:FL0^*
ANGELES
Ai^ Li
l-EROY AB^A^TS
/
^
FLORA OF LOS ANGELES
AND VICINITY
BY
LeRoy Abrams, Ph.D.
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
NEV/ YORK
BOTANJCAL
Q J ^^
STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.
STANFORD BOOKSTORE
APRIL lo, 1917
11(7
Copyright, 19 17
By LeRoy Abrams
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.
MfiW \
PREFACE ^^^'^
As a student of the flora of southern California, the
author has long felt the need of some one book contain-
ing descriptions of the native plants. While it is essen-
tial that one doing critical work should laboriously search
through scattered literature, the average student, and
especially the novice, will find such a course impossible.
In an endeavor to supply this need, the author has writ-
ten this book. Not that he feels that the flora is so well
known that such a work will prove adequate for years to
come, but rather to bring together what knowledge now
exists concerning the systematic side of our most interest-
ing plant life. That many mistakes must unavoidably
occur, and that many plants are yet to be added, is clearly
apprehended.
The exact area included in this volume is the coast
slope of Los Angeles and Orange Counties. This terri-
tory comprises a large portion of the great southern
California valley, as well as the following mountain
ranges, in each of which is named the culminating point:
Sierra Santa Monica (Castro Peak 3946 ft.). Sierra San
Fernando (San Fernando Peak 3793 ft.). Sierra San
Gabriel (Mt. Gleason 6493 ft., San Gabriel Peak 6 172 ft.,
Mt. San Antonio 10080 ft.). Sierra Santa Ana (Santiago
Peak 5675 ft.). A number of the more conspicuous and
common plants of southern California not known to
occur within our boundaries are included, however, so
that the student will find that a great majority of the
plants to be met with on the coast slope south of Point
Conception are described.
In the preparation of the text the author has made
frequent use of published descriptions, especially original
IV PREFACE.
ones, only such changes being made as seemed necessary
either on account of uniformity or to bring out unob-
served characters. PubHshed Hsts of our local flora
have also been constantly consulted, but it is only jus-
tice to the author to say that he has personally collected
nearly all the plants included in this work and has
added many species not heretofore reported from our
region. Duplicates of these specimens, as well as many
others from southern California, are to be found in the
Leland Stanford Jr. University Herbarium.
The author wishes to express his thanks to the follow-
ing persons for assistance in various ways: Mr. S. B.
Parish, Dr. A. Davidson and Dr. H. E. Hasse for valuable
notes; Miss Alice Eastwood for the privilege of examin-
ing the material in the California Academy of Sciences
Herbarium; Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. B. L. Robinson, Dr.
E. L. Greene, Dr. P. A. Rydberg and Dr. J. K. Small for
notes on doubtful forms; finally to Prof. William R.
Dudley, who has not only given many critical notes and
valuable suggestions which have aided greatly toward
the completion of the work, but has also shown many
personal favors which have rendered the task a pleasant
one to the author.
It has been thirteen years since the above preface to
the first edition was written, and in that time, chiefly
due to the enthusiasm of a few local botanists, notably
S. B. Parish, Dr. A. Davidson, Professor C. F. Baker,
Ernest Braunton, George L. Moxley, Helen D. Gies,
Fordyce Grinnell, I. M. Johnston and the late Dr. H. E.
Hasse, a number of additional species have been recorded.
Many of these were included in the "supplemented
edition" published in 191 1.
In order that the present edition may be more con-
venient and thereby further facilitate the study of the
local flora, it is brought out in pocket size. And for the
same reason keys to the species are added.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
SUBKINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA.
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale.
Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary).
Class 1.
Class 2.
Gymnospermae.
Angiospermae.
Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE.
Represented with us by 1 family.
PiNACEAE,
Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE.
Cotyledons 1 ; stem endogenous.
Cotyledons 2; stem exogenous.
Subclass 1.
Subclass 2.
MONOCOTYLEDONES.
DiCOTYLEDONES.
Subclass i. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Leaves usually parallel-veined; flowers mostly 3-merous or 6-
merous.
Perianth none or when present not petaloid.
Perianth of minute scales or bristles or wanting.
Flowers aggregated or scattered, not in the axils
of chaffy bracts.
Marsh or subaquatic plants.
Flowers unisexual, in separate heads or
spikes, the staminate uppermost.
Flowers in spikes; perianth of capillary
bristles.
Flowers in heads; perianth of small
scales.
Flowers perfect or polygamous.
Immersed or floating aquatic plants.
Immersed or with some of the leaves
floating.
Fresh water plants; flowers not on a
spadix; pollen spherical.
Flowers spicate or in axillary clusters.
Flowers solitary in the ajdls, uni-
sexual.
Marine plants; flowers on a spadix;
pollen filamentous.
Minute floating plants.
Flowers in tne axils of chaffy bracts (glumes).
Glumes 2 to each flower.
Glumes 1 to each flower.
Perianth of 6 chaffy scales.
Perianth petaloid.
Pistils several distinct, forming achenes.
Pistils united into a compound ovary.
Ovary superior.
Ovary inferior.
Stamens 3 ; perianth regular.
Stamens 1 or 2 ; perianth irregular.
Typhaceae, 8.
Sparganiaceae, 9-
Scheuzeriaceae, 14.
ZaNNICHELLIACEAE, 10.
NaIADACEAE, 12.
ZosTERACEAE, II.
Lemnaceae, 70.
POACEAE, 18.
Cyperaceae, s8.
juncaceae, 72.
Alismaceae, 16.
LiLIACEAE, 76.
Iridaceae, 84.
Orchidaceae, 85.
vi KEY TO the; FAMILIES
Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES.
Leaves mostly netted-veined ; flowers seldom 3-merous or 6-
merous, usually 4-merous or 5-merous,
Petals separate and distinct from each other or some-
times wanting, rarely somewhat united. Series 1. Choripetalae.
Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or
wanting. Series 2. Sympetalae.
Series i. CHORIPETALAE.
Petals distinct, at least at base, except in some species of Montia,
Silene and Crassulaceae.
Petals wanting.
(A) Flowers unisexual, one or both kinds in aments; trees or shrubs.
Staminate flowers in aments, pistillate becoming a
nut.
Leaves pinnate. Juglandaceae, 93.
Leaves entire or variously lobed or toothed. Fagaceae, 95.
Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments.
Leaves opposite; flowers dicecious. Garrya, 268.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers dioecious; fruit a capsule. Salicaceae, 89.
Flowers monoecious; fruit not a capsule.
Pistillate flowers becoming wax-coated
berries. Myricaceae, 92.
Pistillate flowers with their scales becom-
ing a woody cone. Betulaceae, 94-
(B) Flowers not in aments.
* Ovary superior.
1. Herbs.
Calyx and corolla both wanting.
Flowers perfect, in spikes, these surrounded at base by
a conspicuous white involucre. Saururaceae, 88.
Flowers monoecious.
Aquatic plants.
Leaves dissected. Ceratophyllaceae, 137.
Leaves entire. Callitrichaceae, 216.
Terrestial plants; flower-clusters surrounded by a
petaloid involucre; ovary 3-celled, raised above
the staminate flowers; the whole appearing as a
single flower. Euphorbiaceae, 211.
Calyx present; corolla wanting.
Pistil 1.
Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled.
Stipules present.
Leaves alternate.
Stipules not sheathing.
Flowers monoecious; herbage with
stinging hairs. Urticaceae, 98.
Flowers perfect, fascicled; diminu-
tive annual. Alchemilla, 183.
Stipules sheathing; calyx usually 6-
parted, often petaloid. Polygonaceae, ioi.
Leaves opposite, pungent; petals repre-
sented by minute scales. Pentacaena, 137.
Stipules none.
Calyx petaloid.
Calyx 6- (rarely 5-) parted; seed a 3-
sided or lenticular achene. Polygonaceae, ioi.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
vu
Calyx tubular, its base hardening and
enclosing the achene.
Calyx not petaloid.
Sepals herbaceous; herbage more or less
succulent and scurvy.
Sepals membranous or scarious; flowers
with bractlets.
Ovary 3-10-celled.
Flowers perfect.
Ovary 3-5-celied.
Ovary 10-celled.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious; ovary 3-
celled.
Pistils several, each 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Nyctaginaceae, 124.
ChENOPODIACEAE, 113-
Amaranthaceae, 121.
AlZOACEAE, 126.
Phytolaccaceae, 124.
euphorbiaceae, 211.
Thalictrum, 142.
2. Trees and Shrubs.
Leaves opposite.
Flowers dioecious; losv maritime shrub; leaves
fleshy.
Flowers perfect or dioecious; sepals petaloid; fruit
a tailed achene.
Flowers perfect; Iruit a samara.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers perfect; sepals petaloid.
Sepals 6; stamens 9.
Stamens opening by uplifted valves; aro-
matic tree.
Stamens splitting longitudinally; shrubs.
Calyx 5-cleft; stamens 5, monadelphous.
Flowers monoecious in head-like clusters.
Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and stamens
4 or 5 ; fruit berrj^-like.
** Ovary inferior.
Herbs; leaves alternate, divided.
Woody plants, parasitic on trees or shrubs.
Batidaceae, 123.
Clematis, 140.
Fraxinus, 277.
Lauraceae, 143.
Eriogonum, 106.
Fremontodendron,
Platanaceae, 176.
RH.\MNUS, 221.
D.\tiscaceae, 236.
LORANTHACEAE, 100.
Stamens tnore than 10.
Petals present.
* Ovary superior.
I. Stamens Hypogynous.
Pistils several to many.
Pistils simple and distinct.
Pistils becoming achenes or follicles.
Pistils at first united, becoming distinct and
forming tortulose pods.
Pistils cohering around a central axis.
Pistil 1.
Pistil 1-celled.
Sepals persistent.
Sepals 2.
Sepals 5, tne 2 outer smaller, bract-like.
Sepals caducous; petals 4 or 6, twice as many
as sepals.
Pistil more than 1-celled.
Ranunculaceae, 138.
Platystemon, 145.
Malvaceae, 226.
Calandrinia, 129.
Cistaceae, 232.
Papaveraceae, 144.
Malvaceae, 226.
Statnens 10 or fewer.
Pistils more than 1, distinct or more or less united
around a central axis.
Pistils distinct.
Pistils exceeding the sepals and petals in
number. Ranunculaceae, 138.
Pistils, petals and sepals of the same number. Crassulaceae, 165.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Pistils several, more or less united around a
central axis, elastically separating as 1-seeded
carpels.
Pistil 1.
Corolla regular.
Ovary 1-celled.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.
Fruit a capsule dehiscent at the apex
by valves or teeth.
Placentae central or basal.
Calyx tubular or of 4-5 distinct
Calyx of 2 distinct sepals.
Placentae parietal; calyx tubular.
Fruit indehiscent; sepals and petals 4.
Anthers opening by uplifted valves;
shrubby plants.
Ovary more than 1-celled.
Herbs.
Leaves opposite.
Calyx of 2 distinct sepals.
Calyx tubular.
Leaves alternate or basal.
Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6,
sometimes 2 or 4.
Ovary 1-celled, stipitate.
Ovary 2-celled, not stipitate.
Sepals and petals 5; capsule 5-celled.
Stamens 10; leaves compound.
Leaves 3-foliolate.
I.,eaves pinnate.
Ovule 1 in each cell.
Ovules 3-5 in each cell.
Stamens 5 ; leaves entire.
Shrubs or trees.
Petals and sepals 4; stamens 6; ovary
stipitate.
Petals and stamens 2; fruit a simple
samara.
Corolla irregular.
Corolla papilionaceous or papilionaceous-like.
Stamens 10; diadelphous or monadelphous;
corolla papilionaceous.
Stamens 6-8, monadelphous; petals 3,
papilionaceous-like.
Corolla not papilionaceous.
Stamens 5; petals 5, 1 spurred; sepals
auricled.
Stamens 6; sepals 2; petals 4, in 2 dis-
similar pairs.
Geraniaceae, 207.
Caryophyllaceae, 130.
portulacaceae, 128.
Franfceniaceae, 231.
Brassicaceae, 149.
Berberidaceae, 142.
Elatinaceae, 231.
SiLENE, 131.
Capparidaceae, 163.
Brassicaceae, 149.
OXALIDACEAE, 208.
Limnanthaceae, 217.
Zygophyllaceae, 217.
Linaceae, 209.
isomeris, 163.
Fraxinus, 277.
Fabaceae, 187.
POLYGALACEAE, 210.
Violaceae, 233.
BiCUCULLA, 148.
2. Stamens Perigynous.
Stamens on an hypogynous disk or on a disk lining
the base of the calyx.
Herbs; disk 1-sided.
Trees or shrubs.
Stamens equaling the petals in number and
opposite them.
Shrubs; petals commonly hooded; ovary
usually 3-celled.
Woody vines climbing by tendrils; petals
early deciduous.
Stamens exceeding the petals in number.
Fruit drupe-like; styles or stigmas 3.
Fruit a double samara; leaves simple.
Stamens on the calyx.
Corolla irregular; fruit a legume.
Corolla regular.
Stamens more than 10; pistils 1-many.
Resedaceae, 164.
Rhamnaceae, 221.
Vitaceae, 226.
Anacardiaceae, 218.
AcERACEAE, 220.
Fabaceae, 187.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
IX
Pistils several, or when 1 not becoming a
drupe.
Pistil 1, becoming a drupe.
Stamens 5-10.
Fruit a legume.
Fruit not a legume.
Calyx campanulate.
Calyx tubular.
ROSACEAE, 177.
Amygdalaceae, 185.
MiMOSACEAE, 186.
Saxifragaceae, 169.
Lythraceae, 230.
Trees and shrubs.
Ovary ififerior.
Stamensexceeding the petals in number; fruit a pome. Malaceae, 183.
Stamens as many as petals.
Stamens opposite the petals. Rhamnaceae, 221.
Stamens alternate with the petals.
Leaves alternate; fruit a smooth or prickly
berry. Grossulariaceae,
Leaves opposite; fruit drupe-like. Cornaceae, 267,
Herbs.
172.
Petals and stamens many; fleshy maritime herbs.
Petals 5 or fewer.
Style evident.
Style 1.
Sepals and petals 4; capsule 4-celled.
Sepals and petals 5; capsule 1-celled.
Styles more than 1.
Styles 4-5; fruit berry-like.
Styles 2; fruit dry, formed of 2 1-celled
carpels.
Style none; stigmas 4; aquatic plants.
Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems.
Mesembrvanthemum, 127.
Onagraceae, 240,
Loasaceae, 234.
Araliaceae, 252.
Ammiaceae, 253.
Haloragidaceae,
Cactaceae, 237.
2SI.
Series 2. SYMPETALAE.
Petals united, at least below, except in Pyrolaceae, Plumhaginaceae
and Oleaceae.
* Ovary superior.
Corolla regular.
Stamens free from the corolla; anthers opening by
pores.
Petals distinct or nearly so.
Petals united.
Herbaceous saprophytes, without green foli-
age.
Trees and shrubs.
Stamens adnate to the corolla.
Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes.
Style 1 ; fruit capsular, many-seeded.
Styles 5; fruit utricular, 1 -seeded.
Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes.
Ovaries 2, separate, becoming follicles.
Filaments distinct.
Filaments monadelphous.
Ovary 1,
Cells to the ovary 1.
Leaves opposite, entire.
Leaves mostly alternate, seldom entire.
Cells of the ovary 2-4.
Corolla not scarious.
Ovary not lobed.
Ovary 2-celled.
Leafy plants.
Pyrolaceae, 269.
Monotropaceae, 271.
Ericaceae, 271.
Primulaceae, 275.
Plumbaginaceae, 277.
Apocynaceae, 279.
Asclepiadaceae, 280.
Gentianaceae, 278.
Hydrophyllaceae, 293.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
Calyx 5-toothed.
Calyx of 5 distinct sepals.
Leafless parasitic plants, with
yellowish herbage.
Ovary 3-celled; styles 3-cleft;
capsule 3-valved.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming 4 1-
seeded nutlets.
Leaves alternate.
Leaves opposite.
Corolla scarious; ovary 2-4-celled.
Corolla irregular.
Ovary 1-2 -celled; ovules numerous.
Ovary 1 -celled; parasitic plants without green
foliage.
Ovary 2-celled; plants with green foliage.
Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell.
Ovary not lobed.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, splitting into 4 nutlets.
SOLANACEAE, 320.
CONVOLVULACEAE, 282.
CUSCUTACEAE, 284.
POLEMONIACEAE, 286.
boraginaceae, 302.
Menthaceae, 310.
Plantaginaceae, 343.
Orobanchaceae, 342.
Scrophulariaceae, 326.
Verbenaceae, 309.
Menthaceae, 310.
** Ovary inferior.
Stamens distinct.
Leaves alternate.
Leaves opposite or whorled.
Ovary 1-celled.
Stamens 1-3; slender spring annuals.
Stamens 2-4; stout late summer herbs.
Ovary 2-5-celled.
Ovary 2-celled; flowers regular, minute;
stems usually 4-angled.
Ovary 2-5-celled; flowers regular or ir-
regular.
Stamens united into a tube around the ovary.
Flowers not in heads.
Stamens 3 ; flowers regular.
Stamens 5; flowers irregular.
Flowers in heads on a common receptacle, ligulate
or tubular.
Campanulaceae, 353-
Valerianaceae, 350.
DiPSACEAE, 350.
Rubiaceae, 345.
Caprifoliaceae, 347.
Cucurbitaceae, 351.
Campanulaceae, 353-
ASTERACEAE, 356.
FLORA OF LOS ANGELES AND VICINITY
Family 1. PINACEAE. Pine Family.
Resinous evergreen or rarely deciduous trees or shrubs,
with linear, needle-like or scale-like leaves, arranged in
spirals or cycles. Flowers surrounded at base by the
persistent bud scales, monoecious or dioecious, the
staminate consisting of few to many stamens, with 2 to
several pollen sacs, the ovulate of few to many scales,
bearing 1 to several pendent or erect ovules on their
inner surface. Fruit a w^oody cone, or the scales be-
coming fleshy and coalescent (Juniperus). Seeds with
or without wings; embryo axile in the copious endo-
sperm; cotyledons 2 to several.
A family of about 45 genera and approximately 225
species, widely distributed over the globe but most
abundant in the north temperate zone. On account of
the great interest of this family all the species found in
southern California are described.
Leaves not scale-like, spirally arranged.
Leaves surrounded at base by a deciduous or
persistent sheath, in bundles of 2-5 (soli-
tary in one species). 1. PiNUS.
Leaves naked, scattered and often appearing
2 -ranked.
Cones pendent, their scales persistent. 2, Pseudotsuga.
Cones erect, their scales deciduous. 3. Abies.
Leaves scale-like, in cycles of 2-4.
Cones woody; monoecious.
Leaves appearing as if in whorls of 4;
cones and scales oblong. 4. Libocedrus.
Leaves in whorls of 2; cones globose; scales
peltate. 5. Cupressus.
Cones berry-like, the scales coalescent and
more or less fleshy. 6. Juniperus,
PINACEAE.
1. PINUS L. Pine.
Evergreen trees with 2 kinds of leaves, the primary
ones Hnear or scale-like, deciduous; the secondary ones
forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising
from the axils of the former in fascicles of 2-5, or soli-
tary in a single species; subtended by the bud scales,
some of which are united to form a sheath. Staminate
cones borne at the bases of the shoots of the season, the
clusters of stamens spirally arranged each in the axil of
a minute scale; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovule-bearing cones solitary
or clustered, borne on the twigs of the preceding year,
composed of numerous imbricated minute bracts, each
with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil, ripening into a
large cone, which matures the following autumn, its
scales elongating and becoming woody. Seeds 2 on the
base of each scale, winged above, the testa crustaceous.
Sheaths of the leaves deciduous; leaves with 1
fibro-vascular bundle.
Leaves in 5's; cones with terminal unarmed
umbos.
Cones 3-5 dm. long; seeds much shorter
than the wings, these not persistent on
the scale. 1. P. lambertiana.
Cones about 1 dm. long; seeds much
longer than the wings, these persistent
on the scale. 2. P.flexilis.
Leaves in 1-4-leaved clusters; cones sub-
globose; scales few, much thickened;
seeds large; wings a mere ring.
Leaves usually in 4's. 3. P. quadrifolia.
Leaves solitary. 4. P. monophylla.
Sheaths of the leaves persistent; leaves with 2
fibro-vascular bundles.
Leaves in 5's. 5. P. torreyana.
Leaves in 2-3-leaved clusters.
Leaves in 3's.
Cone scales with dorsal slender
prickles.
Cones symmetrical, opening at
maturity, deciduous, the
basal scales persistent on
the branches.
Leaves yellow green; twigs not
glaucous; cones 7-15 cm.
long. 6. P. ponderosa.
PINACEAE. 3
Leaves dull blue green; twigs
glaucous; cones 15-35 cm.
long. _ ^ 7. P.jeffreyi.
Cones unsymmetrical, their outer
scales much enlarged toward
the base of the cone, remaining
closed and persistent on the
branches for many years. 8. P. attenuata.
Cone scales prolonged into stout,
straight or incurved spur-like
spines; cones large and heavy.
Leaves gray green, drooping;
cones chocolate brown; seeds
longer than wings. 9. P. sahiniana.
Leaves blue green, erect; cones
light brown; seeds shorter than
wings. 10. P. couUeri.
Leaves in 2's; cones small, opening at
maturity and deciduous. 11. P.murrayana.
1. P. lambertiana Dougl. (Sugar Pine.) Becoming a large
tree, with light brown smoothish bark, splitting in small sections;
leaves 8-10 cm. long, with 5-6 lines of stomata on each of the 3
sides; staminate cones oval, 1 cm. long, with 10-15 involucral scales;
anthers denticulate-crested; fruiting cones cylindric, bright brown,
2-4 dm. long, 8-10 cm. broad, on peduncles 8 cm. long; seeds smooth,
black, 12 mm. long; wing scarcely twice as long, widest below the
middle, obtuse; cotyledons 13-15.
Frequent in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains,
6000-8000 feet altitude. This species is the largest of all pines.
2. P. flexills James. (Limber Pine.) A middle-sized tree with
furrowed gray bark; leaves 5, 3-6 cm, long, thick and rigid; staminate
cones oval, 12-14 mm. long, involucral bracts 8-9; anthers tipped
by a spur; fruiting cones oval to subcylindric, 8-16 cm. long, light
brown, scales rounded or pointed at the apex; seeds oval, com-
pressed, 8-12 mm. long; wing minute, scarcely exceeding 1 mm. in
width, usually remaining attached to the scale.
Summits of San Gorgonio, San Jacinto and Santa Rosa Moun-
tains.
3. P. quadrifolia Pari. (Parry Pine.) A small tree, 6-10 m.
high, with a round top; bark dark brown tinged with red, divided
by shallow fissures; leaves 3-5 (mostly 4) in a sheath, stout, glaucous,
30-45 mm. long; staminate cones oval, about 5 mm. long, surrounded
by 4 conspicuous bracts; fruiting cones subglobose, 3-5 cm. broad;
scales thickened at apex, rounded, conspicuously keeled, narrowed
with a central knob terminating in a truncate or concave umbo,
armed with a minute recurved mucro, bright chestnut brown, the
rest of the scale dull red; seeds oval, 10-16 mm. long; wings brown,
about 2 mm. wide, remaining attached to the scale. {P. parryana
Engelm.)
Santa Rosa Mountains, southward on the desert slopes to north-
ern Lower California.
4 PINACEAE.
J
4. P. monophylla Torr. & Frem. (Pinon.) A small tree, 5-8
m. high, with irregularly spreading branches and pale flaky bark;
leaves short, spiny-tipped, solitary, terete, 3-5 cm. long; staminate
cones oval with 6 involucral bracts; fruiting cones 3-6 cm. long
and nearly as broad, bright green, apex of scale thickened, 4-angled,
narrowed into a prominent knob with a usually truncate umbo
ending in a minute incurved tip; seeds oblong, 12-20 mm. long;
wing light brown, 8-12 mm. wide, remaining attached to the scale.
Frequent on the desert slopes of the San Gabriel and San Bernar-
dino Mountains.
5. P. torreyana Parry. (Del Mar or Torrey Pine.) A small
tree, 6-10 m. high, wdth spreading branches and dark brownish
bark; leaves 5 in a cluster, crowded at the ends of the thick branch-
lets, stout, 20-28 cm. long; staminate cones cyclindric, about 5 cm.
long and 8 mm. thick, involucral bracts 14; fruiting cones broadly
ovate, 10-15 cm. long, chocolate brown; scales much thickened at
apex into broad straight or reflexed umbos terminating in minute
spines; seeds oval, 16-20 mm. long, nearly enclosed by the thickened
rim of the dark brown wings, these 8-10 mm. wdde.
Delmar, San Diego County; Santa Rosa Island. This is the
rarest species of pines.
6. P. ponderosa Dougl. (Yellow Pine.) A large tree with
very thick red-brown bark; deeply furrowed and split in large plates;
leaves 3 in each cluster on stout branchlets, dark green, 15-25 cm.
long; staminate cones cylindric, 35-50 mm. long, involucral bracts
10-12; fruiting cones oval, 7-12 cm. long, rich brown; scales thick-
ened into a central knob terminating in compressed straight or
recurved umbos, awned with slender spines; seeds ovate, acute,
about 8 mm. long, coat nearly black, rugose; wing thin, pale brown,
25-30 mm. long and about 20 mm. wide below the middle.
Common on all our mountains, making up a greater part of the
coniferous forests. The cones usually fall during the autumn and
winter after maturity.
7. P. Jeffrey! Oreg. Com. (Jeffrey Pine.) Closely resembling
the preceding in foliage and habit; bark deeply furrowed, not split
in large plates, dark; staminate cones 3 cm. long; fruiting cones
oval, rather rich brown, 15-30 cm. long; seeds 8-10 mm. long; wings
about 25 mm. long.
With the last, but much less common. Rather frequent in the
San Bernardino Mountains, especially about Bear Valley. Dis-
tinguished from ponderosa by the glaucous twigs, bluish tinge to
leaves, and large cones.
8. P. attenuata Lemmon. (Knob-cone Pine.) A small tree
usually less than 10 m. high, somewhat irregularly branched; bark
light brown, roughish; leaves in clusters of 3, 10-15 cm. long, dark
green; staminate cones, cylindric, 14-15 cm. long, with 6 involucral
bracts; fruiting cones clustered in verticils, persistent for many
years, light chestnut-brown becoming grayish, elongated-conic,
oblique at the base, 8-14 cm. long; scales armed with stout prickles;
seeds black, grooved, 6 mm. long; wing 14-16 mm. long, widest near
the middle. (P. tuherculata Gordon.)
PINACEAE. 5
Extending in a narrow belt along the southern slope of the San
Bernardino Mountains, 2500-4000 feet altitude on City Creek Road.
9. P. sabiniana Dougl. (Digger Pine or Silver Pine.) A
rather small open-topped irregularly branched tree; leaves 3 in a
cluster, drooping, light green or glaucous, 2-3 cm. long; stami-
nate cones oblong, about 2 cm. long, with 10-15 involucral bracts;
fruiting cones lateral, short oval, acutish, 15-25 cm. long, 10-15 cm.
in diameter, deep chestnut-brown; scales produced into prominent
knobs awned with stout straight or slightly incurved spines; seeds
subcylindric, dark, 18-24 mm. long; wing about half as long.
• Antelope Valley, ranging northward to the upper Sacramento.
Confined to the foothills.
10. P. coulteri Lamb. (Coulter Pine.) A middle-sized tree,
with thick rough bark; leaves crowded at the ends of the thick
branches in clusters of 3, stiff and erect, 15-25 cm. long, dark blue-
green; staminate cones cylindric, 35-40 mm. long, with 8-10 in-
volucral bracts; fruiting cones long-oval, pointed, 25-35 cm, long,
10-12 cm. thick, yellowish-brown, persistent; scales with a stout
elongated umbo armed with thick incurved spines; seeds oval,
black, 12-16 mm. long; wing 20-30 mm. long.
Rather frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Bernardino,
San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains, less so in the San Gabriel,
4500-7000 feet altitude.
11. P. murrayana Oreg. Com. (Murray Pine or Tamarack
Pine.) Becoming a rather large tree, 15-40 m. high; bark rather
finely furrowed, grayish-brown; leaves 2, 25-75 mm. long, very
stout and rigid; sheaths 8-12 mm. long when young; staminate
cones with 6-8 involucral bracts, cylindric, 10-15 mm. long; fruiting
cones clustered or in pairs, oval or subcylindric, oblique, 2-5 cm.
long; scales armed with slender recurved prickles; seeds scarcely 2
mm. long, dark brown mottled with black; wings light brown, widest
above the base, tapering to apex, 12-15 mm. long.
Frequent in the upper portions of the coniferous forests. Mt.
San Antonio; Bear Valley; Mt. San Gorgonio; Mt. San Jacinto.
2. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. False Spruce.
t
Evergreen trees with flat petioled leaves, appearing
2-ranked by a twist of the petiole, leaving an oval scar
on the smooth branches. Staminate cones oblong or
cylindric, partly enclosed by conspicuous orbicular
bud-scales, scales ending In a short spur; anthers 2,
obliquely splitting. Pistillate cones with the scales
much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed
and long-pointed arlstulate bracts, maturing the first
year. Seeds without resln-veslcles, the wing at last
breaking off; cotyledons 6-12.
1. P. macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayr. (Big-cone Spruce.) Tree
12-18 m. high, rarely 1 m. in diameter, branches spreading; leaves
6 PINACEAE.
rather narrow, acutish; staminate cones about 2 cm. long; fruiting
cones 12-18 cm. long, 5-6 cm. thick; scales large, rather thick;
bracts somewhat exceeding the scales; seeds including wing about
10 mm. long; cotyledons 9-12.
Rather common in all our mountains except the Santa Monica.
Ranging mostly from 2000-5000 feet altitude, being confined for
the most part to canyons and north slopes in the upper portions of
the chaparral belt and extending into the pine belt.
3. ABIES Link. Fir.
Evergreen trees with sessile leaves appearing 2-ranked
by a twist of the petiole leaving a circular scar on the
smooth branches, more or less flattened and emarginate,
bearing stomata only or mainly on the lower surface,
with 2 longitudinal resin-ducts mostly close to the epi-
dermis on the lower side. Staminate cones oval or cylin-
dric, scales terminating in a knob, bearing 2 anthers,
these transversely dehiscent. Pistillate cones erect, the
bract much larger than the scale. Fruiting cones erect,
maturing the first year, scales and enclosed or exserted
membranous bracts falling at maturity from the persist-
ent axis. Seeds partly and permanently enclosed by
the base of the wing; cotyledons 4-10.
1. A. concolor (Gord.) Parry. (White Fir.) Often becoming
a large tree with rough grayish bark; leaves obtuse, pale green,
with stomata on both sides, 2-3 cm. long or on young trees often
5 cm. long, convex above, somewhat falcate; mature cones oblong-
cylindric, 8-12 cm. long, 3-4 cm. thick, pale green; scales 24-30
mm. broad, but little over half as long; bracts short enclosed, trun-
cate or emarginate, with or without a short mucro; wing of the
seeds oblique, as broad as long; cotyledons 5-7.
Frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Gabriel, San Ber-
nardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains.
4. LIBOCEDRUS Endl. Incense Cedar.
Evergreen aromatic trees with thin fibrous bark and
scattered flattened branches. Leaves scale-like, adnate
and imbricate in 4 rows, oblong, with free acute tips,
somewhat dimorphous. Staminate cones of 12-16 sub-
peltate broadly ovate pointed scales, bearing usually
4 pollen-sacs. Pistillate cones composed of 4-6 small
coriaceous valvate scales, only the middle pair fertile;
ovules 2. Mature cones oblong, scales oblong; seeds
unequally 2-winged, maturing the first year.
PINACEAE. 7
1. L. decurrens Torr. Mostly a rather small tree with bright
cinnamon-red bark and spreading branches; leaves pale green,
4-8 mm. long, the lateral ones without glands, nearly covering the
flattened, obscurely pitted inner ones; staminate cones oblong-
ovate, 5-6 mm. long; fruiting cones 2 cm. long and about 8 mm.
thick; scales with short somewhat recurved mucro; seeds oblong-
lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, the narrow outer wing scarcely longer,
the inner broader and nearly equaling the scale.
Frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Gabriel, San Ber-
nardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains.
5. CUPRESSUS L. Cypress.
Resinous aromatic trees with fibrous bark, light brown
durable and fragrant wood, stout erect or horizontal
branches and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, decussate,
ovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at the apex. Flowers
monoecious, small, terminal on the branchlets; the
staminate rounded to oblong, yellowish, with subpeltate
scales bearing 3 to 5 subtended pollen sacs; the ovulate
green and inconspicuous, the pointed scales spreading
and exposing the numerous erect basal ovules. Cones
maturing the second year, globose to oblong, the scales
much thickened into a shield-shaped apex with a promi-
nent central boss or prickle, closely fitting and not
overlapping, separating at maturity or remaining closed
for years. Seeds small, compressed, acutely angled or
margined; cotyledons 2 to 5.
1. Cupressus guadalupensis S. Wats. (Guadalupe Cypress.)
Small tree 10 to 20 ft. high, clothed from the ground with slender
ascending branches forming a thin open conical crown; bark of the
trunk separating into extremely thin reddish brown scales, exfoli-
ating leaving a smooth polished red-brown inner bark, no persistent
bark even at the base of the older trees; leaves on slender terete
branchlets, light green, acutish, slightly keeled at the tip, furnished
with a dorsal pit, but not resinous-glandular; staminate flowers
oblong, with 3 lateral anthers in each row; cones globose, 20-25
mm. broad, light brown, becoming gray brown with age; scales 6
to 8, with central subconical or more or less appressed and crescent-
shaped umbos; seeds reddish brown, sharply angled, obscurely
warty, 3 mm. long.
Several isolated groves are found in western San Diego County,
the most accessible being on the Campo road near Tecata Mountain.
Another is nearby in Cedar Canyon and a third is near Descanso.
It is also in northern Lower California and on Guadalupe Island.
The southern California specimens have been referred to goveniana.
but the bark is unlike that species or any other Californian cypress.
It is a handsome tree and should be substituted in southern Cali-
fornia for the less adapted Monterey Cypress.
8 PINACEAE.
6. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper.
Low dioecious or monoecious shrubs or trees, with
mostly thin shredded bark and evergreen binate or ter-
nate, free and subulate or adnate and scale-Hke leaves,
not 2-ranked. Cones small, solitary, axillary or terminal
upon short lateral branchlets; scales few, decussately
binate or ternate. Staminate cones oblong-ovate; an-
ther-cells 4-8 under each shield-shaped scale. Pistillate
cone of 2 or 3 series of fleshy scales, with 2 erect ovules to
each scale, becoming united into a blue-black or reddish
drupe in fruit and ripening the second year. Seeds 1-12,
bony; cotyledons usually 2, rarely 4-6.
1. J. califomica Carr. (California Juniper.) Shrub usually
much branched, with stout, spreading branches and branchlets;
leaves scale-like, closely appressed, usually 3 in a whorl, ovate to
oblong, 5 mm. long, yellow-green, distinctly glandular pitted on the
back, bluntly pointed; berries at first bluish with a dense bloom,
at maturity reddish brown beneath the bloom, globose-oblong,
12-18 mm. long, nearly smooth, the pulp firm, dry and sweetish;
seeds 1 or 2, ovoid, sharp-pointed and angled, 6-9 mm. long, light
brown and shining above, dull and yellowish toward the base;
cotyledons 4-6.
South of the Tehachapi Mountains this species is chiefly restricted
to the desert slopes of the mountains, entering the coastal region
only in the interior arid regions. In the vicinity of Los Angeles it
is found in the San Gabriel Wash near Azusa and in San Fernando
Valley.
2. J. occidentalis Hook. (Western Juniper.) A tree, usually
about 8 m. high, but occasionally 20 m. high, with a trunk 5-15 dm. or
rarely 25 dm. in diameter; branches often very large, spreading at
right angles and forming aflat top; bark about 7-10 cm. thick, cinna-
mon brown, divided into wide low irregularly connected ridges,
separating at the surface into thin scales; leaves in 3's, closely
appressed, acute or acuminate, conspicuously glandular and rounded
on the back, 3 mm. long, gray-green, the margins slightly denticulate;
staminate flowers with 12-18 stamens; berries rounded to oblong,
6-8 mm. long, blue-black at maturity beneath the glaucous bloom;
seeds 2-3, ovate, acute, rounded and grooved or pitted on the
back, 3 mm. long; cotyledons 2.
In southern California it is found chiefly above the Yellow Pine
belt; Mt. San Antonio near the summit; Pine Lake, San Bernardino
Mountains.
FamUy 2. TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family.
Marsh or aquatic herbs with creeping rootstocks and
solid cylindric stems, bearing long linear alternate leaves.
SPARGANIACEAE. 9
Flowers monoecious, in dense terminal spikes, the
staminate spike uppermost. Perianth of numerous fine
bristles. Stamens 2-7, filaments connate. Ovary stipi-
tate, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit minute, nut-like; endosperm
copious.
1. TYPHA L. Cat-tail.
The only genus; characters of the family.
1. T. latifolia L. Stems stout, 1.5-3 m. high; leaves long, 6-20
mm. wide, sheathing at base; spike 15-25 cm. long, 20 mm. or more
in diameter, the staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous;
stigmas rhomboid or spatulate; pollen grains in 4's; fruit furrowed,
bursting in water; seeds with separate outer coat.
Frequent along the margins of marshes or slow-running streams.
May-July.
2. T. angustifolia L. Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 m. high; leaves 4-9
mm. wide; spikes 15-30 cm. long, 4-15 mm. in diameter, the stami-
nate and pistillate portions usually distant; stigmas linear or linear-
oblong; pollen grains simple; fruit not furrowed, not bursting in
water, outer coat not separable.
In similar places, but not common. Near Los Angeles, Hasse;
San Bernardino, Parish.
Family 3. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family.
Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks,
simple or somewhat branched stems and linear leaves.
Flowers in globose heads along the upper portions of the
stem and branches, the upper heads staminate, the
lower pistillate, in the axils of leaf-like bracts. Perianth
of minute irregular scales. Stamens with long slender
distinct filaments. Ovaries sessile, mostly 1-celled.
Fruit nut-like.
1. SPARGANIUM L. Bur- reed.
Characters of the family.
1. S. greenei Morong. Stems rather stout, 1-2.5 m. high,
branching; leaves linear, flat, slightly keeled beneath, the lowest
1-1.5 m. long, the upper shorter; staminate heads numerous; pistil-
late heads 2-4, sessile or more commonly peduncled, compact,
20-40 mm. in diameter when mature; style 1; stigmas 1-2; nutlets
sessile, obovate, 6-10 mm. long; perianth segments as many as the
10 ZANNICHELLIACEAE.
angles of the fruit or with 2-3 outer ones, spatulate or eroded, equal-
ing the fruit.
Occasional along streams, usually growing with Typha. Los
Angeles River; Ballona Creek; New River near Alamitos, May-
June.
2. S. multipedunculata (Morong) Rydb. A slender plant, with
slender fusiform nutlets, widest near the middle.
Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, Hall.
Family 4. ZANNICHELLIACEAE.
PoNDWEED Family.
Aquatic plants entirely submerged or with floating
leaves. Stems jointed, usually branched. Leaves capil-
lary to lanceolate or with broad floating blades, sheath-
ing at the base. Flowers small, without perianth,
commonly borne In spikes or axillary clusters. Stamens
1-4, with extrorse anthers. Ovaries 1 to 4, mostly
distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Carpels rarely dehiscent;
endosperm none; embryo often curved.
Flowers perfect; stamens more than L
Fruit sessile; stamens 4. L Potamogeton.
Fruit stalked; stamens 2. 2. Ruppia.
Flowers monoecious; stamens L 3. Zannichellia.
L POTAMOGETON L. Pond weed.
Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or the uppermost
often opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged and float-
ing, the floating elliptic or ovate, the submerged linear.
Spikes sheathed by the stipules In the bud. Peduncles
axillary, bearing small perfect flowers. Perianth seg-
ments 4, herbaceous, concave, valvate In the bud, short-
clawed. Stamens 4, Inserted on the claws of the peri-
anth segments; anthers sessile. Ovaries 4, sessile, dis-
tinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, attenuate into a short erect or
recurved style.
With floating and submerged leaves.
Floating leaves thick; fruit pitted on
the sides, 2-grooved on the back. L P. natans.
Floating leaves thin; fruit smooth on
the sides, 3-keeled dorsally. 2. P. americanus .
With submerged leaves only.
Leaves 2 mm. wide, 3-nerved. 3. P. foliosus californicus.
Leaves capillary, 1-nerved. 4. P. pectinatus.
ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 1 1
1. P. natans L. Stems 1-1.5 m. long, simple or sparingly
branched; floating leaves thick, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, rounded
or subcordate at base, 4-8 cm. long, mostly shorter than the petiole;
submerged leaves reduced to phyllodes or bladeless petioles; peduncle
as thick as the stem, 4-8 cm. long; spike dense, 4 cm. long; fruit
turgid, 4 mm. long, narrowly obovoid; nutlet pitted on the sides,
2-grooved on the back.
Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains. Not known within
our limits.
2. P. americanus Ch. & Sch. Stems 1-2 m. long, much branched;
floating leaves rather thin, elliptic, pointed at both ends, 5-10 cm.
long; submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 4-20
mm. wide, rounded at base or tapering into a petiole; stipules 2-8
cm. long, free from the leaves; peduncles thickening upward, 4-6
cm. long; spikes dense, 2-4 cm. long; fruit 4 mm. long, obliquely
obovoid, sides smooth, 3-keeled on the back. (P.lonchiles. Tuckerm.)
Occasional in ponds in the valley region.
3. P. foliosus califomicus Morong. Stems 0.3-1 m. long, much
branched, flattened or winged; leaves 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide,
3-nerved or sometimes 5-nerve(i toward the base; stipules free from
the leaves, small, white, becoming setose; peduncles 8-12 mm. long,
erect, clavate, flattened; spikes subcapitate, 6-12-flowered; fruit
lenticular or nearly orbicular, about 2 mm. long, 3-keeled on the
back, middle keel winged, sinuate-dentate, face strongly angled or
arched; style apical. (P. paticiflorus califomicus IVIorong.)
Occasional in streams and irrigating ditches in the interior valleys.
June-September.
4. P. pectinatus L. Stems 0.3-1 m. long, slender, much branched,
branches repeatedly forking; leaves setaceous, attenuate to the
apex, 1-nerved, often capillary and nerveless, 2-10 cm. long; stipules
half free, 1-2 cm. long, their sheaths scarious on the margins;
peduncles filiform, 4-10 cm. long; spike 1-4 cm. long; flowers in
whorls; fruit obliquely obovoid, about 4 mm. long, with two obscure
lateral ridges on the back; style straight or curved, facial.
Common in streams and ponds. ^lay-August.
2. RUPPIA L.
Stems capillary, widely branched. Leaves all sub-
merged, very slender, attenuate, 1-nerved, with mem-
branous sheaths at the base. Flowers on a capillary
spadix-like peduncle, naked, perfect, consisting of 2 ses-
sile anthers, 2-celled, attached by the back to the
peduncle, having between them several pistillate flowers
with sessile peltate stigmas in 2 sets on opposite sides
of the rachis, the whole at first enclosed in the sheathing
base of the leaf; in development the peduncle elongates,
bearing the pistillate flowers at the end; fertilization
takes place at the surface, after which the peduncle coils
up. Fruit a small obliquely pointed drupe, pedicelled.
12 NAIADACEAE.
1. R. maritima L. Stems 0.5-1 m. long; leaves 4-6 cm. long;
sheaths membranous, 6-8 mm. long; peduncles 4-20 cm. long or
more in fruit; pedicels 1-3 cm. long at maturity; drupes with a
hard shell, 2 mm. long, ovoid, oblique or gibbous at base, pointed
with the long style.
Brackish streams along the coast. June-August.
3. ZANNICHELLIA L. Horned Pondweed.
Stems capillary, sparsely branched from a creeping
rhizome. Leaves all submerged, filiform but flat, 1-
nerved. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same
axil, enclosed In the bud by a hyaline spathe-like en-
velope; staminate solitary, with 2-celled anther on a
short pedicel-like filament; pistillate 2-5. Ovary flask-
shaped, stipulate at base, tapering into a short style
with a broad cup-shaped stigma, its margins angled or
dentate. Fruit a fiattish falcate nutlet, ribbed or some-
times toothed on the back.
1. Z. palustris L. Stems 3-6 dm. high; leaves 2-6 cm. long;
spathe separating from the leaves and fruit at maturity; fruits
2-6 in a cluster, 2-4 mm. long, sessile or short pedicelled, some-
times the whole cluster peduncled; style persistent, straight or
curved, 1-2 mm. long.
Occasional in marshes and ponds.
Family 5. NAIADACEAE. Naias Family.
Slender, branching, submerged aquatics from fibrous
roots. Leaves all submerged, opposite or whorl ed,
spiny-toothed, sheathing at the base. Flowers mon-
oecious or dioecious, axillary, solitary, sessile or pedi-
celled. Staminate with a double perianth; the outer
entire or 4-toothed at the apex, the inner one hyaline,
adhering to the anthers. Stamen 1, sessile or stalked;
anthers 1-4-celled, apiculate or 2-lobed at the summit.
Pistillate flowers of a single ovary, tapering into a short
style; stigmas 2-4, subulate. Fruit a solitary carpel,
sessile, ellipsoidal, with a crustaceous pericarp.
1. NAIAS L. Naias.
Characters of the family.
ZOSTERACEAE. 13
1. N. flexilis (Willd.) R. & S. Stem slender, forking; leaves
linear, pellucid, acuminate or acute, 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide,
numerous and crowded on the upper branches with 25-30 minute
teeth on each margin; fruit 2-4 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter;
style long, persistent; stigmas short.
Near Soldiers' Home, Hasse, Davidson.
Family 6. ZOSTERACEAE. Eel-grass Family.
Submerged marine plants with creeping rootstocks,
flattened branching stems and sheathing 2-ranked
ribbon-like leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
arranged on a one-sided spadix enclosed in a spathe.
Perianth none, but flowers enclosed by a hyaline scale.
Staminate flowers a single sessile anther arranged in
two rows on the spadix; pollen of slender filaments.
Pistillate flower of a single 1-celled ovary, with 2 carpels
and 2 slender stigmas.
Flowers monoecious; ovary and fruit ovoid. 1. Zostera.
Flowers dioecious; ovary and fruit heart-shaped. 2. Ph\'llospadix.
1. ZOSTERA L. Eel-grass.
Marine plants, wholly submerged, with slender root-
stocks and branching compressed stems. Leaves 2-
ranked, sheathing at the base, the sheaths with inflexed
margins. Spadix linear, contained in a spathe. Flowers
monoecious, arranged alternately in 2 rows on the
spadix. Staminate flower merely an anther attached to
the spadix near its apex, 1-celled; pollen thread-like.
Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle.
Ovary 1; style elongated; stigmas capillary. Mature
carpels flask-shaped, beaked by the persistent style.
Seeds ribbed; embryo ellipsoidal.
1. Z. marina L. Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, 0.5-2
m. long, 5-10 mm. wide; spadix 2-5 cm. long; flowers about 6 mm.
long, crowded.
Shoal waters in bays on muddy bottoms. San Pedro.
2. PHYLLOSPADIX Hook.
Submerged marine plants with thickened rootstocks
and slender stems, which bear the inflorescence at the
14 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.
summit or in clusters along the upper part. Leaves
linear, sheathing. Flowers dioecious in spathes like
those of Zostera. Spathes with membranous edges, the
back thickened and terminating in long leaf-like ap-
pendages. Spadix with a series of short dilated foli-
aceous flaps, which close over the flower, spreading open
at maturity. Staminate flowers of numerous sessile
stamens in 2 rows; anthers 1-celled. Pistillate of simple
sessile ovaries, attenuate into a short style; stigmas 2,
capillary. Fruit beaked by the short persistent style,
cordate-sagittate.
1. P. torreyi Wats. Stems slender, flat, 0.5 m, long or more,
bearing the spathes in clusters along the upper part; leaves 4-8 cm.
long, 1-2 mm. wide, thick and smooth; sheaths long, their margins
membranous; spathes 3-5 in a cluster, 2-4 cm. long, slightly curved;
appendages of the pistillate spadix elliptic, of the staminate oblong-
ovate, fruit heart-shaped, 5 mm. long.
Growing on rocks which are uncovered at low tide. San Pedro;
La Jolla.
Family 7. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.
Arrow-grass Family.
Marsh plants with rush-like or cylindric leaves.
Flowers spicate, racemose or solitary, perfect or monoe-
cious. Perianth none, 1-bracted or 4-6-parted. Sta-
mens 1 or 3-6. Ovaries 1 or 3-6, when more than 1 they
are more or less united while immature. Seeds anatro-
pous; embryo straight.
Flowers perfect; perianth segments 3-6. 1. Triglochin.
Flowers polygamous; perianth wanting. 2. Lilaea.
1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow-grass.
Marsh plants with radical semiterete fleshy leaves,
which have membranous sheaths at the base. Flowers
small, perfect in spikes or racemes, on long smooth naked
scapes. Perianth segments 3-6, concave, the 3 inner in-
serted higher up than the others when present. Sta-
mens 3-6; anthers 2-celled, extrorse, sessile or nearly so,
inserted at the base of the segments and deciduous with
them. Ovaries 6, united or rarely free, 1-celled; style
short; stigmas as many as ovaries, plumose. Fruit of
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 15
3-6 oblong or ovoid carpels, when ripe separating from
the base upward from a persistent central axis, dehiscing
by a ventral suture.
Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid. 1. T. maritima.
Carpels 3; fruit globose. 2. T. striata.
1. T. maritima L. Perennial plants with a long rootstock and
a thick caudex, which is usually covered with the sheaths of old
leaves; spathes stout, 2-4 dm. high, commonly solitary; leaves much
shorter than the scapes, tapering to a long acute or obtuse point,
4-6 mm. wide; racemes 4-10 cm. long; pedicels decurrent, 2-5 mm.
long; perianth segments 6, the 3 inner smaller, ovate, greenish-
white; stamens 6; ovaries 6, united, each 1-celled, 1-ovuled; carpels
3-angled, with the dorsal angles making a broad groove on the
back, 5-6 mm. long; stigmas persistent and recurved.
Salt marshes along the coast.
2. T. striata R. & P. Perennial with upright or oblique root-
stock; scapes slender, more or less angled, about 2 dm. high; leaves
nearly as long as the scapes, fleshy, 2 mm. wide; flowers yellowish
green; pedicels 2 mm. long or less, not elongating in fruit; perianth
segments 3; stamens and carpels 3; fruit globose or obovoid, appear-
ing 3-winged when dry; carpels rounded and 3-ribbed dorsally.
Salt marshes along the coast. Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara; not
reported within our range but to be looked for.
2. LILAEA H. B. K.
Subaquatic stemless annuals, with simple slender
scapes and radical leaves, which are slightly dilated at
base. Flowers polygamous, the one sort solitary, pistil-
late and disposed among the leaves at the base, with
long thread-like styles; the other monoecious, in dense
spikes at the apex of slender scapes. Staminate flowers
imbricated in narrow oblong spikes; anthers nearly ses-
sile in the axis of a white linear petaloid bract. Pistil-
late flowers imbricated in conical crowded spikes, bract-
less, consisting of a 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary; stigma
capitate. Fruit ovoid, costate, indehiscent.
1. L. subulata H. B. K. Leaves cylindric, numerous, 12-20 cm.
long, 3-5 mm. in diameter, tapering to a point at the apex; scapes
8-16 cm. high, shorter than the leaves, terete; styles of the solitary
flowers often 12 cm. long and tipped with a capitate stigma; fruit
6 mm. long.
Occasional about San Bernardino, Parish. Frequent about San
Diego and in the Cuyamaca Mountains; ranging from California to
Chili.
16 ALISMACEAE.
Family 8. ALISMACEAE.
Water-plantain Family.
Aquatic or marsh plants, with scapose stems and radi-
cal long petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence race-
mose or paniculate. Flowers regular, perfect, monoecious
or dioecious, pedicelled; the pedicels in whorls and sub-
tended by bracts. Perianth segments 6, the outer 3
small, herbaceous, persistent; the inner 3 larger and peta-
loid, deciduous. Stamens 6 or more; anthers 2-celled,
extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries numerous,
distinct, on a flat or convex receptacle, 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Carpels becoming achenes in fruit.
Carpels in 1 series; achenes verticillate. 1. Alisma.
Carpels in several series; achenes capitate.
Flowers perfect. 2. Echinodorus.
Flowers polygamous or unisexual.
Lower flowers perfect, upper staminate. 3. Lophotocarpus.
Lower flowers pistillate, the upper usu-
ally staminate. 4. Sagittaria.
1. ALISMA L. Water- PLANTAIN.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with erect or floating
basal leaves, several-ribbed, these connected by trans-
verse veinlets. Flowers numerous, in pyramidal pani-
cles, on unequal 3-bracteolate pedicels. Petals white or
rose tinged. Stamens 6-9 ; ovaries few to many, arranged
in one whorl on a flat receptacle. Achenes 2-3-ribbed,
curved on the back and 1-2-ribbed on the sides.
1. A. plantago L. Rootstock becoming bulbous by the sheath-
ing bases of the petioles; leaves basal, elliptic-oblong, acute, 5-15
cm, long, tapering from the middle to each end, on petioles twice as
long; scapes 4-8 dm. high, the whorled branches forming a loose
pyramidal panicle; petals 2 mm. long, white; achenes strongly flat-
tened, oblong, 2 mm. long, 15-25 in a whorl.
A widely distributed species ranging over both hemispheres.
Not common in southern California, and known within our limits
only at Cienega (Moxley).
2. ECHINODORUS Rich. Bur-head.
Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled, elliptic
ovate or lanceolate, often cordate or sagittate leaves,
ALISMACEAE. 17
3-9-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or lines.
Scapes often longer than the leaves. Inflorescence race-
mose or paniculate. Flowers perfect, in whorls, each
whorl with 3 outer bracts and numerous inner bracteoles.
Petals white. Receptacle large, convex or globose. Sta-
mens 12-30. Ovaries numerous; style obliquely apical,
persistent; stigmas simple. Achenes more or less com-
pressed, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads.
