often common, but not
occurring in fresh morainic soil. Besides there are, however, rather wide areas of
the island especially on its northern and western part, where one may walk for miles
without seeing the plant. (P.).
Hare ©: Occurring, but scarce (P.).
Mainland: On the basaltic part of Nigssuaq peninsula sporadic like on Disko.
On the gneissic part from Torssukatak soutwards, however, continually distribu-
ted and common everywhere. In the southern part of the area commoner on the
outer coast and on the hills, whilst the more favourable localities in the lowland are
mostly occupied by the following species.
According to RosENVINGE very rare south of 64°, but seen by him
down to 61°. In the Herb. Haun. we saw no specimens south of 63°.
The northern limit in West Greenland is still unknown, but is to be
found somewhere north of 74°. Hence a northern type.
LVITI. 9
P. Porsitp
Monten
9
0
Summary of distinguishing characters, stated by various authors.
Growth-form......... -
[Ga was sdOrin'.. cc). Arhier cease
length of leaves, mm.....
breadth of leaves, mm....
TRO VeNa kG: «nce cre ie
upper surface of leaves
HOTSL OUGSiee ee cer er
calyx-teeth TE CRORCH CLR CEG i eae
BROWN GI Sicanecee ater sae es ele vens
length of stamens........
size of capsule, mm......
form of capsule..........
style of ripe capsule ....
base of ripe capsule-valves
peduncle of ripe capsules.
climate of occurrence.....
geographical range .......
Ledum palustre.
a small, erect, not much
branched shrub, up to 1m
linear
15—2”—45
mostly smooth
ovoid
rather long ciliate
mostly 10
longer than corolla
2.5—3.5 <X 6—7
ellipsoid
thin, as long as the capsule
distinetly recurved
from a_ straightish base
evenly curved
boreal, continental, lowland
Northern Eurasia, ? Western
N. America
Ledum decumbens
a decumbent, much bran-
ched shrub, up to 0,5 m
narrow linear
7—13—21
1—1,75—8
7—8
areolate wrinkled
ovoid
short ciliate
mostly 10
longer than corolla
2—3.5 x 3—4
ovoid or subglobose distinet-
ly smaller and shorter
thick, often shorter than
capsule
indistinctly or not recurved
abruptly bent under the
capsule, otherwise near-
ly straight
arctic or alpine, also near
the coast
Eastern Arctic Asia, Arctic
N. America, W. Greenland
Ledum groenlandicum.
an erect, not much bran-
ched shruh op to 1m.
oblong
11—20—35
3—6—13
2—38
coarsely areolate wrinkled
subglobose
short or indistinctly ciliate
5—7
like the corolla
3—4 « 4—5
ellipsoid or subeylindric
thin, distinctly longer than
capsule
not recurved
evenly arcuated through
their whole length
boreal, lowland
Northern America, South-
ern Greenland
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 131
Abundantly flowering, but the fructification is not good every year.
Covered by snow during winter.
A 227. Ledum groenlandicum. Orn.
On luxuriant not too dry heath, in mossy bogs and at the edges
of willow thickets.
Mainland: Near Holsteinsborg, 67°, and in the fjords inland from that place
rather common (several collectors).
It has sometimes been reported farther to the north on the mainland and also
sometimes from the fjords of Disko. But although we have eagerly searched for it,
we never succeded in finding it here. In the Herb. Haun. is a specimen from Egedes-
minde 68°42’ (Sor.) (see list III), but we doubt the correctness of the statement.
We must, until new records have been made, consider the polar circle as its nothern
limit in’ West Greenland.
South of our area it becomes commoner, and it occurs down to the
southmost Greenland and reaches to at least 60°10’ on the east coast.
Hence a southern type.
Principally a lowland plant. Abundantly flowering and — in the
southmost habitats — also abundantly fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
With the sheht exception mentioned above no Ledum occurs on
to)
the whole coast of East Greenland.
Outside Greenland no Ledum is known, neither from Iceland,
Jan Mayen, Feroes nor the British Islands. In northern Norway and
through the whole of Sweden occurs L. palustre. This species is sporadic
in the lowland of Germany becoming commoner eastwards, rather con-
tinually distributed from Servia through Hungary, Austria, Galicia, Po-
land, eastern Baltic lands, Fennia to Lapland. Further it is common in
temperate and boreal Russia and through the whole of northern Asia
to Korea and northern Japan. In its whole area this species is a low-
land plant and a continental species avoiding the arctic barrens north
of the limit of the forests. Perhaps it enters the American continent in
its western boreal part. What we saw from Arctic and Eastern North
America belonged to L. decumbens.
L. decumbens occupies the Arctic part of Asia, at least to Jenissel.
It has sometimes been reported from Arctic Russia and the Kola penin-
sula. What we saw from the northernmost localities of Europe was
depauperate forms of the preceding. On Nova Zemlia and Spitsbergen
no species of Ledum occurs. Further we consider the Ledum occurring in
Northern America north of the area of L. groenlandicum to be this species.
It ranges in the eastern part nearly up to the 70 parallel of latitude
g*
132 Morten P. Ponsitp.
and southwards to New Foundland. By Ropinson & FerNnacn a variety
dilatatum is stated down to the Mountains of Maine and to the Great
Lakes. If we are right, that would be a luxuriant form of L.decumbens
L. groenlandicum is a lowland plant ranging through the Boreal
parts of the whole North American continent, the American analogon
to the Eurasiatic L. palustre. Besides Southern Greenland it perhaps
also enters the Boreal Northwestern parts of Asia (according to Lepe-
BOUR).
To Greenland the species of Ledum immigrated in postglacial time.
L. decumbens probably came from the North, over Smith’ Sound. Its
area in West Greenland is now widely separated from its main distribu-
tion in Arctic America, and therefore the immigration probably took
place during the milder climate of an interglacial period. A much larger
gap separates the Greenland stock of L. groenlandicum from its con-
tinual American area. It is one of the numerous representatives of the
Boreal American Forest-Flora occurring in Southern Greenland,
the immigration of which to Greenland is still totally enigmatic.
i 228. Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) WaAuLt.
In rather dry heath and on rock shelves.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland, without southern limit, in
the southern parts however scarcer (Ros.); the northern limit not known,
but is to be searched for north of 76°.
Ranging from the shore line to considerable altitudes.
Early flowering and abundantly fructificating.
Not much varying; ordinarily prostrate, in the southern parts
in sheltered positions forms like erect shrubs or dwarf trees occur.
Covered by snow during winter, but not by thick layers.
1 229. Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.
On sunny spots in heath, on cliffs, sometimes on fell-fields.
Common throughout the gneissic parts, scarce on basalt, often ab-
sent over wide areas here. (Comp. Ledum.)
Widely distributed in West Greenland without southern limit;
the northern limit still unknown, in East Greenland not north of 67°16’.
Ascends to great altitudes.
Abundantly flowering and fruiting.
Normally covered by snow during winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 133
230. Phyllodoce coerulea (L.) Bas. Bryanthus taxifolius Gray).
In herb-mats and luxuriant sheltered heath.
