FLORA OF JAMAICA
VOL. IV.
DICOTYLEDONS
FAMILIES LEGUMINOS-ffi TO CALLIT.RICHACE.ffi
FLORA OF JAMAICA
CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF
THE FLOWERING PLANTS KNOWN
FROM THE ISLAND
BY
WILLIAM FAWCETT, B.Sc.
* • %
FORMERLY ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY)
LATE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC GARDENS AND PLANTATIONS, JAMAICA,
AND
ALFRED BARTON RENDLE,M.A.,D.Sc.,F.R.S.,F.L.S,
KEEPER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY)
I .RY
ORK
At
VOL TV
vui,. iv.
DICOTYLEDONS
FAMILIES LEGUMINOS^E TO CALLITRICHACE^
WITH 114 TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS
LONDON :
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
AND SOLD By
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1920
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PREFACE
THE present volume continues the systematic account of the
flowering plants of Jamaica* on the same lines as Volume III.
There has been some delay in publication owing to conditions
prevailing during the last five years. The fact that printing was
begun in 1917 will explain the absence of reference, especially
in the earlier sheets, to papers which may have appeared
subsequently.
We are again indebted for the loan of specimens to the
Government of Jamaica, and to various institutions and indi-
viduals previously mentioned, especially to the Directors of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Edinburgh, the Bristol
Museum, and the Naturhistoriska Biks-Museum at Stockholm.
A. B. RENDLE.
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.Yv".
February, 1920.
WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT
(In addition to those already enumerated in Vol. III.)
Ann. Mus. Par. — Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris.
1802-1827.
Arch. Mus. Par.— Archives. . .Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris.
1839-61.
r f
Baill. Etud. Euphorb. — Etude generale . . . des Euphorbiacees, with Atlas.
H. E. Baillon. Paris. 1858.
Bedd. El. Sylv. — Flora Sylvatica for S. India. B. H. Beddorne. Madras.
1869-73.
Benth. Comm. Legum. Gen. — Commentationes de Leguminosarum
generibus. G. Bentham. Vienna. 1837. [Also published in Ann.
Wien. Mus. II (1840)].
Bentl. & Trim. Med. PI. — Medicinal Plants &c. R. Bentley and H. Trimen.
London. 1880.
Boiss. Ic. Euphorb. — Icones Euphorbiarum. E. Boissier. Paris. 1866.
Bot. Gaz. — Botanical Gazette. Edited by J. M. Coulter. Chicago. 1875->-
Burm. Zeyl. — Thesaurus Zeylanicus. J. Burrnannus. Amsterdam. 1737.
Cav. Diss. — Monadelphise classis dissertationes decem. A. J. Cavanilles.
Madrid. 1785-179U.
Chapman. Fl.S.U. St.— Flora of the Southern United States. A. W.
Chapman. New York. 1860.
DC. Moiiog. Phan. — Monographise Phanerogamorum. Editors, Alphonse
and C. de Candolle. Paris. 1878-1896.
Endl. Medic. Pfl. — Medicinal-Pflanzen &c. S. L. Endlicher. Vienna.
1842.
Flora.— Flora'oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung &c. Kegensburg. 131S->-
Fl. Dan. — Icones Plantarum. . .Florae Danicse. G. C. CEder and others.
Copenhagen. 1761-1883.
Geisel. Grot. Monog. — Crotoms Monograph? am *!te. E. F. Geiseler.
Halle. 1807.
Goett. Nachr.— Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft dor Wissenschaften.
Goettingen. 1865->
Guppy Plants &c. W. Indies. — Plants, Seeds and Currents in the West
Indies and Azores. H. B. Guppy. London. 1917.
Hayne Arzneyk.— Darstelluiig und Beschreibung. . . Arziieykunde &c.
F. G. Hayne. Berlin. 1805-46.
Vlll FLORA OF JAMAICA
Jacq. Fragm. — Fragmcnta botanica figuris coloratis illustrata. N. J. von
Jacquin. Vienna. 1800-1809.
Jacq. Oxal. — Oxalis Monographia, iconibus illustrata. N. J. von Jacquin.
Vienna. 17(.>4.
Jussieu Euphorb. Tent. — De Euphorbiacearum generibus. . .tentamen.
A. de Jussieu. Paris. 1824.
Kunth Mimos. — Mimoses et autres Plautes Legumineuses &c. C. S.
. Kunth. Paris. 1819-24.
L'Herit. Sert. Angl.— Scutum Anglicum. By L'Heritier. Paris. 1788-92.
L. Fl. Zeyl. — Flora Zeylanica &c. C. Linnseus. Amsterdam. 1748.
L. Mat. Med. — Materia Medica. Liber I de Plantis &c. C. Linnaeus.
Stockholm. 1749.
Lodd. Bot. Cab. — Botanical Cabinet &c. C. Loddiges and Sons. London.
1817-33.
Mia. PI. Jungh. — Plautee Junghuhnianee. F. A. W. Miquel. Ley den.
1851-55.
Miq. Stirp. Surin. Sel. — Stirpes Surinamenses selectae &c. F. A. W.
Miquel. Leyden. 1850. (Nat. Verb. Maatsch. Wet. Haarl. VII.)
Nees PI. Medic. — Plantse officinales (medicinales) &c. T. F. L. Nees von
Essenbeck and others. Diisseldorf. 1828-33.
Niedenz. in Arb. Bot. Inst. Braunsb. — Arbeiten Bot. Inst. Lyceum
Hosianum, Braunsberg. F. Niedenzu. Byrsonima. 1901. Heter-
opterys, 1903.
Niedenz. in Ind. Lect. Lye. Brunsberg. — Index Lect. Lyceo R. Hosiano
Brunsberg. F. Niedenzu : Byrsonima, 1897 ; Buiichosia, 1898 ;
Malpighia, 1899 ; Stigmatophyllum, 1899-1900 ; Banisteria, 1900-01.
Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. — Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum, Vols. I
and II by Poeppig and Endlicher, Vol. Ill by Poeppig. Leipsic.
1835-1845.
Reichb. Ic. Germ. — Icones Florae Germanicse et Helvetica. . .L. and H. G.
Reichenbach and others. Leipsic. 1834.
Rheede Hort. Mai. — Hortus Indicus Malabaricus &c. H. A. van Rheede.
Amsterdam. 1678-1703.
Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. — Essai d'uue Flore de File de Cuba in Histoire. . .de
1'ile de Cuba par R. de la Sagra. A. Richard. Paris. 1845.
Rumph. Amboin. — Herbarium Amboinense &c. G. E. Rumphius.
Amsterdam. 1741-55.
Sauv. Fl. Cub.— Flora Cubana. Revisio Catalog! Griesbachiani &c. By
F. A. Sauvalle. [New species described by C. Wright.] [Reprinted
from the Anales R. Acad. Cien. Habana" Vol. v (1868)— Vol. ix
(1873) with the addition of Indexes.]
Scop. Delic. Insub. — Delicise Florae et Faunae Insubricae &c. G. A. Scopoli.
Pavia. 1786-88.
Stokes. Mat. Med. — Botanical Materia Medica &c. J. Stokes. London.
1812.
Thunb. Oxal.— Oxalis &c. C. P. Thunberg. Upsal. 1781.
W01JKS REEEKKED TO IX THE TEXT IX
Vahl Eclog. Am. — Eclogse Americans &c. M. H. Vahl. Copenhagen.
1796-1807.
Vent. Cboix.— Choix de PJantes &c. E. P. Ventenat. Paris. 1803.
Vent. Jard. Malm. — Jardin de la Malmaison &c. E. P. Ventenat. Paris.
1803-04.
Wall. PL As. liar. — Plants Asiatics Rariores &c. N. Wallich. London.
1830-32.
Walt. Fl. Carol.— Flora Caroliniana &c. T. Walter. London. 1788.
Watt Conim. Prod. Ind. — Commercial Products of India &c. G. Watt.
London. 1908.
Watt Diet. Econ. Prod. Ind. — Dictionary of the Economic Products of
India. G. Watt. London and Calcutta. 1889-93.
Wight Illustr. — Illustrations of Indian Botany &c. K. Wight. Madras.
1840-50.
AVils. in Reports Geol. Jam. — Outline of the Flora of Jamaica £c. 18G7.
By N. Wilson, in Reports of the Geology of Jamaica, by Sawkins and
others. London. 1869.
.Zucc. Oxal. — Monographic der Amerikanischeii Oxalis Arten. Zuccarini
Munich. 1825. (Denkschr. Akad. Muench. IX.)
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS
Page 44, lines I and 4 of Key, for Leaves read Leaflets.
„ 77, line 4, before Broivne read Sloane Herb. v. 91, 92 !
,, 85, „ 3, for 361 read 360, and for 361 (occurring later) read 363.
,, 168, ,, 4, for opposite read alternate.
., 230, ,, 6, after 1791 add (in part), and for L. read Jacq.
,, 239, ,, 5 from bottom, for Triapteris read Triopteris.
,, 245, „ 5 of description of fig., for L. read Jacq.
,, 247, ,, 6, and line 4 from bottom, for L. read Jacq.
,, 303, ,, 7 from bottom, after arborea &c. read Sloane.
307, ,, 2, add Oil Nut.
For the convenience of workers a comparative scale showing
centimeters and inches is given below.
1
2
345
1 6 7
3 | 9 ,10
ill
[III
II! ii
! II Ml MM 1 ! Mil
MM! 1 II MM
I Mi
1 1 ! ! M ! ( 1 II 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
i M 1 1 M M i
MM! M
M 1 M 1 Mi
1 1
1 2
3
Pncnes
CONSPECTUS OF THE FAMILIES CONTAINED IN
THIS VOLUME
DICOTYLEDONS
Steins with open bundles. Leaves net-veined. Floral parts
generally in fours or fives, sometimes in threes. Embryo with
two cotyledons.
FAMILIES LEGUMINOS^ TO EUPHOEBIACE^
(Calyx free from the ovary. Petals distinct)
Fam. 39. Leguminosse. Fls. irregular, generally 2-sexual, or
regular generally polygamous. Sepals more or less united ;
generally 5, imbricate in the irregular flowers, the fifth lowest ;
5 or 4, valvate in the regular flowers. Petals as many as the
sepals ; in the irregular flowers the fifth highest — outside in
Papilionatse, inmost in Csesalpiniese. Carpel one. Trees, shrubs,
or herbs. Leaves alternate, usually compound, generally stipu-
late. Fruit a pod, sometimes splitting into 1-xcedeil joiitts, some-
dates not splitting open, rarely drupe-like. Endosperm wanting
or scanty.
Fam. 40. Geraniaeese (Geranium). Fls. 2-sexual, regular.
Sepals and petals distinct, imbricate. Stamens 10. Carpels 5>
mtited with the axis, produced above into a beak. Herbs. Leaves
simple, palmately lobed, opposite, stipulate. IVuit a capsule
separating elastically into •") 1 -seeded parts.
Fam. 41. Oxalidaeese (Oxalis). Fls. 2-sexual, regular.
Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, twisted in bud. Stamens 10.
< >varv ~> celled ; styles 5. Herb. Lear. .-< di</!taf<-ft( :i-f<li<>lai<\
alternate, stipulate. Fruit 5-celled, a capsule.
Fam. !_!. Linaeese (Linum). Fls. Asexual, regular. Sepals
and petals 5, imbricate; petals generally t\\i>tod in bud,
fugacious. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. Perennial herl>.
Leave* *in/j>lr, alternate. Fruit a capsule, 5-celled.
Fam. •!:». Erythroxylacese (Erythroxylon). Fls. 2-sexual,
regular. Calyx persistent : .segments f>, imbricate. Petals .">.
Stamens 10, united below into a cup. Oi'ari/ 3-ciU<'<l. ii-illi
^ rellx tiiirler<'li>i>,;l. Shrubs nr trees. Leaves simjile, alternate;
oni\ trill/in flir p> tnJc. Fruit <i <1 ru !»• iritlt <>n<
XI 1 FLORA OF JAMAICA
Fam. 44. Zygophyllaeese. Fls. hermaphrodite, regular.
Sepals and petals usually 5, imbricate. Stamens 10. Ovary
2— 12-celled : *////<•* uniti-d. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Lcn <•>.•<
abruptly jiiunntr. opposite, stipulate. Fruit compos <1 <>f -2 t<> 1'2
cocci.
Fam. 4~>. Rutacese. Fls. hermaphrodite, polygamous, or
dioecious, regular (but corolla oblique in Eavenia), parts usually
in fours or fives. Sepals and petals usually imbricate. Stamens
as many as, or twice as many as, the petals, or numerous. Disk
between stamens and ovary. Carpels 4 or 5 (8 in Peltostigma),
united into a single 4-5-celled ovary, or free at the base and
united in styles or stigmas, or altogether free and 1 -celled.
»/ o * o
Shrubs or trees, usually gland-dotted and strongly smelling. Leaves
usually compound and alternate, without stipules.
Fam. 46. Simarubacese. Fls. small, unisexual or polygamous,
regular. Calyx 3-5-lobed. Petals 3-5, usually imbricate.
Stamens at the base of a disk, as many as, or twice as many as,
the petals. Ovary 2-5-lobed, 1-5-celled, or 3-5 free carpels ;
Styles 2-5. Shrubs or trees: Leaves simple or compound,
alternate, without stipules.
Fam. 47. Burseraeese. Fls. ^-sexual, or polygamous, regular.
Calyx 3-6-lobed. Petals 3-6, ralvate, deciduous. Disk generally
ring-like. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovary
2-5-celled ; styles very short. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple
or pinnate with an odd leaflet, alternate, without stipules. Fruit
drupaceous.
Fam. 48. Meliaeese. Fls. 2-sexual, regular. Calyx 4-5-
lobed, imbricate. Petals 4-5, imbricate, convolute, or valvate.
Disk various. Filaments united more or less into a tube, or
adherent to the columnar disk (Cedrela). Ovary 2-5-celled.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves compound, alternate, without stipules.
Fruit a capsule or drupe.
Fam. 49. Malpighiaeese. Fls. 2-sexual, regular. Calyx
5-cleft, each of 4 lobes usually witlt 2 glands outside. Petals 5,
clawed. Stamens 10. Carpels 3, more or less united into a
3-celled ovary, or separate ; styles free (except Bunchosia). Trees
or shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite, with or without stipules.
Fruit a drupe or a capsule.
Fam. 50. Polygalaeese. FJs. 2-sexual, irregular. Sepals 5,
imbricate, tlte 2 inner lateral larger, coloured, wing-like. Petals 3,
united into a corolla : or 5 (2 reduced to scales). Stamens 8,
united into a sheath. Ovary 1-2-celled. Herbs or shrubs.
*/
Leaves simple, usually alternate, without stipules. Fruit a
capsule, winged in Securidaca.
CONSPECTUS OF FAMILIK- X1U
Fam. -~)1. Euphorbiaeece. Fls. HK/.SV.I-IW/, ///omrr/.-,^ or
dioecious, regular «r -dinhtly irregular. Perianth often small,
sometimes wanting, sometimes dis>imilar in the male and female
flowers, either a calyx only or calyx and corolla. Stamens 1 to
indefinite. Ovary usually 3-rcllrd. Trees, shrubs, or hrrlis
often ici/li -milky x<t±>. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed, rarely
\\ilh 3 or more digitate k-allets, or reduced to scales. /V///V
usually capsularj *jJ<ttinii in1<> /- <//• -j-si-fiL ,1 s>,jni> nts, sometimes
not splitting open, \\ith outside fleshy.
Fam. Callitriehaeese. Fh. unisexual, without perianth. Male
flower, a single stamen ; female, a 4->- filed ovary icitlt '2 style*.
Small a<|uatic or terrestrial plants, with simple opposite leaves.
KEY TO FAMILIES
[The figures refer to the number of the Family.]
A. Perianth wanting, or of a single series, the calyx.
Flowers 2-sexual 39. Crudia, Prior ia.
Flowers 1-sexual.
Ovary usually 3-celled 51. Euphorbiaceas.
Ovary 4-celled Callitrichacese.
B. Perianth of a double series — sepals and petals.
Flowers unisexual.
Leaves simple.
Ovary of four carpels cohering only at the apex... 46. Castela.
Ovary 2-3-celled 51 . Euphorbiaceas.
Leaves pinnate.
Styles sublateral 45. Zanthoxylum.
Styles terminal 46. Simarubacese.
Flowers polygamous.
Carpel one. Fruit a pod (sometimes not opening) 39. Leguminosu'.
Carpels more or less free, quite free in fruit.
Styles sublateral 45. Zanthoxylum.
Styles terminal 46. Picrxna.
Carpels united into a single ovary.
Ovary 1-celled 45. Amyris.
Ovary 3-5-celled.
Trunk unbranched. Stamens as many as
petals 45. Spatlidia.
Trunk branched. Stamens twice as many
as petals 47. Burscracess.
Flowers 2-sexual.
Leaves simple or 1-foliolate.
Leaves alternate.
Fruit a pod (sometimes not opening, rarely
drupe-like) 39. Legum'inosse.
Fruit samaroid 50. Securidaca.
Fruit a capsule.
Flowers regular 42. Linum .
Flowers irregular 50. Poly gala.
Fruit a drupe 43. Erythroxylon.
Fruit baccate 45. Rutacex.
Ripe carpels 3-5, surrounded by the calyx 46. Suriana.
Leaves opposite.
Leaves gland-dotted 45. Ravcnia.
Leaves not glandular.
Leaves palmately lobed 40. Geranium.
Leaves entire, very rarely toothed 49. Ma Ipigliiaccx.
KEY TO FAMILI1> XV
Leaves compound.
Leaves alternate.
Fruit a pod (sometimes not opening, rarely
drupe-like) 39. Legu m i nosx.
Fruit not a pod.
Leaves sensitive to light 41. Oxalis.
Leaves not sensitive.
Filaments free.
Flowers 2-sexual.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves gland-dotted 45. Rutaccx.
Leaves not glandular 47. Protium.
Herbs H. Zygophyllad .
Flowers 1-sexual 40. Airum iua.
Filaments united more or less into a tube,
or adherent to the columnar disk 48. Mcliaccx.
Leaves opposite.
Leaves gland-dotted 45. Rutaccae.
Leaves not glandular 44. Zygoplujllac<:;< .
NOTE ON
DR. PATRICK BROWNE'S Natural History of Jamaica.
Dr. Patrick Browne published his " Natural History of
Jamaica '' in 1756, three years after the appearance of Linnseu-'-
" Species Plantarum." Browne did not adopt the binomial
system of Linnaeus, but quoted as synonyms of his own
diagnostic names the diagnoses of the " Species Plantarum." In
his own copy of the History, now in the library of the Linnean
Society, Lmna>us added the binomial as a marginal note.
Linnaeus acquired Browne's herbarium in 1758, and ha-
underlined in his copy of the " History " the first letter of those
species of which there was a specimen in Browne's herbarium.
In some instances these specimens were the foundation of species
published by Linmeus in the " Systema," edit. 10, 1759, for
instance, (..<i*xla rl mined ; others represented species which
lirowne had failed to identity \\ith tliose in the "Species
Plantarum,''' for instance, C. liijlorn. Sometimes a specimen in
Brownie's herbarium has not been identified by Linnaeus with
any diagnosis of Browne, but ha- been published in the
:- Syslema," for in-iam-e. ('. j
DICOTYLEDONS
FAMILY XXXIX. LEGUMINOS^E.
TREES, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite,
nearly always compound, sometimes simple, generally with
stipules. Peduncles axillary or terminal, with one to numerous
flowers. Flowers : irregular generally hermaphrodite, or regular
generally polygamous. Sepals more or less united, generally
5 in the irregular flowers, the fifth lowest ; 5 or 4 in the regular
flowers. Petals as many as the sepals ; in the irregular fl<>\\ <T-
the fifth highest. Stamens generally twice as many as tl it-
petals, sometimes as many, sometimes indefinite, few or numerous,
usually inserted on the margin of the receptacle. Carpel
solitary, 1-celled ; ovules numerous, attached at the interim-
angle. Fruit a pod, sometimes splitting into one-seeded joinl>.
Endosperm scanty or wanting. Cotyledons generally flat,
foliaceous or thick and fleshy ; radicle superior.
Species over 12,000 in number, found in e\ery part of tin-
world.
SUBFAMILY 1. PAPILIONATJE.
Flower.-, papilionaceous. Petals imbricate, the uppermost
outside. Stamens 9 or 10, united into a sheath, or distinct in
^ 11, 12 — numerous in ^ 12. Leaves simple, digitate or pinnate,
KEY TO SECTION-.
Leaves simple, or digitate with 1, 3, or 5 leaflet .
Flowers racemose or solitary § I.
Flowers in heads. Pod enclosed in the withered
calyx and corolla § '2.
Flowers covered by large bracts ^ '•'. Flt'»iiii>ii<i.
Leaves digitate with "2 or 4 leaflets § L Xornia.
Leaves reduced to spines >j 1 . ( /<.'>.
iv. r.
2 FLORA OF JAMAICA
Leaves pinnate with an odd leaflet.
Leaves with 1-3 leaflets.
Pod jointed § 4.
Pod not jointed.
Leaflets with conspicuous stipels §8.
Leaflets generally without stipels.
Stamens numerous, all distinct. Petal 1 .... § 12.
Stamens 10 (or 9), only one sometimes distinct.
Leaflets with glandular dots beneath § (J.
Leaflets without glandular dots.
Trees or shrubs § 10. Dalberg'm .
Herbs woody below §3. Indigofera.
Leaves with 5 to several leaflets.
Pod jointed § 4. ^Escliynomcnc.
Pod not jointed.
Stamens 10, all distinct. Shrubs or trees §11-
Stamens 10 or 9, one only sometimes distinct.
Stems twining § 8. Clitoria.
Stems not twining.
Herbs or shrubs. Stamens 9 in one bundle,
one usually distinct §3.
Trees or shrubs, branches sometimes
twining. Stamens in 1 or 2 bundles,
one sometimes more or less distinct § 10.
Leaves abruptly pinnate.
Leaves with 2 pairs of leaflets. Pod burying itself
in the earth § 5.
, Leaves with several pairs of leaflets.
Leaves with a tendril § 6.
Leaves without tendrils.
Branches twining §7.
Branches not twining § 3. Sesbania.
KEY TO GENERA.
§ 1. Herbs or shrubs (not twining). Leaves simple or
digitate, with 3 or 5 leaflets, or reduced to spines.
Flowers various. Pod 2-valved, inflated in Crota-
laria.
Leaves simple, or digitate with 3 or 5 leaflets ... 1. Crotalaria.
[Leaves reduced to spines Ulex.~\
§2. Herbs. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate, leaflets denti-
culate. Flowers in heads. Pod small, enclosed
in the withered calyx and corolla, not opening 2. Trifolium.
§ 3. Herbs (woody below) or shrubs, not twining, some-
times arborescent (in Sesbania). Leaves impari-
pinnate (usually 5 or more leaflets) or abruptly
pinnate (in Sesbania). Flowers in racemes, axil-
lary, terminal, or opposite the leaves. Pod 2-valved,
or sometimes scarcely opening (in Sesbania).
Racemes axillary.
Leaves imparipinnate 3. Indigofera.
Leaves abruptly pinnate 5. Sesbania.
Racemes terminal and also axillary, or opposite
the leaves 4. Tephrosia.
[Racemes appearing before the leaves Gliricidia.]
Pcvpilionatce
LEGUMIXOS^E
§ 4. Herbs, sometimes shrubby below, not climbing, or
small trees. Leaves iniparipinnate, leaflets 1-3,
or numerous (in sEschynomcne), or digitately 2-4-
foliolate. Pod jointed ; joints 1-seeded, usually
separating.
Leaves with numerous leaflets 7. ^-Eschynomene.
Leaves 1— 3-foliolate with scarcely any common
petiole; stipules spinescent. Small trees ... G. Brya.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets without stipels.
Stipules united to the leaf-stalk 8. Sfylosanthes.
Leaves digitate with 2 or 4 leaflets 9. Zornia.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets with stipels 10. Dcsmodium.
[Leaves with 1 large leaflet; petiole winged D.triqtietrum.]
[Leaves with one 2-lobed leaflet Lourea.]
[Leaves with 1 leaflet; calyx dry, stiff Alysicarpus.']
[§ 5. Low-growing herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate.
Flowers 1 or more, crowded in the lower axils.
Pod burying itself in the earth Arachis.']
[§ 6. Climbing herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate ending
in a tendril ; leaflets without stipels. Stipules
semisagittate. Flowers 1 or 2 together in the
axils. Pod 2-valved Vicia.]
§ 7. Shrubs with twining branches. Leaves abruptly
pinnate, with the end of the petiole produced and
bristle-like ; leaflets without stipels. Flowers in
clusters along axillary and terminal racemes. Pod
2-valved 11. Abnis.
§ 8. Herbs or shrubs, twining (rarely erect, or prostrate,
or trees). Leaves pinnately 3-(5-7-)foliate ; leaflets
with stipels. Flowers in axillary racemes, usually
2 or more in clusters along the rhachis, the
racemes sometimes reduced to one flower or a few
clustered in the axils. Pod 2-valved.
Trees. Flowers red 15. Erythrina.
Herbs or shrubs.
Standard much larger than the other petals
and flat.
Bracteoles longer than the calyx or nearly
as long 12. Ccntroscma.
Bracteoles less than half as long as the
calyx 13. Clitorw .
Standard shorter than the other petals 1C. ^fncnnu.
Standard not much larger nor smaller than
the other petals.
Keel forming a complete spiral 20. Phascolu*.
Keel not forming a complete spiral.
le hairy along the inner side above.
Stigma oblique or lateral 21. Viyna.
[Stigma subglobose on inner side of
style. Boot tuberous ]'acliyrrliizus.~\
[Stigma small, terminal. Pod rough
with warty projections along the
margins Dolichos.]
u -2
4 FLORA <>F JAMAICA Papilionato
vie without haii
Calyx; with •! c-ntiiv lu:
Pod narrow, linear 17.
Pod broad; margins thickened, upper
furrowed 18.
Calyx with 5 lobes, or 4 with one 2-
toothed 14. Teramnus.
Calyx 2-lipped, upper large 19. Canavalia.
§ *J. 1 lerbs or shrubs, erect or twining. Leaves pinnately
3-foliolate or digitately 1-3-foliolate ; leaflets with
glandular dots beneath, usually without stipeU.
Flowers in racemes. Pod 2-valved.
Erect undershrubs or shrubs.
[Pod marked with oblique depressed lines,
5-seeded Cajanus.'}
[Pod short, 2-1-seeded. Bracts large Flemingia.]
Twining undershrubs 22. Bhynchosia.
§ 10. Trees, or shrubs with trailing or twining branches.
Leaves imparipinnate with several leaflets, some-
times only 3 or 1 ; leaflets without stipels (except
rarely in Loncliocarpus and Andira}. Flowers in
axillary panicles or racemes, panicles terminal or
^ubterminal in Andira. Pod not opening, mem-
branous, leathery, woody, or drupaceous.
Leaflets alternate (or solitary).
Leaflets 1 or 2-5. Pod with style terminal.... 23. Dalbergia.
Leaflets 5-9. Pod with style lateral 24. Pterocarpus.
Leaflets opposite.
Flowers in axillary racemes. Pod flat, without
wings 25. Lonchocarpus.
Flowers in axillary panicles, appearing before
the leaves. Pod with 4 wings 26. Piscidici.
Flowers in terminal panicles. Pod drupaceous 27. Andira.
§ 11. Shrubs or trees. Leaves imparipiunate ; leaflets
in 4-12 pairs, opposite or nearly opposite. Pod
2-valved or not splitting open.
Shrub. Leaflets in 5-12 pairs. Pod constricted
between the seeds, not opening, 5-9-seeded... 28. Sopliora.
Tree. Leaflets in 4-5 pairs. Pod 2-valved, 1-2-
seeded 29. Onnosia.
§ 12. Trees. Leaves reduced to 1 leaflet. Calyx closed
before flowering, afterwards bursting into 2-4
irregular segments. Petals one — the standard 30. Sioartzia.
SUBFAMILY 2. CMSALPINIE&.
Flowers irregular. Calyx imbricate (but subvalvate in
Poincifina and Parkinsonia, spathaceous in Bauhinia). Petals
imbricate, the uppermost inmost. Stamens usually distinct.
Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, or composed of 2 leaflets united into
a single 2-lobed leaf in Bauhinia.
LEGUMIN* »>.!'.
§ 13. Leaves abruptly bipirmate (with an odd pinna in
Cxsalpinia <-<>ri(tria), or most leaves simply pinn.
in H;i'»uito:ri/liti>i. Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers versatile.
Calyx-segments very imbrica
Tree. One segment of calyx larger, comb-like.
Pod not opening, Hat-compressed, thinning
to the margin, us it were 2-winged 31. Pcltophorum.
Shnibs or small trees. Pod ^-vnlved or not
splitting, not winged, margins blunt 32.
[Tree. Pod flat, thin, splitting open in the
middle of the valves, not at the margin....
Calyx-segments valvate or slightly imbricate.
[Leaves with 11-18 pairs of pinnae l'oincin,!ti.
[Common petiole of the leaves very short,
^pine-like, pinnae 2-4, very long, with
minute distant leaflets l'ii,-lcin*<j,
§ 14. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Calyx 5-cleft, segments
imbricate. Petals 5. Anthers basifixed, opening
by pores or chinks. Seeds with endosperm 33. Cassi".
§ 15. Leaves composed of two leaflets united. Calyx
spathaceous,5-toothed. Petals 5. Anthers versatile.
Seeds with endosperm 34. UauJtinia.
§ 16. Leaves abruptly pinnate or irnparipinnate (in
Crudia) ; leaflets 2 to numerous. Sepals 4, imbri-
cate. Petals 3, 5, or none. Anthers versatile.
[Leaflets numerous. Petals 3. Stamens 3,
united into a sheath Tamarind
Leaflets 2. Petals 5. Stamens 10 35. Hymen;>u.
Leaves imparipinnate. Petals none. Sta-
mens 10 (9,8) 36. Cnidi,i.
§ 17. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets in 1 or 2 pairs.
Sepals 5, very imbricate. Petals none. Anthers
versatile. Ovules 2.. . 37.
SUBFAMILY 3. MIMOSEJE.
Flowers regular, small. Calyx valvate. 1'dals va..
generally united below the middle. Stamens distind <>r united.
Leaves bipinnate (pinnate in Inya).
ft
£ 1*. Parts of the flower in 5's. Mamens 1(), distinct ;
anthers with a small gland, which drops oil' soon
after the opening of the flower. Pollen granules
numerous, distinct.
Climbing >hrub with tendrils. Pods very largo
Trees or shrubs not climbing.
Flower- in globular heads 30. J'ij- a.
' Flowers in racemes Adenanthera.
[Flowers in spikes pis.
Herbs prostrate or floating 10. .\<'jifuiiiti.
G FLORA OF JAMAICA
§ 19. Parts of the flower in 5's or 4's. Flowers in
globular heads. Stamens as many as, or twice as
many as, the petals ; anthers without glands.
Pollen granules numerous, distinct.
Parts of the flower in 5's. Calyx campanulate.
Gland between the lowest pair of pinn?o 41. Desmantlius.
Gland in middle of petiole, or just below the
pinna?, or wanting 43. Lcncxna.
Parts of the flower in 4's. Calyx minute 42. Mimosa.
§ 20. Parts of the flower in 5's or 4's. Flowers in
globular heads, or in spikes (in A. sumo). Stamens
indefinite, generally numerous, distinct or slightly
united at the base. Pollen granules in 2-6 masses
in each cell 44. Acacia.
§ 21. Parts of the flowers in 5's. Stamens indefinite,
sometimes few, united at the base or into a tube.
Anthers small. Pollen granules in 2-6 masses in
each cell.
Leaves bipinnate.
Pod strap-shaped, straight or slightly curved ;
valves elastically revolute from the apex 45. Calliandra.
Pod broadly oblong, straight, thin, continuous
within, valves not opening elastically nor
twisted 46. Albizzia.
Pod curved and twisted spirally, continuous
within, splitting open 47. Pithecellobiion.
Pod straight or curved, continuous within,
tardily opening 48. Zygia.
Pod curved or straight, thick, not opening,
with partitions between the seeds 49. Enterolobium .
Leaves simply abruptly pinnate 50. Inga.
SUBFAMILY 1. PAPILIONAT^E.
Flowers papilionaceous (that is, like a pea-flower). Sepals
normally 5, united into a tubular or carnpanulate calyx. Petals
5, imbricate : the upper — the " standard," exterior ; the 2 lateral
-the " wings " ; the 2 lower interior and generally parallel
and united — the "keel." Stamens generally 10 (numerous in
Swartzia) ; filaments united into a sheath enclosing the pistil,
the uppermost often more or less free or sometimes wanting
(all distinct in §§11 and 12) ; anthers all alike, or sometimes the
alternate different. Radicle inflexed, accumbent on the coty-
ledons. Leaves digitately or pinnately compound, or sometimes
simple.
§ 1. Herbs or shrubs (not twining). Leaves simple or
digitately 3-5-foliolate, or reduced to spines. Flowers in
racemes terminal or opposite the leaves, or solitary or
shortly racemose in the axils. Stamens 10, all united
into a sheath. Anthers alternately small, versatile, and
long, basifixed. Pod 2-valved, inflated in Orotalaria.
Crotalaria
LEGUMINOS.S;
1. CROTALARIA L.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple or digitately 3-5-foliolate.
Flowers yellow, but blue in C. verrucosa, in racemes terminal or
opposite the leaves, axillary in C. laii i'«li«. Standard roundish ;
keel beaked. Staminal sheath split above. Rattle-wort.
Species about 450, widely dispersed through the warmer
regions of the whole world.
Fi". 1.— Crotalaria striata DC.
A, Raceme and leaves x H.
B, Flower, nat. size.
C, Wing x 2.
D, Flower with corolla removed x -.
E, Seed x 5.
(Altered from Reichenbach.)
1 . Leaves simple.
Stipules (when present) not decurrent.
Erect herbs or shrubs.
Pods hairy.
Stipules foliaceous, lunate. Flowers blue ... 1. C.
Stipules minute or wanting.
[Leaves linear or oblong-linear, 4-10 cm. 1. C.jnncea.]
[Leaves lanceolate-linear, 10-30 cm. 1 C. tctragona.}
[Leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, (i-8 cm. 1.
Flowers paniculate C.fnlcu.
Pods glabrous.
Stipules very small or wanting. 1'rioU a\\l-
shaped -2. C. ret/i.^n.
[Stipules ^-sagittate. Bracts ovate, foliaceous ( '. s,ricea.]
^Diffuse herb, not more than 1 ft. high, with
small leaves and pods C. nor
FLOKA OF JAMAICA Crotalnria
Stipul. lit.
Free apex of stipules acute 3. ' "talis.
Free apex sometimes ui'tu-c 4.' C. j>tcrocauln.
$ -. Loaves 3-foliolate.
Peduncles 1- or few-flowered, axillary 5. C. lotifolia.
1 1 a c ernes 5- or many-flowered, opposite a leaf or
terminal.
Pod hairy.
Pod 1-1-5 cm. 1 r>. C. pumila.
Pod 3 cm. 1 7. C. incana.
Pod glabrous S. C. striata.
§ 3. Leaves 5-foliolate C. quinq uefolia.']
§ 1. Leaves simple.
*Stipules wlien present, not decurrent.
1. C. verrueosa L. Sp. PL 715 (1753); leaves ovate or
roundish-elliptical ; stipules foliaceous ; flowers blue ; pods
pubescent with adpressed down. Hot. Mag. t. 3034 ; 3Iacf. Jam.
/. 238; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ltd. 178; Bak. in Hook. f. 'FL Br.
In'1. !i. 77. Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Fls. throughout the year ; common, Macfadyen \ Liguanea, McNab !
fsauel J.P. 962, Morris I Miss Foster I near Kingston, 500 ft., Clutel also
Uothrock ; Billy Dun, 500 ft., Campbell \ Long Mt. road, Faivcett ! Watson's
Hill, Manchester, 800ft.; near Troy, 2000 ft.; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5833,6381,
— 14, Port Royal, Lucea, Hitchcock. — Tropics.
Annual, scarcely shrubby, 2-3 ft. high, puberulous, glabrescent, branches
and peduncles 4-3-angled. Leaves 7-3 cm. L, 5-2 cm. br. ; stipules lunate,
deflexed. Racemes many-flowered. Calyx 2-lipped, half as long as the
corolla, 7-10 rnm. L, glabrescent ; segments narrowly triangular, acuminate.
Pod oblong, 3-3 '5 cm. 1., brown.
This species and others have been used as green dressings.
[C. juneea L. Sp. PL 714 (1753) ; leaves linear or oblong-
linear, 4-10 cm. 1. ; stipules minute, setaceous, or wanting;
pods ptibescent-tomentose. — Bot. Mag. t. 490 ; Bak. torn. cit. 79 ;
Grixeb. op. cit. 179 ; Wil*. in Reports Geoloy. Jam. 276 ; Watt
Diet. Econ. Prod. Ind. ii. 595. Type in Herb. Linn.
Fls. in autumn ; Barbican, Liguanea Plain, McNab ! Wilson; March I
near Camp, 280 ft., Campbelll King's House grounds; Halfway Tree ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6111, 6905, 8274, 11,856; Constant Spring, Hitchcock.—
Tropics of the Old World.
Annual, shrubby, to 10 ft. high, branching, silky-puberulous. Leaves
silky-pubescent chiefly beneath, about -5 cm. br. Haccmes long, with
many flowers. Calyx 5-partite, nearly as long as the corolla, about
1-5 cm. 1., segments lanceolate-linear. Pod oblong, about 3 cm. 1.
The plant yields the Sunn or San hemp of commerce, and is cultivated
for this purpose in the tropics of the Old World. It is used in the manu-
facture of ropes, fishing nets, saddles for pack horses, hose pipes, etc. It
has considerable tensile strength, and, like European hemp, its tendency
to rot under water seems to be very slight.]
Crotalirlu l.K< -L'MIXOS.K
-
[C. tetrag-ona Buxb. Fl. !,/>/. id iT,;', (1832); leaves
lanceolate-linear, acuminate, 1-3 dm. 1. ; stipules miiiir
setaceous, or wanting ; ]mds tomentose-pubescent. — Gri*' l>. «i>. <->L
179 ; Wils. lor. cit. ; Jin/,: torn. cit. 78.
St. Andrew-, Prior; ("1 onion Town, Roberts \ Silver Hill,
llo v;s ! l-'l. Jam. 5597. India to Java.
tihnih, to 6 ft. high, brandies acutely tetragonal, when young pu:
cent. Leaves strigose-pubescenl on both or glabrescent. Racemes
laxly 6-10-flowered, 1-5 dm. 1. or more. Bracts minute, linear. /
lemon-yellow. Calyx 2-lipped, segments very long, linear-lanceo:
densely brown-velvety, 2 cm. 1. or more. Corol uewhat longer than
the calyx. Pod oblong, dark brown, ?>• •'• 5 cm. 1.
[C. fulva Boxb. FL L«L Hi. 266 (1832) ; leaves oblnii--l,-
late to oblanceolate (rarely elliptical), 6-8 '5 cm. 1.; stipules
wanting, or minute, setaceous; flowers paniculate; pods thinly
silky, enclosed within the calyx. — Gr'twl). <>p. <-it. 17'.': IT//.--.
lor. cit. : Jitik. tinn. r',1. 80.
Bancroft*. St. Mary, McNeil ! Wilson ! Short-wood, 500 ft., Campi • \
Hope Mines, 800 ft. ; Hope Paver course, 600-700 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam.
6243, 6825, 6943, 9037.— E. Indies to Sumatra, naturalized in Seychelles
and Mauritius.
Shrub 3-8 ft. 'high ; branches cylindrical, den-ely clothed with short
brown silky hairs. Leaves closely silky, 2-3 cm. br. Racemes compound,
in a terminal panicle. Bracts and bracteoles elliptical, cuspidate. Flo;-
fragrant. Cali/.r 5-partite, sericeous on the outside, 1-1-3 cm. 1. ; seg-
ments ovate, blunt. Pod globose-ellipsoidal, 2-seedeJ.
2. C. retusa L. Sp. PL 715 (1753); leaves oblanceolate to
oblanceolate-oblong, apex retuse or rounded ; stipules very small.
awl-shaped or wanting; bracts awl-shaped; pods glabrous. Bot.
M«<j. t. 2561 ; Mfu-f. Jam. /. L'39 ; Gri*el. <>p. dt. 172 : ir//x. loc.
rif.; J'xif,-. torn. cit. 75 : Url>. .%////». Ant. iv. 281. Type in Herb.
Mus. Brit.
Fls. in autumn ; common : Ifcicfadycn ; Dixtin ! >t. Mary, Ih JV
! J.P. 615, 963, A/i«/-m! King's House ground-, (.'umpbcll'. I'-utt
Bay; Annotto Bay ; Thompson ! Hope grounds, Harris I St. George, \Vatt !
.Uz.s-.s Fustier ! Gordon Town, ]',,iU ! Kingston, I ' - ; I'ort
Antonio, Mill.^iiifih. Fl. -Jam. 5709, 647-1, '.784, 791 7.— Tropical and
subtropical regi<-
Annual, slirnhby, 1-3 ft. high, silky-puberulou- or ulal>rate.
glabrous on upper surface, tornentellous beneath, pellucid-dotted. .a. 1.
land morel. L-2'5 (3'5) cm. br. /: many-flowered, long. J
showy. ( J-lipfe<l, about half as long eorolla, 1-T5 em. 1..
sparingly puberulous ; segments triangular-lanceolate, Standum' with
purple lines inside, S"ine\vh;it brownish outside, t«> ~2 em. 1. /'.'</ oblong,
blackish, 3- t cm. 1.
[C. sericea li»i::. o/*x. /-. L'<; (1789) (m»n Burnt, f.) ; lea^
oblanceolate-oblong, nnn-mnulatc : sii})'iles seini-sa^it tate. ^.^sile,
'•• llexed, jiciv-i-ii'iit : liracts ovate, t'oliaerous. persistent : pod
10 FLORA OF JAMAH \ Crotalari"
glabrous. — Grim-l>. Joe. clt. ; TlV/x. Inc. <•'»(. • Bed-. !<><•. <•/'/. C.
Ketzii HitrJtr. in i;<j,. Miss. Bot. <,',ml. iv. 74(1893).
Xegro Kivcr. PunHc*. Wilson ! Waters). Lucca, Hitchcock. — Indiu,
Pegu, Malac
Shrubby, 2-3 ft. high, glabrate. Leaves pubescent with ad pressed hairs
beneath, 7-15 cm. 1., 2'5-4 cm. br. Racemes long, many-flowered. Caly./'
2-lipped, shorter than the corolla, 1'5 cm. 1., glabrous ; segments triangular,
acuminate. Pod oblong, 3-5 cm. 1.]
C. scricca Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 156 (1768) is a different species and has been
doubtfully referred to C. assamica Benth.
[C. nana Burm. f. FL Iml 156, t. 48, /. 2 (1768) ; annual, 1 ft.
or less high, with many slender spreading or ascending branches
clothed with short silky hairs ; leaves oblong-linear. 1-2 cm. ]. ;
stipules wanting ; pods glabrous, about 7 mm. 1. — Grisel. op. cit.
179; Wils. loc. cit.; Bak. torn. cit. 71.
Wilson; Fairfield, Manchester, Wullschlaegcl. — India, Burma, Ceylon.
Leaves mucronulate, with silky pubescent adpressed hairs chiefly
beneath, 4-6 mm. br. Racemes few-flowered. Calyx 2-lipped, with long
silky hairs, about '5 cm. 1. Pod ellipsoidal, black.]
"''Stipules decurrent.
3. C. saglttalis L. Sp. PL 714 (1753) (in part); stipules all
acute. — Urb. Syinb. Ant. iv. 280. C. frutescens hirsuta, flore
luteo, ramulis alatis, foliis mucronatis Houst. MS. 101, /. 139.
C. fruticosa Macf. Jam. i. 240 (1837).
Houstoun \ Macfadyen ; Job's Hill, St. Mary, HcNab \ Newcastle, J.P.
1434, Hart \ Pen Hill, 2500 ft. ; Tweedside, south St. Andrew, 2500 ft. ;
Salt Hill, St. Andrew, 3800 ft. ; bed of river, Castleton, 490 ft. ; Harris \
Golden Spring, 800 ft., Thompson] PI. Jam. 5804, 6923, 8035, 11,855,
11,965. — Hispaniola, Porto Rico, continental America from New England
to Peru.
Somewhat shrubby, generally about 1 ft. high, more or less villose with
whitish or yellowish hairs, mostly adpressed. Leaves linear, linear-oblong,
or linear-lanceolate above, oblong below, sparsely hairy on upper surface,
hairy on margin and on midrib beneath, 2*5-6 (i'5-7) cm. 1. ; stipules
well developed on stem and upper parts of branches, wanting below or
represented by linear bracts, free portion lanceolate, acute. Racemes few-
flowered. Bracts linear, 5-8 mm. 1. ; bracteoles linear, 4-7 mm. 1. Flowers
tawny-yellow (rarely white). Calyx 7-13 mm. 1. Standard and wings
about half as long as the calyx ; keel a little longer than the standard.
Pod oblong, black, glabrous, 2-3 cm. 1.
Var. frutieosa var. nov. ; 2-4 ft. high ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, greyish-pulverulent especially beneath, 3-7 cm. 1.-
C. fruticosa Mill Card. Diet. ed. 8 (1768).
Houstoun, seeds sent from Jamaica and grown in Chelsea Physic
Garden by Miller, specimens in Herb. Mus. Brit. ! Devon Pen, near
Castleton, 300 ft. Thompson ! PI. Jam. 7973.
Crotalnria LEGUMINOSJ- 11
4. C. pterocaula Desv. Jonrn. But. Hi. 7«l (1*14); stipulr-
inostly obtuse. — Beutlt. in FL llr<i*. xv. ±>t. 1, 10, /. 2; Gri*i'l>.
<>j>. cit. 17* (excl. syn.).
"Hollis's savanna, St. Ann \ Clarendon," Purdic ! — Trinidad, Panama,
tropical South America.
Shrubby, -2 ft. high, the whole plant covered with brownish-yellow
adpressed hairs. Leave* linear-lanceolate, densely hairy 011 both sides,
- -I (-8) cm. 1. ; ^tipuli-s variable, sonic at least obtuse, others toothlike or
lanceolate, /.'/uvwi'.s few-flowered. Bracts lanceolate, 5 mm. 1. ; bracteoles
lanceolate, 3'5-4 mm. 1. Cali/.r 11-12 mm. 1. Xt'ii'<l<ird 8-9 mm. 1.;
wings shorter than standard ; keel a little longer. Pod 3-4 cm. 1.
§ -. Leaves 3-foliolate.
5. C. lotifolia L. ,S>. PI. 715 (1753) (by error latifoli., > :
leaflets narrowly elliptical ; peduncles 1- or few-flowered, axillarv,
short ; calyx about 8 inm. 1., exceeded by the corolla ; pods
puberulous. — Ma<\f. Jam. i. 240 : Griseb. op. cit. 180; Urb.
Symb. Ant. iv. 281. C. trifolia fruticosa foliis glabris &c. Sloan <
Gat. 141 & Hint. ii. 33. C. loti folio &c. Dill Eltlt. 121, t. 102,
/. 121. Type in Herb. MILS. Brit.
Between the Town Savanna and Two Mile Wood, Sloane Herb. vi. 5 !
Shakspear \ Massonl Mac fad yen I Great Valley, Manchester, Purdir !
Great Goat Is., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 9323. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
St. Thomas, St. Cruz.
Shrubby, to 6 ft. high; branches tornentellous. Leaflets 5 cm. 1.,
petioles and under surface silky pubescent; stipules minute. />/.r
o-partite, pubescent. Pod obovoid-oblong, apex truncate, about 2 cm. 1.
6. C. pumila Ortey. Hort. Natr. 23 (1800) ; leaflets oblanceo-
late or narrowly oblanceolate-oblong, 1-2 '5 cm. 1. ; calyx
."> mm. L, corolla twice as long; pod puberulous, 1-1*5 cm. 1.
-Griseb. oj_>. cit. 170 ; Hemsl BioL Centr. Amrr. Bot. i. '2'27 .
C. lupulina H. B. <(• K. Nov. Gen. d: Sj>. vi. 4U2, /. 500 (18*24).
C. litoralis H. B. A K. tun,, cit. 401 (1824).
St. Ann, MrXnh ! Man-li ! St. Ann's Bay, Prim- ! also Harris ! Fl. Jam.
10,368. — Florida and Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, St. Kitts, Antigua, St. Vincent,
. \rizona, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico, Venezuela.
Perennial, to 3 ft. ; branches diffuse or decumbent, pubescent or
glabrate. Leaflets puberulous beneath ; stipules setaceous, deciduou.-.
/;<irr»irx about 9- or 10-flowered, or corymbiforrn 2-3-lloweivd.
•artite, puberulous or glabrescent. Pod oblong.
7. C. incana L. fy. PI 7 Hi (17")-")) ; leaflets broadly elliptical
<)!• obovate ; racemes 5— many-flowered ' calyx 7-10 nun. 1.,
< \cccdcd !>y the corolla; pods pilose with sjn-radini;- hairs.
Mar/. Jam. i. 242 j (;,•;*<•!,. op. tit. 180: Urb. torn. cit. 281.
C. trifolia fruticosa foliis rotundis ^c. Slmmc <'<it. 141 kv ///'.s/.
/'/'. 34, /. 17(.», /'. 1. Specimens in Ilcrii. Mus. I>rit. from Hort.
Cliir. ,v Sloane.
Common, Slddiir Herb. vi. (i ! Hnrlunn and I.un<- in I Icrb. Sloane clxii, 7<i !
Wright \ I.iguain a, Jlnm/tlitou ! M<i<-f<i<!>/i'>i ; Distin ! St. Mary,
ORA OF JAMAICA Crotdlwria
rch\ Prior! J.P. 875 .l/o/r/.s ! Arcadia, .!/»•. Sari-ll] Chester Yale,
J Fan-is \ Barbican, Li^uanea plain, 450 ft., Cam]>bcll\ Providence. Too ft.,
Thontjistm ! Fl. Jam. 5930, -055A ; Bog \Valk, Port Morant, Lucea,
JTitcltcack ; Porn-. Lloi/d. — Tropical and subtropical regions.
Annual, 2-4 ft. high, shrubby, erect, pubescent. Leaflets pubescent
h or glabrescent, 2-3-5(-5) cm. 1. ; stipules setaceous, deciduou>.
Moicers greenish-yellow, 10-12 mm. 1. Calyx 5-cleft, pubescent. J'ufl
oblong, pendulous, about 3 cm. 1.
8. C. striata DC. Pi-odr. //. 131 (1825); leaflets elliptical,
3-9'5(-12) cm. 1.; calyx-segments lanceolate, 4-4 '5 mm. 1.,
olla more than twice as long as the calyx : pod glabrous,
about 4 cm. 1. — Bot. Mag. t. 3200; Macf. Jam. !. 241; Griseb.
«•//. 180 ; Bak. torn. cit. 84. 1 C. mucronata Desv. Journ.
Bot. 1814, 76. C. Brownei Bert, ex DC. Prodr. ii. 130 (1825);
Reirltenl). I< . E.rot. t. 232. C. Hookeri Am. in Ami. Sc. Nat.
. 2, ///. 248 (1835). C. striata var. acutifolia Trim. Cat. Ccijl.
PI. 22 (1885). (Fig. 1.)
.Common; in fl. Oct.-Dec. ; Macfadyen ; St. Mary, McXab ! St. George's
Gap, 1'urdicl Parnell\ Wullsclilaegel ; March \ Prior; Gordon Town,
Ball ! Hope River, 1200 ft., Eggers ! Cinchona, 5000 ft., J.P. 1174, Morris 1
Johnsonl Castleton road, 600 ft., Thompson] Fl. Jam. 8093, Blue Mt.
Peak ; Lucea ; Hitchcock. — Tropics.
Shrubby, to 4 ft. high, erect, puberulous. Leaflets, apex mucronulate,
acute, rounded or retuse, cuneate at base, puberulous or glabrate beneath ;
stipules wanting. Racemes sometimes as long as 3 dm., many-flowered.
Flowers about 1*5 cm. 1. Calyx 5-fid, 2-lipped. Corolla : standard 1 cm. 1. ;
wings oblong, acute (or obtuse), blade about 1 cm. 1. ; keel 1*5 cm. 1., with
a rounded knee in the middle. Pod cylindrical.
£ '^. Leaves 5-foliolate.
[C. quinquefolia L. Sp. PI 716 (1753).— Gnseb. Joe. cit.;
ir/'/x. loc. cit. ; Bale. torn. <it. 84.
Wilson \ — East Indies to Philippines.
Annual, 2 ft. high, erect, puberulous or glabrescent. Leaflets 5, linear-
lanceolate, puberulous beneath, 2-7 cm. 1. ; stipules minute, awl-shaped.
Racemes many-flowered. Bracts linear-lanceolate, reflexed. Calyx 5-fid,
glabrous, half the length of the corolla. Pod oblong-ellipsoidal, glabrous,
about 5 cm. L]
[ULEX L.
fShrubs with spiny branches. Leaves 3-foliolate in seedling
plants, in mature plants spinescent without leaflets or reduced to
small scales. Stipules none. Flowers yellow, axillary at the ends
of the branches. Calyx coloured, 2-partite, 5-toothed. Stamina!
sheath closed.
About 20 species in the west of Europe and 2 in the Medi-
terranean region.
o
U. europseus L. Sp. PI. 741 (1753); Macf. Jam. i. 242;
Grisel. Fl Br. W. Ind. 180. Type in Herb. Linn.
Ulex
I.KCUMINOS.I;
13
Furze, G o r s e , Whin.
Naturalized in the Blue Mts. ; .V>/<;' Jl/urm ! Catherine's Peak,
4000 ft., Kyycr* ! — This species is found not only in western Europe, where
it is considered truly native, but also in X. America, Mexico, Chili, Can-ai-
ls., Nilgiri Mts., India, Philippines, Australia and New Zealand, in which
countries it is looked upon as an introduction.]
? '1. Herbs. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate, leaflets denticulate.
Flowers in heads axillary. Stamens 10, uppermost usually
free, the rest united into a sheath. Pod small, enclosed
in the withered calyx and corolla, not opening
2. TRIFOLIUM L.
Species 300, numerous in temperate and subtropical regions of the
northern hemisphere, a few in the mountains of tropical America, in
temperate S. America, and in Africa.
Flowers white in large heads T. repens.
[Flowers yellow in small heads T. (Indium.]
T. repens L. Sp. PL 767 (1753); stem creeping; now*
white (sometimes pinkish) in large heads.- — M<i<-f. J<nn. i. 24
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 181. (Fig. L>.) Type in Herb. Linn.
A, Portion of plant X -.
B, Flower x -'.
I'-
(', I'm! rii\dci|inl iu the
ami i-dnilla X -.
D, 1'inl \\\\\\ our ValVr
•
X '_'.
Dutch (.> r White Clover.1
Common in mountains, Murfn . i •:<! Sprin.^, J.I'.
Blue Mt. Peak, Jli;- Continental America, Europe, Asia.
IVrcnnial, glabrous. Lea , l-i'5 cm. I. J',-d uncle
14 FLORA OF .JAMAICA Trifvlinm
longer than the leaves. Flowers shortly stalked, at length deflexed. Cali/.r
glabrous, half as long as the corolla, with lanceolate erect unequal teeth.
Pod 4-G-seeded.
[T. dubium Sibtli. FL O.con. 231 (1794); stem prostrate;
flowers yellow in small heads.- -T. filiforme Mac/, loc. cif. (11011 L.) :
Griseb. loc. dt. T. minus ReUuui FL Cantab, ed. 2, 290 (1802).
Shamr oc k.
Common in the mts., Macfadyen; McNabl ll'ilson ; Morris I Jl//>-.
E spent ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock. — N. America, naturalized from Europe.
Annual, stem slender. Leaflets obovato, emarginate, serrulate, the
middle leaflet stalked, 4-7 mm. 1. Flowers yellow, about 12 in close heads.
Standard truncate, covering the pod.]
§ 3. Herbs (woody below) or shrubs, not twining, sometimes
arborescent (in Sesbanid). Leaves imparipinnate or
abruptly pinnate (in Sesbania), petiole not bearing a
tendril, leaflets entire. Flowers in racemes, axillary,
terminal, or opposite the leaves. Stamens 10, the upper-
most free, or more or less free, the rest united into a
sheath, split above. Pod 2-valved, or sometimes scarcely
opening (in Sesbania).
3. INDIGOFERA L.
Shrubby herbs or shrubs ; hairs often attached by the middle.
Leaves imparipinnate (in Jamaican species), sometimes with 1 or
2 leaflets only in I. lespedezioides. Flowers in racemes, axillary
(in Jamaican species), variegated-purplish. Calyx 5-cleft.
Standard roundish, often persistent ; keel usually with a spur 011
each side. Uppermost stamen free, the rest united into a slender-
persistent sheath ; anthers apiculate. Pod narrow, cylindrical,
4-angled or flat-compressed, with partitions between the seeds.
Species 350, dispersed through the warmer regions of the
world, most numerous in southern and tropical Africa.
Pod straight or only slightly curved, with 8-15 seeds.
Leaflets in 4-6 pairs, oblong-obovate to rouiidish-
obovate. Racemes shorter than the leaf 1. J. tinctoria.
Leaflets in 2-3 pairs, elliptical. Racemes longer
than the leaf 3. I. subulata.
Leaflets 1 or 2 or in 1-4 pairs, cuneate-oblong.
Racemes as long as or longer than the leaf 4. I. lespedezioides.
Pod sickle-shaped, with 3-6 seeds 2. I. suffruticosa.
1. I. tinetoria L. Sp. PL 751 (1753); leaflets in 4-6 pairs,
oblong-obovate to roundish-obovate, apex rounded, mucronulate,
glabrous on the upper surface, strigillose beneath ; racemes
shorter than the leaf ; pods slightly curved or straight, with
8-12 seeds.— Wright Mem. 293 (? I. suffruticosa) ; DC. Prodr. ii.
224 (excl. ft) • Macf. Jam. i. 245 ; Bentl. & Trim. Med. PL t. 72 ;
Indlgofera
LEGUMIXOS/E
15
Praia mid BaJc. f. in Journ. Hot. xl. 03. Colutese affiuis fruticosa,
tloribus spicatis pnrpurascentibus, siliquis incurvis, e cujus
tinctura Indigo conficitur Slotine Cat. 141 & Hist. '//. 34, t. 179,
/. 2 (pod thicker than specimen) & 170, f. .">. Indigofera decom-
1'osita &c. Brou-ne Hist. J<m/. .">0i'. Type in Herb. Hermann in
Herb. Mus. Brit.
Indigo.
Sloa)ic Herb. vi. 7 (omitting ripe jtods) & S (2 specimens) ! Broughtoul
Macfadycnl Me Nab I Lane I March I Prior; Gordon Town, Ball ! near
Kingston, 500 ft., Clutel also Hitchcock; Linie Cay; Norbrook, GOO ft.;
Campbell \ Alligator Pond; Hope; Harris I Fl. Jam. 57:7, 0265, 8215,
•^229. — Cultivated formerly throughout the tropics.
Fig. 3. — Iii<li>j<if> ra tinctoria L.
A. Raceme and leaf x li- F, Ovary ami calyx cut leogthwise x 7.
M. Standard x 6. G, Ripe pods x -.
1 Wing x <J. H, Ripe seed x 3.
1), Keel x 6. I, Ditto cut lengthwise x 3.
E, Flower with corolla removed x 7.
Shrtib, about 2 ft. high ; ends of branches white-strigillose. Lea
1-2 cm. 1. ; stipules small, awl-shaped, deciduous. Calyx 5-fid, segments
triangular. Corolla: standard broadly elliptical, vermilion-tinged inside.
5-6 mm. L, 3'5 mm. br. ; wings oblong-spatb-ulate, shorter than the k
about 4*5 mm. 1. ; keel oblanceolate, greenish, ciliolatc at the apex, about
as long as the standard. Pod linear-cylindrical, slightly torulose, thickened
along both margins, retlexcd, strigillose, 2-5-M-o cm. 1. ,SV(,/.s cylindrical,
terete or angled, about 2 mm. L, without any depression at the scar of
attachment.
There are three pages (viz. 7, 8, 9) with specimens of lndi,joft-nt in Herb.
Sloane vi. The specimens on page 7 have the slightly curved many-sided
pod of J. tinctoria L., but some ripe pods of /. snjj'ruticosa Mill, h
also been inserted. The plate 17'J, f. 2, is taken from one of the-e
Ill FLORA OF JAMAICA
specimens, but the pods have been dru\vn i hicker than they are in
the original, and apparently gave rise to De Candolle's varietal name
•inacrocarpa. The specimen on page U with few-seeded, sickle-shaped pods
is I. xuth'titi< osa Mill. There are thrrr specimens on page 8. That on the
left is the original of the plate 170, f. 3, and it and the specimen at the
bottom of the pa.ue, though without pods, appear to be conspecific with
the specimens on page 7, i.e. I. tinctorial^. The specimen on the right of
the page agrees quite well with that on page 9, and is I. sujfruticosa Mill.
The specimen of I. tinctoria in Linnseus's Herbarium agrees well with
Sloane's specimens.
The label attached to page 7 is the diagnosis of Hist. ii. 34 ; that of
page 8 is the diagnosis of Hist. ii. 37. It is quite clear from the diagnoses
that they refer respectively to J. tinctoria L. and I. suffruticosa Mill., and
it is unfortunate that there has been a mixing of the specimens, and that
the artist copied the wrong specimen for t. 176, f. 3, with which the
description in the text does not correspond.
2. I. suffrutieosa Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) ; leaflets in
•VG pairs, oblong, narrowing equally to both ends, generally
acute, mucronulate, strigose on both sides, especially beneath :
racemes shorter than the leaf with crowded flowers ; pods sickle-
shaped, with 3-6 seeds. — I. anil L. Nant. 272 (1771); Macf.
Jam. t. 244 : Pra! u mid Bak. f. torn. cit. 137. I. Guatimala Lun.
Sort. Jam. i. 420 (1814). I. tinctoria Wr'ujltt Mem. 293 (1828)
(non L.). I. anil L. var. polyphylla DC. Prodr. ii. 225 (1825).
Colutese affinis fruticosa argentea, floribus spicatis e viridi pur-
pureis, siliquis falcatis Sloane Cat. 142 & Hist, ii 37 (omit t. 176,
/. 3). Indigofera assurgens subvillosa tfcc. & I. assurgens
minusque &c. Broione Hist. Jam. 302. Specimens from Herb.
Miller in Herb. Mus. Brit. The specimen of /. anil in the
Linnean Herbarium agrees well with Miller's specimen of I. suf-
fruticosa and with Sloane's specimens.
Wild Indigo, Guatimala Indigo.
Barham in Herb. Sloane clxxxiv. 8 ! Sloane Herb. vi. 8 & 9 ! (omitting
left and bottom specimens on 8) ; Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 82 !
Wright \ Macfadyenl Liguanea; Hopewell, St. Mary; McNabl Purdiel
March \ Resource, Blue Mts., 3400 ft., J.P. 1252, Hart I Gordon Town,
Ball\ Mavis Bank, Johnson \ Kingston, Hitchcock; Porus, Lloyd. — Ber-
muda, Bahamas, West Indies, tropical continental America, also Africa and
Asia (where possibly it has been introduced).
Shrub ; stern and branches densely white-strigillose. Leaflets 2-3 cm. L.
stipules awl-shaped. Calyx 5-fid, segments subequal, triangular, 1'3 mm. 1.
Corolla: standard broadly elliptical, 4*5 mm. 1. ; wings oblanceolate,
nearly as long as the keel ; keel oblanceolate, nearly as long as the standard,
with a spur on each side near the middle. Pod oblong-linear, slightly
torulose, much thickened along both margins, reflexed, short, strigiUose,
1-1 '5 cm. 1. Seeds cylindrical, terete, about 2*2 mm. 1., with depression
at the scar of attachment.
Form obtusifolia ; leaflets elliptical or narrowly elliptical,
generally obtuse or subobtuse, glabrous or sparingly strigose on
upper surface, strigose beneath.
Resource, Blue Mts., 3400 ft., Harris ! Yallahs Valley; Golden Spring,
800 ft., Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6142, 7987.
Indigofera LEGUMIXOS^E 1 7
3. I. subulata Pin,-. Encyc. Snj>j>I. Hi. 100 (1813); leaflets
in 2-3(-l) pairs, elliptical, apex rounded or obtuse, strigose OIL
both sides; racemes longer than the leaf with long peduncle;
pods straight or only slightly curved, with 10-10 seeds. — DC.
Prodr. ii. 223; Jlnl:. in Jfunk. f. Fl. Br. Lnl. //'. '.if, ; (!,•:.<,•!,. Inc.
<•//. I. mucronata /•<///•. //_'/. ex DC. font. <•/'/. 227 ; N«<-f. Ju,,i. i. 2 10.
Brougltto)i\ common, Port Royal and St. Andrews Mia., Macfadyen \
Yallabs River, Punlir ! March ; Agualta Vale, Mctcalfe ! Kingston,
;I!M> Clutcl Gordon Town, Ball ! Guava Ridge, 2000 ft., Eggers\ Hope,
Harris ! Golden Spring, 800 ft., Thompson ! Constant Spring ; Port Morant ;
Hitchcock ! Porus, Lloyd \ Fl. Jam. 6852, 8066. — Tropical and subtropical
regions.
Shrubby, stem and branches white-strigose. Leaflets 2-4 cm. 1.,
1-1-8 cm. br. ; stipules long, filiform, acuminate, about 6 mm. 1. 1!< ir^mes
1-1-5 dm. 1., sometimes to nearly 3 dm. 1. Calyx 5-partite, 2 -5-3 mm. 1. ;
segments lanceolate, acuminate, subequal. Corolla : standard roundish-
rhomboidal, vermilion-coloured on the inside, pale outside with a green
nerve, 4*5 mm. 1., 4 mm. br. ; wings oblong, apex broader, rounded,
ciliolate at apex, as long as the standard ; keel as long as the standard,
white, upper edge tinged with red, and ciliate. Pod linear-cylindrical, not
torulose, thickened especially along the dorsal margin, reflexed, strigillose,
2 -5-4 -5 cm. 1. Seeds 2 mm. 1., linear, 4-angled, with a depression at scar
of attachment.
4. I. lespedeziodes H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. vi. 407 (1824);
leaflets variable in size and number, 1 or 2, or with simple leaves
only below and 1 to 4 pairs above, oblong and slightly tapering
to the base, apex obtuse, mucronulate or emarginate-retuse,
strigose on both sides ; racemes about as long as the leaf or
longer, with several flowers; pod straight, with about 10 seeds.
-DC. torn. ,-it. 226; Benth. in FL Bras, xv.pt. 1, 39 /. 5.
Liguanea Ridge, St. Andrew, 1000 ft.; on land recently burnt ov'-r
Lititz Savanna, 300-900 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,745, 12,204.— Tropical.
- America.
Shrubby, 2-3 ft. high ; young branches slightly angled, slightly strigillose
or glabrate. Leaflets, 3-1 cm. 1., 7-5 (-2) mm. br. ; stipules lanceolate-
setaceous, about 2-5 mm. 1. Calyx 5-fid, tube about 1 mm. 1. ; segments
triangular-acuminate, 1'3 mm. 1. Corolla reddish, standard roundish,
reflexed, about 5 mm. 1. ; wings obliquely oblanceolate, a little shorter
than the keel; keel about as long as the standard, with spur?-, about the
middle. Pod linear-cylindrical, not torulose, slightly thickened alon- each
margin, reflexed, strigillose or glabrescent, 2 -5-3 cm. 1.
Various species of Indigo f era have been successfully used as cover crops,
protecting the soil from wash on sloping ground.
Macfadyen states (Flor. Jam. i. 244) that I. anjcntca L. ''was formerly
a common weed in the Botanic Garden at Bath." We have not seen
specimens from Jamaica.
4. TEPHROSIA Per*.
Shrubby herbs or shrubs. Leaflets nunu-rous, with parallel
oblique nerves, underneath often silky. Flowers in clusters of
2-6 arranged in racemes terminal or opposite the leaves, or in
iv. c
18 FLORA OF .JAMAK A Teplirosia
uppi-r -ixils, often leafy at the base. rppermost stamen more
or loss free. Pod compressed, beaked with the persistent style.
Species 1:20, widely spread through the warmer regions of
the world, numerous in South Africa and Australia, a few in
North America.
Leaflets in 12-20 pairs ; pod 4-5-7 cm. 1 1. T. toxicaria.
[Leaflets in 9-12 pairs; pod 8-10 cm. 1 T. Candida.]
Leaflets not more than 10 pairs ; pod not more than
5 cm. 1.
Pod about 5 cm. 1.
[Pod glabrous (except on margins) T. grand i flora.]
[Pod villose T. noctiflora.} '
Pod with minute adpressed hairs, 8-10-seeded 4. T. cinerea.
Pod 3-4 cm. 1., glabrous or puberulous, 5-6-seeded.
Calyx 3-3-5 mm. 1. ; teeth as long as the tube 2. T. purpurca.
Calyx 4-5-5 mm. 1. ; teeth nearly twice as long
as the tube . 3. T. Wallicliii.
Flowers less than 2 cm. 1.
Flowers more than 1 cm. 1 1. T. toxicaria.
Flowers not more than 1 cm. 1.
Calyx with minute adpressed hairs.
Calyx 3-3*5 mm. 1. ; teeth as long as the tube.... 2. T. purpurea.
Calyx 4 '5-5 mm. 1. ; teeth nearly twice as long
as the tube 3. T. Wallicliii.
Calyx with long white hairs, 4-5-6 mm. 1 4. T. cinerea.
[Calyx with long reddish-yellow hairs, 3-4 mm. 1.. . . T. noctiflora.}
Flowers 2 cm. 1. or more. »
[Leaflets 1-2 cm. 1 T. grandiflora.}
Leaflets 3-5 cm. 1 T. Candida.}
1. T. toxicaria Pers. Syn. it. 329 (1807) ; leaflets in 12-20
pairs, 2 • 5-7 cm. 1. ; racemes terminal and axillary ; flowers
more than 1 cm. 1. ; pod 4*5-7 cm. 1. — Tussac FL Ant. i. t. 20 ;
Benth. in FL Bras, xv.pt. 1, 46, t. 8 : Macf. Jam. i. 255; Griseb.
FL Br. W. Ind. 182. Cracca leguminibus strictis Plum. PL
Amer. (Burm.) t. 135. Galega toxicaria, Sw. Prodr. 108 (1788) &
FL Ind. Occ. 1278. Cytisus1? fruticosus erectus et villosus &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 296. (Fig. 4.)
Surinam Poison.
Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 85 ! " Cultivated, rarely wild," Macfadyen ;
Brandon Hill, 1000 ft. (fls. white) Thompson ! Mavis Bank (colt.). Fl. Jam.
8045. — West Indies, tropical continental America.
Shrubby, 2-5 ft. high ; branches velvety. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1., leaflets
narrowly oblong, shortly stalked, silky-pubescent, especially beneath,
stipules awl-shaped. Flowers white with a purplish tinge, in clusters of
4-6 in many-flowered racemes, 1-3 dm. 1. Calyx silky, about * 5 cm. 1. ;
segments ovate. Corolla : standard silky outside, roundish, clawed, 1 * 2
cm. 1. (or more) ; wings and keel about as long as standard. Pod silky-
pubescent.
Browne (loc. cit.) states : " This plant has been introduced to Jamaica
from the main, and is now cultivated in many parts of the island, on
Tt'phrosin
LEGUMINOS.i:
1'.'
account of its intoxicating qualities.. . .Tin.- leaves and branches being well
pounded, and thrown into any river, pond, or creek, are observed to infect
the waters very soon ; by which all the fish are immediately intoxicated,
and rise and float upon the surface, as if they were dead ; from whence
they are easily taken. But most of tin- lar-e ones that are left, recover
from this trance after a short time, though the greatest part of the small
fry perish on those occa-ion-."
Fig. 4. — TephroKia toxicaria Pers.
\. Upper portion of leaf x -;.
B, Upper portion of raceme x L
C, Flower with corolla removed X 2.
D, Standard flattened x •!!.
E, Wing X .
F, Keel x i:."
G, Pod x n.
(After Fl. Bra?.)
'2. T. purpurea Pc.rs. Syn. ii. 329 (1807) ; ascending ; leaflets
in 6-10 pairs ; calyx 3-3 '5 mm. L, teeth as IOMLT as tin- tube,
acuminate; blade of standard elliptical-roundish, broader than
long, 6 mm. 1., 7*3 mm. br. ; claw cuneate, '2 nun. 1. ; pod
t>-seeded '•">•">-), 3-1 cm. L, glabrous or .-trigilioM'. -liol-. in
Hool-.f. Fl. Ur. In<1. ii. 112; J&obinson in 1l»t . (in::, xxviii. -01.
T. leptostac-liya DC. Prodr. ii. 251 : B,-,itli. torn. cit. is : fir,'*.-!,.
lor. <-it. T. .-isrcndens Macf. Jam. /. L'^7 (ls;!7). Cracca pur-
purea L. Sj>. /'/. T52 (17."):5). Galena ])ur}>uresi L. Sp. PI. /•//. •_'.
10n."» (17G.'5). Coronilla xcvlanica herbacea A-C. llurm. Zcijl. 77.
/. 32. Ci'acca leguminibus strictis adscendentibus glabris race
mosis ttc. L. FL Zcyl. IK'. Tyi'<- in Herb. Hermann in H<T!>.
s. Brit.
Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. s;1, ! ]ldustoun\ Shdk9pear\ Mm-fath/cii !
Clermont, St. David, McXnb ! Hope River Mouth ; Liguanea Ridge,
• 2
20 FLORA OF JAMAICA TepJiroaia
Andrew, 1000 ft.; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 9385, 12,205.— Tropical and
subtropical region^.
Somewhat shrubby, rising to 1 or 2 ft. high, branches glabrous or
adpivssed pubescent, angular. Lirtj!<>fs linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceo-
late, glabrescent on the upper surface, glaucous, obscurely silky with
minute white hairs beneath, 1-2 cm. 1., 2-5 mm. br. ; stipules 4-7 mm. 1.,
lauceolate-awl-shaped. Flowers pale purplish or white, or crimson, solitary
or in clusters of 2 or 3 in racemes, which are opposite to a leaf, lax-flowered,
to 1 dm. 1. Calyx with minute adpressed hairs. Corolla: standard silky
outside; wings, blade oblong, about 5 mm. 1., claw about 2 -5 mm. 1. ;
keel about as long as wings. Style glabrous; stigma with very short
hairs. This species has been used for green dressing.
3. T. Walliehii Grali«m /// Wall. C«t. u. 5640 (nomen) ;
Fawc. ((• Hcndla in Journ. Bot. Iv. 35 (1917); leaflets in 5-9 pairs;
calyx 4 '5-5 mm. 1., teeth nearly twice as long as the tube ; blade
of standard elliptical-roundish, broader than long, 6 mm. 1.,
8 mm. br., claw cuneate, 2 mm. 1. ; pod 5-6 seeded, 3— 3'5 cm. 1.,
puberulous or glabrous. Type in Herb. Wallich in Herb. Kew.
Brongliton \ Palisadoes, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6753. — Dominica, Trinidad,
Guiana, India.
Somewhat shrubby ; branches glabrous or pubescent, at length terete.
Leaflets cuneate-oblong, green, glabrescent on the upper surface, glaucous
and obscurely silky with minute white hairs beneath, l'5-2'5 cm. 1.,
•5-1 '5 cm. br.; stipules 5-7 mm. 1., linear-lanceolate. Flowers crimson or
white, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 in racemes, which are opposite to
a leaf, lax -flowered, to 1 dm. 1. Calyx with minute adpressed hairs;
segments setaceous. Corolla : standard silky outside ; wings, blade oblong,
about 5 mm. 1., claw about 1-5 mm. 1. ; keel, apex close to apex of wings.
Style glabrous ; stigma with very short hairs.
4. T. einerea Pers. Syn. ii. 328 (1807); more or less pro-
cumbent; leaflets in 3-5 (6) pairs; calyx 4*5-6 mm. 1., teeth
as long as the tube to half as long again ; blade of standard
roundish, rhomboid-roundish, or ovate-roundish, 8 '5-9 mm. 1.,
9 mm. br., claw 2 '5 mm. 1. ; pod generally 8-10-seeded, 4-5 cm.
1., with minute white adpressed hairs. — Be nth. torn. cit. 48 ;
Griseb. Joe. cit. ; Url). Symb. Ant. iv. 283. T. procumbens Macf.
Jam. L 256. Galega einerea L. Syst. ed. 10, 1172 (1759) &
Amoen. v. 403 ; Jacq. Ic. PI. Bar. t. 575. Galega herbacea &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 289. Type in Herb. Linn.
Wright \ Brougliton ! Shakspear ! Macfadyen \ Distin ! St. Andrew,
McNab \ Constant Spring, 1000 ft. ; Palisadoes ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6033,
6752. — West Indies, tropical and subtropical America.
Somewhat shrubby ; branches 1 ft. or more long, at length terete, white-
pubescent with adpressed or spreading hairs. Leaflets oblanceolate-oblong,
glabrescent or with minute adpressed hairs on the upper surface, silky-
pubescent and ash-coloured beneath, 1-3-3 cm. 1. (or more in var.),
3-5 mm. br. (or more in var.) ; stipules white-pubescent, lanceolate,
5-6 mm. 1. Flowers showy, rose-coloured, solitary or in clusters of 2 or
3 in racemes, which are opposite a leaf, and to 1-5 dm. 1. Calyx silky
with long white hairs. Standard silky outside ; wings, blade 9 mm. 1.,
4 mm. br., claw 2-2 mm. 1. ; keel, claw about 1 cm. 1. Style glabrous;
stigma long-ciliate.
'1't'lihrosin L!X;r.MixO I'l
Var. littoralis />V /<//,. /// FL Bra*, xv. pi. 1, 48 (1^-V
pubescence (It-user, and on petioles and branches spreading ;
leaflets in 5-6 pairs, larger, '2-4 cm. 1.. ">-li' mm. br.—Griseb. !<><•.
cit. T. littoralis Pry,'. >'////. if. :5i"J (1807). Vicia littoralis J'/.-y.
X,7. #/<>/>• - 1 /"'•/•• 206, /.' li'l- (17G3). Galena littoralis L. Su*i.
ed. 12, 497 (1767) ; Jocg. ,sW. ,s'//V^. 4roer. ed. ptc*. /. 192(1780?).
.racquin's original specimen from which t. 124 and the coloured
1. I'.IL' were drawn, is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
iracfadijen ! Kind's House grounds, COO ft., Harris'. Fl. Jam. 695G. —
Colombia, Guiana, Brazil.
[T. Candida DC. Prodr. ii. 249 (1825) ; lealleis in 9-12 pairs,
3-5 cm. 1. ; flowers 2-2 '5 cm. 1. ; pods 8-10 cm. 1. — B<il:. in
HooJt.f. Fl. Brit. I,t<L ii. 111.
Naturalized, presumably an escape from the Botanic Gardens ; ^[orris !
near Castleton ; near Hope Bay ; Harris \ Golden Spring, 800 ft., Thompson !
Fl. Jam. 6031, 7988, 9040, 11,804.— India, Malay Is.
Shrub 4-10 ft. high, bushy; branches covered with velvety pubescence.
Li'dvcs 1-5-2 -5 dm. 1. ; leaflets narrowly oblong, acute, glabrous on upper-
surface, grey and silky beneath. Flowers reddish, yellow or white, solitary
or in clusters in terminal and lateral racemes which are long or contracted
(to 1'5 dm. 1.1. Calyx densely silky, about 5 mm. 1. ; teeth deltoid, shorter
than the tube. Corolla white ; standard densely silky outside, about 2 cm.
1. Pod 10-15-seeded, straight or slightly recurved, with adpressed brown
silky hairs.]
This species and others have been used as cover crops and green
dressing.
[T. noetiflora Bojer e;c Bale, in FL Tn,j>. Afr. ii. 112 (1871) :
leaflets in 6-9 pairs, narrowly oblanceolate, apex rounded or
einarginate, mucronate, 2 • 5-4 • 5 cm. 1., 5-8 mm. br. ; stipules
filiform, villose, 6-9 mm. 1. ; calyx pubescent with long reddish-
yellow hairs ; tube 2 mm. L, the lower tooth lanceolate, equalling
the tube, the others shorter and deltoid ; pod 8-9-seeded,
( -•"> cm. L, 5-6 mm. br., densely clothed with fine brown silky
hairs, slightly curved upwards.
Naturalized; Brandon Hill, 1000 ft., Thompson ! Asylum grounds, near
Kingston, Plaxton \ also Fawcctt ! King's House grounds, GOO ft.. /.
Kl. Jam. 6952, 8054.— Africa.
Spreading shrubby plant, 4-G ft. high, densely clothed with short brown
pubescence. Leaves 8-13 cm. 1.; petiole pubescent; leailrH glabrous on
upper surface, silky and grey beneath with adpressed hairs. 7-7<>//-/r.s white,
stuii'l.inl ,t<'d with purple, in small remote clusters in a raceme
which is op; k leaf, 1*5-8 * 5 dm. 1. Corolla: standard pubescent on
the outside, ovate-roundish, apex deeply einarginate and retuse, S mm. 1.,
,-ibout 1 cm. br., claw ij mm. ].; wings, obovate-oblong, blade s mm. L,
claw ~2 mm. 1. ; keel blade S mm. L, claw L' mm. 1., apex dose to ;i]>e\
of wings.
[T. grandiflora P/rx. ,s'///i. it. 329 i isi)7) : le.-iilcts in :>-7 pairs,
1-2 cm. 1. ; flowers '2-'2'~> cm. 1. ; pod glalu-ous (except on the
margins), about "• em. 1. — Hare, in IV. Cap. ii. 209; Griseb.
22 FLOIIA OF JAMAICA Tephr
!<>c. cit. Galena msea Lam. En<-^f. /'/. 599 (1786). G. grandillora
Valtl Si/mb. //. 84 (1791).
Naturalized in Blue Mts., Wilson ; Prior ; Cinchona, J.P. 1170, Morris !
also Clutel Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock. — S. Africa, Rhodesia to Cape.
Shrubby, erect, 1-2 ft. high ; stem and branches puberulous or sub-
glabrous. Leaflets oblong, glabrous on the upper surface, puberulous or
glabrescent beneath, 3-5 mni. br. ; stipules ovate, acute, many-nerved,
5-8 mm. 1. Flowers showy, rosy-purple, large, in corymbose clusters at
ends of branches. Bracts broadly ovate, enclosing the young flower-bud,
deciduous. Calyx puberulous-silky, 5-7 mm. 1. ; segments awl-shaped.
Corolla : standard silky outside, blade roundish, about 2 cm. 1.]
[GLIRICIDIA H. B. & K.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, here and there sub-
opposite ; leaflets entire, opposite. Racemes appearing before the
leaves, or axillary. Calyx campanulate, entire or obsoletely
5-toothed. Standard roundish, reflexecl, clawed, with 2 lobes
inside above the claw ; wings oblong, free ; keel curved. Upper-
most stamen free. Pod broadly linear, flat-compressed, margins
slightly thickened. Seeds 3-6, flat, roundish-elliptical.
Species 3 or 4, natives of tropical America.
G. sepium Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, i. 688 (1841) ; Url. Synth.
Ant. ii. 288, iv. 284. G. maculata Steud. loc. cit. Robinia sepium
Jacq. Enitm. PL Carib. 28 (1760) & Sel Stirp. Amer. 211.
Cultivated for fences and subspontaneous in West Indies ; Hope, Harris \
Fl. -Jam. 8453. — Native in Central America and Colombia.
Small tree or shrub to 20 ft. high. Leaflets in 4-8 pairs, lanceolate,
elliptical, or ovate, 3-6 cm. 1., glabrous. Calyx '5cm. 1. Corolla lilac-
rosy and white ; standard (excl. claw) about 2 cm. 1., claw '5 cm. 1. ; wings
(incl. claw) about 2- 3 cm. 1. ; keel (incl. claw) about 1'8 cm. 1., claw 6 mm. 1.
Style bent at a right angle to pistil. Pod 10-12 cm. 1., 1 to nearly 2 cm. br.
Seeds about 1 cm. 1.]
5. SESBANIA Scop.
Herbs or shrubs (in S. grandiflora arborescent but short-lived).
Leaves abruptly pinnate, leaflets entire in many pairs. Racemes
axillary, lax. Calyx 5-toothed (or in S. grandiftora campanulate,
toothed- wavy). Standard roundish or ovate. Uppermost stamen
free, the rest united into a sheath ; anthers all alike or the
alternate a little longer. Pod long, with transverse partitions
between the seeds, 2-valved or sometimes scarcely opening.
Species 20, widely dispersed through the tropics.
Flowers not more than 1 inch long ; buds straight.
Plants glabrous.
Leaflets in less than 20 pairs ........................ 1. S. Sesban.
Leaflets in more than 20 pairs.
Flowers 2-2-4 cm. 1 .............................. 2. S. cxasperata.
[Flowers 1-1 '2 cm. 1 ............................ S. bispinosa.]
Plants pubescent ............................................. 3. S. sericea.
[Flowers 3 inches long ; buds curved ........................ S. grandiflora.]
LEGUMINOSjE
23
1. S. Sesban rnmb. nov. : jjabmus; branches without prickl<
leaflets in 10-18 pairs; tlowcrs 1 •.")-! -$ cm. 1. — S. :ijgvptia<.-;i
Pers. Sifn. it. :UG (1807) : II 'A/A/ I: t. 32 ; Grind. Fl. JJr. II'. L«l .
184 ; l>W/7. J7. Siil r. Anal. (fen. t. 12, /'. 3; £«&. m floofr. f. /<Y.
Im/. it. Ill; Z7r&. ,s//,///>. Aw*. //•. 286. Sesban Al>. /'/.
t. 82. . Kschynniiienc Sesban L. Sj). PL 714 (1753).
(Fig. 5.) Type in Herb. Linn.
Seashore, Wilson \ March \ cult. Hope Gardens, Harris \ Fl. Jam.
7. — Cuba, Porto Rico, south-eastern America, tropical and subtropical
Africa, tropical Asia, northern Australia.
Soft-wooded slirub G-10 ft. high. Leaves 1-1-5 dm. 1. ; leaflets oblong-
linear, 2-3 cm. 1., -5 cm. br. Racemes 3-12-flowered, 3-15 cm. 1. Ca ///./•,
A, Portion of flowering branch x >
B, Flower partly opened x •/.
C, Stamens x ;.
Fig. iJ.—Sexbctiiia Sesban Fa we. & Eendle.
D, Pod, partly opened to >h»\v t lie-
seeds, x '-'.
E, Seed x -.
tube 4 mm. 1., teeth about 1 mm. 1. Corolla : standard transversely broadly
elliptical, somewhat cordate, 1-5-2 cm. 1., l'7-2'3 cm. br. ; -2 large calli at
the base running down into the claw, above the base free, lanceolate,
acuminate ; wings, blade 14 cm. 1., claw about -5 cm. 1. ; keel, blade short,
•7--8 cm. 1., claw as long. Pod 15-23 cm. 1., slightly torulose, cornpr --*.-d,
at length cylindrical, beaked with the persistent style. The colour of the
vers is very varied ; some are creamy white with standard finely streaked
beneath with dark purple, some are bright yellow, others yellow or creamy
white with standard edged with dark red, and some variegated orange
and scarlet.
2. S. exasperata If. JJ. <f- A', in Nov. G< ,i. /t- >'/<. n. "),'M
(1824) ; glabrous ; branches generally without any pru-kh -. l>ut
'14 FLOKA OF JAMAICA bania
sometimes rough ; leaflets in 30-40 (25-50) pairs : flowers
2-2-4 cm. 1. — Bait]/, in FL Bras. xv. pt. 1, 42; Griseb. I'"', cit. ;
Hook. f. in But. Nay. t. 7384 (leaves not good).
P; ' -Trinidad, tropical continental America.
Herb or undershrub 3-8 ft. ; branches angular. Leaves 2-3 dm. 1.,
leaflets oblong-linear, irritable, mucrouate, 1-5-2-5 cm. 1., 3-G rnm.br.
Injlor 4-6-flowered, 8-12 cm. 1. Calyx, tube 4-5 mm. 1., teeth
2-3 mm. 1. Corolla: standard 2-2 '5 cm. 1. ; wings oblong, equalling
the standard. Pod 20-25 cm. 1., compressed, only slightly or not torulose,
with a long beak.
[S. bispinosa Stcud. NomcncL ed. 2, ii. 572 (1841); glabrous;
branches rough with short prickles ; leaflets in 30-50 (20-) pairs :
flowers 1-1-2 cm. 1. — S. aculeata Pers. loc. cit. (1807) ; Griseb.
loc. cit. ; Bale. loc. cit. ; Plants of Cook's First Voy. t. 63 & ic. in
ed.pict. S. rnuricata Macf. Jam. i. 257 (1837). JEschynomene
bispinosa Jacq. Ic. PL Bar. 13, t. 564 (1797). Coronilla aculeata
WilW. Sp. PI. Hi. 1147 (1800).
Naturalized, Windward Road, Macfadyen ! also naturalized in some
other islands of the West Indies. — Tropics of Old World.
Shrub 5 ft. high. Leaves 1-5-3 dm. 1. ; leaflets oblong-linear, mucro-
nate, 1-2 cm. l.,2-3 mm. br. ; leaf-rhachis with small prickles beneath.
Racemes 2-8-flowered, 3-7 cm. 1. Calyx, tube 3-4 mm. 1., teeth 1-1 • 5 mm. 1.
Carolla : standard about 1 cm. 1., yellow with small purple spots outside;
wings oblong. Pod 2-3 dm. 1., 3 mm. br., not or only slightly torulose,
compressed, at length biconvex, beaked.]
3. S. serieea DC. Prodr. ii. 266 (1825); pubescent (except
on upper side of the leaves) ; without prickles ; leaflets in 12-25
pairs ; flowers 8-9 mm. I.-— Griseb. loc. cit. ; Urb. loc. cit.
Coronilla serieea Willd. Enum. 773 (1809).
Ferry, Campbell \ brackish swamps between Kingston and Spanish
Town, Harris* Kingston, Hitchcock; Fl. Jam. 6171, 9051.— Bahamas,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique.
Slender branching shrub, 10 ft. high. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1. ; leaflets
oblong-linear, mucronate, with adpressed silky hairs beneath, irritable,
1-5-2-5 icm. 1., 4-7 rnm. br. Inflorescence 4-6-flowered, about 4 cm. 1.
Calyx, tube 3-4 mm. 1. ; teeth about 1 nun. 1. Corolla yellow, externally
tawny, standard 3-9 mm. L, dotted with purple. Pod 1-2 dm. 1., 3 mm. br.,
terete, shortly beaked.
[S. grandiflora Pers. Syn. ii. 316 (1807) ; small tree, with
large flowers, 7'5 cm. L, and curved flower-buds; leaflets in
12-22 pairs. — Urb. loc. cit. Robinia grandiflora L. 82). PL 722
(1753). ^Eschynomene grandiflora L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1060 (1763).
Agati grandiflora Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 120, t. 4, /. 6 (1813) ;
Griseb. op. cit. 183. Type in Herb. Linn.
Cultivated and apparently spontaneous, Shakspear ! — W. Indies, India,
Mauritius to N. Australia and Polynesia. Native country unknown,
probably India or Australia.
Leaves 1-5-3 dm. 1. ; leaflets oblong, mucronate, 2-4 cm. L, 7-12 mm. br.
bania
LBGUMINOS
25
Racemes 2-flowered, very short. Calyx campanulate, toothed-wavy, about
'J cm. 1. Corolla 6-7 cm. 1., rusy-white or red. Pod compressed, elongate,
linear, with swollen margins .-lightly torulose, pendulous, to more than
3 dm. 1. ; seeds sepu1 by ingrowths from the wai
* 4. Herl) sometimes shrubby below, or shrubs, not twining
nor climbing, or raivlv shrubs. «r even (in Brya) small
tre Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 1-several. or di.u'i-
tately 2-4-foliolate in Zoriini ; petiole not bearing a
tendril. Stamens 10, united into a sheath, closed or splii
above or both above and below, or sometimes the upper-
most stamen is more or less free. Pod jointed, not
or rarely opening along the lower margin ; joints 1-seeded,
usually breaking away from one another when rij
sometimes by abortion of the ovules 1 -jointed and 1-seeded.
6. BRYA DC.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves imparipinnate (in B. Ebam*,
1-3 foliolate with scarcely any common petiole). Stipules (in
Jamaican species) subspinescent. Flowers in axillary or sub-
terminal cymes or clusters. Bracts and bracteoles small,
•/
persistent. Calyx 5— lobed. Standard roundish. All the stamens
Fi_. 6. /;/••/.( /. I if.
\. I ]i;.i-r p.-nii.n nf l!«i\\t.] inur liranch
i;, Flower with corolla removed X 3.
C, Standard X 2.
(After /;-'. .'/••
\>. \\"\nx X 3.
r.. Ki. • ,
I. o\my and .stylo X f>.
IV, l-LORA OF JAMAICA Brya
united into a sheath, split above, slightly unequal. Ovules 2.
Pod divided into 1 or - broad flat joints, not splitting open.
Species 3, one a native of Jamaica and Cuba, another of
Hispaniola, and the third of Nicaragua.
B. Ebenus DC. Pnxlr. ii 421 (1825); Matf. Jam. i. 301;
Bot. M«j. i. 4670; Griseb. FL Br. W. Lid. 189. ' Ebenus jamai-
censis Phil-. Pltyt. t. 89, /. 1 A: Mm. 132. Aspalathus arboreus
Arc. Sloane Cat. 140 »t JI/'*t. //'. 31, /. 175,/. 1. Brya arborescens
itc. Browne Hist. Jain. 299, t. 31, /. 2. Pterocarpus foliis &c.
Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.) 243, /. 246, /'. 1. Aspalathus Ebenus
L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1001 ,(1763). Spartium arborescens Mill Gard.
Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Amerimnon Ebenus Sw. Prodr. 104 (1788)
& FL Lid. On: 1235. (Fig. 6.) Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. & in
Herb. Linn.
West Indian Ebony, Cocus Wood.
Common on the plains and dry bills on the south ; Sloane Herb. vi. 14 [
Catesby in Herb. Sloane clxii. 74 ! Houstoun \ Browne ; Shakspear ! Masson !
Macfadyen; McNabl Land Blue Mts., Hitchcock; Porus, Lloyd; Craig
Hill ; Hope grounds ; Harris ! FL Jam. 8635. — Cuba.
Shrub or small tree 15-25 ft. high, with clustered branches which are
armed with short sharp foliar prickles subtending a reduced leafy shoot.
Leaflets small, elliptical or obovate-elliptical, deciduous in dry weather,
7-17 mm. 1. Flowers of a bright yellow or orange colour. Calyx about
3 mm. 1. Corolla : standard about 1 cm. L, '8 cm. br. ; wings 9 mm. 1.
(incl. claw), claw 2 mm. 1. Ovary villose. Pod 2-jointed, upper joint
small, abortive.
The heart wood is of rich brown, almost black, colour. It is excessively
hard — as hard as ebony or lignum-vitse — and harder than boxwood. The
grain is very fine, dense and even. It is particularly adapted for turnery,
and is used for flageolets, inlaying, and cabinet making. Weight 77 to
87 Ibs. per cubic foot.
7. jESCHYNOMENE L.
Leaves irritable, imparipinnate but sometimes without the
terminal leaflet ; leaflets numerous, small. Stipules lanceolate
<>r ovate. Racemes generally axillary. Bracts usually stipule-
like ; bracteoles adpressed to the calyx. Calyx 2 -lipped (in
Jamaican species). Standard roundish. Stamens 10, united
into a sheath, split on one side (in JE. biflora), or on both sides
(in ^E. americana). Pod, joints 2-several, square or semicircular,
usually not opening.
Species about 160, of which 2 (or 3) are widely dispersed
in the tropics in Asia and Africa, 1 also in Australia, 1 in
S. America and also in Africa and Australia, 1 in jST. America
and S. Africa, 3 or 4 peculiar to Africa, all the rest American
from Patagonia to N. America.
Stipules continued below the attachment 1. ^E. americana.
Stipules not continued below the attachment... 2. JE. biflora.
LEGUMINOS.E
1. M. americana L. Sp. PL 713 (1753); hirsute; leaflets in
10-30 pairs, linear, 3-5-nerved ; stipules linear-lanceolate, con-
-inued below the attachment, the whole 1-2 cm. 1. — Lam. Ilhistr.
t. 629, / 2 ; ILn-f. Jam. i 263; Bwtlt. in Fl. Bra*, xv. pt. 1, 61
Gnscl. FL Br. Jr. Lid. 185 ; Urb. S>/mb. Ant. iv. 287, Hedysaruui
caule tfcc. Sloanc Cat. 71 & IL',t. i. IM>, 1. 118, /. 3. ^Eschmomene
procumbens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 295. (Fig. 7.) Type in Herb.
Mus. Brit.
Sloane Herb. iii. 90! "common on south side, especially about Old
Harbour and in the lower hills of Liguanea," Browne ! Wright ! Broughton !
^^asson\ Macfadycnl Manchester, Purdie ! King's House grounds, J.P. 1111,
Fig. 7. — jEschynomene americana L.
A, Portion of stein with leaf and •', Staudanl x 5.
inflorescence x -•
B, Flower opened out x o.
D, Wing x 5.
E, Keel x 5.
Hart ! Constant Spring, Port Morant, Port Antonio, Lucea, llitchcocl; :
Porus, Lloyd; Hope grounds, Harris I Fl. Jam. 0625, G957. — West Im!
tropical continental America.
Stem somewhat shrubby, 2-3 ft., erect or ascending. Leaves 5-7 cm. 1.,
leaflets linear, rnucronate, oblique at the base, finely toothed iirar the apex
of the lower margin, glabrous, -5-l'5 cm. 1., 1-2 mm. br. In
laxly few-ilowered. I''l«irers G-S mm. 1. C'o?W/r/, standard llesh-colour
with a tinge of yellow. Pod shortly stalked, 4 -S-jointed, contracted between
the seeds; joints semicircular, about 5 mm. L, 3-J nan. in diam.
2. IE. biflora «•«////*. not-.; glandular-hirsute; leaflets in 4-7
pairs, elliptical or obovate-elliptical, l-ncrved witli pinnate
28 FLORA OF JAMAICA J-Ischyrioni'
-- : stipules ovate, many-nerved, 3-5 mm. 1. — JR. brasiliana
DC. Prodr. //. l\'2'2 (1825); Benth. torn. nt. 68; Gr!.^l>. Inc. <•//.
Senna spuria minima etc. Houston u NS. Cassia biflora Miller
Gard. Di.-t. ed. * (1768). C. Houstoniana Collad. Hist. Casts. 1
(1816). Hedysarum brasilianum Pair. Enajc. ri. 448 (1804).
Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Ifoiistoun ! — Cuba, St. Lucia, Trinidad, tropical continental America.
Stem shrubby, 2-3 ft. high, diffuse. Leaves 2-3 cm. 1. ; leaflets ciliate,
glabrous on upper surface, with a few adprcssed hairs beneath, -8-1*2 cm. 1.,
4-6 mm. br. Inflorescence laxly paniculate, several-flowered. Flowers
about 7 mm. 1. Pod 1-4-jointed, contracted between the joints ; joints
semicircular-roundish, 3-4 mm. in diani.
Miller states in his Gardener's Dictionary that " This grows naturally
in Jamaica, from whence the seeds were sent me." A specimen with the
name in his own handwriting and marked " Jamaica, 1730, Houstoun,"
is in Herb. Mus. Brit. But we have not seen any other specimen collected
in Jamaica.
8. STYLOSANTHES Sw.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules united to the leaf-
stalk. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, forminsr dense heads
»/ 7 O
or spikes ; flowers subsessile at the axil of a leaf or of a 2-lobed
bract, sometimes solitary with 2 or 3 bracteoles, sometimes with
a bristle-like abortive axis. Calyx-tube long, stalk-like ; 4 upper
lobes united, lowest distinct, narrow, or, the 2 upper lobes united
nearly to the apex, the remaining 3 distinct (in S. Jiamata).
Standard roundish. Stamens 1 0, all united into a closed sheath ;
anthers alternately longer, subbasifixed, and short, versatile.
Pod compressed, apex with a hooked beak, the persistent lower
part of the style ; joints 2, or 1 (with the lower abortive).
Species 25 to 30, natives of Asia, Africa, N. America, West
Indies, but chiefly of S. America.
Not viscous; leaflets lanceolate ; beak of pod as long as joint 1. S.hamata.
Viscous-pubescent; leaflets elliptical ; beak very short ....... 2. S. viscosa.
1. S.hamata Taub. in Verb. Bot. Brand, xxxii 22 (1890);
pubescent or subglabrous ; leaflets lanceolate ; beak about as long
as the pod. — Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 288. S. procumbens Siv. Prodr.
108 (1788), in Svensk Vet, Abaci Handl, 1789, 297, 1. 11, /. 1 & Fl.
Ind. Occ. 1282; Macf. Jam. i. 262 ; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 188.
Anonis non spinosa minor &c. Sloane Cat. 75 & Hist. i. 187,
/. 119, /. 2. Trifolium procumbens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 298.
Hedysarum hamatum L. Syst. 1170 (1759) (excl. syn. Burm.),
Amcen. v. 403 & % PL ed. 2, 1056 (excl. syn. Burm.). (Fig. 8.)
Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Pencil Flower.
St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane, Herb. iii. 94 ! Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii.
76! Houstoun \ Wrightl Brougliton\ Browne; Bancroft ! common in
Siylosanthes
LKGU.M1XO.SJ-:
oo
pastures, Macfadycnl St. Andrew, M^cXabl Purdiel Liguanea plain,
380 ft. ; Campbell ! near Kingston ; between Kingston and Morant Bay ;
Watson Hill ; Fanrctt ! Kingston, Port Morant, Hitchcock ; Fl. Jam. 6019,
6113, 8249, 8397.— Bahamas, Cayman, West Indies from Cuba to Grenada,
Florida, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia.
Stem procumbent or ascending, woody at base, 1-3 or 4 dm. 1. Leaflets
•7-1 -7 cm. 1., 2-6 mm. br., subglabrous, margin generally ciliolate ; net
A , Portion of flowering branch x .
B, Flower with one wing turned down x 5.
C, Wing, inner face X 5.
Fig. 8.—Stylosanthes hamata Taub.
D, Portion of flowering branch with po<l
X 2.
E, Pod X 2.
prominent beneath. Bracts leaf-like, often without 1 or 2 leaflets, bearing
in the axil a flower and a bristle-like hairy stalk ; bracteoles hyaline.
Calyx : tube 3'5 mm. 1., limb 2'5 mm. 1., 2 upper lobes united nearly to
the apex, the remaining 3 distinct. Corolla yellow, standard 4-5 mm. 1. ;
wings 3' 7 mm. 1. ; keel 3 mm. 1. Pod, including the beak, nearly 1 cm. 1.
2. S. viscosa Sw. Prodr. 108 (1788) ; viscous-pubescent ;
leaflets narrowly elliptical ; beak of the pod vrrv short.-- Sir. in
Svensk Vet. Acail Eandl 1789, 298, t. 11, /'. 3 & /•'/. l,,,l. Occ.
128.". ; Mirf. Jam. i. L'C.i'. S. glutinosa //. )/. «!• K. N<n: G, //. ,V-
% >•;. 507, <. 0(J5 (1824). Loto pentaphyl!<> itc. Slocme Cat. 71
vvr Hist. i. 186, /. 119, /. 1. Trifolium sul)croctum cVc. Brnrnr
Hist. Jam. L'99. Hedysarinn haiuatuin, var. vis</osa L. Amoen.
v. -104 (1760) (excl. ref. to Bunn.) A: var. ft L. ,S>. PI. ed. 2, 10.">6.
Type in Herb. .Mus. Brit.
Sloanc Herb. iii. 93 ! Lane in Herb. Sloanc Ixii. 76 ! Rroicni' ; Hw
ton ! Shakspcar ! common in pastures and roadsides, M
Purdiel WullscJdacijcl ; Oersted \ Spring Hill, Portland; Lititz savanna,
30
I l.oli.V UK JAMAI' A
Sfylosanthes
300-900 ft.; Two Mile Wood, St. Catherine; J fun-is \ Fl. Jam. G630,
11,764, 12,406. — Cuba, Mexico, tropical S. America.
Stem diffuse or suberect, much branched, woody at base, 2-10 dm. 1.
Leaflets "5-1 cm. 1., to 5 mm. br., viscid-puberulous on both sides. Bracts
as in S. hamata, bearing in the axil a flower, but no bristle-like stalk ;
bracteoles, one lanceolate, one linear, 3'5 mm. 1. Calyx, stalk-like tube
4 mm. 1., limb about 2 mm. 1. Corolla orange-coloured ; standard 4 mm. 1.
wings and keel nearly as long. Pod about 4 mm. 1.
9. ZORNIA J. F. Gmel.
Leaves digitately 2- or 4-foliolate, usually with pellucid dots.
Stipules with a basilar appendage. Flowers distant in spikes or
G
Fig. 9.— Zornia diphylla Pers.
A, Upper portion of branch, with leaves
and flower spikes x H.
B, Standard x 3.
C, Wing x 3.
D, Keel X 3.
E, Flower with corolla removed x '•'>.
F, Upper portion of staininal sheath more
highly magnified.
G, Ripe pod with one of the hracts re-
moved x 3 ; s, persistent staminal
sheath.
H, Bract slightly magnified.
solitary ; each flower enclosed by 2 bracts (stipules of abortive
bracts). Calyx hyaline, ciliolate, 2 upper lobes united forming
a broad emarginate upper lip, 2 lateral much smaller, lower
equalling the upper lip. Standard roundish. Stamens 10, all
united into a closed sheath ; anthers alternately longer, subbasi-
fixed, and short, dorsifixed. Pod compressed ; joints not
opening.
Species 11, all American, of which one grows in N. America
and also at the Cape, one (Z. dipliylla] polymorphic, widely
Zornia LEGUMIXOS^E 31
dispersed through the warmer regions of the world, the rest
all tropical American, chiefly Brazilian.
Leaflets 2. Flowers in spikes ............ 1. Z.diphylla.
Leaflets 4. Flowers solitary .............. -'. '/., tctraplnjlln .
1. Z. diphylla PITS. Si/n. it. -'51* (1807) (with var. ciliata Pers.) ;
leaflets '1 ; flowers in spikes.- l:-nf!i. in FL Bra*, xv.pt. 1, 80,
//. 21, -2-2 ; Griseb. FL 7>Y. IT. I,,<l. 185 : I'rl. Synth. Ant. />. 289.
/. reticulata Smitli in ll<>x ('i!clnj>. ./-.r./; /'./:. (1818) ; Macf. Jam. i.
2»'>1. Hedysarum diphyllum L. Sp. PL 747 (17.V>) : Sw. Obs. Bot.
2<SO. Hedysarum minus diphylluni Arc. Sloanc Cat. 73 &, Hist. i.
185 ; Hou*t. Cat. MS. f. 62. Onobrychis maderaspatana etc.
Pink. Plujt. t. 246, /. 6, Aim. 270. Hedysarum herbaceum
procumbens itc. Browne Hist. Jam. 301. (Fig. 9.) Type in Herb.
Mus. Brit.
St. Jago de la Vega, Sloanc Herb. iii. 89! Old Harbour,
Liguanea, Brougliton ! dry pastures in south side, Macfadi/ai ; Piirdie !
Wullsclilacgcl ; March ! Prior ; amongst grasses in tbe savanna, Two Mile
Wood Pen, St. Catherine, flam's! Fl. Jam. 12,070.— Tropics.
Herbaceous, diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent-villose.
Branches short or long, 1-5-4: dm. 1. Leaflets 2, lanceolate, the lower
shorter, elliptical, l'5-4 cm. 1. Bracts elliptical to lanceolate, 1-1 '2 cm. 1.
Calyx about 3 mm. 1. Corolla yellow; standard -S-1 cm. 1. Pod puberu-
lous, reticulate, more or less covered with spines, 2-6-jointed; joints
rounded, about 3 mm. 1.
2. Z. tetraphylla <:ou'h. n<>v. (mm Mich.c.) ; leaflets 4 : flow»-r>
solitary. — Z. myriadena Bentli. in FL lira*, xv. pt. 1, 80 (1859).
Z. Sloanei Grist'b. op. cit. 709 (1864). Quadrifolium erectum
flore luteo Sloam- Cat. 74 «fc Hist. i. 186, t. 116,/. 3. Ornithopus
tetraphyllus L. Sijst. ed. 10, 1168 (1759), Amcen. v. 402 & Sr.
PL ed. 2, 1049. Myriadenus Desv. Jouni. Bot. i. 121, t. 4, /. 11
(1813). M. tetraphyllus DC. Pwlr. n. :U6 (1825) : Macf. Jam. i.
260. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Savanna, near Two Mile Wood, Sloanc Herb. iii. 92 ! — Cuba, Braxil.
Stems woody at the base, diffuse, slender, branching, puberulous.
Leaflets usually 4 (sometimes 8), 1-1-3 cm. L, or sometimes less near the
llowers, oblaiiceolate, apex rounded or retu<<\ -labrous or sometimes
puberulous on the margin, dotted with pellucid glands. l\-il uncles one-
flowered, solitary in the uppermost axils, 2-3 mm. 1. Jirnct* elliptical,
glandular-dotted, ciliolate, 4-5 mm. 1. Calyx about 3 mm. 1. Corolla
yellowish, 12-13 mm. 1. Pod glandular-dotted, glabrous or minutely
puberulous with stellate hairs, 2-10-jointed ; joints somewhat rectangular,
about 2 mm. 1.
10. DESMODIUM Desv.
Leaves ] (innately 3-foliolate (reduced i<> a .-ingle leaflet in
D.triquetriiin mid D. gangeticum). Stipules striate, dry. Racemes
terminal or sometimes also axillary, simple or paniculate. Flowers
1, or 2 or more in small clusters along the rhachis, or in a simple
Ft. 01? A OF JAMAICA Dr, '/in
c-lustor opposite the leaves. Calyx: tube short; "2 upper lobes or
teeth moiv or less united, ."> lower acute or acuminate. Standard
obovate or roundish. Uppermost stamen united with the sheath
or more or less free. Pod compressed, with flat joints, usually
not opening, but splitting along the lower margin in D. fjyrans,
and the joints tardily opening in D. /////<>/•///// and D. barbatum.
Species 1 .~>0, widely dispersed through tropical and subtropical
regions, some in N. America, a few in S. America, the Cape,
and Australia, but none in New Zealand, nor in Europe, nor
temperate Asia.
Leaf-stalks not winged.
Flowers in lax racemes or panicles.
Pod indehiscent.
Upper margin of legume continuous.
Leaflets roundish-elliptical 1. D. adseendens.
Leaflets oblong-elliptical, whitish beneath... 2. D. supinum.
Upper margin of legume slightly notched.
Leaflets 3.
Stem 3-cornered with hooked hairs 3. D. intortum .
Stem terete.
Stem trailing, rooting 4. D. axillare.
[Erect shrub D. cajanifoUum.']
[Leaflet '1 D. gangeticum.']
Both margins of legume equally notched.
Joints of legume equal and fertile.
Joints roundish to rhomboid.
Stem erect. Stipules semicordate 5. D. purpureum.
Stem procumbent. Stipules not semi-
cordate 6. D. procunibens.
Joints linear-oblong 7. -D. scorpiurus.
Joints only 2, one small sterile, the other
larger fertile 8. D. molle.
[Pod dehiscing along the lower margin. Lateral
leaflets small, moving by jerks D. gyrans.]
Flowers 2-4 in clusters opposite a leaf or in axil
of leaf 9. D. iriflorum.
Flowers crowded iu dense corymbose terminal
racemes.
Calyx hirsute 10. D. barbatum.
[Flowers numerous in axillary umbels.
Branches terete D. umbeUatum.~\
Branches 3-angled D. cephalotes.~]
[Leaf -stalks winged ; leaflet 1 D. triguetrum.~]
1. D. adseendens DC. Prodr. ii. 332 (1825) ; stems decumbent,
with diffuse ascending branches ; leaflets 3, roundish-elliptical ;
stipules free from one another ; flowers in lax racemes ; upper
margin of pod continuous, joints 2-5 (-7), semielliptical or semi-
circular, 4-5 mm. 1. — Benth. in Fl. Bras. xv. pt. 1, 97; Griseb.
FL Br. W. Ind. 186; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 290. D. ellipticum
Macf. Jam. i. 268 (1837). Hedysarurn repens Miller Gard. Diet,
ed. 8 (1768) (non L.). H. adseendens Siv. Prodr. 106 (1788) &
Desmodium
LEGUMIXOSiE
33
Fl. Lid. Oci-. 1263. Meibornia adscendens Kuntze R<3v. Gen. PL i.
195 (1891).
Infl. May; Wrirjlitl B rough ton ! Catherine's Peak, Macfadyen ! Hope-
well, St. Mary, McMzft ! Wilson ! Claverty Cottage, J.P. 1446, Hart \ Port
Antonio, Hitchcock. — West Indies, tropical continental America.
Branches to about 1 ft. high, pubescent, or minutely puberulous, with
spreading hairs, or glabrate. Leaflets elliptical, broadly elliptical, or
obovate-elliptical, puberulous with adpressed hairs, but few on the upper
surface ; stipules persistent, lanceolate, acuminate. Racemes long, 1-2 dm. 1.,
terminal, laxly flowered. Bracts ovate, acuminate, soon falling. Pedicels
usually 2 together, -5-1 cm. 1. Calyx puberulous, 2-5 mm. 1. Corolla
about twice as long as the calyx ; standard purple marked with 2 whitish
spots near the base. Uppermost stamen free. Pod straight, lower margin
wavy to the middle, puberulous with minute hooked hairs.
•_'. D. supinum DC. Prodr. ii 332 (1825); stem suberect or
lecumbent ; leaflets 3, oblong-elliptical, whitish beneath ; stipules
united halfway, at length free ; flowers in lax racemes ; upper
Fig. 10. — Desmodium supinum DC.
\ . Portion of (lowering branch x . D, Stamens and pistil x 7.
B, Flower x f>.
''. \Vin- X 5.
E, Pod X I;.
margin of pod continuous ; joints 5-7, semielliptical to semi-
circular, about 1 nun. 1. — Urb. loc. cit. D. incanum DC. he. <•//. ,•
Benth. ioni. <-/t. 98 ; Grixcb. loc. cit. Onobrychis americana tfec.
Plulc. Phijt. t. 308, /. 5 & Aim. L'70. Hedysaram foliis ternatis
&c. L. llort. Cliff. 3G-"). H. triphyllum fruticosum supinum itc.
Shane Cut. "•'! i\r Hixt. I. 185, /. 118, /. 2. H. canescens L. Sp.
IV. D
34 FLOE A OF JAMAICA
PL 748 (1753) (as far as regards Jamaica); M/Il<r G<tr<l. Dirt.
ed. 8. H. supinum Sio. Prodr. 106 (1788) & Fl. In<l On:
llHU. H. incanum Sw. Prodr. 107 (1788) & Fl. Ind. On: li>65.
Meibomia supina Britton in Ann. N. York Acad. Sci. vii. 83 (1892).
(Fig. 10.)
Common in pastures arsd by roadsides; in fl. throughout the year;
Sloane Herb. iii. 88 ! Houstoun ! Distin ! March ! King's House, J.P.
1320 ; Claverty Cottage, J.P. 1422 ; Hart \ J.P. 2114, Morris ! Roberts-
field, Campbell ! Spring Garden, Mrs. Espcut ! Arcadia, Mrs. Sewcll !
Yallahs Valley, 2500 ft. ; Plato Road, 2800 ft. ; Lititz savanna, 300-900 ft. ;
Harris I Ward's Rock, 700 ft., Thompson I Bethlehem, St. Elizabeth,
T. Harris ! Kingston, Constant Spring, Bog Walk, Port Morant, Hitchcock ;
Port Antonio, Bothrock ; Porus, Lloyd; Fl. Jam. 6537, 6647, 8001, 11,759.
Gully Road, St. Ann, Britton, 2563 ! — Florida, Bahamas, West Indies,
Yucatan, Guiana, Brazil ; also in Africa.
Stems sometimes decumbent at the base and creeping, but more often
with numerous branches from a suberect woody base, pubescent sparingly
or more or less densely. Leaflets oblong-elliptical, elliptical, or lanceolate,
pubescent or glabrate on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, 1 • 5-7 cm. 1. ;
stipules lanceolate, persistent, 4-8 mm. 1. Racemes terminal, many-flowered,
to 1*5 dm. 1. Bracts linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. 1., deciduous. Calyx
2-3 mm. 1. Corolla about -5 cm. 1., pink or bluish-purple. Pod with
small hooked hairs, slightly curved, lower margin indented to the middle,
3. D. intortum comb. nov. ; stem 3-cornered, angles with
hooked hairs ; leaflets 3 ; flowers in long lax racemes, terminal
and axillary ; upper margin of pod slightly notched ; joints
10-3, rhomboid-elliptical, 3-3 '5 mm. 1. — D. uncinatum DC.
Prodr. ii. 331 (1825); Benth. torn. cit. 96 ; Griseb. op. cit, 187.
D. trigonum DC. torn. cit. 332 (1825); Macf. Jam. i. 269.
Hedysarum triphyllum maximum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 301
(1756). H. intortum Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). H. unci-
natum Jacq. Hort. Schcenbr. Hi. 27, t. 298 (1798). H. trigonum
Sw. Prodr. 107 (1788) & Fl, Ind, Occ. 1267. Meibomia
uncinata Kuntze torn. cit. 197 (1891). Type in Herb. Mus. Brit,
(specimen from Houstoun in Herb. Miller).
In fl. Jan.-April ; Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 77 ! Houstoun ! Hope
River, Browne ; Liguanea, Broughton ! lower mountains, St. Andrew,
Macfadyen; Port Royal Mts., Me Nab ! A. W. Lane I Wilson ! Mt. Hybla,
Wattl David's Hill, 3000 ft., Harris I Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock; Fl. Jam.
6665. — Tropical continental America.
Stem trailing amongst bushes. Leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
pilose with adpressed hairs, and also with short hooked hairs along the
nerves on the upper side; petiole 3-cornered; stipules tapering from a
broad, triangular, amplexicaul base, ciliate, 8 mm. 1. ; stipels linear-lanceo-
late, 4-5 mm. 1. Racemes to 3 dm. 1. Bracts '6-1 cm. 1., deciduous.
Pedicels solitary or geminate, '5-1 cm. 1. Calyx 4-5 mm. 1., glabrous.
Corolla rosy-pink or purplish-blue, about 1 cm. 1. Pod with small hooked
hairs, curved, lower margin indented to or beyond the middle.
4. D. axillare DC. Prodr. ii. 333 (1825) ; stem prostrate,
creeping, rooting at the nodes, pubescent ; branches procumbent
or ascending ; leaflets 3 ; flowers in long-stalked lax racemes
Desmodium LE< il'MlNOSJ-l 35
from the lower axils or from axils at rooting nodes ; upper
margin of pod slightly notched ; joints 2 (or 1), semiorbicular,
7-9 mm. 1. — Benth. tout. cit. 99 ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Url>. tn,,i. cit.
291. D. oblougifolium DC. torn. cit. 332 (1825). D. radicans
Macf. Jam. i 2(59 (ls.;7). Hedysarum triphyllum majus repens
scapis ifcc. Browne Hist. J<nn. 301. H. axillare Sw. Prodr.
107 (178<S) &. FL Lid. Occ. 1274. Meibomia umbrosa Britton,
Torr. Bot. Cl Bull .cxxrii. 353 (1910). Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.
In fl. summer mouths after rain ; Shakspear ! St. Andrew Mts., J/ac-
fadycn ; Distinl Wullscldacgel ; March; Moneague, Priori Claverty
Cottage, J.P. 1430, Hart I Scott's Hall, 600 ft.; Castletou Hill, 1000 ft.;
Thompson \ Hope grounds ; Bethlehem St. Elizabeth ; T. Harris ! Bog
Walk, Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; Troy, Britton 444; near Newport, Britton
3209. Fl. Jam. 6750, 8029, 8290.— West Indies, Costa Rica, Venezuela,
Colombia, Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Chile.
Stein 1-1^ ft. Leaflets elliptical, lanceolate, rhomboid or roundish,
generally glabrate on upper surface, sometimes puberulous on central
nerve, pubescent and markedly net-veined beneath, 3-8 cm. 1. ; stipules as
in D. intortum. Eacemes 3-4 dm. 1. Bracts very caducous, 4 mm. 1.
Calyx 2 mm. 1. Corolla about 4 mm. 1., purple-crimson; standard with
two yellow spots near the base. Pod puberulous with minute hooked
hairs, lower margin indented nearly to upper margin.
Meibomia umbrosa Britton appears to be identical with var. acutifolium
Urb., but an examination of a series of specimens shows that the characters
given as diagnostic, namely, acute leaflets and villose stem, are not
constant.
[D. eajanifolium DC. Prodr. ii. 331 (1825) ; erect puberulous
shrub ; leaflets 3 ; flowers in many -flowered panicles ; upper
margin of pod slightly notched ; joints 6 (8-5) roundish-elliptical,
4—6 mm. 1. — Bentli. torn. cit. 100 ; Griseb. loc. cit. Hedvsarum
eajanifolium H. B. d: K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. vi. 525, t. 598 (1824).
Meibomia cajanifolia Kuntze torn. cit. 195 (1891).
Wilsonl — St. Vincent, Trinidad, Central America, Colombia, Guiana,
Bolivia, Peru. Grisebach says, " naturalized in Jamaica," but we have
seen no specimen except Wilson's.
Shrub 8-10 ft. high. Leaflets oblong, narrowly elliptical to ovate,
glaucous-pubescent beneath, 3-9 cm. 1. Calyx 3 mm. 1. Corolla blue,
8-9 mm. 1. Pod straight or slightly curved, puberulous, lower margin
indented nearly to upper margin.]
[D. gangetieum DC. Prodr. ii 327 (1825); stem suberect ;
leaflet 1 ; flowers in lax racemes, sometimes paniculate ; upper
margin of pod slightly notched ; joints 8-5, almost orbicular,
2 mm. \.--\\'i<jlit L. t. 271 ; Griseb. loc. cit.; Bale. /// JlooJc.f. Fl.
Br. Ind. ii. 168. Hedysarum gangeticum L. Sp.PI. 74(i (1753).
Meibomia gangetica Knntzc torn. cit. 196 (1891). Type in Herb.
Linn.
Naturalized; Wilson ! Hope grounds, Harrisl Bath, Harris £ Britton \
Fl. Jam. 6775, 8126, 10,568, 12,137.— India, Malay isles, Philippines, China,
tropical Africa.
Stem suberect, 1-4 ft. high, woody, pubescent. Leaflet elliptical,
D 2
36 FLOKA OF JAMAIC-.V Dcsmodinin
glabrescent on the upper surface, 2-9(-15) cm. 1. Calyx 1-5 mm. 1.
Corolla 3-4 mm. 1., white. Pod curved, lower margin indented beyond
the middle.]
5. D. purpureum comb. nov. (non Hook. & Am.) ; stem erect,
more or less hispid with long hairs and short hooked hairs ;
leaflets 3 ; stipules semicordate, acuminate ; flowers in lax
terminal and axillary racemes or panicles ; pod twisted, indented
equally from both margins ; joints 6-2, net-veined, about 4 mm. 1.
-D. tortuosum DC. Prodr. ii. 332 (1825); Macf. Jam. i. 266;
Griseb. op. cit. 188; Urb. torn. cit. 293. Hedysarum triphyllum
fruticosum, flore &c. Sloanc Cat. 73 & Hist. i. 184, t. 116, /. 2.
H. caulescens <fcc. Browne Hist. Jam. 301. H. purpureum
Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). H. tortuosum Sw. Prodr. 107
(1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1271. Meibomia purpurea Vail in Small
Fl. S. E. U. States 639 (1903). Miller's specimen from Yera
Cruz from Houstoun, on which he founded the species, is in
Herb. Mus. Brit.
Common; in fl. after rains in May and Oct.; Sloane Herb. iii. 86!
Houstoun ; Macfadyen ! Liguanea, St. Andrew, McNab ! Wullschlaegel ;
Liguanea plain, Campbell \ Plato road, 3500 ft. ; Hope grounds; Harris \
Ward's Rock, 700 ft. ; Devon Pen, 300 ft. ; Thompson ! Fl. Jam, 5992, 6668,
6857, 7921, 7963, 803J.— Florida, West Indies as far south as Grenada,
Central America, northern South America.
Stem 2-4 ft. high. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly elliptical,
hispid, densely along the margins and sparingly on both surfaces and the
nerves, 2-11 cm, 1. Pedicels 2 or 3 together, much longer than the flowers,
1-1 • 5 cm. 1. Calyx about 3 mm. 1. Corolla of a pale azure or purplish
colour, about 4 mm. 1. Pod about 2 (1-5-2 -3) cm. 1., puberulous with
minute hooked hairs.
6. D. proeumbens Hitchcock in Piep. Miss. Sot. Gard. iv. 76
(1893) ; stem procumbent and rooting at the base, then ascending,
puberulous or glabrate, branches diffuse; leaflets 3 (rarely 1);
stipules broad at the base, setaceous ; flowers in long lax slender
terminal racemes or panicles ; pod twisted permanently, indented
equally from both margins ; joints 8-2, orbicular to rhomboid,
net-veined, about 4 mm. 1. — E>. spirale DC. Prodr. ii. 332 (1825) ;
Benth. torn. cit. 105; Macf. Jam. i. 271; Griseb. loc. cit.; Urb.
loc. cit. Hedysarum proeumbens, Miller loc. cit. (1768). H. spirale
Sw. Prodr. 107 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1273. Meibomia spiralis
Kuntze torn. cit. 197 (1891). Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.
In fl. towards the end of the year; Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 77!
Houstoun ! Wright ! Masson ! Macfadyen ! Distin ! Kingston, Prior ! Hope
grounds, Harris ! Kingston, Lucea Hitchcock; Fl. Jam. 6637, 6964, 11,852.
-West Indies, tropical continental America, tropical Africa, East Indies,
Pacific Islands.
Stem 1-4 ft. in length, slender, spreading on the ground, or supported
by shrubs. Leaflets variable, ovate, lanceolate, oblong, or elliptical,
minutely hispidulous or glabrous, 1-3 (-6) cm. 1., sometimes with a light-
greyish streak down the centre. Racemes or panicles 1-2-5 dm. 1.
Desmodiitm LEGU.MINOS.i; 31
Pedicels 2 or 3 together, -7-1 cm. 1. Flowers very small, rosy or greenish-
white tinged with purple. Calyx l'5(-2-5) mm. 1. Corolla about 3 mm. 1.
Pod 1-1 -5 em. 1., puberulous with minute hooked hairs.
7. D. seorpiurus Desv. Jotirn. Bot. i. l'2'2 (1813); stem vt-ry
long, procumbent, rooting near the base, angular, pubescent ;
leaflets 3 ; stipules semicordate, acuminate ; flowers in lax racemes
opposite a leaf or axillary ; pod indented slightly equally from
both margins ; joints 7-4, net-veined, linear-oblong, more than
twice as long as broad, 4-5 mm. 1. — DC. Prodr. it. 333 ; Mn<-f.
Jain. i. -71; Grind). /'/'•. >'it. ; Urb. toiit. fit. 293. Hedysarum
triphyllurn hirsutum &c. Browne Hi*t. Jam. 301. H. seorpiurus
Stv. Prodr. 107 (1788) &'Fl. Ind. Occ. 1269. Meibomia scorpiurus
Kuntze torn. cit. 198 (1891).
Common in pastures and by roadsides ; in fl. Oct. -Jan. ; Sloane Herb,
iii. 86*! Guys Hill, Browne; Bancroft ! St. Andrew, Mts., Macfadycn ;
Distin ! Golden Spring, 800 ft., Thompson \ Port Antonio, Lucea, Hitchcock ;
Hope Gardens, Harris \ Fl. Jam. 8064, 11,854.— West Indies, Mexico
to Peru.
Stems to 5 dm. and more. Leaflets roundish-elliptical or oblong-
elliptical, pubescent or glabrate on the upper surface, more or less pubescent
and glaucous beneath, l-3(-5) cm. 1. Racemes '5-1 '5 dm. 1. Calyx
~1 • 5-3 mm. 1. Corolla pale rosy or whitish tinged with purple, 4 • 5 mm. 1.
Pod puberulous with minute hooked hairs.
8. D. molle DC. Prodr. ii. 332 (1825); stem erect, velvety-
pubescent with some hairs hooked ; leaflets 3 ; stipules semi-
cordate, acuminate ; flowers in terminal and axillary racemes or
panicles ; pod twisted, net-veined, of 2 joints only, the terminal
one fertile, the other sterile (occasionally both sterile) ; fertile
joint orbicular or elliptical, emarginate on one side, 6-7 mm. 1.-
Macf. Jam. i. 267 ; Benth. torn. cit. 104 ; Griseb. Zoc, cit. ; Ur!>.
torn. cit. 292. Hedysarum molle Valil Sijnib. ii. 83 (1791).
Meibomia mollis Kuntze torn. cit. 198 (1891).
" In fl. end of year; common weed in the cane pieces of Guauabou,
St. John." Macfadycn.— Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Eico, St. Thou
St. Cruz, Martinique, Curacao, Central America, Colombia, Bra/il, Guiana.
We have not seen any specimen from Jamaica.
Stem somewhat shrubby, 2-3 ft. high or more. 7 ovate, 0V
triangular to lanceolate, soft and velvety to the touch on both sides with
minute adpressod hairs, ciliate, 2-8 cm. 1. /a/o'm^.s or jxniicU'x 1-3 dm. 1.
/Vf/jrc/.s generally :\ together, longer than the nower>, -5-- 7 cm. 1. Floi--
very small, purplish. Calyx about 2 mm. 1. Corolla about 3 mm. 1. /
puberulous.
•
[D. g-yrans DC. P/W,-. //. 320 (1825); leaflets 3j lateral
very small in e<»nip;irison with the terminal leaflet and mnvini:
by jerks (sometimes wanting); upper margin of pod continuous,
lower indented, indistinctly 6— 10-jointed, dehiscing in a con-
tinuous line along the lower margin. - -Wujli L'. t. -(J\ : llnl;.
:>S FLORA OF JAMAICA Desmodiuin
torn. clt. 174. Hedysarum gyrans Linn. f. S>ij>j>l. 332 (1781).
.Mcibomia gyrans Kuntze torn. cit. 196 (1891).
Naturalized ; Mt. James, 1000 ft. ; Plato Road, 3500 ft. ; Temple Hall,
St. Andrew, 600 ft. ; Harris ! Castleton Road, GOO ft., Thompson \ Fl. Jam.
5811, 6644, 8078, 12,133. Native of East Indies, Malay isles, Philippines.
Herbaceous or shrubby, 1-4 ft. high ; branches subterete. Leaflets 1-3,
oblong-lanceolate; terminal leaflet, 5-7 cm. 1., sometimes longer; lateral
leaflets 1 to nearly 2 cm. 1. Racemes and panicles axillary and terminal.
Flowers hidden at first by the large ovate deciduous bracts. Calyx 2 mm. 1.
Corolla about 6 mm. 1., yellow; standard veined with violet. Pod 2-5-4
cm. 1., curved, puberulous or glabrescent.]
9. D. triflorum DC. Prodr. ii. 334 (1825); stem much
branched, prostrate or creeping, slender, more or less pubescent ;
leaflets 3, small, obovate or obcordate, 4-3 mm. 1. ; flowers in
clusters of 2-4, opposite a leaf ; upper margin of pod continuous ;
joints 3-6, somewhat square, net-veined, tardily dehiscent,
3-3-5 mm. l.—Benth. torn. cit. 95, t. 26, f. I. ; Macf. Jam. i. 272 ;
Wight Ic. t. 292 ; Griseb. op. cit. 186 ; Urb. torn. cit. 289. Hedy-
sarum triflorum L. Sp. PL 749 (1753); Sw. Obs. 288, t. 6./. 1.
Meibomia triflora Kuntze torn. cit. 197 (1891). Type in Herb.
Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.
By roadsides, in pastures and in cane-piece intervals ; in fl. Nov. ;
Morant Bay, Broughton ! Macfadyen ! Prior ; Hope grounds, Fawcett !
also Harris ! Golden Spring, Thompson \ Constant Spring, Port Antonio,
Lucea, Hitchcock ; in pastures, Tyre, near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
6798, 7473, 8052, 9084.— Florida, West Indies, tropical continental America,
tropical Africa, south-east Asia.
Stipules persistent. Calyx pilose, 2-3 mm. 1., segments lanceolate, the
two upper united to the middle. Corolla red to purple ; standard long-
clawed, 4 mm. 1. Uppermost stamen free or united only at the base. Pod
1-1 '5 cm. L, lower margin indented.
10. D. barbatum BentJt. in Miq. PL JungJi. 224 (1852); stem
erect or procumbent with ascending branches, pubescent or
villose ; leaflets 3 ; flowers nodding, crowded in dense corymbose
terminal racemes, 2 under each large scarious bract, with hirsute
calyx ; pod reflexed, upper margin continuous ; joints 2-4, some-
what rhomboidal, transversely veined, tardily dehiscent, 3 mm. 1.-
Benih. loc. cit. 95, t. 26, /. II. ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Urb. torn. cit. 290.
Hedysarum barbatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1170 (1759), Amoen. v. 403 &
Sp. PL ed. 2, 1055 ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 287. H. villosum Miller Gard.
Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Nicolsonia barbata DC. Prodr. ii. 325 (1825) ;
Macf. Jam. i. 264. Meibomia barbata Kuntze torn. cit. 195 (1891).
Clarendon Mts., Broughtonl Macfadyen; St. Ann, 'Purdie ! Wilson !
Westphalia, J.P. 1477, Campbell ! St. George, 2500 ft. ; Mt. Hybla, 3500 ft. ;
Savanna, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Spanish River, seven miles
from Buff Bay, Moore ! — West Indies, tropical continental America.
Plant low-growing to 2 ft. Leaflets, terminal oblong-elliptical,
1*3-3 cm. 1., lateral a little smaller; stipules persistent. Racemes
1 • 5-3 cm. 1. Bracts hirsute. Calyx 4 mm. 1. Corolla shorter than the
Desmodium LKi:UMIN<"»>.i: 39
calyx, rosy, blue or whitish ; standard long-clawed. Uppermost stamen
free or cohering only at the base. Pod '7-1 '3 cm. 1., lower margin
indented.
[D. umbellatum DC. Pnxlr. //'. :>'2~> (l^'2^) ; shrub with terete
branches ; leaflets 3 ; flowers in dense shortly-stalked or sessile
axillary umbels ; pod with style persistent, upper margin slightly
notched; joints 5-1, elliptical, 7-10 mm. 1. — B<tk. tout. cit. 161.
Hedysarum umbellatum L. tip. PL 747 (1753); Jacq. Hort.
Schoenbr. t. 297. Dendrolobimn umbellatum Bertth. in Miq. PL
218 (1852) ; Griscb. op. cit. 188. Meibomia umbellata
torn. cit. 197 (1891). Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb.
Mus. Brit.
March \ — Native of East Indies, Mascarene isles, Malaya, Philippines,
Polynesia.
Shrub 5-G ft. high, rather showy ; branches, when young, densely
downy. Leaflets elliptical to roundish, 5-8 cm. 1. Calyx 4-5 mm. 1.
Corolla 1-1 -2 crn.l. Pod 4-5 cm. L, lower margin indented to the middle,
silky or glabrescent. Naturalized according to Grisebach, but we have not
seen any specimen from Jamaica, except March's in Herb. Kew.]
[D. Cephalotes Wall. Cat. n. 5721 (nomen) ; Wight & Am.
Prodr. 224 (1834) ; shrub with 3-angled villose branches ; leaflets 3 ;
flowrers in dense shortly stalked axillary umbels ; pod shortly
beaked, upper margin slightly notched : joints 2-5, somewhat
square or elliptical, 4 mm. \.--WigJd Ic. t. 373-; Bale. toui. <-it. 161.
Hedysarum Cephalotes Ptoxb. Fl. Ind. Hi. 360 (1832). Meibomia
Cephalotes Kuntze torn. cit. 195 (1891).
Introduced; above Gordon Town, 1200 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7889.-
East Indies, Malaya, Siam, China.
A straggling shrub, 3 to 4 ft. high. Leaflets narrowly elliptical to
lanceolate, subacuniinate, 5-12 cm. 1. Calyx 4-4*5 mm. 1. Corona deep
red, 7-8 mm. 1. Pod -8-l'5 cm. L, silky or glabrescent.]
[D. triquetrum DC. Prodr. ii. 326 (1825) ; leaflet single ;
petiole winged. — Bak. toui. cit. 163. Hedysarum triquetrum
L. Sp. PL 746 (1753). Meibomia triquetra Kuntze tout. cit. 197
(1891). Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.
In fl. at end of year; naturalized; Mt. Airy, 3000ft.; between Mt.
Airy and Brandon Hill, 1000 ft. (growing on trees) ; Harris ! Prospect Hill,
2000 ft. ; Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6373, 7460, 7957.— Native of East Indies,
China, Philippines.
t'/(b 3-4 ft. high ; branches more or less triquetrous. Leaflets lanceo-
late or ovate, -5-2 dm. 1. PMCCVICS terminal and axillary, 1 -5-3 dm. 1.
Flowers pink. Calyx 3 mm. 1. Corolla about 5 mm. 1. Pod thin,
indehiscent, splitting into joints, 2 '5-3 cm. 1., 5-7 mm. br. ; joints •
nearly square.]
[LOUREA Neck.
Leaves 3— foliolate (reduced usually to a single 2-lobed leaflet
in L. vespcrtilioms Desv.). Racemes terminal. Calyx 5 -fid, at
40 FLORA OF JAMAH 'A Loured
length inflated. Standard obcordate ; narrowed into a claw.
Uppermost stamen free, the rest united. Pod constricted between
the seeds ; joints 4-5, compressed, folded back on each other, and
hidden within the enlarged calyx.
Species 4, growing within the tropics in Asia and Australia.
L. vespertilionis Desv. Journ. Bat. /. 122, /. 5, /. 18 (1813) ;
Wight Ic. t. 285. Hedysarum vespertilionis Linn. f. Snppl.
331 (1781) ; Lour. Fl Cocli. 447 ; Jacq. Ic. PL Ear. Hi. t, 566 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 185 ; Bak. in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 154.
Founded by Linnaeus fil. on a specimen sent by Father Joannes
de Loureyro from Cochin China in 1774. There is a specimen
from Loureyro of the same date in Herb. Banks in Herb.
Mus. Brit.
Naturalized; in n. May-Sept.; "near Botanic Gardens, Port Royal
Mts." (collector not named, in Herb. Kew.) ; Purdie \ Providence Road,
700 ft.; Temple Hall, 800 ft.; Thompson ! Constant Spring, Hitchcock;
Castleton District, 500 ft. ; Mona, 800 ft. ; Constant Spring to Bardowie,
800 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6744, 7402, 8008, 8941, 12,108.— Naturalized in
St. Kitts, Martinique, St. Vincent, Trinidad, native of East Indies.
Stem 2-3 ft. high, erect, slender. Leaves thin, somewhat leathery,
generally 1-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate; leaflet with 2 narrowly lanceo-
late blunt spreading 2-3-nerved halves, 3-8 cm. in breadth from tip to tip,
•5-1-5 cm. 1. ; lateral leaflets, if present, much smaller, obliquely obversely
deltoid. Calyx finally 6-9 mm. 1. Corolla a little longer than the calyx,
yellow or white. Pod, joints 3 mm. 1.]
[ALYSICARPUS Neck.
Leaves 1-foliolate. Stipules dry, enclosing 2 stipels. Flowers
small, in terminal, and sometimes also in axillary, racemes.
Calyx 5-fid, segments long, narrow, dry, rigid. Corolla included.
Standard obovate or roundish, clawed. Uppermost stamen free,
the rest united. Pod cylindrical or only slightly compressed ;
joints several, thick.
Species 16, growing within the tropics in Asia, Africa, and
Australia, one also naturalized in tropical America.
A. vaginalis I)C. Prodr. ii. 353 (1825); Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 185 ; Bak. in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 158. A. numniulari-
folius DC. loc. cit. ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 294. Hedysarum foliis
simplicibus cordato-oblongis, petiolis simplicibus, stipulis vagi-
nantibus L. Fl Zeyl. 133. H. vaginale L. Sp. PI. 746 (1753).
Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit. As pointed
out by Trimen in Flora of Ceylon (ii. 44) Hedysarum mnumu-
larifoUum L. (Sp. PI. 746) has been generally regarded as a
synonym of this species, but the description, as well as the type
Alysicarpus LEOUMINOS.K 41
in Hermann's Herb., show it to be In<li<i<>f< r<> ecliinata Willd.
This has been overlooked by Urban in Symb. Ant., where the
above species is cited as A. nummularifolius.