1. E. cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Leaves variable, usually broadly
ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base, 12-16 cm. long and wide, some-
times lanceolate and smaller; petioles angular, striate, 5-15 cm.
long; scapes 1 or more, erect 10-30 cm. high; flowers 3-6 in each
whorl, on pedicels 6-12 mm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
dilated at the base; inner perianth segments shorter than the outer,
4-6 mm. long; stamens usually 12; styles exceeding the ovaries in
length; fruiting heads bur-like, 4-6 mm. in diameter; achenes obo-
vate or falcate, 6-8-ribbed; beak apical, oblique, 1.5 mm. long.
(£. rostratus Engelm.)
Occasional along streams and banks of ponds. May-July.
3. LOPHOTOCARPUS Durand.
Annual aquatic or bog plants with basal long-petioled
sagittate or cordate leaves, simple erect scapes bearing
flowers in several verticils of 2-3 at the summit, the
lower perfect, the upper staminate. Petals white.
Sepals distinct, enclosing or enveloping the fruit. Re-
ceptacle strongly convex. Stamens 9-15, hypogynous,
inserted at the base of the receptacle. Pistillate numer-
ous with solitary ovules and an elongated persistent
style. Achenes winged or crested; embryo horseshoe-
shaped.
1. L. calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Scapes weak, at length
decumbent; leaves floating or ascending, entire, hastate or sagittate,
the basal lobes spreading, ovate, acute or acuminate, 2-16 cm. long;
verticils of flowers 1-5; bracts membranous, orbicular or ovate,
or those of the staminate flowers lanceolate; pedicels recurved in
fruit; petals 6-8 mm. long; filaments flattened, papillose; achenes
obovate, 2 mm. long, narrowly winged on the margins, tipped with a
short horizontal triangular beak. ( Sagittaria calycina Engelm.)
Ballona Creek.
4. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-head.
Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs with tuber-bearing
or nodose rootstocks. Leaves with nerves connected by
numerous veinlets. Scapes erect, decumbent or floating.
3
18 POACEAE.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summit
of the scapes in whorls of 3's, pedicelled, the staminate
usually uppermost, whorls 3-bracted. Perianth seg-
ments 6, the outer 3 herbaceous, persistent and reflexed
or spreading in the pistillate flowers. Stamens numer-
ous, inserted on the convex receptacle; anthers 2-celled,
dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers with num-
erous distinct 1-ovuled ovaries and small persistent
stigmas. Achenes densely aggregated in globose heads,
compressed; seeds curved; embryo horseshoe-shaped.
1. S. latifolia Willd. Rootstock slender; scapes 0.2-1 m. high,
angled; leaves very variable, ovate-sagittate to linear, acute, lobes
more or less divergent, acuminate; flowers monoecious with the
lower verticils pistillate or dioecious, 2-4 mm. wide; petals white;
stamens numerous, 25-35; filaments glabrous; pistillate pedicels
shorter than the staminate; achenes broadly winged on both margins,
3 mm. long, with a lateral horizontal or curving beak, f-^ its length.
{S. variabilis Engelm.)
Occasional on margins of ponds about Los Angeles.
Family 9. POACEAE. Grass Family.
Annual or perennial herbs of various habit, rarely
shrubs or trees. Stems (culms) generally hollow or
sometimes solid, the nodes closed. Leaves sheathing,
the sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite
the blade, a scarious or cartilaginous ring (ligule) borne
at the base of the leaf-blade. Inflorescence spicate,
racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed
of 2-many 2-ranked imbricated bracts (glumes), the 2
lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, 1 or both
sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper glumes
usually contains in the axil a flower, which is usually
inclosed by a bract-like awnless organ called the palea,
placed opposite the glume with its back to the axis
(rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2-keeled. Flowers
perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious,
subtended by 1-3, usually 2 minute hyaline scales
(lodicules) placed at the base of the ovary opposite the
palea. Stamens 1-6, usually 3 ; anthers 2-celled, versatile,
POACEAE. 19
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled;
styles 1-3, usually 2 and lateral; stigmas hairy or plu-
mose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis). Endosperm
starchy.
Key to the Tribes.
Spikelets 1-flowered or with a rudimen-
tary or staminate flower below,
rarely above, the perfect one;
rachilla articulated below the
empty glumes.
Axis of inflorescence articulated;
empty glumes firmer in texture
than the flowering ones. Tribe 1. Andropogoneae.
Axis of inflorescence not articulated;
flowering glumes firmer in texture
than the empty ones. Tribe 2. Paniceae.
Spikelets 1-many-flowered; rachilla
usually articulated above the
empty glumes.
Spikelets 1-flowered.
Spikelets arranged on one side
of a continuous rachis forming
a unilateral spike. Tribe 6. Chlorideae.
Spikelets not arranged in uni-
lateral spikes.
Inflorescence spicate; spike-
lets sessile on alternate
notches of the rachis. Tribe 8. Hordeae.
Inflorescence racemose or
paniculate, rarely spi-
cate or apparently capi-
tate; spikelets pedicel-
late.
Glumes 5, the first 4 usu-
ally empty, the fifth
with a hermaphrodite
flower; palea 1-nerved. Tribe 3. Phalarideae.
Glumes 3 or sometimes 4,
the first two empty;
palea 2-nerved. Tribe 4. Agrostideae.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered.
Spikelets pedicellate in panicles
or racemes, never uni-
lateral.
Empty glumes usually longer
than the flowering glumes,
1 or more of the latter usu-
ally awned on the back or
from beneath the teeth of
the bifid apex; awn twisted. Tribe 5. Aveneae.
20 POACEAE.
Empty glumes generally
shorter than the flowering
glumes, these awnlcss or
with 1-many terminal,
rarely dorsal straight or
simply divergent awns. Tribe 7. Festuceae.
Spikelets sessile in true spikes or
on very short pedicels in
unilateral racemes.
Spikelets in unilateral spikes
or racemes. Tribe 6. Chlorideae.
Spikelets inserted on the
alternate notches of the
rachis forming equilateral,
flattened or cylindric spikes.
Tribe 8. Hordeae.
Tribe 1. ANDROPOGONEAE. Sorghum Tribe.
Spikelets in spike-like racemes, 2 at each joint of the
rachis, 1 pedicellate and hermaphrodite, staminate or
rudimentary. Glumes usually 4, the first and second
empty, large and much firmer in texture than the others,
the third usually empty or with a staminate flower in
its axil, rarely awned, the fourth or flowering glume
hyaline, usually awned, the awn generally twisted or
geniculate.
Inflorescence composed of spike-like silky racemes. 1. Andropogon.
Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets somewhat silky-
pubescent. 2. HoLCUS.
1. ANDROPOGON L.
Slender or rather coarse perennials with solid culms.
Spikelets heterogamous, in pairs at each joint of the
articulate and usually hairy rachis, one of each pair ses-
sile, hermaphrodite and 1 -flowered, the other pedicellate
and staminate or rudimentary. Glumes of the fertile
spikelet 4, the first coriaceous, flattened on the back with
a strong nerve near each margin and usually with
fainter ones between, second glume hyaline, awned.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain
unfurrowcd, free within the hardened outer glumes.
1. A. glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Culms erect, 4-6 dm. high,
smooth, simple below, much branched above, upper nodes of branches
POACEAE. 21
barbed; sheaths compressed, glabrous or pubescent; leaves 2-4 mm.
wide, scabrous, long acuminate, nearly equaling the culms, those
of the culms 15-45 mm. long; branches elongated, forming a com-
pact terminal inflorescence; spikes in pairs, about 25 mm. long,
loose, protruding from the sides of the scabrous sheaths; rachis
flexuous, the joints and pedicels pubescent with long spreading
silky hairs; outer glume about 3 mm. long; awn 12-18 mm. long,
scabrous; pedicelled spikelet reduced to a single scale or wanting.
{A. macrourus Michx.)
Rubio and Eaton's Canyons, San Gabriel Mountains, Mc Clatchie.
2. A. barbinoidis Lag. Culms erect, 4-10 dm. high, simple or
branched, glabrous, the nodes pubescent with silky hairs; sheaths
smooth; leaves 8-16 cm. long, 4-6 mm. broad, long-acuminate,
scabrous, glaucous; ligule hairy; spikes 25-35 mm. long, in an
exserted panicle, 5-10 cm, long; first glume of sessile spikelet ovate-
lanceolate, 4 mm. long, about equaling the terminal hairs of the
rachis joints, pubescent at base with long silky hairs, scabrous above;
awn 10-15 mm. long, spiral, bent, scabrous; pedicelled spikelet
reduced to a single narrow scale.
Occasional on stony south slopes in the chaparral belt. Sepul-
veda Canyon and Cahuenga Pass, Santa jMonica Mountains; Tia
Juana, San Diego County; Gaviota, Santa Barbara County; Santa
Catalina Island.
2. HOLCUS L.
Annual or perennial grasses with long broad flat leaves
and terminal ample panicles. Spikelets in pairs at the
nodes, or in 3's at the ends of the branches, 1 sessile and
perfect, the lateral pedicelled, staminate or empty.
Sessile spikelet consisting of 4 glumes, the outer indurated
and shining, obscurely nerv^ed, the inner hyaline, the
fourth awned and subtending a small palea and perfect
flower, or palea wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain free.
1. H. halepensis L. (Johxsox-grass.) Culms erect, 9-15 dm.
high, simple or sometimes much branched, smooth; sheaths smooth;
leaves 2 dm. long or more, 7-25 mm. wide, long-acuminate; panicle
open, 15-45 cm. long; branches generally whorled, spreading, naked
towards the base; outer glumes of sessile spikelet 4-6 mm. long,
ovate-lanceolate, usually purplish, pubescent with long, appressed
hairs; awn 8-16 mm, long, more or less bent, sometimes wanting;
pedicelled spikelets of 4 glumes, the outer 2 about 6 mm, long,
membranous, the inner 2 shorter and narrower, sometimes with
staminate flowers, {Sorghum halepense Pers.)
Becoming a troublesome grass in moist places along roadsides
and in fields. Especially common about Santa Ana.
22 POACEAE.
Tribe 2. PANICEAE. Millet Tribe.
Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened on the
back. Glumes 3-4, rarely 2, when 4 the third usually
includes a staminate flower in its axil; flowering glume
firmer in texture than the outer ones. Axis of the in-
florescence not articulated, the rachilla being articulated
below the empty glumes and the spikelets falling off
singly from the pedicels.
Spikelets not surrounded by a bristly or spiny in-
volucre.
Glumes 3; spikelets sessile or on short pedicels
in unilateral spikes or racemes. 3, Paspalum.
Glumes 4, the first usually short, rarely wanting.
Spikes digitate. 4. Digitaria.
Spikes not digitate. ^ ^ 5. Panicum.
Spikelets surrounded by a bristly or spiny involucre.
Bristles slender, not falling with the spikelets. 6. Setaria.
Bristles thickened below, spine-like, falling with
the spikelets. 7. Cenchrus.
3. PASPALUM L. Ditch-grass.
Perennial grasses of various habit, with generally flat
leaves and 1 -flowered spikelets borne in 2-4 rows on 1-
sided spikes, which are single, in pairs or panicled.
Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the inner surface,
convex on the outer. Glumes 3, rarely 2 by the absence
of the outermost, the outer ones membranous, the inner
one indurated and subtending a palea and perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Ovary
oblong or ovoid, smooth.
1. P. distichum L. Culms erect, 15-35 cm. high, creeping at the
base; sheaths smooth, sometimes ciliate on the rnargins or sparsely
pubescent; leaves flat, 4-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth; spikes
25-50 mm. long, in pairs, or occasionally with a third, exserted;
rachis fiat, 1-2 mm. wide, smooth; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, elliptic,
somewhat pubescent or glabrous, acute, nearly sessile in 2 rows;
outer glumes 3-5-nerved, slightly exceeding the acute third one,
which is sparingly bearded at the apex.
Frequent along streams and irrigating ditches. Los Angeles;
Santa Ana.
4. DIGITARIA Scop. Crab-grass.
Annual grasses with flat leaves. Spikelets borne in
pairs or in 3's in secund spikes which are digitate or
POACEAE. 23
approximate at the summit of the culm. Glumes 4 or 3,
the innermost one chartaceous, subtending a palea of
similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stig-
mas plumose.
1. D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Culms erect or decumbent, often
rooting at the lower nodes, 3-9 dm. long, smooth; sheaths glabrous
or pubescent; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate,
glabrous or pubescent; spikes 3-10, narrowly linear, 4-15 cm. long,
digitate at the summit of the culms; rachis fiat, winged; spikelets
2.5-3 mm. long, in pairs, 1 sessile or nearly so, lanceolate; first
glume minute, second a half to a third as long as the spikelet. {Pani-
cum sanguinale L.)
Common along irrigating ditches and in neglected orchards and
gardens.
5. PANICUM L. Panic-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses, varying greatly in habit
and inflorescence. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, when 2-flow-
ered the lower one staminate only. Glumes 4, the 3
lower membranous, empty or the third with a staminate
flower; the fourth chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palea
of similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns com-
monly wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas
plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting
glume and palea.
Awns present. 1. P. crus-galli.
Awns wanting.
Sheaths glabrous. 2. P. colonum.
Sheaths pubescent.
Annual; panicle 20 cm. long or more. 3. P. capillare.
Perennial; panicle about 5 cm. long. 4. P. pacificum.
1. P. crus-galli L. Culms 3-8 dm. high, usually branching
at base; sheaths smooth; leaves 1-5 dm. long, 3-12 mm. wide,
smooth or scabrous; panicle composed of 5-15 sessile mostly erect
or ascending branches; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely
crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; second and third
glumes about 3 -mm. long, scabrous or hispid, the third glume more
or less awned, empty, the fourth ovate abruptly pointed.
Frequent in neglected orchards and gardens and in waste places.
2. P. colonum L. Culms tufted, smooth, 2-6 dm. high, often
decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes; sheaths compressed,
usually crowded; ligule wanting; leaves fiat, 3-15 cm. long, 2-8
mm. wide; panicles composed of 3-18, 1-sided more or less spreading
dense branches, these 1-3 cm. long, spikelets single, or in 2's or 3's
in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous triangular rachis, obovate,
pointed; first glume about half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the
24 POACEAE.
second and third glumes a little more than 2 mm. long, awnless,
5-nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth cuspidate.
Occasional along irrigating ditches and in waste places about Los
Angeles and Santa Ana.
3. P. capillare L. Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm, high,
simple or sparingly branched; sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves
15-30 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, more or less pubescent; terminal
panicle usually 2-4 dm. long, lower branches exserted and widely
spreading, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate; first
glume j-^ as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes nearly
equal, acute, the fourth 1.5 mm. long.
Occasional along irrigating ditches and in neglected orchards and
gardens.
4. P. pacificum Hitch. & Chase. Culms simple and erect, be-
coming profuse with age; sheaths hirsute to villous, often papillose;
leaves usually rounded or truncate at the base, pubescent or glabrate,
those of the culms 4-6 cm. long, those of the branches much shorter;
terminal panicles less than 8 cm. long, ovoid, their branches ascend-
ing; lateral panicles much shorter, not exceeding the leaves; spikelets
scarcely 2 mm. long, pubescent.
San Jacinto Mountains, Hall; Glenn Ranch, Lytle Creek Canyon.
6. SETARIA Beauv. Bristly Foxtail.
Annual or perennial grasses with erect culms, flat
leaves, and dense cylindric or somewhat open bristly
spike-like panicles. Spikelets hermaphrodite, usually 1-
flowered. Glumes 4, the outer 3 membranous, the third
often subtending a hyaline palea and rarely a staminate
flower, the fourth or flowering glume chartaceous,
smooth or transversely rugose, inclosing a palea similar
in texture. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free,
enclosed within the glume and palea.
1. S, glauca (L.) Beauv. An erect or ascending csespitose
glaucous annual, 3-12 dm. high; culms branching at the base, com-
pressed, glabrous; nodes smooth; sheaths glabrous; ligule short
ciliate; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm, wide, long acuminate, nearly
glabrous or scabrous on the upper surface and margins, generally
pilose with scattered long hairs at the base; spikes about 1 cm. in
diameter; rachis pubescent; setae 5-12 at each spikelet, unequal,
yellowish, 3-8 mm. long; spikelets broadly ovate, 3 mm. long;
palea convex at the base, concave above, transversely striate.
Occasional along streets in Los Angeles, Davidson.
2. S. imberbis (Poir.) R. & S. Perennial; culms erect or ascend-
ing, more or less caespitose, from creeping rootstocks, slender, com-
pressed, scabrous below the panicle, otherwise smooth; sheaths
glabrous, the lower much longer than the internodes, smooth on
the hyaline margins; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, long
POACEAE. 25
tapering to the apex, slightly scabrous on the upper surface and
margins; spikes 2-5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. broad; rachis angular,
pubescent, branches short, 1- or rarely 2-flowered; setae 8-12, spread-
ing, 5-10 mm. long, unequal, slender, finely antrorsely scabrous;
spikelets ovate, acute, 2-2.5 mm. long; first glume about ^-f as
long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, 5-7-nerved; third glume equaling
the flowering glume, 5-nerved, subtending a broad palea of its own
length; flowering glume elliptic-ovate, finely transversely rugose;
palea plane or concave above.
Frequent along irrigating ditches. Los Angeles; Santa Ana; San
Bernardino.
7. CENCHRUS L. Bur-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves
and spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets subtended by a
spiny involucre, which is deciduous at maturity with
them. Glumes 4, the first hyaline, the second and third
membranous, the latter sometimes subtending a palea
and staminate flower, the fourth chartaceous, subtending
a palea of similar texture which incloses a perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Grain free, enclosed in the glume.
1. C. tribuloides L. Culms erect or decumbent from an annual
root, usually robust, 15-45 cm. high, freely branching; sheaths gen-
erally very loose, compressed smooth; leaves 6-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm.
wide; spikes 25-50 mm. long; involucres crowded on the scabrous
rachis, globose, pubescent except at the base, spines stout; spikelets
2-flowered, about 6 mm. long.
Occasional in orchards and gardens. San Bernardino, Parish;
Rialto. Native of Europe.
Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE. Canary-grass Tribe.
Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, 1 -flowered
or rarely 3-flowered; glumes 5, the first 2 empty and
below the articulation of the rachilla, the third and
fourth above the articulation, usually empty or rarely
subtending staminate flowers, very unlike the other ones,
sometimes reduced to bristles, the fifth glume with a
1-nerved or nerveless palea and a hermaphrodite flower.
Represented with us by the single genus. 8. Phalaris.
8. PHALARIS L. Canary-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and
spike-like, capitate or narrowly paniculate inflorescence.
26 POACEAE.
Splkelets crowded, 1-flowered. Glumes 5, the first and
second about equal in length, strongly compressed later-
ally, usually wing-keeled, the third and fourth much
smaller or rudimentary, fifth subtending a palea similar
to itself and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct. Grain oblong, free, smooth, enclosed in the glumes.
1. P. minor Retz. Culms simple or somewhat branched, 4-10
dm. high, erect or decumbent at the base, smooth; sheaths usually
shorter than the internodes, more or less inflated; ligule rounded,
2-6 mm. long; blades 5-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, smooth or
faintly scabrous; spike 2-8 cm. long, dense; spikelets 5 mm. long;
empty glumes more or less scabrous, 3-nerved, wing- keeled; third
and fourth glumes subulate, hairy; fifth twice as long as the third
and fourth, acuminate, pubescent with long appressed hairs.
Very common in all valleys in rather moist or heavy soil.
March-May.
2. P. lemmoni Vasey. Culms rather slender, 3-10 dm. high,
smooth; sheaths smooth; blades 3-5 cm, long, acuminate; ligule 6
mm. long; spike dense, nearly cylindric, sometimes slightly inter-
rupted or lobed; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate;
second pair about 1 mm. long; flowering glume lanceolate, acuminate,
about equaling the empty glumes, pubescent; palea nearly as firm
in texture as its glume and a little shorter.
Desiccated winter pools, Inglewood.
Tribe 4. AGROSTIDEAE. Bent-grass Tribe.
Spikelets all hermaphrodite, 1-flowered, with 3 glumes,
the first 2 empty or rarely wanting, usually exceeding or
equaling the third or flowering glume in length; rachilla
sometimes prolonged behind the palea into a naked or
plumose bristle. Palea usually 2-nerved.
Flowering glumes awned or mucronate pointed.
Awn of flowering glume terminal or from
between the teeth of the bifid apex,
sometimes wanting in Epicampes.
Awns 3-branched. 9. Aristida.
Awns simple.
Awns articulate with the glumes.
Awns usually long, geniculate
and twisted below, persistent. 10. Stipa.
Awns short, caducous, or want-
ing. 15. Epicampes.
Awns not articulate with the glume. 11. Muhlenbergia.
Awn dorsal.
Spikelets articulated with the pedicel
below the empty glumes. 16. Polypogon.
POACEAE. 27
Spikelets not articulated below the
empty glumes.
Empty glumes saccate at the base,
several times larger than the
flowering glumes; inflorescence
spike-like. 18. Gastridium.
Empty glumes not saccate, never
exceeding the flowering glumes
more than a third.
Empty glumes smooth or minute-
ly scabrous along the keel. 17. Agrostis.
Empty glumes more or less
hairy; inflorescence spike-like. 13. Alopecurus.
Flowering glumes awnless.
Pericarp free from the grain. ^ 14. Sporobolus.
Pericarp closely adherent to the grain.
Empty glumes abruptly awn-pointed. 12. Phleum.
Empty glumes not abruptly awn-
pointed. 17. Agrostis.
9. ARISTIDA L. Triple-awned Grass.
Plants various in habit and inflorescence, with very
narrow, often involute setaceous leaves. Spikelets nar-
row, 1-flowered. Glumes 3, narrow, the 2 empty ones
carinate; the third rigid and convolute, bearing 3 awns,
sometimes rudimentary or rarely wanting. Palea 2-
nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free, tight-
ly enclosed in the glumes.
1. A. bromoides H. B. K. Culms slender, branching below and
tufted, 8-35 cm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule
reduced to a short fringe; sterile shoots few, the leaves 2-8 cm. long,
involute, setaceous, scabrid above; panicle exserted, spike-like,
secund, purplish, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets on short pedicels; empty
glumes narrow, linear, abruptly pointed, scabrous on the back, the
first 3-5 mm. long, second 5-9 mm. long; flowering glume scabrous
on the keel, about as long as the second glume; central awn shorter
to a little longer than its glume, the lateral ones a little shorter, all
scabrous; palea less than 1 mm. long.
Occasional in dry open places in the chaparral belt about Pasa-
dena and San Diego; Catalina Island.
2. A. purpurea Nutt. Rather stout, tufted, glabrous, 3-6 dm.
high; culms simple; sheaths longer than the internodes, pilose at the
throat; leaves involute, the lower numerous, 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm.
wide, those of the culm about 3, usually 3-4 cm. long; panicle
purplish, the branches capillary, generally erect or ascending, usu-
ally many-flowered, 3-5 at each node; spikelets pale or purplish;
second empty glume twice as long as the first, equaling the flowermg
glume, both cleft at the apex, the midnerve excurrent as a scabrous
awn, 1-2 mm. long; flowering glume about 10 mm. long, strongly
28 POACEAE.
tuberculate-scabrous; awns equal, 5-7 cm. long. {A. purpurea
calif or nica Vasey.)
Occasional in the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt.
10. STIPA L. Feather-grass.
Generally rather tall grasses with convolute, rarely
flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-
flowered, narrow. Glumes 3, the outer 2 narrow, acute
or rarely bearing an awn, the third rigid, convolute with
a hairy callus at the base and bearing a more or less
bent awn, which is spiral at the base and articulated to
the glume. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Styles short, dis-
tinct. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the glume.
Awn villous or pubescent.
Awn with 1 bend, very villous below the
bend. 1. S. speciosa.
Awn with 2 bends, villous to second bend. 2. S. occidentalis.
Awn scabrous or puberulent.
Floral glume clothed with hairs 4 mm. long.
Awn with 2 bends; plant 1 m. high. 3. S. coronata.
Awn with 1 bend; plant 5 dm. high. 4. 5. parishii.
Floral glume with hairs 1 mm. long.
Terminal segment of awn 3.5 cm. long. 5. S. setigera.
Terminal segment of awn 2 cm. long. 6. 5. eminens.
1. S. speciosa Trin. & Rupr. Perennial; culms tufted, erect,
2-5 dm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes, the uppermost
inflated; basal leaves half as long as the culms, scabrous, culm
leaves, usually 3, 5-15 cm. long, closely involute; panicle often
somewhat included, spike-like, 6-20 cm. long, the branches usually
in pairs, bearing 1-3 spikelets; empty glumes nearly equal, hyaline,
acuminate, about 16 mm. long; flowering glumes silky-pubescent,
8-12 mm. long, 2-toothed at the apex; awn 3-4 cm. long, geniculate
below the middle, the twisted portion pilose with white hairs 3-6
mm. long.
Occasional on dry hillsides in the lower portions of the chaparral
belt. San Fernando Valley; Elsinore; San Bernardino; San Diego.
2. S. occidentalis Thurb. Culms slender, cespitose, 3-6 dm.
high; sheaths smooth; ligule 1 mm. long; blades narrow, involute;
panicle narrow, 10-20 cm. long; glumes 8-10 mm. long, acuminate,
3-nerved, smooth; floral glume 6 mm. long, long-pilose, the callus
sharp; awn about 25 mm. long, twice geniculate, pilose to the second
bend or throughout, the first section 6-8 mm. long.
Open pine forests, Mt. Wilson. This is the S. viridula of the
first edition.
3. S. coronata Thurb. Culms 10-20 dm. high, stout, 6-8 mm.
thick at the base, lower culm leaves often 10 dm. long, 8-12 mm.
wide at base, gradually tapering to a long involute point, the upper-
POACEAE. 29
most about 15 cm. long, nearly filiform and rigid, all slightly scabrous
on both surfaces and margins; ligule short; sheaths rather loose,
the uppermost dilated, smooth except the margins, these ciliate,
especially at the throat; panicle 3-5 dm. long, at length exserted
and loose, narrow with erect branches; spikelets short-pedicelled;
empty glumes acuminate and bristle-pointed, slightly scabrous on
the nerves, the lower 16 mm. long, the upper 12 mm, long; flowering
glume 10 mm. long, silky-pubescent; awn about 25 mm. long, slender,
bent below the middle and minutely scabrous; palea about half the
length of its glume; anthers naked.
Frequent on dry open ridges in the chaparral belt. Santa
Monica, Santa Ana and San Gabriel Mountains; also in the foot-
hills of San Diego County.
4. S. parishii Vasey. Culms tufted, leafy below, 3-4.5 dm.
high, rather stout; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes, the
margins of the throat pubescent; blades involute, rigid, smooth
below, scabrous above, the lower ones 12-18 cm. long, the upper
8-10 cm. long; panicle included at base by the somewhat inflated
upper sheath, 12-15 cm. long, open; the lower branches in 3's, the
upper in 2's or single, rather few-flowered; empty glumes linear-
lanceolate, smooth, first 12-16 mm. long, second about 2 mm.
shorter; flowering glume about 7 mm. long, silky with white hairs
often 5 mm. long, 2-toothed; awn 16-20 mm. long, smooth below,
scabrous above.
Occasional in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains,
5000-7000 feet altitude, Parish, Hall
5. S. setigera Presl. Culms 3-9 dm. high, tufted, rather stout,
pubescent at the nodes; sheaths hairy at the throat, the lower
shorter than the internodes; basal leaves \ as long as the culms;
culm-leaves flat, 4-6 mm. wide, the uppermost nearly equaling the
panicle; hgule about 2 mm. long, truncate; panicle 10-25 cm. long,
mostly included below, loose, flexuous, more or less secund when
young, the slender branches in pairs; pedicels shorter than the
spikelets; empty glumes 12-18 mm. long, long-acuminate; flowering
glume 10 mm. long, silky-hairy on the nerves; awn geniculate above
the middle, bent again, twisted and pubescent below, 6-10 cm. long;
anthers bearded at the apex.
Common on the mesas, grassy hills, and in open places in the
chaparral belt.
6. S. eminens Cav. Culms tufted, slender, 3-9 dm. high, pubes-
cent at the nodes; leaves convolute-setaceous, basal ones about
half as long as the culm, lower culm leaves 15-20 cm. long, the
uppermost 5 cm. long; ligule very minute; sheaths striate, smooth;
panicle 10-15 cm. long, exserted, somewhat secund, the very slender
short rays in pairs, few-flowered; lower glumes about 10 mm. long,
the upper 8 mm. long, acuminate, purplish; flowering glume 5-6 mm.
long, pubescent; awn about 25 mm. long, slender, bent near the
middle, minutely and evenly scabrous.
Occasional on dry ridges in the chaparral belt about Pasadena
and San Diego.
6a. S. eminens andersonii Vasey. Culms and leaves more
30 POACEAE.
slender; panicle thinner; empty glumes 6-8 mm. long; flowering
glume 4 mm. long, nearly cylindric; awn 20-24 mm. long. Other-
wise like the type.
Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
11. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Drop-seed Grass.
Perennial or annual grasses with convolute or flat
leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Rootstocks often
scaly. Spikelets 1-2-flowered. Glumes 3 or rarely 4;
the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute
and sometimes awned; the third 3-5-nerved, subtending
a palea and perfect flower, obtuse, acute or produced
into a capillary awn; stamens usually 3. Styles distinct.
Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in
the glume.
1. M. parishii Vasey. Culms spreading, diffusely branched,
4-8 dm. high; panicles terminating the long, leafy, terminal and
lateral branches, 10-15 cm. long, its branches mostly alternate, the
lower distant and subspicate; spikelets sessile and crowded on the
branches; empty glumes membranous except the hispid green keel,
equal, lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely 4 mm. long, somewhat ex-
ceeding the flowering glume; flowering glume about 3 mm. long,
firm, scabrous, acute and terminating in a straight awn of about its
own length, sparingly villous at the base; palea about equaling the
glume, acute. {M. sylvatica californica Vasey.)
San Bernardino Mountains, Parish; near Pasadena, Davidson;
San Diego.
2. M. debilis Trin. Culms tufted, decumbent at base and
much branched, purplish throughout, 1-4 dm. high; leaves 25-50
mm. long, puberulent; ligule 1 mm. long, lacerate; panicle 5-12 cm.
long, usually spreading, branches 25-35 mm. long, mostly single,
sessile; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, short-pedicellate; empty glumes
nearly equal, j to ^ as long as the flowering glume, mostly obtuse
or eroded, hyaline; flowering glume slender, tapering', scabrous
throughout, terminated by a slender awn 25-35 mm. long; palea
about equal to the flowering glume.
Common on dry ridges and exposed places in the chaparral belt.
Santa Monica, San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, south to
San Diego.
12. PHLEUM L. Timothy.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-
like inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 3, the
2 outer empty, membranous, compressed keeled, the
apex obliquely truncate, midnerve produced into an
awn, the third much shorter and broader, hyaline, trun-
cate denticulate at the apex. Palea narrow, hyaline.
POACEAE. 31
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain ovoid, free, enclosed
in the glume and palea.
1, P. pratense L. Culms more or less tufted, erect, leafy, 3-9
dm. high, simple; sheaths smooth; blades minutely scabrous; spike
about 6 mm. wide, 3-10 cm. long; empty glumes about 2 mm. long,
hyaline except the 3 scabrous nerves; flowering glume nearly 2 mm.
long.
Occasional in lawns, and in mountain meadows. Cuyamaca.
13. ALOPECURUS L. Fox-tail Grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with erect or decumbent
culms, usually flat leaves and spike-like inflorescence.
Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened. Glumes 3; the 2 outer
empty, acute, sometimes short-awned, more or less united
below, compressed, keeled; keel ciliate or somewhat
winged; third glume truncate or obtuse, hyaline, acute,
sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or
rarely united at the base. Stigmas elongated.
1. A. geniculatus L. Perennial; culms decumbent and often
rooting from the lower nodes, 2-4 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth,
upper inflated; blades 1-3 mm. wide, the lowest often nearly equaling
the culm, the uppermost equaling or exceeding the spike; spike 2-4
cm. long, about 4 mm. wide; spikelets 2-3 mm. long; empty glumes
silky, obtuse; flowering glumes glabrous, their margins united to
near the middle; awn about 4 mm. long, slender.
In low ground on the mesas near Inglewood, and in a similar
location near San Diego. The only localities known in California.
14. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-seed Grass.
Perennial or annual grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets usu-
ally small, 1-flowered, sometimes 2-3-flowered. Glumes
in the 1-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer
empty, the first somewhat the shorter; the third equal-
ing or longer than the empty ones, enclosing a perfect
flower and a 2-nerved palea. Stamens 2-3. Styles very
short, distinct. Grain free.
1. S. airoides Torr. Perennial; culms erect, rather stout and
tufted, 4-9 dm. high; sheaths somewhat shorter than the inter-
nodes, the throat ciliate; ligule very short; leaves convolute, taper-
ing to a filiform apex, those of the culm 4-5, the upper filiform, 2-3
cm. long; panicle terminal, ovoid, often partly included at the base,
2-3 dm. long, its branches again branching and bearing scattered
spikelets above the middle; spikelets light lead-color or brown;
32 POACEAE.
empty glumes obovate, nerveless, first 0.5-1 mm. long, second 1.5-2
mm. long; flowering glume concave, broadly oval, 1-nerved, 2 mm.
long; palea broader than its glume and a little shorter, truncate.
Occasional in low ground. Wilmington; Westminster; San
Bernardino; San Diego.
2. S. asperifolius (Nees) Thurb. Culms branching, 2-4 dm.
high, ascending from stout creeping rootstalks, sheaths smooth,
loose, longer than the numerous short internodes, leaves flat, sca-
brous, 3-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; panicle included at the base, open,
9-18 cm. long, its branches scabrous, bearing single spikelets at the
ends of very slender stiff branchlets; spikelets tinged with purple;
empty glumes lanceolate, 3-nerved, first 0.3-0.5 mm. long, second
slightly longer; flowering glume oval, obtuse, 1-1.5 mm. long;
palea equaling the glume.
San Bernardino, Parish; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains.
15. EPICAMPES Presl.
Tall perennial tufted grasses with usually very long
spike-like panicles, Spikelets small, 1 -flowered. Empty
glumes 2, membranous, slightly unequal, convex on the
back, carinate, often finely 3-nerved; flowering glumes
3-nerved, obtuse or emarginate, a little shorter or about
equaling the empty glumes, usually tipped with a slender
rather short awn. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short;
stigmas plumose. Grain free, included within the
glumes.
1. E. rigens Benth. Perennial, tufted; culms rigid, erect, smooth,
5-10 dm. high; sheaths longer than the internodes, loose, smooth;
ligule 4-6 mm. long; leaves scabrous, rigid, involute apex attenuate,
1-3 dm. long; panicle exserted or somewhat included, erect dense
spike-like, 2-5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. broad; spikelets minutely scabrous,
elliptic; empty glumes white, about 3 mm. long, nearly equal;
flowering glume awnless, minutely pubescent, about 2 mm. long.
Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, in canyons, confined
mostly to the upper portions of the chaparral belt.
16. POLYPOGON Desf. Beard-grass.
Annual or rarely perennial grasses with decumbent or
erect culms, flat leaves and spike-like panicles. Spike-
lets 1-flowered. Glumes 3; the outer 2 empty, each ex-
tended into an awn, the third smaller, usually hyaline,
short-awned from below the apex, subtending a palea
and perfect flower. Palea shorter than the glume.
Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Grain free, en-
closed in the glume and palea.
POACEAE. 33
1. P. monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual; culms erect or genicu-
late, 2-5 dm. high; sheaths about equaling the nodes, the upper
slightly inflated; leaves flat, scabrous; panicle spike-like, oval or
cylindric, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, pale, often yellowish-green;
spikelets numerous, nearly concealed by the slender awns; empty
glumes pubescent or ciliate, obtuse, elliptic; awns 4 mm. long;
flowering glume 1 mm. long, hyaline, truncate-jagged; aw^n equaling
or shorter than the glume or wanting; palea 2-toothed.
Common in low moist places along the coast and along streams
throughout our range, ascending the mountains to the pine belt.
2. P. littoralis Sm. Perennial, 3-6 dm. high, ascending from
rootstocks; sheaths nearly equaling the internodes, the upper
slightly inflated; leaves flat, scabrous; panicle dense, somewhat
lobed, 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; awns equaling the
empty elliptic glumes; flowering glume 1 mm. long, truncate, hyaline,
its awn nearly twice as long; palea 2-toothed.
Occasional along streams in the valleys and foothills.
17. AGROSTIS L. Bent-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with fiat or bristle-like
leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flow-
ered. Glumes 3; the 2 outer empty, membranous,
keeled, acute; the third shorter, obtuse, hyaline, some-
times bearing a dorsal awn, subtending a perfect flower.
Palea shorter than the glume, sometimes minute or
wanting. Stamens generally 3. Styles short, distinct.
Grain free, enclosed in the glume.
Palea nearly equaling the glume. 1. A. stolonifera.
Palea obsolete.
Annual; flowering glume 1.5 mm. long. 2. A. exarata.
Perennial; flowering glume 2.5-3 mm. long. 3. A. diegoensis.
1. A. stolonifera L. Perennial from slender rootstocks; culms
decumbent, 3-6 dm. high, often rooting from the lower nodes;
sheaths inflated, smooth; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide,
scabrid above; panicle loosely contracted, 4-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm.
wide; empty glumes nearly equal, obtuse, 1-nerved, scabrous; callus
naked; flowering glume 1 mm. long, 5-toothed, glabrous; palea
nearly equaling the glume.
Common along streams in the mountains and valleys throughout
our range. Native of southern Europe.
2. A. exarata Trin. Annual; culms erect, tufted, leafy, 3-6 dm.
high; sheaths minutely scabrid; leaves 7-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm.
wide, scabrous; panicle interrupted, lobed and dense above, 10-15
cm. long; branches crowded, erect; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; empty
glumes nearly equal, scabrous on the nerves; callus with a tuft of
minute hairs at the base of each margin of the flowering glume;
flowering glume 1.5 mm. long, glabrous, minutely 2-toothed at the
apex, awnless; palea obsolete.
Occasional in low moist places in the coast valleys.
34 POACEAE.
3. A. diegoensis Vasey. Perennial from slender stoloniferous
rootstocks; culms erect, 4-8 dm. high; sheaths minutely scabrid;
blades 6-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, scabrid; panicle lax, narrow,
6-14 cm. long, its branches erect; spikelets 3-4 mm. long; empty
glumes nearly equal, scabrid; callus hairy at the base of each margin
of the flowering glume; flowering glume 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrid
especially on the margins, 4-toothed; palea obsolete.
Not known within our limits, but occasional in San Diego County
and extending north to Washington.
18. GASTRIDIUM Beauv. Nit-grass.
Cspspitose annuals with flat leaves and shining spike-
like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite; ra-
chilla prolonged behind the palea. Empty glumes 2,
equal, enlarged or saccate at the base, keeled above;
flowering glume much shorter than the empty ones,
hyaline, truncate or obtusely 2-lobed, awnless or bearing
a slender awn just below the apex. Palea narrow, about
the length of the glume. Stamens 3. Styles short, dis-
tinct; stigmas plumose. Grain subglobose, free, in-
cluded within the ventricose base of the glume.
1. G. lendigerum (L.) Gaud. Culms more or less tufted, erect,
15-60 cm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; leaves,
3-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, acuminate, scabrous; panicle spike-
like, 5-10 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, pale green and shining; spikelets
lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous above; flowering
glume hairy, bearing a slender awn below the middle.
Common on dry ground in the chaparral belt throughout our
range. Native of southern Europe.
Tribe 5. AVENEAE. Oat Tribe.
Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; outer empty glumes
usually longer than the first flowering glume; 1 or more
of the flowering glumes awned on the back or from be-
tween the teeth of the bifid apex; awn usually twisted
or geniculate.
Spikelets articulated with the pedicels below the
empty glumes. 19. Notholcus.
Spikelets not articulate below the empty glumes.
Awns dorsal.
Spikelets small, less than 1 cm. long. 20. Deschampsia.
Spikelets 1 cm. long or more. 21, Avena.
Awns terminal, rising from between the lobes
or teeth. 22. Danthonia.
POACEAE. 35
19. NOTHOLCUS Nash. Velvet-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spike-
like or open panicles. Spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered';
lower flowers perfect, upper staminate. Glumes 4; the
2 lower empty, membranous, keeled, the first 1-nerved,
the second 3-nerved and often short awned; flowering
glumes chartaceous, the upper ones bearing a bent awn.
Palea narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain oblong, enclosed in the glume.
1. N. lanatus (L.) Nash. Densely and softly pubescent through-
out; culms 4-6 dm. high, erect, often decumbent at the base, simple;
sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-2 mm. long; leaves
3-8 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; spikelets 4 mm. long; empty glumes
white-villous, the upper awn-pointed; flowering glumes 2 mm. long,
smooth and shining, the lower sparsely ciliate on the keel, some-
what obtuse, the upper 2-toothed and bearing a hooked awn below
the apex. {Holcus lanatus L.)
Santa Anita and Oak Knoll, Mc Clatchie, Davidson.
20. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hair-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-
flowered; both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla ex-
tended beyond or rarely terminated by a staminate one.
Glumes 4, the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute, membranous,
shining, persistent; the flowering glumes similar in tex-
ture, deciduous, bearing a dorsal awn, toothed at the
apex. Palea narrow. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain oblong, free and enclosed in the glume.
1. D. calycina Presl. Annual; culms slender, 1-6 dm. high;
sheaths smooth; leaves few, 3-6 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less;
panicle spreading, about \ the length of the culms, bearing 1-5
spikelets above the middle, the lowest of which are on spreading
pedicels; spikelets 2-flowered; empty glumes about 7-8 mm. long,
hairy below, shining above, 5-nerved, emarginate with 4 minute
ciliate teeth; awn inserted below the middle, about 6 mm. long,
bent near the middle and twisted below.
Occasional on dry mesas or in open places in the foothills and
mountains.
2. D. gracilis Vasey. Annual; culms 3-6 dm. high; blades usually
filiform; panicle open, 8-20 cm. long, the branches slender, rather
densely flowered toward the end, naked below; glumes 4-6 mm,
long, the lower 3-nerved.
San Gabriel, according to Hitchcock.
36 POACEAE.
21. AVENA L. Oat.
Annual or perennial grasses with generally flat leaves
and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 2-several-flow-
ered or rarely 1 -flowered; the lower flowers perfect, the
upper usually staminate. Glumes 4-many, the 2 outer
empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent;
flowering glumes deciduous, rounded on the back, acute,
generally bearing a dorsal awn, apex often 2-toothed.
Palea narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short,
distinct. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in
the glume and palea, free or sometimes adherent to the
latter.
1. A. fatua L. (Wild Oat.) Culms usually tufted, 5-15 dm.
high; leaves scabrid, rather long and broad; panicle 1-4 dm. long,
its branches unequal, long filiform; spikelets drooping, 2-3-flowered;
empty glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate, 20-25 mm. long, 9-11-
nerved; flowering glumes 18 mm. long, acute, bifid, yellowish hairy
especially below, 9-nerved; awn from near the middle of the glume,
1-2 cm. long, geniculate; palea 15 mm. long, hairy on the nerves.
Very common in all the valleys and on grassy hills. Native of
southern Europe.
la. A. fatua glabrata Peterm. (Bastard Oats.) Like the type
except that the flowering glumes are glabrous. In this respect
resembling A. sativa L., the cultivated oat, but it is easily dis-
tinguished from that by its longer and geniculate awn and wide,
9-nerved flowering glume. A. sativa is awnless or has a short
straight awn and a 7-nerved glabrous flowering glume.
Occasional in valleys. San Bernardino, Parish; Inglewood.
2. A. barbata Brot. Resembling fatua, but more slender, the
spikeletes smaller, mostly 2-flowered, the pedicels curved and
capillary; floral glume, clothed with stiff red hairs, the teeth acumi-
nate and ending in fine awns 4 mm. long.
Less common than the last, but widely distributed over the
mesas and foothills of California. Best distinguished from fatua
by the teeth of the floral glume which are merely acute and not
awned in that species.
22. DANTHONIA DC. Wild Oat-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-
many-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the upper stami-
nate; rachilla pubescent extending beyond the flowers.
Glumes 5-many, the 2 outer empty, keeled, acute, sub-
equal, persistent, generally extending beyond the upper-
most flowering glume; flowering glumes rounded on the
POACEAE. 37
back, 2-toothed, deciduous; the awn arising from be-
tween the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at base,
bent. Palea hyaHne, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse
or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free,
enclosed in the glume.
1. D. calif ornica Boland. Perennial, tufted; culms 4-8 dm.
high, erect or somewhat decumbent at base; sheaths smooth, villous
or bearded at the summit; blades flat or convolute, 10-15 cm. long,
3-5 mm. wide, scabrous; spikelets 1-5, terminal, 15-25 mm. long,
usually purplish; pedicels slender, spreading, minutely hirsute;
empty glumes equaling the spikelet; flowers usually 7; flowering
glume about 8 mm. long, hairy on the callus and margins below the
middle, teeth about 2 mm, long; awn about equaling the glume,
scabrous.
In dry, usually stony ground, Newhall, Davidson.
Tribe 6. CHLORIDEAE. Finger-grass Tribe.
Spikelets 1- several-flowered in 1 -sided spikes or
racemes; the racemes digitate or fasciculate, rarely soli-
tary; flowering glumes usually keeled, entire and un-
armed or toothed and with 1-3 straight awns.
Spikes 2-6, digitate. 23. Cynodon.
Spikes not digitate.
Spikelets imbricated in 2 rows, forming unilat-
eral spikes, which are scattered along a
commonrachis, 24, Spartina.
Spikes slender, alternating and more or less
remote along a common axis. 25, Leptochloa.
23, CYNODON Pers. Bermuda-grass.
Perennial mostly from running rootstocks, with short
flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spikes digitate,
slender. Spikelets 1-flowered, secund. Glumes 3; the 2
outer empty, keeled; the third broader membranous,
compressed. Palea a little shorter than the flowering
glume, hyaline 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain free.
1. C. dactylon (L.) Pers, Culms 1-3 dm. high, erect, from long
creeping and branching stolons, smooth; sheaths glabrous or some-
what hairy, crowded at the bases of the culms and along the stolons;
ligule pilose; leaves 25-50 mm. long, 4-8 mm, wide, flat, rigid,
smooth beneath, scabrous above; spikes 4-5, 12-25 mm, long, digi-
tate; rachis flat; spikelets 2 mm, long; empty glumes hispid on the
3S POACEAE.
keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second, about f as long as
the broad and strongly compressed third one.
Common along irrigation ditches and roadsides. Native of
Europe. Commonly called Bermuda-grass and extensively used
for lawns.
24. SPARTINA Schreb. Cord-grass.
Perennial glabrous grasses with long horizontal root-
stocks, fiat or involute leaves, and an inflorescence of
1 -sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets
1 -flowered narrow deciduous, borne in 2 rows on the
rachis, articulated on very short pedicels below the
glumes. Glumes 3 ; the outer 2 empty keeled very un-
equal, the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled,
equaling or shorter than the second. Pales often larger
than its glume, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform,
elongated; stigmas filiform, papillose or shortly plumose.
Grain free.
1. S. glabra Muhl. Culms simple, stout, 6-15 dm. high; sheaths
glabrous, the lower ones crowded; leaves 5-7 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm.
wide, usually flat, tapering to a long involute tip, smooth; panicles
2-4 dm. long, strict; spikes 5-15 cm. long; spikelets crowded, 10-14
mm. long; empty glumes glabrous or sparingly scabrous on the
keel, the first 6-8 mm., the second 10-14 mm. long; flowering glume
8-10 mm. long; palea slightly exceeding the glume.
Occasional in the salt marshes along the coast. Wilmington.
2. S. foliosa Trin. Culms erect, 6-8 dm. high, stout; sheaths
smooth, crowded at least above; leaves 2-3 dm. long, about 1 cm.
wide, smooth, tapering to a long involute tip; panicle 10-15 cm.
long, nearly cylindric; spikes 2-5 cm. long, appressed; spikelets
crowded, 12-14 mm, long, glabrous or the empty glumes usually
stoutly ciliate on the keels; the first empty glume narrow, 7-8 mm.,
the second 12-14 mm. long; flowering glume 10-12 mm. long,
slightly shorter than the palea.
This has been found at San Diego and may occur within our
limits. It is easily recognized by its dense spike-like inflorescence
and leafy culms.
25. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.
Mostly rather tall annual grasses with flat leaves and
numerous spikes forming a simple panicle. Spikelets
2-many-flowered, flattened, alternating in 2 rows on one
side of the rachis. Glumes 4-many, the 2 lower empty,
keeled, 3-nerved. Palea 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palea.
1. L. filiformis Beauv. Culms 3-9 dm. high, erect, branched,
smooth; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; ligule short,
POACEAE.
39
lacerate-toothed ; leaves 5-18 cm, long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous;
spikes numerous, slender, rigid, ascending or sometimes spreading,
the lower 5-15 cm. long; spikelets usually 3-flowered, about 2 mm.
long; empty glumes shorter than the spikelets, acute, 1-nerved,
slightly scabrous on the keel; flowering glumes 2-toothed at the
apex, ciliate on the nerves.
Common in the San Joaquin Valley and at Imperial along irri-
gating canals. Known within our limits only from near Santa
Monica, Davidson.
Tribe 7. FESTUCEAE. Fescue Tribe.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered, usually hermaphrodite,
pedicellate in racemes or panicles, the latter sometimes
dense and spike-like. Flowering glumes usually larger
than the empty glumes, awnless or with 1-several
straight, rarely bent, awns, which are either terminal or
borne just below the apex.
Spikelets of 2 kinds in the same inflorescence,
hermaphrodite and sterile.
Fertile spikelets 2-3-flowered, awnless.
Fertile spikelets 1-flowered, long awned.
Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence.
Plants dioecious, saline or maritime.
Spikelets solitary, concealed in the
axils of the crowded short and
rigid leaves.
Spikelets in exserted spike-like pani-
cles.
Plants not dioecious.
Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved or nerve-
less.
Annual; inflorescence a lax panicle.
Perennial; inflorescence a spike-
like panicle.
Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved.
Flowering glumes rounded on the
back.
Nerves of the flowering glumes
prominent.
Nerves of the flowering glumes
obscure or manifest only
near the apex.
Flowering glumes obtuse
and awnless.
Flowering glumes acute,
often awned.
Flowering glumes en-
tire, acute or awned
from the apex.
27.
28.
Cynosurus,
Lamarckia.
MONANTHOCHLOE.
DiSTICHLIS.
Eragrostis.
koeleria.
29. AIelica.
34. PoA.
35. Festuca.
40 POACEAE.
Flowering glumes usu-
ally awned just be-
low the entire or 2-
toothed apex, 36. Bromus.
Flowering glumes compressed or
keeled.
Spikelets nearly sessile in
dense 1-sided clusters at the
ends of the few panicled
branches. 31. Dactylis.
Spikelets not in dense i -sided
clusters.
Spikelets 1-2 cm. long;
glumes short-awned. 36. Bromus.
Spikelets smaller; glumes
awnless. 34. Poa.
26. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm.
A creeping or stolonlferous grass with stout rigid
crowded leaves. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, unisexual, some-
what unlike, usually sessile in 4's and concealed within
the leaf fascicles, the upper floral leaves becoming smaller,
at length reduced to sheaths and resembling the outer
glumes. Flowering glumes membranous, rigid, obtuse or
denticulate. Palea 2-nerved, included within the flower-
ing glume. Stamens in the staminate plants 3. Styles
in the pistillate plants distinct, elongated; stigmas bar-
bellate. Grain free, included within the glume and
palea.
1. M. littoralis Engelm. Culms firm, creeping or ascending;
leaves crowded, subulate, usually about 1 cm. long, conduplicate;
flowering glumes 9-1 2-nerved.
Occasional on salt marshes along the coast. San Pedro; San
Diego.
Arundo donax L. (Giant- Reed.) A tall reed-like grass with
hollow culms, broad flat leaves and ample terminal panicles. Intro-
duced from southern Europe and cultivated for ornament, some-
times found as an escape.
Gynerium argentium Nees. (Pampas-grass.) Tall reed-like
grass with solid culms, long narrow leaves and large showy plumose
panicles. Introduced from South America and cultivated for orna-
ment.
27. ERAGROSTIS Beauv.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and con-
tracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered,
more or less flattened. Glumes 4-many; the 2 outer
POACEAE. 41
empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled,
1-nerved or the second 3-nerved; flowering glumes mem-
branous, keeled, 3-nerved. Palea shorter than the
glumes, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually per-
sisting on the rachilla after the glume has fallen. Sta-
mens 2-3. Styles distinct, short. Grain free, loosely
enclosed in the glume and palea.
1. E. megastachya Link. Culms 2-6 dm. high, erect or decum-
bent at base, usually branched, smooth; sheaths shorter than the
internodes, sparingly pilose at the throat, otherwise smooth; blades
5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above;
panicle 5-15 cm. long, the branches spreading or ascending, 2-4 cm.
long; spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-15 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide,
flat; empty glumes obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, lateral nerves prominent.
Along ditches and streams about Los Angeles and Santa Ana.
2. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Annual, 4-5 dm. high, somewhat tufted,
smooth; sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes; leaves flat,
8-15 cm. long, smooth; panicle spreading, 15-30 cm. long; rays
decompound, smooth or slightly bearded in the axils; spikelets on
pedicels 4-8 mm. long, narrowly linear, 5-8 mm, long, 7-20-flowered,
dark lead color or purplish; empty glumes lanceolate, first 1.5 mm.
long, second 2 mm. long, flowering glume ovate, 1.5-1.8 m_m. long;
palea about equaling its glume, scaberulous on the keel; grain 1 mm.
long. (£. orcuttiana Vasey.)
Occasional along irrigating ditches about San Bernardino and
Santa Ana.
28. KOELERIA.Pers.
Tufted annual or perennial grasses with flat or seta-
ceous leaves and mostly spike-like panicles. Spikelets
2-5-flowered. The 2 outer glumes empty, narrow, un-
equal, acute, keeled, scarious on the margins; flowering
glumes 3-5-nerved. Palea hyaline, acute, 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles very short. Grain free, enclosed in
the glume and palea.