Disko: Common on the south coast and in Diskofjord as well as on the
northern shore of Mellemfjord. Also occurring north of Nordfjord, but scarce. Not
observed on the Waygat-coast, nor in the big valleys leading to the heads of the
northernmost fjords (P.).
Mainland: Rather scarce and restricted to favourable spots in the northern
parts, becoming commoner southwards and at greater distance from the shore (P.).
Widely distributed in West Greenland, without southern limit;
the northern limit somewhere north of 74°.
In the area mostly a lowland plant.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow, often occurring on spots with long
lasting snow-patches.
XXXIV. Ericaceae.
V 231. Cassiope tetragona (L.) Don.
In heath and not too wet bogs. Also in fell-fields up to the borders
of the snow fields.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in West Greenland without northern limit.
The southern limit is about 64° where the plant- only occurs in alpine
inland stations. Already in the fjords between 66°—67° scarcer on the
sunny slopes than on the northern; observed, however, locally down
to the shore. A northern type.
Flowers and fructificates abundantly, the fruits ripen under the
snow; and the seeds are not dispersed till the following spring.
This heather attains its most vigorous growth on sunny, well drained
spots with abundant watering during the vegetative season. Next to
Empetrum the most characterizing shrub in the heath. Like this it is
collected in large quantities for fuel. Owing to its highly resinous con-
tents it will burn in flames, even in a wet state.
Normally covered by thick layers of snow, in the highlands some-
times also snowless.
i 232. Harrimanella hypnoides (L.) Covitie. Proc. Wash. Ac.
Se. IIT. 1901. p. 575 (Cassiope hypnoides (L.) Don.).
On spots with long lasting snow, nearly always together with
Salix herbacea.
Common throughout the whole area. In the big fjords of the south-
ern part, however, rather scarce in the lowland, commoner on elevated
stations or on the northern slopes.
134 Monten P. Ponrsito.
Widely distributed throughout the whole area, without south-
ern limit; the northern limit not yet known, but will be north of 74.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
Andromeda polifoliaL. was reported from Disko by Tayton and
Harv, but according to Simmons (Medd. om Grl. 26. p. 472) no plants
verify these statements. Otherwise in Greenland only observed once
somewhat north of 62°.
HL 233. Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi (L.) Sprena.
On luxuriant and sunny spots in the heath.
Mainland: Only observed in the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg: Maligiag
and Itivneq, about 67° (V. W. & H. P. &E.), Ikert6q, 66°47’ (V.) Aussivik at the
head of Itivdleq-fjord, 66°31’ (P. & E.).
A distinct southern type, otherwise not known from Greenland.
The specimens are very stout, abundantly flowering and fructi-
ficaling.
Covered by snow in winter.
A 234. Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) SpreNG.
fi In small isolated patches amongst other Exicaceae in the heath.
Rare.
Disko: A small occurrence, only a few meters in diameter near the village
Siorag in Disko-Fjord, 69°28’, well known by the natives who present it as a curio-
sity to travellers. For the first time brought home by L. Kumtien, later by Trav-
STEDT, SORENSEN and Porsixtp (several times). A similar patch east of the cliff
Skansen (Ivnarssuit) 69°20’ on the south coast, even here detected by the natives
(P.).
Mainland: On the islet Qeqgertaq at Torssukatak icefjord, ea. 70°, detected
by Berecren, refound by E. P.
In West Greenland a rare southern type although it ranges
farther north in other countries. South of our area only found a few
times about 65°. Also occurring in the Scoresby-Sound region in East
Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating. The berries are black,
when ripe.
Covered by snow during winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 135
XXXV. Vacciniaceae.
| 235. Myrtillus uliginosa (L.) Dres. var. microphylla Lance.
On heath-land, cliffs and barrens.
Very common throughout the area.
The widest distributed shrub in Greenland, horizontally as well
as vertically, without southern or northern limits.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Often snow-less during winter.
Locally, on favourable spots, especially on sunny rock-ledges or
in clefts with sufficient moisture in summer, a stouter, tall-leaved form:
var. pubescens (Horn) Lance occurs. It is always covered by thick
layers of snow in winter and late flowering, whereas var. microphyllum
is early flowering (Conf. Porsttp: Medd. om Gronl. 50. p. 381 fig. 14
and p. 362 fig. 9). Perhaps there is a certain connection between the
late flowering and the snow covering. Another direct effect may be
that his form, at least in the northern parts of the area, but seldom
or never fructificates.
The berries of var. microphylla are very juicy and palatable and
are much coveted by Europeans in Greenland. Also the natives do
collect and eat them, but not to the same extent as those of Empetrum,
principally because they ripen before the frosts set in and are impos-
sible to keep in the natural state.
A 236. Vaccinium Vitis Idaea L. var. minus Lopp. (Syn.
v. pumilum Horn).
On luxuriant heath and not too wet mossbogs.
Disko: Very rare, near Godhayn, 69°15’, on a single spot, hardly 10 m in dia-
meter between Lyngmarken and Qsterdal (EB. P.). “Disko”, special locality not
mentioned, found by Margrete Krarup Smith, perhaps from the same spot.
South coast at Igpik, 69°18’ and Kugssuaq, 69°20’, on both places only a few speci-
mens (P.). — Diskofjord, according to the natives the plant is said to grow somewhere
near the mouth of the fjord, but nobody knows the locality now.
Mainland: Jakobshavn, 69°13’ (Pfaff.). South of the Icefjord rather common,
especially in the Sydostbugt (P.). Also common on the islands around and south
of Egedesminde as well as in the fjords on those latitudes (P.). Very common in
Nordre Stromfjord and in the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg (P. & E.).
A southern type principally occurring in the middle parts of
the west coast. In the southernmost parts of Greenland the occurrences
are scarce. North of our area the plant has several times been reported
in the literature, right to 76°, but all the reports want confirming and
until then Disko has to be considered the northern limit.
The var. minus Lodd. is at the same time a western type, widely
156 Morten P. Porsitp
ranging in North America and Eastern Greenland. On Iceland the
European form occurs.
Flowers abundantly. The occurrence at Godhayn has been care-
fully observed through half a dozen years, but it never fruited. About
the Sydostbugt great quantities of berries are, as a rule, collected every
year for sale to European households around Disko Bay. The fruits are,
however, sometimes so scarce that it does not pay to collect them. Thus
principally after winters rich in snow and cold springs. About Egedes-
minde the berries do ripen, but not in such quantities that it will
pay to collect them. Around Iginiarfik in the Ataneq-fjord, 68°70" ber-
ries are collected every year for local demand, and more could easily be
supplied if the conditions of transport to other places were better. The
natives do not collect the berries for themselves as they cannot afford
the extra sugar which is needed to make them palatable. By Danish
housekeepers the berries are considered much better than introduced
Danish or Norwegian berries.
Oxycoccus palustris PERs.
was reported from Hunde Ejland, 68°52’ (Sor.) and the specimen exists
in H. H. Otherwise the plant is found several times between 60° and
62° and from the Godthaab-fjord-region, 64°. On Hunde Ejland it has
been searched for several times, by Kruuse as well as by us, but in
vain, and as the island is but small and the suitable localities easily
surveyed, we are inclined to suppose that the statement is due to con-
fusing of material.