In fl. Oct.-March ; coast of Trelawney, Purdic ! Hope grounds ; King's
House grounds; Cokely, near Castleton, 600 ft. ; Harris I Golden Valley,
500 ft. ; Thompson ! Constant Spring, Box Walk, Port Morant, Hitchcock;
Fl. Jam. 6808, 6954, 8<JoU, 12, 159. --Naturalized in West Indies and
Guiana ; native in tropics of Old \Vorld.
Stems creeping, with ascending branches 1-3 ft. 1. Leaflets of different
forms often on the same plant, generally elliptical or round, some-
times oblong or lanceolate, base cordate, 3 mm. -4 cm. 1. Raceme x
with 6-12 flowers, generally crowded. Calyx 5 mm. 1. Corolla rosy
or pale purple. Pod wrinkled, 1-2 cm. 1. ; joints 5-7, 2-2 -5 mm. 1. Seeds
about 1 mm. ].]
§ 5. Low-growing herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, without
stipels. Flowers, 1, or more, crowded in the lower axils.
Stamens 10 (or 9), all united into a closed sheath. Pod
burying itself in the earth, not splitting open.
[ARACHIS L.
Leaves with '2 pairs of leaflets. Stipules adherent to the
leaf-stalk. Calyx, tube very long, stalk-like, 4 upper lobes
united, lowest distinct, narrow. Standard roundish. Anthers
alternately long, subbasifixed and short, versatile. Pod some-
what constricted between the seeds, but not jointed, continuous
within. Seeds 1—3.
Species 9, of which 8 are Brazilian, and 1 (A. hypogsea) of
uncertain origin, cultivated throughout the tropics.
A. hypogsea L. Sp. PI 741 (1753); Writ/lit Mem. 189;
Macf. Jam. i. 322 ; Benth. in FL Bras. xv. pi. 1, 86, /. 23, /. 1 ;
Griseb. FL Br. W. Incl 189 ; BentL & Trim. Ned. PL t. 7-". ;
Url. Si/ml. Ant. ir. 289. Arachidna indire etc. Sluane Cot. 7_ A:
///*/. i. 184. Sena tetraphylla &c. Phil: PJii/t. t. 60, /. 2
it Aim. 311.
Ground Nut, Earth Nut, Pea Nut, Monkey Nut.
Cult. Sloanc Herb. iii. 85! Wriylit ! J/ , Cultivated in the
tropics, probably native of Brazil.
Annual, with spreading hairs on branches and petioles. ,S7cm thick,
erect, often 1 ft. high; brandies shortlyprostrate then a^-eiiding. J.
obovate or broadly oblong, apex rounded with a minute muri\>. ciliate
with a few hairs, glabrous on upper surfae<', |.iibese.-nt or glabrescent
beneath, 2*5-5 cm. 1. ; petiole 5-7 cm. 1. ( tube 2 1 em. 1.. Inn!)
about '5 cm. 1. Corolla, golden yellow; standard about 1 cm. 1. l\>d (an
inch or more below the ground) at the end of a stiff stalk, 5-7 cm. L,
which has grown beneath the ovary after the fall of the flower, -J-l cm. 1.
Seeds edible, rich in oil.]
42 FLORA OF JAMAICA Vicia
[§ 6. Climbing herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate ending in a
tendril ; leaflets without stipels. Stipules semisagittate.
Flowers subsessile, 1 or 2 together in the axils. Stamens 10,
uppermost free or more or less united with the sheath.
Pod 2-valved.
VICIA L.
Leaflets in several pairs. Calyx with 5 segments. Standard
obovate, emarginate with a broad claw. Mouth of the staminal
sheath oblique. Style thread-like, with a bunch of hairs at the
apex. Pod compressed, continuous within. Seeds globular, with
a small aril.
Species 120, widely dispersed through the temperate regions
of the northern hemisphere and of South America.
V. sativa L. Sp. PL 736 (1753); Macf. Jam. i. 272 ; Griseb.
Fl Br. W. 1ml 189. Type in Herb. Linn.
Vetch.
Naturalized ; Macfadyen ; March ! Clifton Mount ; Mt. Hybla, 3600 ft. ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,802. — Native of Europe, widely cultivated and natural-
ized throughout the world.
Annual. Leaflets in 5-7 pairs, oblong-linear, apex truncate, mucronate.
Flowers dark rose or purple, with very short stalks, 1-2 in the axils. Galyx-
segments equal, about as long as the tube, lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla
about 2 cm. 1. Pod glabrate, linear, about 5 crn. 1.
Lathyrus tingitanus L., the Tangier Pea, has been collected in the
Blue Mts., but it is probably an escape from a garden. It is an annual
with a winged stem, a single pair of leaflets with a branched tendril, and
flowers purple, about an inch long, 2 or 3 in a raceme.]
§ 7. Shrubs with twining branches. Leaves abruptly pinnate,
with the end of the petiole produced bristle-like ; leaflets
without stipels. Flowers in clusters along axillary and
terminal racemes. Stamens 9, united into a sheath split
above. Pod 2-valved.
11. ABRUS Adans.
Leaflets in numerous pairs. Calyx truncate, teeth very short.
Standard elliptical-ovate, with a short broad claw. Style glabrous.
Pod compressed, with transverse membranous partitions between
the seeds.
Species 6, natives of the tropics.
A. preeatorius L. Syst. ed, 12, 472 (1767) ; Wright Mem. 213,
293; Macf. Jam. i. 274; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind, 190; Bak. in
Hook. /. Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 175 ; Bentl & Trim, Ned. PL L 77 ; Urb.
Abrus
LEC1U MINOS, i:
43
S >j nib. Ant. iv. 298. Phaseolus glycyrrhizites &c. Sloane Cat. 70 A:
J/Vsf. /. 180, /. 112, /. 4, 5, 6. P. arborescens alatus &c. Plult.
Pliyt. t. 214, /. 5, 6 & Aim. 294. Glycine foliis pinnatis conjugates
&c. L. Flor. Zeyl 130. G. Abrus L. Sp. PL 753 (1753) & ed. 2,
1025. G. scandens <fcc. Dm,,-,,,- ///W. ,/,/,„. 297. (Fig. 11.) Type
in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Wild Liquorice, Bed Bead Vine, Crab's Eyes.
Common at low elevations ; iu fl. Oct., Nov. ; Sloane Herb. iii. 71, 72 !
Houstounl Broughtonl Macfadyen ; Wullschlacgcl ; Prior; Long Mt.,
Fig. 11. — Abrus precatorius L.
A, Leaves and raceme x g.
B, Standard X : .
C, Wing x •/.
(After Bentley & Trimen.)
D, Keel X ?.
E, Stamens and pistil x
F, Pod and seeds x
west, near Kingston, Harris ! Constant Spring, Port Morant, Lucea,
Hitchcock; Hope grounds ; Halfway Tree ; Miss Woodl — Tropics.
A climbing shritb ; branches many, twining. Leaves 6-13 cm. 1. ;
leaflets in 10-20 pairs, lingulate-oblong, deciduous, 1-2 cm. 1. Iiaconc*
short, crowded, many-flowered. Calyx 2-4 mm. 1. Corolla flesh-coloured,
•9-1-2 cm. 1. Pod oblong, somewhat rectangular, 3-5-seeded, to 4 cm. 1.
Seeds bright scarlet with a black spot (or black, or whitish or mixed black
and white).
The roots are used as a substitute for liquorice. The leaves have a
sweet taste, and are made into tea for coughs and pleurisies (Wright).
The seeds are principally employed, sti-uiig like beads, to form necklaces
and rosaries; and it is, from their being employed for the latter purpose,
that the plant has received its specific designation (Macfadyen). They are
used by goldsmiths in India as weights.
44 FI.OKA OF JAMAK A ntrosan"
§ 8. Herbs or shrubs, twining, or sometimes erect, rarely
prostrate, or becoming trees in Eri/fJ/rina. Leaves pinnately
3-foliolate (5-7-foliolate in Clitoria Ternatea) ; leaflets with
stipels. Flowers in axillary racemes, often 2 or more in
clusters along the rhachis of the raceme, peduncles 1—3-
flowered in Clitoria, flowers often 1-few in axils in Teramnus
and Galact/d tin (flora. Stamens 10, all united into a sheath
or the uppermost more or less free. Pod 2-valved.
12. CENTROSEMA Benth.
Stem climbing with twining branches (in W. Indian species).
Leaves 3-foliolate (in Jamaican species), sometimes reduced to
one leaflet. Peduncles axillary, solitary or gemmate, with one
to numerous flowers. Bracteoles adpressed to the calyx, longer
than the calyx or nearly as long. Calyx campanulate or funnel-
shaped ; segments very short, or longer than the tube, or only
the lowest longer than the tube. Standard large, broadly
roundish, flattened, spurred or slightly gibbous above the short
claw. Style dilated at the apex. Pod flat-compressed, with a
long beak, and partitions between the seeds ; valves ribbed near
both margins.
Species 30, natives of the West Indies and Central and
S. America, one (C. virginianum) also in southern N. America
and naturalized in Java.
Leaves broadly ovate. Bracteoles 2 or 3 times as long
as the calyx. Pod nearly 1 cm. in diam. ; ribs
3 mm. from margin 1. C. Plumierii.
Leaves narrowly ovate or oblong. Bracteoles equal
to, or shorter than, the calyx. Pod 4-6 mm. in
diam. ; ribs close to the margin.
Leaflets soft and velvety. Calyx-segments
unequal 2. C. p-ubescens.
Leaflets glabrous. Calyx-segments subequal,
linear-lanceolate , 3. C. virginiamim.
1. C. Plumierii Bentli. Comm. Legum. Gen. 54 (1837); leaflets
large, broadly ovate or elliptical, glabrous, 6-12 cm. 1. ; bracteoles
2 or 3 times as long as the calyx ; segments of calyx unequal,
short, uppermost very short or obsolete ; standard 4-5 * 5 cm. br. ;
pod nearly 1 cm. in diam., with ribs about 3 mm. from the
margin. — Benth. in Ann. Wien. Mus.ii. 118 & in Fl. Bras. xv.
pt. 1, 127 ; Griseb. Fl Br. W. Ind. 192 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 300.
Phaseolus amplo flore peltato &c. Plum. Descr. PL Amer. t. 108
& Ic. ined. iv. t. 238. Clitoria Plumieri Turp. ex Pers. Syn. it.
303 (1807); Bot. Reg. t. 268; Rev. J. Lindsay Ic. ined. ; Macf..
Jam. i. 253.
Centrosema
LEGUMINOS^
45
Fe e- f ee.
In fl. and fr. Oct.-Jan. ; Sloanc Herb. iii. 73 (pods only) ! Barliam in
Herb. Sloane clxii. 269 ! Houstoun ! common in Wythiwood, Lindsay ;
Broughtonl Distin ; Purdie ; Wullschlaegel ; Wilson; Bog Walk, Port
Morant, Lucea, Hitchcock ; Hope ; near Castleton ; Harris ! — West Indies,
tropical continental America.
Peduncles few (2-6)-flowered, 3-7 cm. 1. Bractcoles ovate-elliptical,
about 1*5 cm. 1. Calyx about -5 cm. 1. Corolla, standard sparsely
puberulous outside, white stained with crimson and deep bright purple ;
wings white, stained with purple towards the apex. Pod 12-15 cm. 1.
_. C. pubescens Bentlt. Contm. Legum. Gen. 55 (1837) ;
leaflets elliptical or oblong, apex often very shortly acuminate.
Fig. 12. — Centrosema pubescens Benth.
A, Portion of branch showing loaf, tlnwers,
and part of pod, x .:.
B, Bracteoles slightly magnified.
C, Calyx cut open, nat. size.
D, Standard x
E, Standard, side view, folded, x
F, Keel X '-.
<i. Wing x
II. stamens X -;.
(After Benthani.)
obtuse, soft and velvety 10 the touch on both sides, later
slabrate, 3 • 5-7 cm. 1. bracteoles somewhat shorter than the
O *
calyx; the uppermost segment of the calyx distant and shortly
2-toothecl, about equalling the tube, the lowest linear and much
longer than the tube; standard 4 cm. br. ; pod 6 mm. in diam.
with ribs close to and forming part of the margin. — Bcnth. in
Ann. Wien. Max. ii 119 (1838) & in Fl. Bras.xv.pt. 1, 131, /. 34,
f. II. ; Grixrb. /'"•- <•''/. ; Urb. he. eit. C. inolle Mart. nis. ex BcntJi.
46 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Centroserna
Comin. Let/urn. Gen. 55. Clitoria virginiana Sw. Obs. 282 (non L.) ;
Macf. Jain. /. 252. (Fig. 12.)
In fl. and fr. Nov.- Jan. ; BrougUton \ Macfadijen ! Prior \ March \
Hope grounds, Miss Wood ! also Harris ! Constant Spring, Port Morant,
Hitchcock. — West Indies, tropical continental America.
Peduncles several-flowered, 4-7 cm. 1. Bracteoles ovate-elliptical, about
•8 cm. 1. Flowers pale lavender and white. Calyx (incl. lowest segment)
1'1-1'2 cm. 1. Standard spurred, densely puberulous outside. Pod
8-10 cm. 1.
3. C. virglnianum Benth. Comm. Legum. Gen. 56 (1837);
leaflets narrowly ovate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, glabrous,
2-7 cm. 1. ; bracteoles shorter than the calyx ; segments of calyx
very long, linear-lanceolate, subequal, distant ; standard 3 cm. br. ;
pod 4 mm. in diam. with ribs close to and forming part of the
margin. — Benth. in Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 120 & in Fl. Bras. xv.
pt. 1, 132; Griseb. op. cit. 193; Url>. loc. cit. Phaseolus sylvaticus
&c. Sloane Cat. 71 &, Hist. i. 181. Clitorius trifolius flore
minore cseruleo DHL Elth. 90, t. 76. Clitoria foliis ternatis
calycibus campanulatis Gron. Virg. 83 C. virginiana L. Sp. PL
753 (1753). C. calcarigera Salisb. Par ad. Lond. t. 51 (1806).
Bradburya virginiana Kimtze Rev. Gen. PL i. 164 (1891). The
type, Clayton's specimen in Herb. Gronovius, is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
In fl. and fr. Oct.-Feb. ; Sloane Herb. iii. 73, 74 ! Lane in Herb.
Sloane clxii. 80 ! De Ponthieu ! Distin ! Cuming ! Pedro plain, Purdie !
Gordon Town, Ball ! Constant Spring, Campbell \ also Hitchcock ; Porus,
Lloyd; above Gordon Town, 1000 ft. ; Hope grounds, 700 ft. ; Harris !—
Bermuda, Bahamas, West Indies, continental America from the southern
United States to Argentina, western tropical Africa.
Peduncles solitary or 2-3 together, 3-1-flowered, l-2'5(-5) cm. 1.
Bracteoles ovate, '6-1 cm. 1. Flowers lavender-blue or white turning pale
blue. Calyx -8-1 '2 cm. 1. ; tube short, about 2 mm. 1. ; teeth -6-1 cm. 1.
Standard spurred, sparsely puberulous outside. Pod 8-12 cm. 1.
13. CLITORIA L.
Herbs or shrubs with twining stems (in Jamaican species).
Bracteoles large, ribbed, persistent, less than half as long as the
calyx. Calyx campanulate-tubular, with 5 segments or teeth.
Standard large, emarginate-roundish at the apex, narrowed at
the base. Style more or less horizontally dilated at the apex,
and with a row of hairs on the inner face. Pod compressed,
without ribs (C. Ternatea), or with a rib near the middle
(C. rubiginosa).
Species 30, natives of the tropics.
Leaflets 5-7. Flowers blue 1 . C. Ternatea.
Leaflets 3. Flowers white, streaked 2. C. rubiginosa.
1. C. Ternatea L. Sp. PL 753 (1753); leaflets in 2-3 (4-5)
pairs; pod without ribs. — Bot. Mag. t. 1542; Benth. in Journ.
Clitoria
LEGUMINOSJE
47
Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 33 A hi Fl Bras. xv. pt. 1, 118, /. 31, / I. ;
Griseb. FL Br. W. Ltd. 192 ; Urb. Si/ntl. Ant. iv. 299. (Fig. 13.)
Type in Herb. Linn, and in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Canefields, St. Andrew, McNab ! Hope Gardens ; near Runaway Bay ;
Harris ! Halfway Tree, Miss Wood ! FL Jam. 10,370 ; Kingston, Hitchcock.
—Florida (naturalized), Bahamas, West Indies, Panama, tropical eastern
S. America, tropical Africa.
Stem twining, puberulous. Leaflets elliptical or ovate, glabrous,
2-5 cm. 1. Peduncles one-flowered, very short, 3-8 mm. 1. Bracteoles
roundish, less than half as long as the calyx, 6-8 mm. 1. Floicers blue,
rarely white. Calyx 1*5-2 cm. 1. Standard 4-5 cm. 1. Pod, valves flat
A, Portion of branch with leaves and
flower x -.
B. Wing x -3.
Fig. 13. — Clitoria Ternatea L.
C, Keel x !-.
D, Calyx, stamens and pistil, nat. size.
E, Pod x 3.
or slightly convex, beaked, pubescent, 6-11 cm. 1. Seeds roundish-ellipsoidal,
compressed, smooth. In cultivation the flower often becomes double.
The powdered seeds (30 to 60 grains) are purgative and aperient, and
have gained a certain reputation in Europe as a safe medicine, especially
for children (Watt). Species of Clitoria have been used as cover crops to
protect the soil from wash on sloping ground.
2. C. rubiginosa .I//.**, ex Pcrs. Syn. ii. 303 (1807) ; leaflets 3 ;
pod with a rib near the middle. — Urb. Joe. cit. C. glycinoides
DC. Prodr. it. 234 (1820) ; Macf. Jaw. i. 2">3 ; Griseb. he. cit. ;
Bentli. in Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 39 & in Fl. Bras. loc. cit.
In fl. May-Oct. ; Wright ! Savanna la Mar, Distin ! Guys Hill, St.
Thomas in the Vale, McXab ! also Purdie ; road to Dolphin Peak, 1000 ft. ;
48
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Clitoria
Oxford, near Troy, 1400 ft. ; Kellits, Clarendon, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
9261, 9429, 11,153.— West Indies, Panama, tropical S. America.
Stem twining, villose-pubescent. Leaflets elliptical to oblong ; beneath
lighter-coloured and more or less softly silky-pubescent, 4-9 cm. 1.
Peduncles 1-3-flowered, 3-9 cm. 1. Bracteoles elliptical, acute, less than
half as long as the calyx, 8-9 mm. 1. Flowers white, standard with lilac,
rose, or crimson streaks in the centre, very fragrant. Calyx 2-3 cm. 1.
Standard 4-5 cm. 1. Pod, valves convex, glabrous, 3 -5-4 cm. 1. Seeds
somewhat globose, with a network of transparent dried mucilage.
14. TERAMNUS Sw.
Twining slender shrubby herbs. Inflorescence often of two
forms on the- same plant ; flowers very small, a few in clusters
in the axils, or 2 or more in clusters along the rhachis of axillary
racemes. Calyx, segments 5 or 4. Standard obovate, narrowed
Fig. 14. — Teramnus uncinatus Sw.
A, End of shoot with leaves, flowers D, Keel x 5.
and fruit X f. E, Stamens and pistil X 4.
B, Standard X 3. F, Pod x |.
C, Wing X 4. (A, E, F after Benth.)
into a long claw. Stamens all united ; anthers alternately sterile.
Style glabrous. Pod linear, with partitions between the seeds.
Species 6, growing in the tropics.
Pod densely villose with a hooked beak. Calyx-
segments 5, longer than the tube 1. T. uncinatus.
Pod with scattered hairs and oblique beak.
Calyx-segments not longer than the tube.
Leaflets oblong to elliptical-lanceolate. Calyx-
segments 4 2. T. volubilis.
Leaflets elliptical, obtuse. Calyx-segments 5... 3. T. labialis.
Terammts LEflUMIXos.K 49
1. T. uneinatus Stc. P/W/-. 105 (1788) (including the synonymy
under T. volubilis) ; calyx-segments 5, equal, linear-lanceolate,
longer than the tube ; pod with a hooked beak, densely villose.-
Sio. Fl. Incl. Occ. 1239 ; Macf. Jam. i. 274 ; Bentli. in FL Bras. xv.
pt. 1, 138, t. 37 ; Gnwb. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 193 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
301. Phaseolus sylvestris &c. Sloane Cat. 71 & Hist. i. 182.
Teramnus triphyllus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 290. Glycine caule
piloso etc. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) t. 221. Dolichos uneinatus
L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1019 (1763). (Fig. 14.) A specimen from
Browne in the Linnean Herbarium is named by Linmeus
D. uneinatus.
In fl. Oct.-April; Guanaboa, Sloane Herb. iii. 76 ! Browne ! Houstoun !
Shakspear ! Swartz \ Macfadyen \ Eicbmond, St. Mary, McNab ! St. Thomas
in the Vale, Prior \ Bog Walk, Port Morant, Lucea, Hitchcock; Resource,
Blue Mts., 3500 ft., Harris I Fl. Jam. 5504, 6612.— Bahamas, Cayman Is.,
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, tropical continental America.
Plant covered with dense silky hairs. Leaflets oblong or lanceolate to
elliptical, pubescent with adpressed hairs on the upper surface, densely
silky-pubescent beneath, 3-7 cm. 1. Calyx about 6 mm. 1. Corolla reddish-
purple ; standard about 6 mm. 1. ; wings about 5-5 mm. L, with no definite
lobe at base of limb ; keel 3'5 mm. 1. Pod 6-2-5 cm. L, 3 mm. br.
In Swartz's Prodromus the citations from Linnaeus, Browne, and
Sloane under T. volubilis are shown, by comparison with his " Flora "
and his own specimens in Herb. Banks in Herb. Mus. Brit., to belong to
his second species, T. uneinatus.
2. T. volubilis Siv.Prodr. 105 (1788) (excluding the synonymy) ;
calyx-segments 4, upper very shortly 2-toothed, triangular, acute,
shorter than the tube ; pod with scattered adpressed hairs, with
an oblique beak. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1241; Macf . Jam. i. 275;
Benth. torn. cit. 137 ; Grisvb. loc.cit. Glycine oblonga Bentli. Bot.
Sulpli. 84 (1844). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.
In fl. Oct., Nov.; Sivartzl Macfadyen; Blue Mts., Rothrock ; Port
Morant, Lucea, Hitchcock ; Charltoii, near Ewarton, 1000 ft. ; Ferry River ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6695, 11,424.— Tropical South America.
Leaflets oblong or lanceolate to elliptical-lanceolate, glabrate on the
upper surface, pubescent with scattered adpressed hairs beneath, 2-7 cm. 1.
Calyx 3-5-4 mm. L, villose. Corolla violet- rose ; standard 5 mm. 1. ; wings
with one broad tooth at junction of claw and limb, 5 mm. 1. ; keel 3 • 2 mm. 1.
Pod 3-3-5 cm. 1., 2 mm. br.
3. T. labialis Spreng. Syst. Hi. 2.T> (1S2<>); ••alvx-sc^ments ">,
ovate-lanceolate, a little shorter than the tube ; pod with a few
scattered hairs or glabrate, with a short oblique beak. — Be nth. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 265 ; Bak. in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. it. 184.
Glycine labialis Linn. /'. Suppl. 325 (17S1); \\'ii/ht Jr. /. 168.
G. debilis Ait. Hort. Km:. Hi. 34 (1789) : Jacq. Eclogse PI. liar,
t. 166. Koenig's specimen is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
In fl. at the end of the year ; Lane in Herb. Sloune clxii. 78 ! ^^acfad>/<'n '.
Black River; Ferry River; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9923, 10,040.— Tropic
Leaflets elliptical, obtuse, with very few hairs or glabrate on the upper
IV. K
50 FLORA OF JAMAICA Teramnus
surface, with scattered adpressed hairs beneath, 1-5*5 cm. 1. Calyx about
3-5 mm. 1., villose. Corolla "white," turning pink; standard about
4 mm. 1. ; wings about 3*5 mm. 1., with a rounded lobe at junction of
claw and limb, and the limb kneed opposite to it; keel about 2' 8 mm. 1.
Pod 3-5-4-5 cm. 1., 3 -5-4 mm. br., slightly curved, the upper suture
forming a narrow wing.
15. ERYTHRINA L.
Trees or erect shrubs, often prickly. Racemes axillary (in
Jamaican species). Flowers generally scarlet, 2 or more together
along the rhachis, appearing before the leaves. Bracts and
bracteoles small or none. Calyx carnpanulate, truncate or
spathaceous. Standard much larger than the wings and keel,
which are often included within the calyx. Uppermost stamen
free or united at the base with the rest, the others united about,
or above, the middle. Pod stalked, constricted or sinuate between
the seeds, 2-valved or opening only along the upper margin, or
.scarcely opening.
Species 30, natives of the tropics.
Glabrous. Standard erect, folded together,
oblong 1. E. corallodendrum.
Toinentose. Standard reflexed, nearly as
broad as long 2. E. velutina.
1. E. eorallodendrum L. Sp. PL 706 (1753) ; glabrous; calyx
tubular ; standard oblong, folded together, slightly curved, erect.
— Wright Mem. 292 ; Macf. Jam. i. 297 ; BeniL in Fl. Bras. xv.
pt. 1, 174; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 199 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 302.
Coral arbor non spinosa flore longiore et magis clause Sloane Cat.
143 & Hist. ii. 38, t. 178, /. 1, 2. Coral arbor americana Commel.
Amst. i. 211, t. 108. Erythrina arborea spinosa et non spinosa &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 288. Specimens from Hort. Cliff, and Sloane
in Herb. Mus. Brit. Type in Herb. Linn.
Coral Tree, Red Bean Tree.
Sloane Herb. vi. 12 I Broughton ! Macfadyen ; J.P. 910, Morris ! Mount
Faraway, bOOO ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 7309 ; Lucea, Hitchcock. — West Indies,
Central and S. America.
Tree 15-20 ft., with or without thick spines here and there on the
stem. Leaflets broadly ovate-rhomboid, 5-10(-15) cm. 1. Flowers 2-3
together. Calyx truncate, occasionally shortly split, 1 • 2 cm. 1. ; teeth
very small or wanting. Corolla deep crimson ; standard 4 times as long
as the keel, to 7 cm. L, to 2 cm. br. ; wings a little longer than the calyx;
keel of separate petals, a little shorter than the wings. Stamens shorter
than the standard, the uppermost united with the rest at the base. Pod
contracted between the seeds, about 1 dm. 1. ; the lower part stalk-like and
apex long-beaked. Seeds scarlet, about 1 cm. 1.
2. E. velutina Willd. Sp. PL Hi. 914; inflorescence, leaves
and pods, covered with tomentum, at length deciduous, especially
on the upper surface of leaves ; calyx spathe-like, tornentose ;
Erythrina
LEGUMINOSJE
51
standard nearly as broad as long, reflexed. — Rev. J. Lindsay Ic.
hied. ; Lowe in Hot. Mag. t. 3227 ; llarf. Jam. i. 298 ; Benth. torn,
cit. 173 ; Griscl). loc. rit. Coral arbor Sloane Cat. 142 & Hist. it.
38. (Fig. 15.)
Coral Tree, Red Bean Tree.
Sloane Herb. vi. 11! Wright ! Robins ! Macfadyen ; Savanna la Mar,
Purdie ! Moneague, Prior ! Arcadia, St. Ann, Mrs. Sewell ! Gordon Town,
J.P. 1314, Hart I Chapelton, Mrs. Craig I between Rose Hill and Temple
Hall; Chapelton; Faivcettl — Tropical S. America.
Tree to 30 ft., with short spines on the stem. Leaflets variable in shape,
more or less ovate-rhomboid, triangular, or roundish, lateral oblique,
Fig. 15. — Erythrina velutina Willd.
A, Leaf and raceme. B, Flower. C, Pod.
B
All x
almost always tomentose beneath, 4-9 cm. 1. Floiuer-buds oblong-ellip-
soidal, 2-5-3 cm. 1. Flowers 2-3 together. Calyx 1-5-2 cm. 1. Corolla,
standard orange-red (almost vermilion), 3 '2-6 cm. 1. ; wings exserted,
chestnut-red with purple-red edge ; keel of 2 petals similar in shape
and colour to the wings and about the same length. Stamens about
6 cm. 1. Pod somewhat contracted between the seeds, about 13 cm. 1. ;
sometimes 1-seeded, 5-8 cm. 1., tomentose, the lower part seedless, with a
short beak at the apex. Seeds vermilion-red, about 1-5 cm. 1.
16. MUCUNA Adans.
Twining herbs or shrubs. Lateral leaflets unequal-sided.
Stipules deciduous. Flowers in racemes which are sometimes
subumbellate, large, purple, red or yellowish, occurring singly or
in clusters on the rhachis. Calyx shortly campanulate, with
E '_'
52 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Mucuna
4 segments or 4-5 teeth. Standard auricled at the base, shorter
than the wings. Uppermost stamen free, the rest united ;
anthers alternately basifixed and versatile, the latter bearded
and with filaments somewhat thickened above. Pod thick,
leathery, hairy, often with stinging hairs ; the seeds separated
by partitions or by tissue; hilum enlarged.
Species 30, growing in the tropics.
Leaflets glabrous beneath 1. M. urens.
Leaflets hairy beneath.
Flowers clustered at end of peduncle.
Flowers suburnbellate 2. M. Sloanei.
Flowers on an expanded receptacle 3. M. Fawcettii.
Flowers racemose 4. M. pruriens.
1. M. urens Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. lv. 36 (1917) (non
DC.) ; leaflets elliptical, abruptly and shortly acuminate, glabrous
on both sides ; peduncle about 10 times as long as the petiole,
with several flowers, 1, 2 or 3 together in a contracted raceme at
the apex ; pod with 2 narrow wings only along the upper margin
and numerous obliquely transverse ribs. — M. altissima DC. Prodr.
ii. 405 (1825) ; Bentli, in Fl Eras. xv. pt. 1, 170, t. 46, A ;
Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind, 198; Urb. Stjmb. Ant. iv. 304, v. 372.
Phaseolus americanus frutescens &c. Pluk. Pliyt. t. 213, /. 2,
Aim. 292. Zoophthalmum siliquis (fee. Browne Hist. Jam. 295.
Dolichos urens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1162 (1759). Clitoria Zooph-
thalmum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1172 (1759). Dolichos altissimus Jacq.
Enum. PI. Carib. 27 (1760) (excl. syn.) & Sel Stirp. Amer. 203,
t. 182, /. 85 (excl. syn.), Ed. pict. t. 190. Plukenet's specimen is
in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Herb. Sloane).
Ox Eye Bean.
Bare ; in fl. Sept. and Oct. ; Browne ; St. Mary, McNab \ mountain
woods, Manchioneal, Wilson. — West Indies, Panama, Brazil.
Stem climbing high over trees, glabrous. Leaflets 8-16 cm. L,
5-7*5 cm. br. ; petioles 5-13 cm. 1. Peduncle to 1;5 m. 1., slender,
pendulous. Flowers blue-purplish with a yellowish keel. Calyx, tube
1-1 -2 cm. L, truncate, toothed, uppermost tooth emarginate, lateral
nearer to the lowest which is the longest, about 4 mm. 1. Corolla : standard
3-4 cm. L, adpressed to wings and keel, three-fourths to nearly as long as
the wings, very broad ; wings with a long claw which is 1-1 '5 cm. 1. and
tomentose at the edges ; keel slightly longer than the wings. Pod 12-23
cm. lv 5 cm. br., hispid with bristly stinging hairs and also pubescent.
Seeds about 4, flattened-rounded, almost surrounded by the hilum, 3 cm.
in diam., or even larger.
Dolichos urens L. Syst. is based on Browne's description of Zoophthal-
mum and on Plukenet's figure. Plukenet's specimen in Herb. Sloane has
leaves which are glabrous on both sides, and Browne's description states
that the peduncle is " seldom under four or five feet in length " ; it is
therefore clear from these two diagnostic details to which species Linnseus's
name, as given in the Systema, belongs. Jacquin in Sel. Stirp. Amer. 202, 3,
has given long and careful descriptions of this and a second West Indian
species, which he calls respectively D. altissimus and D. urens, thus
applying Linnseus's name to the wrong species. De Candolle followed
^lacuna
53
Jacquin in the misapplication of the name, when transferring the two
species to the genus Mucuna. D. urens L. Syst. must therefore be cited
as Mucuna urcns (non -DC.), of which M. altissima DC. is a synonym,
and the species known as M. urens DC. must be renamed.
2. M. Sloanei Fence, d- Rendh loc. cit. ; leaflets, terminal
elliptical, lateral ovate, generally shortly acuminate, densely
covered beneath with small adpressed silky hairs ; peduncle about
as long as the petiole or twice as long, with several flowers in a
subumbellate cluster at the apex ; pod with 2 narrow wings along
each margin and numerous obliquely transverse narrow wings.
-M. urens DC. Prodr. ii. 405 (1825) (excl. ref. to Pluk.) ; Macf.
5
Fig. 16. — Mucuna Sloanei Fawc. & Rendle.
A, Portion of stem with inflorescence and B, Stamens and pistil x 5.
leaves x \. C, Pod x \.
Jam. i. 294 ; Benth. torn. tit. 169, t. 46, /. /. (J.) ; Griseb. loc. tit. ;
Urb. op. tit. iv. 303, v. 372. Mucuna Marcg. Bras. 18. Phaseolus
brasilianus &c. Sloane Cat. 68 & Hist. i. 178. Phaseolus siliquis
latis &c. Plum. Descr. PL Amer. t. 107 & L-. iiu'd. /r. t. 237.
Dolichos urens Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 27 (1760) & Sel. Stir^. Amer.
202, t. 182, /. 84 (excl. syn. Browne) & Ed.pict. t. 189 ; L. Sp. PL
ft!. 2, 1020 (so far as it refers to syn. Marci?., Sloane, and Jacq.).
Xegretia urens Tussac Fl. Ant. ii 52, /. 13 (1818). (Fig. 16.)
Horse Eye Bean.
In fl. Feb. ; Rio Cobre, Guanaboa, Sloane Herb. iii. 69 ! Lane in Herb.
Sloane clxii. 81! Wright \ Hope, Broughton\ Macfadyen ; Wullschlaegcl ,
Prior; Chatsworth, Harris! Fl. Jam. 5590. — West Indies, tropical conti-
nental America, tropical west Africa.
54 FLORA OF JAMAICA Mucuna
Stem climbing over high trees. Leaflets, 7-16 cm. 1., 4'5-9.cm. br. ;
petioles 7-11 cm. 1. Pedicels about 1 cm. 1. or rather less. Flowers yellow.
Calyx : tube about 1 cm. 1. ; upper segment very broad, entire or shortly
2-toothed ; lateral smaller ; the lowest longer, about equalling the tube,
triangular, acute. Corolla: standard spreading erect, 3-3*5 cm. 1., about
half as long as the wings ; wings 5-5 • 5 cm. 1., claw very short ; keel a little
longer than the wings. Pod 10-15 cm. 1., about 4 cm. br., hispid with
bristly hairs and pubescent ; wings 2-5 mm. br. Seeds 2-4, compressed-
roundish, almost surrounded by the hilum, 2 to nearly 3 cm. in diam.
3. M. Faweettii Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 371 (1908); leaflets
roundish or roundish-elliptical or roundish-ovate, abruptly and
shortly acuminate, densely covered beneath with adpressed silky
hairs ; peduncles about as long as the petioles, expanded at the
end into a flattish-convex receptacle (1 cm. br.), from which
spring several flowers; pod 1 -seeded and obovate-semiorbicular
or 2-seeded and oblong-elliptical, with ribs along the margins
almost obsolete.
In fl. Nov., Dec. ; near Troy, 2000 ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 8818, 9102.
Stem climbing over rocks. Leaflets, 13-17 cm. 1., 12-15 cm. br. ; petioles
1-2 dm. 1. Bracts forming an involucre round the receptacle, the outer
somewhat elliptical, the inner narrower and even linear. Pedicels about
1 cm. 1. Flowers yellow. Calyx : tube 1-1-2 cm. 1. ; upper segment very
broad, entire, lateral and lowest about equal, 8-9 mm. 1. Corolla : standard
two-thirds as long as the wings, 5-5 '5 cm. 1. ; wings 7-8 cm. 1., slightly
shorter than the keel. Pod 12 cm. 1., 5-5 cm. br., covered with tomentum,
amongst which are scattered bristly hairs. Seeds 1 or 2, flattened-roundish,
3 '5-4 cm. in diam., almost surrounded by the hilum, which is about
1 cm. br.
4. M. pruriens DC. Prodr. it. 405 (1825) ; leaflets, terminal
rhomboid, lateral triangular, with long adpressed hairs beneath ;
peduncles as long as the petioles or longer, with numerous
flowers, 2 or 3 together in a long raceme ; pod with ribs along
each margin concealed by dense brownish-yellow itching hairs. -
Wright Mem. 209 ; Macf. loc. cit.; Bot. Reg. 1838, t. 18; Benth.
loc. cit. t. 46, /. I. (II.) & II. , Griseb. loc. cit. ; Urb. Symb. Ant.
iv. 303. Cacara pruritus Rumpli. Amboin. v. 393, t. 142. Phaseolus
americanus foliis &c. Pluk. Phyt. t. 214,/. 1. Phaseolus utrinque
Indise &c. Slocme Cat. 69 & Hist. i. 37. Stizolobium spicis &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 290, t. 31, f. 4; Rev. J. Lindsay Ic. ined.
Dolichos pruriens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1162 (1759) & Sp. PL ed. 2,
1019 ; Jacq. Sel Stirp. Amer. 201, t. 122 & Ed. pict. t. 188.
Gowhage, Cowitch, Vine Gungo Pea.
In fl. Oct. -Feb. ; Sloane Herb. hi. 75! Browne; Distinl St. Mary,
McNab ! J.P. 636, Morris ! Yallahs Valley, Watt ! Hope grounds, Cr ad-
wick \ also Harris ! above Cane River Falls, Fawcett ! also Harris ! Tyre,
near Troy (cultivated) Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6593, 7353, 8257, 8622, 9097;
Bog Walk, Hitchcock ; Porus, Lloyd. — Tropics.
Stem, climbing over bushes and low trees. Leaflets 7-15 cm. 1, 6-9 cm.
br. ; petioles 1-3 dm. 1. Flowers dark brown purplish, rarely light yellow
and white. Calyx : tube 5-6 mm. 1., 3 upper segments triangular, acute,
Mucuna LEGUMINOS^ 55
as long as the tube, the lowest narrower and a little longer. Corolla :
standard half as long as the wings; wings nearly 3'5 cm. 1. ; keel a little
longer than the wings. Pod 4-8 cm. 1., about 1-5 cm. br. Seeds 2-6,
transversely oblong, with a short oblong hilum, spotted, about 1 cm. 1.
17. GALACTIA Adans.
Twining, somewhat shrubby slender herbs. Flowers in
clusters in racemes or occasionally simply clustered or solitary,
the clusters springing from thickenings on the rhachis. Calyx-
segments 4, acuminate, as long as the tube to more than twice
as long. Uppermost stamen free, or rarely slightly united in
the middle with the rest ; anthers uniform, versatile. Style
slender, without hairs ; stigma small, terminal. Pod linear,
compressed ; the seeds separated by tissue.
Species 50, growing in the tropics, especially in America.
Corolla 2-2-5 crn. 1 1. G. pcndula.
Corolla 1 cm. 1. or less.
Twining or trailing vines.
Raceme several- or many-flowered.
Calyx hairy, 7 mm. 1., segments twice as long as
tube 2. G. striata.
Calyx subglabrous, 4 mm. 1., segments as long as
tube 5. G. laxiflora.
Mowers solitary or few in a raceme.
Leaflets mostly elliptical 3. G, uniflora .
Leaflets mostly linear to linear-oblong 4. G.parvifolia.
Erect shrub, 2 ft. high .• 6. G. Jiissixana.
1. G. pendula Pers. Syn. ii. 302 (1807) (excl. Cajenna) ;
leaflets' 1'5— 7 cm. 1., glabrous on both sides, or sometimes
minutely puberulous on the midrib above, and puberulous
beneath ; calyx sparingly puberulous, 7-8 mm. 1., lateral
segments about as long as the tube, the others longer ; standard
2-2 • 5 cm. 1. ; pod 7-9 cm. 1., 6-9 mm. br., curved at apex,
puberulous. — Bot. Reg. t. 269 ; Macf. Jam. i. 254 ; Grisel). FL
Br. W.Ind. 194; Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 328. G. foliis ovatis &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 298, t. 32, /. 2. Phaseolus minor lactescens
etc. Sloane Cat. 71 & Hist. i. 182, t. 114, /. 4. Clitoria lactescens
L. Syst. ed. 10, 1172 (1759) (?). Glycine Galactia L. Syst. ed. 10,
1173 (1759). Clitoria Galactia L. Sp. PI ed. 2, 1026 (1763).
Hedysarum scandens Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768); Britten ,(•
BaJc. f. in Journ. Bot. xxxv. 231. (Fig. 17.) The type, Sloane's
specimen, is in Herb. Mus. Brit. There is a specimen in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus Glycine Galaci'm.
In fl. July-Jan.; Sloane Herb. iii. 77, 78! Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii.
78! Houstounl Shakspearl Bancroft I Macf ad yen ! St. Ann, McXabl
Purdiel Wilson; March \ Eggers ; J.P. 2127, Morris ! Mavis Bank,
Fawcett ! Long Mt. road, 100 ft. ; Campbell ! Guava Ridge ; Hall's Delight ;
near Mocha, 2500 ft.; near Gordon Town, 2300 ft.; Long Mt., 800 ft.;
56
FLOKA OF JAMAICA
Green Valley, 2000 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ; Round Hill, 8. Cruz Mts., 2000 ft. ;
Plowden Hill, 1500 ft,; Jftirrixl PI. Jam. 5502, 5861, 6138, 6178, 650!»,
6859, 8864, 9344, 9699, 10,164, 11,659.
Stem twining, climbing to a height of 20 ft. in trees ; younger branches
puberulous or glabrate. Leaflets elliptical, oblong-elliptical, ovate-elliptical,
or lanceolate-elliptical ; stalk of the terminal leaflet 3-10 mm. 1. (and more) ;
stipules awl-shaped, abo ut 4 mm. 1. Inflorescence 7-30 cm. 1., with numerous
small clusters of few (-1) flowers from near the base. Bracteoles ovate-
acuminate, 2 mm. 1. Corolla rosy, rosy-crimson, or white tinged with
rose; standard elliptical; wings a little shorter than the keel; keel a little
Fig. 17. — Galactia pcndnla Pers.
A, Portion of stem with infloi'escence and D. Keel opened, exposing stamens, and
leaves x f .
B. Standard x 1-|.
C, Wing x l-i.
pistil X
E, Pod x |.
F, Seed x 2.
(A, after Bot. Reg.)
shorter than the standard. Stamens alternately longer and shorter, upper-
most quite free from the rest ; anthers versatile, narrowly oblong. Seeds
shortly ovate or subrhomboid, browrn with blackish spots, 5-6 mm. 1.
2. G. striata Urb. Synib. Ant. ii 320 (1900) (incl. vars.) ;
leaflets 3-5 (2-8) cm. 1., pubescent with adpressed hairs on the
upper surface or glabrescent, more or less densely covered beneath
with adpressed velvety hairs ; calyx covered with silky adpressed
hairs, 7 (5-8) mm. 1., segments 2 to 2|- times longer than the
tube; standard 7— 9(— II) mm. 1. ; pod 4—7 cm. 1., 6—9 mm. br.
more or less densely pubescent. — G. filiformis Griseb. loc. cit. (in
part) (non Benth.). G. cuberisis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. vi.
Galactia LEGUMIXos^E 57
429 (1824). Glycine striata Jacq. Hort. Vindob. i. 32, t. 76
(1770). Jacquin's type from Hort. Vindob. is in Herb. Mus.
Brit. A specimen in Herb. Linn, has a ticket attached with
Jacquin's name written by himself.
Houstounl Lane iu Herb. Sloane clxii. 7S ! Distinl Forsterl Macfadycn
Fairfield, Wullschlaegel ; Kingston, Hitchcock ; Yardley Chase, 1600 ft. ;
Luaua Point ; Great Goat Is. ; Ferry R. ; Hope grounds ; Harris ! near
Angels Pen, Harris & Britton ! Port Henderson, Ridley ! Fl. Jam. 9677,
9926, 10,162, 11,791, 12,288.— Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Kico, St.
Thomas, Guadeloupe, Tobago.
Stem twining, climbing over low shrubs, pubescent or glabrate. Leaflets
elliptical, seldom ovate-elliptical, petiolule of the terminal leaflet 4-12 mm. 1.;
stipules awl-shaped, 2-4 mm. 1. Inflorescence 2-8(-15) cm. 1., with several
flowers in the upper half; peduncle 1-4 '5 cm. 1. Corolla, standard purple
or rosy, marked with longitudinal lines, obovate ; wings and keel about as
long as the standard. Stamens, anthers versatile, narrowly oblong ; upper-
most filament free. Seeds kidney-shaped, 3 '5-4 mm. 1.
Urban (torn. cit. 321, 322) distinguishes five varieties ; of these var.
tomcntosa agrees with Jacquin's type of tbe species; var. cubensis is a less
hairy form, G. cubensis H. B. & K., G. filiformis Griseb, loc. cit. (in part)
(I860) (non Benth.).
The specimens from Luana Point and Angels Pen belong to var.
cubensis, the rest agree better with var. tomcntosa.
3. G. uniflora Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 325 (1900) ; leaflets 1-2
(•8-3) cm. 1., elliptical, obovate-elliptical, or oblong-elliptical,
somewhat unequal, the terminal sometimes longer by one-third,
with short soft adpressed hairs on both sides or glabrescent, net-
veined on both surfaces ; inflorescence short, 1-3-flowered ;
peduncle (very short to 7 mm. 1.) and pedicel (to 4 mm. 1.)
puberulous; calyx pubescent, 6 mm. 1., segments about 1-i- times
as long as the tube; standard 8-9 mm. 1.; pod 3-4 cm. 1.,
4-4 -5 mm. br., densely pubescent with adpressed hairs.-
G. angustifolia Hitchc. in Eep. Miss. Bot. Gard. (1893) 77 (fide
Urb. loc. cit., non Kunth). G. tenuiflora Hitchc. torn. cit. 78 (fide
Urb., non Wiyht & Am.).
Lititz Savanna, 300-900 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,727.— Bahamas, Cuba.
Stem very slender, twining amongst grasses, white-puberulous. Leaflet*
elliptical, obovate-elliptical, or oblong-elliptical, petiolule of the terminal
leaflet 2-4 mm. 1. ; stipules awl-shaped, 1-5-2 mm. 1. Corolla pale lilac.
Stamen free above the base, shortly united in the middle to the rest. S<
olive-green with dark-purplish markings, 2-5-3 mm. 1. Possibly this is
only a small form of G. dnbia DC.
4. G. parvifolia A. lik-li. in ti<i<jra Cub. x. 176 (1M:>) A: E«*.
FL Cub. 41 I : leaflets differing much in number, form, and si/«-.
3 or 1, linear to oblong or the lowest sometimes elliptical or
elliptical-oblong, unequal, the terminal sometimes twice as Ionic.
•5-8 cm. 1., glabrous and prominently net- veined on the upper
surface, more or l«-ss puberulous beneath; inflorescence short,
1-3-flowered; peduncle ('4-1 cm. 1.) and pedicel (1-3 nun. 1.)
58 FLORA OF JAMAICA Galactia
puberulous or glabrescent ; calyx sparingly puberulous, 4-6 mm. 1.,
the lowest segment lanceolate, acuminate, generally about twice
as long as the tube, lateral and upper segments shorter ; standard
9-12 mm. 1. ; pod 2-5 '5 cm. 1., 4-6 mm. br., hirtellous with
adpressed hairs. — Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 314 (1900) (incl. vars.).
G. angustifolia (and vars.) Griseb. Cat. PL Cub. 75 (non H. B. rt- K.).
G. stenophylla Urb. torn. cit. 313. Dolichos herbaceus minor
foliis linearibus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 294. D. filiformis L. Syst.
ed. 10, 1163 (1759); Amcen. v. 492 & Sp. PL ed. 2, 1021. Type
of Linnreus's species is in Herb. Linn, and part of same specimen
in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Frequent about Old Harbour, Browne ! Old Harbour, Ridley ! — Cuba,
Hispaniola.
Stem very slender, twining, minutely puberulotis or glabrescent. Leaflets
apex obtuse, mucronulate or subtruncate, papery; petiole l-'3 cm. 1. ;
petiolule of terminal leaflet 4-1 mm. 1. ; stipules awl-shaped-lanceolate,
I' 5-2 mm. 1. Corolla red or purple (Wright) ; standard roundish, reflexed,
claw 1 • 5 mm. 1. ; wings slightly shorter and narrower than keel ; keel
about as long as the standard ; ovary 12-15 ovuled.
5. G. laxiflora Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 315 (1900); leaflets
2 • 5-4 cm. L, glabrous on upper surface, hairy beneath with
short adpressed hairs ; calyx with a few very short hairs or sub-
glabrous, 4-4*5 mm. 1., segments subequal, as long as the tube,
the uppermost a little longer ; standard 7-8 mm. 1. ; pod 5-6 cm. 1.,
5-5 '5 mm. br., sparingly puberulous. — G. filiformis Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Incl. 194 (1860) (in part) (non Bentli.). G. Lockharti
Fawc. Fl. PI. Jam. 10 (1893) (non Griseb.).
Prior.
Stem twining, hairy near the apex. Leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-
lanceolate ; petiolule of the terminal leaflet 5-8 mm. 1. Inflorescence to
20 cm. L, with several flowers distant from each other ; peduncle 3-7 cm. 1.
Corolla, wings 6 mm. L, a little shorter than the keel. Stamen, upper-
most free.
An incomplete specimen from Dr. Wm. Wright (?) in the Edinburgh
Herbarium may perhaps belong here.
6. G. Jussiseana Kuntli Mimos. 196, t. 55 (1824); leaflets
2 • 5-7 cm. 1.. white- silky above, white-silky-tomentose beneath ;
calyx silvery-silky, 6-8 mm. 1. ; segments about twice as long as
tube ; corolla with reflexed-spreading standard, about 1 cm. 1. ;
pod silky -torn entose, 5-6 cm. L, 5-6 mm. br. — H. B. & K. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 429; Bentli. in Fl Bras, xv.pt. 1, 142; Urb. Symb.
Ant. v. 373 ; Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xliii. 452. Clitoria
glomerata Griseb. Cat. Cub. 74 (1866).
Bertero.— Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola, tropical S. America.
Stem trailing (" repens " Kunth), erect, 2 ft. high (Britton), branches
white-silky-tomentose. Leaflets elliptical ; petiolule of the terminal leaflet
G-8 mm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate-awl-shaped, 2-4 mm. 1. Inflorescence a
Galactia
LEGUMINOS^E
59
subsessile cluster to 3 cm. 1., with several flowers. Corolla rosy; standard
roundish-obovate, apex acute, ciliate; wings shorter than the standard
and keel. Stamens, anthers versatile, elliptical ; uppermost filament free.
We have not seen a specimen from Jamaica.
18. DIOCLEA H. B. & K.
Twining shrubs. Flowers in small clusters springing from
thickenings on the elongated peduncle. Calyx campanulate,
silky within, with 4 segments. Standard roundish, with infolded
auricles at the base. Stamens united ; alternate anthers very
Fig. 18.—Dioclea reflexa Hook. f.
A, Leaf X £. D, Keel X l\.
A', Portions of inflorescence X §. E, Stamens enclosing pistil x 1J.
B, Standard x 1^. F, Pod X \.
r, Wingx l:\.
small, sterile in D. reflexa and in some other species, uniform in
other species. Pod compressed or swollen, the upper margin
thickened or 2-winged, with tissue between the seeds.
Species 17, natives mostly of tropical America, of which two
are found also in tropical Africa.
D. reflexa Hook. f. in Hook. Niger Fl. 306 (1849);
FL Br. W. Lid. 198; Wils. in Eeports G>'»lo,,. Jain. 277 ; Bak.
in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Lid. ii. 196 ; Urb. Si/ml. Ant. /. 473. Dolichos
filiformis' Jf,/,/. J«n>. I. 286 (1837) (non L.).
"Lower hills on fences; St. Andrew," Mttcfadycn ; }\'ihon\ — West
Indies, America, Africa, tropical Asia, New Guinea.
60 FLORA OF JAMAICA Dioclea
Stem stout, climbing over high trees ; branches, petioles, and inflor-
escence covered with brownish spreading hairs or glabrate. Leaflets
elliptical, more or less pubescent with adpressed hairs, longer and denser
on the midrib and nerves, or more or less glabrate, 8-16 cm. 1. Raceme
long, 1-5-3 dm. 1. Bracts long, lanceolate or linear, reflexed, deciduous,
about 1-5 cm. 1. Bracteoles small, roundish. Calyx about 1*5 cm. 1.,
brownish-silky; upper segment emarginate. Corolla reddish verging on
violet with a yellow spot at the base of the standard; standard with 2
prominent calli in the centre at the base, about 2 cm. 1. ; wings rhomboid,
very broad, auricle triangular, about as long as the standard ; keel-petals
adherent in the upper half, shortly beaked, a little shorter than the wings.
Pod oblong, 9-13 cm. 1., 4-5-6 cm. br. ; upper margin much thickened,
furrowed, lower less so. Seeds 1-3, roundish, 2 -5-3 cm. 1., hilum linear,
elongated.
19. CANAVALIA Adans.
Herbs, twining or (in C. obtusifolia] creeping. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate. Flowers clustered at minute tubercles
along the rhachis of a raceme. Calyx 2-lipped ; upper lip very
large, entire or 2-lobed, lower small, 3-lobed. Standard roundish,
reflexed. Filaments of stamens all united into a closed sheath,
or the uppermost stamen free at the base and slightly adhering
above ; anthers uniform, versatile. Pod large, compressed, with
a longitudinal rib on each side near the upper margin, with
tissue between the seeds.
Species 12, natives of the tropics.
Stem creeping. Leaflets roundish to obovate-elliptical... 1. C. obtusifolia.
Stem climbing. Leaflets ovate-elliptical or elliptical.
Standard auriculate. Bibs of pod 3-7 mm. from
margin 2. C. ensiformis.
Standard without auricles. Ribs of pod 1 cm. from
margin 3. C. altissima.
1. C. obtusifolia DC. Prodr. ii. 404 (1825); stem creeping-
leaflets roundish to obovate-elliptical, apex rounded, sometimes
emarginate, terminal often somewhat wedge-shaped, glabrescent
at base ; racemes few-flowered ; standard auriculate ; pod few-
seeded, ribs close (2-3 mm.) to the margin. — Benth. in Fl. Bras. xv.
pt. i. 178, t. 48 ; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 197 ; Bak. in Hook.f. FL
Br. Ind. ii. 196 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 306. C. rosea Macf. Jam. i. 292
(1837). Phaseolus maritimus purgans &c. Pluk. Phyt. t. 51, f. 2,
Aim. 292. P. maritimus rotundifolius &c, Sloane Cat. 69 & Hist,
i. 179. Dolichos maritimus repens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 293.
D. obtusifolius Lam. Encyc. ii. 295 (1786). D. roseus Sw. Prodr.
105 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1243. D. emarginatus Jacq. Hort.
ScJwenbr. ii. t. 221 (1797).
On sandy sea-shores; in fl. & fr. throughout the year; Sloane Herb,
iii. 70 ! Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 79 ! Houstoun ! Broughton ! Liguanea
plain, Campbell ! Falmouth, Ewen \ Kingston, Hitchcock ; Lime Cay ;
Bluefields ; Faivcett ! Healthshire Hills, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6429, 9544.-
Tropical and subtropical regions.
Canavalln
LEGUMIXOSJ:
61
Stem often several feet long, glabrescent. Leaflets 5-10 cm. 1. Racemes
1-5-3 dm. 1. Floivers violet-rosy. Calyx 1-1-5 cm. 1. Corolla : standard,
apex emarginate, with small infolded auricles and 2 prominent calli at the
\
Fig. 19.
A, Leaf and inflorescence X H.
B, Single flower x L .
C, Calyx X 1A.
D, Standard x U.
Canaralia aUissima Macf.
E, Wings, keel, stamens, and pistil
pulled apart x 1*.
F, Pod x '.
base, 2-5-3-5 cm. 1. ; keel-petals united about the middle, as long as the
wings, shorter than the standard, curved. Filaments of stamens all united.
Pod 1-5--5 dm. 1., 3-2-5 cm. br., linear-oblong, straight; glabrescent.
Seeds chestnut-coloured, 1- 25-1 '5 cm. 1.
2. C. ensiformis DC. Prodr. il. 404 (1825); stem twining;
leaflets ovate-elliptical, acute to acuminate, mucronate, glab-
rescent ; racemes many-flowered ; upper lip of calyx about as
long as the tube ; standard auriculate : pod many-seeded, ribs
near (3-8 mm.) to the margin. — Macf. Jam. /'. 291 ; BaJc. torn,
cit. 195. C. gladiata DC. loc. cit. (1825); Macf. lor. ,•//.; Wujlit
Ic. Hi. t. 753 ; Benth. loc. cit. ; Griseb. loc. cit. Phaseolus maximus
siliqua ensiformi &, semine albo Arc. Sloane Cat. 08 iV: Hi*t. /'. 177,
t. 114, /. 1, 2, 3. P. suberectus major Arc. Broivnr ///>/. Jain. 291.
Dolicbos ensiformis L. Sp. PL 725 (1753). D. gladiatus Jm-tj.
Collect, it. 27G (1788) & Ic. PL Ear. Hi t. 560. Type in Herb.
Mus. Brit, and specimen from Jacquin's Herb.
Horse Bean, Overlook Bean, Sword Bean, Jack Bean.
Sloane Herb. iii. 07 ! Macfadyen ; Maroon Town, St. James, Knollys !—
Tropics.
62 FLORA OF JAMAICA Canavalia
Stem climbing high, glabrescent. Leaflets 7-13 cm. 1. Racemes to
3 dm. and longer, flowering in the upper half. Flowers pendulous, white
tinged with red or purplish-violet. Calyx about 1'25-1'5 cm. 1., upper
lip emarginate. Corolla, as in C. obtusifolia, nearly 3 cm. 1. Uppermost
stamen free at base and slightly adhering to the sheath above. Podl'5-
2'5 dm. 1., 2-5-3'5 cm. br., linear-oblong, slightly curved, glabrescent or
glabrous. Seeds reddish or white, to 2 cm. 1.
Experiments seem to show that the food value of this bean for cattle
is great, as indicated by Church's analysis (" Food Grains of India ").
The tender half-grown pods of a variety, mollis, which grows in India in
the Nilghiri hills, are eaten in the same way as French Beans. This
species is extensively grown as a cover crop, and soil renovator.
3. C. altissima Macf. Jam. i. 292 (1837) (excl. syn.) ; stem
twining, climbing high; leaflets elliptical or oblong-elliptical,
sometimes somewhat obovate, apex blunt, sometimes emarginate,
niucronulate, glabrous ; upper lip of calyx shorter than the tube ;
standard without auricles; ribs of pod distant (1 cm.) from the
margin. — Griseb. loc. cit. (Fig. 19.)
Overlook Bean.
Port Eoyal and St. John's Hills, Macfadyen \ Distin ! Gosse ! March !
J. P. 988, Morris ! Guava Eidge, 1000 ft. ; near Troy, 2,500 ft., Harris !
Stem glabrous. Leaflets 7-9 cm. 1. Racemes to 1 dm. 1., sometimes
branched ; peduncle about as long or shorter. Flowers pendulous, white,
standard dark-purple. Calyx about 1*25 cm. 1., upper lip entire, some-
times reflexed, emarginate. Corolla: standard strongly reflexed, emar-
ginate, 2 cm. 1. ; keel about as long as the standard and longer than the
wings, and curved in a semicircle. Stamens, uppermost free at base and
slightly adhering to the sheath above. Pod about 1*5 dm. L, 2'5 cm. br.,
linear-oblong, slightly curved, puberulous with adpressed hairs. Seeds
black, 1'5 cm. L, or " dirty- white " (Macfadyen).
20. PHASEOLUS L.
Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, twining or erect.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, stipellate ; stipules persistent,
ribbed. Flowers clustered at node-like thickenings along the
rhachis of a raceme. Bracts generally caducous, stipule-like or
very small ; bracteoles often broader, sometimes persistent for
long. Calyx campanulate, teeth 4, shorter than the tube.
Standard roundish ; keel prolonged into a long beak, forming a
complete spiral. Uppermost stamen free, the rest united ;
anthers uniform. Style thickened within the beak of the keel
and twisted with it, hairy longitudinally on the inside above ;
stigma oblique or lateral. Pod compressed or sub-cylindrical,
beaked, with a slight amount of tissue between the seeds.*
* We have transferred the two species, P. peduncularis and P. antil-
lanus, to the genus Vigna, as they show no indication of the complete
spiral twist of the keel, which seems to be the only character that
differentiates the two genera.
Phaseolus
LEGUMINOSJ-:
63
Species 150, dispersed through the tropics, subtropics, and
southern Europe.
Calyx 4-toothed. Leaflets ovate to ovate-rhomboid.
Corolla 1 • 5-2 cm. 1. Lateral teeth of calyx triangular,
not falcate.
Bracteoles much shorter than the calyx. Pod, upper
margin recurved, lower broadly rounded 1. P. lunatus.
Bracteoles longer than, or equalling, the calyx.
Pod oblong-linear, upper margin straight or
slightly recurved 2. P. vulgaris.
Corolla 2-2 • 5 cm. 1. Lateral teeth of calyx lanceolate-
falcate 3. P. adcnanthus.
Calyx 5-toothed. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate to linear 4. P. latlujroides.
Fig. 20. — Phaseolus adenanthus G. F. W. Mey.
A, Small leaf and raceme x H. C, Bracteole. calyx, and stamens enclosing
B, Flower, one of the wings pulled hack, the pistil x I.1..
nat. size. D, Pod with two seeds exposed x
§ 1. Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed, upper tooth broad, short,
truncate or broadly rounded, sometimes slightly emar-
Leaflets ovate to ovate-rhomboid.
1. P. lunatus L. Sp. PL 724 (1753) ; inflorescence short-
stalked, shorter than the leaves ; bracteoles much shorter th;in
the calyx; corolla 1-1*5 cm. 1. ; upper margin of pod general!}
recurved, lower margin broadly rounded, to about '2 cm. br.—
Wight Ic. t. 755; Benth. in Fl. Br«*. xv.pt. 1, 181 ; Griscl. /•'/.
1)4 KLoKA OF JAMAICA Phaseolus
/>V. II'. Ind. IDC. : Ji.il.: in Hook. f. Fl. 7>V. In.l. ii. L'nu ; Vrb. Sy.nl>.
Ant. iv. 3Uy : Dmilojt in \\'.In<l. Itull.xv. 29. P. maximus jicrcnrii>
semine A:<'. ,S7« /<///»• CW. <>(> & /I/*/. /. 17"), /. 11 I,./'. 1. P. pcn-nni-
angustifolius i*a-. Slimac Cat. 67 ct 7//.s7. /. 176, /. Ill, /'. L'.
P. major percimis Arc. Sham.' Cat. <>7 ct .BY*/. /'. 170, /. Ill',
/. 1, L', 3. P. scandens . . . quadrispermibus, P. scandens . . .
railiatus, and P. maximus perennis &c. Browne Hixt. Join. L'!.)^,
293. P. inamoenus L. loc. cit. (1753) ; Jacq. Jlort. Vindol. t. 66.
P. rufus Jacq. op. cit. t. 34 (1770). P. bipunctatus Jacq. op. cit.
t. 100. P. i'cecundus Macf. Jam. i. 281 (1837) (Prolific or
Hibbert Bean). P. saccharatus Macf. Jam. i. 282 (Sugar
Bean). P. latisiliquus M<n-f. Joe. cit. (1837) (Broad Bean).
P. limensis Macf. Jam. i. 279 (1837) (Lima Bean, White
Bean). P. parviflorus Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 18 (1812).
Jacquin's specimens of P. rufus and P. bipunctatus from Hort.
Vindob. are in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Spontaneous and cultivated ; Sloane Herb. iii. 62, 63, 64 ! Wright !
Macfadyen ; Prior. — Cultivated everywhere and often naturalized in
tropical and subtropical regions.
Stem perennial, twining, at first downy, soon glabrescent. Leaflets
broadly ovate-rbomboid to narrowly ovate-acuminate, lateral unsym-
metrical, usually 6-7 cm. 1. Racemes lax, many-flowered, to 15 cm. L,
tbe lower thickenings distant, each with 2-4 flowers ; pedicels longer
than the calyx, finally 5-8 mm. 1. Bracteoles 1*5-2 mm. 1. Calyx 3-4
mm. 1. ; teeth much shorter than tube, upper tooth truncate, lateral
deltoid, lower tooth triangular, acute. Corolla greenish-white. Pod
2-4-seeded, 4-7 cm. 1. Seeds variable in form and colour, red, white,
black, or speckled.
2. P. vulgaris L. tip. PI. 723 (1753) ; inflorescence subsessile,
much shorter than the leaves ; bracteoles longer than the calyx,
or sometimes nearly equal ; corolla about 1 * 3 cm. 1. ; pod oblong-
linear, upper margin straight or slightly recurved, to 1 ' 3 cm. br.
(sometimes 2 cm. br.). — Benth. torn. cit. 182; Griseb. loc. cit.;
Bab. loc. cit, P. nanus L. Cent. PL 23 (1755); Amcen. iv. 284;
& Sp. PL ed. 2, 1017; Macf. Jam. i. 283 (Dwarf Kidney
Bean). P. saccharatus Stokes Bot. Mat, Med. iv. 16 (1812)?
P. gonospermus Sam in Mem. Plias. iii. 21, /. 19 (1824 or 1825) ;
Macf. Jam. i. 280 (1837) (Hibbert Pea)? P. compressus
DC. Prodr. ii. 392 (1825) ; Macf. Jam. i. 283 (D u t c h Runner).
P. dumosus Macf. Jam. i. 279 (1837) (Year Bean)?
Spontaneous and cultivated; Macfadyen. — Widely spread, cultivated,
and often naturalized, in tropical and subtropical regions.
A subglabrous annual. Stem twining, 6-10 ft. high (P. vulgaris L.),
or suberect and low (P. nanus L.). Leaflets ovate, acuminate, lateral
unsyrnmetrical, 4-20 cm. 1. ; stipules triangular, 4 mm. L, stipels linear,
4 mm. 1. Racemes lax, few-flowered; pedicels longer than the calyx,
finally 6-8 mm. 1. Bracteoles oblong, ribbed, persistent, about 6 mm. 1.
Calyx 3-4 mm. L, upper tooth truncate, 3 lower teeth ovate, apex rounded.
Corolla white, or lilac-purple, or pinkish or yellowish. Pod 4-6-seeded,
Phascolus LEGUMINOS-ffi
10-15 cm. 1. Seeds ovoid-oblong, variable in colour. This is the Kidney
Bean or Haricot; the dwarf variety (/'. nanus L.) is the Bush Bean,
Dwarf Kidney Bean of Jamaica.
3. P. adenanthus G. F. W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Ew.j. 239 (1818) ;
inflorescence with numerous thickenings (to 20) somewhat close,
011 the rhachis near the top of the peduncle, sometimes crowded
at the top into a head, usually shorter than the leaves ; bracteol<-s
shorter than the calyx; corolla 2-2-5 cm. 1. ; pod linear,
i '• -in-red, sometimes somewhat straightish, somewhat torulose,
• 8-1 ' 2 cm. br. — Griseb. loc. ctt. ; Bali. loc. fit. ; Ur!>. >'////>/;. Ant. it.
308. P. truxillensis H. B. & K. J\V. G«i. & Sp. ci. 451 (1823) ;
Bentli. to in. ctt. 186. P. amcenus SolamL ex 1'orxt. f. Prodr. 91
(1786); Plants of Cook's First Voyage, Ic. pict. ined. ; J/"</.
Jam. i. 278. P. rostratus Wall PL As. Ear. i. 50, t. 63 (1830) :
\Vnjltt I<: t. 34. (Fig. 20.)
Wright \ Port Royal Mts. ; Str John's Hills; near Savanna la Mar.
Macfadycn ; Distinl Prior; March \ — Cosmopolitan in the tropics.
A subglabrous perennial. Stem twining. Leaflets ovate or ovate-
elliptical, 7-12 cm. 1. Racemes with a few showy flowers ; pedicels very
short. Bracteoles oblong, nerved, 3-4 mm. 1. Cafy-r-tube broadly cam-
panulate, about 4 mm. 1., upper tooth very broad, truncate, emarginate,
lateral lanceolate-acuminate, falcate, 3-3 -5 mm. L, lower lanceolate-linear,
2 p5-3 mm. 1. Corolla fragrant, purple or red, sometimes variegated with
white and yellow; standard roundish, emarginate, 2-2-4 cm. 1. and br. ;
keel making a complete spiral. Pod, with many (10-15) seeds, usually
about 10 cm. 1.
§ 2. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, teeth nearly equal in length.
Leaflets linear or lanceolate to ovate-elliptical ; lateral
scarcely unsymmetrical.
4. P. lathyroides L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1018 (1763) ; inflorescem-.-
a raceme with the clusters of flowers distant along the rhachis
near the apex of the peduncle, longer than the leaves ; bracte<»le^
much shorter than the calyx ; pod subcylindrical, linear,
straightish or slightly curved, 2-3 mm. br. — Sic. 0/».s. 280 ;
Mucf. Jam. i. 284 ; Urb. Si/mb. Ant. ii\ 310. P. subhirsutus &
Pink. Plyt. /. 214, /. 2 (excl. pods), Aim. L".'". P. erectus lathy-
roides &c. Sltidnr Cat. 71 & Hi*f. /'. 183, /. 116, /. 1. P. minor
erectus ic. Browne J//.-7. Jam. '201. P. semieirctus L. M<inf. 100
(17G7) ; Jacq. I<: PL Bar. t. :j.')S ; J!,,t. Reg. t. 743 ; Jtentli. torn.
cit. ISO; Griscl. <>i>. cit. 107 ; Bak. tom. <-ii. 201. P. psoralmidt-^
'Wt.jlit <(• Am. Prodr. 2-14 (1834); W,(llit L: t. 249. Typos in
Herb. Mus. Brit.
Savanna, St. Jago de la Vega, Sloan <. I Icrb. iii. M I 7. -nit I
Swartz ! J)ixtin\ Prior; roadsides, Jcnuuinl Kind's House, J.P. 1
.-ris \ Hope grounds, Jhirri* ! Kingstoi e/; ; Port IMorant,
Hitchcock; Porus, 7, /«//,/. — Tropical America, India, Muhya.
lihizomc perennial, or in cultivated ground the root annual (fide
IV. F
60 FLOIJA OF JAMAICA
Benth.). ,S7t'w. erect, a foot or more high, shrubby at base, with whitish
deflexed haii 7s 3-7 cm. 1. y.v/rrw.s 7-1^ cm. 1. ; peduncles
l'5-o dm. 1. ; pedicels very short, geminate. /;. cu and bracteoles bristle-
like, deciduous; bracts C mm. 1., bracteoles 3 mm. 1. Calyx 4-G mm. 1. ;
teeth much shorter than the tube, upper triangular, lower lanceolate,
:>wucd. Corolla blood-coloured; standard about 1-5 cm. 1., concave,
narrowed at the base, pale red ; wings about twice as long as the standard,
deep crimson; keel whitish. Pod spreading, many-seeded, 8-10 cm. 1.
Seeds ellipsoidal, brown.
The Linuean species P. latlnjroides is based on the Jamaican specimens
of Sloane & Browne, which have narrow leaves ; this form is distinguished
by Beutham as P. semierectus v. an ijiisti folia. The typical P. semierectus
(Plukenet in Herb. Sloane xcvii. 84 in Herb. Mus. Brit.) has ovate-elliptical
leaves. Both forms occur in Jamaica. Plukenet's specimen has the leaves
and pods of this species, and also the pods of apparently P. Mungo L., and
these pods of another species have been drawn in Plukenet's figure as
attached to the leafy twig.
21. VIGNA Savi.
Herbs, twining, prostrate or erect. Leaves pinnately 3-f olio-
late ; stipules sessile or produced at the base below the insertion
( V. unguiculata} ; stipels persistent. Peduncles axillary, bearing
racemes or capitate umbels of flowers, the flowers springing from
thickenings on the rhachis. Calyx campanulate, 4— 5-lobed or
toothed. Standard roundish, auricles folded upwards ; keel
incurved, not beaked, or the beak not forming a complete spiral.
Uppermost stamen free, the rest united ; anthers uniform. Style
with a row of hairs near the apex ; stigma lateral or oblique.
Pod straightish, subcylindrical or compressed, with a thin layer
of tissue in which lie the seeds.
Species about 33, growing in the tropics.
[Stipules produced at the base below the insertion V. unguiculata.']
Stipules sessile.
Mowers crowded close together at the tip of the
peduncle. Corolla yellow 1. V. repcns.
Flowrer clusters more or less distant, forming a
raceme. Corolla purplish
Calyx, lateral teeth triangular, not falcate 2. V. peduncularis.
Calyx, lateral teeth lanceolate-falcate 3. V. antillanus.
[V. ungiiieulata Walp.Rep. i. 779 (1842); stipules produced
at the base below the insertion.- -V. catjang Walp. in Linnsea xiii.
533 (1839) ; Bak. in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. il. 205. V. sinensis
EndL ex Hassk. PL Jav. liar. 386 (1848). Phaseolus erectus
major. . .semine rubro Sloane Cat. 71 & Hist. i. 183, /. 115, /. 2
tfe 3 (R e d P e a s). P. erectus minor semine spherico albido
hilo nigro Sloane Cat. 72 & Hist. i. 184, t. 117 (Gala vane es).
P. erectus. . .seminibus rufescentibus oblongis Browne Hist. Jam.
292 (Gala vane es or Red Peas). P. erectus. . .hilo nigro
notatis Browne loc. cit. (B lack -ey e d Pea). P. erectus...
Vigna
minibus oblonyis alliidis />'/•'///;,</• !••<•. cit. (C u c k o 1 d' >
Increase). Dolk-hos un-uiculatus L. Sj*. I'/. 7i'"» (1753):
Jacq. Hart. Vindob. i. t. 23; Mn-f. Jam, i. 287 (Cuckold'
Increase . D. .-iiu-nsis L. J ///-//<. ir. :>i'ij (1759): .Anvy. ,,y,.
f/7. ///. /. 71 : lint. M,,,,. t. L'2:'.:.'. D. s«'.s<iuipedalis L. Sp. I'l.
-•I. 2, 1019 (1763); Jacq. »p. cit. i t. 67; J/m/. Jam. i. 2
(Asparagus Beau). Phaseolus sphaerospermus />. N//. 7V.
ed. 2, 1018 (17<13). D. catiang L. M«,,t. 2G'.» (1767 D. sphae-
rospermus Dr. /Y,,,/r. //. 400 (1*25, : Mac/. Jaw. i. L
(Black -eyed Pea),
Cow Pea, China Pea.
Sloane Herb. iii. 80-83 ! Browne ; Macfadijen. — Tropical and subtro]/
regions of the whole world.
Stem, low and suberect (F. catiang) or tall and twining (!'. sincnsis),
,-labrous or nearly so. Leaflets very variable in size and form, 4-13 cm. 1.,
terminal broadly ovate to lanceolate, sometimes somewhat lobed at
base, lateral very unequal-sided, somewhat triangular ; stipules broadly
lanceolate, acuminate, 10-12 mm. 1., produced at the base into a linear-
lanceolate appendage, 4-7 mm. 1. ; stipels 3-4 mm. 1. Flowers 4-6,
crowded at the apex of a long stalk, subsessile. Calyx glabrous, usually
7-8 mm. L, segments lanceolate or deltoid, acuminate. Corolla greenish -
yellow and purplish, usually more than 2 cm. 1. Pods, usually 1 or 2 only
at the end of the long stalk, variable in length, 1-4' 5 dm. 1., -7-l CHI. br.
Seeds reddish-buff or white.]
1. V. repens Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL i 212 (1891) ; stipule
sessile ; inflorescence with a few flowers crowded close together
at the apex of the peduncle ; calyx 4-toothed ; corolla yellow :
pod subcylindrical, about 6 mm. br. — Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 311.
V. luteola Bentli. in Fl. Bras, xv.pt. 1, 194, /. 50, /. II. (18-VJ) :
Grixeb. Fl. Br. W. Ltd. 195. Dolichos maritimu> minor repen>
vvc. Bnm: tie If!*f. Jam. 293. D. repens L. >S//.s-/. cd. 10, 11 »'>."•
(1759), Amcen. v. 402, & % PL cd. 2, 1022. D. luteolus .!<«•<{.
Hort. Vindob. i. 39, t. 90 (1770). D. luteus Sio. Prodr. 105 (17
,v FL Ind. Ore. 1246; Marf. J,nn. i. 287. (Fi-. 21.) Specim.
from Jacquin Hurt. Vindob. in Herb. Mus. Brit. A sprcinn"
in Herb. Linn, has a ticket attached with Jact[iiin's name
•A ritten by himself.
Marshy places on the sea-shore; St. George, Browne; H "/•/«//</!
Broughtonl Sirartz ; Mocfadyenl Distinl near Annotto J Jay, St. Geor
McXtibl March I Rock Fort ; Ferry; Ca »i]>!<< 'II ! Kingston; Port M MM
Lucea ; II 1: ; near Kingston, Fawcctt\ Ferry: north coast; (ir.
Island; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6117, 6300, 818s, 'JJDO, lo.iM!).— P.enni;
southern U.S.A., Bahamas, tropical America.
St.'m trailing or twining, usually glabrous, occasionally pul"
Leaflets very variable in si/.e and form, broadly ovate to lain
lateral somewhat uusymnn'triral, 1-5-8 cm. 1., -(j-6-5 cm. br. ; stipules
ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, o-o-5 mm. L. -lipcU lanceolate,
•2~-2-5 mm. 1. ' \- i) nnii. 1., in the opening flower upper lobe v.
broad, rounded, entire or with two small in1 ,t apex; lateral
gular, acute; lower lanceoi huped. Standard sabemsa •, with
illi near the . ! ••"> cm. 1., 1'5-1'7 cm. br., auricle- .-niall; w;
I'
G8
FLORA OF JAMAICA
about as long as the standard, -7 cm. br., semicircular-elliptical, with an
auricle above the short claw ; keel a little shorter than the standard,
•6 cm. br., semicircular, apex rounded. Pod pubescent with adpressed
hairs or glabrate, about G cm. 1. Seeds about 10, black, -5 cm. 1.
I", vt'sillatfi A. Rich, is reported from Jamaica in Fawc. Fl. PI. Jam. 10,
but there is no specimen in the Jamaican Herbarium to confirm the entry,
Fig. 21. — Vigna repens Kuntze.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x ri- F, Upper portion of stamen x 5.
B, Standard X 1J. G, Upper portion of style with the stigma
< . Wing x 1J. X 5.
D, Keel x 1J. H, Pod cut open to expose seeds x S.
E, Stamens and pistil X 1-J-.
although it is quite likely that it may occur, as its distribution in the
West Indies is Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Vincent, Grenada, and
it is found in the tropics generally. It differs from V. repens in the
umbellate inflorescence, calyx 5-toothed, and the pod with longer straighter
beak. A specimen in Herb. Edinb. labelled " Phaseolus vexillatus—
•Jamaica," is V. repens.
2. V. peduneularis comb. nov. ; leaflets ovate to triangular-
ovate acuminate ; stipules sessile ; inflorescence a raceme with
the clusters of flowers somewhat distant on the rhachis near the
apex of the peduncle ; bracteoles shorter than the calyx ; calyx
4-toothed, lateral teeth triangular, not falcate ; corolla 2 cm. 1. ;
pod narrowly linear, nearly straight, to 5 mm. br. — P. peduneu-
laris H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. m. 447 (1824) ; BentJi. torn,
cit. 184.
Near Priestman's River, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5979. — Panama and tropical
S. America.
Viyna LEGUMIXOS.E 69
Stem twining, pubescent, at length glabrous. Leaflets 2-5 cm. 1.
Racemes 2-6 cm. 1., peduncles 1-2 dm. 1. and sometimes much longer ;
pedicels very short. Bracts and bracteoles oblong-elliptical, ribbed,
deciduous; bracts 1*5 mm. 1., braeteoles 3 mm. 1. Calyx 4 mm. 1. ; teeth
ciliate, upper tooth rounded, ernargiuate, lower teeth ovate, apex rounded
or obtuse. Corolla purple ; standard about 1'5'cm. 1., wings about 2 cm. 1.,
keel somewhat in the form of the letter S. Pod G-10 cm. 1. Seeds
brownish, about 2 mm. 1.
•">. V. antillana mml,. nov. • leaflets triangular to <> \ ate-
: stipules sessile; inflorescence a raceme with few clust>
of liowers distant on the rhachis near the apex of the peduncle :
bracteoles much shorter than the calyx; calyx 4-toothecl,
lateral teeth lanceolate-falcate; corolla 2-'2'~t em. 1 ; pod linear,
straightish, with thickened margins, to 5 mm. br.- Vi"iia
O ' o / O
unguiculata Griseb. in 3Iem. Ac ad. Amer. Sc. d Art. n. ser. viii.
178 (1860) & Cat. Cub. 76 (non Walp.). V. sinensis Rolfe in
K, w Hull. 1893, 247 (in part) (non Endl). Phaseolus antillanus
/',-/,. £//,»&. Ant. lu. 309 (1905) & vi. 103. P. unguiculatus Pi>r
in Torreya scii. 190 (1912).
C. V. Piper bases his name for the species on the supposed identity of
Linnseus's original specimen of Dolichos unguiculatus with the plant
described by Urban as Phaseolus antillanus, but there is no specimen so
named by Linnpeus in his Herbarium, nor from the evidence of his own
lists does it appear that there ever was one. Further there is no specimen
that agrees with Phaseolus antillanus Urb.
March (fide Urban). — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Martinique,
3 . Vincent.
Stem twining, with a length of over 20 ft., with few scattered hairs.
Leaflets, terminal triangular to ovate-oblong, acuminate, 5-7 cm. 1., lateral
very unequal-sided, obliquely ovate, base subtruncate, membranous, with
a few short hairs or subglabrous. Raceme about 1 dm. 1. ; peduncle
1-3 dm. 1. ; pedicels 1-2 mm. 1., in fr. to 4 mm. 1. Bracts minute, roundish,
1 mm. 1. Bracteolcs elliptical, ribbed, about 3 mm. 1. Calyx : tube cam-
panulate, about 4 mm. 1. ; upper tooth short, truncate or scarcely einar-
ate, lateral a little shorter than the tube, lower triangular, slightly
shorter than the lateral. Corolla apparently purplish ; standard broadly
ovate, not or scarcely emarginate, about 2 cm. 1., and 1'7 cm. br. below ;
wings l'8-2'5 cm. 1. ; keel at -J of its length, 5-7 mm. br. and then bent
at right angles, above narrowing and forming a tube at the apux.
8-1 :-j cm. 1. Seeds brown with black markings, about 4 mm. 1.
[PACHYRRHIZUS DC.
Twining' herbs. Leaves piimately -Vfoliolate. Floweix lilue,
elustered-racemose. Calyx 4-lobed, lobes sube<iual, upper emai •-
ginale. Standard roiindish-obovate, aurided at the base.
Up|ierino^t staiiu.'ii free, the rest united. Style eompre-sod abo\.-
and hairy ; >ti'jina -uli-'lolio-e on the inner face. Pod compressed,
transverselv iinpr«-s-cd outside and with tissue inside between
the ^.'cds.
Species 3, of which two are widely disper-ed in the tropics oi
0 FLORA OF JAMAICA Padiyrrhi:
America and A^i.-i, indigenous, or cultivated on account <»f
edible, tuberous root.
P. tuberosus Spreng. ,s>/. iv. Car. P<*f. i'sl (1827); Km:
'//. 1889, 17; Olio, in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1843; Jam. Bull.
44. Phaseolus radice tuberosa &c. Plum. Cat. 8 A: 7V.
. (Burnt.) t. '220. Dolichos tuberosus Lam. Encyc. ii. 296
(1786): M,i,-f. Jon,, /. 285; Descourt. Fl. Ant. /•///. 127, t. 554.
Y a m Bean.
Cultivated, and possibly native, in Jamaica, some other W. Indian
Islands, and tropical S. America ; probably native in S. America.
Sta)i 10-20 ft. with a large tuberous root. Leaflets, 10-17 cm. 1. and
br., terminal rhomboid, shortly acuminate, lateral very unsymmetrical,
somewhat triangular, mostly entire. Inflorescence, clusters of 2 or 3
flowers, more or less crowded along the upper part of the long stalk.
Calyx about 1 cm. 1. Corolla white, 1'5 to nearly 2 cm. 1. ; 2 calli at
base ; auricles turned up on the standard and the inner edge folded out-
wards ; claw short ; wings as long as the standard, the auricle with an
awl-shaped or tail-like projection ; keel a little longer than the wings,
auricle very small, tooth-like, a pocket-like fold on the outside near the
auricle. Pod 2 dm. 1., about 2 cm. br., 6-8-seeded, with reddish hairs;
beak 3 cm. 1., sharply triangular. Seeds 1-3 cm. 1., 1 cm. br., generally red.
The tuberous roots afford a plentiful supply of wholesome food ; the
produce of three plants is usually a bushel ; the young pods are used like
French Beans. For further information see Macfadyen and Jamaica
Bulletin (loc. cit.).
P. erosus Urb. (P. angulatus L. C. Rich.) is also cultivated in some of
the W. Indian Islands (though not in Jamaica) as well as in the tropics
of the Old World. It differs in the leaflets with angular lobes, the flowers
violet-coloured, and the pods about half the length of those of P. tuberosus.'}
[DOLICHOS L.
Shrubby twining herbs with the habit of Phaseolus. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate. Flowers clustered at node-like thickenings
along the rhachis of a raceme ; peduncle long, bearing a leaf.
Calyx campanulate, shortly 4-lobed. Standard transversely
elliptical, with a large 4-lobed callus extending from the middle
to the base, forming a small auricle on each side ; keel curved
at a right angle. Uppermost stamen free, the rest united ;
anthers uniform. Style flattened upwards, narrowed at the base,
hairy along the upper edge below the terminal stigma. Pod
compressed, oblong, slightly recurved, beaked, 2-4-seeded, with
some tissue between the seeds.
Species about 30, natives of the tropics.
D. lablab L. % PL 725 (1753); Bentli. In Fl. Bras. xv.
pi. 1, 197, t. 51, /. II. ; Gnseb. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 196. Phaseolus
maximus perennis floribus &c. Sloane Cat. 67, 68 tfc Hist. i. 177,
t. 113. Lablab vulgaris Savi Diss. 19, t. 19, /. 8 (1821); Macf.
Jam. i. 290; Urb. Sijmb. Ant. iv. 312. Type in Herb. Linn.
Doliclios LEi.lUMINOS^E 71
BonavistBean, L;i blab Bean.
Sloane Herb. iii. 65! Miu-f,i<lij, n ,- llopcwell wood, St. Mary, McXabl
Prior; } Resource, Blue Mts., J. P. 1254 Hart ! also Harris \ Hope grounds,
Harris ! Fl. Jain. 5094, 10,801 ; Port Antonio, Hitchcock. — Widely cultivated,
and often naturalized, in the tropics ; native country probably tropical
Africa.
A wide-climbing perennial. Liujlcts ovate-deltoid, lateral somewhat
unsyrninetrical, generally 7-12 cm. \. liacan,^ lax, 8-Hl on. 1., at the
top of a strong stalk. Bracteoles 4 mm. 1., broadly elliptical, deciduous.
G-8 mm. 1., densely hairy on margin between the lobes. Corolla
white, purple, or violet; standard nearly 1'5 cm. 1., breadth exceeding
1'5 cm. ; wings somewhat triangular, with an auricle above the long claw,
long as the standard. Pod rough with warty projections along the
margins (at any rate in the younger pods), 4-8 cm. 1., 1-8-2 cm. br. S.
white, wrhitish-red, dark purple, or black.
" Planted for food as well as ornament" (Sloane). "The bean is very
coarse, scarcely ever cultivated, and seldom made use of, except in times
of scarcity" (Macfadyen).]
§ 9. Herbs or shrubs, erect or twining. Leaves pinnately
3-foliolate or subdigitately 1-3-foliolate ; leaflets with
glandular dots beneath, without stipels. Flowers in
racemes. Uppermost stamen free. Pod 2-valved.
[CAJANUS DC.
An erect undershrub. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets
with minute resinous dots underneath. Racemes axillary. Calyx :
upper 2 lobes united higher up than the rest. Standard roundish,
auricled at the base. Uppermost stamen free, the rest united.
Style thicker above the middle ; stigma terminal, oblique. Pod
compressed, marked outside with oblique depressed lines between
the seeds, with indications inside of partitions.
Species 1, widely cultivated throughout the tropics, probably
a native of the Old World.
C. cajan JliU*^. !n FicJtl Culnmb. Mas. Bot. Ser. //'. •">•"> (liJOO).
C. indicus tija-mt/. Si/st. Hi. '2 48 (1826) ; Bcutli. in Fl. Jim*.
pt. 1, 199 ; Grisel. Fl. Br. W. Intl. 191 ; Urb. N//«/fc. -I"/- ««• 306.
C. bicolor DC. Cat. Hort. J/i,//*/,. fc?.-> (1813) ,t Piv«//-. it. IOC. ;
JJnt. !!(></. IS!."), t. 31 ; Marf. Jam. i. 296. C. flavus I>( . <',,t.
Hort. Monsp. 86 (1813) ^ Prodr. ii. 406 ; Ma,-f. loc. rit. rha<r-
olus erectus incanus &c. Pink. /'/////. /. :M.">, /'. •">. Laburnum
humilius ifcc. Sloain: Cat. I-!'.' cV ///V/. //..'» I. Cytisus f ruticosus
erectile i-ainosns ^c. Hrmrtic, Hist. Jam. L)(.'»i. C\'t i^u-; iV«-. /.. F/.
Zeyl. 279. C. cajan L. Sy. PI. 7:i'.i (1753) : Tussac Fl. Ant. ir.
t. 3-. C. pseudo-ca j;i n Joi-i/. Hort. Vin<I»l>. ii. f. Ill*: \\'ri<//it
Mr,,i. L".I:;. Type in Jln-h. Hermann in JL-i-l). 3Lus. !5rit.
<lungo Pea, Pigeon Pea, No Eye Piia.
Jlarliam in Herb. Sloane clxxxiv. 7! Sloanc Herb. vi. 1! \\~ri(jht\
Purdicl Clordon Town, nail ! Mavis iJank.
L
72 ILnRA OF .JAMAICA Cajanus
Catnpbcll\ Roberts field and Resource, nine Mi-., Jlnrrisl Fl. Jam. 61G3-7,
G603 ; Port Antonio, Lucea, JfitcJicock. — Tropical and subtropical regions.
• •lib 4 to 10 or 12 ft. high, with woody trunks and branches. Lcajli-t^
narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, 4-9 cm. 1. Floin r.s nearly 2 cm. 1.
Calys about 1 cm. 1., lowest lobe longer than the rest. Corolla yellow or
yellow and orange; standard about 1*7 cm. 1. and br., callus running up
from the claw and branching, the outer semicircular passing into the
auricle; wings somewhat semicircular, auricled at each side of the base,
with a slender claw, as long as the standard ; keel somewhat semicircular,
with an infolded pocket near the base, about as long as the wings. Pod
usually 5-seeded, 5-8 cm. 1. The " No Eye Pea " has a corolla of a
uniform yellow colour, whereas the"Gungo" or "Pigeon Pea " has the
yellow corolla blotched with orange or red, and the calyx, pods and seeds
are also marked with purple blotches or spots.]
22. RHYNCHOSIA Lour.
Herbs or undershrubs with minute yellow glands, twining in
Jamaican species. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; leaflets with
resinous dots underneath. Flowers solitary or geminate in
racemes, simple or paniculate. Calyx : upper 2 lobes more or
less united. Standard obovate or roundish, auricled at base.
Uppermost stamen free, the rest united. Stigma small, terminal.
Pod compressed, shortly beaked. Seeds 2 or 1.
Species 100, natives of the tropics, some outside the tropics
in N. America and S. Africa.
Pods not constricted between the seeds.
Calyx about as long as the corolla 1. R. retieulata.
Calyx much shorter than the corolla.
Flowers about 6 mm. 1. Pod minutely puberulous 2. B. minima.
Flowers about 12 rnni. 1. Pod hirsute 3. R. caribtea.
Pods constricted between the seeds 4. li. pliaseoloidcs.
1. R. retieulata DC. Prodr. ii. 385 (1825); calyx slightly
longer than the corolla, segments narrowly lanceolate-acuminate,
much longer than the short tube ; the upper two united beyond
the middle ; lateral shorter, lower longest ; pod oblong, slightly
narrowed at both ends ; leaflets with yellow dots beneath. — Macf.
Jam. i. 277 ; Bentli. in Fl, Bras. xv. pt. 1, 203 ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 190; Urb. Si/mb. Ant. iv. 307. Glycine retieulata Siv.
Prodr. 105 (1788) & FL Ind. Occ. 1251.
Houstoun ! Shakspcarl Macfadyen ! Cambridge Hill, St. David, McNab !
St. Cruz Mts., Purdiel Wilson I Mavis Bank, J.P. 1338, Hart I Roberts-
field, Morris ! — Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz,
St. Jan, St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe,
St. Vincent, S. America.
Stem, younger angled, tomentose or villose. Leaflets variable in shape
and size, ovate to lanceolate or elliptical-rhomboid, softly tomeutose on
both sides and prominently reticulate-veined beneath, 2-9 cm. 1. Racemes
many-flowered, 1-8 cm. 1. Calyx ' 7-1 '1 cm. 1., tomentose or villose
outside. Corolla yellow ; standard obovate-elliptical, with auricles
infolded at the base, '6 to nearly 1 cm. 1. ; claw linear- wedge-shaped,
Rliyncliosia
LEGUMINOSJE
1-2-2 mm. 1. ; wings oblong with a sharp pointed auricle at the base,
much shorter than the keel, claw slender, 1-5-2 mm. 1. ; keel oblong-
elliptical, truncate fit ba-e, as long as the standard. 1'od minutely tomen-
tose, about 2 cm. 1., 7-(J mm. br. Seeds roundish-kidney-shaped, dark
brown with black spots, 4-5 mm. in diam.
-. R. minima DC. Proilr. !!. oS.j (1825) ; calyx about one-
half to two-thirds as long as the corolla, segments longer than
the tube, upper 2 lanceolate, lateral similar but broader and
shorter, lower longest, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate ; pod
oblong, narrowed towards the base, slightly curved : leaflets with
A, Leaves, inflorescence, and pods x ;-;.
!i. «'alyx X ."..
< . Standard x 5.
Fig. 22. — lihyncosia mininui DC.
D, Pistil X 5.
E, Pod, one valve with seeds, x -.
brownish dots beneath, sometimes also on the upper surface. -
Maef. Jam. i. 276; Bentlt. torn. cit. 204, t. 54, /. //. ; <in*cl>. he.
dt. : Urb. loc. cit. Phaseolus minimus fa^tidus &c. ,S'/^/,/, (,'"/.
71 A: Hist. i. 1S2, t. 11."), /'. 1. Dolichos miiiinuis, floril»us lutcis
L. Sort. Clijj. 360, /. 21. D. minimus L. SJL PL 726(175:}).
Dolicholus minimus M<'<llc. in Vorlrx. Cltur^f. Plu/x. Get. it. 3
(1787). (Fi- 22.)
Town Savanna, St. Jago de la Vega, £/"<//;•' Herb. iii. 79! Lan> in
Herb. Sloane clxii. 78! Honstounl /irounhton ! Mtii-fuJiten ! J);*ti)il
McNabl Parniil\ March ! I In no grounds ; King's House grounds ; near
Lititz; Bellevuc, near Spanish Town; Hope: //</,•/•?.<?! Watson Hill,
F,ni'Cett\ Fl. Jam. f.soi, G95s, 7247, 8396, ll.!>13, 11,980.— Tropical and
subtropical regions.
FI.OKA OF JAMAICA /,'/,///,
angled. imlxTulous or glabrescent. I^'athis small, ovate-rhom-
boid, puberulous, rarely toxnentose, 1 • 5-2 • 5 (] :i) cm. 1. distant,
low. Calyx 3'3-4-5 mm. 1. St<ui<i<n-<i' ;ihout •('> cm. ]., veined with
i or purple, ohovate \vith auricles ut base slightly inllexed, claw wcdge-
-hajK'd. nbout I'M nun. 1.; wings shorter than tho keel (claw 1'5 mm. I.),
i fowly oblong, truncate at base; keel oblong-elliptical, rounded
apex, truncate-wedge-shaped at base, about as long as the standard and
twice as broad as the wings, claw about 2 mm. 1. .l'<><! minutely puberulous.
• 'ded, 1- :•>-!• 7 cm. 1., '4-'5 cm. br. Seeds ellipsoidal, slightly indented
on one side, black, 2 '5-3 mm. in diam.
'5. R. earibsea DC. Prodr. ii. 384 ; calyx about one-third to
one-half as long as the corolla, upper 2 segments triangular,
.elite, lateral ovate, acuminate, a little longer than the upper,
lower segment lanceolate from a broad base, aristate, longer than
the lateral ; standard obcordate : ^ ings with claw-like auricle ;
pod hirsute; leaflets with yellow glandular dots beneath. — J/m;/'.
Jam. i. 27?). Glycine caribsea Jacq. Collect, i. 66 (1786) A: !<•.
PL Ear. t. 146 ', Bot. Beg. 1. 275.
There is in Herb. Mus. Brit, a description of this species
from a garden plant by Solander (MSS. xv. 239), and also a
-{eciinen labelled " Hort. Kew. 1779." Jacquin's description is
«">f a plant raised from seed brought by him " ex insulis
Caribaeis," and presumably the figure in Ic. PL Rar. is of the
same plant. The Bot. Reg. states " the plant from which the
drawing has been taken was raised from Jamaican seed."
Macfadyen gives as its habitat, " on fences, neighbourhood of
Bath." We have not seen a specimen collected in Jamaica.
Stem pubescent or glabrate. Leaflets small, rhomboid, acute or acu-
minate, puberulous with scattered hairs on the upper surface, puberulous
on the nerves and veins beneath, l'5-3 cm. 1. Flowers "about half an
inch long, deep yellow" (Bot. Keg. t. 275). Standard with purplish
streaks, auriculate ; keel purplish at the apex. Pod 2 -5-3 cm, 1. ^scimitar-
shaped, with glandular dots.
4. R. phaseoloides DC. Prodr. ii. 385 (1825) ; calyx about
one -third to one-half as long as the corolla, segments about as
long as the tube, upper and lateral triangular, lower awl-shaped ;
pod constricted between the seeds, about 1 cm. br. ; leaflets with
orange-yellow dots beneath. — Mac/. Jain. i. 276 ; Benth. loc. cit.
t. 54, /. i. ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Urb. loc. cit. Glycine sylvestre
scandens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 298. G. phaseoloides Sw. Prodr.
105 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1248.
Decoy, St. Mary, Broivne ; Wriglit \ Masson \ Swartz \ Bancroft I
Macfadyen ! St. Mary, McNab \ Purdiel Wilson \ Moneague, Priori
J.P. 872, Morris ! Chester Vale, 3000 ft. ; Knapdale, near Browns Town,
1000 ft. ; Mt. Diabolo ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5636, 5875,
7093, 8494, 8775.— West Indies, Central and South America.
Stem trailing, sometimes growing to a length of 18 ft., subterete,
tomentose-puberulous or glabrescent. Leaflets broadly ovate to rhomboid,
acuminate, glabrous on upper surface, puberulous or minutely tomentose
llliynclwsia LE< ; I ' M INGS J-: , .">
beneath, 3-S(-12) cm. 1. /,Vo'»/r.s with many brownish-yellow ilowers,
5-15 cm. L, sometimes branching. Culns birtellous, 3-4 mm. 1., lower
segment 4 mm. 1. Standard somewhat obovate-roundish, with purplish
veins, puberulous outside, and often with minute glandular dots, with
minute slightly inflexed au at the base, '8-1 cm. 1. (incl. claw, wedge-
shaped, 1-6 mm. 1.) : wing oblong, shorter than the standard, with a
triangular acute auricle (claw 2 mm. 1.) ; keel subfalcate, almost semi-
t'lliptical, about equal to the wings, and twice as broad (claw 2 '4 mm. 1.).
Pod puberulous, especially 011 the edges, at length glabrate, 2-seeded,
2-2*5 cm. L, or sometimes 1-seeded, 1*5 cm. 1. Seeds ellipsoidal, black,
scarlet only round the hiluin, or extending over half or the greater part of
the surface, about 6 mm. in diam., somewhat like those of Abnts JD-*
tori/ix, and the plant is therefore sometimes (though wrongly) called
11 NYild Liquorice."
[FLEMINGIA Roxb.
Erect undershrubs or shrubs, in species occurring in the
"\Vest Indies. Leaves digitately 1-3-foliolate : leaflets with
prominent veins and glandular dots beneath. Inflorescence
various; in F. #t>-olilif<'r<(, flowers in small cymes, each cyme
hidden by a large folded persistent bract closely and distichously
arranged in axillary racemes; in jP. xti-ieta, flowers in dense
subspicate axillary racemes, the bracts linear or lanceolate,
caducous. Calyx-tube short ; segments narrow, acuminate, the
lowest often the longest. Standard auricled at base. Upper-
most stamen free, the rest united. Stigma small, terminal.
Ovules '2. Pod short, swollen.
Species about 22, natives of tropical Asia, Africa, and
Australia.
Leaves 1-foliolate F. strobilifeni.
Leaves 3-foliolate F. stricta.
1. F. strobilifera E. Br. in Ait. Sort. Km-. e<l. 2. //-. :>50
(1812): leaves 1-foliolate; bracts, persistent, and broadly
cordate.- Wi</ltt Ic. t. 267; Grisel. Fl. Br. W. In<L I'll : B«L
in Hook. f. FL Br. Lid. ii. 227. Hedysarum foliis .simplicihus
foliolis etc. L. Fl. Zeyl. 134, t. 3. H. strobiliferum L. Sp. PL
746 (1753). Moghania strobilifera St. HiL in Drxr. .l<>u,-n. Bot.
i. 61 (1813). Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Wild Hops.
Koadsides, a weed in pastures; Hopewell, St. Mary' j/.-A"r//' ! St. Mary,
Purdii.'\ Marchl J.P. 870, Morris ! Dover Ci L800 it,, I
Grounds; Grove, near Hope; Stony Hill, 1000 ft.; Harris \ I'l. Jain.
6974, 10,070, 11,770; Bog VValk, Hitchcock; IV.rt Antonio, Rothrocl;.-
East Indies, introduced in West Indies and ^Mauritius.
Shrub to 5 ft. and more. Leaven elliptical, narrowing to the apex,
•5-2 dm. L; petiole 1-2 cm. 1. Injhn-f^ > -m-e 5-15 cm. 1. Braetx broader
than long, 1'2-2'S cm. 1. Calyx 5-6 mm. 1., pubescent. Standtinl
6-5 mm. 1. ; wings 5 mm. 1. ; keel not extending beyond the standard, but
curved upwards. l'<>d about 1 cm. 1.
7b FLORA OF JAMAICA Fleming™
-. F. stricta ll<>.'i>. < .<• /.'. 7>V. in Ait. J[<>rf. K<ic. <d. L\ iv
< L812) : I?<>.<7,. Cbrow. PL Hi -11, /. 248 (1819); leaves di-i
.".-f.ilinl.-ite ; bracts linear or lanceolate, caducous.-- \\'i</ltt Ic. t.
-•'.L'!); Bale. torn. cit. 228.
Punlic\ J.P. 722, Jenman\ near Browns Town, Harris \ Fl. Jam. 7^
Shrub with woody 3-angled branches. Leaflets lanceolate, oblong, or
narrowly elliptical, acuminate, 1-3 dm. 1. ; petiole 3-angled, -5-1 '5 dm. 1. ;
stipules large, lanceolate, scarious, deciduous, 7-9 cm. 1. Inflorescence
- 5-1 • 5 dm. 1. Bracts 1 • 5-2 cm. 1. Calyx (iucl. shorter segments) about
5 mm. 1., with lower segment 9 mm. 1., silky. Standard 9 mm. 1. ; wings
7 mm. 1. ; keel about as long as the standard. Pod about 1*3 cm. 1.]
§ 10. Trees, or shrubs with trailing or twining branches.
Leaves irnparipinnate with several leaflets, sometimes only
3 or 1 ; leaflets without stipels (except rarely in Lonclto-
carpus and Andira). Flowers in axillary panicles or racemes,
panicles terminal or subterminal in Andira. Stamens 10,
all united into a sheath, split on the upper side or on both
upper and lower sides, or the upper stamen more or less
free, or wanting. Pod not splitting open, membranous,
leathery, woody or drupaceous.
23. DALBERGIA Linn. f.
Trees, or shrubs with twining or trailing branches. Leaves
alternate, with one leaflet or 3-5 (2) leaflets, imparipinnate ;
eaflets alternate. Flowers in axillary panicles. Calyx with
•") unequal segments, the two upper broader, the lowest longer.
Standard obovate or roundish. Stamens, all united into a sheath
split on the upper side, or the upper stamen free or wanting, or
the sheath is split also on the lower side ; anthers small, didymous,
the cells opening by a chink at the apex. Ovary stalked ; stigma
small, terminal ; ovules 2 or few. Pod not splitting open, oblong
or roundish, flat, thin, with 1-4 seeds.
Species 80, growing in the tropics in America, Africa, and
Asia, of which two are also found in Australia.
Leaflets one.
Leaflets glabrous. Pod oblong, 3-4-seeded .......... 1. D. Broicnci.
Leaflets puberulous beneath. Pod roundish, 1-
seeded ........ .............................................. 2. D. Ecastaphyllum.
Leaflets 3-5 ....................................................... 3. D. monetaria.
1. D. Brownei Url. Stjmb. Ant. iv. 295 (in Obs.) (1905);
leaflets solitary, ovate-elliptical, subcordate or emarginate at base,
glabrous ; stalk of ovary shorter than the calyx ; pod oblong or
linear, 3-4-seeded, or sometimes 1-seeded. — D. Amerimnum-BeM/A.
in Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 36 (1860); Griseb. FL Bi:
W. Ind. 202. Aruerimnoii fruticosum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 288,
Dalbergia
LEGUMINOSJE
77
/. 31, f. 3. A. Brownei J<u-q. Emnn. PL Car'J,. '27 (1760), &•/.
Stirp. Amer. 199 & Ed. pict. 97, /. 263, /. 86; Sic. Prodr. 104 &
Fl. Lid. Occ. lL>34 : Marf. Jam. i :JOO. (Fig. 23.)
l'>rownc\ Brouqhton\ Shakspcarl l[acf<idij<'H\ Difttinl C liming \ Wilson\
Wullschlaegel ; March I Hope, J.P. 1004, .Morris I between Bath arid Port
Morant, Fawcctt & Harris ! Rock Fort, Campbell \ Port Morant, Lucea,
Hitchcock; near Port Antonio, MacDougall Greenland, Mr*. Britton,
2900 ! — Florida Keys, Cuba, Hispaniola, central and northern S. America.
A shrubby tree, 7-10 ft. high, with branches sometimes twining. Leaflets,
4-7 cm. 1. Flowers numerous, white, fragrant ; panicles contracted, short,
somewhat corymbose. Calyx 4-5 mm. 1., sparingly pubescent-tornentose
Fig. 23. — Dallerjia Brownei Urb.
A, Portion of flowering branch x
B, Calyx x 3.
C, Standard X 5.
- .
D, Stamens X 5.
E, F, Pods x I.
G, Pod of D. Ecastaphyttum Taul>. x :..
or glabrate,2 upper segments obtuse, lateral triangular, shorter than uj
and lower, lower longest, lanceolate, appearing to be awl-shaped from the
margins rolled inwards. Standard obcordate-obovate nearly 1 cm. 1. ;
wings oblong, nearly as long as the standard; keel-petals united at obtuse
apex, much shorter than the wings, 5'5 mm. 1. Stanim* 10, sheath split
above or below, or both, uppermost stamens more or le- 1 some-
times 1-seeded, l'3-2 cm. 1., sometimes S-4-seeded, 3*5-5 cm. 1., about
1 cm. br.
2. D. Ecastaphyllum T«nl>. in Emjl.-Prnnll Pflzfnm. l'ii.
l>t. 3, 335 ( l^'.i I Mas ecastophyllum) ; leaflets solitarv, elliptical,
shortly acuminate, puberulous bencalli, densely so in youiiic
leatie.ts ; stalk of ovary longer than the calyx : }><><! oblique,
roundish, puberulous, l-.seedc-l. -Urb. tout. <-it. -j g D,
rUUlA UK .lAMAIi A Da11><r<jni
l>hnlluin). I-A-a-Uaphylliun friitrscciis A.T. 11,-innir lli^t. J,IIH.
/. .'Jl', /'. 1. Heilysarmn lv-astaj>liyllum L. N//.-7. cd. 10,
(ITT)'.!). Pterocarpus ecastaphyllum L. Si/xt. nl. 13 (Murrfii/), 533
(1774); Berg. /// TV/. Handl Stockh. 1769, lit), /. 4; ,SV. <%*.
/;../. L'75. Ecastaphyllum Brownei Prr*. &//,/. //'. L'77 (1807);
Macf. Joe. fit.; 6rmr/>. A/r. < •//. (as Hecastophyllum) ', JJi-nfh. in
font. fit. -"'U tY /'// .F7. lira*, hmt. fit. 228. Type in Herb. Linn.
Brown* \ Wrujlit\ Distinl Cumingl McNabl sea coast, near Turtle
Crawl, Portland, Pur die ! March; Dover, Mctcalfe ! Port Antonio, if^r A -
cocfe; also J [arris I Fl. Jam. 5997. — Florida, West Indies, Central and
S. America, western tropical Africa.
ShriLb or shrubby tree, 10 ft. high. Leaflets 4-11 cm. 1. Flow*-r*
numerous, white, fragrant. Calyx 3-3 '5 mm. L, tomentose ; segments
subequal, 2 upper broad, obtuse, lateral and lower triangular, lower slightly
longer than the lateral. Standard round, sometimes writh retuse apex,
7 mm. 1. ; wings somewhat elliptical, longer than the standard ; keel-petals
united at the back, apex obtuse, base auriculate, 6 mm. 1. Stamens 10,
sheath split above and below. Pod 2-3 cm. 1. ; stalk 3 mm. 1.
3. D. monetaria Linn. f. Suppl. 317 (1781); leaflets 3-5,
sometimes 2, elliptical to roundish-elliptical, shortly acuminate,
glabrous ; stalk of ovary longer than the calyx ; pod oval-roundish,
1-seeded. — Urb. torn. cit. 295. Ecastaphyllum Richardi var.
monetaria Pers. Syn. ii. 277 (1807). E. monetaria DC. Prodr.
ii. 421 (1825); Griseb. loc. cit. (under Hecastophyllum), Bentlt.
loc. cit. & in Fl. Bras. loc. cit. t. 63, 64 (excl. flowering spec.).
Type in Herb. Linn.
Munis ! Castleton, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,080. — AVest Indies, S. America.
Shrub or tree or with woody stems, climbing widely by means of
twining branches. Leaflets 5-13 cm. 1. Flowers white or yellowish-white ;
panicles contracted, short, somewhat corymbose. Calyx about 3 mm. L,
sparsely puberulous, segments subequal, bluntly triangular, 2 upper broader.
Corolla : petals of nearly equal length, about 6 mm. 1. ; standard round,
obcordate, claw as long as the blade ; wings elliptical, auriculate, long-
clawed ; keel-petals united near the apex, somewhat elliptical, auriculate,
long-clawed, slightly shorter than the wings. Stamens 9, in two bundles
of 4 and 5, and 1 of the five more or less free. Pod glabrous, 2 '5-3 • 5 cm. 1. ;
stalk 5-6 mm. 1.
24. PTEROCARPUS Jacq.
Trees. Leaves imparipinnate : leaflets alternate or irregularly
opposite. Flowers yellow, usually in panicles. Calyx unequally
5-toothed, top-shaped. Standard roundish ; wings obliquely
obovate, keel-petals shortly connected. All the stamens united
into a sheath split above or above and below ; anthers versatile.
Stigma small, terminal. Pod roundish, compressed, not opening,
the style lateral, 1 or 2 seeds in the middle, more or less thickened
or hardened, attenuated all round the edge.
Species 20, natives of the tropics in America, Africa and
Asia.
Pterocarpus
LKcr.MLNoS.K
TO
P. offlcinalis Jncq. Sel Stirj>. Amer. 283, /. 183, f. 92 (176:5)
A: E<L 2>!ct. /. 2<U, /'. 91 ; Urb. Si/mb. Ant. h\ 296.— P. draco
L. Sp. PL ed. '2, 1GH2 (17«;:5) (with reference to Jacq. only) ;
Jb'ig. 24. — Pterocariiii* <>/n-i,iiilix .I.-H-IJ.
\ Leaf and inflorescence x .'.. E, Keel-petals, the upper unfolded, x i.
B, Calyx x 3. F, Stamens and pistil X 4.
(', Standard X 4. G, Pod x
I), Wing X 4.
Hi , till, in Pi-or. L'tini. S<>c. /v. Xii)>]>I. 77 : Gi'ittt'b. Fl. />'/•. IT. ///^/.
201 ; TT//X. /</ /i'7/oy/s Geolotf. ./>/,, t. i'77. .Moutouchi .siil>ri
^w6Z. PZ. G«/»n/. it. 718, /. 2'jy (177.")). (Fi-. 2k)
Manchioneal, ll'i/sow! — Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, I 'ominicu, St. Lucia,
St. Vincent, TrinicUul, cm(r;il America, northrni S. - \incrir;i.
A glabrous tree, 2o- :•>() ft. high. Leajlet* ;"» '.'. oblong-elliptical
elliptical, shortly acuminate,sliiiiing, -5-1 '5 dm. 1. I'tuiic/,-.^ Lax,* 5 1 '•"> dm. I.
Calyx 5-6 mm. 1. Standard narrowed at tin- l>;i:-«- intu the long cla\\,
1'1-1'3 cm. 1. ; uin Tly as long; keel shorter than the wings. ( '
-Uilked. Pod shortly stalked, very oUicjue, veiny, ai cm. in diarn.
80 FLORA OK JAMAICA Pt&rocarpu&
I.inn;eus (loc. cit.} gives no diagnosis, he merely refers to his Mat.
Mod. b±l and Jacq. Hist. 283, t. 183, f. !>± J'ti-rocm^ms of the Mat. Mod
based on Hermann's Fl. Zeyl. 417, of which there are two specimens in
Hermann's Herb., both of which, as Trimen pointed out, are Drrris
uliiiiit >s,i, an Old World species; Jacquin's name applies to the American
specie^, and also has priority over P. Draco L.
25. LONCHOCARPUS H. B. & K.
Trees, or high trailing shrub (L. patens). Leaves alternate,
imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite. Flowers in racemes ; pedicels
generally 2 -flowered, sometimes 2 pedicels together. Calyx
truncate ; teeth 5, very short or obsolete. Standard roundish.
Uppermost stamen free only just at the base, united above
the base with the rest into a closed tube ; anthers versatile.
Stigma small, terminal. Pod flat, not opening, not winged,
with 1-4 seeds.
Species 60, natives of tropical America and Africa, one
Australian.
Pedicels longer than the flowers, spreading. Pod
reticulate 1. L. patens.
Pedicels not longer than the flowers. Pod smooth.
Flowers less than 1 cm. 1. Calyx 2-2-5 mm. 1. Pod
thin, parchment-like 2. L. latifolius.
Flowers more than 1 cm. 1. Pod woody.
Leaflets puberulous beneath. Calyx 3-4 mm. 1.
Corolla about 1-2 cm. 1 3. L. sericeus.
Leaflets glabrous. Calyx 5-6 mm. 1. Corolla about
1-5 cm. 1 4. L, doming ensis.
1. L. patens Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 367 (1908) ; leaflets glabrous,
nerves beneath flat ; pedicels spreading, generally longer than
the flowers ; calyx : teeth wanting, about '4 cm. 1. ; corolla
about 1 * 2 cm. 1. ; pod thin-parchmenty, reticulate, glabrescent,
somewhat dilated and flat along the upper margin.
In fl. June, in fr. Nov. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Mulgrave, St. Elizabeth,
1300 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8739, 9065, 12,379.
Straggling trailing shrub, growing to a length of 30 ft. Leaflets in 2-4
pairs, ovate-elliptical, elliptical or oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate,
rounded at the base, papery when dry, 4-9 cm. 1. Inflorescence glabrous,
lax-flowered, about as long as the leaves. Bract eoles close to the calyx,
roundish or ovate-roundish, 1 mm. 1. Calyx very sparingly puberulous,
more so at the margin. Corolla dark rose-colour ; standard roundish,
apex deeply emarginate, base auriculate, silvery-silky on the outside, with
shallow infolded auricles, 1 • 2-1 • 5 cm. 1. ; wings oblong-elliptical, with hairs
along a median line and at the apex, long- clawed, 1-2-1-3 cm. 1. ; keel-
petals oblong-elliptical, cuneate at the base, silvery-silky on the outside,
long-clawed, as long as the wings. Pod irregular in outline due to the
cessation of growth except around the seeds, beaked with the more or less
persistent style, 1-3-seeded, 6-9 cm. 1., nearly 2 cm. br. Seeds purplish-
black, kidney-shaped, about 1 • 3 cm. 1.
Lonclioc(irA
LEGU.MIXO-
81
i'. L. latifolius If.li. <(• K. XOL: Gen. <f- >>. w. 383 (in n«,-
(1824) : 7>r. IV,-,/,-. //. L'I;O (1825) : Irulicts minutely pubtTiil..u-
beneath, nerves prominent beneath ; calyx 5-toothed, 2 up;
teeth closer tn^-t her, 2-2 -5 ram. 1. ; c<>r«>ll;i .1-7 mm. 1. ; pod
thin-parchinenty, smooth, minutely pu'ierulous, not sensibly
Fig. ^D.—Lonchocarpits lati'f<.>li'n.< H. ]'.. A: K.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x '. E, Stamens enclosing the pistil, viewed
B, Flower X _. fi'"in nliovo. X _.
C, Wing from a larger flower X 2. 1'. Pod, with part of a valve removed t«>
D, Keel ditto x L'. ~ show a seed, >
thickened alon°: the margins. — Griseb. FI. /•'/-. W. ln<I. 1
O O
Benth. in Jonrn. Proc. Linn. Soc. ir. Suppl. (.'<.) : /"/•/-. >'//,///<. Ant.
ir. 297; Coo/,- ff- 6'c///»x /// Contrib. T.N. ^'/. //».-,/>. vt/t. 17-.
Amerimnum latifolium WlUd. Sp. PL ///. (.)0(J (1801 ( Fig. :
D o g w o o d (a name also given to Piscidia pisripula).
In 11. ^Liy-July ; in fr. Sept. ; Wrirjlit*. M<: /.i)ia*'i>/\ M
Wilson; Wullscldacgcl ; Prior; J.P. 695, Jenman ! Castleton Hill, 1000ft.,
Thompson'. - a-coast, Ferry Pen; near Lacovia : TV re: Wat>on's Hill,
1200ft.; Ipswich, St. Elizabeth; Han-i*\ l-'l. Jam. <
10,812, 11,7^1, 1'2,3GG. — West Indies, continental America from M.
Guiana.
Tr, >0 ft. hi-h. 7,. in :•! (2 ii E»irs, oblong to elliptical,
acuminate, cuneate to olituse at base, papery, jointed t<> the rhac
•5-2 dm. 1. IHJ' minutely puberulous ur .ulahrescmt, shm't^r t
the leaves, 7-12 cm. 1. / /c.s minute, huuvolate, -7 mm. 1. >
minutely puberulous. Corolla yellow, ros; -colour«
transversely elliptical, apex emarginate, auricles at base obsolete or want :
iv. .;
82 FLORA OF JAMAICA Lonchoo'fj
more or less silky on the outside, calli at the base small and only slightly
thickened, ,"• 7 mm. 1. (cxd. daw), 78 mm. br., daw 1 mm. 1. ; wi>
oblong-elliptical, slightly curved, glabrous, scarcely auriculate, lon,--
clawi-d, 1 5*5 mm. 1. (excl. claw) ; claw 2 mm. 1. ; keel-petals semicircular-
dliptical, -1;' "'-5 mm. 1. (excl. claw), claw 2-2*5 mm. 1. Pod not
or scarcely constricted between the seeds, style not persisting, 1-4-seeded,
1 cm. 1., about 2 cm. br. Seeds liver-coloured, kidney-shaped, Hat.
about 1-2 cm. 1., '7 cm. br.
The wood is hard, and is used for furniture in Porto Rico (Cook and
Collins).
3. L. serieeus H. B. t£- K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. vi. 383 (in note)
(1824) ; DC. Prodr. //. 260 (1825); leaflets on the lower surface
puberulous and with prominent nerves and veins ; calyx 3-4
rnm. L, teeth obsolete ; corolla about 1 • 2 cm. 1. — Bentlt. torn. cit. 88
(excl. vars.) ; Wilson in Reports Geoloij. Jam. Ill (? = L. domin-
gensis). Robinia sericea Poir. Encyc. vi. 226 (1804).
Castletoii Garden, J.P. 1099, Morris \ also Harris I Mulgrave, St.
Elizabeth, 1200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9153, 12,356.— Tropical America,
western tropical Africa.
Tree 20-100 ft. Leaflets in 3-5 pairs, elliptical, shortly and abruptly
acuminate, rounded and sometimes almost sub-cordate at the base,
leathery, upper surface shining, glabrous, 4-8 cm. 1. ; petioles and petiolules
puberulous. Inflorescence brownish-puberulous, nearly as long as the
leaves. Bracteoles close to the calyx, round, 1-1-3 mm. 1. Calyx
puberulous. Corolla violet-purple ; standard roundish, apex emarginate,
base auriculate, silvery-silky on the outside, with the lower margin
thickened and inflexed, decurrent into the claw, 1-2 crn. 1. ; wings oblong-
elliptical, with hairs along a median line and at apex, slightly curved,
long-clawed, 1'2 cm. 1. ; keel-petals oblong-curved, truncate at the base,
silvery-silky on the outside, long-clawed, as long as the wings. Pod
woody, smooth, brownish-tomentose, somewhat dilated and flat along the
upper margin, linear, the style persisting more or less as a curved beak,
1-5-seeded, 3-13 cm. L, 1-5 cm. br. Seeds purplish-black, oblong-kidney-
shaped, about 1-3 cm. 1.
4. L. doming'ensis DC. Prodr. ii. 259 (1825) ; leaflets glabrous
with prominulous nerves and veins beneath; calyx 5-6 mm. 1.,
teeth wanting, rarely obsolete ; corolla 1 '5-1 *7 cm. L — Urb. torn,
cit. 296. L. Turpinii H. B. & K. torn. cit. 385 (1824). L. serieeus
var. jamaicensis Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 200 (1860). L. serieeus
H. B. & K. var. glabrescens Benth. loc. cit. <fc in FL Bras. xv. pt. 1,
277 (in part). Dalbergia clomingensis Turp. ex Pers. Syn. ii.
276 (1807).
In fl. and fr. July; Wright ! Dr. Lindsay I Distinl in rocky places,
Manchester, Purdie ! road to Troy, 1200 ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 9491.-
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique.
Tree 40-50 ft. high. Leaflets in 3 pairs, elliptical, generally shortly
acuminate, 5-15 cm. 1. Racemes axillary, shorter than the leaves, tomen-
tellous or glabrous. Bracteoles small, roundish, 1-1-5 mm. 1. Flowers
pale rosy-violet ; pedicels usually shorter than the calyx, tomentellous.
Calyx strigillose. Corolla pale violet-rose ; standard roundish-elliptical,
apex deeply emarginate, base truncate, silvery-silky on the outside, with
the lower margin thickened and decurrent into the claw, 1-6 cm. 1. ;
Lon choc ar pus
LEGUMINi
83
wings oblong, -with hairs along a median line and at the apex, upper
margin slightly curved, lower somewhat straight, long-clawed, 1'5 cm. 1. ;
keel-petals oblong, upper margin slightly curved, lower straight, truncate at
the base, silvery-silky on the outside, long-clawed, as long as the wings.
Pod similar to that of L. sericciix, but tomentum shorter, sometimes
thickened along both margin-, 1 i^:->)--c<-ded, elliptical, oblong, or linear,
3-8 cm. 1., 2 cm. br., style more or loss persisting as a curved beak.
3 5
26. PISCIDIA L.
Tree. Leaves alternate, iinparipinnate ; leaflets opposite,
pairs. Flowers appearing before the leaves in panicles.
Calyx with 5 short broad teeth. Standard roundish, emarginate ;
B
Fig. 26.— PiscuMa piscipula -
A, Leaf x '..
B, Flower >
1 . standard, nnt. -
l>. Win;:, nat. size.
E, Keel, nat.
F. Flower cut lengthwise XI1.
• ;. Staininal <heath enclosiu;.; pistil, and
part i -.f calyx, X I1.
II. Poii, with portion cut m\a\ ; •
see^K
(F, <; after Sargeut.)
and keel long-clawed. Uppermost stamen t'n-e at tin- baj
united in the middle with the rest in a dosed lube; anther-
versatile, attached just above the base. Stigma small, terminal.
Pod linear-compressed, not opening, on a stalk longer than the
calyx, \\iih 4 broad longitudinal wings, slightly contracted
between the seeds. Seeds .'5-7.
Species 1, or perhaps 2, natives of the \Ye-t Indies, Mt-xi
and northern S. America.
G 'I
84 I'l.uKA OK JAMAICA Piscidia
P. piseipula Sarg. iu Gnrd. <('• For. iv. 430 (1891) ; Urh.
Ant. //-. 297. P. Erythrina L. Sysf. ed. 10, 1155 (1759); .!///, •/'
Jam. i. 258; 0ri«e&. /•'/. />'/-. IT. 7W. 200; Ifcntf*. «n Pro,: Lin,,
S»e. ir. Siij'jil. 116. Coral arbor polyphylla &c. Sloane Cat. II.".
•v Hint. it. 3(.i, /. 17G, /. 4, 5. R obi ma pedunculis <fcc. Plum. /'/.
4?ner. ( Hiinit.} i'L'9, /. -33, /. _. Ichthyomethia foliis pinnatis A:r.
Browti'' Hist. Jam. 296. Erythrina piseipula L. #/>. PZ. 707
(1753). Ichthyomethia piseipula Hitehc. in Gard. & For. iv. 47-
(1891); Sarg. Silva Hi. 53, /. 117, 118. (Fig. 26.) Type in
Herb. Mus. Brit.
Dogwood.
In 11. Feb. -Apr. ; in fr. June-Aug. ; Sloane Herb. vi. IS ! Houstoun !
Wright I BrougJitonl Shakspear ! Distinl Purdiel Marclil Priori King's
House, J.P. 1319, Morris ! Maiden Cay, Fawcett ! near Hope, Campbell !
Berwick, 2500 ft. ; Hope, 700 ft. ; Great Goat Is., 50 ft. ; Harris \ PI. Jam.
6502, 7707a, 7708, 8518, 9221.— Florida and Keys, Bahamas, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan, St. Martin, St. Bartholomew,
Antigua, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbados, Grenada, Mexico.
Tree 25-30(-60) ft. high. Leaflets elliptical or oblong, minutely
puberulous or glabrate on the upper surface, tomeiitose or minutely
puberulous beneath, 4-9 cm. 1. Flowers whitish with a purplish tinge, or
rosy, produced -in large numbers at the ends of the branches. Calyx
5-6 mm. 1. Standard 1'3-1'5 cm. 1. ; wings and keel auriculate, about as
long as the standard. Pod 4-8 cm. 1. ; wing 1-2 cm. br.
Well-grown trees reach a diameter of 2 or 3 feet, and the timber is
considered valuable. The wood is of a light brown colour, heavy, tough
and elastic ; it is used for felloes of wheels, and for cart and carriage
frames. It is durable in and out of water, a ad makes excellent piles for
wharves. Posts put into the ground readily grow. " It is largely used in
Florida in boat-building and for firewood and charcoal" (Sargent). The
whole tree, but especially the bark of the roots, contains piscidin, which
is sedative and hypnotic, and has been found effective in producing sleep
without subsequent injurious effects. The bark of the root relieves
toothache when placed in the hollow of carious teeth. A decoction of
the bark of the stem cures mange in dogs. The pounded bark is thrown
into streams to intoxicate fish.
27. ANDIRA Lam.
Trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite.
Flowers purplish, sweet-smelling ; panicles terminal or sub-
terminal. Calyx truncate with short teeth. Standard roundish.
Uppermost stamen free ; anthers uniform, versatile. Stigma
small, terminal. Pod drupe-like, not opening, pericarp woody.
Seed 1, pendulous.
Species 20, natives of tropical America, of which one is also
found in west tropical Africa.
A. inermis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. vi. 385 (in note)
(1824); DC. Proclr. ii. 475 (1825); Macf. Jam. i. 323; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 202; Bentli. in Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 122 &
in Fl. Bras. xv. pt. 1, 298, t. 116. A. jamaicensis Urb. Symb.
And /
LEGUMIN<
85
Ant. iv. 298 (1905). Geoft'nra j;nnaicensis inermis Wriylit in
Phil. Trans. It. Soc. L<>n<l. l.n-ii. .~il2. /. 10 (177<s) (reprinted in
Mnit. 361); Man. (>9, 212, .'»G1. G. wermis Wright in London
Mcdind Junrn. r///. :T>G (1787): Sir. Prodr. 106 (IT^Sj A: F/.
Ltd. Occ. 1255. (Fi«j. 27.)
Cabbage Bark Tree, Bastard Cabbage.
\\~rirflit \ llrou[ihton\ Muxxon ! />/•. Lindsatj ! I>i*tin\ Sr. !Mary, Mi-Xab !
Purdiel Wullschlaegel ; ^loneague, 1'rwrl Castleton Hill, Thompson*.
Fi'_. -l.—Ainlim inci-iitix il. I'.. A- K.
A, Leaf and portion of inflorescence x .'.-. E, Section sliuwing tive stanii'iis ami ]>\-\\\
I'., standard x 2. X '2.
C, Wiiif? x '2. P, Pod slightly reduced.
I', Keel-petal X 2. G, Cross-section of ditto.
(After Flora
St. George; near Castleton; Ferry River; Harris ! Fl. Jam J.
8017, 'JO-">".. \\Vst Indies, tropical continental America, \ve-U Africa.
Tree ^5-40(-60) ft. bi-li. Leajlct* in -1-7 pairs, oblong, acuminate,
glabrous, parchment-like, 5-11 cm. 1., 2-5-4 cm. l>r. Stipules linear,
tapering, soon falling, 5 mm. 1. S/z/v/x ;uvl-sba|n'd, >oou falling, 3 mm. 1.
Panicle l'5-3 dm. 1. ; pyramidal, dense-Uowrred, nnu-h fi-o^urntcd by
bees, butterllif-, licet les, and bumming birds; rhachi-, ]>edicd.-;, and calyx
tomcntose. Calyx 3 mm. 1., dark purple. Corolla reddisb-lilae or pal«.>
rose; standard ernargiuate, base truncate, sometimes subcordate, 1 cm. 1.
incl. the slender claw (-•5mm. 1.) ; wings and keel about as long a> the
standard. Pod ellipsoidal, about 3-5 cm. 1.
86
FLORA OF JAMAICA
An/lira
The timber is small but hard and takes a good polish. " The bark of
this tree has been employed as a vermifuge. It has a disagreeable smell,
and ;i sweet mucilaginous taste. Its effects are emetic, drastic, purgative,
and narcotic. In large doses it is poisonous, producing violent vomiting,
with fever and delirium" (Macfadyen).
§ 11. Shrubs or trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets in
4-12 pairs, opposite or nearly opposite. Stamens 10,
distinct. Pod 2-valved or not splitting open.
28. SOPHORA L.
Shrub (in West Indies). Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets
opposite or nearly opposite. Racemes terminal. Calyx obscurely
toothed or with 5 short teeth. Standard elliptical or roundish.
Stamens distinct ; anthers versatile. Stigma minute, terminal.
Pod much constricted between the seeds (necklace- like), many-
seeded, not splitting but opening by decay.
Species 25, natives of the tropics.
S. tomentosa L. Sp. PL 373 (1753); Macf. Jam. i. 237;
Grlsel. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 203 : Benth. in FL Bras. xv. pt. 1, 314,
A, Leaf X A.
B, Flower x ?.
C, Standard x ".
D, Wing x I
Fig. 28. — Sophora tomentosa L.
E, Keel x 3.
F, Calyx, stamens, and pistil x ?.
G, Pod partially decayed above, showing-
seeds, x 5.
Sopliora
LEG ('.MIX'
87
/. 124; Urb. X.jml. Ant. h. '260. S. folik pinnatis «fec. Phun. PL
Amer. (Htirnt.) 91, /. 101 A: L-. im-il. r. 294. S. occidental^
L. ,S>/. ed. 10, 1015 (1759); Sic.'OU Jiut. 154. Arbori Coral
atfinis non spinosa, t'raxini folio rotundiore, foliis et rainuli.s
pubescentibus Shane Cut. 144 et Hint. ii. 40, /. 17s. /'. 3. Gal<-_
fruticosa AM-. AY"//-//." lltxt. Jnm. 289, t. 31, /. 1. Type in H<
Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit, ct in Herli. Linn. (Fig. 28.)
Seashore; Shane , Herb. vi. 13 ! Broimc ! Wrinlit\ Ska ' .'-Ins*on\
Port Antonio, ^lac/ml i/cn ; Disti>i[ Man-Ji \ Montego Bay, / / ! —
Tropical and subtropical region-.
Sit nib 4-10 ft. high, more or less tomento?;e. 7. nearly opposite,
in 5-9(-12) pairs, roundish-elliptical or elliptical, 2*5-4 cm. 1. ; *tip'.
none. Raceme 1-4 dm. 1. Flowers pale yellow. Calyx campanuL
mouth truncate, obscurely toothed, '7-1 cm. 1. elliptical.
tapering to the base, folded lengthwise, 2-3 cm. 1. ; wings and keel nearly
as long. Pod 5-9-seeded, *5-l'5 dm. 1. Seeds subglobose, yellow or
brownish, about 6 mm. 1.
29. ORMOSIA Jack.
Trees. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets opposite. Flow,
generally in terminal panicles. Calyx with the 2 upper lobes
to some extent united. Standard roundish. Stamens distinct,
A; Leal • ; 0. nm > • rl>.
I1,. Hourr ••<•/•"• S]iMiix- X .".
< Hittc. cut K'i.4th\\iM/ \\ith
iu. 'J'.». — ",
I'.
re-
-if i>'»l «itli
• I'l'l*. X .
E, Seed t'n.in :,.>\\iii'_' 1.1,-u-k -
;iln)Vf hiliiin x
B, C, after Flora Brasi
FLOKA OF JAMA1< A Ormosui
unequal; anther^ versatile. Style with apex folded in; stigma
lateral, on the inner side. Pod compressed, tnick and leathery,
2-valved. Seeds few, attached by a cartilaginous flexuose stalk.
Species 20, natives of the tropics in America, Asia, and t\\»>
species in Africa.
0. jamaicensis Urb. fymb. Ant. i: 366 (1908). (Fig. 29.)
Nickel.
Road from Askenish to Dolphin Head, and on the Dolphin slope,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9241.
A tall timber tree, with a straight trunk up to 80 ft. in height and
over 3^ ft. in diameter; head dense and leafy. Leaflets in 4(-5) pairs,
elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base obtuse or acute, 5-11 (12)
cm. 1., 2-3-5 (4) cm. br. ; petiolule 5-6 mm. 1. Peduncle 2-2-5 cm. 1.
fruit-bearing rhachis 6-18 cm. 1. Pod glabrous, 1-seeded, 4-5 cm. 1. ; or
2-seeded, 6 cm. 1. Seeds flattened-globose, scarlet with a black ovate-
acuminate -spot near the attachment, about 1'5 cm. 1., and almost as
broad, about 1 cm. thick.
" Nickel " is a corruption of " necklace," as the beads are used to make
necklaces.
§ 12. Trees. Leaves imparipinnate, usually reduced to 1
leaflet in the Jamaican species. Calyx closed before
flowering, and then bursting into 2-4 irregular segments.
Petals 1 in the standard. Stamens numerous, distinct.
Pod ellipsoidal or oblong.
30. SWARTZIA Schreb.
Trees. Leaves imparipinnate or reduced to 1 leaflet in
S. simplex. Flowers racemose or solitary. Calyx closed before
flow-ering, and then bursting irregularly. Petal 1 (standard),
broad, corrugate, the rest wanting, or 2 lateral, very small, some-
times petals altogether wanting. Stamens numerous, distinct, sub-
hypogynous. Pod leathery or fleshy, 2-valvecl or not opening.
Species 60, natives of tropical America and one of tropical
Africa.
S. simplex Spreng. Syst. ii. 567 (1825) ; Urb. Symb. Ant. v.
364. S. simplicifolia Willd. % PL ii. 1219 (1800). S. grandi-
flora WiTld. torn. c'tt. 1220 (1800); Wils. in Eeports Geolog. Jam.
Ill : Benth. in FL Bras. xv. pt. 2, 18; Griseb. FL Br. W. Lid.
211. Possira simplex Sw. Prodr. 82 (1788). Rittera simplex
Valtl Symb. ii. 60 (1791). R. grandiflora Valil Eclog. Amer. ii.
37 & Ic. t. 9 (1798). Tounatea simplex Taubert in Bot. CentralbL
xh'ii. 391 (1891). (Fig. 30.)
Wilson ; March ; Bath Garden, J. P. 1011, Morris ! Castleton Garden,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8449, 9279.— Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Bequia,
Trinidad, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica.
A small tree, 18-20 ft., glabrous. Leaflets lanceolate to elliptical,
usually acuminate, 8-14 cm. 1. ; petiolules 2-5 mm. 1. ; stipules linear,
Swartzia
LEGUMINO.S.K
about 5 mm. 1., soon falling. Racemes axillary, short, laxly 2-4-flowered.
Calyx rupturing into 2-4 irregular segments. Standard roundish-kidney-
shaped, about 4 cm. in diara. titonicnx, 8-12 longer than the rest, with
thicker filaments and oblong anthers on the side distant from the
standard ; the shorter stamens numerous, with thinner filaments, and
smallish anthers. Oiarn stalked. 1'ud 1-seeded, ellipsoidal, or 2-seeded,
1-i.r. £0. — Sn'art:i'i gwnj lex >i>reug.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x 3. C, Pod x .
B, Flower cut lengthwise, uat. size. I'. Seed, uat.
(B after Baillon.)
oblong, 2-5-5 cm. 1., sometimes 3-seeded, constricted between the se«
5-10 cm. 1., beaked with the persistent style. Seeds about 2 cm. 1., kidi:
>haped, aril! ate.
Urban divides the species into three varieties : var. a. genii in a, lea:1
with apex scarcely or shortly acuminate, and roundish or subcordato b,
from the W. Indian Is. cited, omitting Jamaica: var. /3. janm,
leaflets long acuminate, and acute base, from Jamaica ; and var. -,. conti-
' talis, petioles longer and narrowly winged, from Central Amrru-.i.
SUBFAMILY 2. C&SALPINIEM
Flowers irn'iMihir oi- >unict iincs regular: parts of the tln\vrr-
lly in 5's. Sepals 5, or tli<- 1' lii^lir.M united making I.
imbricate. 1'claU imln-icatc, tin' iijipcr within tho rest.
Stamens 10: anthers \er^atile. lladiele straight, enclosed
within the ed^o of tin- eotylrdons or slioi-t Iv e\>erte«l. 1. aves
]>innate or liij. innate : stipels none or \er\' rarelv minute.
.Mi 1'LORA OF JAMAICA Peliophorwm
§ !•"». Leaves abruptly bipinnate, or most leaves simplv
pinnate in Hsematoxylum, apparently pinnate in Parkin-
*i'n/ti. with an odd pinna in Csesalpinia r<>r/<tn'a. Calvx
•Vrleft. Anthers versatile. Ovary or stalk of ovary free
at the liase of the calyx-tube ; ovules 2 to numerous.
31. PELTOPHORUM Benth.
Trees. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, with 4 pairs of pinnse in
P. Linnsei ; leaflets numerous. Racemes simple or paniculate,
terminal. Calyx 5-cleft ; segments unequal. Stamens hairy at
the base, 10, free, included. Stigma broad, terminal. Ovules
'2 TO numerous. Pod broadly oblong, flat, not opening, reticulate-
veiny in the middle, slightly inflated, thinning to the margin, as
it were 2-winged. Seeds few or 1, without endosperm.
Species 10, 4 in tropical America, 2 in Africa, and 4 in the
East Indian archipelago and tropical Australia.
P. brasiliense Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 285 (1900). P. Linnsei
Bentli. in Book. Journ, Bot. ii 75 (1840); Griseb. Fl Br. W.
Ind. 206. Pseudo-santalum croceum Sloane Cat. 213 & Hist. ii.