1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Perennial; culms erect, tufted, 3-7 dm.
high; sheaths smooth, equaling or shorter than the internodes;
basal leaves j-| as long as the culms, culm leaves 2-4, 6-12 cm.
long, all glabrous; panicle spike-like, somewhat lobed and inter-
rupted, 5-12 cm. long; axis and branches soft-pubescent; spikelets
2-4-flowered, 4-5 mm. long; first glume 2.5-3.5 mm. long, second
3-4 mm. long; flowering glume equaling the second empty one.
Common on grassy hills.
la. K. cristata pinetorum Abrams. Closely resembling the type
in habit and floral characters, but the sheaths and leaves soft-
pubescent. {K. cristata pubescens Yasey.)
Occasional in open pine forests. Wilson's Peak; San Bernardino
Mountains; San Jacinto Mountains.
42 POACEAE.
29. MELICA L. Melic-grass.
Perennial often tufted grasses with usually flat leaves
and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 1-several-
flowered, often secund. The rachilla extended beyond
the flowers and generally bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped
or hooded glumes, convolute around each other. Two
outer glumes empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved; flowering
glumes larger, rounded on the back, 7- 13-nerved, some-
times bearing an awn, the margins more or less scarious.
Palea broad, shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Sta-
mens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the
palea and glume.
1, M. imperfecta Trin. Culms slender, somewhat tufted, 3-10
dm. high; sheaths exceeding the internodes; blades 6-7, flat or be-
coming involute, usually glabrous or more or less scabrous, 15-20
cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches in
remote clusters, unequal, the longer 5-7 cm. long; spikelets scabrid,
1-flowered, with an imperfect flower or rarely 2-flowered; empty
glumes ovate or nearly so, the first about 3 mm. long, 3-nerved,
second slightly longer, 5-nerved; flowering glume about 4 mm. long,
ovate, obtuse, 7-nerved, often purplish; palea nearly as long as its
glume.
Common on grassy slopes on the mesas and grassy hills. March-
May.
la. M. imperfecta flexuosa Boland. Much resembling the type
in habit and foliage, but the branches of the panicle few-flowered,
generally in pairs, often reflexed; spikelets larger, acuter, paler and
more coriaceous.
Santa Monica Mountains, Davidson.
lb. M. imperfecta minor Scribn. Usually densely tufted; culms
compressed or angular; leaves mostly basal; branches of the panicles
short, divergent or reflexed; spikelets smaller than in the species;
the outer glumes shorter and more obtuse.
San Fernando Mountains, near Chatsworth Park.
Ic. M. imperfecta refracta Thurb. Densely velvety-pubescent
throughout; panicle slender, flexuous, its branches few, distant,
strongly refracted; spikelets very acute.
Santa Monica, Davidson.
30. DISTICHLIS Raf. Salt-grass.
Dioecious grasses of saline or maritime habit with
rigid culms, creeping or decumbent at the base, flat or
convolute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets flattened more on the staminate plants than on
the pistillate. Two outer glumes empty, narrow, keeled,
POACEAE. 43
acute; flowering glumes longer than the empty ones,
many-nerved, acute, rigid; palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct.
Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palea.
1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. (Salt-grass.) Culms rather stout,
from creeping scaly rootstocks, rigid, erect, 1-5 dm. high; sheaths
numerous, glabrous, bearded at the throat; blades pale green, 3-10
cm. long, 3 mm. wide at base, spreading, rigid, margins minutely
ciliate; panicle spike-like, 3-8 cm. long, its branches appressed;
spikelets 8-12 mm. long, keeled; empty glumes obtuse, first 2-3
mm. long, second 4 mm. long; flowering glume of sterile spikelets
3-5 mm. long, of fertile spikelets 5-6 mm. long.
Very common in low subsaline places along the coast and in
interior valleys.
31. DACTYLIS L. Orchard-grass.
A tall perennial grass with flat leaves and paniculate
inflorescence. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, short pedicelled,
in dense capitate clusters. Flowers perfect or the upper
staminate. The 2 outer empty glumes thin membran-
ous, unequal, keeled, mucronate; flowering glumes larger
than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the mid-
nerve extended into a point or short awn. Palea shorter
than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palea.
1. D. glomerata L. Culms 6-12 dm. high, tufted, erect, simple,
smooth; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or rough;
ligule 2-4 mm. long; blades 7-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat,
scabrous; panicle 7-18 cm. long, its branches spreading or ascending
in flower, erect in fruit, the lower 25-60 mm. long; spikelets in dense
capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered; empty glumes 1-3-nerved, the first
shorter than the second; flowering glumes 4-6 mm. long, rough,
pointed or short awned, ciliate on the keel.
Occasional in yards about Los Angeles.
32. CYNOSURUS L.
Annual or perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves
and dense spike-like inflorescence. Spikelets consisting
of narrow empty glumes with a continuous rachilla, the
terminal spikelets of 2-4 broader glumes with articulate
rachilla, and subtending perfect flowers. The 2 outer
glumes broad, 1-3-nerved, pointed or short awned;
upper glumes narrower, usually empty. Glumes of the
sterile spikelets pectinate, spreading, linear-subulate;
44 POACEAE.
1-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Grain
finally adherent to the palea.
1. C. cristatus L, Perennial; culms tufted, erect, slender, 3-6
dm. high; sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes; blades of
the culm flat, 2-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; spike nearly cylindric,
oblong or linear, 3-10 cm. long; the clusters of spikelets all turned
to one side, the empty ones forming involucres to each cluster.
On lawns, rarely seen. Los Angeles, Davidson. Native of
Europe.
Z2>. LAMARCKIA Moench.
A low annual grass with flat leaves and showy 1 -sided
panicles of crowded fasciculate spikelets, the fertile
spikelets nearly enclosed by the numerous sterile ones.
The terminal spikelet of each fascicle fertile, the others
(1-3) linear and consisting of many distichously imbri-
cated obtuse empty glumes. Fertile spikelets 1 -flowered,
with rachilla prolonged into a slender stipe and bearing
a small empty awned glume or reduced to an awn.
Empty glumes 2, 1-nerved, acuminate or short-awned,
slightly unequal; flowering glume broader, 1-nerved,
bearing a slender awn just below the apex. Palea nar-
row, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stig-
mas barbellate.
1. L. aurea (L.) Moench. (Golden-top.) Annual; culms
tufted, 2-5 dm. high; sheaths smooth; blades 5-8 mm. wide; panicle
linear or oval, 5-8 cm. long; empty glumes of the fertile spikelets
narrow, keeled, 4-4.5 mm. long; flowering glume 3 mm. long, oval,
bearing a dorsal awn a little below the apex, 6-9 mm. long.
Common on grassy plains and hills. Native of southern Europe.
34. POA L. Meadow-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute
leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-6-
flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous.
Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious. Glumes membran-
ous, keeled; the 2 lower empty, 1-3-nerved; the flower-
ing glumes longer than the empty ones, generally with
a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5-nerved, the mar-
ginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one.
Palea a little shorter than the glumes, 2-nerved or
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain
free or sometimes adherent to the palea.
POACEAE. 45
Annuals.
Sheaths smooth. 1. P. annua.
Sheaths scabrous. 2. P. higelovii.
Perennials.
Sheaths smooth. 3. P. pratensis.
Sheaths scabrous.
Floral glume villous on keel and marginal
nerves. 4. P. fend'eriana.
Floral glume not villous, but pubescent
below. 5. P. scahrella.
1. P. annua L. Annual; culms weak, compressed, 5-30 cm.
long, decumbent; ligule 2-3 mm. long; blades of the sterile shoots
|-f as long as the culms; culm leaves 3, flat; panicle subsecund,
ovoid, 2-5 cm, long, its branches usually in pairs, the longest 2.5
cm. long, bearing spikelets above the middle; spikelets nearly sessile,
3-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; empty glumes compressed, about 2.5
mm. long; flowering glume ovate, smooth, erose at apex, 2.8-3.1
mm. long, with soft hairs on the keel and lower part of the lateral
nerves; palea 2.5-2.8 mm. long, ciliate or pubescent on the keels.
Common in moist places in all our valleys. Native of Europe.
2. P. bigelovii Vasey & Scribn. Annual, with erect slender
culms 1-4 dm. high; sheaths scabrous; panicle narrow, 7-15 cm. long,
the branches short and appressed; spikelets ovate, 6 mm. long;
empty glumes acuminate, 3-nerved, 4 mm. long; floral glume 4 mm.
long, webbed at base, conspicuously pilose on the lower part of the
lateral nerves and keel, and villous between on the lower part of
back.
Los Angeles, Davidson, according to Hitchcock.
3. P. pratensis L. (Kentucky Blue-grass.) Perennial; culms
terete, glabrous, from running rootstocks, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths
smooth; ligule truncate, 1.5 mm. long; leaves of the sterile shoots
flat, abruptly concave-pointed, those of the culms 3, smooth or
scabrous; panicle usually rather open pyramidal, its branches in
half whorls of 3-6, densely flowered on the upper half; spikelets 3-6-
flowered, 4-7 mm. long; empty glumes acute, scabrous on the keels,
first 2.5-3 mm. long, second 3-3.5 mm. long; flowering glume webbed
at the base, scabrous toward the apex, pubescent on the marginal
nerves and on the keel below; palea linear, 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrous
on the keels.
Frequent in lawns and occasional in mountain meadows. Bear
Valley; Cuyamaca.
4. P. fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey. Perennial; culms tufted,
3-7 dm. high, usually dioecious; leaves of sterile shoots usually flat,
6-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, culm leaves 2-3, conduplicate, 1-10 cm.
long; ligule 3-5 mm. long; panicle spike-like, 8-12 cm. long, its
branches in 2's or 3's, flower-bearing on the upper half; spikelets
ovate-lanceolate, flattish, often tinged with purple, 3-7-flowered;
empty glumes nearly equal, compressed, 4-5 mm. long; flowering
glume oblong, 4-5 mm. long, often denticulate at the apex, scabrous;
palea lanceolate, scabrous, shorter than or equaling its glume.
Frequent on dry open hillsides in the chaparral belt.
46 POACEAE.
5. P. scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. Perennial; culms slender, 4-7
dm. high, scabrid; leaves of the sterile shoots flat or conduplicate,
12-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, those of the culm 2-3, 5-7 cm. long;
ligule 5-12 mm. long; panicle rather open or usually contracted,
12-15 cm. long, its branches in pairs, the longest 5-7 cm. long;
spikelets 5-6 mm. long, 3-5-flowered; first empty glume 2.5 mm.,
the second 3 mm. long; flowering glume 3 mm. long, rough, hairy
on the lower part of the nerves, apex denticulate ; palea slightly shorter.
Occasional in the canyons of our coast mountains. Pasadena,
Davidson; Santa Monica Mountains.
35. FESTUCA L. Fescue-grass.
Mostly tufted perennial (ours annuals) grasses with
flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence.
Spikelets 2-several-flowered. The 2 lower glumes empty,
more or less unequal, acute, keeled; flowering glumes
membranous, narrow, rounded on the back, 5-nerved,
usually acute and often awned at the apex. Palea
scarcely shorter than the glume. Stamens 1-3. Styles
very short, distinct. Grain glabrous, elongated, often
adherent to the glume or palea.
Spikelets densely 5-13-flowered; flowering glumes
without scarious margins. 1. F. octoflora.
Spikelets loosely 1-5-flowered; flowering glumes
with narrow scarious margins.
Branches of the panicle or at least some of
them divergent.
Flowers mostly 3-5 in a spikelet, only the
principal panicle branches divergent.
Glumes both empty and flowering
glabrous. 2. F. pacifica.
Glumes both empty and flowering
hirsute. 3. F. grayi.
Flowers mostly 1-3 in a spikelet; all the
spikelets divergent.
Glumes both empty and flowering
glabrous.
Empty glumes glabrous; flowering
glumes pubescent.
Branches of the panicle erect or appressed.
Lower empty glume f-| as long as the
upper.
Lower empty glume not more than | as
long as the upper.
Flowering glume ciliate.
Flowering glume not ciliate.
1. F. octoflora Walt. Annual; culms usually tufted, 15-30 cm.
high; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; culm-leaves 2-5,
4.
F. reflexa. .
5.
F. microstachys.
6.
F. bromoides.
7.
8.
F. megaleura.
F. myuros.
POACEAE. 47
erect, slender, 3-6 cm, long; panicle simple, erect, 5-10 cm. long,
rather narrow; spikelets oval, 6-10 mm. long, 7-13-flowered; empty
glumes involute, first 3 mm. long, second 4 mm. long; flowering
glume involute, acuminate, scabrous, 3-4 mm. long; awn 1-7 mm.
long; palea lanceolate, scarcely as long as the glume; stamens 2.
Frequent throughout the chaparral belt of all the hills and
mountains.
la. F. octoflora hirtella Piper. Distinguished by the usually
low spreading tufts, usually pubescent foliage and more especially
by the pubescent flowering glumes.
The most common form in southern California.
2. F. pacifica Piper. Culms slender, 2-5 dm. high; blades soft,
glabrous, loosely involute; panicle 5-12 cm. long, the lower branches
solitary, divaricate; spikelets 3-6-flowered; glumes glabrous, the
first subulate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 4 mm. long, the second lanceolate-
acuminate, 3-nerved, 5 mm. long; flowering glumes lanceolate,
scabrous (smooth in the lowest flower), 3-7 mm. long, attenuate
into a scabrous awn 10-14 mm. long.
3. F. grayi (Abrams) Piper. General habit that of pacifica;
blades and sheaths sometimes pubescent; spikelets 3-5-flowered;
all the glumes pubescent.
Open gravelly situations; Cuiamaca Mountains and mountains
of Ventura County.
4. F. reflexa Buckl. Culms very slender, 2-4 dm. high, sheaths
smooth or pubescent; blades narrowly linear; panicle 5-12 cm. long;
the rays and the spikelets all at length divergent; spikelets 1-3-
flowered, 5-7 mm. long; empty glumes glabrous, the first 2-4 mm.
long, the second 2-5 mm. long; flowering glumes glabrous or some-
what scabrous, 5-6 mm. long, attenuate into a scabrous awn, usually
5-8 mm. long.
The most common species of this group in southern California,
growing in dry situations in the foothills and on the mesas.
5. F. microstachys Nutt. Closely resembling reflexa in general
habit and distinguished from it by the pubescent flowering glumes.
Occasional in the foothills about Los Angeles and Pasadena.
This species was the first of the group to be described and the
original specimens were collected near Los Angeles by Nuttall.
6. F. bromoides L. Culms 1-3 dm. high; sheaths and blades
smooth; panicle dense, 5-10 cm. long; glumes unequal, the first
4 mm. long, the second 6-7 mm. long; flowering glume 7-8 mm.
long, the awn 10-12 mm. long.
This and the two following species closely resemble each other
in general habit and can not be distinguished in the field without
close examination of the characters contrasted in the key. Much
less common than the next, but it has been collected in San Ber-
nardino and Santa Barbara Counties. Native of Europe.
7. F. megaleura Nutt. Annual; culms slender, smooth, mostly
erect, 2-5 dm. high; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes;
culm-leaves 3-5, erect, slender, 5-10 cm. long; panicle narrow,
48
POACEAE.
7-25 cm. long; branches scabrous, erect, appressed; spikelets 4-5-
flowered, 8-10 mm. long; empty glumes glabrous, the first 2 mm.
long or less, second involute, 4-6 mm. long; floral glume ciliate above
the middle, awn 5-8 mm. long; palea lanceolate, scabrous on the
keels, nearly equaling its glume, with 2 short awns.
Common on mesas and grassy hillsides, and along streets and
waste places.
8. F. myuros L. Closely resembling the preceding species, but
the floral glumes not ciliate.
Occasional in pastured land. Capistrano. Native of southern
Europe.
36. BROMUS L. Brome-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and ter-
minal panicles thickened at the summit. Spikelets few-
many-flowered. The 2 lower glumes empty, unequal,
acute; flowering glumes rounded on the back or some-
times compressed and keeled below the summit. Palea
shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens generally 3.
Stigmas sessile, inserted below a hairy cushion at the
top of the ovary. Grain adherent to the palea.
Annuals.
Awns evident, 4 mm. long or more.
Panicle open, the branches spreading.
Awn twisted and bent.
Awn not twisted and bent.
Sheaths smooth; awn 4-5 mm.
long.
Sheaths pubescent, awn 30-50
mm. long.
Panicle contracted and dense.
Awns slender, 6-8 mm. long.
Awns stout, 16 mm. long or more.
Culms smooth.
Culms pubescent below the pani-
cle.
Awn inconspicuous, about 2 mm. long.
Perennials.
Spikelets subterete.
Branches of spikelet stiffly divaricate;
blades short.
Branches drooping; blades elongated.
Floral glume pubescent throughout.
Floral glume pubescent at margins
and base only.
Spikelets strongly flattened.
Blades canescent and densely pilose,
narrow or involute.
Blades not canescent, glabrous or some-
what pilose, broader and flat.
9.
10.
B. trinii.
B. secalinus.
B. villosus.
B. hordeaceus.
B. madritensis.
B. ruhens.
B. unioloides.
B. orcuttianus.
B. grandis.
B. laevipes.
11. B. subveluHnus.
POACEAE. 49
Awns less than 7 mm, long. 12. B. marginatus.
Awns more than 7 mm. long, 13. B. carinatus.
1, B. trinii Desv, Annual; culms 3-6 dm, high, often branched
above, smooth or pubescent at the nodes; sheaths pilose-pubescent
or nearly smooth; leaves 6-15 cm, long, 3-5 mm, wide, usually
pilose-pubescent throughout or nearly smooth; panicle rather
crowded and narrow, suberect, 8-20 cm, long; branches slender,
ascending; spikelets lanceolate, 5-7-flowered, 1.5-2 cm, long; empty
glumes lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, the first 1-nerved, 8-11 mm.
long, the second broader, 3-nerved, 13-16 mm, long; flowering glume
coarsely and rather sparsely pubescent, 5-nerved, 12-15 mm, long,
acuminate, with 2 narrow teeth 2-3 mm. long; awn 15-20 mm. long,
twisted below, bent below the middle. (Trisetum barbatum Steud.)
Occasional in the foothills and in the dry interior valleys. Pasa-
dena; Santa Ana Mountains; San Bernardino; San Diego.
2, B. secalinus L. Annual; culms 3-7 dm. high, smooth through-
out or somewhat pubescent on the nodes; sheaths smooth or some-
times sparsely pilose-pubescent; leaves 1-2 dm, long, coarsely and
sparsely pubescent above, smooth beneath; panicle 8-18 cm, long,
erect, the upper part drooping in fruit; spikelets ovoid-lanceolate,
10-18 mm, long, 6-8 mm, wide in fruit; empty glumes smooth,
obtuse, the first 4-6 mm, long, 3-5-nerved, the second broader,
6-7 mm. long, 7-nerved; flowering glume 7-nerved, 6-8 mm, long,
elliptic, obtuse, smooth or scabrous; awn undulate, 3-5 mm, long;
palea equaling the glume.
Los Angeles River, Davidson.
3, B. hordeaceus L, Annual; culms erect, 2-8 dm, high, usually
pubescent at the nodes; sheaths retrorsely soft pilose-pubescent;
ligule 1,5-2 mm. long, laciniate; leaves linear, pilose-pubescent or
nearly smooth, 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; panicle contracted,
5-14 cm. long, 2-4 cm, wide; spikelets 5-13-flowered, 12-15 mm,
long, 4-6 mm, wide, ovate-lanceolate, becoming obtuse; empty
glumes coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubescent, the lower 3-5-nerved,
4-6 mm. long, the upper 5-7-nerved, 7-8 mm, long; flowering glume
8-9 mm, long, coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubescent; awn rather
stout, rough, straight or sometimes becoming twisted, 6-9 mm.
long. {B. mollis L.)
Frequent along roadsides in coast valleys. Native of southern
Europe,
4, B. madritensis L, Annual; culms 3-7 dm, high, smooth;
sheaths smooth or the lower sparsely pubescent; ligule about 2
mm, long; leaves linear, puberulent or nearly smooth, 5-15 cm, long,
2-4 mm, wide; panicle erect, 5-12 cm, long, lower branches 2-4,
1-3 cm, long, unequal, spreading in flower, slender; spikelets 3-4
cm. long, nearly smooth or scabrous-puberulent, 7-11-flowered;
empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the first 1-nerved, 9-12 mm.
long, the second 3-nerved, 13-16 mm. long; flowering glume linear-
lanceolate, 15-18 mm, long, glabrous or scabrous; awn stout, taper-
ing, rough, somewhat curved, 16-22 mm, long; palea pectinate-
ciliate on the keels, equaling the insertion of the awn,
Santa Ana Mountains, on the Santiago Peak trail, altitude 3000
feet.
50 POACEAE.
5. B. villosus gussonei (Pari.) Asch. & Graebn. Annual; culms
erect or ascending, 4-7 dm. high, smooth; sheaths pilose-pubescent;
ligule 3-4 mm. long; leaves linear, 2-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, pilose
on both sides; panicle somewhat drooping, secund, lax, 1-2 dm.
long; lower branches 2-4, 3-5 cm. long; spikelets 5-7-flowered,
3.5-5 cm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, the
first 15-20 mm. long, 1-nerved, the second broader, 25-30 mm. long,
3-nerved; flowering glume 5-nerved, 25-30 mm. long, strongly-
scabrous, 2-toothed, teeth hyaline, 3-4 mm. long; awn stout, 3.5-
4.5 cm. long, rough; palea somewhat shorter than its glume. (B.
maximus gussonei Pari.)
Common along streets and in waste places, a troublesome pest.
6. B. nibens L. Annual; culms about 2-5 dm. high, erect,
puberulent above; sheaths pubescent; ligule 1-2 mm. long, leaves
3-15 cm. long, pubescent on both sides; panicle erect, compact,
usually purplish, 4-7 cm. long; spikelets mostly 7-11-flowered,
2-2.5 cm. long; empty glumes acuminate, pubescent or scabrous,
the first narrow, 1-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, the second 3-nerved, 10-
12 mm. long; flowering glume 13-16 mm. long, lanceolate, acute,
5-nerved, scabrous or appressed scabrous-pubescent, teeth 4-5 mm.
long; awn 18-21 mm. long; palea long ciliate-pectinate on the keels.
Common in sandy soils along the coast and in interior valleys.
Playa del Rey; Fullerton; Capistrano; San Bernardino.
7. B. unioloides (Willd.) H. B. K. Annual; culms 5-10 dm.
high, smooth; sheaths usually pilose-pubescent, sometimes smooth;
ligule 3-4 mm. long; leaves linear, scabrous on both sides or sparingly
pilose-pubescent; panicle erect or nearly so, 1.5-3.5 dm. long, its
lower branches 2-4, short or on larger plants spreading or somewhat
drooping; spikelets 2-3.5 cm. long, 5-9 mm. broad, 7-11-flowered;
empty glumes broad, subacute, smooth or faintly scabrous, the first
usually 5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, the second 7-nerved, 10-13 mm.
long; flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, acute, subcoriaceous,
more or less scabrous, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, 13-16 mm.
long; awn rarely exceeding 2 mm. in length; palea |-| the length
of its glume.
Occasional along streets and irrigating ditches about Los Angeles;
Fruitland.
8. B. orcuttianus Vasey. Perennial; culms erect, 8-12 dm. high,
puberulent near the nodes, leafy below; sheaths glabrous or sparingly
pilose-pubescent; ligule 1-2 mm. long; leaves smooth, broadly linear-
lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; panicle erect or nearly so,
10-15 cm. long, its branches few, widely divaricate in fruit and
rather rigid; spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, on short
stout pedicels, terete, acuminate, 5-9-flowered; empty glumes
smooth or scabrous, the first acute, 6-8 mm. long; the second broader,
obtuse, 3-nerved, 8-10 mm. long; flowering glume 10-12 mm. long,
obtuse, scabrous to scabrous-pubescent, 5-7-nerved, apex emargi-
nate; awn about 5-7 mm. long; palea about equaling its glume.
Occasional in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains,
in the upper altitudes of the chaparral belt; Santa Catalina.
POACEAE. 51
9. B. grandis (Shear) Hitchc. Culms 1-1.5 m. high; sheaths
pubescent; blades pubescent, elongated, spreading, rather lax;
panicle broad, open, the branches slender and drooping, naked below,
the lower usually in pairs, as much as 15 cm. long; first glume usually
distinctly 3-nerved; floral glume densely pubescent over the back,
Monterey to San Diego County on mountain slopes; Little Santa
Anita Canon and Mt. Wilson.
10. B. laevipes Shear. Perennial; culms 6-13 dm, high, smooth;
sheaths smooth below or sparsely pilose, pilose at the throat; ligule
1-2 mm. long; leaves linear-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, 5-12 mm.
wide, usually scabrous above and glabrous beneath; panicle drooping,
15-25 cm. long; spikelets drooping, terete, acuminate, becoming
oblong-lanceolate and compressed, 2-3 cm. long, 6— 11-flowered;
empty glumes smooth, the first acutish, 12-14 mm. long, the second
9-12 mm. long; flowering glume obtuse, 7-nerved, 12-15 mm. long,
appressed ciliate-pubescent nearly to the apex; awn straight, 3-5
mm. long; palea slightly shorter than its glume.
Frequent on wooded slopes and in canyons in all the mountains
and foothills.
11. B. subvelutinus Shear. Perennial; culms 3-6 dm. high;
sheaths canescent; blades narrow, becoming involute, canescent
and pilose; panicle 5-10 cm. long, narrow, erect, the branches
short and erect; spikelets about 25 mm. long; glumes puberulent,
the first 3-5-nerved, 8-10 mm. long, the second 7-nerved, 10-12
mm. long; floral glume appressed-puberulent, 12-14 mm. long; awn
3-4 mm. long.
This has been found in the mountains of Ventura and San Ber-
nardino Counties and is to be expected in the San Gabriel Mountains.
12. B. marginatus Nees. Perennial; culms 6-12 dm. high,
mostly puberulent to pubescent; sheaths pilose-pubescent; ligule
3-3.5 mm. long; leaves rather sparsely pilose-pubescent through-
out and scabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; panicle erect,
1-2 dm. long, its lower branches 2-4, erect or spreading in flower,
unequal, the lowest about 7 cm. long and bearing 2 spikelets; spike-
lets 2.5-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, laterally compressed, 7-9-flow-
ered, erect or ascending; empty glumes scabrous to scabrous-pubes-
cent, the first subacute, 3-5-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, second 5-7-
nerved, 9-11 mm. long; flowering glume coarsely pubescent, acute,
11-14 mm. long, mostly 7-nerved, teeth very short, subacute; awn
4-7 mm. long; palea ciliate-pectinate on the keels, equaling its
glume or nearly so.
Frequent in all the mountains in the pine belt and in the upper
portions of the chaparral belt on wooded slopes.
13. B. carinatus H. & A. Annual or biennial; culm 5-8 dm.
high, slightly pubescent at the nodes; sheaths retrorsely soft pilose;
ligule 3-4 mm. long; leaves flat, mostly narrow, 1-2.5 dm. long,
3-6 mm. wide, sparsely pilose on both sides; panicle rather lax,
1-2.5 dm. long, lower branches 3, spreading or drooping; spikelets
compressed, 2.5-3 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, 5-9-flowered; empty
glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous to slightly scabrous-pubescent,
the first 3-5-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, second 5-7-nerved, 9-10 mm.
52 POACEAE.
long; flowering glume puberulent or short pubescent, 7-nerved,
13-16 mm. long, shortly 2-toothed at apex and tapering into an
awn 7-10 mm. long; palea nearly equaling its glume, ciliate-pectinate
on the keels.
Rather common in grassy places in the lower hills and valleys.
Verdugo Hills; Inglewood; San Bernardino.
13a. B. carinatus calif ornicus (Nutt.) Shear. Sheaths and
blades nearly smooth; flowering glumes merely scabrous, otherwise
as in the type.
Occasional in the coast valleys. Ballona Creek near Mesmer.
Tribe 8. HORDEAE. Barley Tribe.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, usually hermaphrodite, sessile
along the common rachis, forming a simple or compound
spike. Glumes awned or awnless.
Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis.
Spikes very slender; spikelets 1-2-flowered. 38. Lepturus.
Spikes stout; spikelets usually 2- (or more)
flowered.
Spikelets placed with one edge against the
rachis. 37. Lolium.
Spikelets placed with one side against the
rachis. 39. Agropyron,
Spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the rachis.
Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis. 40. Hordeum.
Spikelets 2 at each joint of the rachis.
Axis of the spike continuous; empty glumes
entire. 41. Elymus.
Axis of the spike articulate; empty glumes
usually 2-many-cleft. 42. Sitanion.
37. LOLIUM L. Darnel or Rye-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses, with simple erect culms,
flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets several-
flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of
the usually continuous rachis, compressed, the edge of
the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Glumes rigid,
the first in the lateral and the 2 lower in the terminal
spikelets empty; flowering glumes rounded on the back,
5-7-flowered. Palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct, very short; stigmas 2. Grain adherent to the
palea.
Perennial: empty glume shorter than the spikelet.
Flowering gmme awnless or with a very short
awn; spikelets 5-11-flowered. 1. L. perenne.
POACEAE. 53
Flowering glume awned; spikelets 15-30-flow-
ered. 2. L. miiUiflorum.
Annual: empty glume as long or longer than the
spikelet. 3. //. temulentum.
1. L. perenne L. (English Rye-grass.) Perennial; culms
3-6 dm. high, erect or commonly geniculate at the base, smooth;
sheaths smooth; leaves scabrid on the edges and upper side; spike
1-3 dm. long, bearing 6-10 spikelets; rachis smooth, channeled;
spikelets 6-8 mm. long, smooth, shining, 7-11 -flowered; empty
glumes strongly ribbed, much shorter than the spikelet; flowering
glume linear-oblong, terete, obtuse to shortly awned, ribbed.
Occasional in moist places along irrigating ditches and in low
ground. Flowering the year round.
2. L. multiflorum Lam. (Italian Rye-grass.) Perennial;
spikes often purplish, somewhat curved; spikelets 15-30-flowered;
flowering glumes usually with a short slender awn.
In similar locations and apparently more common than the pre-
ceding.
3. L. temulentum L. (Darnel.) Annual; culms rather stout,
3-8 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth, usually somewhat exceed-
ing the nodes; spikes stout, with 9-15 spikelets; spikelets 5-7-flow-
ered; empty glumes not ribbed, equaling or usually exceeding the
spikelets; flowering glume turgid, awnless or commonly with a
straight awn 2 cm. long or less.
Occasional along roadsides and in grain fields.
Z^. LEPTURUS R. Br. Hard-grass.
Mostly low annual grasses, with narrow leaves and
strict or curved elongated slender spikes; spikelets 1-2-
flowered, sessile and single in alternate notches of the
jointed rachis. Empty glumes 1-2, narrow, rigid, acute,
5-nerved; flowering glumes much shorter, hyaline, keeled,
1-sided to the rachis. Palea hyaline, 2-nerved. Sta-
mens 3 or less. Styles short, distinct. Grain narrow,
glabrous, free, enclosed in the glume.
1. L. cylindricus Trin. Culms slender, erect, straight, 2-4 dm.
high, somewhat tufted, simple or commonly branched, smooth;
sheaths smooth, much shorter than the internodes; leaves ascending,
1-2 mm. wide, di-^ cm. long, smooth; spike green, 5-15 cm. long,
straight; empty glume very acute, about 4 mm. long.
Occasional on borders of salt marshes toward the coast. Mes-
mer; Wilmington; Oceanside.
2. L. incurvatus (L.) Trin. Culms much branched, internodes
more or less curved, more or less purplish throughout; spikes numer-
ous, incurved; empty glumes 2, about 6 mm. long, narrow, acute.
Not known within our limits, but it occurs on the salt marshes
at San Diego and about San Francisco.
54 POACEAE.
39. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Wheat-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or involute
leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 3-many-flowered,
sessile, single and alternate at each notch of the rachis,
the sides of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. The
lower glumes empty, narrower and usually shorter than
the flowering glumes, acute or awned; flowering glumes
rigid, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or
awned at the apex. Palea 2-keeled, the keels often
ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain
pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palea.
1. A. parishii Scribn. & Smith. Culms 5-10 dm. high, smooth,
retrorsely pubescent on the nodes; sheaths pubescent below, spar-
ingly ciliate on the margins, the lower shorter, the upper longer
than the internodes; leaves smooth below, scabrous above and on
the margins, the lower 1-2 dm. long, the uppermost 2.5-5 cm. long,
4-6 mm, wide at the somewhat constricted base, linear-attenuate;
spike composed of 8-12 compressed oblanceolate spikelets; spikelets
5-7-flowered, 16-20 mm. long, shorter than the internodes of the
rachis, these scabrous on the margins; empty glumes f as long as
the spikelet, nearly equal, linear, acute or acuminate, 5-nerved,
scarious on the margins; flowering glume lanceolate, acute, 9-11
mm. long, 5-nerved and scabrous above, minutely 3-toothed, awn-
less or awned; awn straight, slender, 6-8 mm. long; palea equaling
its glume, acute or obtuse.
Occasional in the San Bernardino Mountains. First collected in
Waterman's Canyon by S. B. Parish.
2. A. laeve (Scribn. & Smith.) Hitchc. Habit of the type, but
nodes and sheaths glabrous; awns equaling or exceeding the glumes
in length.
Ballona Creek, near Mesmer; Santa Ana Mountains; San Ber-
nardino Mountains. First collected in the Cuyamaca Mountains
by Palmer.
40. HORDEUM L. Barley-grass.
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and ter-
minal cylindric spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in
3's at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally short
stalked and imperfect; rachilla produced beyond the
flower. Empty glumes 2, all alike and subulate; flower-
ing glumes narrow lanceolate, rounded on the back,
rigid, persistent, obscurely 5-nerved above, usually
awned. Palea nearly equaling the glume, 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually
adherent to the glume, hairy at summit.
Glumes not ciliate.
POACEAE. 55
Glumes of fertile flowers dilated above the
middle. 1. H. pusillum.
Glumes not dilated.
Glumes very scabrous. 2. H. nodosum.
Glumes glabrous or minutely scabrous. 3. H. gussoneanum.
Glumes at least some of them ciliate. 4. H. murinum.
1. H. pusilium Nutt. Annual; culms 1-4 dm. high; blades erect,
flat; spike erect, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 10-14 mm, wide; the first glume
of the sterile lateral pairs of spikelets and both of the fertile spike-
let dilated above the base, attenuate into a slender awn 8-14 mm.
long; glumes very scabrous; floral glume not awned.
In low heavy usually saline ground; Santa Catalina and San
Diego,
2. H. nodosum L. Perennial; culms erect, slender, 2-6 dm.
high, sheaths glabrous; leaves often deflexed, flat, scabrous, 5-8
mm, wide; spike slender, compressed, usually nodding, 6-10 cm,
long, 8-10 mm, wide; rachis very brittle; lateral spikelets awnless,
staminate or neutral; flower of central spikelet sessile; empty glumes
not flattened or dilated above the base, all alike and subulate;
flowering glume including its awn 14-18 mm. long; awn usually
brownish or purplish.
Frequent in moist places in all our valleys.
3. H. gussoneanum Pari, Annual, rather glaucous ; culms more or
less decumbent at base, tufted, 1-2 dm, high; spikes 2-4 cm, long,
rather pale; lateral spikelets neutral or sometimes staminate, their
inner empty glumes narrowly flattened, 0.5 mm, wide; fertile flower
sessile.
Occasional along the coast marshes.
4. H. murinum L, Annual; culms tufted, decumbent at base,
2-5 dm, high; upper sheaths smooth, scarious on the margins,
often dilated, the lower pilose; leaves softly pubescent and scabrous;
spikes stout, compressed, 5-10 cm. long; central spikelet pedicelled;
empty glumes lanceolate, flat, ciliate; awns 18-24 mm. long; outer
empty glumes of lateral spikelets similar, the inner awn-like and
not ciliate; flowering glume about 12 mm, long, scabrous above;
awn 2-5 cm. long; flowering glumes of the lateral spikelets smaller;
awn 15-40 mm, long; palea ciliate on the keels,
A very common and troublesome grass especially in pastured
land. Commonly called Fox-tail,
41, ELYMUS L, Wild Rye.
Mostly erect rather tall grasses with flat leaves and
closely flowered terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-6-flowered,
the uppermost imperfect, sessile, in 2's, rarely in 3's or
4's at the alternate notches of the continuous or articu-
late rachis; rachilla articulate above the empty glumes
and between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, nearly
equal, rigid, narrow, 1-3-nerved, acute or awn-pointed,
56 POACEAE.
persistent, and subtending the flowers like an involucre;
flowering glumes shorter, rounded on the back, obscurely
5-nerved, obtUvSe, acute or awned from the apex. Palea
a little shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles short, distinct. Grains adherent to the glumes
and palea, hairy at the summit.
Glumes subulate, nearly or quite nerveless.
Tall stout reed-like plants; spikes dense. 1. E. condensatus .
Slender plants with slender spikes. 2. E. triticoides.
Glumes lanceolate, distinctly nerved. 3. E. glaucus.
1. E. condensatus Presl. Culms stout, from stout creeping
rootstocks, 10-25 dm. high; sheaths smooth; ligule 2-4 mm. long;
leaves 3-5 dm. long, 25 mm. wide or less at the base, long acuminate,
smooth or nearly so toward the base, becoming scabrous toward
the apex, flat, the edges somewhat involute above; spike rather
dense and ample or somewhat lobed, 2-5 dm. long, erect; spikelets
imbricated in 2's or 3's or more, 4-5-flowered; empty glumes subu-
late, scabrid, about 12 mm. long; flowering glumes scabrous below,
11 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 7-nerved; palea equaling the glume,
scabrous and ciliate on the keels above.
Frequent in canyons and in somewhat moist places on all the
hills and in the chaparral belt of the mountains.
2. E. triticoides (Nutt.) Buckley. Culms rather slender, smooth
and usually glaucous, from slender rootstocks, 6-10 dm. high;
sheaths smooth; ligule a ciliate ring; leaves 15-30 cm. long, 5-8
mm. wide, scabrous on the margins and nerves above; spike 9-18
cm. long, about 1 cm. wide or less; rachis puberulent and with a
narrow ciliate wing; spikelets in 2's or 3's, rather distant below,
crowded in the middle, often single above, 4-6-flowered; empty
glumes 8-10 mm. long, subulate, scabrous on the nerves above;
flowering glumes 6-10 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 9-nerved, glabrous;
palea about equaling its glume, scabrous on the keels. E. orcuttianus
Vasey.
Common in low ground, especially in the coast valleys.
3. E. glaucus Buckl. Culms erect and tufted, from stoloniferous
rootstocks, 6-10 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth or minutely
scabrid; ligule about 0.5 mm. long, entire; leaves flat, scabrid on
both sides, 6-10 mm. wide, the lowest about 2 dm. long; spike linear,
erect, 6-15 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; spikelets usually in 2's, some-
times in 3's, 3-4-flowered; empty glumes 8-12 mm. long; awn-
pointed, scabrid on the 2-4 prominent nerves; flowering glumes
scabrid above, 9-12 mm. long, tapering into a straight awn 7-14
mm. long; palea scabrid, 9-10 mm. long, emarginate; rachis scabrid
on the margins.
Frequent in open shady places in the upper portions of the
chaparral belt and in the pine belt. San Gabriel and Santa Ana
Mountains. June-July.
3a. E. glaucus jepsoni Davy. Closely resembling the typical
form, but the sheaths more or less pubescent.
POACEAE. 57
The more common form in open pine forests, and ranging north-
ward to northern California.
42. SITANION Rafin.
Csespitose perennials, with usually flat leaves and
bearded spikes. Spikelets usually 2 (1-3) at each joint
of the articulate rachis of the spike, 2-several-flowered.
Empty glumes 2 or sometimes 3, many-parted from near
the base or bifid or subulate and entire, awned; flower-
ing glumes terminating in a single awn or trifid or 3-
awned. Palea as long as its glume, entire, bidentate
or 2-awned. Stamens 3 Styles short. Grain adherent
to its glume and palea, hairy at the summit.
Empty glumes deeply cleft into 3-11 or more
setaceous awns. 1, S. jubatum.
Empty glumes bifid above the middle or all entire
and subulate or setaceous.
Glumes 2-nerved. 2. S. californicum.
Glumes or some of them 3-nerved. 3. S. hanseni.
1. S. jubatum J. G. Smith. Culms erect, 6-9 dm. high, smooth;
lower sheaths hirsute, the upper minutely pubescent or sparsely
hirsute, becoming smooth; ligule 1 mm. long; leaves 10-18 cm. long,
3-5 mm. wide, strigose-pubescent throughout and sparsely hirsute
above, midnerve prominent beneath; spike 1-2 dm. long, densely
flowered; empty glumes 4, 3-many-parted from about the middle,
the lobes setaceous, mostly 8-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered,
the second hermaphrodite, the other sterile or the upper staminate;
flowering glume linear-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, smooth below,
sparsely scabrous above, 5-nerved, trifid at the apex, lateral lobes
setaceous, the middle prolonged into a slender scabrous awn, 8-12
cm. long; internodes of the rachis 5-7 mm. long, glabrous. (5.
muUisetum J. G. Smith.)
Rather common on mesas and grassy hills. March-May.
2. S. californicum J. G. Smith. Culms tufted, ascending, 1.5-2.5
dm. high, rather densely pubescent above; lower sheaths densely hir-
sute, the upper minutely puberulent; ligule obsolete; leaves 2-8 cm.
long, 3-4 mm. wide, scabrous above and on the margins, densely pu-
berulent on the back; spike rather loosely flowered, 5-8 cm. long;
lowest flower of one or both spikelets sterile; empty glumes 4, entire,
3-5 cm. long; flowering glume Hnear, 10-12 mm. long, finely scabrous,
awn stout, about 4 cm. long; palea 2 mm. shorter than its glume,
scabrous on the nerves below; internodes of the rachis 4-5 mm.
long, scabrous throughout.
Rather common in open pine woods in the San Gabriel and San
Bernardino Mountains. June-August. Another closely related
species, S. glabriwi J. G. Smith, is frequent in the San Jacinto and
Cuyamaca Mountains. It is readily distinguished by the glabrous
culms and sheaths.
58 CYPERACEAE.
3. S. hanseni J. G. Smith. Culms erect, scarcely or not at all
tufted, 5-6 dm, high, smooth; sheaths smooth or the lower sparsely
hirsute, ciliate on the margins, shorter than the internodes; ligule 1
mm. long; leaves 4-12 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, scabrous throughout;
spike rather loosely flowered, 1-1.5 dm. long, reddish; spikelets
4-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, entire, those of the lowest
spikelets bifid above the middle with short awn 1-4 cm. long; flower-
ing glumes 10 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, smooth below, scabrous
above, 3-awned; lateral awns 1-2 mm. long, the middle one erect,
3-4.5 cm. long; palea shorter than its glume, scabrous on the margins.
{S. anomalum J. G. Smith.)
Near Pasadena Allen. Ballona Creek, near Mesmer, and on the
South Fork of the Santiago Creek, Santa Ana Mountains.
Family 10. CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family.
Grass-like or rush-like annual or perennial herbs from
fibrous roots or running rootstocks. Stems slender, solid,
triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Leaves
narrow, with closed sheaths. Flowers perfect or im-
perfect, 1 or rarely 2 in the axil of each scale, and ar-
ranged in spikes. Spikes solitary or clustered, 1-many-
flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, per-
sistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed
of bristles or interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or wanting.
Stamens 1-3, rarely more; filaments slender or filiform;
anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-
celled, sessile or stipitate; ovule 1, anatropous, erect;
style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple or 2-toothed. Fruit a
lenticular plano-convex or trigonous achene. Endo-
sperm mealy. Embryo minute.
Flowers perfect.
Scales 2-ranked.
Spikelets flattened; perianth none. 1. Cyperus.
Spikelets scarcely flattened; perianth of 3-6
bristles. 5. Schoenus.
Scales spirally imbricated.
Styles not dilated at base. 2. SciRPUS.
Styles dilated at base.
Spikelets solitary, terminal, bractless. 3. Eleocharis.
Spikelets in umbels, involucrate. _ 4. Fimbristylis.
Spikelets polygamous; scales spirally imbricated,
only the terminal perfect. 6. Cladium.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious; pistillate en-
closed in a sac-like perigynium. 7. Carex.
CYPERACEAE.
59
1. CYPERUS L. Galingale.
Annual or perennial herbs. Stems mostly simple,
triangular, leafy near the base and with 1 or more in-
volucrate leaves at the base of the simple or compound,
umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel
sheathed at the base, usually very unequal. Spikelets
flat or nearly terete, composed of few-many persistent
or deciduous scales, these concave, conduplicate or
keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower empty.
Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Styles
2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the lenticular
or 3-angled achene.
Styles 2-cleft; achenes lenticular; rachis wing-
less.
Annuals; scales folded and sharply carinate;
achenes little flattened.
Scales obtuse, dark brown; achenes
oblong. 1.
Scales acute, yellow brown; achenes
ovate. 2.
Perennial from a wiry rootstock; achenes
biconvex. 3.
Styles 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled.
Scales with setaceous recurved tips. 4.
Scales merely acute or obtuse.
Spikelets flattened, their scales falling
away at maturity from the per-
sistent rachis.
Perennial by tuber-bearing rootstock;
wings persistent, attached to the
rachis for their whole length. 5.
Annual; wings scarious, soon separat-
ing from the rachis to the base. 6.
Spikelets subterete, falling away with
the scales attached at maturity.
Spikes oblong, compact; spikelets
slender. 7.
Spikes short, loose and spreading;
spikelets broader. 8.
C. melanostachys.
C. bromoides.
C. laevigatus.
C. inflexus.
C. esculentus.
C. parishii.
C. speciosus.
C. longispicatus.
1. C. melanostachys H. B. K. Stems tufted, slender, 1-4 dm.
high; leaves about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 1-2, elongated;
spikelets sessile in a capitate cluster, appearing somewhat lateral,
6-10 mm. long, linear-oblong; scales ovate, obtuse, 2 mm. long,
dark brown with pale or green keel; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-cleft,
scarcely exserted; achene lenticular, oblong, somewhat pointed, dull.
(C diandrus capitatus Britton.)
Common in moist sandy places on river bottoms below 1500
feet. Los Angeles; San Bernardino.
60 CYPERACEAE.
2. C. bromoides (Clarke) Britton. Annual with slender stems
4-8 dm. high, exceeding the leaves; spikelets 4-12, lanceolate,
flattened, 10-20-flowered; involucral leaves 2-4; scales acute, 4 mm.
long, yellowish brown, green on the 3-nerved keel, scarious-margined;
stamens 3; styles 2-cleft; achenes ovoid, black, 1-1.5 mm. long,
lenticular.
Cienega, near Los Angeles according to Parish.
3. C. laevigatus L. Perennial, with slender creeping rhizomes;
stems tufted, slender, 8-15 cm. high, terete, with 2-3 short brown
sheaths at the base, the upper bearing a short, erect, subtriangular
leaf, otherwise naked; involucre of usually 2 leaf-like bracts, 1 a
continuation of the stem, erect, the other spreading, 3 cm. long or
less; umbel sessile, capitate, apparently lateral; spikelets sessile,
many-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, pale green; scales broad, obtuse,
about 2 mm. long; rachis deeply pitted transversely; stamens 3;
style 2-cleft; achene broadly obovate, 12 mm. long.
Occasional in moist places about Los Angeles and San Bernardino.
4. C. inflexus Muhl. Stems very slender, tufted, 3-15 cm. high;
leaves 2 mm. wide or less, nearly equaling the stems, those of the
involucre 2-3, exceeding the umbel; umbel sessile, usually capitate;
spikelets linear-oblong, 4-6 mm. long, 6-10-fiowered; scales pale
brown, lanceolate, firm, tapering into a long recurved awn; stamen 1 ;
style 3-cleft; rachis narrowly winged, the wings persistent; achene
3-angled, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate. (C.
aristatus Boeckl.)
In moist sandy soil. Laguna, San Joaquin Hills, Orange County;
Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains.
5. C. esculentus L. Perennial by scaly horizontal tuber-bearing
rootstocks; stems rather stout, 3-6 dm. high; leaves light green,
4-8 mm. wide, usually longer than the stem, with prominent mid-
vein, those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much exceeding the
umbel; umbel 4-10-rayed, usually compound; spikelets numerous
in loose spikes, straw-colored or yellowish brown, spreading, 12-24
mm. long, 3 mm. wide, many-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, sub-
acute, 3-5-nerved; rachis narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cIeft;
achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled.
Frequent in river bottoms about Los Angeles, Santa Ana and
San Bernardino.
6. C. parishii Britton. Annual with fibrous roots; culms tufted,
slender, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, shorter than the culm,
those of the involucre 2-7, the longer ones exceeding the inflorescence;
umbel simple or somewhat compound, usually several-rayed, the
rays 5-50 mm. long, slender; spikelets densely short-spicate, linear,
acute, 12-20 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; rachis at length wing-
less, the narrow wings early deciduous; scales oblong-lanceolate,
purple green, obtuse, about 2 mm. long; achenes narrowly ovoid-
oblong, nearly black, about half as long as the scale.
Growing in wet sand, on the banks of streams, in the vicinity of
San Bernardino.
7. C. speciosus Vahl. Annual with stems 1-5 dm. high; leaves
shorter than the stems, 4-6 mm. wide, scabrous margined; involucral
CYPERACEAE. 61
leaves longer than the rays; spikelets in usually crowded umbels,
narrowly linear, 5 cm. long; scales ovate, acutish, 2 mm. long,
greenish or pale with brown margins, readily separating from the
axis; w-ings broad, scarious, wholly adnate to the rachis and en-
closing the achenes; stamens 3; achenes pale, oblong-ovoid, 1 mm.
long, obtusely 3-angled, mucronulate.
Los Angeles River, Braunton, Davidson.
8. C. longispicatus Norton. Resembling the last; leaves chan-
neled; umbel compound, loose and spreading or rarely congested;
spikelets linear, 1-1.5 cm. long; fertile scales oblong, 3 mm. long,
obtuse; achenes oblong, 1-1.25 mm. long, obtusely 3-angled, mucro-
nulate.
San Bernardino and Elsinore Lake, Parish.
2. SCIRPUS L. Bulrush.
Annual or perennial often rush-like sedges with leafy
stems or the leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets
terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, spicate or
umbellate, usually subtended by a 1-several-leaved in-
volucre. Scales spirally imbricated, usually all fertile
or the lowest sometimes empty. Flowers perfect. Peri-
anth of 1-6 bristles or sometimes w^anting. Stamens 2-3.
Styles 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly decid-
uous from the achene or its base persistent as a subulate
tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex.
Spikelets solitary with 1 small bract; roots
fibrous. 1. 5. cernuus.
Spikelets several to numerous; perennial from
rootstocks.
Inflorescence apparently lateral; involucre of
1 bract; stems leafless or nearly so.
Stems sharply 3-angled; spikelets in a
crowded sessile cluster.
Leaves 2-6, long and narrow. 2. S. americanus.
Leaves none-2, short and broad. 3. S. olneyi.
Stems terete or very obtusely 3-angled.
Bristles equaling or exceeding the
achene, retrorsely barbed. 4. S. lacustris.
Bristles shorter than the achenes, cili-
ate at least below. 5. S. calif ornicus.
Inflorescence terminal; stems leafy.
Spikelets large, in dense clusters. 6. S. pacificus.
Spikelets small, in loose compound umbels. 7. S. microcarpus.
1. S. cernuus Vahl. Stems tufted from fibrous roots, slender,
5-20 cm. high, sheathed at base; upper sheath bearing a short
slender leaf; involucral bract slender, 2-20 mm. long; spikelet
solitary, ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-5 mm. long; scales brownish
62 CYPERACEAE.
with a pale midvein, concave; bristles none; style 3-cleft; achene
3-angled-obovoid, the sides convex, smooth or somewhat granular,
dark brown, scarcely 1 mm. long. (5. ripariiis Spreng.)
Occasional on river bottoms about Los Angeles and Santa
Barbara. Resembling Eleocharis in habit.
2. S. americanus Pers. Perennial by long rootstocks; stems
sharply 3-angled, with concave sides, erect, 3-12 dm. high; leaves
2-6, narrowly linear, shorter than the stem, keeled; involucral
bract solitary, leaf-like, 4-10 cm. long; spikelets appearing as if
lateral, sessile in capitate clusters of 1-7, acute, 8-16 mm. long;
scales broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or sharply 2-cleft,
the midvein extended into a subulate awn, the margins scarious,
ciliate or glabrous; bristles 2-6, retrorsely barbed, shorter than
or equaling the achene; style usually 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-
convex, smooth, dark brown, mucronate. (S. pungens Vahl.)
Occasional on river bottoms about Los Angeles; Santa Ana; San
Diego. April-July.
3. S. olneyi Gray. Perennial by long stout rootstocks; stems
stout, 6-25 dm. high; sharply 3-angled with concave sides; leaves
1-2, 3-12 cm. long, or sheaths sometimes leafless; involucral bract
stout, erect, 1-3 cm. long; spikelets appearing as if lateral, capitate
in dense clusters of 5-12, oblong or obovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5-8 mm.
long; scales oval or orbicular, dark brown with a green midvein,
emarginate or mucronulate, glabrous; bristles usually 6, slightly
shorter than or equaling the achene, retrorsely barbed; stamens 3;
styles 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, brown, mucronate.
Common in marshes and along running streams throughout our
range. June-September.
4. S. lacustris L. Stems stout from creeping rootstocks, terete
or rarely obscurely 3-sided, 1-3 m. high, leafless or the basal sheaths
bearing a short nearly terete leaf; involucral bract stout, shorter
than the inflorescence; spikelets numerous, scattered or more or less
clustered in an irregularly compound umbel, oblong-ovoid, 6-10
mm. long; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, usually pubescent; bristles
6, equaling or longer than the achene, slender, retrorsely barbed;
style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, abruptly mucronate,
grayish.
Common along streams and marshes. This and the next are
commonly called "Tule." June- September.
5. S. californicus (C. A. Myer) Britton. Much resembling
the last in habit and size; stems obtusely 3-angled; involucral bract
very short, stoutly subulate; umbel compound; spikelets 6-10 mm.
long, oblong; scales brown, ovate, awn-pointed by the excurrent
midvein; bristles shorter than the achene, rather stout, strongly
ciliate at least below; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex,
nearly white or brown, narrowed above into a short point, contracted
at base, 1-1.25 mm. broad. (S. tatora Kunth.)