XXXVI. Diapensiaceae.
I 237. Diapensia lapponica lL.
On open sunny spots in heath and barrens.
Disko: Common in the gneissic parts, scarce in the basaltic and absent in
the northern parts of the island, also in the luxuriant valleys leading into the interior.
Mainland: Common on gneissic rock throughout the area, however, scarcer
in the lowland around the big fjords of the southern part.
Widely distributed in West Greenland, without southern limit,
the northern limit is still unknown, but may be searched for north
of 74°.
Ascending to high altitudes.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Normally covered by snow during winter, but sometimes snow-
bare tufts are found.
Sa |
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 1:
XXXVII. Plumbaginaceae.
I 238. Statice maritima (L.) MILL. var. sibirica (Turcz.) Sim™.
On heath and barrens, lake shores and sometimes near the sea.
Disko: Common everywhere up to at least 800 m.
Hare O (P.).
Mainland: Around Disko Bay common; archipelago around Egedesminde
scarce (Kk. P. & E.) Nordre Stromfjord scarce, principally on the northern slopes
and on the hills (P. & E); in the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg not common
(Bi & E.).
Widely distributed in West Greenland without northern or
southern limit.
Often occurring near the brackish water, but is not restricted to
the sea shore.
Abundantly flowerimg and fructificating.
Normally covered by snow during winter.
XXXVIII. Primulaceae.
A 239. Primula mistassinica Micux.
On saline meadows and raised marine clays.
Mainland: Ata at the Waygat, 70°16’ (Rink, re-found 1908 by P., that year
forming wide patches. On the very same spot scarched in vain 1913 (P.). From
here not known till Itivneq, 67°; the var. groenlandica Warm. (W. & H., P. & E.);
Naujarssuit in Qegertalik fjord, 66°45’ (P. & E.); on the portage between Itivdleq
fjord and Sondre Stromfjord, 66°29’ (P. & E.); Umivik at the head of Sondre Strom-
fjord (Jens.).
A southern type without continuous distribution in West Green-
land. North of the area collected several times in the North-East Bay
where the northern limit is at 70°40’, south of our area known from
64° and 60—61°.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by snow and ice during winter.
The variety described by Warmine (Bih. K. Sy. Vet. Ak. Handl.
XI. p. 21. Lance: Conspectus Tilleg p. 260 was found again by us
on the type locality. Here the main form was absent, and we did not
find any transitions.
XXXIX. Gentianaceae.
A 240. Gentiana nivalis L.
In luxuriant herb-mats.
Disko: near Godhayn, 69°15’: Engelskmandens Havyn near the springs (Rikli,
Th. P.), at Torskenes (Th. P.) and near the springs in Osterdalen (Th. P.).
138 Morten P. Porsiip.
Mainland: Nordre Stromfjord at Eqaluarssuit, 67° 35’, on both shores (E. P.)
South of Sarfarssuaq, 67°45’ (P. & I.) portage near Sarfarssuaq ( Korn.); Holsteins-
borg: Praestefjald, 66°55’ (W. & HL.).
A distinct southern type, south of our area only observed a
(Ros.). Probably often
overlooked because of its diminutiveness. It is hardly observable amongst
,
lew times, common however, south of 61°15
other vegetation except when the flowers are expanded in bright sun-
shine. The localities mentioned above are the northern limit.
Abundantly flowering and fruetificating.
The habitats of the plant are covered by thick layers of snow during
winter:
41 241. Gentiana detonsa Rorrs. Kiobenh. Selsk. Skr. p. 435. tab. I
fig. 3. 1770. (G. serrata Gunn. Fl. Norv. 2. p. 101. 1772).
Mainland: Only once found at the head of the northern branch of Itivdleq-
fjord, near the fishing place Aussivik, 66°31’, amongst isolated willow bushes near
the shore, scarce (P. & E.).
A distinct southern and rare type, otherwise in Greenland
only found around Igaliko. In contradistinction to other species of
Gentiana, G. detonsa is large flowering and very conspicuous, and there-
fore it cannot be overlooked.
The specimens were flowering and fructificating.
The habitat will be covered by snow during winter.
1 242. Gentiana aurea L.
Disko: Found in 1898 at the edge of a willow copse at the outflow of a spring.
settling crusts of gypsum at 69°33’ N. Lat. 53°34’ W. Long. in Diskofjord (P.); on
the same spot re-found several times (P.).
A distinct southern type, rather common at 60°—61°, pre-
viously not found north of 61°20’, but without doubt often overlooked.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
The habitats are covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
IE 243. Gentiana tenella Rorrs.
Mainland: In herb-mats at Orpigssuit, 68°21’ (Htz.); near the river to the
southern branch of Sondre Stramfjord, on several spots, up to 400 m, 66°50’ (Jens.).
The above mentioned localities are hitherto the only known from
West Greenland. In East Greenland, however, it was observed much
farther to the north. A southern type.
Flowering and fructifieating. :
Probably the habitat is covered by snow during winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 139
A 244. Pleurogyne rotata (L.) Grises.
On sandy clay near the shore as well on raised marine clays.
Mainland: Christianshaab 68°47’ (Rink); Egedesminde 68°45’ (Rink); Tasi-
ussarssuaq, 68°25’ (Bg.); Nordre Stromfjord at Ipiutarssuaq, 67°42’ (P. & E.) and
another place (Korn.); Itivneg, 66°55’ (P. & E.); Ikert6q fjord, 66°45’ (V.).
A southern type, south of the area found several times and
becoming common between 60—61° (Ros.). The above mentioned loca-
lities are the northern limit.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating. In the localities seen by
us it formed rather extended patches.
The habitats are covered by snow during winter.
tL 245. Menyanthes trifoliata L.
In small lakes.
Mainland: at Tasiussarssuaq, 68°25’ (Bg. Bl.); Nordre Stromfjord, on the
portage at Sarfarssuaq 67°50’ (Korn. P. & E.); Ikert6q fjord, 66°45’ (V.).
A distinct southern type. South of our area found several
times, but always locally.
Our specimens were partially deflowered August 6. 1918, an un-
favourably year. Ripe or wintered fruits were not observed. RosEn-
VINGE reports only of unripe fruits from the southmost Greenland and
in the H. H. all specimens from Greenland are without fruits, whereas
the plant fructificates in Iceland.
During winter the lakes will freeze to the bottom and the plants
are covered by or enclosed in ice.
XL. Borraginaceae.
246. Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray.
On sandy sea shore, hence sometimes in manured soil at some di-
stance from the shore.
Disko and Hare © very common (P.).
Mainland: Common in the basaltic and sand stone districts, scarce in the
gneissic, because suitable localities are restricted and local. Also observed in Nordre
Stromfjord, at the mouth as well as at the head (P. & E.).