1 84, t. 231, f. 3, 4. Caesalpinia arborea <tc. Broivne Hist. Jam. 227.
Robinia violacea Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) (the colour of the
flowers is incorrect). Csesalpinia brasiliensis L. Sp. PL 380
(1753) (in part),, ed. 2, 544 (in part) & Amoen. v. 378 11011 Syst.
ed. 10, 1018 (Plunder's plant); Sw. Obs. Bot. 166; Hacf. Jam.
i. 328. C. vesicaria Wright Mem. 269 (non L.). C. cubensis
Greenm. in Trans. Acad. St. Louis vii. 416, t. 32 (1897). (Fig. 31.)
A specimen from Browne is in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus
C. brasiliensis.
Braziletto.
In fl. in the spring; in fr. in the autumn; Sloane; Hoitstonnl every
part where the soil is dry and rocky, Browne \ Wricjlit\ Dancer ! common
in dry limestone districts, Macfadyen ! Wilson ! Long Mountain Road,
450 ft., Campbell ! Sheldon Road ; Papine Estate, 800 ft. ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5438, 5439, 6481, 8378.— Central America.
A tree 15-40(-80) ft. high, 8-12 in.(-4 ft.) in diam., without prickles.
Leaflets 6-8 pairs, subopposite, elliptical, shining and minutely puberulous
on the upper surface, puberulous on the midrib on both sides, puberulous
or glabrate beneath, margin ciliolulate, 2-4(-5) cm. 1. Eaccmes axillary
or terminal, solitary or clustered, with yellow flowers. Calyx glandular-
dotted, 4 segments subequal, irregularly glandular-ciliate, 3-4 -5 mm. L,
the 5th segment larger, 6-7 mm. L, the margin glandular, comb-like.
Petals 6-7 cm. L, 4 subequal, clawed, the 5th not clawed. Pod 6-10 cm. L,
about 3 cm. br., glabrous, brown, 4-2-seeded.
An excellent timber wood, elastic, tough, durable, and takes a fine
polish. It is used for ornamental purposes in cabinet-making, and is well
adapted for making the spokes of wheels of carriages. It is of a beautiful
orange colour, full of resin, and yields a fine full tincture by infusion.
It was largely exported in Sloane's time for the use of dyers.
i/MIN'
!•_'. ; i.—
ii brasiliense i'ri>.
A, Two lo.ivt'S and iiitloiv.si-.'iiiv X .',.
I1.. Klower-tiiul x _'.
(', Flower X '-'.
D, Ditto with petals iv
E, Petal X 5.
F, i-'ii'\\ ••;• I-M; BO aa to show the pistil x 2.
-in.-ill iMTtion ..f margin of lai _
>f]ial. S!ID\\ ini: irlaiuls. milch eiilar^i-.l.
II. I-,,,! -
1. -
9 12 FLORA OF JAM A I
32. C.ESALPINIA L.
lis or small trees. Leaves abruptly bipinnate (or with
:in odd pinna in C. <-<n-/ttrid). Racemes axillary or paniculate at
the ends of branches. Calyx ~>-cleft ; segments imbricate, nearly
•L'tjual. Stamens generally villose or glandular at the base.
* > Miles few. Pod 2-valved or not splitting open, of various
forms, with blunt margins, not winged. Seeds without endo-
sperm.
Species about 130, widely dispersed through the tropics.
Pods prickly.
Seeds yellow 1. C. Bonduc.
Seeds grey 2. C. bonducella.
Pods smooth.
Leaves abruptly pinnate.
Pinnae in 5-10 pairs ; leaflets in 8-12 pairs.
[Climber, very prickly C. sepiaria.']
Erect shrub, scarcely prickly 3. C. pulcherrima.
Pinnae in 2-3 pairs ; leaflets in 2 pairs ;
small tree 4. C. vesicaria.
Leaves with an odd pinna ; small tree 5. C. coriaria.
§ 1. Pods covered with long straight prickles.
1. C. Bondue Eoxb. Hort. Seng. 32 (1814); stipules wanting ;
bracts erect at first in bud, later spreading, soon falling ; seeds
yellow. — .Btt/j. in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 255; Bentli. in Fl. Bras.
xv. pt. 2, 66 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 272 & ii: 278. Lobus echiiiatus
fructu fla'vo &c. Sloane Cat. 144 & Hist. ii. 40. Frutex globu-
lorum Humph. Amboin. v. 89, t. 48. Guilandina Bonduc L. $£>.
PI 381 (1753) (in part) & ed. 2, 545 (1762) (excl. syn. PluJc.) ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 204 (excl. syn.). G. glabra Griseb. op.
cit. 205 (1860) (excl. locality Martinique) (non Mill).
Nickar Tree, Yellow Nickar, Bonduc.
"Among shrubs in the savannas everywhere," Sloane Herb. vi. 19!
Barliam & R. Millar in Herb. Sloane! in woods, Broughtonl Wright I
Great Valley, Manchester, Purdie ! Prior; Wullschlaegel ; March ! Tweed-
side ; Mona" Estate ; near Troy, 2,000 ft. ; Luana Point, Peckham Woods,
Clarendon; Green Valley, St. Andrew; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6010, 9443, 9823,
11,037, 12,391.— Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
Mexico, Polynesia, Malay Islands, East Indies.
Shrub, branches trailing among other shrubs and climbing by help of
prickles, minutely puberulous-tornentose, much less prickly than C. bondu-
cella Fleming. Leaves very large, 3-6 dm. 1. ; rhachis with a few recurved
prickles ; pinnae in 2-8 pairs, 7-20 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 4-7 pairs, often with
2 hooked prickles at the base of each pair, ovate to elliptical, generally
very shortly acuminate, mucronate, base rounded, glabrous, generally
slightly leathery, 6-4 (7-2) cm. 1. Racemes usually paniculate, dense at
apex in bud, somewhat lax lower, with numerous yellow flowers,
l'5-3 dm. L, without prickles or sometimes with a few ; bracts lanceolate-
acuminate, 4-6 mm. 1. Calyx 8-9 mm. L, tomentose. Petals a little
Cxsalpinia
LEGUMIXOS.K
93
longer than the calyx, 10-11 nim. 1. Stamens a little shorter than the
calyx. Pod G'5-9 cm. 1., 5'5 cm. br. s _! or 1 in the pod, subglobose,
without endosperm.
2. C. bonducella Flrmimi in As. /.v*. a- 1. 159 (1810), reprinted
as CataL Lid. J/e<7/V. PL & Drugs 11 (1810); stipules of 2 or 3
leaf-like segments ; bracts projecting fa r 1 >< -yond the buds, recurved
l-'iij. 32.— Cxsalpinia londv.cdla 1'leiniug.
A, Leaf with inflorescence, mucli reduce I. D, Pod x '.
M. Kl(j\V(.-r X '-'.
' '. Flower cut leusthwise, witli sepals and
petals removed x _.
E, Seed cut to slm\v cotyledon and
mule > .
(After I-'l'.»-ii i:,\i.<;ii\-n
or spreading; seeds pale greenish-grey. 7> <//,•. tmn. «•//. •_'."){ ;
/; nth. tum. cit. »;.\ /. 21 ; Itefltf. «!• Trim. .!/-/. /'/. /. 85 : WattEc»n.
1',-od. it. 3. C. Crista /.. ,s>. P/. .".so (1753) (in part); fV/>.
Syrnb. Ant. //'. 269 (1900) it iv. 27s. Caretti /,'//" </. .Vr//. if. 35,
/. 22. Acacia -jlorinsa &c. IV///J. Plujt. t. 2, /, 2 A: /// .ffrr/>.
*[<>ane .err. 6. Lobus rcliinatus frurtu Cfesio &C. Slmm*' Cut. 1 1 I
94 FLOIIA 01- JAM A H 'A
A: Hint. it. 41. Clirista pavonis. . . seinine oinereo />'/>////. Prodr.
,tjij>. .">;>, /. L'N. Glnbuli majoivs Rmnplt. Amln>in. /;. '.IL'. /. 49,
/*. 1. Guilandina aculeata Arc. Z. .F/. ZeyL n. 15»> A: /» .Il'-rb.
H< i-ntuitn it. 17 A: /</. 3.\ <;. spinosa <tc. Browne Hist. Jdm. L'L'^.
G. r.omlm- Z. ,s>. P/. 381 (1753) (in part); Macf. Jam. i. :'>26
(in part) (non L. ed. L'). G. Bonducella L. #p. P/. erf. 2, 545
f62) A- Jlfifn/. 378 : 6'mefc. jFY. J5r. TF. Ind. 204. (Fig. 32.)
( i r e y N i c k a r , B o n d u c .
drows \vith the former species, Sloanc Herb. vi. 19! Brov:nc\ Wright \
Lanc\ Priestmans River, Dcansl Lucea ; Blue Mts. ; Hitchcock; Luana
Point, Harris I Fl. Jam. 9824.— Tropical and subtropical regions.
Shrub climbing by help of prickles; stem diffuse, puberulous-downy,
more or less beset with straight unequal prickles. Leaves very large,
3-6 dm. 1. ; rhachis with recurved prickles ; pinnse in 6-8 (5-9) pairs,
10-15 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 7 (5) pairs, with 2 hooked prickles at the base of
each pair, oblong-ovate, elliptical, or oblong-elliptical, sometimes very
shortly or obtusely acuminate, mucronate, base rounded, puberulous on
midrib on both sides and on margin, and sometimes all over beneath,
membranous or papery, 2-4 (5) cm. 1. Racemes long-stalked, dense at apex
in bud, somewhat lax lower, with numerous yellow flowers, l-l'5(-3)
dm. 1. ; rhachis sometimes prickly ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
C-12 mm. 1. Calyx about 8 mm. 1., tomentose. Petals oblong, the upper
one broader above and shorter, half as long again as the sepals. Stamens
shorter than the petals. Ovary often abortive, so that many flowers are
male. Pod bright orange-brown, 5-7 cm. L, 3-5 cm. br. Seeds 2 or 1 in
the pod, subglobose, without endosperm.
" Bonduc seeds are regarded in India as tonic and antiperiodic. . . .
They have been employed with success in intermittent fevers, especially in
those of the natives of India ; and also generally in debility and other
cases where tonics are necessary. The powdered kernels are either given
alone, or combined with chiretta and other Indian tonics, or mixed with
powdered black pepper. . . . Dr. Kirkpatrick and other practitioners
regard Bonduc root, especially its bark, as more valuable than the seed, in
the treatment of intermittents, and for use generally as a tonic. Besides
the use of Bonduc seeds in medicine, they are commonly, from their hard
and polished nature, strung into necklaces, rosaries, bracelets, &c." —
Bentley & Trimen, " Medicinal Plants."
" These nuts are often cast ashore by the sea on the north-west coasts
of Ireland and Scotland, and are called Molucca Beans by the inhabitants
of the latter." — Sloane (specimens of these are in his fruit collection).
A specimen in Herb. Linn, of a leaf of this species from Browne, named
" Zantoxylon clava Herculis " in Solander's hand, is correctly named on
the sheet by J. E. Smith.
§ Pods without prickles.
[C. sepiaria Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 32 (1814); prickly scrambling
climber; pinnae in 6-10 pairs; leaflets in 8-12 pairs. — Griseb.
op. cit. 205 ; BaJc. torn. cit. 256 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 277 & iv. 279.
Wait-a-bit.
Cinchona, Clute\ Eggers ; near Gordon Town, Ball\ Porus, Lloyd;
Blue Mts., Port Antonio, Hitchcock. — Naturalized also in Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Barbados,
Grenada, Brazil, Africa. Native of India and eastern Asia.
Shrub, climbing high amongst shrubs and trees by means of its prickles
Ciesa1_pini<i LE< lU.MIXOS.i: 95
and long trailing branches; branches clothed \vitli grey or brown tomentuin,
prickly. Tjcurc* 2-3 dm. 1. ; leatle .ill, oblong, apex rounded, mem-
branous, puberulous, glaucous beneath, 1 2'5 cm. 1. ; rhachis with recurved
prickles. /,''/<,»;, x -imple, stalked, with numerous pale yellow flowers,
l -5-0 dm. 1. : pedicels erect-spreading, about 2 or 3 timr- a> Loi :ln-
calyx; bracts ovate, acuminate, spreading, soon falling, 8 lomm.l. Ca
'.) 12 mm. 1., in-. -ad -;mc> T-shaped base persisting in the fruit.
12 mm. 1. StcoHi'ns >lix'htly longer than the petals; filament
woolly below. Pod i»>at->ha|>rd, with a long beak, persistent and opening
wide, f, --seeded, 7-10 cm. 1., 3 cm. br.
Make> an impenetrable fen--
'•'>. C. puleherrima titu. Ob*. Bot. 160 (1791); erect shrub.
scarcely prickly ; pinna1 in -~>-10 pairs; leaflets in ^ 12 pairs. -
op. <-it. I'D.") ; llmtli. turn. dt. 67 ; B«U. i»m. <•//. 255 ; Urb.
Ant. il. 2>2 A- iv. 271*. Frutex pavoniiius Arc. Jln-ijii. <'<'<it.
61, /. 'I'l. Sena spuria. . .flore ex luteo et rubro speciosu Sl<><in>
<'<it. 149 et Hist. it. 49. Poinciana aculeata foliis bipinrmiis
Brotcnr Hist. -Jn.nl. L* !'.">. P. puleherrima L. 8p. PI. 380 (17">3) :
Jacq. SeL Stirj>. Amer. IL'L' ,V: E<1. p/'rt. i. 120; Bot. May. t.
Jam. i. 331. Type in Herb. Linn.
Barbados Pride, Flower Fence, Wild Senna, Spanish
Carnatioii>.
" Moist grounds and gullies by the Rio Cobra banks near the town of
St. Jago do la Vega, &c." Sloane Herb. vi. 25, '2Q, 27 ! Houstoun ! Brougliton I
Macfadyen ; Lucea, Hitchcock; Porus, Lloyd; Hope Grounds, Harris'.
il. Jam. 8231, 8232. — Bahamas, \Ve^t Indies, and tropical continental
America, universally cultivated in the tropics.
Slimb or small tree, to 10 or 12 ft. high, glabrous, with only a few
scattered prickles on the branches. Leaves 1-3 dm. 1. and more ; leaflets
oblique-oblong, apex rounded, close together, 1-2 cm. 1. I\<tccni> * showy,
terminal, pyramidal, lax, lower pedicels 5-10 cm. L, sometime- also 1
lateral racemes, with numerous very handsome red-orange or yellow
flowers. Caly,i\ sepals unequal, 10-16 mm. 1. Petals roundish, margin
crisped, passing into a claw, 2-2*5 cm. 1. Filaments red, about 3 times as
long as the petals. Pod nearly straight, flat, linear-oblon.L;, -"mewhat
broader at the apex, mucronate, thin, 6-8-seeded, S-ll cm. L, 1-.0-2 cm. br.
4. C. vesiearia L. Sp. PL 381 (1753); small tree, often
prickly ; pinna1 in '1 •"> pairs ; leatlets in 2 pairs. -L. Sy*f. ><L !<'.
1018 & Sp. I'l. ed. 2, 545; Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 283. C. bijuga
,SV. o/,x. B«t. 16»i (1791) j M",-f. Jam. i ;}2:» : Griseb. op. ci<. 205
(excl. syn. C. 'jltiHiliiIoxa Bert, and locality Haiti). S.-na ^puria
arbon-a spinn-a. . .tl<»rc lutco kc.Sl»"nr Cut. !•!'.' A- llixt. ii. "»ii. /.
1 's 1 . /'. 2. .">. Csesalpinia spinosa foliis minoribus <fea Br»n-,i>- II/*t.
.hint. 227. Poinciana Itiju^ata Jacij. Eiuiui. 1*1. ('<t,-ili. 2(> (17''tH'
A- Stl.Stirj,. Ani'i-. 12.">. Acacia Bancroft ian a B< rt. •.<•])('. rr«,l,-.
it. 4~."> (1*25;. Sloanc's spociincn is in llcrli. .Mus. P>rit. A
specimen from Bmwnr namcil in Solander's hand is in ILerl). Linn.
Indian Sa\in Tree, Bastard Xicara-o, .1 Fish V.
Passage Fort, and along tl d them • , la Vc.
H.-rb. vi. -lo ! ' W /• '! Shakspear\ J:a net-oft'. M yen; \\'il*
IU>I;A OF JAMAICA Cxsalpinia
I'rior; Yon\ I lushaml ! Fi-rry, ('(inij)bcU\ Great Goat Island; Bull Bay;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. G^'il. '.^10, 11,858.— Cuba, Curasao, Yucatan.
Small tr<r, 15-20 ft. high, all parts when bruised have a balsamic scent.
Leaves 5-10 cm. 1. ; leaflets obliquely elliptic-obovate or obcordate, unequal-
Billed at the base, 1-5-3 '5 cm. 1. J'dniclc terminal, with numerous yellow
HowcM-s. Bracts minute, very soon falling. Calyx : tube 2 mm. L, sepals 4,
\vllo\v, 6-7 mm. L, the fifth greenish, 8 mm. 1. Petals a little longer than
the sepals, unequal, 4-clawed. Stamens a little shorter than the petals.
Pod somewhat swollen, succulent, blackish-brown, 3(l-5)-seeded, with
partial divisions between the seeds, 3 -5-5 cm. 1. Seeds more or less
roundish-flattened, 7 -8 mm. in diam.
5. C. coriaria Willd. Sp. PL ii. 532 (1799); small tree
without prickles ; pinnse in 4-7 pairs and an odd one ; leaflets
in 18-28 pairs.— Macf. Jam. i. 330 ; Watt Diet. Econ. Prod. ln<l.
ii. 6 ; Urb. Symb, Ant. ii. 284. Poinciana coriaria Jacq. Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 123, O75, f. 36 & Ed. pict, t. 260, /. 33. Libidibia coriaria
Sclilccht. in Linnsea v. 193 (1830) ; Griseb. op. cit. 206.
Divi-divi, Libi-dibi.
In fl. May and Sept.-Nov. after rains ; Liguanea plain, Macfadyen !
HcNab ! Harris ! — Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, St. Thomas, St. Cruz,
Martinique, Trinidad, Curacao, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia ; introduced
into India.
Small crooked tree, 15-30 ft. high. Leaves 6-8 cm. 1. ; leaflets linear-
oblong, 5-9 mm. 1., 1-2 mm. br. Panicles terminal and axillary, much
shorter than the leaves, with numerous crowded fragrant white flowers.
Calyx : tube 2 • 5 mm. L, sepals 3-4 mm. L, recurved. Petals about 4 mm. 1.,
one recurved, lip-like. Stamens longer than the petals, 6-7 mm. 1. Pod
curled, flat, not splitting open, 6-8-seeded, 3 '5-5 cm. L, 2 cm. br.
The pods are rich in tannin, and are used by tanners for the same
purposes as sumach. Fermentation occurs in cargoes, due to the presence
of the oily seeds, and it has been suggested that an extract might be made
locally from fresh pods. Trees in dry districts yield good results ; cultiva-
tion is not necessary. The pod powdered is astringent, anti-periodic,
and tonic.
C. sappan L. (Sp. PI. 381), a native of India and the Malay Islands, is
cultivated and is perhaps now spontaneous in Jamaica. It is a small tree ;
leaves 1-5-3 dm. L, pinnae in 9-12 pairs, leaflets in 10-15 pairs, oblong,
very oblique at base, 15-20 mm. 1., 7-10 mm. br. ; panicles often as long as
the leaves; pod oblique, oblong, woody, not opening, 3-4-seeded. The
pods are used in India for tanning and dyeing, and the wood for dyeing.
[H^MATOXYLUM L.
Tree, the wood of which contains a valuable dye. Leaves
abruptly pinnate, or bipinnate, the lowest pair of leaflets becoming
pinnse ; leaflets in few pairs (2-4). Racemes axillary. Calyx
5-cleft : segments somewhat unequal, very imbricate. Petals
small, yellow, narrowly obovate. Stamens hairy at the base.
Ovules 2 or 3. Pod flat-compressed, splitting open in the middle
of the valves, not at the margins. Seed transversely oblong,
without endosperm ; hilum ventral.
Species 1, native of central America and Colombia.
r
Hxmatoxylnm LECUMINOS.K 97
H. campechianum L. Sp. PL 384 (1753) ; Sw. Ols. Bot. 170 ;
Wrif/Jit M'nt. 216: 2W,n- Fl. iv. /. :'>6 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. it.
t. 73; Macf. J,i,,,. i. 3:iL' ; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 204; Ji.-nfL <\
Trim. 3Ie<1. PL t. SC> ; Urb. ,S>,,/>. Ant. Iv. '277. H. spinosum &c.
Broicnc ///•</. ./"//*. L'lM. Lignum campechianum &c. Sloane Cat.
213 & £7x/. it. 183, /. 231, / 1, 2. Type in Herb. Linn.
Logwood.
Naturalized and spontaneous; Wright \ Broughton\ Macfadyen; Distin !
M< Nab ! Parncll ! in/son ! J.P. 1356, Morris \ Clute \ Morant Bay, Fawcett !
Harris ! Constant Spring; Port Morant; Lucea ; Hitchcock; Poru-,
Lloyd. Fl. Jam. S251, 8252. — Bahamas, "West Indies, Central America and
northern S. America.
A low tree. Leaves alternate or 2-4 together on an aborted branch ;
leaflets obovate or obcordate, 1-2*5 cm. 1. Racemes usually about as long
as the leaf or a little longer, with numerous fragrant flowers, elongating
as the pods form. Sepals unequal, purplish, 4'5 mm. 1. Petals subequal,
6-7 mm. 1. Pod oblong, narrowing to both ends, 2-3-seeded, 3-5 cm. 1.
After a hurricane which strips off the leaves, the tree soon bursts into
leaf again, and many of the leaves have leaflets enormously increased in
size, becoming about 7 cm. 1. and nearly as broad.
The heart-wood is of a dark red or deep purple bronze-tinted colour,
and this alone is exported, together with the roots, as a dye-wood, the
whitish sapwood being chipped off. Sloane says that " it is cut about the
town of Carnpeche in great quantities, and brought to Jamaica in sloops
to be sent into Europe by the traders in Jamaica." Wright states that
Dr. Barharn introduced the seeds into Jamaica from Honduras about the
year 1715. Logwood is a mild astringent. It has been found useful in
chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, in some forms of atonic dyspepsia, and
especially in the diarrhosa of infants (Bentley and Trirnen). The tree
makes a strong fence against cattle.
" Bastard " Logwood has a much lighter coloured heart-wood, yielding
little or no dye. There are no characters of leaf or flower which distinguish
it from the true Logwood. It may be considered a physiological species,
and trees should be destroyed wherever found. (See Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl.
xxxi. 367.)
[POINCIANA L.
Trees. Leaves abruptly bipinnate ; leaflets numerous, small.
Flowers handsome, orange or scarlet, corymbose-racemose at the
apex of branches. Calyx with 5 nearly equal valvate segment^.
Petals large, roundish. Stamens hairy at base. Ovules
numerous. Pod flat-compressed, hard, with <tl>li<jiu> \vins,
2-valved, with soft woody tissue between the seeds. Set-<K
transverse, oblong, with endosperm.
Species 3, natives of tropical eastern Africa. Madagascar,
the western provinces of India.
P. regia £>;/. nu. rx Hook. Bot. M«,,. t. i>ss I (1S:>9); Cook .1
Coll. in Contrib. I7>'. X,it. ll.rb. vi'ii. 223, /. "> I : Url>. &'////</>. Ant.
iv. -78 ; Dnil-r del CdxtiHo in (! r«n<li<L Hi*t. Madagascar
i. 7S.
IV. H
98 FLOE A or JAMAICA 1'oinciana
Poi 11 e i u n a, Flamboyant, Flame Tree.
Cultivated Miul -ubspontaueous; yellow-flowered form, Bull Bay, Harris !
cultivated in tropics, native of Madagascar.
Tree 30-40 ft. lii-h. Leaves 2-3 (6) dm. 1. ; pinnse in 15 (11-18) pairs,
5-10 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 12-25 pairs, linear-oblong, 5-8 mm 1., glaucous
beneath. Racemes shorter than the leaves, with bright scarlet flower-,
very rarely yellower orange. Sepals 2-3*5 cm. 1., 5-8 mm.br. Petals
somewhat roundish with long claws, unequal, 4-6 cm. 1., 3-4 '5 cm. br.
Stamens shorter than the petals. Pod 20-50 cm. 1., 5-6 cm. br.]
[PARKINSONIA L.
Trees. Leaves apparently simply pinnate and clustered, but
in fact bipinnate, with a very short petiole ; rhachis prolonged
above the insertion of the pinna1 into a persistent rigid sharp
pointed spine ; pinnae 2 or 4, very long, flattened and with wing-
like margins, often falling and leaving scars at the base of the
spine ; leaflets numerous, minute, often falling or abortive ;
stipules in the form of short curved prickles, often falling and
leaving scars at the base of the spine ; the axillary branch is
sometimes abortive, except that the leaves are developed forming
an addition to the primary one. Flowers racemose, yellow.
Calyx 5-cleft, segments nearly equal, narrowly imbricate or
subvalvate. Petals spreading somewhat unequal, the uppermost
broader. Stamens hairy at base. Ovules numerous. Pod
narrow, acuminate at both ends, constricted between the seeds,
2-valved. Seeds oblong ; embryo with horny endosperm along
the sides.
Species 3 or 4, one a native of southern Africa, the rest of
tropical and subtropical parts of America, one (P. aculeata L.)
being now found generally in the tropics.
P. aeuleata L. Sp. PL 375 (1753); Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer.
121, t. 80 & Ed. pict. t. 119; Wright Mem. 267; Descourt. FL
Ant. i. #.12; Macf. Jam. i. 334; Grisel. FL Br. W. Ind. 204;
Sarg. Silv. Hi. 89, t. 131. P. aculeata &c. Plum. Nov. PL Amer.
Gen. 25, /. 3 ; L. Hort. Cliff. 157, t. 13; Browne Hist. Jam. 222.
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named in Solander's hand.
Jerusalem Thorn.
Browne \ Wright \ cultivated, round Kingston, Broughton \ Shakespear
Port Royal, McNab ! Kingston, Campbell ! Hitchcock. — Cultivated and
often naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions. Browne states that
it was introduced into Jamaica from the mainland, where it is most likely
native.
A shrub or small tree 12-30 ft. high. Spines about 3 cm. i. Pinnx
1-5-3 dm. 1. ; leaflets linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, 2-6 mm. 1. Eacemes
lax, slender, shorter than the leaves, 12-15 cm. 1. Petals about 1'2 cm. L,
bright yellowy the upper one with red spots below, imbricate. Stamens
much shorter than the petals. Pod 6-12 cm. L, dark orange-brown.
Seeds 1-8, distant from one another, about 1 cm. L]
Cassia LE( ;r. \IIXOSJ- 99
§ 14. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Calyx ~>-<-left, segments
imbricate. Petals ."">. Anthers basifixed, opening by pores
or chinks. Ovary or stalk of the ovarv free at the base
of the calyx ; ovules indefinite. Seeds with endosperm.
33. CASSIA L.
Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets
opposite. Flowers in racemes, panicles, clusters, or solitarv.
Calyx 5-cleft, segments imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, imbricate,
subequal or the lower larger, the highest inside the rest. Stami
sometimes 10, all perfect and subequal, or the upper smaller, or
the 3 highest very small and imperfect or wanting ; anthers
basifixed, all similar or those of the lower stamens larger, dis-
charging the pollen by pores or short chinks at the apex, or by
pores at the base. Pod cylindrical or flat-compressed, dry or
tilled with pulp, often with many cells separated by transverse
walls.
Species 380, widely dispersed through the tropics, numerous
in America from southern Chili to Massachusetts, very many in
the whole of Africa, occurring also in tropical Asia and in
Australia, but none in Tasmania and New Zealand.
I. Perfect stamens usually 7 ; the 3 lowest svith long curved
filaments longer than the petals, and anthers ovate or ellipsoidal
not more than 4-6 mm. 1., opening by longitudinal chinks ;
filaments of the 4 or 5 intermediate stamens much shorter,
anthers opening by pores at the base ; the uppermost 3 or 2
much smaller and usually imperfect. Pod long, smooth and
cylindrical, or rough and slightly compressed, hard, not splitting
open. Seeds flattened parallel to the tranverse partitions.
Glands on leaves wanting.
•
Leaflets oblong, in 8-20 pairs.
Leaflets rounded at both ends. Pod rough com-
pressed ......................................................... 1. C. grandis.
[Leaflets emarginate, unequal-sided. Pod smooth,
cylindrical ...................................................... C. )nu>;jinata.~\
[Leaflets ovate, in 4-8 pairs. Pod smooth, cylindrical... C. '
IT. Perfect stamens usually 7 (10 in C. .'//'/"<•")> the '2 or 3
lowest somewhat longer than the rest ; anthers with 1 or '1 pores
at the apex, linear, curved, 6-13 mm. 1. ; staniinodes usually 3.
Pod cylindrical or compressed, opening at one or both margins,
valves not elastic, or more rarely not opening at all.
Leaves glandular at the base of the petiole.
Gland tuberculate .......................................... 6. C. occidcntalis.
Gland cylindrical.
Leaflets glabrous ......................................... 8. C. liguntrina.
Leaflets hairy on both sides .......................... 7. C'. hirxutn.
II L'
100
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Cassia
Leaves glandular between the leaflets.
Leaflets broader near the apex.
Leaflets glabrous on the upper side.
Leaflets glabrous beneath, 3-5 pairs 3.
Leaflets puberulous near base beneath,
7-10 (4-) pairs 12.
Leaflets puberulous beneath, 3(-2) pairs 9.
Leaflets puberulous on both sides, 4 (3-5) pairs 10.
Leaflets not broader near the apex.
Leaflets, 2 pairs, acute 2.
Leaflets, 3-4 pairs, acuminate, 7-3 cm. 1 4.
Leaflets, 3-5 pairs, oblong, 4-1 cm. 1 11.
[Leaflets, 6-4 pairs, elliptical, 7-3 cm. 1
Leaflets, 10-15 pairs, elliptical, 2-1 cm. 1 13.
Leaves without glands.
[Leaflets obovate
Leaflets not obovate.
Leaflets large (over 8 cm. 1.), oblong. Pod
winged 15.
Leaflets not large (under 8 cm. 1.). Pod not
winged.
Leaflets ovate-elliptical. Pod cylindrical .... 5.
Leaflets elliptical, tomentose-soft beneath ... 14.
[Leaflets lanceolate-oblong, glabrate beneath
C. bicapsularis.
C. biflora.
C. tor a.
C. uniflora.
C, viminea.
C. Isevigata.
C. bahamensis.
C. glauca.~\
C. clarendonensis.
C. obovala.]
C. alata.
C. spectabilis.
C. emarginata.
C. siamea.]
III. Stamens 10, or fewer, all perfect (rarely 2—4 abortive in
C. lineata), similar, subequal ; anthers linear, opening by short
chinks at the apex. Pod flat, linear, elastically 2-valved.
Flowers in racemes. Plant viscose. Leaflets 2 pairs 16. C. Absus.
Flowers solitary or in clusters.
Leaflets less than 10 pairs.
Leaflets membranous.
Leaflets, 1 pair, without glands 17. C. rotundifolia .
Leaflets, 2-5 pairs, without glands 18. C.pilosa.
Leaflets, 5-7 pairs; gland small, long-stalked... 19. C. serpens.
Leaflets more or less leathery.
Leaflets, 2-5 pairs, tomentose beneath ; gland 1,
sessile 20. C. lineata.
Leaflets, 4-8 pairs, glabrous ; glands 1 or few,
• sessile or stalked 21. C.polyadena.
Leaflets more than 10 pairs.
Gland long-stalked, 1 or more. Calyx not less
than 7 mm. 1.
Corolla longer than calyx. Pod pubescent or
glabrate, 3-4 cm.l 22. C. glandulosa.
Corolla shorter than calyx. Pod villose, 4 • 5-5
cm.l 23. C. Broughtonii.
Gland stalked, 1. Calyx 4-5 mm 1.
Gland somewhat flat. One petal longer than
calyx 24. C. nictitans.
Gland sessile, 1 or rarely 2.
Gland flat, round. Calyx 5-6 mm. 1. Petals
not longer than calyx 25. C. patellaria.
Gland cup-shaped. Calyx 7-8 • 5 mm. 1. Petals,
2 or 3 longer than calyx.
Leaves 7-9 cm. 1 26. C.fasciata.
Leaves 2-4 cm. 1 27. C. smaragdina.
Cassia LEGUMINOS.E 101
I. Perfect stamens usually 7 ; the 3 lowest with long curved
filaments, longer than the petals, and anthers ovate or ellipsoidal,
not more than 4-6 mm. 1., opening by longitudinal chinks ;
filaments of the 4 or 5 intermediate stamens much shorter,
anthers opening by pores at the base ; the uppermost 3 or 2
much smaller and usually imperfect. Pod long, smooth and
cylindrical, or rough and slightly compressed, hard, not splitting
open. Seeds flattened parallel to the transverse partitions.
Glands on leaves wanting.
1. C. grandis Linn. f. Suppl. 230 (1781); leaflets, 8-20 paii^.
oblong, rounded at both ends, with sparse minute hairs on the
upper surface, pubescent-tomentose beneath, 2 • 5-6 cm. 1. ; anthers
pubescent ; pod compressed-cylindrical, rough with transverse
markings, one margin with a prominent obtuse rib, the other
with 2 prominent ribs. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 207 ; Bentli. in FL
Bras. xv. pt. 2, 93 & Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 515 ; Urb. Si/mb. Ant.
iv. 272. O. brasiliana Lam. Encyc. i. 649 (1783) ; Macf. Jam. i. 337.
C. fistula flore incarnato brasiliana Breyn. Cent. Prim. 58, t. 21
(t. 14 cited by Linn. f. should be excluded on account of the form
of the leaves). C. nigra . . . Brasiliana Sloane Cat. 146 &
Hist. ii. 44. C. foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 223. C. javanica
L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 542 (1762) (so far as regards syn. Browne,
Bauhin, and Sloane); Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 ; Wright Mem. 197.
Horse Cassia.
Barham in Hb. Sloane! "Common in lowland woods by the sides of
rivulets," Slcane Herb. vi. 21 ! Houstoun\ Oerstedl Jcnmanl Priestmans
River, Wates I Fl. Jam. 408. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas,
St. Cruz, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Central America, Colombia, Guiana.
Tree, 40-50 ft. high ; the twigs, petioles and inflorescence covered with
rusty or white pubescence. Leaves l'5-2'5 dm. 1. Racemes lateral, simple,
1-2 dm. 1. Calyx 6-9 mm. 1. Petals roundish, 1-1-4 cm. 1. Ovary
tomentose-villose. Pod 2-5-6 dm. 1., about 4 cm. br., inside with transverse
partitions, the cells filled with pulp.
The pulp is used like that of C. fistula, but is coarser and more
powerful. The wood is strong and handsome, and useful for many
purposes.
[C. marg-inata Boxb. Hort. Benn. 31 (1814); FL Ind. ii.
338 (1832) ; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oblong, apex emarginate,
mucronate, unequal at the base, glabrate on upper surface, tomen-
tose beneath, 2-3 '5 cm. 1.; anthers glabrous; pod cylindrical,
somewhat contracted between the seeds. — Grim-b. /or. cit. ; Bentli.
in Trans. Linn. Soc. .rxvii. 517 ; W<L<. in A*/ y «>/•/* f,V<>/n,/. .lain. -77.
C. Roxburgh!! DC. Prodr. ii. 489 (1825) ; \Vi,,hi Ittustr. t. 83.
Naturalized, Wilson. — India, Ceylon.
A small ornamental tree ; twigs, petioles, and inflorescence tomentose.
Leaves 1-5-2-5 dm. 1. Racemes axillary, somewhat corymbose, much
shorter than the leaves, 5-8 cin. 1. Calyx 5-6 mm. 1. Petals pink or
102 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cassia
salmon-coloured, alxmt 1 cm. 1. Pod 2-3 dm. 1., about 2 cm. in diam.,
with numerous seeds.
" The heart-wood is heavy, very hard, reddish-brown, small " (Trimen).]
[C. fistula L. Sp. PL 377 (1753); leaflets 4-8 pairs, very
large, 6-14 cm. 1., ovate to oblong-elliptical, blunt to subacuminate,
glabrous; anthers glabrous; pod cylindrical, smooth. — Wright
Mem. 197; Tussac Fl Ant. iv. t. 2; Descourt. FL Ant. ii. t. 125;
Macf. Jam. L 337 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 206 ; Benth. in FL
Bras. xv. pt. 2, 92 &• Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 514 ; Bentl. &
Trim. 31<>d. PL t. 87 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 272. C. nigra . . .
Alexandrina Sloane Cat. 145 & Hist. ii. 42. C. arborea &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 222. Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb.
Mus. Brit. ; a specimen named by Linnaeus is in Herb. Linn.
Cassia-stick Tree.
In fl. June, in fr. Jan. ; common in gardens and cultivated ground
at low elevations ; Barliam in Herb. Sloane ! Sloane Herb. vi. 20.
Browne ; Wright \ Brougfiton ! Macfadyen ! Distin ! — Tropics, cultivated,
probably native in tropical Asia.
A handsome tree, glabrous, low-growing to 40 or 50 ft. high. Leaves
3 dm. 1. or more. Eacemes pendulous, las, generally simple, sometimes
branched at the base, as long as the leaves or longer ; pedicels 3-6 cm. 1.
Calyx 6-10 mm. L, soon falling; apex of segments rounded or obtuse.
Petals ovate-elliptical or obovate-elliptical, 2-2-5 cm. L, veined, bright
yellow, slightly fragrant. Pod 3-6 dm. L, 1-5-2 cm. in. diam.; pulp
shining brownish-black in colour and sweet to the taste.
The pulp, fresh from the pod, is agreeable, and is used as a mild
laxative in small doses and as a purgative in larger doses. The bark is
used in tanning. The heart- wood is extremely hard, and is used for posts,
carts, and agricultural implements.]
II. Perfect stamens usually 7 (10 in C. glauca), the 2 or 3
lowest somewhat longer than the rest ; anthers with a simple or
double pore at the apex, linear, curved, 6-13 mm. 1. ; the 3
highest stamens usually imperfect. Pod cylindrical or compressed,
opening at one or both margins, valves not elastic, or, more
rarely, not opening at all.
2. C. viminea L. Syst. ed. 10, 1016 (1759); leaflets, 2 pairs,
2-7 cm. L, obliquely ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong,
acute or subacuminate, very unequal at the base, the lower pair
shorter than the upper, shining on the upper surface, minutely
puberulous or glabrate beneath ; gland linear-cylindrical, acute,
between the lower pair, and also sometimes between the upper. -
L. Amcen. v. 397 & Sp. PL ed. 2, 537 ; Sio. Obs. Bot. 156 ; Macf.
Jam. i. 341 ; Griseb. loc. tit. C. melanocarpa Bert, ex DC.
Prodr. ii. 491 (1825); Macf. Jam. i. 338. C. viminea foliis &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 223. Sena spuria tetraphylla &c. Sloane
Cat. 149 & Hist, ii. 49, t. 180, /. 6, 7. The type, Browne's
specimen, is in Herb. Linn.
Cassia LEGUMINOS^E 103
In fl. and fr. autumn and winter; Red Hills, Sloane Herb. vi. 31!
Wrightl Cold Spring, Browne \ mountain thickets, Swfirtz\ also Macfadyoi;
Bancroft I March I Cinchona. J. P. 111-2, JI<irf ! Mandeville, Pantonl
between Abbey Green and Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock. — Guiana, northern
Brazil.
A trailing shrub rising to 7 or 8 ft. or more, supporting itself on rocks
and trees. Stipules long, bristle-like, '5-1 cm. 1. Racemes forming a
terminal panicle, leafy at the base, corymbose. Bracts lanceolate, soon
falling, about 6 mm. 1. Calyx 4-6 mm. 1. 7 V/<//\ yellow, showy, puberulous
outside, 12-16 mm. 1. Pod 3-7 (10) cm. 1., cylindrical, black, smooth,
apex rounded, apiculate with the persistent style, base rounded, with a
short (5 mm.) stalk, " dehiscent along the suture " (Griseb.).
C. fruticosa Mill. (C. bacillaris Linn, f.) occurs in some of the W. Indian
islands, and in tropical continental America, but we have only seen a
garden specimen from Jamaica. It differs from C. viminca, especially in
the leaflets being larger and semiovate ; the flowers being larger, calyx
1 cm. 1., petals 2 cm. 1., and the pod larger, 2-3 dm. 1.
3. C. bieapsularis L. Sp. PL 376 (1753); leaflets, 3-5 pairs,
obovate-elliptical or elliptical-roundish, glabrous, l'5-3 cm. 1.,
the lower generally smaller than the upper; gland club-shaped
between the lowest pair. — Griseb. loc. cit.; Benth. in FL Bras. xv.
2>t. '2, 106 & Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 525 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 273.
A specimen from Hort. Upsal., named by Linna?us, is in Herb.
Linn.
Wright ! Lambert ! March ! Mavis Bank, J. P. 1339, Hart ! Port Mokmt,
Port Antonio, Lucea, Hitchcock ; Porus, Lloyd; Hector's River, Harris <£
Brit ton ! Fl. Jam. 10,719. — \Yest Indies, Bermuda, and tropical continental
America.
Shrub, 4-10 ft. high, glabrous. Peduncles in the upper axils, as long
as, or longer than, the leaves, the highest racemes often forming a terminal
panicle. Flou'crs yellow, variable in size. Calyx 7-8 (10) mm. 1. Petals
10-12 (16-18) mm. 1. Pod stalked, subcylindrical or slightly inflated,
usually straight, 6-15 cm. 1., 1-1*5 cm. br., smooth, apex rounded.
4. C. Isevig-ata WIM. Enum. Sort. BeroL 441 (1809) ; leaflets,
3—4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, or elliptical, acuminate,
3—7 (8) cm. 1. ; glands cylindrical or ovoid, pointed, usually
between each pair of leaflets. — Collad. Hist. Cass. 89, /. ~> ;
Griseb. loc. cit.; Benth. in Fl. Bras. xv. j>t. 2, 108 <\r Tr«ns. Linn.
Soc. xxvii. 527 ; Urb. Syntb. Ant. iv. 273. C. fruticosa erecta
foliis plurimis &c. B'nucnr Hist. Jiim. L'L'O? Senna occidmtalis A:C.
Cat. 148 & Hist. it. 48 (in part).
Herb. vi. 29*! common about the Angels, Jlroirnt- ; Cinchona,
J. P. GUI, Hartl Falls Kiver, 1'rior. — Porto Rico, tropical continental
America, tropical west Africa; also in Asia and Australia, probably
introduced.
Slintli, :!-6 ft. high, glabrous. Stipule.^ long, soon falling, awl-shaped
to linear, 5-8 mm. 1. 7i'<urwr.s axillary in the upper axils, the highest
forming a terminal corymbose panicle, with yellow tlo\\ers. S
coloured, 6-10 mm. 1. Petals veined, 12 10 mm. 1. 7V</ shortly stalkrd,
cylindrical, splitting along one margin or si.metimes not splitting open,
beaked with the remains of the style, 6-9 cm. 1.
104 FLOUA OF JAMAICA Cassia
5. C. spectabilis DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 90 (1813); leaflets,
4-15 pair's, ovate-elliptical to oblong-elliptical, acute or sub-
acuminate, 3—7*5 cm. 1.; glands wanting. — Collad. Hist. (7a.s-.s-.
115, t. 7; Grisel*. op. cit. 208; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvli.
529. C. Humboldtiana DC. Prodr. ii. 489 (1825). C. Trinitatis
Reiclienb. ex DC. Prodr. ii. 489 (1825).
March ! gardens, Mandeville, Harris & Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,616.—
Trinidad, Central America, northern S. America.
Tree; twigs, inflorescence, and under surface of leaves softly hairy.
Panicle large, terminal, corymbose, with yellow flowers. Sepals 5-7
mm. 1. Petals l'5-2'5 cm. 1., 3 upper obovate-elliptical, spreading, 2 lower
curved over the centre of the flower, one elliptical, the other falcately
oblong. Ovary curved, glabrous. Pod shortly stalked, cylindrical,
irregularly constricted between the seeds, to 2-5 dm. 1., about 1 cm. br.
We doubt whether this species can be considered indigenous.
I 6. C. oeeidentalis L. Sp. PL 377 (1753); leaflets, 4-6 pairs,
ovate-elliptical, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or shortly
acuminate, oblique at base, 2-7(-9) cm. 1. (the lower even as
small as 1 cm. 1.), glabrous, but margin ciliolulate ; gland at
the base of the petiole, tuberculate ; racemes in the upper axils,
shortly stalked, with a few bright orange-yellow flowers close
together, the uppermost racemes forming a short panicle.-
Collad. Hist. Cass. 107; Descourt. FL Ant. ii. t. 135; Macf. Jam.
i. 344; Griseb. loc. cit.; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 532.
C. falcata L. loc. cit. C. frutescens Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768).
C. herbacea major erecta &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 224. Senna
oeeidentalis odore &c. Sloane Cat. 148 & Hist. ii. 48, t. 175, /. 3, 4
(in part). Senna spuria oeeidentalis £c. Commel. Amst. 51, t. 26.
Specimen from Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit. ; and one from
Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnseus.
Stinking Weed, Wild Coffee.
Sloane Herb. vi. 30! Tate, Pasmore in Herb. Sloane clxii. 261!
Houstoun \ Browne \ Wright \ waste places, Broughton ! Macfadyen ! Green-
wich, McNab ! King's House grounds, J. P. 610, Harris ! Gordon Town,
Balll also Fawcettl Arcadia, Mrs. Sewelll Temple Hall, 700 ft., Thomp-
son \ Porus, Lloyd ; Manchioneal ; Spanish Town ; Harris \ Fl. Jam.
5999, 6786, 7993.— Tropics, "probably of American origin" (Bentham).
Herb or under shrub, 3-5 ft. high, stinking. Stipules broadly triangular,
oblique at base, apex a long acute point, glabrous, very soon dropping off,
7-8 mm. 1. Sepals green or slightly coloured, veined, 6-10 mm. 1. Petals
(white when dry) veined, 10-14 rnm. 1. Stamens 6 perfect ; 3 staminodes
with broad blade. Ovary villcse. Pod slightly curved, 5-5-12 cm. L,
6-8 mm. br., at first flat with thickened margins, when ripe thick-com-
pressed with broad margins, glabrous. Seeds " at least in the lower part
of the pod, become more or less flattened and parallel with the transverse
partitions ; in the upper part they are sometimes flattened parallel with
the valves" (Bentham).
The root is diuretic. A decoction of the leaves, taken internally and
applied externally, is used as a cure for itch and other cutaneous diseases,
also of mange. The seeds are used to destroy ringworm ; and, roasted,
they are considered to be a substitute for coffee, although analysis has
failed to discover caffein or other alkaloid in them.
Cassia LEGUMINOS/E 105
C. sophera L. (Sp. PI. 379) is reported by Bentham (Trans. Linn. Soc.)
from the West Indies, and by Urban (Symb. Ant. vi. 103) from Jamaica,
but we have not seen any specimen from Jamaica. The type of this
species is in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit. ; it has more numerous
lanceolate equal-sided leaflets, 4-6 cm. L, and thick cylindrical gland above
the base of the petiole, with larger flowers than those of C. occidentalis L.
The specimen in Herb. Linn., named in Solander's hand, C. sophera, has
very short or tuberculate glands, and we agree with Bentham in thinking
that it is not C. sophera L., but probably C. occidentalis L.
7. C. hirsuta L. Sp. PL 378 (1753) ; leaflets, 3-5 pairs,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutely acuminate, somewhat
unequal-sided, villose on both sides, 4-7 cm. 1., the lower
smaller than the upper ; gland above the base of the petiole,
cylindrical ; racemes axillary or terminal, short, few-flowered.
-Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 209 ; Bentlt. in Fl Bras. xv. pt. 2, 114,
/. 34. /. /. & Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 534 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. vi.
103 ; Hitchcock in Miss. Bot. Gard. Rep. 1893, 81. C. caracasana
Jacq. Hort. Scltoenbr. t. 270 (1798).
Port Antonio, Hitchcock. — " Carribbean Is.," tropical continental
America.
Herb, erect, becoming woody below, 2-3 ft. high, stinking, covered in
every part with hairs. Stipules linear-acuminate, sometimes persisting,
7-10 mm. 1. Flowers like those of C. occidentalis L. Pod linear, narrow,
more or less curved, pubescent, 15-20 cm. L, 4-6 mm. br.
We doubt whether this species is indigenous.
8. C. ligustrina L. Sp. PL 378 (1753); leaflets, 6-7(4-8)
pairs, lanceolate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, unequal-
sided, glabrous, but margin usually ciliolate, 2 '5-6 cm. 1., the
lower smaller than the upper ; gland above the base of the
petiole, cylindrical to conical sometimes stalked ; racemes forming
a terminal corymbose panicle of large yellow flowers. — Bot. Beg.
t. 109; Bot. Mar/, t. 1829; Collad. Hist. Cass. Ill; Griseb. op.
cit. 208 (excl. syn. C. bahamensis Mill.) ; BcntJi. torn. cit. 534.
C. fruticosa erecta foliis ovatis &c. Browne Hi*t. Jam. L'23?
Senna ligustri folio Dill. Eltli. t. 259 (excl. f. 11, 12). Type in
Herb. Linn.
Wright \ Broughtonl Massonl Distinl Charltou, near Kwarton,
1000 ft.; Malvern, 2200ft.; Harris I Fl. Jam. 67^2, 9653.— Bermuda,
Florida, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Hispaniola.
A low shrub, 4-6 ft. high. Stipules linear, leafy, acuminate, very soon
falling, about 7 mm. 1. Sepals 6-8 mm. 1. Petals veined, 1-2-1-5 cm. I.
Stamens as in C. occidentalis. Pod flat or the valves slightly convex,
glabrous, 7-10 cm. 1., about 6mm. br. Seed* flattened parallel with the
valves, numerous, geminate.
9. C. tora L. Sp. PL 376 (175.')) ; leaflets, generally 3 pairs
(sometimes 2), obovate-oblong, glaucous, apex very obtuse,
mucronulate, glabrous above, pubiTiiIous beneath, 2-4 (5) cm. 1. ;
gland cylindrical-pointed, yellow, between tin- lowest, or the two
lowest pairs. — Benth. torn. fit. ">35 ; Urb. Si/ml'. Ant. iv. '274.
106
FLOKA OF JAMAICA
Cassia
C. obtusifolia L. Sp. PL 377 (1753) ; Sw. Ols. Bot. 158; Mac/.
•I tin/, i. 341 ; Griscb. op. cit. 209. C. herbacea major diffusa &c.
Browne HixL Jam. 224. Sena minor herbacea &c. Sloane Cat.
148 & Hist, ii. 47, t. 180, /. 5; Dill. Elth. t. 62, 63. Type in
Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit. Specimen from Browne
in Herb. Linn, named C. tora in Solander's hand.
Common in pastures and waste places; in fl. Sept. and Oct. ; St. Jago
de la Vega, Sloane Herb. vi. 29 ! Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 261 ! Browne !
Wright ! Parnell ! pastures, St. Mary, Purdie ! Constant Spring, Hitchcock ;
Porus, Lloyd ; Liguanea plain, 500 ft. Campbell ! Hectors River, near
coast, Harris \ Providence, 700 ft., Thompson I Fl. Jam. 5835, 6003,
8055B. — Tropical and subtropical regions.
Annual, under slirub 2-3 ft. high. Stipules linear-awl-shaped, 8-13 mm. 1.
Flowers bright yellow, long-stalked, in pairs on a very short peduncle in
the upper axils, the highest crowded, with shorter stalks. Bracts linear-
lanceolate, about 5 mm. 1. Sepals 6-8 mm. 1. Petals 9-11 mm. 1.
Pod long, to 15 (20) cm. 1., 3-6 mm. br., slender, curved or sometimes
somewhat straight, slightly 4-angled, smooth. Seeds 20-24, obovate-
rhomboidal, the longer diameter parallel with the pod, 4 mm. 1.
10. C. uniflora Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) (non Spreng.) •
leaflets usually 4 (3-5) pairs, obovate or sometimes elliptical.
Fig. 33.— Cassia uniflora Mill.
A. Portion of branch showing leaf. C, Flower from above X 2.
flowers, arid young pods X £. D, Part of flower cut through x 3.
B, Calyx in bud x 2. E, Pod, nat. size.
Cassia LEGU.MIN< >>.K 107
mucronulate, the highest larger and unequal at the base,
2-4 cm. 1., covered with yellow or reddish hairs on both sides
but chiefly beneath and on the margins, gland long, slender,
awl-shaped, between the lowest or all the pairs. C. sericea /SV.
Prodr. 66 (1788) A: /'/. JW. Occ. 724 ; M«,-f. Jam. /'. 340 ; Gn*>-l).
op. cit. 209; Bmfl,. in Fl. Y,V</x. xv. ///. :2, 116, t. 35 &
Linn. Soc. xxvii. 536. C. sensitiva Jncrj. C<>IIr<-t. //'. 362
& Ic. Ear. *. 459. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 33.)
In pastures; in fl. Aug., Sept.; Wr'ujlit*. "hills of St. Dorothy and
St. John," Macfadijen \ Distin ! Merry wood, Falmouth, Nunes I Luana
Point; Long Acre Point, west of Black River; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 9927,
9968. — Bahamas, Cuba, tropical continental America.
Annual, woody at base, |-2 (4) ft. high ; branches petioles and inflores-
cence bearing yellow or reddish hairs, more or less silky. Stipules linear-
bristle-like, somewhat persistent, 6-11 mm. 1. Flowers yellow, small,
subsessile, in very short axillary racemes. Bracts like the stipules ;
bracteoles lanceolate or bristle-like, to 7 mm. 1. Sepals 3*5-5 mm. 1.
Petals 5-7 mm. 1. Pod transversely impressed between the seeds, linear,
somewhat four-cornered, straight, erect, crowded 3-6 together on a short
stalk, with reddish hairs, 2 '5-5 cm, 1. Seeds 5-10, somewhat rectangular,
the longer diameter parallel with the pod, 3-3 -5 mm. 1.
11. C. bahamensis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768); leaflets,
3—5 pairs, oblong, or elliptical-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate. usually
glabrous, sometimes with small hairs beneath, unequal-sided,
oblique at base, 1—4 cm. L, the lower smaller than the upper ;
gland tuberculate between the lowest pair of leaflets or rarely
below the leaflets ; racemes corymbose-paniculate. — Bentli. t<>m.
cit. 541 ; Hitchcock in Miss. Bot. Gard. Eep. (1893), 80.
Port Morant, Hitchcock. — Bahamas, Florida and Keys.
Shrub. Sepals about 7 mm. L, more or less coloured. Petals veined,
9-13 mm. 1. Anthers 2 curved, stalked, 4 straight, subsessile. Pod flat,
7-9(-12) cm. 1., 6-7 (-8) mm. br.
1-2. C. biflora L. Sp. PL 378 (1753); leaflets varying in
size even sometimes on the same branch, and also in number,
7-10 (4-13) pairs, elliptical or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, the
terminal pair broader at the upper end, larger, and unequal at
the base, puberulous beneath and on the ma ruin or glabrati-,
L'-.V5 cm. 1. ; gland between the lowest pair and often lift ween
the two lowest pairs, cylindrical, sometimes stalked. — L. Amu //. v,
397; Bui. M.t.j. t. s'lO; Bot. Re<j. t. 1310: M •>,•/. Jam. i. 342 :
Griscb. op. cit. ~<)8 ; Bttilh. in 77. Brut. XV. /•/. -, 1-1 A:
Linn. Six-, xxvii. ">l:5. C. tVuticosa foliis minm-ibus «.v<-.
ll',*t. .him. L'L'."'. C. foliolis quinque jugatis Plum. PL Aim r.
(Burin.) t. 78, f. 1. C. angustisiliqua Lnm. /•,'//<•_//<•. /'. •>r.1 ( 17>")).
C.crista Jacq. <'<>IL *'2 (1786) & It: l^u-. i. /.' 74. C. ful-
Mncf. loc. cit. A specimen from l->r«)wm- is in Herb. Linn.
Houstoun\ woods -\\<-\\\- Bull Bay, Brow '. Mm ;inl
J.P. 12U7 (Herb. Kew.), 210S, Morris ! Constant Sprin.u. Hitchcock; West-
108 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cassia
phalia Road, 3000 ft. ; below Flamstead, 3000 ft. ; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 6814,
9031. — Bahamas, tropical and subtropical contiiu-ntal America.
''lib 8-12 ft. bigb ; twigs, petioles, and inflorescence densely puberulous
or glabrate. Inflorescence a corymbose-umbellate raceme in tbe upper
axils, sometimes by abortion of leaves paniculate, with 2-4 sbowy yellow
flowers, with long peduncle (2 '5-3 '5 cm. 1.) and pedicels (l'5-l-8 cm. 1.) ;
glands 1 or 2, similar to those of the leaf, at base of the pedicels. Bractcolcs
at base of pedicels lanceolate, 4-5 mm. 1., very soon falling. Sepals
unequal, 5 • 5-8 mm. 1. Petals unequal, the largest 2-2 • 3 cm. 1., 1 • 5 cm. br.,
subsessile, the smallest about £ as long and £ as broad with claw 4 mm. 1.,
the rest intermediate. Stamens 3 larger, beaked, 3 or 4 smaller, blunt ;
staminodes 1-3, with broad blade. Ovary sessile. Pod with a very short
stalk on the long pedicel and peduncle, linear, usually slightly curved,
compressed, 2-valved, 14-20-seeded, 7-15 cm. 1., varying from 4 to 8mm.br.
13. C. elarendonensis Britton Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xlii. 388
(1915); leaflets 10-15 pairs, elliptical, mucronulate, the upper-
most 1 or 2 pairs oblong, 1-2 cm. 1. ; gland bluntly conical,
between the lowest pairs.
Inverness, Clarendon, 200 ft. ; cult. Hope Gardens ; Harris \ Fl. Jam.
11,693, 12,149.
Shrub about 4 ft. high, puberulous all over. Stipules linear-lanceolate,
3 mm. 1. Racemes much shorter than the leaves, corymbose-umbellate,
in the upper axils, with 2-6 showy yellow flowers. Sepals subequal,
7-9 (5-6 fide Britton) mm. 1. Petals subequal, 13-14 (9 fide Britton) mm. 1.
Stamens 6(-7) fertile, staminodes 4(-3), with broad blade; the 2 long
anthers with short beaks. Pod strap-shaped, slightly curved, many-seeded,
impressed between pairs of seeds, 9 (7-10) cm. 1., 6 mm. br. Seeds about
4 mm. 1., ellipsoidal, transverse, puberulous.
14. C. emarginata L. Sp. PI 376 (1753) ; leaflets 3 (2-5)
pairs, elliptical, rarely obovate-elliptical, apex rounded or emar-
ginate, puberulous on upper surface, pubescent and soft to the
touch beneath, 1 ' 5—6 * 5 cm. 1. (and more) ; glands wanting. — Sw.
Obs. Bot. 157 (excl. syn. Mill.) ; Wright Mem. 270 ; Macf. Jam. i.
344 ; Griseb. op. cit. 207 ; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 548 ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 274. C. minor fruticosa hexaphylla sense
t'oliis Sioane Cat. 146 & Hist. ii. 44, t. ISO,/. 1. C. arborescens
diffusa &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 223. C. arborescens Mitt. Gard. Diet,
ed. 8 (1768). Sloane's specimen, the type, is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Yellow Candle Wood, Senna Tree.
Sioane Herb. vi. 28 (excl. pods and seeds) ! Wright ! hedges and culti-
vated places, Broughton \ Shakespear ! Macfadyen \ Savanna near Ferry,
Purdie 1 Oersted \ J.P. 1317, Morris \ Gordon Town, Ball ! Kingston,
Hitchcock; Long Mountain road, 300 ft., Campbelll Hope grounds;
the Quarry, Spanish Town ; Harris ! Fl. Jam, 5698, 6933. — Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Margarita, Central America, Colombia.
A shrub or small tree, not exceeding 20 ft. in height in Jamaica, but
growing elsewhere to a height of 50 ft., puberulous on younger parts.
Stipules bristle-like, 3 mm. 1. Racemes corymbose, in the upper axils,
crowded with the leaves at the ends of the branches, with numerous yellow
flowers. Bracteoles at base of pedicels, 4-5 mm. L, soon falling. Sepals
unequal in shape and length, 4-6 '5 mm. 1. Petals stalked, unequal in
shape and size, 4 somewhat obovate, 8-10 mm. L, the fifth larger, of a
Cassia LEGUMINOS.E 109
different form, somewhat S-shaped, concave, with wavy margin, about
15 mm. 1. Pod strap-shaped, slightly curved, somewhat swollen along the
margins, glabrous, black, many-seeded, 12-25(-35) cm. 1., about 1 cm. br.
The wood is used for firewood ; it is hard but not large enough for general
use ; it was formerly exported as a dye-wood.
[C. siamea Lain. Encyc. i. 648 (1785) ; leaflets in 6-10('-14)
pairs, lanceolate-oblong to oblong-elliptical, apex rounded or
emargiiiate. mucronulate, glabrous on the upper surface, minutely
puberulous or glabrate beneath, somewhat leathery, 3-7 cm. 1. ;
glands wanting. — Bentlt. hi Trans. Linn. Soc. xj-r>i. -'49 ; Bali, in
Hoolc. f. FL Br. Lul. ii. 264. C. florida VaM £//////>. B<>f. Hi. 57
(1794); Grixt'b. op. cit. 208. C. gigantea Bertero ex DC. Pn»lr.
it. 491* (fide Benth.). C. arborea Macf. Jam. i. 343 (1837).
Mfirfadyen ; Wilson; March; Hope Gardens (cult.), Harris]—
E. Indies and Malaya ; introduced in the New World.
A tree, 30 ft. high and more, puberulous on younger parts. Stipules
minute (Baker), very soon falling. Racemes corymbose, axillary and form-
ing a terminal panicle, 1*5-3 dm. 1., with numerous showy yellow flowers.
Bracteolcs lauceolate-awi-shaped with lunate lobes about the middle, at
base of pedicels, about 6 mm. 1. Sepals greenish-yellow, subequal,
5-7 mm. 1. Petals stalked, not conspicuously veined, subequal, 12-16 mm. 1.
Pod strap-shaped, with swollen margins, nearly straight, puberulous or
glabrescent, 20(-25) cm. 1., 12-14 mm. br.
This species has lately been planted along the streets of Kingston.]
IT). C. alata L. Sp. PL 378 (1753) ; leaflets 7-8 (6-14) pairs,
large, oblong or obovate-oblong, very obtuse, 6-12 cm. 1. ; petiole
triangular; glands wanting. — Sw.Obs.Bot.lQ2:, Wright Mem. 198;
Descourt. FL Ant. ci. t. 443 ; Macf. Jam. i. 338 ; Griseb. op. cit.
'209 ; Bcrttli. in FL Bras. xv. pt. 2, 126 & Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
550; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 275. C. herpetica Jacq. Obs. Bot. ii. i'4.
t. 45, /. 2 (1767). C. siliquis quadrialatis &:c. Browne Hi*t. Jam.
L'i'4. Juglandis folio, fruticosa &c. Sloane Cat. 153 *k ///*/. //. 59,
/. 175, /. 2. Herpetica alata Eaf. Si/ha TcUxr. 123 (1838);
Cook & Coll. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. viii. pt. 2, 159, /. 39.
Specimen from Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Ringworm Shrub.
In fl. Nov. -April; Ferry, Sloane Herb. vi. 15! Ferry and Sixteen Mile
Walk, Jinnnir; Strartz; Ferry; Sulphur River, near Bath ; Mac/aili/cn ;
along river-banks, Wullsclilacgcl ; Port Royal; Luceu ; Hitchcock ; August
Town River, 450 ft., Campbell \ Halfway Tree, Miss Wood\ Ferry River,
200 ft., Jltnrisl Fl. Jam. 0296, 10,045.— Tropics.
A shrub 4-10 ft. high, glabrous. Stipules obliquely dilated at the base,
acute or acuminate, 4-12 mm. 1. Raceme* in the upper axils or at the
ends of branches, buds overlapping and forming a short cone but lengthen-
ing during flowering to 3 dm. and more, tirnctivlt'* largo, elliptical,
orange-coloured, enclosing the stalked flower-bud, -J-i^-o cm. 1., deciduous.
Sepals orange-coloured, somewhat unequal, 1:5 14 mm. 1. 1'i'inls yellow-
orange, stalked, broader at the apex, veined, 15 i!U mm. 1. Pod, before
opening, as it were 4-winged, by the development of a broad longitudinal
wing in the middle of each valve, 10-15 cm. L, 1'5 cm. br. Seeds 4-cornered,
compressed in the narrow transverse cells, about 7 nun. 1.
110 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cassia
" The juice of the leaves and buds has been employed in the cure
of ringworm, and other cutaneous diseases. The infusion has been
used, as a tepid bath, in similar cases. The flowers and young leaves,
beat into a pulp, make an excellent poultice for the superficial sores which
follow some varieties of impetigo and rupia " (Macfadyen).
[C. obovata Collad. Hut. Cass. 92, t. 15A (1816) ; leaflets in
.0>-7 pairs, obovate or oblong to oblanceolate-oblong or obovate-
elliptical, apex broadly rounded, mucronulate, 1-4 cm. 1. ; glands
wanting. — Macf. Jam. i. 340 ; Griseb. op. cit. 209 ; Oliv. in Fl.
Trop. Afr. ii. 277 ; Bentli. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 553 ;
Bentl. & Trim. Med. PL t. 89. C. Senna L. Sp. PL 377 (1753)
(in part); Sw. Obs. Bot. 161; Wright Mem. 197. C. ligustrina
3[iU. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) (non L.). Senna italica &c. Sloane
Cat. 148 & Hist. ii. 47. S. italica Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768).
Senna.
Palisadoes near Port Royal, also cultivated, Sloane Herb. vi. 23, 24 !
Wright; Bancroft I Macfadyen ! Grabhaml — West Indies (introduced).
Tropical and southern Africa and western Asia to India.
Herbaceous, erect, 1-2 (4) ft. high, glaucous, glabrous, nearly puberulous.
Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, 4-6 mm. 1. Racemes axillary,
generally longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Bracts 4-7 mm. L, soon
falling. Sepals subequal, about 8 inm. 1. Petals subequal, bright yellow,
veined, about 1 cm. 1. Pod flat, much compressed, rounded at both ends,
curved, with a series of crests in the middle of the valves, one over each
seed, 3-6 cm. L, 1*5-2 cm. br.
The leaflets of this species mixed with the leaflets of C. lanceolata, are
known as Alexandrian Senna, and both species are official in the British
Pharmacopoeia.]
[C. glauea Lam. Encyc. i. 647 (1785); leaflets in 6-4 pairs,
elliptical, apex rounded or obtuse, glaucous and puberulous or
gla orescent beneath, 3-7 cm. 1. ; glands ovoid or cylindrical
between the lower pairs of leaflets. — Griseb. op. cit. 208 ; Benth. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 555 ; Bale, in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 265.
Distinl March ! — West Indies (introduced), native of E. Indies,
Malaya, tropical Australia, Polynesia.
A tree. Stipules curved, linear, 7-8 mm. 1. Racemes axillary, corym-
bose, long-stalked, with large bright-yellow flowers. Bracts at base of the
pedicels, oblong-acute, about 6 mm. 1. Sepals yellowish, obtuse, 5-10
mm. 1. Petals elliptical, 2-3 cm. 1. Stamens 10 fertile, subequal. Pod
flat, thin, straight, strap-shaped, glabrous, 1-1*5 dm. L, 13-17 mm. br.]
III. Stamens 10 or fewer, all perfect (rarely 2-4 abortive
in C. lineata), similar, subequal ; anthers linear, opening by short
chinks at the apex. Pod flat, linear, elastically 2-valved.
1. Flowers in racemes, which are terminal and sometimes
with solitary flowers in the upper axils. Plant viscose.
Leaflets 2 pairs. Glands none or minute between the pairs.
16. C. Absus L. Sp. PL 376 (1753) ; Jacq. Eclogse PI. Ear. i.
t. 53 ; Griseb. op. cit. 210; Benth. in. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 558.
Cassia LE< ;r.ML\os.i: 111
C. viscosa Mn<-f. Jam. i. ."> i 5 (non H. Ji. <!• A'.). The type is in
Herb. Hermann in Herl>. Mu^. l'»rit.
In hedges at Rock Fort, BroittjJitonl Liguani-a. V<: >i '• King's
House gromi'l-. Harris \ Fl. Jain. G'JOT. — Tropics of Old World, Mexico,
Bolivia.
Stem a much branched erect annual, 1-2 ft. high ; stem and petioles
with glandular viscid hairs. /,<-i/rv.s 5-7 cm. 1. ; li-ai!'-is elliptical, oblique,
glabrous on the upper surface, puberulous beneath, at leu ibrescent,
2-3 cm. 1. : petiole long, 2-4 cm. 1. ; stipules small, lanceolate. • mm. 1.
Bract* lanceolate, about 2-5mm. 1. at base of raceme, ovate, about
2mm. 1. at base of pedicel ; bracteoles 2, minute, very caducous, in middle
of pedicel. Calyx 3 '5-5 mm. 1., somewhat hirsute or puberulous. Corolla
5-7 mm. 1., yellow. Stamens 5 (7). Pod linear-oblong, sparsely covered
with bristly hairs, margined, 2'5-4 cm. 1., G-7 mm. br., G-7-seeded. N
black, obovate-rhomboidal, 3 '5-4 mm. 1.
'2. Pedicels solitary, in pairs, or in clusters, springing from
a peduncle which is more or less adherent to the stem for
some distance above the axil, so that the pedicels arc
supra-axillary.
17. C. rotundifolia Pers. Syn. i. 456 (1805) ; leaflets 1 pair,
roundish or obovate-elliptical, very oblique, 6-18 (24) mm. 1.,
membranous, without a gland. — Griseb. op. cit. 210 ; Betitlt. in
Fl. Bras. xv. pt. 2, 161 & Trans. Linn. Soc. xtvii. 570. C. bi-
foliolata DC. ex Oollad. Hist. Cass. 120, /. 9, B.
Agualta Vale, St. Mary, McNab \ — Tropical continental America.
Stem prostrate, 1-1^ ft. long, woody below, more or less puberulous,
much branched from below. Leaflets : base semicordate, apex rounded,
without a mucro, midrib exmedian,* nerves 4 or 5 from the base, pinnate,
prominulous beneath, margin ciliolulate, otherwise glabrous ; petiole hairy,
3-5 mm. 1. ; stipules ovate, cordate, ribbed, base oblique, mucronate,
ciliolulate, 5-7 mm. 1. Pedicels solitary, slightly above the axils, longer
than the leaves, 1 • 5-2 • 5 cm. 1. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, acuminate,
bristly above, 1-1-5 mm. 1. Calyx villose, 3 '5-4 mm. 1. Corolla a little
longer than the calyx, 4-5 mm. 1. Pod margined, puberulous, 7-S-seeded,
l'5-3 cm. 1., 4 mm. br.
18. C. pilosa L. Si/st. cd. 10, 1017 (1759); leaflets, 2-5 pairs,
oblong, 10-25 mm. L, membranous, without a gland. — L. Am» //.
v. 378 & Sp. PI. cd. 2, 540; Sw. Obs. Bot. 160 ; C»lla<l. C<i*x. 122,
t. 20, A ; Macf. Jam. i. 347 ; Griseb. op. cit. 210; Bi'nth. in Tranx.
Linn. Soc. xxvii. 570. C. emarginata Mill. Ganl. Diet. ••,!. 8
(1768) (non L.). C. Milleri Collad. Cass. I'M (1S1G). C. minm-
sioides Wri</hf M> m. 271 (1828) (non L.}. C. sull'ruticosa
hirsuta &c. Browne Hist. Jam. L'lM? (excl. -\'ii. L. & >'
The type, Browne's specimen, is in Herb. Linn.
* When the midrib is in the middle of the loaf, it is median, about
halfway between the middle and the margin rxmedian, nearer the mai
than the exmediau position marginal.
112 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cassia
In fl. Sopt.-Dec. ; Houstoun ! Browne I Liguanea, Broughton \ Distin !
"common in cane-piece intervals," Macfadycnl Agualta Vale, McNabl
Kingston, Priori Wullschlacgel ; Castleton, Morris! Constant Spring,
Hitchcock ; King's House grounds ; Bull Head, 2500-2880 ; Harris !
Golden Spring. Thompson \ Fl. Jam. 6906, 8051, 12,268.— Columbia.
Stan somewhat shrubby; branches spreading, ascending, reddish,
villose, 1-4 ft. long, seldom rising higher than 2£ ft. Leaves 2-5 cm. 1. ;
leaflets 3-6 mm. br., base oblique, semicordate, apex obtuse, mucronulate,
midrib exmedian, nerves prominent on both sides, margin ciliolate, other-
wise usually glabrous, 4-7 mm. br. ; petiole (3-5 mm. 1.) and rhachis
villose ; stipules ovate, apex acuminate-setose, semicordate at the base,
ribbed, ciliate, 10-13 mrn. 1. Pedicels 1-2 (4), as long as, or longer than,
the leaves, 2-4 cm. 1. in flower, somewhat longer in fruit, arising slightly
above the axil. Bracts lanceolate, 5 mm. 1. ; bracteoles awl-shaped,
2-5 mm. 1. Sepals sparsely villose, 5 mm. 1. Petals yellow, a little longer
than sepals, 6-7 mm. 1. Pod margined, puberulous, 9-13-seeded, 2-3-5
cm. 1., 4 mm. br. Seeds somewhat rectangular, buff -coloured, 2-2 mm. 1.
According to Swartz there are very minute stalked glands under the
lowest leaflets.
19. C. serpens L. Syst.ed. 10, 1018; leaflets, 5-7 (4-9) pairs,
oblong-linear, somewhat oblanceolate, 6-8 (4) mm. L, mem-
branous, with a small flat circular long-stalked gland below the
leaflets.— L. Amain, v. 378 & Sp. PL ed. 2, 541 ; Sw. Obs. Sot.
161 ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Bentli. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 570
& in Fl. Bras. xv. pt. 2, 162. C. flexuosa Miller Gard. Diet,
ed. 8 (non L.). C. prostrata Humb. & Bonpl. in Willd. Enum.
Hort. Berol (1809). C. pygmsea Macf. Jam. L 348 (1837)
(non DC.). C. herbacea tenuissima &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 225
(excl. syn. L.). [Senna occidentalis] Eaclem floribus pediculis
longioribus insidentibus Sloane Hist. ii. 51. The type, Brown's
specimen, is in Herb. Linn., the name in Solander's hand.
Sloane Herb. vi. 34, 35 ! Houstoun ! Browne ! Swartz \ Macfadyen ! St.
Andrew, McNab ! Liguanea plain, Campbell ! King's House grounds,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6020, 6911. — Cuba, Central America, tropical
S. America.
Stems slender, prostrate, glabrous or puberulous, to 1 J ft. long. Leaves
1-3 cm. 1. ; leaflets mucronulate, somewhat oblique at base, apex rounded,
obscurely denticulate, glabrous, midrib exmedian, nerves 2-3 from base,
pinnate on broad side, prominulous on both faces ; petiole hirsute below,
2-4 mm. 1., rhachis glabrous ; stipules narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate,
4-6 mm. 1. Bracts awl-shaped from a broad base, 2 '5-3 mm. 1. ; bracteoles
2-2-5 mm. 1. Pedicels 1-5-2-5 cm. L, solitary or rarely 2, on an almost
suppressed peduncle. Flowers yellow, generally smaD. Sepals 4-5 mm. 1.
Corolla : petals 4-6 mm. 1., sometimes twice as large. Pod oblong-
linear, slightly margined, 5-10-seeded, pubescent with a few long weak
hairs, 1-5-2-5 cm. L, 3-4 mm. br. Seeds somewhat rectangular, about
3 mm. 1.
20. C. lineata Sw. Prodr. 66 (1788) ; leaflets, 2-5 (9) pairs,
oblong, somewhat broader at the apex, tomentose beneath,
9-16 mm. 1., leathery, with a solitary round flat or very short
cylindrical sessile gland below the leaflets. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ.
Cassia LEGUMINOS^E 113
7^6 ; Mac/. Jam. i. 349 ; Griseb. he. cit.; Bcnth. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxvii. 572. C. suffruticosa et subhirsuta &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 225 ? Type in Herb. Mus. Brit,
Very common about the upper parts of Liguanea, Browne ; waste
places, Sw&rtz ! Purdic ! Malvern, 2200 ft. ; Lititz savanna, 300-900 ft. ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9652, 11,725.— Bahamas, Cuba.
" A dense shrub, 3 ft. high," or "a straggling shrub, up to 6 ft. high"
(Harris) ; " an undershrub, 1-3 ft. high " (Swartz) ; branches puberulous.
Leaves 1*5-2 cm. 1. ; leaflets, apex rounded or truncate, mucronulate,
base oblique, midrib nearly median, nerves 2-3 on the broad side from base,
1-2 on the narrow side, pinnate, prominent beneath, glabrous on the
upper surface, puberulous and soft to the touch beneath ; petiole (and
rhachis) pubescent, 3-4 mm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
ciliolate, 3-5 mm. 1. Pedicels solitary or 2 or 3 in clusters, axillary and
shortly above the axil, '5-2 cm. 1. Bracts lanceolate, 2-3 mm. 1. ;
bracteoles lanceolate, close below the flower, 2 mm. 1. Calyx more or less
pubescent, 8-10 mm. 1. Corolla yellow; petals subequal, 1*5 cm. 1.
Stamens 9-10. Pod oblong, slightly curved, narrowed to the base,
margined, pubescent or glabrescent, 3-4 cm. 1. Seeds 10-12, somewhat
rectangular.
21. C. polyadena DC. PL Bar. Jard. Genev. '2e Eapp. 12
(1824) ; leaflets, 4-8 pairs, oblong or somewhat obovate-oblong,
1*5-2-5 cm. L, leathery; glands capitate, subsessile or long-
stalked, one below the leaflets and often others along the
rhachis. — Griseb. op. cit. 210; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii.
575. C. chamsecrista L. Sp. PL 379 (in part i.e. as concerns the
habitat Jamaica). Senna occidentalis siliqua multiplici &c.
Sloane Cat. 149 & Hist. ii. 51. Chamsecrista jamaicensis Britton
in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xlii. 515 (1915).
Sloane Herb. vi. 32 ! Distin ! Pedro plain, St. Elizabeth, Purdie !
Marchl Long Mountain, south side, near Kingston, 300 ft., Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 9615, 12,120. — Bahamas, Guadeloupe.
A straggling undershrub, 3-4 ft. high ; branches puberulous, or at
length glabrate. Leaves 3-5 cm. 1. ; leaflets : base oblique, apex obtuse,
mucronulate, midrib exmedian, nerves prominent on both sides, glabrous,
5-9 mm. br. ; petiole (and rhachis) sparcely puberulous or glabrate,
4-5 mm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, cilio-
lulate, 2-6 mm. 1. Pedicels 1-3, attached at a point 2-3 mm. above
the leaf-axil, about half as long as the leaves, 1-3-2 cm. 1. Bracts ovate,
long acuminate, 1-3 mm. 1. ; bracteoles triangular, apex bristle-like,
1*5-3 mm. 1. Sepals sparsely puberulous or glabrate, 8-10 mm. 1. Petals
yellow, 1*1-1*5 cm. 1. Pod sparsely puberulous, oblong, straight, 5-12-
seeded, 3-5 cm. 1.
•2-2. C. g-landulosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1017 (1759) (excl. syn.
Breyn.) ; leaflets usually 10-1G pairs, midrib nu'.li.-ni or nearly
median, nerves numerous and close together beneath ; gland
funnel-shaped, long-stalked, below the leaflets, and often others
along the rhachis; sepals 8-9 mm. 1. ; corolla longer, petals
0—11 (—13* 5) mm. 1.; pod pubescent or glabrate, 8-10-seeded.-
L. Amoen. v. 378 & Sp. PL ed. 2, 542 (excl. syn. Breyn.) Bot.
IV. I
114 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Cassia
Mag. t. 3435; Macf.Jam. /'. 346; Bentli. Plant. Hartw. 263 (non
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 576); Griseb. op. clt. '211. C. suffruti-
cosa erecta foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 225 1 C. chamsecrista
Mil. Herb, (non Gard. Diet.)- Sw. Obs. Hot. 164? Wright Mem.
198, 260, 295? C. virgata Sic. F1. Ind. Occ. 728 (1798); Macf.
J«m. i. 348; Bentli. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 576. The type,
Browne's specimen, is in Herb. Linn.
Browne ! ditches and wet places near Kingston, Broughton ! Swartz !
Macfadyen\ Me Nab I Port Royal Mts., Hartwegl St. Thomas, Purdiel
Oersted \ March \ Gordon Town, Ball I J.P. 1197, Morris !
Stem shrubby, erect, 2-3 ft. high ; branches puberulous or glabrate.
Leaves 3-9 cm. 1. ; leaflets oblong-linear to sublanceolate, mucronulate,
base oblique, nerves 3-4 from the base, pinnate, prominent, on the upper
side not so distinctly prominent ; puberulous or glabrescent beneath,
glabrous above, 8-20 mm. L, 2-4*5 mm. br. ; petiole (and rhachis)
pubescent, 2 mm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate, long acuminate, 5-8 mm. 1.
Pedicels solitary or 2 or 3 together, above the axils, '5-2 cm. 1. Bracts
triangular, acuminate, ribbed, 3-4 mm. 1. ; bracteoles lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, 2-4 mm. 1. Sepals more or less puberulous along a median
line. Petals yellow. Stamens 10, 2 longer than the rest. Pod oblong-
linear, 3-4 cm. 1. Seeds somewhat square-shaped, dirty brown, about
2*5 mm. in diani.
"A decoction of the roots of the Cane-piece Sensitive Plant is an anti-
dote against vegetable and fish poisons. A handful of the washed roots
being boiled in water from three pints to two, may be strained, sweetened,
and used for common drink, at the rate of three quarts in twenty-four
hours" (Wright).
23. C. Broughtonii Faivc. & Hendle in Journ. Hot. Iv. 37
(1917); leaves 7-11 cm. 1. ; leaflets, 19-22 (26) pairs, midrib nearly
median, nerves few, distant ; gland campanulate, long-stalked,
below the leaflets ; sepals 7-8 mm. 1. ; corolla not longer, petals
6-8 mm. 1. ; pod strongly margined, villose, about 16-seeded.
"In fossis et udis," Broughton \ Macfadyenl King's House grounds,
600 ft.; Harris I Fl. Jam. 6949.— Types in Herb. Mus. Brit., Herb. Kew.,
Herb. Jam., and Broughton's collection.
Shrub, 3 ft. high ; young branches densely pubescent with curved
hairs. Leaflets oblong-linear, oblique at base, scarcely so at apex, base
of broad side rounded, midrib ending in a bristle-like mucro, nerves 3-4
from the base, pinnate on the broad side, obsolete or slightly prominulous
on the upper surface, prominulous beneath, margin ciliolulate, upper
surface glabrous, lower glabrescent, 14-18 mm. L, 2-2-5 mm. br. ; petiole
(and rhachis) pubescent, 5-8 mm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
ribbed, ciliate, 13-14 mm. 1. Pedicels 2 or 3 in axillary and supra-axillary
clusters, 5-7 mm. 1. Bracts ribbed, 5 mm. 1. ; bracteoles ribbed, 3 mm. 1.
Sepals pubescent. Corolla yellow. Stamens 9, 2 longer than the rest.
Pod oblong-linear, 4*5-5 (2*5) cm. 1., 4*5 mm. br.
24. C. nietitans L. Sp. PI. 380 (1753); leaves 2-5-4 cm. 1. ;
leaflets, usually 10—16 pairs, midrib submedian, nerves few
beneath ; gland saucer-shaped or flat and round, shortly stalked,
below the leaflets ; sepals 4-5 mm. 1. ; petals 4 not longer than
sepals, one longer, 5 • 5-7 mm. 1. ; stamens usually 5 (4-6) ; pod
Cassia LEGUMINOS.K 115
pubescent, 3 '5-4 '5 cm. 1. — Griseb. op. clt. 211 (in part); Benth.
torn. cit. 578 (in part). Senna occidentalis siliqua singular! &c.
Sloane Cat. 150 & Hist. //. 51. Type in Herb. Linn.
Savanna, St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. vi. 33 & viii. 135 (6) !
Broughton\ Distinl Manchester, Pur die ! Porus, Lloyd.
Stem puberulous above witb curved hairs, glabrescent below. Leaflets
oblong-linear, nerves pinnate, 2-3 from the base, prominent beneath, apex
obtuse, mucronate, pubescent in young state, at length glabrate, margin
dilate, 7-14 (17) mm. 1., 2-2 -2 (1-3) mm. br. ; petiole (and rhachis) puberu-
lous ; stipules lanceolate with long acuminate bristle-like point, ciliolate
on margin, 7-8 mm. 1., longer than to the insertion of the gland. Pedicels
1-3 in clusters, 1-10 mm. above the axil, 2-5 mm. 1. Bracts 2-4 mm. 1.,
ribbed ; bracteoles 1-2-2-5 mm. 1. Sepals 4-5 mm. 1.
25. C. patellaria DC. ex Collad. Hist. Cass. 125. t. 16 (1816) ;
leaves 5-6 cm. 1. ; leaflets, 18-20 (10-25) pairs, midrib nearer
the margin than the middle, nerves several, parallel ; gland 1 or
sometimes 2, sessile, flat, round, below the leaflets ; sepals 5-6
mm. 1. ; petals not longer than the sepals ; stamens 7-8 ; pod
villose, 2 '5-3 '5 cm. 1. — Griseb. op. cit. 211 ; Bentli. torn. cit. 578.
Guys Hill, St. Thomas in the Vale, McNab ! pastures, St. Mary, Purdie !
Wilson \ Kobertsfield, Fawcett !— Cuba, Tobago, Trinidad, tropical conti-
nental America.
Stem to 3 ft., erect, densely pubescent or puberulous with curved hairs
or villose. Leaflets oblong-linear, ending in a mucro, nerves 4-5 from the
base, pinnate otherwise, prominent, very oblique both at base and apex,
base of the broad side truncate, margin ciliolate, upper surface puberulous
with adpressed hairs, or glabrate, lower puberulous with adpressed haiis,
10-15 mm. 1., 2-3 mm. br. ; petioles (and rhachis) villose ; stipules lanceo-
late, acuminate, puberulous, ciliate, 9-12 mm. 1. Peduncle giving off 1 or 2
erect clusters of flowers at intervals of about 5 mm. above the axil, each
cluster of 2-4 flowers. Bracts ribbed, 4-6 mm. 1. ; bracteoles ribbed,
2-5-3 mm. 1. Pistil villose. Pod oblong-linear, compressed, margined,
6-10-seeded. Seeds somewhat square, about 2 mm. 1.
26. C. faseiata comb. nov. ; leaves 7—9 cm. 1. ; leaflets, 10-22
pairs, midrib exmedian, nerves few beneath curved outwards
along the margin; gland 1, rarely 2, cup-shaped, sessile, below
the leaflets; sepals 8-8*5 mm. 1. ; petals, 3 longer than the
sepals, 13-9 '5 mm. 1. ; stamens 10; pod somewhat hirsute, 4-5
cm. 1. — C. chamsecrista Macf. Jam. I. 346 (1837) (non L.).
C. nictitans Griseb. loc. cit. (1860) (in part) ; Benth. tout. cit. 578
(in part) (non L.). Charmec-rista faseiata Britton in Bull. Torr.
Bot. Ant. xxxvii. 352 (1910).
Wright ! " Cane-piece intervals in seasonable districts," Macfadyen ;
between Bath and Cuua-cuna Pass, 1000 ft., Britton, 3500! bed of river,
Morant Bay, Harris £ Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,641.
Herbaceous, roots apparently annual. Stems erect, little branched,
1^-3 ft. high, more or less pubescent with curved hairs. Leaflets oblong-
linear, glabrous, apex obtuse or acute, mucronate, base oblique, rounded
on the broad side ; nerves 2-3 from, the base, otherwise pinnate, prominent
beneath ; margins somewhat serrulate, 1-1 • 5 cm. 1., 2-2 • 5 mm. br. ; petiole
I 2
116 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Cassia
5-8 mm. 1. (and rhachis), with curved hairs; stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
ciliolulate, ribbed, 8-10 mm. 1. Pedicels 5-8 mm. 1., villose, in clusters of
3 or 4, springing from a point 1-1-5 cm. above the axil. Bracts ovate
acuminate, about 4 mm. 1. ; bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 3-35 mm. 1. Pod
linear, slightly curved, somewhat narrowed towards the base, margined,
9-12-seeded.
'11. C. smaragdina Macf. Jam. i. 347; leaves 2-4 cm. 1. ;
leaflets, 8-13 pairs, midrib subrnedian. nerves somewhat few
but closer together and straighter and more upright than in
C. fasciata ; gland 1, cup-shaped, sessile, below the leaflets;
sepals 7-8*5 mm. 1. ; petals. 2 or 3 longer than the sepals,
10-9 mm. 1., the rest about 7 mm. 1. ; stamens 10 ; pod puberu-
lous, 3-3 • 5 cm. 1.
" Common in the mountain districts; in flower the greater part of the
year," Macfadyen: Cinchona, J.P. 1258, Hart ! — Hispaniola.
Stem puberulous with curved hairs. Leaflets oblong-linear, nerves
pinnate, 3-4 from the base, prominent beneath, apex obtuse mucronate,
glabrous on upper surface, puberulous beneath or glabrate, margin cilio-
lulate, 6-10 mm. 1., 2 mm. br. ; petiole (and rhachis) puberulous; stipules
lanceolate with long acuminate bristle-like point, ciliolate on the margin,
6-10 mm. 1. Pedicels solitary or 2-4 together, 2-10 mm. above the axil,
3-8 mm. 1. Bracts ovate, with a long acuminate bristle-like point, ribbed,
4-6 mm. 1. ; bracteoles like the bracts but narrower, 3-5 mm. 1. Pod
9-12-seeded.
Macfadyen gave the specific name (emerald-like) " from the beautiful
bright green of the leaflets."
§ 15. Leaves composed of two leaflets united. Calyx spatha-
ceous, 5-toothed. Petals 5. Anthers versatile. Stalk of
the ovary free or adherent to the tube of the calyx ;
ovules 2 or more. Seeds with endosperm.
34. BAUHINIA L.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves (in Jamaican species) composed of
two leaflets united. Flowers in racemes, or 2-3 together, or
solitary. Receptacle (calyx-tube) cylindrical. Calyx spathaceous,
5-toothed. Petals 5, subequal. Stamens, 1 fertile, or 10 fertile
in B. tomentosa. Pod 2-valved, splitting open.
Species about 250, widely dispersed within the tropics.
Petals 1-5-21 5 cm. 1. Stamens, 1 fertile B. divaricata.
[Petals 4-5 cm. 1. Stamens, 1 fertile B. monandra.]
[Petals 4-5 cm. 1. Stamens, 10 fertile B. tomentosaJ]
B. divarieata L. Sp. PL 374 (1753); petals 1-2-2-5 cm. 1.,
3-6 mm. br., white changing to rose-pink ; stamens, 1 fertile,
much longer than the rest. — L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 535 (incl. var.) ;
Lam. Illustr. t. 329, / 3 ; Miller Gard Diet. ed. 8 ; Urb. in Jnhrb.
Sot. Gart. Berl. iv. 247. B. porrecta Sw. Prodr. 66 (1788) ; Jacq.
Bauhinia
LEOUMIXOSJ-;
ir
Hort, Sclwenbr. t. 100; Hot. Hag. t. 1708; Macf. Jam. i. 351.
B. aurita Dry<unJrr in Ail. I fort. Km:. /'/. 48. B. foliis quin-
quenerviis &c. L. Hort.'CU/. 156, t. !•",. B. foliis &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 226. B. foliis ovato-cordatis etc. Miller Ir. t. 61.
B. inermis &c. Plum. PL Amcr. (Sunn.) 32, t. 44, /. 2 ; Jc. «we<7. /.
i. 35. Sennas spuriaj aut Aspalatho &c. Sloane Cat. 150 & Hist. ii.
51. Casparea porrecta & C. aurita Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Iml. 213.
(Fig. 34.) Specimen from Hort. Cliff, is in Herb. Mus. Brit.,
also Dryander's type of B. <turita.
D
Fig. 34. — Bauhinia divaricata L.
A, Inflorescence with two leaves x J. C, Sterile stamens opened flat x 2.
B, Flower x 3. D, Pod X §.
Mountain Ebony, Bull-Hoof.
In fl. all the year ; on the hills everywhere, Sloane Herb. vi. 36, 37 !
Barham in Herb. Sloane clxii. 255 ! Wright ! woods, Broughton ! Bcrtero ;
common, lower hills in thickets, Macfadyenl Distinl Parnelll Hartwcgl
near Spanish Town, Purdiel Prior; March I J.P. 681, Jenman ! Morris I
Port Royal Mts., Moore ! Arcadia, Mrs. Sewelll Farm Hill, Campbell*
Porus, Lloyd ; Buff Bay, Thompson ! Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; Hall's
Delight; Mona woodland, 1000 ft.; Holly Mount, 2200 ft. ; Harri* ! Fl. Jam.
5503, 5837, 6494, 6546, 8980.— Cayman Is., Cuba, Hispaniola, Central America.
Shrub or small tree, 6-20 ft. high. Leaves 7-(5-9-)nerved, base cordate-
emarginate or truncate ; leaflets united ^ or £ or rarely i of their length,
3-11 cm. 1., glabrous on the upper surface, puberulous or glabrate beneath.
Racetnes with several flowers crowded together, hermaphrodite or with
ovary abortive. Receptacle 3-4 mm. 1., 1-1 '5 mm. in diam. Calyx 12-15
mm. 1., with the points free, linear or mucronate. Petals elliptical-lanceo-
late, with a long thread-like claw. Stamens, 1 fertile, 3-4 cm. L, the rest
all sterile, 12-15 mm. 1., united into a tube for g-i of their length. Pistil
118 FLORA OF JAMAICA Bauhinia
long-stalked with exserted ovary, in hermaphrodite flowers 4-5 cin. 1., in
male flowers G-10 mm. 1. Pod generally only 1 in a raceme, linear or
irregular in outline, 6-12 cm. 1., 1-1-5 cm. br., beaked with persistent style.
Seeds 3-9, flattened-ellipsoidal, 6-8 mm. 1.
[B. monandra Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bemj. xlii. pt. 2, 73
(1873); petals 4-5 cm. 1., 2-2*5 cm. br., rosy-pink; stamens
1 fertile, much longer than the rest. — B. Kappleri Sayot in
Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, xiii. 317 (1882); Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 315 ^
io. 271; Cook d- Coll in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. vill. 90, t. 19.
B. Krugii Urb. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. Hi 83, t. mil f. 2, 9,
18 (1885).
Jerusalem Date, Butterfly Flower.
Common in gardens and fences ; St. George, Watt ! Ramble, Hanover,
Fawcettl Lucea, Hitchcock; Hope Gardens, Harris I Fl. Jam. 12,337.—
Cultivated, and, as it were, spontaneous in Jamaica and other West Indian
islands, probably native in Guiana.
Shrub or small tree, 12-16 ft. high. Leaves 11-13-nerved, base truncate
or shallow-cordate, 5-16 cm. 1. and br. ; leaflets united £--§ of their length,
glabrous on the upper surface, puberulous on the nerves beneath. Raceme
lew-flowered, somewhat corymbose. Pedicels about 3 cm. 1., densely
puberulous. Flowers hermaphrodite, or with ovary abortive. Receptacle
about 3-5 cm. 1., 3 mm. br. above, densely puberulous. Calyx tomen-
tellous, with the points free, mucronate or dentate, about 2 cm. 1. Petals
obovate, clawed. Stamens, one fertile, 4-4-5 cm. 1., the rest all sterile,
10-2 mm. 1., 5 free, the rest more or less united. Pistil, stalk 2-3 cm. 1.,
adherent to the receptacle, the free part about as long as the fertile
stamen, in male flowers 4-5 mm. 1. ; ovary puberulous, at length glabrate.
Pod generally only one in a raceme, broadly linear, straight, 18-22 cm. 1.,
about 2-5 cm. br., with a short beak (style) 1-1*5 cm. 1. Seeds 16-22,
separated by a flocculent pithy substance, flattened-ellipsoidal, 10-12
mm. 1., 6-8 mm. br.
"There are miles of this species used as a roadside fence plant in
St. Mary. The trees are pollarded, and they then produce long pliable
branches which make a good wattle fence when properly plaited" (Harris).]
[B. tomentosa L. Sp. PL 375 (1753); petals 4-5 cm. 1.,
golden yellow with a deep purple blotch at the base of the upper
one; stamens 10 fertile. — Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5560; Bak.
in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 275 ; Urb. in Jdhrb. Bot. Gart. BerL
iv. 251 & Synib. Ant iv. 271. B. pubescens DC. Leg. Mem. 483
(1825) (fide Urb.). B. ungula Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 214 (1860)
(in part) (non Jacq.). B. variegata Griseb. loc. cit. (non L.).
B. foliis subrotundis &c. Burm. Zeijl. 44, t. 18. Mandaru &c.
PluL PJiyt. t. 44, /. 6.
Bertero ; common shrub in gardens, Macfadyen ; Wilson ! March \—
East Indies, Malay Is., China, tropical Africa.
Shrub, twigs pubescent. Leaves 5-7-nerved, roundish in outline but
broader than long, base rounded or truncate ; leaflets united more than
halfway, apex rounded, about 5*5 (2-7) cm. 1. ; pubescent beneath.
Flowers usually 2 -together (1-3), axillary; bracteoles 2, linear, persistent,
5-7 mm. 1. Receptacle 3 mm. 1. Calyx 1-5-2 cm. 1., dentate. Petals
obovate. Stamens unequal, nearly free. Pod flat, linear, narrowed towards
the base, 1-1-5 dm. 1., about 1*5 cm. br. Seeds 6-10.]
Tamarindus LEOUMINOSA; 119
§ 16. Leaves abruptly pinnate or imparipinnate (in Crudia) ;
leaflets 2 to numerous. Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals 3, 5,
or none. Anthers versatile. Stalk of the ovary adherent
to the calyx-tube.
[TAMARINDUS L.
Tree. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets small, in numerous
pairs. Racemes fe w-flo wered, axillary or terminal, on short
lateral branches. Receptacle (calyx-tube) narrowly top-shaped.
Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals 3, small, one narrower than the
others, with 2 rudimentary petals. Stamens, 3 perfect united
into a sheath open above, the rest abortive. Ovary stalked ;
stalk adnate to the hollow receptacle. Pod pulpy, not opening.
Species 1, probably indigenous in tropical Africa, widely
diffused, but cultivated, in tropical and subtropical regions of
America and Asia.
T. indica L. Sp. PL 34 (1753) ; Jacq. SeJ. Stirp. Amer. 10,
t. 10 & t. 179, /. 98 & Ed.pict. t. 13 ; Wriglit 3Ie;n. 238; Grisel.
Fl Br. W. Ind. 213 ; Bentk. in Fl. Bras. xv. pt, 2, 227 ; Bentl &
Trim. Ned. PL t. 92; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 270. ]»'/// Econ. Prod.
T. occidentalis Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 310, t. 146 (1791) ; Macf. Jam.
i. 335. T. officinalis Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4563 (1851). ' Tamarindus
Sloane Cat. 147 & Hist. ii. 45; Browne Hist. Ja,,i. 125. Type
in Herb. Linn.
Tamarind.
Cultivated ; Houstoun ! Wright ! Macfadyen ; Constant Spring, Hitch-
cock ; Poms, Lloyd; Berwick, 2000 ft., Harris ! Brandon Hill, 1200 ft.,
Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6535, 8084. — For distribution, see under genus.
A large tree without prickles, usually to 30 or 40 ft. high, but in the
open plains often a very large tree with a diameter of 5 ft. Leaflets in
8-20 pairs, oblong, apex rounded, base unequal-sided, about 2 cm. 1.
Bracteoles boat-shaped enclosing the bud, soon falling, about 11 mm. 1.
Petals about as long as the calyx, white or pale yellow with red veins,
nearly 1*5 cm. 1. Pod 7-15 cm. 1., 2*5 cm. br. Seeds 2-8.
The pulp of West Indian Tamarinds is official in the British Pharma-
copoeia and in that of the United States. The wood is yellowish-white,
hard and close-grained; heart-wood small, dark purplish brown. The
timber is highly prized though extremely difficult to work, and is used
chiefly for wheels, mallets, planes, furniture, &c. It is also excellent for
turning purposes, and is one of the woods preferred for making gunpowder
charcoal. It is also much prixed for fuel when great heat is necessary, as
in brick-making. From the liability of the tree to become hollow in the
centre it is difficult to get a plank of any width. (Watt)]
35. HYMEN^A L.
Trees, without prickles. Leaves 2-foliolate ; leaflets leathery,
unequal-sided, with pellucid dots. Flowers white, in short
terminal panicles, densely corymbose. Receptacle (calyx-tube)
120
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Hymenaea
campanulate. Sepals 4, very imbricate. Petals 5, sessile, ovate-
elliptical, a little unequal, the uppermost often larger. Stamens 10,
free, glabrous. Ovary shortly stalked ; stalk adherent to the
hollow receptacle. Pod somewhat woody, large, not opening.
Seeds fe\v.
Species 8, natives of tropical America.
H. Courbaril L. Sp. PL 1192 (1753) & ed. 2, 537; Gaertn.
Fruct. ii. t. 145 ; Descourt. FL Ant. v. t. 359 ; Hayne Arzneyk.
Gew. xi. t. 10 ; Macf. Jam. L 349 ; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 213 ;
Benth. in. FL Bras. xv. pt. 2, 235 ; Cook & Coll. in Contrib. U.S.
Nat. Herb. viii. 164, t. 41 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 270. H. foliis &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 221. Ptesina pici &c. Sloane Cat. 215 & Hist.
Fig. 35. — Hymenaea Courbaril L.
A, Portion of inflorescence with a leaf X |. F, Flower after pollination, petals and
B, Bud, nat. size.
C, D, Petals, nat. size.
E, Bud with some of the parts removed,
nat. size.
stamens removed, nat. size.
G, Pod with portion removed to show
pulp and seeds x 5.
Hymenxa LEGUMINOS^l 121
ii. 186, t. 141, /. 4, 5. Courbaril Plum. Nov. PL Amer. Gen. 49.
Ceratia diphyllos &c. Pluk. Plujt. t. 82, /. 3. (Fig. 35.)
Plukenet's specimen is in Herb. Sloane. A specimen named
by Linnaeus is in Herb. Linn.
West Indian Locust Tree, Stinking Toe.
Plukenet in Herb. Sloane xcv. 157 & xcix. 184 ! Sloane, pods !
Liguanea, Browne; common in Liguanea and the plains of St. Elizabeth,
Macfadyen; St. Andrew, McNab \ Pur die ; Porus, Lloyd; near Kingston,
Campbell \ Hope grounds, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6414. — West Indies, tropical
continental America.
Tree 30-60 ffc. high, with wide-spreading branches, and glabrous twigs
and leaves. Leaflets oblong to ovate, shortly acuminate, curved inwards,
the inner side only half as broad as the outer, 6-9 cm. 1. Receptacle 7-9
mm. 1. Calyx 1*5 cm. 1. Petals white, thin, with pellucid dots, scarcely
longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-3 '5 cm. 1., white. Pod thick, com-
pressed, chocolate coloured, rough, '5-1 dm. (-2*2) 1., 3-4-5(-10) cm. br.,
with 2 or more seeds imbedded in thick mealy pulp.
"The resin is frequently brought from Surinam on the main Continent
of America to Jamaica, where 'tis very much valued and prized for its
Virtues in curing Aches, &c." (Sloane). "A fine transparent resin exudes
between the principal roots. It is the Gum Animi of the shops. It
requires highly rectified spirits of wine to dissolve it, and makes the finest
varnish known, superior even to the Chinese lacca. It burns readily,
emitting a grateful and fragrant smell, and has been employed by way of
fumigation in attacks of spasmodic asthma and other ernbarassments of
respiration. In solution, it is given internally in doses of a teaspoonful,
as a substitute for Gum Guiacum, for rheumatic complaints, and employed
externally as an embrocation. A decoction of the inner bark is said to
act as a vermifuge. The wood is considered an excellent timber; is
extremely hard, of a close texture, taking a fine polish, and is well
adapted for making the cogs of wheels in machinery " (Macfadyen).
Browne and Macfadyen are doubtful whether the tree is a true native,
but we see no reason for declining to consider it indigenous.
36. CRUDIA Schreb.
Trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets alternate. Racemes
simple, terminal or lateral on last year's twigs. Bract and
bracteoles lasting as long as the flower in the Jamaican species.
Receptacle (calyx-tube) short. Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals none.
Stamens 10 (8, 9), free ; anthers versatile. Ovules few (about 4).
Pod sessile, woody or leathery, flat-compressed, obovate- roundish
or oblong, opening after some time at the margins. Seeds
large, 1 or 2.
Species 10, mostly natives of tropical America, 1 of tropical
Africa, 1 of East Indian archipelago, and 1 of Ceylon.
C. spicata Willd. Sp. PL ii. 539 (1799) ; Griscb. FL Br. W. Ind.
216. C. antillana Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 10 (1909). Apalatoa
spicata Anil. PL Gun,,,, i. 383, t. 147 (cxd. f. 5 and 6) (1775).
Type in Herb. INI us. Brit, (Fig. 36.)
122
FLOHA OF JAMAICA
Crudia
C a c o o n .
Great Morass, Westmoreland, Purdie ! Lacovia, on banks of Black
River; edge of Great Morass, Negril ; banks of Cabaritta river, Meylersfield ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9915, 10,247, 11,811.— Hispaniola, Guiana.
Tree to 50 ft. high; branches spreading, drooping. Leaflets 7-9(-13),
alternate or the lowest subopposite, oblong or elliptical-oblong, base more
or less unequal-sided, apex acuminate, glabrous, 7-13 cm. 1., 2-4 cm. br.,
veins promhmlous on both sides. Bract narrowly elliptical, about 6 mm. 1.
Fig. 36.— Crudia.
A, Bud of C. obliqua Griseb. cut length- D, Leaf and pods of C. spicata Willd., the
wise x 3. valve of one pod removed to show the
B, Flower of ditto X 3. seed x A.
C, Pistil of ditto enlarged after the fall of
the sepals and stamens X 8. (A, B, C after Fl. Bras.)
Bracteoles elliptical, about 8 mm. 1. Eeceptacle about 2 mm. 1. Sepals
veiny, puberulous, about 6 mm, 1. Pod 7-10 cm. 1., 5-6' 5 cm. br., tomen-
tose, nerves prominent, branching and towards the centre forming a
net-work. Seeds somewhat kidney-shaped, compressed, 4-5-6 cm. 1.,
3 '5-4 cm. br.
The distinguishing characters which Urban gives for his C. antillana
are not confirmed by comparison of Jamaican specimens with Aublet's
original specimen in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Prioria
LEGUMINi
123
§17. Leaves abruptly pinnate; leaflets in 1 or 2 pairs.
Sepals 5, very imbricate. Petals none. Anthers versatile.
Ovules 2.
37. PRIORIA Griseb.
Tree. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets large, in 1 or 2 pairs.
Flowers small, in interrupted spikes ; spikes paniculate, axillary
and terminal. Bracteoles united into a 2-lobed cupule equalling
Fig. 37.— Prioria copaifera Griseb.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x .'.. C, Pistil x 7.
I1-, Flower X 7. D, Pod X .'..
(After Benth.)
the receptacle (calyx-tube). Receptacle short. Sepals 5, roundish,
subpetaloid, very imbricate. Petals none. Stamens 10, free ;
anthers versatile. Ovules '2. Pod obliquely obovate-roundish,
flat-compressed, woody, 2-valved. Seed 1, pendulous, large.
Species 1, native of Jamaica and Central America.
P. copaifera Griseb. Fl Br. II'. Ind. '21 o (1860): 7>V/,//,. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 390, /. 40. (Fig. 37.)
124 FLORA OF JAMAICA Prioria
Bachelors Hall, near Bath, Wilson ! Mansfield, near Bath; Meylersfield;
Harris ! Bachelors Hall, common at 600 ft., Harris & Britton \ Fl. Jam.
6001, 10,575, 11,814.— Panama.
Tree 35 to 100 ft. high, 3-4 ft. in diam., glabrous. Leaflets elliptical or
ovate-elliptical, slightly curved inwards, sides somewhat unequal, apex
sometimes shortly and abruptly acuminate, with pellucid dots, veins
prominulous on both sides, 7-16 cm. 1. Bracteoles exceeding 1 mm. 1.
Flowers pale yellow, strongly scented. Sepals about 2' 5 mm. 1. ; margin
minutely ciliolate. Stamens 5 mm. 1. ; filaments hairy below ; apex of
connective fleshy, conical, appearing below the revers-ed anther. Pod
7-10 cm. 1., and about as broad, one side convex, the other flat or concave,
marked by longitudinal somewhat prominent veins running from the base
and sides and uniting at the apex, not splitting open, the seed germinating
in the pod and growing out at the apex.
SUBFAMILY 3.
Flowers regular, parts of the flower generally in 5's, small,
in globular heads or cylindrical spikes. Sepals valvate. Petals
equal in number to the sepals, valvate, distinct or united into a
lobed corolla, hypogynous. Stamens equal in number to the
sepals, or twice as many, or numerous ; filaments distinct, or
united below into a tube, or adhering at the base to the tube of
the corolla ; anthers small, versatile. Radicle straight, shortly
exserted or enclosed. Leaves bipinnate, but pinnate in Inga.
§18. Parts of the flower in 5's. Stamens 10, distinct ; anthers
with a small gland, which falls soon after the opening of
the flower. Pollen granules numerous, distinct.
38. ENTADA Adans.
Climbing shrubs ; stem often very long. Leaves with the
uppermost pair of pinnse converted into tendrils in E. gigas.
Calyx campanulate, 5- toothed. Stamens shortly exserted. Pod
sometimes very large, flat-compressed, jointed ; the joints 1 -seeded,
separating from each other, and leaving a continuous persistent
margin.
Species 10, of which 1 is found widely distributed in the
tropics, 3 are confined to tropical America, and 6 are African.
E. gigas comb. nov. E. scandens Benih. in Hook. Journ. Sot.
iv. 332 (1842); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 216; Benth. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxx. 363. E. gigalobium DC. Prodr. ii. 424 (1825);
Macf.'Jam. i. 303. Perim Kaku Valli Eheed. Mai. viii. 59, t. 32,
33, 34. Phaseolus maximus perennis folio &c. Sloane Cat. 68 &
Hist. i. 178. Gigalobium &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 362. Mimosa
gigas L. Fl. Jam. 22 (1759) ; Amcen. v. 384 (1760). M. scandens
L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1501 (1763); Sw. Obs. Bot, 389; Wright Mem.
Entada
LEGUMINO>.i
125
305. Acacia scandens WillJ. Sp. PL iv. 1057 (1805); Tussar
Fl. Ant. Hi 79, t. 21 ; Dwonrt. FL Ant. Hi. t. 200. Purse cacoon
Lindsay Ic. hied. Gigalobium scanclrns Hitchcock in J/V.s.s. Bot.
B
Fi<,'. 3S.— Entada y><ja* Fa we. & RendK.
A, Leaf and inflorescence X L Y, Portion of pod, with the valve of one
}'>, Male Hower X 4. joint removal in show seed, x ,'..
C, Fertile Ho«er out lengthwise x 4. G, Seed cut across, showiin; tin- cavity
D, Anther with u'lan.l X 8. between the cotyledons.
E, Ovary cut across x 7.
•
Gard. Rep. (1893), £'2. (Fig. 38.) A specimen grown in Hort.
Upsal. named by Lirina-us is in Herb. Linn.
Cocoon, Cacoon, Mafootoo Withe.
" Thickets, beyond Mt. Diablo ; Moneague Savanna ; hills between
Cluauaboa and Mountain River Plantations," Sloanc Herb. iii. 67*, 68!
126 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Entada
Massonl St. George, McNabl Priori J.P. 979, Hartl Port Antonio,
Hitchcock; Castleton, Thompson ! also Harris! Fl. Jam. 7251. — Hispaniola,
Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, tropical continental America, subtropical S. Africa,
tropical Africa, Australia, Polynesia, and Asia.
Stem climbing along the tops of shrubs or high trees, often 100-150 ft.
long, and covering acres of woodland. Pinnx in 2 (or 1) pairs ; leaflets in
4 or 5 (2-)pairs, obliquely oblong-elliptical, blunt or emarginate, slightly
curved inwards, sides unequal, 2-8 cm. 1. ; stipules awl-shaped, adpressed,
about -5 cm. 1. Spikes usually solitary (sometimes 2), longer than the
leaves, springing from a point about *5 cm. above the axil, with tufted
glauds between the axil and the insertion, occasionally ending in a tendril
(Macfadyen) ; flowers numerous, small, crowded. Bracteoles persistent,
1-1-5 mm. 1. Calyx about 1-5 mm. 1. Petals 5, oblong, greenish-yellow
or green, 3-4 mm. 1. Stamens 10, twice as long as the petals, twisted ;
anthers sometimes bearing a minute stalked gland. Pistil sometimes
abortive. Pod very large, 1-2 m. 1., 1 dm. or more br., twisted in various
directions, 10-12-seeded. Seeds roundish-compressed, 5 cm. in diam. ;
cotyledons separated by a large median air-space which reduces the specific
gravity of the seed and so enables it to float.
The seeds are found cast up by the sea, not only on the Palisadoes in
Jamaica, but also on the shores of north-west Europe ; there are specimens
in Sloane's fruit collection of seeds cast up in the Hebrides and Orkney Is.
39. PIPTADENIA Benth.
Trees or shrubs, without spines or prickles (in P. peregrina).
Leaflets small, in numerous pairs ; glands on the petiole and
between the terminal pinn?e. Flowers in globular heads (in
P. peregrina) ; peduncles axillary, solitary or clustered, becoming
paniculate at the ends of the branches. Parts of the flowers
sometimes in 4's. Calyx campanulate, toothed. Petals united
to about the middle. Stamens exserted. Pod broadly flat,
2-valved, continuous within.
Species 38, mostly natives of tropical America, a few in
tropical Africa.
P. peregrina Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 340 (1842) (in
part), in FL Bras. xv. pt. 2, 282 & in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 373,
647 ; Urb. Synib. Ant. iv. 269. Mimosa peregrina L. Sp. PI.
520 (1753). Acacia peregrina Willd. Sp. PL iv. 1073 (1806).
A. angustiloba DC. Prodr. ii. 470 (1825). A. trichophylloides
Macf. Jam. i. 320 (1837). (Fig. 39.)
Bastard Tamarind.
" Fl. May, June, common Port Royal Mts.," Macfadyen. — Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, Dominica, St. Vincent, Trinidad, tropical and subtropical
S. America.
Shrub or tree, 10-40 ft. high. Leaves I' 5-2 dm. 1. ; pinnse in 10-13
pairs, 3*5-5 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 35-40 pairs, linear, unequal-sided, especially
at the base, 2-4 mm. 1. Peduncles generally 4 in a cluster, 3-4 cm. 1.
Flowers white ; heads with stamens about 1 • 5 cm. in diam. Calyx 2 mm. 1.,
puberulous on the outside. Corolla 3 mm. L, puberulous on the outside.
Stamens more than twice as long as the corolla. Pod 1-2 dm. 1., 1-5-2-5
Piptadenia
LEGUMINOS.-K
127
cm. br., leathery, mar-in-; slightly enlarged, somewhat constricted between
the seeds ; surface with leprous markings.
We have not seen any specimen from Jamaica, but follow Bentham in
considering Macfadyen's Acacia tricliopliylloides as a synonym.
Fig. 39. — Piptadenia peregrina Benth.
A. siu^k- lent with inflorescence x : C, Flower x ">.
-.ulnnd. D, Ditto cut lengthwise.
i'.. Several leaflets enlarged. E, Pod • .
[ADENANTHERA L.
Trees. Leaflets alternate, 12-18 in A. j""'""'""- Flowers
minute, crowded in long slender racemes, hermaphrodite »»r
polygamous. Calyx carnpanulate, shortly toothed. Stamens
scarcely exserted. Pod strap-shaped, swollen at the ends,
2-valved, the A7alves much twisted after they separate.
128 FLORA OF JAMAICA Adenanthcra
Species 3 or 4, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and Australia,
of which one (A. pavonina) is cultivated or spontaneous through-
out the tropics.
A. pavonina L. Sp. PL 384 (1753) ; Jacq. Coll. iv. t. 2.°, :
Wight. Ill L 80; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 217 ; Bedd. Fl Sylv.
t. 46 ; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 375 & in FL Bras. xv.
pt. 2, 288 ; Bale, in HooJc.f. FL Br. Ind. ii. 287 ; Watt Econ. Prod.
'!. 107; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 269. Type in Herb. Hermann in
Herb. Mus. Brit.
Circassian Seed.
Naturalized; Wullschlaegel ; Moneague, Prior ! very common in
Clarendon, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,075 ; Port Antonio, Hitchcock. — India,
Ceylon, Ma- ay Islands, Philippines, China ; introduced in America (incl.
W. Indies), also perhaps in Africa and Australia.
Tree to 40 ft. high. Pinnae in 2-5 pairs, 1-2 dm. 1. ; leaflets elliptical
or oblong-elliptical, very obtuse, 2-4 cm. 1. PMcemes 5-15 crn. 1. ; simple
from the axils of the leaves, panicled at the end of branches. Flowers
orange-coloured, 3-4 mm. L, pedicels as long. Pod 15-25 cm. L, 12-16
mm. br., curved. Seeds 10-12, of the same colour all over, usually bright
scarlet, varying in Jamaican specimens from 6-10 mm. br.
" The heart-wood is red, hard, close-grained, durable and strong. The
timber is used in southern India for house-building and cabinet-making
purposes . . . The seeds are used as weights in India, each being about
4 grains ; they are also strung and made into necklaces. Powdered and
beaten up with borax, they give a good cement " (Watt).]
[PROSOPIS L.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves with pinnae in 1 or 2 pairs ; leaflets
in few to many pairs. Flowers small, in axillary spikes in
P. juli flora. Calyx campanulate, shortly toothed. Stamens
exserted. Pod linear, not opening, thick, spongy, with the seeds
each in a separate cell.
Species 25, natives of tropical and subtropical regions, but
chiefly American.
P. juliflora DC. Prodr. ii. 447 (1825) ; Macf. Jam. i. 311 ;
Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 217 ; Benth. in FL Bras. xv. pt. 2, 289 &
Trans. Linn. S<>c. xax. 377 ; Sarg. Silv. Hi. 101, t. 136, 137.
P. horrida Kunth Mimos. 106, t. 33 and P. dulcis Kunth op. cit.
110, t. 34 (1822). Mimosa diffusa &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 252.
M. juliflora Sw. Prodr. 85 (1788) & FL Lid. Occ. 986 (misprint
piliflora) ; Descourt. FL Ant. mil. t. 550. Acacia juliflora Wdld.
Sp. PL iv. 1076 (1805). M. salinarum Vahl Edog. Am. Hi. 35
(1807). A. salinarum DC. Prodr. ii. 456 (1825); Macf. Jam.
i. 313.
C a s h a w.
Houstounl Browne; Shakspearl Masson\ Salt Ponds district, von Rohr ;
Macjadyen ; Oersted ! Prior ; Hope, Fawcett \ Kingston ; Constant Spring,
Prosopis LEGUMINOS/E 129
Hitchcock; Long Mt. road, 250ft.; Hope; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5667, 6980,
8525. — West tropical and subtropical N. and S. America. Browne states
that it was " introduced from the main continent, and thrives very
luxuriantly in many parts of the low lands." There is no specimen in
Sloane's Herbarium.
A glabrous shrub or tree, 15-40 ft. high, generally with axillary spines.
Leaflets, 20-15 (6-30) pairs, oblong to linear, 5-13 mm. 1., 1*5-4 mm. br.
(continental specimens often much longer) ; rhachis with sessile glands.
Spikes 5-10 cm. 1., 3 to 4 together, densely crowded with small yellow
fragrant flowers. ( 'alyx a little over 1 mm. 1. Petals woolly inside near
the apex, 3 mm. 1. Stamens about 4 mm. 1. Pod generally one in each
;-pike, curved or nearly straight. 15-20 (5-) cm. 1., 6-16 mm. br., at length
6-8 mm. thick, with sweetish pulp.
•' The wood is heavy, hard, and close grained, although not very strong
... It is almost indestructible in contact with the soil, and is valued for
fence posts and railway ties ... It is sometimes used in furniture, for the
fellies of heavy wheels, and for the pavement of city streets ; and it affords
the best and often the only fuel in the regions where it grows, burning
slowly with a bright clear flame. It produces valuable charcoal, but is
unsuited to the generation of steam on account of the destructive action
upon boilers of the tannin which it contains . . . An astringent decoction
obtained by boiling chips of the heart-wood may be used to check diarrhoea
or dysantery, or by infusion to purify muddy or stagnant water ... A gum
resembling gum arabic exudes from its stems " (Sargent).]
40. NEPTUNIA Lour.
Herbs. Leaflets small. Stipules obliquely cordate. Flower-
heads on axillary peduncles ; upper flowers hermaphrodite ;
lower male or neuter with small calyx and corolla and 10 petaloid
long-exserted staminodes. Stamens generally 10, exserted. Pod
obliquely oblong, short, broad, flat, 2-valved, more or less divided
between the seeds.
Species 8. natives of North and South America, Asia and
tropical Australia, of which one, a floating plant, is found wide-
spread throughout the tropics.
1. N. oleraeea Lour. FL Coch. 654 (1790); Griseb. Fl.. Br.
W. Ind. 217 ; Benih. in FL Bras. xv. pt. 2, 290, t. 78 & in Trans
Linn. Soc. xxv. 383. Mimosa lacustris Numb. & Bonpl. PL
J'lquin. i. 55, t. 16 (1806). (Fig. 40.)
Ponds, neat: Hodges Pen, St. Elizabeth, Purdie ! — Tropical America,
Asia, and Africa.
Glabrous licrbs, with spongy stem frequently floating by means of
hollow swellings, and branching and rooting so as to cover shallow waters
or swamps; stem swellings 1-2 cm. thick. Leaves 5-7 cm. 1. ; rhat
without a gland. Pinnte in the upper part of the petiole, in 2 or :) pairs,
4-5 cm. 1. Leaflets in 8-20 pairs, linear-oblong, 6-12 nun. 1. Sti/>ules
broadly and obliquely cordate, acute, 5-7 mm. 1. 1'fdund, < axillary,
7-13 cm. 1. in flower, longer in fruit. Bracts, 1 or 2 about the middle of
the peduncle, ovate, 4-12 mm. 1. Fluir, r-ln-tnl^ white, changing to yellow,
ellipsoidal in bud, becoming hemispherical in flower, with numerous
sterile flowers radiating from the base. Sterile flowers with small or
obsolete calyx, 5 petals, 2-4 mm. 1., and 10 narrowly linear-lanceolate
IV. K
130
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Ncptuni"
sniminodes, 7-14 mm. 1. Perfect flowers sessile, calyx 2 mm. 1., petal-
4 mm. l.; stamens twice as long as the petals. Pod 2-2-5 cm. 1., -8-1 cm.
br., ilat, mucronate, bent down at a right angle from the stalk (5-8 mm. 1.).
Seeds 5-8(3-9), obovate, brownish-black, about -5 cm. 1.
-
'
>!
Fig. 40. — Neptunia oleracea Lour.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x
B, Flower X 5.
C, Sterile flower x 3.
D, Head of pods X 5.
(A, B, C after Fl. Bras.)
2. N. plena Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 355 (1842) :
Benth. in FL Bras. xv. pt. 2, 291 & in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 383 ;
Lindl Bot. Beg. 1846, t, 3; Griseb. op. cit, 218; Urb. Syml.
Ant. iv. 268. Mimosa non spinosa palustris et herbacea pro-
cumbens, flore luteo pleiio Houst. MSS. 165, /. 92. M. foliis
duplicato-pinnatis spicarum &c. L. Hort. Upsal. 145. M. plena
L. Sp. PL 519 (1753) ; Miller Ic. 122, t. 182, /. 2 ; Houst, Beliq.
10, t. 23. M. frutescens media inermis &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
253. M. punctata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1311 (1759). Herba mimosa
non spinosa pldtyceratos &c. Sloane Cat. 152 & Hist. ii. 57.
LEGUMINUS.K
131
Desinanthus punctatus WiU<L Sp. PI. ic. 1047 (1806). A speci-
men named by Linnaeus (M. plrna), and another from Browne
named by Linnreus J/. punctat«, are in Herb. Linn.
Sixteen Mile Walk, Slonnc Herb. vi. 47, 48! Browne ! Wullsclilaegel ;
Pond, , Old Hope, Westmoreland, Harrisl Fl. Jam. 11,82(3.— Bahamas,
West Indies, tropical continental America, also tropical Asia, but probably
introduced (Bentbam).
Very like A7, oleracca Lour, and perhaps not separable as a distinct
species. Both Grisebach and Bentharn treat them as distinct, relying on
the following characters for N. plena : Pinnx, 3-5 pairs ; rhachis bearing a,
sessile gland just below the lowest pair of leaflets. Leaflets 12-40 pairs.
Pod larger (to 5 cm. 1.), more erect. Seeds 5-20. Plant more terrestrial.
§ 19. Parts
of the flower in 5's or 4's. Stamens as mam-
as, or twice as many as, the petals ; anthers without
glands. Pollen granules numerous, distinct.
41. DESMANTHUS Willd.
Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaflets very small ; a
,/
sessile cup-shaped gland just below the lowest pair. Stiuples
bristle-like, persistent. Flower-
heads on solitary axillary stalks.
Floral parts in 5's. Calyx cam-
pa nulate, toothed. Petals free
or slightly cohering. Stamens
10 (rarely 5), free, exserted.
Pod linear, Hat-compressed, 2-
valvecl.
Species 8 or 9, natives of
North and South America and
West Indies, one (D. virgatus)
widely dispersed throughout
tropical and subtropical regions.
D. virgatus Wllhl % PL
1<>47(1S06); Griseb.FL Br.
IV.
IF. In,!. 218
Brn.«. xv. pi
Tntu*. J/mii.
Sijml). Ant. ir.
pressus Jli'mh.
Be nth.
293, /.
FL
9 &
xxv. 385 ;
D.
Urb.
de-
Willd.
A
B
268.
tO BonpL ex
'\\"<U<1. Sp. PL iv. 1040 (1806);
KinitJi Minn*. 1 15. /. :>>5 ( IS22; :
H< nilt. lor. cit. D. strictus
Jtrrtol. in Giorn. Arcad. xxi. 190
(1824); DC. P/oJr. //. 445 j M«,-f. J<u,,. i 310. D. pratorum
Macf. Jam. L 311 (1837). .Mimosa americana pigra Arc. PJnl-.
K 2
X 5.
PeduiK'lc and ripe i>ods X |.
C, Seed much eul;ir«'ed.
(A, C after M. Bras.)
132 FLORA OF JAMAICA Desmantlm*
Plujt. t. 307, f. •>. Herba mimosa 11011 spinosa Arc. Sloane Cat.
153 & #/«/. iV. f>8. Mimosa virgata L. >S/,. PI. 519 (175."») ;
Jacq. Hort. Vindob. 34, <. 80. M. pernambucana L. loc. cit.
Acuan virgatum Medil: TJteod. 62 (1786). (Fig. 41.) Type in
Herb. Linn.
Ground Tamarind.
Near St. Jago de la Vega and in other places, Siuane Herb. vi. 50 ! Old
Harbour, Broughton \ Bancroft \ Liguanea plain ; Lucky Valley, Port
Royal Mts. ; Oxford, St. Thomas in the East ; Macfadyen ! March \ Green
Valley, J.P. 1358, Han-is ! King's House, J.P. 1348, Hart ! Kingston ; Port
Morant ; Hitchcock ; Mona, Campbell ! Ewarton, 1000 ft. ; Hope grounds ;
Harris \ Fl. Jam. 5871, 6670, 11,931. — Tropical and subtropical regions.
Shrub erect, 2-4(-6) ft. high, or branches diffuse or prostrate; branches
angular or somewhat 4-cornered above and terete below. Pinnse 2-5(-7)
pairs, 1 • 5-4 • 5 cm. 1. ; leaflets 10-25 pairs, linear or oblong-linear, 4-8 mm. 1. :
gland cup-like, ovate or circular. Flower-heads with 6-8 whitish flowers.
Calyx about 2-5 mm. 1. Petals about 4 mm. 1. Stamens at length about
twice as long as the corolla ; anthers sometimes aborted in the lower
flowers. Pod 6'5-3(-S) cm. L, 3-4 mm. br., linear. Seeds 10-20
or more.
Bentharn retains D. dcpressus Humb. & Bonpl. as a species distinct
from D. virgatits Willd. ; the distinguishing features are the weak, less
angular and more procumbent stem ; pinnse generally not more than
1-5 cm. 1., in 1-5 pairs; leaflets smaller and narrower, in 10-20 pairs;
and much smaller gland. It seems to us merely a weak form of the
species, a view which is borne out by Macfadyen's detailed descriptions of
his two species.
42. MIMOSA L.
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves generally sensitive, usually
without glands on the stalks. Flower-heads stalked. Flowers
hermaphrodite or polygamous ; parts of the flowers in 4's.
Calyx generally minute, inconspicuous. Petals more or less
united. Stamens as many, or twice as many, as the petals,
generally twice as long, rosy or white, free. Pod compressed,
2-valved ; valves separating from the entire thickened border,
and breaking up into joints with 1 seed in each joint.
Species about 300, mostly natives of tropical America, a few
of Africa and Asia, none in Australia.
Herbs, sometimes woody below in M. pudica.
Without prickles. Pinnae, in 1 pair 1. M. viva.
With prickles. Pinnse subdigitate, in 2 pairs 2. M. pudica.
Shrubs or trees.
Pinnse in 4-8 pairs.
[Flower-heads white. Stipels minute prickles M. biimicronata.^
Flower-heads rosy. Stipels bristle-like 3. M. invisa.
[Pinnse in 8-15 pairs. Flower-heads pale rosy-lilac M. pigra.']
1. M. viva L. Sp. PI. 517 (1753) ; a very small prostrate
glabrous herb, without prickles, rooting at the nodes. — Macf.
Jam. i. 304; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 218; Benth. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxx. 392. M. herbacea non spinosa minima &c. Sloane Cat.
Mi.nosa
LEGUMINOSJE
133
i~>3 & Hist. it. 58, /. 18i'. /. 7. M. minima &c. Browne Hixt.
Jam. 254. A specimen from Urowne, named by Linnreus, is in
Herb. Linn. Specimen from Sloane, the type, is in Herb. Mus.
Brit.
Magotty and Moneague savannas, Sloaiic Herb. vi. 49! Browne \
\Vright \ St. Ann ; between Port Morant and Morant Bay; Broughtoul
Swartz ! East Prospect, St. Thomas in the East. Macfddifcti ; Moneague,
Prior ! Moneague, Fawcett ! — Cuba.
Leaf extremely sensitive to touch. Pinna?, 1 pair, 1-2 cm. 1. ; leaflets
in 4 pairs, oblong, blunt, 3— 3 mm. 1. ; petiole 1-2 cm. 1. Floicsr-hcmi*
ovate or globular, few-flowered; peduncles solitary, axillary, about as long
as the petiole. Stamens as many as the petals, and twice as long. /
ovoid, bristly in the centre of the valves, 1-jointed, 5-6 mm. 1.
" This small plant grows in patches, densely covering the ground for
several feet in extent. It is perhaps the most sensitive of its kind, its
leaves affected even by the breeze, and instantly collapsing on being
touched, so that you may write your name on a bed of it, by means of a
stick drawn lightly over the surface, and the letters will remain legible for
several minutes" (Macfadyen).
2. M. pudiea L. S}3. PL 518 (1753) (excl. syn. Breyn., Comm.) :
a prickly herb, stems woody at the base, long, prostrate, sorne-
Kig. 4'J. — Miuxisa ju'dica L.
Leaves expanded and closed. Flowers in Imd ;nid open.
Pods showing how the borders break away.
1.34 FLORA OF JAMAICA Minn
times more or less erect and subshrubby ; leaves subdigitately
pinnate, the pinnse being close together in 2 pairs (or sometimes
some leaves have only 1 pair) ; leaflets in 15-27 pairs. — -Bot.
Reg. t. 941 ; Mac/, loc. cit. ; Griseb. op. cit. 219 ; Benth. tout. n't.
;>97, it in Fl. Bras. xv. pt. 2, 316. M. aculeata foliis quadripin-
natis Plum. PL Amer. (Burin.) t. 202. (Fig. 42.) A specimen
from Browne, named by Linnseus, is in Herb. Linn.
Shame Weed.
Browne \ Massonl Prior; March ! Cavalier's Pen, J.P. 1378, Symel
Kingston, Ckitel Bog Walk; Port Morant ; Lucea, Hitchcock; Porus,
Lloyd; Ginger Piece, Blue Mts., J.P. 1428, Campbell I Cedar Valley,
Watt ! Pittsfield, 500 ft. ; Scott's Hall, 700 ft. : Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6755,
7916 ; Swamp, Golden Grove, Miss Walter ! — A common weed in tropical
America (incl. W. Indies), naturalized in many parts of tropical Africa
and Asia.
Stems 3-6 (9) dm. 1., glabrous or hispid, with prickles below the stipules,
and also scattered along the internodes. Leaf sensitive to the touch ;
pinnae 2-9 cm. 1. ; leaflets linear, acute, very oblique at base, '5-1 cm. 1.,
with villose adpressed hairs on margin and generally on under surface ;
petiole (and rhachis) glabrous or hispid, 1*5-6 cm. 1. Stipules lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate with villose margins, 5-10 mm. 1. Flower-heads rosy,
ellipsoidal or globular. Peduncles solitary or 2-3 together, about as long
as, or shorter than, the petiole. Bract below each flower, 1-2 mm. 1.,
linear with glabrous margin and shorter than the flower-bud, or linear-
spathulate with long villose hairs on the margin and longer than the
flower-bud. Calyx about '2 mm. 1. Corolla about 2 mm. 1. Stamen*
as many as the petals and twice or thrice as long. Pod 1-1-5 cm. 1.,
3-4 mm. br., margins with bristles, persistent ; valves glabrous, smooth,
3-4-jointed.
There are two forms :—
a. form hispidior Benth., hispid ; stipules long, 6-10 mm. 1. ; bracts
with villose margins, longer than the flower-bud, 2 mm. 1.
b. form glabrior Benth., more or less glabrous; stipules shorter,
4-5 mm. 1. ; bracts with glabrous margins, shorter than the flower-bad,
1-1 '5 mm. 1. Further investigation in the field is required to determine
whether these are distinct forms, or whether they pass into one another.
This species is a troublesome weed in pastures, as the prickles wound
the mouths of stock feeding where it grows, and are even dangerous to
young calves. The weed has to be cut out by hand labour, or sheep are
used to feed it down. The leaves are very sensitive.
[M. bimueronata Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL i. 198 (1891); shrub
or tree to 25 ft. high, with (or occasionally without) prickles ;
pinnse in 4-8 pairs ; stipels in the form of 2 minute prickles ;
flower-heads white, in a panicle. — M. sepiaria Benth. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. iv. 395 (1842), in Fl. Bras. xv. pt. 2, 364. t. 91 it in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 423. M. thyrsoidea Grisel). Joe. cit.
(1860). Acacia bimueronata DC. Prodr. //. 469 (1825).
Brazil Mace a.
Near Christiana, Harris ! Spaldings, Miss Wood ! Hanbury, near
Kendal, Harris & Britton ! Fl. Jam. 8242, 10,625. — Brazil, Paraguay ;
naturalized in Jamaica, Singapore, and southern China.
Pinnse. 2 '5-5 cm. 1. ; leaflets in numerous pairs, linear-oblong, midrib
submedian, 5-5-10 mm. 1. ; stipules bristle-like, 4-5 mm. 1., soon falling.
Mimosa LEGUMIXOS.-E 13;"
Floicer-licadd globular, 5-6 mm. in diam. without the stamens, raany-
flowered, forming a terminal panicle often 3 din. 1. Calyx about •? mm. 1.
nla about 2'5 mm. 1. Stamens twice as many as the petals and thrice
as long. Pod flat, glabrous, without prickles, 4-5 cm. 1., 7-S mm. br. ;
valves 5-8-jointed. Used for making hedges.]
3. M. invisa H>n-t. in Flora xx. BeibL 121 (1837) : shrub <>r
undershrub, with pubescent angled stem- -rveral feet !<>'
trailing over bushes and climbing by means of numerous recurved
prickles on stems and petioles ; pinna? in 5 or 6 (4-8) pairs, with
a bristle between the pinna-; stipels bristle-like: flower-heads
rosy, 1 or '2 in axils; peduncle much shorter than the petiole. -
Benth. in Fl. Bras. xv. ±>t. '2, 379, t. 97 A: Trail*. Linn. Xo/-. .,-..
43(>; Urb. >S// //</.-. Ant. vi. 103. M. diplotricha IT/-/';//// /// Sauu.
PI. Cub. 34 (1868). Schrankia brachvcarpa Benth. in H<«>l,-.
Journ. Bot. ii. 130 (1840); Grwl. Fl. Br. W. Ltd. 220.
An authentic specimen from Martins is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
St. Cruz, 450 ft., Harris ! Fl. 9863.— Cuba, Trinidad, tropical conti-
nental America.
Leaves 4-11 cm. 1. ; pinnse 2-4 cm. 1. ; bristle and stipels about 2 mm. 1. ;
leaflets in numerous pairs, oblong, 4-5 mm. 1. ; petiole 5-6 cm. 1. Floi
heads globular; peduncle barely 1 cm. 1. Calyx minute, about '3 mm. 1.
Corolla about 2 mm. 1. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 2-2.4 thru :•-
as long. Pod l'5-2*5 cm. 1., 5-6 mm. br., margins spiny; valves pube--
cent, bristly, 4 or 5- jointed.
[M. pigra L. Cent. PL i. 13 (1755) oc Sj>. PL ed. 2, 1507 :
shrub 4-8 ft. high, with long straggling hispid prickly branches :
pinnae in 8-15 pairs with a spine between the pinnae, and
generally with 2 prickles in the interval between the insertion
of the pairs ; flower-heads pale rosy -lilac, shortly stalked, 1 or- 2
in the axils of the young leaves. — Sw. Obs. Bot. 392. M. asperati
L. Si/st. ed. 10, 1312 (1759) & Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1507 ; Ha<-f. -Lou. i.
305 ; DC. Leg. t. 63 ; Gri»<b. loc. .-if. ; Olir. Fl. Tr<>p. Afr.
•"> ; BentJt. in Fl. Bras. xv. j>t. 2, 381 & Trim*. Linn. Sor. a
437. M. pellita Hntnl. <(• Bonpl. e.r Willd. fy. PL iv. 1037 :
Kuntli Hi UK-*. 27, /. 9. ^Eschynomene spinosa quarta i.V'- Br< i/n.
<'*jiiL Prim. 43, t. 19. JE. spinosa quinta Br<'i/u. 0<-nt. Prim. 44.
/. 20; Commi /. Amst. i. 59. t. 30. Minm-a cault* fruticoso &c.
Miller Ic. t. l^'l. M. frutescens spinosa etc. 7>/w.-//<- Ui«t. Jam. 25.",.
-•jlit\ Westmoreland, Pnrdicl Lucea, Hitclicoclc ; in wet place.-,
Montpelier, St. James; Meylersneld ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. Il,s07, 11,^15.
Tropical America, and widely spread over tropical and subtropical Africa
d the Mascar /ands.
Leaves to 1*5 dm. 1. ; pinnte 2-4-5 cm. 1. ; spine 2-10 mm. 1. ; leaflet-
in many pairs (generally more than 30), linear, puoe-ceiit beneath, sensi-
tive to touch, 5-8 mm. 1. (the petiole is not sensitive),
globular, 9 or 10 mm. in diam. without the stamens ; stalk as long as the
head, or 2-3 times longer. C'u'i/.r about 2 mm. 1., with a ciliate-fringed
margin. Corolla 4-cleft, hispidulous at and near the upper margin, 4
mm. 1. Stamens twice a- many as petals, 1^-2 times us loug. Pods
136 FLORA OF JAMAICA Mimosa
generally several in each head, 3-6 cm. 1., 10-12 mm. br., flat, valves very
hispid, 10-20(-30) jointed.
Browne (loc. cit.) states that this species was introduced from Panama,
"and is now cultivated in some of the gardens of the curious, but i-
yet rare."]
43. LEUC£)NA Benth.
Trees. Gland in the middle of the petiole, or just below
the pinnae, or sometimes wanting, sessile, somewhat elliptical.
Flower-heads globose, white, stalked. Floral parts in 5's. Calyx
tubular-carnpanulate, toothed. Petals free. Stamens 10, free,
exserted. Pod shortly stalked, broadly linear, flat-compressed,
rigidly membranous, 2-valved ; seeds compressed, transverse to
the valves ; embryo enclosed on its two sides by a thin layer of
horny endosperm.
Species 10, natives of tropical America, one occurring through-
out the tropics, spontaneous or cultivated, and one found in the
islands of the Pacific.