With the last and apparently more common. Typical forms are
readily distinguished by the stouter and shorter strongly ciliate
bristles, stouter filaments, and smaller achene tapering at the apex.
Intermediate forms, apparently hybrids, are occasionally found.
CYPERACEAE. 63
6. S. pacificus Britton. Perennial by large rootstocks; stems
stout, sharply 3-angled with flat sides, scabrous above, 6-15 dm.
high; leaves equaling or exceeding the stem, rough-margined, 5-10
mm. wide, midvein prominent; involucral leaves 2-4, elongated,
erect, similar to those of the stem, often 3 cm. long; spikelets in a
dense, often compound terminal cluster of 6-20, ovoid-oblong, obtuse
or subacute, 16-24 mm. long, 8-10 mm. broad; scales ovate, brown,
puberulent, lacerate or 2-toothed, midvein excurrent into an at
length reflexed awn; bristles 1-6, shorter than the achenes, or none;
style 2-cleft; achene compressed, flat on the face, convex or with
a low ridge on the back, obovate-orbicular, dark brown, shining,
3 mm. long. (S. maritimus of the Bot. Cal., not L.)
Common in marshes, especially in somewhat saline places, June-
October.
7. S. microcarpus Presl. Perennial; stems 6-12 dm. high, rather
stout; leaves rough-margined, exceeding the stem; the longer in-
volucral leaves usually exceeding the inflorescence; umbel 1-2-
compound; spikelets 3-25 together in capitate clusters at the ends
of usually spreading raylets, ovoid-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, acute;
scales brown, with a green midvein, blunt or subacute; bristles 4,
barbed nearly or quite to the base, somewhat longer than the achene;
stamens 2; styles 2-cleft; achene oblong-obovate, nearly white,
plano-convex or with a low ridge on the back, pointed.
Rather common in meadows and along streams in the pine belt
of all the mountains. Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie.
3. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike-rush.
Annual or perennial herbs, with simple, usually terete
stems, and leaves reduced to mere sheaths or the lower
rarely bearing a blade. Spikelets solitary, terminal,
erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an in-
volucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated. Perianth
of 1-12 usually retrorsely barbed bristles, or sometimes
wanting. Stamens 2-3. Styles 2-cleft and achene
lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and achene more or less
distinctly 3-angled. Base of the style persistent on the
summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle.
Styles 2-cleft; achenes lenticular.
Annual with fibrous roots. 1. E. capitata.
Perennial by horizontal rootstocks. 2. E. palustris.
Styles 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled or turgid.
Stems filiform; spikelet compressed. 3. E. acicidaris.
Stems not filiform; spikelets not compressed.
Tubercle not continuous with the achene. 4. E. montana.
Tubercle continuous with the achene. 5. E. rostellata.
1. E. capitata R. Br. Annual with fibrous roots; stems slender
or filiform, terete, 1-1.5 dm. high; upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelet
64 CYPERACEAE.
ovoid, obtuse, 4-5 mm. high and 3 mm. thick; scales ovate, obtuse,
2 mm. long, brown with a green midvein; stamens 2; bristles 4-6,
obscurely toothed, equaling the achene or none; achenes broadly
obovoid, black and shining, tubercle flat and disk-like.
San Bernardino, Parish.
2. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks;
stems stout, terete or nearly so, striate, 3-8 dm. high; basal sheaths
brown, rarely bearing a short blade, the upper one obliquely truncate;
spikelet ovoid-cylindric, 6-24 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, thicker
than the stem; scales ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, purplish-
brown, with scarious margins and a green midvein; bristles usually 4,
slender, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene, sometimes want-
ing; stamens 2-3; style 2-3-cleft; achene brownish or yellowish-
brown, smooth, obovate; tubercle conic-triangular, constricted at
the base, flattened, \-\ as long as the achene.
Common in wet places along streams throughout our range.
May-August.
3. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Perennial by filiform rootstocks
or stolons; stems filiform, tufted, obscurely 4-angled and grooved,
erect or spreading, 4-10 cm. long; sheaths truncate; spikelet com-
pressed, narrowly ovate, acute, 3-10-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, 1 mm.
broad; scales oblong, obtuse, thin, pale green, with a narrow band
of brown on each side of the midvein, deciduous, many usually
sterile; bristles 3-4, fugacious, shorter than the achene; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft; achene obovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled, with a rib
on each angle and 6-9 intermediate ones, connected by fine ridges;
tubercle conic, acute, \ as long as the achene.
Frequent in moist places along streams and on borders of ponds.
April-June.
4. E. montana (H. B. K.) R. & S. Perennial; stems slender,
sulcate, 15-45 cm. high, erect; basal sheaths brown; spike oblong
or sometimes ovate, 4-10 mm. long, rounded at the apex; scales
numerous, closely imbricated, ovate, very obtuse, brown with
green midvein, scarious margined; bristles 4-6, about equaling the
achene; style 3-cleft; achene obtusely 3-angled, oblong-obovate,
about 1 mm. long, greenish brown, smooth; tubercle broad at the
base and slightly constricted, deltoid, acute. (E. arenicola Torr.)
Frequent on river bottoms and borders of marshes throughout
our range.
5. E. rostellata Torr. Perennial; stems rather slender, com-
pressed, strongly sulcate, 3-8 dm. high; often reclining and rooting
at the apex; basal sheaths light colored, truncate; spike oblong,
6-10 mm. long; scales straw-colored or pale brown, ovate, obtuse,
carinate and rather firm, about 4 mm. long; bristles 6, exceeding the
achene; style 3-cleft; achene obovate, obtusely 3-angled, about
2 mm. long; tubercle not constricted at the base, pyramidal, about
1 mm. long. (£. rostellata occidentalis Wats.)
Frequent in marshes and on river bottoms about Los Angeles
and San Bernardino.
CYPERACEAE. 65
4. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
Annual or perennial herbs with stems leafy below.
Spikelets umbellate, several-many-flowered, subtended
by a 1-many-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbri-
cated, mostly deciduous, all fertile. Perianth none.
Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its
base much enlarged, falling away from the achene when
mature. Achene lenticular, biconvex or 3-angled.
1. F. thermalis Wats. Perennial by short matted rootstocks;
stems 3-6 dm. high, flattened and somewhat roughened, striate;
leaves 2-4 mm. wide, flat, becoming more or less revolute, some-
what pubescent or nearly glabrous, rough on the margins; involucral
bracts linear-subulate, acuminate, scabrous, 15-25 mm, long, shorter
than the rays; spikelets umbellate, solitary on the ends of the rays,
ovate to linear-oblong, 8-18 mm. long; scales ovate, obtuse, mucro-
nate, dull brown, pubescent; style 2-cleft, flattened and ciliate;
achene obovate, lenticular, obscurely striate, 1.5 mm. long; tubercle
soon deciduous.
Hot Springs, near San Bernardino, Wright; Waterman's Hot
Springs, Parish.
5. SCHOENUS L.
Ours perennial herbs from rootstocks, with slender
erect tufted stems and slender subterete basal leaves.
Involucral bract erect, appearing as a continuation of the
stem. Spikelets sessile in capitate lateral clusters, few-
flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, the lower ones
empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 6
scabrous or pubescent bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-
cleft, not dilated at the base. Achene more or less 3-
angled, with a very short beak.
1. S. nigricans L. Stems tufted, slightly compressed, slender,
5-7 dm. high; leaves rigid, subterete, channeled, rough on the mar-
gins, shorter than the stems; sheaths black; involucral bract 3-5
cm. long; spikelets capitate clustered, ovate lanceolate, compressed,
6-8-flowered; rachis zigzag; scales ovate, acute, compressed, keeled,
very dark brown; bristles 6, unequal, dilated at the base, barbed
above, longer than the achene; achenes globose-oblong, 3-angled,
white and shining.
Arrowhead Hot Springs, near San Bernardino, Parish. Other-
wise known in North America only from Florida.
6. CLADIUM R. Br.
Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks, stout tall leafy
stems and elongated channeled leaves. Spikelets small,
66 CYPERACEAE.
usually clustered in terminal corymbs, panicles or
cymes. Scales mostly about 5, closely imbricated,
brown, the lower empty, the terminal one fertile and the
1-2 below it staminate. Perianth none. Stamens 2-3.
Style 2-3-cleft, somewhat dilated at the base, continuous
with the ovary. Achene ovate or oblong-ovate, smooth,
acute with the obscure persistent base of the style.
1, C. mariscus californicum Wats. Stems in rather dense
tussocks, stout, 18-24 dm. high; leaves equaling the stem; panicle
diffuse, drooping; spikelets in clusters of 2-3, narrowly oblong,
4-6 mm. long; lower scales ovate, acutish or acute, the upper lance-
olate, acute or acuminate, light brown; achene brown, ovate, attenu-
ate above.
Collected in a swamp near San Gabriel {Brewer), but not seen
since in southern California until recently when it was discovered
near Upland {Jolmston).
7. CAREX L. Sedge.
Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks, with mostly
3-angled stems. Leaves 3-ranked, the upper elongated
or short and subtending the spikes of flowers or wanting.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of
scales. Spikes either wholly pistillate or staminate, or
bearing staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous).
Perianth none. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens. Pis-
tillate of a single pistil with a style and 2-3 stigrnas
borne on a very short axis in the axil of a scale-like
bractlet (perigynium) which completely encloses the
achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex.
Spikelets unisexual, all distinct and sometimes
remote, staminate uppermost.
Perigynia attenuate to a beak, one-third as
long as the body or longer.
Spikelets drooping. 1. C. comosa.
Spikelets erect. 2. C. lanuginosa.
Perigynia short-beaked or beakless.
Pistillate spikelets compactly many-flow-
ered.
Stigmas 3. 3. C. spissa.
Stigmas 2.
Beaks of perigynia 2-toothed. 4. C. laciniata.
Beaks of perigynia entire.
Pistillate spikelets 3-5 cm. long,
peduncled. 5. C. senta.
Pistillate spikelets 6-10 cm.
long, sessile. 6. C. barbarae.
CYPERACEAE. 67
Pistillate spikelets loosely few- flowered,
green.
Stigmas 2. 7. C. hassei.
Stigmas 3. 8. C. triquetra.
Spikelets androgynous, the staminate flowers at
the summit or base or intermingled.
Spikelet solitary, the pistillate flowers 2-6,
loosely disposed. _ 9. C. muUicaulis.
Spikelets several, sessile, and more or less
aggregated in heads.
Staminate flowers at the summit of the
spikelets.
Heads elongated, interrupted, panicu-
lately decompound. 10. C. alma.
Heads ovoid or narrow, spikelets
simple.
Rhizomes black. 11. C. marcida.
Rhizomes scaly and brown.
Heads ovoid, congested. 12. C. hernardina.
Heads narrow, spikelets separ-
ated. 13. C. hookeriana.
Staminate flowers usually at the base of
the spikelets. 14. C. siccata.
1. C. comosa Boott. Stems stout, 4-6 dm. high, angles sharp
and scabrous; leaves rigid, nodose, 5-10 mm. wide, long, tapering;
spikelets 4-6, densely flow^ered, the uppermost staminate, linear,
25-80 mm. long; pistillate spikelets 4-7 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide,
cylindric, approximate or the lowest remote; scales pale, attenuate
to a long hispid point, lanceolate or oblong, those of the staminate
linear-lanceolate; perigynium coriaceous, pale olive, ovate to lance-
olate, attenuate to a long beak; beak bidentate, the teeth about
2 mm. long; nutlet obovoid, chestnut colored. (C. Pseudo- Cyperus
comosa Boott.)
Canyon near Burbank, Davidson; San Bernardino, Parish.
2. C. lanuginosa Michx. Stems 3-8 dm. high, stoloniferous;
leaves often exceeding the stems, 2-4 mm. wide, spikelets 3-4,
purple, staminate 1-4, linear, 3-5 cm. long, more or less pedicelled,
the lower sessile; pistillate 2-4, oblong or cylindric, 2-5 cm. long,
6-8 mm. wide, densely flowered, remote, sessile or the lowest pedi-
celled; pedicels scabrous; scales purple, pale in the middle, acute,
ciliate at the apex; perigynium coriaceous, hispid, ovoid, obtusely
angled, olive-colored; beak short, with short divergent scabrous
teeth, broader and usually shorter than the scales.
Occasional in fresh-water marshes in the coast valleys, Davidson.
3. C. spissa Bailey. Stems stout, 1-2 m. high, smooth or nearly
so; leaves numerous, rigid, glaucous, serrate, about equaling the
stem, 10-15 mm. wide; lower bract long, leaf-like, the uppermost
short or nearly obsolete; spikelets 6-12 or more, the lowest 10-15
cm. long, long-pedicelled, the upper becoming sessile, all erect,
cylindric; staminate 4-6 or more, 3-10 cm. long; scales with a stout
68 . CYPERACEAE.
toothed awn; perigynium about 3 mm. high, elliptic or obovate,
coriaceous, few-flowered, yellowish-green.
Occasional in the canyons of all the mountains and foothills.
4. C. laciniata Boott. Stems stout, sharply angled, 6-11 dm.
high; leaves rather numerous, nearly equaling the stems, 4-8 mm.
wide; bracts very long; spikelets 4-6, cylindric; staminate 1-2,
commonly pedicelled, 2.5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; pistillate 5-8
cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, remote, the upper sessile, the lower long-
pedicelled, nodding; scales purple or ferruginous, pale in the middle,
ciliate, acute or with rough awn; perigynium abruptly or gradually
beaked, nearly entire to bidentate with serrate teeth, compressed-
lenticular, punctate, sparingly toothed on the upper margins.
First collected at Santa Barbara by Nuttall. Occasional in
marshes in coast valleys.
5. C. senta Boott. Stems slender, 3 dm. high, scabrous on the
sharp angles; leaves shorter than the stems, 2-4 mm. wide; staminate
spikelets 1-2; pistillate 2-3, on short peduncles, 3-5 cm. long, 4-5
mm. thick; scales narrowly lanceolate; perigynia ovoid or obovoid;
achenes light brown, orbicular, smooth, mucronulate.
Near San Fernando, Brewer; Cienega, Davidson.
6. C. barbarae Dewey. Stems 5-10 dm. high, leafy, glaucous,
sharply angled and rough at least above; bracts leaf-like, the lower
long; pistillate spikes 2-4, 25-75 mm. long, narrow, the lower with
slender pedicels, 7.5-10 cm. long, attenuate at the base, usually
truncate at the apex, scales white backed and brown edged, obtuse;
perigynium nerveless, abruptly contracted into a short distinct
beak.
Occasional in marshes about Los Angeles and Santa Barbara.
7. C. hassei Bailey. Stoloniferous by slender rootstocks; stems
slender or filiform, 25-50 cm. high; leaves thin, scabrous on the
margins, 2-4 mm. wide, long-pointed, much shorter than the stems;
bracts similar, the lowest slightly surpassing the inflorescence;
staminate spikelet oblong, acute, 1 cm. long, peduncled; pistillate
1-5, cylindric, the terminal often having 2-3 very short sessile
spikelets at base, the lowest remote and usually long peduncled;
scales shorter than the perigynia, green with brown margins, ovate,
cuspidate; perigynia green, obovoid, strongly nerved, 2-5 mm. long;
achenes conspicuously beaked, filling the perigynia.
First collected on the West Fork of the San Gabriel, Hasse;
wet meadows, San Bernardino Valley, Parish.
8. C. triquetra Boott. Stem 3-5 dm. high, slightly scabrous,
leaves pale, 2-5 mm. broad, equaling or shorter than the stem;
spikelets 3-5, oblong; staminate about 18 mm. long, 2 mm. broad,
subsessile; pistillate 12-18 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, erect, the
upper approximate, the lower pedicelled, all with abortive flowers
above; scales pale chestnut, ovate, numerous, margins hyaline;
perigynium pale, covered with long white hairs, ellipsoidal, sharply
3-angled, acute at each end, with a short bidentate beak, 1-4-nerved,
longer and broader than the scale; nutlet filling the perigynium.
Frequent on dry ground in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and
San Bernardino Mountains.
CYPERACEAE. 69
9. C. multicaulis Bailey. Culms very numerous, 3-6 dm. high,
stiff and wiry, terete, smooth or minutely scabrous beneath the
flowers; sheaths leafless or produced into stiff and appressed tips,
2 cm. long or more, or on sterile stems 8-15 cm. long and spreading;
the lower scales leaf-like and prolonged into a slender tip, dilated
and hyaline at the base; pistillate flowers 2-6, the lower often remote;
perigynium 6-8 mm. long, strongly 3-angled, many-nerved; beak
very short, entire; nutlet punctate, completely filling the perigynium.
Frequent on dry ridges in the pine belt of all the mountains.
10. C. alma Bailey. Stems stoutish, rough above on the sharp
angles, 4-12 dm. high; leaves carinate, 3-5 mm. wide, mostly exceed-
ing the stems; heads 9-12 cm. long, 10-15 mm. thick; spikelets
ovoid, in ovoid clusters; scales equaling the perigynia, oval to oval-
oblong, acute or the midvein excurrent; perigynia brown, shining,
nerveless, ovoid, narrowed to a long 2-toothed beak, serrate on the
sharp margins, thick and spongy at the truncate base, 3.5-4 mm.
long; achenes brown, lenticular, faintly punctate.
Growing in robust clumps along streams in the mountains. Near
Pasadena, Mc Clatchie; near Santa Ana, Helen Geis.
11. C. marcida Boott. Stem 3-6 dm. high, scabrous above;
leaves 2 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spike 2-4 cm. long,
6-10 mm. wide, dull brown; spikelets many, crowded or contiguous,
closely imbricated, 4-6 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, the lower compound;
bracts clasping, scale-like, setaceously pointed, the lowest exceeding
its spikelet; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, margin hyaline, brown-
ish; perigynium nearly black in fruit, orbicular with a short, or
ovate and with a longer bidentate beak, stipitate, plano-convex,
margins incurved, serrate above, nerved, equaling the scales; nutlet
ferruginous, lenticular, produced at the base.
Frequent in marshes in the coast valleys.
12. C. bemardina Parish. Rhizomes creeping; stems slender and
lax, rough on the sharp edges, 5-6 dm. high; leaves 1-3 mm. wide,
shorter than the stems; spikelets in a dense ovoid head, about 2 cm.
long and 1-1.5 cm. thick; scales a little shorter than the perigynia,
hyaline, with a brown midvein, ovate, acute; perigynia brown,
suborbicular, strongly nerved on the exterior face, the subcordate
base stipitate, 2-2.5 mm. long, contracted to a serrate beak as long
as the body; achenes pallid, lenticular, faintly punctate, conformed
to the body of the perigynium.
In a meadow, San Bernardino Valley, Parish.
13. C. hookeriana Dewey. Stems slender from creeping root-
stocks, 2-6 dm. high, sharply angled, scabrous; leaves shorter than
the stem, 2 mm. wide, tapering to a slender setaceous tip; bracts
ovate, awned, commonly exceeding the spikelet, the lowest setaceous
and often 25-50 mm. long; spike 2-4 cm. long, oblong or cylindric;
spikelets 4-10, approximate; staminate flowers few; scales ovate or
lanceolate, acute, chestnut-colored with green midnerve, margin
hyaline; perigynium oval, abruptly tapering to a sharply bidentate
beak, serrate above on the sharp incurved margins, shorter than the
scale.
Frequent on borders of the coast marshes.
70 LEMNACEAE.
14. C. siccata Dewey. Rootstock creeping, clothed with short
lanceolate scales; stems slender, sharply angled, 15-60 cm, high,
scabrous abov^e; leaves rather rigid, 1-4 mm. wide, shorter than
the stems, scabrous on the margins above; bracts scale-like, the
lowest cuspidate, usually shorter than its spikelet; spikes oblong,
2-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, ferruginous; spikelets 4-12, alternate,
simple, ovoid, 4-16 mm. long, 2-8 mm. broad, crowded or distinct
below, the terminal pistillate at least at base, the intermediate
staminate or all variously mingled; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute,
ferruginous, with broad hyaline margins; perigynium oval or ovate,
tapering to a long, sharply bidentate beak, fissured on the outer side,
unequally serrate on the margins, plano-convex, nerved, about
equaling the scale; nutlet oblong, dark chestnut.
Common on borders of marshes throughout our ranges. Cienega;
Playe del Rey; Santa Ana; San Bernardino.
Family 11. LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family.
Minute perennial floating plants, without leaves or
with only very rudimentary ones. The plant body con-
sisting of a disk-like thallus, with usually 1 or more
rootlets from the middle below. Florets imbedded in
the frond, without perianth, naked or bracteate, with 1-2
stamens and a sessile 1 -celled, 1-several-ovuled ovary.
Style simple with funnelform stigma. Fruit a utricle;
embryo straight.
Roots I or more.
Roots more than 1, fascicled. 1. Spirodela.
Root solitary. 2. Lemna.
Roots none. 3. Wolffiella.
1. SPIRODELA Schleiden.
Stipe attached (peltately) to the frond back of and
under the basal margin. Reproductive pouches 2, tri-
angular, opening as clefts in either margin of the basal
portion of the frond. Roots more than 1, fascicled.
Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers from the
reproductive pouches; spa the sac-like; filaments curv-
ing upward from the margin of the frond; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Fruit rounded len-
ticular, with wing margins.
1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schl. Fronds solitary or united in colonies
of 2-5, roundish obovate, flat on both sides, sessile or nearly so;
5-15-nerved, 3-6 mm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide; roots 4-16; rootcap
LEMNACEAE. 71
large, sharp pointed; spathe a complete sac, opening at the upper
end; pistil flask-shaped; fruit somewhat winged; seed slightly com-
pressed, smooth.
Near San Bernardino, Parish. This, as* well as all the other
members of the family occurring with us, is rarely fertile.
2. LEMNA L. Duckweed.
Stipe attached to the basal margin of the frond. Re-
productive pouches 2, triangular, opening as clefts in
either margin of the basal portion of the frond. Root
solitary. Spadix of 1 pistillate and 2 staminate flowers;
spathe various; filaments curving upward from the
margin of the frond. Anthers 2-celled, transversely
dehiscent.
Fronds with a short stipe; floating on the surface.
Spathe sac-like.
Frond pale beneath, usually strongly gib-
bose. 1. L. gihha.
Frond green or purplish beneath. 2. L. minor.
Spathe open.
Frond thin, without papules. 3. L. cyclostasa.
Frond thick, with a row of papules along
the nerve. 4. L. mhiima.
Fronds long-stipitate, mostly submerged. 5. L. trisulca.
1. L. gibba L. Fronds from solitary to 4 in a colony, commonly 2,
orbicular to obovate, 2-5 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, more or less
unsymmetrical, thick, convex and slightly keeled above, usually
more or less gibbous beneath, usually 3-5-nerved; fruit winged with
rounded lobes on either side of the stigma; seeds 1-7.
Common in slow-running streams and ponds.
2. L. minor L. Fronds solitary or w4th 2 or more in a colony,
round to elliptic-obovate, 2-4 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, sym-
metrical, thickish, convex on both sides, upper surface sometimes
keeled and with a row of papulae along the midnerve, obscurely
3-nerved; fruit not winged; seeds solitary.
Apparently less common than the last.
3. L. cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Fronds commonly in colonies of
2-8, oblong to obovate-oblong, usually somewhat falcate, 2.3-4.5
mm. long, 0.7-1.5 mm. wide, usually strongly unsymmetrical; fruit
elongated-ovate, slightly unsymmetrical; seed oblong-ovoid. (L.
valdiviana Phil.)
Common throughout our range.
4. L. minima Phil. Fronds commonly in colonies of 2, oblong
to elHptic, 1.5-3.9 mm, long, 0,9-2.7 mm. wide, slightly to promi-
nently convex above, with a row of papulae along the midnerve,
convex below, commonly nerveless; pistil short, clavate; seed oblong,
pointed.
Near San Bernardino, Parish; Bear Valley, San Bernardino
Mountains; Lakeside, San Diego County.
72 JUNCACEAE.
5. L. trisulca L. Fronds floating and submerged, oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, with a long stipe attached to the basal margin;
often somewhat falcate, 5-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; terminal
margins serrulate and fluted, acute at apex.
Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains.
3. WOLFFIELLA Hegelmaier.
Stipe attached on the margin of the single reproduc-
tive pouch. Pouch triangular, opening as a cleft in the
basal margin of the frond. Fronds rootless, thin, un-
symmetrical, curved in the form of the segment of a
band, abundantly punctate on both surfaces with brown
epidermal pigment cells. Flowers and fruit unknown.
1. W. oblonga (Phil.) Hglm. Fronds solitary or in pairs, oblong
or commonly tapering from the obliquely rounded base to the slightly
narrower bluntly rounded apex; slightly falcate; basal portion alone
exposed to the air, 0.53-1 mm. broad, 1.7-4.6 mm. long; stipe inser-
tion at the lower angle of the two walls of the pouch.
Near San Bernardino, Parish.
2. W. lingulata Hglm. Fronds solitary or rarely in pairs, ovate
to oblong, tongue-shaped, slightly unsymmetrical; 1.7-3 mm. broad,
2.7-6.6 mm. long, only a small part of the frond about the base
exposed to the air; stipe insertion on the margin of the lower wall
of the pouch.
San Bernardino, Parish.
Family 12. JUNCACEAE. Rush Family.
Perennial or sometimes annual rushes or sedge-like
herbs, growing in tufts or from creeping rootstocks. In-
florescence usually compound, paniculate or corymbose,
rarely reduced to a single flower, bearing its flowers
singly or loosely clustered or aggregated into heads or
spikes. Flowers small, regular, perfect. Perianth 6-
parted, the segments glumaceous. Stamens 3 or 6;
anthers introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing by a longitudinal
slit. Ovary superior, 3-celled or sometimes 1-celled with
3 parietal placentae. Ovules 3-many, anatropous;
styles 3, filiform. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds
small, cylindric to subglobose, often caudate or append-
aged; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute, thick.
Represented with us by a single genus. 1. Juncus.
JUNCACEAE.
73
1. JUNCUS L. Rush.
Perennial or sometimes annual, glabrous plants, grow-
ing usually in marshes or wet places, with simple terete
or flattened, usually pithy stems. Leaves terete, chan-
nelled or flat. Flowers solitary or clustered in cymes,
panicles or heads, greenish or brownish. Stamens 6 or 3.
Capsule 3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae,
many-seeded.
Annual, with low branching stems.
Perennials.
Flowers solitary on the pedi-
cels, each surrounded by
2 bractlets; pedicels 1
bracteate at base; stems
leafless or with terete
basal leaves.
Stamens 3.
Stamens 6.
Stems sulcate with sub-
epidermal fascicles.
Flowers 4-5 mm.
long; perianth-
segments closed
over the capsule.
Flowers 3 mm.
long; perianth-
segments diver-
gent.
Stems smooth.
Stems terete.
Stems compressed.
Flowers bracteate only at the
base of the pedicel.
Flowers lateral, the lowest
bract apparently con-
tinuous with the stem,
pungent.
Flowers terminal.
Leaves septate.
Leaves ensiform, the
edges turned
toward the
stem.
Stems wingless;
styles long-
exserted.
Stems narrowly
winged; styles
short.
1. J. bufonius.
2. J. effusus.
3. /. textilis.
4, /. patens.
J. halticus.
J. mexicanus.
7. /. acutus sphaerocarpus.
J. phaeocephalus paniculatus.
9. /. xiphioides.
74 JUNCACEAE.
Leaves terete.
Heads 30-40-
flowcred; stems
not rugosely
roughened. 10. J. torreyi.
Heads 6-10-
flowered; stems
rugosely
roughened. 11. J. rugulosus.
Leaves grass-like, not
septate. 12. J. macrophyllus.
1. J. bufonius L. Stems usually branching from the base, 5-25
cm. high, with fibrous roots; leaves 0.5 mm. wide or less; flowers
mostly solitary and remote upon the spreading branches; perianth
segments lanceolate, greenish, with scarious margins, 4-6 mm.
long; stamens 6, sometimes 3, 2-3 mm. long; anthers shorter than
the filaments; capsule oblong, obtuse, shorter than the perianth.
Common in the valleys and mountains in moist ground.
2. J. effusus L. Perennial from creeping rootstocks, forming
dense clumps, 5-8 dm. high; stems stout, terete, leafless; panicle
lateral, compact, many-flowered; perianth, brown, 2 mm. long;
stamens 3; capsule clavate-oblong obtuse or retuse.
Not collected within our limits, but found in San Bernardino
Valley Parish, also in the San Bernardino Mountains (Abrams)
and San Ysabel {Abrams).
3. J. textilis Buchn. Stems rigid, stout, 1.5-2.5 m. high, leaf-
less, from a stout creeping rhizome; panicle lax and widely spreading,
6-12 cm. long; perianth segments 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, with brown margins; anthers much longer than the filaments;
capsule oblong-ovate, acute, beakless, about equaling the perianth.
Occasional along streams in foothill canyons. What seems to be
the same has been collected by the author along New River near
Long Beach.
4. J. patens Meyer. Stems rather soft, 0.5-1 m. high; inner
sheaths tipped with a short awn; panicle rather open, about 4 cm.
long; perianth segments 3 mm. long, often brownish, spreading in
fruit; stamens 6; capsule subglobose, slightly angled, obtuse, apicu-
late, equaling or a little shorter than the perianth.
Canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
5. J. balticus Willd. Stems rigid, rather slender, leafless, 3-4
dm. high; panicle 2-4 cm. long; perianth segments lanceolate, acute,
4-5 mm. long, brownish; capsule rather acutely angled, beaked;
seeds distinctly reticulate.
Frequent along streams and in low ground generally throughout
our range.
6. J. mexicanus Willd. Closely resembling the last, but more
slender, 12-24 cm. high; stems somewhat flattened, sheaths fre-
quently leaf-bearing; panicles about 2 cm. long, loosely few-flowered;
perianth segments 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, greenish or slightly
tinged with brown. (/. compressus H. B. K.)
Habitat similar to the last, and apparently more common.
JUNCACEAE. 75
7. J. acutus sphaerocarpus Engelm. Stems and leaves 0.5-1.5
m. high, stout, rigid and pungent, growing in large tussocks; panicle
6-12 cm, long, about equaling the spathe, secondary spathes long-
acuminate; clusters 2-4-flowered; perianth segments scariously
margined, outer broadly lanceolate, acute, inner obovate, deeply
emarginate, 2 mm. long; capsule subglobose, apiculate, about 4 mm.
long. (/. rohustus Wats.)
Salt marshes near the coast. Playa del Rey; Wilmington.
8. J. phaeocephalus paniculatus Engelm. Stems from a creeping
rootstock, ancipital, 3-7 dm. high; leafy; leaves flat, 2-6 mm. wide,
often exceeding the stems; flowers in several few-flowered heads
arranged in a compound panicle; perianth segments brownish, 3-4
mm. long, lanceolate acuminate; stamens 6; anthers usually exceeding
the filaments; style long exserted; capsule acute; seeds ovate, closely
reticulated.
Frequent along streams and in low brackish places. May-July.
9. J. xiphioides Meyer. Perennial from stout elongated root-
stocks; stems 5-10 dm. high, leafy, more or less winged ; leaves ensi-
form, the edges turned toward the stem, 4-8 mm. wide, transversely
septate; flowers in dense heads, arranged in cymose panicles; perianth
usually dark, 5 mm. long; style very short.
Marsh lands near Los Angeles, Davidson; peat lands. Orange
County, Helen Geis; San Bernardino, Parish.
10. J. torreyi Coville. Stems 2-10 dm. high; rootstocks slender,
with tuberiform thickenings a few centimeters apart, each supporting
a single stem; stem stout, 1-4-leaved; blade stout, terete, 10-25 mm.
thick, spreading; heads 1-20, exceeded by the lowest bract, each
10-16 mm. in diameter; perianth 5-7 mm. long, the segments subu-
late; stamens 6; capsule subulate, 3-sided, exceeding the perianth.
(/. nodosus megacephalus Torr.)
Occasional along streams. Los Angeles River, Davidson; peat
lands, Orange County, Helen Geis.
11. J. rugulosus Engelm. Stems 4-10 dm. high from a stout
running rootstock, rather weak, pale green and transversely rugose
and roughened; leaves 3 mm. wide, transversely rugose and septate;
panicle decompound, lax, 5-15 cm. long and as wide; perianth
segments linear-lanceolate, very acute, 2 mm. long; capsule lance-
olate acute, 3-angled, exceeding the perianth.
Frequent along mountain streams from the San Gabriel Moun-
tains southward to the Cuyamaca Mountains.
12. J. macrophyllus Coville. Stems several, simple, leafy, 3-5
dm. high; leaves much shorter than the stems, flat and grass-like,
the sheaths with distinct ligules; heads usually 5-9 in a sparingly
branched panicle, exceeding the very short spathe, few-flowered;
perianth segments greenish, narrowly ovate acuminate; stamens 6;
seeds oblanceolate, minute, faintly ribbed.
Frequent on dry ridges in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and
San Bernardino Mountains.
76 LILIACEAE.
Family 13. LILIACEAE. Lily Family.
Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or corymbs
or rarely with rootstocks or a woody caudex. Leaves
various. Flowers solitary or clustered, regular, mostly
perfect. Perianth segments 6, distinct. Stamens 6,
hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the base of
its segments; anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse. Ovary
superior, 3-celled. Ovules few or numerous, in each
cavity; styles united; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a loculi-
cidal capsule; endosperm copious.
Herbs with bulbs or corms.
Flowers not umbellate.
Stems from a tunicated bulb.
Styles 3, distinct. 1. Zygadenus.
Styles united, more or less 3-cleft. 2. Chlorogalum.
Stems from a scaly bulb.
Perianth very showy, its segments
reflexed. 9. Lilium.
Perianth segments not reflexed. 10. Fritillaria.
Stems from a corm; flowers showy. 11. Calochortus.
Flowers umbellate.
Perianth segments distinct or nearly so.
Odor and taste alliaceous; ovules 1
or 2 in each cell. 3. Allium.
Odor and taste not alliaceous;
ovules several in each cell.
Flowers greenish-white. 4. Muilla.
Flowers yellow. 5. Bloomeria.
Perianth segments united below into a
tube.
Stamens 6.
Perianth-tube more or less in-
flated; inner stamens appen-
daged. 6. Dichelostemma.
Perianth-tube funnelform; sta-
mens unappendaged. 8. Tritelia.
Stamens 3; staminodia 3. 7. Hookera.
Herbaceous or with woody caudex, not arising
from bulbs or corms.
Plants with short stout woody caudex and
large panicle of showy flowers. 12. Hesperoyucca.
Leaves scale-like ;branchlets numerous, fili-
form. 13. Asparagus.
LILIACEAE. 77
1. ZYGADENUS Michx. Zygadene.
Stems simple, scale-like, from a tunicated bulb, gla-
brous and somewhat glaucous, with linear mostly basal
leaves and greenish-w^hite flowers, in a raceme or panicle.
Perianth nearly rotate, segments ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late, with a green glandular spot at the narrowed base.
Stamens free from the segments and about equaling
them; filaments subulate. Styles distinct, persistent.
Capsule deeply 3-lobed. Seeds brownish, angled.
1. Z. fremontii Torr. Bulb oblong, 2-5 cm. long, with dark
coats; stems 4-8 dm. high; basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm.
broad at the base, somewhat falcate-curving; stem leaves few,
shorter, sheathing at the base; flowers few to many in a raceme or
panicle; lower pedicels 2.5-4 cm. long; segments 8-14 mm. long,
the outer not clawed, the inner with a broad claw; gland greenish
yellow, toothed on its upper margin; stamens about as long as the
segments; capsule oblong, about 2 cm. long.
Occasional on the northern slope of the Santa Monica Mountains
and Verdugo Hills. April.
2. CHLOROGALUM Kunth. Soap-plant.
Stems from a fibrous-coated bulb, tall, almost leafless,
paniculately branched above, the branches loosely race-
mose. Basal leaves tufted, long-linear, the stem leaves
much reduced. Bracts small and scarious. Pedicels
jointed at the summit. Perianth white or purplish, per-
sistent and at length twisted over the ovary, its segments
distinct, ligulate, spreading, with 3 closely approximate
nerves down the middle. Stamens 6, inserted on the
base of the segment; anthers versatile. Style long-fili-
form, slightly 3-cleft. Capsule broadly turbinate, 3-
valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, obovate,
somewhat rugose.
1. C. pomeridianum (Ker.) Kunth. Bulbs large, about 1 dm.
long, densely and coarsely fibrous-coated; stem and spreading
panicle 6-15 dm. high; leaves 2-5 dm. long, 12-30 mm. broad,
carinate and undulate; pedicels slender, about 6 mm, long; perianth
rotate, its segments 16-20 mm. long, white with purple veins;
capsule about 6 mm. long.
Common on dry hillsides and plains. May-July.
3. ALLIUM L. Onion.
Scapes from a tunicated bulb or rarely from a coated
corm, with mostly narrowly linear basal leaves. Herb-
78 LILIACEAE.
age with the characteristic odor and taste of onions.
Flowers in a terminal simple umbel, subtended by 2 or 3
membranous, separate or united bracts. Pedicels slen-
der, not jointed. Perianth persistent, its segments dis-
tinct or united at the base. Stamens inserted on the
bases of the perianth segments; filaments filiform or
dilated, sometimes toothed. Style filiform, jointed.
Capsule obovate-globose, obtusely 3-lobed, often crested,
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds obovoid, wrinkled, black.
1. A. haematochiton Wats. Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high, some-
what compressed and 2-edged; tunicated bulb oblong, crowning a
horizontal rhizome, its coats deep reddish-purple, shining; leaves
several, linear, flat and rather thick, 2-4 mm. broad, about equaling
the scape; bracts 2, short connate; umbel erect or somewhat nodding,
deep purple or rose-color; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, 6-8
mm. long; stamens and style very slender, scarcely equaling the
segments; ovary truncate with very short rounded crests; capsule
obcordate, 4 mm. long.
On dry rocky hillsides. Santa Monica Mountains and Verdugo
Hills. April-May.
2. A. serratum Wats. Scape terete, slender, about 1 dm. high;
bulb nearly globose, without rhizome, its coats with a distinct close
horizontally serrate denticulation; leaves 2 or more, somewhat
shorter than the scapes; bracts narrowly acuminate; perianth seg-
ments broadly ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, acute or somewhat
acuminate, nearly straight and rather rigid, the inner shorter and
sometimes serrulate; filaments all with a narrowly deltoid base;
crests very narrow central.
Glendale, Davidson.
4. MUILLA Wats.
Scape from a fibrous corm and bearing an umbel sub-
tended by several small scarious bracts. Leaves mostly
few, very narrow, nearly terete. Pedicels not jointed.
Perianth subrotate, persistent, of 6 nearly equal slightly
united oblong-lanceolate segments, greenish or yellowish
white with a dark 2-nerved midrib. Stamens inserted
near the base; filaments filiform, slightly thickened
toward the base or petaloid; anthers versatile. Ovules
8-10 in each cell; style clavate, persistent and at length
splitting. Capsule globose, scarcely lobed, loculicidal.
Seeds compressed and angled.
1. M. serotina Greene. Scapes 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaves
3-4 dm. long, subterete, the upper surfaces nearly plane, the lower
convex and sharply 7-striate, the striae retrorsely scabrous; umbel
40-70-flowered; pedicels nearly 10 cm. long; perianth rotate about
LILIACEAE. 79
12 mm. broad, greenish-white; outer segments oblong-linear, the
inner oblong; filaments stout, subulate, little compressed; anthers
1 mm. long, lurid purple.
Frequent in dry stony places in the plains and foothills. April-
May.
5. BLOOMERIA Kell. Golden Stars.
Scape from a fibrous coated corm, with linear carlnate
basal leaves and many yellow flowers in a terminal
umbel, subtended by membranous bracts. Pedicels
jointed at the summit. Perianth persistent, of 6 nearly
equal distinct linear-oblong somewhat spreading seg-
ments. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments
and a little shorter; filaments filiform with a somewhat
cup-shaped winged and often bicuspidate appendage
surrounding the base; anthers oblong, attached near the
base but versatile. Ovules several in each cell; style
filiform-clavate, persistent and splitting with the capsule.
Capsule subglobose, membranous, obtusely 3-lobed,
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds subovoid, angular and
wrinkled, black.
1. B. crocea (Torr.) Coville, Bulb about 15 cm. in diameter,
becoming densely covered with brownish fibres; scape scabrous,
2-5 dm. high; leaf solitary, equaling or exceeding the scape, 6-12
mm. broad; bracts narrowly lanceolate; pedicels numerous, 3-6 cm.
long; perianth nearly rotate in bloom; segments 8-12 mm. long;
appendages about 2 mm. long, bicuspidate, minutely papillose.
Frequent in the foothills and on the plains. April-June.
6. DICHELOSTEMMA Kunth. Wild Hyacinth.
Scape tortuous or twining from a depressed fibrous
coated corm. Leaves usually 2, fleshy, linear. Umbel
subtended by 3 or more thin spathaceous bracts. Peri-
anth tube thin, more or less inflated and angular or sac-
cate, about equaled by the segments. Stamens 6, the
inner with a free lanceolate appendage on each side,
sterile in some species, the outer ones naked; anthers
basifixed. Ovules 3-8 in each cell; style persistent,
with short divergent stigmas. Capsule ovate to oblong,
more or less attenuate above. Seeds angled, black.
1. D. capitata (Benth.) Wood. Scape 1.5-5 dm. high, very
tortuous, not rarely twining; leaves about equaling the scape, cari-
nate; bracts purple, darker than the flowers; flowers several, capitate,
clustered on short pedicels 12 mm. long or less; perianth tube funnel-
form, shorter than the segments; appendages connivent, forming a
corona. {Brodiaes capitata Benth.)
Common on the plains and foothills. March-May.
80 LILIACEAE.
7. HOOKERA Sallsb.
Scapes erect, straight from a fibrous coated corm, with
few linear leaves and at solitary umbel subtended by
several membranous bracts. Perianth tube thick turbi-
nate, segments equaling the tube, spreading at the tip.
Stamens 3, opposite the inner segments, the outer stamens
being reduced to staminodia.
1. H. minor (Benth.) Britton. Scape slender, 5-15 cm. high;
pedicels 2-5, mostly 2-5 cm. long; perianth about 3 cm. long, violet-
purple or paler, its limb rotate, the segments with a strong midvein,
the outer narrower, mucronulate; anthers 4-6 mm. long, shorter
than the retuse or emarginate staminodia. {Brodiaea minor Wats.)
Occasional in heavy soil. March-April.
8. TRITELEIA Dougl.
Scapes slender from a fibrous coated corm, with few
thin linear leaves and bearing an umbel of yellow, white,
blue or purple flowers. Perianth tube rather short or
funnelform, not inflated, angular or saccate; the seg-
ments erect or spreading. Stamens 6, unappendaged, all
antheriferous; anthers versatile or basifixed. Ovary on
a slender stipe.
1. T. laxa Benth. Scape 3-6 dm. high; umbel 10-30-flowered;
pedicels 3-6 cm. long; perianth 3-4 cm. long, funnelform, violet,
cleft nearly to the middle; anthers versatile, ovate-lanceolate, 2-lobed
at base, bluish or white. {Brodiaea laxa >A^ats.)
On low hills, Los Felis, Davidson.
9. LILIUM L. Lily.
Tall bulbous herbs, with simple leafy stems and large
erect or drooping flowers. Perianth deciduous, funnel-
form or campanulate, of 6 distinct spreading or recurved
segments, each with a nectar-bearing groove at its base
within. Stamens 6, mostly shorter than the perianth,
slightly attached to the segments; filaments filiform or
subulate; anthers linear, versatile. Ovules numerous;
style long, somewhat clavate above; stigma 3-lobed.
Capsule oblong or obovoid, loculicidally dehiscent.
Seeds numerous, flat, packed in 2 rows in each cell.
L L. humboltii Roezl. & Leicht. Bulbs large, 5-15 cm. in
diameter, white or purplish; stems stout, purplish, puberulent or
glabrous, 15-30 dm. high; leaves usually in 4-6 whorls of 10-20
each, oblanceolate, undulate, 10-15 cm. long, 20-25 mm. wide,
LILIACEAE. 81
acute, somewhat scabrous or pubescent on the margins and beneath;
flowers usually many on short and widely spreading pedicels, 7-15
cm. long or more, scattered; segments 6-10 cm. long, 12-24 mm.
broad, reflexed, strongly revolute above the short abruptly narrowed
claw, reddish-orange with maroon spots, papillose-rigid toward the
base; stamens 4-5 cm. long, about equaling the style; anthers oblong,
8-16 mm. long, red; capsule large, obovoid, acutely 6-angled.
Frequent in canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Monica
Mountains. June-July.
2. L. parryi S. Wats. Bulbs small of numerous thick jointed
scales, 2.5 cm. long; stems slender, glabrous, 5-8 dm. high; leaves
scattered or the lower whorled, linear-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long;
flowers 2-10, pale yellow, inconspicuously dotted, the segments 6-8
cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, somewhat spreading above or at length
recurved at tip; stamens and style shorter; anthers oblong, brown-
ish, 6 mm. long; capsule narrowly oblong, acutish, 4-5 cm. long,
12 mm. wide.
Wet meadows and streambanks in the San Bernardino. One of
the most attractive and fragrant California lilies.
10. FRITILLARIA L. Mission Bells.
Stems erect from scaly bulbs with thick fleshy scales.
Leaves scattered or verticillate, mostly narrow and
sessile. Flowers solitary or racemose, leafy-bracted,
mostly dull-colored, nodding. Perianth campanulate or
funnelform, deciduous, of 6 distinct equal oblong-oblance-
olate concave segments, more or less blotched or tinged
with purple or yellow or white and with a smooth nectar-
iferous pit near the base. Stamens inserted on the base
of the segments; filaments vslender; anthers oblong, ver-
satile, extrorse, dehiscing laterally. Ovules many; style
slender, united to the middle or throughout, deciduous.
Capsule membranous, ovate or oblong, 6-angled or
winged, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds flat, in 2 rows in
each cell, brownish.
1. F. biflora Lindl. Bulb of a few very thick and fleshy ovate
scales, 6-10 cm. long; stem usually stout, 15-45 cm. high, 1-3-
flowered; leaves 2-6, mostly near the base, somewhat verticillate
or scattered, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long; perianth
dark brownish-purple tinged with green; segments spreading, oblong-
lanceolate, about 25 mm. long; stamens 8-10 mm. long; anthers
4 mm. long, mucronate; styles distinct above; stigmas linear; capsule
broadly obovoid, somewhat 6-angled, 12-18 cm. long.
Occasional in open places in the foothills. April.
82 LILIACEAE.
11. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Mariposa Lily.
Stems usually flexuous and branching from membran-
ous or rarely fibrous coated corms, with few linear-
lanceolate leaves, those of the stems alternate, clasping.
Flowers few, showy, terminal on the branches or umbel-
lately fascicled. Perianth deciduous, of 6 distinct more
or less concave segments, the inner mostly broadly
cuneate-obovate, usually with a conspicuous glandular
pit near the base. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of
the segments ; anthers linear to oblong, basifixed. Ovules
many; stigmas sessile, recurved, persistent. Capsule
elliptic to oblong.
Petals arched; pedicels slender, drooping. 1. C. albus.
Petals not arched; pedicels stout, erect.
Capsule oblong, obtuse at both ends. 2. C. catalinae.
Capsule narrowly oblong, attenuate into a beak.
Petals ciliate on the upper margins. 3. C. weedii.
Petals not ciliate.
Hairs on the inner surface of petals
clavate. 4. C. clavatus.
Hairs on the petals not clavate.
Petals with a more or less evident
blotch above. 7. C. venustus.
Petals not blotched above.
Petals apiculate, sparsely hairy
near the gland. 6. C. invenustus.
Petals not apiculate, with a hairy
zone extending | to summit
from gland. 5. C. splendens.
1. C. albus Dougl. Glaucous; stems 15-45 cm. high, mostly
branching; bracts foliaceous; flowers subglobose, nodding; sepals
shorter than the petals, greenish; petals white, ovate-orbicular, 15-
25 mm. long, bearded above the gland with long white hairs; anthers
oblong, obtuse, mucronate; capsule 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide;
seeds pitted.
Common on shady banks in the San Gabriel Mountains.
2. C. catalinae Wats. Stems branching, 3-6 dm. high, bulb-
iferous at base, leaves and bracts linear; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
purple-spotted near the base, nearly equaling the petals; petals
cuneate-obovate, 3-5 cm. high, lilac, with a large ovate purplish
blotch at base; gland oblong, yellow or brown, covered with brown
or yellowish hairs; anthers obtuse, pinkish, 5 mm. long, on filaments
3 times as long; capsule 2,5-5 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide.
Common on the plains and in the foothills. Onofree Mountains;
Santa Ana Mountains; San Pedro Hills. Extending as far north
as the Santa Inez Mountains.
LILIACEAE. S3
3. C. weedii Wats. Stems often much branched above, 3-5 dm.
high; bracts linear; sepals oblong with an acuminate tip nearly as
long as the petals or exceeding them, yellow, orange-spotted at the
base; petals cuneate-obovate, sometimes truncate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long,
deep yellow, usually dotted with brown, the upper margin ciliate,
densely clothed with hairs at least on the lower two-thirds; anthers
about equaling the filaments.
Dry hills in the coast mountains and foothills of San Diego
County.
3a. C. weedii purpurascens Wats. Like the type as to structural
characters, but petals more or less purplish and conspicuously
blotched with brown. (C. weedii vestus Purdy.)
In the chaparral belt of the coast mountains from the Santa Ana
to the Santa Inez Mountains.
4. C. clavatus Wats. Stems rather stout, 3-5 dm. high, bulb-
iferous near the base; bracts linear; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, about equaling the petals; petals cuneate-obovate, yellow,
tinged with brown below, the lower half clothed with long clavate
hairs; gland circular, deep, bordered with imbricated scales; anthers
purple, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long, about equaling the filaments; capsule
narrow, about 5 cm. long.
Santa Monica Mountains; Newhall.
5. C. splendens Dougl. Stems single, 3-6 dm. high, usually
branched above, bulbiferous at base; sepals lanceolate-acuminate,
recurved, yellowish, with an oval purple spot near the base within;
petals obovate-cuneate, 3-4 cm. long and of greater width, lilac with
a small purplish blotch at base surrounding the densely hairy gland,
the lower third sparsely hairy to, but not below, the gland; anthers
obtuse, usually shorter than the filaments.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana
Mountains.
6. C. invenustus Greene. Stems 1-4 dm. high, bulbiferous at
the base; flowers in a 2-several-flowered umbel; sepals ovate-oblong,
shortly acuminate, striate and scarious margined, the tips not
recurved, shorter than the petals; petals about 3 cm. long, obovate-
cuneate, the rounded summit centrally apiculate, dull white, tinged
greenish and purplish, the short claw purplish; gland oblong, covered
with light hairs, and with a few scattered hairs near; anthers 5-7
mm. long, obtuse at apex, yellow, on narrowly margined filaments a
little shorter, capsule 4 cm. long.
Frequent in the coniferous belt of the San Bernardino Mountains;
Mt. Santiago, Santa Ana Mountains.
7. C. venustus Dougl. Stem 2-5 dm. high; leaves and bracts
narrow; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, acute, about equaling
the petals; petals broadly obovate-cuneate, broader than long,
white, shaded above with lilac, a conspicuous reddish-purple spot
near the summit, a brownish-yellow arch in the center, and a brown
base, or these markings sometimes obscure; gland oblong or lunate,
densely hairy and surrounded by a few scattered hairs; anthers
oblong, obtuse, on dilated filaments of nearly equal length; capsule
narrow, 5-7 cm. long.
Open hills about Newhall, Davidson.
84 IRIDACEAE.
7a. C. venustus sulphureus Purely. Petals light yellow, with
eye in center and a rose-colored blotch at summit.
Newhall, Davidson.
12. HESPERO YUCCA Baker. Spanish Bayonet.
Subacaulescent with a short stout woody caudex and
straight needle-pointed rough-margined flat leaves and
ample panicle. Perianth broadly campanulate, of sub-
equal distinct thin broadly lanceolate concave segments.
Filaments evidently adnate to the perianth below,
clavate, suberect; anthers didymously cordate. Ovary
oblong-ovoid or obovoid, mostly longer than the short
slender style; stigma capitate, long-papillate, minutely
perforate. Fruit capsular, incompletely 6-celled , 3-valved
through the laciniate false septa. Seeds thin, flat.
1. H. Whipple! (Torr.) Baker. Simple or sometimes csespitose;
leaves ascending, rigid, 3-10 dm. long, about 15 mm. wide, plano-
convex, subtriquetrous or keeled on both faces, sometimes falcate,
striate, glaucous, keenly but finely denticulate, with very fine slender
pungent end spine; panicle 2-5 m. high, long peduncled, glabrous;
flowers creamy-white, pendent, fragrant, capsule about 5 cm. long.
( Yucca whipplei Torr.; Y. whipplei graminifolia Wood.)
Common in the chaparral belt in all our mountains. June-July.
Yucca arborescens (Torr.) Trelease. (Joshua Tree.) The
large yucca of the Mohave Desert.
13. ASPARAGUS L. Asparagus.
Stem at first simple, fleshy scaly, at length much
branched, the branchlets filiform and mostly clustered
in the axils of the scales and usually flattened. Flowers
small, solitary or clustered. Perianth segments all alike.
Stamens inserted at the base of the segments; anthers in-
trorse. Ovules 2 in each cell; style slender; stigmas 3,
short, recurved. Berry globose.
1. A. officinalis L. An escape from cultivation and becoming
well established. May.
Family 14. IRIDACEAE. Iris Family.
Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves
and perfect regular or irregular mostly clustered flowers
subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or 6 lobes,
its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in 2
series, convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Sta-
ORCHIDACEAE. 85
mens 3, inserted on the perianth opposite the outer
series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform, distinct or
united ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, mostly
3-celled; ovules mostly numerous in each cell; style 3-
cleft, its branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled,
loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded.
1. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed Grass.
Perennial tufted slender herbs with short rootstocks,
simple or branched, 2-edged or 2-winged stems, linear
grass-like leaves and rather small mostly blue terminal
flowers, umbellate from a pair of erect green bracts.