Its range in Greenland is rather remarkable and resembles that of
the northern types, although the plant on both sides of the Atlantic
occurs down to the shores of temperate regions. South of our area it
is known in West Greenland only from two spots, viz. at 65°20’ and 63°
and in the whole of East Greenland it was only found in 3 specimens
near the settlement of Angmagssalik 65°37’ (K.) perhaps here as an
140 Morten P. Ponsitp.
introduced weed, On the other hand it is common in Iceland and Jan-
Mayen. The northern limit in Greenland is still unknown, but may be
north of 76°.
On Disko abundantly flowering and fructificating and seedlings
are found everywhere. The achenes have an air-chamber and will float
a long time.
Covered by snow during winter.
XLI. Labiatae.
a 247. Thymus Serpyllum L. var. prostratus Horn.
In sandy soil amongst willows and grasses.
Mainland: Only found in the southern part of the area at Prestefjeld near
Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (Giesecke, W. & H., P. & E.) , the northern limit.
,
A distinct southern type, south of the area observed at 65°10
common about 64° and from 62° to 60°.
Our specimens were quite sterile Aug. 6. 1914, an unfavourable
year. Specimens from South Greenland are abundantly flowering and
will, at least in good summers, develop fruits.
Covered by snow during winter.
XLII. Scrophulariaceae.
A 248. Veronica alpina L. var. unalaschkensis Cu. & ScHL.
(Syn. V.villosa Wormskj. mscr., V. Wormskjoldit Roem. & ScHULT.,
V. alpina var. villosa LANGE).
In herb-mats and willow-thickets.
Disko: South coast and Disko fjord common; Mellemfjord, northern side
scarce; Nordfjord near the mouth and west coast several localities up to 70°11’;
coast towards Waygat scarce to 69°50’ (P.).
Hare ©: South coast searce (P.).
Mainland: Near the settlement of Nugssuag, 70°41’, along the Waygat
very scarce, becoming commoner in the gneissic districts south of Torssukatak ice-
fjord and southwards, but nowhere continually distributed. For instance rare in
the Archipelago of Egedesminde and surprisingly scarce in the inner parts of Nordre
Stromfjord (P. & E.).
A southern type hitherto not observed north of the localities
mentioned above. In our area principally a lowland plant.
Abundantly flowering and usually also fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter. Often the snow
will last long in spring.
White flowered specimens are not infrequent.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 141
A 249. Veronica fruticans Cranrz. (V. savatilis L. fil.).
On similar spots as the preceding, but much rarer.
Disko: South Coast near Godhayn, 69°15’, several localities (P.), Brede Dal,
69°18’ (Nygaard!).
Mainland: Ata, 70°17’, Atanikerdluk, 70°2" (Stein) S. Kangerdluarssuk 67
(W. & H.), Prestefjeld near Holsteinsborg, 66°55’ (W. & H., P. & E.) and probably
in more localities. Lance: Conspectus gives no special occurrences for that much
rarer species.
A southern type, common in the southernmost Greenland; the
above mentioned localities are the northern limit in West Greenland.
Flowering late, but rather richly, also fructificating in good seasons.
Covered by snow during winter, but only occurring where the snow
layers disappear early in spring.
White flowered specimens are common.
A 250. Bartschia alpina L.
In herb-mats and thickets.
Disko: Ranging over the whole southern part of the island, on the -east side
to 70° and the west to north of Nordfjord, common in the south, scarcer north-
wards (P.).
Mainland: In the interior of Nugssuaq peninsula (P.). From the Waygat
coast at 70°15’ southwards, common in the districts east of Disko Bay, scarce in
the archipelago of Egedesminde, common in the fjords inland from that latitude
and gradually becoming commoner towards the southern limit of our area (P.).
A southern type observed, however, a few times north of our
area up to 72°4’ (P.). In our area a lowland plant.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating. Covered by thick layers
of snow, but early snowbare in spring.
A 251. Euphrasia arctica Lancer Bot. Tidskr. 1. 4. p. 47
(E. latifolia Pursh Conf. Rosenvince Medd. om Grl. 15. p. 68. Ro-
BINSON & FERNALD: Gray’s Manual 7. ed. p. 733).
In sunny and luxuriant herb-mats and open willow-thickets. Ordi-
narily only a few centimetres high and probably often overlooked.
Disko: South Coast and Disko-fjord rather common, especially near the hot
springs.
Mainland: Kingigtog, 70°8’ (Htz. From Torssukatak along the eastern side
of Disko Bay rather common to Tasiussarssuag (P.), not observed in the archipelago
of Egedesminde (K., P. & E.), common in N. Stromfjord (P. & E.) as well as in the
fjords inland from Holsteinsborg (P. & E.).
A southern type without southern limit, north of our area ob-
served a few times in the North-East-Bay up to 71°25’ (P.), its known
northern limit in West Greenland. In our area a lowland plant.
142 Mornren P. Ponsivo.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating, even specimens only | em
high will flower.
The habitats of the plant are richly covered by snow during winter.
1 252. Pedicularis lapponica |.
On heath and mossy bogs. Common or very common throughout
our area, but never occurring in mineralic soil poor in humus.
The distribution of this species in Greenland is remarkable: south
of our area it is common to about 64° and only observed twice south
of that latitude (Ros.). In East Greenland it is only known between
69°25’ and 73°10’ (K.) The northern limit in West Greenland is still
unknown, in the fjords at 72°23’ it was so commonly distributed that
the northern limit hardly can be here. On the other hand the records
from 76°—83° by Hart have proved to be erroneous (Simmons: Elles-
mereland p. 34).
In our area ranging to at least 600 m above the sea.
Abundantly flowering, but very often no seeds are developed.
Covered by thick layers of snew during winter.
A 253. Pedicularis euphrasioides Srepu.
On somewhat humid, luxuriant heath, exceptionally observed on
a gravelly slope
[Disko: Stated from Diskofjord, without special mention of locality (Ser-.).
Here scarched for in vain through several years especially at the settlements visited
in all probability by the Rey. Sorensen (P.).]
Mainland: Continually distributed from the South-East-Bay (the northern
limit at 68°45’) at least to S. Stromfjord, 66°30’. This large occurrence borders on
the inland ice and the species does not occur in the archipelago of Egedesminde
(K., P. & E.). In the fjords, N. Stromfjord and N. Isortoqg, the occurrence advances
towards the mouth.
A southern type the range of which in Greenland is very remark-
able. Besides from the occurrence mentioned above it is known from
the fjords about 64° and from an isolated finding at 62°5’ (Ros.). Not
found in East Greenland.
Very abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
The species is perennial.
j 254. Pedicularis flammea L. (P. versicolor MEEHAN, not WAHL.).
In mossy bogs and moist places in the heath.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed in Greenland, without southern limit; the
northern limit not known, but may be north of 74°.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 143
Occurring from the coast to at least 700 m.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by snow during winter.
Vv 255. Pedicularis hirsuta L.
On heath, gravelly barrens, seldom on open spots in bogs.
Very common throughout the whole area.
Widely distributed northern type, without northern limit, on
the west coast not found S. of 64°.
Ranging from the sea shore up as far as ice-free land is found.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Often without cover of snow during winter. The flowers are pinkish,
often whitish.