Pinnae in 4-8 pairs 1. L. glauca.
Pinnse in 10-25 pairs 2. L. brachycarpa.
1. L. glauea Benth. in HooJc. Journ. Bot. iv. 416 (1842) ;
pinnae in 4-8 pairs, 6-8 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 10-12 pairs, oblong-
falcate, oblique, unequal-sided, glaucous or paler beneath, 7-12
mm. 1., 2-3 '5 mm. br. — Benth. in Fl. Bras. xv. pt. 2, 391 & in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 443 ; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 220 ; Sarff.
Silv. Hi. Ill, 1. 139 ; Cook & Coll. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. mil. 175 ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 266. Mimosa glauca L. Sp. PI 520 (1753).
Prior ; March ; Port Morant ; Lucea ; Hitchcock ; Hart ! Hope ; Papine ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6713, 8367.— Warmer regions of the New and the Old
World, probably of American origin.
Shrub or slender tree 15-20 ft. high. Flower-heads (excl. stamens)
about 1*4 cm. in diam., with numerous flowers; peduncles axillary, 1, or
2-3 together, 3-5 cm. L, racemose at the end of the branches. Calyx
about 2-3 mm. 1. Petals 4-4 mm. 1. Stamens twice as long as petals.
Pods generally many in the same head, 10-15 cm. 1., 1-1 '7 cm. br. Seeds
numerous, oblong, 6 mm. 1., with a long thread-like stalk.
This species grows in very dry places, and is sometimes browsed by
horses and mules, in which case the hair is affected, the mane and tail
dropping, and even the hoofs falling off, if eating the leaves is persisted in.
2. L. braehyearpa Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 265 (1900); pinnae in
10-25 pairs, up to 3 '5 cm. 1., leaflets in 25-55 pairs, linear-
oblong, acute, 2-4 mm. 1., '6 mm. br.
Hope grounds, Campbell \ Westphalia, Watt ! Berwick, Fawcett !
below Content Gap, St. Andrew, 3200 ft., ; near Guava Ridge, 3500 ft. ;
Harris \ Fl. Jam. 12,342, 12,393.— Martinique, Mexico.
Tree. Flower-heads (excl. stamens) about -8 cm. in diam., with
numerous flowers; peduncles axillary, generally 2 together, 1-2 cm. 1.
Calyx 1-5-2 mm. 1. Petals about twice as long. Pods 1-5 in each head,
6-11 cm. 1., 1-2 cm. br.
A'->tcia LEGUMINOS^E 137
>J 20. Parts of the flower in 5's or 4's. Flowers in globular
heads, or in spikes (in .1. xiuna). Stamens numerous,
distinct or only slightly united at the base. Pollen
granules in 2-6 masses in each cell.
44. ACACIA Willd.
Trees or shrubs, with or without prickles or spines. Leaflets
generally small (less than 1 cm. 1., but to 1*4 cm. in A. rugate i.
in numerous pairs, generally with a gland on the petiole. Stipules
spiny or inconspicuous. Flowers in globular heads or cylindrical
spikes. Peduncles axillary, solitary or clustered, or paniculate
at the apex of branches. Flowers small, hermaphrodite or poly-
gamous ; floral parts in 5's or 4's. Calyx campanulate. toothed,
lobed, or divided into distinct sepals. Stamens numerous, free
or slightly united at the base, exserted ; anthers small ; pollen
aggregated in 2-6 masses in each cell. Pod compressed, rarely
cylindrical, 2-valved or not opening.
Species 450, widely dispersed through the warmer regions of
the world, especially numerous in Australia and Africa.
§ 1. Stipules spiny, otherwise without spines or prickles.
Flowers in globular heads.
Involucel close under flower-heads.
Leaflets in 20-30 pairs, 2-3 mm. 1 ........................ 1. A.lutea.
Leaflets in 10-20 pairs, 4-5 mrn. 1.
Pod velvety, obscurely veined, 8-14 cm. 1., 7-8
mm. br ................................................... 2. A. tortuosa.
[Pod glabrous, with longitudinal lines, 4-7 cm. 1.,
8-15 mm. br ........................................... .4. farnesiana.']
[Involucel about middle of peduncle ........................ .-1. nilotica.]
;j 2. Stipules not spiny ; prickles in pairs below the
stipules, or scattered.
Prickles in pairs below the stipules. Flowers in
spikes ........................................................ A. suma.']
Prickles scattered. Flowers in globular heads.
Pod velvety, glaucous ..................................... 3. A . riparia.
Pod glabrous, constricted between the seeds ....... 1. rugatci.]
$ •'>. Without spines or prickles. Flowers in short
spikes or oblong heads .................................... 4. A. villosa.
$ I . Shrubs or trees, stipules some or all spiny, otherwise with-
out prickles or spines. Flower-heads globular ; pedunr
axillary, solitary or in a small cluster, or subracemose at
the ends of the branches. Pod thick, swollen or rarely
flat, not or scarcely splitting open, with a spongy pulp
separating the seeds.
A. Involucel of 1 tracts dose under the ilower-head.
1. A. lutea 7///r/,,v,,7,- in Jl.'p. J/V.s-s. /,W. (/.//-I/. (1893) S
in 40-10 (00-8) pairs; leaflets in 20-30 (15-40) pairs,
K'.S FLOKA OF JAMAICA
•_'-.'• (\ •")-4) nun 1. : spines when small slender, the larger 2*5-1)
<-m. 1., a little dilated, terete or rarely angled or concave above :
pod tomentose, puberulous, or glabrescent, 7-S (5-10) cm. 1.,
•9-1 "2 cm. l.)i'., longitudinally net-veined (at length obscurely). -
A. maci-aruntha Hnrnl. /('• Bonpl. in Willd. Sp. PL Iv. 1080 (1806) ;
Knuth Minn**, t. 28 : Griseb. FL Br. W. Lid. 221 ; Bvntli. in
Trans. Linn. Sor. xxx. 500. A. macracanthoides & A. subinermis
Bert, e.c DC. Pnxlr. ii 463 (1825) ; Mac/. Jam. I 317. A. micro-
ceplmhi Macf. Jam. i. 316 (1837). Mimosa lutea J/7//r/- G«nl.
Di<-t. < il. 8 (1768). The type, Miller's specimen from Houstoun,
is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Wild Tamarind, Park Nut.
St. Jago de la Vega and thence to Passage fort, Sloane Herl). vi. 42!
Pasmore in Herb. Sloaue civil. 268 ! Houstoun ! Broughton ! Bancroft I
Windward Koad ; Salt Ponds district ; Macfadyen ! Oersted ! Wilson ;
Prior : March ! Constant Spring, Hitchcock ; King's House grounds,
J.P. 1322, and Hope grounds, Faivcettl near Halberstadt, 2000 ft. ; Cane
River vaUey, 1200 ft.; Albion Mt., St. Thomas, 150-200 ft.; Harris \
Fl. Jam. 6730, 7405, 10,106, 11,857.— Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, tropical
continental America, and subtropical S. America.
Tree or shrub, 15-40 ft. high; twigs and leaf-stalks puberulous or
glabrous. Pinnse variable in length, 5-20 cm. 1. ; leaflets oblong-linear.
Glands sessile, occurring irregularly at the base of the petiole, and between
the pinnae, sometimes wanting. Flowers yellow, fragrant. Calyx 1-5-1-7
mm. 1. Corolla 2-2-2-5 mm. 1. Pod generally straight, rarely curved,
subterete or somewhat compressed, continuous or more or less constricted
between the seeds.
This species, and the two following, can be grown as hedges, if properly
pruned. The trunk sometimes attains a diameter of 1J to 2 feet ; the
wood is used for making charcoal, and also as fire-wood.
2. A. tortuosa Willd. Sp. PL iv. 1083 (1805) : pinme in 2-8
pairs ; leaflets in 10-20 pairs, 4-5(-7) mm. 1. ; spines thick, the
larger terete, 2-4 cm. 1. ; pod puberulous or glabrate, continuous
or slightly constricted between the seeds, obscurely longitudinally
veined, 8-14 cm. 1., 7-8 mm. br. — Macf. Jam. i. 315; Griseb.
op. cit. 222; Benth. torn. cit. 501. Mimosa tortuosa etc. jBrowiu1
Hist. Jam. 251. M. tortuosa L. Sijst. e<l . 10, 1312 (1759) &
Amoen. v. 384, 411 ; Siv. Obs. BoL 391 ; Wrigld Mem. 225.
M. salinarum von Hohr in Herb. Mus. Brit, (noii TV////). The
type, Browne's specimen, is in Herb. Linn.
Wild Poponax, Acacia Bush.
Houstounl Browne ! BrougJitonl Salines opposite Port Royal, von
Bohr I Bancroft; Gossel Wilson ; Prior; Hope, J.P. 997, Morris ! Port
Royal, Hitchcock; Latimer Pen, Campbell \ near Kingston, G. Douetl
Delta of Hope River, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5873, 9386.— Texas, St. Thomas,
St. Cruz, Montserrat, St. Vincent, Central America, Galapagos Is.,
Colombia, Venezuela.
Shrub or low tree, 10-15 ft. ; branches spreading ; twigs and leaf-stalks
pubescent or glabrescent. Pinnas 1*5-3 cm. 1. ; leaflets oblong-linear,
blunt; veins slightly prominent. Gland oblong, sessile below lowest
pinme, and a circular one usually between the 1-3 terminal. Calyx l'_-
LEGUMIXOSJG
139
1'5 mm. 1. Corolla about -2 mm. 1. Stamens about twice as long as the
corolla. Pod subteretc, straight or curved, constricted or not, between
the seeds.
Vahl describes, under the name Mimosa Mil'mariim, a specimen collected
by von llohr in the Suit ljonds district of Jamaica, which, from the
description, is evidently Prosopis juliftora DC.
"The pods are richly impregnated with ;i ^ticky astringent gum, which
may be easily extracted; and would pr^vc an excellent medicine, where
rough astringents are requisite" (Brown* i.
[A. farnesiana Will<l. Sp. PL iv. 1083 (1806) : pinn;.- in
! •"> (2-8) pairs; leaflets in 10-20(-2~)) pairs, 4-5 mm. 1. : spine-
slender, terete, the smaller 4-8 mm. 1., the larger to 1 • ."> cm. 1. :
pod glabrous, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, thick, swollen, marked
with longitudinal lines, 4-7 cm. 1.. 8-15
mm. br. and thick. — Grixi'b. FL Br. W.
Ind. 222 ; Bentii. in FL Br««. xv. pt. 2, 394
it in Trans. Linn. Soc. XJL-X. 502 ; Bedd.
FL Sylv. i. t. 52 : Bak. in Hook. f. FL Br.
fnd. ii. 292 ; Watt Econ. Prod. i. 48 ; Sarg.
Silv. >ii. 119, /. 141 ; Url). Symb. Ant. iv.
265; Guppij Plants &c. in W. Indies, 166.
A. americana &c. Sloane Cat. 152 & Hist.
ii. 56 (in part). Mimosa farnesiana L. Sp.
PL 521 (1753); Descourt. FL Ant. i. L 1.
Vachellia farnesiana Wight <(• Am. Pro<L-.
272 ; Wight Ic. t. 300. (Fig. 43.)
Cassie Flower.
Sloane Herb. vi. 44 ! Catesby\ Writjlit\ J'tiy-
nell ! Wilson ; March ; Ball \ Lucea, Hitchcock.
-Tropical and subtropical regions, probably
indigenous in western America, in Australia,
and in south tropical Africa.
Shrub or low tree; twigs and leaf-stalks puberulous or glabrescent.
I'innae 2-4 cm. 1. ; leaflets oblong-linear, blunt; veins slightly prominent.
' '<////£ 1-1-5 mm. 1. Corolla 2-3 mm. 1.
The distilled flowers yield a delicious perfume. A tree gives 2 Ibs. of
vers, valued at 3d. to 4d. per Ib. ; an acre in south Europe brings in
^30 to £40. The gum is looked upon as good as or bettrr than, gum
arable (Watt). See also " Perfumery and Essential Oil Record," March,
I'.JK',. The wood is hard, heavy, and close-grained; used in India for
i cultural implements.]
r.:.~A ca cia fa rne- ia,"t
wnid.
Flower with calyx and
corolla partly re-
moved X 7.
B. Involuccl of bracts persistent about the middle of the
peduncle.
[A. nilotica h-lil,- PI. .7-,'j////../. /////*/,-. 7<> (1812); pinn;.- in
4-8 (!-•'») pairs: leaflets in |()-:;o jiaii-s, ! 'i mm. 1. : spine-, the
Smaller straight (rarely recurved), tbe lar^i-r 2 • 5 -5(-7) cm. 1. : pod
glabrous or- ^rev-downy, genera lly mueb constricted between the
ds, l-i' dm. L, 1- 1 •;. cm. br. \, , x I'/. M, die. t. .">.'•-. A. altcr.-i
140 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ac
vera «fcc. Pink. P/////. /. 251, f. 1 A: J////. 3. A. arabica WV/A/. Sfp.
P/. n>. 1085 (1806); Hayne ArzneyJe. sc. t. 32; JVerx P/. JIM/V.
t. 333 ; Tl7/x. hi R< ports Geolog. Jam. 277 ; Grind), lot: cit. :
Be nth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. OCA-J: 506. A. vera Willd. loc. cit.
Mimosa nilotica L. Sp. PL 521 (1753). M. arabica Lam.
/'. 19 (1783); Eoxb. Corom. PL t. 149. Type in Herb. Linn.
Naturalized; Massonl Wilson; Lucca. .Hitchcock. — Tropical Africa,
extending to India.
A shrub or tree. Plnn;e 1-2-3 cm. 1. ; leaflets linear, blunt, petiole and
rhachis puberulous, with several glands. Calyx 1- 2-1 -5 mm. 1. Corolla
twice as long as calyx. Pod scarcely splitting open, straight, flat or
slightly convex over the seeds.]
§ 2. Shrubs or trees; stipules not spiny; prickles small, in
pairs below the stipules, or scattered. Flowers in spikes
or globular heads ; peduncles axillary, or paniculate at
the end of branches.
[A. suma Kurz ex Brandis For. FL 187 (1874) ; tree ; prickles
small, in pairs below the stipules ; flowers in spikes ; pod glabrous,
net-veined. — Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 519. A. catechu
Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. i. 510 (1842) ; Macf. Jam. i. 314 ;
Gr'tKeb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 220, and most authors (non Willd.).
Naturalized ; Sloane Herb. vi. 49* ! Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 267 t
Wilson; March; Constant Spring, 600 ft. ; Chancery Hall, 400 ft.; Campbelll
Constant Spring ; foot of Red Hills, St. Andrew ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6140,
6479, 8790, 11,834.— Native of tropical Asia and Africa.
Tree 15 to 20 ft. high ; bark white or grey ; twigs, petioles and inflores-
cence velvety. Pinnae in 10-40 pairs, 2-6 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 30-50 pairs,
linear, somewhat acute, 3-7 mm. 1. Large elliptical gland on petiole, and
smaller ones at the base of some of the pairs of pinnae. Spikes 7-10 cm. 1.
Flowers white, changing to pale yellow. Calyx 2 mm. L, densely pubescent.
Corolla 3(-4) mm. 1. Pod 7-12 cm. L, 1-3-1* 8 cm. br.
This species has been generally known as A. catechu Willd. by authors
including Bentham (1842), but the latter botanist has, in his monograph
on the Mimosese, correctly assigned the name A. catechu to the species
with fewer leaflets (20-30 pairs), the corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx,
and the bark brown. Both species yield cutch.
Cutch or Catechu is prepared by boiling down a decoction of chips of
the heart-wood, and is especially valuable as an astringent in chronic
diarrhoea and dysentery. The wood seasons well, takes a fine polish, and
is extremely durable. It is not attacked by white ants or toredo. It is
used in India for oil and sugar-cane crushers, agricultural implements, und
wheelwrights' work. A cubic foot weighs about 70 Ibs. (Watt).]
3. A. riparia H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. A: % vi. 276 (1824) ;
shrub or tree, with branches climbing into higher trees ; prickles
scattered ; flowers in globular heads ; pod velvety, glaucous. -
Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 528 «k in Fl. Bras. xv. pt. 2, 403 :
Urb. Symb. Ant. w. 266. A. sarmentosa Griseb. PL Carib. 64
(1857) & Fl. Br. W. Ind. 221 (non Drxv.) • Wib. in Report*
Geolog. Jam. 277.
Acacia LEGUMINOS/E 141
Wullschlaegel. — Hispaiiiola, Porto Hico, St. Thomas, St. Cru/, St. Martin,
St. Bartholomew, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenada,
Trinidad, Mexico, tropical S. America.
Shrub 6 to 25 ft., or tree to 50 ft. Pinnx in G-12 pairs, 3-7 cm. 1. ;
leaflets in 15-40 pairs, oblong-linear, 5-9 mm. 1. Flower-heads in wide-
spreading panicles. Flowers white. Calyx minute, just over 1 mm. 1.
Corolla 2-2-2-5 mm. 1. Pod 8-15 cm. 1., 1-5-2-5 cm. br.
[A. rugata Itnch.-Ham. MS. in \\'«ll. Cat. n. 5251 (nomen) :
trailing shrub, climbing to a height of 20 to 30 ft. ; prickles
numerous, scattered ; flowers in globular heads ; pod thick,
fleshy, generally constricted between, the seeds and breaking at
the joints, the valves only splitting open after some tiii'c.
A. concinna DC. Prodr. it. 464 (1825); 7>V/////. in Trans. Linn
Soc. xxx. 531. Mimosa rugata Lam. Encyc. i. 20 (1783).
M. concinna Willd. tip. PL iv. 1039 (1805).
Naturalized; Gordon Town, 900 ft., J.P. 1133, Hart I also Harris I
PI. Jam. 8253. — Native of India and the Malay Archipelago.
Pinnx in 4-8 pairs, 5-8 cm. 1. ; leaflets, 12-30 pairs, oblong or linear,
unequal-sided, very oblique at the base, obtuse, 7-14 mm. 1. Peduncles
clustered 2-5 together, forming, on the fall of the leaves, a subpaniculate
raceme. Calyx 3 mm. 1. Corolla 4 mm. 1. Pod to 13 cm. 1., 1-5-2 cm. br.]
§ 3. Shrubs, without spines or prickles, erect, usually hairy.
Flowers in short spikes or oblong heads, 2 or 3 together
in the upper axils, becoming paniculate at the ends of
branches. Flowers stalked. Pod flat, valves thin, with
rib-like margins.
4. A. villosa Willd. Sp. PI. 1007 (1806); Macf. Jam. i. 319 :
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 221 ; l><-,tth. in Trans. Linn. S<>,-. xxx.
532. A. non spinosa latiore folio villosa <tc. Houstoun MSS. 23.
A. lopbanthoides DC. Prodr. //. 457 (1825); Macf. Jam. i. 31 1.
Mimosa villosa Sw. FL Ind. Occ. 982 (1800). The specimen
named M. arborea in Herb. Linn, belongs to this specie-. Type
(Houstoun's specimen) in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Houstoun I Wright I Browne ! Liguanea hills, Broughtonl common,
low hills on the south side, Macfadyen ! Negro River, 1'urdl' ! Morant
Bay, Ocrstedl Wilson; Priori March \ King's House grounds, -I.I'. l:)H
1350, Fawcett\ J-'.illy Dunn Pen, Liguanea, 500 ft., C^nqibdll II
grounds, 700 ft., I turns ! — Central America.
Shrubby tree, t 12 ft. high, villose or rarely glabrous. Pinnx in 5 or G
(4-10) pairs, 3-6 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 10-16(-30) pairs, elliptical-oblong,
unequal-sided, apex obtuse or somewhat acute, baso rounded. I s mm. 1. ;
petiole without a gland; stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Cali/x minute,
•7 mm. 1. Corolla 2-2 2-5 mm. 1. Pod :3'5-4'5 cm. 1., S-10 mm. br.
A. latisiliqua Willd. Sp. PI. iv. 1007 (1806) is stated by Macfaclyt-n
(Jam. i. 318) to bo " commonly cultivated in towns." .-Km (Symb. Ant. ii.
265) suggests that it is identical with Lt/»ilu)n<i />nii(i)ni-nxis Beuth., a
species found in Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, and Yucatan.
FLORA OF JAMAICA dliandra
$ 21. Parts of the flowers in 5's. Stamens usually numerous,
sometimes few, united at the base or into a tube-.
Anthers small. Pollen granules in 2-6 masses in each
cell.
45. CALLIANDRA Benth.
Shrubs or small trees, without spines or prickles (except in
C. hsematomma). Petiolar glands wanting, but glandular depres-
sions present at base of pinnae in C. comos« . Flower-heads
globose, 011 peduncles, 1-3 together in axils, or in corymbose
racemes ; flowers polygamous ; floral parts in 5's. Calyx cam-
panulate, toothed. Stamens numerous— 10, united below, long
exserted ; pollen aggregated into 2 or 4 masses in each cell.
Pod flat-compressed, usually with thickened margins, 2-valved,
continuous within ; valves elastically revolute from the apex t< >
the base.
Species 100, natives of tropical and subtropical America, and
one of India.
Flower-heads axillary.
Pinnse in 2-4 pairs 1. C. portoricensis .
Pinnae in 1 pair 2. C. hsematomma.
Flower-heads in a raceme ; racemes terminal,
corymbose 3. C. comosa.
1. C. portorieensis Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. iii 99 (1844) :
without spines or prickles; pinnae in 2-4 (—5) pairs; leaflets in
20-25 (10-) pairs ; peduncles of flower-heads axillary, generally
3 together.— Griseb. Fl Br. W. Ind. 224 ; Benth. in Fl. Bras. xv.
pt. 2, 411 & Trans. Linn. Soc. scxx. 543 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. w. 265.
Mimosa arborea noil spinosa foliis Arc. Sloane Cat. 152 & Hist. ii.
57. M. portoricensis Jacq. Collect, iv. 143 (1790) & Ic. PL Bar.
Hi. 20, t. 633. Acacia ungulata Desv. Journ. Bot. iii. 68 (1814) :
Ham. Prodr. 59. A. linearis Desv. ex Ham. Prodr. 59 (1825).
A. Hamiltonii Desv. loc. cit. A. vespertina Macf. Jam. i. 31 8
(1837). Lysiloma Marchiana Griseb. op. cit. 223 (1860).
(Fig. 44.)
Night-flowering Acacia.
In fl. Feb.-Sept. ; Red Hills, Sloane Herb. vi. 40b, 43, 4G* ! Houstoun \
Shakspear ! Tate in Herb. Sloane clxii. 266 ! Liguanean Mts., Brougliton \
common in Port Royal and St. Andrew Mts., Macfadycn \ Hartweg !
Wilson; Moneagne, Prior! March \ Cinchona, J.P. 1316, Hart\ Blue
Mts., Hitchcock; Cherry Garden, 600 ft., Campbell \ Holly Mount, 2600 ft.,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5712, 8904. — Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.
Vieque, St. Jan, Grenada, tropical continental America, western tropical
Africa.
Shrub or tree, 9-20 ft. nigh. Pinnse 3-10 cm. 1., leaflets linear-oblong
or linear, apex obtuse, base truncate, sometimes almost auriculate, 6-15
mm. 1. ; gland wanting ; stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Peduncles 3-6 cm. 1.
Flowers sessile, white, fragrant, about 15 in the head. Calyx 2 mm. 1.,
LEGUMINOS^E
L43
teeth about A of its length. Corolla 5 mm. 1. Stamens numerous, J -2-5
cm. 1., shortly united at the base. /W .ulabrous or slightly puberulous,
5-10 cm. 1., 5-8 mm. br., 6 -13-seeded, margins thickened; valves thin,
chartaceous, when ripe rolling back spirally from the apex.
Fig. 44. — Calliandrt! j>iirt<>rici'n*ix Be nth.
A. Leaf and inflorescence X $. C, Pistil X 4.
B, Flower x 2. D, Pod after opening >
i'. C. hsematomma DentJt. in Hook. Lon<L Journ. Bot. //'/.
103 (1844) ; stipular spines straight ; pinme in. 1 pair ; leaflets
in 4-8 pairs : peduncles of flower-heads axillary, solitary or
rarely 2 together. -- B< /////. /'// Trnnx. Linn. Soc. xxx. "i4-~).
C. haematomma var. gla,br&t& Griseb. op. <•/'(. 21*4; Urb. tfi/mli. Ant.
if. -(i:! iV; //•. -Of) (under C. Jiaematostomo). Acacia haematomma
Bert, ex DC. Mem. Ley. 448, /. G8 (ISiM) & Spreng. >>/. I'M. I .".7
(under hsematostoma). Acacia americana siliquis teretibus iVr.
Sloum- Cut. l-~>- A- Hint. ii. ")G (in part).
Sloane Hfrl>. vi. 43*2! Uniugliton ! Slialtspcar ! Nasson\
March ! road to Warck;i, Long Mountain, 600 ft. ; Great Goat Is.,
Fl. Jam. 8921, 9:51^. Bahamas, Cuba, ILisp.miola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas.
A slender-stemmed M niggling bush, trailing over >hrubs or trees, or a
low spreading tree up to 12 ft. high. 1'iniuc -0-1-5 cm. 1. ; k-allets
144 FLORA OF JAMAICA Calliandva
oblong, obtuse, unequal-sided, base rounded, 4-7 mm. 1. ; gland wanting.
Peduncles 1-5-2 cm. 1. Calyx 2 mm. 1. Corolla 5 mm. 1. Pod silky -
velvety, narrowing gradually to tbe base, 4-6 cm. 1.
" Acacia ^>iZosa DC. Prodr. ii. 455, Spreng. Syst. iii. 13G & Macf. Jam. i.
313, is described from Bertero's Jamaican specimens without flowers or
fruit, which are probably luxuriant barren branches of C. hagmatomma,
with 10 to 13 pairs of leaflets to the pinnse" (Bentham).
3. C. eomosa Bcntlt. in Hook. Lond. Jo/mi, v. 104 (1846);
without spines or prickles ; pinmi- in 3-2 pairs ; leaflets in 8-10
pairs ; peduncles of flower- heads in a raceme ; racemes terminal,
corymbose. — Griscl. op. cit. 225 ; Bcntli. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx.
551. Mimosa fruticosa erecta inermis, cortice cinereo, floribus
laxe conglobatis, spicis plurimis comosis terminalibus, foliolis
minimis bipinnatis Browne Hist. Jam. 253. M. eomosa Sw.
Prodr. 85 (1788) &. FL Ind. Occ. 980. Iiiga eomosa Willd.
Sp. PL iv. 1026 (1806); Macf. Jam. i. 307." Pithecolobium ?
comosum Bcnth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. iii. 221 (1844).
Broicne ; somewhat rare, on rocks in the mountains of the north side,
Sioartz ! Wilson.
A slirub or small tree, 7-20 ft. ; stem weak, branching at the very top ;
branches subdivided, slender, straight, erect ; without spines or prickles,
glabrous. Pinnx 4-5 (-7) cm. 1., with a glandular depression at the base
of each. Leaflets sessile, broadly oblong, slightly tapering to the oblique
obtuse apex, base broadly truncate, glabrous, veins prominent on both
faces, shining on the upper, 10-12 mm. 1., 4-6 mm. br. Flowers sessile,
4-8 together in heads ; peduncles 5-10 mm. 1. ; racemes 2*5 cm. 1. Calyx
1-2-1-5 mm. 1. ; teeth short, obtuse, 3-5. Corolla white (in bud), 4*5
mm. 1. ; petals 3-5 (fide Siv.). Stamens (fide Sw.) 20-40, white. Pod
scimitar- shaped, 5-7 cm. 1., minutely puberulous, 3-8-seeded.
Browne states : " This shrub resembles the wild Tamarind, both in its
foliage and colour ; but it is never observed to rise above seven or eight
feet in height, rarely so much. The disposition of the flowers distinguishes
it sufficiently from any of the rest."
46. ALBIZZIA Durazz.
Trees or shrubs without spines or prickles. Flower-heads
pedunculate or subsessile ; peduncles clustered or racemose-
paniculate. Floral parts in 5's. Calyx campanulate or tubular,
toothed or shortly lobed. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped.
Stamens indefinite, long exserted, united below ; anthers small,
aggregated into 2-4 masses in each cell. Pod broadly linear,
straight or somewhat curved, not twisted, flat-compressed, thin,
not splitting open or 2-valved, continuous within, not pulpy.
Seeds roundish, compressed, attached by a long slender stalk.
Species about 100, natives of tropical and subtropical regions.
[Pinnse in 2-4 pairs. Leaflets 1-5-5 cm. 1 A. lebbeck.]
Pinnse in 7-15 pairs. Leaflets small ; '5-1 cm. 1.
[Peduncles clustered A. julibrissin.]
Peduncles racemose .... A. Berteriana.
145
[A. lebbeek Bt-ntk. in U«»l-. Lnml. Jt>n,-n. Bot. i/'L 87 (1844") ;
in 2-4 pairs; leaflets obliquely oblong, 1*5-4 or 5 cm. 1.,
'5-1' cm. br., in 4-9 pairs; llowrrs shortly stalked in heads with
long peduncles clustered 'J--I together; pod oblong, straight,
swollen at the seeds, glabrous, ultimately opening. -Bcufl. in Fl.
Br«*. .>•(}. jit. 2, 428 A: /// Trait*. Linn. Soc. ./•./•./•. 562 ; Waff E<
Prod. *M56; Urb. Synth. Ani. iv. 204: Will,!. Sj>. PL iv. 106G
(1806) ; Ttiw FL Ant. it:, i. 29 ; Macf. Jam. i. 31S ; Griseb. FL
Br. W. Ltd. 223. .Mimosa Lebbeek L. Sp. PL 516 (175:;). M.
sp.'cinsaJrt^. L. PL Ear. i. 19, /. 198. Type in Herb. Mu^.
Brit., also specimen from Jacquin.
Naturalized; Disfinl Wilson; Prior ; Harris \ — Tropical and temperate
Asia and Africa; introduced in the West Indies and South America.
Tree to 30ft. high. Pinna*. *5-2 dm. 1. ; leaflets large, unequal-sided, very
obtuse, very oblique at the base, subsessile. Gland on the common petiole.
Peduncles generally 2-4 together. Flowers shortly stalked. Calyx puberu-
lous, 3-5 mm. 1. Corolla white, 7-10 mm. 1. Stamens greenish-yellow,
'•'> times as long as the corolla. Pod 1*5-3 dm. L, 2-5-5 cm. br.
The wood seasons, works, and polishes well, and is fairly durable.
Used in India for furniture, sugar-cane crushers, oil-mills, canoes, house
posts, building, and fuel (Watt).]
[A. julibrissin Durazz. in Mag. Tosc. Hi. pt. 4, 11 (1772) ex
F. Muell. in Journ. Bot. 1872, 7 ; pinnae in 7-11 pairs; leaflets
oblong, straight on the upper margin, curved on the lower,
mucronate, midrib close to margin, 9-1 1 mm. 1., 2 • 5-3 • 5 mm. br.,
in 20-40 pairs ; flowers sessile in heads with long peduncles
clustered 2-4 together in the axils or subracemose at the ends of
branches ; pod oblong, straight, swollen at the seeds, sometimes
slightly and irregularly constricted between the seeds, glabrous.
-Oliv. FL Trop. Afr.'ii. 356 ; Bak. in Hook. f. FL Brit. LuL /i.
•°>00 ; Bentlt. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 568. Mimosa julibrissin
Scop. Delic. Insub. /. 18, /. 8 (1786). Acacia mollis Wall. PL As.
Bar. ii. 76, /. 177 (1831) (pubescent var.). A. julibrissin JI7//<|T.
% PL iv. 1065 (1806) ; Griseb. 1<><: rlf. : 'Wils. hi Rrport* Geoly.
-Lin/. 277.
Naturalized; Wilson I — Subtropical and temperate Asia, north-
tropical Africa ; introduced into the Mediterranean region and many
parts of America.
Tree. Pinna 4-7 cm. 1. Gland on the common petiole. Cal^.r more
or less puberulous, 2-3 mm. 1. Corolla 6-S mm. 1. Stamen* n.>.M-red,
about 4 times as long as the corolla. Pod 10-15 cm. L, 1-7--2-5 cm. l>r.
The wood i^ used in India to make furnitmv (Watt).]
A. Berteriana comb, nor.; pinme in 9-15 pairs, leaflets
linear, 4-8 mm. 1., in .'>0-40 pairs; flowers sessile in small head> :
heads shortly stalked, racemose-paniculate ; ] « « 1 si ra ight, minutely
puberulous, not opening, with blunt margin. -Pithecolobium
Berterianum. Bcntli. hi Hook. Loud. Jonm. B»t. Hi. 220 (1844) :
\\'«1p. l!rr. •. C,i>0 ; Urb. Symb. Ani. h. 201. P. fra-rans Bet,tl>.
IV. L
140 FLOKA OF JAMAICA A!--
/»<-. t-it. (1S4-1) A: /'// 7V<7»N. Linn. S<><: xxx. 592 ; Walp. Rep. v. 619.
Acacia Berteriana Balb. e:c DC. Prodr. it. 470 (1825); Griseb.
Fl Br. W. Iml. 223. Inga fragrans Macf. Jam. I 309 (1837);
Wulp. Itep. i. 931.
Sloane Herb. vi. 40a ! Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 267 ! below Mocha
and Chesterfield Works, Macfadyen ! Mount Lebanon, 2500 ft. ; Malvern,
2200 ft. ; coast between Portland Point and Rocky Point ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5895, 9654, 9946, 10,190.— Cuba, Hispaniola.
A spreading tree, 20-30 ft. high ; twigs, petioles, and peduncles glabrous
or minutely puberulous. Leaf 1-2 '5 dm. 1. Pinnse 4-8 cm. 1. Leaflets
somewhat unequal-sided especially at the base, lighter-coloured beneath.
Gland oblong above the base of the petiole, and a roundish one between
the terminal pair (or pairs) of pinnae, and also at the ends of the pinnae.
Flowers greenish or white, fragrant. Calyx 1*5 mm. 1. Corolla twice as
long as calyx. Stamens twice as long as the corolla. Pod 7-12 cm. 1.,
12-15 mm. br. ; stalk 6-10 mm. 1., about 10-seeded. Seeds flat, discoid,
about 5 mm. in diam.
47. PITHECELLOBIUM Mart.
Shrubs or trees, with or without spines. Pinnae in 1 or
several pairs ; leaflets in 1 or many pairs. Flowers generally
in globular heads, or rarely spicate, or, in P. Alexandri, in a
spike-like raceme, white, generally hermaphrodite ; floral-parts
usually in 5's. Calyx campanulate, shortly toothed. Corolla
funnel-shaped. Stamens few or numerous, long exserted, united
at the base or higher into a tube ; anthers small, pollen usually
aggregated into 2-4 masses in each cell. Pod compressed, curved
and twisted, continuous within, valves opening.
Species about 60, dispersed through the tropics.
Pinnae in 1 pair. Leaflets in 1 pair. Stipules spiny.
Inflorescence glabrous. Corolla 5-6 mm. 1 1. P. unguis-cati.
[Inflorescence white-tornentose. Corolla 2'5-3 mm. 1. P.dulce.']
Pinnae in more than 1 pair. Leaflets in more than 1
pair.
Flowers in globular heads 2. P. arbor eum.
Flowers in spike-like racemes 3. P. Alexandri.
1. P. unguis-eati Bentli. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. Hi. 200
(1844); glabrous, stipules spiny, straight, small or minute,
sometimes wanting ; pinnse in one pair, leaflets in one pair ;
flowers sessile in heads ; heads globular or shortly lengthened
into a spike in axillary racemes or terminal panicles ; pod
slightly constricted between the seeds, continuous within, red
outside and inside, spirally curved, sometimes of 2 or 3 circles,
valves much twisted ; seeds black with a white aril. — Bentli. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 572 ; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 226 ; Sarg.
Silv. Hi. 133, t. 145 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 263. Acacise quodam-
modo accedens et Ceratise &c. PluJc. Pliyt. t. 1, /. 6. Acacia
arborea major spinosa ttc. Sloane Cat. 152 & Hist. ii. 56.
Pithecellobium
LEGUMINOS-ffl
Mimosa unguis-cati L. Sp. PL 317 (1753) ; Jacq. Hort. X<-L<» nlr.
Hi. t. :5!)2 ; Sir. 0/'.<. Bot. 389. M. spinis in caule geminis, foliis
bigeminifi Plant. PI. Amer. (Burnt.) t. 4. -M. fruticosa fo
ovatis <fec. Jii-ninn- 7/7x/. Jiini. 2~>'2. Inga ungui.s-cati \Vill
PI. 1000 (1S06); Macf.Jam. i. :106. I. microj.hylla ///</,</,. <t-
ea; I1V/A/. Sr.' PI. 1004 (1800). Mimosa rosea !></</
in. iii. 3:5, /. ^5 (1807). M. guadalupensis Pers. %/?. /'/'.
262 (1807). Inga forfex A'»///// Mtnkw. 52, /. 16 (1820).
Pithe-
FI. S. U. States 116 (1860).
colobium miadalupense
. I- ig. 45.) ^
Black-bead shrub.
St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. vi. 45, 46! Houstounl
Massonl Bancroft I Purdie ; Macfadyen ; Falmouth, Miss .1.
\Yfight !
Moultun
Barrett '! between Kingston and Salt Ponds, Fawcett\ near Falmcuth ;
Fig. i'>.—J'lt/iecel!nl'iutn unyuift-cati Beiith.
Pods, one ju-t opening, the other quite open, showing-
the seeds with aril. uat. size.
Heathshire Hills; Corby, S.Cruz Mts., 1200ft.; Salem, Llandovery, St.
Ann; Harris. Fl. Jam. 7238, 9534, <J745. 10,376, 11,625.— Florida and
Keys, Bahamas, West Indies, Venezuela, Colombia.
labrous shrub or small tree, 10-15 ft. high; common petiole '5-3'5
cm. 1. ; petiolule 3-S mm. 1. Lru/lcts obliquely obovato or elliptical, or
oblong-lanceolate, varying much in size, 1-4 • 5 cm. 1. and more. Gl
between the pinna.' and between the leaflets. Flowcr-hnnl* stalked, in
axillary racemes, or ti-ifmin;il panicles. Calyx 1-5 mm. 1. <'.>/W/<j 5-6
mm. 1., greenish-yellow. Sttuni'ti*. 3 times as long as the corolla, pale
yellow or -<.inetimes i.t>y ,,i- purplish. Pod 7-10 mm. br. ,S'«(/s- 5-7,
black, shining, roundish, half covered with a white lleshy aril.
[P. dlllce li'-iitlt. 'tn I fun/:. Loml. Jnnni. iti. I'J'J (1844);
like P. un'jiii*-f<ifi\ l)iit a tree i«» ">0 ft. high : it also iliti'«-rs in
the creamy-white Corolla being <>nly half as long. L' • .") -.'> mm. 1.,
and the intlMi-rs'-'-iice, instead of being glabrous, is covered with
whitish tomcnttim.- M:IIMS,I dulcis /,'«.<;/>. /V. (.'in-unt. /'. 07. /. I'!1
1795). Inga dulcis Wi'lhl. Si>. PI. iv. 100-") (1805); H7,//// I.
i. 2
14$ FLORA Or JAMAICA
/. 1' An original specimen from Roxburgh in Herb. Mus.
Brit.
Nuiurali/ed iu Liguanea plain, Harris I Fl. Jam. 12,325, 12,336.—
America and northern S. America, introduced into the rest of the tropi<
_. P. arboreum Url. Syml. Ant. it. 259 (1900) & iv. 264;
pinnae in 8-16 pairs, leaflets in 20-30 pairs : flowers sessile in
a globular head ; peduncles 1-3 together in the axils or a short
distance above ; pod somewhat fleshy, continuous within, much
constricted between the seeds, scarlet, curved or twisted ; valves
blood-coloured inside. — P. filicifolium Bentli. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot. it). 205 (1844) & in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 589 ; Griseb. op.
<-',i. 226. Mimosa arborea L. Sj). PL 519 (1753) ; Sw. Ols. Bot.
390. Acacia arborea Willd. Sp. PL iv. 1064 (1806) (excl. syn.
L. Sp. PI. 1503 & Miller Diet.) • Macf. Jam. i. 320. A. arborea
'maxima etc. Sloane Cat. 151 & Hist. ii. 54, t. 182, /. 1, 2. A. non
spinosa jamaicensis &c. Phil1. Plnjt. t. L'51,/. 2. Mimosa arborea
-cortice &c. Browne Hist. Jain. 252. M. arborea L. Herb. & Sp.
PI. ed. 2, 1503 (descr. only) is Acacia villosa Willd. Type in
Herb. Mus. Brit.
Wild Tamarind.
Sloane Herb. vi. 41 ! Barham in Herb. Sloane clxii. 268 ! Wright !
Broughtonl Swartz ! "common in the mountains," Macfadyen; Distinl
near Bath, Purdiel Priori March I Lucea, Hitchcock ; above Gordon
Town, 1400 ft., Harris ! near Hope, Bot. Dept. ! Fl. Jam. 6791, 8294.-
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Central America.
A spreading tree, 40-60 ft. high, 3-4 ft. in diam. ; twigs, petioles, and
peduncles rusty-pubescent. Common petiole 3-13 crn. 1. ; petiolule 3-10
cm. 1. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, 6-9 mm. 1. Glands petiolar
and between each pair of pinnae. Peduncles 3-8 cm. 1. Flowers whitish
flesh-coloured. Calyx coloured, 2 mm. 1. Corolla 6-7 mm. 1. Stamens
barely twice as long as corolla. Pod, when young, velvety, when older,
glabrate, 7-12 cm. L, 8-12 mm. br. Seeds spherical or ellipsoidal, black,
shining, 8-12 mm. 1.
It saws freely, is not too hard for general work, is beautifully grained,
takes a fine polish, and is in general use for floorings, ceilings, and orna-
mental work. Altogether it is an excellent timber, and very useful in
building.
3. P. Alexandri Url. Syml. Ant. L: 358 (1908) (incl. vars.) ;
pinnse in 3-9 (1-2) pairs, leaflets in 3-14 pairs; flowers stalked,
in a spike-like raceme ; pod subsessile, spirally twisted, slightly
constricted between the seeds but continuous within, reticulate-
vein v : valves on the inside yellowish, but red or brownish where
«/ ^ */
the seeds occur. — P. micradeniurn Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 226
(1860) (in part) ; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 584 (in part).
P. Jupunba Url. var. Alexandri Url. Syml. Ant. ii. 258 (1900).
Shag Bark, Shad Bark, Tamarind Shad Bark.
Wright ! Moneague, Prior ! Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2500 ft. ;
Lapland, near Cat-adupa, 1500 ft. ; edge of Great Morass, Negril ; near
Troy, 1800-2500 ft. ; Dolphin Head, 1200 ft. ; Malvern to Mountain Side,
Piihecelldbium
LK<; I \
149
1200 ft. ; Stanmore Hill, 2200 ft. ; Kempsbot, 1500 ft. ; Han- in ! Fl. Jam.
8800, 8960, 8975, 9077, 9182, 9263, 9921, 9948, 10,243, 10,329.
Tree 30-40 ft. high. Leaves 7-12 cm. 1. Leaflets unequal-sided, vr in-
variable in form and size, rhomboid or obliquely elliptical, '8-5 cm. 1.,
•4-3 '5 cm. br., with a close network of veins on both sides, glabrescent ;
pinna 4-10 cm. 1. (!l<iinls between each pair of pinnse and usually below
each pair of leaflets. Pi-il uncles 1 or 2 in the axils of leaves, 3-10 cm. 1.
/.'./o w-r.s 3-7 cm. 1., densely or laxly flowered. Flowers pale yellow or
greenish yellow, fragrant; pedicels 4-1 mm. 1. Calyx '2-3 mm. 1. Corolla
about twice as long as the calyx. Stamens twice as long as corolla. S-
white, with a horse-shoe-shaped greenish-blue mark opposite the attach-
ment on each face, lens-shaped, almost round, about 7 mm. in diain.
48. ZYGIA P. Browne.
Trees without spines. Pinna1 in 1 pair; common petiole very
short. Leaflets large, in 1-5 pairs. Glands between the
A. l,»?nf mnl i
M.—
x .'..
ia lut (Mi'" l-av..-. A:
I1.. Flower with the stamens cut ofl x -J.
(.'. P. .,i x |.
;nid between the leaflets. Flowers in heads or -pike> at tin-
nodes of !)i';;nches which have dropped their leaves, similar to
those of Pithecellobium ; pedunele< waniin^ or short, clustered.
150 H.niiA OF JAMAICA
Pod continuous within, flat-compressed, with the edges sometimes
more or less undulate-curled, leathery and stiff, straight or
curved, tardily opening.
Species about 14, natives of tropical continental Ameri«-;i.
one species also in the West Indies.
This genus is Bentham's section Gaulanthon of Pithecellobium,
with the exception probably of the last two species mentioned in
his monograph in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 1)93.
Z. latifolia coinb. nov. Zygia arborescens &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 279, t. 22, /. 3. Acacia non spinosa foliis juglandis
flore purpureo Plum. Cat. 17. Ic. ined. iv. 207 & PL Amer.
(Burm.) 5, /. 9. Mimosa latifolia L. Synt. ed. 10, 1310 (1759).
M. Zygia L. Amopn. v. 384 (1760;. Inga latifolia Willd. Sp.
PL iv. 1020 (1806). Albizzia latifolia Boiv. in Encyc. xi.i\
Si eel e ii. 33. Pithecolobium latifolium Benth. in Hook. Lord.
Journ. in. 214 (1844), in Fl. Bras. xv. pi. 2, 449, /. 119, & in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 595. Calliandra latifolia Griseb. Fl. Br
W. Ind. 225 (1860). (Fig. 46.)
Horse Wood, Hoop Wood.
Very common, St. Mary, Browne ; Agualta Vale river course, McNab !
Wilson ! Wag Water, St. Andrew, March ! Mount Dakin ; Castleton ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5610. — Martinique, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Panama,
northern South America.
Shrub or tree, 10-25 ft. high, glabrous. Leaflets in 1 or 2 pairs with
an odd leaflet below, the lower leaflets not opposite, elliptical, narrowing
to the apex and to the oblique base, the highest 7-12(-15) cm. 1., 2-5-5
cm. br., the lower on the pinna smaller. Stipules sometimes persistent,
acute, 3-4 mm. 1. . Common petiole very short, 7-3 mm. 1. or still shorter ;
rhachis of the pinnae 2-12 cm. 1. Gland between the pinnae, and between
the terminal leaflets. Flower-heads lax-flowered, subsessile or shortly
stalked, densely clustered. Flowers crimson or purplish. Calyx campanu-
late, 1'5 mm. 1. Corolla tubular, increasing in width upwards, toothed,
6-7 mm. 1. Stamens more than twice as long as the corolla, tube exceeding
the corolla in length by about 2 mm. Pistil nearly as long as the stamens.
Pod curved slightly, 1-3 dm. L, 2-2-5 cm. br.
49. ENTEROLOBIUM Mart.
Trees, with or without spines. Pinnae and leaflets in few or
numerous pairs. Flowers sessile or shortly stalked, in globular
heads. Peduncles axillary, solitary or in clusters of 2-5. Floral
parts in 5's. Calyx campanulate to tubular, shortly toothed.
Stamens indefinite, united below, exserted : pollen aggregated
into 2-4 masses in each cell. Pod straight or curved, not
twisted, thick, pulpy or more or less spongy and dry, or leathery,
not or scarcely opening, with partitions between the seeds.
Species about 12, natives of tropical America.
The genus as amended here includes not only those species
Enterolobium LE<.r\IlV>- 151
given by Bentham in his monograph of MiinoM-ie in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxx. 598, but probably ino-t of the spccj.^ (,f his section
c/i/<, mif n, -<>n of Pithecellobium and his 7\ >,,,/,,/„ 1-Jenth.
Pinnce in 4-10 pairs.
Leaf 8-17 cm. 1. Pod broad, forming a dtvl.> ......... 1. K.
Leaf 3-7 era. 1. Pod strap-shaped, curved .............. ~. E.mangense.
[Piimse in 2-4 pairs. Pod thick, tlesliy, .-tnu-ht ....... K. saman.]
1. E. cyclocarpum Grixcb. FL 1!,: II'. L,,l. I'-Mi (I860) ; with-
out spines; pinna- in 4-9 pairs; leaflet- small, in 20-30 pair-:
flowers sessile in small heads; peduncles somewhat long : p«»d
curved to form a complete circle, about 10 em. in diam. l>rntlt.
in Trim*. Linn. Soc. xxx. 596. Mimosa cyclocarpa Ja<-<{. /•'/•</</'"•
t, 34, /. 1 (1800-1809). Inga cyclocarpaU'/V/t/. Sr. PL ir. 1026
(1806); Macf. Jam. i. 308. Pithecollobium cyclocarpum Mart.
in Flora ccx. ii. Be!l>L 115 (1837) in ols.
Purdiel near Spanish Town bridge, Macfadyenl HcXub ; Castleton,
Thompson\ Ferry River, Harris I Fl. Jam. 7248, 10,383. — Central America,
northern South America. Perhaps not distinct from E. timbouva Mart.
from Brazil and Paraguay.
Tree 30-60 ft. high, subglabrous. Leaf 8-17 cm. L, pinna 4-10 cm. 1.
Leaflets oblong, slightly curved, 8-13 mm. 1., unequal-sided as the midrib
is submarginal, ending in an acute point, base truncate, glaucous beneath.
Gland oblong, near base of petiole, and roundish-elliptical between the
two uppermost pair of pinnae. Peduncles 3-5 in a cluster, axillary, 3*5-5
cm. 1. Flowers greenish-yellowish. Calyx 2-2' 5 mm. 1. Corolla 4-5-5
mm. 1. Stamens \vhite, about twice as long as corolla.
2. E. mangense comb. nou. ; spines 1 or 2, here and there, in
a few of the leaf -axils, and especially in the axils of twigs ; pinna-
in 5-10 pairs; leaflets small, in L'0-25 (10-30) pairs; hY>w< i >
sessile in small heads ; heads shortly stalked ; po;l flat, leather}'.
curved, somewhat thick, veiny, glabrous ; valves opening.
P. parvifolium Ji< ntJ/. in IL>«1-. I.n,«l. J»/im. Ji»t. ii',. L'L'3 (IS^
in FL Bras. ,rt\ pt. '2, 454 & in Trans. Linn. $<><•. xxx.
Mimosa rnan^ensis Jncy. Enum. PL <'»ril>. ."> 4 ( 1760), Scl.
Amer. 207, J-:<l. j.ict. /. 262, /. 70; titc. Pr<»lr. 85. 31. parv
. Fl. In<l. Occ. 984 (1800) (non Poir.). Acacia parvifolia
1IV/A/. >sy,. 7V. ic. 1086 (1806) ; Micf. J<n,,. i. .°>i:> : Griwl,. op. cit.
222. Mimosa antillarum Lam. ex Poir. Lii<-</<-. .sVy/y./. i. SQ (ISOQ).
Aca'-i i inicrantha Df*v. <x Ham. Pr<»h-. til.' (lsl!">). Specimen
from Jacquin in JIcrl>. Mus. Jhit.
In tl. after rains in May arid Oct.; near sea coast, Sirart.: ! near Kingston,
.! M. Andrew. McXa b \ also Mure!/ ! Kin'_;-t<>n, ('<i»i/>[>cll\ Long
Mountain road, 50 ft. ; 7/,/ms! PL Jam. 6183 ,9231.
A low //•<•-', 10-15 ft. high ; brand!. lading; \'>ai: i, p ti
and inflorescence puberulous or glabrous. Leaf 8 7 cm. 1.; pn:n;i 1-3 (4)
cm. 1. ; leaflets oblong-linear, 4 <> mm. 1. ; veins pivmim-nt beneath, one
nerve between the midrib and the margin on the l<i\vi •'• side of mature
leaflets. Glands tkbove the base of the common petiole and between the
loi' FLOKA OF JAMAICA
highest pair of pinme. Peduncles about 1 cm. 1. Flowers pale greenish,
slightly fragrant. (_'<////,<• '>-3'5mm.l. Corolla 5 mrn.l. Stamens indefinite ;
minal tube about half as long as the corolla. Pod 1 dm. or more 1.,
10-12 mm. br.
[E. saman Pro/n in J<>ni-n. As. S<><:. ]><'u<j. l.id 252 (1897) ;
without spines ; pinna? in 2-4 pairs ; leaflets large, in 3-8 pairs ;
flowers shortly stalked, in large heads, peduncles somewhat long :
pod thick, fleshy, straight, slightly flattened, often thicker than
broad when quite ripe, not opening, with partitions between the
seeds. — Mimosa saman Jacq. Fragm. 15, t. 9 (1800-1809). Inga
saman Willd. Sp. PI. iv. 1024 (1806); Macf. Jam. i. 307.
Pithecolobium saman Bentlt. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. Hi. 216
(1844), in Fl. Bra*, xv. pt. 2, 441 &, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 587 :
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 264. Calliandra saman Griseb. op. tit. 225
(1860). Albizzia saman F. Nuell. Sel PI Induct. Cult. 12 (1876).
Sarnanea saman Mm-ill in Journ. Wasli. Acacl. Sc. ft. 47 (1916).
Guango.
Naturalized; Salt Ponds, Macfadyen; Spanish Town; Moneague; Priori
~PoTL\is,Lioyd; 'Luces,, Hitchcock; Hope, Harris I Fl. Jam. 9276. — Naturalized
or cultivated throughout the West Indies; native of Central and S. America.
A spreading tree, 40 ft. high ; twigs, petioles, and peduncles pubescent.
Common petiole and rhachis of leaf 10-15 cm. 1. ; rhachis of pinnae 3-12
cm. 1. Leaflets at the apex of leaf in 6-8 pairs, gradually fewer to the base,
obovate or oblong or obliquely rhomboid, apex blunt or rounded, the largest
at the apex of the pinnte, 4'5 cm. 1., gradually smaller towards the base,
to 1'5 cm. 1., pubescent beneath. Glands between the pinnte and between
the leaflets. Peduncles 5-9 cm. 1. Calyx 6 mm. 1. Corolla nearly twice
as long, yellowish. Stamens numerous, 3 times as long as the corolla,
light crimson. Pod 1-5-2 -5 dm. 1., l'5-2 cm. br. Seeds to 25, separated
from each other, and enclosed by a skin-like tissue, outside which is pulp.
The wood is hard and ornamental, but cross-grained and difficult to
saw. The pods are eaten by cattle, and the tree is spread by means of the
seeds in the droppings. The species is said to have been introduced by
this natural means with cattle from the mainland. The tree is most
\ useful in pastures, not alone for fodder, but for the shade it affords.]
49. INGA Willd.
Unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, leaflets
in few pairs, large. Flowers large, in spikes or racemes. Floral
parts in o's. Calyx tubular or campaiiulate, toothed or shortly
lobed. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens numerous,
]ong exserted, united below into a tube ; tube nearly as long as,
or sometimes longer than, the corolla ; pollen aggregated into
2 or 4 masses. Pod not opening or irregularly bursting, thickish.
enlarged on the margins, 4-angled ; seeds enclosed in pulp.
Species 140, natives of tropical America and of subtropical
South America.
I. vera Willd. Sp. PI. iv. 1010 (1806); Hncf. Jam. i. 306;
Griseb. FL Br. W. Lid. 228 ; Bentli. in FL Bras. xv. pt. 2, 494 &
LEGUMINOS.E
153
/// Trans. Linn. Stir. xxx. iii'7 : I'd*. Synth. Anf. ir. L'63. Arbor
siliquosa brasiliensis Arc. Slmnu- Cut. !."»:; A Hist. ii. .~>8, /. 1SJ, /'. 1.
Mimosa in-a L. Sj>. PL 516 (17:>:>) : ,SV. 0/<*. lint. :;88. M. foliis
pinnatis etc. P/////J. /'/. .l///'r. (litinn.) t. 2-"). (Fig. 47.)
Banks of Rio Nuevo, Sloanr Herb. vi. 01 ! \\~ri<iltf ! Hro-iighton \ St. Ann,
Purdiel Oersted I Wilson ! ^/-//v/ ! Elmwood, Hari ! Priestmans Ri
Deans I Castleton, Thompson \ PortMorant,B"iicfecocfc; Spring, St. Thomas;
Park, Portland, 1500 ft. ; New Ground, St. Ann ; Jfnrrifi ! Fl. Jam.
B
I-'!-. \7.—liifja i-era \Villd.
\ I,- af ami iiilluivsri-nce X .',. I1-. i'al\\ and rnnilln. n;ii. -
' C, Pud X 1.
5406,6613,8013, K>. Kit.— I lispaniola, Porto Rico, Triniclud. Central Ameri
northern South America.
7'm -20-4:0 ft. high, tomentellous. Lcujlit* in 4 c> pairs, elliptical-oblong
to lanceolate, sonn t imes obovatc, usually acuminate, 4-1M cm. 1. J'<'ti«l<-
winded i>(.'t\ve<-n the ]wirs. (ildinl circular, hetAvcm tin- k-atlets of
pair. .FZotoirs sessile or subsessile, in spikes. Calyx Q !:'• mm. 1.
wliite, 13-10 mm. 1. J-'ilnnn'iifs white, more than twice as Ion-' a< tin-
corolla; tube shorter ; anthers -reen. Pod 10-12(-15) cm. 1., 12 20zom.br.,
tomentose, slightly curved, l-rihl)ed.
The specimen in llerh. Sloane corresponding to Sloane's description
and ti.L'ure cited by Linna-us consists merely of the pod. \Ve find no
154 KL<>KA OF JAMAICA Inga
indication of the regular dehiscence of the pod, nor of the terminal leaflet
depicted by Sloaue.
Grisebach cites Bentharn as the authority for the occurrence of
/. iiKjoiih'x \Villd. in Jamaica, but we find no confirmation of this, nor
have we seen specimens. It differs from I. vcra Willd. in the flowers being
stalked, the spikes corymbose, calyx 6-7 mm. 1., corolla twice as long as
the calyx, and the pod longer and deeply furrowed.
FAMILY XL. GERAXIACE^E.
Herbs or shrubs ; branches swollen at the nodes. Leaves
simple, stipulate. Sepals and petals 5, generally distinct and
imbricate. Stamens 10 or 15 (5), often united at the base.
Ovary 5-celled ; carpels united with the axis, produced above
into a beak with the styles more or less combined with it. Fruit
a capsule separating elastically into 5 one-seeded parts (cocci).
Endosperm thin or none.
Species about 630, natives of temperate and subtropical
regions of the whole world, a few in the mountains of the tropics.
GERANIUM L.
Herbs. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers regular, parts
in 5's. Glands 5, alternate with petals. Stamens twice as many
as petals. Ovary 5-celled ; stigmas 5 ; ovules '2 in each cell.
Ripe carpels separating from the central axis elastically usually
from base to apex, and recurved. Cotyledons induplicate-plicate
or convolute ; radicle incumbent.
Species about 260, natives of the temperate regions of the
whole world, only found in the tropics in the mountains.
G. earolinianum L. S^. PL 682 (1753); Hanks & Small in
N. Amer. Fl. x.cv. 9 : Knuth in Enal. Pflanzenreich iv. 129, 54.
G. columbinum carolinum ttc. Dill. EltTi. t. 135. G. lanuginosum
i^
Jacq. Hort. Schoeribr. ii. 8, t. 140 (1797). G. pyrenaicum Griseb.
FL Br. W. Lid. 132 (1859) (non Burm. f.) (see Urb. Symb.
Ant. vi. 96) : Hanks & Small tout. at. 10 (with reference to
Jamaica). (Fig. 48.) Type in Herb. Gronovius in Herb. Mus.
Brit. ; specimen named by Linnaeus in Herb. Linn.
Near Coldspring, Sivartz ! Me Nab ! Abbey Green, Prior ; Cinchona, J.P.
947, 1398, Hartl Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock; Clydesdale; Cinchona,
5000 ft. ; below Newcastle, 3800 ft. ; Green Valley, St. Andrew, 2000 ft. ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8577, 11,939, 12,388.— Southern Canada, U. States,
northern Mexico, Bermuda. ^
Annual or biennial, pubescent. Stem branching, erect or ascending,
to 1^ ft. high. Leaves 3-6 cm. br., divided almost to the base into 5-7
segments ; segments pinnately cleft into linear lobes ; petioles long.
Inflorescence with the peduncles and flowers somewhat crowded and
Geranium
GKKAXIA'
155
corymbose. Pedicels with glandular hairs. Sepals tipped with a long
mucro (1-2 mm. 1.), 5-7 mm. 1., often even to 8 mm. 1. in fruit. Petals
white tinged with pink, barely as long as the .sepals. Beak of fntit
Fig. 48.— Geranium caroNnfanumL.
A, Shoot bearing flower and fruit X :. from the central column in l>oth
B, Fruit with valves separating elastically directions x 2.
C, Seed x 3.
12-18 mm. 1., pubescent, hairs generally spreading. Valves smooth, with
shaggy hairs, separating partly from base to apex, and partly from apex to
base. Seeds with finely reticulate markings.
FAMILY XLI. OXALIDACE^].
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves compound, alternate.
Stipules free from the petiole, or not, or wanting. Sepals 5,
imbricate. Petals ~>, twisted in bud. Stamens 10, united at the
base ; filaments alternately unequal, 5 opposite the sepals lon-vr.
Ovary "t-celled ; styles f>, distinct, with terminal capitate
I i. OKA OF . I AM AM 'A
stigma^ : ovules in the inner angle of each cell, one to numerous
Fniit .Vcellcd, a capsule in ().••<{! tx, or a fleshy berry in the
cultivated Avi'rrltoa. Seeds generally covered with an aril.
Kndospenn lleshy ; embryo straight.
Species about 310, mostly in tropical and subtropical Ameri< -a.
and in S. Africa, very few throughout the tropics, and also very
few in the temperate regions.
OXALIS L.
*
Herbs. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate (in W. Indian species) ;
leaflets sensitive to light, drooping as the light disappears.
< >vules numerous in Jamaican species. Fruit a capsule, opening
loculicidally. Seeds covered by a white fleshy aril which bursts
elastically when they are ripe, and by its contraction expels
them ; testa transversely ridged, or minutely tuberculate.
Species about 300, growing in tropical and subtropical
America, and also in S. America beyond the tropics, and in
South Africa, very few occurring elsewhere in the tropics or in
temperate regions.
Flowers yellow, 1 or 2 on an axillary peduncle .... 1. 0. corniculata.
Flowers rosy, several, corymbose or umbellate, on
peduncles springing from the ground 2. 0. corymbosa.
1. 0. eorniculata L. Sp. PL 435 (1753); stems decumbent
or creeping, rooting at the nodes and giving off ascending
branches; flowers yellow, 3, 2, or 1, on an axillary peduncle. -
Jacq. Oxal 10, t. 5; Griseb. Fl Br. W. Ltd. 133; Prog, in FL
Bras. ./•//. pt. 2, 492 ; Urlt. Symb. Ant. iv. 312. O. caule <fcc.
Browne Hist. Jam. 231. O. repens Tlauib. Oxal. 16 (1781; :
Jacq. Oxal. 31, t. 78, /. 1 ; Robinson in Jonrn. Bot. xliv. 387.
O. jamaicensis Macf. Jam. i. 182 (1837). Trifolium acetosuni
corniculatum &c. Sloane Cat. 90 ifc Hist. i. 18. Xanthoxalis
corniculata & X. Langloisii Small in N. Amer. FL xxv. 52 (1907).
Type in Herb. Linn. ; also a similar specimen in Hort. Cliff, in
Herb. Mus. Brit.
Sorrel.
A common weed in provision grounds, coffee pieces, gardens, etc. ;
Broivnel Macfadyen ; St. Thomas in the Vale; St. Mary; McNabl J.P.
1222, Hart I Bog Walk, Hitchcock ; Providence, 700 ft., TJwmpsonl waste
places, Castleton, 500 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8059, 11,009, 12,335, 12,384.-
All tropical and temperate regions.
Sloane collected this species in Madeira on his voyage to Jamaica, but
not in Jamaica. See Herb. iv. 25.
A variable annual herb. Stems '5-3 dm. and more, pubescent or
glabrescent. Leaflets broadly obcordate, more or less pubescent, margin
sometimes ciliate, 1-1-5 cm. br. ; petioles pubescent or glabrescent,
2-4 cm. 1. Stipules not free from the petiole, ciliate, 1-5-2 mm. 1.
Peduncles more or less as long as, or longer than, the petiole, puberulous
Oxalis
OXALIDACKJ:
157
or glabrate. Pedicels 'T-l'o cm. 1. Brnctcolcs at base of pedicel-, J4
mm. 1., linear-lanceolate, tit-pal* -2-1 mm. 1., hairy. Petals 4-9 mm. 1.
Filaments glabrous. Capsule (J-17 mm. 1., linear-oblong, puberulous-
velvety, abruptly narrowed at the apex. eds transversely mK
1'3 mm. 1., reddish-brown.
'2. 0. eorymbosa DC. Pr<»/r. i. (>!)6 (l<s-h : stemh-ss, lea
and peduncles springing from a compound hull) : flowers rosv,
corymbose or umbellate. — Bale. Ff. Jl/"</>//-. .'57. 0. .Martiana.
Fig. 49. — Oxalis corymbosa DC.
A, Portion of inflorescence x -'. D, Stamens ami pistil x
B, Leaf X |.
». Acetosella L.
C, Diagram of tiower. F, Seed \\itb aril, much
E, Ripe fruit, much enlarged. G, Seed cut lengthwise, much enlarged.
(C, E-G, after Baillon.)
Z)«'<\ in
/. 3938;
R. Gmlt. in
t.
. ix. \-\-\- (1825); Bt>t. M<i>/.
. !<><• tit.; Prog. tout. »•//. 486. O. bipunctata
ni*. N. Pltil . Journ. (Apr.-June 18i'7) 17»i : Hot.
: M,,,-f. J<,n>. I. ll;'». (Ki-. -10 \, H, D.)
Kingston; Bog Walk; Hitchcock; near Castleton ; Hope grounds :
Harris* Fl. Jam. 6870, 12,334.— St. Vincent, Centra] America, trop;
and subtropical S. America, introduced into many places in the Old
World.
Stemlebs cro\\n from which -20 or more leaves and >i \vrul scape.- ari-e,
surrounded by numerous bulbils. L< broadly obcordate, more or
less pubescent and ciliate, glandular-dotted heneath. 1-5-3 cm. br. ;
petioles 1-2 dm. I. and more: stipules represented by expansions of the
158
FLOKA OF JAMAH 'A
Oxalis
petiole. Scapes longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Pedicels -5-2
cm. 1. Bracteoles at base of pedicels. Sepah with 2 elongated glands at
the apex, 4-5 mm. 1. Corolla pink, turning violet in decay and in drying,
1-1-5 cm. 1. Stamens: the longer pubescent. Styles densely hairy.
Capsule (not seen) " oblong, many-seeded, downy " (Baker).
Averrhoa Carambola L. & A. bilimbi L., natives of tropical Asia, are
sometimes cultivated.
FAMILY XLII. LINAGES.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, usually entire.
Flowers perfect, regular, in racemes or in panicled or corymbose
cymes. Parts of the flower in 5's. Sepals imbricate. Petals
imbricate, generally twisted in bud, fugacious. Stamens
generally 5, united below, hypogynous. Staminodal glands 5,
on the staminal column. Ovary free, entire, 3-5-celled. Ovules
1 or 2 in the angle of each cell. Styles 3-5. Fruit capsular.
Embryo generally straight and as long as the endosperm.
Species about 150; the herbaceous species natives chiefly of
the temperate regions ; the shrubby species principally in the
tropics ; very few in Australia.
Fig. 50. — Linum jamaicense Fawe. & Eendle.
A , Upper portion of stem X §.
B, Diagram of flower.
C, Bud X 7.
D, Bud opened, with part of calyx and
corolla removed, x 5.
E, Capsule enlarged.
F, Ditto cut across.
G, Seed of L. usitatissimum L.
(G, after Baillon.)
L Inum LIXACE.K 159
LINUM L.
Herbs, sometimes shrubby. Leaves sessile, narrow. Stipules
wanting or represented by glands. Staminodal glands opposite
the petals. Ovary generally -3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ;
styles generally 5. Capsule septicidally 5-valved, 5-celled.
Endosperm scanty.
Species about 90, natives of temperate and subtropical
regions of the whole world, ascending to the mountains in the
tropics of the Xew World.
L. jamaicense comb. noc. ; Cathartolinum jamaicense Small
In Tun-cya xiii. 63 (1913). (Fig. 50.)
Amongst grasses, in damp places, Crofts Hill to the savannas on the
northern slopes of Bull Head, Clarendon, 2000 ft. ; Hollis's savanna,
Upper Clarendon, 2400 ft. ; Harris ! PI. Jam. 11,159, 12,243.
Perennial herbs, 9 ins. to 2 ft. high. Stem erect, slender, glabrous,
generally simple. Leaves more or less erect, 6-12 mm. L, linear. Flowers
in interrupted spike-like racemes. Sepals about 3 mm. 1., outer lanceo-
late, without glands, inner narrowly elliptical, often minutely glandular-
toothed. Petals yellow, 4 -5-7 '5 mm. L, very fugacious. Staminodia
wanting. Capsule globular-ovoid, longer than the sepals.
FAMILY XLIII. ERYTHROXYLACE^.
Glabrous shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire.
Flowers white, one to several, in axils of leaves, sometimes
appearing before the leaves, regular, perfect but sometimes
anthers or pistil infertile : parts in 5's. Calyx persistent ; seg-
ments 5, imbricate. Petals 5, free, deciduous, generally with a
ligule at the base. Stamens 10, filaments united below into
a cup. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules in each
cell. Styles 3, usually with terminal capitate stigmas. Fruit
drupaceous. Seed generally with endosperm ; embryo straight.
Species nearly I'OO, natives of the West Indies and tropical
and subtropical S. America, and Africa, ve-ry few in the East
Indies and Australia.
ERYTHROXYLON L.
Stipule one, within the petiole, persistent, occurring frequently
though the leaf is undeveloped, broadly triangular (lanceolate
in E. obov(.itum), --ridged. Flowers often dimorphic, hetero-
styled. Calyx: segment- triangular. Petal consisting of a
blade and a daw, with a broad scale or ligule attached on the
inside where the blade and claw unite. Ovary 3-celled with
L60
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Erythroxylon
'2 cells abortive : ovule solitary. Styles 3, distinct or united at
the base. Drupe red, with 1 seed.
Species nearly 200 ; distribution as in Family.
Leaves with central area beneath included between
2 longitudinal veins 1. E. areolatum.
Leaves without 2 longitudinal veins.
Pedicels slender throughout. Apex of leaves
rounded.
Leaves roundish-obovate, -5-3*5 cm. 1 2. E. roiundifolium.
Leaves elliptical, 2-5-7 crn. 1 3. E. obovatum.
Pedicels thickened upwards.
Apex of leaves acute 4. E. incrassatum.
Apex of leaves rounded 5. E. jamaicense.
1. E. areolatum L. Syst. <><L 10, 1035 (1759) & Amoen. v. 379,
397 ; leaves with central area on the under side enclosed
between 2 longitudinal veins, commencing at the apex and more
or less continued to the base. — Siv. Obs. Bot. 184 ; Descourt. FL
Fig. 51. — Erythroxylon areolatum L.
A. Upper part of twig with stipules, D, Petal x 5.
leaves and flowers X ^. E, Drupe, nat. size.
B, Short-styled form of flower, petals
removed x 4.
C, Long-styled form of ditto x 4.
F, Ditto cut across X 2.
(After 0. E. Schulz, except D.)
Ant. ri 260, t. 442 ; Macf, Jam. i. 144 ; Griseb. FL Er. W. Ind.
113 (excl. syn. and habitat); 0. E. Scluih in Urb. Symb. Ant. v.
193 & in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 134, 63, fig. 13; Britton in
N. Amer. FL xxv. 63. (Fig. 51.) A specimen from Browne is
in Herb. Linn, named in Solander's hand.
Red Wood.
Browne \ Swartz ! Macfadyen ! Liguanea Plain, McNab ! Oersted ; near
Manchioneal, Wilson \ March ! King's House grounds, J.P. 1346, Morris !
Erytliroxylon ERYTHROXYLACE^E 161
Grove, 750 ft. ; road to Constitution Hill, 1500 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ;
Harrisl Fl. Jam. 5904, 6837, 9027, 9333.— Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico.
Tree 10-20 ft. high. Leaves elliptical, narrowed to the base, apex
rounded or slightly emarginate, 3-9(-13) cm. 1. ; petioles 3-6 mm. 1.
Stipules 2-2-5 mm. 1., triangular, 2-ridged, 2-mucronulate. Flowers long-
and short-styled, 2-6 in the axils, fragrant, appearing mostly before the
leaves. Pedicels 2*5-7 mm. 1. Calyx 1-5-2 mm. 1.; segments ovate to
lanceolate, 1-1-2 mm. 1. Petals about 3 mm. 1. ; blade oblong-elliptical,
concave, about 2 mm. 1. ; claw continuing evenly the outline of the blade,
or somewhat narrower, '7 or '8 mm. 1., ligule -5--S mm. 1., roundish,
erect over the blade, with a double edge. Drupes oblong, 7-9 mm. 1.,
orange-scarlet.
The leaves contain only a small amount of cocaine. The timber is
small, but is useful for general purposes, as it saws readily.
2. E. rotundifolium Lun. Hort. Jam. it. 11G (1814); leaves
roundish-obovate, '5-3 '5 cm. 1., apex rounded or emarginate;
drupe 5-6 mm. 1., ellipsoidal. — Britton torn. cit. 61. E. foliis
minoribus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 278. E. obovatum Macf.
Jam. i. 143 (1837). E. brevipes Griseb. loc. cit. (non DC.).
E. suave 0. E. Scliulz in Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 199 (1907) & in Engl
Pflanzenreich iv.pt. 134, 67 (as regards sp. and var. jamaicense).
Browne ; Wright \ Macfadyen ! Purdie ! Prior ; March ! Eobertsfield,
J.P. 1476, Hart \ Green Valley ; road to Wareka, 1200 ft. ; near Troy,
2000 ft.; Long Mountain, 150-800 ft.; Cane River valley, 300 ft.;
Peckham, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5613, 9387, 9422, 9576, 9602, 9629,
10,942. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.
Shrub or tree, 15-40 ft. high ; trunk slender or over 1 ft. in diam.
Petioles 2*5-4 mm. 1. Stipules amplexicaul, triangular, 1-1-5 mm. 1.
Flowers 1-4 in the axils. Pedicels 1-5 mm. 1. Calyx about 2 mm. 1. ;
segments ovate to ovate-lanceolate, about 1 mm. 1. Petal : blade
elliptical, concave, keeled on the back, I'l-l'S mm. 1. ; claw oblong,
narrowing towards base, 1'2 mm. 1. and br. ; ligule 1-1-3 mm. 1., with
2 lobes over the lamina, erect or bending inwards, and another lobe over
the claw, concave or flat, nearly as broad as the claw.
3. E. obovatum Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 113 (1859) (non
Macf.) ; leaves elliptical, base wedge-shaped, apex rounded or
very slightly emarginate, 2'5-5(-7) cm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate ; drupe oblong, 8-9 mm. 1. — 0. E. Sehulz in
Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 209 £ in Engl. Pflanzenreirli iv. pt. 134, 100 ;
Britton to-iit. fit. 64. E. affine A. Rich, in >'</;//'" (.'»/•. .r. 106,
t. 27 (1845). E. areolatum L. var. affine 0. E. Sclmlz in En<ji .
Pfliiuz'.'iircii'h ic. pt. 134, 65 (1907). Specimens from Macfadyen
in Herb. Kew. show that his E. oboi-ntimi was misinterpreted by
Grisebach and subsequent authors.
March'. Malvern, 2200 ft.; Lititz savanna, 300-900 ft.; Constant
Spring to Bardowic, 800 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. (J661, 11,740, 12,105.-
Bahamas, Cuba.
Tree 12-25 ft. high. Petioles 4-8 mm. 1. SVzjwks 2-6 mm. 1. Flo;
6 (1-10), in the axils. Pedicels 1-4 rnm. 1., slightly thickened above.
Calyx about 2 mm. 1. ; segments 1 mm. 1. Petal : blade elliptical, flat,
IV. M
162 FLOKA OF JAMAICA ErytJiroxylon
keeled on the back, about 2*7 mm. 1. ; claw '8 mm. 1., -5 mm. br. ; ligulc
about 1-2 mm. 1., of 2 lateral concave lobes united from their backs, with
the inner edge decurrent on the claw.
4. E. inerassatum 0. E. Sclmh in Urb. Si/ml. Ant. v. 210
(1907) ; leaves elliptical, base cuneate, apex acute or slightly and
shortly acuminate, 8-10 cm. 1. ; 3 '5-4* 5 cm. br. ; pedicels
thickened upwards, passing gradually into the calyx. — 0. E,
Scludz in En<jl. PJlanzenreicli iv. pt. 134, 101. E. havanense
Sw. Obs. Bot. 185 (1791) (non Jacq.). E. squamatum Griseb. op.
dt. 114 (1859) (as regards the Jamaican plant) (non Vahl).
Swartz \ Prior !
Petioles 6-8 mm. 1. Stipules 1-1 -5 mm. 1. Flowers 1-3 in the axils.
Pedicels 8-10 mm. 1. Calyx about 1-5 mm. 1. ; segments about 1 mm. 1.
Petals obovate-oblong, 4-4-5 mm. 1. (incl. claw up to 1 mm. 1.); ligule
1-5-2 mm. 1., 2 lobes on each side, the exterior lobes the longer, denticu-
late, with an obtuse lobe joining them on the outside, the interior lobes
united by a lobe turned downwards on the inside. Staminal tube shorter
than the calyx. Drupe unknown.
5. E. jamaieense Fawc. d- Rendle in Journ. Bot. Iv. 38
(1917) ; leaves elliptical, apex and base rounded, 4-7 cm. I.,
2 '5-4 cm. br. ; pedicels thickened upwards, passing gradually
into the calyx. Type in Herb. Jam.
Peckham Woods, Clarendon, 2,500 ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 11,203.
Tree 15 ft. high. Petioles about 1 cm. 1. Stipules 2-3 mm. 1., per-
sistent triangular-ovate, not keeled, apex erect, shortly aristate. Flowers
1-2 in the axils. Pedicels 3-4 mm. 1. Calyx 1*5 mm. 1. ; segments
slightly over 1 mm. 1. Petals oblong, nearly 3 mm. 1. (incl. claw
1-3 mm. 1.); ligule folded just above the middle, upper portion reflexed,
2-lobed, the fold forming a crenulate pocket, length from union of claw
and lamina to fold 1 mm. Staminal tube slightly shorter than the calyx.
Stigmas capitate. Drupe linear-oblong, curved, 1'3 cm. 1., 2-2*5 mm. br.
FAMILY XLIV. ZYGOPHYLLACE^.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite, or alternate by
abortion of one of the pair, abruptly pinnate, stipulate ; leaflets
entire. Peduncles 1, or 2 together, or often more in Guaiacum,
1 -flowered. Flowers hermaphrodite, sepals and petals usually 5,
imbricate, distinct. Stamens generally 10, distinct. Ovary
2-12-celled ; styles combined into one : ovules 2 to many, more
rarely 1, pendulous or ascending, with ventral raphe and
superior micropyle. Fruit composed of 2-12 cocci; cocci 1- or
few-seeded. Endosperm horny, thick, scanty, or wanting.
Embryo as long as the seed, green, straight ; cotyledons oblong
or linear, somewhat thick or leafy.
Species, about 160, natives of the tropical and warm regions,
GuaiaciLin ZYGOPHYLLACE.E 163
chiefly of the northern hemisphere, very rare in tropical Africa,
wanting in Further India ;md in the Malay Archipelago.
Trees. Fruit fleshy at first, angled or winged... 1. Guaiacum.
Herbs. Fruit dry.
Sepals deciduous. Fruit spiny 2. Tribulus.
Sepals persistent. Fruit tuberculate 3. Kallstrocmia.
1. GUAIACUM L.
Trees or shrubs, with hard resinous wood ; twigs often with
swollen or jointed nodes. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets
leathery, in 2-1-4 pairs; stipules minute, caducous. Peduncles
1 -flowered, solitary or 2 or more, with minute deciduous bracts
H
at the base. Sepals unequal. Petals obovate. Ovary stalked,
2-(5) celled ; ovules 8-10 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit some-
what fleshy on the outside, composed of 2(-5) cocci ; cocci
angled or winged on the back, separating at length, 1 -seeded.
Endosperm horny, with chinks ; embryo straight ; cotyledons
leafy.
Species 4, natives of tropical and subtropical America.
G. offleinale L. Sp. PL 381 (1753); Tussac FL Ant. /r. t. 35;
Descourt. FL Ant. vii. t. 463 ; Wright Mem. 214 ; 3facf. Jam. I.
187 ; Bot, Beg. xxv. t, 9; Griseb. FL Br. W. Lid. 134 ; Berg <0
Schmidt Off. *Gei<: n. t. Ub ; BentL & Trim. Med. PL t. 41 ;
Cool- & Coll in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. viii. 150; Urb. Symb.
Ant. Iv. 314 ; Vail in N. Amer. FL xxv. 105. G. jamaicense . . .
flore albo and G. jamaicense . . . flore subcaeruleo Pink. Plu/t.
t. 35, /. 34. G. flore etc. Plum. Noi: PL Amer. Gen. 39. Pruno
vel euonymo affinis &c. Shane Cat. 186 ife Hist. it. 133, /. 222,
/. 3-6. "G. foliis &c. Browne Hi«t. Jam. 225. (Fig. 52.) Speci-
men from Hort. Cliff, in Herb. 31us. Brit. ; and one from
Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.
Lignum Vitse.
Barliam in Herb. Sloane clxxxiv. 164 ! Sloanc Herb. vii. 78! Brov
Broughton\ Shakspcarl plains on the south side, Mac fad-yen ! St. Andrew,
-••/.•. \iibl Parnclll Purdicl Port Henderson, Land Prior ! March !
Liguanea plain, J.P. 616, Morris ! Kingston, Hitchcock ; also Pla.i'toii ! and
('lute'. Long Mountain road, Campbell ! also Harris] Fl. Jam. 6411,
£639 (fls. white), 8640 (fls. blue).— West Indies, northern S. America.
Tree, usually not more tban 12-15 ft. high, with diameter not often
exceeding 1^ ft. Lcailet* in 2(-3) pairs, sessile, elliptical to obovatf-
elliptical, rarely oblanceolate-clliptical, glabrous, nerves and veins pro-
minulous on both sides, 1-5-5 cm. 1. ; stipules pubcrnlous, 1 mm. 1.
Peduncle* few or often cro.vded, as many as 10 in a cluster, axillary, at
ends of twigs, l'5-3 cm. 1. Scpalx 5, white-tomeutosc inside and out,
4-5 mm. 1., three outer broader and shorter than th.- rest. 7V/<//.s 5, blue,
rarely white, puberulous on the inside and sometimes on both sides at the
apex, 12 mm. 1. Stame)ix 10, 7-9 mm. 1. ; anthers nvurved after shedding
pollen. Fruit usually of 2 carpels, 1-5-2 cm. 1. and br., yellow, compressed,
M 2
164
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Guaiacum
somewhat obcordate, with the base of the style persisting as a small point.
Seed solitary in each cell, ellipsoidal, 12 mm. 1., 8 mm. br. ; seed-coat
thick ; embryo in the centre of the thick horny endosperm.
The wood is very fine, close, and even in grain; it is durable and
tough, splitting with very great difficulty. It is excessively hard, equalling
ebony in this respect. It is used for wheels and cogs for mills, pulley-
blocks, pestles, rulers, policemen's batons, balls for bowls, &c. Weight
D
B
Fig. 52. — Guaiacum officinale L.
.A, Leaves with inflorescence and one C, Ovary cut across X 4.
fruit X §. I), Pistil cut lengthwise X 4.
B, Flower, with sepals and petals re- E, Ovule much enlarged.
moved, x 3. F, Fruit cut lengthwise, nat. size.
(After Berg & Schmidt.)
"72 to 83 Ibs. per cubic foot. Guaiacum resin is obtained from the wood ;
" it is a useful remedy in chronic forms of rheumatism, in syphilitic and
gouty affections, scrofula, skin diseases, &c." The wood possesses similar
properties, but the action is milder, and it is only now used as an
ingredient of the official compound decoction of Sarsaparilla (Bentley and
Trimen).
2. TRIBULUS L.
Herbs with procumbent branches. Leaves abruptly pinnate,
opposite, one of each pair alternately smaller than the other or
.sometimes wanting ; stipules obliquely lanceolate. Flowers
Tribulus
ZYCoriiYLLACi:.i:
165
solitary on axillary peduncles. Sepals lanceolate to ovate, soon
falling. Petals obovate, deciduous. Stamens 10 in 2 series,
the 5 opposite the petals exterior and usually a little longer, the
5 alternate with a small gland at the base outside. Ovary
5-lobed, 5-celled : each cell divided by transverse partitions
into 3-5 compartments ; ovules one in each compartment
attached at the central angle. Fruit 5-coccous ; cocci few-
seeded, with 3-5 transverse compartments, at length separating,,
leaving no central axis, not splitting open. Embryo without
endosperm.
Species 12, natives of tropical and subtropical regions of the
whole world, including south Europe.
T. eistoides L. Sp. PL 387 (1753); Descourt, Fl. Ant. iv.
t. 250 ; Macf. Jam. i. 185 ; A. Gr. Gen. ii. t. 145 ; Grisel. Fl. Br.
I iu. 53. — T ribul»x
L.
A, Flowering !>r;inch \\itli leaves X .
B. Diagram »t \\n\\t i .
(', Flower cut lengthwise, calyx ami
corolla removed, .-li«>\vin:_' pi-til \vitli
hypo^yiious «li>k ('/), two stain
and one staminal :_-lan<l (.'/), X 4.
D, 1'i'iiit somewhat enlarged.
K. Coccus cut k>n:-ptlnu>e.
enlarged.
! . >eeil cut lcn.u'th\\ isc,
(After A. (iray.)
. Intl. \:\ I ; Enfjl. in FL B?,i*. xii. j't. 2, f.-.i : ]',// ,c I!,/,!!,, in
N. Anicr. FL .T./T. 109. T. torrcstris aiiifricnuus ^'c. Pink. PJii/f.
t. 07, /'. 4. T. foliis sex ju^.-itis &c. Browne ///>/. Jam. 220.
T. terrestris L. var. eistoides Oliv. FL Tn>r. Afr. i. 2S4 (186>
166 FLORA OF JAMAICA Tribulus
Urb. Si/rub. Ant. iv. 315. (Fig. 53.) A specimen from Browne,
named by Linnaeus, is in Herb. Linn.
Turkey Blossom.
Kingston and neighbourhood; in fl. after rains; Browne, \ Wright \
Broughton ! Distin ! Macfadyen ! Parnell ; Lane ; J.P. 714, Jenman !
J.P. 2098, Morris ! Hitchcock; Chelsea Pen, Campbell \ near Kingston,
Clitte ! also Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6480, 11,967.— Florida, Bahamas, Cuba,
Hispaniola, St. Cruz, Tortola, St. Martin, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante,
Martinique, Margarita, tropics.
Stem to 1 ft. 1. and more, more or less pubescent with white hairs,
especially at the nodes. Leaves varying in size, 2 '5-6 cm. 1., with 3-9
pairs of leaflets ; leaflets somewhat unequal in size, the larger in the
middle of the leaf, 7-17 mm. 1., 3-6 mm. br., unequal-sided, oblong, with
silky adpressed hairs beneath. Stipules 4-9 mm. 1. Flowers solitary ;
peduncle in the axil of the shorter leaf, and longer than it. Sepals
7-9 mm. 1. Petals obovate-cuneate, yellow, with numerous veins straight
below, branching above, generally 2-2' 5 cm. 1., up to 1*5 cm. br. near
apex, sometimes smaller. Stamens 4-8 mm. 1. Ovary hispid with white
hairs. Fruit 6-9 mm. 1. ; cocci tranversely 5-celled or by abortion
2-4-celled, with 2 horizontally spreading spines above, 4-5 mm. 1., and
2 shorter at the base.
Browne says : " This plant, whether a native, or originally introduced
to Jamaica, is now very common about Kingston. The fowls are observed
to feed much on the blossoms of this plant, which is thought to heighten
the flavour, as well as to contribute to the fattening of them."
3. KALLSTROEMIA Scop.
Herbs, very similar in habit to species of Tribulus ; branches
ascending or procumbent. Leaves abruptly pinnate, opposite,
one of each pair alternately somewhat smaller than the other, or
wanting ; stipules linear-acuminate. Sepals persistent in the
fruit. Petals obovate. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals
more or less adhering to their base, the alternate stamens
smaller, with a stalked gland at the base outside. Ovary
10-12-lobed, 10-12-celled ; ovules one in each cell pendulous
from the central angle. Fruit composed of 10-12 cocci; cocci
tuberculate, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, at length separating, leaving a
long central axis, not splitting open. Seed without endosperm.
Species about 20, natives of tropical America.
K. maxima Wight d- Am. Prodr. 145 (1834) ; Torr. & Gr.
Fl. N. Amer. i. 213 (1838) ; A. Gr. Gen. ii. t, 146 ; Engl. in FL
Bras. xii. pt. 2, 71 ; Et/db. in N. Amer. FL xxv. 111. Tribulus
terrestris major &c. Sloane Cat. 90 & Hist. i. 209, t. 132, /. 1.
Tribulus? foliis senis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 220, t. 21, /. 3.
T. maxirnus L. Sp. PL 386 (1753); Jacq. Ic. PL Ear. t. 462;
Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 134. T. decolor Macf. Jam. i. 186(1837).
(Fig. 54.) Specimen from Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit., and
from Browne in Herb. Linn., the latter named by Linnaeus.
Kallstroemia
ZYGOPHYLLACE.-E
167
St. Jago de la Vega, and elsewhere, Sloane Herb. iv. 22 ! Browne !
Broughtan ! Shakspcar ! Distin ! St. Mary, IfcNab \ Prior ; Gordon Town,
Ball ! Lucea, Hitchcock ; Spanish Town road, Campbell ! Hope grounds,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5687, 6298, 6634, 6638.
Stems and procumbent branches £-!£ ft. long, more or less pubescent
with white hairs, especially at the nodes. Leaves : common petiole
1-4 cm. 1., the larger with 3-4 pairs of leaflets, the smaller with 2-3 pairs,
occasionally abortive ; leaflets somewhat unequal in size, the larger at the
apex of the leaf, 1-2 cm. 1., 3-9 mm. br., elliptical to narrowly elliptical,
unequal-sided especially the leaflets at the apex which are also very
Fig. 54. — Kallstroemia maxima Torr. & Gr.
A, Flowering branch with leaves X ?.
B, Flower with the petals and the five
larger stamens adhering to them
removed x 5.
C, Petal with its stamen x 2.
D, Pistil and receptacle cut lengthwise
X 5 ; '/, hypogynous disk.
E, Fruit with the calyx, two of the cocci
detached, X 3.
F, A coccus cut leiiirthwi.se, showing the
seed and emhryo, x 2.
(After A. Gray.)
oblique, more or less glabrescent, the margins often hairy; stipules per-
sistent, 4-5 mm. 1. Flowers solitary ; peduncle about as long as, or a little
longer than, the opposite leaf. Sepals narrowly lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, increasing in length in fruit, but shrivelled,
4-6 mm. 1. /Wu-fo obovate, veiny, 6-8 mm. 1. Sta-mciix 3-4 mm. 1.
Fruit 8-9 mm. 1. ; cocci 4-5 mm. 1., rough with transverse ridges.
168 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eavenia
FAMILY XLV. RTJTACEyE.
Shrubs or trees, usually glandular-dotted and strongly
smelling. Leaves with pellucid dots, without stipules, generally
opposite, and compound, digitate or pinnate,, with 1, 3, or 5, or
more leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or dicecious ;
parts usually in 4's or 5's. Sepals and petals imbricate.
Stamens as many as, or twice as many as the petals, numerous
in Peltostigma. Carpels generally 4 or 5 (8 in Peltostigma),
united into a single 4-c-celled ovary, or free at the base and
united in styles or stigmas, or altogether free and 1 -celled.
Ovules generally 2 in each carpel, superposed, ascending, with
ventral raphe and superior micropyle, solitary in Glycosmis and
Triphasia, numerous in Citrus. Fruit various. Embryo straight
or curved. Cotyledons often fleshy. Endosperm present or
wanting.
Species 800 or 900, natives of the temperate and warm
regions of the whole world ; specially numerous in S. Africa and
Australia.
Calyx, 2 sepals larger. Corolla united below into a
tube 1. Ravenia.
Calyx regular, or with 1 sepal larger (Peltostigma). Petals
not united.
Ovary 2-5-lobed. Fruit of 1-8 cocci.
Leaves pinnate 2. Zantlioxylum.
Leaves digitate.
Stamens numerous. Cocci 8 3. Peltostigma.
Stamens 4-5. Cocci 5 4. Esenbeckia.
Ovary entire.
Fruit baccate.
[Stamens 10. Leaves 1-5-foliolate Glycosmis.']
[Stamens 6. Leaves 3-f oliolate Triphasia.]
[Stamens numerous. Leaves 1-f oliolate... Citrus. ~\
Fruit drupaceous.
Floral parts in 4's. Ovary 1-celled 5. Amyris.
Floral parts in 5's. Ovary 3-celled 6. Spathelia.
1. RAVENIA Veil.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate or simple.
Peduncles axillary, few-flowered. Sepals 4 or 5, 2 outer larger,
enclosing the bud. Corolla : tube straight, limb oblique with
4 or 5 somewhat unequal segments. Disk cup-shaped, crenate,
4-5-lobed, enclosing the ovary. Stamens 4 or 2 ; filaments
adherent to the corolla-tube ; anthers 2-4 at the corolla-throat,
staminodes 3-1, linear, exserted. Ovary of 4-5 carpels,
immersed in the disk; style 1, slender; stigma 4— 5-lobed ;
ovules 2 in each cell, superposed. Capsule surrounded by the
JRavenia
RUTACE.E
169
persistent calyx, with 5-1 cocci ; cocci 2-valved ; endocarp hard
and brittle. Seeds 1 or 2 in each coccus ; endosperm in a
thin layer ; embryo curved ; cotyledons 2-lobed, conduplicate,
enclosing a long radicle.
Species 5 or 6, natives of West Indies and tropical
S. America.
Leaves 3-foliolate 1. R. spectabilis.
Leaves simple 2. R. Swartziana.
1. R. speetabilis Planch, ex Griseb. Mem. Amer. Acad. n.s.
riii. 170 (1860) & Fl. Br. W. Ind. 710; leaves 3-foliolate. -
Engl. in FL Bras. xii. pt. 2, 126 ; Url>. in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl.
Fig. r>.">. — liavcnin spi'Ct«bll!x ("Jriseb.
A, InllMivsceiice and leaves X fl. C, Pistil with ovary cut leiti:tln\
B, Flower: portion, to slmw stamens enlarged (/.'. ////<•//».
and staminodcs, . -Mlarired. D, Coccus, inner side. X 4.
E, Seed x 4.
(A, P.. alter Bot. Reg.)
/>'. 369, t. 13, /. l-i> iV /'// Hnijl. Jiilirl. xxi. •">•"> 1 ; P. TTV/x. in
N. Amer. Fl. .r.rr. 177. Lenioiii.-i spectabilis LfmU. in Hot. l!> <j.
X.;-rt. t. .~>!j (1840) ; ]\i.rl<>n'x M«<J. ]>"i. XIV. t. 7-">,
(Fig. 55.)
170 FLORA OF JAMAICA tiavenia
March \ cult. Hope Gardens, Harris \ — Cuba, Hispaniola, Guadeloupe.
Shrub. Leaves digitately 3-foliolato, glabrous, glandular-dotted, dots
more or less pellucid ; leaflets narrowly elliptical to oblong, 3-5 cm. 1. ;
petiole 1-2 cm. 1. Peduncle 1-3-flowered, 2-6 cm. 1. Flowers markedly
proterandrous. Sepals 5, glandular-dotted, 2 outer ovate, obtuse, 1'1-1'3
cm. 1., 7-10 mm. br., 3 inner much shorter, roundish, adpressed to the
tube of the corolla. Corolla purplish-red or pinkish, glandular-dotted,
fleshy; tube 1'3 cm. 1. ; lobes somewhat unequal, the upper being the
shorter. Stamens glandular-dotted, 3 lower linear, sterile, the middle
one 3-lobed, the 2 lateral and each branch ending in a gland. Seeds
ellipsoidal, muriculate, about 3*5 mm. 1.
'2. R. Swartziana Fawc. & Eendle in Journ. Bot. Iv. 38
(1917) ; leaves simple. — Pomphidea Swartziana Miers Apocyn.
S. Amer. 19, t. i. D (1878); Urb. Synib. Ant. vi. 96. Type in
Herb. Mus. Brit.
Jamaica (without locality), Swartz !
Leaves glabrous, glandular-dotted, elliptical, shortly acuminate, 4-8*5
cm. 1. ; petiole 2-3 mm. 1. Peduncle to 1 cm. L, about 2-flowered ;
pedicels 2-3 mm. 1. Sepals glandular-dotted, puberulous ; 2 outer ovate,
6-7 mm. 1., 2-3 mm. br., inner lanceolate, about half as long. Corolla
glandular-dotted, fleshy ; tube 7 mm. L, lobes somewhat unequal, about
5 mm. 1. Stamens glandular-dotted, 1 or 2 sterile.
The examination of Swartz's specimen on which Miers founded the
genus Pomphidea, of which it is the only representative, shows con-
clusively that it is a species of Ravenia.
2. ZANTHOXYLUM L.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate with or with-
out an odd leaflet. Inflorescence cymose, usually paniculate.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx 3-5-cleft. Petals 3-5,
imbricate or valvate. Male flower : Stamens 3-5, hypogynous.
Female flower : Stamens none or scale-like. Carpels 1-5,
1 -celled ; styles sublateral ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral.
Carpels separating in the fruit, opening by the ventral suture,
each with one pendulous black seed. Endocarp loose or
adherent. Embryo straight or curved, in the axis of fleshy
endosperm, with round flat foliaceous cotyledons, and a very
short radicle.
Species, about 140, natives of the tropics and warm regions
of the whole world.
§ 1. Petiole and rhachis of leaves not winged. Leaflets
opposite or alternate ; pellucid dots many, all
over the leaflet. Inflorescence a terminal panicle.
Floral parts in 5's, sometimes in 4's in Z. flavum.
Leaflets with many pellucid dots.
• Twigs, leaves, inflorescence glabrous 1. Z. elephantiasis.
Twigs, petioles, inflorescence puberulous
with simple hairs 2. Z.martinicense.
Leaflets with very many pellucid dots. Twigs,
petioles, rhachis of inflorescence with minute
star-shaped hairs 3. Z. flavum.
Zantlioxylnm
RUTACE.E
171
§2. Petiole and rhachis more or less winged. Leaflets
opposite ; pellucid dots few, mostly marginal, or
wanting. Inflorescence mostly lateral, spike-
like. Floral parts in 4's. Carpels 2 or 1. Cocci
1 or 2.
Leaflets mostly narrowly elliptical, 2-5-5 cm. 1. 4.
Leaflets mostly obovate-roundish, 1-2-5 cm. 1. 5.
Leaflets obovate-oblong or linear-oblong, en-
tire, -4-1 cm. 1., 2-glandular at base G. Z. spinifex.
§ 3. Petiole and rhachis grooved, not winged. Leaf-
lets opposite ; pellucid dots numerous. Inflor-
escence paniculate, terminal and lateral. Floral
parts in 4's. Coccus 1
Z. insulare.
Z. Fagara.
Z. rhodoxylon.
§ 4. Petiole and rhachis grooved, not winged. Leaf-
lets opposite ; pellucid dots few, mostly marginal,
or wanting. Inflorescence mostly paniculate,
terminal and in upper axils, corymbose. Floral
parts in 3's. Cocci 1-3.
Inflorescence clustered, axillary, shorter than
petiole. Ovary of 2 carpels 8. Z. trifoliatum.
Inflorescence terminal and in upper axils,
corymbose.
Ovary of 3 carpels.
Leaves with an odd leaflet.
Apex of leaflets rounded, entire ... 9.
Apex of leaflets shortly acuminate,
emarginate 10.
Leaves without, sometimes with, an
odd leaflet.
Apex of leaflets obtuse or rounded,
emarginate, or broadly and
obtusely acuminate.
Leaflets l'5-6 cm. 1. .., 11.
Leaflets 7-13 cm. 1 12.
Ovary of 1 carpel.
Leaves without an odd leaflet.
Apex of leaflets usually somewhat
narrowly acuminate, more or
less emarginate 13. Z . acuminatum.
Z. Hart ii.
Z. jamaicense.
Z. spinosum.
Z. ncgnlcnse.
§ 1. Prickles, if present, straight or slightly incurved, scattered
on the branches. Leaves with petiole and rhachis not
winged nor grooved ; leaflets opposite or alternate :
pellucid dots many, all over the leaflet. Inflorescence
terminal, paniculate. Floral parts in 5's, or, in Z. flai'inn,
in 5's or 4's. Carpels 5, but '2 (3-1) in Z. flavum.
1. Z. elephantiasis M<t<-/'. Jam. i 193 (1837); twigs, leaves,
and inflorescence glabrous; leaflets coarsely crenate, with many
scattered and marginal pellucid dots ; floral pails in -Ys ; carpels
5; cocci 5-1, separate, stalked. — P. HV/.v. in X. Ann'r. Fl. .rxv.
103. Z. aromaticum DC. Prodr. i. 7-7 ( 18-1) (cxcl. syn. J<i<-q.) ;
•Grisel). Fl. Br. W. Ind. 138 (as regards plants from Jamaica and
172 FLORA OF JAMAICA Zantlwxylum
Haiti) (non Willd.). Fagara elephantiasis Kr. & Urb. in Encjl.
Jalirb. xxi. 564 (1896).
Yellow Sanders.
Macfadyen; Prior ! Green Valley, J.P. 1453, Morris 1 Port Royal Mts.,
Bot. Dept. ! St. James, Dewar \ Green Valley ; Sheldon road ; Chester
Vale, 3000 ft. ; Old England, Blue Mts., 3000 ft. ; Berwick, 2500-3000 ft. ;
Grandvale, Westmoreland, 500 ft. ; Negril, sea-coast ; Peckham, Clarendon,
2500 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 5104, 5189, 5192, 5401, 5471, 5499, 5663, 6310,
6534, 6688, 6772, 7054, 10,018, 10,221, 11,198.— Cuba, Hispaniola, Mexico,
Costa Rica.
Tree 15-40 ft. high, with corky conical spiny knobs, if present, only at
the base of the trunk. Brandies without spines. Leaves with an odd
leaflet, 1-2*5 dm. 1. ; leaflets in 5-6 (2-8) pairs, opposite or nearly so, ovate-
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, base more or less
unequal-sided, 5-10 cm. 1. ; petiolules 3-6 mm. 1. Panicles with corky
wrinkled rhachis. Pedicels 1-2*5 mm. 1., increasing to 5 mm. in fruit.
Sepals 5, imbricate in bud, roundish, leathery, not corky, 1'3-1'S mm. 1. ;
1-5-2 mm. br. Petals 5, 5-6 mm. 1., elliptical or elliptical- oblong. Male
flowers : filaments 5, about as long as the petals ; ovary rudimentary.
Fruit : cocci with glandular dots forming tubercles, usually 5, obovate or
subobliquely orbiculate, 6-8 mm. 1. ; stalks 3-8 mm. 1. ; diverging star-
like from one another. Seeds nearly as long as the cocci.
2. Z. martinieense DC. Prodr. i. 726 (1824) ; dioecious ;.
twigs, leaves, and inflorescence puberulous with simple hairs ;
leaflets entire or slightly crenate, with pellucid dots at the margin
and several scattered on the leaflet ; floral parts in 5's ; carpels
5; cocci 5-2, more or less united below. — P. Wils. torn. cit. 194.
Z. foliis oblongo-ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 189. Z. clava-
Herculis Sw. Obs. Bot. 375 (1791) (non L.) ; Lun. Jam. ii. 95 ;
Wright Mem. 240; Macf. Jam. i. 194; Griseb. loc. cit. (excl. syn.
Descourt. & Lam.). Z. caribseum Hitchc. in Hep. Miss. Bot.
Gard. (1893), 68 (non Lam. according to Urban). Euonymo
affinis arbor spinosa tfec. Sloane Cat. 138 & Hist. ii. 28, t. 172.
Fagara martinicensis Lam. Tabl. Encyc. i. 334, n. 1639 (1791) &
III. t. 811, /. 1; Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. ii. 627; Urb. in
Engl. Jalirb. xxi. 564 (1896) (with diagram C on p. 557), &
Symb. Ant. iv. 316 ; Bull. Dept. Agri. Jam., new ser., i. 22 &
photo (1909).
Prickly Yellow, Yellow Hercules.
Sloane Herb. v. 102*, 103, 104 ! Browne ; Brougliton \ Green Valley,
Port Royal Mts., Macfadyenl St. Mary, McNabl Manchester mountains,
Purdie ! Wilson ! Moneague, Prior ! March ! Lucea, Hitchcock ; near
Cinchona, Bot. Dept. ! near Sheldon ; Berwick, 2500 ft. ; Green Valley,
1800 ft. ; Hall's Delight ; Yallahs Valley ; Robertsfield, 2000 ft. ; near
Troy, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5275, 5293, 5360, 5399, 5501, 5599, 6687,
6689, 7712, 9092.— West Indies.
Tree 20-40(-80) ft. high ; trunk to 3 ft. and more in diam., with
numerous corky conical spiny knobs (to 1'5 cm. 1. and br.) ; twigs with or
without prickles (2-4 mm. L). Leaves 1-3 dm. 1., with or without an odd
leaflet ; petiole, rhachis, and midrib puberulous ; with or witout small
prickles on the rhachis and on the midrib of the leaflets beneath ; leaflets
Zantlwxylum
RUTACE.E
173
variable in number, in 4-7(-15) pairs (young shoots with more leaflets
than those more mature), opposite or alternate, sessile or subsessile, oblong-
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex rounded, sometimes
obtuse to shortly acuminate, base unequal-sided, 5-10 (3-13) cm. 1.
Panicles terminal, rarely lateral. Flowers subsessile. Sepals 5, open in
bud, triangular, membranous, about -5 mm. 1. Petals 5, 1-5-2 mm. 1.,
elliptical. Male flowers : filaments 5, about half as long again as the
petals. Fruit : cocci glandular-dotted, obliquely ovate to orbicular, about
5 mm. 1. Seeds about 4 mm. 1.
The wood is of a light yellow colour and even grain, saws readily
straight, is useful for furniture and inside work, but does not last when
exposed. Weight 60 Ibs. per cubic foot.
3. Z. flavum Valil Eclog. Hi. 48 (1807) ; dioecious ; puberulous
on twigs, petioles, and rhachis of inflorescence with minute star-
A, Inflorescence with a young leaf x ;-,.
B, Male flower cut lengthwise X 3.
C, Female flower X 3.
D, Pistil cut across x '4.
E, Fruit of 2 cocci, one open showing the
seed, x -1.
Fig. 56. — Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl.
F, Coccus cut lengthwise, showing
with endosperm ami embnu.
G, Cross-section of small portion of wood
about \ inch long, showing, with tin-
aid of a lens, the vessels a> minute
dots, numerous and evenly di>p
in the rings.
shaped hairs; leaflets entire, sometimes slightly nvn.-itv, with
very numerous pellucid dots ; floral parts in 4's or ">'s ; carpi >!
(3-1) ; cocci 1, sometimes 2. — P. Wih. t<>m. <•/'/. r.ni. Z. cribrosurn
Spreng. Syxt. i. 946 (1825) ; Sarg.' Silv. i. 71, /. 30, 31. Z. Sumach
Griseb. PL Car!!,. 12 (1857) & Fl. Br. W. In.!. \:\S (n*m Mac/.).
Fagara llav.i Kr. <t- Urb. in Emjl. Jahrb. xxi ">71 (189G) (with
174 FLORA OF JAMAICA Zantlioxijlum
diagram E on p. 557) ; Url. Stjrub. Ant. iv. 317; Fame, in Bull.
Bot. Dcp. Jam. ii: 73-74, with 4 figs. (Fig. 57.)
Jamaican Satin Wood, Yellow Sanders.
March ! Shearer \ Pedro, Grdbham \ Lacovia, Tomlinson\ Milk River,
Nixon ! Southfield, 1500 ft., Port Henderson ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6466,
7068, 10,150. — Bermuda, Florida Keys, Bahamas, Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
St. John, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, Martinique, St. Lucia.
Shrub or tree, without spines or prickles, 10-35 ft. high; trunk 10-20
inches in diam. Leaves 1-3 dm. L, crowded at the ends of twigs, generally
with an odd leaflet; petiole -5-1 dm. 1. ; leaflets in 3-5 (1) pairs, opposite,
subsessile, ovate to lanceolate or elliptical- oblong, generally acuminate,
base rounded or obtuse, unequal-sided, 5-12 cm. 1., margin slightly
recurved. Pedicels 1-4 mm. 1. Sepals open in bud, triangular, papery,
puberulous-ciliate, about -5 mm. 1. Petals greenish-white, glandular,
3-4 mm. 1. Fruit : cocci obovate-roundish, 4-6 mm. 1.
In hardness and grain the wood is like boxwood ; it is of a yellowish
colour and satiny lustre with a rippled pattern in longitudinal section,
and is capable of taking a beautiful polish. It is used for turnery, for
brush-backs, cabinet work, furniture, etc. Weight about 56 Ibs. per cubic
foot of the dry wood.
§ 2. Prickles, if present, straight or slightly recurved, generally
stipular on the branches. Leaves with petiole and rhachis
more or less winged ; leaflets opposite ; pellucid dots few,
mostly marginal, or wanting. Inflorescences of simple
or branched spike-like racemes, or of flowers solitary or
clustered ; pedicels, if present, thickened. Floral parts
in 4's. Carpels 2, or usually 1 in Z. insular e. Fruit of
1 or 2 nutlets.
4. Z. insulare Rose N. Amer. Fauna xiv. 79 (1899): leaflets
crenate, narrowly elliptical or elliptical, lanceolate, obovate to
oblanceolate, 2 • 5-5 cm. 1. ; inflorescences several, lateral and
terminal; carpels 1, or occasionally 2 in terminal flowers;
coccus 1.— P. Wils. torn, cit. 189. Z. Pterota Macf. Jam. i. 190
(1837) (excl. syn.) (non H. B. & K.). Fagara culantrillo Kr. &
TJrb. in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 574 (1896).
Port Royal Mts., &c., Macfadyen; Fairfield, Wullschlaegel ; Sheldon;
Robertsfield ; Yallahs Valley ; Tweedside, St. Andrew ; Mt. Lebanon,
2500 ft. ; Green Valley ; Pleasant Hill, 2500 ft. ; Watson's Hill, 1000 ft. ;
Malvern, 2200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5157, 5193, 5202, 5263, 5294, 5371,
5516, 5544, 5605, 5611, 5661, 6130, 6301, 6507, 6528, 9662.— Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru, Tres Marias and Socorro Is.
We have not seen Rose's specimen from Maria Madre Is., but
according to P. Wilson it is specifically the same as the Jamaican plant,
and the species, he says, is found also in Socorro Is. and in northern and
western S. America.
Tree, 20-30 ft. high, with corky conical knobs occurring sparingly at
base of trunk and on the lower limbs, very rarely with prickles on the
branches. Leaves 7-10 cm. 1. ; leaflets 7-15, unequal-sided, apex obtuse,
sometimes emarginate, base usually acute, turning blackish in drying,
generally glandular-dotted, sessile or subsessile. Inflorescence 4-10 cm. 1.,
Zantlioxylum RUTACE.K 17~>
glabrous; bracts '5-1 mm. 1., ciliolulate. Sepals 4, of male flower about
1 mm. 1., sligbtly imbricate at the base; of female flowers imbricate,
shorter, roundish, the outer broader than long. Petals 4, of male flowers
about 3 mm. 1., oblong-elliptical; of female flowers about 2 mm. 1.,
elliptical. Stamens 4, in male flower slightly longer than the petals,
wanting in female flowers or staminodes developed. Pistil of male flower
rather shorter than the petals, sterile. Coccus 5-7 mm. 1., subglobular,
outer surface wrinkled, with or without brown glandular dots ; endocarp
at length free, and dropping out with the seed. Seed 3-4 mm. in diam.,
subglobular.
5. Z. Fagara Sarg. in Gard. & Forest id. 186 (1890) cV Sih: L
73, t. 32 ; leaflets obovate to roundish or sometimes elliptical,
margin slightly wavy, 1-2 • 5(-3 • 5) cm. 1. ; inflorescence in spike-
like racemes, solitary or 2-3 in the axils, or sometimes forming
a sort of head ; carpels 2; cocci 1 or 2. — P. Wils. torn. cit. 100.
Z. Pterota H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. d- % vi 3 (1823); I)(\
Prodr. i. 725 ; Nutt. Sylv. in. 11, f. 84. Lauro affinis Jasmini Arc.
Sloane Cat. 137 & Hist, ii 25, t. 162, /. 1. Pterota sub-
spinosa ttc. Browne Hist. Jam. 146, /. 5, /. 1. Schinus Fagara
L. Sp. PI. 389 (1753). Fagara Pterota L. Syst. ed. 10, 897
(1759) ; Amoen. v. 393 & Sp. PL ed. 2, 172 ; Descourt. Fl Ant. v!i.
t. 455 ; Url>. in Engl. Jalirb. xxi. 575. F. lentiscifolia Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd. Emm. i 165 (1809); Grisel. Fl. Br. W. In<l.
137. F. microphylla Grisel. loc. cit. (1859) (as regards the
Jamaican specimen). The type of Scliimts Fagara L. is in Herb.
Sloane. Fagara Pterota L. is based on a specimen from Browne ;
a specimen from Browne so named in Solander's hand is in
Herb. Linn.
Saven Tree, Bastard Ironwood.
Sloane Herb. v. 87 ! Browne ! Wright ! Shakspcar I J.P. 1074, Morris !
near Kingston on sea-shore, Fawcett ! Liguauea Plain, 600-800 ft. ; near
Bull Bay, 200 ft. ; Long Mountain, west and south, 800-50 ft., Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5678, 6732, 6733, 8373, 8384, 8388, 8841, 9579.— Bahamas, Cuba,
Hispaniola, Trinidad, tropical and subtropical continental America.
Shrub or tree, 6-30 ft. high ; trees more or less armed, trunk with
corky conical knobs writh an apical spine, branches sometimes with slightly
recurved prickles in the place of stipules. Leaves 4-8 cm. L, with the
rhachis and usually also the petiole narrowly winged; leaflets 7-9(-ll),
somewhat equal-sided or occasionally unequal-sided, apex rounded, gene-
rally emarginate. pellucid dots absent except sometimes a few marginal.
Inflorescence '7-2 cm. 1. ; bracts persistent, about '5 mm. 1. Fhii\rs :
male and female on separate plants. <S'^w/.s slightly imbricate at base in
bud, of male flower somewhat square with a triangular apex, about
1 mm. 1., of female about '7 mm. 1. Petals of male flower about 3 mm. 1.,
oblong or oblong-obovate. Stamens longer than the petals. Pistil in
male flowers about half as long as petals, sterile ; in female flowers on a
gynophore braii'-hin^ above into the stalks of tin1 two carpels. Cocci
about 3 mm. 1., subglobular, with minute glandular dots; endocarp at
length free. <&Vr</ i^-5-3 mm. 1. and thick.
The heartwood is brown tinged with red. with a thin yellowish sapwood.
The wood is hard and very close-grained. Weight about 46 Ibs. per cubic
foot of the dry wood.
176 FLORA OF JAMAICA Zanthoxylum
6. Z. spinifex DC. Prodr. i. 728 (1824); leaflets entire,
obovate to linear-oblong, base with 2 glands beneath, *4-l cm. 1.,
•2-* 5 cm. br. ; inflorescence sessile, axillary, consisting of one
flower or a cluster of a few flowers ; carpels 2 ; nutlets 1 or 2.-
P. Wih. tout. fit. 187. Fagara spinifex Jacq. Fragm. 10, t. 6,/. 2
(1809) ; Urb. in torn. cit. 577 & Symb. Ant. iv. 318. F. micro-
phylla Desf. TabL i. 200 (1804) (name only); Ham. Prodr. 21
(1825) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 137 (excl. ref. Br. & L.). Rhus
Obsoniorum similis leptiphyllos, Tragodes <fcc. Pink. Phyt. t. 107,
/. 4, Aim. 319.
Sloane Herb. v. 88 !— Porto Rico, St. Cruz, Buck Is., St. Kitts, Nevis,
Antigua, Guadeloupe, Desirade, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados,
Venezuela.
Shrub 3-16 ft. high ; branches almost always bearing straight stipular
spines. Leaves with an odd leaflet ; petiole and rhachis winged, very
rarely with a short solitary spine here and there beneath between the pair
of leaflets ; leaflets 5 (7-9, rarely 11), form very variable, on flowering
twigs generally obovate to oblong, apex rounded or emarginate, on sterile
twigs, often linear-oblong, margin obscurely crenate, often with a gland
at the notch, pellucid dots wanting, except sometimes one at the apex
when emarginate. Floral parts in 4's, rarely in 5's. M a le flowers : Sepals
•5mm. L, *7 mm. br., inner narrower. Petals l'6-2 mm. 1. Stamens
longer than petals. Female flowers : styles long persistent, stigmas united.
Cocci sessile or subsessile, globular, 2 -5-3 mm. in diam., keeled on one
side ; endocarp brown, separable.
§ 3. Prickles wanting. Leaves with petiole and rhachis
grooved, not winged ; leaflets opposite ; pellucid dots
numerous. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal and in the
upper axils. Floral parts in 4's. Fruit of 1 coccus.
7. Z. rhodoxylon P. Wils. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxxvii. 85
(1910) & in N. Amer. Fl. xxv. pt. 3, 191. Fagara rhodoxylon
Urb. Symb. Ant. v, 530 (1908).
Rosewood, Csesar-wood.
Tyre, near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Fray woods, 1600 to 1800 ft. ; Peckham,
Clarendon, 2500 to 2800 ft.; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9992, 10,347, 10,866,
11,044.
Tree 25-50 ft. high ; trunk up to 2 ft. in diam. Leaves equally pinnate ;
rhachis and petiole, 3-6(-8) cm. 1. ; leaflets in l-2(-3) pairs, obovate to
oblanceolate, or elliptical-oblong, sessile, apex obtuse to rounded, some-
times truncate or emarginate below, tapering gradually to the base,
generally equal-sided, shining above, nerves with veins joining them
prominent on both sides, 4-7 cm. L, 3 '5-1 -5 cm. br. ; margin entire;
surface on both sides but especially beneath, marked with very numerous
glandular dots more or less pellucid. Panicles 3-5 cm. 1. Male flowers :
Sepals 4, free, shortly triangular, open in bud, -5 mm. 1. Petals 4,
narrowly imbricate, ovate, 2-2 -5 mm. L, glandular. Filaments 4, to
1-5 mm. 1. ; anthers heart-shaped. Ovary very rudimentary. Female
flowers not known. Coccus globular, wrinkled, not keeled, 5-6 mm. 1. ;
endocarp not becoming loose.
Zanthoxylum KUTACK.K 177
£ t. Prickles, if present, straight , generally scattered on the
branches, stipular in Z. fri/nlintnin. Leaves with petiole
and rhachis grooved, not win^^l ; with or without an odd
leaflet ; leaflets opposite ; pellucid dots few, mostly mar-
ginal, or wanting. Inflorescence paniculate, sometimes
corvmbose, terminal and in upper axils ; pedicels, if
present, slender. Floral parts in 3's. Carpels 3, 2, or 1.
Fruit of 1-3 cocci.
8. Z. trifoliatum Wr'«jlit Mm. i'40 (1828) (non L.) • leav.->
with an odd leaflet ; leaflets usually 3, obovate-elliptical to
elliptical-lanceolate, apex retire or emarginate, rounded, obtuse,
acute, or shortly acuminate; inflorescence axillary, clustered,
racemose or paniculate, shorter than the petiole ; carpels 2 ;
cocci 2 (or 1). — Z. pimctatmn Vald in We.-i Bidr. Ste. Croix 31Q
(1793) ; P. Wih. in N. Amer. Fl. xxv. 182. Z. ternatum Su:. Ft.
Iwl 0<r. 570 (1797). Fagara trifoliata Sio. Prodr. 33 (1788);
Urb. in Engl. Jdhrb. xxi. 584. Tobinia ternata Ham. PmJ,-. 57
(1825) ; Griseb. op. cit. 136. T. punctata Griseb. op. <-it. 137
(1859). The type, F. trifoliata Sw., is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Toothache Tree.
Wrirjht ; Bcrtero. — West Indies (but not recorded from Cuba).
Shrub G-25 ft. high. Brandies : sterile, usually with stipular prickles,
flowering, generally without prickles. Leaflets 3 (2-7), even 13 in young
plants, 2-5-8 crn. 1., l'2-4 cm. br. ; margin altogether or towards the apex
obscurely cremilate, with black glandular dots beneath, rarely with a few
pellucid dots. Inflorescence to 1-5 cm. 1. Flowers shortly stalked.
Sepals 3, -4- '7 mm. 1. Petals 3, 1*8-2 '3 mm. 1., white or yellowish-
white, roundish-ovate or elliptical. Cocci globular, 3 '5-4 mm. 1.,
3-3 '5 mm. br.
Wright states that the root-bark of this species and of Z. martinicens/
DC. produces salivary discharge, and is serviceable in toothache.
Z. trifoliatum L. (Sp. PI. 270), of which there is a specimen in Herb.
Linn., is AcantJtopann.i- ac/tleatnni Seem.
9. Z. Hartii P. Wih. in Bull. T<»-r. J!<>}. Club xxxvii. s:»
(1910) & in N. Amur. Fl XXV. pt. :>, IS."); leaves with an odd
leaflet ; leaflets elliptical, apex obtuse or rounded ; inflorescence
terminal and axillary, corymbose; carpels 3. — Fagara Hartii
AV. <\- Urb. in /•;//;//. Jn'irb. xxi. 556 (16%).
J.P. 1480, Hart ; below John Crow Peak, 5SOO ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam.
G524 (Hun uuu without either flowers or fruit).
Tree, 18 it. high; trunk dividrd into several stems just above the
ground; small armed with ^pines, branches unarm Leu
2-6 cm. 1. ; leaflet^ •'< -'J, sonn-timcs slightly unequal-sided, but base more
so, 2-5 cm. 1., margin civmilate, glandular-dotted beneath; pellucid dots
along the mai'giu, rarely within. I ,'jlorcacencc (not seen by us) 1-f) 2cm. 1. ;
bracts ovate to roundish-triangular, 1-5--5 mm. 1. ; ,-.s not
quite fully developed. - !$ 3, about 1 mm. 1. 1'ctals 3, elliptical, with
rounded apex. Sfaminodes W&nting. (!i/nu/>linrc short, disk-like. Ouar;/
of 3 sessile carpels, slightly united above the base.
iv. N
178 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Zantlioxylum
10. Z. jamaieense P. Wils. in Torreya ix. 32 (1909) & in
N. Arner. FL av<r. j//. 3, 185; leaves with an odd leaflet; leaflets
elliptical to oblong-elliptical, apex usually shortly and abruptly
acuminate, rarely rounded, emarginate ; panicles terminal, corym-
bose ; carpels 3 ; cocci 2 or 1 with 1 or 2 aborted.
Dolphin Head, Britton, 2310 ! hills near Kempshot, Britton, 2433.
Tree 15-30 ft. high, trunk with corky spiny knobs at the base, branches
unarmed or with a few slender straight prickles. Leaves 12-20 cm. 1.,
sometimes, with the rhachis and midrib of leaflet beneath, prickly ; leaflets
in 1-4 pairs, sessile or subsessile (but terminal long-stalked), 9-3 cm. 1.,
margin slightly crenulate or entire, nerves and veins reticulate, prominu-
lous beneath, less so above, pellucid dots along the margin and very few
within. Male flowers (immature) : Sepals 3. Petals 3, ovate. Stamens 3.
Female flowers : Sepals 3, semicircular or broadly triangular. Petals 3,
ovate, 2-2 '2 mm. 1. Carpels distinct. Cocci globular, apiculate, surface
pitted, 4 mm. in diam.
We have only seen a poor specimen, and have had to depend for the
most part on P. Wilson's description.
11. Z. spinosum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 574 (1797); leaves with
or without an odd leaflet; leaflets l'5-6 cm. L, roundish-
elliptical, elliptical, or oblong-elliptical to ovate, apex rounded or
obtuse, slightly emarginate, or broadly and obtusely acuminate ;
panicles terminal and axillary, corymbose ; carpels 2-3 ; cocci
1_3.— DO. Prodr. i. 726; Macf. Jam. i. 192; P. Wils. in N.
Amer. FL xxv. 186. Z. emarginatum Siv. Fl. Ind. Occ. 572
(1797); DC. Prodr. i. 726; Macf. Jam, i. 190. Z. sapindoides
DC. Prodr. L 728 (1824); Macf. Jam. i. 191. Z. aculeatum
Macf. loc. tit. Lauro afnnis terebinthi folio &c. Sloane Cat. 137
& Hist. ii. 24, t. 168, f. 4. Sapindus fruticosus caudice £c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 207, t. 20, /. 2. Sapindus spinosus L. $£>. PL
ed. 2, 526 (1762). Fagara emarginata Sw. Prodr. 33 (1788).
F. spinosa Sw. loc. cit. Tobinia coriacea, T. spinosa and T.
emarginata Ham. Prodr. 57 (1825) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 137.
Fagara sapindoides Kr. & Urb, in Engl. Jalirb. ocxi. 587 (1896).
F. Swartzii Kr. & Urb. torn. cit. 589. F. spinosa Kr. & Urb. torn,
cit. 590 (non Sw.). Swartz's types are in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Lignum Rorum, Licca Tree, Suarra Wood.
Sloane Herb. v. 83 ! Wright ! Shakspear ! below Berwick House ;
Flamstead; Macfadyen ; high woods, St. Ann, Purdiel Wilson ! March I
Ferry Pen, 150 ft., Campbell ! Tweedside road, south St. Andrew, 2000 ft. ;
Content road, 2000 ft. ; near Lititz, 500 ft. ; Long Mt. south side, 500-
800 ft. ; Pedro Bluff ; near Ferry, 200 ft. ; Llandovery ; Inverness,
Clarendon, 200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5665, 5666, 6281, 6290, 7220, 8934,
9575, 9728, 10,044, 10,375, 11,689.
Shrub 4-10 ft. high, or tree to 20 ft. high, spiny or unarmed; trunk
armed with broad conical spiny knobs, or unarmed ; twigs thickly covered
with long straight spines or unarmed. Leaves 7-15 cm. L, with a pair of
spines below the insertion of the leaflets on the upper side with a few
other spines beneath, or unarmed ; leaflets in 2-6(-10) pairs, sessile or
subsessile, base rounded or obtuse, often unequal-sided, shiny on upper
Zanflioxylum RUTACE^E 179
surface, paler beneath, 1-5-6 '5 era. 1., with or without spines on midrib
beneath, nerves and veins reticulate, more or less prominent on both sides,
margin entire or slightly crenulate, sometimes with pellucid dots along
the margin, especially one at the apex, occasionally with glandular dots
on one or both sides. Peduncle 3-6 cm. 1. ; pedicels to 2 mm. 1. in flowers,
to 4 mm. 1. in fruit. Bracts triangular, -5 mm. 1. Flowers white, frag-
rant. Male flowers : Sepals 3, open in bud, united at base, roundish-
deltoid, -5- -7 mm. 1. Petals 3, elliptical, imbricate, 2*5-3 mm. 1.
Stamens 3, slightly longer than the petals. Pistil sterile, of 2 carpels,
united but styles distinct, or rudimentary. Female flowers : Staminodcs
wanting. Pistil about as long as the petals, carpels more or less united ;
stigma one, peltate ; styles about half the length of the ovaries. Cocci
slightly united at the base, with 1 or 2 abortive cocci, sessile, roundish-
ellipsoidal, slightly apiculate, glandular-dotted or dots obsolete, 5-6 mm. 1. ;
seeds 4-5-5-5 mm. 1.
Sloane states that the wood is very fragrant when burning. Small
stems are cut for use as walking sticks and umbrella sticks.
We think that all the various forms included here may be considered
as one very variable species. Urban divides them into three species :
F. sapindoides, leaves without an odd leaflet ; leaflets 8, on both sides
minutely dotted ; inflorescence axillary shorter than the leaves; F. Sicartzii,
leaves with or without an odd leaflet ; leaflets 12-20, 2 -5-4 cm. 1., sparingly
dotted on the lower surface, with pellucid dots on the margin ; inflor-
escence terminal ; F. spinosa, leaves without an odd leaflet ; leaflets 4-10,
3-5-6-5 cm. 1., not dotted, with pellucid dots on the margin; inflorescence
terminal.
12. Z. negrilense Fa we. & Eendle in Journ. Bot. fa. 271 (1917) ;
leaves without an odd leaflet; leaflets 7-13 cm. 1., elliptical to
oblong, apex obtuse, slightly ernargiiiate, sometimes very shortly
and abruptly acuminate, base unequal-sided, more or less rounded,
pellucid dots wanting ; panicles terminal, corymbose ; carpels 3 ;
cocci 1 or 2. Type in Herb. Jam.
In rocky woodland, near lighthouse, Negril, 300 ft., Harrisl Fl. Jam.
10,242.
Small tree, 10 ft. high, without spines or prickles. Leaves 1-5-3 dm. 1. ;
leaflets in 2-4 pairs, shining above, nerves and veins prominulous on both
sides, reticulate ; margin entire ; petiole and rhachis with a shallow groove
above. Inflorescence about 8 cm. 1. Cocci ellipsoidal, rough with wrinkles
and glandular dots, keeled along one side where the valves split open, about
5 mm. 1. ; endocarp persisting, while the exocarp and seeds drop away ;
abortive carpids 1 mm. 1.
13. Z. acuminatum Sw. FL Lid. Occ. 575 (1797); leaves
without an odd leaflet ; leaflets elliptical to oblong-lanceolate,
generally somewhat narrowly acuminate, apex blunt and generally
more or less emarginate ; panicles terminal ;nul axillary, corym-
bose ; carpel 1 ; coccus 1. — DO. Protlr. /'. 72G ; Macf. Jam. i. !'.»_ :
P. IJY/x. tnnt. cit. 183. Fagara acuminata Sw. Pr»<!r. :\o (17SS) :
Kr. ((• Urb. in En</l. J<(hrb. xxi. 593. Tobinia aeuiiiiiiat.-i Ham.
Profh. 57 (1825). T. coriacea Gn*<'l>. loe. rit. (is:,!)) (mm Dr*u.).
Type in Herb. Alus. llrit.
Wright \ Dr. Lindsay \ Tweedside, Mdcfudycnl March \ J.P. 2087,
\ Green Valley, 2500 ft.; Westphalia road, 300U ft.; GrandvaU-,
X L'
180
FLOEA OF JAMAICA
Zanfhoxylum
Westmoreland, 500 ft. ; Stanmore Hill, 2200 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5209 b,
5315, 6129, 6549, 6550, 7100, 9874.
Shrub or t rcc, 15-40 ft. high; trunk and sometimes the larger branches
armed with somewhat flattened conical corky spines ; twigs and leaves
generally without spines. Leaves 3-18 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 2-4 pairs, base
wedge-shaped, shining above, nerves and veins prominulous on both sides,
reticulate, 5-13 cm. 1. ; margin entire or obscurely crenulate ; pellucid dots
along the margin. Inflorescence 5-10 cm. 1. Male flowers : Sepals 3,
united below, open in bud, roundish-ovate, about -5 mm. 1. Petals 3,
broadly elliptical, very imbricate, concave, 2'3 mm. 1. Stamens 3, a little
longer than the petals. Pistil rudimentary, about 1 mm. L, 3-lobed at
base, acuminate above. Female flowers : Petals 3, rouudish-obovate,
hooded, 2 P5 mm. 1. Staminodes none. Gynophore disk-like, about one-
third as long as the ovary. Carpel with 2 ovules ; style lateral. Coccus
globular, slightly apiculate, rough with wrinkles and glandular dots, keeled
along one side where the valves split open, 5 mm. 1. ; endocarp at length
loose.
3. PELTOSTIGMA Walp.
A small tree. Leaves alternate, digitate, with 3 leaflets.
Flowers large, sweet-scented, in a long-stalked few-flowered
axillary corymb ; pedicels with leafy deciduous bracts. Sepals 4 (3),
Fig. 57. — Peltostigma pteleoides Walp.
A, Portion of inflorescence and a leaf X 5-
B, Pistil and disk, showing the insertion
of the stamens, much enlarged.
C, Flower cut lengthwise, showing sepal
(s), base of petal (p), disk (d), hase of
(A after Bot. Mag. ; B, C after Engler.)
filament (/), ovary with ovules, and
stigma, much enlarged.
D, Fruit showing the cocci opening above
X §.
Peltostujma 11UTACEJ-: 181
deciduous, the inner petal-like, the 2 outer smaller, herbaceous.
Petals 4. Disk thick, fleshy. Stamens numerous, unequal,
inserted on the disk. Pistil consisting of 8 (6-10) one-celled
carpels, united at the sides and free at the axis; stigma large,
8-lobed, subsessile. Ovules '2 in each cell, superposed or collateral.
Cocci 8 (6-10), each with '2 (I) seeds.
Species 1, a native of Jamaica only.
P. pteleoides W«lp. li^'. v. 387 (1845-4I;;: Griseb. FL Br.
W. Irul 136; Baill. Hist. iv. 393, /. 443, 444; Eiujl in EiujL-
Prantl Pn::f<nn. Hi. j>f. -1, /. 69, X-R ; Url. in Einjl. JaLrl>. ,<\ii.
•"'•") 4 ; P. Tr/7s. in N. Ainrr. Fl. ,cxv. 206. Pachystigma pteleoides
Hook. Jr. PL t. 698, 699 (1844); Bot. May. t. 4436. (Fi-, :>7.)
Candle Wood.
St. Cruz Mts., Pui'diel Potsdam woodland, St. Cruz Mts., 2600 ft.,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9800 ; also Britton, 1272 ! cult, in Hope Gardens, Hurri* !
Tree to 25 ft. high, with a balsamic odour. Leaflets 3 (sometimes 5),
elliptical to lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or obsoletely serrate above,
apex acute or shortly acuminate, tapering to base and decurrent into the
petiolule, with very numerous pellucid dots, the terminal leaflet larger,
4-12 cm. 1. Pedicels 1-2 cm. 1., bracteolate at base; bracts and bracteoles
deciduous, foliaceous, bracts about l-5 cm. 1., bracteoles about half as
long. Flowers cream-coloured, fragrant. Se£)als deciduous, 6-10 mm. 1.
Petals roundish-elliptical, concave, about l-5 cm. 1. Stamens 5-8 mm. 1.
Pistil 5-6 mm. 1. Cocci about 2 cm. 1., about 1 cm. br.
4. ESENBECKIA H. B. &. K.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, digitate, 5(-3)-foliolate
in E. pentaplnjlla ; leaflets entire, with numerous pellucid dots.
Panicles axillary and terminal. Calyx 4— 5-lobed, or 4 or 5 sepals,
imbricate. Petals 4-5, imbricate or valvate. Stamens 4—5,
inserted at the base of the disk between the lobes. Ovary deeply
4-5-lobed, 4-5-celled ; style basal ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral,
affixed near the base of the interior angle. Capsule subglobose,
muricate, echinate, or coarsely wrinkled, septicidally 5-carpellate ;
cocci loculicidally 2-valved, 1 -seeded. Seeds without endosperm :
cotyledons unequal, sometimes in a whorl of •">.
Species about 20, natives of tropical America (incl. the West
Indies).
E. pentaphylla Grixcl. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 135 (18.*)9) ; Urb. in
KinjL Ja!irl>. xxi. •">;; : P. ilV/x. in N. Aiiu-r. Fl. n-.cv. 201. Galip< ;i
pentaphylla Mm-f. J<n,t. i.
Wild Orange.
NearGivm \ ullry \vorksaud below Mocha works, Blue "Mt-.,
St. Ann, Purdicl Moneague, l'nor\ Murcli; Muunt Lebanon, i^UU ft.;
Tweedside road, St. Andrew, 2000 ft.; Grandvalc, \\Vstmoreland, 500-
2000ft.; near Troy, 1800 ft.; slopes of Dolphin Head; Pcckham, Upper
182
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Esenbeclda
Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Ipswich, St. Elizabeth, 900 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam.
5629, 56G4, 7057, 8209, 9074, 10,285, 11,195, 12,3G7.
Tree 25-80 ft. high. Leaflets elliptical to oblong-elliptical, rarely
obovate, 1-2 dm. 1., glabrous. Panicles 2-5-branched, terminal. Sepals 5,
B
Fig. 58. — Esenbeckia pentaphylla Griseb.
A, Leaf X \. E, Capsule from which the seeds
B, Inflorescence X §• have fallen x §.
C, Flower X 3. F, Seed x §.
D, Ditto cut lengthwise X 4.
varying in form, roundish to transversely oblong-elliptical, 1-1-1-2 mm. 1.
Petals oblong-elliptical, pale yellow or yellowish-white, about 3-3 -5 mm. 1.
Capsule 3*5-4-5 cm. br., 5-beaked at the apex, coarsely wrinkled, some-
times with small tubercles near the base ; endocarp loose. Seeds blackish-
brown, compressed, somewhat deltoid, about 1*2 cm. 1.
[GLYCOSMIS Correa.
Shrubs or trees without prickles. Leaves alternate, pinnate
or 1-foliolate, Avith numerous pellucid dots. Panicles axillary.
Flowers small. Calyx 5-cleft, lobes imbricate. Petals 5, free,
imbricate. Stamens 10, free. Ovary sessile on the disk, 2-5-
celled ; ovules one in each cell, pendulous. Berry with 1-3 seeds.
Seeds without endosperm.
Species about 10, natives of tropical Asia and Australia.
G. pentaphylla DC. Prodr. i. 538 (1824); Hook. f. FL Br.
Ind. i 499; P. Wils. in N. Amer. FL xxv. 215. G. citrifolia
LindL Trans. Hort. Soc. LoncL vi. 72 (1826). G. cochinchinensis
Pierre ex Engl. in EnyL-Prantl Pfizfam. Hi. pt. 4, 185, /. 106
Glycosmis EUTACE.K 183
(1896) & Urb. in EngL B<>L JaJirb. xxi. 611 (1896). Limonia
pentaphylla Betz. Obs. v. 24 (1789). L. citrifolia WiUd. Enum.
Hart. Berol. 448 (1809); JIacf. Jam. i. 124. L. parviflora Sims
Bot. Mag. t. 2416 (1823). Toluifera cochinchinensis Lour. FL
ch. 262 (1790).
Naturalized ; Macfadyen \ St. Mary, McXab ! J.P. 10G5, Morris ! King's
House grounds, J.P. 1107, Hart ! Gordon Town, 900 ft. ; Hope grounds ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6125, 6657, 6982, 9036.— Native of East Indies to Australia.
SJtr2ib or tree, 6-10 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 1-foliolate or impari-
pinnate, narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, entire (rarely crenulate), narrowing
to apes and base, sometimes shortly acuminate, more or less unequal-sided
at the base, 8-19 cm. 1. Calyx about 1 mm. 1., margin fringed. Petals
white, elliptical to oblong-elliptical, 3-3 '5 mm. 1. Berry pale pink (or
white), 7-9 mm. in diarn.]
[TRIPHASIA Lour.
Spiny shrub. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate, with numerous
pellucid dots, lateral leaflets smaller. Flowers solitary, axillary,
white, fragrant. Calyx 3-lobed. Petals 3, free, imbricate.
Stamens 6, free. Ovary sessile on the disk, 3-celled ; ovules one
in each cell. Berry 1-2-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds without
endosperm.
Species 1, native of China, cultivated and naturalized through-
out the tropics.
T. trifolia P. Wils. in Torreya ix. 33 (1909) & in N. Amer. FL
xxv. 221. T. aurantiola Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 153 (1790); Bisso
Orang. 209, t. 108; Enc/L in EngL-Prantl Pflzfam. Hi. pt. 4, 190,
/. 110. T. trifoliata DC. Prodr. i. 536 (1824) ; Macf. Jam. i. 124.
Limonia trifolia Burm. /. FL Ind. 103, t. 35, //I (1768) (the
petals are incorrectly shown as 5 instead of 3). L. trifoliata
L. Mant. 237 (1771) ; Jacq. Ic. PL Bar. t. 463. Loureyro's type
is in Herb. Mus. Brit. A specimen named by Linnaeus is in
Herb. Linn.
Chinese Lemon.
Naturalized; Parnelll White Horses, near Yallahs Point, Harris a'-
Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,592. — Distribution as of genus.
Kisso (loc. cit.) says of this species : " Nous en possedoiis un echantillon
recueilli clans le jardin botanique de Jamai'que."