Perianth-tube short or none, the segments oblong or obo-
vate, equal, mostly aristulate. Stamens more or less
monodelphous. Style branches filiform, undivided, alter-
nate with the anthers. Capsule globose or obovoid.
Seeds mostly rounded, smooth or pitted.
1. S. bellum Wats. Stems 2-4 dm. high, glabrous or with sca-
brous margins, with 1-3 floriferous nodes at the summit; peduncles
usually 2 at each node; spathes of 2, nearly equal bracts, scabrous
on the keel, 4-7-flowered; perianth deep blue-purple with yellowish
base, 2 cm. broad or more; stamens united to near the summit;
anthers very small; capsule round-obovoid, 6 mm. high; seeds 1.5
mm. thick, obscurely pitted.
Frequent on grassy slopes, both in the valleys and mountains
from near sea-level to 6000 feet. April-August.
Family 15. ORCHIDACEAE. Orchid Family.
Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots,
sheathing entire leaves sometimes reduced to scales.
Flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or
racemed. Perianth of 6 segments: the outer {sepals)
similar or nearly so; 2 of the inner ones {petals) lateral,
alike; the third {lip) dissimilar, usually larger, often
spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or
pedicel. Stamens variously united with the style into
an unsymmetrical column; anther (in ours) 2-celled; pol-
len in 2-8 pear-shaped usually stalked masses {pollinia),
united by elastic threads, waxy or powdery, attached at
86 ORCHIDACEAE.
the base to a viscid disk {gland). Style often terminating
in a beak at the base of the anther or between its sacsi
stigma a viscid surface. Ovary inferior, usually long
and twisted, 3-angled, 1-celled; ovules numerous, on 3
parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous,
minute, mostly spindle-shaped; endosperm none; embryo
fleshy.
Perianth with a spur.
Leaves 2, basal, withering before anthesis. 1. Piperia.
Leaves several, cauline, not withering until
the fruit is set. 2. Limnorchis.
Perianth not spurred.
Flowers in a dense twisted spike. 3. Gyrostachys.
Flowers in a loose leafy-bracted raceme. 4. Epipactus.
L PIPERIA Rydb. Rein-orchis.
Somewhat leafy below, the leaves usually withering
before anthesis, those of the stem bract-like. Flowers
greenish or white; sepals and petals 1 -nerved; the upper
sepal ovate or lanceolate, erect; the lateral ones spreading,
linear to lanceolate, their bases united with the claw of
the lip; upper petals free, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
oblique; the blade of the lip linear-lanceolate to ovate,
obtuse, truncate or hastate at the base. Anther-cells
parallel, opening nearly laterally. Stigma a small beak
in the angle between the anther-cells; ovary sessile,
eUipsoid in fruit.
L P. lancifolia Rydb. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high; basal leaves
and lower stem leaves lanceolate, alternate, 10-15 cm. long, 1-2
cm. wide, withering after anthesis; spike many-flowered, lax, 2-3
dm. long; bracts ovate, acute, striate, about | as long as the flowers;
flowers greenish, 11-13 mm, long; upper sepal ovate, obtuse, about
4 mm. long; blade round-ovate, scarcely at all hastate, thick with
prominent medium ridge; spur filiform, slightly clavate, about twice
as long as the lip and about equaling the ovary. {Habenaria
unalaschensis of recent authors, in part, not Spreng.)
Occasional in the canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains,
Hasse; San Gabriel Mountains. April.
2. P. longispica (Durand) Rydb. Stem stout, 3-7 dm. high;
basal leaves and lower stem leaves 2-4, lanceolate, acute, 10-15
cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, withering about the time of anthesis;
spike many- flowered, rather lax, 1-3 dm. long; bracts ovate-lance-
olate, 5-10 mm. long, acuminate; flowers greenish, about 5 mm.
long; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; petals broadly lance-
ORCHIDACEAE. 87
olate; blade of the lip ovate-hastate, distinctly auricled and truncate
at base; spur filiform, 2.5 times as long as the lip.
Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
2. LIMNORCHIS Rydb.
Perennials from fusiform tubers. Stems leafy, the
leaves not withering until the fruit is set. Flowers in
loose or more or less condensed spikes. Sepals 3-7-
nerved, the lateral free at the base. Petals distinctly
3-nerved; lip flat or concave, without median ridge, not
truncate at base, free. Anthers opening in front.
Flowers white, in rather dense spikes. 1. L. leucostachys.
Flowers green, loosely scattered. 2. L. sparsiflora.
1. L. leucostachys (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem stout, 6-10 dm. high;
lower leaves oblanceolate, the upper lanceolate; spikes 1-3 dm. long,
rather dense; flowers white, 15-20 mm. long; lip lanceolate, about
8 mm. long; spur filiform, about 12 mm. long.
Wet places in mountain meadows and along streams in the San
Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
2. L. sparsiflora (Wats.) Rydb. Stem slender, 4-6 dm. high;
lower leaves oblanceolate, the upper lanceolate; flowers few in a
slender loose spike, 2-3 dm. long, light green, about 15 mm. long;
lip linear, 8 mm. long, obtuse; spur filiform, about 10 mm. long.
Mountain springs and meadows. Upper San Antonio Canyon,
San Gabriel Mountains, Johnston, also in the San Bernardino
Mountains.
3. GYROSTACHYS Pers. Ladies' Tresses.
Stems erect, leafy, from a cluster of tuberous roots.
Flowers in a twisted spike, white, spurless. Sepals and
petals narrow, erect or more or less connivent; lip ob-
long, sessile or nearly so, the base embracing the column,
with a callous protuberance on each side, the dilated
summit spreading and usually entire. Column very
short oblique, terminating in a short terete spike. Stig-
ma ovate, with an acuminate bifid beak. Anther sessile
or nearly so at the base of the stipe behind, acuminate.
Pollen-masses 2, thin and powdery.
1, G. romanzoffiana (Cham.) MacM. Stems rather stout, gla-
brous, 1-5 dm. high, bracteate above; leaves oblong-lanceolate to
linear; spike dense, 3-ranked, conspicuously bracteate; sepals and
petals connivent; lip recurved, ovate-oblong, summit wavy-crenu-
late; callosities smooth, sometimes obscure; the oblong-linear gland
and slender bifid beak 1.5 mm. long; capsule oblong, 6-12 mm. long.
{Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham.)
Occasional in canyons in our foothills.
88 SAURURACEAE.
4. EPIPACTUS R. Br.
Leafy caulescent herbs from creeping rootstocks.
Flowers few, in a terminal leafy-bracted raceme. Peri-
anth spreading; sepals and petals similar; lip free, con-
cave at base, constricted at the middle, dilated and
petaloid above. Anther 1, sessile, back of the broad
truncate stigma, 2-celled; pollen masses becoming
attached to the gland on the small rounded beak of the
stigma.
1. E. giganteum Dougl. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. high, sparsely
pubescent; lower leaves ovate, the upper lanceolate, 8-16 cm. long,
acute; flowers on short pedicels, greenish, veined with purple; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, 12-16 mm. long.
Springy places in the foothills and mountains.
Family 16. SAURURACEAE. Lizard-tail Family.
Perennial herbs with broad entire alternate petioled
leaves and small perfect bracteolate flowers in peduncled
spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 6-8 or sometimes
fewer, hypogynous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Ovary 3-4-carpelled ; the carpels dis-
tinct or united, 1-2-ovuled; ovules orthotropus. Fruit
capsular or berry-like, composed of 3-4 mostly indehis-
cent carpels. Seeds globose or ovoid; endosperm copi-
ous, mealy; embryo minute, cordate.
1. ANEMOPSIS Hook. Yerba Manse.
Stems nodose, scape-like, stoloniferous from aromatic
creeping rootstocks. Leaves mostly radical, minutely
punctate. Flowers in a compact spike surrounded at
the base by a persistent colored involucre of 5-8 bracts;
each flower except the lowest also surrounded by a small
colored bract. Stamens 6-8. Ovary sunk in the rachis
of the spike, 1 -celled; stigmas 3-4. Capsule dehiscent
at the apex.
1. A. calif omica H. & A. Stem 15-50 cm. long, with a broadly-
ovate clasping leaf above the middle and a fascicle of 1-3 small
petioled leaves in the axil; basal leaves elliptic-oblong, rounded
above, more or less narrowed toward the cordate base, 5-15 cm.
long, on petioles 10-20 cm. long; spikes 1.5-4 cm. long; involucral
bracts white, often reddish beneath, oblong, 1-3 cm. long; floral
SALICACEAE. ' 89
bracts white, obovate, unguiculate, 5-6 mm. long; ovules 6-10 on
each placenta.
Frequent in wet saline places throughout our range. March-
August.
Family 17. SALICACEAE. Willow Family.
Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate stipulate leaves
and dioecious flowers in terminal aments. Each flower
subtended by a scale-like bract. Perianth none. Sta-
mens 2-several, central or scattered on a glandular disk.
Ovary 1-celled; stigmas 2-4. Fruit a 2-4-valved cap-
sule, with numerous comose seeds.
Bracts fimbriate or incised; stamens numerous; stig-
mas elongated. 1. Populus.
Bracts entire; stigmas short. 2. Salix.
1. POPULUS L. Poplar or Cottonwood.
Trees with scaly resinous buds, terete or angled twigs,
and broad or narrow, usually petloled leaves, the stipules
minute, fugacious. Bracts of the aments fimbriate or
incised. Disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire.
Stamlnate aments dense, pendulous, their flowers with
4-60 stamens, with distinct filaments. Pistillate aments
pendulous, erect or spreading. Ovary sessile; style
short; stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule 2-4-
valved. Coma of the seeds often very long and copious.
1. P. trichocarpa T. & G. Tree with a broad head of ascending
branches, 8-15 m. high; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded at
base, acute at apex, serrulate, dark green and shining above, pale
beneath, 5-8 cm. long, on terete petioles, 3-5 cm. long; staminate
aments 3-5 cm. long; disk oblique, bearing 40-60 stamens, with
purple anthers; pistillate aments 5-7 cm. long, loosely flowered;
ovary hoary tomentose; capsule 3-valved.
Frequent in the canyons of all our mountains and sometimes
extending down into the valleys. March.
2. P. fremonti Wats. Tree with a broad head of wide-spreading
branches, 6-15 m. high; leaves deltoid-orbicular, 4-10 cm. long,
somewhat broader; crenate or sinuate-crenate, abruptly acute at
apex, truncate or subcordate at base, green or yellowish-green on
both surfaces; staminate aments 25-35 mm. long; stamens 60 or
more, with dark red anthers; pistillate aments 5 cm. long, loosely
flowered; ovary glabrous; capsule on pedicels 4 mm. long, minutely
rough-tuberculate.
Rare within our limits. Fernando. Common in the San Ber-
nardino Valley, and in San Diego County south of the San Luis
Rey River.
90 SALICACEAE.
2. SALIX L. Willow.
Trees or shrubs with mostly long narrow usually
acute leaves, and persistent or early deciduous broad or
minute stipules. Bracts entire or denticulate. Disk
gland-like, small or minute. Staminate aments dense,
erect, spreading or drooping, their flowers with 1-11
stamens with filaments distinct or sometimes united be-
low. Pistillate usually erect or spreading; ovary sessile
or short-stipitate; style short or filiform, with 2 entire
or 2-cleft stigmas. Capsule mostly 2-valved.
Stamens 3 or more; aments terminating leafy
branchlets.
Leaves green on both surfaces. 1. S. nigra vallicola.
Leaves glaucous beneath.
Petioles with 2 or more prominent
glands at the base of the blade. 2. S. lasiandra.
Petioles without glands. 3. S. laevigata.
Stamens 2.
Aments subsessile on leafless peduncles,
appearing before the leaves in early
spring.
Capsule glabrous. 4. 5. lasiolepis.
Capsule hairy. 5. 6". scouleriana.
Aments terminating leafy branchlets, ap-
pearing after the leaves.
Stigmas sessile.
Leaves green, sparsely silky-pubes-
cent; stigmas short and thick. 6. 6*. exigua.
Leaves silvery, densely silky-pubes-
cent; stigmas oblong, about twice
as long as thick. 7. S. argophylla.
Stigmas on an evident style; leaves
silky. 8, S. macrostachya.
1. S. nigra vallicola Dudley. Tree 8-12 m. high, with dark,
rough bark; leaves green on both surfaces, glabrate, narrowly
lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, closely serrulate, acute
or acuminate, narrowed at base to petioles 4-6 mm. long, which
are quite puberulent or nearly glabrous at maturity; stipules lance-
olate when well developed, the larger 8-10 mm. long, all glandular
toothed, often with similar glands on the lower surface and on the
serratures of the young leaves; aments expanding with the leaves,
terminating the short lateral branches, the staminate 3-6 cm., the
pistillate 2.5-5 cm, long; stamens 5-11, their filaments tomentose
below; bracts pale, obovate or roundish, usually very tomentose;
style short; stigmas 2, lobed; capsule ovoid, glabrous or more or
less pubescent, mostly 4-5 mm, long, from slightly longer to twice
the length of the smooth pedicels.
The largest willow in southern California. Frequent along the
Santa Ana River from Santa Ana to San Bernardino; also along the
San Dieguito and San Diego Rivers in San Diego County.
SALICACEAE. 91
2. S. lasiandra Benth. A middle-sized tree with rough bark;
leaves rather broadly lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, abruptly tapering
at the base, acuminate at apex, sharply and closely serrulate, pale
beneath; petioles glandular at the base of the blade; stipules small,
glandular-serrate; aments on long peduncles, the pistillate 5-7 cm.
long; bracts of the staminate yellowish, toothed; stamens usually 5;
ovary glabrous; stigma nearly sessile, bifid; capsule lanceolate, 6-8
mm. long, on pedicels 2 mm. long.
Occasional along streams in the valleys. Los Angeles River, near
Cahuenga Pass. A form with smaller leaves and aments is appar-
ently frequent along all the streams in the valleys; it is near the
type, but the petioles and stipules are inconspicuously glandular.
3. S. laevigata Bebb. Tree 10-15 m. high; branches reddish-
brown; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, green and
shining above, more or less glaucous beneath, 8-12 cm. long, gla-
brous; petioles about 1 cm. long; puberulent above and somewhat
grooved; staminate aments usually flexuose, 5-7.5 cm. long; bracts
more or less elliptic, woolly at base, glabrous and pallid towards the
apex; stamens 5-6; filaments pubescent below; capsule conic from a
thick base, acute, glabrous, on pedicels 3-4 times as long as the
gland; stigma nearly or quite sessile, emarginate.
Frequent along all streams, especially in the canyons.
4. S. lasiolepis Benth. Tree or large shrub, 4-8 m. high; leaves
oblong or somewhat broadest above the middle, obscurely and
irregularly serrulate, dull green above, more or less gray-pubescent
beneath, 12-20 mm. broad, 5-7 cm. long, on petioles 5-10 mm. long;
aments appearing before the leaves, suberect; the staminate 2-4
cm. long; stamens 2; pistillate 2.5 cm. long or less; capsule acute,
smooth, short pedicelled; styles rather short; stigmas erect.
The most common willow, covering a considerable area along the
Santa Ana and San Gabriel Rivers toward the coast.
5. S. scouleriana Barr. Small tree, 4-10 m. high, with dull gray
bark; leaves variable, mostly narrowly obovate, obtuse at the apex
and cuneate at base, 3-12 cm. long, entire or shallowly serrulate,
dark green and glabrous above, pale beneath and usually rusty
pubescent; stipules ear-shaped, denticulate; aments densely flow-
ered, appearing before the leaves, 2-5 cm. long; capsules tomentose;
stigmas sessile, long; scales obovate; black, long-hairy; filaments
free, glabrous.
Borders of mountain streams and meadows; San Bernardino
Mountains, but not reported from the San Gabriel.
6. S. exigua Nutt. Small shrub or becoming a small tree;
branches light brown; leaves 4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, yellowish,
closely sessile, entire or nearly so, canescent when young, usually
becoming quite glabrous at maturity, very narrowly elliptic, veins
very indistinct; stipules none; aments 2-5 cm. long, on peduncles
about the same length, appearing with the leaves, rather densely
and evenly flowered, sometimes the lower flowers remote; scales in
the staminate ament oblong to obovate, in the pistillate narrower
and longer, smooth or more or less crisp villous on the margins;
capsule closely sessile, lanceolate, glabrous, light green; stigmas
92 MYRICACEAE.
short and thick, sessile, sometimes even appearing slightly sunken in
the apex of the capsule.
In the interior valleys, and desert regions.
7. S. argophylla Nutt. Tree or large shrub forming clumps,
young twigs puberulent, branches nearly glabrous and very tough;
bark turning from brown to yellow or orange before blooming;
leaves narrowly lanceolate, 5 cm. long, 1-2 cm, wide, closely sessile,
entire or rarely minutely and remotely denticulate, clothed equally
on both sides with an appressed silky pubescence; stipules none or
very minute on vigorous shoots; aments surpassed by their leafy
peduncles, 3-5 cm, long, 1-2 cm. thick, often in pairs or in 3's at
the ends of the branches; scales oblong, obtuse in the staminate
aments, narrower and more acute in the pistillate, glabrous on the
back, crisp hairy on the margin and toward the base, erose above;
lower half of the filament densely crisp hairy; capsule lanceolate,
covered with straight appressed silky hairs, closely sessile; stigmas
sessile, oblong, about twice as long as thick; mature capsule often
becoming nearly glabrous.
Mostly east of our limits in dry washes.
8. S. macrostachya Nutt. Shrub or small tree, 1-6 m. high,
often in dense thickets; bark light brown, cinereous, young branches
villous; leaves 5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, sessile or nearly so, oblanceolate
or narrowly elliptic, acute at both ends, more or less villous-pubes-
cent; stipules none; aments on short leafy lateral branches, 2-3 cm.
long, densely flowered, oblong; scales densely villous all over,
oblong; filaments crisp villous upon the lower half; capsules clothed
with long lax hairs, closely sessile; style evident; stigmas divided,
linear.
Common along streams and washes throughout the valley region
Family 18. MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, mostly coriaceous and
aromatic simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious
flowers, in linear, oblong or globular, bracted aments.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. Perianth
none. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) sta-
mens, inserted on the receptacle; filaments short, distinct
or somewhat united; anthers ovate, 2-celled, dehiscing
by a longitudinal slit. Pistillate flowers with a solitary,
1-celled ovary, subtended by 2-8 bractlets; ovule solitary,
orthotropous ; style very short; stigmas 2, linear. Fruit
a small oblong drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy.
Seed erect; endosperm none.
JUGLANDACEAE. 93
1. MYRICA L. Wax Myrtle.
Shrubs or small trees, with entire, dentate or lobed
mostly resinous-dotted leaves, monoecious or dioecious.
Staminate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric; stamens
4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary sub-
tended by 2-4 short bractlets. Fruit globose, waxy.
1. M. calif ornica C. & S. Thickly branched evergreen shrub,
2-3 m. high; leaves thick, glabrous, oblong or oblanceolate, tapering
to an acute apex, narrowed below to a short petiole, 6-12 cm. long,
remotely serrate or nearly entire; flowers monoecious; staminate
aments below the pistillate, 2 cm. long or less; stamens 7-16, united
by their filaments; bractlets 2, narrowly oblong, hairy at apex;
pistillate aments in the axils of the upper leaves, 6-10 mm. long;
ovary ovate, with 2 exserted styles, red; bractlets minute; fruit
brownish-purple, covered with a whitish wax, 4 mm. in diameter.
Rustic Canyon near Santa Monica, Hasse.
Family 19. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnately compound
leaves and monoecious bracteolate flowers, the staminate
in long drooping aments, the pistillate solitary or several
together. Staminate flower consisting of 3-numerous
stamens, with or without an irregularly lobed perianth
adnate to the bractlet. Anthers erect, 2-celled, dehiscent
by a longitudinal slit; filaments short. Pistillate
flowers bracted and usually 2-bracteolate, with a 3-5-
lobed (usually 4-lobed) calyx, or without both calyx
and petals. Ovary inferior, 1-celled or incompletely
2-4-celled; ovules solitary, erect, orthotropus; styles 2.
Fruit in ours a drupe, with indehiscent, fibrous woody
exocarp, enclosing the bony endocarp or nut, which is
incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed large, 2-4-lobed; endo-
sperm none; cotyledons corrugated, oily.
1. JUGLANS L. Walnut.
Trees or large shrubs, with a somewhat resinous-aro-
matic bark and foliage, superposed buds and odd-pinnate
leaves, with nearly or quite sessile leaflets. Staminate
flowers borne on the twigs of the previous year; perianth
3-6-lobed; stamens 8-40, in 2 or more series. Pistil-
94 BETULACEAE.
late flowers solitary or several together on a terminal
peduncle at the end of shoots of the season; calyx 4-
lobed, with 4 small petals adnate to the ovary at the
sinuses; styles fimbriate, very short. Drupe large, glo-
bose or ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endo-
carp rugose or sculptured, 2-4-celled at the base.
1. J. calif ornica Wats. Arborescent shrub growing in clumps,
5 m. high, or rarely a tree and attaining a height of 15 m., more or
less tomentose, sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves 15-25 cm. long;
leaflets 11-17, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, 4-6 crn. long; aments
often in pairs, 7-12 cm. long; perianth of staminate flowers 3 mm.
long; stamens 30-40; drupe globose, slightly compressed, 1.5-2.5 cm.
in diameter; nut shallowly sulcate.
Confined mostly to the foothills below 3000 feet. Frequent in
the Santa Monica Mountains and Puente Hills, less so on the south-
ern borders of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana
Mountains.
Family 20. BETULACEAE. Birch Family.
Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate petloled
simple leaves and small flowers In aments. Staminate
aments pendulous, with 1-3 flowers In the axils of each
bract, consisting of a membranous 2-4-parted calyx or
none, and 1-10 stamens. Pistillate aments erect or
drooping, splke-like or capitate, their flowers with or
without a calyx adnate to the solitary 1-2-celled ovary;
style 2-cleft; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit
a small compound or ovold-globose nut or samara. En-
dosperm none; cotyledons fleshy.
1. ALNUS Gaertn. Alder.
Shrubs or trees with dentate or serrulate leaves, and
both pistillate and staminate flowers In aments; the
staminate pendulous; the pistillate erect, clustered.
Staminate flowers 3-6 In each axil, consisting of a mostly
4-parted perianth, 1-4 stamens and subtended by 2-4
minute bractlets; ovary 2-celled; bracts woody, per-
sistent, 5-toothed or erose. Nut small, compressed,
winged or wingless.
1. A. rhombifolia Nutt. Tree 7-14 m. high, with a light gray
trunk; leaves narrowly or broadly ovate to elliptic, 2.5-10 cm.
long, irregularly serrulate, somewhat pubescent beneath; staminate
FAGACEAE. 95
aments 7-15 cm. long; bracts obtuse; stamens usually 2 (1-3);
pistillate aments 4-6 mm. long; cones broadly oblong, 12-20 mm.
long; seeds acutely margined.
Common along mountain streams and occasionally extending
down into the valleys. January.
Family 21. FAGACEAE. Beech Family.
Trees or shrubs with evergreen or deciduous alternate
petioled leaves and small monoecious flowers, the stami-
nate in pendulous erect or spreading aments, the pistil-
late solitary or several together, subtended by an invo-
lucre of more or less united bracts, which becomes a bur
or cup. Petals none. Staminate flowers with a 4-7-
lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens; filaments slender, dis-
tinct; anther sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate
flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth,
adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary r ovules 1-2 in each cell,
only 1 in each ovary maturing, pendulous, anatropous;
styles as many as cells to the ovary, linear. Fruit a
1 -seeded nut, with coriaceous or bony exocarp. Endo-
sperm none; cotyledons large, fleshy.
Involucre 1-3-flowered, becoming a spiny bur in
fruit. 1. Castanopsis.
Involucre 1-flowered; fruit an acorn. 2. Quercus.
1. CASTANOPSIS Spach. Chinquapin.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with rather soft close-
grained wood. Staminate aments long, slender and
erect, the flowers arranged in clusters of 3; stamens
10-12. Pistillate flowers 1-3 in an involucre, in short
aments or at the base of the staminate aments; calyx
6-cleft; ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 3.
Fruit maturing the second autumn, the spiny bur en-
closing 1-3 nuts. Nuts ovoid or globose, more or less
angled, usually 1-seeded.
1. C. sempervirens (Kell.) Dudley. A spreading shrub, 1-2.5 m.
high, with smooth brown bark; leaves oblong, usually obtuse at
apex and acute at base, 4-8 cm. long, light yellow or grayish green
above, golden or pale rusty tomentose beneath.
A common shrub in the coniferous forests of the Sierra Nevada.
96
FAGACEAE.
In southern California it grows usually above 8000 feet altitude in
the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
2. QUERCUS L. Oak.
Trees or shrubs with persistent or deciduous leaves
and small green or yellowish monoecious flowers, the
staminate numerous in slender mostly drooping aments,
the pistillate solitary in many-bracted involucres.
Staminate flowers subtended by caducous bracts, con-
sisting of mostly a 6-lobed campanulate perianth and
5-12 stamens with filiform filaments. Pistillate with an
urn-shaped or oblong 3-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each
cell; styles usually 3, short. Fruit (acorn) consisting
of the imbricated and more or less united bracts of the
involucre (cup), subtending or nearly enclosing the
1 -seeded coriaceous nut.
Bark not scaly, smooth or on old trunks irregu-
larly ruptured; stigmas on slender styles;
scales of the cup thin and closely imbri-
cated; nut tomentose on the inner surface.
Black Oaks.
Leaves deciduous, large and divided into
bristle-tipped lobes. 1. Q. kelloggii.
Leaves evergreen, small and coriaceous.
Acorns maturing the second autumn;
leaves plane, bright yellow-green and
glabrous beneath. 2. Q. wislizenii.
Acorns maturing the first autumn; leaves
convex, pale beneath with tufts of
hairs in the axils of the principal veins. 3. Q. agrifolia.
Bark scaly, and on large trees usually furrowed;
stigmas broad and nearly or quite sessile;
cups usually
White Oaks.
Acorns maturing
tomentose on
ith tuberculate scales.
the
the
second autumn; nuts
inner surface; leaves
evergreen.
Acorns maturing the first autumn.
Leaves deciduous, more or less lobed.
Leaves dark green above, deeply lobed.
Leaves blue green above; shallowly
lobed or merely wavy margined.
Leaves evergreen.
Trees with shallowly furrowed bark.
Shrubs; bark covered with loose scales.
4. Q. chrysolepis.
5. Q. lohata.
6. Q. douglasii.
7. Q. engelmanni.
8. Q. dumosa.
I. Q. kelloggii Newb. A handsome tree 15-30 m. high, with a
trunk 1-1.5 m. in diameter; bark smooth, divided into broad ridges
FAGACEAE. 97
near the base of old trunks; leaves deciduous, 6-15 cm. long, deeply
parted into about 3 lobes on a side, each lobe with 1-4 coarse bristle-
tipped teeth, bright green shining and glabrous above or sometimes
pubescent, paler beneath; nut deeply set in the cup, 2.5-3 cm. long,
2 cm. thick; scales thin, chestnut brown
A common oak in the coniferous forests of the San Bernardino,
San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains, but in the San Gabriel it is
apparently restricted to the more inland ranges, as North Baldy
and Swarthout Valley.
2. Q. wislizenii A. DC. A spreading shrub or a small tree with
us; leaves persistent, coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, entire or somewhat spinose-dentate, usually plane, green on
both faces, glabrous; acorns biennial; nuts narrow as in the last;
cup turbinate, very deep.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the southern California
mountains except the Santa Monica Range.
3. Q. agrifolia Nee. (Live Oak, Encina.) Large, widely spread-
ing tree; leaves persistent, oval to oblong, 4-7 cm. long, sinuately
spinose-dentate, somewhat stellate pubescent when young, in age
mostly convex above, pale and nearly glabrous beneath; acorns
annual, sessile or nearly so; nut narrow and tapering, 2-3 cm.
long, 6-8 mm. wide; cup turbinate, rather deep with lanceolate
slightly pubescent brown scales.
The common oak of the valleys and foothills.
4. Q. chrysolepis Liebm. (Canyon Oak.) Usually a large tree;
leaves evergreen, oblong, acute or cuspidate, obtuse or subcordate
at base, usually entire or spinose-denticulate, pale and glaucous
green above, more or less fulvous-tomentose beneath, becoming
glabrate in age; acorns variable in size; nut oval, obtuse, 15-30 mm.
long; cup hemispheric, very thick, its scales usually almost hidden
by fulvous tomentum, 1-3 cm. broad.
Common in the canyons of all our mountains above 2500 feet.
5. Q. lobata Nee. (Valley Oak, Roble.) Stately tree with
slender, often long and pendulous branches; leaves oblong or obo-
vate, 6-12 cm. long, deeply lobed or pinnatifid, pale green, acorns
subsessile; nut long-conic, 3-6 cm. long; cup deep-hemispheric,
strongly tuberculate.
Chatsworth Park and San Fernando. A single tree has also been
observed near Santa Monica (Hasse) and another near Lamanda
Park by the author, which is the southern limit of this oak as far
as known.
6. Q. douglasii H. & A. (Blue Oak.) Middle-sized tree with
rounded head, branches numerous, erect-spreading; leaves deciduous,
5-6 cm. long, oblong, sinuate or with shallow lobes, bluish-green
above, pubescent beneath; acorn sessile or short peduncled; nut
elongated-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, mostly acutish; cup hemispheric,
with ovate-lanceolate, thick or somewhat tubercled scales.
The Blue oak reaches its southern limit along the western edge of
Antelope Valley a few miles south of Tejon Pass.
7. Q. engelmanni Greene. A middle-sized tree, 8-15 m. high,
98 URTICACEAE.
with light colored and rather smooth bark, trunk often 6-10 dm.
thick, branches spreading to form a well rounded scarcely depressed
head; leaves short-petioled, oblong, 5-8 cm. long, entire or sometimes
with a few coarse teeth, obtuse or retuse at the apex, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, those of young shoots sometimes acutish
at both ends and coarsely serrate-toothed throughout, somewhat
coriaceous, almost without reticulation, downy-pubescent when
young, becoming glabrous in age; acorns sessile or peduncled; cup
hemispheric, tuberculate; nut oblong, about 2 cm. long.
Frequent from Altedena and Alhambra to Monrovia; also oc-
curring at Azusa and Glendora, as well as in the foothills of San
Diego County.
8. Q. dumosa Nutt. Shrub 1.5-5 m. high, the slender branches
tomentose when young; leaves coriaceous, sometimes persistent,
2 cm. long or more, oblong, obtuse, sinuate or sinuate-toothed,
dark green above, pubescent beneath; acorns sessile; nut oval,
2-3 cm. long; cup deep-hemispheric, 1-2 cm, broad, usually strongly
tuberculate, occasionally with somewhat flattened scales.
Common in the chaparral belt of all the mountains. What
seem to be hybrids between this and Q. engelmanni are not infrequent
wherever the range of these two approach each other.
Two species of oak grow on Santa Catalina that are not found
on the mainland. Q. tomentella Engelm. is related to chrysolepis,
but may be distinguished by the larger leaves which have prominent
parallel lateral veins. Q. macdonaldii Greene has deciduous leaves
that are deeply lobed; it is a small tree with finely checked bark.
Family 22. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family.
Ours annual or perennial herbs, with mostly stipulate
simple leaves and often with stinging hairs. Flowers in
racemed or panicled cymes (ament-like), with small
persistent bracts, monoecious or polygamous, small,
greenish. Petals none. Calyx mostly 4-parted or
sepals distinct, with as many stamens opposite the
lobes; filaments inflexed and anthers reversed in the
bud, straightening elastically at anthesis. Ovary super-
ior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style and stigma 1. Fruit an
achene. Endosperm oily, not copious; embryo straight.
Herbs with stinging hairs; leaves opposite.
Sepals 4, distinct. 1. Urtica.
Staminate calyx 4-parted; pistillate un-
equally 2-4-toothed. 2. Hesperocnide.
He«bs without stinging hairs; leaves alternate. 3. Parietaria.
URTICACEAE. 99
1. URTICA L. Nettle.
Annual or perennial, simple or branching herbs, with
stinging hairs, and opposite 3-7-nerved petioled vSerrate
or dentate stipulate leaves. Flowers clustered in axillary
geminate racemes or heads. Staminate flowers 4-merous.
Pistillate calyx with unequal sepals, the inner larger and
at length enclosing the flattened achene. Stigma sessile,
tufted.
1. U. urens L. Erect, branching from the base or sometimes
simple, 25-50 cm. high; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, deeply and
sometimes doubly serrate, 1-4 cm. long, on slender petioles of about
the same length; stipules 4 mm. long; flower clusters rather dense,
mostly shorter than the petioles; flowers androgynous, mainly
pistillate.
Common in gardens and waste places. Native of Europe.
2. U. holosericea Nutt. Stems simple, stout, 1-3 m. high or
more, more or less bristly and finely pubescent; leaves finely and
densely pubescent beneath, less so above or with only a few scatter-
ing bristles, ovate to lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, the upper much
shorter, on petioles I as long, coarsely serrate; stipules narrowly
oblong, acute or obtuse, 6-10 mm. long; staminate flower clusters
rather loose, nearly equaling the leaves; pistillate denser and shorter;
inner sepals ovate, densely hispid, 1 mm. long, about equaling the
broadly ovate achene.
Very common along streams and in low ground in the valleys
and the lower altitudes of the mountains. May-September.
2. HESPEROCNIDE Torn Western Nettle.
Annual herbs distinguished from Urtica by the pistil-
late perianth, which is a membranous flattened oblong-
ovate sac, w^ith a minutely 2-4-toothed orifice.
1. H. tenella Torr. Slender and weak, 25-50 cm. high, simple
or branched, somewhat hispid with branching hairs and bristly;
leaves 1-3 cm. long, thin, ovate, obtusely serrate; petioles slender,
\ as long; flower clusters rather dense, nearly glomerate, shorter
than the petioles; calyx thin, hispid, with hooked hairs, in fruit
1-1.5 mm. long; achene membranous, striately tuberculate with
minutely rough points.
Sepulveda Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains; San Pedo Hills;
also near San Diego and on Catalina Island.
3. PARIETARIA L.
Ours slender annuals without stinging hairs. Leaves
alternate, entire, 3-nerved, petioled, without stipules.
Flowers in axillary glomerate clusters, polygamous, sub-
tended by leafy bracts. Calyx of the perfect flowers
100 LORANTHACEAE.
4-parted, in the pistillate tubular-ventricose, 4-cleft with
connivent lobes. Style slender or none; stigma spatu-
late, recurved, densely tufted. Achene ovoid, smooth
and shining, enclosed in the dry brownish nerved calyx.
1. P. debilis Forst. Very slender, usually diffusely branching
from the base, 10-25 cm. high, somewhat hispid; leaves 5-10 mm.
long or more, broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded at the base or abruptly
cuneate; petioles slender, about equaling the leaves; achene 1 mm.
long.
Growing in moist shady places, especially in the chaparral belt.
Santa Monica Mountains; Verdugo Hills; Santa Ana Mountains.
Family 23. LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family.
Evergreen shrubs or herbs, ours parasitic on shrubs or
trees and absorbing food from their sap through special-
ized roots (haustoria). Stems dichotomously branched,
swollen at the joints and bearing opposite thick coriace-
ous entire exstipulate leaves, foliaceous or reduced to
connate scales. Flowers dioecious, regular, clustered or
solitary, small and greenish. Petals none. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, 2-5-lobed. Stamens equaling the
calyx-lobes and inserted upon them; anthers 2-celled or
confluently 1-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled;
style simple or none; stigma 1. Fruit a berry; seed
solitary with glutinous testa and copious endosperm;
embryo straight, terete or angled.
Leaves scale-like; anthers 1-celled; pollen spinu-
lose. 1- Razoumofskya
Leaves foliaceous; anthers 2-celled; pollen
smooth. 2. Phoradendron.
1. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoffm.
Plants yellow or greenish-brown with fragile jointed
angled stems. Leaves reduced to opposite connate
scales. Flowers solitary or several from the same axil.
Staminate flowers mostly 3-parted, compressed. An-
thers sessile on the lobes, circular, 1-celled, dehiscent at
the base by a circular slit; pollen grains spinulose.
Pistillate flowers ovate, compressed, 2-toothed, subsessile,
at length exserted on reflexed pedicels. Berry fleshy,
POLYGONACEAE. 101
compressed, dehiscing elastically at the circumscissile
base. Cotyledons very short.
1. R. occidentalis (Engelm.) Kuntze. Stems much branched,
5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick; staminate plants brownish-yellow,
bearing numerous dense spikes, many-flowered; calyx-lobes 3-4 mm.
long, lanceolate, acuminate; pistillate plants olive-brown; spikes
short, 5-6-flowered or with the upper reduced to 1; berry brown,
oblong, tapering to each end, 4-5 mm. long. {Arceuthobium occi-
dentalis Engelm.)
Frequent on pines.
2. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Mistletoe.
Woody plants with terete usually jointed and brittle
stems. Leaves foliaceous, entire, faintly nerved, or re-
duced to connate scales. Flowers sunk in the jointed
rachis, usually several in the axil of each bract. Stami-
nate flowers with a mostly 3-lobed globose calyx, bearing
a sessile transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each
lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to
the inferior ovary. Berry sessile, ovoid or globose,
fleshy.
1. P. villosiim Nutt. Foliage deep green; leaves elliptic, obtuse,
3-nerved, pubescent, 2-2.5 cm. long, on short petioles; berries pink-
ish, 3 mm. in diameter.
On oaks about Pasadena.
2. P. macrophyllum (Engelm.) Cockerell. Foliage deep green;
leaves orbicular-obovate, 5-7 cm. long, usually 5-nerved; spikes
large; flowers pubescent.
Common on the sycamores.
Family 24. POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family.
Herbs or rarely shrubs, with alternate or verticillate
leaves, w^hich are often only radical, with sheathing
stipules or none. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed
pedicels. Calyx of 4-9 sepals, usually petaloid, persist-
ent. Stamens as many as the sepals, perigynous.
Styles 2-4, distinct or somewhat united, opposite the
angles of the lenticular or triquetrous achene. Seed
erect; embryo straight within the mealy endosperm or
curved around it.
102
POLYGONACEAE.
Leaves without stipules.
Involucre of distinct bracts or wanting.
Bracts present.
Flowers solitary, surrounded by a
2-lobed bract, becoming en-
larged in fruit.
Flowers capitate, each surrounded
by a bract.
Bracts wanting: calyx involucre-like.
Involucre turbinate to campanulate,
toothed or lobed.
Teeth of the involucre cuspidate or
awned.
Involucre tubular, 5-6-toothed,
usually with hooked awns, and
usually 1-flowered.
Involucre turbinate or campanu-
late, deeply lobed: awns
straight: flowers 2-many.
Involucre turbinate, with 18-
20 acicular awns.
Involucre deeply 3-5 cleft, the
lobes ending in straight awns
or awnless.
Teeth of the involucre 3-8, not awned.
Leaves with sheathing stipules.
Sepals 6, the outer 3 smaller; stigmas
tufted.
Sepals 4-5, similar; stigmas capitate.
1. Pterostegia.
2. Nemacaulis.
3. Lastarriaea.
4. Chorizanthe.
5. ACANTHOCYPHUS.
6. Oxytheca.
7. Eriogonum.
8. Rumex.
9. Polygonum.
L PTEROSTEGIA F. & M.
Very slender annuals, dIfTusely dichotomous from the
base, with opposite leaves and follaceous bracts. Invo-
lucres axillary, sessile, solitary, consisting of a single
2-lobed bract, shorter than the solitary sessile flower,
enlarged in fruit, scarious and reticulated, loosely en-
closing the achene, gibbously 2-saccate on the back.
Calyx 6-parted or rarely 5-parted. Stamens 3-6, in-
serted at the base of the calyx-lobes. Achene triangular,
glabrous; cotyledons accumbent.
L P. drymarioides F. & M. Stems several from the base, 10-
30 cm. long or more; lower leaves petioled, 4-12 mm. long, fan-
shaped, 2-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed or slightly lobed;
upper leaves obovate-spatulate, entire or more or less toothed;
bracts similar, 2 mm. long; involucres 2-3 mm. long in fruit, the
margins of the lobes toothed or laciniate; flowers about 1.5 mm.
long, sessile; calyx-lobes lanceolate.
Common and general below 4000 feet. The whole plant often
reddish when growing in exposed places.
POLYGON ACEAE. 103
2. NEMACAULIS Nutt.
Slender diffuse annuals with spatulate mostly radical
leaves and no stipules. Flowers capitate, each with a
free herbaceous bract, perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, colored,
enclosing the achene. Stamens 3. Styles 3; stigmas
capitate. Achene short-ovoid, obscurely 3-angled.
1. N. denudata Nutt, Stems prostrate or ascending, 15-30 cm.
long, glabrate, reddish; leaves narrowly spatulate, 2-5 cm. long,
including the short petiole, densely tomentose-hairy on both sides;
bractlets of the flower clusters obovate-spatulate, 2 mm. long, the
outer flowerless, the inner smaller, woolly within and glabrous
without; flowers yellowish, scarcely 1 mm. long, short pedicellate,
glabrous; inner segments broadest; achene 0.7 mm. long. (N.
nuttallii Benth.)
Occasional on sand-dunes along the seashore and in sandy soils
in interior valleys.
3. LASTARRIAEA Remy.
A small diffuse rigid fragile annual, with the aspect of
Chorizantlie. Involucre wanting. Perianth involucre-
like, coriaceous, tubular, 5-6-cleft to the middle; the
narrow teeth rigid, awned, recurved and uncinate.
Stamens 3, inserted on the throat; filaments very short,
with small membranous appendages intervening at their
insertions. Achene triangular; embryo curved,
1, L. chilensis Remy. Branches procumbent or ascending,
5-15 cm. long, hirsute; lowest leaves linear, obtuse, hispid-ciliate,
1-2 cm. long, cauline in whorls of 4-5, unequal; bracts 3-6 mm.
long, concealing the flowers; perianth 2-3 mm. long, its tube tri-
quetrous; teeth 5, 3 long and 2 short; anthers small, orbicular; style
very short.
Occasional on dry hillsides, especially in sandy soils. April.
4. CHORIZANTHE R. Br.
Low dichotomously branched annual herbs, with
rosulate basal leaves and opposite or ternate stem-leaves,
often reduced and bracteate. Involucre 1 -flowered, or
rarely 2-3-flowered, tubular or funnelform, sessile, 3-6-
angled or costate, 3-6-toothed or 3-6-cleft, its teeth
divaricate, cuspidate o/ awned. Flowers pedicellate or
nearly sessile, included within the involucre, or the seg-
ments protruding. Calyx 6-parted or 6-cleft, colored.
Stamens usually 9, rarely 3 or 6, adnate to the base of
the calyx-tube. Ovary glabrous.
104 POLYGONACEAE.
Stems glabrous or glandular.
Leaves glabrous, slightly ciliate on the mar-
gins.
Involucres glabrous. 1. C. thurberi.
Involucres hirsute. 2. C. leptoceras.
Leaves hirsute. 3. C. calif ornica.
Stems villous pubescent or hirsute, not glandular.
Bracts not foliaceous.
Leaves tomentose beneath. 4. C. staticoides.
Leaves not tomentose beneath. 5. C. procumhens.
Bracts more or less foliaceous.
Procumbent; silky-pubescent. 6. C. fernandina.
Erect; villous pubescent. 7. C. parryi.
\. C. thurberi (Gray) Wats. Somewhat glandular-puberulent,
usually about 1 dm. high, branching from the base; leaves 2.5 cm.
long, glabrous, slightly ciliate; bracts oblong, more or less united,
2-6 mm. long; involucres glabrous, chartaceous, triangular-pris-
matic, obscurely reticulated, 4-6 mm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, with 3
broad straight awned spurs at base and 3-5 broad short erect teeth;
flowers 1 or 2 on slender pedicels, pubescent at base, nearly 2 mm.
long; segments oblong-spatulate, obtuse or emarginate, the alternate
ones slightly shorter.
Occasional on dry sandy plains, mostly farther inland than our
range.
2. C. leptoceras (Gray) Wats. Very slender and nearly gla-
brous; leaves and bracts as in the last; involucre 4-6 mm. long,
somewhat hirsute, deeply 4-6-cleft, the coriaceous turbinate base
surrounded by as many rigid usually uncinate awn-like spurs; lobes
rigid, narrow, unequal, attenuate into straight rigid somewhat
divergent Awits; lowers 2 or 3, occasionally exserted, villous-pubes-
cent, 1 mm. long; segments narrowly oblong to ovate, nearly equal.
On dry sandy plains from San Gabriel eastward.
3. C. califomica Gray. Hirsute and glandular, 3 dm. high or
less, often reddish; bracts 1-2 cm. broad, lateral or rarely perfoliate,
lobed; involucres on contracted branchlets and often clustered in
the axils, 4-6 mm. long, obtusely angled, 2-3-toothed and 2-3-
sided; segments of the perianth obovate, entire, villous-pubescent
on the midvein.
Common on sandy soil along the coast and in the interior valleys.
4. C. staticoides Benth. Erect or decumbent, rather stout, 1-4
dm. high, with spreading branches, villous-pubescent, often purplish,
leaves all basal, tomentose beneath, oblong, obtuse, 2.5-6 cm. long;
bracts not acerose; involucres in rather close cymes, 3-6 mm. long,
the alternate teeth larger, nearly equal; flowers nearly sessile, 4-5
mm. long, glabrous or sparsely villous on the midvein, cleft to near
the middle; segments oblong, entire, the alternate ones about half
as long and narrower; stamens inserted at base.
Very common and general. May-July.
5. C. procumbens Nutt. Slender, procumbent, branching from
the base and diffuse, villous-pubescent, often yellowish; leaves
POLYGONACEAE. 105
spatulate, 2.5 cm. long or less, not tomentose, bracts mostly small;
involucres 2-3 mm. long, the alternate teeth strongly divergent,
about equaling the tube, uncinate; flowers sessile, 2.5 mm. long,
glabrous or somewhat villous, segments equal, narrowly oblong,
obtuse, entire; stamens inserted at the base.
Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, Davidson.
6. C. femandina Wats. Procumbent, rather stout, strongly
silky-pubescent, 6-10 cm. long; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, not
tomentose; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper narrowly linear; tube
of involucre 2 mm. long, the teeth stout, with straight awns; flowers
white, 2 mm, long; lobes nearly equal, broadly oblong, the alternate
ones slightly narrower.
First collected in San Fernando Canyon. Otherwise only known
from Chatsworth Park.
7. C. parryi Wats. Branching from the base, 5-8 cm. high,
villous-pubescent; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 2.5 cm. long,
not tomentose; lower bracts as large, similar, pungent; tube of
the involucre 2 mm. long, the alternate teeth strongly divergent,
as long or longer; flowers nearly sessile, white or pinkish, 3 mm.
long, villous on the nerves, cleft nearly to the middle; segments
recurved, somewhat undulate, oblong-ovate, acutish, crenate, the
inner ones about the same length, but narrower; stamens inserted
at the base.
Scarcely reaching our eastern borders, but rather_ frequent on
dry plains and foothills in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties.
5. ACANTHOCYPHUS Small.
Slender nearly glabrous acaulescent annual herbs,
with erect wiry forking scapes. Leaves basal, firm, den-
ticulate with spinulose teeth, dilated at the base. Bracts
scale-like, ternate, united at the bases, inclined to one
side of the axes. Involucres turbinate, truncate, on
wire-like peduncles, with 18-20 hard ribs, which are
prolonged into as many rigid acicular awns, these sur-
passing the tube in length. Flowers 5-14, of 2 kinds:
staminate, included; pistillate, exserted. Pedicels sub-
tended by linear or linear-spatulate bractlets. Perianth
glabrous, segments 6. Stamens 9, inserted at the base
of the perianth.
1. A. parishii (Parry) Small. Slender, 2-5 dm. high; stems
with short-stalked glands at the base and for a short distance above
the forks, otherwise glabrous and more or less glaucous; leaves
3-4 cm. long, finely spinulose-denticulate, tube of involucre 2 mm.
long, much surpassed by its slender whitish bristles. {Oxytheca
parishii Parry.)
Common in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains.
106 POLYGONACEAE.
6. OXYTHECA Nutt.
Slender clichotomously branched annuals, stipitate-
glandular at the nodes. Leaves in a rosette at base.
Bracts foliaceous and more or less united, usually ter-
nate. Involucres few-flowered, more or less distinctly
pedicellate, campanulate or turbinate, 3-5-cleft, the
teeth bearing an awn or awnless. Flowers equal, glandu-
lar-pubescent on the outside. Stamens 9.
1. O. trilobata Gray. Much branched from the base, 1 dm.
high or less; leaves somewhat villous, oblanceolate, 2-3 cm. long;
bracts ternate, oblong-lanceolate, awned, not reflexed; involucres
broadly turbinate, 5-parted nearly to the base, strongly nerved,
3-4 mm. long, with awns slightly shorter than the lobes; pedicels
spreading, 4-10 mm. long; flowers 3-5 in each involucre, light rose
color, 2 mm. long; segments ligulate-oblong, 3-cleft, the lobes lance-
olate, acuminate, slightly erose on the sides; ovary triangular.
Not common within our limits, but found on dry plains in San
Bernardino, Riverside and San Diego Counties.
7. ERIOGONUM Michx.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, with
basal, alternate or verticillate leaves, without stipules,
and perfect involucrate flowers. Involucre campanulate,
turbinate or oblong, 4-8-toothed or 4-8-lobed, awnless,
usually many-flowered; the more or less exserted pedi-
cels intermixed with scarious narrow setaceous bracts or
bractlets. Perianth 6-parted or deeply 6-cleft, petaloid.
Stamens 9, inserted on the base of the perianth. Styles
3 ; stigmas capitate. Achene triangular, rarely lenticular.
Perianth not stipe-like at base.
Involucres nerveless, pedicellate; perianth-
lobes unequal. 1. E. thurberi.
Involucres 5-6-nerved, mostly sessile; peri-
anth-lobes similar.
Involucres capitate or fascicled; peren-
nials.
Plants not caespitose.
Perennials with short woody cau-
dex.
Bractlets densely villous-
tomentose. 2. E. latifolium.
Bractlets glabrous. 3. E. nudum.
Shrubs.
Leaves rounded to oblong;
maritime species.
Perianth villous. 4. E. cinereum.
POLYGONACEAE.
107
5. E. parvijolium.
E. fasciculatum.
E. kennedeyi.
8.
E. saxatlle.
9.
10.
E. wrightii.
E. elongatum.
11.
E. gracile.
12.
E. virgatum.
13.
14.
E. molestum.
E. davidsonii.
15.
E. Stella turn.
Perianth glabrous.
Leaves narrowly oblong,
strongly revolute and fasci-
cled.
Plants caespitose.
Involucres solitary, often secund along
the virgate branches.
Perennials with short densely leafy
caudex.
Leaves rounded, usually brown
on the margins.
Leaves not rounded.
Involucres 2-3 mm. long.
Involucres 4-6 mm. long.
Annuals.
Stems and leaves white-woolly. ^
Involucres narrowly turbi-
nate, 2 mm. long.
Involucres cylindric, 4 mm.
long.
Stems glabrous or glabrate.
Involucres 5 mm. long.
Involucres 3 mm. long.
Perianth stipe-like at base, glabrous, bright
sulphur yellow or tinged with red.
1. E. thurberi Torr. Annual, very slender, about 15 cm. high,
much branched below the middle, with ovate acute bracts at the
forks, tomentose below the panicle; leaves subbasal, rounded-
ovate, about 1 cm. long, undulate rugose, pubescent above, white
tomentose beneath; pedicels slender, about 2 cm. long, erect or
spreading, involucres campanulate, less than 2 mm. high, cleft
nearly to the middle; flowers rose-colored or white, outer segments
rounded, much broader than the inner lanceolate ones.
Common on dry plains and foothills from Pasadena eastward;
also in the Santa Ana Mountains.
2. E. latifolium Smith. Caudex indurate, its branches few,
short, very leafy; scapes not fistulose, 2-5 dm. high; leaves oblong
to ovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, often undulate and becoming glabrate
above; bracts triangular; heads large and dense, 12-20 mm. broad,
solitary and terminal or few in a simple umbel; involucre tomentose,
4 mm. long; flowers glabrous, light rose color, 3 mm. long.
Bluffs near Santa Monica.
3. E. nudum Dougl. Caudex sparingly leafy; scapes rather
slender, fistulose, 3-6 dm, high, sparingly branched above; leaves
broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1-5 cm. long, on slender petioles,
undulate, densely tomentose beneath, becoming glabrate above;
involucres usually 3-6 in each cluster, glabrous or nearly so, 4-6
mm. high; flowers glabrous or somewhat villous, 2-3 mm. long, white
or rose color.
Occasional on Catalina Island and on the mainland east of our
territory. August-September.
108 POLYGONACEAE.
4. E. cinereum Benth. Shrubby, 8-15 dm. high, in dense clumps,
hoary-tomentose throughout; leaves orbicular to oblong, 12-18 mm.
long, on very short petioles, obtuse, undulate, strongly nerved;
peduncles elongated, sparingly dichotomously branched, bearing
few rather loose heads; bracts short; involucres 4 mm. long; perianth
very villous, rose-colored, 2-3 mm. long.
Bluffs along the seashore at Santa Monica and San Pedro.
5. E. parvifolium Smith. Shrubby, about 3 m. high, more or
less white-tomentose throughout; leaves broadly ovate to oblong,
8-18 mm. long, acute, abruptly narrowed at base to the very short
petiole, revolute and undulate on the margins, becoming glabrate
above; lower bracts conspicuous, the upper smaller; involucres
tomentose, about 3 mm. long; perianth rose-colored, glabrous, about
3 mm. long.
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore.
6. E. fasciculatum Benth. (Wild Buckwheat.) Shrubby, 5
dm. high or more, more or less tomentose; leaves narrowly oblance-
olate, revolute, tomentose beneath, glabrate above, 6-18 mm. long,
much fascicled ; peduncles short or elongated, bearing a short cymosely
divided umbel; bracts rather conspicuous; involucres about 4 mm,
high, glabrate; flowers rose-colored or whitish, glabrous.
The typical form is maritime, and more abundant about San
Diego.
6a. E. fasciculatum foliolosum (Nutt.) Stokes. Leaves nearly
glabrous on the upper surface; perianth villous without.
The common form on the mesas and foothills of the coastal
slope.