V 256. Pedicularis lanata (Witi_p.) CHam. & ScHLECHT.
In poor and open heath, often in gravelly barrens far away from
other plants. When growing amongst other plants, however, the roots
also of this species are provided with haustoria.
Very common in the northern part of the area, becoming scarcer
south of Disko Bay. In N. Stromfjord it is restricted to alpine stations
and northern slopes and rather scarce (P. & E). South of Holsteinborg
observed several times down to Itivdlinguag, 66°30’ (P. & E.).
A northern type, without limit northwards; the above menti-
oned is hitherto the southmost known in West Greenland. Not found
in East Greenland, the record from 66°5' by Kruuse is errone-
‘Qussa(es)s
Abundantly flowering and fructificating. The flowers are purplish-
crimson, white forms are very rare. At the same locality flowering
1—2 weeks before the preceding. The large, strongly yellow-coloured
roots are sometimes eaten by the natives. They have a sweet taste
(from dulcite ?).
Often snowless during winter.
XLIII. Lentibulariaceae.
Utricularia.
Like the species of Callitriche the Utricularia’s found in Greenland
occur near the shores of small shallow lakes, but they are much rarer.
During winter those lakes are frozen right down to the bottom, but they
melt rather early at the shores, and in the summer the water here is
warm. The hibernacula will grow out to small shoots, but because of
the short summer they never attain to flowering. Like most of the
144 Monrtren P, Porsitp
Potamogeton’s of Greenland, their life-cycle is a continued development
of hibernacula, All are distinet southern types.
Tt 257. Utricularia ochroleuca Hani.
Mainland: Orpigssuit, 68°40’ (Htz.) (Perhaps also the specimens named
under U. minor from 'Tasiussarssuaq may belong to this species). Otherwise only
found at [kerasak 70°30 (Vh.).
IL 258. Utricularia intermedia Hayne.
New to Greenland!
Mainland: In a small lake north of the great rapids Sarfarssuaq
in Nordre Stromfjord, 67°50’, we found amongst stems of sedges a mass-
growth of an Utricularia. Besides the pond was filled with Menyanthes
and /Hippuris ete. Although the plants were quite sterile, | have never-
theless determined them to this species, not only because of the di-
morphous leaves of which the bladderless ones are provided
with numerous dense bristles, but especially on account of the
very characteristic leaves of the hibernacula, bearing numerous
bristles in bundles (see Apromertt Botan. Ergebn. Tab. 8. fig. 28
—30).
1 259. Utricularia minor L.
Mainland: Brede Bugt north of Jakobshavyn, 69°13’ (P.), Claushavn 69°5’
(Bg.), Tasiussarssuaq, 68°25’ (Bg. Bl).
A z 260. Pinguicula vulgaris L.
In herb-mats and on luxuriant humid spots in heath or open places
in moss-bogs.
Disko: South coast, numerous localities around Godhayn and in Disko-
fjord (P.).
Mainland: Nugssuaq peninsula, several localities near the mouth of the big
valley (P.), from Paottit, 70°15’ and southwards some localities (P.); east of Disko
Bay rather common, especially around the Sydost Bugt (numerous collectors);
not seen in the archipelago of Egedesminde (K., P. & E.); several localities in Nordre
Stromfjord (P. & E.); rather common in the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg (P. & E.).
A southern type, without southern limit; north of the area found
a few times in the North East Bay to about 71°15’ (S. H.), its northern
limit in West Greenland.
Richly, but late flowering; in good summers and on favourable
spots, ripe fruits are developed, at least on Disko.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 145
XLIV. Plantaginaceae.
A 261—262. Plantago maritima L. and Pl. borealis Lance.
By several authors for instance A. Biytr: Botan. Notiser 1873
p. 129; James M. Macoun: Contrib. from the Herb. Geol. Surv. Canada
XI. (Canad. Rec. Se. 1897) p. 475 the plant of Lance was considered
a valid species, but as stated by L. Ko_prerup RosenvincEe (Andet
Tilleg p. 682) every distinguishing character of the plants from Green-
land is variable. Therefore often transitorial forms are met with which
by one character may be determined to maritima, by another to bore-
alis. Therefore the last mentioned author only accepts Pl. borealis as
a variety of Pl. maritima.
Having seen the copious material of Greenland Plantagos in Herb.
Haun. we cannot but affirm the existence of numerous such forms. Un-
fortunately we have seen but little of the so-called Pl. maritima in the
live state in Greenland, as it principally occurs south of our area and
nowhere both plants together. Therefore we may leave the question of
the specific value of Pl. borealis open to future investigations in their
natural habitats or to growing experiments. As also admitted by Rosen-
VINGE typically developed specimens differ widely.
Pl. maritima often occurs in South Greenland on the sea shore,
but also, according to RosENVINGE in gravelly places at some distance
from the shore and ascending to a considerable height. Also in pasture-
land at Igaliko he saw it, eaten by cattle. We found it at the head of
Nordre Stromfjord, near the shore, but especially on raised marine
clays far from the shore. Also in the fjords inland from Holsteinsborg
it was rather common. It is several times recorded along the Sydost
Bugt, here we only saw Pl. borealis. The northernmost record is
from the head of Pakitsog fjord, 69°30’, here not seen by us.
Pl. borealis grows near the sea shore, ordinarily so close to the sea
that it is sprayed by the surf and occurs together with the algal growth
(Ulwaceae). Also it is met with amongst Puccinellia-marshes and
stands manuring very well, we never saw it far from the sea or at any
height over the sea. It is rather scarce on the south and north-west
coast of Disko at the mouth of Nordfjord, but is probably often over-
looked. On the Mainland we found it several times from the mouth
of the big river on Ndgssuaq peninsula southwards, becoming more
common in the gneissic area south of Torssukatak icefjord and especi-
ally on the outer coast from the archipelago of Egedesminde south-
wards. Also at the mouth of Nordre Stromfjord it was common, whilst
Pl. maritima here was absent, but occurring in the interior. The outer
coast near Holsteinsborg was not investigated by us. — The northern-
LVIIL. 10
146 Monten P. Porsitp.
most locality of this form is north of our area in the Nordost Bugt
at 70°47’.
Both forms are southern types, the above mentioned localities
their northern limits.
They are abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by snow during winter, Pl. borealis also by ice.
Error: The Plantago referred to pag. 13 in this paper should be PL. borealis;
Pl. decipiens is.a species endemic in Eastern Atlantic America, different from our
Greenland forms.
XLV. Caprifoliaceae.
i 263. Linnaea borealis L.
In open willow thickets.
Disko: On the northern shore of Diskofjord, at 69°33’, found here in 1902
and later several times on the same spot (P.). The plants forms here a wide patch,
ordinarily richly flowering.
Mainland: Prestefjeld near Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (W. & H., P. & E.). Both
times the plants here were sterile, ours were collected Aug. 1914.