Slirub 5 or 6 ft. high. Spines slender, straight, in pairs in the axils of
the leaves. Lcajlcts thick, ovate to elliptical, apex obtuse, emargiuate,
crenulate, 1*5-3 cm. 1. Calyx puberulous, 1-5 mm. 1. Petals linear-
oblong, white, 1-1 '5 cm. 1. Berry globular, red, 1-1 • 5 cm. in diam., rind
marked with glandular pits.]
[CITRUS L.
Trees and shrubs, usually ^>inv. Leaves 1 -foliate, the petiole
generally margined or winged ; leaflet with pellucid dots.
184
FLORA OF JAM AH 'A
dim*
Flowers hermaphrodite, often also with male flowers, sweet-
smelling, axillary, solitary, clustered, racemose, or shortly
paniculate. Calyx shallow-cup-shaped, 3-5-toothed. Petals
4-8, free, linear-oblong, thick, imbricate. Stamens 20-60,
variously united, sometimes into several bundles. Disk large,
supporting the ovary. Ovary with several cells; ovules 4-8 in
2 rows in each cell. Fruit baccate, large, of several sections,
Fig. 59.— Citrus Aurantium L.
A, Shoot with leaves and flowers X § . D, Fruit cut across x L
B, Flower cut lengthwise, with petals cut E, Seed X §.
X H.
r. Ovary cut across, much enlarged.
F, Seed cut lengthwise, showing cotyle-
dons X 2.
the coverings of the sections membranous or leathery, the
sections filled with transverse juicy cells. Seeds few in each
section, horizontal or pendulous, sometimes with 2 or several
embryos, without endosperm ; cotyledons fleshy, flat-convex,
often unequal.
Species 40 to 50, natives of southern Asia, but cultivated
and often spontaneous in tropical and subtropical regions.
Citrus EUTACEJ: 185
Petiole with or without a linear margin.
Petiole not or scarcely jointed with leaflet. Fruit
large, with thick firm rind 1. C.medica.
Petiole evidently jointed with leaflet. Fruit smaller,
with thin rind.
Fruit oblong, apex usually nipple-shaped, rind close 2. C. Limonuin.
Fruit globular-depressed, rind loose G. C.nobilis.
Petiole with a narrow sublanceolate wing.
Leaflet tapering to apex.
Fruit oblong, apex usually nipple-shaped ; pulp
acid, yellow 2. C. Limomnn.
Fruit subglobular, small ; pulp acid, greenish 3. C. auranti folia.
Fruit subglobular ; pulp sweet and acid combined,
yellow or sometimes red 4. C. Aurantium.
Leaflet rounded at apex. Fruit subglobular or pear-
shaped ; pulp sweet, acid, and bitter combined... 8. C. paradisi.
Petiole broadly winged.
Leaflet and petiole usually puberulous. Fruit large,
with thick, spongy rind 7. C. grandis.
Leaflet and petiole glabrous. Fruit smaller, with
thinner firm rind 5. C.vulgaris.
1. C. medica L. Sp. PL 782 (1753) (excl. var.) • leaflet
broadly oblong or oblong-elliptical, 10-20 cm. 1., apex usually
rounded, margin serrulate-crenate ; petiole very short, with or
without a linear margin, more or less continuous with midrib ;
fruit very large, to 20 cm. L, pale or dark bright yellow; outer
rind thin, yellow-coloured, aromatic, inner very thick, white <>r
cream-coloured, slightly bitter, of a dense firm consistency ; pulp
scanty, subacid and somewhat bitter, pale. — Hisso In Nouv.
Dultci'iiicl vii. 67 t. 22 & Orany. t. 96-100 ; Lunan Hort. Jam. i.
196; .I/////, in Hool: Bot. 3Lisc. i. 295 & Jaw. i. 125; Loire Fl.
Madeira 71; Grisel. FL Br. W. Lid. 132 (excl. vars. ft, 7) ;
Hook. f. FL Br. Lid. i. 514 (excl. vars. 2-4); Benll. «l- Trim.
Ifrd. PI. t. 53 ; Hmnn Citrus t. 10; P. Wih. in N. Amer. /•'/. xxv.
222; Si'-ui'/Ir in PL ]]'/7.s. Pt. 4, 141. C. tuberosa MlUcr Gard.
Diet. cd. 8 (1768). C. arbor et mains etc. Sloane Cat. 2ns lV:
Hist. ii. 176. C. fructu oblongo majori cortice crasso itc. Br<>,
Hist. Jan,. :I09.
Citron.
Cultivated ; Sloane Herb. vii. 112 ! native of China, and possibly 8
of India.
Slirub or tree, S-10 ft. high ; trunk short, indistinct ; branches amu-d
with stout horizontal spines (often long), or sometimes unarmed. Flov
solitary or usually in short racemes of 3-10 flowers the buds purplish.
Calyx 3-4 mm. 1., shallow, with 5 teeth. Petals 5, oblong, incurved at the
tip, white within, usually tinged with purplish-pink outside, nearly -2 cm. 1.
Stamens about 40, irregular in length, nearly as long as the petals, usually
united below into bundles of about 4 in each. Ovary 9-12-celled. Fruit
more or less oblong in outline, often 2 dm. 1., apex usually blunt (rarely
nipple-shaped), style often persistent; surface rugged with both transver-
and longitudinal furrows, or smooth and even ; rind 3-7 cm. thick, a thin
186 FLORA OF JAMAICA Citrus
outer layer full of vesicles of essential oil, and the white thick inner
substance. Seeds ellipsoidal, plump, light-coloured, smooth.
The shrub is very sensitive to cold. The rind of the fruit is preserved.
2. C. Limonum Eisso in Ann. Mus. Paris xx. 201 (1813);
leaflet ovate-elliptical or oblong-elliptical, tapering to the apex,
5-14 cm. 1., apex acute, margin serrulate ; petiole with or without
a linear margin or narrow oblanceolate wing, distinctly jointed
with the leaflet ; fruit oblong-ellipsoidal, sometimes somewhat
obovoid, 6-10 cm. 1., usually with a nipple-shaped apex, rind
thin, pale yellow, pulp abundant, very juicy, acid, pale yellow.-
Eisso Orancj. t. 70, 84 ; Wright Mem. 201 ; Macf. in Hook. Bot.
Misc. i. 279 & Jam. i. 126 ; Berg & Schmidt Off. Gew. w. t. 31, /. ;
Bentl. & Trim. Med. PI. t. 54 ; Hume Citrus t. 11 &/. 30 ; P. Wils.
loc. cit. C. inedica var. Limon L. Sp. PL 782 (1753). C. Limon
Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 451 (1814). C. medica acida Tuss. Fl. Ant.
Hi. t. 19 (1824). C. medica var. Limonum Griseb. loc. cit. ; Hook,
f. torn. cit. 515. C. Limonia Osbeck Reise Ostind. China 250
»*
(17Q5) fide Swingle torn. cit. 146. Limo arbor &c. Sloane Cat. 209
& Hist. ii. 178. Limon vulgaris Miller Gard. Diet. eel. 8 (1768).
C. fructu ovato acido &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 308.
Lemon.
Cultivated ; native of India and China.
Shrub or tree, 10-20 ft. high ; branches armed with spines in the leaf-
axils. Flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 3 together, axillary; buds purplish.
Calyx about 3 mm. 1., shallow, with 4-5 spreading teeth, persistent.
Petals 5, oblong, strongly reflexed, white within, tinged with purplish-
pink outside, nearly 2 cm. 1. Stamens 20-30(-35), nearly as long as the
petals, usually united below into bundles of about 4. Ovary 7-10-celled.
Fruit smooth, sometimes wrinkled, pitted over the oil-glands ; colour light
yellow. Seeds oval, pointed at one (micropylar) end, quite smooth.
3. C. aurantifolia Swingle in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sc. Hi. 463
(1913); leaflet ovate-elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, 6-9 cm. 1.,
crenulate, apex usually obtuse ; petiole usually with a narrow
oblanceolate wing ; fruit subglobular or ellipsoidal, very fragrant,
3 '5-6 '5 cm. 1., often with a nipple-shaped apex, rind very thin,
smooth, pale yellow or greenish, pulp abundant, agreeably acid,
greenish. — C. lima Lun. loc. cit. ; Macf. in Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 300
& Jam. i. 127 ; P. Wils. loc. cit. C. medica L. Sp. PL 782 (1753)
(in part) ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. i. t. 7 ; Wright Mem. 201. C. limetta
Wight Ic. t. 958 (non Risso). C. aurantium var. spinossima
Griseb. loc. cit. (1859). C. limonellus Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor.
217 (1844). C. medica var. acida Hook. f. loc. cit. & in Bot.
Mag. t. 6745. Limonellus or Limo tenuis Humph. Amboin. ii. 107,
t. 29. Malus arantia fructu limonis pusillo acidissimo Sloane
Cat. 211 & Hist. ii. 182. C. fructu sphserico-ovato . . . acido
Browne Hist. Jam. 308. Limonia aurantifolia Christmann in
Linn. Pflanzensystem i. 618 (1777).
Citrus EUTACE/E 187
Lime.
Cultivated and spontaneous ; probably native of India.
Shrub or tree to 15 or 20 ft. high ; branches armed with spines in the
leaf-axils. Flowers axillary, solitary, or 2-10 in clusters or short racemes.
Calyx with 4-5 acute teeth, about 4 mm. 1. Petals 4-5, oblong-lanceolate,
white or pale pink, 1-1 '5 cm. 1. Stamms about 25, united in a number of
groups. Ovary 0-10-celled. Fruit, juice-cells small, slender, pointed.
Seeds small, ellipsoidal, pointed.
This species forms a good fence when well pruned. The fruit is picked
and used green before it is ripe. The juice is considered to be purer and
superior to that of the lemon, and is looked upon as an indispensable
addition to many dishes, and is also used in the laundry ; it is the chief
source of citric acid, so important in the dyeing industry, and is of con-
siderable value from a medicinal point of view. The young fruits, or the
rind only of older fruits, are preserved in sugar and are eaten as a sweet-
meat to aid digestion.
Bonavia (Oranges &c. 80-89) considers that the "lima" of Ceylon, with
large petiolar wings and warty thick-skinned fruit, is the wild form of the
lime. This "lima" is the Limo ventricosns (Lemon Purrut) of Rumf
(Amboin. ii. 102, t. 26, f. 1, probably f. 3 is only a smooth form of the same).
The following forms given by Rumf, viz. L. agrestis (Lemon Papeda) ii. 104,
t. 27, L.ferus (Lemon Swangi) ii. 106, t. 28, L. aurarius (Lemon Maas)
ii. 109, t. 30, seem to be only forms of L. ventricosiis ; while in his Limon-
cllus or Limo tennis (Lemon Nipis) ii. 107, t. 29, we have the form selected
for cultivation, the " lime," with small petiolar wings and smooth pleasantly
acid fruit. Even if this view be not accepted, Christmann certainly includes
the common lime in his name Limonia aurantifolia.
4. C. Aurantium L. Sp. PI 782 (1753) (in part) : leaflet
oblong-elliptical, with a faint characteristic scent, 7—14 cm. L,
apex acute or somewhat acuminate, sometimes obtuse, margin
entire or slightly crenulate-serrate ; petiole usually with a narrow
oblanceolate wing ; fruit globular or somewhat flattened at top
and bottom, 6-9 cm. in diam., usually with solid core, rind closely
fitting, usually thin, smooth or slightly rough, pulp abundant,
sweet and subacicl, yellow or red (in blood-orange). — fiisso in
Ann. ]\Jns. Par. xx. 181 & Orang. t. 3-29 ; Tussac FL Ant. Hi.
/. 14 ; Griseb. loc. cit. (in part) ; Hook. f. loc. cit. (excl. vars.} ;
Bentl. <(• Trim. Jlefl PL t. 51 ; Hume Citrus t. 4 <('•/. 15 ; P. TH7x.
torn. cit. 223 ; Bonavia op. cit. 19, t. 40-58. C. sinensis 0-»/" <•/.-
Dcifjlok Ostind. Rcsa 41 (1757) (name only) & Erisr Ostiinl.
Cli'ma 250 (1765), jide Swingle op. cit. 148. C. Aurantium var.
dulcis \Vriijltt Mr, a. 203 ; Mucf. in Hodk.Bot. Mi*c. i. .';<>! A: Jam.
i. 12*. .Mains Aurantia sinciisis Sl<>aui> Cat. 211 & 7//W. //. 1*1.
C. fructu sphrerk-o. . . dulci &c. Br<urn<' Hist. Jain. 309. Auran-
tium sinense Mil/' r (iiinl. Diet. r<I. * (17'»*). Leaves of both
C. An rii nt in i, i L. A: (.'. rulijarix Risso are inclmlcil on the same
sheet in Herb. Linn, and named Aurantium by Linnn-us.
O r a 1 1
Cultivated and spontaneous ; native of China and '. 'm-liin-china.
Tree 20-30 ft. high ; branches generally armed with short spines in the
leaf-axils. Peduncles solitary, axillary, 1-6-flowered, generally shorter than
the petiole. Flowers very fragrant, white. Calyx 3-4 mm. 1.. with 3-5
188 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Citrus
short broad acute teeth, persistent. Petals 5 (or 4), oblong, 1*2-2 '2 cm. 1.,
dotted with green on the outside, recurved. Stamens 20-25, unequal ;
filaments flattened, often united at the base in threes or fours, shorter than
the petals. Ovary 8-ll(-14) celled. Fruit, juice-cells spindle-shaped.
Seeds oblong-ovoid, plano-convex, narrowed towards the attachment, with
a short oblique beak at the apex, wrinkled more or less.
The Navel Orange with adventitious sections at the apex not
completely covered by the outer rind, and with very few seeds, sometimes
appears as a sport on trees in Jamaica (e.g. at Savoy), otherwise bearing-
ordinary oranges.
5. C. vulgaris Risso in Ann. Mns. Par. xx. 190 (1813);
somewhat like C. Aiirontiuin, but petiole broadly winged, leaflets
with a strong and characteristic pleasant scent ; fruit somewhat
rougher, darker in colour, often nearly red, core becoming
hollow, rind bitter, pungent, and strongly aromatic, coverings
of sections bitter, pulp acid. — Kisso Orang. t. 30-52 ; Berg &
Schmidt Off. Gew. iv. t. 3le ; Bentl & Trim. Ned. PI. t. 50 :
Bonavia Oranges <i'c. 1, t. 1-18; P. Wils. loc. cit. C. Aurantiurn
L. Sp. PL 782 (1753) (in part) ; Swingle torn. cit. 147.
C. bigaradia Loisel. in DuJiam. Arl>. ed. Nov. v'tl. 99 (1819) ;
Tnssac torn. cit. t. 15. C. Auraiitiuni var. amara WrigJtt Merit.
203. C. Aurantiuni var. vulgaris Macf. loc. cit. C. Aurantiuni
var. bigaradia Griselj. Joe. cit. ; Hook. f. loc. cit. Malus Aurantia
vulgaris major Sloane Cat. 210 & Hist. ii. 179. C. fructu
sphaerico . . . acido etc. Browne Hist. Jam. 308.
Seville Orange, Bigarade Orange, Bitter Orange.
Cultivated and spontaneous ; native of China, Cochin-china, Malay Is.,
and possibly India.
Tree, much like C. Aurantium. Spines somewhat longer. Flowers
rather larger and more strongly scented. Calyx more regularly 4-5-
toothed. Petals 5(4), white, linear-oblong, conspicuously dotted with oil-
cells. Fruit, juice-cells sometimes smaller than those of C. Aurantium.
Seeds flattened, marked with ridged lines.
The leaves are preferred to those of the Orange by perfumers for dis-
tillation for essential oil. The pulp and rind of the fruit makes the
best marmalade. The tree is resistant to foot-rot, and is therefore used
as a stock on which to bud the Orange, Lemon, &c.
The Bitter-sweet or Seville- sweet Orange is a variety, the
flavour of the juice being sweet and pleasantly flavoured.
6. C. nobilis Lour. FL Cocliin. 466 (1790) ; leaflet lanceolate
to elliptical, 5-10 cm. L, margin slightly crenulate ; scent of
leaves, fruit, &c. peculiar and characteristic ; petiole short, not
margined ; fruit somewhat globular, or pear-shaped, more or less
flattened or depressed at top and bottom, size variable, from
smaller than the sweet orange to about the same size, rind more
or less loose or baggy and easily removed, smooth or rough,
colour orange to reddish, pulp abundant, orange-coloured to
reddish, sweet and subacid with peculiar pleasant flavour, sections
and their coverings easily separable. — Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv.
420; Andrews Bot. Bep. t. 608; Bot. Beg. t. 211; Forbes d-
Citrus KUTACE.K 189
He m si. in Jo urn. Linn. Soc. xxiii. Ill ; Bonavi't Oranges d'c. 44-
59, /. 92-128; Webber in Bailey's Cyrloj>. of Amer. Sort. /. 323 :
Hume in Bull. Florida E.cp. St. Ixvi. 582, /.' 1 (1903) A: (.'itnts 17,
t. 2, 5-8 ; Taylor in Year!,. U.S. Dept. Ayr. 1907, 311-313, /. :U ;
Swingle in. PL Wil*. nt. 4, 142. C. Aurantium var. sinenMs
L.Sp.PL 783 (1753). C. deliciosa Tenore in L«l. Sent. H»rt.
Sot. Neapol. [9] (1840), & in Atti E. 1st it. N<ij>»U mi. 1, m'th iul.
(1847). C. nobilis var. deliciosa Sn'imjh loc. <•//.
King Orange, Tangle rine Orange, Mandarin Orange.
Cultivated ; native of Cochin-china and China.
Tree 12-20 ft. high ; branches with or without spines. Flowers solitary
or in clusters of 3 or 4, terminal or axillary, white, sweet-scented, small,
2-2-5 cm. in diam. Petals 8-10 mm. 1. Stamens 18-23, shorter than
petals, only slightly united. Ovary 9-15-celled. Fruit, juice-cells broad
and blunt. Seeds top-shaped, beaked ; cotyledons greenish.
Adventitious sections sometimes occur at the apex, especially in the
large form, so well known at Porus, but they are enclosed by the rind, not
exposed as in the Navel Orange.
C. nobilis is described by Loureyro as a tree without spines, ascending
branches, lanceolate leaves, petiole without wings, peduncle terminal, with
several flowers, fruit compressed-round, red inside and out, 5 inches in
diam., rind thick, sweet, edible, very rough, pulp most pleasant of all
citrus fruits, native of Cochin-china. Swingle is of the opinion that the
" King Orange " introduced into the United States in 1880 from Saigon,
Cochin-china, is this species (see Taylor's plate in Year-book), and that
Wilson's specimen of a' cultivated plant in China is also the same.
C. deliciosa is described and figured by Tenore as a tree armed with
strong .spines ^-2 inches long, leaves lanceolate, petiole without wings,
flowers solitary, axillary, fruit strongly compressed, rind thin, pulp outside
and inside of a yellow-orange colour, delicious to the taste. The figure of
the fruit is 2J inches in diameter. Swingle (in PL Wils.) provisionally con-
siders this to be a variety of C. nobilis, and to include the cultivated form-
known as Tangierine and Mandarin Oranges ; he says, however, that
'; better knowledge of this complex group may resolve it into several
closely allied species."
7. C. grandis Osbeck Daglok Ostind. Hcsa 9S ( 17~>7) ; leafier
elliptical to ovate-oblong, usually puberulous beneath on the
midrib, especially when young, 10-20 cm. 1., apex rounded or
somewhat acuminate, sometimes emarginate, margin more or 1
t 7
•iiilate; petiole broadly winged; fruit very large, globular or
pear-shaped, 10-20 em. 1., light lemon or orange-coloured. rind
thick, white, spongy, bitter, usually smooth, coverings of section^
leathery, not continuous round the inner end >o that tin* pulp
projects into the open core, pulp inclined to be tough, acid and
bitter with some • : juice-cells 1,-iruv, distinct from one
another. — >>'</;///'//'• torn. cit. 114. C. decumana L. Si/xt. ed. 12.
3 (1767); Tussac /•'/. Ant. Hi. f. 17, 18; Descourt. /•'/. Ant. Hi.
t. 220; Miff, in llt.nl-. rt.,t. Misc. /'. 303 ,v Jam. i. L30; Qriseb.
loc. fit.; llnok. f. ton/, i-it. r. I r, ; ///>„/< r///-//x .">!. 52, L27,/. 27 :
P. l!V/x. /"<•. <-H. C. Aurantium var. grandis L. Sp. PL 78i
190 FLORA OF JAMAICA Citrus
(1753). C. Aurantiurn var. decumana L. $p. PI. ed. 2, 1101
(1763). C. pompelmos Risso Or any. t. 61-66 (1818). Malus
arantia &c. Sloane Cat. 212 <fc Hist. i. 41, t. 12, f. 2, 3, 4. C.
fructu sphserico-obovato maximo «te. Browne Hist. Jam. 309.
Limo decumanus Humph. Amboin.i',. 96, t. 24, /. 2. Specimen in
Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.
Shaddock.
Cultivated arid spontaneous ; Sloane Herb. vii. 113, 115 ! native of
China, Cochin-china, and Malay Islands.
Tree 12-20 ft. high ; young shoots pubescent ; spiny when young,
becoming less so with age. Flowers large, white, sweet-scented, 3-9 in
subterminal axillary racemes which are longer than the petiole ; peduncle
and pedicels puberulous. Calyx irregularly 4(-5)-toothed. Petals 4
(rarely 5), oblong, dotted with green on the outside. Stamens 30-35.
Ovary 11-16-celled. Fruit, juice-cells spindle-shaped. " There are two
varieties of shaddock. In var. a. maliformis, the fruit is globose, with
the pulp of a pale pink colour, approaching to a very light yellow. In
var. b. pyriformis, the fruit is more or less pear-shaped, the pulp is of
a crimson colour more or less intense. The second of these varieties is
the more esteemed, being sweet and juicy, and having only in a slight
and palatable degree the acridity which abounds in the first " (Macfadyen).
8. C. paradisi Mac/, in Hook. Bot, Misc. i, 304 (1830) &
Jam. i. 131 ; leaflet elliptical, rounded at both ends, glabrous,
7—10 cm. L, margin crenulate ; petiole narrowly winged; fruit
large, globular or pear-shaped, yellow, rind smooth, pulp pale
yellow, flavour a pleasant mingling of sweet, acid and bitter,
juice-cells tightly bound together.
Generally regarded as a variety of C. decumana Lunan Hort.
Jam. ii. 172 ; Hook. f. loc. cit. (in part) (non L.) ; Hume Citrus
43-50, 115-126, t. 9 ; P. Wils. loc. cit. (in part). Malus arantia
&c. Sloane Cat. 212 & Hist. i. 41 (in part). C. fructu sphserico-
ovato minori &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 309.
Grape Fruit, Forbidden Fruit, Pomelo.
Cultivated and spontaneous ; Sloane Herb. vii. 114 ! Distin ! probably
a native of China.
Tree about 30 ft. high. Spines usually short, axillary. Flowers like
those of C. grandis Osbeck, solitary or 2-6 in an axillary raceme. Peduncle
glabrous, about 1 cm. 1. Calyx irregularly 5-toothed. Petals 4, oblong.
Stamens about 25.]
5. AMYRIS L.
Resinous, glabrous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, or
opposite and alternate, 1— 3-foliolate or irnparipinnate, leaflets
opposite, with very numerous pellucid dots. Panicles with
numerous flowers, axillary and terminal. Flowers small, white,
often 3 together, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Floral parts
in 4's. Calyx urceolate, 4-toothed, persistent. Petals 4, imbri-
cate, spreading or bent down. Stamens 8. Ovary 1-celled ;
ovules 2, pendulous. Drupe small, aromatic, oily ; putamen
Amyris
RUTACE/E
191
chartaceous, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons thick, plano-convex, dotted
with glands ; endosperm wanting.
Species 12, natives of the AVest Indies and of tropical
America, north of the equator.
Leaves opposite, or rarely subopposite.
Ovary glabrous. Drupe globular, 5-8 mm. 1 1. A. Elemifera.
Ovary puberulous. Drupe ellipsoidal, 6-14 mm. 1. 2. A. bahomife.ra.
Leaves alternate, or rarely subopposite 3. A. Plumicri.
1. A. Elemifera L. Syst. ed. 10, 1000 (1759) ; leaves opposite ;
leaflets 3, or on the same branch 3 and 5, 2-6(-7) cm. 1. ; ovary
Fig. 60 — Amyris Elemifera L.
A, -Male inflorescence and leaves X |. C, Hermaphrodite flower cut length-
B, Hermaphrodite flower, diagram. wise x 6.
D, Drupe cut lengthwise x _.
(After Sargent.)
u'labrous ; drupe globular, 5-8 mm. 1. — Urb. hi EmjL J«ltrl>. xxi.
601 ; P. Wils. hi N. Amer. Fl. xxv. 218. A. maritima J<i<-q.
Enum. PL Carlb. 19 (1760) & ScL Stirp. Auicr. 107 ; M«>-,'. Jam.
i. 231 ; Gri^b. FL Jlr. W. Lid, 174 (in part) ; Sar<f. Silv. L 85,
/. 36. A. sylvatica J<i<-q. Sel. Stirp. Aincr. 107 ( 17<>.">) A- E-L j>tct.
t. 108; Grisvb. lor. <-it. (1859) (excl. syn. Sj>rrn>i. and habitat
N. Gn itiiila}. Cvti^us ai'bnreus bituininosus &c, */<Hine Cat. 141
ct Ilixt. //. ^>3, /. 177. Frutex trifolius resinosus, floribus tetra-
petalis &c. r»//r.s7>. Car. i>. 33, t. 33. (Fig. 60.) Specimen from
Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.
FLORA OF JAMAICA Amyris
Torch- wood.
Sloanc Herb. vi. 4 I Browne ! St. Ann, Purdic ! road to Wareka, 300 ft. ;
Comma Pen, 500 ft. ; near Lititz ; east of Rifle Range, Kingston, 200 ft. ;
Long Mt., 900 ft. ; Lapland, 1800 ft. ; Cane River valley, 250 ft. ; Peckham,
Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6673, 7075, 7228, 8610, 8847, 9016,
9192, 10,063, 11,014. — Florida, Key West, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Jan, St. Cruz, Guadeloupe, Les Saintes,
Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Becquia, Trinidad. The habitat
Carthagena quoted by Jacquin is not confirmed by specimens.
Shrub or tree, 12-35 ft. high ; twigs, inflorescence, and petioles glabrous.
Leaflets lanceolate to broadly ovate or roundish, acute to long acuminate,
cuneate to rounded at the base, crenulate or entire, thinly leathery. Calyx
about • 5 mm. 1., with triangular lobes. Petals elliptical to obovate-elliptical,
2-3 mm. 1., gland-dotted. Gynopliore wanting or more or less developed.
The wood is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, and close-grained ; it is
very resinous, extremely durable, and can be made to take a beautiful
polish. A cubic foot of dry wood weighs about 65 Ibs. If it could be
obtained in large quantities, it would prove valuable (Sargent).
2. A. balsamifera L. Sijst. ed. 10, 1000 (1759); leaves
opposite; leaflets 5, or 5 and 3, 4-13 cm. 1. ; ovary puberulous ;
drupe ovoid-ellipsoidal or ellipsoidal, 12-14 ram. 1. — Macf. Jam.
i. 231 ; Griseb. loc. cit. (excl. syn. Willd. & Kuntli] ; Urb. torn. cit.
292 ; P. Wih. loc. cit. A. arboreus foliis <fcc. Browne Hist. Jam.
208 (excl. syn. Sloane). Toxicodendron arborescens Miller Gard.
Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named
in Solander's hand.
Torch Wood, White or Black Candle Wood, Rose- wood.
Wright ! St. Ann ; Bull Bay ; Browne ! Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen !
Distin ! Lime savanna, Clarendon, Pur die ! March \ Chester Vale ; near
Mount Lebanon, 3000 ft. ; Grove, 900 ft. ; Lapland, 1500 ft. ; Peckham,
Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Soho, St. Ann, 1400 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 5553, 5913,
6693, 8423, 9172, 11,098, 11,992.— Florida, Cuba, Hispaniola, Mugeres Is.,
near Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador.
Tree (or shrub] 20-40 ft. high. Rhachis of inflorescence and calyx
minutely puberulous or glabrate. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate, acute to
long acuminate, cuneate at base, rarely obtuse, crenulate or entire. Calyx
about -7 mm. L, with triangular-roundish lobes. Petals elliptical to
obovate-elliptical, about 3 mm. L, gland-dotted.
Wood 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, hard, heavy, and close-grained, with
aromatic smell. It takes a fine polish, and is considered valuable for
cabinet work. It splits easily into strips, and bums readily with a fragrant
smell, so that it is used by the peasantry for firewood and torches. Browne
states that in his time it was considered one of the most valuable trees in
the island.
3. A. Plumieri DC. Prodr. ii. 81 (1825) (excl. syn. L.) ; leaves
alternate or rarely subopposite ; leaflets 3, rarely 5, 5-7 (3-10)
cm. 1. ; petals conspicuously gland-dotted ; ovary glabrous ;
drupe globular, 4-7 mm. 1. — Griseb. loc. cit. A. sylvatica Macf.
Jam. i. 231 (non Jacq.) ; Karst. Fl. Col. ii. 109, t. 158, /. in.;
Urb. torn. cit. 295; P. Wils. torn. cit. 219. A. maritima Sw. Obs.
Bot. 148 (1791); Baill. Hist. iv. 397, /. 447-451 (non Jacq.).
Baccifera trifolia racemosa &c. Sloane Cat. 170 & Hist. ii. 101.
Amyris EUTACE.E 193
Elemifera foliis ternatis &c. Plum. PL Amer. (Bnrra.] 87, t. 100.
Amyris fruticosus minor itc. Br<>tcii<> Ilixt. J<nn. 209.
Candl e- wood.
Sloano Herb. vii. 21 ! Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 223 ! Hills about the
Ferry, ttrowne ; M'rii/htl Massonl Anderson ! !/"</< -/'ulijeii \ Water s\ Ocho
Rios, Purdiel March \ King's House grounds, J.P. 1113, Hart\ Green
Valley ; J.P. 1275, F. Campbell ! Ferry Pen, 150 ft. ; Rio Cobre, 150 ft. ;
Constant Spring, 600 ft., Campbell ! Robertsfield, 2000 ft. ; near Sheldon ;
Green Valley; Berwick Hill, 2600 ft.; Watson's Hill, Manchester, 1000 ft.;
Ferry River, 100 ft. ; Ferry Pen, 50 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5194, 5234, 5278,
5279, 5312, 5789, 5790, 5927, 5990, 6249, 6319, 7714, 8630, 9052.— Hispa-
niola, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia.
Shrub 4-15 ft. high, glabrous. Leaflets roundish-ovate, or even some-
what roundish, or ovate, acuminate, acute or rounded at the apex, broadly
wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, crenulate, crenate or doubly crenate,
membranaceous to papery. Panicle usually terminal. Flowers white.
Calyx about '6 mm. 1., with roundish-triangular lobes. Petals elliptical
to obovate-elliptical, 2 -5-3 mm. 1.
6. SPATHELIA L.
Trees with a simple slender unbranched trunk. Leaves
alternate, pinnate with an odd leaflet, borne at the summit of
the trunk, leaving conspicuous leaf-scars on falling ; leaflets in
many pairs, opposite or alternate, with pellucid dots on the
margin. Panicles very large, terminal. Flowers polygamous.
Calyx 5-cleft ; segments spreading, valvate or subvalvate.
Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5, free. Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled,
sterile in the male flowers ; style very short, deciduous with the
3 obovate-roundish fleshy papillose stigmas, rudimentary in male
flowers ; ovules one in each cell, pendulous from the inner angle
at the apex. Drupe 3-sided, 3-winged (rarely 2-sided, 2-winged,
2-celled) ; putamen 3-angled, 3-celled, with resin-canals, cells
1 -seeded. Seeds with thickish endosperm; cotyledons linear-
oblong. The tree dies after maturing fruit, that is, about six
months after flowering.
In the few female flowers which are available for dissection,
we find only one ovule which is pendulous from the inner angle
at the apex of each ovary-cell. Bentham and Hooker, who
describe the ovules as geminate in each cell, place this genus in
Simarubacese ; Engler places it in Rntacese.
Mountain Pride.
Species 5, natives of Jamaica and Cuba — one of the Cuban
species is found also in the Bahamas.
Leaflets velvety beneath. Filaments with hairy wings 1. S. sorbifolia.
Leaflets glabrous. Filaments without wings 2. S. glabrescens.
1. S. sorbifolia L. Amcen. v. 377 (1760); leaflets velvety on
both sides, especially on the midrib, sometimes glabrate on the
upper surface ; filaments with hirtellous wing-like appendages on
IV. 0
194
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Spathelia
the lower half.— S. simplex L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 386 (1762) ; Gsertn
Frnct. /. 278, /. 58; Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1496; Hort. Kew. ed. 2, {/.
171 ; Lnn. Hort. Jam, i. 524; Bot. Reg. t. 670; Macf. Jam. i.
234 ; Planch, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 581 ; Grisi'b. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 140 (excl. syn. S. glabrescens) ; P. Wils. in N. Amer.
Fl. xxv. 208, & in Torreija xi. 263. Acer! aut paliuro affinis arbor
caudice non ramoso, foliis sorbi, &c. Sloane Cat. 138 & Hist. ii.
Fig. 61. — Spathelia sorbifolia L.
A, Small portion of inflorescence with a
small leaf x |.
B, Stamen X 3.
C, Stamen of S. glabrescens X 3.
I), A sterile pistil of male flowers X 5.
E, Fertile pistil of hermaphrodite flower
X 3.
F, A cross-section of same x 5 ; r, resin-
canals ; c, cells with ovules.
G, Fruit X §.
H. A cross-section of same X 2 ; r, resin-
canals ; a, abortive cells ; s, seed.
(A after Bot. Reg. ; B, C, after P. Wilson.)
28, t. 171. Spathe caudice simplici, fronde pinnata comosa,
racemo spatiosissimo laxo terminal! Browne Hist. Jam. 187.
Bev. J. Lindsay Ic. ined.
Hope river, Liguanea, Sloane Herb. v. 101, 102! Browne; Sliakspear \
Purdiel March; Hope, Campbell I hillsides, Gordon Town, Britton, 1!
also Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6421, 9375.
Tree, 20-25 ft. high, diameter 3 inches near the base. Leaves 4-10(-15)
dm. 1. ; rhachis velvety ; leaflets 45-81, alternate, subopposite, oblong,
sessile, 2 cm.-2 dm. 1., 1-4 cm. br., coarsely crenulate with a gland at the tip
of each crenature, truncate to subcordate at the base, apex acuminate,
sometimes rounded. Panicle very large, to 18 dm. high, and 24 dm. in
diam., branches velvety. Sepals elliptical to obovate-elliptical, glandular
Spaihelia RUTACE.K 11).")
at the apex, 3-3 '5 mm. 1. Petals elliptical, glandular at apex, 5-6 mm. 1.
Drupe 2-3 cm. 1.
Linnaeus (Sp. PL ed. 2) quotes incorrectly from Browne " racemo sim-
plicissimo" instead of " spatiosissimo."
2. S. glabreseens Plancli. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 581
(1846); leaflets glabrous on both sides; filaments with rudi-
mentary basal appendages or none. — P. Wih. in N. Amer. FL
207 ct in Torri'ija xi. 263.
Swartz \ Distin ! Wilson \ Moneague, Prior \ Radnor, Stephens ! Stan-
more Hill, Malvern, 2400 ft. ; near Troy, 2200 ft. ; Luana Point ; Harris !
FL Jam. 8482, 9659, 9822.
Tree, 50-70 ft. high, diameter 9 inches near the base. Leaves 5 • 5-11-
dm. L, rhachis velvety or glabrate ; leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
7-15 cm. L, with a short petiolule or subsessile, apex obtuse to acuminate,
base obtuse, or truncate, sometimes more or less cordate, margin coarsely
crenate to entire. Panicle large, branches glabrous or velvety. Sepals
oblong-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, glandular at apex, 4-5 mm. 1. Petals
5-9 mm. L Drupe 2-3 cm. 1.
Ruta chalapensis L. (R. graveolens Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 128, non L.) is
noted by P. Wilson (in N. Amer. FL xxv. 212) as introduced from the Old
World into Central America, Jamaica, and other W. Indian Islands, but
we have not seen any evidence that it is naturalized.
FAMILY XLVI. SIMARUBACE^.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, pinnate,
rarely 1-3-foliolate or simple ; stipules none. Inflorescence
axillary in most, paniculate or racemose. Flowers small, diclinous
or polygamous. Calyx with 3-5 lobes or segments. Petals 3-5.
Stamens inserted at the base of the disk, as many or twice as
many as the petals ; anthers introrse, with longitudinal dehis-
cence. Ovary 2-5-lobed, 1-5-celled, or 3-5 free carpels; styles
i'-5. Ovules solitary in the cells (2 in Picramnia and Alvaradoa),
attached at the inner angle. Seeds solitary, pendulous (erect in
Suriana and Aluaradoa). Endosperm wanting. Cotyledons
planoconvex.
Species about 150, natives mostly of the warmer regions of
the world.
Le '.tuple.
Flowers hermaphrodite ..................................... ...... 1. Suriana.
Flowers unisexual .................................................. -2.
Leaves compound.
Ovary lobed.
Ovory 5-cleft ........................................................ '•>. Sinianr .
Ovary 2-3-lobud ................................................. 1. Picrsc
iry entire.
Inflorescence opposite the lenv,-- ............................... 0. Jricrainnin.
Inflorescence axillary ........................................... 6. A'
0 L'
FLOKA OF JAMAICA
1. SURIANA L.
Sea-shore shrub, covered with capitellate mixed with simple
hair-. Leaves alternate, clustered together, simple, linear-
.-pathulate, thick, without stipules. Flowers subterminal, hidden
V>v the leaves, solitary or few in a raceme, yellow, hermaphrodite.
Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, as long as the
calyx, imbricate. Stamens 10, hypogynous, the 5 opposite the
petals shorter and sometimes without anthers. Ovary of •»
distinct carpels, the styles springing from near the base, free.
Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending from the base. Ripe carpels
3-5, surrounded by the calyx, 1 -seeded ; endocarp hard and
brittle. Seeds ascending. Embryo horseshoe-shaped ; cotyledons
flattish ; radicle long, superior, descending to the hilum.
Species 1, found on all tropical sea-shores.
S. maritima L. Sp. PL 284 (1753); Jacq. Sel. Stir p. Amer.
140; Sw. Obs. Bot. 185; Macf. Jam. L 235; Griseb. FL Br. W.
Lid, 58 ; Engl. in FL Bras. xii. pt. 2, 202 ; Urb. Symb, Ant. iv.
321; Engl. in EngL-Prantl Pftzfam. Hi. pt. 4, 208, /. 119;
P. Wile, in N. Amer. FL xxv. 225 ; Guppy Plants d-c. W. Indies,
Fig. 62. — Suriana maritima L.
A, Portion of branch with inflorescence
and leaves x |.
B, Flower with part of the calyx and
corolla and one stamen removed x 4.
(A, C, D, E after Engler.)
C, Pistil cut lengthwise x 6.
I), One of the carpels cut across X 6.
E, Ripe nutlet cut lengthwise X 2.
F, Hair from calyx enlarged.
Suriana
SIMARUBACE^E
197
239. S. foliis Arc. Plum. GI-H. •'>?, /. 40. S. maritima &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 190. Thymeheie facie frutex Arc. Sloane Cat. 138 k
Hist. it. 29, /. 162, /. 4. (Fig. 62.) Specimen in Herb. Sloane in
Herb. ALus. Brit. There are two specimens in Herb. Linn., one
named by Linnaeus, the other from Browne named in Solander's
hand.
House Key, near Port Royal ; St. Ann ; Sloane Herb. v. 105 ! St. James,
Broivnc\ Sliakspcar\ Plantain Garden river, Macfadyen ; Mammee Bay,
St. Ann, McNab ! Prior ; March ! Dover, Metcalfe ! Port Henderson,
Campbell \ sea-shore, Healthshire Hills; Pedro Bluff; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
6068, 95^;, 9717.
Shrub or small tree, 4-10(-20) ft. high. Leaves 1-3 "5 cm. 1. Bracts
lanceolate, 3-4 mm. 1. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 8 (6-10) mm. 1. Petals
rectangular-elliptical, with erose apex, shortly clawed, shorter than the
calyx. Filaments villose at the base. Ovary villose. Ripe carpels
pubescent, 5 mm. 1.
2. CASTELA Turpin.
Shrubs ; branches often reduced to spines. Leaves alternate,
simple, entire, leathery. Flowers small, inconspicuous, clustered
or solitary in the axils, dioecious. Calyx small, 4-cleft. Petals 4,
imbricate. Disk fleshy, crenate. Male flowers : Stamens 8.
Ovary wanting. Female flowers : Staminodes 8. Ovary com-
r'L. 63. — CaatdH in<ii-i-»i>/i!/lla I'rli.
A,"__Ppi lion df linin.-Ii sliowiiii; U-avc> ;iu<l i . l-Vmalc !l»\\cr X 4 <>f C. X'
male flowers X - ; the Leavea alu.v.' lio.ik.
*thf lowest, spring fnnn leilured I". i»nip.'<, one cul lengthwise, nat. sin ;
axillary sin- C, • "i \lednn ; r, r
i'., M-;!u il'iv.'cr X 4.
((.' after II..,.U,r.)
198 FLORA OF JAMAICA Castela
posed of 4 carpels cohering at the apex; styles 4, short, united
below, recurved and stigmatic above ; ovules solitary in each
cell. Drupes 1-4, fleshy ; endocarp hard, brittle. Seed attached
laterally at the middle or near the base (C. macropliylla) of the
cell ; endosperm scanty or wanting (C. macroplnjlla] ; cotyledons
thick, plano-convex.
Species 11, natives of Central America, tropical S. America,
and Jamaica.
C. maerophylla Urb. Synib. Ant. v. 377 (1908). Castelaria
macrophylla Small in JV. Amer. Fl. xxv. 232 (1911). (Fig. 63.)
Long Mountain, 900 ft. ; common on Great Goat Is. ; hill behind Ferry
Quarry, 200 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 9219, 9347, 9343, 10,047 ; Little Goat
Is., Britton & Hollick, 1843 !
Shrub 2-8 ft. high ; spines, when present, axillary, 2-3 mm. 1. Leaves
narrowly or broadly elliptical, sometimes oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. 1. ; nerves
and veins slightly prominent, reticulate, glabrous on the upper surface,
minutely puberulous beneath. Flowers subsessile ; male, several on very
short reduced axillary shoots ; female, 2-4, axillary or on a short axillary
branch; pedicels 2-3 mm. 1. in fruit. Calyx about '7 mm. 1., hairy.
Petals pink, elliptical, concave, 3 mm. 1. Drupe bright scarlet, ellipsoidal-
compressed, shortly beaked at the apex, 1-1 '5 cm. 1.
3. SIMARUBA Aubl.
Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate with or without an odd
leaflet ; leaflets mostly alternate, entire. Panicles axillary and
terminal. Flowers small, direcious or monoecious. Calyx 5-lobed.
Petals 5, imbricate. Disk villose. Male flowers: Stamens 10,
inserted at the base of the disk, included ; filaments with a short
scale at the base inside. Female flowers : Staminodes scale-
like. Ovary 5-cleft ; styles united ; stigmas spreading or
recurved. Ovules solitary. Drupes 1-5, on the enlarged
receptacle. Cotyledons fleshy.
Species 6, natives of tropical eastern America and the West
Indies.
S. glauea DC. Ann. Mus. Par. xvii. 424 (1811); Planch, in
Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 567; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 139;
Engl. in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 2, 224; Sarg. Silv. i. 91, t. 38, 39;
Small in N. Amer. FL xxv. 228. S. oflacinalis Macf. Jam. i. 198
(non DC.) ; Urb. in Engl. Jalirb. xv. 304, 306. S. medicinalis
Endl. Medic. Pft. 528 (1842); Berg & Schmidt O/. Geiv. ii.
t. 13, f. Quassia Simaruba Wright in Trans. It. Soc. Edinb. 73,
i. (1790), reprinted in Mem. 308 (non Linn. f.}. (Fig. 64.)
Bitter Damson, Bitter Dan, Mountain Damson, Stave
Wood.
Wright ! Macfadyen ! St. Mary, McNab \ Prior \ March ! Mavis Bank,
J.P. 1053, 1286, Hart ! Robertsfield, 20CO ft. ; near Troy, 1400-2000 ft. ;
Simaruba
SIMARUBACE.E
199
Hope; Harris ! Fl. Jain. 5931, 8664, 9358, 9551— Bahamas, Hispaniola,
Central America. Florida.
Tree 20-30(-50) ft. high. Leaflets 9-19, oblong-elliptical or oblong,
puberulous beneath or glabrous, 4-10 cm. 1., apex rounded, sometimes
subemarginate or obtusely apiculate, base wedge-shaped ; veins distinct
beneath, lateral parallel connected reticulately. Panicles ample, its
short branchlets with few flowers; pedicels short, 1-3 '5 mm. 1. Calyx
1*3 mm. 1., lobes semiorbicular, minutely ciliolate. Petals greenish-yellow,
oblong-elliptical, 5-6 mm. 1., apex acute or shortly acuminate. Stamens,
scales villose ; anthers linear-oblong, 1' 3-1 '8mm. 1. Drupes ellipsoidal,
dark purple, about I1 5 cm. 1.
The wood is light and soft, and is of little value.
A, Portion of leaf, nat. size.
B, Portion of male inflorescence x -
(.', Female flower, diagram.
Fig. 64. — Simaruba jlauca DC.
D, Stamen, enlarged.
E, Female flower cut lengthwise X 4.
F, Drupe with seed cut lengthwise, nat.
size.
(A, B, C, E after Sargent.)
S. amara Anbl. (Quassia Simaruba Linn. f. Suppl. 234) occurs in some
of the West Indian Islands, but is wrongly stated by Linnaeus fil. to be a
native of Jamaica. The drupe of this species is about the same size as
that of »S. glauca, and more regular in form, not so compressed and acute
on the ventral side.
Quassia amara Linn. jil. is noted by Planchon (Hook. Loud. Journ. Bot.
v. 562) as sent from Jamaica by Distin, but it is an introduced plant from
tropical S. America. It is readily recognised by the large crimson corolla
(3 cm. 1.), and the winged petiole.
200
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Picroena
4. PICRjENA Lindl.
Trees with bitter juice. Leaves alternate, pinnate with an
odd leaflet ; leaflets opposite, entire. Panicles axillary, corymbose.
Flowers greenish, polygamous. Sepals small, 4 or 5. Petals
4 or 5, subvalvate, not increasing in size after flowering. Disk
saucer-shaped in the male flower, rounded, 4-5-lobed in herma-
phrodite flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted under the disk.
Ovary 2-3-lobed, lobes free ; styles 2 or 3, united below, free
above ; ovules solitary in each cell. Drupes 1-3, subfleshy,
endocarp hard and brittle. Embryo undivided.
Species 3 or 4, natives of tropical America.
P. exeelsa Lindl. Fl. Med. 208 (1838); Griseb. FL Br. W.
Ind. 140 (excl. Antigua, St. Vincent); Engl. in FL Bras. xii.
pt. 2, 228 (in part) ; BentL & Trim. Med. PI. t. 57 (excl. reference
Fig. 65. — Picrsena exeelsa Lindl.
A, Leaf X j.
B, Fertile inflorescence x J.
C, Male flower X 5.
D, Fertile flower x 5.
E, Fruit, one drupe cut lengthwise
X 2 ; e, embryo ; r, radicle.
to other islands and figs. 9, 10). Picrania amara Wright in
London Medical Journ. viii. 275 (1787) & Mem. 90, 229 (without
description). Quassia exeelsa Sw. Prod. 67 (1788), in Vet. Handl.
StockJi. ix. 302, t. 8 (1788), & Fl. Ind. Occ. 742 (excl. habitat
Carib.). Q. polygama Lindsay Trans. R.<Soc. Edinb. in. 205, t. 6
(1794). Simaruba exeelsa DC. Ann. Mus. Par. xv'ri. 424 (1811)
Picrcena SLMARUBACE.E 201
(excl. hab. Carib.); Macf. Jam. i. 198. Picrasma excelsa Plancli.
tn Hook. Land. Journ. Bot. v. 574- (18-46) (excl. Antigua); Engl.
in EngL-Prantl Pflzfam. Hi. pt. 4, 222, /. 129, A-G ; Urb. Symb.
Ant. i: 378. ^Eschrion excelsa Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL i. 103 (1891) :
SniaU in N. Amer. Fl. xxv. 233. JEt. excelsa var. microcarpa Kr.
4- Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jalirb. xv. 306 (1892). (Fig. 65.)
Bitter Wood, Jamaica Quassia.
Wright \ Macfadyen\ McNabl Shafton, Westmoreland; Guys Hill,
St. Mary ; Purdie \ Moneague, Prior ! March ! Old England, Blue Mts. ;
Gordon Town ; Hope, 700 ft. ; near St. Ann's Bay; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5458,
7017, 9984, 10,363.— Hispaniola.
Tree 40-60(-80) ft. high. Leaflets narrowly elliptical or oblong-elliptical,
unequal-sided, mostly cuneate or acute at the base, 5-12 cm. 1. Panicles
with long peduncles. Flowers greenish. Sepals p6-*7 mm. 1. Petals of
male flower oblong-elliptical, 2 mm. 1. ; of hermaphrodite flower oblong-
lanceolate, 3 mm. 1. Stamens about 4 mm. 1. in the male flower, 2-2 • 5 mm.
1. in the hermaphrodite flower. Drupes globular or obovoid-globular, black,
6-7 mm. 1.
The wood is largely exported from Jamaica, and is the "quassia" of
commerce. Locally the wood is used for ceilings, bedsteads, and presses,
as it is objectionable to insects. Quassia wood is a pure bitter tonic and
stomachic. It is a valuable remedy in atonic dyspepsia, in debility, and in
convalescence after acute diseases. " Bitter Cups " are manufactured from
the wood. The wood is sometimes used by brewers as a substitute for hops.
(Bentley and Trimen.)
Note to Picrania amara in " Medicinal Plants in Jamaica " by
Dr. Wm. Wright in London Medical Journal viii. 275 (1787) by the editor,
Dr. S. F. Simmons : —
In 1772 Dr. Wright discovered the tree which yields the simarouba of
the shops, and the year following sent a botanical account of it to the late
Prof. Hope at Edinburgh, under the title of Quassia Simarouba. At the
same time he sent specimens of it to the late Dr. Fothergill, who trans-
mitted them to the celebrated Linnaeus at Upsal. The latter communi-
cated this discovery to Prof. Murray at Gottingen, who has mentioned it
in the third volume of his Apparatus Med. p. 458 (German edition, Arzney-
vorrath iii. 522).
P. antillana (Rhus antillana Eggers Fl. St. Croix and Virgin Is. 41
(1879) ; Picrasma antillana Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 378 (1908) ), B i 1 1 e r Ash,
of the lesser Antilles, included by Swartz and other authors in the above
species, has drupes about 1 cm. 1., and leaflets with obtuse or rounded base.
5. PICRAMNIA Sw.
Shrubs or trees, often intensely bitter. Leaves alternate,
«/
pinnate with an odd leaflet ; leaflets usually alternate. Spikes
or racemes opposite the leaves, pendulou>. Flowers dioecious,
sometimes .polygamous, small, in clusters, racemes, or panicle-.
Calyx 3-5-cleft, imbricate. Petals 3-5, rarely none, narrow,
imbricate. Stamens of the male flower 3-5, opposite the pet
inserted under the disk ; of the female flower reduced to linear
staminodes. Pistil generally wanting in the male flowers.
Ovary 2-3-cellud ; style short, J-.'1-L-left. Ovules 2, collateral,
near the apex of the cells. Berry 1-2-celled, cells 1-seeded.
Embryo undivided.
202
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Picramnia
Species about 25, natives of tropical America, including the
"West Indies.
Floral parts in 3's 1. P. Antidesma.
Floral parts in 5's 2. P. pentandra.
1. P. Antidesma Sw. Prodr. 27 (1788); parts of the flowers
in 3's ; clusters of flowers in racemes, simple or 2 -branched
near the base, usually longer than the leaves. — Siu. Fl. InfL
Fig. 66. — Picramnia Antidesina Sw.
A, Portion of leaf X ?.
B, Portion of inflorescence x §.
C, Male flower x 10.
D, Female flower x 10.
E, Berry x 2 ; s, seed ; e, embryo.
Occ. 218, t. 4 ; Nacf. Jam. i. 224 ; Planch, in Hook. Lond. Journ,
Bot. v. 578 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 141 ; Small in N. Amer.
FL xxv. 236. P. triandra Stokes Mat. Med. iv. 535 (1812).
Berberis fructu fruticoso tfcc. Sloane Cat. 170 & Hist. ii. 101,
t. 208, /. 2. Antidesma &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 123. Cicca
macrostachya Bentli. Bot. Voy. Sulpli. 166 (1844). (Fig. 66.)
There is a specimen from Jamaica from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Ma joe Bitter, Macary Bitter.
Between St. Jago de la Vega and Passage Fort ; Angels ; Sloane Herb,
vii. 22 (& opp. 21)! Broughtonl Swartz ! Macfadyenl Distinl Great
Valley, Manchester, Purdie ! Prior ! March ! Silver Hill : Mt. Diablo ;
Mona woodland, 600 ft. ; Long Mountain, 900 ft. ; Stanmore Hill, Malvern,
2400 ft. ; between Hardware Gap and Kose Hill, 3700 ft. ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5434, 7028, 8855, 9058, 9754, 9770, 9949, 10,136; Union Hill,
Moneague, Britton and Hollick, 2801 ! — Central America. Swartz gives
Hispaniola also, as a habitat.
Picramnia SIMARUBACE^ 203
Shrub or tree, 6-15 ft. high. Leaflets 5-9 or more, lanceolate-ellip-
tical to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, usually unequal-sided, glabrous,
5-10 (2 • 5-12) cm. 1. Inflorescence puberulous or glabrescent. Male flowers :
Calyx 3-cleft, 1'5-1'7 mm. 1.; segments ovate, acute. Petals 3, greenish-
yellow, obovoid, somewhat longer than the calyx. Stamens 3, about
3 mm. 1. Female flowers: Calyx 3-cleft, about 1 mm. ,1. ; segments
elliptical, obtuse. Petals 3, oblong or oblong-elliptical. Style 2-cleft.
Berries obovate-globular, 12-14 mm. 1., scarlet, at length black.
" This shrubby tree affords a bitter less intense than that of the
Quassia or Simaruba [Picrxna excelsa], but much more grateful . . . The
bark has been given with success as an alterative in constitutional
affections, connected with syphilis and yaws, and as a tonic in debility of
the digestive organs, and in intermittent fever " (Macfadyen).
2. P. pentandra Sir, FL Ind. Occ. 220 (1797); parts of the
flowers in 5's, clusters of flowers on a panicle with several
branches, usually shorter than the leaves. — Iticli. in Sacjra Cub. x.
156, t. 36 Us; Plancli. torn. cit. 577; Griseb. op. cit. 140;
Small torn. cit. 237. P. rnicrantha Till. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3,
vii. 262 (1847). P. antidesmoides Griseb. loc. cit.
" Crescit in Jamaica (Herb. IvEus. Reg. Par. — Specim. ex Herb. cl. Hook,
deprompto)." Tul. loc. cit. — Florida, Bahamas, West Indies.
Shrub or small tree, puberulous on the younger parts. Leaflets 5-9,
elliptical or lanceolate, acuminate, often somewhat unequal-sided, glabrous,
5-10 (3-12) cm. 1. Inflorescence puberulous with yellow hairs. Male
flowers : Calyx 5-cleft, about 2 mm. 1. ; segments oblong, toothed above
and passing into a more or less acuminate or acute apex. Petals 5, linear-
lanceolate, 2-2*5 mm. 1., sometimes slightly denticulate near the apex.
Stamens 5, about 3 mm. 1. Female flowers : Calyx 5-cleft, about 1 mm. 1. ;
segments ovate, acute. Petals 5, linear, a little longer than the calyx.
Style 2-cleft. Berry ellipsoidal, 10-13 mm. 1., reddish-brown.
We have not seen a specimen from Jamaica, but, judging from the
distribution, there is every reason to suppose it occurs.
6. ALVARADOA Liebm.
Shrubs or small trees, with bitter juice. Leaves alternate,
imparipinnate ; leaflets alternate. Racemes axillary and terminal,
many-flowered. Flowrers very small, tomentose, dioecious. Calyx
5-cleft, valvate. Petals 5, filiform, or wanting. Male flowers :
Petals 5, filiform (in A. amorrjhoides). Disk large, deeply
")-lobed. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the calyx,
inserted between the lobes of the disk ; anthers 2-celled, connec-
tive thickened, dorsal. Female flowers : Petals 5, stamens
wanting. Ovary 2-3-celled, one cell only fertile ; styles 2-3 ;
ovules 2 in the fertile cell, erect from the base of the partition
wall. Capsule very compressed or 2-3 -winded, L'-o-eelled ; cells
1-seeded. Seed one, erect, compressed, without endosperm.
Embryo broadly oblong, compressed. Cotyledons flat, foliaceous,
fleshy. lv;idi»-l<' inferior.
Species 4, one a native of Central America, Florida, the
Bahamas, and Cuba, one of Hispaniola, one of Cuba, and the
fourth of Jamaica.
204
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Alvaradoa
A, Portion of branch of A. jamaicensis
Benth. with leaves and raceme of
capsules x i.
B, Diagram of male flower.
C, Male flower of A. amorphoides Liebm.
X 6.
Fig. 67. — Alvaradoa.
D, Female flower of ditto x 4.
E, Capsule of A. jamaicensis, nat. size.
F, Ditto cut open to show seed X 2.
G, Embryo of ditto X 4.
H, Seed of ditto cut lengthwise x 4.
A. jamaieensis Benth. PL Hartw. 344 (1857) ; Griseb. FL Br.
W. Ind. 141; Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 379, /. 5; Small in N. Amer.
FL xxv. 239.
St. Ann, Purdie ! Union Hill, Moneague, 2000 ft., Prior ! March ;
Schwallenburgh, St. Ann, 2200 ft. ; Mount Diablo ; Holly Mount, 2600ft.;
road to Holly Mount, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jain., 7037, 8493, 8903, 8982.
Shrub or small slender tree, 3-25 ft. high. Leaves, 1-2 dm. 1. Leaflets,
15-45, leathery, oblong or oblong-elliptical, 1-3-5 cm. 1., gradually becoming
smaller towards the base of the rhachis, glabrous, apex emarginate, lower
surface lighter-coloured, margin revolute. Stamens twice as long as calyx
(fide Grisebach). Capsules ovate-roundish, glabrous. Flowers not seen.
Bursera BUESERACE.-E 205
FAMILY XLVII. BURSERACE^E.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules, simple
or imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite. Flowers racemose or pani-
culate, hermaphrodite or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 3-6-lobed.
Petals 3-6, deciduous. Disk free or adnate with the tube of the
calyx. Stamens generally twice as many as the petals, inserted
on the disk. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, attached
near the apex at the interior angle of the cell. Fruit drupaceous.
Seeds without endosperm. Cotyledons contortuplicate ; radicle
superior.
Species 400 or more, natives of the tropics.
Ovary 3-celled ; stigma 3-lobed 1. Bursera.
Ovary 4-5-celled ; stigma 4-5-lobed 2. Protium.
\. BURSERA L.
Trees with balsamic resinous juices. Leaves compound or
simple. Flowers small, polygamous, in lateral panicles or
racemes, sometimes clustered. Calyx small, with 3-6 lobes.
Petals 3—6, valvate. Stamens twice as many as the petals,
inserted at the base of the annular disk. Ovary 3-celled ; style
very short ; stigma obtusely 3-lobed. Drupe indistinctly
3-angled ; epicarp leathery-fleshy, resinous, separating into three
valves ; stone usually solitary, bony, triangular, united to a
persistent fleshy axis, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded.
Species 100, natives of the tropics, chiefly America.
Leaves compound.
Leaflets papery. Bark flaking off 1. B. Simaruba.
Leaflets leathery. Bark persistent 2. B. Hollickii.
Leaves simple 3 . B. simplicifolia.
1. B. Simaruba Sarg. Gard. d- For. Hi. 260 (1890); leaves
compound ; leaflets papery ; bark flaking off. — Sara. Sih\ i. 97,
t. 41, 42; Encjl. in Enyl-Prantl Pflzfam. Hi. pt, 4, 249, /. 145;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 324. Bursera gummifera L. Sp. PI. c<l. -,
471 (1762); Jacq. Set. Stirp. Amer. 94, t. 65 (Burseria) A: Ed.
j.ict. t. 96; Sw. Obs. Bot. 131 ; Wright Mem. 193 ; M«<-f. Jam. i.
229 ; Gri»-l,. FL Br. W. Ind. 173 ; Baill Hist. v. 261, /. 269-274 ;
Engl. in DC. Mon. iv. 39, t. i, /. 33-39 ; Conk <t- C»lt. in <',,,,trib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. viii. 97, /. 21. Betula arbor Americana <fec,
Pliik. Plnjt. t. 151, f. 1. Terebinthus major betulte cVc. Sloan*
Cat. 167 it Hist. ii. 89, t. 199. T. foliis cordato-ovatis <kc. Browne
Hist. Jam. 345. T. Brownei Jacq. Enn,,,. PI. Carib. 18 (1760).
T. simaruba W. F. HV//// ex !!<>*> in <'»ntr!l>. U.S. Nat. Herb. x.
206
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Bur sera
122 (1906-1908). Pistacia Simaniba L. Sp. PL 1026 (1753) ;
Desconrt. FI. Ant. it. t. 97. Elaphrium Simaruba Hose in N.
Amer. Fl .c.cv. 246 (1911). (Fig. 68.) Type in Herb. Sloane in
Herb. Mus. Brit. ; Plukenet's specimen is also in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Red Birch, West Indian Birch, Turpentine Tree,
Incense Tree, Mastic Tree.
Sloane Herb. vi. 101, 105 ! Brounhton ! Shakspear ! Swartz \ Mac-
fadyen ; St. Andrew, McXab ! King's House, J.P. 1153, Hartl near Hope,
'Moore ! Spanish Town road, Campbell ! Hope ; Westphalia road, Great
Goat Is.; Port Henderson; Harris I Fl. Jam. 6299, 6768, 7357, 8236,
8517, 9315, 10,151. — Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West Indies, Central
America, Tres Marias Is., Colombia, Venezuela.
Tree 20-30(-60) ft. high ; trunk thick to 3 ft. in diam. : larger
branches stout, spreading nearly at right angles ; bark an inch thick,
A, Small leaf and inflorescence X §.
B, Diagram of hermaphrodite flower.
(.', Male flower x 4.
D, Fertile flower x 4.
(After Sargent.)
Fig. 68. — Bin-sera Simaruba Sarg.
E. Drupe, nat. size.
F, Stone cut lengthwise X 1* ; c, cotyle-
dons ; r, radicle.
with glandular dots, scaling off in thin papery red-brown pieces. Leaflets
9-3 (13-1), oblong-ovate, acuminate, somewhat unequal-sided, oblique at
the base, entire, glabrous on both sides except at base of midrib beneath,
veins reticulate and prominent beneath, 6-8 (3-11) cm. 1. Flowers
appearing before the leaves or while they are still young, white ; panicles
many-flowered, of male flowers to 17 cm. 1., of fertile flowers about half
as long. Male flowers : Calyx 5-lobed, 1-1 '5 mm. 1. Petals 5, 2 '5-3
mm. L, spreading, ovate-elliptical. Stamens 10, about as long as the
petals. Hermaphrodite flowers : Sepals and petals 3. Stamens 6, about
half as long as petals, with smaller anthers. Disk sballowly-lobed.
But-sent BURSEKACE.K 207
Drupe 1-1-5 cm. 1. ; epicarp dark red; nutlet covered with a light pink
skin.
This tree sheds its leaves during March and April, and, after remaining
"bare for a few weeks, produces its flowers and young leaves. All parts
abound with a glutinous balsamic juice of a turpentine odour. The juice
forms, on inspissating, a clear transparent gum-resin, " budge gum," of
a dark green colour, resembling gum mastic, and capable of being used
instead of it as a transparent varnish (Macfadyen). The wood is very
light, spongy, soft, and weak. Branches planted in the ground quickly
and readily grow into trees, so that they may be used as "grow-posts" to
form a fence. The wood, both of this species and of B. simplicifulia, is
used for match-sticks in the local match factory.
'2. B. Hollickii comb. nov. ; leaves compound ; leaflets leathery ;
bark persistent. — Terebinthus Hollickii Britton in Hull. Torr.
Bot. CL xxxv. 341 (1908). Elaphrium Hollickii J. N. Ros<- in
N. Amer. FL xxv. 246 (1911).
Dry rocky hillside, Port Henderson, Britton & Hollick, 1816 !
Tree to 18 ft. high ; trunk 2'5 dm. in diam. ; bark reddish-grey outside,
red inside, close, not peeling off in papery layers. Leaflets 3-7, elliptical
or ovate-elliptical, 3-6 cm. 1., entire, shortly acuminate, glabrous, veins
inconspicuous on the upper surface, prominent beneath. Common petiole
and rhachis pubescent. Flowers not known. Inflorescence a raceme,
simple or slightly compound, few-fruited, 4-7 cm. L, rhachis pubescent.
Fruit 8-10 mm. L, about 7 mm. thick ; pedicels 4-5 mm. 1.
3. B. simplieifolia DC. Prodr. ii. 78 (1825) ; leaves simple. -
Macf. Jam. i. 230; Entjl. torn. cit. 38; Urb. Syrnb. Ant. vi. 102.
Aruyris Lunani Spreinj. Syst. ii. 217 (1825) (according to Urban
loc. cit.). Terebinthus simplieifolia Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot.
CL xxxv. 342 (1908). Elaphrium jamaicense Rose in N. Amer.
FL xxv. 244(1911).
Black Birch.
Coastal limestone hills, but somewhat rare ; Macfadyen ! Great Goat
Is.- Long Mountain, south side, 900 ft. ; road to Wareka, 100 ft.; Harris !
FL Jam. 9326, 9591, 10,166, 11,946.
Tree with spreading head, 15-40 ft. high ; bark of trunk rough and
scalyt Leaves elliptical, sometimes obovate, somewhat leathery, entire,
glabrous on both sides, nerves slightly prominent on both sides, v
obscure, 7-3 cm. 1. Flowers greenish-yellow or white, fragrant; panicles
with few flowers, 4-6 cm. 1. Male flower : Calyx about 1*3 mm. 1. v
4 segments. Petals 4, about 2-3 mm. 1., valvate, spreading, ovate-elhpt:
Stamens 8, shorter than the petals. Hermaphrodite flower : Calyx about
1 mm. L, with 3 segments. Petals 3, about 2 mm. 1., oblong-elliptical.
Stamen* 6, much shorter than the petals. Style wanting; .-:uma
indistinctly 3-lobed. Fruit S-9 mm. 1.
2. PROTIUM Burm.
Trees. Leaves imparipinnate with entire leaflets in 1— ">
pairs. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, subsovsile or
sessile, crowded on short branches of a panide. Calyx Mnall,
4-fJ-lobed ; lobes imbricate at base in bud. Petals 4-5. valvate.
208
FLOEA OF JAMAICA
1'rotinm
imens 8-10, inserted at base of disk. Disk 8-10 crenate,
annular or cup-shaped in hermaphrodite flowers, flat-convex in
male flowers. Ovary 4-5-celled ; style varying in length ; stigma
4- 5-lobed. Drupe globular or ovoid, often apiculate with the
persistent style, composed of 1-5 cocci, each 1 -celled, 1 -seeded.
Species about 50, natives of the tropics, chiefly American.
P. attenuatum Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 240 (1912). — Icica
heptaphylla Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind, 173 (1859) (in part) (non
Aiibl.). Protium guianense Enyl.in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 2, 271 (1874)
i\r In DC. Hon. iv. 72 (in part) (non March.). P. guianense March.
var. Oliver in Hook. Ic. PL t. 1571 (1887). Icica attenuata Hose
in N. Amer. FL xxv. 261 (1911). (Fig. 69.)
Fig. 69. — Protium attenuatum, Urb.
A. Leaf with portion of panicle in fruit C, Ditto with calyx and petals
X £. removed
B, Flower X 4. D, Pistil and disk X 4.
E, Ovary cut across x 4.
(After Oliver in Hook. Ic. PI.)
Wright ! in Herb. Kew. — Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia,
St. Vincent.
Leaves, common petiole, 2-8 cm. 1., flattened above, petiolules more or
less thickened at the apex, lateral -6-1-2 cm. 1., terminal 1-5-3 cm. 1. ;
leaflets 5-7 (3) ovate, ovate-elliptical, or elliptical-oblong, acuminate, base
more or less oblique in lateral leaflets, 7-13 cm. 1., 3-5-5 cm. br. ; nerves
and densely reticulated veins prominent on both sides, leathery, glabrous.
Panicle 3-5 cm. 1., glabrous, branching from the base ; pedicels 2-3 mm. 1.
Calyx : lobes 5, shortly triangular. Petals 5, 2-8-3 mm. 1., green, ovate-
lanceolate, margin densely and minutely tomentose. Stamens 10, fila-
ments 1-2-1-5 mm. 1. Disk fleshy. Ovary glabrous; style very short;
Protium BURSEKACEJ; 209
stigma 5-lobed. Fruit of 2 carpels broadly ovate, 2 -2-2 -7 cm. 1., 1-5-2
era. br. ; of 1 carpel ovate-elliptical, 3-cornered 1-1-5 cm. br.
P. Copal Engl. is a native of Mexico. There is a specimen in Herb.
Miller in Herb. Mus. Brit, marked "Jamaica?" It differs from the
abov< -[roii.^ in the parts of the flowers being in -i's, in the oblong
apicukitu leailets, and in the lor-er ] anicle to 12 cm. 1. with puberulous
rhachis.
FAMILY XLVIII. MELIACE^E.
Trees or shrubs, the wood of which is often hard, coloured,
and sometimes sweet-scented. Leaves alternate, without stipules,
generally pinnate, 3-foliolate in Trichilia polyneura, 2-pinnate in
3Ielia AzcdcracJt ; leaflets entire. Flowers rather small, pani-
culate. Calyx 4-5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 4-5, imbricate,
convolute or valvate in bud. Disk various, sometimes incon-
spicuous, sometimes ring-like, or more or less enclosing the
ovary ; in Cedrela the disk forms a column to which both the
petals and the filaments are attached half-way from the base.
Stamens 8-10 (in Cedrela 5), filaments attached outside the base
of the disk, united more or less into a tube ; anthers sessile or
shortly stalked, attached on the inside of the tube, in Cedrela
the filaments are distinct above the attachment to the column.
Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules in each cell usually 2, collateral or
superposed, in Cedrela and Swietenia 8-12; raphe ventral;
rnicropyle superior. Fruit a capsule or drupe. Seeds with or
without endosperm.
Species nearly 600, natives of warm regions of America and
Asia, rarer in Africa.
Stamens more or less cohering to form a tube.
Leaves pinnate. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds winged 3. Swietenia.
Seeds not winged.
Capsule 3-2-valved or not opening. Leaves
imparipinnate 1. TricJiilia.
Capsule 4-valved. Leaves pinnate 2. Guarca.
[Leaves 2-pinnate. Fruit a drupe Melia.~\
Stamens and petals attached below to the column, free above 4. Cedrela.
1. TRICHILIA L.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate or (in T. polyneura)
3-foliolate. Panicles axillary, or terminal and axillary, many-
flowered. Calyx small with 5 or 4 teeth or segments. Petals
5 or 4, imbricate or valvate. Stamens 10 or 8 ; filaments united
at the base and more or less adhering above, united to the apex
in T. moschata ; anthers terminal. Ovary on a disk, 3-2-celled ;
ovules 2 or 1 , at the central angle of each cell ; stigma usually
IV. P
FLOIJA OF JAMAICA Tricliilia
3-2-lobed, capitate. Fruit a subglobose leathery capsule,
3-2-celled, loculicidally 3-2-valved, generally with 1 or 2 seeds
in each cell. Seeds without endosperm, enclosed in a fleshy,
usually scarlet, aril ; radicle superior.
Species about 130, natives of tropical America (including
West Indies), and a few in tropical Africa.
Leaves with, more than 1 pair of leaflets.
Leaflets in 7-11 pairs, opposite or alternate 1. T. Jiirta.
Leaflets in 3-4 pairs.
.Leaflets alternate.
Capsule 2-4 valved, 1-5 cm. 1 2. T. moschata.
<Gapsule not opening, to 2-5 cm. 1 3. ' T. Harrisii.
"Leaflets opposite.
Panicles corymbose, at ends of branches 4. T. glabra.
Panicles umbel-like, crowded, axillary 5. T. havanensis.
Leaves 3-foliolate G. T. polyneura.
I. T. hirta L. Syst. ed. 10, 1020 (1759) & Amcen. v. 378;
leaflets opposite or alternate, in 7-11 pairs, glabrous on upper
surface, subhirsute beneath on midrib and nerves ; panicles
axillary, long-peduncled, branches short, subequal, mostly in
clusters of 2 or 3 ; petals glabrous ; filaments emarginate at
apex, glabrous outside, hirtellous inside and on the margin ;
.anthers hirtellous. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 129 ; Urb. Sijmb.
Ant. iv. 327. T. subhirsuta, foliis pinna tis ovatis, racemis
alaribus Browne Hist. Jam. 278. T. spondioides Jacq. Enum.
PL Carib. 20 (1760) & Sel. Stirp. Amer. 128; Sw. Prodr. 67 &
Ft, Lid. Occ. 730; A. Jnss. in Mem. Mus. Par. xix. 236, /. 18,
/. 18a (anthers should have been represented hirtellous); Macf.
Jam. i. 169 ; Griseb. loc. tit. ; Wils. in Reports Geolog. Jam. 27 5 ;
C. DC. in DC. Monog. Plian. i. 665. Fraxinus americana
racemosa tricoccos Plum. Ic. ined. ii. 82. Euonymus caudice &c.
JSloane Cat. 171 & Hist, ii, 103, t. 210, /. 2, 3.
Sloane Herb. vii. 30! Browne; Wright \ Macfadyen; Prior; March \
Wilson \ J.P. 1303, Morris I Constant Spring; Port Morant ; Hitchcock;
Green Valley, Blue Mts. ; Mona, Liguanea plain ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5212,
7693. — Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz,
St. John, Mexico, Ires Marias Is., Colombia, Venezuela.
An authentic specimen collected by Swartz in Hispaniola is in Herb.
Mus. Brit.
A shrub or tree, 10-20 ft. high. Leaves 4-5(-2) dm. 1. ; petiole 5-13
cm. 1. ; leaflets elliptical to oblong-elliptical, acuminate, base very unequal,
5-10 cm. 1., those in the middle largest. Inflorescence 5-20 cm. 1. ;
peduncle to 11 cm. 1. Flowers greenish-white or -yellow. Calyx • 7 mm. 1.,
5-cleft, glabrous, but sometimes subciliate at the apex of the deltoid
segments. Petals 2 '5-4 mm. 1., 5, elliptical to oblong, valvate. Filaments
2 mm. 1., 10; anthers 1 mm. 1. Ovary hirtellous on a glabrous shallow
disk. Style about as long as the ovary, hairy. Stigma globular, depressed
above. Capsule globular, about 1 cm. in diam., pubescent-tonientose or
.glabrescent, 3-(2)-valved. Seeds oblong-ovoid, covered with a red aril.
Trichilia MELIACEJ. 211
2. T. mosehata Sw. Prodr. 67 (1788) ; leaflets alternate, 7-9,
glabrous, or sometimes minutely tomentose beneath and hirsute
along the midrib ; panicles axillary ; petals puberulous ; staminal
tube glabrous, a pair of awl-shaped teeth alternating with the
anthers ; capsule 1'5 cm. 1., 2-4-valved. — Sw. Fl. Lid. Occ. 735;
Macf. Jam. i. 170; C. DC. torn. cit. 686. T. membranacea
Marf. Jam. i. 171 (1837). T. Distini C. DC. torn. cit. 693 (1878).
Laurus folio breviore etc. Sloane Cat. 136 &. Hist. ii. 21, t. 166,
/. 1. Moschoxylum Swartzii A. Juss. torn. cit. 239 (1830) ; Wih.
loc. cit. ; Griseb. op. cit. 130.
Musk wood.
Northern parts of the Island, Sloane Herb. v. 74 ! Wright ! Robins \
Macfadyen\ Distini Priori Green 'Valley, Blue Mts. ; banks of Black
River; near Beaufort, Westmoreland, 1400 ft.; Negril; near Montego
Bay ; Toms Cave Wood, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon,
2300 ft.; Soho, St. Ann, 1400 ft.; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5637, 9852, 9908,
10,230, 10,239, 10,319, 10,855, 11,081, 12,027.
Tree 15-40 ft. high. Leaves 1-3 dm. 1. ; petiole 1-5-2-5 cm. 1. ; leaflets
elliptical or oblong-elliptical, apex abruptly acuminate, glabrous, 6-16
cm. 1. Inflorescence to 10 cm, 1. ; rhachis puberulous or glabrate. Calyx
about 1-5 mm. 1., puberulous; lobes 5 (or 4), broadly deltoid. Petals
5 (or 4), adherent below, greenish-yellow or pale yellow, ovate-oblong,
nearly 3 mm. 1., valvate, apex hooded. Staminal-tube about 1'5 mm. 1.,
with 8 or 10 sessile anthers ; anthers about half as long as the tube. Pistil
about as long as the staminal-tube ; style shorter than the ovary ; stigma
globular ; ovary tomentose. Capsule tomentose, ellipsoidal, 1-seeded.
Seed, when ripe, as long as the capsule ; aril scarlet.
The figure in Sloane is drawn from a specimen in which the leaflets
and panicles have been placed haphazard on the twigs, and is therefore not
a true representation of this species.
:>. T. Harris!! Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxxv. 56S
(1908) ; leaflets alternate, 5-9, glabrous ; panicles axillary ;
capsule to 2-5 cm. 1., surface more or less wrinkled,, not opening
or only after some time.
In woods, Dolphin Head ; flan-is ! also Britton 22G9 ! Fl. Jam. 10,282,
10,286.
Tree 20-30 ft. high; twigs glabrous. Leaves 2-3 dm. 1.; petiole 1-5-
2-5 cm. 1.; leaflets elliptical or oblong-elliptical, abruptly acuminate, 7-
17 cm. 1. Fruiting panicles 4-15 cm. 1. ; rhachis puberulous or glabnite.
Fl<> !/•,•>•$ not known. Capsule ellipsoidal to globular, densely torneutose,
1-seeded.
Urban (Symb. Ant. vi. 96) suggests that T. Harrlsii Britton is only a
form of T. mosehata Sw., but this can only be decided by the examination
of further material.
4. T. glabra L. Syst. cd. 10, 1020 (1751)) ,v- Amcen. v. 378;
I'-atlets opposite, in 3-4 pairs, glabrous except for a hairy mem-
branous expansion usually occurring in the axils of the nerves
beneath; panicles somewhat corymbose, terminal and crowded
in the upper axils ; petals minutely tomentose; filaments puberu-
lous-tomentose on both sides; anthers glabrous.--A. Juss. t<nn.
p "J
212 FLORA OF JAMAICA Tncliilia
cit. 236 (1830) ; Macf. Jam. i. 172. T. foliis oblongo-ovatis,
pinnatis, nitidis ; racemis laxis rarioribus &c. Broivne Hist. Jam.
L'79. T. terininalis Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 20 (1760) & SeL
Stirp. Amer. 130; C. DC. torn. cit. 662. T. hirta Sic. Obs. Bot.
171 (1791) & FL Ind. Occ. 732 (non L.) ; Wih. loc. cit. T. Sloanei
Macf. Jam. i. 168 (1837). Pruno forti affinis arbor folio alato &c.
Sloane Cat, 182 & Hist. ii. 128, t, 220, /. 1. Acrilia Sloanei
Griseb. op. cit. 129 (1859).
Browne's specimen, the type, is in Herb. Linn., named in
Solander's hand.
Between Passage Fort and St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. vii. 66*
and 67 ! Houstoun ! Browne \ Wright \ Broucjliton \ Dancer ; Sliakspear \
Macfadyen ! St. Andrew, Me Nab ! Lirne Savanna, Clarendon, Pnrdie 1
Priori March \ Cinchona, J.P. 1000, Hart I Grant's Pen, St. Andrew,
Campbell ! Halls Delight ; Sheldon road, 2500 ft. ; Berwick Hill, 2500 ft. ;
Lapland, 1500 ft. ; Long Mountain, 800 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ; Kempshot,
1100-1600 ft. ; Oxford, near Balaclava, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5479,
5615, 5846, 5874, 9168, 9592, 10,173, 10,332, 10,674. — Cayman Is.,
Cozumel Is.
Shrub or tree 8-40 ft. high; sometimes with several trunks; branches
few, mostly at the top of the trunks. Leaves 1-2-5 dm. L, chiefly at the
ends of branches; petiole 4-5 cm. 1. ; leaflets elliptical, oblong- elliptical,,
or ovate, apex usually acuminate, base somewhat unequal, 4-7(-10) cm. 1.
Inflorescence 5-10 cm. 1. ; panicles long-stalked. Flowers fragrant. Calyx
puberulous, about 2 mm. L, 4-5-cleft ; segments ovate-triangular, acute
or apiculate. Petals 5-8 mm. L, greenish- or yellowish-white, oblong,
valvate, spreading. Stamens 8 or 10 ; filaments united to form a tube, but
easily separable, 2 '5-4* 5 mm. L, anthers about 1 mm. 1. Disk yellowish,
puberulous above, lobed. Pistil about as long as the filaments ; ovary
partially immersed in the disk, hairy ; style puberulous, expanded at the
apex into a broad conical stigma. Capsule globular, greenish, tornentose,
3-(2)-valved, 2-4-seeded ; valve 1-1-8 cm. br. Seeds nearly as long as
the capsule, black, partially covered with a red aril.
Barbilus foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 216 is possibly this species.
5. T. havanensis Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 20 (1760) & SeL
Stirp. Amer. 129, t. 175, /. 38; leaflets opposite, in 3 (2-4) pairs,
glabrous ; panicles umbel-like, densely crowded ; petals glabrous ;
filaments with 2 lanceolate teeth at the apex of each, glabrous
or more or less hairy ; anthers very shortly stalked, between the
teeth of the filaments, glabrous. — 0. DC. torn. cit. 676. T. glabra
Jacq. SeL Stirp. Amer. Ed. pict. t. 260, /. 35 (1780 ?). T. odorata
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 637 ; Hook. Exot, Fl. t. 128 ; C. DC. torn,
cit. 675. T. moschata Sw. var. odorata DC. Prodr. i. 623
(1824). T. moschata Sw. var. octandra Macf. Jam. i. 171 (1837).
T. jamaicensis C. DC. torn. cit. 678 (1878). Portesia ovata Cav.
Diss. vii. 369, t. 215 (1789); Griseb. op cit. 130; Wils. loc. cit.
(Fig. 70.)
Broughton ! " common in the mountains," Macfadyen \ Manchester,
Purdie \ Wilson ! Moneague, Prior ! Mavis Bank, J.P. 1134 ; Westphalia
road, J.P. 1427; Hartl Mandeville, Scharschmidtl Pleasant Hill, 2500 ft.;
Tricliilia
MELIACE^E
213
near Brown's Town, 1000 ft. ; near Kendal, 1500 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam.
6145, 7051, 8207. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Central America.
Tree or shrub 12-25 ft. high. Leaflets elliptical to narrowly elliptical
or oblong-elliptical, sometimes obovate, apex variable, rounded to shortly
acuminate, base wedge-shaped or obtuse, generally unequal, 5-14 cm. 1.,
3 terminal leaflets approximate ; petiole 6-3 cm. 1. Panicles 1-2 cm. 1.
Flowers sweet-scented ; pedicels 3-4 mm. 1. Calyx divided nearly to the
base ; segments 4(-5), ovate, minutely puberulous, 1'3-1'5 mm. 1. Petals
4(-5), yellowish, 3-3-5 mm. 1., elliptical, obtuse. Stamens 8(-10); filaments
Fig. 70. — TrichiUa havanensis Jacq.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x J. E, Ovary cut across, greatly enlarged.
B, Flower cut lengthwise x 7. F, Capsule x 2.
C, Two stamens, front view x 10. G, Seed cut lengthwise X 2.
D, Stamen, side view x 10.
united at the base, more or less adhering above, about 1'5 mm. 1. ; anthers
linear-lanceolate, nearly 1 mm. 1. Pistil as long as the stamens, glabrous,
on a shallow disk ; style much shorter than the ovary ; stigma indistinctly
3-lobed ; ovary 3-celled. Capsule 3(-2)-valved, about 1 cm. 1. ; aril red.
G. T. polyneura Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 380 (1908); leciflets 3.
Papine estate, St. Andrew, 900 ft. ; Long Mountain, west, near
Kingston, 700 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8380, 8860.
Shrub or slender tree, sometimes with several stems, 15-20 ft. high.
Lea/lets narrowly elliptical or obovate-obloug, apex generally rounded,
base acute, glabrous, leathery, nerves on both sides densely net-veined,
prominulous, 3 '5-7 cm. 1.; petiole 2-1 cm. 1. Panicles raceme-like, with
very short branches. Peduncle -5-2-5 cm. 1.; branches 1-3 mm. 1.,
3-1-flowered. Calyx about 1-5 mrn.l., puberulous, with 4 or 5 short lobes.
Petals 4 or 5, white, lanceolate- or oblong-elliptical, 3- 3 mm. 1., tomentose
214
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Tricliilia
outside. Stamens alternately longer and shorter ; filaments glabrous,
united in a tube for about three-quarters of their length, the longer
filaments 2 mm. 1., free above the tube, 2-toothed, one or more of shorter
stamens sometimes abortive. Ovary very hairy, with erect hairs ; style
very short; stigma capitate. Capsule 13-18 mm. 1., covered with brownish
tcmentum, 3-valved, valves keeled along a median line inside, leathery.
Seed solitary, about 14 rnm. 1.
2. GUAREA L.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, continuing for some time
to produce new leaflets at the apex. Panicles axillary. Flowers.
rather small. Calyx short, cup-like, with 4 teeth. Petals 4 (-5).
Stamens 8 ; mouth of staminal-tube entire or slightly crenate ;
anthers sessile. Ovaiy 4-celled. Ovules in each cell, 1 or 2
superposed. Fruit a leathery or woody capsule, 4-celled, opening
at length loculicidally with 4 valves. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell,
enclosed in an aril ; cotyledons superposed ; radicle dorsal.
Species about 90, mostly natives of tropical America,
including the West Indies, a few in tropical Africa.
/ & D
Fig. 71. — Guarea glabra Vahl.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x I.
B, Flower X 2.
C, Staminal-tube cut open, pistil cut
lengthwise X 3.
Dj E, Capsule cut across, one seed re*
moved ; «, abortive cell x §. *;s, b-a»
F, Capsule cut lengthwise through a seed
and an abortive cell x |.
G. glabra Valil Eclog. Am. in. 8 (1807). G. trichilioides Sw.
Obs. Sot. 146 (1791) (non L.) ; Wright Mem. 264. G. Swartzii
Gnarea MELIACEJE 215
DC. Prodr. i. 624 (1824); llacf. Jam. I. 172; Griseb. FL Br.
W. Lid. 131. G. Vahliana A. Juss. in Mem. Mm. Hist. Nat. 282
(1830-1). Lauro affinis arbor foliis latioribus ifcc. Sloane Cat.
137, & Hist. ii. 24, t. 170, f. 1. Eleutheria arborea &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 369. (Fig. 71.)
Musk Wood, Alligator Wood, Wild Akee.
Fls. Aug.-Nov. ; Wright \ " Common in Port Koyal Mts. ; near Catherine's
Peak; St. Thomas in the East"; Macfadyenl Priori Latimer, near
Cinchona, J.P. 1216, Hart ! Chester Vale Eoad ; near Woodcutter's Gap,
3800 ft. ; Schwallenburg, 2000 ft. ; Grandvale, Westmoreland, 500 ft. ;
Mabess River ; Tyre, near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Dolphin Head ; Tom's Cave
Wood, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Peckham Woods, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris !
south end, John Crow (Blake) Mts. Harris & Britton \ Fl. Jam. 5384, 6071,
6288, 7039, 7040, 7065, 7700, 9484, 10,284, 10,754, 10,853, 10,960, 11,025.-
St. Cruz, Montserrat, Guadeloupe.
Tree 15-40 ft. high. Leaves, petiole and rachis 3-22 cm. 1. Leaflets in
2-5 pairs, opposite (sometimes alternate), elliptical or lanceolate-elliptical,
apex often shortly acuminate, glabrous but more or less puberulous on
nerves beneath, bearded in axils of nerves beneath, 4-20 cm. 1. Inflorescence
racemose, lax-flowered, with occasional very short 2-5- flowered branches,
2-25 cm. 1. ; pedicels 2-4 mm. 1. Floioers white, fragrant. Calyx minutely
and sparsely puberulous or glabrescent, 1-3 mm. 1., subentire or 4-lobed,
teeth 4, minute, distant. Petals 4 or 5, more or less minutely puberulous,
especially towards the apex, valvate, free or adhering near base, 6-7 mm. 1.,
oblong, apex subobtuse. Staminal tube glabrous. Ovary glabrous, sessile
on the short disk. Style glabrous, about as long as the ovary. Capsule
globular, about 2 cm. in diam., 2-4-celled with 1 seed in each cell. Seed
1'5 cm. 1. ; aril scarlet.
All parts of this tree, especially the bark, have a strong smell of musk.
The powdered bark is said to be a good emetic. The wood is red, soft, and
splits easily.
[MELIA L.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves simply pinnate or 2-3 -pinnate, with
an odd leaflet, 2-pinnate in M. Azederach. Panicles axillary,
with numerous flowers. Calyx 5-6-cleft, imbricate in bud.
Petals 5-6, linear-spathulate, convolute, spreading. Staminal
tube long, slender, cut at the apex into numerous linear strips.
Anthers 10, sessile within the tube at apex. Disk ring-like.
Ovary 5-6-celled ; ovules 2, superposed, in each cell ; style long,
slender ; stigma capitate, 5-6-lobed. Fruit a somewhat fleshy
drupe ; stone 1-5-celled, with 1 seed in each cell. Seeds
pendulous, with foliaceous cotyledons ; endosperm scanty or
wanting.
Species about 12, natives of tropical Asia and Australia, one
species (J/. Azederacli) widely subspontaiieous or cultivated
throughout the tropics.
M. Azederaeh L. Sp. PL 384 (1753); C. DC. in FL B,-^. xi"
j't. 1, 167, /. 50 & DC. NOIUKI. Plum. i. i:>l ; Dcscourt. FL Ant. i'
210, /. 26; But. May. t. 1066 ; Cook <(• Coll. in Contrib. U.S. N<it-
216 FLORA OF JAMAICA Melia
Herb, viii 190, t. 45; Watt Econ. Prod.; M. Azederach var.
sempervirens Sw. Obs. Bot. 171 (1791). Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 325.
M. sempervirens Sw. Prodr. 67 (1788) & FL Ind, Occ. 737 ; Bot.
Reg. t. 643; Wright Mem, 269 ; Macf. Jam. i. 167; Griseb. FL
Br. W. Lid. 128. Specimen in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus.
Brit, and one in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.
Hoop Tree, West Indian Lilac, Bead Tree.
Common ; Macfadyen 1 March t Liguania plain, Campbell ! also Harris !
Fl. Jam. 6232, 7359, 7715, 8372 ; not mentioned by Sloane or Browne, and
therefore probably of late introduction, now subspontaneous and culti-
vated.— Found now throughout the tropics, a native of northern India,
and of Persia and China.
Shrub or tree (to 40 ft. high in India). Leaves 2-pinnate, 2-4 dm. 1. ;
pinnse in 2-5 pairs, with an odd pinna, opposite ; leaflets subovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, base somewhat unequal, margin serrate, glabrous,
2-7 cm. 1. Flowers showy, lilac or blue mixed with purple and white,
honey-scented. Sepals 1-5-2 mm. 1., puberulous. Petals 7-9 mm. 1.
Staminal-tube cylindrical, 10-ribbed outside, hairy within ; anthers oblong,
yellow. Ovary glabrous, 5-celled; stigma 5-lobed. Drupe ellipsoidal,
yellow, about 1-5 cm. 1., 4-5-celled.
The leaves and dried fruit are used in India to protect clothes, books,
papers, &c., from the ravages of insects. The stone from the fruit is used
all over India as a bead, being perforated and strung into necklaces and
rosaries. (Watt.)]
3. SWIETENIA L.
Tree with dark red wood. Leaves abruptly pinnate, alter-
nate, glabrous ; leaflets opposite, stalked. Flowers small, on
corymb-like branches of axillary and subterminal panicles.
Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, convolute in bud. Stamens united
into an urn-shaped tube with 10 teeth ; anthers attached
internally between the teeth. Ovary 5-celled. Ovules about
12 in each cell, horizontal on the central axis. Fruit a woody
capsule, septicidally 5-valved from the base ; valves 2-lamellate ;
axis 5-angled, 5-winged at base. Seeds numerous, pendulous,
with a terminal oblong wing. Cotyledons closely attached
together and to the fleshy endosperm ; radicle papillseform,
opposite the chalaza.
Species 2, one a native of the West Indies, Central America
and Peru, the other of the Pacific coast of Mexico.
S. mahagoni Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 20 (1760) & Sel Stirp.
Amer. 127; L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 548; Descourt. FL Ant. ii. L 99;
Tussac Fl. Ant. iv. 65, t. 23 ; Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 21, /. 16, 17 ;
Macf. Jam. i. 175; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 131; Wright Mem.
237; Baill. Hist. v. 478, /. 471-476; C. DC. in DC. Monog.
Phan. i. 723 ; Sarg. Silv. i. 100, t. 43, 44. Guppy Plants &c.
W. Indies, 242. Arbor foliis pinnatis &c. Catesby Nat. Hist.
Carol, ii. t. 81. Cedrus rnahogoni Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768).
Cedrela foliis pinnatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 158. (Fig. 72.)
Swietcnia
MELTACE.i:
217
M a h o g a n y.
From the sea-shore up to 3000 ft. ; in fl. after May rains ; Wright \
Broughtonl Macfadijen\ Parnell\ Priori Balll King's House grounds,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8636. — Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cayman, Cuba, His-
paniola, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, Martinique, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Mexico,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru.
Tree commonly 30-50 ft. high. Leaves 8-11 cm. 1. ; leaflets, 4 pairs,
very unequal-sided, the base on the broader side rounded, lanceolate,
Fig. 72. — Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x A.
B Bu<ls and open flower ; "V, staininal
tube x l1.
C, Flower cut lengthwise ; s, staininal
tube ; rf, disk x 5.
D, Fruit, ripe and splitting open ^
valve removed), showing seeds X [.
E, Central axis of fruit ; p, points of
attachment of seeds X ' .
F, Seed x ;-;.
(A after Hooker, Bot. Misc.)
apex acute, cuspidate, glabrous, 8-3 cm. 1. Calyx about 1 mm. 1., lobes
rounded, glabrous. Petals white, elliptical, about 3'5 mm. 1. Staminal
tube about 3 mm. 1. Capsule about 1 dm. 1. Seeds about 6 cm. 1.
Browne in 1756 wrote : " This tree grew formerly very common in
Jamaica, and while it could be had in the low lands, and brought to
market at an easy rate, furnished a very considerable branch of the exports.
218 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Swictenia
It thrives in most soils, and varies both its grain and texture with each ;
that which grows among the rocks is smaller, but very hard and weighty,
of a close grain, and beautifully shaded ; while the produce of the low and
richer lands is observed to be more light and porous, of a paler colour and
open grain. ... It is a pity that it is not cultivated in the more con-
venient waste lands. It is a very strong timber, and answers very well
in beams, joists, planks, boards and shingles"; these may be seen in old
houses. The most beautiful part of the wood is that obtained by sawing
across the bottom of the stem and root. The bark is astringent, and has
been recommended in decoction for diarrhoea. (Macfadyen.)
4. CEDRELA L.
High trees with coloured wood. Leaves abruptly pinnate,
rarely imparipimiate ; leaflets in many pairs. Panicle large,
terminal. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, imbricate, more or less
keeled inside, and attached by the keel to the column. Disk
forming a column. Stamens 5, adherent to the column, becoming
free at its apex. Ovary sessile at the apex of the column,
5-celled. Ovules 8-12 in each cell, in two series, pendulous from
the axis. Fruit a capsule, 5-celled, septifragally 5-valved from
the apex, valves 2-lamellate becoming free from the septa-bearing
axis. Seeds pendulous, winged below ; endosperm scanty ;
cotyledons flat, subfoliaceous ; radicle exserted, superior.
Species 8 or 9, natives of tropical America, including the
West Indies.
C. odorata L. Stjst. eel 10, 940 (1759); Macf. Jam. i. 173;
Griseb. Fl Br. W. Ind. 131 ; C. DC. in DC. Mon. i. 737 ; Cook &
Collins in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, mil 110; Urb. Synib. Ant. iv.
324. Ceclrus Barbadensium &c. Pluk. Pliyt. t. 157, /. 1. Pruno
forte affinis arbor maxima &c. Sloane Cat. 182 & Hist. ii. 128,
t. 220, /. 2. C. foliis majoribus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 158,
t. 10, /. 1. Cedrus odorata Mill Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768),
(Fig. 73.)
Jamaican, West Indian, Spanish, or Honduras Cedar.
Wright I Cumingl Wilson \ Priori Hitchcock; Port Royal Mts., Bot.
Dept. ! Hope grounds, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,705.— Cuba, Is. of Pines,
Cayman, Porto Rico, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia,
Grenada, Trinidad, tropical continental America.
A timber tree, 40-80 ft. high; trunk long, straight, 4-6 ft._or more in
diam. Leaves about 3 dm. L, deciduous, renewed in the spring at time
of flowering ; leaflets opposite, in 7 or 8 pairs, unequal-sided, oblong-
elliptical, acuminate, base rounded, unequal, glabrous, 7-12(-15) cm. 1.
Calyx minutely puberulous or glabrous, about 1-5 mm. L, irregularly
5-lobed. Petals oblong, about 6 mm. 1., densely puberulous with yellowish
hairs. Stamens included. Ovary glabrous, stigma round-compressed,
5-furrowed on the apex. Capsule about 4 cm. 1. Seed about 2- 5 cm. L,
wing about 1'5 cm. 1.
"This is one of the most valuable timber trees of the Island. The
wood is of a reddish brown colour and has a pleasant smell. The leaves,
bark, and flowers of the growing tree on the contrary give out, especially
Cedrela
MELIACE.E
219
when young and after rains a most disagreeable odour.
As a timber
it is superior to pitch-pine, and is employed for similar purposes. It is
particularly recommended for wainscoting rooms, and for chests and the
inside work of clothes' presses and drawers, from the circumstance that
vermin are not known to breed in it. This may be ascribed partly to the
strong odour it exhales, and also to the bitter taste of the wood itself. . . .
One of the principal purposes for which the cedar is employed, is for
splitting into shingles to cover houses. They are very durable, and
usually last for 15 years" (Macfadyen). In Porto Rico, according to
Cook & Collins, the heavier, more compact, and darker coloured variety,
called "cedro macho," is preferred to mahogany for the interior of houses;
D
Fig. 73 — Cedrela odorata L.
A, Flower X 4.
B, Ditto with one petal removed ; k, keel
of petal attached to the ovary.
C, Ditto cut across, enlarged, showing the
attachment of the petals and stamens
to ovary ; s, filaments ; />, petal.
D, Capsule with one valve rut away X H,
showing the central column with •-•,
seeds attached, a, placenta from
which seeds have been removed.
E, "Winded seed, nat. size ; s, position of
embryo.
F. Ditto cut lengthwise X - : *'. endo-
sperm ; c, cotyledon : / , radicle.
the lighter, less compact, and light coloured [variety, called " cedro
hembra," is used extensively in making cigar boxes, as well as for the
same purposes as the other variety. The weight is 28 Ibs. to 39 Ibs. per
cubic foot.
•'An amber-coloured gum, resembling gum arabici in its properties,
may be obtained in considerable quantities, by making incisions in the
bark " (Macfadyen).
This tree is recommended for planting systematically in odd corners
of estates ; it grows readily from seeds or cuttings ; fresh posts put into
the ground, will grow.
220 FLORA OF JAMAICA Byrsonima
FAMILY XLIX. MALPIGHIACE^E.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite and entire in Jamaican
species (but dentate-spiny in Malpigliia coccigera). Inflorescence
indefinite, generally terminal. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx
5-cleft, imbricate, 4(-5) of the lobes with 2 glands outside, rarely
wanting. Petals 5, clawed, convolute. Stamens 10, hypogynous
or almost perigynous ; filaments generally more or less united at
the base. Carpels 3, more or less united into a 3-celled ovary,
or separate, each with one ovule. Styles 3, separate, but united
into one style with a 3-lobed stigma in Bunchosia. Ovules
ascending from a broad pendulous funicle, straight or curved ;
raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit sometimes more or less
fleshy (drupe) containing a single 3-celled stone, or 2 or 3 (or 1)
separate stones, each with one seed (pyrenes) ; sometimes more
or less dry, either a capsule with each of its 3 segments opening,
or each carpel, when ripe, is dry and winged, not splitting open
(samara). Seed hanging obliquely from below the apex of
the cell.
Species, nearly 600, of which the greater part are natives of
Brazil and Guiana, the rest of tropical America, Africa, and
Asia, very few being found in warm regions beyond the tropics
of N. and S. America and of S. Africa.
§ 1. Erect shrubs or trees. Fruit a drupe.
Filaments bearded at the base. Styles free.
Drupe with a single 3-celled stone 1. Byrsonima.
Filaments glabrous. Styles free. Drupe with
3 (or 2) crested pyrenes 2. Malpigliia.
Filaments glabrous. Styles united. Drupe
with 3 (2-1) smooth pyrenes 3. Bunchosia.
[§ 2. Erect shrub. Leaves with 2 glands on the margin
near the base. Fruit a capsule Thryallis.]
§ 3. Woody trailing climbers, growing over rocks and
trees. Fruit : carpels 3(-l), separate, not
opening, each with a single dorsal wing or
crest.
Wing thickened on the lower margin 4. Heteropteris.
Carpels crested, not winged 5. Brachypteris.
WTing thickened on the upper margin 6. Stigmaphyllon.
§ 4. Woody trailing climbers, growing over rocks and
trees. Fruit : carpels 3(-l), separate, not
opening, laterally winged as well as dorsally
winged or crested.
Wing 3-lobed, Y-shaped 7. Triopteris.
Wings 4, diverging, X-shaped 8. Tetrapteris.
Wings obversely deltoid or semicircular 9. Mascagnia.
1. BYRSONIMA L. C. Rich, ex Juss.
Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves without glands ; stipules
usually united in the axil, persistent. Inflorescence a terminal
Byrsonima
MALPIGHIACE.E
221
raceme in which the flowers are often geminate, the pair some-
times springing from a single pedicel. Calyx persistent, with
10 large sessile glands. Petals yellow, red, or purplish, clawed,
blade roundish to kidney-shaped, 4-6 mm. in diam. Filaments
hairy at the base, more or less slightly united. Ovary 3-celled ;
styles 3, distinct ; stigmas acute. Drupe with a 3-celled stone ;
endocarp bony or woody, with sharp angles on the outside.
Embryo curled ; cotyledons linear, terete.
Species about 100, natives of tropical America, including
the West Indies.
Inflorescence tomentose.
Bracts not more than 4 mm. 1.
Pedicels of open flower over 8mm. 1. Petals yellow 1. B. coriacca.
Pedicels not over 8 mm. 1. Petals rosy-pink.
Leaves leathery, glabrous 2. B. Craiyiana.
Leaves papery, puberulous 3. B. Smallii.
Bracts foliaceous, to 1 cm. 1 4. B. bract eat a.
Inflorescence glabrous or with a few silky hairs 5. B. glaberrima.
1. B. eoriacea DO. Prodi: i. 580 (1824) ; leaves variable in
shape and in presence or absence of hairs, elliptical, oblong-
elliptical to lanceolate, or sometimes obovate, apex acute or
obtuse or shortly acuminate, base wedge-shaped, papery, glabrous
Fig. 74. — ni
A, Portion of branch with leaves and
flowers X J.
B, Flower X H.
C, Flower, with calyx and corolla re-
moved, cut lengthwise x 4.
eoriacea DC.
D, Fruit, n:it. si/f.
E, Fruit cut across x 11.
F, Seed cut lengthwise, enlarged.
(F after Jussieu.)
FLOKA OF JAMAICA Byrsonima
on both sides, or upper surface pubescent at base of midrib,
lower surface pubescent 011 midrib, nerves and veins, or the
whole lower surface tomentose, 5-13 cm. 1. ; inflorescence toinen-
tose ; bracts : floral ovate or ovate-acuminate, tomentose, or
with silky hairs, or glabrescent, 2-4 mm. 1., at base of peduncle
linear, to 11 mm. 1. ; pedicels 8-12 mm. 1. ; petals yellow ; ovary
with adpressed silky hairs. — Macf. Jam. i. 147 ; Griseb. FL Br.
W. Lid. 114. B. Berteroana A. Juss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xiii.
333 (1840) & Arch. Mus. Par. in. 293 (1843) ; Niedenzu in Ind.
Led. Lye. Brunsb., Byrson. i. 6, <fc Arb. Inst, Braunsb., Byrson.
//. 4. B. cinerea DC. loc. cit, ; Griseb. loc. cit. B. crassifolia
H.B.K. vars. cinerea and jamaicensis Niedenzu in Arb. List.
Brannsb., Byrson. il. 15 (1901); Small in N. Amer. FL xxv. 168.
Tilite affinis laurifolia &c. Sloane Cat. 136 & Hist, ii. 20, t. 163,
/. 1. Malpigia arborea floribus &c. and M. arborea foliis etc.
Browne Hist. Jam. 230, 231 (excl. syn. Baccifera d-c.). Mal-
pighia crassifolia L. Sp. PI. 426 (1753) (in part); Wright Mem.
274. M. coriacea Sw. Prodr. 74 (1788) & FL Ind, Occ. 854.
M. cinerea Poir. in Lam. Enycl. Suppl. iv. 7 (1816). (Fig. 74.)
Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn.
Locus-berry tree (Browne), Lotus-berry tree (Macfadyen),
Locust tree, Hog-berry tree.
In fl. June-Aug. ; Sloane Herb. v. 69 and 92 (in part) ! Browne \
Wright \ Broughton ! Shakspear ! Bancroft ! Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen !
also Piirdie ! Guys Hill, McNabl Wilson I Union Hill, Moneague, Prior !
March ! J.P. 689, Jcnman ! J.P. 1291, Bot, Dept, ! Green Valley, Port
Royal Mts., Bot. Dept.l Berwick; Chesterfield; Lancaster, Portland,
2500-3000 ft. ; Mabess R. ; Olive R., 3000 ft. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5226, 5321, 6328, 7406, 7699, 8411, 8755, 9093.— West Indies,
northern S. America.
Tree 10-30 ft. high. Leaves : nerves and veins slightly prominent
beneath; petiole tomentellous, 1-1*5 cm. 1. ; stipules ovate, blunt, 2 '5-3
mm. 1. Inflorescence 5-9 cm. 1. Sepals ovate, somewhat puberulous,
about 4 mm. 1. ; glands about half as long. Petals : blade 4-5 mm. 1.,
claw about as long. Anthers glabrous or with a few hairs. Drupe
globular, about 1 cm. in diam., edible.
2. B. Craiglana Fawc. & Rendle in Journ, Bot, Iv. 270 (1917) ;
leaves broadly elliptical or roundish or obovate-elliptical, apex
rounded or very obtuse, base rounded or obtuse, leathery, glabrous,
4-7 cm. 1., 2-5 • 5 cm. br. ; inflorescence brovvn-tomentose ; bracts
linear from an ovate base, brown-tomentose or glabrescent, about
3 mm. 1. ; pedicels 3-8 mm. 1. ; petals rosy-pink, drying purplish ;
ovary glabrous. — B. glaberrima Small torn, cit, 167 (1910) (non
Niedenzu). Type in Herb. Jam.
In fl. May-July, in fr. Sept. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Peckharn, Clarendon,
2500 ft.; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9411, 10,976, 11,026, 11,042, 12,794, 12,802, 12,806.
Tree 15-40 ft. high ; young twigs brownish-tomentose. Leaves brownish
when dry, young leaves with brownish hairs, adult leaves quite glabrous ;
lower surface of lighter colour than upper, midrib prominent, nerves not
Bijrsonima MALPIGHIACEJ: 223
prominent, somewhat obscure; petiole 3-5 mm. 1., canaliculate and glab-
rescent on the upper side; stipule lanceolate, 5 mm. 1. Racemes 3-7(-ll)
cm. 1. ; peduncle about 3 cm. 1. Sepals 4 "5-5 mm. 1. ; glands about half
as long; segments above glands ovate-oblong, puberulous. Petals: blade
4 mm. 1., 6 mm. br. ; claw 4 mm. 1. Filaments 3 mm. 1., with few hairs;
anthers oblong, glabrous, 1-5 mm. 1. Drupe (? mature) globular, G-7 mm.
in diarn.
This species is named after Mr. Robert Craig, late of Savoy, Clarendon,
who has helped by sending specimens for examination and in other ways
in connection with the " Flora of Jamaica."
3. B. Smallii Faicc. & Eendle in Journ. Bot. h. 270 (1917);
leaves broadly elliptical, somewhat obovate, apex rounded, base
obtuse or rounded, papery, upper surface more or less puberulous,
midrib puberulous on both sides, lower surface otherwise glabrous,
3-6 cm. 1., 2* 2-3 '5 cm. br. ; inflorescence brown-tomentose;
bracts ovate-oblong, glabrous on the inner side, brown-tomentose
on the outside, 4: mm. 1. ; pedicels about 6 mm. 1. ; petals deep
rose-pink when dry ; ovary glabrous. — B. Berteroana Small lit
N. Amer. Fl. xxv. 167 (1910) (non A. Juss.). Types in Herb.
Mus. Brit, and in Herb. Jam.
\Yild Cashew.
In fl. Aug. ; near Troy, 2000 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8763.
Tree 16 ft. high. Leaves : nerves and veins very obscure on upper
surface, conspicuously veined beneath, not prominent ; petiole 8-11 mm. 1.,
brown-tomentose; stipules ovate, blunt, brown-tomentose, 1*5-2 mm. 1.
Racemes 4 cm. 1. ; peduncles 3-4 cm. 1. Sepals 4 mm. 1. ; glands 2 mm. 1. ;
portion above the glands triangular-ovate, obtuse, brown-tomentose.
Petals : blade 3-4 mm. 1., 5-7 mm. br. ; claw 3-4 mm. 1. Anthers glabrous,
about 1'3 mm. 1. Drupes not seen.
•4. B. braeteata Fence. <(• RemUt.' iii Jonni. Bot. h. 269 (1917) ;
leaves elliptical, apex blunt or somewhat rounded, base obtuse or
wedge-shaped, papery, glabrous, 7-9 '5 cm. 1., 3 '5-4* 5 cm. br. ;
inflorescence bro\vn-tomentose ; bracts foliaceous, narrowly ellip-
tical-oblong, base narrowing and sometimes somewhat stalked.
glabrous inside, more or less puberulous or glabrescent on the
outside, to 1 cm. 1. ; pedicels very short ; ovary glabrous.
Flowers in bud in Sept.; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harris !
Fl. Jam. 11,202.
Shrub 9 ft. high. Leaves: nerves and veins obscure on upper surface,
conspicuously net-veined beneath, not prominent; petiole 6-8 mm. 1.,
glabrous ; stipules ovate, with brownish hairs on the outside, especially on
the margin, 3*5 mm. 1. Racemes 4-6 crn. 1. ; peduncles about 2'5 cm. 1.
Anthers glabrous.
5. B. glaberrima Ni<'<l<>u::n /'// Arb. In«t. fimunxl., By,
43 (1901) : leaves elliptical, or some ovate or obovatr,
obtusely acuminate, base obtuse or acute or shortlv narrowed,
. */
generally unequal-sided, papery and greenish when drv, glabrous,
3 '5-6 cm. 1., L;-,"> ••"> cm. br. ; inflorescence glabrous or with a lew
224 FLORA OF JAMAICA Byraonima
silky hairs ; bracts oblong or linear-oblong, glabrous, 4-6 mm. 1. ;
pedicels 7-13 rum. 1. ; petals purplish when dry; ovary glabrous. —
B. coriacea Small torn. cit. 167 (1910) (non DC.). Type in Herb.
Wullschlaegel.
In fr. Sept.; Wullschlaegel; New Green, near Mandeville, 2100 ft. (in
fr. only), Harris & Brittonl Fl. Jam. 10,595.
SJintb or tree to 30 ft. high, glabrous in all parts, except a few hairs
on the inflorescence. Leaves : midrib a little prominent, nerves scarcely
prominent; petiole glabrous, 4-8 mm. 1. ; stipules roundish, 1 mm. 1.
Eaccmes 3-6 cm. 1., at the end of twigs with several leaves, the leaves at
the end minute or bract-like and about 1 cm. from the lowest flowers.
Flowers scarcely 1'5 cm. in diam. Sepals ovate, glabrous, apex recurved,
about 5 mm. 1. ; glands slightly more than half as long. Petals : blade
3-4 mm. 1., 6 mm. br., claw 4-5 mm. 1. Filaments 3 mm. 1., with a few
hairs; anthers glabrous, 1'5 mm. 1. Drupe globular, about 1 cm. in diam.
The description of the flower is from Niedenzu.
2. MALPIGHIA L.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves without glands, sometimes
with stinging hairs, margin entire or sinuate-dentate (in M.
coccigera] ; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers in axillary and
terminal umbels or corymbs, rarely solitary. Calyx 6-10-
glandular. Petals red, or purplish, or white ; limb roundish.
Filaments glabrous. Styles 3, distinct, apex truncate or with
a foot-like appendage beyond the stigma. Drupe with the flesh
at length drying up, releasing 3 pyrenes, each with 3-5 dorsal
crests.
Species 23, natives of the West Indies and tropical continental
America.
§ 1. Margin of leaves entire.
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves membranous or papery, 2-8 cm. 1.
Umbels pedunculate 1. M. glabra.
Umbels sessile or subsessile 2. M. punicifolia.
Leaves somewhat leathery, 7-12 cm. 1 7. H. Harrisii.
Leaves with stinging bairs beneath.
Umbels sessile or subsessile. Drupe subglobose.
Leaves to 20 cm. 1. Drupe to 1-5 cm. in
diam 3. M. fucata.
Leaves to 10 cm. 1. Drupe 8-10 mm. in
diam.
Petals with keel not free at apex 4. M. urens.
Petals with keel to 1 mm. br., free at apex 5. M. incana.
Umbels pedunculate. Drupe triangular-
pyramidal 6. M. biflora.
§ 2. Margin of leaves sinuate-dentate with spines 8. M. cocoigera.
§ 1. Margin of leaves entire.
1. M. glabra L. Sp. PI. 425 (1753) & Amcen. v. 379; leaves
glabrous, ovate-elliptical to lanceolate, sometimes elliptical, apex
MALPIGHIACE.K
225
ac ute or acuminate (rarely obtuse), subsessile, 3-8 cm. 1. ; flowers
in 8-3-flowered corymbs or umbels ; common peduncle and
pedicels somewhat equal in length, 5-15 mm. 1. ; petals one
lar £-or than the rest, '2 smaller than the intermediate ; drupe to
1 .in cliarn., pyrenes, " outline oblong- or ovate-elliptical,
3 -crested ; spaces between the crests with transverse anastomosing
ri dges ; commissural ridge longer than the crests, projecting
beyond them at base.— Mill. Gard. Did. ed. 8 & L . t. 181, /". 2;
Cav. Diss. 406, t. 234, /. 1; Bot. Mag. t. 813; M«rf. Jam. /.*146;
A, Branch with leaves ami flowers x i.
K. Flower x 3.
i. . I'lower with calyx and corolla removed,
cut lengthwise X 5.
D. Diagram of Mower.
(D, E, F after Jussieu.)
Fig. 75. — Malpi'jhia glabra L.
E, Fruit cut lengthwise, showing seed and
emliryo X 2.
F, Fruit cut across X 2.
U, Pyrene X 2.
A. J//XX. ;« Arrh. J///X. P.ir. Hi. 2G2 ; Grisrb. Fl. P,r. W. Lul. 116;
Ni> ••'•• -nzii iii Iin1. L><'t. Lijc. Brutish., M<il]>iifli!<i, ."i ; .s'/,/a// /u
N. Aui'-r. F/. xxv. l">"i. M. fruticosa erecta foliis nitidis &r.
JiroH-Hc 7//W. .Ia,,i. 230. M. nitida Mill. Um-,1. D/',i. C<1 8 (1768)
(n<>n L.). Arbor baccifera folio subrot undo ,V'c. S/»it,n- ('at. 172
A: U',*t. it. lUrt, t. -207, f. '2. (Fig. 75.) A specimen from Hort.
Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit., one also in Herb. Linn, named by
Linnaeus.
The description of the pyrenes is taken from them when thoroughly
cleaned from the adhering flesh.
IV. Q
22 0 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Malpiglda
C h e r r y.
anc Herb. vii. 321 Wright I Broughton I SI lak spear \ Macfadyenl
St. Mary, Me Nab I Port Royal Mts., Purdie \ March ! Port Morant, Lucea,
HitcJicock ; St. Andrew, Campbell ! Cane River valley, above Falls.
Fdicccttl Bridge Hill, Faiucettl Westphalia; Berwick Hill; Sheldon
Road, 2500 ft.; Grove, 800 ft.; Tweedside, south St. Andrew, 2500 ft.;
near Alligator Pond, 300 ft.; Watson's Hill, 2200 ft.; Long Mountain,
900 ft. ; coast between Moutego Bay and Lucea ; Malvern, 2200 ft. ;
Harris \ Fl. Jam. 5378, 5400, 5459, 6087, 6094, 6621, 6922, 7265, 8202,
8620, 8848, 8913, 9235, 9646; Lime Hall, Ormsby ! near Montego Bay,
Mrs. E. G. Brittpn, 2919 ! Spur Tree Hill, Britten-, 1057 !— West Indies
and tropical continental America.
Shrub 4-10 ft. high, or (in cultivated ground) tree to 20 ft. high ;
young parts more or less covered with silky hairs. Sepals oblong to ovate-
oblong, glabrous, 2'5 mm. 1., glands about half as long. Petals rosy-pink,
denticulate, to 8 mm. 1. ; limb roundish or elliptical, longer than the claw.
Styles subequal, straightish, thickened at apex. Drupe scarlet, globular-
3-angled, juicy of a sweet but insipid taste.
2. M. punieifolia L. Sp. PL cd. 2, 609 (1762) ; leaves glabrous,
elliptical, or somewhat obovate-elliptical, or sometimes ovate -
lanceolate, apex generally obtuse or rounded or emarginate, sub-
sessile, 2—8 cm. 1. ; flowers 2—1 (—4) in sessile or subsessile corymbs
or umbels; styles thicker at apex; drupe 1-1 '5 cm. in diam.,
ovoid ; pyrenes, outline roundish, 3-crested ; crests thin, equal in
length, the spaces between with transverse ridges with nmricate
edges ; commissural ridge broad with sharp edges, much shorter
than the crests at the base. — Descourt. FL Ant. i. 145, t. 30 ;
Wright Hem. 271 ; Macf. Jam. i. 147 ; A. Juss. torn. tit. 261, t. 4 ;
Griseb. loc. tit. ; Niedenzu torn. tit. 7 ; Small torn. tit. 156. M. foKis
ovatis itc. Plum. PL Amer. (Biirm.) t. 166, /. 2. M. fruticosa
erecta ramulis <i:c. Browne Hist. Jam. 230. M. uni flora Tvss. FL
Ant. Hi. t, 27 (1824).
Cherry.
Macfadyen ! St. Andrew ; St. Ann ; Me Nab ! J.P. 621, Morris ! Red
Hills, Grabliam ! Long Mountain, 50 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9573. — West
Indies (but not reported from Cuba and Hispaniola), northern S. America.
Shrub or tree, 7-16 ft. high, much like the preceding species. Petals
slightly keeled, roundish, somewhat broader than long. Stamens : two
thicker and larger than the rest*
3. M. fueata Ker in Bot. Eeg. t. 189 (1817); leaves large,
with stinging hairs (3-7 mm. 1.) beneath, elliptical or oblong
(some also ovate or obovate or lanceolate), obtuse or acute at
both ends, to 20 cm. L, to 11 cm. br. ; petiole 5-10 mm. 1. ;
flowers 9-20 in sessile or subsessile corymbs ; pedicels 1-2 • 5 cm. 1. ;
drupe to 1*5 cm. in diam. ; pyrenes, outline roundish, 3-crested ;
crests thin, the middle of the spaces between the wings with
short transverse ridges, which in the dry fruit form, as it were,
intermediate crests parallel to the crests ; commissural ridge
thick and broad, equalling the crests at the base. — A. Juss. torn.
Malpirjliia MALPimilACE.K 227
/.•//. 256; Grlseb. op. clt. 117; Niedcnzu torn. cit. 11 ; Url>. Symlj.
Ant. ii\ 332; Small torn, cit. 157. M. macrophylla Desf. Cat.
Hort. Par. ed. 3, 232 (1829).
New Green, Manchester, Purdie \ — Porto Rico, Crab Is., St. Cruz.
Slirnb 6-1G ft. ; young twigs compressed, glabrous. Sepals ovate,
3-4-5 mm. 1. ; glands 10, 2-3 mm. 1. Petals keeled, pale pink; one
spathulate, larger than the rest, the others with limb somewhat semi-
circular.
1. M. urens L. Sp. PL 426 (1753) ; leaves with stinging hairs
(3-6 mm. 1.) beneath, parallel with midrib, otherwise glabrous,
usually whitish-grey beneath, elliptical or oblong-elliptical, apex
acute or obtuse, base rounded to subcordate, papery, subsessile,
2-11 cm. L, 1-4 cm. br. ; flowers 4-5 (2, 3) in sessile or subsessile
corymbs or umbels : pedicels 1-2 cm, 1. ; petals keeled, 7-9 mm. L,
blade of one petal roundish, 5-6 mm. in diam., of the rest sub-
cordate, 4-5 mm. L, keel of petal not so broad as in 31. incan'i,
not free at apex ; apex of styles foot-like or hammer-like ; drupe
8-10 mm. in diara., subglobular ; pyrenes, outline oblong-elliptical,
3-crested, crests thin, apex of middle crest distinct from lateral
crests, spaces between with transverse ridges ; comniissural ridge
as long as crests, slightly projecting at base. — Mill. Gard. Di<-t.
ed. 8 & Ic. t. 181, /. 1 ; Cav. Diss. 407, t. 235, /. 1 ; Descourt. Fl.
Ant. viii. 234, t. 569 ; A. Juss. torn. cit. 257 ; Griseb. op. cit. 116 ;
Siitall torn. cit. 158. M. viniinea Arc. Browne Hist. Jam. 229.
M. martinicensis Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 21 (1760) & ScL Stir}).
A.iter. 136 ; Niedenzu torn. cit. 13. Arbor baccifera folio oblongo
subtilissimis &c. Sloane Cat. 172 & Hist. ii. 106, t. 207, /. ^3.
Tvpe in Herb. Linn., cultivated in Hort. Upsal., named by
Linnreus.
C o w h a g e or C o w i t c h Cherry.
Xuar St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. vii. 33! Houstoun \ Browne ;
V,~ricjht\ Broughtonl March], Portland Gap; above Abbey Green, 5000 ft.;
llin-ris ! Fl. Jam. 5016, 5783, 5890, 5954.— West Indies.
Shrub 5-15 ft. high. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, about 2 mm. 1. ;
glands 6, 8, or 10, 1'5 mm. 1. Petals purple.
•"». M. ineana 3111L Gard. Diet. cd. 8 (1768), leaves with
stiM'^inir hairs (1-3 mm. 1.) beneath, parallel writh midrib, more
or less persistent, otherwise glabrous, whitish-grey beneath,
narrowly elliptical-oblong to lanceolate, apex very acute or
acuminate (some blunt), more or less mucronulate, base wedge-
.shaped to obtuse, papery, subsessile, 3-6 cm. L, 1-2 cm. br. ;
iloNsers :j-7 in >uli.sessile corymbs; peduncle 3-4(-6) mm. i. :
pedicels S-14 mm. 1. ; petals helmet-shaped, subequal, limb
,'i-j nun. 1., broadly keeled on the back; keel wing-like to
1 mm. br., with curved free apex; drupe 8-10 mm. in diam.,
subglobular, 9-ribbed ; pvrenes, outline roundish, 3-crestt-d ;
Q 2
228 FLORA OF JAMAICA Malpi yl i. i < <
crests equal in length, lateral broader, middle crest thick, the
spaces between with more or less prominent irregular transverse
ri dices ; commissural rid^e shorter than the crests at the base,
O * "— ' '
sharp-pointed at the apex. — Niedenzu t<>m. cit. 12; Small
1">7. Miller's specimen, the type, is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Sloanc Herb. vii. opp. 32 ! Broivnel Wright I Halfway Tree to Spanish
Town, 200 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,048.— Cuba, Mexico.
The specimen from Browne in the Linnean Herbarium is named
j[. angustifolia by Linnffius. But M. angustifolia L. is M. linearis Jacq.,
a species with much narrower leaves, which is found only in the Lesser
Antilles.
Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5-3 mm. 1. ; glands 6, about 2 rnm. 1.
Petals purple.
6. M. biflora Pair, in Lam. Encyc. iv. 326 (1797); leaves
with stinging hairs (2-6 mm. 1.) beneath, parallel with midrib,
otherwise glabrous, elliptical or elliptical-oblong to lanceolate.
apex acute to acuminate, base obtuse, membranous or papery,
subsessile, 2-12 cm. 1. ; flowers 2-5, in stalked corymbs
(or umbels) ; peduncle 15-4 mm. 1. ; pedicels 6-20 mm. 1. ; blade
• if one petal roundish, 6-7 mm. 1., claw 3-5 mm. 1., limb of the
rest subhastate-ovate, 3-5 mm. 1., claw 2-3 mm. 1. ; drupe about
8 mm. 1. and in diam. at base, when dry triangular-pyramidal
with 9 prominent crests ; pyrenes 3-winged, the median wing
longer and usually much broader than the lateral wings, in the
spaces between transverse raised lines, parts of which sometimes
become warty ; commissural ridge subequal or somewhat shorter
than the wings at the base. — Small torn. cit. 158. M. punicifolia
Gav. Diss. 406, t. 134, /. 2 (1789) (non L.). M. urens JIacf.
Jam. i. 146 (1837) (non L.}. M. oxycocca Griseb. op. cit. 117
(1859); Niedenzu torn. cit. 13. Type of M. oxycocca Griseb. in
Herb. Kew.
Cowhage or Cowitch Cherry.
Wright \ woods near Bath, Purdie\ Wilson; Prior; above Gordon
Town; Windward Road ; Cinchona; Fawcettl road to Troy, 1400ft. ; Cave
river valley, 400 ft. ; Mulgrave, 1200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9409, 9625,
12,372.— Cuba.
Shrub 3-8 ft. high ; youngest twigs villose with adpressed white hairs,
older glabrescent, at length glabrate. Sepals ovate, obtuse, puberulous or
glabrate, villose at base or just below glands, 2-5 mm. 1. ; glands 6, 2 mm. L
Petals purplish.
7. M. Harrisii Small in Torreya xiii. 77 (1913); leaves
glabrous, elliptical to broadly elliptical, apex obtuse, sometimes
rounded or acute, base rounded, somewhat leathery, 7-12 cm. L,
4-6 • 5 cm. br. ; petiole 4-7 mm. 1. ; racemes clustered, sub-
corymbose, many-flowered, pedunculate ; pedicels jointed, lower
joint 5-6 mm. 1., upper 2 • 5-1 • 5 cm. 1. ; petals to 12 or 13 mm. 1. :
apex of styles hammer-shaped.
MALPIGHIACE.E 229
Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,189.
Slender shrub, 12 ft. high. Sepals oblong, about 3 mm. 1. ; glands G,
about 2 mm. 1. Petals rose-coloured. Styles, 2 larger than the third.
Drupes not known.
§ 2. Margin of leaves sinuate-dentate, with the teeth ending
in spiny bristles.
8. M. eoeeigera L. Sp. PI. 436 (1753); Jacq. Ic. PL Ear. t.
470 ; Griscb. Joe. cit. ; Niedenzu torn. cit. 19; Small tn,,i. cit. 1GO.
M. huniilis ilicis cocci-glandi ferse foliis Plum. Gen. 46, PL
Anter. (Burm.) t. 168, /. 2 & Ic. ined. it. 128. M. coccigrya
L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 611 (1762). M. coccifera Car. Diss. 408, t. 235,
/. 2 (1789); Bot. Keg. t. 568.
Wright \ — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Dominica, Martinique, St.
Lucea, St. Vincent.
Shrub about 3 ft. high. Leaves small, -7-2 cm. L, roundish or
roundish-elliptical, teeth large, coarse, spines 1-5-2 mm. 1., forming a
continuation of the tooth, upper surface shining, with nerves and veins
prominent, lower surface with nerves and veins scarcely visible, sessile or
subsessile, margin recurved. Flowers solitary, or 2 on a short peduncle,
pedicels jointed, 1-5-2 cm. 1. Sepals oblong or ovate-oblong, about
3 mm. 1. ; glands 6, more than half as long. Petals pink, to about 1 cm. 1.
Drupe somewhat globular, 9 or 10 mm. in diam., red.
3. BUNCHOSIA L. C. Rich, ex Juss.
Leaves usually with 2 glands on the lower surface a little
above the base ; stipules minute, sometimes united into one.
Inflorescence an axillary raceme. Calyx persistent, with 8 to 10
sessile glands (in Jamaican species), about half as long as the
calyx. Petals yellows Filaments glabrous, united at the base.
Ovary 2-3-celled ; styles united, with a triangular stigma.
Drupe, the flesh drying up, releasing the pyrenes ; pyrenes 2-3
(rarely 1), without crests.
Species 32, natives of the West Indies and tropical conti-
nental America.
Leaves narrowly elliptical, to 10 crn. 1.
Leaves seldom shortly acuminate, to 7'5 cm. 1.
Racemes usually as long as, or longer than the
leaves 1. U. Swartziana.
Leaves generally shortly acuminate, to 10 cm.- 1.
Racemes usually somewhat shorter than the
leaves 2. B. media.
Leaves broadly elliptical, to 16 cm. 1 3. B.jamaicensis.
1. B. Swartziana Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 115 (1S59) ; leaves
naiT-> vly elliptical to elliptical, occasionally shortly acuminate-,
tapering to the base, 3-7*5 cm. 1. ; racemes usually as long as,
230
FLOKA OF JAMAICA
Bunchosia
or longer than, the leaves ; inner petal spathulate, claw margined,
the rest with ovate toothed blades ; connective yellow, much
shorter than the anther-cells ; ovary 3-celled. — Niedenzu in Ind.
Ltd. Li/c. Brunsb.t Bunchosia,. 4 ; Small in N. Arner. FL -.err. 1G1.
B. media Mncf. Jam. i. 149 (1837) (iion DC.). Malpighia
humilis etc. Browne Hist. Jam. 230 ? Malpighia nitida Sw. Obs.
Bot. 180 (1791) (non L.). (Fig. 76.)
Wright ! Bancroft \ between Green Valley and Tweedside, Macfadyen \
Wullschlacgel \ March I Port Henderson; Kock Fort; Campbell ! Xew
Fig. 76. — Bunchosia Swartziana Griseb.
A, Flower, calyx and corolla removed, cut
lengthwise x 7 ; with a separate
enlarged view of the stigma seen from
above.
B, Drupe, nat. size.
C, Pyrene x l£.
D, Ditto cut across.
Forest, 50 ft. ; Long Mountain, south and west, 280-700 ft. ; Cane river
valley, 300 ft.; Chelsea Hill, Santa Cruz Mts., 2200 ft. ; between Malvern
and Mountain Side, 400 ft. ; Green Island, Fish river ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
6051, 6525, 8173, 8861, 9604, 9633, 9689, 9936, 10,256.
Shrub 3-10 ft. or small tree, to 15 ft. high. Leaves usually with two
glands beneath, 1-2 cm. from the base. Pedicels pubescent in flower, then
glabrate. Calyx : glands 8 obovoid, 1-2 mm. 1. ; sepals oblong, ciliate,
longer than the glands by 1 • 5-2 mm. Petals 5-7 mm. 1. Filaments united
at .base to -i their length. Ovary glabrous ; styles and stigmas united,
glabrous. Drupe somewhat globular, furrowed, 3-lobed, 6-10 mm. in
diam., scarlet.
2.
B. media DC. Prodr. i. 581 (1824); leaves narrowly
elliptical to elliptical, generally shortly acuminate, base wedge-
shaped, 4-10 cm. 1. ; racemes usually somewhat shorter than the
leaves ; inner petal about equal to the rest which are roundish ;
connective yellow, much shorter than the anther-cells ; ovary
3-celled. — Griseb. loc. cit. ; Niedenzu torn. cit. 9 ; Small torn. cit.
163. Malpighia media Ait. Hort, Kew. ed. 2, Hi. 103 (181 1).
Malpighia nitida Su: Olts. Bot. 180 (1791) (non Jacq.) probably
belongs to this species, but Swartz mentions " 3 styles."
Wright ! Masson ! Swartz (fide Niedenzu) ; Macfadyen ! Distin !
Cuming ! Robins Bay, St. Mary, McNab \ Great Valley, Manchester,
Pur die ! Wilson ; Wullschlacgcl ; Mammee Bay, Prior \ March ! Lucea,
BuncJiosia MALPIGHIACE.E 231
Hitchcock ; Red Hills, Grabliam \ Annotto Bay, Thompson ! between
Fontabelle and Galloway, Mrs. E. G. Britton, 2867 I Red Hills ; Hope
Grounds; Great Pedro Bay; Stanmore Hill, 2200 ft. ; Peckham, 2300 ft. ;
Harris I near Salt Ponds, Harris d> Britton ! Fl. Jam. 6902, 8602, 9709,
9951, 10,552, 11,080.— Cuba.
Shrub 5-10 ft. high. Leaves with 2 glands 1-2 cm. above the base
beneath. Pedicels pubescent in flower and fruit. Calyx : glands 10-8,
oblong, 2-2 -5 mm. 1. ; sepals oblong, ciliate, longer than the glands by
l'o-2 mm. Petals 7-9 mm. 1., blades about 4 mm. 1. Filaments united
to about ^ of their length. Ovary glabrous ; styles and stigmas united,
glabrous. Drupe somewhat globular, 2-3-lobed, orange-yellow, S mm. 1.,
6-7 mm. in diam.
3. B. jamaicensis Urb. d- Niedenzu ex Niedenzu in lud. Lect.
Lijc. Brunsb., BuncJiosia, 10 (1898) ; leaves broadly elliptical,
apex rounded or obtuse, base obtuse or wedge-shaped, 10-16
cro. 1., 5*5-10 cm. br. ; racemes 2 together or solitary, shorter
than the leaves ; petals subequal, blade more or less cordate-
ovate ; connective purplish or brownish, slightly shorter than
the anther-cells ; ovarv 2-celled. — Small torn. cit. 164. B. Linde-
f */
niana Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 115 (1859) (as regards the Jamaican
plant) (non Juss.}.
Manchester, Purclie ! March ! Prior \ near Cascade River, 3000 ft. ;
Holly Mount, 2500 ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 6463, 6608, 8S97.
Tree 15-30 ft. high. Leaves glabrous, with or without 2 glands near
the base. Sepals oblong, about 3 mm. 1. Petals to 5*5 mm. 1. Ovary
glabrous ; styles and stigmas glabrous. Drupe 2-3-lobed, somewhat
globular, 11-13 mm. in diam.
[THRYALLIS L.
Shrubs. Leaves glaucescent, with a gland on each margin
near the base ; stipules (in the Jamaican species) free. Flowers
in terminal racemes ; pedicels jointed below the middle, with a
i tract at the base, and 2 bracteoles below the joint. Calyx
-"•-cleft, without glands. Petals yellow, subequal. Stamens 10,
all perfect ; filaments distinct or united at the base. Styles 3,
distinct, awl-shaped, acute. Capsule 3-coccous : cocci dehiscent ;
epicarp slightly fleshy, endocarp hard and brittle ; embryo bent
round a fold of the seed-coat; cotyledons sube<|ual, incumbent;
radicle rather long.
Species about 15, natives of tropical continental America.
T. graeilis Kxntze Rev. Gen. /. 89 (1891) ; Ro*e in C<>ntrib.
U.S. Hirl. xii. 2>0. T. glauca Small in N. .!///» /•. FL . 150
(1910). (lalphiimu gracilis JlartL in i ttt. 552 ^'9);
A. Ju*x. in Arrlt. J/MX. Par. Hi. 324 ; UrJ>. > b. Ant. ii'. 331.
1 • -lauca G . Cat. 43 (I860) (non Cat:).
Natural i/ud ; Y/atson Hill, F,nccctt\ Hope estate, 1000 ft., Harris !
Fl. Jam. 8394, Il,b84. — Central America, naturalized in West Indies.
I'!1, 2 FLORA OF JAMAICA
Leaves narrowly elliptical, glabrous, 2-5 cm. 1. Panicles many-
flowered ; rhachis pubescent with dark-red hairs or glabrescent. Sepals
oblong, 3-5-4 mm. 1. Petals about 1 cm. 1. ; blade more or less ovate.
Filaments pinkish below, unequal, slightly united at base, 3-5 mm. 1. ;
anthers 3 mm. 1. Cocci 3 '5 mm. 1., dark green. Seeds dark brown,
3 mm. 1., radicle prominent.]
4. HETEROPTERIS* H. B. £ K.
Shrubs, trailing and twining, climbing over trees (in West
Indian species). Leaves, with or without glands on the petiole ;
stipules inconspicuous. Flowers small, generally in panicles.
Calyx usually 8-glandular. Petals yellow, 3-5 mm. in diam.
Stamens unequal, all perfect ; filaments united at the base.
Apex of styles somewhat compressed and dilated, with a sharp
point at the back. Samaree 1-3 ; the wing dorsal, thickened on
the lower margin.
Species about 80, natives of tropical America (including
the West Indies), rarely extending beyond the tropics in
S. America, also a few in western tropical Africa.
Leaves leathery, 6-20 cm. L, without glands.
Panicles pyramidal. Fruit, wing elliptical 1. H. laurifolia.
Panicles : branches few, patent. Fruit sub-semi-
circular 2. H. reticulata.
Leaves membranous, less than 6 cm. L, petiole 2-glan-
dular about the middle 3. H. purpurea.
1. H. laurifolia A. Juss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xiii. 276 (1840)
& Arcli. Mus. Par. Hi. 458 ; leaves leathery, glabrous, without
glands, 6-17 cm. 1. ; panicles terminal, pyramidal, branches
racemose ; wing of fruit elliptical, narrowed near the base, with
a triangular projection near the base on the upper margin. -
* Linnaeus (Sp. PI. ed. 2, 611) includes seven species in his genus
Banisteria. Omitting the East Indian species, of the remaining six
three have the lower margin of the samara-wing thickened, and three
the upper.
In 1822 Kunth (H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. v. 158, 163) applied the
name Banisteria to species with the upper margin of the wing thickened,
and founded a new genus Heteropteris for those with the low^er margin
thickened.
In 1832 Jussieu founded a new genus Stigmaphyllon for species of
Banisteria, as defined by Kunth, wrhich have only six perfect stamens
instead of ten, thus leaving no species in Linnaeus's original enumeration
of Sp. PI. ed. 1 & 2. Strictly speaking Jussieu should have used the name
Banisteria for the species which he included under his new genus
Stigrnapliyllon, i.e., for the portion of Linnseus's original Banisteria left
by Kunth, when separating Heteropteris.
Grisebach, Bentham & Hooker, and Niedenzu follow Kunth and Jussieu.
Small (N. Amer. Fl.) keeps Banisteria for two Linneau species and others
with the lower margin thickened (giving up Heteropteris}, and Stigmapliyllon
for those with the upper margin thickened and six perfect stamens.
MALPIGHIACE^E
_
Griseb. Fl. Br. W, Lid. 119; Ni< >•> ,i::n in Arl. lust. Braunsb.,
Heteropteryx, 51, ~>2 ; Urb. Si/mb. Ant. ic. 3iMJ. Acer benghalense
«A:C. Pink. Plnjt. t. 3,/. 1 ; Aim. 7. Acer scandens foliis laurinis
Xlottitt' Cut. 137 & HiKt. it. 26. i '.anisteria foliis ovato-oblongis
acuminatis Plum. PL Amer. (Ijnnn.) t. 14. B. foliis ovati-.
seminibus unialatis &c. Browne Hist. J<i,,i. 231 (excl. syn.). B.
laurifolia L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 611 (1762); Gsertn. Fni.-t. //. 167,
/. 116 ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 182 ; Wright Mem. 271 ; ll,«-f. Jam. L 152 ;
Xnmll iii N. Amer. Fl. xxv. 137. B. angulosa Mill. Gur<l. D'«-t.
ed. 8 (1768) (non L.). B. coerulea Lam. Ena/r. i. 367 (17iS">) :
Cav. Diss. 421, t. 243. (Fig. 77.)