6b. E. fasciculatum polifolium (Benth.) Torr. & Gray. Leaves
hoary tomentose above; perianth densely villous; cymes mostly
capitate.
The common form on the desert slopes, sometimes growing in
the drier parts of the coastal region.
7. E. kemiedeyi Porter. Woody caudex much branched, forming
a dense mat; densely clothed with obovateto oblong revolute v/hite-
tomentose leaves, about 6-12 mm. long; peduncles wiry, 5-20 cm.
long, more or less tomentose; involucres in a terminal capitate
cluster, turbinate-campanulate, nerved and strongly angled, deeply
triangular-toothed, 3-4 mm. long; perianth white or rose-colored,
glabrous, 2-3 mm. long.
Coniferous forests of the southern Sierra Nevada to the San
Bernardino Mountains; Mt. Waterman, F. Grinnell.
8. E. saxatile Wats. Caudex densely leafy, sparingly branched;
leaves rounded or obovate, obtuse, 12-16 mm. broad, cuneate at
base, densely tomentose on both sides; petioles short and thick;
branches of the cymose panicle 1-4 dm. long, spreading; bracts
subfoliaceous, triangular; involucres 3-4 mm. long, teeth acute;
perianth rose color, 2-3 mm. long, the lobes appressed to the nearly
glabrous achene, this abruptly narrowed at base. ( E. hloomeri Parish.)
Frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Gabriel and San
Bernardino Mountains.
POLYGONACEAE. 109
9. E. wrightii Torr. Much branched, leafy at base, 2-5 dm.
high, rather slender; leaves oblong-ovate, 15-25 mm. long, acute,
narrowed at base to a 4-8 mm. long petiole; bracts all small, tri-
angular; involucres loosely spicate along the ascending branches,
3 mm. high, the teeth rigid, acute; perianth rose color, 3 mm. long;
achene scabrous on the angles above, these acute at base.
Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains in the pine belt.
10. E. elongatum Benth. Stems erect, rather slender, from a
sparingly branched base; leaves usually somewhat scattered, oblong-
lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, acute, narrowed to a short petiole, be-
coming glabrate above; bracts ovate-triangular to lanceolate, acute;
involucres distant on the few elongated branches, 5-6 mm. high,
obtusely toothed; flowers white or pale rose color, 2-3 mm. long;
achene glabrous.
Common in the chaparral belt of all the mountains,
11. E. gracile Benth. Floccose-tomentose throughout, rather
diffusely branched, 2-6 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or broadly
oblong, tomentose on both sides or less so above; bracts more or
less elongated, the lower foliaceous; involucres rigid, acute, often
dark brown; perianth white or pale rose color, 1.5 mm. long.
Common in sandy soil, especially toward the coast.
11a. E. gracile leucocladon (Benth.) Torr. Less branched, the
branches strict, becoming glabrate; flowers pale rose color.
Dry sand-washes of the interior.
12. E. virgatum Benth. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, tomentose
throughout, branches few, ascending, elongated, strictly virgate or
fiexuous; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the involucres, sometimes
including 1 or more leaves; involucres tomentose, narrow, 4 mm.
long; perianth 2 mm. long, white or yellowish, glabrous.
Common in the Mt. Pinos region, but not definitely known in
the San Gabriel Mountains.
13. E. molestum Wats. Stems usually solitary, 3-7 dm. high,
sparsely branching usually 1 dm. or more above the base, glabrous
and glaucous; leaves all basal, rounded or cordate, 1-2 cm. wide,
white-woolly on both surfaces, the margins undulate or crisped;
bractlets apparently never foliaceous; involucres cylindric, about
5 mm. long, glabrous without, the teeth short; perianth white, tinged
with rose.
A common species in the foothills of the San Bernardino Moun-
tains.
14. E. davidsoni Greene. Closely related to the preceding species,
from which it is best distinguished by its more slender habit and
smaller involucres, 3 mm. long.
A common species in the San Gabriel Mountains, especially in
the coniferous forests. First collected on Mt. Wilson by Dr. David-
son.
15. E. stellatum Benth. Perennial with a spreading woody
base; leaves ovate to oblanceolate, white-tomentose beneath,
glabrate above; peduncles 1-3 dm. high, loosely tomentose; in-
110 POLYGON ACEAE.
volucres in a simple or compound umbel ; bracts resembling the leaves,
the uppermost reduced; involucres with 8 reflexed lobes; perianth
sulphur yellow or tinged with red; glabrous, tapering to a stipe-like
base.
Common in the coniferous forests. A handsome species that
should be introduced into gardens.
8. RUMEX L. Dock.
Perennial or annual leafy-stemmed herbs. Stem
grooved, usually branched. Leaves entire or undulate,
flat or crisped, with scarlous obliquely truncate cylindric
sheathing stipules. Flowers green, usually perfect, in a
simple or compound often panicled raceme. Calyx 6-
parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner
ones (wings) usually bearing a grain-like callosity on
the back, larger and enclosing the achene. Stamens
6; filaments short, glabrous; anthers oblong. Style
3-parted; stigmas peltate, tufted. Achenes 3-angled.
Flowers dioecious; leaves hastate. 1. R. acetosella.
Flowers perfect; leaves not hastate.
Inner calyx lobes with slender awned teeth.
Perennial; flowering branches diver-
gent. 2. R. pulcher.
Annual, prostrate or erect, pubescent,
branches not divergent. 3. R. persicarioides.
Inner calyx lobes entire or merely dentate.
Calyx lobes with callous grains, 3-4
mm. wide.
Stems decumbent; leaves plane. 4. R. salicifolius.
Stems erect; leaves more or less
undulate.
Flower whorls remote, usually
subtended by small leaves. 5. R. conglomeratus.
Flower whorls approximate,
forming a rather dense com-
pound raceme. 6. R. crispus.
Calyx lobes without grains, 8-12 mm.
wide. 7. R. hymenosepalus.
1. R. acetosella L. Perennial by slender running rootstocks,
slender, erect or nearly so, simple or branched, 2-4 dm, high, gla-
brous; leaves narrowly hastate, petioled, the uppermost leaves some-
what entire; panicle narrow, naked, becoming reddish; calyx green,
1 mm. long; stamens exserted; achene granular, exceeding the per-
sistent calyx.
In moist grassy places about Los Angeles. Native of Europe.
2. R. pulcher L. Stems erect, 5-8 dm. high, with rigid divari-
cately spreading branches; leaves scabrous beneath, the basal oblong
POLYGONACEAE. Ill
or lanceolate, acute, cordate or obtuse at base; flowers on short
stout rigid pedicels; wings ovate, 2-3 mm. long, with 4-6 rigidly
awned teeth on each side.
Sparingly introduced, Inglewood. Native of Europe.
3. R. persicarioides L. Annual, pubescent, pale green; stem
erect, simple or branched, 2-6 dm. high, sometimes spreading, very
leafy; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 2 dm. long or usually less, narrowed
at the base or cordate, acute at the apex, the margins undulate and
somewhat crisped; panicle simple or branched; racemes erect, leafy
bracted; whorls dense, usually rather distant; pedicels equaling or
somewhat exceeding the inner calyx-lobes, jointed at the base;
inner calyx-lobes oblong, 2 mm. long, with 1-3 bristles on each
margin, each bearing an ovoid or oblong grain; achene about 1.5
mm. long, pointed, reddish.
Frequent in moist places, especially along the margins of ponds.
Native of Europe.
4. R. salicifolius Weinm. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous;
stems ascending or spreading, simple or branched, grooved, flexuous,
4-8 dm. long; leaves mostly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petioled,
not undulate or crisped; racemes dense, interrupted below in fruit;
flowers in dense clusters; wings 2 mm. long, undulate or subdentate,
each bearing a large ovoid grain; achene 2 mm. long, dark red.
Frequent in moist places along the coast and in the mountains.
5. R. conglomeratus Murr. Stems slender, erect, commonly
branched, 3-9 dm. high; leaves oblong to lanceolate, 15 cm. long
or less, somewhat undulate and crisped, the lower long petioled,
cordate at base, acute or obtuse at apex, the upper short petioled;
panicle very loose, much branched; racemes slender, interrupted;
flowers loosely whorled, the whorls distant; pedicels slender, shorter
than or equaling the wings; wings ovate, fiddle-shaped, 3 mm.
long, toothed near the base, each bearing a large oblong grain;
achene about 1.5 mm. long, pointed, red.
Common in damp land, especially toward the coast,
6. R. crispus L. Stems simple or branched above, erect, rather
slender, 3-10 dm. high; leaves crisped and undulate, the lower
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 15-30 cm. long, long petioled, the upper
narrowly oblong or lanceolate, short petioled, all cordate or obtuse
at base; panicle rather open; racemes simple or compound; flowers
rather loosely whorled; calyx green; fruiting pedicels about twice
the length of the wings, jointed near the base; wings cordate, 3-4
mm. long, truncate or notched at base, erose-dentate or nearly
entire, each bearing a grain; achene 2 mm. long, dark brown.
Common in moist places.
7. R. hymenosepalus Torr, Stems erect, 4-6 dm. high, stout,
leafy, simple or branched above; leaves attenuate to a short thick
fleshy petiole, oblong to broadly lanceolate, often 3 dm. long, acute,
strongly undulate; racemes panicled, about 3 dm. long; pedicels 6-12
mm. long; wings 8-12 mm. broad, rose color, deeply cordate, strongly
reticulate-veined, grains entirely wanting; achene 4 mm. long.
Frequent in dry sandy soil. Canaigre of commerce.
112 POLYGON ACEAE.
9. POLYGONUM L. Knotweed.
Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, with
alternate entire leaves and naked, ciliate or foliaceous
margined sheaths. Flowers usually perfect, often col-
ored, variously clustered. Pedicels jointed. Calyx 4-5-
parted, usually petaloid, the outer segments slightly
larger than the inner ones. Stamens 5-9; filaments
glabrous; anthers oblong. Style 2-3-parted or 2-3-
cleft; stigmas capitate. Achene lenticular or 3-angled,
invested by the persistent calyx.
Flowers spicate.
Spikes drooping; stamens 6; achenes
lenticular. 1. P. lapathifolium.
Spikes erect; stamens 8; achenes 3-
angled. 2. P. hydropiperoides.
Flowers not in spikes.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate. 3. P. aviculare.
Leaves cordate. 4. P. convolvulus.
L P. lapathifolium L. Stem simple or much branched, erect or
ascending, swollen at the nodes, 3-12 dm. high, the peduncles and
petioles glandular; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm.
long, attenuate to the apex, tapering to the short petiole, ciliate,
inconspicuously punctate; sheath cylindric, ribbed or striate;
racemes panicled, 2.5-10 cm. long, drooping, narrow, rather dense,
calyx pink, white or greenish, 5-parted; stamens 6; style 2-parted
to below the middle; achene lenticular, 2 mm. long. (P. nodosum
Pers.)
Occasional along streams.
2. P. hydropiperoides Michx. Stems rather stout, 3-10 dm.
high, erect or decumbent, clothed with short appressed hairs; leaves
lanceolate, obtuse; sheath cylindric, loose, ciliate; racemes panicled,
terminal, erect, narrow, more or less interrupted, 3-7 cm. long;
calyx white or whitish, often conspicuous; stamens 8; style 3-parted
to below the middle; achene 3-angled, ovoid or oblong, 2-2,5 mm.
long, smooth.
Frequent along streams, especially toward the coast.
3. P. aviculare L. Annual or perennial, slender, glabrous,
bluish-green; stem prostrate or ascending, simple or much branched,
1-6 dm. long; leaves linear to oblanceolate, commonly oblong, 6-18
mm. long, nearly sessile; sheath oblique, 2-parted or becoming
lacerate; flower clusters axillary, 1-5-flowered; flowers small, short
pedicelled; calyx green, its 5 lobes with white or pinkish margins;
stamens 5-8; style short, 3-parted to near the base; achene 3-angled,
ovoid, 2 mm. long, reticulated.
A common weed in waste places.
4. P. convolvulus L. Annual, glabrous, scurfy; stem twining
or trailing, branched, 1-10 dm. long; leaves ovate-sagittate, long-
CHENOPODIACEAE. 113
petioled, acuminate, slightly ciliate, 1-7 cm. long; sheath oblique,
rough on the margin; axillary clusters loosely flowered; flowers
greenish, pendulous on slender pedicels; calyx 5-parted, closely
investing the achene; stamens 8; style short, nearly entire; stigmas 3;
achene 3-angled, granular.
Cultivated fields about Pasadena, McClatchie.
Family 25. CHENOPODIACEAE.
GoosEFOOT Family.
Herbs or shrubs, often succulent, mealy or scurfy, some-
times fleshy. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, some-
times wanting, without stipules. Flowers perfect or uni-
sexual, with an herbaceous calyx of 2-5 often keeled
rigid sepals, or sometimes wanting in pistillate flowers.
Stamens distinct, as many as the sepals and opposite
them or fewer; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-
celled, 1-ovuled, becoming an achene or utricle in fruit.
Embryo annular and surrounding the endosperm or
spiral and with the endosperm lateral or wanting.
Leaves present.
Leaves opposite, linear.
L
NiTROPHILA.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers perfect or polygamous, all similar.
Calyx 3-5-cleft or 3-5-parted.
Leaves not semiterete or spiny.
Leaves simple: calyx deeply cleft
or parted.
Stamens L
2.
Aphanisma.
Stamens mostly 5.
3.
Chenopodium.
Leaves pinnatifid.
4.
ROUBIEVA.
Leaves semiterete or spiny.
Leaves semiterete, fleshy.
8.
DONDIA.
Leaves linear, pungent-tipped.
9.
Sal SOLA.
Calyx of 1 sepal; stamen L
5.
MONOLEPIS.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious: the
staminate with a calyx, the pistillate
with 2 sepal-like bracts.
6.
Atriplex.
Leaves reduced to opposite scales; stems fleshy,
jointed.
7.
Salicornia.
1. NITROPHILA Wats.
A low decumbent perennial herb, with fleshy opposite
amplexicaul leaves and axillary perfect flowers. Sepals
114 CHENOPODIACEAE.
5, rarely 6 or 7, chartaceous, concave and carlnate.
Stamens 5, united at base into a narrow disk. Style
slender; stigmas 2. Achene beaked by the persistent
style.
1. N. occidentalis (Moq.) Wats. Stems decumbent, oppositely
branched, 1-4 dm. long, arising from a deep taproot; leaves linear,
sessile 1-2.5 cm. long, the floral shorter, glabrous pungent at apex;
flowers solitary in the axils subtended by 2 bracts, or often 2 or 3,
the central bractless and the lateral pedicelled; sepals pinkish or
whitish, about 2.5 mm. long.
In low alkaline soils. Santa Monica; Studebaker, Braunton: San
Bernardino Valley, Parish.
2. APHANISMA Nutt.
Slender glabrous annuals, with alternate sessile entire
leaves, and axillary mostly solitary perfect bractless
flowers. Calyx 3 -cleft, with concave segments un-
changed in fruit. Stamen 1 ; filament short. Ovary
depressed; style shortly 2-3-cleft; pericarp somewhat
5-angled, rather thick and indurate. Seed horizontal,
with very thin crustaceous testa. Embryo annular,
surrounding the copious endosperm.
1. A. blitoides Nutt. Stems ascending, branched, 3-7.5 dm.
high; leaves thin, oblanceolate to ovate-oblong, the upper ones
ovate, acute, 6-15 mm. long; calyx minute, its lobes ovate, obtuse,
closely appressed to the base of the fruit; fruit 1 mm. broad; seed
shining, punctulate-rugose.
San Pedro, Davidson; Catalina Island.
3. CHENOPODIUM L. Goosefoot.
Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly introduced
weeds. Leaves often white-mealy, sometimes glandular,
alternate, petioled. Flowers perfect, bractless, clustered
in axillary or terminal often panicled spikes. Calyx
herbaceous, 3-4-parted or mostly 5-parted; the lobes
usually connate or crested, more or less closely covering
the fruit. Pericarp membranous, closely investing the
lenticular or subglobose, horizontal or vertical seed.
Embryo annular or curved around the copious endo-
sperm.
Calyx dry in fruit.
Annuals; introduced weeds.
Leaves mealy or glabrous.
Leaves white-mealy; spikes dense, usu-
ally longer than the leaves. 1. C. leptophyllum.
CHENOPODIACEAE. 115
Leaves bright green, very sparsely
mealy; spikes loose, shorter than
the leaves. 2. C. murale.
Leaves glandular-pubescent and heavy
scented. 3. C. amhrosioides.
Perennial; flowers in elongated interrupted
spikes. 4. C. calif ornicum.
Calyx red and fleshy in fruit. 5. C. ruhrum.
\. C. leptophyllum Nutt. Stems erect, 0.5-2 m. high, branches
ascending; leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, narrowed
at the base, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, white-mealy
beneath, dentate or sinuate or the upper entire, 2-6 cm. long; spikes
densely flowered, often panicled; calyx about 1 mm. broad in fruit,
its lobes strongly carinate.
A common weed in waste fields. May-September.
2. C. murale L. Stout, erect, 3-6 dm. high, the lower branches
usually spreading or decumbent; leaves 3-8 cm. long, rhombic-
ovate, broadly cuneate or subtruncate at the base, acute at the
apex, glabrous or slightly mealy when young; spikes panicled,
loosely flowered; calyx enclosing the fruit; seed acutely margined.
Frequent in waste places. Often flowering the year round.
Native of the Old World.
3. C. ambrosioides L. Stem ascending or erect, 0.5-1 m. high,
much branched and leafy, more or less glandular-pubescent, strong-
scented; leaves oblong to lanceolate, obtuse, subacute or acute at
the apex, narrowed to a short petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or
the upper entire, 3-9 cm. long; flower clusters dense, axillary upon
the branches, forming a leafy spike; calyx-lobes appressed; pericarp
deciduous.
Frequent in waste places. Native of Europe.
4. C. californicum Wats. Stout, erect or decumbent at base,
5-8 dm. high, from a thick fusiform root; leaves broadly triangular-
hastate, truncate or cordate at base, 3-9 cm. long, sharply and
unequally sinuate-dentate, dark green, glabrous or slightly mealy
when young; flowers in dense clusters in terminal spikes; calyx
deeply 5-toothed, loosely enveloping the fruit; pericarp persistent;
seed subglobose, about 2 mm. broad.
Frequent in the valleys and foothills. March-May.
5. C. rubrum L. Annual, somewhat fl.eshy and glabrous or
commonly somewhat mealy; stem erect, leafy, 3-7 dm. high, with
strict or ascending branches; leaves thick, 3-5 cm. long, rhombic-
ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, coarsely sinuate-dentate, or the upper
entire, acute or obtuse at apex, narrowed at base to a rather short
petiole; flowers in compound, leafy-bracted axillary and terminal
spikes, often exceeding the leaves; calyx 3-5-parted, its segments
slightly fleshy, reddish, not keeled, obtuse, about as long as the
utricle; stamens 1-2; stigmas short; utricle horizontal, shining,
rather sharp-edged.
Occasional in saline flats and marshes along the coast. August-
November,
116 CHENOPODIACEAE.
4. ROUBIEVA Moq.
A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong scented,
prostrate and diffusely branched, with narrow small
short-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers small,
green, perfect or pistillate, solitary or in small axillary
clusters. Calyx urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, in fruit be-
coming ovoid, strongly reticulated. Stamens 5. Styles
3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, glandular. Em-
bryo a complete ring.
1. R. multifida (L.) Moq. Prostrate or ascending, very leafy,
1-4 dm. long; leaves lanceolate to linear or linear-oblong, deeply
pinnatifid into linear-oblong, acute, entire or toothed lobes; flowers
1-6 in an axil, sessile, scarcely 1 mm. broad, some perfect, some pistil-
late; fruiting calyx 3-nerved and strongly reticulate-veined; utricle
compressed.
Occasionally found in waste places. Pasadena; Compton.
5. MONOLEPIS Schrad.
Low branching annual herbs, with small narrow alter-
nate entire, toothed or lobed leaves and polygamous or
perfect flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx of a
single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamen 1. Styles
2, slender. Utricle flat, the pericarp adherent to the
vertical seed. Embryo nearly a complete ring.
1. M. nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene. Slightly mealy when
young, becoming glabrous or nearly so; stem 8-24 cm. high, with
many ascending branches; leaves lanceolate, short-petioled or the
upper sessile, 1-6 cm. long, narrowed at base, 3-lobed, the middle
lobe linear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times as long
as the ascending lateral ones; sepal oblanceolate or spatulate; utricle
minutely pitted, 1 mm. broad.
Cienega, Davidson.
6. ATRIPLEX L.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby, often scurfy-
canescent or silvery, with alternate petioled or sessile
leaves, or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or
monoecious, small, green, in panicled spikes or in axil-
lary clusters. Staminate flowers bractless, consisting of
a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens.
Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 or more united bract-
lets which enlarge in fruit, their margins entire or toothed,
often crested or winged. Calyx none. Stigmas 2.
Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the fruiting
bractlets. Embryo annular.
CHENOPODIACEAE.
117
A. coulteri.
A. expansa.
Annuals, monoecious.
Herbage white-mealy, succulent; bracts dis-
tinct or nearly so. 1. A. patula.
Herbage whitish-scurfy, not succulent;
bracts more or less united.
Staminate and pistillate flowers inter-
mingled in axillary clusters. 2. A. microcarpa.
Staminate flowers in naked terminal
spikes, the pistillate in axillary
clusters.
Plants erect or bushy, mostly 6-10
dm. high.
Fruiting bracts 2 mm. long. 3.
Fruiting bracts 5-6 mm, broad. 4.
Plants decumbent; bracts 4 mm.
broad. 5. A. watsoni.
Perennials.
Monoecious herbaceous perennials.
Fruiting bracts not red and fleshy.
Fruiting bracts 2 mm. long in fruit,
laciniately toothed; diffuse plants. 6. A. serenana.
Fruiting bracts entire, 3-4 mm. long;
prostrate plants.
Leaves thin, white-mealy; bracts
not united. 7. A. calif ornica.
Leaves thick, densely white-scurfy;
bracts united. 8. A. leucophylla.
Fruiting bracts fleshy and red; plants
prostrate. 9. A. semihaccata.
Dioecious shrubs.
Fruiting bracts without lateral wings. 10. A. hreweri.
Fruiting bracts with 4 conspicuous lateral
wings. 11. A. canescens.
1. A. patula L. Stems stout and succulent, erect, 2-6 dm. high,
with few ascending branches, herbage green, only the growing
parts somewhat mealy; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or coarsely
toothed, sometimes hastate at base; inflorescence more or less leafy
below, the clusters dense in spikes or panicles; bracts rhombic-ovate,
thick and subcoriaceous, 8-12 mm. long, entire or toothed, some-
times muricate.
Frequent in saline places, especially toward the coast.
2, A. microcarpa Dietrich. Mlnutel}^ and somewhat hoary
puberulent, the numerous reddish branches nearly glabrous; stems
15-30 cm. long, spreading and decumbent; leaves oblong or oblong-
ovate, 6-10 mm. long, acute at each end, sessile; flowers in small
axillary clusters, the terminal ones usually more staminate; fruiting
bracts round-obovate, usually less than 2 mm. broad, the roundish
summit narrowly bordered with 3-7 small herbaceous teeth, sides
frequently somewhat muricate or 1-nerved; seed 0.5 mm. broad.
Rather common in saline places toward the coast.
1 1 8 CHENOPODI ACEAE.
3. A. coulteri Dictr. Erect or diffusely branching annual, 3-10
dm. high, woody at base, the branches very slender; leaves oblance-
olatc or lanceolate, 12-25 mm. long, entire, sessile or the lower peti-
oled; fruiting bracts rounded, 2 mm. broad, with a narrow herbaceous
laciniately toothed border reaching nearly to the base, reticulate-
veiny on the sides and smooth or rarely muricate.
Common about San Diego and extending north to Capistrano
and Santa Catalina.
4. A. expansa Wats. Annual, erect, much branched, 5-10 dm.
high, closely and finely mealy-scurfy; leaves 2.5-7 cm. long, broadly
ovate or deltoid-ovate, irregularly and sharply sinuate-toothed, the
lower on stout petioles about 1 cm. long, and strongly 3-nerved from
the base, the upper reduced to sessile more or less cordate floral
bracts, as broad or broader than long; flower clusters more or less
unisexual, those of the lower clusters mostly staminate; fruiting
bracts sessile, clustered in the axils of the leaves, orbicular, mostly
3-nerved, 4 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, usually emarginate at the
apex, the wing sharply toothed and commonly bearing on one face
a few irregular projections or crests.
Occasional in the Ballona Marshes.
5. A. watsoni A. Nelson. Branching from the base, somewhat
woody below, slender, decumbent or sometimes prostrate, densely
hoary-scurfy; leaves mostly opposite, cuneate-rounded at base,
acute or acutish, oblong-ovate, 12-25 mm. long; staminate flowers
in dense clusters in short interrupted terminal spikes; calyx 5-cleft;
fruiting bracts sessile, slightly cordate at base, acute, 4 mm. long
and broad, compressed, united to above the middle, entire or slightly
denticulate; seed nearly 2 mm. long. {A. decumbens Wats.)
Not known to occur within our limits, but found at San Diego.
6. A. serenana A. Nelson. Stems rather stout and more or
less diffuse, 3 dm. or more long; branches smooth and shining, straw-
colored; foliage finely grayish-scurfy; leaves oblong-ovate, acute,
8-18 mm. long, thin, sharply toothed or the smaller entire; flower-
clusters unisexual, the staminate in terminal simple or compound
spikes, the pistillate axillary; fruiting bracts 2 mm. long, the mar-
gins laciniately toothed or dentate, the central tooth lanceolate and
conspicuous. {A. hracteosa Wats.)
Very common throughout our range in saline places.
7. A. califomica Moq. Finely white-mealy; stems slender, leafy,
mostly herbaceous, prostrate or scrambling among low shrubs,
usually much branched and forming a mat; leaves ovate-lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 mm. long, sessile or narrowed to a short
petiole; staminate flowers in terminal spikes, the pistillate in axillary
clusters; fruiting bracts membranous, ovate, acute, entire, loosely
closed over the utricle but not united, 3 mm. long or less.
Occasional in saline places along the coast and on sandy bluffs
overhanging the sea.
8. A. leucophylla Dietrich. Densely whitish-scurfy, stems
stout, 3 dm. long or more, mostly prostrate; leaves thickish, orbicular
or elliptic, 8-16 mm. long, sessile, 3-nerved; staminate clusters in a
CHENOPODIACEAE. 119
dense terminal spike, 1-2 cm. long; pistillate flowers in axillary 2-3-
flowered clusters; fruiting bracts completely united and with a
short terminal wing, globose or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long.
Rather common on the seabeach sands, often more or less buried.
9. A. semibaccata R. Br. Perennial; stems much branched
from the base, prostrate, woody below, branches 3-10 dm. long,
branchlets slender, whitish, leafy throughout; leaves oblong-lance-
olate, tapering at base to a short petiole rounded at apex, 2-4 cm.
long, 15-30 mm. wide, entire or commonly irregularly and remotely
dentate, pale green above, silvery beneath; staminate flowers in
short capitate spikes terminating the branchlets; fruiting bracts
about 3 mm. long, the margins entire or minutely toothed on the
lateral angles, becoming fleshy and reddish when mature.
Becoming well established along roadsides and in waste places.
Wiseburn; Wilmington; Santa Ana. More common about San
Diego and Escondido. Native of Australia and cultivated to some
extent under the name ot Australian salt-bush.
10. A. breweri Wats. Dioecious, stout, 1.5-2 m. high, woody
below, grayish-puberulent; the branches terete, somewhat flexuous;
leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat rhombic-cuneate at the base, obtuse
or abruptly acute, 2.5-5 cm. long; calyx deeply 4-cleft; fruiting
bracts spongy, ovate to rounded, convex, united at the margin to
the middle, entire, 2-3 mm. broad, (A. orbicularis Wats.)
Bluffs along the seashore. Capistrano, Playa del Rey, Santa
Monica and northward.
11. A. canescens (Pursh) James. Erect and shrubby, rather
strict, about 8 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or
linear, 15-45 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, narrowed to the base,
entire; usually dioecious; the flowers in panicled spikes; calyx 5-
cleft; fruiting bracts connate and indurated, not scurfy or muricate,
the wings distinct and broad, veined and entire or toothed, 4-6 mm.
long.
Occasional in the vicinity of San Bernardino and San Diego. A
common species on the desert.
7. SALICORNIA L.
Fleshy glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with oppo-
site terete branches, the leaves reduced to mere opposite
scales at the nodes. The flowers sunken, 3-7 together
in the axils of the upper leaves, forming narrow terminal
spikes, perfect or the lateral staminate. Calyx fleshy,
3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit, de-
ciduous. Stamens 2 or sometimes solitary, exserted.
Styles and stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by the spongy
fruiting calyx; embryo conduplicate.
1. S. ambigua Michx. Perennial by a woody rootstock; stem
decumbent or trailing, 1-6 dm. long, the branches ascending or
120 CHENOPODIACEAE.
erect, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jointed, 7-15 cm. long,
pale green; scales broadly ovate, acute or obtuse; fruiting spikes
1.5-4 cm. long, broad as the branches; flowers about all equally
high and about equaling the joints.
Very common in salt marshes along the coast. May-August.
2. S. subterminalis Parish. Perennial from a tufted ligneous
spreading-prostrate caudex; the herbaceous stems widely spreading
or suberect, crowded or fascicled, 1-3 dm. high, internodes short;
the numerous branchlets slender, both members of each pair often
ascending on the same side ot the main stem, giving it a unilateral
appearance; spikes 1-3 cm. long, of few-several enlarged fertile
bracts (joints broader than long) and usually about as many slender
longer sterile ones; scales acute, becoming divaricate-alate; middle
flower united nearly or quite to the stigmas; fruit glabrous.
Not common within our limits. Capistrano; Mesmer. Easily
distinguished from 5. amhigua by its much greener slender and
numerous branchlets. Common about San Diego.
8. DONDIA Adans.
Fleshy annual or perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutes-
cent, with alternate narrowly linear thick or nearly
terete entire leaves and perfect or polygamous bracteo-
late flowers solitary or clustered in the upper axils.
Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments sometimes keeled
or slightly winged in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Sta-
mens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Seed vertical or hori-
zontal; embryo coiled into a flat spiral.
Suffrutescent perennials.
Herbage glabrous; perianth cleft to the base. 1. D. moquini.
Herbage more or less pubescent; perianth cleft
to the middle.
Seeds less than 1 mm. broad. 2. D. muUifiora.
Seeds nearly 2 mm. broad. 3. D. californica.
Annual. 4. D. diffusa.
1. D. moquini (Torr.) Nelson. Erect branched, rather bushy,
usually about 6 dm. high, somewhat woody at base, branches leafy,
smooth or somewhat tomentose; leaves linear, subterete, narrow at
base, 12-18 mm. long, acute, the floral similar; clusters mostly 7-
flowered; perianth deeply cleft, incurved or slightly cucullate; seed
vertical, 1.5 mm. broad, dark brown, finely tuberculate. {Suaeda
torreyana Wats.)
Common in saline places. July-September.
2. D. multiflora (Torr.) Heller. Somewhat shrubby, 6-10 dm.
high, with slender diffuse or divaricate leafy branches, more or less
tomentose; leaves numerous, small, 1 cm. long or less, oblong, narrow
at base, obtuse or acute; flowers solitary or clustered, shortly lobed,
small; seed mostly vertical, less than 1 mm. broad, obscurely tubercu-
late. (Suaeda suffrutescens Wats.)
In saline places in the interior and occasional along the coast.
AMARANTHACEAE. 121
3. D. calif omica (Wats.) Heller. Glabrous or pubescent; stems
woody at base, about 2 dm. high; branches decumbent, 6-12 dm.
long, woody below, bearing ascending or erect, very leafy branchlets
15-30 cm. long; leaves broadly linear, acute, 10-14 mm. long;
flowers 4 mm. broad, 1-3 in the axils; perianth deeply cleft; seed
vertical, nearly 2 mm. broad, faintly reticulated. (S. californica
Wats.)
Frequent in saline places along the coast.
4. D. depressa (Pursh) Britton. Annual, branched from the
base and usually above, 2-5 dm. high; branches decumbent or ascend-
ing, usually very leafy; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 cm. long, broadest
at or near the base, the upper often narrowly lanceolate; sepals
acute, 1 or more of them strongly keeled in fruit; seed about 1 mm.
broad, dull, minutely reticulated.
Frequent in low alkaline places toward the coast. Hyde Park;
Mesmer.
9. SALSOLA L.
Annual or perennial much-branched herbs, with
prickly-pointed leaves and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate
flowers, solitary in the axils or sometimes several to-
gether. Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged by a
broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit and enclos-
ing the utricle. Stamens 5. Ovary depressed; styles 2.
Utricle flattened, its seed horizontal; embryo coiled into
a conic spiral.
1. S. tragus L. Annual, more or less scabrous-pubescent, bushy-
branched, the branches slender, 2-6 dm, high; leaves and outer
bracts usually red at maturity, the former not noticeably swollen at
base, linear, somewhat fleshy; calyx membranous, conspicuously
veiny, its wings longer than the ascending lobe.
Occasional along roadsides. Commonly called Russian thistle.
Family 26. AMARANTHACEAE.
Amaranth Family.
Ours herbs with alternate or opposite, simple mostly
entire leaves. Flowers small, usually green, perfect or
unisexual, bracteolate, variously clustered, usually in
terminal spikes or axillary heads. Calyx herbaceous
or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct or
more or less united. Corolla none. Stamens 1-5,
mostly opposite the calyx-lobes, hypogynous; anthers
1-2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2-3 stigmas.
122 AM ARANTHACEAE.
Fruit a utricle, circumscissile or bursting irregularly.
Embryo annular; endosperm mealy, usually copious.
Leaves alternate; flowers unisexual. 1. Amaranthus.
Leaves opposite; flowers perfect. 2. Alternanthera.
L AMARANTHUS L. Amaranth.
Ours annual weeds, with alternate petioled undulate
or crisped leaves, and polygamous or monoecious small
green or purplish flowers, in dense spikes or axillary
clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Fruit indehiscent or circum-
scissile, beaked by the persistent style.
Utricle circumscissle, the top lifting off like a lid.
Stamens 5; herbage roughish pubescent. L A. retroflexus.
Stamens 3; herbage glabrous.
Stems erect, bushy-branched; sepals 3. 2. A. graecizans.
Stems prostrate; sepals 4-5. 3. A. hlitoides.
Utricle fleshy, indehiscent. 4. A. deflexus.
1. A. retroflexus L. Stems stout, erect, with a few erect or
ascending branches from the base, 3-10 dm. high; herbage rather
deep green often somewhat reddish, roughish-puberulent; leaves
rhombic-ovate, ovate or the upper lanceolate, on slender petioles,
2-6 cm. long or sometimes longer; flowers green, densely clustered
in terminal and axillary spikes, which are sessile, stout, ovoid-
cylindric, erect or ascending, 2-4 cm. long, 8-14 mm. broad; bracts
lanceolate-subulate, scarious except the carinate midrib, 3-6 mm,
long; sepals 5, scarious, oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, 2 mm. long
or less; stamens 5; utricle black and shining, circumscissile, about
1 mm. broad.
Frequent in uncultivated orchards and gardens. Native of
Europe.
2. A. graecizans L. Stems erect, bushy-branched, glabrous,
whitish, 2-6 dm. high; leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate, 2-4 cm.
long, slender petioled; flowers polygamous, in small axillary clusters;
bracts subulate, pungent-pointed, much longer than the 3 mem-
branous sepals; stamens 3; utricle slightly rugose, longer than the
sepals; seeds about 0.7 mm. broad. (A. albus L.)
Rather common summer weed in cultivated fields. Native of
Europe.
3. A. blitoides Wats. Stems somewhat succulent, prostrate,
3-6 dm. long, whitish; leaves glabrous, deep green, shining; flowers
in small axillary few-flowered spikelets; bracts ovate-oblong, shortly
acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; sepals 4-5, 1.5-2 mm. long, oblong, obtuse
and mucronulate or acute; stamens 3; utricle smooth, circumscissile;
seed 1.5 mm. broad.
Moist soil at Santa Monica, Davidson. Common about Rialto.
BATIDACEAE. 123
4. A. deflexus L. Glabrous, purplish-green, somewhat succu-
lent; stem usually much branched, erect, stout or slender, 3-9 dm.
high; leaves ovate to oval, obtuse to emarginate at apex, mostly
narrowed at the base, 3-7 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide; petioles slender,
often as long as the blades or the lower longer; flowers polygamous,
in dense mostly short and thick terminal spikes and capitate in the
axils; bracts shorter than the 2-3 oblong or spatulate sepals; utricle
fleshy, 3-5-nerved, smooth, indehiscent, rather shorter than the
Redondo, Greata. A ballast plant introduced from tropical
America.
2. ALTERNANTHERA Forsk.
Annual or perennial branching herbs, with opposite
(at least the lower) entire leaves and perfect or dioecious
flowers, in panicles or heads, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Sta-
mens 5, united into a short cup at base; sterile fila-
ments minute, tooth-like; anthers 1 -celled. Style short;
stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Seed vertical, lenticular.
1. A. achyrantha R. Br. Stem prostrate, pubescent; 1-3 dm,
long; leaves smoothish, oval or obovate, narrowed into a petiole;
heads mostly axillary, solitary or clustered, dense, oval, white; sepals
lanceolate, spine-pointed, woolly with barbed hairs on the back, the
2 inner ones much smaller; sterile filaments subulate, equaling the
fertile ones.
Streets of Los Angeles, Davidson. Native of tropical America.
Family 27. BATIDACEAE. Batis Family.
A low maritime shrub, with opposite entire exstipu-
late leaves and dioecious bracteate flowers, in axillary
sessile ament-like spikes. Staminate flowers distinct.
Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate,
clawed. Pistillate flowers 8-12, united into a fleshy
spike, without perianth. Ovaries coherent, 4-celled,
becoming a fleshy, ovoid-conical fruit; stigma sessile,
capitate. Seeds 1 in each cell, erect, oblong; testa mem-
branous; embryo slightly curved, caulicle inferior; endo-
sperm none. Represented by a single monotypic genus.
1. BATIS L.
Characters of the family.
1. B. maritima L, Glabrous, stems branched, prostrate, 9-14
dm. long, the short flowering branches erect; leaves linear to ovate-
124 NYCTAGINACEAE.
oblong, 2.5 cm. long, narrowed to the base; spikes solitary in the
axils along the branches; the staminate 4-8 mm. long; the pistillate
2 mm. long, becoming 10-15 mm. long in fruit; bracts entire, obtuse
or acute, in vertical rows, persistent, those of the pistillate decidu-
ous; petals white; stamens 2 mm. long, exserted.
San Pedro and Redondo to San Diego.
Family 28. PHYTOLACCACEAE.
PoKEWEED Family.
Ours perennial herbs with alternate entire leaves and
perfect racemose flowers. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the
bud. Petals wanting. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous,
with subulate or filiform filaments; anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 10-celled;
ovules solitary, amphitropous ; styles 10; stigmas linear
or filiform. Fruit a berry. Seeds compressed; embryo
annular; endosperm mealy.
1. PHYTOLACCA L.
With the characters of the family.
1. P. decandra L. Stems branching from a perennial root,
1.5-3 dm. high, glabrous, strong smelling and succulent; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both
ends, 1-3 dm. long; petioles 2-8 cm. long; racemes formed at the
base of the branches, becoming opposite the leaf, peduncled, 5-20
cm. long; pedicels divergent, with a subulate-lanceolate bract at
base and usually with 2 similar ones above; calyx white, 4-6 mm.
long; sepals orbicular; ovary subglobose; style recurved; berry dark
purple, 10-12 mm. in diameter.
Santa Monica, according to Davidson.
Family 29. NYCTAGINACEAE.
Four-o'clock Family.
Ours herbs with fragile stems and tumid joints, and
entire petiolate exstipulate mostly opposite leaves.
Flowers perfect, with a calyx-like involucre. Petals
wanting. Calyx corolla-like, campanulate or salver-
shaped, 4-5-lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypo-
gynous; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by
NYCTAGINACEAE. 125
lateral slits. Ovary superior, enclosed by the tube of
the persistent calyx, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style short or
elongated; stigma capitate. Fruit consisting of the
hardened base of the calyx, often costate or winged,
enclosing the free achene.
Calyx funnelform or campanulate; fruit slightly
ribbed. 1. Mirabilis.
Calyx salver-shaped; fruit winged. 2. Abronia.
1. MIRABILIS L. Four-o'clock.
Perennial herbs, somewhat woody toward the base,
with opposite leaves and axillary solitary or paniculate
peduncles. Involucre calyx-like, 5-cleft or 5-parted,
herbaceous unchanged in fruit, bearing 1-12 flowers.
Calyx tubular or narrowly campanulate, with somewhat
spreading lobes. Stamens 5, equaling the calyx; fila-
ments united at the base. Fruit globose to ovate-oblong,
smooth or slightly ribbed or angled.
1. M. froebellii Greene. Wats. Stems stout, spreading,
0.5-1 m. long; herbage roughish pubescent throughout; leaves
rather thin, 3-7 cm. long, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, sometimes slightly cordate, decurrent on the slender
2-4 cm. long petioles; involucre about 20-25 mm. long, 5-cleft to
about the middle, the lobes acute; flowers usually 6, broadly funnel-
form, 3-5 cm. long, rose color to purple, the tube greenish, acutely
5-lobed; stamens 5, equaling the calyx, shorter than the filiform style;
fruit ovate-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, with 10 shallow furrows near the
base and with as many intermediate dark lines. (M. muUifiora
pubescens Wats.)
Southern Sierra Nevada to San Diego County, chiefly on the desert
slopes, Manzana, Davidson, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca Mountains.
2. M. calif omica Gray. Stems ascending or spreading from a
somewhat woody base, 3-6 dm. long; herbage viscid-pubescent;
leaves rather thick, 1-3 cm. long, broadly ovate to cordate, obtuse
or acute; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. long; involucre about 6 mm. long,
acutely 5-cleft to near the middle; calyx narrowly campanulate,
10 mm. long, the lobes spreading, emarginate; stamens equaling the
calyx and nearly equaling the style; fruit ovate, smooth, 3 mm. long.
Common in the foothills throughout our range. March-June.
2. ABRONIA Juss. Sand-verbena.
Ours perennial herbs, often prostrate and more or less
viscid-pubescent, with thick opposite unequal leaves.
Involucres of 5-15 somewhat scarious leaflets, enclosing
126 AIZOACEAE.
numerous sessile showy and fragrant flowers. Calyx
salver-shaped, the lobes usually 5, obcordate or emargi-
nate. Stamens usually 5, unequal, adnate to the calyx-
tube and included. Style included; stigma linear-
clavate. Fruit indurated, 3-5-winged; achene smooth,
cylindric. Embryo with only 1 cotyledon.
1. A. umbellata Lam. Stems slender, prostrate and widely
branching, 3-10 dm. long, viscid-puberulent; leaves nearly glabrous,
broadly obovate to oblong, the margin rarely sinuate, 2-4 cm.
long, narrowed to a slender petiole of equal length or longer; pe-
duncles 5-10 cm. long; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, 4-6
mm. long, enclosing 10-15 flowers, forming an umbel-like head;
calyx rose-purple, rarely whitish, 12-16 mm. long, lobes 5, emargi-
nate; fruit oblong, attenuate at each end, 8-10 mm. long, glabrous;
wings thin, broadest above and often truncate.
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore.
2. A. maritima Nutt. Stems stout, the lower portion usually
buried in the drifting sand, prostrate, succulent and viscid; leaves
thick, broadly ovate to oblong, cuneate or rounded at base, 3-5 cm.
long, vertical on stout petioles of about the same length; peduncles
slightly exceeding the leaves; involucral bracts short, ovate-oblong,
enclosing 10-15 flowers, forming a narrow head; calyx 1 cm. long,
deep red; fruit viscid-pubescent; wings rather thick.
Common on the beach sands along the seashore.
Family 30. AIZOACEAE. Carpet-weed Family.
Ours herbs, very succulent, except Mollugo, with oppo-
site or verticillate leaves. Calyx 5-lobed, herbaceous or
petaloid, the tube adnate or free from the ovary. Petals
numerous or wanting. Stamens 3-many, with slender
filaments inserted on the calyx-tube. Styles 3-20.
Fruit a capsule, 3-20-celled, dehiscence various. Seeds
numerous, minute; embryo annular; endosperm scanty
or copious.
Ovary free from the calyx; petals none.
Sepals 5; capsule 3-valved; leaves not
succulent. 1. Mollugo.
Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid; capsule cir-
cumscissile; leaves succulent. 2. Sesuvium.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; petals
and stamens numerous. 3. Mesembryanthemum.
AIZOACEAE. 127
1. MOLLUGO L. Carpet-weed.
Annuals, ours prostrate, glabrous, much-branched,
with vertlclllate stipulate leaves. Stipules scarious,
membranous, deciduous. Flowers axillary on long
slender pedicels. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; sepals
scarious-margined. Petals none. Stamens 3-5. Ov-
ary ovoid or globose, 3-celled. Capsule 3-celled, 3-
valved, loculicidally dehiscent.
1. M. verticillata L. Stem much branched, prostrate, 10-20
cm. long, glabrous, not succulent; leaves in whorls of 5's or 6's,
spatulate to linear-lanceolate, entire, obtuse, 10-25 mm. long, nar-
rowed to a short petiole; flowers 1.5-2 mm. broad; sepals oblong,
slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule; capsule roughened by the
projecting seeds; seeds minute, smooth and shining or slightly
granular.
Growing in damp places near borders of pools. Garvanza,
Davidson; Laguna, Orange County.
2. SESUVIUM L. Sea Purslane.
Stems prostrate or decumbent, fleshy with opposite
exstipulate leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils, sessile
or on short stout pedicels. Calyx-tube turbinate, free
from the ovary, the lobes 5, often purplish within, oblong,
obtuse. Petals none. Stamens 5-many; filaments
united at the base into sets. Ovary 3-5-celled, with as
many styles. Capsule membranous, ovate-oblong, clr-
cumscissile at the middle. Seeds many, minute, smooth.
1. S. sessile Pers, Stems prostrate, much branched, 1-3 dm.
long or more; leaves broadly spatulate or linear, 1-4 cm. long;
flowers sessile or nearly so, 6-10 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
scarious-margined, 6 mm. long; filaments united below the middle,
red.
Occasional in low saline places. June-September.
3. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM L. Ice-plant.
Ours very fleshy maritime herbs, with opposite exstipu-
late leaves. Flowers large and showy, terminal and
In the forks of the branches. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, the lobes 5, unequal, herbaceous. Petals numer-
ous, linear. Stamens very numerous, w^ith slender fila-
ments, inserted with the petals on the tube of the calyx.
Capsule 4-20-celled, with as many styles, dehiscing at
the depressed summit by stellate valves. Seeds minute,
many.
128
PORTULACACEAE.
Herbage smooth ; leaves opposite; perennial
Herbage covered with shining vescicles;
leaves alternate: annuals.
Leaves flat, ovate to spatulate.
Leaves semiterete, linear.
1. M. aequilaterale.
2. M.
3. M.
crystallinum.
nodiflorum.
L M. aequilaterale Haw. Stems prostrate, often forming ex-
tensive mats; leaves 3-angled, 4-6 cm. long, smooth; flowers solitary,
sessile or nearly so, about 3 cm, broad; calyx-tube turbinate, 2-4
cm. long; the larger foliaceous lobes nearly as long; petals red; styles
6-10.
Common along the seashore.
2. M. crystallinum L. Annual or biennial, prostrate and widely
branching, the herbage covered with white glistening papillae;
leaves flat, fleshy, clasping, broadly ovate or spatulate, undulate;
flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so, white or pink; calyx-tube cam-
panulate, 6-10 mm. long, lobes ovate, retuse or acute; stigmas 5.
Common in low saline places near the coast. May-June.
3. M. nodiflonim Haw. A prostrate branching annual with
rather slender terete leaves; flowers white or whitish, small, about
1 cm. broad.
Not known within our limits, but occurring on Catalina Island
and along the shore of the mainland from near Capistrano south.
Abundant about San Diego.
Family 31. PORTULACACEAE.
Purslane Family.
Herbs, generally fleshy or succulent, with alternate or
opposite leaves and regular but unsymmetrical perfect
flowers. Sepals commonly 2. Petals 4 or 5, rarely
more, hypogynous, equal in number to the petals and
opposite them or fewer; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary 1 -celled; styles 2-3-cleft or divided;
ovules 2-many, amphitropous. Capsule membranous or
crustaceous, circumscissile or 3-valved. Seeds 2-many,
reniform-globose or compressed; embryo curved; endo-
sperm farinaceous.
Sepals 2, distinct, free from the ovary, per-
sistent; ovary 3-valved.
Styles 2-cleft; sepals unequal, hyaline. 2. Calyptridium.
Styles 3-cleft; sepals equal, herbaceous.
Stamens more than 5; seeds many, smooth. 1. Calandrinia.
Stamens usually 3; seeds few, tuberculate. 3. Montia.
Sepals 2, united at the base, adnate to the ovary;
ovary circumscissile. 4. Portulaca.
PORTULACACEAE. 129
1. CALANDRINIA H. B. K.
Low succulent herbs with alternate or radical leaves,
and purplish flowers in bracteolate racemes. Sepals 2,
green and persistent. Petals mostly 5. Stamens 5-15
or sometimes only 3. Ovary free, many-ovuled, style
3-cleft, short. Capsule ovoid, membranous, 3-valved.
Seeds smooth or minutely tuberculate.
1. C. caulescens menziesii (Hook.) Gray. Stems decumbent
or ascending, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 10-30 cm. long, leafy;
leaves linear to oblanceolate, the lower petioled, 3-6 cm. long;
flowers scattered along the branches; sepals ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, carinate, the keel and margins entire or sparsely ciliolate; petals
broadly obovate, 5-15 mm. long, rose-red or rarely white; seeds
black and shining. (C menziesii (Hook.) T. & G. ; C. elegans
Spach.)
Common on the mesas, especially in the coast region. February-
May.
2. C. maritima Nutt. Stems glaucous, depressed, 6-10 cm.
long; leaves mostly rosulate at the base, obovate to obovate-spatu-
late, the upper bract-like; flowers in a loose naked cyme; calyx
ovate, acute, about 3 mm. long; petals 5-6 mm. long, rose-purple;
capsule ovoid, 4 mm. long, acutish; seeds dull grayish.
Along the seashore at Santa Monica; Davidson.
2. CALYPTRIDIUM Nutt.
Glabrous and rather succulent herbs, branching from
the base, the branches prostrate or ascending. Flowers
small, ephemeral, solitary or clustered in scorpioid spikes.
Sepals 2, broadly ovate or cordate-orbicular, scarious,
persistent. Petals 2-4. Stamens 1-3. Style bifid.
Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved, 6-12-seeded.
1. C. monandrum Nutt. Stems prostrate, much branched, 2-8
cm. long; leaves spatulate, about equaling the branches, mostly
radical, the cauline similar but usually smaller; sepals 2, narrowly
scarious margined, 1.5 mm. long; petals 2-3, about equaling the
sepals; stamens 1, shorter than the petals; filaments subulate; style
short, shortly 2-lobed or entire; capsule linear, becoming much
exserted, bearing the withered petals at the apex; seeds 5-10.
Frequent on sand-dunes along the seashore and occasional in
the foothill region. March-May.
3. MONTIA L. Miner's Lettuce.
Low glabrous and succulent herbs with delicate pale
rose-colored or white flowers in loose axillary or terminal,
simple or compound racemes. Sepals 2, rarely 3, per-
10
130 CARYOPH YLLACEAE.
sistent. Petals usually 5, rarely 3 or wanting, more
or less united at base, usually slightly unequal. Stamens
3-5, inserted on the corolla opposite the lobes. Ovary
3-ovuled. Capsule 3-valyed, 3-seeded.
1. M. perfoliata (Donn) Howell. Scapose stems 10-30 cm. high;
leaves long petioled, oblanceolate to ovate or deltoid; involucral
bracts completely joined, forming a perfoliate disk; flowers in short
or rather long peduncled racemes; sepals ovate, 2-3 mm. long; petals
3-5 mm, long, white or rose color; seeds lenticular, black and shin-
ing, minutely granular. {Claytonia perfoliata Donn.)
Common in moist shady places below 4000 feet altitude. Febru-
ary-May.
2. M. spathulata (Dougl.) Howell. Low and rather dense, 3-
10 cm. high; -radical leaves linear or spatulate-linear, little exceeded
by the flowering stems; cauline leaves from spatulate-ovate to
lanceolate, almost distinct or connate upon one side into an ob-
cordate or 2-lobed involucre; inflorescence 1-2 cm. long; flowers
small; petals 2-4 mm, long; seeds black, shining, granulated. ( Clay-
tonia spathulata Dougl.)
Kings Canyon, Davidson. May.
4. PORTULACA L. Purslane.
Low succulent prostrate or ascending herbs with alter-
nate or opposite leaves and scarious or setaceous stipules.
Flowers axillary or terminal, ephemeral, (ours) yellow.
Sepals 2, coherent at the base into a tube and adnate to
the base of the ovary, the free upper portion at length
deciduous. Petals 4-6. Stamens 4-20, perigynous with
the petals. Style 1, deeply 3-8-cleft. Capsule circum-
scissile near the middle, many-seeded.
1. P. oleracea L. Stems prostrate, 1-5 dm. long; leaves fleshy,
glabrous, obovate to spatulate, rounded at the apex; flowers sessile,
axillary; stipules minute; sepals acute, carinate; petals yellow, 2-4
mm. long; stigmas 5; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds dull black, finely
tuberculate.
Cultivated grounds and waste places. May-August.
Family 32. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely lignescent at base,
with nodose stems and opposite entire leaves. Flowers
regular, perfect or rarely unisexual by abortion. Sepals
4-5, united into a tube or distinct. Petals as many (or
none), often emarginate- toothed or deeply bifid. Sta-
CARYOPH YLLACEAE. 1 3 1
mens usually as many as petals and alternating with
them; filaments sometimes slightly cohering at the base,
anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, free or united below;
ovary free, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-5-celled at the base;
placenta axial ; ovules usually numerous. Fruit a many-
seeded capsule, opening by 2-5 entire or bifid valves, or
1 -seeded and indehiscent. Embryo straight or curved;
endosperm present.