From the locality in Diskofjord I collected live specimens and cul-
tivated them on South Disko. They do not thrive as well as on the
natural spots and would be overgrown by other vegetation if left to
themselves. As a rule they flower sparingly every year, but neither in
culture nor in nature fruits are hitherto found:
A distinct southern type, besides only found twice in the
southmost Greenland, at 60°13’ and 61°10’.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
XLVI. Campanulaceae.
V 264. Campanula uniflora L.
In herb-mats, on rock-shelves, in open heath and alpine barrens,
exceptionally amongst low willows.
Disko: Common, ascending to the limit of vegetation (P.). — Hare © (P.).
Mainland: Nutgssuaq peninsule and land east of Disko Bay common (P.).
Archipelago of Egedesminde rare (K., P. & E.). Nordre Stromfjord scarce, princip-
ally on the northern slopes and on the hills, becoming rare in the interior (P. & E.).
District of Holsteinsborg near the outer coast: rare, in the interior only alpine (Jens.).
A northern type, without northern limit. South of our area
only observed a few times in alpine situations or descended from the
mountains, on barrens.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 147
Abundantly flowering and fructificating. Probably always covered
by some snow during winter.
Varying in size, broadness of leaves etc. according to the conditions
of the habitat.
i 265. Campanula rotundifolia L.
On similar spots as the preceding, but much more common.
Widely distributed in West Greenland, without southern limit,
the northern limit may he between 74° and 76°.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating. Probably always covered
by some snow during winter.
Varying very much. Whether the Greenlandic cycle of forms of
the collective species C. rotundifolia deserve to be united under a spe-
cial name, C. Gieseckeana (Vest.) Witas., | cannot say. On the other
hand Iam inclined to suppose that the different varieties recorded from
Greenland and provided with names are merely ecological forms, con-
nected through numerous transitions. The variety arctica of LANGE
is the normal form, occurring on somewhat favourable spots in our
area. On exposed spots the plants are smaller, especially lower, whe-
reas the corolla is as large or even larger, than on the luxuriant form
from rock-shelves. On the most barren spots we find a low form also
with small flowers: var. wniflora LANGE.
XLVII. Compositae.
V 266. Erigeron compositus Pursu.
On gravelly moraines and barrens, in sandy river-beds and deltas,
descended from the highland.
Disko: The northern part of the Waygat coast, common (P.), inthe big valleys
and on the basaltic plateaus on the Northland (P.), Mellemfjord (Th. Fr.). — Hare
© (P.).
Mainland: Nugssuaq peninsula, common in the basaltic and sandstone area,
as well near the coast as on the hills and in the big valleys (P.). South hereof not
found till Claushavn, 69°5’ (Bg.), Nordre Stromfjord at Eqaluarssuit, 67°36’ (P. & B),
N. Isortog (V.), Holsteinsborg district, near the colony and especially in the interior,
where it becomes rather common (P. & E.).
Without doubt a northern type, probably without northern limit.
South of our area observed in the fjord-regions at 64° and 60°—61°,
probably here descended from the highland.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Often snowless in winter.
10*
148 Morten P. Ponsiip.
Erigeron species Nr. 267 to 268.
For the subsequent species of Erigeron we have made VieRHaApP-
PER’s well-known monograph (Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XIX Abt. I] H. 3.
1906) and the supplemental observations on the northern and arctic
ones by LinpmMan (Bot. Notiser 1910 p. 161 ff.) the base of our under-
standing and classification. VieRHAPPER has for his work made a eri-
tical revision of the specimens preserved in most of the larger museums
of Europe, amongst them the material from Greenland in the H. H. In
the following therefore the remarks on the geographical distribution of
the species in West Greenland chiefly rest upon his work or his determ-
inations, whereas we are responsible for the observations on the oceur-
rence of the species on their natural habitat and on their biology, as
well as for some details regarding the distribution of the various species
occurring near the limits of their range.
i 967. Erigeron unalaschkensis (D.C.) Vieru. |. c., LiypMan, l.c.,
E. uniflorus Lge. p. p. non L., E. uniflorus var. pulchellus Fr. LANGE et
Auctt. Complur de FI. Groenl., E. arcticus Rouy).
In sheltered position: on herb-mats, on spots with long lasting snow.
Disko: Common in the whole of the southern part as well as in the fjords,
rather common on the west coast, but scarce on the coast towards Waygat, especi-
ally on its northern part (P.). — Hare O (P.).
Mainland: Nugssuaq peninsula common (P.) land east of Disko Bay rather
common, becoming scarcer southwards (P.), archipelago of Egedesminde rather
common (P. & E.); in the large fjords in the southern part of our area scarce, often
only on the northern slopes or near the summits of the hills (P. & E.).
A northern type, south of our area observed in the Godthaab
fjord at Ujaragssuit (descended from the high-land?) (S. H.) and from
Jensens Nunatag, 62°40’, at the altitude of 4100’ (Korn.), its southern
limit. The northern limit is still unknown, but may be somewhere
north of 73°. At this parallel the species becomes remarkably scarcer,
and from Northern Greenland and Ellesmereland it was not reported
by StmMons.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Ascending to considerable attitudes.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
Ti 268. Erigeron eriocephalus J. Vauv. LinpMan l. ec.
(E. uniflorus var, or subsp. eriocephalus. VrIERHAPPER et Auctt. Compl.
sicut BERLIN, ROSENVINGE, Simmons, KRUUSE etc.).
In fresh morainic soil, bare clayey spots in heath, in exposed bar-
rens, sometimes in brook-gravel and deltas, descended from the high-
land.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. __ 149
Disko: North-east coast, rather common down to about 70° (P.). — Hare © (P).
Mainland: Coast of Nugssuaq peninsula towards the Waygat rather common
from 70° to 70°45’ (P.). Holsteinsborg 66°55’ (alpine?) (Htz. affirm. Vierh.).
A high-arctic type, without northern limit, the above mentioned
localities are the southern limit of the species in West Greenland.
Flowers earlier than the preceding and fructificates abundantly.
Only covered by scanty layers of snow and perhaps sometimes
snowbare in winter.
Where this and the preceding species are found together, e. g. on
the coasts of Waygat, the differences in the colouring in the live state
are very conspicuous.
A 269. Erigeron uniflorus L. emend. Viern.
(E. alpinus var. leucocephalus, LANGE).
When we made our collections, we had no access to the work of
VIERHAPPER and no clear knowledge of this species and its distribution.
Therefore some of our field notes from the southern parts of our area,
referred to E. unalaschkensis, may perhaps belong to £. uniflorus.
The species is in Greenland, according to the determinations of VirrHAp-
PER, a distinct southern type, rather common from the fjords at
64° and southwards. North hereof it has been collected at Qaumarnit
Qingua, 65°12’ (Jens.), S. Isortog, 65°20’ (Ros.) Kangerdluarssugssuaq,
66°17’ (Jens.), and once in Nordre Stromfjord, probably Ungoriarfik,
67°42’ (Korn.). The last mentioned locality is the northern limit and the
only one lying within our area.
The specimens in H. H. are flowering and fructificating.
Without doubt covered by snow during winter.
A 270. Erigeron (Trimorpha) borealis (Vieru.) Simmons.