The type, Miller's specimen, is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Fig. 77. — Heteropteris laurifnlla A. Juss.
A, Pistil and six stamens X 3. ovary cut lengthwise, showing the
B, Median carpel of A showing the style ovule, x 3.
somewhat different from the others ; C, 1'ruit, one samara cut to show the seed,
nat. size.
Dragon Withe, White Withe.
Banks of Kio Cobre ; St. Dorothy; Sloane Herh. v. 93! Houstounl
Broughtonl Massonl Berterol Macfadyenl St. Mary, McNabl Hartv
Moneagne, Prior 1 March ! J.P. 716, Jenman ! King's House grounds, J.P.
1081, Hart I Constant Spring, Blue Mts., Port Antonio, Hitchcock; Pro-
vidence road, near Castletou, 700 ft. ; Toms Kiver, 600 ft. ; Tliomp»
Mona mountain, Fawcctt \ Mount Mansfield, 800 ft. ; Stony Hill, 1000 ft. ;
near Bardowie, 1800 ft. ; Hope road ; Grove bridge ; near Lacovia ;
Harris \ Fl. Jam. 5740, 5819, 5820, 6738, 8010, 8519, 8507, 0850, 11,773.-
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Cruz, Central America.
Leaves elliptical, oblong, or lanceolate, apex obtuse or acute, often
subacuminate, base obtuse or wedge-shaped, sometimes rounded, veins
-conspicuously reticulate, prominent on both sides. Panicl's to 2'5 dm. 1. ;
reddish pubescent. Bracts and bracteoles more or less per^i-u-nt, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. 1. Steals about 4 mm. 1., oblong, ivvolutc at
upex, buff-pubescent, with 8 glands. Petals yellow, blade roundish to
elliptical, sometimes hastate at base, 3-4 mm. 1. ; claw 2-3 (4) inni. 1.
Samara' 2 '5-4 cm. 1.
-. H. reticulata N'n'ilrnzn in Arb. J»*/. nrtiun»l>.,
~>\ ( \ 003) ; leaves leathery, glabrous, without glands, 10-16 cm. 1. ;
panicles terminal and axillary; branches few, spreading more <>r
less at right angles, racemose ; fruit : upper margin somewhat
234 FLORA OF .JAMAICA Heteropi&ri*
semicircular, lower straight or slightly recurved at apex, base
truncate. — Malpighia reticulata Poir. in Lam. Enci/c. Suppl. iv. 8
(1816). Banisteria reticulata C. B. Robinson ex Small torn. cit.
138 (1910).
Banks of Black river, Lacovia, Harris 1 —Guiana.
Leaves elliptical, generally shortly acuminate, base rounded or obtuse,
midrib and veins prominent especially beneath, veins conspicuously reti-
culate especially beneath and prominent on both sides. Panicles to nearly
3 dm. 1. ; reddish-pubescent. Bracts and bracteoles concave, persistent,
conspicuous, ovate to oblong-ovate, 3 '5-4 '5 mm. 1. Pedicels jointed about
the middle, the upper joint with the flower often deciduous, the lower part
with the bracteoles at its apex persistent, giving a characteristic appearance
to the panicle. Sepals oblong, about 4 mm. 1., revolute at apex, brownish-
pubescent, with 8 glands ; glands slightly more than half as long. Petals
yellow ; blade elliptical, to 5 or 6 mm. 1. ; claw 2-3 mm. 1. Styles hooked
at the apex outwardly, hook bent downwards. Fruit: wing 3 '5 cm. 1.,
2 cm. br., when young covered with red tomentum, at length glabrate ;.
nerves fan-like ; nut to 2 cm. 1. to '7 cm. br.
3. H. purpurea H.B. & K. Nov. Gen. it- Sp. v. 164 (1822);
leaves membranous, 1*5-5 cin. 1.; Griseb. op. cit. 119; Niedenzu
op. cit. 15; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 328. H. parvifolia DC. Prodr. i.
591 (1824); Griseb. loc. cit. (H. par vi flora in error). Banisteria
purpurea L. Sp. PL 427 (1753); Cav. Diss. 423, t. 246, /. 1 ;
Small loc. cit. B. parvifolia Vent. Cnoix. t. 51 (1803).
Near Kingston, Oersted (fide Grisebach). — West Indies, Venezuela,
Colombia.
Leaves elliptical, apex and base rounded or obtuse, glabrous, veins
reticulate beneath, scarcely visible above ; petiole with 2 glands about the
middle. Eacemes terminal or axillary, corymbose, sparingly pubescent.
Bracts and bracteoles minute. Pedicels jointed near the base. Sepals-
oblong to ovate-oblong, about 2' 5 mrn. 1. ; glands 8, 1*5-2 mm. 1. Petals
purple; blade obovate, base sagittate, 3 -5-5 mm. 1. ; claw 1-5-2-5 mm. L
Fruit striate-veined, sparingly puberulous; wing about 2 cm. L, about
1 cm. br., obliquely obovate-oblong, with a slight projection on the upper
margin near the base.
o
5. BRACHYPTERYS A. Juss.
Sea-shore small shrubs, erect or trailing and twining over
low bushes. Leaves with 2 glands on the base of the midrib
beneath : stipules very minute. Flowers, in the Jamaican species,
in axillary peduncled bracteate umbel-like corymbs. Calyx
8-glandular. Petals yellow, 7-13 mm. in diam. Stamens 10,
subequal or unequal. Styles produced into an appendage with
the stigmatic surface on the inside. Fruit of 1 to 3 cocci, which
bea,r a short crest at the apex. Embryo : one cotyledon not
developing, the other bending over and enveloping it in its
growth.
Species 2, natives of West Indies, northern S. America and
central America.
Bracliyptcrys MALPIGHIACE/E -35
B. ovata Sninll in N. Amer.Fl. xxv. 138. B. borealis A. Juss.
in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, .citi. 291 (1840) A: Arclt. Mns. Par. Hi. 356,
t. ii.f. 1G. Griseb. Fl. Bras. xii. 35 & Fl Br. W. Ltd. 117;
Hem*L in BioL Cent. Ant. But. t. 151. Banisteria ovata Car.
Dis*. 429, t. 257, /. 1 (1790). Stigmatophyllon. ovatum
Xi'denzu in Ind. Lc<-t. Lye. Brunsb., Stigmatophyllum, }jt. 2, 31
( 1900) ; Urb. Si/ ml. Ant. iv. 331. (Fig. 78.) Specimens of Rohr
A: Aublet from Guiana, and of Smeathman from Ins. Carib.
named by A. Juss. are in Her':. Mus. Brit.
Fig. 78. — Braclii/ptej-i* ovata Small.
«, A coccus, nat. size.
, Embryo enlarged (after A. cle Jussieu).
In salt marshes on the seaside, Macfadycn ! near Annotto Bay ; Port
Maria ; McXab I Wilson. — West Indies, northern S. America, Central
America.
Shrub 1-4 ft. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, apex acute or somewhat
obtuse, base rounded, glabrous above, pubescent with soft short hairs
beneath, midrib prominent beneath and with 2 glands on it at the base,
5-11 cm. 1.; petiole 1-1 '5 cm. 1. ; bracts roundish-ovate or round,
1-3 '5 cm. 1. Umbels 3-4-flowered, pedicels 1*5-3 cm. 1. ; peduncle
3 '5- 6 cm. 1. Sepals scarcely exceeding the glands by 1 mm.; glands
oblong, 2-5-3 mm. 1. Petals: limb crenulate, base wedge-sb aped, 7-13 mm.
in diam. ; claw 2-4 mm. 1. Styles 3, equal, the appendage hook-like.
Cocci somewhat spherical, 10-13 mm. in diam., outer surface with
irregular prominent markings ; apical crest triangular, 3-5 rnm. 1. or more.
6. STIGMAPHYLLON A. Juss.
Trailing twining shrubs, climbing over shrubs and trees.
Leaves often silky beneath with hairs attached by their middle,
with 2 glands at apex of stalk or base of midrib ; stipules
minute. Flowers in peduncled umbel-like corymbs. Calyx with
- .lands. PetaU yellow, 5-12 mm. in diam. Stamens tine<[iial,
'• perfect, 4 not properly developed. Style- 3, truncate at ai
or more or less angled, or produced beyond the stigma into a
Tni it -like or expanded appendage. Samara- 1-3, witli the \vin^
thickened on tin- upper margin. Cotyledons often unequal, with
the larger enfolding the smaller.
Species about 50, natives of tropical Amei'iea. including the
West Indies.
236
FI.OlIA OF JAM A!
'ii
Leaves apiculate, apex ernarginate, or rounded. Apex
of styles truncate or foot-like ; anterior style
shorter than the posterior 1. S.cmarginatum.
Leaves acuminate. Apex of styles with a horizontal
expansion; anterior style longer than the posterior 2. S.piiberum.
1. S. emarginatum A. Jnss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xiii. 290
(1840) & ArcJi. Mus. Par. in. 382; leaves of various forms and
sizes, but, in Jamaican species, usually broadly elliptical, ovate,
or roundish, sometimes lanceolate, apex generally emarginate and
apiculate, base cordate to emarginate, or rounded, or truncate,
silky especially beneath, becoming more or less glabrate, usually
Fig. 19.—Stigmaphyllon emarginatum A. Juss.
A, Leaf, uat. size. B, Stamens and pistil X 4.
C, Fruit, nat. size.
membranous or papery in younger branches, often subleathery in
older branches ; anterior style (the one opposite the glandless
sepal) curved, shorter and slenderer than the two posterior, its
apex usually growing into an appendage above the stigma
continuous with the style ; apex of the posterior styles truncate
and more or less angled or foot-like ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 118 ;
Niedenzu in Ind. Led. Lye. Brunsl)., Stigmaphyllon, pt. 1, 5 ;
Small in Fl. N. Amer. xxv. 140. S. periplocsefoliurn A. Juss. in
Ann. Sc. Nat, ser. 2, xiii. 290 (1840) & Arch. Mus. Par. Hi. 380;
Grisel). op. cit. 119; Niedenzu torn, cit, 7. S. diversifolium
A. Juss. (in part) in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xiii. 290 (1840) £ Arcli.
Stigmaphyllon MALPIGHIACEJ-:
Mns. Par. Hi. 381. S. lingulatum S.naU loc. cit. (1910). Acer
ndens minus, apocyni facie, folio subrotundo ,SA.>"//'' Cut. 138
.v Hi .^t. it. -7, t. 1G7, /. -. Banisteria foliis orbiculatis &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. -31. Jlanisteria fulgens L. ,S^. PL 4-7 (1753)
(IK tii S. fulgens A. JW*. IMO). B. emarginata Cnv. Bit*. 425,
t. L'49 (1790). Triopteris lingulatum Pn/'r. in Lam. Enci/c. viii.
104 (1808). B. periplocsefolia DC. Prodr. i. 589 ilM'4).
B. splendens Mc-f. Jam. i. 152 (1837) (non DC.). (Fig. 79.)
Specimen from Hurt. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit., also one from
Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus Banisteria fulgens.
Sloane Herb. v. 94, 95, 96 ! Houstounl Browne ! Wright \ Shakspearl
Macfadyen ! Distin ! St. Mary, McXab ! Purdie ! TFiZsou ! Prior ! Marcli !
Hope Grounds, J.P. 1009 ; "King's House grounds, J.P. 1309; JJ/orm !
Lucea, Hitchcock; Gordon Town, 1100 ft.; sea-coast near Falmouth ;
Papine 800 ft. ; Spanish Town road, 100 ft. ; Fort Henderson ; Green
Island, Fish river ; Montego Bay ; near Old Harbour Bay ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5706, 7236, 8368, 85^4, 9232, 10,148, 10,258, 10,350, 11,947.— West
Indies from Cuba to St. Lucia.
Leaves 1-14 cm. 1., -5-9 cm. br. Peduncles and pedicels pubescent
with adpressed hairs or glabrescent. Sei^als ovate or roundish ovate,
exceeding the glands by 2-3 mm. ; glands elliptical or roundish ovate,
1-5-2 mm. 1. Petals 8-12 mm. in diam. ; claw 2-4 mm. 1. Samara :
pericarp ribbed lengthwise and somewhat reticulately, 4-6 mm. 1. ; wing
obliquely obovate-oblong, 16-20 mm. 1., 6-9 mm. br. ; appendage at base
of wing triangular, rounded, or somewhat 4- sided, 2-3 mm. 1.
Intermediate forms between S. cmarginatum and S. periplocxfolium
occur in Jamaica, as Xiedenzu has pointed out ; we think that these forms,
and those occurring in the other islands, which have been known as
S. periplocsefolium, should all be regarded as one species.
The Hort. Cliff, specimen, and one collected by Distin in Jamaica in
Herb. Kew., are considered by A. Jussieu to belong to his species S. diver-
sifolium, but we do not think that these specimens can be separated from
S. emarginatum.
We have seen in Herb. Smith at the Linnean Society the leaf which
Cavanilles sent for comparison with the specimen named Banisteria
fulgens by Linnseus (see Cav. Diss. 427), and as Smith pointed out it is
different. It is unfortunate that Smith's answrer was delayed so long that
Cavanilles' plate was engraved with the name B. fitlg<_ns, and Cavauillcs
felt himself compelled to put the name which Lamarck had given in error
into circulation. Jussieu followed Cavanilles, and in transferring the
species to Stigmaphyllon, called it S. fulgent. As this name has been
so long in use, another S. fulgens cannot now displace it.
2. S. puberum A. J«.--x. /// Ann. >'<-. X<it. tv<V. L'. xiit. 2
(1840) A: ArrJi. J///x. Pm\ Hi. 376; leaves ovate-elliptical, usually
long acuminate, l»ase subcnrdati* or mund»'d <>r obtuse, mem-
branous, glabrous above, silky pube-rcnt beneath : anterior >ivle
longer than the posterior, apex growing out into an expansion
-eparated from the stigma l>y a short stalk, irregularly 4-sided :
apex of the posterior styles growing into a falcate-acute expan-
sionj <i'ri*eh. Inc. fit.; Xieden/.u <>}>. cit. j,f. L', '2 '2 ; l'rl>. >'///////.
Ant. iv. 331 ; Small t<n,i. fit. 144. I'.anisieria pubera L. ('. /,'/(•//.
in Act. S»f. Hint. Xnt. Par. i. 109 (179U).
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Stigmaphyllon
" St. Mary " ; " near Annotto Bay, St. George " ; McNab !— West Indies,
Panama and northern South America.
Leaves 7-15 cm. 1., 3 '5-10 cm. br., floral leaves on an axillary branch,
often lanceolate or bract-like, petioles silky with adpressed hairs 4-1*5
cm. 1. Sepals ovate or somewhat obovate-oblong, exceeding the glands by
!• 5-2 mm. ; glands elliptical 1-1 '5 mm. 1. Petals with fringed margin;
limb 5-8 mm. in diam. ; claw 2-3 mm. 1. Samara1 oblong to oblong-
lanceolate ; wing to 3-5 cm. 1., at the base to 1-5 cm. br.
7. TRIOPTERIS L.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Racemes or
panicles axillary and terminal. Glands of the calyx 8. Petals
pink or purplish. Stamens all perfect. Ovary 3-lobecl,, lobes
3-crested, and with a small lobe below the median crest.
Samaras 3, crested on the back, 3-wingecl ; the lateral wings
erect, united with the third inferior into a deeply 3-lobed,
Y-shaped wing. Embryo folded on itself.
Species 3 or -i, natives of the West Indies and the Bahamas.
Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate, obtuse or acute.
Inflorescence corymb-like 1. T. paniculata.
Leaves broadly ovate, markedly acuminate.
Inflorescence pyramidal 2. T. Brittonii.
1. T. panieulata Small in N. Amer. Fl. zxv. 124 (1910) ;
leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, or rarely elliptical,
apex obtuse or acute, base rounded or subcordate ; panicle some-
what corymb-like. — T. jamaicensis Sw. Obs. Bot. 183 (1791);
Macf. Jam. i. 150 (non L.) ; A. Juss. in Arch. Mus. Par. Hi. 516
under T. ovata Cav. ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 120. Banisteria
seminibus trialatis &c. Broivne Hist. Jam. 231. Malpighia
paniculata 3HU. Gard. Diet. eel. 8 (1768). (Fig. 80.) The type,
Miller's specimen, is in Herb. MUG. Brit. A specimen from
Fig. SO. — Triopteris paniculata Small.
a, Samara x 2.
b, Embryo enlarged (after A. de Jussieti).
Triopteris MALPIGHIACE.-E L'39
Browne is in Herb. Linn, named Jjunivtcn'c: benghalensis by
Linnaeus.
Sloane Herb. v. 92! Houstounl Browne ! Wright I Brougliton\ Shak-
spcarl Swart*; Macfadyenl Wilson ! March I Watson's Hill, Manchester,
800 ft. ; near Letitz, 500 ft. ; Pedro Bluff ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6380, 72G3,
9939.
Leaves reticulate-veined, 3-10 crn. l./l'T-S'T cm. br. Sepals 3-3 -5
mm. 1. Petals pink or light purplish, to 5 or 6 mm. 1. ; blades broadly
roundish or kidney-shaped, with undulate margin. Samaras 14-24 mm. 1. ;
upper wings oblong, the lower one oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly
elliptical ; crest subrhornboid with sinuate-eroded margin.
T. ovata Cav. from Hispaniola, with which the Jamaican species has
been confused, differs in having smaller flowers, and the crest of the samara
being ovate-triangular. T.jamaiccnsis L. is the species from Cuba and tin-
Bahamas, with oblong-elliptical leaves, 2-3 cm. 1. ; it has not been found
in Jamaica.
2. T. Brittonii Small in N. Amer. Fl. x.iv. 124 (1910) ; leaves
ovate, usually broadly so, markedly acuminate, base cordate ;
panicle pyramidal.
Spur Tree Hill, Britton, 1069. Type in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard. of
which a small portion has been presented to Herb. Mus. Brit, by Dr.
N. L. Britton !
Leaves reticulate-veined, 4-10 cm. 1. StepaZs ovate, about 2 mm. 1. ;
glands about 1'5 mm. 1. Petals purplish, to 4'5 or 5 mm. 1. ; blades
roundish, undulate and sometimes irregularly toothed. Samarw not
known.
8. TETRAPTERIS Cav.
"Woody climbers, trailing over rocks and trees. Leaves
without glands ; stipules inconspicuous. Umbels or racemes
generally paniculate, terminal. Calyx usually 8-glandular.
Petals yellow. Filaments united below. Ovary 3-lobed, lobes
crested on the back and with 2 appendages on each side. Api-x
of styles slightly enlarged. Samara 1-3, crested on the back,
with 4 lateral wings placed X-like, 2 above and 2 below.
Embryo folded on itself.
Species over 60, natives of tropical continental America
(chiefly Brazil), and the West Indies.
Griseb. FL Jlr. W. Ind. 121 under T. inseqnfiH* t'.-iv. JJanistfria
foliis ovatis nbpositis Arc. Plum. PL Amer. (Bnrm.) 9, /. 10.
Triapteris citrifolia Sw. Prodr. 7.~> (17*8) ,vr FL Ind. Occ. 857.
T. bifurca (Isertu. Fruct. //. 16S, /. 11G (1791). (Fig. 81.) Tlu-iv
is a specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Mountain woods, Swartz\ between Halberstadt and Galloway Hou-e.
Macfadyai ; St. Mary, McXab ! Pnrdiel \\~ilsun ! — Hispaniola.
L'40
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Tctro [>t> ris
T, i arcs elliptical or oblong-elliptical, apex acute, blunt, or shortly
acuminate, glabrous, base rounded, obtuse or wedge-shaped, 5-13(-17)
cm. 1. ; glands wanting. Inflorescence : branches and pedicels white at
first with short adpressed hairs, then glabrate ; bracts at base of main
branches, leaf-like. Sepals broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, exceeding the
glands by 1-1-5 mm.; glands oblong, 2-2 -5 mm. 1. Petals elliptical to
roundish, 4-6 mm. 1., margin undulate, base hastate; claws about 3 mrn.l.
B
Fig. 81. — Tetrapteris citrifolia Pers.
A, Flower cut lengthwise, corolla removed ; s, sepal ; g, gland x 6.
B, Samara, nat. size.
Filaments lanceolate or awl-shaped. Samarx : upper wings oblong or
obovate-oblong, puberulous at the base, 13-16 mm. 1. ; lower wings slightly
puberulous, 9-10 mm. 1. ; body somewhat densely puberulous, with a
wing-like crest on the back.
T. in&qualis Cav. which is found in Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Martinique,
and St. Vincent, differs from this species in some characters, especially in
the dorsal crest being a mere ridge.
9. MASCAGNIA Bert.
Shrubs, trailing and climbing (in the Jamaican species).
Stipules minute, at the base of the petiole, deciduous : glands
near the top of the petiole. Inflorescence axillary and terminal
racemes, often paniculate ; pedicels jointed about the middle.
Calyx: sepals 5, broad, persistent; glands 10 or 8. Petals 5,
entire or fringed. Stamens 10, all perfect. Ovary 3-lobed,
lobes obscurely 3-crested on the back ; styles 3, distinct, unequal,
apex foot-like. Samarre 1-3, each with a membranous crest on
the back and winged at each margin ; wings obversely deltoid or
semicircular. Cotyledons leafy, nearly equal.
Species 40, natives of tropical America (incl. West Indies).
M. Hirsea comb. nov. — M. jamaicensis Urb. & Niedenzu in Arb.
lust. Braunsb., Mascagnia 24 (1908) ; Small in N. Amer. Fl. x:cv.
119. M. Simsiana Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 121 (as regards the
Jamaican plant) (non Hirsea Simsiana Juss.). Triopteris Hiraea
Gfertn. Fruct. ii. 169, t. 116 (1791). (Fig. 82.) Type in Herb.
Mus. Brit.
Mascagnia
MALPIOHIAC'EJ-:
241
Wrlcjld\ Dint in \ Ginning ! Great Valley, Manchester, PttnZie ! Glasgow
near Troy, 1400 ft. ; Pepper, St. Elizabeth, i>50 ft. ; Spur Tree Hill, 2000 ft. ;
Harris! Fl. Jain. 9487, 9862, 98G5.
Stems to 20 ft. 1. Leaves ovate, 6-13 cm. 1. Seiwls ovate, oblong, or
roundish, 3-4 mrn. 1.; glands 1-2 mm. 1. PC fa Is yellow, spreading: limb
B
D
Fig. 82. — Mascagnia Hireea Fawc. & Eendle.
A, Stamens and pistil X 4.
B, Carpel with ovary cut lengthwise X 6.
C, Fruit X I.1,.
D, Embryo (after A. de .Tussieu)
roundish, 4 similar with entire margin and base retuse or somewhat
toothed, the fifth with a fringe (1-2 mrn. 1.) all round, 7-11 mm. 1. ; claw
3 mm. 1. Stamens unequal. Samarte glabrate : crest about 8 mm. deep,
2-3 mm. br. ; wings obversely deltoid, to 2 cm. deep and br., outer margin
irregular.
FAMILY L. POLYGALACEJS.
Herbs, or shrubs often climbing, or trees. Leave^ generally
alternate, simple, without stipules. Flowers in spikes or racemes,
hermaphrodite, irregular. Sepals ~>, imbricate, the '2 innermost
larger, petaloicl, wing-like (''wings"), all persistent round the
fruit (in Polijtjnln). Petals ',} or 5, the large petal concave,
enclosing the stamens and pistil ("keel"), '2 nearly as long as
the keel, 2 (in W. Indian species) v/antin^ or very small and
scale-like. Stamens S ; filaments united into a cleft sheath and
adhering more or less to the petals at the base ; anthers soine-
iv. i;
FLORA OF JAMAICA Polij<j«l'
what broadly tubular, 2-celled, each cell with an oblique opening
at the apex. Ovary 2-celled (1 cell sometimes abortive). Ovules
solitary, pendulous, anatropous, with a ventral raphe. Fruit a
2-celled loculicidal capsule, or a dry 1 -celled winged fruit, not
opening. Seeds with, or without endosperm. Embryo straight.
Species 800, dispersed through the temperate and warmer
regions of the whole world.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule 1. Polygala.
Ovary 1-celled. Fruit samaroid 2. Securidaca.
\. POLYGALA L.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Petals 2, more or less adhering t<>
the staminal tube and the keel. Anthers 1- or 2-celled opening
by a transverse foramen or inwards by an oblique one. Ovary
2-celled. Capsule opening loculicidally at the margin.
Species 600 or more, natives of temperate and warmer regions
of the whole world.
Flower with crested keel. Herb 1. P. paniculata.
Keel without crest.
Herb. Racemes lax 2. P. angusti folia.
Shrub or tree. Racemes dense, pedicels umbellate 3. P. jamaicensis.
1. P. panieulata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1154 (1759) & Amcen. v. 381,
402; slender annual herb, 5-12 inches (1*3-3 dm.), and more,
high ; stem and leaves densely covered with minute glands,
sometimes glandular-puberulous ; racemes terminal and lateral,
loosely -flowered ; keel crested. — Sw. Obs. Bot. 272, t. 6, /". 2 :
H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. v. 402 ; Bot. Beg. t. 761 ; Macf. Jam.
/. 47 ; Grisel). Fl Br. W. Ind, 28 ; A. W. Bennett in FL Bras.
xiii.pt. 3, 31, t. ll,/. 2; Chod. in Mem. Soc. Plnjs. Geneve xxxi.
n. 2, 229, t. 24, /. 10, 11; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 336; Blake in
Contrib. Gray Herb, n.s., no. xlcii. 99, t. 2, /. 77. P. herbacea
minor &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 287. (Fig. 83.) The type, a
specimen from Browne, is in Herb. Linn.
Broicnel Massonl Macfadyenl Port Royal Mts., Me Nab ! also Purdic !
Newcastle, 4COO ft., Eggers ! Resource, J.P. 1140, Morris ! Cinchona, 4900 ft.,
Faivcettl alsoClutel Williams Ford, Millspaugli; Bog Walk; Port Antonio;
Hitchcock ; Scott's Hall ; Prospect Hill, 2000 ft. ; Thompson ! near Castleton,
500 ft.; Troy, 1800 ft.; Harris I Fl. Jam. 7403, 7911, 7938, 9400.— West
Indies, tropical continental America.
Leaves alternate (but opposite or whorled near the base), 7-18 mm. 1.,
linear, attenuate-acuminate at botb ends. Racemes 3-9 cm. 1. Flowerx
very small, 2-2-5 mm. 1., rosy or purplish, rarely white. Sepals sub-
petaloid, free, persistent, with 2 whitish linear glands on eacb ; upper
roundish-elliptical, apex obtuse, l'l-l-3 mm. L, two lower oblong or
narrowly elliptical, 1 • 1-1 ' 2 mm.l. Wings petaloid, persistent, 1-3-nerved,
elliptical, nai rowed to base, twice as long as sepals, 2 -2-2 -5 mm. 1. Petal*
lanceolate, apex obtuse, 2-2*5 mm. 1. Keel 2*2 mm. L, witb crest of
Poly gala
POLYGALACE^E
4 pairs of narrow lobes. Ovari/ glabrous ; style somewhat longer than
ovary; stigmas crested, one at apex of style, the other halfway between
apex and ovary. Capsule elliptical, apex emarginate, cells somewhat
unequal, both opening, 2*5-3 mm. 1., about 1-5 mm. br. Seed 1'6 mm. 1.,
black, minutely puberulous with white hairs. Aril consisting of a minute
Fig. $3.—Polygala paniculata L
A, Branch with leaves and inflorescencj
X Ji-
ll, Flower x 5.
i . Flower rut lengthwise y
1> >taminal tube enlarged.
K. AIK-X < >f -t ylf, showing stigmas enlarged .
F, Capsule with the persistent cahx and
\\ings x 4.
<;, Seed entire and cut len;_th\\ise X 10;
a. aril.
(After A. W. Bennett in FJ. Bra-.
horny mucro at the apex of the seed to which are attached '2 adpressed
narrowly oblong or linear-oblanceolate, scarious lobes, -8 mm. 1.
" An interesting and beautiful inhabitant of our mountain pastures. Its
properties are said to be sudorific and diuretic, and it may be administered
in decoction or infusion" (Macfadyen). In Brazil the plant is used as ;i
11 medicinal tea."
i'. P. angustifolia //. //. «t- K. Nov. Gen. <(• tip. v. 405, /. -Ill
(1823); annual herb, 4-1 '2 inches (1-3 dm.) and more, high;
stem and lu-anrhrs puberulous, not ^laiidiil.-n- : raceuies above
the axils, Loosely-flowered; keel witliout cre&t.— Griaeb. In: fit. :
Clmd. imn. ,-//. 5J, /. 1."), /". 22-24 : /,'/,//.-,• torn. cit. 67, /. 2, /'. 45
(ii. .11 A. 11'. Bennett). P. bryzoides St. ////. Fl. Urns. Mr. fi. 1 (.
/. 88(1829); A. \\'. Benn. in /'/. Bras. tun,, cit. 13. P. mucro-
nata M'n-f. J'1,,1. /'. 47 ( L837) (non 1T//A/.). P. cain[>oruin ]»» nth.
in Hook. Journ. Hut. ii: 100 (1842). P. amerioana .I/"///, var.
angustifolia Kuntr.,' Ucc. Gen. PI i. 48 (1801 ).
i: 2
-44 FLUl.'A OF JAMAICA P
Little Hope pastures, St. Andrew, Mac-fad yen ! St. Andrew, McNab !
King's House grounds; Hope grounds; Harris] Fl. Jam. 6904, 8153. —
Cuba, St. Thomas, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, Mexico, Guatemala, Guiana,
Brazil, Paraguay.
Leaves lanceolate to linear, 2-5 cm. 1. Racemes 2-10 cm. 1., with
10-30 flowers. Flowers pale yellow with a tinge of purple, about 4 mm. 1.
•ah persistent, the two lower united nearly to apex, oblong or oblong-
elliptical, with a few stalked glands near the apex, I1 3-2 mm. 1. Wings
petaloid, persistent, obovate-elliptical, somewhat unequal-sided, wedge-
shaped at base, with a white spot near the apex, 3-4 mm. 1., pinkish-
purple. Petals mauve-purplish, about 3 '8 mm. 1., wedge-shaped at base,
middle part contracted, upper part (1 mm. 1.) roundish. Keel obtuse,
about 4 mm. 1., attached to the staminal tube at the base. Stamens about
4 mm. 1. ; filaments united for more than half their length. Style about
3'5 mm. 1., bent at right angles just above the middle, puberulous just
below the shortly 2-lobed stigma. Capsule oblong-elliptical, emarginate,
slightly swollen, 3-3 '5 mm. 1.. cells equal. Seed about 2 -5 mm. 1., white,
cylindrical, minutely silky-puberulous. Aril helmet-like at apex of seed,
minutely 3-lobed at the base, about -7 mm. 1.
• >. P. jamaieensis Chod. in Mem. Soc. Pliys. Geneve xxxi. n. 2,
11, t. 13, /. 14 (1893): shrub or tree, 8-18 ft. high; racemes
very short, dense, corymbose-umbelliform ; keel without crest.—
Blttki torn. cit. 14, t. 1, /. 3. P. fruticosa .... floribus con-
t'ertis ii;c. Browne Hist. Jam. 287. P. fruticosa .... capsulis
subrotundis &c. Browne loc. cit. t. 5, f. 3. P. arborea etc. Browne
lo>: cit. P. diversifolia L. Amcen. v. 381 & Sp. PL ed. 2, 989
(in part); Sic. Obs. Sot. 273. P. chinensis L. loc. cit. (in part).
Genista? affinis Anonyma <tc. Sloane Cat. 141 & Hist. ii. 32,
/. 170, f. 2. Badiera diversifolia DC. Prodr. L 334 (1824);
Britton 'in Bull. Ton: Bot. Cl. xxxdi. 362.
White Lignum V i t a e.
Sloane Hb. v. 100! Browne \ Wright I Swartz\ Macfadyenl rocks, sea-
coast, Manchester, Purdie ! White river, Prior ! March ! Wilson ! Rock
Fort, near Kingston ; Bath ; J.P. 641, Hart ! near Old England, Blue
Mrs., 3000-3500 ft.; near Ewarton, 950 ft.; Bridge Hill, 1500 ft.; Malvern,
2200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5838, 6597, 6671, 7092, 9651.
Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 3 '5-8 cm. 1. Racemes axillary; peduncle
1-1 '5 mm. 1. ; pedicels 2-4 mm. 1. Sepals elliptical or roundish, 1-1 '3
mm. 1., free, deciduous or more or less persistent. Wings obliquely ovate,
1-5-2 mm. 1. Petals 3 '8-4 '3 mm. 1., lower half ovate-oblong, next quarter
inflexed-contracted, uppermost quarter somewhat deltoid. Keel 3 '9-4 -5
mm. 1., blunt, contracted obliquely at the base into a claw; claw attached
to the staminal tube. Stamens about 3'5 mm. 1. ; filaments glabrous,
united nearly to apex. Ovary puberulous; style about 2*5 mm. L,
^tigmatic lobes close together, not tufted. Capsule leathery-fleshy, some-
what roundish, cells equal, at length opening (one cell sometimes not
developed), keeled above, not winged, shortly stalked, 6 '5-10 mm. L,
7-11 mm. br.
P. diversifolia L. Sp. PL 703, from description in Hort. Cliff, (p. 353)
: and specimen (from Hort. Cliff.) in Herb. Mus. Brit, is Securidaca
,*candens Jacq. In Amcen. v. 381, Linnaeus identified Browne's no. 2
;as P. diversifolia, and a specimen from Browne is so named in Herb.
Linn.; Browne's no. 4 Linneeus named P. cJiinensis, and a specimen from
Browne is pinned to the type of P. chinensis. Both Browne's specimens
Poly gal 1 1
ruLYGALAi T..K
245
are P. jamaiccn*<*. ('hod. In Sp. PI. ed. 2, 988 Linnceus includes under
P. diver sifolia (i.e. tirc/iridaca sctim/riix) u reference to Browne's n
(i.e. P. jama ice iisis).
2. SECURIDACA L.
Shrubs generally climbing. Leaves alternate, entire, generally
with stipulary glands. Racemes terminal and axillary, often
paniculate. Sepals and wings deciduous. Petals 4, 2 larger,
adhering at the base to the staminal tube but distant from the
H
Fi.u. B4.--S
A, Bud of N. l;i<j>i-iici (irisrli. with a win-
cut away X •> ', c, ealvx : h, wii.u-
i>. petals; o, rudiineiitai-y petal: /.-,
kft-1 : 8, staininal slu-atli.
);. Sepal of S. > r.'cta \.. x 4.
C, Wing of ditto x 4.
D, Petal of ditto X 4.
E, Keel of ditto X 4.
'dc
I . staminal .-hfatli of ditto x ('• : >•. :ilior-
tivi' stamen : n, nidiin«.-ntar\
i., Pi-til of ditto X »'>.
II, Fruit of ,v. /. (iri>el.. X -.
I, l'.a-e of fruit of ditto rut 1
X 3 : /', "in;; i-ut oif ; x, point \\heri-
style h;<- li.-eli ; • . e]||l»l\VO.
•I. seed of ditto x :: : ar. ai il.
keel, 2 rudimentary, scale-like. Keel, middle portion of
expanded, sometimes crest-like. O\arv 1 -celled through the
abortion of the second cell, with an appendage on one side.
developing into the wing of the fruit, style curved hook-like.
1'40 FLORA OF JAMAICA S curidaca
sub-2-lobed at the stigmatic apex. Fruit with a long terminal
•wing, not opening. Seed with a short cap-like adpivssed aril ;
endosperm wanting: embryo undivided.
Species about 30, mostly natives of tropical and sub-tropical
America, including West indies, a few in Africa and Asia.
Racemes forming a corymbose leafy panicle. Anterior
margin of seed-case wider above, rounded or horn-like 1. S. Brownei.
Racemes lax. Anterior margin of seed-case narrow, of
same breadth throughout 2. S. crecta.
Panicles long ; branches distant. Anterior margin of
seed-case narrow below, broad above ; apex 2-toothed 3. S. Lamarckii.
1. S. Brownei Grisel. FL Br. W. Ltd. 30 (1859); racemes
dense, with numerous flowers, forming a somewhat corvmbose
leafy panicle ; anterior margin of seed-case wider above, rounded
or produced into an obtuse horn-like projection. — -S. virgata
Macf. Jam. i. 49 (1837) (non Suo.). S. scandens foliis oblongis cVrc.
Browne Hist. Jam. 288. Eltrefs Original Sketches of Browne'*
Jamaican Plants, 61, 62. (Fig. 84, A, H-J.)
Red Hills, Browne; Wright \ Broughton\ Shakspearl common on
limestone, Macfadyen \ between Claremont and Bellfield, St. Mary, McNab !
Browns Town; near Penu Hill; Purdie\ Wilson I Priori March ! below
Vinegar Hill; Hall's Delight; St. George, 2000 ft.; Olive R., near
Christiana, 3000 ft. ; Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2500-3000 ft ; Mount
Pleasant, Stony Hill, 1100 ft.; Kempshot, 1100-1600 ft.; Red Hills,
St. Andrew, 1000 ft. ; Harris \ Brandon Hill, 1000 ft., Thompson \ Plowden
Hill, Fawccttl Bower's Wood road, Britton, 2615! Fl. Jam. 5545, 7674,
8039, 8240, 8992, 8999, 10,326, 11,140, 11,838.
Shrub with numerous branches trailing over neighbouring shrubs and
low trees to a height of 25-40 ft. Leaves elliptical, rounded at apex,
obtuse or wedge-shaped at base, minutely puberulous or glabrous, 5-4 cm. 1.,
becoming gradually smaller (to 1 cm. 1.) near the flowers. Eacemcs
4-8 cm. 1. Sepals 4-3 mm. 1., elliptical to roundish, coloured, densely
puberulous on the outside, minutely ciliate, with parallel dark veins.
Wings large, semicircular or rounded, unequal-sided, minutely ciliate,
•7-1 cm. br. and nearly as long, with a very short claw. Petals oblong,
contracted in the middle, oblique and rounded above, gibbous at base,
about 6 mm. 1. ; lateral scale-like, oblong, about 1 mm. 1. Keel : blade
about 8 mm. 1., as folded together 3 mm. br., narrowly elliptical along the
edge of the fold, somewhat straight along the free margin, truncate at
base; central portion of apex folded together with an irregular margin.
Staminal sheath villous along the margin, about as long as the petals ;
free filaments about 2 mm. 1. Ovary compressed-ellipsoidal, margined on
both sides, margin on one side passing into the style just below the apex,
on the other slightly enlarged and forming a very short appendage above
the ovary ; style excentric, bent like a hook ; stigma with 2 capitate lobes.
Fruit : seed-case about 1 cm. 1., and as broad or nearly so, marked with a
few branching lines, sometimes not prominent ; wing somewhat oblong,
3-4 cm. 1., 2-1 '5 cm. br. near apex, 9-10 mm. br. at base.
'2. S. ereeta Jacq. Eaum. PL Caril. 27 (1760); racemes lax,
anterior margin of seed-case very narrow, of the same breadth
Securidac'i POLYGALA«'K.i; 24-7
throughout, without any projection. — Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Arner. 197,
/. 183, f. 39 & Eil pirt. */261, f. 56; L. Sp. PL e<l 2, 992.
S. volubilis L. Sijst. <><l 10, 1155 (1759) (non Sp. PL 707).
S. virgata Sw. Prodr. 104 (1788) & FL Lid. Occ. 1231 ; Griseb. FL
Br. W. Lid. 30 ; Urb. St/mb. Ant. iv. 337 (non Mac/.). S. scandens
Tuss. Fl. Ant. iv. 57, t. 20 (1827) (non L.). 8. foliis orbiculatis &c.
Plum. PL Am<T. (Burin.} 245, t. 248, /. 1. S. fruticosa foliis
subrotundis etc. Browne Hixt. Jam. 287. A specimen from
Swartz from Hispaniola in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 84, B-G.)
St. James, Browne; mountains, St. James, Tussac ; Macfadyen \—
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.
Shrub with numerous slender flexible branches, supporting themselves
on neighbouring shrubs and low trees and often reaching to their summits.
Leaves elliptical or round, sometimes ovate-roundish, generally more or
less ernarginate, 2-1 '5 cm. 1. on the lower branches, becoming smaller to
•5 cm. 1. on the flowering branches. Racemes numerous at ends of
branches, to 1-5 dm. 1. Flowers smelling of violets. Sepals ovate to
roundish-ovate, 2-3 mm. 1., puberulous on the outside and margin, some-
what veiny. Wings unequal-sided, roundish or somewhat triangular,
8 mm. 1. and br., minutely ciliate ; claw about 1*3 mm. 1. Petals obovate
above, oblong below, much curved and concave, about 5 mm. 1. ; upper
portion 2' 5 mm. br. ; base with a sinus, so that there appears to be 2 claws;
lateral lanceolate, about -6 mm. 1. Keel: blade about 6 mm. 1. (as folded
together), 4 mm. br., edge of the fold curved outwards elliptically, free
margin slightly concave, truncate at the base ; middle portion of the apex
forming a large, expanded, irregularly toothed crest, about 2 mm. 1. ; claw
2 mm. 1. Staminal sheath about 6 mm. 1. ; free filaments 3-4 mm. 1. ;
with a small abortive stamen at the back. Ovary compressed-ellipsoidal,
about 1 rmn. L, very shortly stalked, margined on one side; appendage on
the other side triangular-conical, free part above ovary generally '8 mm. 1.
Fruit: seed-case 7-9 mm. 1., 4*5-6 rnrn. br., reticulate with prominent
lines ; wing narrowly elliptical, or with an elliptic curve on anterior side
and somewhat straight on posterior tide, 2*5-3 cm. L, 10-12 mm. br.
above, gradually narrowing to 4-6 mm. br. at base, extending down \-\
the posterior side of seed-case ; seed-case and base of wing minutely
puberulous, rest of wing glabrescent.
Jacquin founded his species on Browne's description on p. 287 of the
'Natural History of Jamaica." The specimen of S. volubilis L. Sp.
PI. 707 in the Linnean herbarium is Nissolia fruticosa Jacq., and the
citation from Plumier, Sparteum .... citri foliis, floribus albis &c.,
confirms our view that Linnaeus was nob dealing with any species of the
genus Secitridaca as understood by Jacquin and other botanists. The
S. roliibilis of the Systema ed. 10, refers to Browne's description, but in
the second edition of " Species Plantarum " (992) the name- is given up,
and Jacquin's name substituted.
3. S. Lamarckii Griseb. FL ]ir. W. Lul 30 (I*o9); inflor-
c.^cence paniculate, often very long with distant branches, lax-
flowered ; anterior margin of seed-case narrow below, broad
above, api-x 2 -toothed, about 4 mm. above seed-case. — S. scandens
Lam. Eii'-,/,-. /•//. 51 (1806) (excl. syn.) (non. L.) & Illu*tr. t. 5D9.
/• L
Macfadyen (fide Griscbach). — St. Cruz (introduced), Martinique, St.
Vincent.
FLORA uF .JAMAICA Securiil<-
Shrun with numerous flexible branches, bending at the tip, forming
large open hooks for support. Leaves elliptical, apex obtuse or sub-
emarginate, base obtuse or rounded, 3 '5-7 cm. 1., generally much smaller,
about 1'5 cm. 1. on the inflorescence; veins densely reticulaied and pro-
minent on both sides, upper surface glabrous or minutely puberulous at
base, beneath minutely tomentose or puberulous. Inflorescence to 5 dm. 1.
and more. 6Vj)r//,s puberulous on the outside towards the base, ciliolate,
two elliptical, narrowed on the lower half of one side, about 3 mm. 1. ; the
third elliptical, concave, 4 mm. 1. THm/.s- about 9 mm. 1., about 6 mm.
br., unequal-sided, broadly elliptical, one side somewhat straight, wedge-
shaped at the base forming a claw 3 rum. 1. Petals broadly obovate above,
oblong below, much curved and concave, about 7 '5 mm. 1., upper portion
2-5-3 mm.br.; lateral linear-lanceolate, 1 mm. 1. Keel: blade ciliolate,
7-8 mm. 1. (as folded together), 4-5 mm. br., somewhat ovate ; apex
forming an ample folded minutely toothed crest, about 1 mm. 1. ; claw
•5 mm. 1. Staminal sheath about 7 mm. 1. ; free filaments about 2 mm.l.
Ovary about 1'2 mm. 1., shortly stalked, margined on one side, appendage
on the other side ovate, acute, produced beyond the- ovary about '8 mm. 1. ;
style about 1 cm. 1. Fruit: seed-case 6 mm. 1., 5-6 mm. br. (incl.
margin), reticulate with prominent lines in the upper part, with a pro-
minent nerve from the base ; wing oblong-elliptical, about 4 cm. 1., about
1'4 cm. br., with apex rounded from the anterior margin, narrowing on
the posterior margin to form a stalk-like part 5-7 mm. 1., 2-3 mm. br., not
extending down the posterior side of seed-case.
This species is included on the authority of Grisebach, but we have not
seen a specimen from Jamaica. Dr. 0. Paulsen informs us that "it was
introduced into St. Cruz in the ISth century and is now quite naturalized."
Grisebach includes Cuba in the distribution, but the Cuban plant repre-
sents, we think, a different species.
FAMILY LI. EUPHORBIACE^E.
Trees or shrubs or sometimes herbs, with sap often milky,
occasionally poisonous. Leaves usually alternate, sometimes
opposite or whorled, entire or toothed, sometimes digitalely
lobed, or with 3 or more digitate leaflets, or reduced to scales.
Stipules often present, small, soon falling or persisteut, rarely
large, and sometimes enclosing the bud. Flowers unisexual,
monoecious or direcious, regular or slightly irregular. Perianth
often small, sometimes wanting, sometimes dissimilar in the
male and female flowers, either a calyx only, or calyx and
corolla. Male flowers : Receptacle sometimes expanded into a
disk within the stamens, or the glands or lobes of the disk
alternating with the stamens of the outer series. Stamens some-
times indefinite in number, sometimes as many as the sepals or
petals or fewer, or reduced to one. Filaments free or more or
less united. Rudiment of ovary present or absent. Female
flowers : Disk hypogynous, rinjr-like, lobed or cup-shaped, or
represented by distinct glands, or wanting. Ovary usually
3-celled ; styles as many as cells of ovary. Ovules 1 or 2
collateral in each cell, descending, anatropous, attached at the
central angle of the cells ; rhaphe ventral ; funicle expanded
EUPHORBIACE.I: 249
very often into a cushion-like outgrowth (obturator). I'Yuit
usually capsular, splitting into as many cocci as there are ovary-
cells, the axis persisting, each coccus opening above ami along
the back by '2 valves — sometimes drupaceous, divided into celN,
not splitting. Seeds generally as many as the ovules, often
with a caruncle at the apex. Endosperm usually copious, tieshy,
rarely scanty or wanting. Embryo central, straight or slightly
curved, generally as long as the endosperm ; cotyledons Hat,
broad ; radicle superior ; rarely when the endosperm is scanty
or wanting, the cotyledons are tieshy, large, and folded.
Species about 4,000, widely distributed over the world.
mainly in the tropics.
Tribe I. Pliyllantlicse. Perianth single, the calyx (rudi-
mentary petals in Savia). Stamens opposite the sepals,
or (in Phyllanthus) in centre of flower. Ovules 2 in each
cell. Inflorescence axillary. (See also Tetrorchidium in
Tribe Crotonea?.)
Flowers without petals.
Ovary with 3 (or more) cells.
Stamens in centre of flower 1. PhyllantJius.
Stamens opposite sepals 2. Secnrincya.
Ovary with 2 cells (or 1).
Flowers in clusters 3. Drypcti's.
Flowers in panicles 4. Hycronima.
Flowers with rudimentary petals (sometimes none in
female flowers), in clusters 5. Savia.
Tribe II. Picrodendroneae. Perianth wanting in male tlowcr :
single, the calyx, in female flower. Stamens indefinite in
number, subtended by bracts. Ovary 2-celled, ovules - in
each cell.
6. Picrodendron.
Tribe III. tCrotonese. Perianth single, the calyx, or double,
calyx and petals. Stamens in one or more series, the
outer alternate with the sepals, or in the centre of the
flower (opposite the sepals in Tetrorchidium). Ovules 1
in each cell.
Perianth double, calyx and petals (petals small in
Acidocroton and Argythamnia, usually small or
wanting in female flowers of Cruton).
Inflorescence racemose or spicate.
Inflorescence terminal 7. Croton.
Inflorescence axillary.
Shrul). Stamens 4 8. Artjythamnitt.
Swamp herb. Stamens 10 U. C(i_L>--runia.
250
FLUK.Y OF JAMAICA
Inflorescence paniculate.
Calyx imbricate. Shrubs or herbs 18. Jatroplia.
[Calyx valvate. Trees Aleurites.]
Flowers in clusters 19. Acidocroton.
Perianth single, the calyx.
Inflorescence spicate or racemose, axillary.
Bracts ovate -lanceolate, without glands.
Male calyx closed in bud, splitting valvately.
Styles free or very shortly united at base.
Anther-cells crosswise 4-globose. Styles
much divided 10. Bcrnardia.
Anther-cells oblong, contiguous,
parallel.
Shrubs. Male inflorescence usually
unbrauched. Styles 3 12. Lasiocroton.
Trees. Male inflorescence much
branched. Styles 2 13. Alchornea.
Anther-cells free, hanging from the
apex of the filament. Styles usually
with many branches 14. Acalyplia.
Male sepals valvate. Styles united below,
undivided.
Stamens numerous. Shrubs or trees .. 15. Acidoton.
Stamens 3-1. Twining herbs with
stinging hairs 16. Tragia.
Male sepals slightly imbricate. Anthers
opposite the sepals, sessile, 4-celled.
Stigmas sessile, 2 20. Tetrorchidium.
Flowers several on reduced cushion-like leafy
shoots 11. Adelia.
Inflorescence ; clusters of sessile or stalked
flowers in the axils of much smaller upper
leaves, not reduced to bracts, without glands 21. Chxtocarpus.
Inflorescence racemose or paniculate, terminal
or in upper axils. Bracts without glands.
Male flowers below, female several together
above. Stamens very numerous, fila-
ments much branched 17. Pdcinus.
"Male flowers above, female several together
below. Stamens 10 Mcinihot.~\
Inflorescence paniculate, at apex of branches,
flowers several together in the axils of leafy
2-glandular bracts, iernale solitary here and I
there amongst the numerous male flowers ... 22. Omphalea.
Inflorescence spicate, axillary or terminal.
Bracts broad, truncate, generally 2-glandular.
Male sepals distinct. Spikes terminal or
axillary 23. Dendrocousinsia.
Male calyx lobed.
Filaments free. Spikes axillary 24. Sapium.
Filaments united. Spikes terminal.
Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled 25. Grimmeodendron.
Stamens 2. Ovary 6-9-celled 26. Hippomane.
Perianth of male flower wanting, or rudimentary,
consisting of a more or less complete rim, of the
female flower cup-shaped 28. Hura.
Perianth wanting in male and female flowers 27. Gymnanthcs.
PhyllaniJius
EUPHORBIA! E.
251
Tribe IV. Eitpltorbiese. Involucre enclosing several male
flowers, and one female flower, simulating an hermaphn.
elite flower ; the male flower consisting of a single stamen,
jointed to a pedicel, with or without a minute scale at
the joint ; the female flower consisting of an ovary on a
pedicel, with or without 3 minute scales. Ovary 3-celled,
ovules solitary in each cell.
Involucre regular, calyx-like 29. Euphorbia.
Involucre irregular, oblique 30. PedilantJtu*.
1. PHYLLANTHUS L.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire, alternate (very rarely
opposite), in two vertical rows, well developed, or small or scale-
like : petiole either wanting or very short, to one-tenth the length
"f the blade, but in P. cjlabellus long, one-third to one-half the
length of the blade. Flowers generally monrecious (dioecious in
Ki_r. v'..— /•//.'/ '/,/// >i,\i< epiphyllanthui I..
\. Flowrriiiir branch x ,
l>. Male flower X •">.
1 . I emale Mower X 5 ; </, disk.
I>. Apex of staininal column,
down on it X 1">.
E, Longitudinal section of ovary with
styles x * : </, disk.
I ovary of /'. iinni'li/"?''"* L. cil( open,
(A and E from unput»lish"d di'awii
F aft'-i l;:ii!|,in.
oviilr ; /-, olitu-
ninrli riil;U-4'-'d :
rat or.
&, Notrli of Ilouerinj,' hranrii \\ith fin
of raji.>iik--.. one uni-ipi', >.
Jl, (.'ap>ulf \\itl) one co -cus tin n -d do\\ n
X 4 ; /•, prrsistelit a\i~ d-.
I . ">rct inn of i-oc-rns eiilar.'-
- -tion ••!" Bee 1 enlarged,
by S.-hleiden in Herb. MIH. llrit.
.1 after Kiu''er.)
FLOUA OF JAMAICA
Phyllanthus
P. nobilis}, small, in clusters in the axils or at the nodes of
leafless branches, or on modified flowering branches which are
flattened or leaf-like, notched, with the flowers at the notches,
without petals, male generally numerous, female few or solitary
in the same axil or on a different branch. Male flowers : Sepals
5, 6, or 4, imbricate in two series, all similar or the outer shorter,
herbaceous or subpetaloid. Disk of six separate glands. Stamens
_. 3, 4, or 5 in the centre of the flower. No rudimentary ovary.
Female flowers : Sepals like those of the male. Disk saucer-
shaped or cup-shaped, of separate glands in P. latifolius. Ovary
3-celled (12-6-celled in P. reticulatus). Styles wanting or deve-
loped, free or united more or less in lower half, 2-branched,
2-lobed, or cut into many segments. Ovules two in each cell.
Capsule splitting up into 2-valved cocci. Seeds 3-sided, usually
attached below the top, without a caruncle.
Species nearly 600, mostly in the tropics and sub-tropics,
rarer in temperate regions.
A. Leaves well developed ; flowering branches not
flattened nor leaf-like.
Petiole, either wanting or very short, to one-tenth
the length of the blade.
Sepals in both sexes 5 or 6.
Stamens 3.
Shrubs or trees.
Sepals 3-4 ram. 1. Leaves to 10 cm. 1.... 1. P. nutans.
Sepals not over 2 mm. 1. Leaves not over
6 cm. 1.
Leaves acuminate, 4*5-2 cm. 1 2. P. acuminatus,
Leaves obovate, 6-3 cm. 1 3. P. portoricensis.
Leaves ovate to roundish, about '5cm. 1. 4. P. Fadyenii.
Herbs or undershrubs. Sepals not over
1 • 5 mm. 1. Leaves not over 2 cm. 1.
Terrestrial. Stems not spongy at base.
[Leaves oblong, apiculate, 2- '5 cm. 1.
Seeds transversely wrinkled P. Urinaria.]
Leaves obovate, !• 2-' 6 cm. 1. Seeds
minutely papillose 5. P. carolinensis*
Leaves oblong-elliptical or oblong-
obovate, rounded at apex, 1-8-
1 cm. 1. Seeds with 5 or 6 lines
along the back.. 6. P. niruri.
Aquatic. Stem at base1 spongy. Leaves
elliptical, '5-' 4 cm. 1 7. P. aquaticus.
Stamens 5.
[Shrub or tree. Sepals 2-2*5 mm. 1.
Leaves elliptical or oblong-elliptical,
2-3'5 cm. 1 P. rcticulatus.}
Herb. Sepals '6 mm. 1. Leaves obovate-
elliptical, -6-1-5 cm. 1 8. P. minor.
Phyllantliu* EUPIIORBIACEJ: 25
Sepals of male flower 4, of female 5 or 6,
1-2 mm. 1. Leaves 7-13 cm. 1. Stamens 3-2.
Racemes or panicles, 2-5 together from small
knobs on the main trunk.
Anthers 3 9. P. cladantlms.
Anthers 2 10. P. cauliflorus.
Racemes in axils of leaves 11. P. axillaris.
Sepals in both sexes 4, 1-2 mm. 1. Lea\
3-13 cm. 1. Stamens 4.
Flowers dioecious. Fruit barely 1cm. in diam. 12. P. nobilis.
[Flowers moiHscious. Fruit 1-5 cm. in diam. P. distichus.]
Petiole long, $-§ the length of the blade 13. P. glabcllus.
13. Leaves almost always wanting, represented by
deciduous scales. Flowering branches flattened,
expanded, generally leaf-like.
Flowering branches spirally scattered, penultimate
branches normal 14. P. epiphyllanthus.
Flowering branches in 2 vertical rows, penultimate
branches more or less modified.
Penultimate branches persistent, younger parts
slightly modified. Flowering branches
sometimes in more than 2 rows 15. P. montanus.
Penultimate branches deciduous, modified.
Flowering and penultimate branches dis-
similar in form.
Pedicels shorter than 3 mm. Sepals • 5-1 • 5
mm. 1.
Disk of female fl. saucer-shaped 16. P. anguslifolius.
Disk of female fl. of separate glands 17. P. latifolius.
Pedicels 3-7 mm. 1. Sepals 1-5-3 mm. 1.
Disk of female fl. ^— J the length of ovary.
Styles not united 18. P. S2>eciosns,
Styles united, erect.
Male and female fls. unequal in size 19. P. insequaliflorus.
Male and female fls. equal in size 20. P. Coxiamis.
Disk of female fl. and stylar column
each about as long as ovary 21. P. Swart :di.
Flowering and penultimate branches similar
and linear.. . 22. P. lincaris.
A. Leaves well developed ; petiole either wanting or very
short, to one-tenth the length of the blade, or (in P.
glabellns) long, one-third to one-half the length of tlu>
blade ; flowering branches normal.
1. P. nutans Sw.Pnxlr. '27 (1788) & Fl. ln<L Occ. 1J03; shrubs
or trees, 4-30 ft. high ; leaves variable in size even on tlie same
twig, 1-10 cm. 1., elliptical to ovate, glabrous ; sepals of male
flower 5 or 0, about 3 mm. 1., elliptical to obovate, of female
flower 5 or G, about 4 mm. 1., elliptical-obovate ; filaments united
into a column ; anthers 3, horizontal from apex of column :
styles united half-way, free parts retlexed, L' brain-lied. — Jacq.
Hort. Sclnxnbi. ii. 35, t. 193; Griseb. Fl. Hr. IT. 7m/. 33; 7>W//.
Adansonia //'. 15 : Mifll. Ar</. in DC. Prod,-, xv. [>t. '2, 375. Tilia
L'.")4 FLOKA OF JAMAICA
forte arbor racemosa &c. Sloane Cat. 135 & Hist. it. 19, /. 158,
/. 3. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Sloane Herb. v. 66, 67 ! Wright ! Dancer ! Swartz 1 Macfadycn \ above
Cave R., St. Ann, Purdic ! near Moneague, Prior ! Wilson 1 March I J.P.
1061, 1326, Aforrts ! Rock Fort, Campbell ! Golden Valley, St. Thomas,
1000 ft, ; near Hope, 700-800 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ; Potsdam, 2600 ft. ; Fish
River Mts. ; near Dolphin Head ; Croft's Mt., Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5423, 6412, 6574, 6602, 8601, 8950, 9301, 9337, 9778, 10,260,
10,309, 11,212; Union Hill, near Moneague, Brit ton & Hollick 2747!-
Cuba, Hispaniola.
Petioles 1-3 mm. 1. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 1*5-3 mm. 1., deciduous.
Floiuers red, solitary or 2-5 in clusters, or racemose, or panicle-like on
slender branches from which the leaves have dropped ; pedicels 1-3 cm. 1.
Male flowers : Disk of 5-6 glands. Female flowers : Disk saucer-shaped,
crenate. Capsule globular, 9-10 mm. in diam., slightly fleshy on the
outside. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, pointed at apex, flattened at the other
end, 5-7 mm. 1.
2. P. aeuminatus Valil Symb. ii. 95 (1791); shrub or much
branched tree, 8-25 ft. high ; twigs green, more or less
puberulous, angular; leaves 2-4-5 cm. 1., ovate, acuminate or
shortly acuminate, glabrous, but sometimes puberulous on nerves,
margin, and petiole ; sepals of male flower about 1 mm. 1.,
3 outer deltoid, about 2 mm. br., 3 inner ovate, about '5 mm.
br., of female flower about 1'5 mm. 1., 3 outer broadly ovate,
3 inner oblong-ovate ; filaments united into a column ; anthers 3,
horizontal from apex of short column ; styles free, 2 -branched,
reflexed. — Baill. Adans. i. 33 & ii. 15 ; Muell. Arg. in DC.Prodr.
.rt-.pt, 2, 381. P. Conami Sw. Prodr. 28 (1788) & Fl. Lid. Occ.
1105.
Wright ! Hartweg (fide Baillon) ; near Castleton, Harris ! Fl. Jam.
8409, 11,147. — Cuba, Martinique, St. Vincent, Trinidad, tropical conti-
nental America.
Petiole 3-4 mm. 1. Stipules linear-lanceolate, l'5-2 mm. 1. Floioers
numerous, one female, the rest male, in axillary clusters. Male flowers :
Pedicels about 3 mm. 1., several together. Disk of 3 glands. Female
flowers : Pedicels about 13 mm. 1., one in each cluster, thickened and
angled at apex. Disk of 3 large bigibbous glands united laterally to form
a cup. Capsule 3 '5-4 mm. 1., surface net-veined. Seeds about 2'5 mm. 1.,
reddish-brown, keeled on the back.
3. P. portorieensis Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 388 (1910) ; shrub
12 ft. high, glabrous ; leaves 3-6 cm. 1., obovate, base cuneate ;
flowers dioecious (?) ; sepals of female flower 5 or 6, obovate to
ovate, about 1 mm. 1. ; styles free, 2-5-lobed, spreading.-
Diasperus portorieensis Knntze Rev. Gen. PL ii. 602 (1891). A
specimen from Kuntze in Herb. Kew.
Hope grounds, 700 ft. Harris I Fl. Jam. 12,193, 12,344, 12,398.-
Porto Rico.
Petiole 5-10 mm. 1. Male flowers not known. Female flowers greenish-
yellow, several together in axillary clusters ; pedicels 2-4 mm. 1. Sepals :
Pliyllanfhus EUPHOKBIACE.K
outer obovate, inner ovate. Disk saucer-shaped with undulate margin.
Fruit globular, 6-7 mm. in diam., outer coat fleshy, milky-white,
enclosing 3 cocci. Seeds 3-cornered, "2 mm. 1.. somewhat reddish-brown,
smooth.
4. P. Fadyenii Urb. Symb. Ant. vl. 1 3 (1909) ; shrub, glabrous ;
leaves 4-5 mm. 1., upper elliptical or shortly ovate, leathery,
apex rounded, generally obsoletely apiculate, base emarginate,
the lower roundish ; sepals of male flower 5, 1 ' '2 mm. 1., roundish,
of female flower 5, 2 mm. 1. (in fruit) ; filaments 3, free ; anthers
opening longitudinally. — P. orbicularis (Jriseb. FL Br. W. Intl. 34
(1859) (as regards the Jamaican plant) (non H. B. d- K.). Type
in Herb. Kew.
Macfadycn !
Sti^Hiles linear-awl-shaped, persistent, l'5-'5 mm. 1. Flowers in the
axils, generally solitary. Pedicels of male flower about 1 mm. 1., of female
to 3'5 mm. 1. Disk of 5 glands. Female flowers : Sepals obovate.
[P. Urinaria L. Sp. PL 982 (1753); an erect or procumbent
annual herb (occasionally perennial), 4—16 inches (and more)
high ; stem and branches minutely hispid at the angles : leaves
• 5— 2 cm. 1.. oblong, sensitive, tip rounded or apiculate, margin
often minutely hispid ; flowers subsessile ; sepals of male flowers 6,
about '5 mm. L, of female flowers 6, about *7 mm. 1., oblong,
1-nerved ; filaments united into a column ; anthers 3, erect, united,
opening vertically ; styles free ; seeds transversely wrinkled.—
Muell Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 364 ; Hook. f. FL Brit. In<L
v. 293 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 89 ; HutcTiinson ni FL Trop. Afr. vi.
pt. 1, 721. P. leprocarpus Wight Ic. t. 1895, /. 4 (1852). P. foliis
pinnatis floriferis, floribus sessilibus caule herbaceo procuinbente
L. FL Zt^jl. 157. Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mu-.
Brit.
Naturalized ; Hope river valley ; Hope grounds ; Castleton grounds ;
Bath; Harris I FL Jam. 9980, 12,082, 12,142, 12,155, 12,195.— Tropical
Asia, Australia, Pacific Is., rare in Africa.
Stipules lanceolate-acuminate from a peltate base. Flowers greenish,
minute, solitary in the axils, males in the uppermost part of the branch.
Male flowers : SVpaZs obovate-elliptical. Disk composed of separate
minute glands. Female flowers : Sepals persistent, reflexed in fruit.
Disk saucer-shaped, margin irregularly toothed. Ovary, surface densely
granulate. Styles short, 2-cleft. Capsule about 2 mm. in diam., depressed-
globular, sometimes writh minute spines on the surface. Seeds about
1-3 mm. L]
•"». P. carolinensis Walt. FL Carol. 228 ( 1 7ss) ; herb, becoming
woody bflow, 2—11 inches high, glabrous; branches >piradini,f. or
<-tiU' and erect; leaves 6-ll(-2U) mm. L, membranous, obovate
or oblong-obovate, apex rounded or blunt : sepals of male flower 6,
about '5 mm. 1 , obovate-roundisli. ot female flower 0, -5-1 mm. 1.,
increasing to about 1 or 1*5 mm. in fruit, linear-oblanceolate :
* FLOKA OK .IA.MA1- PliyUantlius
filaments .°>, free ; stvles free, 2-branched, horizontal. — Miclt.r. FL
Hor. Am. it. 209; Muett. Anj. in DC. Prodr. xv. j>t. 2, 399.
P. obuvatus Muehlenb. <>.<• Willd. Sp. PL etl 4, iv. 574 (1805) :
-1. Rich, in Sagra Cub. a7. 215.
Belle Vue, near Spanish Towu ; Castleton grounds, 500 ft., Harris !
Fl. Jam. 12,046, 12,143. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Martinique, northern S. America,
Central America and northwards to Pennsylvania.
J\'tiole scarcely 1 mm. 1. Stipules about '5 mm. 1., triangular, acute,
scarious at tip and margin. Floivers a few, subsessile in axils, male and
female. Pedicels '5-1 mm. 1. Disk of male flowers composed of distinct
glands; of female flowers saucer-shaped. Capsule globular-depressed,
nearly 2 mm. in diam. Seeds 3-coruered, minutely papillose (under a
strong lens), about 1 mm. 1.
6. P. niruri L. &p. PL 081 (1753) ; annual hei'b, 6 inches-
'1 ft. high, glaucous ; flowering branches angular to 1 dm. 1. ;
leaves 1—1 '8 cm. 1. in the middle of the twig, shorter above
and below, oblong- elliptical or ublong-obovate, rounded to blunt
at both ends, membranous, glabrous ; pedicels 1-2 mm. 1. ; sepals
5-6, unequal: of male flowers *5-'S mm. 1., ovate, of female
about 1 mm. 1., elliptical-ovate; filaments united into a column;
anthers 3, distinct ; styles free, very short, each with two very
short branches.- -Wight Ic. t. 1894: Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 34;
MneU. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 406 & in FL Bras. xi. pt. 2,
53 ; Hook. f. FL Brit. Ind. v. 298 : Watt Econ. Prodr. ; Urb.
St/rnb. Ant. 'it: 338; Hutchinson in FL Trop. Afr. m. pt, 1, 731.
P. foliis. . . pedunculatis &c. L. FL ZeyL 157. TJrinaria indica &c.
Bimn. Zeyl. 230, t. 93, /. 2. Type in Herb. Linn.
Macfadyenl Distinl Arnottl Kingston, Priori Port Antonio, Millspaugh ;
Kingston, Hitchcock ; Porus, C. G. Lloyd ; King's House grounds, T. J.
Harris ! Hope grounds, 700 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6675, 6773, 6855, 12,136.
-Widely spread in the Tropics, naturalized in Bermuda.
Petiole about 1 mm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate-awl-shaped, scarcely 1 mm. 1.
Flowers clustered 2 together, 1 male and 1 female, or each solitary, in
axils of leaves. Male flowers : Disk of separate glands. Female flowers :
Disk saucer-shaped, with 5-6 lobes. Capsule depressed-globular, 2-2 • 3 mm.
in diam. Seeds with 5 to 6 lines along the back, about 1 mm. 1.
The root is a remedy for jaundice ; half an ounce of the fresh root is
rubbed in a cup of milk, and given night and morning. An infusion of the
tender roots is valuable in chronic dysentery. The properties of P. Urinaria
are identical with those of this species. (Watt)
7. P. aquatieus C. Wright in SauvaUe FL Cub. 124 (1868);
erect herb, to 21 ft. high, sometimes procumbent at base, growing
amongst sedges and coarse grasses in boggy ground ; stem spongy
with a loose bladder-like epidermis at base when growing in
water : leaves 4-5 mm. L, elliptical, with rounded apex, sub-
sessile; sepals of male flower 5, 1 mm. L, obovate-roundish, of
female flower 5, 1'5 mm. 1., elliptical; filaments united into a
staminal column : anthers 3, distinct, opening horizontally :
stvles 2-branched.
Pliyllantlius EUPHORBIACE.K 257
Hollis's Savanna, Clarendon, 2400 ft. ; Cornwall, St. Elizabeth ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 12,2:44, 12,555.— Caba.
Stipules triangular, acuminate, about 1 mm. 1. Flowers solitary in
axils, or 2 or 3 together, male and female mixed ; pedicels about 1 mm. 1.
Male flowers : Disk of 5 separate glands. Anthers sessile at apex of
column. Female flowers : Disk saucer-shaped with wavy or shortly-lobed
margin. Styles 3, each with two short branches. Capsule (not seen)
depressed, with the sepals persistent, generally becoming larger (fide
Wright). Seeds (not seen) longitudinally striate, with numerous trans-
verse lines (fide Wright).
[P. reticulatus Poir. Encyc. v. 298 (1804) ; shrub or small
bushy tree, 6-10 ft. high ; leaves 2-3 • 5 cm. 1., elliptical or oblong-
elliptical, glabrous; sepals of male flower 5 or 6, 2-2-5 mm. 1.,
outer elliptical, inner obovate, of female flowers 5-6 (4-7), 2-
2'5 mm. L, outer elliptical, inner obovate or roundish; filaments
3 (or 2) inner more or less united, fleshy, 2 (or 3) outer short,
slender or abortive with the anthers sessile at the base of
the other filaments ; anthers erect, opening vertically ; styles
wanting, branches minute, 2-lobed. — Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr.
xv. pt. 2, 344. Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 288. P. jamaicensis
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 34. Anisonema reticulatum A. «/»*>-.
Euph. Tent. t. 4, /. 11 (1824). A. niultiflorum Wight Ic. t. 1899
(1852).
Naturalized; Macfadyenl Woods above Bath, Pur die ! Wilsonl Plantain
Garden Paver, Harris & Britton \ cult. Castleton Garden ! Fl. Jam. 10,677.
—East Indies, Malaya, China, Tropical Africa.
Petiole 2-3 mm. 1. Stipules triangular. Flowers axillary, 5-2 in a
cluster, one female, the rest male. Pedicels slender, unequal, 3-4 times
as long as the petiole. Disk of minute glands. Ovary globular, 12-6-
celled ; styles wanting ; stigmas minute, 2-lobed. Capsule leathery or
fieshy, subgranulate, 2-3 mm. in diam. Seeds 8-16, irregularly 3-cornered,
granulate, punctulate.]
8. P. minor Faivc. <(• Rendle in Journ. Bot. hii. 65 (1919) ;
herb, woody below, 1./-2 ft. high, glabrous; leaves 6-15(-19)
mm. L, 4-8 mm. br., lateral nerves 2-4 on each side; sepals 5,
•6 mm. L, of male roundish, of female flower ovate, some-
times as long as '9 mm. in fruit, with a greenish midrib;
filaments free ; anthers rounded, opening laterally ; styles free,
slender, 2-branched to about the middle, spreading or retlexed.-
P. nummularisefolius Britton in Journ. Torr. Bot. Club .cliu. .">•'•
(1917), (non Poir.). Type in Herb. Jam.
Hope grounds, 700 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,123, 12,157, 12,20-.
Leaves obovate-elliptical, apex blunt or rounded, base cuneate, thinly
membranous; petiole 1 mm. 1. ; stipules awl-shaped, 1 mm. 1. Flo;.
solitary or clustered in axils; pedicels slender, shorter than the leaf,
4-5 mm. 1. Male //o/'vr.s : J)isk of 5 shortly obovate, truncate glands.
Stamens 5. I' < male. Jlowers : Disk saucer-shaped, entire. Capsule
depressed-globular, 2 mm. in diam. Seeds 3-angled, semi-circular on
back, light brown colour, minutely and closely papillose, '8 mm. 1.
IV. 3
L'58 FLORA OF JAMAICA PhyllantJnin
9. P. cladanthus MuclL Ar<j. in Linmra, xxxii, 46 (1863) A:
in DC. Pro<lr. .( r. ^//. 2, 413 ; slender tree, 21-30 ft. high; trunk
at base not more than 1 dm. in diam. tapering to 2'5 cm. at
apex ; branches 3 or 4 at intervals, erect ; leafy branchlets
several crowded together at apex of trunk and branches ; leaves
about 1 dm. 1., about 4 cm. br. ; flowers in racemes or panicles,
2-5 together from small knobs on the main trunk and some-
times on the branches ; sepals of male flower 4 (or 5), unequal,
1-2 mm. 1. ; anthers 3-4, united at the apex, diverging towards
the base ; sepals of female flower 5 ; ovary oblong-ovoid ; stigmas
sessile, broad, spreading, reflexed. — P. cauliflorus Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 33 (1859) (in part). Type in Herb. Kew.
Wilson \ near Troy, 2500 ft., Harris \ John Crow (Blake) Mts,, eastern
slopes of south end, Harris & Brittonl Fl. Jam. 8722, 8^61, 10^7.
Leaves ovate-elliptical, acuminate ; stipules broadly triangular, thick,
persistent, about 4 mm. 1. and br. Pedicels several in clusters along the
rhachis. Glands of male flower concave upwards, with irregular fleshy
margin. Staminal column thick ; sepals of female flower fleshy, elliptical
to ovate, blunt. Glands of female flower small, linear-oblong in outline.
10. P. cauliflorus Griseb. Fl, Br. W. Ind. 33 (1859) (in part) ;
Jluell. Arg. in Linn sea xxxii. 46 (1863) & in DC. Prodr. xv.pt. 2,
412; tree about 20 ft. high; trunk 5 cm. in diam., bearing
branches from the apex (like Comocladia or Spathelia) and
the racemes below ; branches simple, 1 * 5-3 dm. 1., angled
but not flattened; leaves 8-13 cm. 1., 3-5 cm. br. ; flowers
in racemes or panicles which spring 2—3 together from small
scaly knobs on the main trunk ; sepals of male flower 4, sub-
equal, about 1*5 mm. 1., yellowish-green ; anthers 2, united at
apex of column, diverging obliquely below ; sepals of female
flower 5, unequal, 1 ' 2-1 * 7 mm. 1. ; ovary cylindrical-ellipsoidal,
the base 3-celled, the upper portion elongating to form a stout
column after fertilization ; stigmas sessile, flat, broadly triangular,
with prominent lateral angles. — Omphalea cauliflora Sw. Prodr.
95 (1788). Epistylium cauliflorum Sw. Fl, Ind. Occ, 1099, t, 22,
fig. e, f} It (1798). Omphalea Epistylium Poir. Encyc. Suppl. iv.
140 (1816) (in part). A specimen from Swartz named by him
in Herb. Stockholm, and one in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Mts. in west, Swartz \
Leaves elliptical to oblong, acute or acuminate ; petiole about 5 mm. 1. ;
stipules broadly triangular, thick, persistent, 2 mm. br., 1*5 mm. 1.
Racemes 6-15 cm. 1. Pedicels 12-20, about 3 mm. 1. in clusters on minute
tubercles. Glands of male flower fleshy, grooved along the upper face.
Staminal column about half as long as the calyx. Sepals of female flower
elliptical-oblong to ovate, fleshy, blood-red, persistent. Capsule (fide
Swartz) oblong, obtusely 3-cornered, attenuated at the apex; seeds 2 in
each cell.
11. P. axillaris Nuell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 412
(1866); shrub 2-4 ft. high; branches flattened towards the
Pliyllantliu* f;iTIIORBIACK.i: -59
apex; leaves 7-12 cm. 1., 3-.") on. br.. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate ; racemes in axils 1 • 2-2 ' 5 cm. 1. ; sepals of male
flowers 4, sub-equal, yellowish-green ; anthers '2, united at apex of
column, diverging obli'quely below : scpaK of female flower 5, green,
3 larger roundish-ovate to 1 • 2 mm. 1., smaller elliptical-oblong;
ovary ellipsoidal : stigmas sessile, triangular, closely reflexed.—
< >ni])liak"i axilluris Sw. Protlr. 95 (1788). Epistylium axillare
Sio. Fl. Lid. Oce. 1097, /. 22, /:/. Or-d, <j (179*} ; A. Ju*s. Eitphorl.
Tent. t. :}, fi<j. 8. Phyllanthus Epistylium Grixt'b. Fl. Br. II".
Intl. 33 (1859). A specimen from Swartz named by him in
Herb. Stockholm, and one in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Mrs. in west, Sicartzl
Petiole 2-3 mm. 1. Stipules broadly triangular, acute or acuminate,
leathery; persistent. Flowers : Male 4-8 in a cluster ; pedicels 4-8 mm. 1. :
glands 4, broadly concave upwards ; female generally solitary in the
clusters ; pedicel about 2 mm. 1. ; glands minute, oblong. (
broadly ellipsoidal, obtuse (fide Muell.). Seeds I in each cell.
•
[P. distiehus Mm-ll. Arg. in DC. Prod,: xv. pt. 2, 413 (1866; :
tree 20-30 ft. high ;' older branches about as thick as a finger,
from which the leaves have dropped, leaving large prominent
scars ; younger branchlets slender, leafy, deciduous ; leaves
3-7 ' 5 cm. 1., ovate, acute, base somewhat oblique ; flowers
reddish, monoecious, minute, densely clustered ; clusters axillary
on leafy branches with long-stalked flowers, or on slender
rhachises of the inflorescence springing several together at the
axils of the scars of fallen leaves with short-stalked flowers :
sepals of male flower scarcely 1 mm. L, obovate to roundish, of
female flower about 1 * 2 mm. 1., elliptical, persistent ; filaments 4.
free ; anthers opening longitudinally ; ovary 4— (3)-celled :
styles 4, free, reflexed ; fruit 1*5 cm. in diain. — Muell. Arg. in
Fl Bras. xi. pt. 2, 68 ; Hook. f. in FL Brit. Ltd. v. 304 ; Urb.
Si/ml*. Ant. ii\ 339 ; Watt Did. Econ. Prodr. Intl. ; Bt'iilct/
Cyclop. Ami',-. Hort. fig. 1771. P. longifolius Jacq. Hori. Scltoenbr.
ii. 3(1, /. 194 (1797). Cicca disticha L. Mint. 124 (17*57) : Lum.
lllnxtr. t. 757, /'. 1 : A. Juss. EupJiorb. Tent. t. 4, /. 13, A ; Grind.
Fl. Br. W. Inil 32 : Elu-cde Hort. Nal. in. t. 47, 4s.
Otaheite Gooseberr>-.
In gardens ; Hope Garden-, //-/rr/.s ! —Wanner regions of the world.
Stipules narrowly triangular, acuminate, about 1 mm. 1. Disk of male
flowers of 4 free glands, of female narrowly saucer-shaped. Fruit : Peri-
carp fleshy, acid, when dry G-8-lobed and splitting up into 3 or 4 cocci.
The fruits are not unlike gooseberries, but acid and astringent ; they
are eaten raw or dressed in various ways, pickled or made into preserve-.
The roots and seeds are purgative. (Watt)]
12. P. nobilis M»rll.Anj. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 414 (1S6>
tree 20-40 ft. high; leaves 4-13 cm. 1., narrowly elliptical or
oblong-elliptical, acute to subacuminate at both ends ; flowers
s 2
-f.)0 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phyllantlnis
dioecious, male clustered, female solitary in the axils of leaves ;
sepals 4 in 2 series, elliptical or roundish, of male 1 '5 mm. 1., of
female 2 mm. 1. ; filaments 4, free ; anthers opening longitu-
dinally ; ovary 5-4-celled (rarely 3-celled) ; styles united below,
5-3, 2-lobed or 2-cleft or variously divided ; fruit barely
1 cm. in diam. — Muell. Arg. in. FL Bras. xi. pt. 2, 69 ; Urb.
Syitib. Ant. iv. 339. Euonymus margaritifera &c. Pluk. Pliyt.
t. 176, /. 4. Margaritaria nobilis L. f. Suppl. 428 (1781) (excl.
male plant). Cicca antillana A. Juss. Euphorb. Tent. t. 4, /. 13 t
(1824) ; Griseb. op. cit.
Bastard Hog Berry.
Troy 1600-2200 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam, 8698, 9450, 9490.— West Indies,
tropical S. America, Panama.
Stipules triangular, acuminate, 3-4 mm. 1., entire. Disk of both sexes
entire, of the male adhering to the sepals below, of female narrow, ring-
like. Fruit : Pericarp at first fleshy, at ler>gth drying up and dividing
into 5-3 cocci, depressed-globular. Seeds somewhat plano-convex to
3-sided, smooth, greanish-brown, 3 mm. in diam.
13. P. glabellus Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. Ivii. 68
(1919); petiole long, ^—^ the length of the blade. P. tremulus
Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 34 (1859) : Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv.
pt. 2, 330. Croton glabellum L. Amcen. v. 383, 409, & Sp. PL
ed. 2, 1425 (excl. syn. Sloane & Browne^).
Browne ! Wright ! Purdie\ Wullschlaegel ; Bound Hill, Santa Cruz
Mts., 1600 ft. ; Malvern to Mountainside, 400 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9707,
9903. — Type from Browne in Herb. Linn.
Shrub or small tree 6-15 ft. high. Leaves 3-9' 5 cm. 1., broadly ellip-
tical, conspicuously lighter-coloured beneath, glabrous ; stipules lanceolate-
linear, -5 cm. L, deciduous. Male flowers minute, clustered, lateral;
pedicels slender, 9-11 mm. 1. Sepals 10, in two series, the outer elliptical-
oblong, 1-5 mm. 1., the inner oblong-lanceolate, larger, to 2*5 mm, 1.
Disk saucer-shaped, crenate, *6 mm. 1. Filaments united into a short
column, about '5 mm. 1. Anthers 4, close together, attached round the
margin of the peltate connective, opening transversely. Female ftoivers :
Pedicels solitary or a few together, about as long as those of the male,
increasing in fruit to 3 '5-4' 5 cm. 1. Sepals 10, the two series very
unequal ; outer series broadly oblong, ultimately 2 mm. L, inner series
thin, linear-oblong, ultimately 3'5 mm. 1. Disk cup-like, margin wavy
or lobed, *5 mm. 1. S^Ze-branches sessile on apex, 2-lobed, fleshy.
Capsules at first somewhat fleshy, depressed-globular, 8-10 mm. in diam.
Seeds 6-3, often all abortive, flattish ellipsoidal, buff-coloured, smooth,
4 '5 cm. 1.
B. Flowering branches flattened, generally leaf-like, of firm
leathery texture, notched, with the flowers clustered in
the notches. Branches ("penultimate branches") that
bear the flowering branches, in P. epiphyllanthus normal,
woody and rounded ; in P. montanus slightly modified ; in
the rest similar in substance to the flowering branches,
and more or less flattened and linear. The penultimate
Phyllanthus EUPHORBIACE.E -01.
branches of P. epiphyllanthus and P. ntontanua are per-
manent branches, growing on from the scaly apex at the
next growing season ; in other Jamaican species the
penultimate branches are deciduous and the normal
branches alone have the scaly apex continuing the growth.
Normal leaves almost invariably wanting, but represented
by scales, accompanied by stipules, at apex of branches,
on edges of very young flowering branches, and at base of
flowering and penultimate branches, both scale-leaves and
stipules very deciduous.
a. Flowering branches spirally scattered ; penultimate
branches normal, persistent.
14. P. epiphyllanthus L. Sp. PI 981 (1753) ; Muell Ar.j. in
DC. Prodr. xv.pt. 2, 428; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 339. P. falcatus
Sic. Fl. Lid. Occ. 1115 (1800) ; Grineb. Fl. Br. W. hid. 35 ; Plul:
Phyt. t. 247, /. 4. Phylanthos americana &c. Comntel. Amst. i.
199, t. 102; Catesb. Carol ii. t. 26. Xylophylla falcata Sw.
Prodr. 28 (1788) ; Bot. Beg. t, 373. X. epiphyllanthus Britton
in Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. ii. 42 (1915). (Fig. 85.) Specimen
named by Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. There are specimens of
this species in Plukenet's Herbarium in Herb. Sloane without
definite localities; see xcvii. 100, ci. 106, ccxxxii. 27.
Seaside Laurel, Rock Bush, Soap Plant, Sword Bush.
Purdie ! — Bahamas, West Indies.
Shrub 2-15 ft. high, glabrous. Scaly cone at apex of branches and
penultimate branches scarcely broader than branch. Scale-leaves 1'5-
2*5(-4) mm. L, very broadly to narrowly triangular, more or less persistent
at base of flowering branches ; stipules rudimentary. Flowering brandies
generally strap-shaped or linear, sword-shaped to sickle-shaped, sometimes
more or less lanceolate or oblanceolate, 6-14 cm. L, 10-16 (2-23) mm. br.,
striate with veins close together, 7-11-notched on each side, notches
truncate. Male flowers : Pedicels slender, 1-3 mm. 1. Sepals blood-red,
1-1-5 mm. L, outer oblong-elliptical, smaller than the broadly elliptical
inner. Disk of 6 glands. Staminal column with 3 very short branches at
apex. Anthers opening horizontally. Female flowers : Pedicels thick,
1-2 mm. 1. Sepals like the male. Disk saucer-shaped. Styles united
below, free parts flattened, much divided and recurved at apex. Capsul-
depressed-globular, 3-furrowed, 4 '5-5 mm. in diam.
Soap is sometimes made from the ashes of the plant. A decoction is
used as a gargle for sore throat. A poultice made from the plant is applied
successfully to open sores and foul ulcers.
b. Flowering branches in '1 vertical rows ; penultimate
branches slightly modified, persistent.
l-~>. P. montanus Sw. Fl. Ind. Ore. 1117 (1800); staminal
column entire ; styles 3, recurved, closely adpressed, 2-3-branched
or lobed. — Mm II. Ar<j. tom. dt. 429; Gri*<-lt. /</<•. cit. Xylophylla
inontana Sto. Prodr. 28 (1788) & Ic. iitrd. f. .°>5. X. latifolia
2GL' FLORA OF JAMAH A Phyllanttius
Sw. Prodr. '28 (17^$). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus.
Brit., also one named by him in Herb. Stockholm.
On limestone rocks in the west, Swartz \ Pedro district, St. Ann,
Piirdicl Cascade of Falls R. near Kingston, Prior ! near Troy, 2000 ft. ;
Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2700 ft. ; Dolphin Head, 1600 ft. ; Fray
Woods, 1650-1800 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam.
8736, 8986, 9251, 10,338, 10,991, 11,013, 12,797.
Shrub or tree 5-25 ft. high. Scaly cone, at apex of branches and
penultimate branches scarcely as broad as upper part of branch. Scab-
leaves and stipules minute, 1-1 '5 mm. 1., deltoid, very deciduous. Flower-
ing brandies varying much in size and form, lanceolate to oblong or
elliptical, 5-15 cm. 1., 1-4 cm. br., outline wavy, notched almost through
their whole length ; notches usually indistinct, shallow ; veins oblique,
close together. Normal leaves occasionally occurring, elliptical, 7-10 mm.
1., on branches very slightly expanded or broad like the flowering branches.
Flowers many in a cluster, 4-12 male, 1 female. Pedicels 2 mm. 1. to
shorter than the calyx. Male flowers : Sepals 5(4), pale red, 1-1-2 mm. 1.,
more or less unequal, broadly elliptical, somewhat leathery. Disk of
fleshy glands somewhat concave at apex. Anthers 3, sessile, cells united
at back, opening horizontally. Female flowers : Sepals 5, dark purple,
somewhat leathery, roundish or ovate-roundish, unequal, 1-1 '2 mm. 1.
Disk of 5 separate flat elliptical glands. Capsule globular, 4 mm. in diam.
Seeds light brown, 2 mm. 1.
c. Flowering branches in 2 vertical rows ; penultimate
branches modified, deciduous.
16. P. angustifolius Sw. FL Incl Occ. 1111 (1800) ; pedicels
'2-o mm. 1. ; sepals 1-1 '5 mm. 1.; filaments united usually
above the middle, free above ; anther-cells separate ; styles
3 or 4, united at the base, recurved, cut halfway into 2-4
narrow branches, and often subdivided. — Griseb. loc. cit. ; MuelL
Arg. torn. cit. 430 (incl. vars.). Phyllanthus foliis angustis &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 188(?). Xylophylla angustifolia Sw. Prodr.
28 (1788) & Ic. ined. t, 36 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 577. X. elongata
Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. Hi. 54, t. 348 (1798); Lodd. Bot. Cab. t.
1091. X. montana Bot. Mag. t. 2652 (1826) (non Sw.}. Speci-
mens from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and in Herb. Stockholm.
Specimen apparently from Browne in Herb. Linn, named
Phyllanthus Epiphyllanthus in Solander's hand.
Barham in Herb. Sloane clxii. 285 ! Brougliton ! stony and rocky
places in the west, Swartz ! Macfadycnl Distinl Yallahs R., Purdie\
Lanel Lucea, Hitchcock ; Sheldon, Blue Mts. ; near Hagley Gap, 1600 ft. ;
near Cinchona ; Yardley Chase, 1600 ft. ; near lighthouse, Negril ; Orange
Bay Point, Hanover; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5830, 8592, 9666, 10,233, 10,262.-
Culoa.
Shrub, 2-10 ft. high. Bark of young twigs reddish-brown, becoming
ash-coloured. Scaly cone up to three times as broad as the upper portion of
twig, somewhat globular. Scale leaves linear, acuminate, about 3 mm. 1. ;
stipules broadly triangular, acute or blunt, about 3 mm. 1., ciliate with
rusty-red pubescence. Penultimate branches usually 6-11 cm. 1., l'5-2
mm. br., apical flowering branches generally paired ; sometimes (var.
Plnjllantlius EUPHOKBIACEJ] 263
clongatus) the terminal portion becomes (especially in cultivated speci-
mens) much elongated (to 2 dm. 1.) and broader than below (to 3' 5
mm. br.), bearing flowers. Floiri'rinrj branches lanceolate, linear-lanceo-
late, strap-shaped but narrowed to both ends, to oblanceolatc, straight or
slightly curved, with blunt or acuminate apex, usually 0-5 cm. 1.,
11-4 mm. br. ; notches 5-7(-0) on each side, distant, few below the middle,
truncate, with conspicuous cushions; veins irregularly unequal, close
together. Pedicels '2-±. Steals 6, outer elliptical with brownish apex,
about 1 mm. 1., inner rhomboid or broadly-elliptical, about 1'3(-1'5)
mm. 1. Disk of male flower, of 6 subsessile, roundish, concave glands ; of
female flower saucer-shaped, G-lobed, the lobes often irregular, rarely
arcely united below. Capsule globular, 4-4 '5 mm. in diam.
After an examination of a fragment of the type of Xi/lojiJiyUd dmtort/i
l-lritton (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxxvii. 353 (1910) ) kindly sent by Dr.
Britton, we are unable in the absence of flowers to separate it from the
above species.
17. P. latifolius Sw. Fl Ind. Occ. 1109 (1800); pedicels
2 mm. 1. to shorter than sepals; sepals '5-1 mm. 1. ; filaments
3 (2-1), united to middle or beyond, free above; anthers united
at the back ; disk of female flower of minute separate glands ;
styles 3, united in lower half, free above, erect, branches 2-3(-5)
cleft, recurved. — Griseb. loc. cit. P. isolepis Url>. Symb. Ant. Hi.
290 (1902); PhiL Plujt. t. 36, /. 7. Lonchitidi affinis &c.
(including the variety) Sloane Hist. i. SO. P. foliis latioribus <fcc.
Browne Hist. Jam. 188. Xylophylla latifolia L. Mant. 221 (1771);
Sw. Prodr. 28 (1788) & 06s. Bot. 113 (1791). Specimen • named
by Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. Specimen apparently from
Brown^ in Herb. Linn, named Plnjllantltus Epijtht/lhtnthus in
Solander's hand.
Sloane Herb. i. 62 ! Liguanea, Barliam in Herb. Sloane clxii. 2S5 !
Shakspearl Massonl 3IcXab\ Healthshire Hills, Purdiel March ! Port
Antonio, Hitchcock ; Ferry Pen, 150 ft., Campbelll Long Mountain, west,
i ft ; Cane B. valley, 250-400 ft. ; Harris ! Healthshire Hills, lltirri* ,i
Bnttonl Fl. Jam. 6280, 8843 (8845, 9334, 9339 without flowers), 9631,
10,005, 10,523. Fl. Jam. 10,523 matches a specimen from Masson named
Xt/iuphjflla latifolia by Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. McNab's specimen in
Herb. Edinburgh is named P. latifolius in Grisebach's handwriting.
Shrub or xmall tree to 10 or 12 ft. high. Bark ash-coloured, soon
becoming rougbish, with conspicuous scars. Seal;/ cone at apex of
branches broader than branch. Scale into* and xiipuh-s narrowly tri-
angular, acuminate, or linear-acuminate on young twigs, 3-S mm. 1.
nultimate brandies slightly notched, 1-2 dm. L, 1'5-'J mm. br. Floiccrimj
brandies in two vertical rows, rhomboid, rhomboid-lanceolate, or oblanceo-
late, generally acuminate at both ends, 5-8 (3'5-8'5) cm. 1., 1- -'5 cm. br. .
notches 10-16(-19) on each side, generally above the middle, dense, with
prominent cushions formed by bracteoles of several flowers, striated by
the principal, somewhat distant veins, l-'lmn-rs red, several, sometimes
nunieruu-. Mnif j'<>ir, r.s .- ,S,y <//.> G (or 5), unequal, outer ;_• uerally lincar-
ob! bo obovate, apex brownish, '5-'7 mm. 1.. inner vlmvate or sub-
rhomboid, -8-1 mm. 1. Dixie of 6 shortly stal Mids. >• of
h-malf jlowers like those of male. Cajmitlr globular, base truncate or
slightly hollowed, brownish, 2-5-3 mni. in diam.. 2 mm. 1. Seeds about
1*7 mm. L, brownish.
264 FI.OKA OF JAMAICA Pliyllanthus
18. P. speciosus Jacq. Collect, il. 360 (1788) & L-. PL Bar.
t. 616 ; pedicels about 6 mm. 1., in fruit to 1 cm. 1. ; sepals 1'5-
1*7 mm. 1. (in the female flower increasing in the fruit); fila-
ments 3, united halfway from the base, free above, diverging ;
connective of anthers diverging, cells separate, opening hori-
zontally ; styles short, spreading, 2-3-divided, branches, recurved.
-Sw. Fl Ind. Occ. 1107 (1800); Griseb. loc. cit. ; MuelL An/.
torn. cit. 431. P. arbuscula Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841). Xylo-
phylla arbuscula Sio. Prodr. 28 (1788) & Ic. Lied. L 34. X. lati-
t'olia Sot. Mag. t. 1021 (1807) (non L.). Specimens from Swartz
in Herb. Mus. Brit, and in Herb. Stockholm.
Broughtonl "Catherine Hill," Siuartzl Bancroft I March I John Crow
Mt., 4000 ft., J.P. 1263, Hart\ Silver Hill, Bot. Dept.\ near Troy, 2000-
2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8565, 8714, 8771, 9368.
Shrub or small tree, 6-20 ft. nigh. Scaly cone at apex of branch large,
much broader than branch ; scale-leaves and stipules lanceolate to linear,
acuminate, 4-8 mm. 1. Penultimate branches 1-3 dm. 1., 1*5-2 mm.br.
Flowering brandies in two vertical rows, broadly lanceolate, acuminate,
slightly curved or straight, 4-7 cm. 1., usually 1-2 cm. br. ; notches 10-14
on each side, indistinct, with cushions small, at length more developed,
with larger cushions, striated only by the principal, somewhat distant
veins. Pedicels 3-6 from each cushion. Male flowers pale red or white.
Sepals 5 or 6, elliptical-ovate or oblong, outer with brownish apex. Disk
glands 5 or 6, somewhat concave, very shortly stalked. Female /lowers
blood-red. Sepals 5 or 6, roundish-elliptical or rhomboid-elliptical, outer
with brownish apex, green (Swartz). Disk saucer-shaped, margin wavy or
6-lobed, '3 mm. L, about one-fourth to one-third the length of the ovary.
Capsule depressed-globular, 3-furrowed, about 5 mm. 1. Seeds ovoid,
brownish, about 3*5 mm. 1.
The specimens from Troy have shorter ovate blunt scales, about
3 mm. 1., and distinct notches.
•
19. P. insequaliflorus Fawc. & Eendle in Journ. Bot. Ivii. 66
(1919); pedicels 3-5 mm. 1. ; sepals of male flower 2 mm. L, of
female nearly 3 mm. 1. ; stamens less than half as long as sepals ;
filaments united nearly to apex, column about • 5 mm. 1. ; anther-
cells separate ; ovary one-third the length of sepals ; styles united,
*5 mm. L, column erect, one- half as long as the ovary, branches 3,
short, broad, spreading, divided below the middle into two or
three linear segments, recurved ; disk of male flowers of stalked
large flat roundish peltate glands, as long as the starninal column,
of female flower saucer-shaped with lobed margin, '3 mm. 1., one-
third as long as ovary. Types in Herb. Mus. Brit, and Herb. Jam.
Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, Harris \ Fl. Jam. 8988.
Shrub or tree to 20 ft. high. Scaly cone (young) at apex of branches,
scales triangular, acute or acuminate, about 3 mm. 1. Penultimate branches
6-12 cm. L, 1-1 -5 mm. br. Flowering branches in two vertical rows,
lanceolate to narrowly oblong, apex obtuse, 4-5 cm. 1. ; notches few, 5-8 on
each side, above the middle, small or indistinct ; striated only by the
principal somewhat distant veins. Pedicels 1-4 at each notch. Sepals of
male flower 6, ovate-elliptical, of female flower obovate-oblong or elliptical
to roundish.
Phyllantlius EUPHORBIACEJ- 2G~>
20. P. Coxianus Fa we. <(• Itendlf in Jonnt. Bot. luii. 66 (1919) ;
pedicels 3-6 mm. 1. ; sepals 1 • 4-2 • 2 mm. 1. ; stamens half as long
as sepals ; filaments united above the middle, column • 6-1 mm. 1. ;
anther-cells united ; disk of female flower cup-shaped, about half
the length of the ovary ; ovary about one-third the length of the
sepals ; styles united into a short erect column, one-third to one-
quarter length of ovary, branches much longer than column,
divided halfway into two or three spreading linear segments or
main branch again forked.
In a garden, St. Ann, Priori Kamble, Claremout, 1700 ft., Fawcett &
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7025.
Shrub, 10 ft. high. Bark of young shoots light brown, becoming ash-
coloured and roughish with conspicuous scars. Scaly cone about twice as
broad as the twig ; stipules triangular-ovate, blunt ; scale-leaves linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, both 3-4 mm. 1. Penultimate brandies 8-17 cm. 1.,.
1-2 mm. br. Flowering branches in two vertical rows, elliptical, narrowing
to both ends, with apex generally subacumiuate, or lanceolate or oblau-
ceolate, 6-9 cm. 1., 1-5-2 cm. br.; notches 14-7 on each side, mostly above
the middle and somewhat dense, sometimes one or two occurring below
the middle, distinct; striated only by the principal, somewhat distant,
veins. Pedicels 1-4 at each notch. Male flowers : Sepals 6, unequal,
elliptical or obovate-elliptical, outer about 1*4 mm. 1., inner to 2-2 mm. 1.
Female flowers : Sepals 6, unequal, outer elliptical about 1'5 mm. 1., inner
broadly obovate-elliptical or roundish, about 2 mm. 1.
This species is named in honour of the late Hon. H. E. Cox, owner of
the estate on which it was found.
21. P. Swartzii Fawc. & Eendle in Journ. Bot. luii 67 (1919) :
pedicels 6-7 mm. 1. ; calyx obconical, narrowing gradually into
the pedicel ; sepals 1 • 7 mm. 1. ; stamens nearly equalling sepals ;
filaments long, united almost to apex ; anther-cells separate :
ovary together with styles nearly equalling sepals ; styles united,
as long as the ovary, stigmas sessile on the column, 2— 3-divided,
recurved or spreading; disk of male flowers of flattened roundish
peltate glands, of female flower cup-shaped with lobed margin,
as long as the ovary. — P. latifolius Muell. An/, in DC. Prodr. .a1.
pt. 2, 431 (1866); Urb. Symb. Ant. Hi. 291 in Obs. (non Sa.).
Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and Herb. Stock-
holm.
Sea-coast, Swartz \ Lapland, 2000 ft., Harris I Fl. Jam. 9191.
Tree 15 ft. high. Scales at apex of branches ovate, apex blunt or acute,
3-5 mm. 1. ; stipules at base of flowering branches more or less deciduous,
lanceolate or linear ; scaly cone two or three times as broad as upper part
of branch. Penultimate branches modified, slightly notched, linear, com-
pressed, about 1 dm. 1., 1-2-2 mm.br. Flowering branches in two vertical
rows, lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6*5 cm. ]., 1-1-5 cm. br. ; notches distinct,
8-12 on each side, extending below the middle ; striated only by the prin-
cipal somewhat distant veins. 1'fdicrls 1 or 2(-4) at each notch. Floi
red, 2 mm. 1. Male jlowers : Sepals 6, subequal, elliptical. J)i*k : gland
tiattened, roundish, peltate. Filanirntx '7 mm. 1. Female flowers :
as in male.
260 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phyllanthu*
22. P. linearis Sio. FL Lid. 0<r. 1113 (1800); flowering
branches linear, similar to the penultimate branches and scarcely
wider. — Grizcb. lor. cit. ; Muell. Arg. torn. cit. 430. Xylophylla
angustifolia, var. linearis Sw. Prodr. 28 (1788).
Wriyht\ Swart? : Bertero ; Macfadycnl sea coast, Westmoreland,
Purdiel Cinnamon Hill, Shore\ Lucea, Hitchcock; Mulgrave, St. Eliza-
beth, 1300 ft. ; Eton, Hanover, 100 ft. ; Harris I FL Jam. 12,382, 12,871.
Shrub 1-10 ft. high. Stipules triangular-ovate, about 1'5 mm. 1.
Penultimate branches 6-8 cm. 1., l'5-2 mm. br. Flowering branches in
two vertical rows, 3-10 cm. 1., 1-3 mm. br. ; notches 2-5 on each side,
distant, minute ; veins dense, straight. Male flowers : Sepals 6, roundish,
white, about 1 mm. 1. Disk of 6 flat, roundish glands. Filaments united
below into a very short column, free above. Anther-cells united, opening
horizontally. Female flowers : Sepals 6, outer oblong with brownish tips,
scarcely 1 mm. 1., inner elliptical or ovate, 1*2 mm. 1. Disk saucer-shaped,
splitting irregularly into broad segments, about one-third the length of
the ovary. Styles flattened, recurved, triangular-obovate, truncate, with
minute lobes at apex.
The plant commonly grown in gardens under the name Phyllanthus
nivosus W. G. Smith, and to some extent naturalized, is Breynia nivosa
Small (Bull. Torr. Bot. 01. xxxvii. 516 (1910)), a native of New Hebrides.
It is a bushy shrub of loose habit, with dark, wiry branches, and white
and green mottled, ovate-elliptical leaves. Flowers monoecious, the male
with a short top-shaped calyx, the female with a campanulate calyx which
becomes enlarged and spreading in the fruit.
2. SECURINEGA Juss.
Shrubs. Twigs in S. Acidoton and some other species spiny
at apex. Leaves alternate, entire (small, clustered in S. Acidoton),
somewhat leathery. Flowers clustered in the axils, monoecious
or dioecious, without petals ; male small, numerous, subsessile,
female fewer or solitary. Male flowers : Sepals 5, imbricate.
Lobes of the disk or glands 5, alternate with the stamens,
Stamens 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary rudimentary with three
style-like branches. Female flowers : Calyx like that of the
male. Disk subentire. Ovary 3-celled ; styles distinct, recurved,
2-branched ; ovules two in each cell. .Capsule splitting up into
2-valved cocci. Seeds without a caruncle.
Species about 15, in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the
world.
S. Aeidoton Fawc. tt Rendle in Journ. Bot. hii. 68 (1919).-
S. acidothamnus Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 451 (1866) ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 514, obs. 2. Acidoton frutescens &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 355. Adelia Acidoton L. Syst. ed. 10, 1298 &, Amcen.
v. 383, 411 (1760). Fluggea acidothamnus Griseb. in Goett. Nachr.
(1865) 164. (Fig. 86.) Type in Herb. Linn.
Green Ebony.
Savannas about New Greenwich, Browne ! Wright ! Swarte \ Health-
Securinega
EUPHOKBIACi:.i:
shire Hills, near Salt Ponds, llurr s u'- Drifton ! near Albion, St. Thomas;
Harris \ Fl. Jam. 10,513, 10,819, 12,191.— Bahamas, Cuba, St. Thomas,
St. Jan, Santa Cruz.
SJirub 6-10 ft., " the whole plant has a good deal of the appearance of
a young Ebony" (Browne). Branches numerous, the youngest twigs zig-
zag and spiny, apex ending in a spine. L Clustered with the flowers,
obovate, papery, network of veins dense and prominent, paler beneath,
D
Fig. 86. — Securinega Acidoton Fawc. & Rendle.
A, Portion of branch with male flowers in D, Female flower x 11.
bm I x : . E, Coccus with 1 seeds X 4.
B, Male flower in bud x 11. F, Seed X 4.
C, Abortive ovary and styles of B x 32.
*5-l'5 cm. 1. ; petioles 1-2 mni. 1. Pedicels 3-5 mm. L, to 1 cm. in fruit.
Male flowers; Ihids globular. Sepals roundish, smaller than in the
female. Styles of the abortive ovary 3, hooked at apex, as long as the
stamens. Female flowers : Si'^.ils roundish, about 2 mm. 1. Styles broad
and thick, divided about half-way. Capsule 3-furrowed, 5 mm. in diarn.
Seeds about 2 mm. 1., pale brown.
3. DRYPETES Vahl.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, leathery, entire, or
slightly wavy, with small teeth, or spiny-toothed, somewhat
prominently net-veined on both sides. Stipules minute, soon
falling. Klnwi T-, din-cious, without petals, clustered in the axils,
male generally numerous, female fewer. Mule {lowers : Sepals
4-6, imbricate. 1 >isk thick, tlattish-concave, pushing outwards
between the filaments, so that the filaments appear to be inserted
in notches of the disk. Stamens inserted between the calyx
268
FLOKA OF JAMAICA
Drypetes
and the disk, equal in number and opposite to the sepals (in
Jamaican species) or about twice as many. Anthers opening
inwardly, but outwardly in D. ilicifolia. Rudiment of ovary
minute or wanting. Female flowers : Calyx like that of the
male. Disk saucer-shaped, crenate. Ovary 2- or 1-celled ;
stigmas, 2 or 1, flattish, somewhat kidney -shaped, sessile or
subsessile at apex of ovary ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit 2- or
1-celled, somewhat fleshy outside at first, then leathery, tonoen-
tellous, with a hard brittle endocarp, not splitting open, with
two seeds or only one. Seeds without a caruncle.
Species 13, natives of tropical and subtropical regions in
Florida, West Indies, Brazil and Africa.
Leaves entire, wavy, or with small teeth.
Stigma 2. Sepals about 2 mm. 1 1. D. ilateriflora.
Stigma 1. Sepals about 1 mm. 1 2. D. alba.
Leaves spiny-toothed 3. D. ilicifolia.
1. D. lateriflora Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 357 (1892);
sepals 4-5, greenish-white, elliptical, densely ciliate-pubescent on
margins, 2-2*5 mm. 1.; stamens longer than sepals; ovary
2-celled ; fruit regular in shape, with two stigmas ; leaves
entire.— £a/v7. Silv. N. Amer. mi. 27, t. 308; Small Fl. S. E.
U. States, 693 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 340. D. crocea Poit. in
Mem. Miis. Par. i. 159, t, 8 (1815); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 32;
Fig. 87.— Drypetes laterifiora Kr. & Urb.
A, Portion of flowering branch x ? . C, Female flower x 5.
B, Male flower x 5. D, Ditto cut lengthwise X 5.
Dnjpetes EUPHORBIACE^E 269
Muell. Ary. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 455 (with var.). Schaefferia
laterifiora Suo. Prodr. 38 (1788) & Fl. Ltd. Occ. 329. (Fig. 87.)
Specimens of both sexes, collected by Swartz in San Domingo,
in Herb. Mus. Brit.
White Wood, Guiana Plum.
\Vright\ Macfadycnl Marchl Ferry, near Spanish Town, GraWiam\
Green Valley and Berwick, Blue Mts. ; Ferry ; near Troy, 2300 ft. ; Great
Goat Is.; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5190, 5252, 5316, 7355, 8154, 8709, 9331,
9481. — Florida and Keys, Bahama-, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.
Tree 20-40 ft. high, or shrub 15 ft. high. Leaves oblong or elliptical,
apex acute or subacuminate, base obtuse, sometimes oblique, 6-11 cm. 1. ;
petiole 4-8 mm. 1. Pedicels 2-4 mm. 1. Male flowers : Disk tomentellous.
Stamens 3-5, sometimes two or three times as long as sepals ; anthers
with connective narrowly winged between the cells. Ovary tomentose.
Stigmas fiattish, somewhat kidney-shaped on two short styles. Fruit
yeliow, orange-sea' let, or brown, ovoid-globular, nearly 1 cm. 1. Seed
solitary, flattened-ellipsoidal, 5-7 mm. 1.
The wood of this species is heavy, hard, brittle and close-grained, of a
rich, dark brown colour, with thick yellow sapwood ; a cubic foot of dry
wood weighs about 57 Ibs (Sargent).
Urban (torn. cit. 356) cites D. glauca Vahl from Jamaica, quoting a
specimen from March. Tbere is in Herb. Kew. a specimen from March
from Jamaica, named by Grisebach D. glauca Vahl, but it is D. latcriflora
Kr. & Urb.
2. D. alba Poit. in Mem. Mus. Par. i. 157, /. 7 (1815);
sepals 4-6, male oblong-ovate or elliptical, 1-1 '3 mm. 1. ;
stamens much longer than the sepals ; ovary 1 -celled ; fruit
incurved, with one stigma below the apex ; leaves entire or
slightly wavy with small teeth. — Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv.
pt. 2, 455 (with vars.) ; Urb. in Engl. Jaltrb. xv. 355 ct Syml>. Ani.
iv. 340. L>. glauca Griseb. Cat. Cub. 15 (1866) (non Vahl).
D. incurva Muell. Ary. in Linnsea xxxii. 82 (1863). Liparene
alba Poit. MS. ex Baill. Etud. Euphorb. 608 (1858). Specimen
from Poiteau in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Macfadycn \ Knockalva, 800 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7098. — Cuba, La
Tortue, Hispauiola, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe.
Tree 15-60 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate and ovate,
shortly acuminate, apex obtuse, base wedge-shaped, sides often unequal
and base oblique, 5-12 cm. 1. ; petiole 6-8 mm. 1. Pedicel* : of the male
numerous, nearly twice as long as the calyx; of the female 5-12, in
ilower as the male, in fruit shorter or longer than the fruit. Male
Jlowers : Stamens 3-6. Female flowers : Se/xih 4-0, triangular, about
1 mm. 1. Ovary tomentose. Fruit white, obliquely ellipsoidal, narrowing
to the stalk to 1'3 cm. 1.
3. D. ilicifolia Kr. d- Urb. in EngL Jahrb. .<T. ir>2 (1892);
male sepals 4 or 5, outer roundish, inner narrower, ovate, shortly
puberulous outside, tomentellous inside, 2*~>-3 mm. 1. ; stamens
not longer than calyx; ovary 1-cellcd : fruit sulnv^ular, with
1 stigma; leaves toothed, with a spine from each tooth. — Urb.
tfymb. Ant. iv. 340 & r/. 89. Agrifoliuni folio &c. Sloane Cat.
I1 70 FLORA OF JAMAICA Drypctcs
17.°. cv ///*/. il. 108, /. 188, f. 2. -Malpi^hia aquifolia L. Amain.
<-. 379 (1759) ^ Herb, non Sp. PL 426 (1753). Frutex Ilicis etc.
Browne Hixt. Jain. .'172. Malpighia foliis lanceolatis <tc. Plum.
PI. Amer. (Bnrm.) 160, f. 167, /.'i'.
Rose Wood.
Don Christopher's Cove, Sloane Herb. vii. 40 ! St. James, Browne \
Grandvale, Westmoreland, Harris ! PL Jam. 7089.
Shrub 6-10 ft. high, or tree 30 ft. high. Branches with pale grey hark
covered with numerous roundish lenticels. Leaves ovate to oblong-
elliptical, apex narrowed, acute, ending in a short spine, base slightly
unequal, obtuse or acute, margin with large teeth (3-4 mm. 1.) ending in
a spine (2-4 mm. L), somewhat leathery, 7-15 crn. L, 2 5-7 cm. br. ;
petioles 4-7 mm. 1. Pedicels 1-5-2-5 mm. L, in fruit to 4 mm. L Male
flowers greenish, 4-10 in a cluster. Stamens 7-10 ; filaments scarcely
1 mm. 1. ; anthers opening outwardly. Female flowers not seen. Fruit
1-celled, somewhat obliquely ellipsoidal, narrowing to base, apex rounded,
tomentellons, 1-5-2 cm. 1. ; stigma sessile. Seed solitary.
4. HYERONIMA Allem.
Trees scaly, sometimes with brownish hairs. Leaves alternate,
large, entire ; stipules usually small. Flowers small, dioecious,
without petals, in axillary panicles. Male flowers : Calyx campanu-
late, 3— 6-toothed. Disk cup-shaped, outside the stamens. Stamens
2-5, opposite the teeth of the calyx. Rudiment of ovary small.
Female flowers : Calyx and disk like those of the male. Ovary
2-celled ; styles 2-3, very. short, 2-cleft, spreading; ovules 2 in
each cell. Fruit small, slightly fleshy with hard brittle endo-
carp, 2-celled with 1 cell empty. Seed generally solitary, without
a caruncle.
Species 13, natives of tropical America (including West
Indies).
H. elusioides Muell. Arg. in Linnsea xxxiv. 66 (1865) & in DC.
Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 272 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 341. H. alchorneoides
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 32 (1859) (non Allem.). Stilaginella
elusioides Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xv. 245 (1851). (Fig. 88.)
Wilson ! near Moneague, Prior ! Tweedside, north St. Andrew, 3000 ft.,
Harris ! John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris & Britton\ PL Jam. 5814, 10,733.
-Porto Eico, Dominica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad.
Tree to 60 ft. high. Leaves with numerous scales on both surfaces,
elliptical, apex obtuse or acute, sometimes apiculate ; nerves and veins
slightly prominent on the upper surface, midrib and nerves prominent
and hairy beneath, veins usually not evident, 9-16 (7-20) cm. 1. ; stipules
small, scale-like, about 1 mm. 1. , petioles 5-5-2 cm. 1. Panicle covered
with scales, lax-flowered in male, about 8 cm. 1. Male flowers green.
Pedicel about as long as the calyx, very scaly. Calyx about -7 mm. L,
minutely 3-5-toothed, scaly-tomentellous outside. Disk about half as
long as the calyx, the margin with minute teeth and densely puberulous.
Female flowers: Calyx about '8 mm. L, increasing to 1-3 mm. in fruit,
minutely toothed or wavy, scaly-tomentellous. Disk -4 mm. L, margin
Hyeronima
EUPI10KBIACK.1.
271
fringed. Oranj ovoid-cylindrical, glabrous. Fruit globular, api-i-ul.
with persistent styles, 2 mm. 1., nearly the same in diam.
B
D
A, Portion of leaf showing on the under
side a nerve, hairs, and scale-hairs
x .>;.
l-l, Male flower cut lengthwise x 11.
< ', Female flower X 11.
. — Hyeronima clusioides Muell. Aru.
D, Ditto cut lengthwise x 11.
E, Fruit cut lengthwise x 11.
1', Seed of LI. alchorneoides cut length-
wise, enlarged. After Tulusiif in Fl.
Bras.
5. SAVIA Willd.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire, stitily mem-
branous or leathery. Flowers dioecious, with rudimentary
petals, axillary, male densely clustered, subsessile, female solitarv
(.1- few, with short or long pedicels. Male flowers : Sepals 53
subequal, imbricate. Petals small, sublinear. Disk rin^-like.
outside the stamens in the male flower. Stamens .\ opposite the
sepals; filaments free ; anther-cells close together, opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary rudimentary, with 3 short stvl< I'Vmalr
flowers: Sepals and petals like those of the male. l>isk riir_
like. Ovary 3-celled ; styles separate, spreading alto\e, \\ith
two awl-shaped acuminate branches; ovules '1 in each cell.
sule bi-eakiu^ up into 2-valved cocci. Seeds ovoid or .'i-
without a « -a r uncle.
Species about 10, West Indi
Leaves elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate 1. N.
Leaves obovate-elliptical, with rounded apex -2. .s. <•> ijfJi roxy loi-
272
FLORA OF JAMAICA
S a ri'i
1. S. sessiliflora Wilhl Sp. PL iv. 771 (1806) ; leaves elliptical
to ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate, stiffly membranous, on the
midrib especially at the base and the petioles densely hirto-
pubescent, otherwise glabrous. — Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. xv.
L>t. 2, 231 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 337, vi. 90. Croton sessiliflorus
Sw. Prodr. 100 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1179. Phyllanthus
laurifolius A. Rich, in Sacjra Cub. xi 216, t. 70 (1850).
P. pubigerus A. Rich. loc. cit. (Fig. 89.)
Fig. 89. — Savia sessiliftora Willd.
A, Male flower ; p, petal ; d, disk x 11.
B, Female flower ; p, petal ; d, disk, enlarged. After Jussieu.
C, Coccus with 2 seeds x 3.
Swartz. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan.
Shrub or tree 12-24 ft. high. Young tiuigs hirto-pubescent. Leaves
4-8 cm. 1. Stipules triangular, acuminate, soon falling, 1-5 mm. 1.
Sepals pubescent. Petals of both sexes 3-5, sublinear or partly rudimentary,
or wanting sometimes in female flowers. Male flowers about 2 mm. 1.
Stamens 3 mm. 1. Female flowers : Ovary glabrous. Capsule glabrous,
8-10 mm. in diam. Seeds solitary, 5 mm. 1., broadly ellipsoidal.
We have not seen a specimen from Jamaica. The species is included
on the authority of Mueller, who states that he saw in Herb. DC. a
specimen collected in Jamaica by Swartz.
2. S. erythroxyloides Griseb. in Mem. Am. Acad. n.s. viii.
157 (1860); leaves obovate-elliptical, with apex usually rounded,
narrowed to the base, leathery, glabrous. — Muell. Arg. torn. cit. 230.
Albion Mt., St. Thomas in the East, Harris I FL Jam. 11,683, 12,196,
12,198.
Shrub or small tree, 6-20 ft. high. Leaves 2-6 cm. 1., somewhat
prominently net-veined, especially on the upper surface; petioles
3-5 mm. 1. Capsule tomentellous in young state, glabrous when ripe,
globular, somewhat flattened at top and bottom, reddish-brown tomen-
tellous when young, glabrous mature, about 8 mm. in diam. Seeds
3-angled, brown, 4-5 mm. 1.
Picrodendron KUPHOEBIACE.E 273
6. PICRODENDRON Planch.
Small trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, digitately 3-foliolate.
Stipules small, inconspicuous, soon falling. Flowers dioecious,
without petals. Male flowers : Calyx wanting. Stamens in
clusters of 3-54 on a convex receptacle which may be formed of
the union of the bases of the filaments, subtended by one or
more(-7) imbricate bracts ; clusters on peduncled axillary spikes
crowded at the ends of young twigs and appearing with the young
leaves. Filaments short. Anthers 2-celled, basifixed, dehiscing
longitudinally ; pollen minutely muriculate. Rudiment of ovary
wanting. Female flowers stalked, solitary, axillary. Pedicel
expanded at the apex into a concave receptacle-. Calyx of 4-5
unequal valvate free sepals, bearing minute glands at the base.
Stanrinodes absent. Ovary superior, 2-celled, outer wall con-
taining numerous vesicles. Style terminal, slender, bearing two
large spreading stigmas. Ovules two in each cell, pendulous
from the apex of the central axis, anatropous, raphe ventral,
integuments two ; a reddish-brown cushion-like outgrowth
(obturator'] springing from the placenta just above the insertion
of the pair of ovules and closely roofing over the two micropyles.
The obturator does not develop with the growth of the seed, but
becomes withered. Fruit a drupe, the thin fleshy exocarp full
of vesicles containing a very bitter juice, the woody brittle
endocarp marked with four equidistant longitudinal lines con-
taining generally one, occasionally two seeds, one in each cell.
Seed pendulous from the top of the cell, without endosperm.
Testa membranous infolded between the folds of the cotyledons.
Radicle superior.
Species 3, one a native of Jamaica, a second of the Bahamas
and Cuba, and a third of San Domingo.
P. baecatum Kr. & Urb. in Ewjl Jahrb. xv. 308 (1892) ;
Entail in Jonrn. N. York Bot. Gard. xv'tii. 180 ; Fawc. d' Rcn<Uc
in Journ. Bot. Iv. 268. P. arboreum Plandt. in Hoolc. Joiirn. Bot.
v. 580 (184G). P. juglans Griseb. FL Br. W. Lid. 177 (1*59).
Nux juglans trifolia &c. Sloane Cat. 128 £ 7//W. /'/. 1, /. 157, /. 1.
Juglans foliis oblongis &,c. Browne Hivt. Jam. 310. Juglans
baccata L. Si/st. ed. 10, 1272 (1759) A: X/>. PL ,-<!. 2, 1416 (1763).
Rhus arborea Jfacf. Jain. i. 225 (1837) (excl. syn.) (11011 DC.).
(Fig. 90.)
Jamaica Walnut.
St. Jago de la Vega savanna; banks of Rio Cobre ; Sloane Herb. v. -I'.i '
Ferry, Browne; "Falls on the Windward road; near Hanson's Salt
Pond"; Macfadyen\ Mnrchl Ferry Pen, Campbell*. Ferry River; Great
Goat Is. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. G277, 6293, G43G, 9040, 9313.
Tree 25-40 ft. Leaflets elliptical to lanceolate, 4-11 cm. 1.; veins
IV. T
274
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Fig. 90. — Picrodendron
A, Part of a twig with male inflorescence
X§.
B, Ditto female inflorescence X ft.
C, D, E, Clusters of stamens with sub-
tending bracts X 7.
F, A grain of pollen x 400.
G, Female flower x 2.
H, Ovary and style cut lengthwise, show-
ing the two cells x 5.
baccatum Kr. & t'rb.
I, Ovary cut lengthwise through one cell
X 10 ; ob, obturator ; m, niicropyle.
J, Fruit X {[.
K, Ditto cut open with one seed x 5.
L. Fruit cut open with two seeds X ri-
M, Seed cut to show radicle and cotyle-
dons x li.
Picrodendron EUPHORBIACE.£ LJ7~.
reticulate with fine incshes. Mali' flou.'i.-r* : I -tracts 1-2-1-5 mm. 1. ;
anthers about 1 mm. 1. ; filaments shorter. F<-niab' Jloicrrs : Sepals 4 or 5,
valvate, more or less unequal, slightly toothed, 3-5(-sj mm. 1., linear-
lanceolate. Style columnar. Drupe orange-yellow, ahout 2 cm. in diam.,
indehisceut. Seed : rhaphe within the furrow of the seed passing out
anteriorly info a lineai: black chalaza, and terminating between the lower
lobes of the seed ; edible, but should be eaten with caution.
7. CROTON L.*
Trees or shrubs usually more or less covered with brownish
or whitish stellate hairs or with scales. Leaves usually alternate,
sometimes with 2 (-several) glands at the apex of the petiole
above, or at base of midrib beneath, or at base of limb beneath,
entire, or serrate, sometimes ciliate with glands. Flowers
monoecious or rarely dioecious (in C, linearis and C. discolor), with
petals in male flowers, and in female flowers of C. ylalellux
(rudimentary or wanting in other Jamaican species), spicate or
subracemose at the apex of branches, or sometimes axillary as
well as terminal, the male along the upper part of the rhachis,
the female on the lower part, solitary under each bract, or some-
times one with two or three male under each bract below. Male
flowers : Receptacle generally hairy. Calyx of 5 (4, 6) segments,
equal in Jamaican species, valvate or narrowly imbricate.
Petals 5 (4). Disk represented by glands. Stamens generally
10-20 ; filaments bent and anthers pendulous in the bud, both
erect in the flower. Rudiment of ovary wanting. Female
flowers : Calyx-segments generally equal, but unequal in
C. ylandulosns and C. hirtus, sometimes increasing in size after
flowering. Disk ring-like or of distinct scales at the base of the
calyx. Ovary 3-celled ; styles once or twice divided : ovules
solitary in the cells. Capsule splitting up into 2-valved cocci.
Seeds smooth with a small caruncle.
Species nearly 700, very widely dispersed in the tropics, and
a few in America outside the tropics.
Leaves entire or subentire.
Margin not ciliate with glair .
Sands at base of leaf or apex of petiole.
Dioecious ; leaves 2-5 cm. 1. ; glands at apex
of petiole above.
a linear-oblong ; nerves not obvious
li'.-neath 1. C. litit'u, .
Leaves oblong to roundish-elliptical;
nerves prominent beneath 2. C. discolor.
* The ornamental garden " Crotons" do not belong to this genus, but
to Codi;iian, especially to Codinnm rarii'natnm. The species are :
of the islands in the southern Pacific and the Malay Archipelago.
T 2
276
I I.OKA OF JAMAICA
Croton,
Monoecious ; leaves 2-10 cm. 1. ; glands at
base of leaf.
Leaves 2*5-6 cm. 1., narrowly lanceolate
or linear-oblong 3. C. Priorianus.
Leaves 2-10 cm. 1., ovate-lanceolate to
ovate 4. C.flavcns.
Glands wanting at base of leaf and on petiole.
Leaves 3-5 cm. 1. densely silvery tomentose
beneath, mixed with scales 5. C.micans.
Leaves pubescent with stellate hairs, or
glabrous beneath.
Female calyx convex, with edges not
folded back.
Leaves to 3*5 cm. 1., oval-elliptical to
oblong-elliptical 6. C. ovalifolius.
Leaves 4-10 cm. 1., lanceolate-elliptical
to oblong-elliptical 7. C.lucidus.
Female calyx angular, with base of seg-
ments folded back outwards.
Leaves 7-18 cm. 1., broadly elliptical to
oblong-elliptical 8. C. laurinus.
Leaves with silvery scales beneath 9. C. glabellus.
Margin ciliate with glands 10. C. humilis.
Leaves serrate or serrulate.
Stipulate ; glands at base of leaf or apex of
petiole (sometimes wanting in C. populi-
folius}.
Racemes 1-2 dm. 1.
Leaves with numerous stellate hairs 11. C. corylifolius.
Leaves with few stellate hairs.
Stipules 5-10 mm. 1., cut into linear
gland-tipped segments 12. C, populifolius.
Stipules small, inconspicuous 13. C. Wil&onii.
Racemes to 3 cm. 1., flowers crowded.
Glands at base of leaf saucer-shaped 14. C. glandulosus.
Glands long-stalked, 1' 5-2 rnrn. 1 15. C.hirtus.
Stipules and glands wanting. Racemes 2-4 cm. 1. 16. C. Griesbacliianus.
1. C. linearis Jacq. Sel Stirp. Amer. 256, t. 162, /. 4 &
Ed. pict. 124, t. 263, /. 80; dioecious; leaves 5 -5-2 -2 cm. 1.,
1 -5 mm.-l '5 cm. br., linear-oblong, usually obtuse at both ends,
margin entire, upper surface glabrous, often roughish with minute
points, beneath densely covered with yellowish tomentuin of flat
stellate hairs ; usually with two or three cylindrical glands at
apex of petiole on upper surface (often others minute) ; nerves
pinnate, usually slightly prominent but indistinct on upper
surface, not obvious beneath. — Geisel. Grot. Monog. 6 ; Bennett in
Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 30 ; Daniell in Journ. Pharm. Soc. iv.
229, with tab., figs. 2, 3, 7 ; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2,
615. C. linearis var. dilatatus Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 385 (1907).
Croton fruticulosum foliis longis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 347.
C. Cascarilla L. Sp. PL ed, 2, 1424 (1763) (excl. Catesb. Car.)
& Herb.; Woodv. Ned. Bot. ed. 3, 629, t. 222; Geisel. Grot.
Croton
EUPHORBIACK.i:
277
Monog. 8. C. Cascarilla var. linearis Griseb. FL Brit. W. Ind. 38.
Ricino afh'nis odorifera fruticosa major &c. Slnum- Cut. 44 <t Hi*t.
i 133, /. 86, /. 1. Clutia Cascarilla L. >S'//*/. e<l. 10, 1299 (1759)
& Ama n. v. 411, 383 (non % P/.) & #er&. (Fig. 91.)
Wild Rosemary or Spanish Rosemary.
Near Passage Fort; Red Hills; Sloans Herb. ii. 91! Houstounl Lane
in Herb. Sloane clxii. 127! Wright \ Broughtonl von Eohr\ Mnri'<nli/rii\
McXabl Liguanea plain ; near Port Antonio ; Purdie\ Wilson \ Kingston;
" near Mr. Fyfe's coffee region of Blue Mts." ; Priori M<tn-h\ rocky sea-
coast, Low Layton, Mctcalfcl near Port Antonio, Millspaugh; J.P. 700,
'li-)im<tn\ Hope, J.P. 1005, Hart\ Watson Hill, Faiccrtt\ near Kingston,
Campbell \ near Alligator Pond, 500 ft. ; Grove, near Hope, 700 ft. ; near
Falrnouth ; Great Goat Is. ; Healthshire Hills ; Long Mountain, 30 ft. ;
D
B
Fig. 91. — Croton linearis Jacq.
A. Portion of branch with male
iiitloivx-mce X -.
I',. Male flower X 7.
C, Female (lower x 10.
D, Coccus with seed x 3.
E, Seed x 4.
Cane R. valley, 350 ft.; Pedro Bluff; Harris. Fl. Jam. 5724, 6323, r>'>57,
7235, 9338, 9527, 9580, (JC23, 9733.— Florida, Bahamas, Cayman Is., Cuba.
Hispaniola.
Shrub 3-9 ft. high, much branched, aromatic ; young twigs, inflorescence
and calyx tomentellous with yellow (or whitish) flat stellate hairs ; diacious.
Leaves 5'5-2'2 cm. 1., l-5 nim.-l'o cm. br., linear-oblong, usually obtuse
at both ends, margin entire, upper surface glabrous, beneath covered
densely with yellowish tomentum of stellate hairs, usually with two or
three cylindrical glands at apex of petiole (often others minute) on upper
surface, somewhat leathery; nerves pinnate, usually slightly prominent
but indistinct on upper surface, not obvious beniMih : petiole 2-6 mm. 1.
lau-t'nii's usually somewhat longer than the leaf. 7'Yi>7/v/-.s- shortly stalked
or subsessile, female usually si>sile. .1/.//V flowers: ('<////.'• l-5 mm. 1.
i!7S FLOKA OF .JAMAICA Crotnn
J'ttals oblanceolate, 2 mm. 1., pubescent at base. Stamens 13-15, longer
than the petals, filaments glabrous. Female flowers: Calyx 1-8 nun. 1.,
segments triangular-lanceolate. Ovary hirtellous. Styles 2-psated; branches
undivided, thick below, apex hooked. Capsule 5 mm.l. Seeds 2- 5 mm. 1.,
L* mm. br.
C. Cascarilla Bennett, a distinct species, has lanceolate leaves, acute at
both ends, usually with two glands at base of leaf beneath. It is a native
of New Providence, Bahamas ; the type is in Herb. Mus. Brit. Mills-
paugh (Field Col. Mus. Bot. ii. 307) errs in including this species under
C. lincaris.
1. C. discolor WiiM. Sp. Pl.iv. 532 (1805); dioecious; leaves
2-4 cm. 1., 1-2-5 cm. br., oblong-elliptical, oblong-ovate, oval-
elliptical, or roundish-elliptical, apex and base rounded or obtuse,
mucronulate, subentire, with two or three cylindrical glands
(sometimes others minute) at apex of petiole on upper surface,
glabrous above, densely whitish- or yellowish-tomentose beneath
with flat stellate hairs ; nerves pinnate, impressed on upper
surface, prominent beneath. — GeiseL op. cit. 18 ; Muell. Arg. torn,
cit. 615; Urb. Symb. Ant. ii: 343.
Near Port Antonio, Purdic \ March \ Orange Bay Point, Hanover,
Harris \ Fl. Jam, 10,261.— Bahamas, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas,
St. Cruz.
Shrub to 5 ft. high. Young twigs, petioles, and inflorescence tomentellous
with flat yellowish stellate hairs. Leaves somewhat leathery; petiole
5-8(-15) mm. 1. PMcemes of male plants as long as the leaves to three
times as long ; clusters of flowers crowded or distant. Pedicels short, to
2 mm. 1. Male flowers : Calyx about 2 • 5 mm. 1., 5-parted ; segments ovate,
with five free sessile twin glands on receptacle at base. Petals 3 mm. L,
oblong-oblanceolate, pubescent near base. Stamens 15 or 16 ; filaments
glabrous. Female flowers: Calyx one-third longer than the ovary;
segments lanceolate, acuminate. Ovary densely hirtellous with stellate
hairs. Styles 2-parted ; branches tightly involute, hirtellous.
3. C. Priorianus Urb. Symb. Ant. Hi. 295 (1902) ; monoecious;
leaves 6-2 • 5 cm. 1., 1 * 5— • 7 cm. br., narrowly lanceolate or oblong-
linear, gradually narrowed towards the apex, apex obtuse or
rounded and very shortly apiculate, base rounded or subcordate,
margin entire, upper surface roughish with very small stellate
hairs, beneath with yellow or whitish tomentum of stellate hairs ;
with two or more glands at base above and beneath ; nerves
slightly impressed. — C. Cascarilla a. Griseb. op. cit. 38 (1859).
Prior; March I
Young twigs densely yellow-tomentellous with stellate hairs. Leaves
alternate or at the apex opposite or three in a whorl, subleathery ; petiole
4-15 mm. 1. ; stipules wanting. Racemes 2-10 cm. 1., tomentellous ;
peduncle 1-2 cm. 1. Male flowers : Sepals 1'5-1'T mm. 1. Petals obovate-
lanceolate, a little longer than the sepals, pubescent on the lower margin.
Disk-glands transversely oblong-elliptical. Stamens about 16. Female
flowers subsessile : Sepals 2 mm. 1., lanceolate. Petals very minute, gland-
like. Disk-glands transversely rectangular-elliptical. Ovary globular,
tomentose. Styles 2-parted almost to the base, branches undivided.
Capsule (not ripe) globular, 4-5 mm. in diam.
Croton EUPIIORBIACEJ: '2 1 1>
4. C. flavens L. Si/st. ed. 10, 1276 (1759) A: Amcen. v. 410,
.")<S3 ; leaves 2-10 cm. L, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, tapering to an
acute rnucronate apex, base cordate or obtuse, on both sides
tomentellous with stellate hairs to sparingly stellate-hairy or
even glabrous, entire or rarely serrate, with several minute
glands often at apex of petiole or base of midrib above, and
one cylindrical gland at each side of base of midrib beneath. —
Gei*t_d. <>p. fit. 19; Griscl). op. cit. 38: Mm-U. Ar</. /<//,<. fit. Till'.
C. balsamifer /«<•</. .sV7. Stir^. Amer. 255, /. 162, /. 3 (1763) &
Hort. Vindol. HI. 20, /. 46; L. Munt. 12"); Geiscl. op. cit. 11 :
Grix''l>. Inf. cit. C. flocculosus Geiscl. op. cit. 14 (1S07) ; Griseb.
Inc. fit. C. fruticulosum et villosum Arc. Browne Hixt. Jam. 347.
Type, Browne's specimen, in Herb. Linn.
Yellow Balsam.
Sloane Herb. v. 108! Houstoun\ Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. r_!7 !
Browne \ Wright ! near Bull Bay, Broughtonl McXabl Liguanea plain,
J 'Hnlie \ March I Rock Fort, Campbell I Long Mt., 30-200 ft.; Harris \
Fl. Jam. 6254, 8926, 9586.— West Indies, Yucatan.
rub 2-10 ft. high, aromatic. Leaves : nerves pinnate ; petiole less
than half as long as the limb. Flowers pale yellow or white, shortly pedi-
celled (1-3 mm. 1.). Male flowers: Calyx stellate-tomentellous outside,
about 2 mm. 1. ; segments narrowly ovate. Petals oblanceolate, a little
longer than the calyx, hairy at lower margin. Sttnufiix 12-16. Female
llowcrs : Calyx like the male, but more pointed. Petals minute, thread-
like, gland-like at apes. Ovary tomentellous with yellow stellate hair.
Styles 2-cleft. Capsule subglobular, about 5 mm. 1. Seeds ellipsoidal,
3-3*5 mm. 1., dark grey.
5. C. mieans Sic. Fl. Ind. Occ. 11S5 (1800) (excl. syn.) ;
leaves 3-5 cm. L, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base obtuse or
slightly cordate, upper surface with a few hairs 011 the nerves,
also sometimes a few stellate scale-like hairs often bearing in the
centre a long hair, beneath densely tomentose, with short white
stellate hairs and scales, without glands at base ; stipules awl-
.-•haped, 2-3 mm. 1. ; calyx of female llown^ densely scaly,
segments ovate-triangular, with edges near base slightly folded
back outwards.- — Mnrll. Arg. torn. fit. 554 (iritli vars.) A: /'// FL
Bras, xi.pt. 2, 121. C. nervosus var. villosus 7*J/o /;>•/•// in Honl;.
Land. JiHint. ]l<>t. ii. 50 (IS}:}). C. niveus Gris>l>. <>p. fit. -lit
(1859) (lion Jacq.).
Swartz.— Northern tropical S. America. A specimen from Jama
without collector's name, in Herb. Edinb. is mimed by ( ii i-.'liucli
( '. niveus.
,-nh with twigs, petioles, stipules, and young leaves «:ovonid\vith long
soft spreading yellowish-brown hairs. Lcarfs ovate-laiicc^lato, acuminate,
base obtuse or slightly cordate, nerves pinnate, without glands at base,
with a few hairs on the nervi - on tin1 upper surface, also sometimes a few
scattered stellate scale-like hairs often bearing in the rent re a long hair,
beneath densely tomentose with short white hairs and scale-. :-;~5 cm. 1. ;
petiole 3-8 mm, 1. ; stipules awl-shaped, 2-3 mm. 1. ll< with 1-3
female flowers at base succeeded by several male fl •• above. Pcd;.
280 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Croti-n
1-2 mm. 1. Bracts thread-like about 1*5 mm. 1. Male flowers (just
opening) : Calyx densely tomeutose inside and outside with stellate bair>,
5-parted, segments elliptical, 1'5 mm. 1. I'rtals about 2 mm. 1., white,
oblong, densely covered inside and on margins with long white hairs,
puberulous outside except at apex. Stauifn* 10-14 ; filaments hairy.
Female flowers : Calyx, covering like that of male, 5-parted, 4 mm. 1.,
segments ovate-triangular, with edges near base slightly folded backwards.
Petals generally wanting, but sometimes one or more present spathulate,
hairy, two-thirds as long as the calyx. Ovary densely hairy with scaly
hairs with long rays. Styles pubescent, 2-parted, branches 2-parted again.
Capsule somewhat rough with scales more or less persistent, pubescent
styles persistent, 6-7 mm. 1. Seeds ellipsoidal, smooth, brown, 4 mm. 1.
6. C. ovalifolius Vald in West Bidr. Ste. Croix (1793) ;
leaves varying much in size, the larger l'5-3'5 cm. 1., oval-
elliptical to oblong-elliptical, apex rounded or obtuse, base obtuse
to wedge-shaped, entire, upper surface glabrous, beneath more or
less hispid with stellate hairs, without glands on margin or at
base; stipules linear-acuminate, glandular. — Grisel). op. cit. 41;
Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 648. C. diffusus Geisel.
op. cit. 41 (1807). Specimen from West, St. Cruz, in Herb.
Mus. Brit.