Ovary several-many-seeded, becoming a capsule.
Sepals united.
L
SiLENE.
Sepals distinct.
Stipules none.
Styles 3-4.
Petals divided nearly to the base.
2.
Alsine.
Petals entire.
5.
Arenaria.
Styles 5.
Petals retuse or bifid.
3.
Cerastium.
Petals entire or slightly emarginate.
4.
Sagina.
Stipules present.
Leaves not cuspidate.
Petals rather large or rarely none;
styles distinct.
Leaves whorled.
6.
Spergula.
Leaves opposite.
7.
TiSSA.
Petals minute; styles united below.
8.
POLYCARPON.
Leaves cuspidate.
9.
Loeflingia.
Ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a utricle.
10.
Pentacaena.
1. SILENE L. Catch-fly.
Annual or perennial herbs with clustered or solitary
stems and bright red or usually white flowers. Calyx
more or less inflated, tubular, ovoid or campanulate,
5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-many-nerved. Petals 5, narrow,
clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4-5; ovary 1-
celled or incompletely 2-4-celled. Capsule dehiscent
by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth. Seeds usually spiny or
tubercled.
Calyx 18-20-ribbed. 1. S. muUinerva.
Calyx 10-nerved.
Annuals.
Glandular-hirsute throughout. 2. S. anglica.
Upper internodes with a viscid belt, other-
wise glabrous. 3. S. antirrhina.
132 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
Perennials, glandular pubescent.
Petals 4- (or more) cleft.
vScarlet. 4. S. laciniata.
Yellowish white. 5. S. parishii.
Petals 2-clcft, pinkish. 6. 5. verecunda.
1. S. multinerva Wats. Annual, erect, 25-35 cm. high, pubes-
cent throughout and somewhat viscid-glandular above; leaves nar-
rowly oblong or linear, acute; inflorescence cymose with unequal
branches; calyx ovate in fruit, contracted above, 10 mm. long, 18-
23-ribbed; petals small, not exceeding the subulate calyx-teeth,
purplish, unappendaged; capsule narrowly ovate.
Occasional about Santa Monica, Hasse.
2. S. anglica L. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branched,
25-40 cm. high, hirsute with spreading hairs, leaves spatulate-obo-
vate, hirsute on both sides, 2-4 cm. long; racemes terminal, 1-sided;
flowers on pedicels 2-4 cm. long; calyx villous-hirsute, slender,
becoming ovoid in fruit; petals little exceeding the calyx, their
blades obovate, somewhat bifid, toothed or entire. (S. gallica L.)
A common introduced plant of fields and roadsides. Native of
Europe. March-May.
3. S. antirrhina L. Stems erect, slender, sparingly branched,
the middle of the upper internodes with a viscid belt, otherwise
glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, 2-3 cm. long, usually
acute; inflorescence paniculate; pedicels filiform, 1-3.5 cm. long;
calyx glabrous, bright green, ovoid in fruit, 8 mm. long; petals
small, pink, or white, emarginate or bifid; ovary nearly sessile.
Frequent in the foothills. April.
4. S. laciniata Cav. Finely pubescent, glandular above; stems
usually much branched and widely spreading, erect or decumbent,
3-10 dm. long; leaves lanceolate-linear, scabrous, ciliolate, narrowed
to a sessile base; calyx subcylindric or clavate, 15-20 mm. long;
petals bright scarlet, 4-cleft, much exceeding the calyx; capsule
oblong, usually exserted at maturity.
Common in the chaparral belt. May-August.
5. S. parishii Wats. Stems several, decumbent, 8-12 cm. long;
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, 2-4 cm. long, grayish pubescent
and glandular; flowers aggregated at the ends of the branches;
calyx 25 mm. long, its teeth subulate; petals scarcely exserted, cleft
in 4 or more filiform lobes.
San Antonio Mountains, Johnston, also in the San Bernardino
and San Jacinto Mountains.
6. S. verecunda Wats. Finely hoary pubescent, glandular-viscid
above; stems several, usually erect, 20-40 cm. high, leafy below;
leaves narrowly lanceolate, oblanceolate or spatulate to linear,
acute, 3-5 cm. long; flowers terminal on the short branches or borne
in 3-flowered lateral cymes; calyx in fruit clavate or obovate; petals
rose color, blades shorter than the pubescent claws, 2-cIeft, ap-
pendages oblong or lanceolate, obtuse and often toothed at the
apex; capsule ovoid, stipitate.
Common in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains in
the coniferous belt; also summit of Santiago Peak, Santa Ana
Mountains.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 133
2. ALSINE L.
Tufted annuals, diffuse with cymose white flowers.
Sepals usually 5. Petals 5, 2-cleft or 2-parted, rarely
none. Stamens 10 or less, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled,
several-many-ovuled. Styles commonly 3, rarely 4-5,
usually opposite the sepals. Capsule globose to oblong,
dehiscent by twdce as many valves as styles. Seeds
smooth or roughened.
1. A. media L. Weak and decumbent or ascending, 10-40 cm.
long, glabrous except a line of hairs along the stem and branches;
leaves ovate or oval, 1-3 cm. long, the upper sessile, the lower
petioled; flowers 4-8 mm. broad, in terminal leafy cymes or axillary;
pedicels slender; sepals oblong, mostly acute, longer than the 2-
parted petals; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx; seeds rough.
{Stellaria media C^^ill.)
Common in shady places. February-April.
2. A. nitens (Nutt.) Greene. Very slender, erect annual; stems
filiform, several times forked, pubescent below; leaves mostly basal,
the lowest ovate, acute, about 4 mm, long, on slender petioles ot
about the same length, the upper sessile, lance-linear, acute, 6-10
mm. long; sepals very acute, scarious-m.argined, 1-3-nerved; petals
half as long as the sepals or wanting; capsule oblong, about equaling
the sepals. ( Stellaria nitens Nutt.)
Common in the foothills in somewhat shady places. March-
May.
3. CERASTIUM L. Chickweed.
Annual or perennial, pubescent or hirsute herbs, with
terminal dichotomous cymes of white flowers. Sepals 5,
rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or
bifid, rarely wanting. Stamens 10, rarely fewer.- Styles
equal in number to the sepals and opposite them, or
fewer. Capsule cylindric, 1-celled, many-ovuled, often
curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8 apical teeth. Seeds
rough.
1. C. viscosum L. Annual, tufted; stems ascending or spreading,
densely viscid-pubescent, 10-30 cm. long; leaves ovate or obovate,
or the lower spatulate, 8-25 mm. long, obtuse; bracts small, herba-
ceous; flowers 4-6 mm. broad, in glomerate cymes, becoming panicu-
late in fruit; pedicels shorter than or equahng the acute sepals;
petals shorter than the sepals, bifid.
Frequent in waste places.
2. C. vulgatum L. Biennial or perennial, viscid-pubescent,
tufted, erect or ascending, 15-45 cm. long; lower leaves spatulate-
oblong, obtuse; upper leaves oblong, 12-25 mm. long, acute or
obtuse; bracts scarious-margined; inflorescence cymose, loose, the
134 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
pedicels at length much longer than the calyx; sepals obtuse or
acute; i^etals exceeding the sepals, 4-6 mm. long, 2-cleft; capsule
usually curved upward. (C. trivale Link.)
Frequent in lawns.
4. SAGINA L.
Low tufted annual or perennial herbs, with subulate
leaves and small pedicelled whitish flowers. Sepals 4-5.
Petals of the same number, entire, emarglnate or none.
Stamens of the same number or twice as many or some-
times fewer. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate
with them. Capsule 4-5-valved, at length dehiscent to
the base, the valves opposite the sepals.
1. S. occidentalis Wats. Very slender glabrous annual, with
several decumbent or ascending stems, these 5-15 cm. long; leaves
nearly filiform but flattened above; pedicels exceeding the leaves,
14-25 mm. long; flowers 5-merous, 4-5 mm. broad; capsule 3.5 mm.
long.
Occasional in the Santa Monica Mountains and the Verdugo
Hills.
5. ARENARIA L.
Annual or perennial herbs, with sessile leaves and
terminal cymose or capitate, rarely axillary and solitary
white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire or scarcely
emarglnate, rarely none. Stamens 10. Styles usually
3, rarely 2-5. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule
globose or oblong, dehiscent at the apex by as many
valves or teeth as there are styles, or twice as many.
Seeds renlform-globose or compressed.
Valves of the capsule 2-cleft. 1. A.fendleri.
Valves of the capsule entire.
Annual. 2. A. douglasii.
Perennial. 3. A. paludicola.
1. A. fendleri Gray. Stems numerous from a thick perennial
root, glaucous, glandular-pubescent above, erect, leafy, 10-35 cm.
high; basal leaves gramineous, setaceous, ciliolate or smooth, 5-10
cm. long, somewhat pungent; cauline becoming reduced, connate
and sheathing at the base; inflorescence dichotomous, few-many-
flowered; sepals lanceolate, alternate, glandular, 4-6 mm. long;
petals white or pale yellow, obovate, slightly exceeding the sepals;
capsule 3-4 mm. long.
Los Angeles, Nevin.
2. A. douglasii Fenzl. Annual, glabrous or sparsely glandular-
pubescent and somewhat viscid; stems much branched, 5-30 cm,
high; leaves filiform; peduncles filiform; flowers numerous, 8-10 mm.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 135
broad; sepals ovate, thin-margined, obscurely or rather distinctly
ribbed; petals obovate, slightly exceeding the calyx; capsule sub-
globose, somewhat exceeding the sepals; seeds about 1.5 mm. broad,
reniform, broadly margined, smooth or with fine radiating striae.
Frequent in the foothill region, in open stony places. March-
May.
3. A. paludicola Robinson. Perennial, glabrous and flaccid,
stems several, subsimple, procumbent, rooting at the lower joints,
leafy throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 2-3 cm. long,
somewhat connate, margins slightly scarious; peduncles solitary
in the axils, 2-5 cm. long, spreading or recurved; sepals nerveless,
acutish, 3-4 mm. long; petals obovate, 6-8 mm. long. (A. palustris
Wats.)
Growing in marshy ground, near Los Angeles, Davidson.
6. SPERGULA L. Corn Spurry.
Annual branched herbs, with subulate stipulate leaves,
much fascicled in the axils. Flowers white, in terminal
cymes. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles
3, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the
valves opposite the sepals. Seeds compressed, acutely
margined or winged.
1. S. arvensis L. Slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent,
branching from the base, erect or ascending, 15-45 cm. high; leaves
narrowly linear or subulate, 2.5-5 cm. long, clustered at the nodes,
appearing verticillate; stipules minute, connate; flowers 4-6 mm.
broad, numerous, in loose terminal cymes; pedicels slender, divaricate;
sepals ovate, 3-4 mm. long, slightly longer than the petals; stamens
10 or 5; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx.
Occasional about Los Angeles and Pasadena. Native of Europe.
March-April.
7. TISSA Adans.
Low annual or perennial herbs, with fleshy linear or
setaceous leaves, and small pink or whitish flow^ers in
terminal racemose, bracted or leafy cymes. Stipules
scarious, usually conspicuous. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fewer
or none, entire. Stamens 2-10. Ovary 1-celled, many-
ovuled; styles 3. Capsule 3-valved to the base. Seeds
reniform-globose or compressed, smooth, winged or
tuberculate. (Btcda Adans.; Spergularia Pursh.)
Annuals with fibrous roots.
Stems stout, somewhat fleshy; stamens 10. 1. T. marina.
Stems slender; stamens 2-5.
Flowers subsessile. 2. T. tenuis.
Flowers pedicellate. 3. T. gracilis.
Perennial with a thick fleshy root. 4. T. macrotheca.
136 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
1. T. marina (L.) Britton. Stout, erect or ascending, more or
less glandular-pubescent, 3 dm. high or less; leaves fleshy, 2-4 cm.
long, linear, clustered in the axils; petals rose color; stamens 10;
mature capsule 5-8 mm. long; seeds smooth or somewhat roughened,
sometimes margined.
Common in salt marshes toward the coast.
2. T. tenuis Greene. Slender, diffusely branching, forming
depressed mats about 3 dm. broad, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
narrowly linear, 2.5 cm. long; stipules inconspicuous; flowers minute,
numerous, cymosely crowded on all but the lower parts of the
branches, subsessile; sepals obtuse, less than 2 mm. long; petals
wanting; stamens 2; styles 3; capsule 3-sided, 6-8 mm. long; seeds
numerous, minute, reddish-brown, smooth, wingless.
Santa Monica, Nevin.
3. T. gracilis (Wats.) Britton. Much resembling the last, but
the flowers on pedicels 2-4 mm. long; capsule 2 mm. long; seeds
triangular-pyriform, strongly rough-tuberculate.
Occasional on the mesas in low adobe soil; Wilmington; Ingle-
wood. March-April.
4. T. macrotheca (Hornem.) Britton. Perennial, from a fleshy
root; glandular-pubescent or nearly smooth; stems stout, ascending,
4 dm. high or less, branching from the base; leaves broadly linear,
4 cm. long or less; flowers on pedicels usually about 15 mm. long;
calyx-lobes 6-8 mm. long; petals rose color; stamens 10; capsule
equaling the calyx-lobes; seeds winged, smooth.
Common in salt marshes and alkaline flats. May-July.
8. POLYCARPON L.
Low diffuse, dichotomously branched annuals with
flat stipulate leaves and minute cymose flowers. Sepals
5, carinate-concave. Petals 5, minute, hyaline. Sta-
mens vS-5. Ovary 1-celled; style short, 3-cleft. Capsule
3-valved, several-seeded.
1. P. depressum Nutt. Very slender, prostrate, the many
branches 2.5-5 cm. long; leaves opposite, spatulate, glabrous;
stipules small, narrow; flowers minute; the pedicels with small
bracts; petals very narrow, shorter than the sepals, entire; capsule
globose, 6-12-seeded.
On seashore sand-dunes, and in sandy soil in the foothills. Not
common. March-May.
9. LOEFLINGIA L.
Low much branched rather rigid and pungent-leaved
annuals. Leaves with adnate and connate setaceous
stipules. Flowers small, sessile in the axils of the leaves
and branches. Sepals 5, rigid, carinate. Petals minute
or none. Capsule 2-valved, several-seeded.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE. 137
1. L. squarrosa Nutt. Much branched, prostrate or ascending,
5-15 cm. high; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves and sepals
subulate setaceous, rigid and recurved, the leaves 4-6 mm. long,
the sepals somewhat shorter; capsule elongated, triquetrous, ex-
serted, many-seeded.
Streets of Los Angeles and Pasadena, Davidson, Mc Clatchie.
10. PENTACAENA Bartl.
Tufted perennials with subulate pungent leaves and
silvery-hyaline stipules. Flowers sessile, clustered in
the axils. Sepals 5, unequal, hooded, the 3 outer larger
and with a stout divergent terminal spine. Petals
minute, scale-like. Stamens 3-5, inserted at the base
of the sepals. Style very short, 2-cleft. Utricle enclosed
in the rigid persistent calyx.
1. P. ramosissima H. & A. Stems prostrate, forming dense
mats 15-30 cm. broad, woolly-pubescent; leaves crowded on the
stems, 6 mm. long; sepals woolly, except the divergent apex; utricle
apiculate.
Common in sandy soil along the coast.
Family 33. CERATOPHYLLACEAE.
HoRNWORT Family.
Submerged aquatics with slender widely branching
stems and verticillate leaves, the monoecious or dioecious
flowers solitary and sessile in the axils. Perianth many-
parted, the vsegments entire or toothed. Stamens numer-
ous, crowded on a flat or convex receptacle; anthers ses-
sile or nearly so, linear oblong, extrorse, appendaged.
Ovary superior, 1 -celled; ovule 1, pendulous; style fili-
form. Fruit an indehiscent nut or achene. Endosperm
none; cotyledons 4, verticillate.
1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Hornwort.
Leaves crowded in verticils^ linear or filiform, spinu-
lose-serrulate, forked. Staminate and pistillate flowers,
generally at different nodes. Stamens 10-20; anthers
about equaling the perianth. Ovary and fruit slightly
exceeding the sepals, the fruit beaked with the long per-
sistent style.
138 RANUNCULACEAE.
1. C. demersum L. Stems 2-9 dm. long, leaves 2-3 times forked,
the end of the segments capillary and rigid, 8-25 mm. long, fruit
oval, 4-6 mm. long, smooth or tuberculate, sometimes winged or
with 2 basal spurs on each side.
In ponds and slow streams, frequent throughout our range.
May-July.
Family 34. RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely climbing shrubs,
with alternate or opposite, simple or compound, exstlp-
ulate leaves. Flowers regular or Irregular. Sepals
3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like. Petals usu-
ally of the same number, sometimes wanting. Stamens
many, hypogynous, longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels
many or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled.
Ovules anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries.
Endosperm present.
Flowers perfect.
Fruit a follicle.
Sepals herbaceous, persistent.
1.
Paeonia.
Sepals petal-like, deciduous.
Petals all spurred.
2.
Aquilegia.
Upper sepal spurred.
3.
Delphinium.
Fruit an achene.
Woody climbers; petals wanting.
Herbs.
Achene longitudinally nerved.
4.
Clematis.
5.
OXYGRAPHIS.
Achene not longitudinally nerved.
6.
Ranunculus.
Flowers dioecious, greenish; petals none.
7.
Thalictrum.
1. PAEONIA L. Peony.
Perennial herbs with ternately or pinnately compound
leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 5 or 6, herbaceous
and persistent. Petals of the same number, borne with
the numerous stamens on a fleshy disk. Style short or
none. Follicles 2-5, thick and leathery, several-seeded.
1. P. brownii Dougl. Glaucous and somewhat fleshy, 20-40
cm. high; leaves mostly radical, ternately or biternately divided,
the lobes obovate to linear-spatulate; peduncles 2.5-5 cm. long;
petals about equaling the sepals, brownish-red; follicles usually 5,
broadly oblong, smooth, 2-4 cm. long.
Occasional in the foothills throughout our range. Jan-March.
RANUNCULACEAE. 139
2. AQUILEGIA L. Columbine.
Erect branching perennial herbs with ternately de-
compound leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 5,
regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave, spurred at
base. Stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to
stamlnodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming
heads of follicles in fruit.
1. A. truncata F. & M. Glabrous or somewhat viscid-pubes-
cent, 6-12 dm. high; leaves large, biternate, the leaflets roundish,
cuneate at base, incised, the segments lobed or crenately toothed,
long-petioled; flowers scarlet, tinged with yellow, reflexed; sepals
truncate, widely spreading, shorter than the spurs; follicles 2-3 cm.
long, veined, beaked by the long persistent style.
Occasional in moist shady places, mostly above 2500 feet alti-
tude. May-July.
3. DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur.
Annual, or ours perennial, erect branching herbs with
palmately divided leaves, and racemose or paniculate
showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior one prolonged
into a spur. Petals usually 4, the 2 posterior spurred.
Carpels few, becoming many-seeded follicles.
Flowers not red.
Stems hirsute, at least below. 2. D. variegatum.
Stems glabrous or puberulent.
Divisions of the leaves linear. 1. D. parryi.
Divisions of the leaves round-ovate to
cuneate. 3. D. decorum.
Flowers red. 4. D. cardinale.
1. D. parryi Gray. Glabrous or minutely and sparsely puberu-
lent; stems erect, 4-8 dm. high, from rather simple or lew-fascicled,
elongated roots, neither fusiform nor tuberiform; leaves 3-5-parted,
the divisions and few lobes linear, obtuse; raceme virgate, at length
rather loose; sepals mostly broadly oblong, about 10-15 mm. long,
equaling the spur, deep blue, sparsely and minutely puberulent or
glabrate; upper petals white-margined, 7-8 mm. long; follicles
about 15 mm. long, apparently glabrous and shining, but minutely
puberulent under a lens.
Frequent in the foothills throughout our region. April-June.
2. D. variegatum T. & G. Usually hirsute-pubescent below;
stems erect and rather rigid, 3-6 dm. high, from rather short and
closely fascicled, somewhat fusiform roots; leaves 3-5-parted, the
divisions and lobes broadly linear, obtuse; raceme mostly few-
fiowered and rather close, sepals roundish-obovate or oval, 15-20
mm. long, equaling or exceeding the spur, violet-blue or purple, at
least the spur grayish puberulent; upper petals entirely white or
140 RANUNCULACEAE.
nearly so, about 10 mm. long; follicles about 15 mm. long, grayish
puberulent.
Playa del Rey. March-May.
3. D. decorum F. & M. Glabrous throughout or pedicels slightly
puberulent; stem lax, 2-5 dm. high; lowest leaves reniform or orbicu-
lar in outline, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-parted, the divisions round-ovate
to cuneate, entire or slightly 2-5-lobed; upper leaves with narrow
divisions; raceme often paniculate, sparsely flowered; pedicels
slender, spreading; sepals oval, 10-15 mm. long, equaling the spur,
blue; follicles 10-12 mm. long, erect or slightly spreading.
Frequent in the San Gabriel Mountains, apparently less so in the
Santa Monica Mountains and foothills about Los Angeles.
3a. D. decorum patens (Benth.) Gray. More slender than the
type, sometimes obscurely and sparsely pubescent; stems erect;
raceme closer; pedicels ascending in fruit; sepals 8-10 mm. long.
Frequent in the foothills of all our mountains.
5. D. cardinale Hook. Stems about 1 m. high, branching above;
leaves deeply parted into narrow divisions, with long linear or
lanceolate lobes; inflorescence racemose or paniculate, many-flow-
ered; sepals obovate, 10-15 mm. long, half as long as the narrow
spur, deep red; petals usually somewhat yellowish.
Frequent in the foothills, mostly below 3500 feet altitude. June-
July.
4. CLEMATIS. Virgin's Bower.
Ours woody climbers with opposite mostly pinnately
divided leaves. Sepals usually 4, petaloid. Petals
none. Stamens numerous. Pistils many, becoming
achenes with long plumose styles.
Ovaries and achenes pubescent.
Leaves 5-7-foliolate. 1. C. ligusticifolia.
Leaves 3-foliolate. 2. C. lasiantha.
Ovaries and achenes glabrous. 3. C. pauciflora.
1. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or nearly gla-
brous; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate, or the lowest pair of leaflets
again 3-foliolate, ovate, cordate or obtuse at base, acute or acuminate,
mostly incised or rather sharply toothed; inflorescence paniculate,
many-flowered; flowers 2-4 cm. broad, cream-colored; achenes
densely silky-pubescent.
Common in canyons in all our mountains and occasionally
extending into the valleys along streams. May-July.
2. C. lasiantha Nutt. Tomentose-pubescent; leaves 3-foliolate,
leaflets 2.5-5 cm. long, mostly broadly ovate, somewhat 3-lobed
and coarsely toothed, the teeth rounded; flowers polygamous,
solitary or 3-5 on bibracteolate peduncles, 3-6 cm. broad; sepals
broadly oblong, cream-colored; achenes pubescent.
Common in the chaparral belt, clambering over shrubs. April-
May.
RANUNCULACEAE. 141
3. C. pauciflora Nutt. A low woody climber, with short-jointed
stems, usually scrambling over chaparral; leaves 3-5-foliolate, leaf-
lets 1-2 cm. long, cordate to cuneate-obovate, usually 3-toothed or
3-lobed, somewhat silky tomentose; flowers dioecious, solitary or in
few-flowered panicles, with slender pedicels; sepals thin, creamy
white, 8-12 mm. long; achenes glabrous.
This is the common clematis about San Diego, extending to the
foothills of the San Jacinto Mountains. It has also been found
by the author in the San Gabriel wash near Azusa.
5. OXYGRAPHIS Bunge.
Perennial herbs with crenate, dentate or lobed, long
petioled leaves and small yellow flowers, solitary or 2-7
together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals usu-
ally 5, spreading, at length deciduous. Petals 5-15, with
a nectar-pit near the base of each. Stamens and pistils
numerous. Head of fruit oblong or oval or rarely sub-
globose. Achenes compressed, longitudinally striate,
without a hard coat.
1. O. cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl. Low, glabrous, spreading by
runners; leaves mostly basal, slender petioled, cordate-oval or reni-
form crenate, 4-18 mm. long; scapes 3-12 cm. long, sometimes
bearing one or more leaves at the base; flowers 1-7, 6-8 mm. broad;
head of fruit oblong, 6-16 mm. long; achenes compressed, somewhat
swollen, distinctly striate, minutely sharp-pointed. {Ranunculus
cymbalaria Pursh.)
Frequent throughout our range in low moist places. March-
July.
6. RANUNCULUS L. Buttercup.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate or mostly
basal simple entire, lobed, divided or dissected leaves,
and yellow, white or sometimes red flowers. Sepals
mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in number or more,
conspicuous or minute, bearing a nectariferous pit and
sometimes a scale at base of blade. Achenes capitate or
rarely spicate, generally flattened, smooth, papillose or
pectinate, sometimes transversely wrinkled, beaked with
a minute or elongated style.
Terrestrial herbs; flowers yellow.
Perennial; flowers showy, 1-2 cm. broad. 1. R. calif ornicus.
Annual; flowers minute. 2. R. hebecarpus.
Aquatic herbs; leaves finely dissected. 3. R. trichophyllus.
1. R. calif ornicus Benth. Mostly pubescent and hirsute; stems
branching, 2-6 dm. high; radical leaves usually pinnately ternate,
142 BERBERIDACEAE.
the leaflets laciniately cut into 3-7, usually linear lobes; flowers
1-2 cm. broad; petals 7-15; achenes 3.5 mm. long, flattened, slightly
margined, beaked with the short straight or slightly curved style.
Frequent on the mesas and in open places in the foothills. Febru-
ary-April.
2. R. hebecarpus H. & A. Slender, 15-30 cm. high, branched,
pilose-pubescent; leaves of rounded outline, deeply lobed or cleft,
the segments 3-lobed; flowers minute, on filiform pedicels; achenes
few in a globose head, rounded and flattened, papillose and pubes-
cent; beak short, recurved.
Growing in moist shady places, not common. Oak Knoll; Santa
Monica Mountains. March-May.
3. R. trichophyllus Chaix. Submerged; stems branching, usually
3 dm. long or more; leaves petioled, 2.5-5 cm. long, flaccid and
collapsing when withdrawn from the water, repeatedly forked with
capillary divisions; flowers white, 12-18 mm. broad, on stout pe-
duncles 2.5-5 cm. long; achenes transversely wrinkled.
Occasional in ponds and slow-running streams. May-August.
7. THALICTRUM L. Meadow-rue.
Erect perennial herbs with ternately decompound
leaves and (ours) with small greenish dioecious panicled
flowers. Sepals 4-5. Petals none. Stamens many.
Achenes few-ribbed or nerved, stipitate or nearly sessile.
1. T. polycarpum Wats. Usually robust, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous
throughout; leaves of rather thin texture; achenes numerous, form-
ing a globular head in fruit, 6 mm. high, vesicular, obovate or some-
what orbicular, usually only the midveins apparent.
Common in the foothill region, mostly below 4000 feet altitude.
April-June.
Family 35. BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family.
Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal, simple or
compound leaves, with or without stipules, and solitary
or racemed, mostly terminal, perfect flowers. Sepals and
petals generally imbricated in several series. Stamens
as many as the petals and opposite them, hypogynous;
anthers extrorse, opening by valves Pistil 1; style
short; ovules 2 -many, anatropous. Fruit a berry or
capsule.
1. ODOSTEMON Raf. Barberry.
Shrubs with yellow wood and inner bark, bitter.
Leaves persistent, pinnately compound and spinulose-
LAURACEAE. 143
dentate. Flowers racemose, yellow. Sepals 6-9, peta-
lold, bracted, each with 2 glands at base. Petals 6,
imbricated in 2 series. Stamens 6, irritable, closing
around the stigma when touched on the inner face near
the base. Pistil 1 ; stigma peltate. Berry 1-few-seeded.
1. O. dictyota (Jepson.) Abrams. Shrub 4-12 dm. high, rather
sparsely leafy ; leaflets 5-7 , glaucescent on the upper surface, somewhat
paler beneath and prominently reticulate-veiny, strongly undulate, the
margins spinose-dentate, the teeth few and rather remote; racemes
terminal, clustered, 2-5 cm. long; berries blue-black, with bloom.
{Berheris dictyota Jepson.)
Occasional on dry ridges. Near Glendale, Davidson; Switzer's
trail, San Gabriel Mountains, F. Grinnell.
2. O. nevinii (Gray.) Abrams. Shrub 2-3 m. high; leaflets pale,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, often acuminate, teeth not remote,
spinulose-serrate, 1-2.5 cm. long; racemes loosely 5-7-flowered,
equaling or surpassing the leaves; pedicels slender. {Berheris nevinii
Gray.)
Fernando, where it was first collected by Nevin.
Family 36. LAURACEAE. Laurel Family.
Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate entire minutely
punctate exstipulate leaves and perfect or unisexual
yellow or greenish flowers, in panicles or racemes.
Calyx 4-6-parted, segments imbricated in 2 series.
Corolla none. Stamens in 3-4 series, some of them often
imperfect; anthers 2-4-celled, opening by valves. Ovary
superior, free from the calyx, 1-celled; ovule solitary,
anatropous, pendulose; style 1; stigma 1. Fruit a 1-
seeded drupe.
1. UMBELLULARIA Nutt. California Laurel or Bay Tree.
Trees with thick evergreen petioled leaves and perfect
flowers, borne in terminal or axillary pedunculate umbels,
which are included before expansion in an involucre
consisting of 4 broad deciduous bracts. Calyx 6-parted,
deciduous. Stamens 9, inserted on the throat in 3 rows,
the 3 inner with a fleshy 2-lobed stipitate gland at the
base, alternating with 3 ligulate staminodia; anthers 4,
4-valved, the outer introrse, the inner extrorse. The
stigma dilated, somewhat lobed. Drupe subglobose or
ovoid, subtended by the thickened base of the calyx.
144 PAPAVERACEAE.
1. U. califomica (H, & A.) Nutt. Tree 4-15 m. high, growing
parts and inflorescence somewhat puberulent; leaves shining, dark
green, lanceolate-oblong, 5-10 cm, long; peduncles in 4 terminal
panicles or solitary in the upper axils, 6-10-flowered; sepals 3-5
mm. long, oblong-ovate; stamens included; drupes solitary or 2-3
in a cluster, 2 cm. long, becoming dark purple with thin pulp and
stone.
Throughout our range in canyons, or on mountain slopes where
it is often reduced to an arborescent shrub. January-April. Fruit
in November.
Family 37. PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family.
Herbs or rarely shrubs with white, yellow or color-
less sap and alternate exstlpulate leaves or the upper
rarely opposite. Flowers solitary or in clusters, perfect,
regular or irregular. Sepals distinct or united into a
calyptra, caducous, 2, rarely 3 or 4. Petals 4-6 or rarely
none, imbricated, deciduous. Stamens numerous or few,
hypogynous, distinct; filaments filiform; anthers open-
ing by a longitudinal slit. Ovary 1, many-ovuled,
mostly 1-celled, the carpels rarely becoming distinct in
fruit; style short; stigma simple or divided; ovules an-
atropous. Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by pores
or valves.
Flowers regular.
Uppermost leaves opposite.
Filaments very broad; carpels distinct in
fruit. 1. Platystemon.
Filaments filiform or nearly so; capsule
1-celled. 2. Meconella.
Leaves all alternate.
Flowers large, white.
Perennial; capsule many-celled. 3. Romneya.
Annual; capsule 1-celled. 7. Argemone.
Flowers not white.
Flowers yellow or orange.
Shrub; flowers yellow. 4. Dendromecon.
Herbs; flowers usually orange. 5. Eschscholzia.
Flowers reddish.
Stigmas tufted at the end of the short
style. 6. Meconopsis.
Stigmas sessile, radiate. 8. Papaver.
Flowers irregular. 9. Bicuculla.
PAPAVERACEAE. 145
1. PLATYSTEMON Benth. Cream Cup.
Low villous annuals with entire mainly opposite
leaves and cream-colored flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6.
Stamens many, with flattened filaments and linear an-
thers. Carpels 6-25, at first united; stigmas linear, free.
Fruit of as many distinct linear indehiscent torulose
pods, 3-8-seeded, at length breaking transversely be-
tween the seeds.
1. P. calif omicum Benth. Slender, branching from the base,
more or less decumbent, 15-30 cm. high, pilose; leaves 5-8 cm. long,
sessile or clasping, broadly linear; peduncles erect, 8-20 cm. long;
sepals villous; petals 6-12 mm. long, cream-yellow, sometimes
shading to yellow toward the base; carpels 6-25, forming an oblong
head, 10-20 mm. long, beaked by the persistent stigmas.
Common in sandy soil throughout our range below 3000 feet
altitude. March-May.
2. MECONELLA Nutt.
Low slender annuals with leaves, sepals and petals as
in Platystemon. Stamens 6-12; filaments filiform or
nearly so. Ovary 1 -celled with 3 parietal placentae,
somewhat 3-lobed or nearly terete; stigmas ovate to
subulate. Capsule 3-valved, dehiscent through the
placentae.
1. M. denticulata Greene. Glabrous, branching, 8-25 cm.
high; lower leaves spatulate or the small blade rhombic-ovate and
narrowed into a broad petiole, 1-3 cm. long; upper spatulate or
linear-oblong, entire or denticulate; petals narrow, oblong, 2-4 mm.
long; stamens 6-9; anthers linear, equaling or exceeding the filaments.
{Platystigma denticulatum Greene.)
Occasional in shady places in the foothills. March-May.
3. ROMNEYA Harv. Matilija Poppy.
Smooth stout erect perennial half woody plants, with
colorless juice, pinnately divided alternate leaves and very
large showy flowers. Sepals 3, with a broad membranac-
eous dorsal wing. Petals 6. Stamens numerous, with
filiform filaments somewhat thickened below, and oblong
anthers. Ovary oblong, densely setose, more or less
completely several-celled by the intrusion of the many-
ovuled placentae; valves 7-12, opening from the summit
downward. Seeds finely tuberculate.
1. R. coulteri Harv. Herbaceous stem 1-2.5 m. high, from a
soft woody base, branching above, glabrous glaucescent; leaves of
U
146 PAPAVERACEAE.
firm texture, pinnately parted or divided, petioled, 6-12 cm. long;
divisions 3-9, cimeate-oblong or lanceolate, dentate, the terminal
3-cleft, margins and rachis often sparsely ciliolate-spinulose; flowers
terminating the branches; sepals smooth, beaked; petals delicate,
4-6 cm. long.
Occasional in canyons. Santa Ana Mountains; Puente Hills.
It also occurs in Ventura County.
2. R. trichocalyx Eastwood. Closely resembling the last in
habit, leaves thinner, divisions narrower; sepals setose, beakless or
nearly so.
In canyons near Corona also in San Diego, Santa Barbara and
Ventura Counties.
4. DENDROMECON Benth. Bush Poppy.
Smooth branching shrubs with alternate vertical thick
rigid entire or cUiolate-dentlculate leaves, and showy
yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numer-
ous, with short filiform filaments and linear anthers.
Ovary linear, 1 -celled and with 2 nerve-like placentae,
elastlcally 2-valved from the base upward; valves strlate-
costate. Seeds oval or globose, finely pitted, carunculate
at the hlllum.
1. D. rigidum Benth. Shrub 1-3 m. high, with many slender
branches and light-colored bark; leaves pale or glaucescent, lance-
olate and cuspidate-acuminate, varying to oblong and obtuse with
rigid mucro, entire or rarely ciliolate-denticulate, reticulate-veiny
with strong midrib, short-petioled, 2-6 cm. long; flowers bright
yellow, 2-4 cm. broad; capsule arcuate, 4-6 cm. long.
Frequent in the chaparral belt. Flowering nearly throughout
the year.
5. ESCHSCHOLZIA Cham. California Poppy.
Smooth glaucous annual or perennial herbs, with
colorless bitter juice, finely dissected leaves and bright
orange or yellow flowers. Sepals coherent into a narrow
pointed hood, deciduous at anthesis from a dilated torus.
Petals 4, borne on the torus. Stamens numerous, with
short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, with
2 nerve-like placentae; styles short; stigmas divided
into 4-6 linear unequally divergent lobes. Capsule
elongated, 10-nerved, 1 -celled, dehiscent by 2 valves
separating from placental ribs. Seeds globose, reticulate
or rough tuberculate.
Perennial with a stout branching root. 1. E. calif ornica.
Annual with a simple tap-root.
Stems smooth and glabrous. 2. E. peninsularis.
Stems pubescent below; scabrous or hirsute
above, 3. E. hypecoides.
PAPAVERACEAE. 147
1. E. califomica Cham. Root perennial, thick and branching;
stems branching, decumbent or ascending, leafy; herbage glabrous;
calyx about 2 cm. long, conical; petals flabelliform, 4 cm. long or
less, usually orange, sometimes paler; rim of torus expanded, 2-4
mm. wide; seeds reticulated.
Not common within our limits. Sierra Madre; San Fernando
Mountains near Chatsworth Park. March-May.
2. E. peninsularis Greene. Annual, smooth and rather glaucous;
scapose or at length freely branching, 10-25 cm. high; petals golden
yellow or orange, flabelliform or broadly cuneate, 4 cm. long or less;
rim of torus expanded, 2-4 mm. broad; seeds reticulated.
Common in sandy soil throughout our range in the valleys.
March-May.
3. E. hypecoides Benth. Scabrous or hirsute, pubescent below,
glabrous above, glaucescent; branches many and rather slender
from an annual root, decumbent at base, about 30 cm. high or less,
leafy; leaf segments few, linear-cuneiform; calyx oblong-conic, 1 crn.
long; petals 2 cm. long or less, orange; torus short, tubular or turbi-
nate, without expanded rim to the outer margin, the inner erect,
hyaline; seeds faintly reticulated.
Santa Monica Mountains, not common.
6. MECONOPSIS Vigner.
Ours slender erect leafy annuals, with orange-colored
juice and scarlet or orange-red flowers. Sepals 2.
Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Ovary and capsule
tipped with a style and with a globose mass of stigmas,
1 -celled and with 4-8 more or less intruded placentae,
dehiscent by only as many short teeth or valves at the
summit.
1. M. heterophylla Benth. Glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubes-
cent below, 3-6 dm. high, simple or branching; leaves somewhat
succulent, pinnately parted or divided, mostly petioled; peduncles
slender; petals 1-2 cm. long, brick-red; capsule turbinate to obovate,
dehiscent by 8 operculate lids.
Frequent in shady places in the foothills and mountains below
4000 feet altitude. March-April.
7. ARGEMONE L.
Setose and spinulose-denta;te chiefly annual herbs,
with orange-yellow and acrid juice, and sinuate or pin-
natifid leaves. Sepals with cornute tip or appendage
below the apex. Petals 4 or 6. Stamens numerous.
Ovary densely setose, 1 -celled, with 4-5 nerviform
placentae, stigmas oval, somewhat radiate and united
on the summit of the very short obsolete style.
148 PAPAVERACEAE.
1. A. platyceras hispida (Gray) Prain. Stem erect, simple or
rarely branching, 3-6 dm. high, hispid throughout and more or less
armed with rigid bristles or prickles; leaves 6-10 cm. long, the lower
narrowed to a winged petiole, the upper sessile; flowers white,
5-8 cm. broad; capsule oblong, 3 cm. long, very prickly; seeds 2 mm.
in diameter.
Occasional in dry exposed slopes or dry canyon floors in all the
mountains. June-August.
8. PAPAVER L.
Annual or perennial herbs with narcotic juice milky
or rarely turning yellow, mostly pinnately lobed or dis-
sected leaves and showy flowers solitary on long pedun-
cles. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Ovary
capped by the closely sessile circular flat or somewhat
conical disk of the combined radiate stigmas, dehiscent
only under the edge of it by as many dentiform short
lids; placentae 4-20, mostly projecting far into the cell.
1. P. calif ornicum Gray. Annual, erect, simple or branching,
3-6 dm. high, sparsely pilose-pubescent, leafy below; petals brick-
red with greenish spot at base, 2 cm. long or less; capsule 1 cm.
long or more, clavate-turbinate, 6-11-nerved.
Frequent on shady slopes in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel
Mountains. March-May.
9. BICUCULLA Adans.
Perennial glabrous herbs, with compound and much-
dissected leaves and more or less irregular flowers.
Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4 in 2 pairs; the
outer pair with more or less spreading tips, spurred or
saccate at base; inner pair narrower, callous tipped,
cohering over the enclosed stigma. Stamens 6, in 2 sets
of 3 each; anthers of middle stamens 2-celled, the others
1-celled; filaments slightly united or distinct. Ovary
1-celled with 2 parietal several-ovuled placentae; stigma
2-lobed contrary to the placentae. Fruit a silique-form
capsule.
1. B. chrysantha (H. & A.) Coville. Pale and glaucous; stem
erect, 6-15 dm. high; leaves twice pinnate, and the more or less
confluent divisions pinnately 3-5-cleft or incised; inflorescence
compound thyrsoid-paniculate, many-flowered; flowers yellow, erect,
subterete, 1-15 dm. long, deciduous; outer petals soon spreading or
recurving to below the middle, slightly gibbous at base, but little
larger than the inner; these dorsally crested with a long and wide
undulate or crisped wing. {Dicentra chrysantha H. & A.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. May-
July.
BRASSICACEAE. 149
2. B. ochroleuca (Engelm.) Heller. Much like the last in habit,
but the flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, ochroleucous; only the tips of the
outer petals spreading; the inner with purple tips and with large
wing crest. {Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm.)
Occasional on the northern slope of the Santa Monica Mountains.
Family 38. BRASSICACEAE. Mustard Family.
Herbs or rarely suffrutescent plants, with acrid juice,
alternate leaves and racemose or corymbose flowers.
Sepals 4, deciduous or persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the
inner similar, concave or saccate at base. Petals 4,
rarely 2 or none, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal,
generally clawed. Stamens 6, rarely fewer, hypogynous
tetradynamous. Pistil 1, compound, consisting of 2
united carpels, the parietal placentae united by a dis-
sepiment; style generally persistent, sometimes none;
stigma discoid or more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique
or silicle, usually 2-celled, 2-valved or rarely indehiscent.
Endosperm none; cotyledons incumbent, accumbent or
conduplicate. (Cruciferae.)
* Pods dehiscent into 2 valves to the base,
a. Pods elongated-linear, at least twice as long
as wide.
Flowers white or purplish.
Subaquatic or marsh plants.
Seeds in 1 row in each cell. 13. Cardamine.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. 11. Sisymbrium.
Not aquatic or marsh plants.
Rootstocks tuberous. 14. Dentaria.
Roots fibrous.
Petals flat.
Pods usually compressed,
seeds flat, winged. 23. Arabis.
Pods terete; seeds oblong or
globose, wingless. 2. Thelypodium.
Petals undulate-crisped or twist-
ed.
Pods terete or nearly so;
cotyledons incumbent. 3. Caulanthus.
Pods compressed; cotyledons
accumbent. 4. Streptanthus.
Flowers yellow.
Pods borne on a long stipe. 1. Stanleya.
Pods sessile or short stipitate.
150
BRASSICACEAE.
Pods terete or 4-angled, sessile or
short stipitate.
Pubescence simple or none.
Pods spreading.
Seeds globose or oblong.
Seeds in 2 rows.
Flowers small.
12.
Radicula.
Flowers about 1
cm. broad.
7.
DlPLOTAXIS.
Seeds in 1 row.
8.
Brassica.
Seeds flat.
10.
Barbarea.
Pods erect, appressed to the
stem.
6.
Erysium.
Pubescence branched or stellate.
Leaves entire or faintly
toothed.
24.
Cheiranthus.
Leaves deeply 2-pinnatifid.
22.
Sophia.
Pods flat.
15.
Tropidocarpum.
h. Pods short, never twice as long as broad
except in Draba.
Pods compressed parallel with the parti-
tion.
Pods many-seeded.
19.
Draba.
Pods 2-seeded.
25.
Koniga.
Pods compressed contrary to the partition-
Pods many-seeded.
Pods heart-shaped.
18.
Bursa.
Pods elliptic.
17.
HUTCHINSIA.
Pods 2-seeded.
5.
Lepidium.
** Pods indehiscent.
Pods orbicular or nearly so, not elongated.
Pods of 2 indehiscent cells.
16.
DiTHYREA.
Pods 1-celled, 1-seeded, orbicular.
Pods winged.
21.
Thysanocarpus.
Pods wingless.
20.
Athysanus.
Pods elongated jointed.
9.
Raphanus.
1. STANLEYA Nutt.
Mostly tall erect branching glabrous and glaucous
perennial herbs, with entire toothed or pinnately divided
leaves and large yellow bractless flowers in elongated
terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals nar-
row, long-clawed. Stamens 6, nearly equal; anthers
twisted. Ovary short, stipitate; style short or none.
Siliques linear, long-stipitate, spreading or recurving,
somewhat comprCvSsed, dehiscent; the valves strongly
1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. Cotyledons
straight.
1. S. pinnata (Pursh) Britton. Stems stout, 15-25 dm. high;
lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided or rarely entire, 12-20
BRASSICACEAE. 151
cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, long-petioled; upper leaves similar or less
divided or oblong-lanceolate and entire, short-petioled; flowers
numerous, yellow; petals 16-24 mm. long; filaments filiform, exserted;
siliques 5-8 cm. long, on stipes about ^ as long.
Occasional on the dry plains and foothills of all interior valleys.
2. THELYPODIUM Endl.
Erect annual or biennial herbs, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves entire, toothed or
pinnatifid. Flowers racemose or subspicate, purplish or
whitish. Siliques nearly terete, linear, short-stipitate or
sessile; valves 1 -nerved, dehiscent; style short; stigma
nearly entire. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, mar-
ginless. Cotyledons incumbent.
1. T. lasiophyllum Greene. Erect annual, simple or sparingly
branched above the middle, hispid below, often smoothish above;
leaves oblanceolate in outline, irregularly sinuate-toothed or
pinnatifid with spreading acute entire or toothed segments, 4-12
cm. long, distinctly petioled or the upper sessile by a narrow base;
inflorescence racemose; sepals oblong, ^ as long as the petals; these
narrow, spatulate, 3-5 mm. long, pale rose color or yellowish-
white; siliques usually deflexed or widely spreading, slender attenu-
ate, 3-5 cm. long, on pedicels 2-3 mm. long. {Sisymbrium re-
flexum Nutt.)
Common in dry ground both in the valleys and foothills.
2. T. lasiophyllum inalienum Robinson. Size and habit of
the type; petals yellow or yellowish; siliques erect or slightly spread-
ing. {Sisymbrium acutangulum Brew. & Wats.)
Hills about Los Angeles.
3. CAULANTHUS Watson.
Stout erect biennials, with pinnatifid, toothed or nearly
entire leaves and purple or greenish-white flowers.
Sepals about equal, saccate at base. Petals slightly
longer, undulate-crisped, claw broad, blade rhomboidal,
scarcely broader than claw. Anthers linear, sagittate at
base, curved. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed, the lobes
parallel with the valves. Pods terete, elongated, sessile
upon the receptacle; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row,
oblong, somewhat flattened, scarcely or not at all
margined. Cotyledons incumbent.
1. C. amplexicaulis Wats. Glaucous annual, rather slender
and flexuous, simple or more frequently with several spreading
branches; leaves elliptic-oblong or the upper broadly cordate-
clasping, subentire, often ascending; pedicels 8-24 mm. long, widely
spreading.
Near San Fernando, Davidson.
152 BRASSICACEAE.
4. STREPTANTHUS Nutt.
Erect branching often glaucous annual or biennial
herbs, with entire or toothed rarely pinnatlfid leaves
and purple or white flowers. Sepals ovate or oblong,
equal at base or 1 or rarely both pair saccate at base,
usually colored, their tips erect or spreading. Petals
narrow or with a well developed blade and channeled
claw, twisted or undulate. The longer filaments some-
times connate; anthers elongated, sagittate at base.
Pod linear, compressed; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds in 1
row, flattened and more or less winged- Cotyledons
accumbent.
1. S. heterophyllus Nutt. More or less pubescent throughout
with spreading simple hairs; stem usually simple, 1 m. high or less;
leaves linear, at least the lowest pinnatifid with divaricate lobes or
toothed, the upper usually entire; flowers purplish or white, 8-12
mm. long; calyx narrow; sepals slightly saccate; pods abruptly
reflexed on slender pedicels 5-7 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide,
beaked by a slender style; seeds small and crowded, narrowly
winged.
Occasional throughout our range; confined mostly to the chaparral
belt. April-May.
5. LEPIDIUM L. Peppergrass.
Erect or diffuse, glabrous or pubescent, annual or
rarely biennial or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid, lobed
or entire leaves and racemose white or whitish flowers.
Petals small or rarely wanting. Stamens often fewer
than 6. Stigmas, in ours, sessile or nearly so. Silicles
oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition,
more or less emarginately winged at the apex; valves
keeled, dehiscent. Seeds 1 in each cell, flattened. Coty-
ledons incumbent or rarely accumbent.
Capsule merely emarginate.
Pedicels terete. 1. L. medium.
Pedicels flattened.
Stems spreading or decumbent, hirsute. 2. L. lasiocarpum.
Stems erect, glabrate or sparsely pubes-
cent. 3. L. nitidum.
Capsule with 2 distinct apical teeth. 4. L. acutidens.
1. L. medium Greene. Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple
below, branching above, erect, 2-9 cm. high; leaves lanceolate,
dentate, rarely pinnatifid; stem leaves entire; pedicels slender,
terete, spreading or divaricate, longer than the capsule; stamens
2-4; capsule orbicular, retuse, glabrous.
Common in the valleys and mountains throughout our range.
BRASSICACEAE. 153
2. L. lasiocarpum Nutt. Low, branching from or near the
base, decumbent or ascending, hirsute with spreading hairs or
somewhat tomentulose; lower leaves pinnately parted, segments
usually rather broad, obtuse or rounded, sparingly toothed or
entire; racemes several; pedicels distinctly flattened, horizontally
spreading, 3 mm. long; capsule suborbicular, thin-margined near
the apex, hispid pubescent upon both faces or at least upon the
margins.
Sand-dunes along the seashore.
3. L. nitidum Nutt. Erect or usually branched from the base
and spreading, 1-3 dm. high, glabrate or somewhat pubescent; lower
leaves deeply pinnatifid with narrow rachis and alternate segments;
the upper leaves often entire; racemes 1-several, loosely flowered;
petals considerably exceeding the sepals; pedicels strongly flattened,
spreading; capsule smooth, shining, often purplish, 4-5 mm. long.
Very common on grassy plains and hills. February-March.
4. L. acutidens (Gray) Howell. Branching from the base, de-
cumbent or ascending, 10-20 cm. long, pubescent throughout with
short spreading hairs; leaves linear, tapering at both ends, entire
or faintly and remotely denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, about 2 mm.
wide; branches flowering about | their length; racemes rather loose;
pedicels strongly flattened, appressed to the stem to near the middle,
then curving outward; pot strongly reticulated, sparsely pubescent,
4 mm. long including the acute teeth, about 3 mm. broad; sinus
about 1 mm. deep and 2 mm. broad at tip. ( L. dictyotum acutidens
Gray.)
In saline places toward the coast. Cienega; Santa Monica.
6. ERYSIMUM L. Hedge-mustard.
Erect annual, somewhat hirsute at least below with
simple hairs. Leaves pinnatifid. Inflorescence spici-
form with several divaricately spreading branches.
Flowers small, yellow. Siliques terete, tapering almost
from the base to the apex; stigma slightly 2-lobed.
Seeds in 1 row in each cell. A monotypic genus as here
understood.
1. E. officinale L. Stems 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves lyrately
and somewhat runcinately pinnatifid, 7-15 cm. long, the upper
shorter, lanceolate, subentire or hastate; pods 1 cm. long, nearly
sessile, erect and closely appressed to the rachis. {Sisymbrium
officinale Scop.)
Common along streets and in waste places. Native of Europe.
7. DIPLOTAXIS DC. Sand Rocket.
Erect annual or perennial herbs with pinnatifid or
lobed leaves and rather large yellow flowers in^ terminal
racemes. Silique elongated linear, flat or flattish, short
154 BRASSICACEAE.
beaked or beakless; valves mostly 1 -nerved. Style slen-
der. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyle-
dons conduplicate.
1. D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. Annual, branched from the base,
sparingly hispid or glabrous, the slender branches 3-6 dm. high,
leafy only below; leaves oblanceolate, sinuate-lobed or sometimes
pinnatifid, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed at the base, mostly slender-
petioled; fruiting racemes long, loose; flowers 12-16 mm. broad;
pod about 3 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, erect, flatfish; fruiting pedicel
18-30 mm. long.
Occasional along ditches about Los Angeles, Pasadena and Santa
Ana. Native of Europe.
8. BRASSICA L. Mustard.
Erect branching annual or biennial herbs, with pin-
natifid basal leaves, those of the stem dentate or often
nearly entire, and showy yellow flowers in elongated
racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile on the receptacle,
terete or 4-angled, tipped with a persistent usually
1-seeded beak; valves 1-3-nerved; stigma truncate or
2-lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, globose. Cotyle-
dons conduplicate.
Pods erect and appressed to the stem. 1. B. nigra.
Pods spreading.
Leaves not clasping; pods pubescent. 2. B. alba.
Upper leaves clasping; pods glabrous. 3. B. campestris.
1. B. nigra (L.) Koch. Erect, 1-3 m. high, freely and widely
branching, pubescent or glabrate; lower leaves slender-petioled,
deeply pinnatifid, with 1 terminal large lobe and 2-4 smaller lateral
ones; segments all dentate; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile,
pinnatifid or dentate or the uppermost entire; flowers 6-10 mm,
broad; pedicels slender, 4 mm. long in fruit; pods narrowly linear,
4-angled, smooth, 10-15 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, appressed against
the stem; beak slender, 2-4 mm. long; seeds dark brown.
Common in poorly cultivated fields, especially in adobe soils.
April-May.
2. B. alba (L.) Boiss. Erect, branching above, 3-10 dm. high,
more or less pubescent with simple hairs; leaves all pinnatifid or
the upper only dentate; pods spreading, pubescent, tipped with
a flattened beak of about equal length; seeds pale yellow.
Near the Soldiers' Home, Hasse.