(E. alpinus LANGE p. p. E. neglectus Auctt. non KEern.
E. alpinus f. fastigiatus Ros.).
According to the determinations of VieRHApPER, also this species
is a distinct southern type with a still more southerly distribution
than the preceding. Its main occurrence in West Greenland is south of
the 62° parallel. A few specimens are collected in the fjords at 64°,
north hereof one specimen from Qaumarnit, 65°12’ (S. H.) and another
damaged specimen, which cannot be determined with certainty, from
N. Isortog, 67°10’ (V.). If this specimen were right, it would
range within our area.
Several times plants such as “E. alpinus” or “E. neglectus” have
been reported from our area, up to 69°30’ on Disko, but aceording to
150 Monten P, Ponsiny.
VierHApPER, all these identifications are erroneous and are not to be
referred to his /. borealis.
a: 271. Antennaria groenlandica Porsi.p:
Medd. om Grl. 51, p. 274 tab. 6. 1915 (Syn. A. dioica var. hyperborea
Lance Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 100; non Gnaphalium hyperboreum Don).
On rather dry spots, sunny herb-mats and heath (RosenvinGe).
Mainland: Only found in the southern part of the area, Holsteinsborg, 66°55’
(V.); with some doubt, I also refer some plants from Ipiutarssuag in N. Strem-
fjord, 67°42’ (P. & E.) to this species because of the snow-white obtuse involucral
bracts. The rosulated leaves are shorter and relatively broader than on typical
specimens.
A distinet southern type, the above mentioned localities are
the northern limit. Flowers and fructificates apogamically.
Covered by snow during winter.
A 272. Antennaria intermedia (RoseEnv.)
PorsitpD: |. c. p. 278. fig. 7.
In luxuriant herb-mats and slopes. Rare, probably overlooked.
Disko: Several localities on the South coast near Godhayn 69°15’ (various
collectors).
Mainland: Atanikerdluk, 70°5’ (P.); Sarqaq, 70° (V.); N. Stromfjord; Eqa-
luarssuit, 67°36’ (P. & E.); Prestefjeld near Holsteinsborg, 66°55’ (Th. H.); Nau-
jarssuit in Qeqertalik-fjord 66°44’ (P. & E.).
Probably a southern type, south of our area occurring down
to 61°45’.
Abundantly, but late flowering; fruits are developed apogamically
in favourable seasons.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
273. Antennaria glabrata (J. VAHL)
. L. Greene Pittonia III. p. 285. 1898. Porsixp 1. c. p. 273 fig. 4.
(Syn. A. alpina var. glabrata J. Vant).
ae
When I in 1915 proposed this combination, I was unaware of the
fact that GREENE 17 years ago had raised the same plant to the rank
of a species.
In herb mats, on open spots in heath and in morainic soil.
Disko: Found in most of the investigated parts of the island, but scarce;
without doubt often overlooked. Seems to be somewhat more common on the north-
ern half than on the southern (P.). — Hare © (P.).
Mainland: Collected at Nuigssuag, 70°40’ (P.). Sarqaq, 70° (V. Htz.); Eqe
69°40’ (P.); South coast of Sargardlit, 68°40’ (P. & E.); N. Isortogq, 67°15’ (V.).
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 151
The distribution of this species is still very imperfectly known,
hitherto not recorded from the southmost parts of Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and apogamically fructificating.
Covered by snow during winter.
i 274. Antennaria alpina (L.) Garrrn.,
Porsitp lI. c. p. 269. fig. 3.
In herb-mats, in the lowland often where snow lasts long, also in
luxuriant heath or in open thickets, seldom on fresh moraines.
Disko: South coast, the fjords, the west coast and valleys leading into the
interior common, on the northern part of the Waygat coast scarce (P.). Hare ©. (P.).
Mainland: Rather common throughout the whole area, becoming more
common southwards (P. & E.).
A widely distributed species without southern limit. The nor-
thern limit is not known, but may be north of 76°.
Ranging, from the shore as far up as dense vegetation occurs, but
on the latitude of Disko principally restricted to favourable situations.
Abundantly flowering and apogamically fructificating.
Probably always covered by snow during winter.
A 275. Gnaphalium supinum L.
In herb-mats, undoubtedly often overlooked because of its dimi-
nutiveness.
Disko: South coast near Godhayn, 69°15’ (several collectors); Tuaparssuit
(P.); Mudderbugt 69°15’ (Htz.).
Mainland: Majorqarssuatsiaq, 70°15’ (Bg.); Ritenbenk and Kangeq, 69°45’
(Bg.); Holsteinsborg, 66°55’ (V.).
A southern type, without southern limit; the above mentioned
localities are the northern limit.
In our area a lowland plant.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
The specimens from Disko belong to the var. subacaule Want,
emend. Braun-BLANQueEt Vierteljahrschr. Naturf. Ges. Ziirich. 62. 1917.
p. 617.
A 276. Gnaphalium norvegicum Gunn.
In luxuriant herb-mats and willow-thickets.
Disko: South coast, rather common (P.); Diskofjord, not uncommon, espe-
cially on the sunny sides and in the interior (P.); Mellemfjord, at Ikorfarssuit and
Sargardlit silardlit, 69°46’ (P.).
152 Monten P. Ponsivp.
A distinct southern type, on the mainland known to 65°50" and
common south of 64° (Ros.). The localities mentioned above may be
the northern limit of the species, as some of the records by Taytor
and Harr from regions farther north have not been verified.
In our area exclusively a lowland plant.
Amongst the specimens from Mellemfjord occurs f. viridescens (Legr.)
Braun-Biaguet l.c. p.616. which, according to my view, is a shade-form
from thickets.
Gnaphalium silvaticum L. is recorded from South Disko by
Harr together with the preceding, but as specimens according to
Simmons do not exist amongst his collections and as it has not been
observed by other collectors in any part of Greenland, this record has
to be considered an error.
MatricariaChamomilla L. is considered by RosENVINGE indige-
nous to Greenland, because the specimens collected by Kornerup in
N. Stromfjord are labelled: “near the border of the inland ice, far from
the coast’. They were found, however, in a district much visited for
caribou-hunting and as the native hunters often take “flores Chamo-
millae” with them, as well as medicine as a substitute for tea, I shall
consider the plant introduced till this record has been confirmed by
more recent findings.
277. Artemisia borealis Patt.
On dry sandy or clayey slopes, on gravelly gneissic moraines,
on dry river banks and deltas.
Disko: Very rare, although it is rather common on the mainland on the same
latitude. Recorded from Godhavn, 69°15’ as collected by Marcrete Krarup
Situ, but as we have searched for it here in vain during many years the statement
is perhaps due to some confusion of labels. — Mudderbugt 69°43’ (P.).
Mainland: From the Waygat coast of Nugssuaq peninsula southwards,
common, often forming extensive patches, especially in the interior.
North of our area scarce, however, ranging to at least 72°30’ (P.),
south of the area known to 63°. As the species in America and Asia
also reaches down to regions with temperate climates, I should rather
consider it a southern type.
Remarkable is the absence in East Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Without doubt often snowbare during winter.