Near Kingston, McNab ! Prior \ March ! Windward road, near Kings-
ton ; Liguanea Plain ; Campbell \ Long Mountain, 100 ft. ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 6015, 6102, 11,869, 12,119.— Hispaniola, St. Thomas, St. Cruz,
Guadeloupe, Venezuela.
Shrub ^ to 1 ft. high, much branched ; young twigs pubescent or hispid
with stellate hairs, or glabrescent. Leaves varying much in size, the
larger l'5-3'5 cm. 1., oval-elliptical to oblong-elliptical, apex rounded or
obtuse, base obtuse to wedge-shaped, without glands, upper surface
glabrous, beneath more or less hispid with stellate hairs ; nerves 3 at
base, pinnate above ; petiole 1-1*5 cm. 1. ; stipules linear-lanceolate, with
short glandular branches. Eacemes short, 2-3 cm. 1. Bracts linear-
lanceolate, denticulate. Male flowers: Calyx 2-5 mm. 1.; segments
oblong-ovate, pellucid-dotted, puberulous-tufted at apex. Petals 2 mm. 1.,
lanceolate, pubescent on lower half inside. Stamens about 10 ; filaments
pubescent below. Female flowers : Calyx 4mm. 1., increasing to 5'5 mm.
in fruit, segments linear-lanceolate, fringed with glandular projections.
Ovary hispid. Styles 4-6-parted. Capsule 4'5 mm. 1., globular, glab-
rescent, exceeded by the calyx. Seeds 3-sided, convex on back, brownish,
barely 3 mm. 1.
7. C. lueidus L. Si/st. ed. 10, 1275 (1759) ct Amcen v. 410,
383 ; leaves crowded towards the apex of the branches, so as to
appear opposite or ternate, 4—10 cm. L, lanceolate-elliptical,
elliptical, or oblong-elliptical, subacuminate (or rarely roundish),
apex obtuse, margin entire or sometimes obtusely and remotely
serrate, glabrous or writh stellate and simple hairs on both sides,
without glands at the base ; calyx of female flowers with a few
stellate hairs, about three times as long as male ; segments
oblong, with edges near base folded back outwards. — Sic. Fl. Ind.
Occ. 1193; Griseb. (incl. vars.) loc. cit. ; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr.
xv. pt. 2, 561 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 341. Croton erectum glabrum,
Croton KUPHORBIACE.l. 281
t'oliis ovatis oppositis vel ternatis, spicis terminalibus Broii'tn
///,•/. J,,llt. :347. C. glabellum L. Sy*t. ed. 10, 1275 (1759). C.
fruticosuni Mil. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). C. pallen&Sw. Prodr.
100 (1788). C. -landuliferus V.ihi in fiV/.sW. Crot. Mono,,. 37
(1807). Mali folio arbor, arternisi;r odore nore pentapetalo
spit-ato SI'xine Cat. 139 A: Hist. it. 30, /. 174, /. 1. Type
specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeu-.
Basket Hoop.
Between Town savanna and Two Mile Wood, Sloane Herl>. v. Ill !
Houstoun\ Browne I hills about Bull Bay, Wright\ lin>mflitun\ Shak-
.-/"'<tr \ nriiiTo ; near St. Ann's Bay, McNab\ also Pnrdic\ March I
\\'ilsonl Lucea, Hitchcock; Liguanea plain, Campbell I Great Goat 1-. ;
Pedro Bluff ; Pcckham, Clarendon, 2500-2800 ft. ; Albion Mt., St. Thomas;
Harris] near Bull Bay, Harris <£ Brittonl Fl. Jam. 6247, 9302, 9727,
10,790, 10,863, 10,966, 11,012, 12,197.— Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Is.,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico.
SJtrub 2-12 ft. high, or tree to 40 ft., aromatic. Young parts of twi<is
and racemes, flowers sometimes more or less stellate-puberulous, some-
times glabrate or glabrous. Leaves pellucid-dotted, nerves and veins more
or less indistinct, nerves pinnate and sometimes with two on each side at
base; petiole 1-3 cm. 1. Racemes 3-8 cm. 1. Flowers white or greenish-
white. Pedicels, male to 2 '5 mm. L, female 2-5-5 mm. 1., of fruit 5-8
mm. 1. Male flowers : Calyx about 2 mm. 1., 5-parted, densely puberulous
on the margins, also more or less 011 both surfaces; segments oblong-
elliptical, base and margins sometimes glandular. Petals like the sepals,
and as long. Stamens 11-12. Female flowers: Calyx 5-6' 5 mm. 1.,
5-parted, puberulous. Ovary sparingly pubescent with stellate hairs.
dcs short, about 1 mm. 1., deeply 4-parted. Capsule oblong-ellipsoidal,
glabrate, 10-12 mm. 1.
The descriptions in English by Sloane of this species and C. glabellns
in the " History " have been exchanged.
8. C. laurinus Sw. Prodr. 100 (1788) & FL Ind. Dec. 1191 :
leaves 7-18 cm. 1., broadly elliptical to oblong-elliptical, apex
rounded, obtuse or acute, base rounded to wedge-shaped, entire,
on both sides with stellate hairs, often glabrate, without glands
at base. — Geisel. op. cit. 31 ; Griseb. op. cit. 39. C. laurifolius
Muell. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. '2, 586 (1866). Type from Swartz in
Herb. Stockholm, and a specimen from him in Herb. MILS. Brit.
Swartz ! Union Hill, Moneague, Priori near Troy, 2000-2200 ft.;
Albion Pen, St. Ann, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8693, 9410, r2.i >•>,>. 12,003.
A high shrub with weak straggling branches, or a Blender tree, _' > 2.r> ft.
high; "fresh juice of brandn-s blood-red" (Harris). Stellate hairs on
young brandies, leaves and petioles, inflnn-^- ••<////./•, ornri/, cu]>snh\
Leaves 7-18 cm. 1., broadly elliptical to oblong-elliptical, apex rounded,
obtuse, or acute, base rounded to wedge-shaped, entire, without glands at
base, papery; nerv.-s pinnate ; petiole 1-6 cm. 1. l;<i,-f)>iss axillary, u-ually
longer than the Leaves, sometimes much longer, 1-3 dm., s.niK-times with
male flowers only. /,Y,/,7.s minute. Male jtoiirrs : Calyx about 2 mm. 1. ;
segments triangular, about 1"5 mm. 1. Petals oblanceolste, 2'3 nun. 1..
apex doubled outwards, pubescent on the margin and with dense short
hairs at apex, stmnfiis 5-10, filaments glabrous. Female flowers : Pcdi-
o7.s thick, about 2 mm. l>r., about 3 mm. 1. Cali/.r 4 mm. 1. ; segments
lanceolate, -i nun. I. Petals minute, linear, gland-tipped, hairy. Oi<ir>(
FLOIIA OF JAMAICA Croton
hirtcllous. Styles cut into 3-6 linear recurved branches down to a broad
base. Capsule I'D cm. 1. Seeds ellipsoidal, smooth, (J mm. 1.
adenophyllus, car. uov., differs from the species in the
"vneral absence of hairs 011 the leaf and in the flower, and in
O 7
being more glandular. — C. adenophyllus Spreng. Syst. Hi. 869
(1826); Griseb. op. cit. 40; MuelL Arg. torn. cit. 644.
Brought on ! Bcrtcro; Mavis Bank, Port Royal Mts., Harris \ Windward
road, 12-16 miles from Kingston, Fawcctt ! near Bull Bay, Harris &
JJritton ! Fl. Jam. 5772, 10,791.
9. C. glabellus L. Sp. PL cd. 2, 1425 (1763) (in part, excl.
reference to Ainoen. Acad. v. 409) ; petals of female flower like
those of male ; young parts of twigs, leaves, racemes and flowers
covered with rusty-grey scales. — Muell. Arg. torn. cit. 517.
C. eleutheria Wriglit in Loud. Med. Journ. viii. 249 (1787) A:
Mem. 207. C. Eluteria SID. Prodr. 100 (1788) & Fl Lid. Occ.
1183; Geisel. op. cit. 52 ] Klotzsclt in Hayne Arzneigew. 14, t. 1 ;
tinsel), op. cit. 39 (iion L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1476). C. nitens Sw.
Prod. 100 (1788) it Fl Lid. Occ. 1189; Geisel op. cit. 48.
C. Sloanei Bennett in Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 30 (1859) ;
Daniell in Pliann. Journ. 148 with plate. Clutia Eluteria L.
A-moen. v. 411, 383 £ Herb, (non Syst. ed. 10, 1299). Croton
fruticulosum erectum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 347. Mali folio
arbor artemisia^ odore et flore Sloane Cat. 139 & Hist. ii. 30,
/. 174, /. 2. Specimen of C. nitens from Swartz named by
him in Herb. Stockholm ; another specimen in Herb. Mus.
Brit.
Sloane Herb. v. 109, 110! Wright ! Broughtonl mountains in west,
Swartz ! Macfadyen ! Distin ! Manchester, Purdie ! Heward ! Wilson \
Moneague, Prior \ March ! Stoneleigh, Henderson ! Davids Hill, J.P. 1429 ;
Ferry Pen; Liguanea plain ; Campbell ! Bryans Hill; Berwick; Lapland,
1750 ft. ; Long Mountain, 100 ft.; Cane R valley, 300 ft.; Potsdam,
2600 ft. ; Letitz savanna, 300-900 ft. ; Harris ! John Crow (Blake) Mts.,
1200 ft., Harris & Brittonl Fl. Jam. 5115, 5477, 6017, 6264, 9187, 9581,
9628, 9750, 10,708, 11,755.— Bahamas, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador.
Shrub or tree, 10-30 ft. high, aromatic. Leaves elliptical, oblong-
elliptical, or oblong-ovate, entire, very variable in size, 2-15(-20) cm. 1.,
at both ends obtuse, sometimes subacute, base often rounded or sub-
cordate, with a few round whitish scales on the upper side, nearly covered
beneath with silvery scales, pinnately nerved, pellucid-dotted, without
glands at the base ; petiole 2 mm.-2 cm. 1. Racemes generally branched^
rarely simple, usually only half as long as the leaves, rarely longer than
the leaves, 3-12 cm. L, dense-flowered, in axils near apex as well as
terminal. Pedicels of male fl. 2 mm. or less, of female 4 or 5 mm.,
increasing in fruit to 9-14 mm. Flowers white or pale yellow. Male
flowers: Calyx 2-2-4 mm. L, 5-parted; segments ovate-triangular, margin
colourless, puberulous. Petals slightly longer than calyx, white, puberu-
lous outside and especially dense on margins, oblong. Stamens 10-13 ;
filaments hairy below. Female flowers : Calyx and petals much like the
male, but sepals broader, petals lanceolate, both persistent. Ovary scaly,
somewhat scurfy. Styles 2-branched, branches again 2-parted once or
Croton Eri'IIuKBIAcK.K J83
twice. Capsule obovoid-globose, tuberculate, scaly, scurfy, 7-9 mm. 1.
/ dark brown. ('. mm. 1.
Wright (loc. cit.) considers that "the bark is the same as the ra^carilla
and eleutheria of the shops."
10. C. humilis L. £>/. ed. 10, 1276 (1759), Amen. o. 410, 383,
A: Sp. PL cd. 2, 1427; leaves 1'5— 5*5 <im. L, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, more or less acuminate, base more or less cordate or
rounded, margin with distant minute stalked glands, upper side
somewhat puberulous, stellate-haired, or glabrescent, beneath
white or yellowish-grey with stellate tomentum, without distinct 1 y
basal glands ; stipules minute, with glandular lobes, or con-
spicuous, split up into linear glandular lobes. — Sic. Obs. Bot. 363 ;
Geisel. op. cit. 15; Griseb. op. cit. 41 (excl. var.; ; Mn>-U. Ar<j.
tout. cit. 670 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. ii>. 343. C. fruticulosum minus An-.
Browne Hist. Jam. 347. C. salvifolium Mill. Diet. ed. 6 (1768).
C. albidus 3IucU. Ary. torn. cit. 671 (1866). Type in Herb. Linn.
from Browne.
Pepper Rod.
Sloane Herb. ii. 90*! Houstounl Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 120!
\\~rigktl Brougliton\ Shakspear] Swartz I Bancroft I Macfadyen\
pastures near the sea, Manchester, 1'nrdicl Kingston, Prior ! March I
Liguanea plain. J.P. 1364, Morris \ Kingston, Hitchcock; also Clitte \
Bethlehem, St. Elizabeth, T. Harrisl near Alligator Pond, 500ft.; Long
Mt., 30 ft.; Yardley Chase, 1600 ft.; Portland Point and Rocky Point;
Harris I near Bull Bay, Harris & Brittonl Fl. Jam. 6266, 8284, 9585, 9676,
10,183, 10,788. — Florida, Bahamas, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas,
Mexico, Yucatan.
Shrub 1-5 ft. high, aromatic. Young twigs, inflorescence, calyx whitish
or yellowish-grey with stellate tomentum. Leaves pinnate-nerved, with
one or two nerves on each side from the base ; petiole usually half as long
as the leaf. Racemes slender, 3-14 cm. 1. Bracts small, ovate, acumin
more or less cut into gland-bearing segments. Pedicels : male 2-4 mm. 1.,
female 1-2 mm. 1. Flowers white. Male jlower* : Calyx 2-2' 7 mm. 1. ;
segments elliptical. Petals about as long as calyx, elliptical, narrowed to
base, pubescent at apex and on margin of lower half. Disk represented
by lleshy glands opposite the sepals. Stamens indefinite in number,'
twenty. Female Jluir, r.s : Calyx 4 mm. L, increasing in fruit; segments
asually ciliate with stalked glands, oblong, somewhat broader near apex.
Petals thread-like, gland-tipped, nearly 2 mm. 1. /^/,- ring-like. (_>n//v/
with stellate hairs. Styles 4-parted, thread-like, hairy, involute at a;
Capsule 5-6 mm. 1., glabrate, globular-3-lobed. Seeds usually with slight
diagonal ridges on b . : 4 mm. 1.
11. C. eorylifolius Lam. En<-y<-. //'. •_'(.).") (1786); one
cf and two or three male llo\\cis in tin- ;ixil nf c.-i.-li lower
bract; leaves varying much in si/e, .')-!.") t-in. 1., broadly ovulr.
or ellijitical to obloDg-elliptical or ol)long, ba>.«- Bubcordate or
obtuse, margin invgiihirly serrate-dentate, MUiictinics with cylin-
drical glands, teeth glandular, with \\\n ^lamls at apex of peti"].-
abo\'e. youngest leaves covered with stellate h:iiis, older spnr.-cly
or glabfi -( 'on t ; stipules liiie;i r a< • i im i nai i •. .""t-6 mm. L,
284 FLORA OF JAMAICA Croton
dark coloured, with a few stellate hairs, soon dropping ofF.-
(leixd. op. fit. 2i) ; Griwb. op. cit. 39 ; MarJI. Arg. torn. tit. 549.
C. inontanus Gcisel. op. cit. 23.
Pedro savanna, St. Elizabeth, Piirdie ! Wilson I Moneague, Priori Falls
River, 20UO ft.; Chelsea Hill, St. Cruz Mts., 2200 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon,
2500 ft. ; Middlesex, St. Ann, 1GOO ft. ; Harris ! PI. Jam. 5769. 9691,
11,093, 12,033. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique,
St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Venezuela.
Shrub or tree, 12-30 ft. high, aromatic. Upper portions of twigs, also
leaves, petioles, inflorescence, covered with whitish stellate hairs, dense
on youngest parts. Leaves : stellate hairs more or less dense beneath,
somewhat sparse on upper surface, papery; nerves 3-5 at base, pinnate
above ; petiole usually about one-third as long as the limb, sometimes
nearly one-half as long, l-3(-5) cm. 1. Racemes 1-2 dm. 1. Flowers sub-
sessile. Male flowers : Calyx 2'5 mm. 1., segments oblong-ovate. Petals
slightly over 2 mm. 1., oblanceolate, densely woolly inside. Stamens 16-18 ;
filaments glabrous. Female flowers : Calyx 3 mm. 1. ; segments about
2 mm. 1. Petals about 1 mm. 1., linear, gland-tipped. Ovary white-
tomeiitellous with stellate hairs. Styles branching into two below the
middle, branches entire. Capsule about 1 cm. 1., ellipsoidal, covered with
stellate hairs.
12. C. populifolius Lam. Encyc. ii 205 (1786); leaves
3-11 cm. ]., ovate, shortly acuminate, base cordate, obtuse, or
acute, serrate, with a few stellate hairs on both sides, teeth at
base glandular, basal glands various, sometimes linear or wanting ;
stipules 5-10 mm. L, cut into linear gland-tipped segments.—
Sw. Prodr. 101 & Fl. Ltd. Occ. 1197; Geisel. op. cit. 27; Griseb.
op. cit. 41 ; MuelL Arg. torn. cit. 653. C. hircinus Vent. Jard.
Halm. 50 u-itli t. (1803).
Southern parts, Swartz I — Cuba, Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenada,
Bequia, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama.
Shrub to 5 or 6* ft. high, with a goaty smell; young parts villose.
Leaves : nerves two on each side from base, pinnate above ; petiole as long
as the leaf to one-third as long. Racemes 5-15 cm. 1. Bracts lanceolate,
toothed, 4 mm. 1. Male flowers : Calyx about 2 • 5 mm. 1. ; segments ovate,
with a few stellate hairs outside, or glabrate. Petals about 3 mm. L,
elliptical. Stamens 8-12 ; filaments pubescent below. Female flowers :
Calyx about 5 mm. 1. ; segments oblong-lanceolate, villose outside and
with groups of two or three glands together at intervals. Petals linear or
lanceolate, acute, sometimes wanting. Disk ring-like. Ovary hispid with
stellate hairs. Styles 4- or 5-parted, glabrous. Capsule 6-7 mm. L, broadly
ellipsoidal.
13. C. Wilsonii Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 40 (1859); leaves
crowded as if whorled, 10-4 cm. L, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate,
short or long acuminate, serrulate, teeth glandular, upper surface
glabrous, beneath with a few stellate hairs, at length glabrate ;
glands cylindrical at base of midrib beneath, 2 or 1, or wanting ;
stipules small, inconspicuous. — Muell. Arg. torn. cit. 660.
Pepper Rod.
Wright I Lime savanna, Clarendon, Purdie ! Wilson ! Fawcett \ Grand-
vale, Westmoreland, 500 ft. ; Lapland, near Catadupa, 1500 ft. ; Spur Tree
Croton EUPIIORBIACE^E 1'85
Hill, 2000 ft. ; Black River to New Market, 150 ft. ; near lighthouse,
Negril, 300ft.; Harris I Fl. Jam. 7102, 91G7, 9859,9880,10,240; Xegril,
I'.rittun rt- Hollick, 2083!— Type in Herb. Ke\v.
SJinth 3-9 ft. high ; some of the nodes suppressed where the branches
or inflorescence spring, so that three to five leaves come close together, as
if whorled ; young twigs rough with scattered flat-stellate hairs, at length
glabrate. Leaves: nerves 3 at base, pinnate above; petiole 3-20 mm. 1.
Ituceines terminal or axillary, 3-'J cm. 1., glabrous. Bracts lanceolate,
about 1 mm. 1. Pedicels : male to 6 mm. 1., in clusters of five or six, one
flower opening at a time. Male flowers : Calyx about 2 mm. 1., segments
ovate-elliptical, glabrous, with a minute tuft of hairs at apex. Petals
narrowly ovate-elliptical or obovate, 2' 5 mm. 1., pubescent on the lower
half inside. Stamens about 24(-35 fide Muell.) ; filaments glabrous.
l'\"inale flowers sessile, somewhat numerous. Call/./: : segments 2 '5-3
mm. 1. ; linear-lanceolate, without glands. Petals rudimentary. Ovary
very hispid. Styles once 2-parted or 2-cleft, slender, longer than the
ovary, coiled inwards at the apex. Capsule globular, about 5 mm. 1.
about 4 mm. 1.
14. C. glandulosus L. Syst. ed. 10, 1275 (1759) & Amcen. v.
383, 409 ; leaves 2-3 '5 cm. 1., oblong-ovate, ovate, or elliptical,
base obtuse, coarsely serrate, both sides sparsely covered with
flat stellate hairs, or glabrescent, with two shortly stalked
saucer-shaped glands at base of limb beneath (less than 1 mm. 1.) ;
stipules linear, not glandular, about 2 mm. 1., soon falling.-
Geisel. op. cit. 64; Griseb. op. cit. 41 ; Muell. Arg. tout. fit. f)s:» :
Urb. Si/nib. Ant. iv. 343. C. divaricatus Sw. Prodr. 100 (17>
A: FL Ind. Occ. 1187; GeiseL op. cit. 32. C. corchorifolius
Geisel. op. cit. 25 (1807). Type in Herb. Linn, from Browne.
Browne I Brougliton ! Masson ! St. Andrew, McNab ! MacfaJijen,
Kingston, Prior !. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Cruz, Antigua,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, Curacao, continental America.
Herb $ to 2 ft. high ; stems usually herbaceous, sometimes woody,
above with flat stellate hairs on branches, leaves, inflorescence, calyx, or
glabrate. Leaves oblong-ovate, ovate, or elliptical base obtuse, coarsely
serrate, with two shortly stalked saucer-shaped glands at base of limb
beneath (less than 1 mm. 1.), nerves pinnate and two at each side of the b:
2-3'5 cm. 1. ; petiole ^-J as long as the blade; stipules linear. Yuicv?/.v.s
with subsessile flowers, i'5-2cm. L, or shorter. Bracts linear, with a small
stalked globular mucronate gland on each side at the base. Mule //.<//•
Calyx about 2 mm. L, segments oblong-elliptical, acute. Points -lightly
longer than the calyx. Stamens 10, filaments glabrous. Female jl
Calyx: segments unequal, spathulate with acute apex, to :; mm. L,
increasing in fruit to be nearly or quite as long as capsule. /V/V/x minute,
linear-lanceolate, gland-tipped. Ovary hirsute. Styles 2-parted ahn»-t
to the base. Caj^nle 5-G mm. L, globular-ellipsoidal, glabrate or with a
few small stellate hairs. Seeds 4 mm. 1., lined on the back with rows of
minute pits.
15. C. hirtus L'Hcr. Stirp. 17, /. 9 (1784); leaves I I
(2'5-7) cm. 1., roundish to ovate, sometimes slightly lohed, some,
especially the larger, doubly crenate-serratc. the smaller serrate,
both sides with flat stellate hairs, usually only one ray developed
on upper surface, with two long-stalked, cup-shaped, small glands
US6 FLORA OF JAMAICA Croton
at base of limb on margin (!•">-- mm. 1.) ; stipules linear, to
~> mm. 1., not glandular. — Gviscl. oj>. fit. (]'2 ; (irixi-l. op, cif. \-.
C. glandulosus var. hirttis NiK'll. Anj. tout. cit. 684 (l^Olij.
St. Andrew, McNab ! Kingston, Prior I Ferry ; Liguanea plain ;
>ipbcll\ King's House grounds, T. Harrisl Liguanea plain, ]Larris\
Fl. Jam. 5791, 6081, 0774, 6959, 11,799.— Trinidad, Central and tropical
S. America.
Herb 1 to 2 ft. high ; stems herbaceous ; twigs densely covered with
stellate hairs with one or more of the rays longer and more or less erect,
the others much shorter and adpressed. Leaves : nerves prominent
beneath, pinnate with two on each side at base ; petiole usually i^ to J as
long as the blade, of upper leaves shorter. Racemes with subsessile
flowers, 1-5-2-5 cm. 1. Bracts linear, 2-4 mm. 1.. with or without stalked
glands. Male flowers : Calyx 1'5 mm. 1. ; segments elliptical to oblong-
elliptical, acute, with stellate hairs outside. Petals oblong-linear, delicate,
about as long as the calyx. Stamens about 10, filaments glabrous.
Female flowers : Calyx, segments unequal, two longer, about 2-5 mm. 1.,
two shorter, one very much shorter, obovate-oblong, becoming spathulate
in fruit, and increasing to 4 mm. 1. Ovary hirsute. Styles, two parted
almost to the base. Capsule about 4 mm. 1., globular or globular-
ellipsoidal, with stellate hairs. Seeds 3 mm. 1., pits indistinct, very dark
grey with black dots.
16. C. Griesbaehianus Muell. Anj. in Flora xhii. 484= (1864)
& in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 586 ; leaves 3-7 cm. 1., oblong,
elliptical, or ovate, apex obtuse, acute, or shortly subacuminate,
base subcordate, obtuse, or truncate, more or less doubly serrate
or serrulate, upper surface sparsely covered with stellate hairs or
glabrate, beneath denser, without glands at base. — C. Tserti
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 39 (non GeiseL). Griesbach's type in
Herb. Kew.
March ! Long Mountain, 700-900 ft., Harris ! Healthshire Hills,
Harris £ Britton ! Fl. Jam. 8944, 9614, 10,520.
Shrub 5-12 ft. high. Youngest parts of twigs, petioles, and youngest
leaves covered with brownish, stellate tomentellum. Leaves 3-7 cm. 1.,
oblong, elliptical, or ovate, apex obtuse, acute, or shortly subacuminate,
base subcordate, obtuse, or truncate, more or less doubly serrate or
serrulate, without glands at base, papery, upper surface sparsely covered
with stellate hairs or glabrate, beneath more densely covered ; nerves 3-5
at base, pinnate above; petiole '5-2-5 cm. 1. Racemes axillary as well
as terminal, 2-4 cm. 1. Pedicels 1-2 mm. 1. Bracts linear-lanceolate,
1-5-4 mm. 1. Male flowers : Sepals 5, about 2 mm. 1., linear-lanceolate,
stellate-haired outside. Petals 5, about 1-2 mm. 1., oblong-elliptical,
pubescent on the margin, with a bunch of long hairs at apex. Stamens
about 12 ; filaments glabrous. Female flowers solitary at base of raceme.
Sepals 5, linear, 3 -5-4 mm. 1. Ovary tonientellous. Styles 4-cleft, each
branch with two short curved branches. Capsule not seen.
8. ARGYTHAMNIA Sw.
Shrub (in A. candicans), undershrubs, or perennial herbs, con-
taining a purple pigment. Leaves alternate, entire or with few
teeth, 3-nerved at base. Flowers moncecious, with petals, in
Argythamnia
EUPHORBIACEJE
axillary spike-like 2-sexual racemes, each sul)t<-n<led by a bract,
the upper flowers male, the lower (!-•">) female ; the glands of the
disk alternate with the petals. -Male flowers: Calyx-segments
4(-5), valvate. Petals 4(-5). Stamens 4 (-5) ; filaments united
at the very base: anthers dorsifixed. Female flowers: Sepal
imbricate. Petals -\ minute. Ovary 3-cellnl : styles spreading,
variously cut; ovules solitary in the cells. Capsule breaking up
into three 2-valved cocci. Seeds without a caruncle.
Species ~>5, natives of tropical and subtemperate America,
including the West Indies.
A. eandicans Sic. Prodr. 39 (1788) & FL Ltd. Ocr. 336. /. 8 ;
Juswu EiqJiorl. Tent. t. 7 ; BaiU. Etnd. Ei^Jn.rb. t. 15, f. 30-.". '1 :
Fig. 92.—Argythamnia
A, Portion of branch with intlor-
ence x -
tt, Male Mower X 7.
s\v.
C, Female tl<>\\ er X 4.
D, r.ipsule x 3.
E, Seed X 4.
Griseb. FL Jlril. W. Lid. U ; Muell. Arg. /// DC. Pr»,h: xv.pt. _.
7H (Argyrothamnia) j Urb. Symli. Ant. iv. .'511: 7W in llnyl.
I'llniir.t urrirJt ir. 147, vi. 80. llicino atlinis odorif era. . .dilute
piir[»ur(M» Sinn, ir Cut. 44 A: Jfixt. i. l.">.'i, /. ^r>, /'. 3. A. fruti--
albida iVc. I>i-nn-,,r ///x/. ,/r/m. 338. (Fig. OL'.I 'I'vpe in Herb.
.Mus. lint. Specimen from Swart/ in Herb. Stockholm.
N.-;u- St. Jago do la Vega, Sloan<- Herb. ii. ','J ! r>roini<> ; }\~ri<jht\ Long
Mt., HfnHifliton ! Sn;irf~\ /.Vr/Vro ; Mucfudin n ! banks of Nr-TO R. ;
coast, Trelawneyj Purdie\ \\~il*<>ti\ White River, JVior I March'. J.P. (U-,
Morris ! foot of Long Mountain ; Ferry Pcu ; Cumjibclll Lucca, Hitchcock ;
FI.OK'A OF JAMAICA
near Moneague, Lord Wahinqham\ Long Mt., 900 ft.; Chelsea Hill and
Round Hill, St. Cruz Mts., 2000-2200 ft. ; hill behind Ferry quarry, 200 ft. ;
Inverness, Clarendon, 200 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam. G149, G330, 9055, 9090, 9702,
10,043, 11,686.— Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St.
Cruz, St. Jan, St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, St. Lucia.
A straggling shrub, prostrate to 5 ft. high, with whitish bark, and all
parts of the plant grey- whitish or purplish. Leaves 2-8 cm. 1., lanceolate
or lanceolate-elliptical, apex acute, base subacute, serrulate, adpresscd-
pubescent, glabrescent, or glabrate ; nerves one on each side from, the base,
otherwise pinnate, prominent beneath. Racemes I cm. 1. or less. Flown:*
greenish-white or whitish. Male flowers : Calyx about 2*5 mm. 1. ; seg-
ments 4, narrowly elliptical. Petals 4, as long as calyx, broadly elliptical,
tapering to a very acute base, sometimes sub-3-lobed above. 'Stamens 4,
longer than the calyx. Female flowers: Calyx-segments 5, 3 mm. 1.,
increasing to 4- 5 or 6 mm. in fruit, oblong-elliptical, oblong-oblanceolate
to sublinear in fruit, puberulous all over. Petals minute, about '5 mm. 1.,
lanceolate. Ovary villose ; styles villose, 2-forked once, each branch 2-lobed
at apex. Capsule 3-4 mm. 1., 5-6 mm. br. Seeds 2-2 -5 mm. 1., net- veined,
obovoid.
9. CAPERONIA St. Hil.
Erect annual herbs, growing in swarnpy places, stems succu-
lent. Leaves alternate ; stipules persistent. Flowers monoecious
(in W. Indian species), with petals, in 2-sexual axillary spikes or
spike-like racemes, each subtended by a bract, the upper flowers
male, the lower female. Disk wanting. Male flowers : Calyx-
segments 5 or 6, valvate. Petals 5, imbricate, attached at the
base of the staminal column and raised above the calyx. Stamens
usually 10 in two whorls round the column; anthers ovoid, the
cells separated by a short connection, and affixed at the middle,
or subpendulous. Rudiment of the ovary at the apex of the
column. Female flowers : Sepals 5 or 6, imbricate, generally
unequal, the outer smaller than the inner. Petals 5. Ovary
3-celled ; styles short, cut into many segments ; ovules solitary
in the cells. Capsule breaking up into three 2-valved cocci,
spiny. Seeds subglobular, without a caruncle, very minutely
dotted in a network pattern.
Species 33, natives of the tropics in America and Africa.
C. eastaneifolia St. Hil. Bern. Bras. 245 (1824) ; A. Eiclt. in
Sagra Cub. xi. 213 ; MuelL.Arg in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 754 & in
Fl. Bras. xi. pt. 2, 324 : Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreicli iv. 147. vi. 31.
C. nervosa A. Rich. loc. cit. 213 (1850). C. palustris Griseb. FL
Brit. W. Ind. 43 (1859) (non St. Hil.). Croton castaneifolium
L. Sp, PL 1004 (1753); H. B. & K. Nov. Gen, & Sp. ii. 70;
Geisel. Crot. Monog. 60. (Fig. 93.) Specimen in Herb. Linn, in
cover Croton.
Distin \ Cornwall, St. Elizabeth, Harris \ Fl. Jam. 12,096.— Cuba, Is. of
Pines, Mexico, Nicaragua, Colombia, B. Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay.
Herb about 1 ft. high ; stem, youngest portion with adpressed hairs,
( '<tj» I Illti'l
EUPHOKBIACE.E
289
then glabrous, simple or slightly branched, somewhat succulent, woody
and hollow below, trailing and rooting in the mud of swampy places, then
orect ; wot* librous, numerous. Leaves 2' 5 7 '5 cm. 1., 4-1 cm. br., lanceo-
late-oblong, elliptical, or obovate, th«- larger above, distantly serrate, glab-
rous, or with a few hairs on nerves beneath ; nerves 4-10 on each side from
the base, pinnate above, slightly prominent on both sides; petiole 4-14 cm. 1. ;
stipules ovate, acute, 1-0-2 mm. 1. .S'/^vs 2-5 cm. 1., rhachis slender,
puberulous or glabrate. Bracts triangular-ovate, 1 mm. 1., margin more
or less ciliate. Flowers: male few, female lor 2. M >wers : Calyx
glabrous, 2'5 mm. 1. ; segments lanceolate, acute at both ends. Petals
unequal, 3 • 4-2 -5 mm. 1., narrowly obovate to obovate-spathulate. Female
about 3 mm. 1., segments unequal, three outer shorter,
E
B
KL-. 93. — Caperonia castane\folia >t. Hil.
A. I'Miti-m of brancli with leaves and D, Female flower x 3.
E, Capsule (calyx removed) x _'.'..
inflorescence x -.
1'., Male flower X 5.
C, Anthers X 12.
F, Seed cut K-uuthwise. enlarged.
1-1-5 mm. 1., three inner alternate, longer, 2- 5 mm. 1., slightly, lobcd
above, with 1-3 gland-tipped hairs about the middle of the margin on each
side or lower, about 1 mm. 1. Petals \\hite, varying in form, obovate to
elliptical, and in size, l'7-2 mm. 1. Ovary covered with overlapping pro-
cesses, near the apex narrowly ovoid, acute, gradually changing downward-
into soft hair-like gland-tipped processes with a narrow horizontal base.
Sh/les broad at the ••ntire narrow base, splitting up just above the base
into G or 7 pointed segments, the central one about 1 mm. 1., the others
decreasing in size outwards. Capsule 3-5 mm. 1., C> mm. br., the processes
on the ovary persistent, deeply 3-furrowcd, with the calyx persistent, and
. newhat increased ii
iv.
290
FLORA OK JAMAICA
na/rdia
10. BERNARDIA Ad ins.
Shrul».> (or herbs) with stellate or simple hairs. Leaves
alternate, dentate. Flowers mona-cious or dioecious, without
petals, in axillary spikes. Spikes sometimes very short, of both
male and female flowers densely crowded with overlapping
bracts. Male flowers usually minute, the female sometimes with
a few bracts. Petals none. Disk none, or of separate glands.
Male flowers : Calyx in the bud globose and closed, valvately
3-4-parted in flowering. Stamens indefinite (3-25) ; filaments
D
Fig. 94. — Bemardia carpinifolia Griseb.
A, Portion of branch with leaves
B-3 and male inflorescence in bud
X 3.
B, Male flower x 9.
C, Stamens x 11.
D, Female flower X 7.
E, Coccus with seed X 3.
F, Seed X 3.
free ; anthers, as it were, 4-celled crosswise, each cell being
2-globose. No rudiment of ovary. Female flowers : Sepals 6
(5-9), imbricate. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, cut into numerous
thread-like segments (in Jamaican species) ; ovules solitary.
Capsule splitting up into three 2-valved cocci. Seeds subglobose,
without a caruncle.
Species nearly 40, natives of tropical and subtropical America.
B. earpinifolia Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 45 (1859). B. fruti-
cosa foliis tomentosis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 361. B. dichotoma
Bern.: EUl'I!<>j;i;iA« K.K 2! 1
-'/' \rg. !u Linumi xxxiv. \7'2 (ISiif^ tv /// !)('. Prodi: ./ /.
j/'/. -. 917; r/7>. ,S///,</'. .I///. /V. .'Jl-">. !'•- viscosa Griseb. in Me-m.
Am,!. Amcr. Set.' A Art. //.>. /•///. l-'.O (l^GO). B. Bernardia
M'lll^,. ;lt Fir!,! Cnl. Mus. lint. ii. 58, 155 (1000). Adelia
Bernardia I. ,S',,x/. ed. lU, 12!>* ( 1 7-V.)) & 4wio?w. v. 383. (Fig. 94. >
There is a specimen from i'>n>\\ m- in Herb. Linn. in «renus cover
A'h_-i;,i, and iijunrd l»y ],inn;"iis llrrimrib'n. A type from Grischach
is in Herb. Ke\v.
Houstoun\ fi,-uirnc\ U'l
.o- Mt., 350 ft., Campbell ! 'Mound Hill, St. Cruz Mts., 1GOO ft. : Luana
Point; Long Mt., 100 ft.: Alliion ^lt., St. Thomas; Harris \ Fl. Jam.
614' . .'704, y<»0i2, 11,045, 12,1'J^. — Buhanui>, Cuba, Cayman, Hispaniohi.
Porto iiico, St. Vincent.
.\ -traggling shrub, 2-18 ft. or tree 25 ft. high, monoecious or dioeciou^.
Leaves 3-10 cm. 1., elliptical-ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, serrate,
tomento.se with some stellate hairs on both sides; nerves 2 on each side
at base, pinnate, slightly prominent beneath ; petiole 5-12 cm. 1.,
tomentose; stipules linear-acuminate, 2 mm. 1. Spikes "S-3'4 cm. 1. or
shorter, tomentose. Bracts: male, about 1*5 mm. 1., densely puberulous
out.-ide, transversely somewhat elliptical, margin serrate, with 3-5 flowers ;
female, one with 2 bracteoles under each flower, narrowly o\ate. Male
Jiuirt-rf opening after fall of subtending leaf: Calyx about 2 mm. 1.,
puberulous outside; segments elliptical, acute. Receptacle glandular.
Stamens 15-25, longer than the calyx. Female flmrerx : Calyx about
2-5111111.1., puberulous outside; segments unequal, ovate, acute. Ovary
densely tomentose. Capsule globular-3-lobed, tonieutose, 7 mm. 1. Seeds
globu!-.' •- v.)id, slightly 3-angled, marbled with blackish marks, 6 mm. 1.
11. ADELIA L." (in part).
bs, glabrous (except inflorescence), more or less spinv.
Leav--- alternate or crowded at the noilrs, membranous <>r
papery / \vlien dry), entire : petioles very short. lrlowers small,
din-rii.il.->, without petals, clustered on cushions in axils of lea1
the ni'ile short-stalked or sessile, the female lon^-stalkeil.
8olitai'\' or in clusters of "1 or :>. .Male flowci's : Calvx rlosed in
• J
bud, valv.-itely 5-parted in flowering. Disk attached to the IKIM-
of the calyx. Stamens S-15: filaments attached to a central
column or prominence: anther^ YI -rs-uile. attadu-d m-ar the ba^e
at the back, cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Female
flower* : C/nly\ .">-pa iM ed. valvate. I >isk flattened. ()\ai-v
•"> celled : styles .'5, I'etlexed-spreading, much c-ut ; ovules solitarv.
Capsule splitting up in three I'-valved COCCi. Seed> suli^lobulai'.
without a caruncle.
Species about 10, natives of the We^t Indirs and Central
America.
.
* .' "f i'.r.jwne (Hist. Jam. 861, t. •'•('.. f. •',) \- 1' / /„<> -nlos,!
I'oir. (litK.yc. Snppl. ii. (\6i) = Aliiricn >. ///v.m/,/ -Incq. (Coll. ii. Z
.'• ifn Kuutze IJ'-v. Gon. ii. t(X) (Ol ••> }.
u •_'
292
FLORA <>F JAMAICA
Adelia
Stamens attached to a central prominence. Leavi
oblong-obovate, or elliptical, or obovate 1. A. Ricinclla.
Stamens attached to a central column. Leaves
oblanceolate :2, A. hn'miolandra.
1. A. Ricinella L. Syst. ed. 10, 1298 (1759) & Amcen. v. 411,
.">83 ; leaves oblong-obovate, or obovate, or elliptical ; stamens
8-15, attached to a central prominence. — Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind.
45 ; Urb. Si/mb. Ant. w. 346. A. foliis obovatis &c. Browne Hi fit.
Jam. 361. A. pedunculosa Eicli. in Sagra Cub. xi. 210 (1850).
Ricinella pedunculosa Muell. Arg. in Linnaea :cxxiu. 154 (1865)
E
Fig. 95. — Adelia Ricinella L.
A, Portion of stem with male flowers x |. E, Female flower with ovary ripening x 4.
B, Male flower x 5. F, Coccus with seed x 2.
C, Stamen x 10 G, Seed x 2.
D, Portion of stem with female flowers x ri-
& in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 729. Cucurbitifera arbor forte
Rhamni &c. Sloane Cat. 207 & Hist. ii. 17 o. (Fig. 95.) Type
in Herb. Linn., apparently from Browne.
Wright ! Sicartzl arid plains, Westmoreland, Purdiel Watson's Hill,
Manchester, 800 ft. ; Negril ; between Town Savanna and Two Mile Wood,
Sloane Herb. vii. 109! Harris I FL Jam. 6378, 10,222, 10,234.— Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan, St. Martin, Tobago.
Tree 15-30 ft. high, or shrub 6-10 ft. ; branches with white bark, erect
to spreading, apex spiny, glabrous. Leaves 1 • 5-7 • 5 cm. 1. ; petiole 1-5
mm. 1. Hale flowers : Pedicel as long as, or longer than, the flower.
Calyx 2-5-3 mm. L, sepals unequal, oblong. Disk saucer-like, margin
orange-coloured. Female flowers : Pedicel 1-5 cm. 1. Sepals unequal, to
3 mm.l., lanceolate to linear. Oz/arT/tomentose. Capsule 8 mm. indiam.,
Adelia KlTHoitBIACE.i: 293
5 mm. 1., puberulou-. tlattened-globular-3-lobed. Seeds globular, 3 mm.
in diain., light brown.
2. A. hsemiolandra Pa.c in tinker's Pjlan^-nfich ii: 147.
n'. 77 (1912) ; leaves oblauceolate ; stamens 15, springing from
a central column, ten about halfway, five higher up. — Ditaxis
haeiuiolandra Griteb. Fl. Bi: W. Ind. 44 (1850). Ricinelk
hsemiolandra MitelL Arcj. in DC. Prodr. .n: pt. '1, 730 (1866).
Type in Herb. Kew.
Mucfadyen ! Purdie !
Shrub with white bark, branches sometimes with axillary spi.
glabrous. Leaves 4-7 (3-8) cm. 1. ; petiole 3-4 mm. 1. Male flowers :
Pedicels about as long as the flower. Calyx tomentellous outside, about
3 mm. 1., sepals more or less equal, oblong-ovate, acute. Disk irregularly
lobed, lobes opposite sepals. Female flowers not seen.
12. LASIOCROTON Griseb.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, nerves pinnate. Flowers
monoecious or dioecious, without petals, in spikes, or racemes, or
panicles, which are solitary in the upper axils ; the male spikes
with flowers densely crowded in clusters, the female racemes
long, lax, with several stalked distant flowers ; pedicels jointed.
31 ale flowers : Calyx ovoid, closed in bud, at length splitting
into five valvate segments. Disk poorly developed. Stain* •M-
8 to l'*\ Rudiment of ovary wanting. Female flowers: Calvx
small, .~)-p;irted, spreading, open in bud. Disk thick, entire.
Ovary 3 -celled; styles very shortly united below, short, thick.
undivided or 2-lobed, apex very shortly fringed ; ovules solitary.
Capsule deeply 3-lobed-globular, splitting up into three 2-vahed
cocci. Seeds globular, without a caruncle.
Species .°> or 4, natives of Jamaica, Bahamas and Cuba.
Venation of leaves beneath very prominent. Styles
not cleft halfway ............................................ 1. 7,.
Venation of leaves beneath not prominent. Styles
2-cleft halfway.
Leaves glabrous beneath. Petioles long,
7-2-5 cm. 1 ........................................ 2. L. Fawcettii.
Leaves tomentose beneath. Petioles short,
2-1 cm. 1 ........................................... o. L.
1. L. macrophyllus Griseb. Fl. P>r. II". Ltd. Hi (1859);
U'a\*js ")-14 cm. 1.. roundish, elliptical, or o\;itr. apex ai-ute.
"lituse, or rounded, base slightly cordate, leathery, tomt-iit <>.-.•
and soft t*» the touch on both sides, ner\es and \eins 'verv
•
prominent beneath, more or le^s evident above, two on each side
near the base: petioles l*~)-4 cm. L, tomentose: .-tyle- :
divided. -Of/"///. .I/-//, in DC. Prodr. xv. ft. 2, ; Millsp. iu
L'94
FLORA OF .1 AM A HA
Field Col n ml. ^Fllx. Ji'.'i. it. 150. Croton macrophyllus Ste.
100 A- Ff. //„/. O.r. 1 19<;. (Fig. 96.)
irn;////! Salt-pond Hill, Uroughtonl March\ ("'n-oat Fed.-') Kay ;
« Ti-.mt's Pen near Albion Estate, Harris ! also JIarri* d~ Britton ! Fl. Jain.
•714, 10,742, 11,651, 11,710, 11,S(K
Sit rub or tree to 25 ft. high. Young twigs, leaves, inflorescence, parts
of flowers, and capsules densely toinentose and soft to the touch. Leaves
< rowded at the apex. Inflorescence racemose, flowers moncecicus, on
separate branches, occasionally with a female flower on the male inflores-
cence. Male inflorescence suberect or spreading, 3-4 cm. ].; peduncle to
Fig. 96. — Ldsioeroton macroplylhis Griseb.
A, Part of branch with female in- D, Female flower, ovary ripening x 4.
florescence X jj. E, Coccus x 2.
B, Male flower x 5. F, Seed x 2.
C, Stamens x 10.
2 cm. 1. Male flowers growing together in close clusters, the older flowers
developing pedicels and dropping off probably soon after opening. Caly&
globular while unopened. Stamens 8-13 ; filaments short, partially united
at the base; anthers attached at a point about the middle. Fruiting
racemes spreading or pendulous, '5-1' 5 dm. 1. Pedicels 8-4 (-2) mm. L
Fruiting calyx 2-3 mm. 1. Capsule 5 mm. 1. Seeds dark olive-grey with
blackish markings, 3 mm. in diam.
Specimens from Bahamas (Wilson 7833) and Cuba (Sliafer 2554) with
young male flowers only have been referred to this species, but appear to
us to be different.
2. L. Faweettii Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 14 (1909); leaves 15-
26 cm. 1., oval-elliptical, acuminate, base obtuse or somewhat
acute, somewhat thickly membranous »r papery, smooth and
shining on both sid.-s, nerves slightly prominent on both sides,
pinnate, one on each side from close to tin- bast-, and often one
marginal : petioles •_' • 5 7 on, 1., tomento-e : >tyles cleft halfway.
Dolphin Head, Ham* ! Fl. -him. 10,283, lo.:-!OG.
i'1 > :'.() ft. high. Young twigs, inik-resceucp, parts of flowers,
capsules tomentosc. Inflorescence to more th.in :; dm. 1. with long
peduncle. Male inflorescence paniculate, branches very short or wanting,
so that the flowers are clustered. Pedicels '2-1 in each cluster, to 8 mm. 1.
< '<iiyx unopened globular. 2-3 mm. in. diam. splitting into five segments
3*5-4: mm. 1. Stamens about 17 or Is. Fema racemose
with flowers solitary, distant. Fmifimi calyx about '1 mm. 1. Capsule
5 mm. 1. Seeds olive-grey, 3 mm. in diam.
3. L. Harrisii B niton in Bull Torr. B<>t. Clnl, xli. 10 (1'jU) ;
leaves (>-l.r> cm. 1., elliptical, shortly and acutely acuminate, base
obtuse, papery-leathery, puberulous on nerves on both sides,
otherwise glabrous on upper surface, tomentose and soft to the
touch beneath, nerves and veins slightly prominent on both
sides, nerves one on each side at base marginal, one somewhat
near base ; petioles 1-2 cm. L, tomentose ; styles cleft halfway.
Peckham, Clarendon, 2,500 ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 11,192.
Tree 25 ft. high, apparently dioscious. Youngest portions of twigs,
inflorescence, parts of flowers, and capsule tomentose and soft to the
touch, leaves crowded at the apex, twigs stout, marked with large pro-
minent scars of fallen leaves. Male flowers not seen. Female racemes
more or less erect, to 10 cm. 1. Pedicels 1-1*5 cm. 1. Fruiting calyx to
3 mm. 1. Capsule 5 mm. 1., 7 mm. br. Seeds ellipsoidal-globular, pinkish-
grey marked with minute white dots, about 3 mm. 1.
13. ALCHORNEA Sw.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, 3-5-nerved and glandular
at the base. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, without petal-.
in axillary or lateral spikes or racemes ; the male spikes slender,
-imple or paniculate, with small flowers clustered along the
rhachis, the female spikes or racemes simple, with a single flower
under each bract. l>isk generally wanting. .Male flowers:
('alyx globose and closed in the bud, valvately 4-(.')-L)-)parted
during (lowering. Stamens S or fewer, united at the base to
form a Cancer-shaped membrane. llndinient of ovarv none.
l-Vinale (lowers: Segments of perianth 1 (3-ii), imbricate. Hvarv
-(-3)-«'elled : sfvles -(-'.'>) distinct, undivided or rarely iMohed,
long exserted ; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting into two (or
three) l'-val\ed cocci. Seeds sul (globose, without a caruncle.
Species about GO, natives of the tropic-.
A. latifolia Sio. I'm,!,-. (js (irss) lV Fl. /,?,/. a,-,-. li:>4, /. :M :
n ]''njiln>i-l>. 7V///. 4 '_',/. !.'»,/. 11 : ll'tii'i- AiT.nciik. ./-. /. 4'J :
296
I'LOIJA OK - 1 AM AH 'A
Griselt. Fl. Br. W. ln<\. 46 ; MurtL Ar<j. In DC. P/W/-. xv. pt. '2,
908; Urb. St/rnl. Ant. a: 345.
;* Dove Wood.
- }Yriglit\ Brougntonl Masso)i\ Macfadycnl Morce's Gap, Purdiel Wilson !
common in pastures, Moneague, Prior! March \ near Cinchona, J.P. 1041,
Morrisl Windsor, near Darliston, 1200 ft., Harris I John Crow (Blake)
Mts., 1200 ft., Harris d- Britton ! Fl. Jam. 9906, 10,707.— Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, Mexico.
- •
D
<
Fij. 97. — Alchornea latifolia S\v.
A, Leaf arid male inflorescence X '-;. D, Small portion of female inflorescence
B, Male flower with two anthers removed X 5.
X 3. E. Ovary of female flower cut lengthwise
C, Ditto seen from below x 3. X 4-
Tree 20-40 ft. high. Leaves 1-3 dm. 1., elliptical or ovate, apiculate,
bluntly glandular-dentate, leathery, 3-nerved at base, nerves beneath very
prominent. Spikes to 2 dm. 1. : male paniculate, female simple, solitary
or two together. Male flowers, in bud, globular, about 2 mm. in diarn.
Female flowers : Styles shortly united at base, to l-5 cm. 1. Capsule
brownish-red, 7 mm. 1., 9-10 mm. in diam.
14. ACALYPHA L.
Herbs, shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate-
veined, sometime-. -I''— 3-nerved from the base, generally -serrate
and long-stalked. Flowers monoecious, but A. scabrosa dioecious,
without petals ; male flowers small, clustered in the axil of small
EUPHOIM'.IACKJ: 297
bracts, arranged in spikes, catkin-like or slender and elongated ;
female solitary or 2-4 together in tin* axil of a leafy bract ;
female bracts increasing in fruit, solitary or few at the base of
the male spikes, sometimes in a distinct spike ; male and andro-
gynous spikes mostly axilhirv ; female axillary, lateral, or
terminal, solitary or clustered. Disk wanting. Male flowers :
Calyx closed in the bud, valvately 4-parted in flowering. Stamen-
•^(-IG) ; filaments free; anther-cells free, hanging from the apex
of the filament, usually flexuose, worm-like, opening at the apex.
Xo rudiment of ovary. Female flowers : Sepals 3-4, imbricate.
very small. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, free, thread-like, generally
much branched ; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting up into three
I'-valved cocci. Seeds without a caruncle.
Species, about 370, widely dispersed through the tropics, a
very few beyond the tropics in America.
Inflorescence 2-sexual (see also A. virgata).
Leaves roundish to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 cni. 1.
Perennial herb, stems to 1 ft., woody often
below 1 . A. dm mwdri folia .
Leaves ovate acuminate, 4-8 cm. 1. Shrub, 2-4 ft. 2. A. cuspidata.
Inflorescence 1-sexual.
Female bracts few. Shrub 1-6 ft., dioecious 3. A. scabrosa.
Female bracts many. Plants monoecious.
Female spike terminal. Annual herbs.
Female spike plume-like ; bract with long
bristle-like apex 4. A. alopccnr<
Female spike not plume-like; bract to 2 nun. 1. 5. A. corchorifolin.
Female spike axillary. Shrubs or small trees.
Fruiting bracts 5--9 mm. 1.
Leaves creuate-serrulate.
Young twigs, petioles, and inflorescence
puberulous. Fruiting bracts to -
mm. 1., notched to £ or % of its length
into triangular-deltoid teeth 0. A. riraat>i.
Glabrous. Fruiting bract cleft below
middle.
Fruiting bract with lanceolate-lin
lobes 7. A.I;*'
Fruiting bract with oblong obtuse lobes 3. A. ynti>n<.-n.
Leaves >hvngly serrate. Young twig-,
and inflorescence densely
piil'c-srviit ''inmic-
Fruiting bract less than 5 mm. 1 • >-lliptii.
1. A. ehamsBdrifolia J/W//. Jr//. /// in'. Prodr. xv. ///. 2,
379 !'SG<>) (exc!. vai-s.) ; herb, pcn-nnial, oit^n woody lx-l..w ;
leaves ro.indish to oblong-lanceolate, !-.'> cm. 1. : infln- VX-I-IM •••
_ - . :.-il ; r,-!>. ,s//»//.. Ant.iv. :J 17 : CV/"/""""- Fl. S.U.S. c<l. ."., \'2S ;
it- Hntcli!n*»n !H K>i>- Hull. 1918, _'». A. indica var.
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Acalyi
L. Sj>. PL 1003 (1753) (excl. syn.). A. reptans S-w. Prwlr. 99
) it Fl. Lid. Oce. 1170; Willd. Sj>. PL !e. 523; Griseb.
op. fit. -is. A. corchorifolia Wi/l<L t<>i,i. >-it. 524 (1805); Chapnivtt
Fl. S.U.S. 406 ; Small FL S.E.U.S. 700. Urtica minor iners &c.
Slocnr ('at. 3S & Hint. /'. 125, <. 82, /. 3. Tragia mercurialis
L. Amoen. y. 409, 382 (17(50) & % P/. e<?. 2, 1391 (in part).
Crotonfoliiscordatis&c. Plum. PL Amer. (Sunn.) 165, t. 172,/. 2.
Crotoii chamsedrifolium Z«JH. Encye. //. 215 (1786). (Fig. 98.)
A specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named Trayia iiier-
Fig. 98. — Acal(ii>ha chamaedrifolia Muell. Arg.
A, Portion of flowering branch, nat. size. D, Female flower ; «, sepal ; b, bud, x 11.
B, Cluster of male flowers with one ready E, Capsule with one- coccus removed
to open x 11. X 11.
0, Stamen, much enlarged. F, Seed x 10.
ciu-ialis in Solander's hand. A specimen collected by Swartz
in Hispaniola is in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Town savanna, Sloane Herb. ii. 77 ! Browne ! Wright \ St. Andrew,
Me Nab ! Wilson ! Lititz savanna, Manchester, amongst grasses and in
crevices of rocks in thickets, 300-800 ft. ; Two Mile Wood, St. Catherine ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,730. 12,404, 12,438.— Florida and Keys, Cuba, Is. of
Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, Guadeloupe.
Tap-root thick, woody, growing vertically or at various angles. Stems,
sometimes with rhizomes more or less horizontal, woody at base, erect to
spreading-procumbent, to 1 ft. long or high ; branches villose, especially
on young parts. Leaves : margin crenate, nerves pinnate, one on each
side from the base, membranous, more or less pubescent ; petiole 2-10 mm. L,
villose; stipules small, lanceolate. Spikes 1-3 cm. 1., terminal and in
axils of upper leaves, the portion above with male flowers deciduou-,
4-8 female bracts below, crowded ; rhachis villose. Male bracts linear,
pubescent, -G-l mm. 1. Fruiting bracts about 3 mm. 1., divided one-third
KITIIORWA* I
"f the w,: vn into about 7 to ',» triangular Lobes, vi'.lo-e outside,
enclosing two flowers, one develop!, other. CV/y-s/r'. '
globular, vill»se on upper parr. J '6 tru . 1. S ed& da i br v>n, ellii>
1-1-2 mm. 1.
_. A. cuspidata J//«vy. //«/•/. > i6r. //'. '>•">. '. iM.'J (1797
shrub; leave-; ovate, a<-urmnat«\ 4—8 cm. 1. : inlloreseciire '_!— t-xual.
». F/. I>r. IT. Iiitl. 18. A. i-usjiidata var. ^enuina .¥/"//.
'" 7"'. Pi'mli: XV. j>t. L', 85$ ' l>''-»j;.
Ihilbcrstadt, Macfadyni\ Round Hill, St. Crux Mts., 1^00 ft.: coast
between Portland Point and Rocky Point ; ILir, is '. I '1. -Inn. '.i~U5, 1< •. 1 -5.—
Cuba, HUpank'la. S. Vincent, tropical S. America.
Slirnb '2-4 ft. high; tomentose on young parts. Leaves 4-S cm. 1.,
"vate, acuminate, base slightly cordate, crenate-serratt.', nerves pinnate.
with three on each side from the base, usuallv softly tomeutose to the
touch or glabrate, pubescent on the nerves ; petiole 1-5-3 cm. 1., tomentose
<>r pubescent; stipules linear, broader at base, to G mm. 1., soon fall.
Npi/it's 2-sexual, axillary, somewhat longer than the petiole, 2-4 cm. 1.,
male flowers numerous with 1 to 3 female flowers at base ; rhachis villose-
tomentose, hairs often glandular. Fruiting bracts entire, slightly uneven,
somewhat rounded in outline with cordate or truncate base, about 2 mm.
in diani., tomentose outside and on the margin, enclosing two flowers.
Capsule 3-lobed-globular, villose, with a fe\v glandular hairs, nearly
2 mm. 1. Seeds ellipsoidal, covered with minute projecting points, about
1'2 mm. 1.
o. A. seabrosa Sw. Pnxlr. 99 (17^-S) A: Fl. I,i<l. Oc<\ 117 '•"• :
inflorescence 1 -sexual, dioecious : female bracts few ; shrub. —
(Jrisd). FL Br. W. Intl. 47 : Muell. Arg. ni DC. PmJr. xv. j.t. L', 862.
A. seabrosa Sw. var. ovata Griseb. l<>c. c/t. A. betulsefolia
Sw. /W>-. 100 (1788) & Fl. Lvl. Ocv. 1177; Griteb. Jo-: cit.
A. seabrosa var. betulsefolia anrl ovata 3/"//f//. Ar<j. 1»c. cit. A.
seabrosa var. elongata Url>. Syml. Ant. i: 389 (1908). Specin,'
from Swartz of both his species in Herb. Mus. Brit, it in Herb.
Stockholm.
}\'ritjht\ Broughton\ Sirartzl 3facj\idi/>'ii\ Ocho Rios, McXdb'. Port
Royal Mts., Ptirdicl Wilnonl St. Ann's Bay; Ocho Rios; Liguauea Hills;
Priori Liguanea plain, 600-050 ft, CV/myV//! Blue Mts. ; Long Mt.,
200-300 ft. ; Yardk-y Chase, 1GOO ft. ; Constant Spring to Bardowie, 800 I
fian-ixl Hectors River, Harris .t: Briton I Bos Walk, Hrithm, 2626!
Fl. -lam. 5158, 5601, 5750, 5908, 6256, 8921. 9578, !»r,i ','.). 10,717, 12,104.
Sit nib 1-6 ft. high, erect or with branches trailing over rocks, din cious,
rarely monoecious. Jiranclu'S numerous, pubescent. Leaves variable in
size, form and hairiness, -5-8 cm. 1., narrowly elliptical to elliptical-roundish,
• •vail.1 or lanceolate, apex rounded to acute or sub-acuminate, base rounded
to wedge-shaped, serrate or crenate, nerves pinnate, one on each side at
base, pup.-ry. pubescent or glabrescent on nerve-, surface glabrous or
tomentose; petiole 1 mm. -1 cm. 1., pu' i abrous; stipule-; small,
very soon fallin-. Spil.;-s axillary: male '5 2'5 em. 1.. with numerous
flowers; female V> '5 cm. 1., with three or fi.ur 'uracts. l-'ruitin,:
I mm. 1.. with 1-10 triangular unequal acute teeth or lobes, usually about
•nie-third length of bract, villnse and ribbed outside, enclosing on< • r I
tlowers. ('./; •-Inbed-ijohular, vill'"«e on \i\--r ;. about 1'7 mm. 1.
Seeds brown, ovute-rHip-oidal, about 1 .1.
300 FI.<I|;A (.]• .IA.YTAK A Acalypha
There are two well-marked forms, one with leaves oblong-laiiceolatc,
serrate, more or less hairy (.4. scabrosa Sw.), the other with leaves roundish
to elliptical, crenate, glabrous except on nerves (A. bctulxfolia Sw.) ;
but these forms arc connected by intermediates. A form with blunt
ovate glabrescent leaves is A. scabrosa, var. ovala Griseb., one with
•elongated lanceolate softly hairy leaves is var. clongata Urban.
4. A. alopeeuroidea Jcu-q. Collect. Hi. 196 (1789) & Ic. PL
Hur. Hi. t. 620: annual herb; inflorescence 1 -sexual ; female
^jiike terminal, plume-like, sometimes apparently axillary through
shortness of branch, with a bristle-like appendage at the apex
about 1 cm. 1., tipped with an abortive flower; fruiting bract
divided into 3-5 segments 7—10 mm. 1., triangular-ovate at the
base, apex long, bristle-like.- - Willd. 82). PL iv. 526; MuelL An/.
torn. fit. 882 ; Mittspaugh in Field Cohiml. Mus. Bot. ii. 58, 156 ;
Jirt'Uon in Bull Torr. Bot. Cl. xli 12.
A weed, Hope, near Porus, 1150 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8210. — Bahamas,
Cuba, Cayman Is., Hispauiola, Porto Rico, Grenada, Mexico, Honduras,
'Guatemala, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela.
Roots much branched, fibroiis. Stem erect, branching from near the
woody base, 7 in. to 1^ ft. high, branches pubescent. Leaves 2-4(-7)
-cm. 1., ovate, with a short narrow acuminate apex, base rounded or trun-
cate, serrate, nerves pinnate, generally two on each side from the base,
membranous, usually glabrous, sometimes sparingly pubescent ; petiole
generally as long as the leaf, 2-3(-4) cm. 1. ; stipules small, linear-
lanceolate. Spikes: male axillary, very short, 3-9 mm. 1. ; female "5-2
cm. 1. Fruiting bracts enclosing one capsule, membranous, covered with
hairs, some long, 1*5-2 mm. 1., some glandular, short. Capsule 1 -3-1-4
mm. 1. Seed ellipsoidal, about 1 mm. 1.
5. A. eorehorifolia A. Eicli. in Sayra Cub. xi. 203 (1850)
(non Willd.) ; herbaceous annual ; inflorescence 1-sexual, male
and female oil the same branch, female usually terminal, some-
what lax-flowered : fruiting bract about 2 mm. 1., divided to
near the middle into about twenty oblong acute lobes.—
A. polystachya Griveb. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 48 (1859) (non Jacq.).
A. persimilis MuelL Arg. in Linnzea ,\x.nv. 25 (1865) & in
DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 842 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 347.
St. Elizabeth, WiiHscJilaegcl. — Cuba, Porto Rico, Mexico. A specimen
from the " 'SYebt Indies'" named A. eorehorifolia by Swartz is in Herb.
.Stockholm.
Smoothly puberulous 011 young twigs and petioles. Leaves 3 '5-7
cm. 1., ovate, acuminate, base slightly cordate, serrate, membranous,
nerves two on each side from the base, and a supplementary one, pube-
rulous ; petiole nearly as long as the leaf. Spikes : male slender, axillary,
to 1'2 cm. 1., with peduncle about as long as spike ; female occasionally in
axils of upper leaves, 4-5 cm. 1. Female bract 1-flowered, rough. Capsule
•about 2'5 mm. 1., rough with tubercles. Seeds grey, rough and wrinkled,
ovate-globular, 2 mm. 1.
6. A. virgata L. ,SW. ed. 10, 1275 (1759) & Awn. v. 410,
383 (the reference on p. 383 of the specific name to Browne's
KITIIOIIBIACK.K ."-Ul
No. 1 instead of M»>. '2 is evidently a mistake \vliich has been
copied into Sp. PI. etl. 2): shrub, with y«>ui,_ i-art of twigs.
also the petioles, and peduncle with rhachis of inflorescence,
puberulous, at length glabrate j leaves crenate surrulate j in-
florescence unisexual (or the male spike rarely with one female
bract near the base), female spike axillary : fruiting bract.-
many, 7-9 mm. 1., notched to about I or | nf its length into
7-9 triangular-deltoid teeth or lobes.— Sir. F! . Lid. Oce. 110'.' :
. Fl. 7>V. IF. Lid. 47 ; Muell. Ar>/. !n DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2,
A. erecta virgultosa &c. Bronte 1 1 >'.-•(. .In,,,. .">li;, /. 36, /. 2.
Type, Browne's specimen, in Herb. Linn. ; there is also a speci-
men from Browne in Herb. Mtis. Brit.
Bruirncl Wri(j!it\ Swart?! Macfadyenl Pnrdiel Wilson \ March; J.P.
1116, 1159, Morris! Woodcutters Gap; Clydesdale, 3600 ft.; Harris ! Fl.
-lam. 5:>i7, 5467, 5507.
Shrub 10-15 ft. high, monoecious. Leaves 5-15 cm. 1., elliptical to
narrowly oblong-elliptical, acuminate, base obtuse or subcordate, glabrate,
nerves pinnate, veins distinct, especially beneath, membranous ; petiole
•5-4 cm. 1. Spikes axillary, pedunculate, male and female usually on
different branches, sometimes on the same branch, when the male is on
younger wood than the female ; male 5-10 (3-14) cm. 1., female 4-6 (3-7 -5)
cm. 1., with 5-10 bracts or clusters of two or three at intervals. Mali-
bracteoles ovate. Female bracts hispidulous on and just below margin on
inner side, enclosing one or two flowers. Capsule about 2 mm. 1., pube-
rulous. Seeds ovate-ellipsoidal, about 1'8 mm. 1.
Var. pubeseens Fence. <(* Rendlc hi Journ. Bot. Icii. .'314(1019) :
young branches, petioles, midrib and nerves densely pubescent :
leaves sparingly pubescent on both sides ; petioles 2-8*5 cm. 1. :
female spikes to 8 cm. 1. ; female bracts hispidulous on margin
and outer surface. Type in Herb. Kew and in Herb. Jam.
Below Hardware Gap; Claverty Cottage; J.P. 1416, 1421, Hurt !
7. A. Isevigata Sw. Prodr. 99 (1788) &, Fl. Lid. Occ. 1
shrub, glabrous, but puberulous on very young leaves, ovary.
and capsule; leaves crenate-serrulate ; inflorescence unisexual,
t'einale spike axillary; fruiting bracts many, 6 rnm. 1., cleft t«-
below the middle into about seven lanceolate-lineal' lobes.
Griaeb. Fl. llr. W. Lid. 48; J1////7/. Arg. n, DC. Pro.lr. xv. pt. 2,
S20. Type from Swart/ in Herb. Stockholm and a specimen
.ilso in Herb. Mus. I'.rit.
in tbe western parts, Sn'art: '. M : ( hri>t iuu.i.
Manchester, Purdie ! U'j/.su;/ ; Tyre, near Troy, ^000 ft. ; slopo «>f I )olphiu
Head Mt. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2000 2800 ft.; [pswich, St. l-'.li/abcth.
500-750 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 'J470, 10,290, 10,862, L2,504.
Shr/il) ii-C) ft. hi-h, -lahious (but puluTulous on very VOUU.L; lea
ovary, and m psulc) ; mono-io;, Leaves 5-8 (3-11) cm. 1., lanceolate
narrowly elliptical, shortly acuminate, liaso cuncat t -iiuue, mar
creuate-serrulato, nerves pinnate, papery ; petiole short, 2-7 mm. 1.
unisexual, axillary, to S or 10 em. 1., male and female, spikes on
I' -I AM AH' A .}//j,h<i
d, generally on same branch, the male usually on youngest wood,
and sometimes as long a> 17 cm. 1. ; male flowers dense, female several to
20 at intervals. Male bracteoles elliptical-oblong. Female bracts enclosing
two flowers, white tinged (in dried plants) with purplish-red, about 2 mm. 1.,
increasing to 0 mm. in fruit, divided to below the middle into lanceolate-
linear lobes, the middle one longest. Ovary puberulous. Styles (in dried
plants) purplish, pinnate with many branches. Capsule about 3 mm. 1.,
puberulous.
8. PL. pruinosa Ui-l. X// //»/.. Ant. v. 388 (1908) ; shrub, glabrous ;
leaves crenate-serrulate; inflorescence unisexual, female spike
axillary : fruiting bracts many. 8 mm. 1., cleft about two-thirds
of length into 4-7 oblong obtuse lobes.
Woods near Resource, Purdie\ near Troy, 2000 ft.; Lapland, near
Catadupa, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8733, 9175.
Sltntb 8 ft. high, monoecious; glabrous. Leaves 9-15 (7-20) cm. 1.,
2-5 cm. br., narrowly elliptical, apex usually acuminate, base subcordate
or obtuse, crenate-serrulate, pinnately nerved, papery; petiole '5-5 cm. 1.,
glandular at the apex on the upper side ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, reddish,
somewhat thick, 5-7 mm. 1. Spikes unisexual, male on branches more
than one year old, female on branches less than one year old, male 3-10 (or
more) cm. 1., slender, female, 3-5 cm. 1. Female bracts 1-flowered, 2-4 mm. 1.,
increasing in fruit to 8 mm. 1. Capsule about 2*5 mm. 1., hirtellous.
9. A. jamaieensis Britton in Bull. Torr. Sot. Clab xxxix. 7
(1912); shrub, with twigs, petioles, and inflorescence densely
pubescent ; leaves strongly serrate ; inflorescence unisexual,
female spike axillary ; fruiting bracts many, 5 mm. 1., divided
about halfway into 5-9 oblong-ovate lobes.
Massonl Purdiel Leicesterfield, Clarendon, 1800 ft. ; Toms Cave Wood,
Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,842, 10,856.
Shrub G-8 ft. high, monoecious. Leaves variable in size, 5-18 cm. 1.,
2-5 '5 cni.br., elliptical-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with a long slender
acuminate point, base subcordate, nerves pinnate with 1 or 2 on each side
from the base, membranous, sparingly pubescent on both sides, denser on
nerves beneath, or glabrate above ; petiole 1-4 cm. 1. ; stipules minute,
soon falling. Spikes: male and female on same or different branches,
male to 10 cm. 1. (with peduncle 2 cm. 1.), female 5-10 cm. 1. (with peduncle
1-5-5 cm. 1.). Male bracts linear, somewhat flat, hirtellous, 2-3 mm. 1.
Female bracts hirtellous on margin and on the prominent ribs, generally
enclosing two flowers, one developing before the other. Capsule about
1 mm. 1., hirtellous.
10. A. elliptiea Sic. Prodr. 99 (1788) <fc Fl. Lid. Occ. 1168;
shrub or tree, with twigs, petioles, and inflorescence puberulous
or glabrous ; leaves crenate-serrate ; inflorescence axillary, uni-
sexual, male and female on the same or different branches ;
fruiting bracts many, to 3 or 4 mm. 1., transversely elliptical,
somewhat cordate at base, margin uneven, shortly toothed.—
Griseb. op. cit. 47 ; Muell. Arg. torn. cit. 812; Urb. Symb. Ant. v.
388. A. hernandifolia Sw. Prod. 99 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1162 ;
Griseb. loc. cit. ; Muell. Ary. torn. cit. 808 ; Urb. loc. cit. A. villosa
• lyplia KlTIIuKl;[.\ 303
). lor. fit. (non Jacq.). A. Alexandri Url. tn,,t. df. 3S7 (1008).
Specimens from S wartz of A. <'Utj>tl<-(t and .-1. hrnntinlifnl-n ,-ire in.
Herb. Stockholm, and of A. t-Ui^'n-n in Herb. Mus. lint. Type
of A. Ab'.'-iindil is in Hero. Ke\v.
Wright ! / ' ' ./-,'': '. J
Wi: ' ''.-no Kios ; I'liinn Hill and I'lea-ar.t Valley, Moneague; J'i\»r\
J.P. 1182, Morris\ Uivitl's Hill; New Market, Hot) ft,; Harris} above
Lucoa, Afrs. E. G. Britton 2s?4 ! Fern dally, I'.ntton A llnMck 2692!
Fl. Jam. 5123, 9?
I'ltiiit 10-15 ft. high, m >us or di«».-cious. /. 5 ctn. 1.,
broadly ovate, ovate, ovate-elliptical, or elliptical, more or less acuminate,
base rounded to subcordate, nerves pinnate with one on each side from
the base which often reaches halfway up the limb, and sometimes with
another marginal, membranous; petiole variable in length, 1-15 cm. 1.
5-16 cm. 1., l'5-2'5 mm. in diam., female lax, with the bn*
sometimes l-5 cm. apart. Female bract with one flower. Capsule 3-lobed-
globular, l'5-2'5 mm. 1., hi-pi«l. .V-'d.s l-5-l'2 mm. 1., roundish-ovate-
ellipsoidal, blackish.
15. ACIDOTON Sw.
Shrub or small tree, loosely branching; with stinging hairs
especially on margin of leaves, calyx, and capsule, otherwise
somewhat glabrous. Leaves alternate, entire. Leathery, pinnate-
nerved. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers monoecious <>r ditrcious,
without petals, solitary in the axil of a bract. Male racemes
shortened so that the flowers are clustered, flmvrrs with long
pedicels. Female racemes longer, pendulous, ilouvrs solitary in
the axil of a bract, distant along the rhachis. Disk none or not
conspicuous. Male flowers : Sepals 3-0, valvatf, reflexed in
flower. Stamens numerous, indefinite, on a r« •<•••] .tad*1 which is
raised, cup-shaped above with fleshy walls in J. urens, i\<^\\y and
somewhat flat in A. microphyllus. Rudiment of ovary none.
Female flowers: Sepals o-O. imbricate, erect in flower. Ovary
.')-ceil«- i : .styles united at the base into a tln'i-k column, entire
above or slightly iMobed : o\ules solitary. Cap>ul'- splitting up
into three •_' valved cocci. Seeds without a caruncle : endosperm
fleshy ; cotyledons flat, broad.
'2. one a native of Jamaica, the otiicr of Hi-paniola.
A. urens Sw. Prodr. M (17.^8) «t Fl. In<l. Occ. 954 ; Griseb.
FL Br. ir. Lt,l. 15-, Muell. Arg. in JH'. Prodr. .>c. rt. 2, 914.
A. in OCUUS Until, fltii'l. iji^lmrl. JOl', /. 18, / I". II. I'rtira
uren- arborea iVc. (',/t. .".s A- ///>•/. /. 1-1, /. |S;;, ./. I. Ti-a^ia sub-
frutic«'~a A'c.
M< • • . • i 'o witch. Smooth leased Cowitch.
Neat Angel-, Sl<nn«- Ilerli. ii. 70! HV/;//// ! .T/r/»c;/ ! Sic< //•/:! mts. in
We-tin -viand: n»3ar Hampshire, banks (,f i:i,, Cobre; 1'itnlicl Ange
Moueague; l'i-'mr\ Mtirdi\ Chapelton, J.I'. 1 ")!:'.. Il<n1\ Jackson Town,
.' ' ; rre« ! near Troy, 1500-2000 ft. ; Mocha road, Gatadapa,
304
H;A OF .IAMAH v
. Irid-oton
1500 ft. ; Glasgow, near Troy, 1400 ft.; Malvern to Mountain Side, 400 ft. ;
•'erUham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Tyre, near Troy, 2200 ft. ; Harris I Fl. J.
32, S733, 9181, 9433, 9920A, 10,951, 12,643. Type from Swartz in Herb.
- •ckholm.
Stintb 5 to 15 ft. high", or slender tree 15 to 25 ft. high, branches with
deciduous stinging hairs. Leaves 5-12 cm. 1., in two rows on the branch,
narrows-elliptical or narrowly oblong-elliptical, apex acute or subacu-
miuate, base obtuse, margin usually entire, sometimes with 1 or 2(-4) large
teeth or small acute lobes, ciliate with pellucid stinging hairs, at length
glabrate; petioles 3-6 mm. 1. ; stipules triangular, acute or acuminate,
4-5 mm. 1. Male flowers: Pedicels 1-2 cm. 1. Bracteoles about 4 mm. 1.
Fig. 99. — Acidoton urens Sw.
A, Part of branch with male inflorescence
B. Male flower cut lengthwise and sepals
cut short X 4.
C, Anthers, back and front x 10.
D, Female flower x 4.
E, Coccus, uat. size.
F, Seed x 1£.
Sepals about 6 mm. 1. Anther-cells parallel dehiscing outwards, connective
terminated by a cluster of very short hairs. Female flowers : Pedicels
1-2 mm. 1. Bracteoles 5-6 mm. 1. Sepals about 5 mm. L, narrower than
in the male. Styles bending outwards, covered on the inner side with
white fleshy hairs. Capsule 1-5 cm. in diam., 6-7 mm. high, black, covered
with white stinging hairs. Seeds globular, about -5 cm. in diam., brown
with white spots.
16. TRAGIA L.
Climbing or twining perennial herbs or undershrubs, generally
hispid or rough with hairs which are often stinging. Leaves
alternate, toothed, often cordate, pinnate-nerved, with one or
Tragia
EUPHOBBIACE^E
305
two on each side at the base, with stipules. Flowers monoecious
without petals. Racemes axillary (in T. volubilis) usually with
male and female flowers, the latter at the base. Flowers usually
solitary in the axil of a bract. Male flowers : Calyx globose,
closed in bud, valvately 3— (5-)parted in flowering. Disk none
or obscure. St.-nnens •'>, - or 1. Rudiment of ovary none or
minute. Female flowers: Sepals usually 0, imbricate. Ovary
3-celled ; styles 3, united into a column, undivided at the
apex ; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting up into three L'-\ alved
cocci. Seeds without a caruncle ; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons
broad, flat.
Specimens over 100, widely dispersed through the tropics,
and extending to South Africa and the southern states of Xorth
America.
T. volubilis L. Sp. PL 980 (1753) & Amcen. v. 382; Sic. 01*.
But. :'>r>3 ; Grisel). Fl. Br. W. Lid. 48; Nn»U. Arg. in DC. Prodr.
xv. j>t. '2, 935; Urb. Si/mb. Ant. iv. 348; Prain in Fl. Trop. Afr.
vi.pt. 1, 969. T. scandens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 336. Urtica
racemosa scandens etc. Sloane Cat. 38 «fe Hist. i. 123, t. 82, f. 1.
(Fig. 100.) The type, a specimen grown in Hort. Upsal., is in
Herb. Linn., also a specimen presumably from Browne.
Fig. loo.— ; i .
A, Part of branch with fuliagc leaf ami ».', 1'Viiinl.- with a sepal rcni
int!»n BOence • X l'».
B, Mai.' ll.iwer X l'». l>. «'oi'.-us X 'J.
•I X •_'.
IV. X
30 ('> FLORA OF JAMAICA Tragia
Creeping or Twining Co witch.
Near St. Jago de la Vega, and common elsewhere, Sloanc Herb. ii. 72 !
Houston n ! Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 126 ! Browne \ Wright \ Broughton I
Sliakspcar\ Massonl Distin\ near Holland Bay, Purdie ! Wilson \
Mammee Bay ; Kingston ; Prior ! March ! Port Morant, Hitchcock ;
Cherry Garden, Liguanea plain, Campbell ; Hope grounds and river ; near
Browns Town, 1000 ft. ; Hound Hill, St. Cruz Mts. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
5832, 6770, 7058, 8234, 9697.— West Indies, Curasao, tropical continental
America. West Africa.
Shrub ; branches trailing and twining over shrubs, armed with stinging
hairs. Leaves 2-6 cm. 1., oblong-lanceolate or oblong, base truncate-
cordate or rounded, serrate, more or less hirsute with pellucid hairs, which
soon drop off; petiole *5-3 cm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate, about 3 mm. 1.
Racemes slender, 3-7 mm. 1. ; bracts lanceolate, persistent, 1 mm. 1.,
female sometimes lobed ; male flowers numerous, female usually I (3-4) ;
pedicels of male flower about 3 mm. 1., jointed about halfway, of female
flower continuing to grow until the capsule is ripe, looking like a branch
of the raceme, 1-5-3 cm. 1., jointed below the apex. Malcflcnvers : Calyx
about 1-2 mm. 1. Sepals 3. Female flowers: Calyx about 2 mm. 1.
Sepals 6. Ovary hispid. Capsule 3' 5 mm. high, about 7 mm. in diam.,
hispid with white hairs, deeply divided into 3 subglobular cocci. Seeds
globular, 2- 5 mm. in diam.
The root is looked upon as a good aperient and diuretic, and both the
decoction and juice are frequently used for those purposes (Browne).
17. RICINUS L.
A tall annual glabrous herb, or in warm regions an arborescent
shrub. Leaves alternate, peltate, palmately divided into seven
or more serrate lobes. Stipules united to cover the bud. Flowers
monoecious, without petals. Racemes more or less paniculate at
the ends of branches, the lower flowers male, the upper female.
Disk none. Male flowers : Calyx globose in bud, valvately
3-5-parted in flowering. Stamens very numerous with much
branched filaments ; anther-cells subglobose, separately attached
to the connective. No rudiment of an ovary. Female flowers :
Calyx splitting into the form of a spathe, falling very early.
Ovary 3-celled ; styles 2-cleft ; ovules solitary in each cell.
Capsule splitting up into three 2-valved cocci, spiny or smooth.
Seeds with caruncle conspicuous.
Species 1, very widely spread throughout the warmer
regions of the world, perhaps originally African, often culti-
vated.
R. eommunis L. Sp. PL 1007 (1753) ; Wright Mem. 230 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 2209 ; Baill Etud. Euphorb. t. 10, 11 & Hist. PL v.
110, 111, figs. ; Griseb. Fl, Br. W. Ind. 37 ; Muell. Arg. in DC.
Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 1017 & in FL Bras. xi. pt. 2, 420, t. 60 ; Bentl. &
Trim. Med. PL t. 237 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 348 ; Hook. f. FL
Brit. Ind. v. 457 ; Prain in Fl. Trop. Afr. m. pt, 1, 945. Ricinus
americanus fructu racemoso hispido Sloane Cat. 38, Hist. i. 126.
liiciniis
EUPHORBIACK.i:
307
(Fig. 101.) Type in Herb. Linn. Specimens from Hort. Cliff.
in Herb. Mus. Brit.
V
B
•
/ \ * .' ' r i J
Fig. 101. — JHciiU's coiinnimis L.
A, Upper portion of flowering branch x |. G, ovary t-ut iciiirth^ise to show ovule
B, M.-ii |nat before opening x 2. and obturator, much enlarg
C, Ditto open X _.
D, Anther, iniii'li fiil.-uvfil.
E, P'emale Jlower X -.
F, Ovary cut across x 4.
II. t'.ipsnli-, nat. si/r.
J, A I-.M-CUS ^plit opm, nat. si/.e.
J, Seed, nat. si/e.
K, Ditto x i .
(A, I). F, II, after Bentley and Trim, n : ]',, G, K, aft.r I'.aillon.)
Cultivated and spontaneous; Slocuir Iferb. ii. 03! and Carp. Coll.!
Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 121 1 Hope Gardens, Harris ! — For distribution
see under genus.
x -2
308 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eicw
Leaves 1-5-6 dm. broad; petiole 1-3 dm. 1. Male flowers 12-15 mm.
in diam. Female calyx about 8 mm. 1. Capsule 1*3-2 '4 cm. 1., ellipsoidal.
Seeds flattish-ellipsoidal, 10-17 mm. 1. (without tbe caruncle).
The seeds yield the castor-oil of commerce. The oil-cake is a valuable
manure. See Barham, Hortus Americanus, 120, 144 ; Watt Comm. Prod.
Ind. ; Bull. Dept. Agri. Jamaica n.s. ii. 50 (1912).
[MANIHOT Aclans.
Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, with three to seven
digitate lobes or segments, sometimes entire. Flowers large for
the Family, monoecious, without petals, one in axil of each bract,
in racemes. Racemes terminal or in the upper axils, sometimes
branching, lax, the upper flowers male, the female generally at
the base of the raceme. Calyx often coloured, campamilate,
with five imbricate lobes. Male flowers : Stamens 10, in two
series, attached between the lobes or glands of the disk ; anthers
dorsifixed. Rudiment of ovary wanting or small, 3-lobed.
Female flowers : Disk hypogynous. Ovary 3-celled ; styles
shortly united at the base, spreading, many-lobed ; ovules solitary.
Capsule splitting up into three 2-valved cocci. Seeds smooth,
with large caruncle.
Species 128, all American, mostly Brazilian, a few dispersed
through the tropical regions as far north as Mexico, one or two
cultivated for many years in various tropical lands.
M. utilissima Polil Plant. Bras. i. 32, t. 24 (1827) ; Muell.
Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 1064 & in Fl. Bras. xi. pt. 2, 457,
t. 65 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 350 ; Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreicli iv.
147. ii. 67. M. Manihot Cockerell in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xix. 95
(1892). Jatropha Manihot L. Sp. PL 1007 (1753); Tussac
Fl. Ant. Hi. t.l; Wright Mem. 218. Janipha Manihot H. B. & K.
Nov. Gen. & Sp. ii. 108 (1817); Bot. Mag. t. 3071 ; Griseb. FL
Br. W. Ind. 37. Manihot inodorum &c. Plak. Plujt. t. 205, /. 1.
Ricinus minor viticis &c. Sloane Cat. 41, Hist. i. 130, t. 85.
(Fig. 102.)
Cassava or Cassada, Tapioca, Manioc.
Sloane Herb. ii. 98, 99! cult., Broughtonl cult., Harris I Fl. Jam.
5606, 7703, 7719. Cultivated throughout the tropics and in subtropical
regions, e.g. Florida, Bermuda, probably indigenous in Brazil.
Root tuberous, elongated, full of starch, with juice which is sometimes
bitter and poisonous. Shrubby, sometimes arborescent, 5-9 ft. high.
Leaves deeply 3-7-parted, membranous, on upper surface glabrous,
beneath glaucous and minutely puberulous or glabrous along the nerves ;
lobes 8-15 cm. L, lanceolate, entire ; petiole generally longer than the
leaf ; stipules linear, acuminate, entire, 6-7 mm. 1. Inflorescence branching
from the base, primary branches 3-5 cm. 1. Flowers glabrous except the
apex of the connective which has a cluster of hairs. Male flowers : Calyx
5-cleft, glabrous outside, puberulous inside, 3-4 mm. 1. Female flowers :
Calyx 5-parted, 9-10 mm. L, glabrous. Ovary 6-ribbed, glabrous. Styles
EUPHORBIACK.1-:
1309
A, Lower part <>i stem >hu\vinur voiin'-i- E, Finnic il<>\\ , ; ,-'\\ letiurth\\ ise -
shoot and tuliers much redi;
]l, Leaf, uat. si/.r.
' . P'>rt iuu <>f iullurcsceiK-e X ',.
I" Male ll'iwer eut Im-thu i-r X '>.
c G, after TuBaac.)
]•', On,' carpel <>f the ripe fruit £
the seed. uat. si/e.
-eed, uat. si/e.
broadening out from the narrow base, and cut along the upper edge into
numerous lobes. Capsule about 1'5 cm. 1., broadly ellipsoidal, rough,
narrowly winged. Seeds about 12 mm. 1., grey mottled with dark splashes.
The tuberous roots may be roasted or boiled directly after digging, or,
if kept longer, they are grated, and the juice squeezed out by pressure.
310 FLORA OF JAMAICA Manihot
The material left in the press is pounded and dried on hot iron plates,
forming cassava meal, which is made into cakes. Pure cassava starch is
a valuable commercial article used in Manchester goods. Moistened and
dried on hot plates it forms tapioca. The juice of the bitter cassava
heated to get rid of the poisonous principle, is an antiseptic, the basis of
many sauces, and boiled with peppers and meat forms " pepper-pot." See
also Barhani, Hortus Americanus, 34 ; Watt Diet. Econ. Prod. Ind. &
Comm. Prod. Ind. ; Bull. Bot. Dept. Jam. n.s. ix. 81 (1902) ; Bull. Dept.
Agriculture, Jamaica i. 35 (1903), & n.s. i. 53, ii. 186.]
18. JATROPHA L.
Tall herbs, or shrubs, rarely arborescent. Leaves alternate,
undivided or (sometimes in the same plant) digitately lobed or
cleft; segments 3 to numerous, margin entire or wavy or
piiinately lobed. Stipules small or cut up into threads. Flowers
monoecious, with petals in Jamaican species, numerous in
terminal, corymb-like panicles regularly forked, the female
flowers solitary in the primary forks. Male flowers : Calyx,
segments or lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5, coiitorted-imbricate,
united into 5-lobed corolla, or distinct, or wanting if the calyx is
petaloid. Disk entire or of five glands. Stamens 10 or fewer,
attached to the receptacle in two or several series ; filaments, at
any rate the interior, more or less united into a column, the
5 exterior opposite the petals. No rudiment of an ovary.
Female flowers : Calyx like that of the male. Petals present in
Jamaican species, sometimes wanting in others. Ovary generally
2-3-celled ; styles united at the base, divided each into two
stigmatic lobes or branches ; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting
up into two or three 2-valved cocci. Seeds carunculate.
Species about 150, natives of the tropics, especially in
America, but extending also into North America and southern
Africa.
Inflorescence corymbose cymes.
Leaves not lobed or slightly lobed, widely
cordate 1. J. curcas.
Leaves divided below the middle into 5-3
obovate-elliptical lobes 2. J. gossypifolia.
Leaves with lanceolate lobed divisions reaching
nearly to the base 3. J. multifida.
[Leaves peltate, divided halfway or less into
3-6 roundish lobes J. podagrica.]
Inflorescence repeatedly two-forked.
Branches of fork diverging. Leaves not peltate 4. J. divaricata.
Branches of fork not diverging. Leaves peltate 5. J. her nandix folia.
1. J. eureas L. Sp. PI 1006 (1753) & Amcen. v. 383 ; leaves
not, or slightly, lobed, roundish-ovate, apex acute, base widely
cordate, entire, glabrous or sometimes puberulous at the base
beneath, • 5-1 * 5 dm. 1., lobes acute to rounded; cymes corymbose,
Jatroplia
EUPHORBIACEJE
311
usually shorter than the leaves, branching freely from the base
or pedunculate, compact, many-flowered, more or less tomentellous,
•5-1-5 dm. 1. — Jacq. Hort. Vindob. i/l. t. 63; Writ/lit Mem. 219;
Jussicn Eiiyhorl. Tent. t. 11, /. 34A ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. In<1. 36;
Murll. Arg. In DC. Prod,: .cv.pt. 2, 1080 & in Fl. Bm*. .< •/. pt. 2,
1-7, /. 68; Bail!. Hist. v. 112, fy. 163-165; Cook & Coll. in
-• I,.
E, Female llo\u-r \\ith calyx and
removed X :5.
I-'. < >\ary cut ac
G, Capsule x :..
n. Seed x 7.
I, Seed cut leii-tliuise X (>.
Fig. 103.— ^
A, Leaf
I'.. Male (lower cut len^lhwix.-, outer
.-lament remove.! x 3.
(', Stamens X 9.
D, Female flower cut lengthwise X 3.
Contrib. U.S. Nut. Herb, i-iii. 171, /. -1 2 : r/7». Sifinh. Ant. iv. 34
I'n.i- in Einjl. l^luii-fiirrii-li ir. 1(7. 77, fnj. .')0. Kiciiuis. lu-us
folio &c. Xlninii' Cot. 4<> Ar ///x/. /. lL'7. .1. assur^cns, ticus folio
llnnni, Hist. Jam. 34S. (Fi^. 10."..) Type in IL'eri.. I. inn.
Specimen from Ilort. ClitK in Herb. .M us. I'.rit.
Physic Nut.
Sloanc Herb. ii. !J4 ! Houston > ' wore in Herb. Sloanc
31l> FLORA OF JAMAICA Jatroplia
clxii. 122! Wriglit\ Parnelll Moneague, Prior! Robertsfield, 3000 ft.,
Ifarrisl Fl. Jam. 7666. — Bermuda, West Indies, tropical continental
America, cultivated and subspontaneous in the tropics of the Old World.
Shrub, sometimes tree-like, 5-20 ft. high. Trunk to 3 dm. in diam.,
with copious milky juice. Branches stout, with chambered pith. Petiole
•5-1 '5 dm. 1., with the branches glabrous. Stipules very rudimentary,
tomentellous. Bracts lanceolate, 3-14 mm. 1. Male flowers: Calyx 3 '5-
4-5 mm. 1., sepals united at the base, narrowly elliptical. Petals 6'5 mm. 1.,
elliptical, cohering as far as the middle, pubescent within. Disk-glands
free. Filaments 9, five inner united halfway, four outer united at the base.
Female flowers : Calyx like the male, but half as long again. Petals like
the male, increasing with calyx in fruit. Disk-glands free. Ovary glabrous.
Styles very short, with 2-lobed stigmas. Capsule fleshy on outside at first,
with three or two cocci, 2-5-4 cm. 1. Seeds blackish, oblong-ellipsoidal,
about 2 cm. 1.
This species is sometimes used as a hedge by small settlers, as slips
grow quickly. The oil expressed from the seeds is purgative and emetic ;
it is applied in diseases of the skin. See Barham, Hortus Americanus, 141 ;
Watt Cornm. Prod. Ind.
2. J. gossypifolia L. Sp. PL 1006 (1753) & Amcen. v. 383 ;
leaves divided below the middle into 5-3 lobes, base cordate,
5-14 cm. in diarn., pubescent at the base on upper surface and
sometimes on nerves on both surfaces, lobes somewhat obovate-
elliptical with acute or subacuminate apex, margin puberulous
and glandular; panicles '5-2 dm. 1., branches bearing corymb-
like cymes.— Wright Mem. 219 ; Sw. Obs. Bot, 366 ; Jacq. Ic. PL
Bar. Hi. t. 623 ; Bot. Reg. t. 746 ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Muell. Arg.
in DC. Prodr. xv.pt. 2, 1086 & in Fl. B^as. xi. pt. 2, 491, t. 69,
/. II; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 350; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 706; Pax
torn. cit. 26 ; Hutchinson in Fl. Trop. Afr. vi. pt. 1, 783. Ricinus
minor staphisagrise folio &c. Sloane Cat. 41 & Hist. i. 129, t. 84.
Ricinus americanus perennis &c. Commel. Atnst. 17, t. 9. Jatropha
humilior setis &c. Broicne Hist. Jam. 348. Type in Herb. Linn.
Wild Cassada, Belly-ache bush.
Savannas everywhere, Sloane Herb. ii. 96, 97 ! and Carp. Coll. 7602 !
Houstoun \ Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 123 ! Broughton ! Distin ; near
Kingston, McNab \ Parnell 1 Purdie \ Spanish Town, Prior \ King's House
Grounds, J.P. 1325, Morris ! near Kingston, Fawcett ! also Clute ! also
Hitchcock ; Windward road, Campbell ! Alligator Pond ; Quarry, Spanish
Town; Harris I Fl. Jam. 6062, 6379, 6482, 6819.— Key West, Bahamas,
West Indies, tropical continental America, and widely distributed in the
tropics.
Shrub 2-3(-6) ft. high. Petiole as long as, or shorter than, the limb,
bearing glandular branching hairs. Stipules cut into thread-like glandular
segments, 3-5 mm. 1. Bracts linear-lanceolate, glandular-ciliate, -5-1 cm. 1.
Flowers purple. Sepals acuminate, lanceolate in male, lanceolate to ovate
in female, glandular-ciliate, pubescent outside, persistent in fruit, male
3-3 -5 mm. 1., female 4 '5-5 mm. 1. Petals free or slightly cohering at base,
glabrous, elliptical narrowing to base, about 4 mm. L, of female deciduous.
Disk-glands of male flower free, roundish, of female lobed. Filaments
10-12, united above the middle, many times longer than the anthers.
Ovary puberulous. Styles slender, free ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule about
1 cm. 1. and br., globular-oblong, truncate at both ends, slightly 3-furrowed,
glabrous. Seed greyish-brown, slightly mottled, 7-8 mm. 1.
Jatroplia KITHuKI'.I ACK.K 313
Sloane says: "This is the most general [purgative] remedy of the
poorer sort in the dry belly-ache ; they take of the leaves from -even to
twenty-one, and boil them, drinking the decoction." Poultry are fond of
the seeds. See Barham, Hortus Americanus, 19.
:i. J. multifida L. % PL 1006 (1753) & Amcen. v. 383;
leaves pahnately deeply lobed, glabrous, lobes L.<viMTal]y 11 (-7),
1—1 P5 din. L, lanceolate, narrowed into a Ionic tail at apex with
1-3 (-5) smaller lobes on each side, much lighter and more or
less pruinose beneath.- -Wright M< ,n. 21!) : Sw. Obs. Bot. 3(
Salisb. ParatL t. 91 ; Griscb. loc. <:it. : .I//"//. .!/•'/. /// DC. Prcxlr.
xv. j,t. 2, 1089 & in FL Bras. xl. rt. 2, 495, /. 69, /. /; Url,.
Si/inb. Ant. iv. 350; Pax tout. <-it. 40; Hutchinson tom. <•<'(. 784.
Ricinus americanus tenuiter itc. Breijn. Cent. 116, /. .">:'> ; SJnane
Cat. 40 & Hist. i. 36. Manihot folio <fec. DHL Eltli. 217, /. 173.
J. assurgens foliis digitalis etc. Browne Hist. Jain. 348. Type in
Herb. Linn.
Spanish, or French Physic Nut.
(Sloane, Barbados, Herb. ii. 95! and Carp. Coll. !) Broivncl Wright \
Liguanea, Broughton ! Parnelll Lucea, Hitchcock; cultivated and appar-
ently indigenous in Jamaica and West Indies generally, continental tropical
and subtropical America, cult, and subspontaneous in trop. Africa and
S.E. Asia.
Small tree or shrub, 5-20 ft. high. Branches glabrous. Leaves pahnately
deeply lobed, glabrous; lobes generally ll(-7), 1-1 '5 dm. 1., lanceolate
narrowed into a long tail at apex, with 1-3 (-5) smaller lobes on each side,
much lighter and more OP less pruinose beneath. Petiole 1-2 dm. 1., glab-
rous. Stipules cut into thread-like, glabrous segments, 1-2 cm. 1. Cy)>ic*
corymb-like, glabrous ; peduncle 2-1 dm. 1. Bracts linear-lanceol
glabrous, I* 5-2 '5 mm. 1. Pedicels jointed at the apex. Flowers scarlet,
glabrous. Male flowers : Calyx 2-2 '5 mm. 1.; segments about half as long,
with rounded apex, of a pale coral colour. Petals 4-6 mm. 1. Disk of five
glands united at the base. Filaments 8, red, free to the base; anther-
Jong. Female flowers : Calyx -Audi petals as in male, petals to G or 7 mm. 1.
Ovary glabrous. Styles short, united in the lower half, with thick 2-lobed
stigmas. Capsule yellow, with a longitudinal slight ridge on back of tin
cocci, 2-3 cm. 1. and br. Seeds mottled, broadly ellipsoidal, about ~2 cm. 1.
See Barham, Hortus Americanus, 141.
[J. podagriea Hn»/t: Bot. 3Iu<j. t. 4376 (1848); .¥//<//. Arg.
DC. Proa,-, xv. j't. '2, 1093 ; P</.V tom. cit. 44.
Naturalized in waste places in the lowlands, cult, in Hope Hardens,
i-ris ! Fl. Jam. li'.To1.). — Central America and northern S. Ameriea.
also cultivated in many of the West Indian islands.
Stem, 1-H ft. high, and branches distorted, swollen at their ba
.-ucculent, pale greenish-brown; trunk and branches marked with the
scars of the fallen leaves. Jj<v/?r.s peltate, 3-G-lobcd, base sometime-
somewhat llattened, glabrous; 0-22 cm. in diam., only a few appearing at
a time at the apex of the branches; petioles usually as lon^ as the leaf ;
stipules with glandular fringe, peivi^ting fur some tune after the fall of
the leaf. L'i/ui<'s compact, corymb-like ; peduncle long. / rx orange -
rlet, rather small, female solitary at the forks, male numerous at the
ends of the branches. Mulr flowers: ('<ih/.r » _! mm. 1., lobes
rounded, about '7 mm. 1. J'ftuls oblong-elliptical, apex rounded, 7 mm. 1.
• i
14 FLORA OF .JAMAICA Jatropha
Disk cup-shaped. Stamens 8-6 ; filaments free to base ; anthers long,
3 mm. 1. Female jhnrcrs : Calyx and petals like those of male. Ovary
glabrous. Styles short with thick 2-lobed stigmas. Capsule about
1*5 cm. 1., ellipsoidal. Seeds 12 mm. 1., light-brown.]
J. panduraefolia Andr. Bot. Rep. iv. t. 267, a native of Cuba, is
cultivated in gardens ; it is a shrub about 6 ft. high, with fiddle-shaped
leaves, and large, handsome, crimson flowers.
4. J. divarieata Sw. Prodr. 98 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1158;
Qriseb. Joe. cit. ; Muell. Arg. torn. tit. 1077 ; Pax torn. cit. 74.
Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and in Herb.
Stockholm.
Wild Oil Nut.
Mountains in the west, Swartz \ Macfadyen \ Cuming ; interior,
St. Ann, Purdie ! near Troy, 2500 ft. ; Malvern, 2200 ft. ; Peckham,
Clarendon, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8715, 9738, 12,823.
Shrub or tree, 10-20 ft. high, the whole glabrous. Leaves ovate to
elliptical, apex acute or subacurainate, base rounded, not lobed, entire,
2 basal nerves ascending not far from the margin, the rest nearly
horizontal, papery, 7-14 cm. 1. ; petiole 3-7 • 5 cm. 1. ; stipules gland -like,
deciduous. Bracts ovate, 1 mm. 1. Cymes terminal and axillary,
repeatedly two-forked, the branches of each fork equal and widely
diverging ; peduncle 3-10 cm. 1. ; flowers on the ultimate branches
forming racemes. Male flowers : Calyx 2-5 mm. 1., lobes ovate-rounded,
1 mm. 1. Petals elliptical, about twice as long as the calyx. Filaments
8-10, united below ; anthers mucronate at apex, 1 mm. 1. Female flowers
twice as long as the male, solitary in the fork at the base of the racemes.
Petals cohering into a tube beyond the middle. Ovary glabrous. Styles
very short ; stigmas thick. Capsule somewhat globular ; cocci 3, or 2,
about 2 cm. 1. Seeds 1 or 2 in each coccus, 14 mm. 1., 9 mm. br., oblong-
ellipsoidal.
5. J. hernandisefolia Vent. Jard. Malm. i. 52 (1803); Griseb.
loc. cit. ; Muell. Arg. torn. cit. 1077 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 349 ;
Pax I. c.
Bancroft ! — Porto Rico, Hispaniola.
Shrub 6-12 ft. high. Leaves ovate, peltate, acuminate, base rounded-
obtuse or truncate-subcordate or cordate, not lobed or the lower leaves
3-lobed, margin entire, wavy or with an occasional tooth, 7-9 cm. 1. ;
petiole about as long. Cymes slender, repeatedly two-forked, about as
long as the leaves. Bracts triangular, '5 mm. 1. Calyx about 2 mm. 1. ;
segments about 1 mm. 1., elliptical, apex rounded. Petals white, about
4 mm. 1., obovate-oblong, cohering to about the middle. Disk-glands 5,
free. Stamens 10, variously united; anthers small, '5 mm. 1., apiculate.
Ovary glabrous. Capsule 1*5 cm. 1.
[ALEURITES Forst.
Trees mostly with stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, lono--
stalked, large, 5— 7-nerved at the base, 3— 5-lobed or not lobed,
with two glands at the top of the stalk. Flowers monoecious or
subdicecious, with petals, in loose cymose panicles, repeatedly
forked, at the ends of branches, the female flower solitary in the
primary forks. Calyx globose, closed in bud, splitting valvately
KUPHORBIACEJ: 31 •>
into two or three lobes. Petals 5, longer than the calyx.
flowers: Stamens 15-20 in the Jamaican species, attached to a
conical receptacle ; the five outer opposite the petals and alternate
with small glands. No rudiment of an ovary. Female flowers :
Ovary 2— 5-celled, generally 2-celled in A. molm-cmui ; styles as
many as the cells, divided into two branches; ovules solitary.
Fruit large, fleshy outside, indehiscent. Seeds without a
caruncle ; seed-coat thick, woody ; endosperm thick, hard.
Species 4, natives of Eastern Asia and Polynesia, one of which
(A. moluccana) is found also naturalized throughout the tropic-.
A. moluccana 117/7/7. Sp. PI. iv. "»l)0 (1805) : Miu-U. Ar<j. in
DC. Prodr. xv. p. 2, 723 & hi Fl. Brat*. xi. rt. 2, 304, t.' (~> :
Watt Diet. Econ. Prod. Ind. ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 384 ; U.-l,.
Si/mb. Ant. ii\ 348; Pax in Enyl. Pftanzenreich iv. 147. 12'.(.
Jatropha moluccana L. Sp. PL 1006 (1753). Aleurites triloba
Forst. Char. Gen. 112 (1776); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 37. Type
in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Candle Nut.
Naturalized; Knowsley Park, 2550 ft., Miss Wood. Native of Malaya
and Polynesia, naturalized in the tropics.
Tree 20-60 ft. Leaves simple or 3-5(-7-)lobed, the simple forms
usually ovate, acute; lobes usually triangular, acute, 15-18 cm. 1. (1-2-5
dm. 1.); young leaves and twigs densely covered with stellate hairs.
Panicles 1-1-5 dm. 1. and br., tomentellous, with numerous white flowers.
Male flowers : Calyx 3 mm. 1. Petals 7-9 mm. 1. Fruit 5-6 cm. in diam.,
olive-coloured, containing one or two large, hard seeds.
The root yields a brown dye. The seeds contain 50 per cent, of oil,
which is " very fluid, of an amber colour, without smell, congealing at
32° F., insoluble in alcohol, readily saponifiable, and very strongly drying "
(U.S. Dispens.). The oil is largely exported from Polynesia, and used in
the candle trade ; it is superior to linseed oil as a drying oil for paint, itc.
Medicinally, a dose of half an ounce of the oil acts as a mild purgative ;
it also possesses a nutty flavour (Pharm. of India). The nuts are edible,
tasting like walnuts, but should be eaten with caution. (See Watt Cornm.
Prod. Ind.)]
19. ACIDOCROTON Griseb.
Shrubs armed with straight diverging stipular spines, or
unarmed. Leaves small, pinnatcly veined, obovate, thick, entire.
Rowers few amongst the leaves, rather small, with very short
stalks, monoecious, with petals. Male (lowers: Culvx "» 6-cleft,
spreading. Petals f>-7, larger than the calyx, spreading, eon-
torted-imbricate. Stamens numerous, attached to a hairy di>k-
like receptacle; anther-cells distinct, attached t<> a rather l>road
connecthe. No rudiment of an ovary. Female flowers : t-'alyx
like that of the male. Petals rudimentary. < >vary ."t-eelled ;
styles Hat, spreading, thick, broadly obovate, retuse ; ovules
solitary. Capsule splitting into L'-xahed cocci, >eed> rather
large, witli a white caruncle.
Species 2, one a native of Jamaica, the other of Cuba.
316
ri/niA or JAMAICA
Acidocroton
A. verrueosus Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 513 (1913). (Fig. 104.)
j'Peckham Woods, Clarendon, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,018.
Tree about 12 ft. high ; branches ash-coloured, covered with minute
warty excrescences, and bearing in the axils of the primary leaves cushion-
like contracted branchlets covered with short spine-like stipules and the
B
E
Fig. 104. — Acidocroton.
(F-J, A. adelioides Griseb.
F, Male flower x 2.
G, Stamens, back and front X 10.
H Female flower X 2.
I, Coccus X 2.
J, Seed x 2.
(A-E, A. verrueosus Urb.)
A, Part of branch showing cushion-like
branchlets with male flowers x 5.
B, Male flower X 3.
»'. Stamens X 10.
D, Obconical process between the stamens
X 10.
E, Part of a cushion-like branchlet, show-
ing the scars of the fallen leaves and
the stipules X 5.
bases of petioles. Leaves (on cushions) 1*5-2 '5 cm. 1., 5-9 mm. br.,
obovate-elliptical to elliptical-oblong, very obtuse at apex, narrowed below
into the petiole, (when dry) papery, midrib on upper surface impressed,
beneath prominent, nerves not conspicuous ; petiole 3-5 mm. 1. ; stipules
spiny, 1-2 mm. 1. Male flowers only seen in bud, proceeding from the
topmost cushion-like branchlets. Pedicels 3 mm. 1. Sepals semioval or
semiroundish. Petals 5, free, ovate-roundish. Stamens 20, inserted on a
disk-like receptacle between obconical fleshy processes which are hairy on
the apex ; filaments free ; anthers introrse, erect, with an awn at apex as
long as, or half as long as, the anther.
Tetrorchidium
EUPHOBBIACEJ3
31'
20. TETRORCHIDIUM Poepp.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, with two glands at the top
of the stalk. Flowers dicecious or monoecious, without petals, in
axillary racemes ; male racemes long, with flowers small, sessile
or subsessile, in clusters; racemes, with female flowers or male
and female mixed, generally shorter, simple, or reduced to ;i
single stalked female flower. Calyx 3— (4-)parted, segments
1 i_r. 105.— Tetrorchidium rubrii-enium Poepp.
A, Portion of leaf and male inflorescence C, Female flower x 5 ; d, d'.sk ; .*. sepal. "
D, Ditto cut lengthwise x .". ; d. disk
X ?, ; g, pair of glands.
B, Male flower and buds x 5.
s, sepal.
slightly imbricate. Male flowers: Disk none. 81 minis ."».
opposite to the segments of the calyx, united into a glolmlar m
in the bud, at length scarcely free ; anthers sessile, opening
inwardly, 4-celled, 4-valved. Rudiment of ovary club-shaped, as
long as the anthers, i >r minute. Female flowers (in T. nilric> H/HUI} :
Disk consisting of three petal-like linear glands. Ovary 2-( •
celled; stigmas '2, 2-lobed, sessile, spreading star-like; ovule^
solitary in each cell. Capsule splitting up into two or tin
L'-valved cocci. Seeds fleshy outside, not carum-ulate.
Species 4, natives of tropical America (including W
Indies).
T. rubrivenium Pwpj,. Nov. <;> n. $p. ///. L'.0., /. L'i'7 ( 1> 15) :
ITvll. Ar(l. In DC. r,-'»lr. xv. rt. 2, 11:53 ^- /« FL Bnt*.
olS FLOltA OF JAMAICA Tetrorrhiiliuin
pt. 2, 512, /. 71, fig. 2; Url. Syml. Ant. in. 303; Pax in En(jl.
PflanzenreicJi ir. 147. iv. 31. (Fig- 105.)
Gum Wood.
Massonl Lindsay I Macfadyenl Purdiel Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo;
Peckham, Clarendon, 2300 ft. ; Red Hills, St. Andrew, 1000 ft. ; Albion
Pen, St. Ann; Harris I John Crow (Blake) Mts. Harris & Brittonl PI.
Jam. 8505, 8991, 10,746, 11,085, 11,840, 12,009.— St. Vincent, central and
tropical S. America.
Tree 15-50 ft. high. Leaves obovate- or oblanceolate-elliptical, apex
bluntly apiculate or blunt, leathery-membranous, entire or wavy or
slightly toothed, glabrous, with two glands at the junction with the petiole,
8-20 cm. 1. ; midrib prominent beneath, nerves slightly prominent on both
sides, veins few, indistinct on upper surface, slightly prominent beneath ;
midrib, nerves and petiole tinged with red; petiole '5-2 cm. 1. Male
panicle 8-18 cm. 1. ; female raceme 2-4 cm. 1. Male flowers green : Sepals
broadly triangular-concave, midrib keeled inside, puberulous outside,
pubescent inside, especially along the keel, 2 mm. 1., !•? mm. br. Anthers
puberulous, sessile. Female flowers : Sepals broadly triangular, puberulous,
about 1 mm. 1. Disk-glands 1*5 mm. 1. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas red (in
Poeppig's plate), spreading close to the ovary. Capsule about 8 mm. 1.
Purdie states that the gum of this tree is collected and spread on the
branches of trees to catch parrots, &c.
21. CH^TOCARPUS Thw.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, leathery, with
stipules. Flowers dioecious, without petals, pubescent, clustered
in the axils, or forming a terminal inflorescence by reduction of
the leaves. Disk short, ring-like, or irregularly lobed. Male
flowers minute : Calyx irregularly 3-5(-8)lobed, segments
imbricate. Stamens indefinite, springing at different levels from
a central column. Ovary rudimentary, terminating the central
column, entire or 2-3-lobed. Female flowers : Calyx as in the
male. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, distinct, 2-cleft ; ovules solitary.
Capsule globular, densely covered with tubercles or spines,
splitting up into three cocci with 2-clefb valves. Seeds with a
large caruncle ; coat black, shining ; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons
flat, broad.
Species 8, natives of the tropics in West Indies, South
America, Africa, Ceylon and India.
C. globosus Faiuc. & Eendle in Journ. Sot. hii. 312 (1919).
Croton globosum Sw. Prodr. 100 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1181.
Ricinus globosus Willd. Sp. Fl. iv. 567 (1805). Mettenia globosa
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. 2nd, 43 (1859) ; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv.
pt. 2, 1255 ; Pax in Engl. Pflanzenrrich iv. 147. iv. 12. (Fig. 106.)
Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.
" High mts. of southern Jamaica," Swartz\ Macfadyenl Morce's Gap,
Purdiel Cinchona woods, J.P. 1196, 1273, Hartl road to Newton; Morce's
Gap, 5000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5308, 9112.
Tree to 30 ft., or shrub 4-5 ft. Youngest portions of twigs puberulous.
Clixtocarpus
319
Leaves 2 '5-4 cm. 1., roundish-ovate to roundish-elliptical, rounded or very
obtuse at both ends, glabrous, shining ; petioles 2-4 mm. 1. Flowers
clustered in the axils of the upper reduced leaves forming a terminal
raceme leafy at the base. Pedicels: male 2 mm. 1., female to 6 mm. 1.
Male Jluu; >-.•>: Calyx about 2 mm. 1., irregularly 4-5 parted, densely
puberulous. Disk, lobes about as many as the stamens, conical, titamoislj 7.
the outer included, the inner higher, rising beyond the calyx ; filaments
Fig. 106. — Chsetocarpus globosus Fa we. & Kendk.
A, Upper part of branch with female in-
florescence X s-
B, Male flower cut lengthwise X 5.
C, Stamens, showing back and front
X 10.
D, Female flower with a sepal removed t<>
show a 2-parted lobe of the disk x 5.
E, Ovary cut lengthwise, showing ovuk--
and obturator x »J.
F, Male flower cut lengthwise with sepal-
removed x 10.
(of various lengths) and column villose. Anther-cells attached separately
to the connective which is produced slightly beyond them, oblong-curved,
each with a smaller cell on the concave surface. Central column slender,
tapering, nearly as long as the calyx. Female floirers : Cali/x 2-2-3 mm. 1..
irregularly 4-cleft, densely puberulous. Disk, lobes 4, 2-parted, oppo
the sepals. Capsule 11-12 mm. 1. Seeds remaining for long attached to
the 3-winged columellu.
22. OMPHALEA L.
Trees, or twining or climbing shrubs Leaves alternate, \\itli
two glands at the apex of the petiole, entire, pinnate nerved.
often 3— 5-nerved at the base, with stipules small, soon fallinir.
Flowers monoecious, without petals, in small cymes \\hicli are
altogether male or with the central llower female, disposed
along the brain-hes of a terminal panicle. I'.rads subtending.
the cymes on the axis of the panicle somewhat leaf like. Di.-k
i'.l'O 1 I.OKA OF JAMAH 'A
obscure or wanting. Sepals 4-5, broad, very imbricate. -Male
flowers : stamens 2-3 ; filaments united into a very short column ;
connective of the anthers thick, broad, united into a peltate cap-
si iaped mass 2- or 3-lobed at the margin, the anther-cells situated
on the periphery near the margins of the lobes. Rudiment of
ovary none. Female flowers: Ovary (2-)3-celled ; style thick,
column-like, obtuse or very shortly (2-)3-lobed ; ovules solitary.
Fruit thick, 2-3-carpous, fleshy outside, with a hard indehiscent
endocarp. or at length splitting up into 2-valved cocci. Seeds
subglobular, without a caruncle.
JSpecies 15, of which one is a native of Madagascar, one of
Australia, one of the Philippines, the rest tropical American
(including the West Indies).
Leaf narrowed to base ; anthers 3 ; ovary glabrous 1. O. triandra.
Leaf , base cordate ; anthers 2 ; ovary tomentose 2. 0. diandra.
I. 0. triandra L. Syst. eel 10, 1264 (1759) 4& Amcen. v. 408,
382 ; glabrous ; leaves narrowed towards the base ; anthers 3 ;
ovary glabrous. — Lodd. Sot. Cab. t. 519 : Jussieu Euphorb. Tent.
t. 17, /. 58; Baill Etucl Euphorb. t. 7, /. 6-9; Griseb. Fl Br.
W. Ind. 50 (in part) ; Muell Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 1136 ;
Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. 147. v. 16; Guppy Plants &c. W.
Indies, 226. O. nucifera Sw. Prodr. 95 & Obs. Bot. 351, t. 10,
f. 6 ; Lunan Hort. Jam. i. 203. O. frondosa Muell. Arg. torn. cit.
1137; Pax loc. cit. Omphalandria foliis obovatis &LC. Browne
Hist. Jam. 335, t. 22, f. 4. O. triandra Kuntze Rev. Gen. ii. 609
(1891).
Cob-nut, Pop-nut.
Port Antonio and Manchoneal, Broivne ; Wright ! Broughtonl Sliak-
spear\ He Nab I Wilson* J.P. 1030, Morris I near Mandeville, Faiocettl
Castleton, Thompson] also Harris ! road from Askenish to Dolphin Head,
1200 ft. ; Hope, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7308, 9272, 11,926.— Hispaniola.
Tree 30-45 ft. high. Leaves 1-3 dm. 1., broadly or narrowly obovate-
elliptical or oblong, usually narrowed at the base, usually with a nerve on
each side of the base parallel with the margin ; petiole 3-5 cm. L, glands
at apex disk-like. Bracts much longer than the petioles, 6-15 cm. L,
linear-spathulate, narrowed petiolar towards the base, the petiolar part
longer than the blade, at length dropping off. Anthers 3. Ovary glabrous,
ovoid, acuminate. Capsule 3 '5 cm. high, about 7' 5 cm. in diam., endo-
carp hard, wooden, thick, exocarp thin. Seeds globular, about 2'5 cm. in
diain. Pharmacosycea jamaicensis Liebm. (in Bidensk. Selsk. Skrift. ii.
331 (1851) ) is referred by Urban (Symb. Ant. vi. 99) and Pax I.e. to this
species. We have not seen the specimen which was collected by Oersted
near Kingston. Liebmann's description contains no reference to flower
or fruit.
The timber of this tree is of no service in building, being of a soft
brittle nature. The kernels of the nuts in the raw state are delicately
sweet and wholesome ; they are produced in great abundance, and, when
ripe, they burst from the pod and fall to the ground. When roasted, they
are equal, if not superior, to chestnuts. By compression they yield a very
sweet and fine-flavoured oil. The cotyledons are emetic and purgative.
Oinj>]tnl< if
EUPHORBIACE^E
09-1
• ' _ i
As this tree is of quick growth, bears fruit in three or four years, and
succeeds very well in the poorest soils, it is well worthy of extensive culti-
vation (Lunan).
2. 0. diandra L. Syxt. ed. 10, 1264 (1759) »v Amaen. v. :;SL' ;
toiiientose-pubescent on youngest parts of branches, under
surface of leaves, petioles, and inflorescence; leaves, base cor-
date; anthers 2; ovary tomentose. — A»I>I. PL <^'/<in. it. ^\-^
iv. L 32S ; Eich. in $<«,,•« Cub. xi. 200; Jin ill. 6tud. Kn^mrh.
529, /. 7, /. 1-5; Gris»jl>. I<><-. cit. ; Nidi. Ar<j. t<>,,i. cit. 11.')."") ,v ///
t'nnn .ih<.'.
Fii:-- W7.—Oniphal<-'a diandra L.
A. Leaf and inflorescence X £. *', stamrn
I'.. M;i]c tl'i\\cr. l>
(B-D enlarged.)
Fl. Jit-ax, xi. pf. _, •")!•"), /. 72 ; Pax tom. rit. 20. O. c(.niai ^
Prodr. 95 (17SS, A: Ob*. But. :)50 (1791). Oniphal.-iiidria fru-
tescens iVc. />/•«."•;/'• ///*/. Jam. .'5.'54. ( >. diandra Kmif::t' !<»•. «•//.
(Fig. 107.)
Port Antonio; ]\Ianchioneel; Bnnrw ; rocky pi. rl -
Cuba, St. Kitts, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Panama. <iuiaua,
Brazil, Para, Peru.
Shrub trailing and climbing high into trees, tomentose-pubescent on
youngest parts of branches, under surface of leaves, petiole-, and inflores-
cence. Tvmr-.s 9-17 cm. L, broadly elliptical, elliptical-ovate, or roundish-
ovate, apex shortly cuspidate-acuminate, base cordate with one or two
nerves on each side at the base; petioles 8-5 cm. 1. lujlm;^,; nee usually
long with long side branches. Bract* variable in length, 1-7 cm. 1.,
iv. v
322
FLORA OF -JAMAICA
Omplialea
petiolar part shorter than blade with two glands at apex. Anthers 2.
Ovary tomentose. Capsule as large as an orange. Seeds 4*5 cm. 1. and
br., 3 cin. thick, obtusely convex on the back, very obtusely keeled on the
ventral side, flat on the inner face (Muell. Arg.).
23. DENDROCOUSINSIA Millsp.
Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled,
shortly petiolate or sessile, entire, or with small teeth, leathery
or papery-leathery, pinnate- veined. Spikes terminal, or terminal
axillary, solitary or clustered. Flowers dioecious, without petals,
A, End of branch with leaves and female
inflorescence X ft.
B, Part of male inflorescence X 5.
Fig. 108. — Dendroeousinsia spicata Millsp.
C, Stamen with sepal and glandular fringe
X 10.
D, Female flower x 5.
E, Coccus with seed x 2.
F, Seed x 2.
small, solitary in the axil of each bract ; male sessile, female
sessile or subsessile. Bracts very short, with a gland on each
side. Disk represented by a fringe of small glandular hairs.
Male flowers : Sepals small, distinct, membranous, open before
flowering. Stamens 3 ; filaments free ; anther-cells distinct,
parallel, contiguous, opening longitudinally, attached at the base
to the filament. Rudiment of ovary wanting. Female flowers :
Calyx 3-parted or 3-lobed. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, united
very shortly below, or free, spreading or revolute above ; ovules
Dendrocousinsia KlTIIORBIACE.!.
solitary in each cell. Capsule subglobular, -I-furrowed, breaking
up into I'-valved cocci leaving a central axis. Seeds oblong,
smooth, carunculate. — Fatrr. <(• lii'ndb- in Journ. Bot. Ivii. 313
(1919).
Species 3, natives of Jamaica.
Leaves petiolate.
Leaves 3*5-8 cm. 1., elliptical. Male spikes ter-
minal ........................................................ 1. D. spicata.
Leaves 2 '5-3 '5 cm. 1., ovate. Male spikes mostly
axillary ................ ...................................... 3. D. alpina.
Leaves sessile, 3-9 cm. 1., ovate ................................. '2. D. fasciculate.
1. D. spieata Mill^>. in Pi, Id Columl,. JUW. B,,t. ii. 374 (1913 » ;
F<ncr. -d- Hendle loc. cit.; leaves petiolate, 3*5-8 cm. 1., elliptical,
rounded or emarginate at both ends, margin distinct, revolute :
inflorescence terminal; female inflorescence 2-3 '5 cm. 1., with
a cup-shaped gland at each side of the bract. (Fig. 108.) Type
in Field Museum.
On limestone rocks, Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft., 7/r//v;.s! Fl. Jam.
10,980, 10,981, 11,204, 12,777.
Slinib or tree, 9 to 15 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 3*5-8 cm. 1., elliptical,
rounded or emarginate at both ends, marginal portion distinctly marked
and sometimes revolute, margin entire, with glandular points like
undeveloped teeth, leathery, midrib prominent beneath ; petioles 3-6
mm. 1. ; stipules represented by disk-like glands. Bracts with a fleshy
cup-shaped gland on each side. Male spikes to 10 cm. 1., somewhat thick.
Mai-.1 jlou.'cm sessile. Stamens spreading. Female inflorescence 2-3*5
cm. 1. Female flowers subsessile ; pedicels 1-4 mm. 1. Calyx-lobes fleshy,
sometimes with glands. Styles recurved at apex. Capsule 7-8 mm. in
diam., 7 mm. high, dark brown, smooth. Seeds 4 mm. 1., dark grey.
2. D. fasciculata Millty- in Field Colnml. M//*. Bot. ii. 37-~>
(1913); Fairt'. ((• l\<'Yt<llr loc. cit.; leaves sessile, 3-9 cm. 1., ovate,
sometimes elliptical or oblong, obtuse at both ends ; f finale
inflorescence terminal, a sessile cluster surrounded by three
clustered leaves, with a prong-like gland at each side of the bract.
Type in Herb. Xew York Bot. Ganl.
Dolphin Head, 1800 ft., Harris I Fl. Jam. 10,200.
Tree 15 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 3-9 cm. 1., sessile, ovate, sometime
oblong or elliptical, obtuse at both ends, entire, papery-leathery, midrib
prominent beneath, venation -prominulous, alternate below, opposite' and
three in a cluster on flowering branches. Fmialr in_rh» -uV
cluster surrounded by three clustered leaves. Femalt jloiiYrx sessile or
subsessile. Calyx about 2 mm. 1., sepals 3, very broadly ovate, blunt
lobes, closely adpressed to the ovary, fleshy especially below. Styles united
at the base, spreading, recurved. Mul< • /-' <it not seen.
•">. D. alpina Finer. /I' li.mllr lor. rit. ,* leave-, petiolate.
2*5 3*5 cm. ]., o\ate, sometimes elliptical, obtuse at both rmU :
male inflorescence terminal and axillary at nodes from \vliich
the leave^ have dropped. Type in Herb. .lam.
John Crow IVuk, P.lue Mts., GOOO ft., Harris'. Fl. Jam. I:.','. -or..
7V- -j IS ft. high, glabrous. Lea '•••.- _-0 :5*5 cm. 1., ovate to elliptical,
v -J
324
FLOHA OF JAMAH 'A
ocouansa
obtuse at both ends, margin with a few small teeth, somewhat revolute
when dry, without glands, papery-leathery, nerves and veins net-veined
on upper surface, midrib prominent beneath but venation indistinct ;
petioles about 4 mm. 1. ; stipules roundish-deltoid, about 1 mm. 1.
Inflorescence, male with about twenty bracts, terminal and axillary at
nodes from which the leaves have dropped, female not seen. Bracts :
male, roundish-ovate, minutely toothed. Male flowers: Sepals roundish-
rhomboid-ovate, margin irregular, minutely toothed. Bracts and sepals
deep crimson.
24. SAPIUM Jac<[.
Trees or shrubs, glabrous, with milky juice. Leaves alter-
nate, entire or obscurely denticulate, nerves (in Jamaican species)
almost at right angles to midrib, with or without 2 glands at
A
Fig. 109. — Sapiuiii jamaicense s\\ .
A, Leaves arcl inflorescence x i. D, Ditto with female flower x 5.
B, Part of spike with young male flowers E, Capsules, nat. size.
X 5. F, Coccus with columella and seed x 2.
C, Ditto with male flowers x 5. G, Seed x '2.
the apex of the petiole, with stipules. Flowers monoecious, with-
out petals, in terminal or lateral spikes or racemes. Male flowers
generally three in axil of each bract along the upper part of the
spike, which at length falls off; female, solitary in axil of each
bract, several in the lower part of the spike, or one only, or
none. Bracts often with glands on each side at the base. Disk
wanting.
Male flowers : Calyx small, shortly and unequally
Sajiium EUPHOKBIACE^E 325
2-3-tontlied <»r -lobed. Stamens l! or ."• ; lilamonN free ; anthers
globose. Rudiment of ovary wanting. 1-Vmale llnwers : Calyx
3-toothed or generally .">-cleft. Ovary 2-3-celled ; styles 3(-2),
distinct or united below, recurved-spreading, not divided : <>\ ules
solitary in each cell. Cap>ule globular or pear-shaped, more or
less fleshy or pulpy, ultimately splitting into three i_'-\alved
eocci ; coltimella 3-wini;ed. Seeds not carunculate.
Sp.-cies nearly 100. widely dispersed through the tropic
Leaves oblong-elliptical ; petioles with glands ............. 1. S.jamu
Leaves elliptical-obovatc : petioles without glands.
Ovary >L-,.silu or subsessile ; styles united only at base i'. S. • uneatum.
Ovary stalked : styles united half way ...................... •".. .S. Harritii.
1. S. jamaieense Sic. A<ln«f. B»t. 02 (1829); leaves oblong-
elliptical or elliptical : petiole with small sessile oblong glands :
spikes in axils of topmost leaves at apex of branch ; ovary sessile.
-Ut'b. Syntb. Ant. Hi. 308 ; Hu.bi'r in Ball. Herb. Boiss. w'r. -, ci.
347, /. 2 : Hf-msley in Hool: I<: PL t. 2889 ; Pax in Entjl Pflanzen-
reiclt ic. 147. v. 20-"). S. laurifolium Griseb. Fl. Br. IT. Iml. 49
(1859j. S. laurocerasus var. ellipticum and var. laurifolium
Mni'll. Arg. in Linn&a xxxii. 110 (1863). S. arboreuni foliis A:c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 33>. Hippomane 2-glandulosa Sit'. 0,^-. B<>f.
.">70 (1791) (non L.). Stillingia laurifolia Rich, in Xat/ra Cub. xi.
201, /. 69 (1850). Exccecaria laurocerasus var. elliptica and var.
laurifolia M>n>ll Ar</. in DC. Prodr. xv. i>t. '2. 1203 (1866).
(Fig. 109.) Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mil*. Brit.
(rum Tree, Milk Wood.
Wnfjlit\ Shakspear\ Sicartzl Macfadyi'n\ Moneague, Prior ! Mftcalft' '.
J.P. 'J43, Morris ! Lapland, near Catadupa, 1200 ft.; Golden Valley, near
Castleton, GOO ft. ; road to Guava Ridge, 2200 ft. ; Stanmore Hill, 2200 ft. ;
Rio Minho Valley, 1000 ft.; Han-is1. Bachelor's Hall, 150 ft., JI,irri* .1
Brittonl Fl. Jam. 9165, 9194, 9195, 9562, 9971, 10,718, 10,882, I0,s>.',.—
Cuba, Hispaniola, Central America, Colombia.
Tree 30-60 ft. high. Leaves 7-22 cm. 1., oblong-elliptical or ellipti-
apex rounded, abruptly and shortly acuminate, base obtuse to wedge-
shaped, margin entire or wavy or obscurely denticulate, papery ; nr;
numerous (to thirty on each side), about 2 mm. apart, b.-nding upwa
near margin, prominent; petiole 2-4 cm. 1., glands small, sessile, oblong.
Xj>ikcs 2-4, in axils of topmost leaves at apex of branch.-, t" !•"> cm
Bracts somewhat roundish with two elliptical gland-; bract - fring .
Mi tie flowers 3-7 in axil of each bract: Calyx 2- (3-)lobed. Stamens two.
/•'</// a le jluwcrs : Cnlij.i: 3-toothed. Ovary 3- (2-)celled. S at l.-ngth
circinate. Cajisuli1 globular, 7-8 mm. in diam. Seeds about 4 mm. 1.,
roandish-lens-shaped, i-oughly net-veined.
The tree yields a thick sticky resin, formerly n-cd for boilin--ln-
lamps, also used for bird-lime. The wood is soft and coar>r. i I'.cov,
2. S. cuneatum Griseb. /•'/. ]!>: 11'. !;/</. 41) (1859); lea
elliptical-obovate ; peti(»lc without glands: spike- in axils of
leaves; ovary sessile <>r shortlv >ta'.krd ; styles two or three.
very -liortly united at ba.---. -Po.r in Hn<jl. l\tl«nz> , </•»•/<•// ',r. \ 17.
326 FLORA OF JAMAICA
v. 235. Exccecaria cuneata 31 n dl. Ar<j. in DC. Prodr, xv. pt. 2,
1208 (1866).
Mae fad yen ; Purdic ; Moneague, Prior ! March; Potsdam, 2600 ft.;
Croft's Mt., Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 9817, 11,214.
Tree to 40 ft. high, glabrous. Twigs with scars of fallen leaves. Leaves
8-15 cm. 1., elliptical-obovate, apex rounded or apiculate, base wedge-
shaped, margin entire, sometimes bearing glands and usually two above
the base of the limb, papery ; nerves not more than about twenty on each
side, 4-8 mm. apart, slightly prominent ; petiole 1-2 cm. 1., without glands ;
stipules roundish-ovate. Spikes numerous, in the axils of leaves, 5-7 cm. 1.
Bracts ovate or triangular, with small teeth, longer than the glands and
covering the female calyx. Male flowers : Calyx 2-lobed, red. Stamens two ;
anthers red. Female flowers: Calyx 3-lobed. Ovary glabrous. Styles 2-3,
only very shortly united at base. Capsule somewhat more than 1 cm. in
diam. Seeds ellipsoidal, about 8 mm. 1., red.
3. S. Harris!! Urban ex Pax in EngL Pflanzenreich ic. 147.
v. 236 (1912) ; leaves narrowly elliptical-obovate ; petiole without
glands ; spikes in axil of leaves ; ovary stalked ; styles two,
united halfway.
Hardware Gap, Blue Mts., 4000 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,117.
Tree to 60 ft. high, glabrous. Twigs with scars of fallen leaves. Leaves
10-17 cm. 1., elliptical-obovate, apex rounded or shortly apiculate, base
wedge-shaped, margin entire, revolute, sometimes bearing glands, leathery ;
nerves not more than about twenty on each side, 6-10 mm. apart, incon-
spicuous; petiole 2-3 cm. 1., without glands; stipules like those of
S. cuneatum. Spikes, female only seen, axillary, 6-8 cm. 1. Bracts very
broad, truncate, with a somewhat cup-shaped gland at each side. Flowers
dioecious. Female flowers : Sepals two, broadly triangular, 1'2-1'5 mm. 1.
Ovary stalked, stalk about 3 mm. 1., glabrous, 2-celled. Styles two, united
halfway ; free part recurved. Capsule (fide Pax) unripe, ovoid, acute.
25. GRIMMEODENDRON Urb.
Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves alternate, obscurely
toothed or serrulate. Spikes terminal, slender, 2-sexual. Bracts
without glands. Flowers monoecious, without petals. Male
flowers subsessile, two or a few in the axil of each bract ; female
one or two at the base of the spike, sessile, solitary in the axil of
each bract. Disk wanting. Male flowers : Calyx with three
valvate lobes. Stamens three ; filaments united into a column
almost its whole length. Rudiment of ovary wanting. Female
flowers : Calyx 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled. Styles united below,
free above, recurved, undivided. Ovules solitary in each cell.
Capsule globular, splitting up into 2-valved cocci, the central
columella persistent, 3-winged above. Seeds ovate-globular with-
out a caruncle, marked near the hilum as if part of the skin had
been scraped off.
Species 2, one a native of Jamaica, the other of the Bahamas
and Cuba.
Grimmeodendron EUPHOR1.IA< K.E 327
G. jamaieense r/-//. N// //</*. Ant. /•. 399 (1908), %/?V/. x, o; P<u-
t'n Emjl. Pjlnn::'-nrcirh ir. 147. v. 2~><\ _//</. -")(J, x, o.
Near Troy, 2000-2200 ft. ; Mulgrave, St. Elizabeth, 1300 It. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 9413, 'J437, 12,380.
Tri'i' 40-50 ft. high. Leaves 7-17 cm. 1., obovate-, or oblanceolate-
elliptical, apex truncate, emarginate, rounded, or sometimes very shortly
acuminate, base wedge-shaped, margin more or less minutely toothed,
nerves and veins slightly prominent and net-veined on both sides, some-
what leathery ; petioles 1-2 cm. 1. Sjn/ces 12-17 cm. L, peduncle l-2'5 cm. 1.
lirucf* truncate, semilunar, without glands. Mule /lowers several in axil
of each bract. Calyx "1 mm. 1. Fonalf _//o//vr.s: Calnx about 1*5 mm. 1.
Styles united one-third to one-half the length. Cap.^nli- 10-12 mm. 1.,
ovate-globular.
We have seen male flowers in bud only, in which there is no union of
the filaments ; the seeds also are immature and do not show the " area
derasa." The examination of adequate material might prove this species
to belong to Sapium.
26. HIPPOMANE L.
A glabrous tree with copious milky juice which is very
poisonous and acrid. Leaves alternate, long-stalked, with a
large orbicular dark red gland at top of petiole. Flowers
monct-cious, without petals, in terminal spikes. Bracts distant
from one another, with a peltate gland on each side at the bast-.
Male flowers, three to many, in the axil of each bract, female
solitary (or rarely with male flowers) in the axil of the lowest one
or two bracts or wanting, rarely associated with male flowers in
the same bract. Disk wanting. Male flowers : Calyx small, with
2-.'j imbricate short lobes. Stamens two (occasionally three);
filaments united into a column, at length shortly exserted, very
shortly free at the apex. Rudiment of ovary wanting. Female
flowers : Calyx small with three segments. Ovary with 6-9 cells ;
styles united at the base, above free, linear, undivided, spreading
star-like; ovules solitary in each cell. Drupe rather large, n<>t
splitting open, with thick flesh, endocarp very thick, bony, with
several cells. Seeds not carunculate.
Species 1, native of Florida and Keys, Bahamas, Cayman,
\Ve>t Indies, Curacao, Mexico to Venezuela.
H. Mancinella L. Sp. PL 1191 (17r»;i) ,v Amaen. r. 382;
Mill, (jlanl. Diet. c<l. S ; Sw. Ob*. Hot. 'M(J ; Lun. Hurt. Jam. i. 4*2 ;
Jussieu KtifJK,,-!,. 7V///, 90, /. 16, /. ^( ; Jl<iill. fitud. /•:>/////. /.
/*. 12-20; Grixcb. Fl. 7>V. W. 'iml 50; Mu.-ll. An,, in DC.
Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 1200; tin,-,,. N/Vr. mt. 35, /. 310; Sroofl /'/.
S.E. I'. Stxtcs 70-") ; Cook ,1- Coil, in ( 'vntrib. L'.S. \<it. ll> /•//. viii. 161 ;
Urb. Sijntli. Ant. it'. .">•"> 1; Pd.r in /'.'//'//. l\lln it::> ni'< /VA /'/-. 117.
V. 262, icith fuj. 51. H. manranilla ,1n<-<i. Enum. I'!. C<iril>. :i 1 .
Sel Stirr. Ann;-. 2 .">(), /. 159 (\7M), A /•.'-/. /,/,-/. 121, /. 238.
Arbor americana .Mancinello iVc. Pink. Plii/t. t. 112. /. 4.
328
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Juglandi uflinis Arc. Sloanc Cut. 129 & Hi*t. ii. 3, /. 159. Malus
americana etc. Covnmel. Amst. i. 131, <. 68. Mancanilla etc.
PJnm. Gen. 49, /. 30; Catexly Nat. Hist. Carol ii. t. 95.
B
Fig. 110. — Hippomane Mancinella L.
A, Part of branch with leaves and in- E, Stamens.
florescence x §. F, Female flower with three styles cut
B, Diagram of female flower. off X 3.
C, Cluster of male flowers X 3. G, Fruit, nat. size.
D, Male flower just opening. H, Seed cut lengthwise.
(D, E, H much enlarged.)
Hippomane arboreum ttc. Browne Hist. Jam. 351. Mancinella
venenata Tuss. Fl. Ant. in. 21, t. 5 (1824). (Fig. 110.) Type
in Herb. Linn.
Manchineel.
Between Two Mile Wood and the Town savanna, Sloane Herb. v. 55 !