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 153
V 278. Arnica alpina (L.) OLIN.
In herb-mats and luxuriant spots in the heath and on rock shelves.
Common throughout the area, especially at some distance from the
coast.
A northern type without northern limit, south of our area ranging
to the fjord district at 64° (Ros.).
From the shore to considerable altitudes.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by snow during winter.
On sunny spots, rich in mould a luxuriant form occurs:
f. pluriceps Haciunp in herb. Described but not named by Ro-
SENVINGE: Andet Tilleg p. 701 as follows: Ramosa, calathiis 3—®5 bene
evolutis; scapt laterales 1—2 foliis parvis, non oppositis muniti.
This form was observed, for instance, at Godhavn (P.), Paotut
(Th. P.), Orpigssuit (Htz.), N. Stromfjord (P. & E.).
T 279. Taraxacum phymatocarpum J. VAHL.
DautstepT: Studier 6fver arktiska Taraxaca. Ark. f. Bot. 2. N. 8.
p- 22.
In dry morainic and stony soil, on gravelly banks in river deltas.
Disko: From 70°10’ on the west coast northwards and on the coast towards
Waygat down to ca. 70°. gathered by several collectors and rather common. Other-
wise only on the top of a hill near Mudderbugt, 69°50’, 875 m above the sea (P.).
Mainland: on Nigssuaq peninsula on the west coast and the coast towards
Waygat down to about 70° as well as in the big valley, rather common (P.).
Obs. Some of the specimens were determined by H. DAuLsTepr.
A high-arctic type, the localities mentioned above are the south-
ern limit.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Probably covered by a thin layer of snow during winter.
280. Taraxacum groenlandicum DautstTeprT:
Arktiska och alpina arter inom formgruppen Taraxacum cerato-
phorum (Led.) D. C. Arkiv f. Bot. 5. N. 9. p. 23. tab. 14—15. (T.
officinale ceratophorum LANGE pro maxima parte Consp. fl. Grl. p. 84.)
In sandy and gravelly soil, often on downs along the shore consisting
not only of quartzic but also of basaltic sand.
Disko: hardly rare, most of the localities known are on the south coast, but
also observed on the north coast and in the interior (P.). — Hare © (P.).
Mainland: Nugssuaq peninsula on the coast and in the big valley common
(P.). From Torssukatak southwards observed in numerous localities to the fjords
inland from Holsteinsborg (P. & E.).
154 Monten P. Porsixp.
Obs. A few of the specimens were determined by H. Dautstepr.
North of our area known to at least 72°5’ (Ryder), south of 66°45’
no findings are reported till an isolated one at 61°. Not observed in
Hast Greenland.
In accordance with the range of the species in Greenland and Are-
tic America (see Dautstept) probably a northern type.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by snow during winter.
T 281. Taraxacum arctogenum Dautsr |. c. p. 27. tab. 16.
A high-arctic type, occurring north of 76°, only once observed
in our area on an islet inSydost Bugt, 68°35’ (Htz. det. H. DanistepT).
A 282. Taraxacum croceum Dautst. coll.
“Confer. H. Danustept: Om skandinaviska Taraxacumformer. Bot.
Not. 1905. idem: Nordsvenska Taraxaca. .Ark. f. Bot. 12. N. 2. 1912.
For the present I thus denote the most common species of Taraxa-
cum in our area. They occur on favourable, sheltered spots, common in
the southern parts of the area and, for instance on the southern half
of Disko, but scarce or absent on the northern. Thus their occurrence
corresponds to that of the southern types. The northernmost point,
where I have seen a representative of this group, is on the south coast
of Svartenhuk peninsula 71°25’ (P.).
In our area at least two species occur, one more common with pale
flowers and a rarer one with larger and darker heads. The last mentioned
seems to be restricted to the most favourable situations in the south-
most parts of the area and on South Disko. I have not tried to identify
them with some of the species of the group provisionally described by
DautsteEpT in Bot. Not., but they seem to me to be related to Daut-
steDT’s N. 2: spectabile and N. 3: croceum, which, according to the
author, are known to him from Greenland.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
an 283. Hieracium hyparcticum ALma.
In luxuriant herb-mats and willow-thickets.
Mainland: Only observed in the southern parts of our area: N. Isortoq,
67°15’ (Ros.); S. Kangerdluarssuk, 67° (Ros.); Holsteinsborg, Prestefjeld, 66°55’
(several collectors) all determined by H. DautstEept. Naujarssuit in Qeqertalik-
fjord, 66°45’ (P. & E.) det. by C. H. OstEnFELp.
A distinct southern type, south of the area known to 60°. The
above mentioned localities are the northern limit.
or
or
The Flora of Disko Island and Adjacent Coast of West Greenland. 1
Only from lowlands stations.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
1 284. Hieracium groenlandicum Atma.
In luxuriant herb-mats and willow-thickets.
Disko: North coast of Diskofjord at 69°33’ (Porsttp & Rriku1), det. DAHL-
STEDT.
Mainland: Near the mouth of N. Stromfjord, ca. 67°33’ (Korn.) det. DAn.-
steDT; Holsteinsborg, Prestefjeld, 66°45’ (P. & E.) and Naujarssuit, 66°45’ (P. & E.)
det. C. H. OsTeNFELD.
A distinct southern type, the localities mentioned are the nor-
thern limit.
Only occuring in the lowland.
Abundantly flowering and fructificating.
Covered by thick layers of snow during winter.
The specimens from Diskofjord were tall and vigourous forming a
patch of 20—30 flowering specimens. Some were transplanted to South
Disko, where they flowered the first years, but gradually they were
overpowered by other vegetation, ceased flowering and at last disap-
peared entirely.
1 285. Hieracium groenlandicum Atma, var. ivigtutense Atma,
Only once observed in our area, at Prestefjeld near Holsteinsborg,
66°45’ (W. & H.) det. Dantstepr. Otherwise not known north of 61°15’.
Thus a distinct southern type.
POSTSCRIPT
HEN in 1920 the Committee for the geological and geographical
\ \ investigations of Greenland kindly undertook to publish the pre-
sent work andimmediately put the first part to press I hoped to be able
to finish the second part during the printing of the first part. In this, how-
ever, I was hindered by various other works of official character, travels
abroad ete., and later on both I and my collaborator have had
occasion to make further observations in hitherto unexplored parts of
the area whereby the preliminary work accomplished for the second
part had to be revised. This second part will contain a survey of the
distribution of the species and types of plants within the area as far
as possible with due allowance to the geographical, geological and
climatological conditions.
My reason for letting the first part appear before finishing the
second is due to the purely practical demand that the present volume
in “Meddelelser om Gronland” has to be concluded. In this connection
I must express my sincerest thanks to the Committee for the unique
patience shown at this delay.
Morten P. Porsiip.
Disko. October 1925.
'
is
=z
bi
n¥
er
QK474.2.P673c.2 pti
aoe Morten Ped/The fl
LAUT
- y
e
/
a
¥ we
%
%
co
Ms Ya
\ ~~
ta 5
ee
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11