Houstoun \ Port Morant, Purdic \ coast between Portland Point and
Rocky Point; Castleton; Harris ! Fl. Jam.. 10,189. — Distribution of genus.
Tree 12-60 ft. high, trunk 6 inches to 3 ft. in diameter, with bark
^-J inch thick. Leaves 2*5-10 cm. L, elliptical or elliptical-ovate, apex
acute or cuspidate, base rounded, truncate, or slightly cordate ; usually
nerves and veins prominent and conspicuously net-veined above, less so
beneath. Rhachis of spikes 4-15 cm. L, dark purple. Male floivers:
Calyx about 1 mm. 1. Female floivers : Calyx 2-5-3 mm. 1. Styles dark-
red. Fruit about 3 cm. in diarn., somewhat globular, yellow with reddish
cheek when ripe. Seeds about 4 mm. 1.
Sloane states that large boards are sawn from the trunk of this tree,
not only for wainscot and cabinets, but even for the largest tables, this
wood being much coveted by all people for its polish, durability, and
delicate and various colours. Browne adds, " to guard against its corrosive
juices, the woodcutters arc obliged to make a fire round the body of ev
tree some time before they can venture to fell them"; they burn the bark
off, and so get rid of the acrid sap. Also sec Barhani. Hortus Americanos, (J'J.
27. GYMNANTHES Sw.
- or >hrul.»s. glabrous. Leaves alternate entire or cren.-ite-
serrulate. Flower^ monoecious, without sepaN or petal-, racem*
Racemes or spikes axillary, --onietinies also terminal, solitary or
clustered, often 2-sexual. Bracts ovate, enclosing the Mowers in
bud, sessile on a short peduncle. -"Mietimes glandular outside at
the back or at the side-. Male t lowers solitary, or :_'_7 together,
in the axil of a bract : femal<- ilowers solitarv in the axil of a
1 tract, one or two at the base of the raceme, or several in a
distinct raceme. Disk wanting. Male tinwers : each usuallv
subtended by one or two bracteoles (sepals of some author—,
soon falling. Stamens 2-4 ; filaments free or united. Rudiment
of ovary wanting. Female flowers: bracteoles (sepals of >ome
authors), 2-4. Ovary sessile or stalked, 3-celled ; styles distinct,
or united half -way or only at the base, recurved, undivided ;
ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule splitting up from the
persistent axis into three 2— valved cocci. >.-eds generally
carunculate.
Species 12. natives of the West Indies, of which one is also
found in Brazil, and one in Florida, while three specie- arc found
only in Mexico.
Leaves oblanceolate. obovate, obovate-elliptical. Male
bracts 3-flowered.
Apex of leaves obtuse. Ovary stalked above the
bracteoles, long pedunculate 1. G'. lucidu.
Apex of leaves abruptly and shortly acuminate'.
Ovary sessile, shortly pedunculate 4. <!. int<'<jnt.
Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. Malt-
bracts 5 (3-7) -flowered.
Ovary sessile, not pedunculate : -. G. glandules
Leaves roundish elliptical to lanceolate-elliptical. Male
bracts 1-flowered.
Ovary sessile, with peduncle not longer than ovary ... 3. G.
1. G. lucida Su-. Pro,!,-. (.if, (1788) : leaves :'• (.' cm. I.. ..blan-
ct-olate, OF oblong-obovate, or e\ en olto\ ate elliptical, apex oht use,
leathery, shining on u]»p«-r surface, nerves and vein^ jtroinincnt ly
net-veined on the up]>er surface; hr.-i.-t^ broadly ovate, without
glands, male ."» tlitwered ; filaments free ; n\ary stalked above the
bi-act coles, with a long peduncle incr«-a>ini,r in fruit. SH nj. S/'/r.
/•/;. 30, /. :'."(.> : P<i.c in En,/l. Pflanzenreich iv. 1 17. v. 82 ; Small
Fl. S.E. U.S. 703; Urb. Symb. \\.it. iv. 352 « 190 Ateramnus
foliis obloncjis, A.V. ]3r<nrn< If/'xt. Jam. '•t>:'>1.' . Ivxc.ecaria. lucida
Sir. Fl. I,,<1. 0,-<: 1122 (1SOO): Jwxieu Kn^nn-b. T<nt. t. !»;.
330
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Gymnanthes
f. 55; Nutt. ,s////-. //'. 60, t. 61; Griw-b. Ft. 7>Y. ir. Ltd 50.
Sebastiania lucida Mtu'U. Ar<j. in DC. Proilr. ./r. pt. *_', 1181
(1S6G). (Fig. 111.)
Crab Wood.
Wright I Brougliton\ Macfadyenl Hills behind Ferry, Purdie\ Marchl
Stony Hill, J.P. 1106, Hart 1 Liguanea plain, Campbell ! Grove, near
Gordon Town, 800 ft. ; Long Mt., 800-2500 ft. ; Bound Hill, St. Cruz Mts.,
1500 ft. ; Lititz savanna, 300-900 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5905, G3G4, 6439,
8643, 8858, 8948, 9605, 9706, 11,768.— Florida and Keys, Bahamas, Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan, Tortola, St. Eusta-
tius, Antigua, Guadeloupe.
Shrub or tree 6-15(-30) ft. high. Leaves 3-9 cm. 1., oblanceolate
or oblong-obovate, or even obovate-elliptical, apex obtuse, subentire or
Fig. in. — Gymnanthes lucida S\v.
A , Leaf arid inflorescence, nat. size.
B, Upper part of a young inflorescence,
enlarged.
C, Part of inflorescence with three
bracts and the male flowers in their
axils, enlarged.
D, Capsule, nat. size.
E, Seed X 2.
slightly crenate-serrulate, with or without one or two glands near the base
beneath, leathery, shining on upper surface; nerves and veins prominently
net-veined on the upper surface ; petiole 5-10 mm. 1. Flowers monoecious.
Spikes 1-3 cm. 1., 2-sexual or male, terminal and axillary, dense-flowered.
Bracts broadly ovate, male 3-fiowered, about 1 mm. 1. Male flowers : each
subtended by a bracteole (sepal of some authors), soon falling. Stamens
in the middle flower 3-4, in the lateral 2-3 ; filaments free. Female
flowers : Bracteoles (sepals of some authors) scale-like, minute, scarcely
1 mm. 1., not all springing from the same level. Ovary stalked above the
bracteoles ; stalk short in the flower but continuing to grow to 1*5 or
2 cm. 1. in fruit; pedicel in flower about 7 mm. 1., growing to 2'5 or
3 cm. 1. in fruit. Styles united for about half their length. Capsule
EUPI10flr.IArK.l-: o-'U
7 mm. 1., about 1 cm. in diam., 3-lobed-globular, more or less net-veined
on surface. Seeds 4-5 mm. in diam., globular, dark brownish ; caruncle
flat, circular, white, about 2 mm. in diam.
The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained, and susceptible of receiving a
beautiful polish. It is rich dark brown streaked with yellow, with thick
bright yellow sapwood. A cubic foot of absolutely dry wood weighs nearly
68 Ibs. In Florida it is occasionally manufactured into canes. (Sargent)
2. G. glandlllOSa Mini/. .I/'./. /// Linn;<,i ./-.,.•#//. 1U»'» (1SI>3);
leaves 3—7 cm. l.,o\ate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mem-
branous, net-veined more or less prominently especially beneath :
inflorescence male and female terminal, springing l'n>m wood of
the same year, monoecious ; bracts : male transversely oblong,
sile on a short peduncle, with a swelling extending uj» from
the peduncle on the back, with one or two groups of minute
glands near the apex of the peduncle, with 5-(3-7) llo\\<-ix;
filaments as long as or somewhat shorter than the ant lief,
united almost or quite to the apex ; female flowers sessile above
the bract ; ovary sessile above the bracteoles. — G. jamaicen>i-
Urb. Si/mb. Ant. cii. 516 (1913). Excoecaria glandulosa Su'. Fl.
Ind. Ofc. 1124 (1800). Actinostemon jamaicensis Jlriffon in
Torr. Bot. Club xxxix. 7 (1912). Ricini fructu irlabro, arbor A:c.
Shane Cat. 131 & Hi«t. II. 7, /. 158,/. 2.
Gully between Town savanna and Two Mile Wood, Sloane Herb. v. .",7 '
Wright I Svartzl Grants Pen, near Albion Estate, Yallahs Bay, Han i.s d
Britton ! Harris I Fl. Jam. 10,643, 10,818, 10,826, 10,936.
Tree 20-30 ft. high. Leaves crenate-serrulate, rarely with one or two
glands at apex of petiole beneath; petioles slender '5-1 cm. 1. Stiftulfs
•2- -4 mm. 1., linear-acuminate, soon falling. Inflorcsceiice terminal, male
only, with about twenty bracts, or male with one sessile female llower at
base, or one or two female ilowers on a separate spike. Mule flotr< r,<. each
with or without one or two lanceolate acuminate bracteoles (sepals of
some authors). Stamens 2, rarely 3. Fi-mali- jlmn r.s : B
of some authors) 3. Style* united below, free above. Capsule (only valves
seen) apparently slightly larger than that of G. in/ajni. - .-omewhat
like those of G. inteyra, but globular, darker in colour, and somewhat
smaller, 3*3 mm. br. ; caruncle wanting.
3. G. elliptica Sic. Pm,],-. 9G (17S8); leaves 2 •.">-! 0 cm. 1.,
roundish-elliptical to lanceolate-elliptical, >oim>\vh;it leathery.
shining on upper surface, nerves and \eins more or le-s pi-oniinu-
loiis on the upper surface; bracts small, \ rans\ ers.-ly elliptical,
with a large fleshy gland on each side, male L -flowered : tilanients
very short, free ; ovary sessile abo\e the hraeteoles ; peduncle B£
long as, or shorter than the ovarv, not increasing in fruit. -
I*<l.r tinii. fit. S»i. Mxeiecai'ia tillifolia Sir. Fl. I/lil. ()••'•. 1 1 I'.'
(1800); (Iriscli. <>}>. cit. Til. Sebastiania elliptica Mn.ll. .!/•</. /'//
DC. I'roilr. Inf. fit. (iSlili). SpeciiiM-ns from Swan/ in Herb.
Mus. Brit. A- 11'Th. Stockholm.
Bertero; Miii-f,i<ly,-n ! St. Cru/ Mt^.: (;uu\;i .
^loneague; Liguauea Hills; l'ri«r\ .!/<//•.•//; near Cinchona. J.I'. '.MS
3o- FLORA OF JAMAICA
II'.'1.), 1355, r.reen Valley, J.P. 1407, Robeitsfield J.P. 1408,
Liguanea plain, 050 ft., Camjihcll ! also Brit ton ; Rarnble, St. Anns,
1700ft., Fmrcctt ^ Harris I Sheldon; Grove, near Gordon Town, 800 ft. !
Long Mt., 900 ft. ; Quarry near the Ferry ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ;
Crofts Mt., Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Lititz Savanna, 300-900 ft. ; Jffirna ! John
Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris <( Brittonl Kingston, J>ritton\ Fl. Jam. 5095,
,5754, G240, 7023, 8644, 8946, 8947, 10,387, 10,757, 11,173, 11,182, 11,210,
11,213, 11,215, 11,224, 11,769.
Shrub or tree 6-30 ft. high (sometimes a large forest tree). Leaves 2-5-
10 cm. 1., roundish-elliptical to lanceolate-elliptical, entire or occasionally
very bluntly glandular- serrulate, without glands at the base, somewhat
leathery, shining on upper surface ; nerves and veins more or less pro-
minulous on the upper surface; petiole 1-10 mm. 1. Flowers described
as dioecious, but certainly sometimes monoecious, male green, anthers
yellow. Male spikes 3-9 cm. 1., solitary or 2-3 together in axils of leaves,
sessile or shortly stalked. Bracts small, transversely elliptical, with a
large fleshy gland on each side, 1-flowered, united to the short peduncle.
Jjracteoles (sepals of some authors) 2, unequal. Stamens 2 or 3; filaments
short. Female racemes 1-2 cm. 1., lax-flowered, axillary,' 5-7-flowered.
Bracts broad, with a gland on each side, 1-flowered. Pedicel 2-4 mm. 1.,
not increasing in length in fruit. Bracteoles (sepals of some authors) 3-4.
Ovary sessile above the bracteoles. Styles shortly united below, free parts
recurved. Capsule 5-6 mm. L, 7-8 mm. in diam., 3-lobed-globular. Seeds
about 5 mm. L, about 3 mm. br., ellipsoidal, greyish-black; caruncle flat,
white, about 1 mm. in diam.
4. G. Integra nom. nov. ; leaves 4 • 5-9 cm. 1., obovate-elliptical
to elliptical, abruptly and shortly acuminate, leathery, nerves
slightly prominent especially beneath, veins somewhat indistinct
especially beneath ; bracts : male roundish, broader than long,
not glandular, or sometimes slightly swollen at base with a
oninute lateral gland, 3-flowered, uppermost with 1 flower,
female roundish-ovate with twro groups of several minute pinkish
stipular glands ; filaments united at base ; ovary sessile on the
bracteole, shortly stalked above, the bract, not increasing in
fruit. — Gymnanthes glandulosa Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreicli iv.
147. v. 83 (1912) non Muell. Arg. Excrecaria glandulosa Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 51 (1859) (non Sw.). Sebastiania glandulosa Muell.
Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv.pt. 2, 1186 (1866).
Near Browns Town ; limestone hills, St. Anns ; Prior 857 ! March
1459! Dolphin Head, 1800ft.; Crofts Mt., Clarendon, 2500ft.; Harris I
Fl. Jam. 10,159, 11,225.
Tree 15-30 ft. high. Leaves 4*5-9 cm. L, obovate-elliptical to elliptical,
abruptly and shortly acuminate, base rounded or subcordate to wedge-
shaped and unequal-sided, margin entire, revolute, without glands,
leathery, nerves slightly prominent especially beneath, veins somewhat
indistinct especially beneath ; petioles 3-8 mm. L, thick. Inflorescence
apparently dioecious, male with several bracts, to 15, axillary, female with
1 or 2 flowers, terminal. Bracts : male roundish, broader than long, not
glandular or rarely slightly swollen at base with a minute lateral gland at
base, 3-flowered, uppermost bracts with 1 flower ; female roundish-ovate,
with 2 groups of several minute pinkish glands in the place of stipules.
Male flowers each with or without 1 dentate bracteole (sepal of some
authors). Stamens 3(-4). Filaments much shorter than the anthers,
Gymnanthes
EUPHORBIACEjfi
united at the base. Female flower* shortly stalked above the bract.
nr>ifti'ol- broader than long, miuutely toothed. Ovary sessile above the
bracteole. Style* long, recurved, united at the base only. Capsule about
7 mrn. 1. ,SV<(/s ellipsoidal globular, 4 mrn. ]., 3-o inni. br., buff-coloured
with irregular brown or black blotches; caruncle yellow, like a minute
pin's head.
28. HURA L.
Trees. Leaves alternate, broad. Flowers monoecious, without
petals. Male spikes terminal with crowded llnwrr-. Military to
each bract. Bracts enclosing the bud, splitting irregulurly
during flowering. Female flowers solitary in the upperu.
A. 1 i •]>(.•!• part ul
Iriivrs ami intl«ir.--,-i nee, nat.
1. -T.'tiiiin.-il coluiMii .-mil aiitlifis.
C, "\;iry rut Ifllirt h \\ ; .-.• sho\\in_'
aii'l ol)t!ir.-''
g. IT!.- II >',-<i CTt I .
iirain-h \\ith I*. Capsule, about one-half nat
K. r..., as.
I . 5( ' .1 , ut Yii'_'th\\ i-
(i1,, C, K enlarj
334 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hum
axils or under the male spike. Disk none. Male flowers :
Calyx wanting or forming a more or less complete rim or cup,
margin, irregular or toothed. Stamens 8—20 ; filaments united
O O '
with the connectives into a column ; anther-cells distinct,
attached in 2-4 or 8-10 whorls on the outside of the column
below the top. Rudiment of ovary none. Female flowers :
Calyx broadly cup-shaped, truncate, entire. Ovary 5— 20-celled ;
styles united into a long fleshy column, funnel-like above and
spreading star-like at the top ; ovules solitary in each cell.
Capsule large, depressed in the centre, splitting up with a loud
report and scattering the numerous 2-valved cocci. Seeds
laterally compressed, lens-shaped, without caruncle ; endosperm
fleshy ; cotyledons broad, flat.
Species 2, natives of tropical America.
H. erepitans L. Sp. PL 1008 (1753); Lam. Ulustr. t. 793;
Descourt. FL Ant. ii. t. 124; Tussac FL Ant. iv. 21, t. 5; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 50; Baill Etud. Euplwrb. 542, t. 6, /. 21-35;
Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. scv. pt. 2, 1229 & in Fl. Bras. xi. pt. 2.
632, t. 86 ; Urb. Syml>. Ant. iv. 352 ; Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreiclt iv.
147. v. 274, /. 55; Prain Fl. Trop. Afr. vi. sect. 1, 1019.
Hippomane arboreum ramulis £c. Browne Hist. Jam. 351.
(Fig. 112.) A specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named
by Linnaeus.
Sandbox Tree.
Browne \ Maefadyenl Purdiel Mt. Diablo Priori Harris I Fl. Jam.
8383. — West Indies, tropical continental America ; cultivated and some-
times naturalized in the tropics of the Old World.
Tree 30-SO(-100) ft. high ; branches spiny or unarmed. Leaves
5'3 dm. L, roundish-ovate, abruptly and shortly acuminate, base cordate
or rounded, entire, or obscurely or conspicuously wavy-toothed, more or
less pubescent on the nerves beneath, densely so at base of midrib, papery-
membranous ; petiole as long as, or longer than the limb or sometimes
shorter ; stipules lanceolate, 1-1*5 cm. 1 ., soon falling. Spike, male bright
red, 3-5 cm. 1. ; peduncle 5-11 cm. 1. Anther-cells usually in 2 whorls.
Female floiver dull red, subsessile, or peduncle to 2 cm. 1. Ovary with
style at length 3-4(-5) cm. 1. Capsule to 8 cm. in diani., 4 cm. high,
depressed-globular concave above and below, furrowed between the cocci.
Seeds about 2 cm. in diam.
29. EUPHORBIA L.
Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, with acrid milky juice. Leaves,
the lower or all alternate, or the upper or all opposite, simple,
margin entire or toothed. Several male flowers and one female
flower enclosed within an involucre, a " cyathium." Involucre
calyx-like, campanulate to cylindrical, regular or a little unequal,
lobes 4-5 ; glands as many or fewer, outside the lobes and alternate
with them. Male flowers within the involucre indefinite in
number, stalked. Perianth none or sometimes represented by a
Euphorbia EUPHORIUACE.K 3
minute scale at the joint. Stamen one, the short filament jointed
with the pedicel. Bracteoles within the involucre linear or
setaceous, sometimes partly united. 1'Vmale flower one in the
centre of the involucre, pedicel at length lengthened beyond the
involucre. Perianth none or of three minute scales. Ovary sessile
at the top of the pedicel, 3-celled ; styles three, distinct or more
or less united, spreading above, entire or divided into two ; ovules
solitary. Capsule breaking up from the persistent axis into three
L'-valved cocci ; endocarp horny. Seeds without a caruncle in
Jamaican species (present in the naturalized E. Peplus), with
endosperm ; cotyledons flat, broad.
Species about 1000, very widely dispersed in the temperate
regions, fewer within the tropics.
A. Glands of the involucre with a pctaloid appendage.*
Leaves all opposite, shortly petioled, usually oblique
at the base. Herbs or shrubs.
Shrubby, or perennial herbs.
Leaves pointed to blunt, base auriculate-cordate 1. E. buxifolia.
Leaves with rounded or einarginate apex ......... 2. E. myrtiUifolia.
Annual weeds.
Upright-growing. Involucres cymose.
Branches, involucre, capsule hairy.
Capsule minutely puberulous with adpressed
hairs; seeds pinkish. Appendage minute 3. E. liirta.
Capsule densely puberulous ; seeds brownish
red to ash colour. Appendage evident 4. E. lasiocarpa.
Branches, involucre, capsule glabrous.
Cymes terminal with slender branches.
Leaves oblong or obovate, more or less
serrulate.
Stipules ciliate ................................ 5. E. brasilia;
Stipules glandular-dotted on margin... 6. E. nimrioi.;
Leaves almost ligulate, mostly entire ..... 7. K. Ityssopi folia.
Cymes axillary. Leaves irregularly ellip-
tical, serrulate ................................. 8. E. }ii/i>cricifolia.
Prostrate. Involucres mostly solitary, glabrous
(sometimes puberulous in E. thymifolia).
Stem puberulous along one side only. Cap-
sule hirtellous along the keeled edg<
pendent ............................................. U. E. ]>n>xt>'utn.
~~ in puberulous to glabrate. Capsule puber-
ulous, younger erect ............................ 10. K. tiii/inifoi
Stem and capsule glabrous ......................... 11. E. IU»'i[H'ttii.
Leav. - iiltiTiuitr, but opposite or ternate at ends of
branches. Herbs with hollow jointed stems,
constricted at the joints ............................... 1-. I-'.. ( '« r*t<-dmna.
Leaves trruate or whorled, sometimes opposite.
Shrulis with jointed brunches ........................ 13. E. iiitdijtoru.
* Appendage minute in E. liirta, sometimes wanting in E. prostrata
and E.
."•."»(j FLORA OF JAMAICA
B. Glands of the involucre without a petaloid appen-
dage.
Leaves alternate, but uppermost opposite or whorled.
Annual or biennal herbs.
Leaves: uppermost and bracts with a red blotch
at base 14. / rophylla.
Leaves: uppermost and bracts with a whitish
blotch at base 15. E. g>'niculfitn.
Leaves wanting, sometimes scale-like, opposite, at
the topmost nodes. Shrubs. Stems and branches
long- jointed, 2-winged 1C. E. (data.
Leaves alternate, crowded at ends of thickish
branches, which bear below the scars of fallen
leaves. Small trees.
Involucres cymose-corymbose 17. E. punicea.
Involucres solitary 18. E. troi/aiut.
[Leaves alternate below the umbellate inflorescence,
leaf-like bracts opposite on the branches of the
inflorescence. Herb E. Pcplus.']
A. Glands of the involucre with a petaloid appendage.*
1. E. buxifolia Lam. Encyc. it. 421 (1786) ; stems and branches
short-jointed, usually erect, woody ; leaves somewhat crowded
above, often dropping off below, 12-3 mm. 1. ; involucres solitary,
glabrous.— Descourt, Fl. Ant. v>. 156, /. 418 ; Griseb. Fl, Br. W.
Ind. 53; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. .IT. pt. 2, 15 : Mucll, Ary. in Fl.
Bras. xi. pt. 2, 681 ; Millsp. in Field Col. Mtts. Bot. ii. 60, 160,
238 : Urb. Synib. Ant. ic. 353. E. glabrata Sic. Prodr. 76 (1788).
E. mesembrianthemifolia Jacg. Enum. PL Ccr/b. 22 (1760) & ScL
Stirp. Arner. 150. Peplis fruticosa maritima geniculata Sloane
Cat. 82 & Hist. i. 198. Chamsesyce buxifolia Small Fl. S.K Z7.£
711 (1903); Millsp. torn. cit. 301. Jacquin's name E. mesem-
brianthemifolia is the earliest, but his description is scarcely
adequate to decide the identity of his plant. A specimen from
Swartz named by him E. glabrata is in Herb. Stockholm.
Rocks 011 sea-shore; Gun Cay, near Port Royal, Sloane Herb. iii. 118 !
Houstoun ! Wright I Brought on \ Shakspearl Swartz ! Macfadyenl St. Ann;
near Holland Bay ; Purdie \ St. Ann's Bay ; Manirnee Bay ; Prior ! March \
Savanna Point, Low Layton, Metcalfc ! Lucea, Hitchcock ; Palisadoes ;
Healtb.sb.ire Hills ; Long Acre Point, west of Black River ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
6751, 9524, 9967, 11,627.— Bermuda, Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West
Indies, Central America, Venezuela, Brazil.
A low shrubby glabrous plant, 1-3 ft. high or more. Stems erect to
prostrate, erect branches sometimes leafless below, jointed, somewhat
swollen at the nodes. Leaves somewhat fleshy, elliptical to ovate, often
somewhat folded, pointed to blunt, entire, base slightly unequal, auriculate-
cordate. Stipules triangular-ovate, more or less fringed. Involucres few
at the ends of branches, solitary, terminal and axillary, about 1'3 mm. 1.,
* Appendage rudimentary in E. hirta, sometimes wanting in E.prostrata
and E. thymifolia.
Euphorbia EUPHORBIACK^E 337
campanulate, glabrous outside, hairy at the throat; lobes triangular,
fringed ; glands concave, appendages whitish-yellow, transversely elliptical,
margin somewhat undulating. Cajisid,' 3-cornered-globular, slightly keeled,
glabrous, 2 mm. in diam. Seeds ash colour with a tinge of pink, 1'4(-1*2)
mm. 1., 1--8 mm. br., angles and markings inconspicuou-.
2. E. myrtillifolia L. X//*/. >d. 10, 1048 (1759) ; erect shrubby
perennial plants; leaves obovate-elliptical or roundish, 0 •">-!• 5
cm. 1. ; involucres solitary in the upper axils, hairy outside and
inside ; capsule minutely puberulous. — JBo/.s.s. in DC. Prodr. xv.
pt. 2, 38. E. myrtifolia L. Amcen. v. .".TO (ITi'.in A: Sp. PL <-<L 2,
G53 ; Sw. Obs. But. 197 ; Griscb. Fl. Br. W. In<L 53. E. erecta
foliolis Arc. Browne Hist. Jaw. 235. Browne's specimen, the
type, is in Herb. Linn. ; name in Solander's hand.
Brmvnel highest mountains, Liguanea, Broughtonl Massonl Blue
Mts., Prior ! Guava Ridge, 2000 ft., Eggers ! above Gordon Town, Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5196.
Stem 1-2 ft. high ; branches long, slender, more or less erect or
spreading, reddish, puberulous, becoming glabrate. Leaves shortly stalked,
apex retuse, base roundish, puberulous and paler beneath. Stipules very
short, truncate, fringed. Involucres 1*3 mm. 1., campanulate ; lobes small,
triangular, ciliate ; glands with a large roundish yellow appendage.
Capsule 2 rnm. in diam., 3-angled-globular, slightly keeled. Seeds oblong,
acutely 4-angled, wrinkles reticulate.
3. E. hirta L. Sp. PL 454 (1753); stems erect or decumbent
at base, or sometimes prostrate, young parts hispid with yellow
spreading hairs and pubescent with short curved hairs ; leaves
•5-5 cm. 1., more or less hispid to pubescent ; involucres cymose,
sparingly puberulous ; appendage not evident ; capsule minutely
puberulous with adpressed hairs ; seeds pinkish. — Jacq. Collect.
v. t. 11, f. 1 ; Brown in FL Trop. Afr. ri. st'ct, 1, 496 (incl. var.).
E. pilulifera Jacq. Collect, ii. 361 (1788) A: L: PL liar. t. 47^ :
Griseb. FL Br. W. Lid. 54; Boiss. In DC. Pro.lr. xv. pt. 2, 1' 1 ;
MiielL An/, in FL Bras. xi. pt. 2, 684 ; Mi1l*p. in Firl.l C<>linnl>.
Mm. Bot. ii. 61, 164; Urb. Symb. Ant. ir. :>.">:'> (nun L.).
E. capitata Lam. Encyc. ii. 422 (1786); Dc*<;,nrt. FL Ant. Hi.
334, t. 227. E. obliterata Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 22 (1760; ,v
Sel Stirp. Anwr. 151 ; Sw. Prodr. 76 & FL Lid. Ore. S72. E. pro-
cumbens DC. Cat. Hort. Monspcl. Ill (1813). E. pilulifera v.
procumbens Botsx. lo<-. cit. ; MiJluji. in Bot. Gaz. av.r. 1 4 with a fi<j.
Tithymalus dulcis parictarite drc. Sloanc Cut. «S2 A- \lixi. i. 1(.>7.
E. reclinata minor tfcc. Jlrairnt* llixt. Jam. L'.">t. Tithymalus
botryoides zeylanicus etc. Bunn. Zrijl. L'L':!, t. 104. T. Uitryoidrs
erectus Arc. Bnrm. Zc//L 2i'4, /. 10-"), /'. 1. E. inurmis foliis
oppositis ovalilms ^'c. L. FL Z< >i/. SS. Chani;c-\ c-e hirta
.V////.s^. torn. cit. 303, 402 (1909). Typ.-v in JI,-rb. Eermann in
Herb. Mus. Brit, and in Herb. Linn. Leaves <>t /,'. »l,Hterata
from Jacq. in Herb. Mus. llrit.
IV. z
338 FLORA OF JAMAICA Euphorbia
Sloanc Herb. iii. 116, Ixxxii. 94! Wright \ Masson\ Swartzl Mac-
fadyenl Distin ; Kingston, Prior ! March \ Port Antonio, Millspaugh ;
Kingston, Lucea, Hitchcock ; Kingston, Glide \ Norbrook, Campbell \
Hope grounds ; King's House ; Constant Spring to Bardowie. Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 6122, 6640, 6788, 9517, 12,111. — Tropics and in some subtropical areas.
Annual or perennial, £-3£ ft. bigb. Stems simple or sparingly branched.
Leaves ovate-rbomboid, "or oblong-lanceolate, minutely serrate, acute or
subobtuse, base very unequal and cuneate on one side, rounded on tbe
otber. Stipules minute. Cymes axillary, stalked, in a globular head, or
divided into two or three heads. Involucres very small, -7-1 mm. 1.,
obconical ; lobes triangular, hairy ; glands erect, about as long as the
lobes, linear, apex semiglobular, somewhat concave ; appendage minute,
dorsal. Capsule 3-cornered-globular, 1-1 '2 mm. in. diam. Seed oblong,
sharply 4-angled, -8 mm. 1., transversely wrinkled.
4. E. lasiocarpa Klotzsch in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix, Suppl. i.
414 (1843) ; stems erect, grey-pubescent ; leaves 1-4 cin. 1., grey-
pubescent or glabrate ; involucres cymose, hairy on outside ;
capsule densely puberulous ; seeds brownish red to ash colour.-
Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 23 ; Millsp. in Bot. Gaz. xxv. 17,
witli fig. ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 354. E. hypericifolia var. lasiocarpa
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 54 (1859) (excl. syn. Balb.). Chamaesyce
lasiocarpa Arthur in Torreya xi. 260 (1911) ; Millsp. in field
Columb. Mus. Bot. ii. 397.
Macfadyen ! St. Andrew, Me Nab ! Kingston, Prior ! E-obertsfield ;
David's Hill ; Cinchona ; road to Constitution Hill ; Mount Pleasant,
Stony Hill, 1200 ft. ; Constant Spring to Bardowie, 800 ft. ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5515, 8595, 9029, 11,136, 12,113.— Florida, Central America, Peru.
Annual, J-3 ft. high. Stems erect, branching, with somewhat long
internodes. Leaves oblong-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, base
rounded or subcordate, denticulate, uppermost smaller and narrower.
Stipules to 1 mm. 1., triangular. Cymes terminal, densely corymbose,
with a pair of leaf-like bracts at base. Bracts 1-1-2 mm. 1., linear, acute.
Involucres 1*5 mm. 1., obconical-campanulate, hairy on outside; lobes
entire, narrowly triangular ; appendage of the glands white, somewhat
semicircular, with entire sinuate or slightly lobed margin broader than
the glands. Capsule ovate-roundish, 2 mm. in diam. Seeds elongated-
ovate, obtusely 4-angled, with distinct prominent wrinkles, 1-1 mm. 1.
5. E. brasiliensis Lam. Encyc. ii. 423 (1786) ; stem erect,
much branched, flowering branches very slender ; leaves oblong
to linear-oblong, blunt, more or less serrulate, especially above,
•8-3 cm. 1., those of the flowering branches narrow; cymes
terminal, lax, heads few, intermixed with linear bracts ; appen-
dages large, white ; capsule 2-2 • 2 mm. in diam. ; seeds black
with lighter angles and 2-3 transverse ridges. — Boiss. in DC.
Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 24 (in part) ; Muell, Arg. in Fl. Bras. xi. pt. 2,
676 (in part); Millsp. in Field Columb. Mus. Bot. ii. 65, 159.
Chamsesyce brasiliensis Small Fl, S.E. U.S. 712 (1903); Millsp.
torn. cit. 302.
Pasmore in Herb. Sloane clxii. 129 ! Me Nab ! Green Valley, 1800 ft. ;
Grove, St. Andrew ; road to Constitution Hill, 1500 ft. ; Constant Spring
Euphorbia EUPHORBIACE^] 339
to Bardowie, 800 ft.; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5457, 6840, 9035, 12,112; near
Kingston, 500 ft. Clute\ near Port Antonio, Milhjtaufjli. — Bahamas, West
Indies, tropical continental America.
Annual, glabrous, 8-14 inches high. Leaves subsessile. Stipules short,
ciliate, triangular, somewhat truncate, broad in outline. Involucres about
1'5 mm. 1., campanulate, glabrous on the outside; lobes triangular-
lanceolate, ciliate ; appendages obovate-roundish or transversely elliptical.
Cocci slightly keeled. Seed ovoid-4-angled.
6. E. nirurioides rmnb. nov. ; stems erector ascending, veil.
woody ; leaves obovate to oblong, obtuse, serrulate, especially at
tlif upper third: stipules deltoid, thick, margin glandular-
dotted, *8-'9mm. 1. ; cymes terminal, dense; appendages white
or pink, roundish ; seeds blackish with yellowish angles, with
a few indistinct and incomplete ridges. — Chamfvsyce nirurioklr-
MiUsp. in Field Colnmb. Mu*. Bot. ii. 394 (1914). Type in Field
Mus. Herb.
Malvern, Britton, 1186 !
Annual; plants low, glabrous ; branches 5-10 cm. 1. Leaves 3-nerved.
Petiole very short. Involucres long-stalked, campanulate, glabrous ; lobes
elongate-triangular, ciliate at apex; glands waxen, roundish, cupped;
appendages thrice the diameter of the glands, entire or mostly so. Capsule
glabrous; cocci rounded. Seeds triangular- ovoid, 1 mm. 1., -8 mm. br.
Near E. brasiliensis, from which it is readily distinguished by its
yellowish seed-angles, glandular-dotted stipules, and a striking resemblance
in habit to Pliyllantlius Niruri.
The description is taken from Millspaugh. We have seen only a small
portion of Dr. Britton's original specimen presented by him to Herb.
AFus. Brit.
7. E. hyssopifolia L. Syst. cd. 10, 1018 (1759) & Sp. PL
cd. 2, 651 : stem erect, simple or branched, somewhat flexuose,
branches spreading and somewhat dichotomous, flowering
branches very slender ; leaves narrowly oblong, blunt, almost
ligulate, mostly entire, sometimes sparingly toothed, 1—3 cm. 1. :
smaller (becoming bracts) on flowering branches ; cymes mostly
terminal, lax ; appendages large, white (or pink) ; capsule
2-2 • 5 mm. in diam. ; seeds olive-green, with few very incon-
spicuous transverse ridges. — Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 3 •">."•. E. dieho-
toma &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 235. E. hypericifolia L. var. hyssopi-
folia Grisel. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 54 (1859). E. brasiliensis Lain. v;n.
hyssopifolia Bo!™, in DC. Prodr. xv. j>t. 2, iM- (1862); Fawc. Fl.
PI. Jam. 31. Chamsesyce hyssopifolia SinaH Bull. N.Y. Bot.
G<inl. Hi. 429 (190-1) i Fl. S.E. U.S. cd. 2, 1349 j Milhp. in
Field <'nlirml>. Mus. Bot. ii. .'>97. Browm-'s specimen, the type,
is in Herb. Linn.
Lane in Herb. Sloane clxii. 130! Br»irm'\ Kingston, Prior \ Green
Valley, 1800 ft.; Grove, St. Andrew; road to Constitution Hill, 1500 ft.;
Harris*. Fl. Jam. 5457, 6840, 9035.— Cuba, fa. of Pines, 1 lispuni.'hi, Porto
Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Grenada, ('urarao, Florida, tropical
continental America.
z 2
340
FLORA OF JAMAICA
Euphorbia
Annual or perennial, 1-5-3 '5 din., and more, high. Brandies glabrous
or hairy at apex. Petiole very short. Stipules -5 mm. 1., triangular,
somewhat cut. Involucres obconical-campanulate, about 1 mm. 1.,
glabrous; lobes triangular ; appendages roundish, entire (" seldom entire ?)
Millsp.). Capsule 3 -cornered -ovate -globular, glabrous. Seeds ovoid,
4-angled, 1-3 mm. 1.
8. E. hyperieifolia L. Sp. PL 454 (1753); stem erect, simple
or branched; leaves irregularly elliptical to oblong, blunt to
rounded, serrulate (sometimes sparingly so), 1-3 • 5 cm. 1. ; cymes
axillary in racemose clusters with few or many involucres,
generally with two leaf -like bracts at apex of peduncle ; capsule
usually small, about 1 • 5 mm. in cliam. ; seeds reddish-brown to
A, Part of flowering branch x
B, Cyathium X 16.
C, Cyathium cut open x 24.
D, Stamen.
E, Capsule X 10.
Fig. 113. — Euphorbia hyperieifolia L.
F, Columella of capsule.
G, Coccus with seed.
H, Seed.
I, Ditto cut lengthwise.
J, Diagram of partial inflorescence.
(D, F-I much enlarged.)
ElTHOKBIACEjE :>41
grey. ti'au>\ fisely rid-vd. -Hook. E.rnt. /•'/. /. /. .')<) ; Griaeb. op.
I. it. 5 1 (excl. v;ir. ft and y] ; JinilL Etml. f. 1. /'. .'50; Boiss. tout.
cit. 23; J/i7/xp. in /•'/,-/,/ Cbfemft. .Vws. />W. /V. •'»!, 16.°., 3!J.~> :
Urb. Sifinb. Ant. !v. 354; Brown in Fl. 2V////. Afr. ci. sect. 1, 4'.|v
& FL 'Cap. v. sect. 2, 2 48. E. pilulifera Z. £/>. PL 4">4 (1753),
.!///« n. /'//. 115 A: Ifi'rb. (excl. syn. Burnt.) (nun auct.). E. minima
reclinata Arc. Browne Hixt. Jam. 235. E. inermis t'oliis oppositis
oblique Arc. X. .F7. Zeijl. 89 A: Jlfrinnnris xpreinti'tt n<>. 19* ///
Her]), i. 74. Tithymalus erectus acris ike. Slomu1 Cat. S'2 k
Hisf. i. 197, £. 126. Chamiesyce liypericifolia Milh}>. tnm.cit. .">02
(1909). (Fig. 113.) A specimen from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm.
Sloane Herb. iii. 117, Ixxxii. 94! Wriglitl Brougliton\ Sivartzl
Jjancroftl Distinl pastures, St. Andrew, McXabl cane-fields, St. Thorna*
in the East, Purdiel Mctcalfel Port Antonio, Millspaugh; Constant
Spring, Bog Walk ; Port Morant ; Port Antonio ; Lucea ; Hitchcock ;
King's House, T. J. Harris ! Hope, 600 ft. ; Stony Hill, 1200 ft. ; near
Troy, 1800 ft.; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6778, 6803, 11,134, 12,646.— Widely
distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions.
Annual 3-18 inches high. Stems glabrous, or rarely young parts
minutely puberulous. Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent ; petiole very
short. Stipules variable, usually 1-2 mm. 1., ovate to lanceolate, serrate
to fringed. Bracts linear, acuminate, 1-1 '4 mm. 1. Involucres about
1 mm. 1., campanulate, glabrous or puberulous; lobes awl-shaped, ciliate ;
glands with a white, transversely elliptical appendage. CV/psMfo3-cornered-
globular, glabrous. Seeds 4-angled, about 1 mm. 1.
An infusion of the dried leaves is recommended as a remedy in
diarrhoea, dysentery, &c., affecting the system as an astringent and feeble
narcotic (Watt).
9. E. prostrata Ait. Hort. Kew. it. 139 (1789); prostrate,
branches minutely puberulous along a median line on the upper
side ; involucres axillary, glabrous, each with two leaf-like
bracts, forming a very short raceme, sometimes the internodo
are very short, and there is a cluster of two or three, each with
its bracts ; capsule hirtellous along the keeled edges, otherwise
glabrous, 1 mm. or more in cliam. ; seeds pale red or purplish,
acutely 4-angled, with about six transverse ridges. — (rrixeli. /•'/,
Br. IP. Ind. 53; Boiss. in DC. Prodi: .cv.pt. 2, 47 & I: Ei([>lu>i-l>.
t. 17; MueJL An/, in FL Bras. a.-/. j,t. 2, 683 j Wlly. in Bot.
Gaz. xxv. 19, witlt a Jig. & Field Coliimlj. Mu*. Bot. ii. 66, 164 ;
Urb. tom. fit. 356 ; Brown in FL Trop. Afr. >•/. sect. 1, 510 A-
FL Cap. v. sect. 2, 245. E. minima etc. Jlrotrnr Hi*t. Jam. 2."»i'>.
Cham;.-syce prostrata ,S',,m// Fl. S.E. U.Stntr* 7 1 °> (l'.M.):;): Mil!*),,
ton/, cit. 303, 406. rl"ypc in J In-b. Mus. I'.iit. Browne's specimen
in Herb. Linn, is named E. Chamsesijci' by Linmrus.
Lanr in Herb. Sloane clxii. 130! I>r \\~ri.ihf ! Hron.jhtoi. 'in\
Kingston. Priori M<trch\ Arnott\ J.P. 1007, Morris'. Jackson Town,
Miss A. Moiilton -Jin rri'ft I New ^Farkct, I r>0 ft. : Hope grounds, 700 ft..
Hams ! Fl. Jam. U88^, 11,803. - -Native of tropiral Amoricu. whcnci! it has
been introduced into other tropical and subtropical regions.
Annual. Stems '5-2 dm. 1., with numerous slender branches. Lcaies
342 FLOUA OF JAMAICA Euphorbia
3-7 mm. 1., elliptical or oblong-elliptical, or slightly obovate-clliptical, apex
rounded or obtuse, base more or less oblique, subsessile, minutely toothed,
in the upper part glabrous, or sparingly puberulous, especially beneath
and at apex. Stipules triangular, on the upper side usually free, on the
lower side united. Involucres about 'G mm. 1. (peduncles -6-2 mm. 1.),
canipanulate ; lobes ovate, ciliate-fringed ; glands minuto ; appendage
slightly broader than the gland or wanting. Capsules 3-cornered-globular,
1-1-4 mm. in diarn. Seeds ovoid-ellipsoidal, about 1 mm. 1.
10. E. thymifolia L. Sp. PI. 454 (1753) ; prostrate ; branches
puberulous to glabrate ; involucres axillary, glabrous or puberu-
lous, crowded through the shortness of the internodes into very
short leafy racemes ; younger capsules erect, about 1 '4 mm. in
diani., puberulous ; seeds reddish, acutely 4 -angled, with about
four transverse ridges. — Burin, f. Fl. Ind. 112 ; Boiss. in DC.
Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 47 ; Muell. Ary. in FL Bras. xi. pt. 2, 684 ;
Watt Diet. Econ. Prod. Ind. ; Urb. Syiiib. Ant. iv. 356. E. macu-
lata L. var. thymifolia Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 53. Chamaesyce
Sloane Cat. 83 & Hist. i. 198. Chamsesyce thymifolia Millsp. in
Field Cohimb. Mus. Bot. ii. 412 (1916). Tithymalus humilis
ramosissimus &c. Burrn. Zeyl. 225, /. 105, /. 3.
St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. iii. 119 ! Masson ! Macfadyen ! — All
hot countries except Australia.
Stems slender, with many branches, J to 1 ft. and more. Leaves
4-9 mm. L, oblong or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, serrulate-crenate, glabrous
or puberulous beneath. Stipiulcs about 1 mm. 1., lanceolate, fringed.
Involucres campanulate-obconical, deeply cut on one side, hairy, with long
hairs inside ; lobes triangular, acute, ciliate ; glands small, stalked,
appendage as broad or narrower or wanting, those of the glands next the
lateral slit sometimes somewhat oblong or ligulate, larger than the gland.
Capsule very shortly stalked, obtusely keeled. Seed oblong, 1 mm. 1.
or less.
Used like E. liy per id folia.
11. E. Blodgettii Engelm. ex Hitchc. in Hep. Miss. Bot.
Gard. iv. 126, t. 13 (1893) ; glabrous or nearly so ; prostrate,
spreading, or rarely erect ; involucres axillary, usually solitary
or two together ; capsule 1 • 5—2 mm. in diam, ; seeds reddish to
grey, inconspicuously tranversely ridged. — Urb. Symb. Ant. vi.
90. Chaimesyce Blodgettii Small Fl. S.E. U. States, 712 (1903) ;
Millsp. torn. cit. 303.
Palisadoes, also in pastures, BrougJiton ! Fort Clarence Hill ; Pedro
Bluff ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9536, 9731 ; Lucea, Hitchcock. — Bermuda, Key
West and S. Florida, Bahamas, Cayman Is., Cuba.
Annual or biennial. Stem 3-17 inches, branched, woody below.
Leaves 3-13 mm. L, irregularly elliptical, or slightly obovate elliptical,
apex rounded, more or less serrulate towards the apex. Stipules triangular,
margin cut. Involucres about '7 mm. 1., campanulate, glabrous outside,
hairy within ; lobes triangular, toothed ; appendages white or pinkish,
as broad as, or slightly broader than, the gland. Capsule 3-cornered-
globular, slightly keeled, glabrous. Seeds about 1 mm. 1., 4-angled. The
leaves are mostly small and entire on exposed sea-shores, larger and toothed
amongst grass or in shade.
Euphorbia EUPlinuu.uJKJ-: 341
Q
\-2. E. Oerstediana Jt<,;»*. /// DC.Pm*],-. xv. ^t. i', .".'J
herbs ; stems hollow-jointed, constricted at joints : lea\<'>
alternate but opposite or ternate at ends of branehes ; stipules
rudimentary : cymes terminal, eorymbo-" ; -lands L', with two
lips — the outer with only a narrow ed^e free: ilie appendage
equalling the inner lip; seeds marninillose-tiiberculat'' in longi-
tudinal lines. — Url>. Si/ml. Ant. r. .'i(.i;.5 iV vi, 90. Poinsettia
Oerstediana Klotzxcli <!• <I'II,-<-/,T /",/ Mun<it*l>. Al-<><1. Bcrl. 1*59,
253 (name only) & /// Abh. Afoul. JJerl. is:,!), lo;| (I860).
E. geniculata E^/ers Flor. St. Croix <0 Vinj. Isl. 93 (1879) ; K< te
Bull 1S93, 274; (non Ort<'<,«}.
Cane River valley; Castleton grounds; Jftinixl Fl. Jam. 1U,OC7,
1:2,075. — St. Thomas, St. Cruz, Martinique, St. Vincent, Barbados,
Grenada, Tobago, Central America (fide Oersted).
Plant, 12-15 inches high. Leaves 3 '5-7 '5 cm. 1., 1-5-4 cm. br.,
oblong-elliptical, or ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sometimes somewhat
acuminate, puberulous beneath; petiole generally '5-2' 5 cm. L, uppernio-t
often shorter. Involucres long-stalked, narrowly carnpanulate, glabrous ;
lobes truncate with a comb-like fringe. Capsule minutely puberulous.
Seeds ellipsoidal, 2-5 mm. 1.
13. E. nudiflora Jacq. CoU. Hi. 180 (1789) A: Jr. liar. t. 17'.- ;
shrub with jointed branches; leaves in whorls of 3 or •?.
sometimes opposite ; stipules gland-like ; cymes terminal and
axillary, clichotomous ; seeds irregularly wrinkled-tubercled.-
Grixrb. FL Br. W. Ind. 52 ; Boiss. in DC. Pro.lr. xv. ±>t. '2. 61.
E. graminea Sw. Ols. Bot. 196 (1791) (11011 Jacq.). E. trichotoma,
foliis Arc. Jjrowne Hixt. Jam. 235.
Brougliton \ Swartz ; Baticroft \ Bertcro ; Wilson ; Liguanea Hills,
Priori March; Hope River, Eggersl Gordon Town, Clutc\ Windward
Road, Faiucettl Berwick, Harris I Fl. Jam. 5106. — St. Vincent. Colombia.
Shrub 6-10 ft. high. BrancJilcts 3-2-forked. Leaves 3-5 cm. 1. aud
longer, ovate or ovate-oblong, or elliptical, sometimes oblanceolate, apex
blunt, base rounded or blunt, lighter and sparingly puberulous beneath,
ecially on midrib and nerves; petiole -5-1 cm. 1. Involucres 10 16 in
a cyme, pedicellate, puberulous, hemispherical; lobes obovate-spathulate,
fringed ; glands 5, 2-lipped, green, transversely oblong, inner lip shorter
than the other; appendage broader than the gland, white, crenate-dentate.
Capsule glabrous, long stalked, 3'5 mm. 1. Seed 3 mm. 1.
V>. Glands of th<- involucre without a petaloid appendaL.
14. E. heterophylla L. S+>. /'/. 453 (17;~>:;) ; erect «»r a
annual or biennial herbaepmis weed: Iea\e.>of various shapes,
lower leaves alternate, upjiormost opjio^ite or whorled with a red
blotcli at the base; bracts also red: stipules gland-like j cymes
terminal, coi-ymbose ; glands cup-^hapi-d. solitary. -- Hut. //'</./.
765 ; Qriseb. Fl Hr. \V. I,,d. :» I : R.;**. in 1>C. Prodr. xv.pt. _.
7l' : MH I-/!. An/, in Fl. 7;/-«/x. a». \>i . 2, ti'.i."> : Url>. ,S//»//*. Ant. iv.
357. Millxj,. nt /•'//•/(/ C»l",nl>. .!/">•. /'"/. it. <•!. L62, I'), inermis
344 FLORA OF JAMAICA KuplwrUa
foliis &c. Plnnt. PL An/rr. (linrm.) /. 251, f. :',. Poinsettia
heterophylla Kl attach A Gtin-ke in Monatsb. Akad. BerL (1859)
253 ; Millsp. torn. cit, 304 ; Small FL S.E. U. States, 722.
\]'ihon ~ Marcli\ J. P. 098, Jcnmanl Hope grounds; near Brown's
Town, 1000 ft. ; Inverness, Clarendon, 200 ft. ; near Bath ; Spur Tree Hill,
2600 ft. ; Harris ! Watson Hill, Fawcett ! FL Jam. 5778, 6868, 6981, 7082,
8398, 10,079, 11,692, 11.957, 12,386. Constant Spring; Port Morant;
Hitchcock. — Bermuda, Bahamas, W. Indies, continental tropical and
subtropical America.
Herb 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 2-14 cm. L, of various forms, elliptical,
ovate, lanceolate, linear, or more or less fiddle-shaped, entire or serrate-
sinuate. Involucres pedicellate, campauulate, glabrous; lobes fringed.
Capsule 3-lobed, glabrous, about 4 mm. in diarn. Seed black, ovate with
truncate base, tubercled, tubercles often forming small crests, 2- 5 mm. 1.
The following forms are noted by authors, but the
distinguishing marks are often seen in combination on the
same plant : -
•
Var. eyathophora Grind. FL Br. W. Ind. 54 (1859) ; leaves
fiddle-shaped with two lobes, or elliptical, or ovate, entire.-
Boiss. loc. cit. E. eyathophora Murr. in Comin. Gocttiny. mi. 81,
t. 1 (1786); Jacq. Ic. Ear. t. 480.
Var. graminifolia Engelm. in Torr. Bot. Hex. Bound. 190
(1859) ; leaves all, or almost all, linear-lanceolate, usually entire
and more hairy beneath. — Millsp. in Bot. Gaz. xxv. 23, with fig.
(1898). E. graminifolia Michx. FL Bor. Am. it. 210 (1803).
15. E. genieulata Ort. Hort. Matr. Dec. 18 (1800); plant
much like E. heterophylla, but leaves all of the same shape,
elliptical or oblong ; uppermost leaves and the bracts with a
whitish blotch ; involucres subsessile, cylindrical-turbinate.—
Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 72. E. prunifolia Jacq. Hort.
Schoenb. Hi. t. 277. E. heterophylla L. var. prunifolia Griseb.
FL Br. W. Ind. 54 (1859). Poinsettia geniculata Klotzsch <0
Garcke torn. cit. 101 (1859); Small loc. cit.
Wilson; March (fide Grisebach). — Tropical continental America.
Examination of a larger series of specimens may prove this plant to bo,
as Grisebach suggests, merely a variety of E. heterophylla.
[E. puleherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch in Otto rO Dietr. Ally.
Gartens ii. 27 (1834); Boiss. in DC. Prodr. ;cv. pt, 2, 71; Urb.
Si/mb. Ant. iv. 356. Poinsettia puleherrima Grah. in Edinb. N.
Phil. Journ, xx. 412 (1836); Bot. May. t. 3493.
Poinsettia.
This well known species is a native of Central America, and is cultivated
throughout the West Indies.]
16. E. alata Hook. Ic. PL t. 700 (1844); shrub; stems and
branches long-jointed, erect, 2-winged ; leaves wanting or some-
Euphorbia KLTHoJUJIACE^E 345
times scale-like, opposite, at the topmost nodes. -Griseb. FL Br.
W. 1,^1. r»2 ; Boixs. in DC. Pm,!,-. .•-,: j,f. i'. 76. Pyretrum
aphylloii Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) t. :>:;4, fy. 1. Type in
Herb. Ke\v.
Rocky wood above Christiana, I'/irdicl near Troy, 2500 ft. Harris ;'.
Fl. Jam. 9098.
Plant, 1-8 ft. high, glabrous; stems woody, terete, glaucous-green;
branches in whorls of three or more, more or less drooping, compressed.
Involucres solitary or in clusters, terminal, and at the nodes near the ends
of branches; terminal cluster of three involucres, or composed of two
involucres below opposite, and of three terminal, with narrow leaf-like
bracteoles ; involucres glabrous, hairy inside ; lobes fringed with minute
teeth; glands fleshy; appendages roundish. Probably dioecious. Male
jlowers only known. Capsule not known.
17. E. punieea Sw. Prodr. 76 (1788) & Fl. Ltd. Occ. S73 ;
small trees ; branches rather thick, leafy at the ends, leafless
below and marked with the scars of the fallen leaves ; leaves
oblanceolate to obovate ; bracts scarlet ; cymes corymbose with
one or several heads, subterminal or from the axils at the
extreme ends of branches ; glands outside the involucre, below
the margin. — Jacq. Collect. Hi. 179 & Ic. PL Piar. t. 484 ; Alt.
Hort. Kew. //. 143; Sm. Ic. Pict. t. 3; Bot. Pieg. t. 190; Bot.
Mag. t. 1961; Descourt. Fl. Ant. Hi. 191, t. 194; Griseb. FL Br.
W. In<L 54; Bois*. in DC. Prodr. xv.pt. 2, 105; Millsp. ton/, fit.
164 ; Urb. St/mb. Ant. v. 394, obs. d; 395, fig. A, B. Poinsettia
punieea Klotzsch & Garcke in Monatsb. Akad. BerL (1859) 102.
Euphorbiodendron puniceum Millxp. torn. cit. 305 (1909).
Wild Physic Nut.
SJiakspear\ Swartz ; Waters \ Wilson I -J. P. 1034, Liberty Hill, St. Ann,
Miss Stennctt ! Dolphin Head, 1600 ft. ; Stanmore Hill, 2200 ft. ; near
Malvern, 2200 ft. ; Negril woods, near lighthouse, 300 ft. ; Peckham wood-
land, Clarendon, 2500-2800 ft. ; Mt. Pleasant, Stony Hill, 1100 ft. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 9267, 9962, 9985, 10,241, 10,865, 11,146.— Bahamas, Cuba.
Tree, 12-30 ft., to 9 inches in diam., abounding in acrid milky juice,
much branched, glabrous. Leaves 7-15 cm. 1., 2-3 cm. br., apex obtuse,
sometimes acute, mucronulate, gradually narrowing to a very short petiole,
when dry membranous, those nearest the corymbs sometimes more or le->
coloured. Bracts 2-3, l'5-4 cm. 1., elliptical to obovate. Involucre
6-7 mm. 1., cylindrical-campanulate ; lobes very short, triangular, sub-
acuminate, entire ; glands 4-6, carnpanulate, attached at the back. Styles
united beyond the middle, branches entire. Capxulc about 1 cm. in diam.
Seeds ovate, apiculate (fide Boissier).
E. troyana Urb. N/////&. Ant. v. :>(J4, u'ttli fy. (1«)08) ; small
lives; branches rather thick, leafy at the ends, leaflets below
and marked with the scars of the fallen leaves; leaves narrowlv
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes oblanceolate ; bract-
scarlet; involucres solitary at the apex ot' branches: ^lainU
situated outside, near the middle of the involucre, decurrent.-
Euphorbiodendron troyanum Mill«p. lor. cit. (1909).
346 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Euphorbia
Near Troy, 2000-2500 ft. ; Peckham Woods, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ;
Fl. Jam. 8751, 9078, 10,970.
Tree 20-30 ft. high. Leaves 4-8 cm. 1., '7-1 '5 cm. br., apex rounded,
mucronulate, entire, leathery. Bracts 3 to several, obovate (sometimes
oblong), 1*5-3 cm. 1. Involucre* sessile or rarely with a pedicel (3 mm. 1.),
subcylindrical, 5-6 mm. 1., glabrous outside ; lobes 8, apiculate; glands 8,
campanulate, fleshy. Style with trifid apex. Capsule (immature)
1'1-1'2 cm. I., glabrous, smooth.
[E. Peplus L. Sp. PL 456 (1753); an annual herb; leaves
elliptical, obovate, or roundish, tapering into the petiole,
alternate below the umbellate inflorescence ; leaf -like bracts
sessile, broadly deltoid-ovate, opposite on the branches of the
umbel ; involucres solitary, in the forks, or axillary, or terminal ;
glands on the margin, 2-horned. — Symc Eng. Hot. viii. 111. t. 1265 ;
Fl Dan. t. 1100; ReicTib. Ic. Germ. t. 4775; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 54; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 141; Millspauyli
torn. cit. 67.
Port Royal Mts., McNab ! March ; Cinchona, 5000 ft. ; Kingston ;
Clute ! Cinchona, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8580. Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock. A
weed of cultivation throughout Europe and Russian Asia.
Herb, 3-15 inches high, erect, branching, glabrous. Leaves ('5-2 cm. 1.)
and bracts entire, glabrous. Umbel usually 3-rayed, often with one or
more ray-like branches below it. Involucres cup-shaped, glabrous ;
lobes 5, oblong, minutely fringed ; glands 4, transversely oblong, with an
awl-shaped horn at each end. Styles short, each with two branches.
Capsule about 2 mm. in diam., 3-cornered, with two very narrow wings
along each angle, glabrous. Seeds about 1'5 mm. 1., oblong, slightly
6-angled, with three or four pits on the four outer faces, and a longitudinal
groove on the two inner faces, grey-coloured ; caruncle yellowish.]
30. PEDILANTHUS Neck.
Shrubs with fleshy branches and milky juice. Leaves
alternate, entire ; leaf -like bracts opposite ; stipules represented
by small glands. Several male flowers and one female flower
enclosed within an involucre, a " cyathium." Involucres oblique,
shoe-shaped ; the tube fissured above and notched below at the
mouth, made up of two main broad lobes, free above (the fissure)
and united on the opposite side nearly to the apex (the notch),
with two lateral and one median accessory lobes more or less closing
the fissure, the two lateral lobes shorter and more or less united
with the main lobes along their fissural margin, the fifth lobe
partially united with the base of the lateral lobes or sometimes
entirely free. Appendix at the base of the tube, extending
above the lower end of the fissure, swollen below, 2- or 3-lobed at
the apex, but in Jamaican species two lobes appear to be united
almost or quite to the apex. Glands 4, two inside the lower part
of the appendix, and two near the junction of the appendix
and the tube. Male flowers within the involucre, numerous.
Perianth none. Stamen 1, the short filament jointed with the
KITHOKI'.IACK.K
347
pedicel. Female Hower solitary in the centre of the involucre.
Perianth of three minute scales or wanting. Ovary sessile at the
top of the pedicel, .'5-celled : styles united into a long protruding
column, very shortly free at the apex, the branches entire or
2-cleft. Ovules solitary in each ceil. Capsule breaking up
elastically from the persistent axis into three 2-valved cocci.
Seeds with endosperm; caruncle wanting; cotyledons broad.
Species 31, natives of tropical America from Mexico to
northern Brazil and the West Indies.
Leaves and involucres hoary ................................... 1. P
Leaves and involucres not hoary.
Leaves obovate to oblanceolate ........................ "2. P. janiaiccnsis.
[Leaves ovate to ovate-orbicular ........................ P. latifolius.']
1. P. Grisebachii Millet. <(• Britfon /// rifld t',,1. Mm*. Bot. ii.
3G1 (1913) ; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, narrowed to
the base, hoary, 1-3 cm. \.} 3-4 mm. br. ; involucres hoary
A, Cvatliimn of P. jamaicensis Millsp.
& I'.ritton X 2.
]'», Ditto of ;iu older Mower of sanio X 2 ;
/, involucre, with./', fissure ; a. app.-n-
di\ with ;;, jrlands : /, tuhr of invo-
lucre ; /, lateral lolie ; in, median
lolie ; ". ovarx vijieiiin^ into the
capsule: •>>•, stylar column.
(', Capsule of /'.' (•,')• ;<i'/>aclih'
r.i-itton x .".
I). Seed of ditto X 3.
, glabrous within; male pedicel glabrous, tVni;ilr pedicel
cms. (Fig. 114, c, n.) Type in Herb. N. York I Jot.
without
puberulous
Gard.
Long Mt. above Rock Fort, l:>-<>n<iiil»n ! m-ar Hull Buy, //,//•>•?' .s ! also
I ; nt ton 8077! Fl. Jam. 'JC-ir,, 12,117.— Porto Kk-o (lido Millspaugh).
Shrubby plant, 8 G ft. high. Leaves only on the young branches.
Cymes terminal on the branches. Involucres 0'5-(J mrn. 1., scarlet; tube
. i
48 ! L01IA OF JAMAICA Pedilanthus
truncate at the apex ; main lobes broad, lateral strap-shaped, free for only
about 1'3 mm. from apex, hairy along the margins, fifth lobe spathulate-
strap-shaped, free about 3 mm. from apex, fringed. Appendix about
G mm. 1. Capsule minutely puberulous, about 5 mm. 1. Seeds about
3-5 mm. 1., ellipsoidal, apiculate.
2. P. jamaieensis Mills^. & Britton in Field Col. Mug. Bot. ii.
356 (1913) ; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, narrowed to the
short petiole, minutely puberulous or glabrate, 3-10 cm. 1. :
involucres glabrous within and without, but ciliate on margins \
male and female pedicels glabrous. — P. tithymaloicles Poit. var.
angustifolius Griseb. (Fig. 114, A, B.) Type in Herb. N. York
Bot. Gard.
Swartz ! Distin ! Negril, woods near lighthouse, Britton and Hollick,
2067 ; also Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,238.
Trailing shrubby plant, with stems 10-12 ft. in length, glabrous.
Cymes terminal and axillary. Involucres about 1 cm. 1., scarlet ; tube-
wall thin, the fissure open down to the appendix ; notch about one-fourth
the length of the tube, main lobes ovate, free part broad, rounded, lateral
rectangular-oblong, about 2 mm. free at apex, median lobe about 3 mm.
free, all ciliate. Appendix 6-7 mm. 1., apex truncate, retuse, margin
ciliate. Male flowers exserted pedicels 10-11 mm. L, filaments about
2- 5 mm. 1. Style branches 2-cleft.
[P. latifolius Millsp. & Britton in Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. ii.
43 (1915) : leaves ovate to ovate-orbicular, subsessile, apex acute,
base roundish or subcordate, glabrous, 11 '5 cm. 1. or less;
involucres glabrous without and within ; male and female
pedicels glabrous.
Near Bath, Britton, 3491. -- Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona, Bermuda.
Perhaps indigenous at Sanchez, S. Domingo ; at all the other localities
an evident escape from cultivation, or in gardens (Millsp. and Britton).
Shrubby, about 6 ft. high, young branches zig-zag, puberulent. Cymes
terminal. Involucres about 2 cm. 1. ; main lobes lanceolate-oblong,
rounded obtuse, lateral about equal, all ciliate, median lobe elongate-
ligulate, truncate, ciliate, somewhat shorter than the lateral lobes and
nearly closing the fissure of the tube. Appendix about one-third the
length of the tube, split for half its length into two fleshy ligulate slightly
grooved and emarginate lobes.]
FAMILY CALLITRICHACE^E.
Species of Callitriche are found in Cuba and Hispaniola, and
it is possible that the genus may occur in Jamaica. They are
small terrestrial or aquatic plants with simple entire opposite leaves.
The flowers are minute, unisexual, axillary, solitary, without
sepals or petals, but generally with two bracts. The male flower
consists of a single stamen ; the female of a 4-celled ovary with
two styles, each cell containing one pendulous ovule. The fruit
is indehiscent, 4-celled, 4-seeded. The seeds are pendulous, with
fleshy endosperm ; embryo axile, terete.
INDEX
(Synonyms in italics)
PAGE
ABRUS L 42
precatorius L. (fig. 11) . 42
ACACIA Willd 137
altera vcra Ac. Pink. . . 139
americana &c. Sloane . . 139
americana siliquis dc.
Sloane 143
americana siliquis tereti-
bus dc. Sloane . . . 143
angustiloba DC. . . . 126
arabica Willd 140
arborea Willd 148
arborea major dc. Sloane . 146
arborea maxima &c. Sloane 148
Bancroftiana Bert. . . 95
Berteriana Balb. . . . 146
bimucrcmata DC. . . . 134
catechu Benth 140
catechu Willd 140
concinna DC 141
farnesiana Willd. (fig. 43) 139
gloriosa dc. Pink. ... 93
hxmatomma Bert. . . . 143
Ji;ematostoma Sprcng. . 143
Hamiltonii Desv. . . . 142
julibrissin Willd. . . . 145
juliflora Willd. ... 128
latisiliqua Willd. ... 141
linearis Desv 142
lophanthoides DC.. . . 141
lutea Hitchc 137
macracantha Humb. d
Bonpl 138
macracantlioides Bert . . 138
micrantJia Desv. . . . 151
microccphala Macf. . . 138
mollis Wall 145
mlotica Delilc .... 139
non spinosa foliis juglaii-
dis dc. Plum. . . . 150
non spinosa jamaiccnsis
dc. Plulc 148
non spinosa lot (ore folio
rillosa dc. Hailstorm . 141
parvifolia Willd. . . . 151
peregrina Willd. . . . 126
pilosa DC 144
riparia H. B. & K. . . 140
PAGE
ACACIA — con tinned.
rugata Buch.-Ham. . . 141
salinarum DC. . . . 128
sarmentosa >Griseb. . . 140
scandens Willd. . . . 125
subinermis Bert. . . . 138
suma Kurz 140
tortuosa Willd. ... 138
tricJiophylloides Macf. . 126
ungulata Desv. . . . 142
vera Willd 140
vespertina Macf. . . . 142
villosa Willd. . . .141, 148
virgatum Medik. . . . 132
AcaciaBush . . . . 138
Acacix quodammodo accedens
et Ceratix &c. Pink. . . 146
ACALYPHA L 296
Alexandri Urb. . . . 303
alopecuroidea Jacq. . . 300
betulxfolia Sw. . . . 299
chamsedrifolia Muell. Arg.
(fig. 98) 297
corchorifolia A. Rich. . 300
corcliorifolia Willd. . . 298
cuspidata Jacq. . . . 299
elliptica Sw 302
crccta virgultosa dc.
Browne 301
hcnitindifolia Sw. . . . 302
indica L 297
jamaicensis Britton . . 302
Iffivigata Sw 301
pcrsimilis Mucll. Ar<i. . 300
polr/stachya Griseb. . . 300
pruinosa Urb 302
r,']>tans .S'//1 298
scabrosa Sw 299
villosa Grisi'h 302
virgata L 300
Acer benghalcnse dc. Pink. . 233
scandfiix foliis d-c. Shxure 233
scandens minus &c. Sloane 237
Accfi (tut jxilinro djriins arbor
<!•(.•. Sloans 194
ACIDOCROTON Griseb. . . . 315
adclioidesGriseb.(fig.l04) 316
verrucosus Urb. (fig. 104) 316
350
FLORA OF JAMAICA
PAGE
ACIDOTON Sw 303
fnitesccns dc. Browne . 266
innocuus Baill. . . . 303
urens Sw. (fig. 99) . . . 303
Acrilia Sloanei Griseb. . . 212
Actinostemonjamaicensis Brit-
ton 331
Acuan virgatum Medik. . . 132
Adelia Browne 291
ADELIA L 291
Acidoton L 266
Bcrnardia L 291
foliis obovatis &c. Browne 292
hsemiolandra Pax . . . 293
pedunculosa Rich. . . . 292
KicineUa L. (fig. 95) . . 292
segregata Kuntze . . . 291
ADENANTHERA L 127
pavonina L 128
JEschinomene procumbens dc.
Browne 27
jEschrion excelsa Kuntze . . 201
JESCHYNOMENE L 26
americana L. (fig. 7) . 27
bifiora Fawc. & Eendle . 27
bispinosa Jacq 24
brasiliana DC 28
grandiflora L 24
Sesban L 23
spinosa quarta &c. Breyn. 135
spinosa quinta Breyn. . 135
Agati grandiflora Desv. . . 24
Agrifolium folio dc. Sloane . 269
Akee, Wild 215
ALBIZZIA Durazz 144
BerterianaFawc.&Rendle 145
julibrissin Durazz. . . 145
latifolia Boiv 150
.lebbeck Benth. ... 145
saman F. Muell. . . . 152
ALCHORXEA Sw 295
latifolia Sw. (fig. 97) . . 295
ALEURITES Forst 314
moluccana Willd. . . . 315
triloba Forst 315
Alligator Wood ... 215
ALVARADOA Liebm 203
amorphoides Liebm. (fig.
67) 204
jamaicensisBenth. (fig. 67) 204
ALYSICARPUS Neck. ... 40
nummularifolius DC. . 40
vaginalis DC 40
Amerimnon Brownei Jacq. . 77
Ebenus Sw 26
fruticosum d~c. Browne , 76
Amerimnum latifolium Willd, 81
PAGE
AMYRIS L 190
( i rboreus foliis dc. Browne 192
balsamifera L. : . . . 192
Elemifera L. (fig. 60) . . 191
fniticosus minor &c. . . 193
Lunani Spreng. . . . 207
inaritima Jacq. . . . 191
maritima Sw 192
Plumieri DC 192
sylvatica Jacq 191
sylvatica, Macf. . . . 192
ANDIRA Lam 84
inermis H. B. & K. (fig.
27) 84
jamaicensis Urb. ... 84
Anisonema multiflorum Wight 257
reticulatum A. Juss. . . 257
Anonis non spinosa minor dc.
Sloane 28
Antidesma dc. Browne . . 202
Apalatoa spicata Aubl. . . . 121
ARACHIS L 41
hypogaea L 41
Arachidna indix &c. Sloane . 41
Arbor americana Mancinello
dx. Pluk 327
baccifera folio oblongo &c.
Sloane 227
baccifera folio subrotundo
dc. Sloane .... 225
foliis pinnatis dc. Catesb. 216
siliquosa dc. Sloane . . 153
Arbori Coral dc. Sloane . . 87
Argyrothamnia 287
ARGYTHAMNIA Sw 286
candicans Sw. (fig. 92) . 287
fruticosa dc. Browne . . 287
Aspalathus arboreus dc. Sloane 26
Ebenus L 26
Asparagus Bean. . . 67
Ateramnus foliis oblongis dc.
Browne 329
Aurantium sinense Mill. . . 187
Averrhoa bilimbi L. . . . 158
Carambola L. 158
Baccifera trifolia racemosa dc.
Sloane 192
Badiera diversifolia DC. . . 244
Balsam, Yellow . . . 279
Banisteria angulosa Mill. . . 233
benghalensis L. ... 239
c&rulea Lam. .... 233
emarginata Cav. . . . 237
foliis orbiculatis dc.
Browne 237
foliis ovatis dc, Browne . 233
INDEX
351
Banisteria — continued.
foliis ovatis o6^)osi
Plum
foliis ovato-oblongis <&c
Plum
fulgens L ......
lauri folia L
ovata Cav
parvifoliti }'i'iit. . .
periplocw folia DC. .
pubera L. C. Jiich. .
purpurca L
reticulata C. B. Robinsott
seminibus tfc. Broiciic
splendens Macf. . .
Barbados Pride . .
Ba'rbilus foliis <&c. J-lroirnr
BasketHoop . . .
Bastard Cabbage .
BastardHogBerry.
Bastard Iron wood .
BastardLogwood .
BastardNicarago .
Bastard Tamarind .
BAUHINIA L
aurita Dryandcr . .
divaricata (fig. 34) .
foliis &c. Browne . .
foliis ovato-cordatis <(
PAGE
foliis guinguenerviis &c. L.
foliis subrotundis d~c.
Burm. .
incrmis &c. Plum. . .
Kapplcri Sagot . . .
Krugii Urb .....
monandra Kurz . . .
por recta Sw .....
jHlljt'SCt'US DC .....
tomentosa L .....
ungula Griscb. . . .
vdriegata Griscb. . . .
BeadTree .....
Belly-ache bush . . .
Berht-ris friictit- fruticoxo <i
Shane ' .......
BKRNARDIA Adans. . . .
fii'nuirdid Millsp. . .
carpinifolia (Iriseb. (fi^.
94) ..... .
(liclititoma Mnrll. Arg. .
J'ru/icosd foliix iomi'iitoxix
<lc. Broicne ....
riscosa Griseb .....
Betula arbor Ann'ricunti dc.
Pluk ........
Bigarade Orange . .
Birch, Black . . . .
233
-_! '.7
2 •'!".
235
234
'2-'>l
I
234
234
238
237
95
212
281
85
260
175
97
95
126
116
117
116
117
117
117
118
117
118
118
118
116
118
118
118
118
216
312
202
290
291
290
290
290
'J'.M
205
L88
:.'u7
Birch, Red,
Indian .
Bitter Ash .
Bitter
Bitter
Bitter
or West
PAGE
Damson
Dan ....
Orange.
Bitter-sweet Orange
Bitter Wood . . .
Black -bead shrub
BlackBirch
Black Candle Wood
B 1 a c k - e y e d P e a .
Bon a vis t B <.- a n
. 206
. 201
. 198
. 198
. 188
. 188
. 201
. 147
. 207
. 192
66,67
71
BRACK YPTERYS A.
borealis A. Jitss. . . . 235
ovata Small .... 235
Bradbunja virginiana Kuntzc 46
Braziletto 90
BrazilMacca . . . . 134
Breynia nivosa Small . . . 266
BroadBean 64
BRYA DC 25
arbor e seen s &c. Brown * . 26
Ebenus DC. (fig. 6) . . 26
Bull Hoof 117
BUXCHOSIA L. C. Rich. . . 229
liumilis Ac. Browne . 230
jamaicensis Urb. & Nie-
denzu 231
Lindeniana Griscb. . . 231
media DC 230
media Mac/ 230
Swartziana Griseb (fig. 76) 229
BURSERACE^E .... 205
BURSKKA L 205
gummifcra L 205
Hollickii Fawc-. A Rcmlle 207
Shnaruba Sarg. (iig. 68) . 1^1 >•">
simplicifolia DC. .
Burscria Jacq 20~>
B u s h B e a u ( ',',
Butterfly Flower . . 118
BYRSONIMA L. C. Rich. . . -2-2u
llcfit'roana A. Jn*x. . . 222
Ht-rtfroana Small . . . '22:\
bractcata Fawc. ^ Hondle 223
cincrea DC -222
coriacea DC. (%. 711 . . 22\
coriacea s»Kill . 22 \
Craiiana
llendle '222
cni*isin>H<i 11. /-'. A". . . -222
222
85
51
Small . .
Fawc. A- K-'iidlc
Cabbage Bark Tree
ara f>ruritiii> Humph.
352
FLORA OF JAMAICA
PAGE
Cacoon 122, 125
C^ESALPINIA L 92
arborea &c. Browne . . 90
bijuga Sw 95
Bonduc Roxb 92
bonducella Fleming (fig.
32) 93
brasiliensis L 90
coriaria Willd 96
Crista L 93
cnbensis Greenm. ... 90
glandulosa Bert. ... 95
pulcherrima Sw. ... 95
sappan L 96
sepiaria Roxb 94
spinosa &c. Browne . . 95
vesicaria L 95
vesicaria Wright ... 90
C^SALPINIEsE . . . 4, 89
CsBsar-wood 176
CAJANUS DC 71
bicolor DC 71
cajan Millsp 71
flavus DC 71
indicus Spreng. ... 71
Calavances 66
CALLIANDRA Benth. . . . 142
comosa Benth. . . . 144
hsematomma Benth. . . 143
lixmatostoma Urb. . . 143
latifolia Griseb. . . . 150
portoricensis Benth. (fig.
'44) 142
saman Griseb 152
CALLITBJCHACE^ . . 348
Caliitriche 348
Cane-piece Sensitive
Plant 114
CANAVALIA Adans 60
altissima Macf. (fig. 19) . 62
ensiformis DC 6L
gladiata DC 61
obtusifolia DC. ... 60
rosea Macf 60
CandleNut 315
Candle Wood . 181,192,193
CAPERONIA St. Hil. ... 288
castaneifolia St. Hil. (fig.
93) 288
nervosa A. Rich. . . . 288
palustris Gviseb. . . . 288
Caretti Blieed 93
Cash aw 128
Casparea aurita Griseb. . . 117
porrecta Griseb. . . . 117
Cassada 308
Cassada, Wild . . . . 312
Cassava 308
PAGE
CASSIA L 99
Absus L 110
alata L 109
angustisiliqua Lam. . . 107
arborea Macf. .... 109
arborea &c. Browne . . 102
arborcscens Mill. . . . 108
arborescens diffusa &c.
Browne 108
bacillaris Linn. f.. . . 103
bahamensis Mill. . . . 107
bicapsularis L 103
binora L 107
bi flora Miller .... 28
bifoliolata DC Ill
brasiliana Lam. . . . 101
Broughtonii Fawc. &
Rendle 114
caracasana Jacq. . . . 105
Chamsecrista L. 113
Chamxcrista Macf. . . 115
Chamsecrista Mill. . . 114
clarendonensis Britton . 108
crista Jacq 107
emarginata L 108
emarginata Mill. . . . Ill
falcata L 104
fasciata Fawc. & Rendle . 115
fistula L 102
fistula flore incarnato
brasiliana Breyn. . . 101
flexiiosa Mill 112
florida Valil .... 109
foliis d'c. Browne . . . 101
foliolis quinque jugatis
Plum 107
frutescens Mill. . . . 104
fruticosa erecta foliis
ovatis &c. Browne . . 105
fruticosa erecta foliis
plurimis &c. Browne . 103
fruticosa foliis minoribus
&c. Browne .... 107
fruticosa Mill 103
fulgens Macf. .... 107
gigantea Bert 109
glandulosa L 113
glauca Lam 110
grandis Linn. f. 101
herbacea major diffusa &c.
Browne . . ' . . . 106
herbacea majo?' erecta &c.
Browne 104
herbacea temcissima &c.
Browne 112
lierpetica Jacq 109
hirsuta L 105
Houstoniana Collad. 28
INDEX
353
CASSIA — continued.
ffumboldiiana DC.
jdVdnica L
laevigata \\'illd. .
ligustrina L
ligustrina Mill. .
lineata Sw
margiuata iioxb. .
mclanocarpa Bert.
Miller i Collad
PAGE
KM
KM
103
105
110
minor <&c. Sloanc . . .
niciitans Griseb. . . .
iik'titans L .....
nigra .... Alexandrina
Sloanc .....
nigra .... Brasilian /
Sloane .....
obovata Collad. . . .
obtusifolia L .....
occidentals L. . . . 104,
patellaria DC .....
pilosa L ......
polyadena DC .....
•ptostratd Humb. & Bonpl.
pygmxa Macf. . . . .
rotundifolia Pers. . . .
Roxburgh™ DC. ...
Senna L ......
sensitiva Jacq .....
sericea Sw ......
serpens L ......
siamea Lam .....
siliquis d'c. Browne . .
smaragdiua Macf. . . .
sophera L ......
spectabilis DC. ...
suffruticosa frrcta foliis
&c. Browne ....
suffruticosa crcctti Jtirsutd
dr. I>roirni' . . . .
suffruticosa et sitbhirsnta
<0c. Browne ....
tora L .......
Trinitdtix ll<-icln-nh. . .
uniflora Mill. (fig. 33) .
viminea L ......
viminea folii* dr. ];,-<>wnc
rirgata Sw .....
viscosa Macf. . . . .
Cassia-stick Tree . .
< ;i s x i e Flo we r . . . .
CASTELA Turpin ....
macrophylla Url>. (tig. 63)
»idcnijtli//ll(i
Catechu
( 'athartotinum
Small ...
IV.
101
10:,'
Ill
Ill
10S
115
114
102
101
110
106
105
115
Ill
112
112
Ill
101
110
107
107
112
109
109
110
105
104
114
Ill
113
105
104
106
102
102
114
Ill
102
1 :•'.'.)
197
I1, is
1'JS
1 U)
159
<i .
Cedar
CEDBELA L
foliix nidjurilius <lr.
foMis pinnatis &c
odorata L. (fig. 73)
Ccdrns Barbadensium
Pluk ........
tiuihoyoni Mill. . . .
odorata Mill .....
TROSEMA Benth. ...
mollc M<i rt ......
I 'lumierii Beiitb. ...
pubescens (fig. 12) .
virginianum Benth. . .
Ccratia dipJiylloa d\-. 1'luk. .
CH.ETOCARPUS Thw. . . .
globosus Fawc. & Rendle
(fig. 106) .....
Chamsecrista fasciata Britton
jamaicensis Britton . .
Cliamgpsyce Sloanc ....
Blodgettii Small . . .
brasiliensis Small . . .
buxifolia Small . . .
Jiirta Millsp .....
liypericifolia Millsp. . .
nyssopifolia Small . .
lasiocarpa ArtJtnr . . .
nirurioidcs Milhj>. . .
prostrata Small . . .
thymifolia Millsp. . .
Cherry .......
China Pea .....
Christa pavonis .... scmine
cincrco Brei/n .....
Cicca antillfiiid A. J/ixx. . .
disticlia L ......
>ndi-rust<iclt>/(i Benth. . .
Circassian Seed . . .
Citron .......
CITRUS L .......
drbor ft will its ilv. Slotnir
aurantifolia Swingle . .
Aurantium L. (fig. 59) L87
PAGE
218
218
21 s
218
216
218
H
45
\\
45
I'-
121
318
318
115
113
342
342
338
336
337
341
339
338
339
341
342
2^'.
67
'.)4
259
202
J 35
:
1>C>
,
188
decnmdiid L .....
<ldifii>sd Ti'iiori' . . .
fritctn ohlongo .Ir. Ih-oirn,
fr/tiin ordto acido .Ir.
Broinic .....
frttctn sjilixrico . . . dci<l<>
(!'(•. />Yo/r;/r . . . .
frncltt xpli;' /•/(•« . . . dltlci
/;/-.»;/•»•• ....
frnct it splixrifo - ol>»r<it<>
Is1. i
186
1 ^
1-7
f met it */>hxi 'c
acido
354
FLORA OF JAMAICA
PAGE
CITRUS — continued.
fnictu splixrico - ovato
minori dr. Broicne . . 190
grandis Osb. . . . 189
lima Lnn 186
limetta Wight .... 186
Limon Lun 186
limondlus Hassli. . . . 186
Limonia Osb. . . . . 186
Limouum Risso . . . 186
rnedica L 185, 186
viedica acida Tussac . . 186
nobilis Lour. . . . 188, 189
paradisi Macf 190
pompelmos Risso . . . 190
sinensis Osb 187
tuberosa Mill 185
vulgaris Risso .... 188
CLITOBIA L 46
calcarigera Salisb.. . . 46
foliis ternatis calycibus
campanulatis Gron. . 46
Galactia L 55
glomerata Griseb. ... 58
glycinoides DC. ... 47
lactescens L 55
Plumierii Turp. ... 44
rubiginosa Juss. ... 47
Ternatea L. (fig. 13) . . iQ
i-irginiana L 46
virginiana Siv 46
Zoophthalmum L.. 52
Clitorius trifolius flore minor e
casruleo Dill 46
Clover 13
Clutia Cascarilla Griseb. . . 278
Cascarilla L 277
Eluteria L 282
Cob-nut 320
Cocoon 125
Coc us Wood 26
Codieeurn 275
Colutete affinis fruticosa ar gen-
tea &c. Sloane .... 16
affinis fruticosa, floribus
d~c. Sloane .... 15
Coral arbor Sloane .... 51
Co)-al arbor amcricana Commel. 50
Coral arbor non spinosa &c.
Sloane 50
Coral arbor polypnylla &c.
Sloane 84
Coral Tree . . . . 50, 51
Coronilla aculeata Willd. . . 24
sericea Willd 24
zeylanica herbacea &c.
Burm 19
Coitrbaril Plum, .... 121
PAGE
Cowhage 54
Cowhage Cherry. . 227, 228
C o w i t c h 54
CowitchCberry . . 227, 228
Co witch, Creeping or
Twining 306
Cowitch, Mountain. . 303
Co witch, Smooth leaved 303
Cow Pea 07
Crab's Eyes 43
Crab Wood 330
Cracca leguminibus strictis
adscendentibus &c. L. . . 19
leguminibus strictis Plum. 18
purpurca L 19
CROTALARIA L 7
assamica Benth. ... 10
Brownei Bert 12
frutescens hirsuta flore <&c.
Houst 10
fruticosa Macf. ... 10
fruticosa Mill. ... 10
fulva Roxb 9
Hookeri Am 12
incana L 11
juncea L 8
litoralis H. B. & K. . . 11
lotifolia L 11
loti folio d'c. Dill. ... 11
lupulina H. B. & K. . . 11
mucronata Desv. ... 12
nana Burm. f 10
pterocaula Desv. ... 11
punaila Orteg. .... 11
quinquefolia L. 12
retusa L 9
Retzii Hitchc 10
sagittalis L 10
sericea Burm. f. 10
sericea Retz 9
striata DC. (fig. 1) . . 12
tetragona Roxb. ... 9
trifolia fruticosa foliis
glabris &c. Sloane . . 11
trifolia fruticosa foliis
rotundis &c. Sloane . 11
verrucosa L 8
CROTON L 275
adenopliyllus Sprcng. . . 282
albidus Muell. Arg. . . 283
balsamifer Jacq. . . . 279
Cascarilla Bennett . . 278
Cascarilla L 276
castaneifolium L. . . . 288
cliamxdrifolium Lam. . 298
corchorifolius Geisel. . . 285
corylifolius Lam. . . . 283
diffusus Geisel. . . . 280
INDEX
355
PAGE
CROTON — continued.
discolor Willd ..... 278
divaricatus Siu. . . . 285
Elcutcna Sir ..... 282
eleutheria Wriyht ... 282
erect um <fr. Browne . . 280
flavens L ...... 279
tlocculosus Geiscl. . . . 279
foliis cordatis &c. Plum. . 298
fruticosum Mill. . . . 281
fruticulosum erect am dc.
Browne ..... 282
fruticulosum foliis longis
&c. Browne .... 276
fruticulosum minus &c.
Browne ..... 283
fruticulosum ct villosum
&c. Browne .... 279
gldbellum I/. ... 260, 281
glabellus L ..... 282
glanduliferus Valil . , 281
glandulosus L ..... 285
globosum Sw ..... 318
Griesbachianus Muell. Arg. 286
hircinus Vent ..... 284
hirtus L'Her ..... 285
humilis L ...... 283
Iserti G-riseb ..... 286
laurifolius Mucll. Arg. . 281
•laurinus Sw ..... 281
linearis Jacq. (fig. 91) . . 276
lucidus L ...... 280
macrophyllus Siv. . . . 294
micans Sw ...... 279
montanus Geisel. . . . 284
nervosus Klotzsch . . . 279
nitens Sw ...... 282
niveus Griseb ..... 279
ovalifolius Vahl ... 280
pallens Sw ...... 281
populifolius Lam. . . 284
Priorianus Urb. . . . 278
salvifolium Mill. . . . 283
sessiliflorus Sw. . . . 272
Sloanei Bennett . . . 282
Wilsonii Griseb. ... 284
CRUDIA Schrcb ...... 121
antillana Urb. . . . 121, 122
obliqua Griseb. (fig. 36) . 122
spicata Willd. (fig. 36) . 121
Cuckold's In crease. . 67
Cucurbitiffra arbor fo>
Rhamni dr. Sloans . . . 292
Cutcb ....... 140
I'M
71
71
d~c. S Inane . .
caja>i 1
foliis dr. L
PAGE
Cijtisus — continued.
fruticosus erect us et villo-
sus it-c. Browne ... 18
licux/ts rri'dus ramosus
dr.. Browne .... 71
pseudo-cajan Jacq. . . 71
DALBERGIA Linn 76
Avu'riinnum Brntlt. . . 76
Brownei Urb. (fig. 23) . 76
domiiigcnsis Tarp. . . 82
Ecastaphyllum Taub. . 77
hccastophullum i'rb. . . 77
monetaria Linn. f. 78
DENDROCOUSINSIA Millsp. . 322
alpina Fawc. & Rendle . 323
fasciculata Millsp. . . 323
spicata Millsp. (fig. 108) . 323
Dendrolobium unibellatum
Benth 39
DESMANTHUS Willd. . . . 131
depressus Humb. & Bonpl.
131, 132
pratorum Macf. . . . 131
punctatus Willd. . . . 131
strict us Bertol. . . . 131
virgatus Willd. (fig. 41) 131, 132
DESMODIUM Desv.
adscendens DC.
axillare DC.
barbatum Benth.
cajanifoliam DC.
Cephalotes Wall.
t-llipticum -V</r/'.
gangeticum DC.
31
32
34
38
35
39
32
35
gyrans DC 37
incanum DC
intortum Fawc. & Reudle
molle DC
oblongifolium DC.
procumbens Hitchcock .
purpureum Fawc. &
Rendle
nuiicuns Mn
scorpiurus Desv. .
spirale DC
supinuni DC. (fig. 10).
trillorum DC
(riijoninn DC
triqiK'trum DC.
umbellatum DC. .
uncinutuni DC.
-nx jtorior; Kuntze
DIOCI.KA 11. 1'-. &K. . . .
reflexa Hook. f. (ti-. IS) .
I)it<i.ns lixmiolnnCira (iriscb. .
1) i \ i - il i v i
•J A '2
33
34
37
35
36
36
35
37
36
33
36
38
34
34
251
59
59
293
96
356
FLOKA OF JAMAICA
Dogwood
Dolichokis minimus ^^e<li<•.
DOLICHOS L
altissimus Jacq.
catiang L
ensiformis L
emarginatus Jacq.
filiformis L
filiformis Macf.
gladiatus Jacq
licrbaccus tfc. Browne.
lablab L
luteolus Jacq
In-teus Sw
maritimus minor &c
Browne
maritimus repens &c
Browne,
minimus L
minimus floribus lutcis L
obtusifolius Lam. .
pruriens L
repens L
roseus Sw
sesquipcdalis L. .
sinensis L
splixrospermus DC. .
tuberosus Lam.
' uncinatus L
unguiculatus L. .
urens Jacq
urens L
D o v e W o o d
Dragon Withe.
DRYPETES Vahl .
alba Poit
crocea Poit
glauca Griseb
glauca Vahl .
ilicifolia Kr. & Urb. .
incurva Muell. Arg.
lateriflora Kr. & Urb
87) ....
Dutch Glover .
Dutch Runner.
Dwarf Kidney Bean
(fig.
PAGE
81, 84
73
70
52
. 67
01
, 60
, 58
. 59
, 61
, 58
70
, 67
. 67
,' 67
60
73
73
60
54
67
60
67
67
67
70
49
67
53
52
296
233
267
269
268
269
269
269
269
268
14
64
64, 65
Earth Nut 41
Ebenus jamaicensis Pluk. . . 26
Ebony, West Indian . 26
Ecastaphyllum Brownei Pers. 78
fmtescens d'c. Browne . 78
monetaria DC 78
Richardi Pers 78
Elaplirium Hollickii Rose . 207
jamaicense Rose . . . 207
aimaruba Rose. 2UG
PAGE
Elemifcra foliis ternatis if-c.
Plum 193
Elcntlieria arboreatfc. Jl/uirne 215
ENTADA Adans 124
gigalobium DC. . . . 124
gigas Fawc. & Rendle
(fig. 38) 124
scandens Benth. . . . 124
ENTEROLOBIUM Mart. . . . 150
cyclocarpuni Griseb. . . 151
mangense Fawc. & Rendle 151
saman Prain .... 152
timbouva Mart. . . . 151
Epistylium axillare Siv. . . 259
cauliflorum Siv. . . . 258
ERYTHRINA L 50
arborea spinosa et non if-c.
Browne 50
corallodeudrum L. 50
Piscipula L 84
velutina Willd. (fig. 15) . 50
ERYTHROXYLACE^ . . 159
ERYTHROXYLON L 159
affine A. Rich 161
areolatum L. (fig. 51) . . 160
brevipes Griseb. . . . 161
foliis minoribus &c.
Browne. 161
havanense Sw 162
incrassatum 0. E. Schulz » 162
jamaicense Fawc. &
Rendle 162
obovatum Griseb. . . . 161
obovatum Macf. . . . 161
rotundifolium Lun. . . 161
sqiiamatum Griseb. . . 162
suave 0. E. Schulz . . 161
ESENBECKIA H. B. & K. . . 181
pentaphylla Griseb. (fig. 58) 181
Euonymo affinis &c. Sloane . 172
caudice &c. Sloane. . . 210
Euonymus margaritifera &c.
Pluk 260
EUPHORBIA L 334
alata Hook. , 344
Blodgettii Engelir. . . 342
brasiliensis Lamu , . 338, 339
buxifolia Lam 336
capitata Lam 337
Chamsesyce L 341
cyatliophora Murr. . . 344
dichotoma &c. Browne . 339
erectafoliolis &c. Browne . 337
geniculata Eggers . . . 343
geniculata Oct. . . . 344
glabrata Sw 336
graminea Sw 343
graminifolia Michx. . . 344
INDEX
357
KuruoiiiiiA continued.
heterophylla L.
hirta L
hypericifolia L. (tig.
PAGE
. 343,344
. . 337
113)
339, 340
byssopifoliaL ..... 339
inermis foliis dc. Plum. . 3-43
incrmis foliis opposite
oblique d'c. L. 341
incrmis foliis op2)ositis
ovalibus d'c. L. . 337
lasiocarpa Klotzsch . . 338
niacnlata L ..... 342
•nicscmbria n themifolia Jacq . 336
minima <£c. Browne . . 341
•minima linata d'c.
Broione ..... 341
myrti folia L ..... 337
myrti'llifolia L. ... 337
nirurioides Fa we. &
Kendle ..... 339
nudiflora Jacq. . . . 343
oblitcrata Jac^. . . . 337
Oerstediana Boiss. . . 343
Peplus L ...... 346
2>il till f era Jacq. . . . 337
jnlulifera L ..... 341
procumbens DC. . . . 337
prostrata Ait ..... 341
prunifolia Jacq. . . . 344
pulcherrima Willd. . . 344
punicea Sw ..... 345
recUnatarrwnort&c. Browne. 337
thymifolia L ..... 342
trichotoma foliis &c.
Browne ..... 343
troyana Urb ..... 345
EUPHORBIAGEJE ... 248
Euphorbiodendron puniceiim
ilillsp ....... 345
I n > i/it )i um Millsp. . . . 345
F.i:cu:i-urif'i cuncata Muell.Arg. 326
glandulosa Griscb. . . 332
glandulosa Sw. . . . 331
lauroccrasus ^Fucll. Arg. . 325
tiiiifuliit Sic ..... 331
J-'iiijuni iicitmJiiiitn titr.
cidnntrilla ]\'r. <f / 'rb.
elephantiasis AY. <i- Ur
• •miiri/indlii tiir.
l!(tfit l\i . <('• I'rh. .
'llartn AY. ,1 Urb. . .
llumb.
martinicensis Lam.
L79
17!
L72
L78
IT:'.
177
I?:.
L72
microphylla
Pterota '/
rhodoj:i/loii L'rb
AY. & L'rb.
*jdnosa Sir .....
Swart.? ii AY. a- L'rb. .
trifoliata Sw .....
i'ee-fee ......
Flaniboyaut
Flame Tree" .....
FLEMIM.IA Roxb .....
stricta Roxb .....
strobilifera R. Br. .
Flower Fence.
Fluggea addothamniLS Lrriscb.
For bidden Fruit.
Forestiera porulosa Poir. .
Fraxiniis americana luccmoaa
etc. Plum ......
Frutex globulorum liumjih. .
Frtitex Ilicis d~c. JJ/uicnc .
Frutesc pavonimis <&c. J
Frntcx trifolius rcsinosus
Catcsb. '
Furze
L76
170
175
176
178
176
178
L78
178
177
15
98
98
75
76
70
266
190
291
210
92
270
95
191
13
GALACTIA Adans.
angustifolia Griseb.
angustifolia HitcJic. .
cube n sis II. 13. tt' A". .
liliformis Griscb. .
foliis ocati* d'c. Hrownc
Jussireaua Kuntb .
laxiflora Urb. .
Lockhartii Fa we. .
parvifolia A. Rit-h.
pendula Pers. (rig. 17)
stenophylla Urb.
striata Urb.
tenuijlont Hitclic. .
unitlora Urb. .
Galcga ciia'rca L. .
fraticiixti ilv. I)i\unt< .
grandiflora Vuhl
55
. 58
57
5( ;
56, 58
55
.
58
. 58
• 57
.
58
. 56
07
57
!>act'<i
I it torn Us I .
j>ur/>i(>tii I
• •i I, < i in
i
M<
Hart I. .
Anonyii
•Jd
21
I'.i
22
L8
1M
tic.
358
FLORA 01 JAMAICA
PAOB
Gcoffnva in<'r)iiis Wright . . 85
i<n>uiicc)ixix i)iennis \Vriglit 85
GERANIAC'E/E .... 154
GEBANIUM L 154
carolinianum L. (fig. 48) . 154
columbinum carolinum dc.
Dill 154
lanuginosum Jaaj. . . 154
pyrenaicum Gi'iscb. . . 154
Gigalobium dc. Browne . . 124
scandens Hitchc. . . . 125
GLIBICIDIA H. B. & K. . . 22
maculata Steud. ... 22
sepium Steud 22
Globuli majores Humph. . . 94
Glycine Abrus Z/ 43
caribxa Jacq 74
caule piloso dc. Plum. . 49
debilis Ait 49
foliis pinnatis conjugates
dc. L 43
Galactia L 55
labialis Linn. f. 49
oblonga Benth. ... 49
pliaseoloides Sw. ... 74
rcticulata Sio 72
scandens dc. Browne . . 43
striata Jacq 57
sylvestre scandens dc.
Browne 74
GLYCOSMIS Correa .... 182
citrifolia Lindl. . . . 182
cochinchinensis Pierre . 182
pentaphylla DC. ... 182
Gooseberry, Otaheite . 259
Gorse 13
Grape Fruit . . . . 190
GreenEbony . . . . 266
Grey Nicker . . . . 94
GRIMMEODENDBON Urb. . . 326
jamaicense Urb. . . . 327
GroundNut . . . . 41
Ground Tamarind . . 132
GUAIACUM L 163
flare dc. Plum. ... 163
foliis dc. Browne . . . 163
jamaicense . . . flore albo
Pluk 163
jamaicense . . . flore sub-
cxruleo Pluk. . . . 163
officinale L. (fig. 52) . . 163
Guango 152
GUABEA L 214
glabra Vahl (fig. 71) . . 214
• Swart zii DC 214
trichilioides Siv. . . . 214
Vahliana A. Juss. . . 215
GuianaPlum . . . . 269
Guilamlina aculeata dc. L.
bonducclla L. .
glabra Griseb. .
spinosa dc. Browne
Gum Animi ....
G u m T r e e
G u m W o o d
Gungo Pea ....
GYMNANTHES Sw. .
elliptica Sw.
glandulosa Muell. Arg.
glandulosa Pax
integra Fa we. & Bendle
jamaicensis Urb. .
lucida Sw. (fig. Ill) .
PAOE
94
92,94
. 94
. yy
. 94
. 121
. 325
. 318
71,72
. 329
. 331
. 331
. 332
. 332
. 331
329
HZEMATOXYLUM L 96
campechianum L. . . . 97
spinosum dc. Browne . . 97
HaricotBean. . . . 65
Hecastophyllum Brownei Gri-
seb 78
monetaria Griseb. ... 78
Hedysarum adscendens Sw. . 32
axillare Sw 35
barbatum L 38
brasiliamim Pair. ... 28
cajani folium H. B. & K. . 35
canescens L
caule & c. Sloane ... 27
caule scens &c. Browne, . 36
Ceplialotes Boxb. ... 39
dipliyllum L 31
Ecastapliyllum L.. . . 78
foliis simplicibus cordaio-
oblongis , pctiolis simpli-
cibus &c. L 40
foliis simplicibus foliolis
d-c. L 75
foliis ternatis dx. L. . . 33
gangeticum L 35
gyrans Linn. f.
hamatum L. 28, 29
herbaceum procumbens d'c.
Browne 31
incanum Sw 34
iniortum Miller ... 34
minus diphyllum dx.
Sloane 31
molle Vahl 37
mimmularifolium L. . 40
procumbens Miller . . 36
purpurcum Miller. . . 36
repens Miller .... 32
scandens Miller ... 55
scorpiurus Sw 37
spirale Siv 36
INDF.X
359
i/sarum o>ntitin«l.
xtml>il.if<'rtim L. . . .
siqrintim Sw .....
tortuosum Sw .....
trijlonim L .....
trigonnm Sw .....
trijilti/llum fruticosum
flare etc. Sloanc ...
triphyUum fruticosum
supinum Ac. Sloanc .
triplujllnm hirsiitum d'c.
Browne .....
muus rcpens
sco/ns <&c. Browne . .
tnplnjllum maximum d'c.
Browne .....
triquctrum L .....
umbellatum L .....
uncinatum Jacq. ...
vaginal' L ......
vespcrtilionis Linn. /. .
villosum Miller ...
Herba mimosa non spinosa . . .
Parmambuca &c. Sloane .
Herba mimosa non s})inosa
platycerates t&c. Sloane . .
Herpetica alata Raf. . . .
HETBROPTERIS H, B. & K. .
laurifolia A. Juss. (fig. 77)
pan; i folia DC .....
par vi flora Griseb. . . .
purpurea H. B. & K. . .
reticulata Niedenzu . .
HibbertBean. . . .
HibbertPea . . . .
HIPPOMANE L ......
arboreum &c. Browne. .
arboreum ramulis &c.
Browne .....
biglandulosa Sw. . . .
man<;nnilla Jacq. . . .
Mancinella L. (fig. 110) .
Hog-berryTree . . .
HoopTrce .....
Hoop Wood .....
Horse Beau .....
H o r s c C a s s i a . . . .
Eorse I'ly c Bean . . .
Horse Wood .....
EUBA L ........
orepitans L. jfig. 112) . .
HYEUONIMA Allcra. . . .
r\oB
75
Ml
3G
38
34
36
33
37
35
34
39
39
34
40
40
38
132
130
109
232
232
234
234
234
233
64
64
327
328
334
325
327
327
222
216
150
61
101
53
150
:
334
270
Miu'll. Arc? I
....... 270
IIr. Ml", i \ 1 ....... 1 I'l
Courbsiril \ ,. (fig. 35) . . IJi)
Juliis dc. Lrownc . . . 120
nlii JlitcL.
Jricn titlcnuatn Y/M.sr
Jn'j>t(i}>lt>dlti d'riscb.
Incense Tree
Indian Savin Tree
Indigo
INDIGOFERA L. .
anil L.
15
argentca L.
assurgcns dc.
decomposite <tr. Iji-mrnc .
echinata Willd.
Guatimalfi Litn. .
lespedezioides H. B. & K.
mucronata Sprcny.
subulata Poir
suffruticosa Mill. .
tinctoria L. (fig. 3)
tinctoria Wriqht
INGA Willd
comosa Willd
cyclocarpa Willd. .
dulcis Willd
forfex KuntJi .
'fragrans Macf.
ingoides Willd.
latifolia Willd.
microplnjlla ILumb. &
Bonpl
saman Willd
unguis-cati Willd.
vera Willd. (fig. 47) . .
JackBeaii .....
Jack Fish Wood . . .
J a m a i c a W a 1 n u t . . .
Janiplia M<iniliut 11. B. <f K. .
JATROPHA L ......
jicus folio ifv.
I'A'IK
84
208
208
206
95
,16
14
16
17
16
15
11
16
17
17
17
16
14
16
152
in
151
147
147
146
154
150
147
152
147
152
61
assiirij- His digitalis
. Broirnc ....
curcas L. (fig. 103) . .
divark-ata Sw .....
80S
310
311
313
310
.'J12
rnandin'fctlia Vnit. .
setis .t .
1
w«li«-<-<i>tii L
niultitida 1
|)aiidur;t 'fi'lia Audi'. .
• hi^rica 1 1-mk.
.1 . : i: a B 1 «• in Date . .
Jernsale m T b <> r n .
Juglandi ujfinis il'c.
;;1 -
315
813
•"•! 1
:
iis
360
1-L'iKA OF JAMAH 'A
PAGE
Juglandis folio (&c. Sloane . 109
Juglans baccatu /> 273
foliis oblongis dc. JJivicne -21'.',
KALLSTRCEMIA Scop. . . . 106
maxima Wight & Arn.
(fig. 54) 166
KidneyBeau . . . . 65
King Orange . . . . 189
LablabBean . . . . 71
Lablab vulgaris Savi ... 70
Laburnum liumiliu* dc. Sloanc 71
LASIOCROTON Griseb. . . . 293
Pawcettii Urb. . . . 294
Harrisii Britton . . . 295
macrophyllus Griseb. (fig.
96) 293
Lathyrus tingitanus L. 42
Lauro affinis arbor dc. Sloane 215
affinis Jasmini dc. Sloanc 175
affinis tcrcbinthidc. Sloane 178
La urns folio breviore dc. Sloane 211
LEGUMINOSJE .... 1
Lemon 186
Lemon, Chinese . . . 183
Lemonia spectabilis Lindl. . 169
LEUG.ENA Benth 136
brachycarpa Urb. . . . 136
glauca Benth 136
Libi-dibi 96
Libidibia coriaria Sclileclit. . 96
LiccaTree 178
Lignum campecliianum dc.
Sloane 97
Lignum Rorum . . . 178
LignurnVitse . . . . 163
LimaBean 64
Lima of Ceylon .... 187
Lime 187
Limo agrestis Rumpli. . . 187
arbor dc. Sloane . . . 186
aurarius Rumpli. . . . 187
decumanus Rumpli. . . 190
ferus Rumpli 187
ventricosus Rumpli. . . 187
Limon vulgaris Mill. . . . 186
Limonellus or Limo tennis
Rumpli 186, 187
Limonia aurantifolia Clirist-
mann 186
citrifolia Willd. ... 183
parviflora Sims . . . 183
pentapliylla Rctz.». . . 183
trifolia Burm. f. . . . 183
trifoliata L 183
LINAGES . 158
LlNUM L
PAGB
159
jamaicense
Rendle (fig. 50) . . . 159
usitatissimum L. . 158
Lil>arene alba Poit. . . . -CM
Lobus ecliinatus fructu flavo
dc. Sloane 92
ecliinatus fructu cxsio &c.
Sloane 93
LocusBerry . . . . 222
LocustTree. . . . 121, 222
Logwood 97
Lonchitidi affinis dc. Sloane . 263
LONCHOCARPUS H. B. & K. . 80
dommgensis DC. ... 82
latifolius H. B. & K.
(fig. 25) 81
patens Urb 80
sericeus Griseb. ... 82
sericeus H. B. & K. . . 82
Turpinii H. B. d K. . . 82
Loto pentapliyllo dc. Sloanc . 29
Lotus Berry . . . . 222
LOUEEA Neck 39
vespertilionis Desv. . . 40
Lysiloma bahamensis Benth. 141
Marcliiana Griseb. . . 142
Macary Bitter . . . 202
Mafootoo Withe . . . 125
Mahogany 217
Ma joe Bitter . . . . 202
Mali folio arbor artcmisiasodore
etflore Sloane .... 282
Mali folio arbor, artemisix
odore flore pcntapetalo dc.
Sloanc 281
MALPIGHIA L 224
aquifolia L 270
angustifolia L. 228
biflora Poir 228
cinerea Poir 222
coccifera Cav 229
coccigera L 229
coccigrya L 229
coriacea Sic 222
crassifolia L 222
glabra L. (fig. 75) , . . 224
foliis'lanccolatis dc. Plum. 270
foliis ovatis dc. Plum. . 226
fruticosa erecta foliis dc.
Browne 225
fruticosa erecta ramulis
dc. Browne .... 226
fucata Ker 226
Harrisii Small .... 228
liumilis dc. Browne . . 230
humilis dc. Plum. 229
INDEX
361
MAJLPIGHIA — run tinned.
iiicana Mill .....
linearis Jucq .....
•macrophylla Dt-xf. . .
•martinicetixix -lac<i. . .
nii'ihn Ait ......
nitida Mill .....
nitida Sir ......
uxycocca Orist b. . . .
paniculate Mill. . . .
punicifolia Cav. . . .
punicifolia L .....
rcticulata Poir. . . .
uniflora Tut.- . . .
ureus L ......
urcns J/< ....
vimini'ii dr. l;,-»u'nc . .
MALPIGHIACE.K ...
Mdlpigia arborea floribus dbc.
Browne ......
arborea foliis (£c. Browne
Malus amcricana ttrc. Commcl.
arantia d'c. Sloanc . .
arantia fructu limonis dc.
Sloane .....
Aurantia s'uiensis Sloanc
Aurantia uulgaris major
Sloans .....
Mun>-(iniUa d-c. Plum. . . .
Mancini.'lla vcnenata Tussac .
]\Ianchiueel .....
M a n d a r i n 0 r a n g c . .
Mandaaru dc. Pluk .....
MAN i HOT Adans .....
folio d-c. Dill .....
inodorum d~c. Pink. . .
Manihot Cockcrell . .
utilissima Pohl (fig. 102) .
Manioc ......
-VargantanY/ nobilis Linn. /. .
MAX AI.KIA Bert .....
Hiraea Fawc. & Ilendlc
(fig. 82) .....
jamaicensis L'rb. d Ni«l-
PAGB
-'
M- ii"'»iin continued.
Kmit.:c.
2:'.<i
225
2:'.o
Mastic T
238
228
226
2.". 1-
22f,
227
228
227
220
222
222
>'-2>
190
186
187
188
328
328
328
189
118
308
313
30S
308
308
308
260
240
240
240
24O
Kun;
urtia Km: ...
c<ijanif')lia Km:
• a Km, • . .
(l<i>iiji-ti<-(i Knni:.i- .
rons K a nt .• .
-
\'ail .
Kuntzt
t Km
supina Brit ton
:;r.)
'.7
:'.7
umbellate Kunt., .
uncinnta Kun'~i: .
Azederach lj
.^•>nj» reru Siu. .
MELIACE^E
Mettenia globosa Qriseb.
Milk Wood
MIMOSA L
aculi'utii foliis
natis Plum
amcricana pig fa L£C. Pluk.
antillarum Lam. . . .
urubica Lam .....
arborca L ......
arborea L. Herb. . . .
arborca corticc dc. Browne
arborea d'c. Sloans . .
asperata L ......
bimucrouata Kuntze . .
caule fruticoso dc. Mill. .
co-mosa Sw ......
concinna Willd. . . .
cyclocarpa Jacq. . . .
difitixn dc. Browne . .
diplotriclia Wright . .
dulcis Eoxb .....
farncsiana L .....
duplicate -
'
PAOI
39
39
34
215
215
216
209
318
325
132
134
131
151
140
148
141
148
foliis pinnatis dx. Plum. .
frutescens media dc.
Browie .....
frutescens spinosa dc.
Uroicnc .....
frutu-' • i'! dh . Broicnc
fruticoxa foliis dc. liroicnc
gigasL .......
ijlanca L ......
guadalupensis 1'ers. . .
dc. Sloanc . .
niija 1 ........
invisa Mart .....
juftbrissin Sc"j>. .
julijl- Sw .....
luctixtris llumb. d lion;'!.
la ti folia L ......
Lebbeck 1 .......
lut, a Mill ......
maiiiit-nxi* ./</< '/. . . .
minim-- -i • . BrO 01k - .
nilotica L ......
• inoxti /mil/tins &C.
lL>ust.
135
134
135
144
141
151
128
135
147
139
130
153
130
135
144
147
124
136
147
153
135
129
145
\ '•'•'•'•
1 Id
130
362
FLOKA OF JAMAICA
PAGK
MIMOSA — continued.
IMrvifolia Sw 151
pellita Humb. & Bonpl. . 135
pcregrina L 120
pernambucana L. . . . 132
pigraL 135
plena L 130
portoriccnsis Jacq. . . . 142
pudica L. (fig. 42) . . . 133
punctata L 130
rosea Vahl 147
rugata Lam 141
salinarum Vahl . . 128, 139
salinarum von Bohr . . 138
saman Jacq 152
scandens L 124
sepiaria Benth. . . . 134
speciosa Jacq 145
spinis in caulc gcminis,
foliis bigeminis Plum. . 147
thyrsoidea Griseb. . . . 134
tortuosa L 138
tortuosa <&c. Browne . . 138
unguis-cati L 147
villosa Sw 141
virgata L 132
viva L 132
zygiaL 150
MIMOSEJE .... 5, 124
Moghania strobilifera St. Hil. 75
M o n k e y N u t . . . . 41
Mosclioxylum SwartziiAsJuss. 211
Mountain Damson . . 198
Mountain Ebony . . 117
Mountain Pride. . . 193
Moutouchi suberosa Aubl. . 79
MUCDNA Adans 51
Mucuna Marcg 53
altissima DC 52
FawcettiiUrb 54
pruriens DC 54
Sloanei Fa we. & Rendle
(fig. 16) 53
urens DC 53
urens Fawc. & Rendle . 52
Musk Wood . . . . 211, 215
Myriadenus Desv. '. 31
tetraphyllus DC. ... 31
Myrica segregata Jacq. ... 291
Navel Orange . . . . 188
Negretia urens Tussac ... 53
NEPTUNIA Lour 129
oleracea Lour. (fig. 40) 129, 131
plena Benth. . . . 130, 131
Nickar Tree. . . 92
XT- 1 1 I>AOE
Nickel 88
Nicolsonia barbata DC. . . 38
^ight-flowering Acacia . 142
No Eye Pea . . . . 71,72
Nuxjuglans trifolia &c. Sloane 273
Oil Nut, Wild .... 314
OmphaUndria diandra Kuntze 321
foliis obovatis &c. Browne 320
frutescens &c. Browne . 321
triandra Kuntze . . . 320
OMPHALEA L. 319
axillaris Sw 259
cauliflora Siv 258
cordata Sw 321
diandra L. (fig. 107) . .' 321
Epistylium Poir. . . . 258
frondosa Muell. Arg. . . 320
nucifera Sw 320
triandra L 320
Onobrychis americana &c. Pluk. 33
maderaspatana d-c. Pluk. . 31
Orange 137
OEMOSIA Jack 87
discolor Spruce (fig. 29) . 87
jamaicensis Urb. (fig. 29) . 88
Ornitliopus tetraphyllus L. . 31
Otaheite Gooseberry . 259
Overlook Bean 61,62
OXALIDACE^E .... 155
OXALIS L 156
Acetosella L. (fig. 49) . . 157
bipunctata B. Grah. . . 157
caule &c. Browne . . . 156
corniculata L 155
corymbosa DC. (fig. 49) . 157
jamaicensis Macf. . . . 156
Martiana Zucc. . . . 157
repens Thunb 156
OxEyeBean . . 52
PACHYRBHIZUS DC. ... 69
angulatus L. C. Bich. . 70
erosus Urb 70
tuberosus Spreng. ... 70
Pachy stigma ptekoides Hook. . 181
PAPILIONAT^ .... 1,6
PAEKINSONIA L 93
aculeata L. . 93
aculeata <£c. Plum. \ . 98
ParkNut 138
PeaNut 41
PEDILANTHUS Neck. . . . 346
Grisebacbii Millsp. & Brit-
ton (fig. 114) .... 347
INDEX
363
PAGK
PBDILANTHUS — continue/.
jamaicensis Millsp. cV Bril-
ton (fig. 114). ...
latifolius Millsp. & Britton 348
tithi/maluides Poit. . . 348
PELTOPHORUM Bcnth. ... 90
brasiliense Urb. (fig. 31) . 90
Linnxi Bcnth ..... 90
PELTOSTIGMA Walp. . . . 180
pteleoides Walp. (fig. 57) . 181
Pencil Flower. . . . 28
Pcplis fniticosa etc. Sloane . 336
Pepper Rod. . . . 283, 284
Pcrim Kaku Valli Eliecd. . . 124
PHASEOLUS L ...... 62
adenanthus G. F.W. Mey.
(fig. 20) ..... 65
americanus foliis d~c. Pluk. 54
amcricanus fnttescens &c.
Pluk ....... 52
amcenus Soland. ... 65
amplo flore pcltato dc.
Plum ....... 44
antillanus Urb. . . .69
arborescens alatus &c.
Pluk ....... 43
bipunctatus Jacq. ... 64
brasilianus &c. Sloane . 53
compressus DC. . . . 64
dumosus Macf. . ... 64
erect us . . . liilo nigro not at is
Browne ..... 66
erect us incanus &c. Pluk. . 71
erectus latJujroides &c.
Sloane ..... 65
erectus major .... semine
rubro Sloane. ... 66
crcctus minor Semitic
spherico albido liilo
nigro Sloane. ... 66
crcctus .... scminibus ob-
long is albidis Lm/rne . 66
erectus .... s< minibus
rufcscentibus oblongis
Browne ..... 66
fcecundus Mucj. ... 64
glycyrrMzites dc. Sloane. \-'>
r,4
('. 1
65
c»i
c.-l
('.:>
c>l
inam<i-)ins L .....
lathyroides L .....
latisiUguv&Macf.. . .
limcnsis Macf .....
luiuitu^ L ......
major perennis <&c. Sl<"
Hmritimus j'/tr<i<t)is .
Pluk... .....
mur it unit* i
i&c. Sloane
1'iIA.SKOLUS COntlli /!<>/.
ma. rim us pcrcnnis <&c.
I'AGE
64
60
GU
Broun
mu.rini/t:; /a a nnisfloribus
d'r. Slut me .... 70
maximiis j>ci'otnis folio
,fr. Sloane .... 124
maxim us pcrcnnis scminc
d-c. Sloane .... 64
ma.i:i)nus siliqua &c.
Sloane 61
mi)dmuH &c. Sloane . . 73
mitiur erectus d~c. Broi 65
minor lactescensdc. Sloane 55
Mungo L 66
nanus L 64
parviflorus Stokes ... 64
peduncularis H. B. & K. . 68
perennis angustifolius &c.
Sloane 64
2)soraleoides Wight & Am. 65
radice tuberosa <&c. Plum. 70
restrains Wall 65
rufus Jacq 64
saccharatus Macf. ... 64
saccharatus Stokes . . 64
scandens .... qtiadrisper-
mibus Browne ... 64
scandens .... radiatus
Browne 64
scmierectus L 65,66
siliyuis latis &c. Plum. . 53
sfilicTrusiwrmus L. . . . 67
suberectus major dx.
Browne 61
subliirsiitus d~c. Pluk. . 65
sylvaticus d'C. Sloane . . 46
sylvestns dr. Sloane . . 49
trnxillcnsis H. B. <.£ K. . 65
imguiculatus Piper . . 69
utrin<-]_uc Indix tt:c. Sloane 54
vulgaris L 64
Pliylanthos amcricana d\\
Commcl 261
PHYLLANTIH s L 251
acuminatus Vahl . . . *_'•"> 4
iiii.u'iistifolius S\v. . . . 262
;u|uaticus C'. \Vri.-lit . . 256
arbiiKcula Stcud. . . . 264
axillaris ^NIucll. Arg. . . 258
r,iroliiieiisi- \\'alt. . . . 255
cauliflorus Gii-.li. . . 26fi
cUidantliu- Muell. Arg. . 258
Conntm Sir 254
Coxiunus l-';i\\v. A ii^iidlc 2
disticliu^ Mudl. Arx. . . 2
o|.i[>hyllanthus I,, (tig. 85) 261
Ejnstiylium Uriscb. . . 259
364
FLORA OF JAMAICA
I'AGK
I'llYLLANTHUS — COIltill llCll .
Fadyeuii Urb 255
falcatus S/r iiOl
fulii* (ingitvtis dr. /m'/o/c -JGL'
folii^ lai^oribusdc. Browne 263
foliis. . . .pedwnculatis <£c.
L 25G
foliis . . . . scssilibus &c. L. 255
glabellus Fawc. & Rendle 260
inaequaliflorus Fawc. &
Rendle 264
isolepis Urb 263
jamaicensis Griseb. . . 257
latifolius Mucll. Arg. . . 265
latifolius Sw 263
laurifolius A. Rich. . . 272
leprocarpus Wight. . . 255
linearis Sw 266
longifolius Jacq. . . . 259
minor Fawc. & Rendle . 257
montaiius Sw 261
niruri L 256
nivosus W. G. Smith . . 266
nobilis Muell. Arg. . . 259
wu/mmulariaefotius Britton 257
nutans Sw 253
orbicularis Griseb. . . 255
obovatus Muehlenb. . . 256
portoricensis Urb. . . 254
pubigerus A. Rich. . . 272
reticulatus Poir. . . - 257
speciosus Jacq. . . . 264
Swartzii Fawc. & Rendle 265
tremulus Griseb. . . . 260
Urinaria L. 255, 256
Physic Nut 311
Physic Nut, French . 313
Physic Nut, Spanish. 313
Physic Nut, Wild . . 345
PICK^NA Lindl 200
antillana Fawc. & Rendle 201
excelsa Lindl 200
PICRAMNIA Sw 201
Antidesma Sw. (fig. 66) . 202
antidesmoides Griseb. . 203
micranlha Tul. . . . 203
pentandra Sw 203
triandra Stokes . . . 202
Picrania amara Wright . . 200
Picrasma antillana Urb. . . 201
excelsa Planch. . . . 201
PICRODENDRON Planch. . . 273
arboreum Planch. . . . 273
baccatuni Kr. it Urb.
(fig. 90) 273
juglans Griseb. . . . 273
Pigeon Pea .... 71, 72
PAGE
PIPTAUKMA Benth. . . . 126
(icrc^rina Benth. (iig. 39) 126
PISCJDIA L 83
Knjthrina L 84
piscipula Sarg. (fig. 26) . 84
1'ixtacia Simaruba L. . . . 206
PITHECELLOBIUM Mart. (Pithe-
colobium) 146
Alexandri Urb. . . . 148
arboreum Urb. . . . 148
Berteriaruwm Benth. . . 145
comosum Benth. . . . 144
cyclocarpum Mart. . . 151
dulce Benth 147
filicifolium Benth. . . 148
fragrans Benth. . . . 145
g iiadalupense Chapm. . 147
Jupunba Urb 148
latifolium Benth. . . . 150
micradenium Griseb. . . 148
parvifolium Benth. . . 151
saman Benth 152
unguis-cati Beuth. (fig. 45) 146
Poinciana 98
POINCIANA L 97
aculeata &c. Broivne . . 95
bijugata Jacq 95
coriaria Jacq 96
pulcherrima L. ... 95
regia Boj 97
Poinsettia 344
Poinsettia geniculata Klotzsch
& Garcke 344
heterophylla Klotzsch &
Garcke 344
Ocrstediana Klotzsch &
Garcke 343
pulcherrima Grah. . . 344
punicea Klotzsch & Garcke, 345
POLYGALA L 242
americana Mill. . . . 243
angustifolia H. B. & K. . 243
arborea &c. Browne . . 244
bryzoides St. 13.il. ... 243
camporum Benth. . . . 243
chinensis L 244
diver si folia L 244
frnticosa . . . capsulis sub-
rotundis &c. Broivne . 244
frnticosa. . . floribus con-
friiis d'c. Browne . . 244
hcrbaceaminor&c. Broivne 242
jamaicensis Chod. . . . 244
mucronata Macf. . . . 243
paniculata L. (fig. 83) . 242
POLYGALACE^E .... 241
Pomelo 190
Pomphidca Swartziana Miers 170
INDEX
365
i
Pop-nut
Portesia ovata Car.
/-)/") O C- J J '/ / t- ) 1 >I > i // 1 > ' W I / *
X L/oo & / It -^ t » ft/ 1 /( f »'. Oil. • • •
P r i c k 1 y Y e 1 1 o w
PRIORI A Griseb
copaifera Griseb. (fig. 37) .
P r o 1 i f i c B e a n .
PROSOPIS L
ditlcis Kn nth ....
horrlda Kuntli
julinora DC. . . . 128,
PROTIUM Burm
attenuatum Urb. (fig. 69)
Copal Engl
guiancnse Ltujl.
Pruno forte affinls arbor folio
cf'c. Sloane
forte affinis arbor
dc. Sloane
vcl Euonymo dc.
Pseudo - santalum
Sloane ....
PTKROCARPUS Jacq.
draco L. .
ccastaphyllum L. .
foliis &c. Plum.
officinalis Jacq. (fig. 24) .
Pterota subspinosa dr. Browne
Purse Cacoon .
Pyretrum aphyllon Plum.
Quadrifolium ercctum &c.
Sloane
Quassia
Quassia amara Linn. f.
excelsa Sw
/>olt /dam a Lindsay
Sinn i ml HI Linn. f.
Wright . . .
Sloane .
croce/nn
79
Rattle- wort
RAVENIA Veil
spectabilis Planch, (fig. 55)
Swart/iana Fawc. i^
Rendle
Red Bead Vine
Red Bean 'I' ree . . 50
Red Birch
Peas
Wood
a pici Ac. Sloane
antillaiid K't'ier*
ar borea Macf
obxoniorum <Jv. Pink.
UHVNCOSIA Lour
caribtea DC
minima DC. (li-. 22) . .
Red
1 1 r .1
A.OB
320
212
L72
L23
12:;
64
128
128
L28
139
207
208
209
208
212
218
1G3
90
78
,80
78
26
79
175
125
345
31
201
199
200
200
199
198
7
168
169
170
43
,51
206
66
160
12(1
201
L76
72
71
RHYNCOSIA— continue !.
reticulata DC .....
phaseoloides DC. ...
Jfii-iiirlla h&miolandra Mncll.
Arg ........
ni'dllHCltlvad M/K/I. .)/•(/. .
Hifini frnctii i/lahru, arbor d'< .
llicino djjinix odunh ,d .
dilute i>i(r/>nre<> Sloane
Hicino ajjini* odunfi ra Irntl-
cosa mu jo,- d\.
RICINUS L
hispido Sluanf
PAGE
72
74
293
2'J2
331
287
277
:;or,
306
dv.
Commel.
americanus tenult'-r <(•»-.
Brt'i/n
comniuiiis L. (fig. 101)
jicus folio &c. Sloane .
globosus Wilhl.
minor stapldsagri.r. folio
&c. Sloane ....
•minor viticis d'c. Sloane .
Ringworm Shrub
l\itfera grandlflora Vahl .
ximpler Vahl ....
Piobinia grandlflora L.
pednnculis dc. Plum.
sepium Jacq
xcricea Poir
rlolacea Mill
RockBush
Rosemary, Wild or
Spanish
Rose -wood . . 17i-., l'.»2.
Ruta chalapensis L.
(/rai't'iileiis L/in.
BUTACE^B
Siunanea xaman Merrill .
Sandbox '!'!«' e .
S an Hemp
Sapindttsfruticosus dc,
SAPIUM Jac<[
arbori nmfolii* <l c. Lrowne
I'liiicatnin ( Iri-cli. .
1 larri-ii I "i-li
janiaicoiise S\v. (ti.i;. lO'.M .
lanrifoliiim (!> iseb.
ld/ii'tit;-rti*;<x M Hell. . [r<j. .
Satin Wood, -la in a lean
Savon '1
SAVIA Willd
erythrozyloidea < 1 1'isoli. .
-ilitloru. Willd. iliy.
312
313
306
31]
318
312
308
109
88
88
21
84
22
32
90
261
_77
270
195
L52
334
-
L78
178
324
325
326
325
325
17!
17;'.
271
272
272
366
FLOKA OF JAMAICA
PAGE
Schaefferia latcri flora Sir. . 269
Schinus Fagara L. ... 175
Scliranlda braclnjcarpa Bcntli. 135
SeasideLaurel . . . 261
Sebastiania elliptica Muell. Arg. 331
glandulosa Muell. Arg. . 332
lucida Muell. Arg. . . 330
SECURIDACA L 245
Brownei Griseb. (fig. 84) , 246
erecta Jacq. (fig. 84) . . 246
foliis orbiculatis &c. Plum. 247
fruticosa foliis subrotundis
&c. Browne .... 247
Larnarckii Griseb. . . . 247
scandens Jacq. . . . 244
scandens Lam. . . . 247
scandens Tussac . . . 247
scandens foliis oblongis dc.
Browne 246
virgata Macf. .... 246
virgata Sw 247
volubilis L 247
SECUBINEGA Juss 266
acidothamnus Muell. Arg. 266
Acidoton Fawc. & Rendle
(fig. 86) 266
Sena minor herbacea &c. Sloane 106
Sena spuria arbor ea spinosa . . .
flore luteo <&c. Sloane . . 95
Sena spuria . . . flore ex luteo
d'c. Sloane 95
Sena tetraphylla &c. Pluk. . 41
Sena spuria tetraphylla &c.
Sloane 102
Senx spurigs aid Aspalatho
dc. Sloane 117
Senna . . 110
Senna italica &c. Sloane . . 110
Senna ligiistri folio Dill. . . 105
Senna occidentalis . . .floribus
pediculis longioribus insi-
dentibus Sloane .... 112
Senna occidentalis odore &c.
Sloane 103, 104
Senna occidentalis siliqua
multiplici &c. Sloane . . 113
Senna occidentalis siliqua
singulari &c. Sloane . . . 115
Senna spuria minima &c.
Houstoun 28
Senna spuria occidentalis &c.
Commel 104
SennaTree 108
Sesban Alp 23
SESBANIA Scop 22
aculeata Pers 24
segyptiaca Pers. ... 23
bispinosa Steud. ... 24
PAGR
SESBANIA — continued.
exasperata H. B. & K. . 23
grandiflora Pers. ... 24
muricata Macf. ... 24
sericea DC 24
Sesban Fawc. & Bendle
(fig. 5) 23
Seville Orange. ... 188
Seville-sweet Orange . 188
S h a d or S b a g B a r k . . 148
Shaddock 190
S bam e Weed . . . . 134
Sbarnrock 14
SIMAEUBA Aubl 198
amara Aubl 199
excelsaDC 200
glauca DC. (fig. 64) . . 198
medicinalis EndL . . . 198
officinalis Macf. . . . 198
SIMARUBACE^ .... 195
Soap Plant . , . . . 261
SOPHOKA L 86
foliis pinnatis &c. Plum. . 87
occidentalis L 87
tomentosa L. (fig. 28) . . 86
Sorrel 156
Spanisb Carnations . 95
Spanisb Rosemary . . 277
Spartium arborescens Mitt. . 26
Spatlie caudice <&c. Browne . 194
SPATHELIA L 193
glabrescens Planch. . . 195
simplex L 194
sorbifolia L. (fig. 61) . . 193
Stave Wood 198
STIGMAPHYLLON A. Juss. (Stig-
matopbylloii) 235
diver sifolium A. Juss. . 236
emarginatum A. Juss.
(fig. 79) 236
fulgens A. Juss. . . . 237
lingulatum Small . . . 237
ovatum Niedenzu . . . 235
periplocxfolium A. Juss. . 236
puberurn A. Juss. . . . 237
Stilaginella clusioides Tul. . 270
Stillingia laurifolia A. Rich. . 325
Stinking Toe .... 121
Stinking Weed ... 104
Stizolobium spicis &c. Browne 54
STYLOSANTHES Sw 28
glutinosa H. B. & K. . . 29
bamata Taub. (fig. 8) . . 28
procumbens Sw. ... 28
viscosa Sw 29
Suarra Wood . . . . 178
SugarBean 64
Sunn He mp 8
INDEX
367
SURIANA L
foliis ifc. Plum.
maritima L. (fig. G~2) .
maritima dr. Browne .
Surinam Poison .
SWARTZIA Schreb. .
(jrandiflora Willd. .
simplex Spreng. (fig. 30)
simplicifolia Willd.
SWIETENIA L. .
mahagoui Jacq. (fig. 72)
SwordBeau.
Sword Bush.
Tamarind
Tamarind Shad Bark .
TAMARINDUS L
indica L
occidentals Gaertn.
officinalis Hook.
Tangi erine Orange .
TangierPea
Tapioca
TEPHROSIA Pers
ascendens Macf.
Candida DC
cinerea Pers
grandiflora Pers. .
leptostachya DC. .
littoralis Pers
noctiflora Bojer
procumbens Macf. .
purpurea Pers.
toxicaria Pers. (fig. 4)
"\Yallichii Graham
TERAMXUS Sw
labialis Spreng.
triphijllus &c. Bron
uncinatus Sw. (fig. 14)
volubilis Sw
Terebinthus Broicnci Jacq.
foliis cordato-ovatis dr.
Browne
Hollickii Brittoi .
majur betnl:> &C. Sloan,' .
simariibit \\~. /•'. Wight
simplicifolia I
TETRAPTERIS Cav. .
citrifolia I 'c:
iii;i'<ji;alH Cav. . . . 239
TETROUC:III>II-M
rubrivenium
105) . .
THKYALI.IS L
glauca Small ....
gnu-ilis Kunt/c
Tin/me ':i.-i fnii' frutex dc.
Sloane .
PACK
19G
197
196
197
18
88
88
88
88
21G
216
61
261
119
148
119
119
119
119
189
42
308
17
19
21
20
21
19
-21
21
20
19
18
20
48
49
49
49
4(J
205
205
207
205
•J< if,
207
239
289
240
817
317
233
233
231
L97
PAGE
Tilix affinis dc. Sloane . . 222
Tilia- forte arbor raccmosa tf'c.
Sloane 253
Titiii/m-alus botn/oides credits
. Burm. ...... 337
botryoidcs zci/Uniicus d~c.
1 1 arm 337
ditlcix parictari;' d:c.
Sloane 337
« fcctits acris <fc. Sloane . 341
Jinmilis ramosisximus if*:.
Burm 342
Tobinia acuminata Ham. . . 179
coriacea Griseb. . . . 179
coriacea Ham 178
cmarginata Ham. . . . 178
punctata Griseb. . . . 177
spinosa Ham 178
tcrnata Hani 177
Toluiferacochinchinensis Lour. 183
ToothacheTree . . . 177
Torch- wood 192
Tounatea simplex Taub. . . 88
Toxicodendron arborescens Mill. 192
TRAGIA L. 304
mercurialis L. .
scandens &c. Browne .
subfruticosa &c. Browne
volubilis L. (fig. 100) .
TRIBULUS L .....
cistoides L. (fig. 53) .
decolor Macf. .
foliis soiis ct'C. Browne
foliis sex &c. Browne .
maximus L ..... 166
tcrrestris americanus dx.
Pink ...... 165
terrestris major ifr. Sloane 166
TRICHILIA L ...... 'Ji".»
Distini C. DC ..... 211
foliis oblongo-ovatis dr.
298
305
303
305
164
165
166
166
165
. L'12
(jlabra <lac<[ 212
-lalira L
llarrisii Britton .
huvaiiriisi.-. Jacij. (tig. 7d)
hirta L
hirta Sir
C. DC. .
, ti Macf.
lill
211
'2\\L
Sw.
•i-iitii Andr.
l>(i!yiiriir;i I'rb.
Slmnii i Miief.
>idioid<
siibltirsuta
Brown*
terminalis face
21]
.1 c .
212
212
211
212
2TJ
213
212
210
210
212
368
FLORA OF .JAMAICA
PAGE
TRIFOLIUM L 13
acetosnm corniculatiim &c.
Sloanc 150
dubiuni Sibth 14
jiliformc Macf. .... 14
minus lldlian .... 14
procuinbens dc. Browne . 28
repens L. (fig. 2) ... 13
snbcrectum d~c. Browne . 29
TRIOPTEEIS L 238
bifiirca Gxrtn 239
Brittonii Small ... 239
citrifolia Sw 239
Hirxa Gxrtn 240
jamaicensis L 239
jamaicensis Sic. . . . 238
lingulatum Pair. . . . 237
ovata Cav 238,239
paniculata Small . . . 238
TRIPHASIA Lour 183
aurantiola Lour. . . . 183
trifolia P. Wils. ... 183
trifoliata DC 183
TurkeyBlossom. . . 166
Turpentine Tree. . . 206
ULEX L 12
europaeus L 12
Urinaria indica &c. Burm. . 256
Urtica minor iners &c. Sloanc 298
Urtica racemosa scandens &c.
Sloan e 305
Urtica urens arborea &c. Sloane 303
Vachellia farnesiana Wight &
Am 139
Vetch 42
ViciAL 42
littoralis Jacq 21
sativa L 42
VIGNA Savi 66
antillana Fawc. & Rendle 69
catjang Walp 66
luteola Benth 67
peduncularis Fawc. &
Rendle 68
repens Kuntze (fig. 21) . 67
sinensis Endl 66
sinensis Rolfe .... 69
unguiculata Griseb. . . 69
unguiculata Walp. . . 66
vexillata A. Rich. ... 68
VineGungoPea . . . 54
Wait-a-bit .
Walnut, Jamaica.
West Indian Birch
94
273
206
West Indian Ebony
\Y e s t Indian Lilac .
West Indian L o c u
Tree
Whin
White Bean . . . .
White Candle Wood
White Clover . . .
White Lignum V i t aa
White Withe . . .
White Wood. . . .
W i 1 d A k e e . . . .
WildCashew .
WildCassada .
Wild Coffee. . . .
WTild Hops ....
Wild Indigo . . .
Wild Liquor ice:
Wild Oil Nut . . .
WildOrange
WildPoponax.
Wild Rosemary .
Wild Senna . . . .
Wild Tamarind 138,
PAGE
26
216
st
. 121
13
. 64
. 192
. 14
. 244
. 233
. 269
. 215
. 223
. 312
. 104
. 75
16
43, 75
. 314
. 181
. 138
. 277
. 95
144, 148
Xanthoxalis corniculata Small 156
Langloisii Small . . . 156
Xylophylla angustifolia Sw. 262, 266
arbuscula Sw 264
contorta Britton . . . 263
elongata Jacq 262
epiphyllanthus Britton . 261
falcata Sw 261
latifolia Bot. Mag. . . 264
latifolia L 263
latifolia Siv 261
montana Bot. Mag. . . 262
montana Siv. 261
Yam B ean ....
YearBean
Yellow Balsam
Yellow Candle Wood
Yellow Hercules.
YellowNickar.
70
64
279
108
172
92
Yellow Sanders .
ZANTHOXYLUM L. .
aculeatum Macf. .
acuminaturn Sw. .
aromaticum DC. .
caribssum Hitclic. .
clava-Herculis Sw.
cribrosum Spreng.
elephantiasis Macf.
emarginatum Sw. .
. 172, 174
170
178
179
171
172
172
173
171
178
INDEX
369
PAGE
ZANTHOXYLFM — continual.
Fa --arg 175
ilavum Vahl (fig. 56) . . 173
foli iff oblongo-ovatis dr.
Unnnie .... 172
Hartii P. Wils. ... 177
iusulare Rose .... 174
jnmaicense P. Wils. . . 178
martinicense DC. . . 172, 177
negrilense Fawc. & Rendle 179
Pterota H. B. d K. . . 175
Ptcrota Macf. .... 174
]>i(nctat/ini Vahl . . . 177
rhodoxylon P. Wils. . . 176
sapindoides DC. . . . 178
spinifex DC 176
spinosum Sw 178
Sumach ^Jriseb. 173
XANTHOXYLUM — continued.
ti-nmtum Sw .....
trifoiuititm TJ .....
tri'foliatuin Wright . .
Zoophthalmum .si//iy//i.s .1 .
ZOKNIA J. F. Gmel. ...
dipbylla Pers. (fig. 9) . .
myriadfiia Jlmtli. ...
reticulata Smith ...
Sloanei Griseb. ...
tetrapbylla Fawc. & Ren-
die ......
ZYQIA Browne . ...
arborescens &c. Browne .
latifolia (fig. 46) Fawc. &
Rendle .....
ZYGOPHYLLACI:
177
177
177
52
30
31
31
31
31
31
149
150
150
162
i\
2 !.
LONDON :
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QK231.F38V.4 gen
Fawcett. William/Flora of Jamaica, conta
3 5185 00135 8744
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