3. B. campestris L. Stems 3-10 dm. high, glabrous and glaucous
or rarely slightly pubescent below; lower leaves petioled, pubescent,
more or less lobed or pinnatifid, the upper glabrous, lanceolate or
oblong, acute or obtusish, sessile and clasping at the base, entire
BRASSICACEAE. 155
or dentate; pedicels spreading or ascending, often 2 cm. long in fruit;
pods 3-5 cm. long; beak 8-10 mm. long.
Frequent in waysides and neglected gardens. January-April.
In favored places often flowering nearly throughout the year.
9. RAPHANUS L. Radish.
Erect or widely branching from the base, annual or
biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy fiowers.
Sllique elongated linear, fleshy or corky, constricted or
continuous and spongy between the seeds, indehiscent.
Seeds globose. Cotyledons condupllcate.
1. R. sativus L. Biennial or annual from a more or less elongated
fleshy root; erect and freely branching, 3-5 dm. high, sparsely pubes-
cent with stiff hairs or nearly glabrous above; lower leaves deeply
lyrate-pinnatifid; segments crenate or dentate; flowers 12-18 mm.
broad, yellowish or commonly whitish with purple veins; pods 2-4
cm. long, constricted between the seeds when mature; seeds 2-
several; beak conical, 1-2 cm, long.
Frequent in poorly cultivated fields and waste places, especially
in sandy soils. April-June or often throughout the year.
10. BARBAREA R. Br.
Erect glabrous biennial or perennial branching herbs
with angled stems, pinnatlfid leaves and racemose yellow
flowers. Sllique elongated linear, 4-angled; valves
keeled or ribbed; style short; stigma 2-lobed or capitate.
Seeds in 1 row in each cell, flat, oblong, marginless.
Cotyledons accumbent.
1. B. barbarea (L.) MacM. Tufted stems erect, 3-6 dm. high;
lower leaves petioled, 5-12 cm. long, lyrately-pinnatifid, segments
oval or obovate, repand-toothed or sometimes entire; upper leaves
sessile, rarely clasping; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. broad; pods spread-
ing or ascending, about 2 cm. long, obscurely 4-angled; pedicels
about 4 mm. long. {B. vulgaris R. Br.)
Moist places in the mountains, confined mostly to the pine belt.
June-August.
11. SISYMBRIUM L.
An aquatic or uliginous herb, with pinnately divided
leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes.
Pods linear to linear-oblong, slender pedicelled, tipped
with the rather stout style, the valves nerveless. Seeds
In 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent.
1. S. nasturtium-aquaticum L. (Watercress.) Aquatic, gla-
brous; stems branching, floating or creeping, rooting from the
nodes; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly
156 BRASSICACEAE.
entire; racemes elongated in fruit; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad;
petals twice the length of the sepals; pods 1-3 cm. long, 2 mm.
wide, spreading and slightly curved upward, on pedicels of about
their own length. ( Nasturtium officinale R. Br.)
Common in streams. May-October.
12. RADICULA Hill.
Branching herbs with simple or pinnate-Iobed, dis-
sected or rarely entire leaves and small yellow flowers.
Sepals spreading. Stamens often less than 6. Pods
short, terete or nearly so, sessile on the receptacle; valves
faintly 1-nerved or nerveless. Styles short or slender.
Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons
accumbent.
1. R. curvisiliqua (Hook.) Greene. Annual or biennial, sparingly
pubescent or glabrous, with erect or ascending, usually much branch-
ed stems, 15-45 cm. high; leaves mostly oblanceolate in outline,
pinnatifid, pinnately lobed or toothed, the lower 25-75 mm. long;
racemes short; flowers pale yellow, 4 mm. broad; petals slightly
exceeding the sepals; style short; pods linear, 8-15 mm. long, about
1.5 mm. wide, strongly curved upward; pedicels spreading or ascend-
ing.
Frequent in low ground, about ponds and on river bottoms.
Variable in foliage characters.
13. CARDAMINE L.
Erect or ascending herbs mostly growing in marshes
or along watercourses, with running rootstocks or fibrous
roots, entire, lobed or divided leaves and racemose or
corymbose, white or purple flowers. Stamens usually
6. Siliques elongated, flat, generally erect; valves
nerveless, elastically dehiscent at maturity, sessile on
the receptacle. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, compressed,
marginless. Cotyledons accumbent, equal or unequal.
1. C. gambellii Wats. Rather stout, 6-9 dm. high, branched,
decumbent at base and rooting at the lower joints, glabrous or
sparingly soft villous; leaves mostly basal, persisting in a rosulate
cluster, pinnately divided; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate to oblong-linear,
usually cuneate at base and acute, mostly few-toothed, 6-24 mm.
long; raceme nearly sessile, becoming elongated; flowers white,
6-8 mm. broad; pedicels slender, divaricate; pods about the same
length, narrow, erect or ascending, often curved; style slender, 2 mm.
long.
Frequent in marshes and wet places in the valleys.
BRASSICACEAE. 157
14. DENTARIA L.
Perennial herbs growing in damp woods, with fleshy
tuberous rootstocks, erect mostly unbranched stems and
more or less divided leaves. Flowers large, white or
often tinged with purple. Petals much longer than the
sepals with slender claw and ovate spreading blades.
Siliques linear, flattened, their valves nerveless. Seeds
in 1 row in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons thick, often
unequal, accumbent.
1. D. calif omica Nutt. Rootstock slender, tubers small; stem
2-3 dm. high, rather stout, simple or branched above, glabrous or
nearly so; basal leaves entire or 3-foliate, the leaflets petiolulate,
suborbicular, sinuate or coarsely toothed; cauline 2-4, mostly shortly
petioled and above the middle of the stem, deeply lobed or pinnately
3-5-foliate, rarely simple, the leaflets mostly petiolate, ovate to
lanceolate-linear, entire or toothed, 2-7 cm. long; flowers white or
rose-colored; pods 2-6 cm. long; style 4-6 mm, long; seeds oblong.
Frequent in damp shady places in the mountains and foothills.
March-April.
15. TROPIDOCARPUM Hook.
Slender erect branching annuals, more or less hirsute-
pubescent with simple hairs or with a few forked ones
intermingling. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers yellow,
borne in loose leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals concave,
spreading, equal at base. Petals spatulate-obovate.
Stamens tetradynamous; anthers short, rounded. Stig-
ma circular or slightly emarginate, on a slender style.
Silique partially or completely 2-celled, ours obcom-
pressed, sometimes twisted.
1. T. gracile Hook. Stems slender, erect or spreading, usually
15-25 cm. long, more or less pubescent; leaves shallowly or deeply
pinnatifid, the segments acutish, cleft or entire; cauline leaves
reduced; pedicels axillary, spreading, 6-20 mm. long; pods lance-
linear to linear, 1-2 cm. long, strongly obcompressed throughout;
seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
Frequent in interior valleys. March-May.
2. T. dubium Davidson. Much resembling the last in habit,
foliage and pubescence; capsule linear, 2-celled and strongly ob-
compressed above the middle, by a twist becoming compressed
below and only 1-celled.
Frequent about Los Angeles. March-May.
16. DITHYREA Harv.
Low branching annuals, with stout stems and thickish
ovate or orbicular subentire leaves, the whole herbage
158 BRASSICACEAE.
more or less cinereous-tomentose with stellate hairs. In-
florescence racemose, dense, often branched. Flowers
whitish or purple. Sepals ovate to oblong, erect or
spreading, pubescent. Petals conspicuous with spread-
ing blade and slender claw. Stamens 6 with linear sagit-
tate anthers. Pods strongly obcompressed, 2-celled; the
cells nearly orbicular, indehiscent with a thickened mar-
gin, separating at maturity from the persistent linear
axis, 1-seeded. Seeds flat, marginless. Cotyledons ac-
cumbent.
1. D. calif ornica maritima Davidson. Branching from the
base, 15-30 cm. high; leaves thick, fleshy, densely pubescent, the
basal narrowed to slender petioles, the upper sessile, coarsely toothed
or subentire; racemes short, very dense, elongated in fruit; flowers
about 12-15 mm. broad; limb purplish; pedicels dark purple; pods
8-10 mm. wide, half as long, emarginate above and below, pubescent
on the margins.
Occasional along the seashore between Redondo and Playa del
Key.
17. HUTCHINSIA R. Br.
Low slender mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubes-
cent with forked hairs, ours annual with entire or pin-
nately lobed leaves and minute white flowers in terminal
racemes. Stamens 6. Style none or very short. Sili-
cles oval, obcompressed, the valves strongly 1 -nerved.
Seeds numerous in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent or
accumbent.
1. H. procumbens (L.) Desv. Branching from the base, slender,
ascending or procumbent, 5-20 cm. long; lower leaves short-petioled,
pinnatifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire, 1-2.5 cm. long;
upper leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or lobed; pedicels slender,
ascending or spreading, 6-12 mm. long in fruit; pods elliptic or oval,
obtuse, rarely emarginate, 3-4 mm. long. ( Capsella divaricata
Walp.; C. elliptica Meyer.)
In moist saline places throughout our range. March-April.
18. BURSA Weber. Shepherd's Purse.
Erect annual herbs, pubescent with forked hairs.
Basal leaves tufted. Flowers racemose, small, white.
Silicles cuneate-obcordate, obcompressed, the valves
keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous in each cell,
marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.
1. B. bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Erect, branching, 15-40 cm.
high, pubescent below, mostly glabrous above; basal leaves lobed or
BRASSICACEAE. 159
pinnatifid, forming a rosette, 5-12 cm. long; cauline leaves few,
lanceolate, auricled, dentate or entire; flowers 2 mm. broad; pedicels
slender, spreading or ascending, 10-14 mm. long in fruit; pods
triangular, more or less deeply emarginate at the apex, rarely trun-
cate, 4-6 mm. long. (Capsella hursa-pastoris Medic.)
Common weed in gardens and waste places. Flowering at all
times of the year.
19. DRABA L.
Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with sea-
pose or leafy stems, simple leaves and racemose flowers.
Slllcles elliptic, oblong or rarely linear, compressed.
Stigma entire or nearly so. Valves dehiscent, nerveless.
Cotyledons accumbent.
1. D. cuneifolia Nutt. Annual, loosely stellate-pubescent
throughout, branching from the base, the branches slender, 8-15
cm. long, leafy below; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, acute or acut-
ish, entire or few-toothed, 1-5 cm. long; raceme pedunculate, a-
length elongated, loosely flowered; flowers small, white; pods lineart
oblong, 6-10 mm. long, many-seeded, hispid with appressed simple
hairs; fruiting pedicels divaricate, 2-6 mm. long; stigma sessile or
nearly so.
Occasional in dry sandy soil in the foothills and the interior
valleys. The two varieties are more common.
la. D. cuneifolia integrifolia Wats. Smaller than the type, 2-5
cm. high; leaves smaller, mostly entire; capsule glabrous; pedicels
2 mm. long or less.
Same range as the type and apparently more common.
Ih. D. cuneifolia sonorae (Greene) Parish. Much resembling
the type in size and habit; racemes often nearly sessile; capsules
hispid with stellate hairs.
Same range as the type and the most common form with us.
20. ATHYSANUS Greene.
Slender diffuse annual, leafy only near the base.
Leaves simple, toothed. Sepals equal. Petals without
claws. Stamens 6, equal. SUIcles orbicular, not winged
or margined, 1-celled and 1-ovuled.
1. A. pusillus (Hook.) Greene. Hirsute-pubescent; stems fili-
form, branching from the base, the branches mostly ascending,
unilaterally racemose throughout; leaves few, ovate, sparingly
toothed, 1 cm. long; flowers minute, often apetalous; pods lenticular,
more or less uncinate hispid, 2 mm. long or less.
Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. March-
May.
21. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. Lace Pod.
Erect and slender, sparingly branched annuals with
minute white or rose-colored flowers In slender elongated
160 BRASSICACEAE.
racemes. Stamens 6, tetradynamous or rarely only 4.
Capsule compressed, orbicular, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, inde-
hiscent, winged; the wings entire crenate or perforated.
1. T. curvipes Hook. More or less hirsute, 2 dm. high or more,
branching above; basal leaves rosulate, oblong, pinnatifid with
short blunt lobes or dentate; upper leaves lanceolate, sagittate-
auriculate, clasping at base, 1-2 cm. long; pedicels very slender,
3-6 mm. long, strongly recurved; capsule usually pubescent; wings
entire or crenate.
Frequent on grassy slopes. March-April.
2. T. laciniatus Nutt. Smooth or nearly so, and somewhat
glaucous, 2-4 dm. high; leaves rather thin, the basal ones not form-
ing a rosette, linear, entire to deeply pinnatifid into narrow linear
segments, upper leaves entire, 20-25 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
narrowed at base, racemes 10-20 cm. long; pods elliptic to orbicular,
3-3.5 mm. in diameter, including the entire or slightly crenate wing,
reticulate, glabrous or sometimes somewhat pubescent; pedicels
slender, spreading and becoming more or less deflexed.
Occasional on shaded slopes in the canyons of the Santa Monica,
San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, mostly below 3000 feet
altitude.
22. SOPHIA Adans.
Annual or perennial herbs, canescent or pubescent
with short forked hairs, with slender branching stems,
2-pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves and small yellow
flowers in terminal racemes, these becoming elongated
in fruit. Calyx early deciduous. Style very short.
Siliques linear or linear-oblong, slender-pedicelled, the
valves 1-nerved. Seeds minute, oblong, wingless, in 1
or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent.
1. S. pinnata (Walt.) Howell. Densely canescent throughout,
pale; stem erect, branched, 2-7 dm. high, slender, the branches
ascending; leaves 5-10 cm. long, oblong, 2-pinnatifid into very
numerous small, toothed or entire, obtuse segments; pedicels very
slender, widely spreading, 10-15 mm. long; pods horizontal or
ascending, oblong or linear-oblong, somewhat compressed, 6-8 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide, canescent or glabrous; seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
{Sisymbrium canescens Nutt.)
Common in sandy soil in the foothills and valleys. April-June.
2. S. incisa (Engelm.) Greene. Glabrous or somewhat glandular-
hairy, 3-6 dm. high, freely branching; leaves pinnately divided, the
segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate; petals
lanceolate-spatulate, surpassing the petals; pedicels 4-6 mm. long,
spreading, exceeded by the spreading or curved-ascending, nearly
or quite glabrous capsule; seeds in 1 row in each cell.
Frequent in the pine belt of the San Bernardino Mountains, and
to be expected within our range.
BRASSICACEAE. 161
23. ARABIS L.
Annual or perennial, glabrous or pubescent herbs with
entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves and white or purple
flowers. Siliques linear, elongated, compressed, with
smooth or keeled mostly 1 -nerved valves, not elastic,
dehiscent at maturity. Stigma nearly entire or 2-lobed.
Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, flattened, winged or
wingless. Cotyledons accumbent.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, glabrate. 1. A. virginica.
Leaves sparingly toothed or entire.
Pubescent throughout. 2. A. repanda.
Pubescent only at base; cauline leaves glabrous
and glaucous. 3. A. glabra.
1. A. virginica (L.) Trelease. Annual or rarely biennial, glabrate;
stems ascending or decumbent, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves oblong, nar-
row, deeply pinnatifid, 2.5-7 cm. long, the lower petioled, the upper
nearly sessile; pedicels spreading or ascending, 4 mm. long in fruit;
flowers very small, white; pods linear, ascending, 16-24 mm. long,
about 2 mm. broad; seeds in 1 row in each cell, nearly as broad as
the pod, orbicular, wing-margined. {A. ludoviciana C. A. Meyer.)
Inglewood in low ground. Our plants have the leaves often
merely dentate. March.
_ 2. A. repanda Wats. Biennial; stem stout, branching, 3 dm.
high or more, pubescent throughout with mostly stellate hairs,
usually longer and simple at base; leaves narrowly obovate to
oblanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, sparingly toothed or nearly entire,
those of the stem narrowed to a winged petiole, acute or obtuse;
flowers white, small; petals narrow, 4 mm. long, slightly exceeding
the calyx; pods recurved-spreading, faintly 1-nerved at the base,
seeds elliptic, broadly winged.
Occasional in the upper portions of the pine belt in the San
Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
3. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Biennial; erect, pubescent below,
glabrous and glaucous above, simple or somewhat branched, 5-10
dm. high; basal leaves petioled, 5-15 cm. long, oblanceolate or
oblong, dentate or sometimes lyrate, pubescent with simple hairs,
those of the stem with sagittate base, glabrous, entire or the lower
dentate, 5-10 cm. long, lanceolate or oblong, acutish; flowers yellow-
ish white, 4 mm. broad; pedicels 4-10 mm. long, erect; pods nar-
rowly linear, 5-7 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, erect and appressed; seeds
in 2 rows in each cell, marginless; style none. {A. perfoliata Lam.)
Frequent in the foothills throughout our range.
24. CHEIRANTHUS L. Wallflower.
Ours biennial or perennial more or less pubescent
herbs, with simple entire or toothed leaves. Flowers
mostly yellow. Siliques elongated, linear, 4-angled;
12
162 BRASSICACEAE.
valves strongly keeled. Stigma lobed. Seeds oblong, In
1 row in each cell, marginless or narrowly margined at
apex. Cotyledons incumbent. (Erysimum.)
1. C. angustatus Greene. Perennial; rather stout, erect, 5 dm.
high or more; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or few-
toothed, few and scattered above, densely clothing the basal part
of the herbaceous stem and short sterile branches of the short
subligneous caudex, the whole plant subcinereous with appressed
2-forked hairs; calyx-lobes 10-12 mm. long; petals yellow, the
lower pair parallel to each other, the upper divergent from each
other; pods in a long lax raceme, 4-sided, ascending.
Occasional in the foothills of the Santa Monica and Santa Ana
Mountains.
2. C. suffrutescens Abrams. Perennial; often much branched,
the branches woody, 1 m. long or less, usually straggling among
low shrubs, rough from the persistent bases of the old leaves, usually
about 5 mm. thick; floral branches clustered at the ends of the main
branches, slender, 3-4 dm. long; leaves scattered along the floral
branches, densely clothing their bases, very narrowly linear-oblance-
olate, 2-3 mm. broad, entire or remotely and obscurely denticulate,
these as well as the branches cinereous with appressed 2-forked hairs;
calyx-lobes 6-7 mm. long; petals yellow, cruciform; pods in rather
short but lax racemes, on pedicels about 8 mm. long, widely spread-
ing, straight or slightly curved upwards, 4-sided, 1.5-1.75 mm. broad,
5-6 cm. long; beak slender, scarcely 1 mm. broad and but little
longer; seeds brownish, about 1.5 mm. long.
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering
nearly the year round.
25. KONIGA Adans. Sweet Alyssum.
Perennial herbs, pubescent or canescent with forked
hairs, with entire leaves and small white flowers in ter-
minal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Filaments slen-
der, with 2 small glands at the base. Capsule com-
pressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds 1 in each cell. Coty-
ledons accumbent.
1. K. maritima (L.) R. Br. Ascending or sometimes procum-
bent, freely branching, 1-3 dm. high, minutely pubescent with
appressed hairs; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into a petiole;
flowers white, fragrant, about 4 mm. broad; fruiting pedicels ascend-
ing, 6-8 mm. long; capsules glabrous, pointed, oval or nearly orbicu-
lar, 2-3 mm. long. {Alyssum maritimum L.)
An escape from gardens, al6ng streets and in waste places.
Flowering nearly throughout the year.
CAPPARIDACEAE. 163
Family 39. CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family.
Herbs or rarely shrubs or trees with pungent or acrid
watery juice, simple or palmately compound alternate
leaves and axillary or terminal, solitary or racemose,
mostly regular and perfect flowers. Sepals 4. Petals 4,
sessile or clawed. Stamens usually 6, equal, inserted on
the receptacle; anthers oblong, longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary sessile or stipitate, 1 -celled; ovules many, borne
on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds
mostly reniform; endosperm none; cotyledons some-
what coiled.
Herbs. 1. Cleome,
Shrubs. 2. Isomeris.
1. CLEOME L.
Ours branching herbs with digitately 3-5-foliate leaves
and yellow flowers in bracteolate racemes. Sepals 4,
often persistent. Petals 4, cruciate, entire, equal. Sta-
mens 6. Ovary stipitate with gland at the base. Cap-
sule elongated, long-stipitate, many-seeded.
1. C. lutea Hook. Erect, glabrous, branching, 4-12 dm. high;
leaves 5-foliate, slender-petioled or the upper 3-foliate and sub-
sessile; leaflets oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, entire, short-stalked
or sessile, narrowed at the base, obtuse or acute and mucronulate
at the apex, 1-5 cm. long; bracts linear-oblong, mucronulate; flowers
densely racemose; pedicels slender, 10-12 mm. long; pod linear,
acute, 3-6 cm. long, borne on a stipe nearly as long.
Field near Downey, Davidson.
2. ISOMERIS Nutt.
Ill-scented shrubs with puberulent branches, 3-foliate
petioled leaves and large yellow flowers axillary or in
bracteate racemes. Sepals 4, persistent. Petals 4,
oblong, equal. Receptacle dilated with a hemispherical
torus. Stamens 6, inserted on the receptacle, enlarged
and glandular on the upper surface. Ovary long-
stipitate, many-ovuled on the placentae; style short;
stigma minute. Capsule oval or nearly globose, inflated,
tardily 2-valved. Seeds smooth.
_ 1. I. arborea Nutt. Widely branching shrub, 1-3 m. high,
with hard yellow wood and puberulent branches; leaves 3-foliate;
164 RESEDACEAE.
leaflets oblong to lanceolate, equaling the petioles, entire, mucro-
nate; flowers in terminal bracteate racemes; bracts simple; petals
yellow, 10-16 cm. long, twice longer than the sepals; capsule oblong,
2.5-3.5 cm. long, attenuate into the stipe and abruptly tapering at
the apex.
Frequent on bluffs and hills along the coast, Playa del Rey;
San Pedro; San Joaquin Hills; also at San Diego and in the desert
regions.
Family 40. RESEDACEAE. Mignonette Family.
Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves, gland-
like stipules and racemose or spicate bracted unsymmetri-
cal flowers. Calyx 4-7-parted, more or less irregular.
Petals 2-6, usually laciniate or dentate. Stamens hypog-
ynous, 3-40, borne on the base of the calyx or on a dilated
nectariferous and oblique disk, declined or unilateral.
Ovary 1, composed of 3-6 carpels, at least the tips dis-
tinct; ovules many. Fruit capsular. Seeds reniform;
endosperm none; cotyledons incumbent.
Petals 4; disk present. 1. Reseda.
Petals 2; disk wanting. 2. Oligomeris.
1. RESEDA L.
Erect or decumbent herbs with entire, lobed or pin-
natifid leaves and small spicate or narrowly racemose
flowers. Petals 4-7, toothed or cleft. Disk cup-shaped,
glandular. Stamens 8-30, inserted on the inner surface
of the disk and on one side of the flower. Capsule 3-6-
lobed, horned at the top before maturity.
1. R. lutea L. Ascending or decumbent, somewhat pubescent
with short stiff hairs or nearly glabrous; leaves 5-10 cm. long,
broadly ovate or oblong, deeply lobed or divided, sometimes pin-
natifid; segments linear-oblong with undulate margins; flowers in
narrow racemes, 4-6 mm. broad, greenish yellow; pedicels ascending,
about 4 mm. long in fruit; petals 6 or 5, all but the lowest irregularly
cleft; sepals of the same number; capsule oblong, about 8 mm. long,
with 3 or rarely 4 short teeth.
An occasional escape from gardens.
5 cnief
OLIGOMERIS.
Low glaucous chiefly annuals with linear and entire
leaves, and small greenish flowers in terminal spikes.
CRASSULACEAE. 165
Stamens usually 4. Petals 2, posterior, free or united at
the base, entire or 2-3-lobed, persistent. Disk none.
Stamens 3-10. Ovary 4-angled, 4-beaked. Capsule
4-sulcate, many-seeded, opening at the summit.
1. O. glaucescens Camb. Annual or biennial; 15-30 cm. high,
branching at base, the branches ascending; leaves often fascicled
and somewhat fleshy, 1-2 cm. long; spikes elongated terminal, the
stem-like branches bracteate, densely flowered; petals oblong, ob-
scurely lobed, posterior; stamens 3, posterior; capsule depressed
globose, 3 mm. in diameter, 4-lobed, 4-cuspidate; seeds smooth.
In low saline places. Portugese Bend; Elsinore; also at San
Diego and Tia Juana. April-May.
Family 41. CRASSULACEAE. Stone-crop Family.
Mostly succulent or fleshy herbs with cymose or rarely
solitary, regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none.
Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4-5-cleft
or 4-5-parted. Petals equal in number to the calyx-
lobes, distinct or somewhat united below, persistent.
Stamens of the same number or twice as many with fili-
form or subulate filaments and longitudinally dehiscent
anthers. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each
carpel. Carpels equal to the calyx-lobes in number,
distinct or united below, with subulate or filiform styles
and numerous ovules. Follicles membranous or coria-
ceous, 1-celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds
minute; embryo terete, imbedded in fleshy endosperm.
Plants not minute.
Petals distinct or only slightly united at base,
spreading.
Leaves not linear; petals distinct. 1. Sedum.
Leaves linear; petals slightly united at
base. 2. Hasseanthus.
Petals united into a tube at base.
Petals spreading. 3. Stylophyllum.
Petals erect. 4. Dudleya.
Plants minute, fleshy. 5. Tillaea.
1. SEDUM L.
Fleshy mostly glabrous erect or decumbent herbs
with mostly alternate entire or dentate leaves and per-
166 CRASSULACEAE.
feet flowers in terminal often 1 -sided cymes. Calyx
4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens 8-10, perigy-
nous, the alternate ones usually attached to the petals,
their filaments filiform or subulate. Scales of the recep-
tacle entire or emarginate. Carpels distinct or united
at the base; styles short.
1. S. obtusatum Gray, Glaucous and often mealy, from a
branched rooting caudex, 10-15 cm, high, simple; leaves very thick,
obovate or spatulate, flat, 15-20 mm. long; cymes of rather numerous
scattered branches; pedicels 2-4 mm, long; petals oblong-lanceolate
or obovate, acute, pale yellow, 6-8 mm, long, little exceeding the
stamens and style; calyx broadly campanulate, sepals 3-4 mm. long,
broad, obtusish.
Mount Disappointment, Davidson.
2, S. spathulifolium Hook. Similar in habit to the last, but the
cyme approximate; pedicels shorter or the flowers sessile; sepals
3 mm, long, ovate, acute; petals yellow, lanceolate, acute, 6-8 mm.
long, scarcely exceeding the stamens and style.
Lytle Creek Canyon near the falls,
2, HASSEANTHUS Rose.
Stems several, arising from small globose or oblong
corms. Basal leaves linear, terete, narrowed below into
flattened petioles; stem-leaves narrowly ovate, turgid
but somewhat flattened. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla-seg-
ments united at base into a short tube, yellow or white
changing to purple. Carpels 5, united at base, widely
spreading.
1. H. elongatus Rose. Stems slender, 10-15 dm, high; leaves
linear, elongated, not at all variegated; cyme branches simple,
widely spreading, 2-4 cm. long; calyx-lobes oblong; corolla bright
yellow.
Described from specimens collected in the San Joaquin Hills by
the author. What seems to be the same has also been collected in
the Santa Ana Mountains by Helen D. Geis.
2. H. multicaulis Rose, Perennial by an oblong corm, 2-3 cm.
long; stems 2-5, rather stout, 1-1,5 cm. high, variegated, glabrous,
not at all glaucous; basal leaves 3-4 cm, long, terete, acute; stem
leaves 1-2,5 cm, long, ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, turgid or
somewhat flattened; inflorescence of several secund, many-flowered
racemes; flowers subsessile; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; flower-buds
pinkish, obtuse; corolla-lobes widely spreading above the middle,
pale yellow, tinged with red, 7-8 mm, long, slightly united at base.
Described from specimens collected by Dr. Hasse on sterile clay
bluffs near Santa Monica.
CRASSULACEAE. 167
3. STYLOPHYLLUM Britton & Rose.
Perennials with more or less branched rootstocks;
basal leaves linear elongated or flattened but always nar-
row, sometimes abruptly widened below into a broad
clasping base; flowering stems with long sessile leaves not
clasping at base. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, equal
and small. Corolla campanulate, not angled, white, red
or yellowish, its lobes broad, thin and spreading, united
below into a tube. Stamens 10, borne on the corolla-
tube. Carpels 5, united below, generally spreading.
3. S. densiflormn Rose. Glaucous throughout from more or
less branching rootstocks; leaves numerous, erect, nearly terete,
acute, 6-12 cm. long; flowering branches slender and weak; inflores-
cence a rather dense compact cyme, its ultimate branches rather
short, 4-8-flowered; pedicels short, 1-3 mm. long; calyx 2 mm.
long, its lobes twice as long as its tube, broadly ovate to orbicular,
obtuse; corolla white or pinkish, 6 mm. long, its segments spreading,
distinct nearly to the base. ( Cotyledon midicaule Abrams.)
Frequent on rocky cliffs in the San Gabriel Canyon.
Two other closely related species, S. insidare Rose and S. hassei
Rose, are found on Santa Catalina. The first has a very thick
woody caudex, 6-8 cm. thick, and short stout panicle branches,
the second has a slender elongated caudex, 2-3 cm. thick, and
slender panicle branches.
4. DUDLEYA Britton & Rose.
Caulescent or acaulescent perennials with flat linear
to ovate basal leaves and yellow, orange, red or rarely
white flowers, mostly in panicles. Leaves of the flower-
ing branches usually much shorter and relatively broader
than the basal ones, sessile or clasping. Calyx conspicu-
ous, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, linear-lanceolate to ovate,
obtuse to acuminate. Corolla nearly cylindric, or some-
what angled, the segments united below the middle,
erect, or their tips somew^hat spreading, obtuse to acumi-
nate. Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes, dis-
tinct. Carpels erect, many-seeded. {Cotyledon in part.)
Leaves spatulate to ovate, rather thin.
Leaves densely white-mealy; rosettes large. 1. D. pulverulenta.
Leaves green or glaucous, not mealy.
Herbage glaucous. 2. D. minor.
Herbage green. 3. D. ovatifolia.
Leaves lanceolate to nearly linear, thick.
Corolla pale greenish yellow. 4. D. brauntoni.
Corolla reddish, at least in age.
168 CRASSULACEAE.
Leaves very glaucous. 5. D. elongata.
Leaves not at all glaucous at flowering
time. 6. D. lurida.
1. D. pulverulenta (Nutt.) B. & R. Densely white-mealy
throughout; caudex short and very stout; rosulate leaves rather
thin and flaccid, in a flattened large rosette, broadly spatulate,
abruptly acute, 5-10 cm. long; scapes 4 dm. high or more, stout
with broadly cordate rather numerous acute leaves, the lower
sometimes ovate, acuminate; inflorescence of 2-6 elongated simple
racemes; pedicels mostly horizontal, slender, 6-15 mm, long; flowers
erect or ascending; sepals ovate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; corolla some-
what contracted above, reddish, about 14 mm. long, petals carinate
wdth a prominent mealy-glaucous midvein. ( Cotyledon pulverulenta
Benth. & Hook.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt on rocky slopes in all our moun-
tains. July-August.
2. D. minor Rose. Acaulescent, or very old plants with a
carrot-shaped rootstock 5 cm. long, crowned by a small rosette of
spreading leaves; leaves rhomboid-ovate, the large ones 5-7 cm.
long, narrowed at base, abruptly acuminate, glaucous; inflorescence
slender, with a few elongated 1-sided racemes; pedicels slender,
10-15 mm. long; calyx 5-7 mm. long, its lobes ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acute; corolla yellow or pale orange, 12 mm. long, its
tube 2 mm. long.
Originally described from plants collected by Dr. Hasse in the
San Gabriel Canyon, altitude about 2000 feet. Wilson's trail,
altitude 2500 feet, on rocky banks. The true relationship of this
and the following is not clear; they need intensive study in the field
and garden.
3. D. ovatifolia Britton. Glabrous, low, green, 1.5 dm. high or
less; flowering stems rigid; basal leaves ovate, shining above, acute,
about 2 cm. long; leaves of the flowering stems ovate, or the lower
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or the lower acute, 5-8 mm. long; cymes
few-flowered; pedicels very slender, 1 cm. long or less; flowers about
1 cm. long; calyx segments triangular-ovate-lanceolate, about 2.5
mm. long, nearly as long as the corolla-tube; corolla bright yellow,
its segments lanceolate, acute.
Described from specimens collected in the Santa Monica Moun-
tains by H. M. Hall.
4. D. brauntoni Rose. Caespitose, the rootstocks crowned by
6-8 rosettes of leaves; leaves elongated, strap-shaped, becoming
20 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, but often at flowering time only 10
cm. long and 1 cm. broad, pale green and very glaucous on the
face, acute; flowering stems usually stout, 3-6 dm. long, pale green,
their lower leaves often quite large, the upper ones ovate, acute,
thickish, slightly cordate at base; inflorescence at first somewhat
compact, of 3-4 branches, these finally much elongated, 1-2 dm.
long; pedicels very short, 1-3 mm. long, not elongated in fruit; calyx-
lobes broadly ovate, 4-5 mm. long, acute; segments of corolla pale
greenish yellow, 10-12 mm. long, erect.
Described from plants collected by Ernest Braunton on Elysian
Hills, Los Angeles.
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 169
5. D. elongata Rose. Stems elongated, at length 2-4 dm, long,
simple or branched; leaves nearly linear, broadest near the base,
very glaucous, 4-8 cm. long, 9 mm. wide or less, acute to acuminate;
flowering stems leafless below, leafy above; the leaves ovate, acute,
cordate, 1 cm. long or less; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; pedicels
very short, 1-2 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 4 mm. long,
twice as long as the tube; corolla 12 mm. long, at first reddish
yellow, in age deep red.
Along the coast. Described from specimens from near San
Pedro, collected by Dr. Hasse.
6. D. lurida Rose. Acaulescent; basal leaves ascending or
nearly erect, very numerous, not at all glaucous at flowering time,
at last deeply bronzed, lanceolate, acuminate, 10-15 cm. long, 10-22
mm. broad at the middle, fleshy but not very thick; flowering stems
stout, purplish, 4-5 dm. tall, their leaves broadly ovate, 8-12 rnm.
long, rather slender; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 5-6 mm. long, reddish;
corolla reddish, 12-15 mm. long, the segments erect, acute.
Frequent in the Santa Monica Mountains and Verdugo Hills.
5. TILLAEA.
Minute somewhat succulent and glabrous herbs with
opposite entire leaves and minute axillary mostly white
flowers. Sepals and petals 3-5, distinct or united at the
base. Stamens as many. Carpels as many, distinct;
styles short-subulate; ovules 1-many. Seeds striate
longitudinally.
1. T. minima Miess. Diffusely branched, 2-6 cm. high, erect
or ascending; leaves about 2 mm. long, ovate, acute, connate at
base; flowers in short leafy axillary panicles; sepals 4, scarcely 1 mm.
long, oblong-ovate, acute, slightly exceeding the linear-lanceolate
acuminate petals; carpels of about the same length, acute; seeds
usually solitary.
Common on sandy ground throughout the valley region.
Family 42. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family.
Herbs with alternate opposite or basal, chiefly exstipu-
late leaves and mostly perfect solitary, racemose, cymose
or paniculate flowers. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-parted,
free or adnate to the ovary, usually persistent. Petals
4-5, perigynous. Stamens equaling the petals in
number or twice as many, perigynous. Carpels 1-
several, more or less united into a compound superior or
inferior ovary; styles distinct or united. Fruit a capsule
or follicle. Seeds usually numerous; endosperm gen-
erally copious, fleshy; embryo small, terete.
170 SAXIFRAGACEAE.
Ovary with 2, rarely more, cells.
Stamens 5. 1. Therofon.
Stamens 10. 2. Saxifraga.
Ovary 1 -celled.
Stamens 5. 3. Heuchera.
Stamens 10. 4. Lithophragma.
1. THEROFON Raf.
Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks and leafy
stems. Leaves alternate, round-reniform, palmately
lobed and incised or toothed with callous glandular tips;
petiole mostly with a stipular dilation at base. Flowers
white, paniculate or in corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-lobed,
the tube adherent to the ovary, at length globular or
ovate. Petals 5, entire. Stamens short, alternating
with the petals; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent down the styliferous beaks.
Seeds ovoid, minutely papillose.
1. T. elatum (Nutt.) Greene. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous
or somewhat glandular-pubescent, the dilated bases of the petioles
with brown bristly hairs, otherwise smooth or nearly so; leaves
thin membranous, 5-7 cm. broad, deeply 5-7-lobed; calyx-lobes
lanceolate-triangular, often slightly toothed above; tube oval,
urceolate in fruit; petals cuneate-elliptic, obtuse, 3.5 mm. long, much
exceeding the calyx-lobes; claw very short. {Boykinia occidentalis
T. & G.)
Topango Canyon, Davidson.
2. T. rotundifolium (Parry) Wheelock. Stem villous-pubescent
and glandular, 4-8 dm. high, leafy; leaves 5-10 cm. broad, crenately
incised and toothed, thin, nearly glabrous above, petioles densely
villous, the slightly dilated base with brown bristly hairs; peduncles
axillary and terminal; flowers short-pedicelled, secund on the few
elongated branches; calyx campanulate, becoming broadly urceolate
in fruit, its lobes entire, acute; petals 2-2.5 mm, long, scarcely
exceeding the calyx-lobes, spatulate; the claw twice as long as the
rounded blade. {Boykinia rotundifolia Parry.)
Frequent in canyons in the San Gabriel Alountains, 2500-4500
feet altitude. May-July.
2. SAXIFRAGA L. Saxifrage.
Stemless or short-stemmed herbs with alternate or
mostly basal leaves and corymbose, paniculate or rarely
solitary small flowers. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, its
tube free or adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5,
equal, entire. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals; fila-
ments filiform; anthers 2-celled. Carpels 2 or rarely 3,
distinct or more or less united into a 2-celled ovary;
SAXIFRAGACEAE. 171
styles distinct, persistent, at length divergent. Fruit of
2 follicles or a 2-lobed or 2-beaked capsule, dehiscent
down the beaks or the ventral suture. Seeds smooth.
1. S. calif omica Greene. Scape 15-45 cm. high; leaves few,
rather thick, reddish veined, sparsely glandular-villous, oval, oblong
or elliptic, 25-50 mm. long, coarsely crenate to repand-denticulate;
petioles rather broad, 12-25 mm, long; inflorescence cymose-panicu-
late; calyx nearly free from the ovary, its segments reflexed; petals
oblong, 3 times as long as the calyx, white or rose-tinted; filaments
subulate, inserted under the edge of an elevated perigynous disk.
Arroyo Seco, McClatchie; near Glendale, Davidson.
3. HEUCHERA L.
Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks, mostly basal
long-petioled rounded usually cordate leaves, and slender
scapes. Inflorescence in ours paniculate, bracteate,
bearing small mostly purple flowers. Calyx campanu-
late or in fruit somewhat urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes
obtuse and sometimes unequal, the tube coherent with
lower half of the ovary. Petals unguiculate, small, en-
tire, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, ex-
serted or included; anthers 2-celled. Ovary and cap-
sule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, more or less 2-
beaked, the beaks tapering into the slender styles,
dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds numerous, minute,
papillose.
1. H. elegans Abrams. Scape 25-35 cm. high, villous-hirsute;
leaves thickish, round-cordate, 1-2 cm. broad, crenately lobed and
toothed, the margins ciliate, otherwise glabrous; petioles 2-2.5 cm.
long, villous; stipules scarious, the free portion narrowly lanceolate,
2-3 mm. long, ciliate with long slender hairs; panicles 14-18 cm.
long, villous-pubescent throughout and somewhat glandular, its
branches cymose, 3 cm. long, usually 9-flowered, the uppermost
becoming reduced; bracts subtending the branches about 4 mm.
long, lacerate, those subtending the pedicels similar but somewhat
reduced; calyx pink, villous, 8-10 mm. long, narrowly campanulate,
its lobes narrowly oblong, about 3 mm. long; petals white, lanceolate-
spatulate, 5-6 mm. long, narrowed below to a slender claw; stamens
included.
Frequent in rocky places in the higher altitudes of the chaparral
belt. Mount Gleason; Mount Lowe; Mount Wilson.
4. LITHOPHRAGMA T. & G.
Slender perennial herbs from mostly grumous roots,
with chiefly basal round-cordate toothed or lobed leaves,
1 72 GROSSULARI ACEAE.
their petioles stipuliform at base, cauline few on the
simple stems. Flowers few in a simple terminal raceme.
Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, free from the
ovary or more or less adnate to it. Petals 5, exserted,
3-7-lobed or sometimes entire. Stamens 10, included;
anthers cordate. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placen-
tae; styles 3, short. Fruit a 3-valved, many-seeded cap-
sule.
1. L. ajffinis Gray. Stems 1 or several, 15-40 cm, high, scabrous-
hirsute; basal leaves few, round-reniform, slightly lobed, 2-3 cm.
broad; cauline 3-lobed to the middle, the lobes coarsely toothed;
calyx 5 mm. long, turbinate, the tube more or less adherent to the
ovary; pedicels about equaling or slightly exceeding the calyx; lower
petals 8-10 mm. long, 3-toothed, the upper slightly smaller, entire;
seeds faintly striate-pitted or almost smooth. {Tellima affinis
Boland.)
Occasional on shady banks in the foothills, below 4000 feet
altitude. March-May.
Family 43. GROSSULARI ACEAE.
Gooseberry Family.
Erect branching shrubs with alternate palmately
lobed, often resinous-glandular or viscid leaves. Stipules
when present adnate to the petiole. Flowers racemose,
rarely solitary on 1-2-leaved axillary shoots; pedicels
subtended by a bract and usually bearing 2 bractlets at
about the middle. Calyx-tube adnate to the globose
ovary and more or less produced above it. Petals 5 or
rarely 4, erect, mostly smaller than the calyx-lobes.
Stamens equaling the petals in number and alternate
with them. Ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae;
styles 2, more or less united; stigmas terminal. Fruit a
berry, crowned with the withered remains of the flower.
Pedicels jointed beneath the ovary; plants without
nodal spines. 1. Ribes.
Pedicels not jointed; plants with nodal spines. 2. Grossularia.
1. RIBES L. Currant.
Unarmed or rarely bristly shrubs, with palmately
veined and usually lobed leaves. Racemes several-
GROSSULARIACEAE. 173
many-flowered. Pedicels jointed below the ovary,
usually with a pair of bractlets just below the joint.
Ovary not spiny. Fruit disarticulating from the pedicel.
Stems bristly; calyx saucer-shaped. 1. R. mofitigenum.
Stems not bristly.
Calyx smooth, yellow; leaves involute in
the bud. 2. R. gracillimum.
Calyx pubescent, not yellow; leaves plicate
in bud.
Leaves evergreen, holly-like. 3. R. viburnifolium.
Leaves deciduous, not holly-like.
Bracts herbaceous, toothed. 4. R. cereiim.
Bracts scarious, entire or ciliate.
Style glabrous; ovary with only
gland-tipped hairs. 5. R. nevadense.
Style villous below; ovary canes-
cent.
Flowers pink or purple, 8-10
mm. long. 6. R. malvaceum.
Flowers white or greenish-
white, 3-4 mm. long. 7. R. indecorum.
\. R. montigenum McClatchie. A spreading shrub, 3-6 dm.
high, the stems more or less bristly, with short nodal spines; leaves
usually about 2 cm, wide, deeply 5-lobed or cleft, the lobes incised
serrate, more or less pubescent and glandular; racemes short, few-
flowered; calyx-tube saucershaped, glandular bristly; the lobes
3-4 mm. long; berries red, glandular-bristly.
Widely distributed through the mountains of western America,
usually at high altitudes; summit of Mt. San Antonio.
2. R. gracillimum Coville & Britton. Shrub, 8-15 dm. high,
nearly glabrous, glandless; leaves ovate to rounded in outline,
about 2 cm. wide, 3-lobed and sparingly dentate; racemes 5-15-
flowered; 5 cm. long; calyx yellow, the tube 6-8 mm. long, the
lobes oval, 3-4 mm. long; petals obovate, 2-3 mm. long.
On partially wooded slopes and ravines; central and southern
California; Eaton's Wash near Pasadena; Los Angeles River, San
Fernando Valley.
3. R. viburnifolium Gray. An evergreen, staggling shrub with
resinous-glandular twigs; leaves thick, resinous dotted beneath,
ovate to obovate, sparingly repand dentate or sometimes entire;
racemes few-several-flowered; pedicels filiform; calyx tube turbinate,
the lobes oval, rose-colored, spreading; petals greenish, very small.
On the islands off the coast of southern California and on the
mainland in San Diego County, and Lower California.
4. R. cereum Dougl. An erect much branched unarmed shrub,
4-10 dm. high, minutely pubescent and usually resinous-dotted;
leaves rounded or reniform, 15-25 mm. wide, more or less 3-lobed,
crenately toothed, of rather firm texture; racemes drooping, closely
1 74 GROSSULARI ACEAE.
3-5-flowered; pedicels shorter than the bracts; calyx white or green-
ish, the tube cylindric, 8-10 mm. long, much longer than the ovate
recurved lobes; petals rounded; berry reddish and sweet.
A northern species belonging to the Canadian Zone; Mt. San
Antonio and the San Bernardino Mountains.
5. R. nevadense Kell. Rather slender, loosely branching shrub,
1-2 m. high, older bark flaky deciduous; leaves 5-10 cm. broad,
thin, not rugose, bright green and glabrous above, paler beneath
and sparsely pubescent; stipular base of petiole ciliate-margined
with long coarse plumose hairs; racemes rather short and dense,
on rather long pendulous peduncles; flowers rose-colored; calyx-
tube urceolate, 3 mm. long, lobes spreading, about equaling the
tube; berry small, globose, glabrous, black.
Strain's Camp, Mount Wilson. Frequent along streams in the
San Antonio and San Bernardino Mountains, in the pine belt.
May.
6. R. malvaceum viridifolium Abrams. Shrub 1-2 m. high,
the young branches short-pubescent and more or less densely
glandular with stalked glands; leaves rather thick, 3-7 cm. broad,
slightly or not at all rugose, minutely scabrous and somewhat
glandular with sessile glands above, pale and glandular-pubescent
beneath; petioles beset with stalked glands and more or less puberu-
lent; inflorescence glandular-pubescent, racemes rather long-
peduncled, drooping, many-flowered; bracts ovate, 1 cm. long,
ciliate-toothed above; pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx rose-colored
below, becoming nearly white above, its tube cylindric, pubescent
within, 12 mm. long; its lobes broadly ovate, rounded at apex, 4-5
mm. long; petals rounded, 2 mm. broad; anthers nearly sessile, 2 mm.
long; style pubescent; berries becoming reflexed at maturity, on
short pedicels, pubescent and rather sparsely beset with coarse
gland-tipped hairs, purplish, 1 cm. long.
Occasional in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains,
on north wooded slopes below 4000 feet altitude. March-April.
7. R. indecorum Eastw. An erect shrub, 1-2 m. high, with
shreddy bark and tomentose and glandular twigs; leaves 2-4 cm.
broad, 3-lobed, finely rugose on the upper surface, glandular-pubes-
cent and sparsely silky, the lower surface densely white-tomentose;
racemes 2-3 cm. long, short-peduncled; flowers on very short pedi-
cels; bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the pale pink or white calyx;
calyx-tube 3-4 mm. long, the lobes oval, about half as long; style
hairy at base; ovary densely tomentose.
In the chaparral and along dry washes, from Ventura County
to northern Lower California; Arroyo Seco; San Gabriel Wash;
Claremont.
2. GROSSULARIA Mill. Gooseberry.
Shrubs armed with simple or 3-forked nodal spines
or rarely spineless. Racemes few-flowered, the flowers
bracteate; pedicels not jointed without bractlets or
these minute and at the base of the pedicel. Ovary
often spiny. Fruit not disarticulating from the pedicel.
GROSSULARIACEAE. 1 75
Flowers 5-merous.
Berry armed with prickles.
Herbage glandular-pubescent. 1. G. amara.
Herbage not glandular-pubescent.
Leaves shiny, minutely and sparsely
pubescent; calyx-lobes twice the length
of the tube. _ 2. G. hesperia.
Leaves canescent; calyx-lobes equaling
the tube. 3. G. roezli.
Berry without prickles, glabrous or pubescent. 4. G. parishii.
Flowers 4-merous, bright red and showy. 5. G. speciosa.
\. G. amara (McClatchie) Coville & Britton. Shrub, 1-3 m.
high, the rigid stems and branches beset with yellow-brown com-
monly triple spines, often hispid; leaves, inflorescence and young
branches glandular-hirsute; leaves thin, 1-4 cm. broad, 3-5-lobed
and incised; peduncles 1-2-flowered; bracts round-ovate, usually
3-lobed, 6 mm. long; calyx-tube oblong-campanulate, 6 mm. long;
lobes reflexed, 6 mm. long, purplish red; petals pinkish white,
rounded, erose-toothed at summit; stamens equaling or slightly
exceeding the petals; anthers sagittate, mucronate, purplish; berry
12-20 mm. broad, densely covered with glandular bristles. _
Frequent on shaded slopes in the San Gabriel Mountains below
4000 feet altitude. February-March.
2. G. hesperia (McClatchie) Coville & Britton. Shrub, 1.5-3
m. high, with spreading branches; stems smooth, beset with dark-
colored commonly single spines; inflorescence and young branches
puberulent; leaves thin, 12-20 mm. broad, 3-5-lobed, the lobes
incised; peduncles 1-2-flowered; bracts broad, fan-shaped with
ciliated membranous pink margins; calyx-tube campanulate, slightly
inflated, about 2 mm. long, lobes greenish-red, 6-8 mm. long, petals
cuneate-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3-toothed at summit or entire;
filaments 4-6 mm. long; anthers mucronate, greenish; berry 12-20
mm. in diameter, densely beset with rather long spines.
Common in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains below
3000 feet altitude. January-February.
3. G. roezli (Kegel) Coville & Britton. Shrub, 10--15 dm. high
with pubescent but not bristly branches, the nodal spines straight
or recurved, brownish, 1.5 cm. long; leaves 15-25 mm. broad, reni-
form-rounded in outline, 3-5-lobed and incisely dentate-crenate,
finely pubescent on both sides; peduncles 1-3-flowered; ovary usually
white-hairy, bristly; calyx-tube 5-7 mm. long, purplish, pubescent,
the lobes lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long.
Southern Sierra Nevada southward to the San Bernardino
Mountains; North Baldy; Mt. San Antonio, and Santiago Peak,
Santa Ana Mountains.
4. R. parishii Heller. Shrub, 1-2.5 m. high, spreading, branches
tomentose, thorns single or sometimes triple; leaves roundish, 3-5-
lobed, the lobes incisely toothed, sparsely tomentose; peduncles
slender, elongated, drooping, 3-9-flowered; pedicels with broad
bract at base; calyx purplish, 6-8 mm. long; tube short, campanulate,
176 PLATANACEAE.
much exceeded by the oblong lobes; petals white, fan-shaped, mar-
gins convolute; filiform filaments and style much exserted; berry
small, glabrous, black.
Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie; San Bernardino Valley,
Parish.
5. R. speciosum Pursh. Evergreen shrub, 1.5-3 m. high, with
leaiy red bristly branches; subaxillary spines 3, united at base;
leaves subcoriaceous, dark green, smooth and shining above, rounded,
3-lobed, lobes short, crenately toothed; peduncles pendulous, 2-5-
flowered; flowers bright red, drooping; calyx 12-18 mm. long, its
tube short, somewhat inflated, lobes oblong, not spreading; petals
about I the length of the calyx-lobes; filaments filiform, much ex-
ceeding the calyx; anthers small, oval; berry small, densely prickly.
Frequent in the foothills. March-April.
Family 44. PLATANACEAE. Plane-tree Family.
Large trees with thin exfoliating bark, alternate
petioled palmately lobed leaves and small green monoe-
cious flowers in dense globular heads. Receptacle some-
what fleshy. Calyx of vS-8 externally minute sepals.
Corollas of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate
flowers with stamens as many as sepals and opposite
them; filaments short; anthers longitudinally dehiscent.
Pistillate flowers with 2-8 distinct pistils; ovary linear,
1-celled; style elongated; stigma lateral. Fruit a dense
head, composed of numerous narrowly obpyramidal
nutlets which are densely pubescent below with long
hairs; seed pendulous; endosperm thin; cotyledons linear.
1. PLATANUS L. Plane-tree or Sycamore.
Characters of the family.
1. P. racemosa Nutt. A large widely branching tree, 10-25
m. high; leaves stellate-pubescent when young, becoming glabrate,
10-15 cm. broad and scarcely as long, mostly 5-lobed, truncate or
somewhat cordate at base; lobes acute, the lower smaller, bluntly
cuspidate at the ends of the veins; petioles shorter than the leaves;
stipules larger on young twigs; staminate heads several; pistillate
heads 3-5.
Common along all the streams, mostly below 3000 feet altitude.
March.
ROSACE AE. 177
Family 45. ROSACEAE. Rose Family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate mostly stipulate
leaves and regular flowers. Calyx free from or adnate
to the ovary, usually 5-lobed, sometimes bracteolate.
Petals distinct, equal in number to the calyx-lobes or
none. Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the calyx;
anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent or rarely by
pores. Carpels 1-many, distinct or united. Ovary 1-
several-celled. Seeds 1 or few in each cell, anatropous;
endosperm present or wanting.
Herbs.
Petals present.
Styles terminal; ovules pendulous.
Petals yellow. 3. Potentilla.
Petals white. 6. Horkelia.
Styles lateral; ovules ascending. 4. Argentina.
Styles nearly basal. 5. Drymocallis.
Petals none; pistil 1. 9. Alchemilla.
Shrubs.
Stems unarmed.
Fruit an achene or follicle.
Flowers solitary or somewhat fasci-
cled. 7. Cercocarpus.
Flowers in terminal racemes.
Leaves alternate, toothed or
lobed. 1. Sericotheca.
Leaves fascicled, entire, minute. 8. Adenostoma.
Fruit a cluster of drupelets, berry-like. 2. Rubus.
Stems prickly.
Calyx not fleshy; fruit a cluster of drupe-
lets. 2. Rubus.
Calyx fleshy; enclosing the achenes. 10. Rosa.
1. SERICOTHECA Raf.
Unarmed shrubs with simple toothed or lobed exstipu-
late deciduous leaves and terminal panicles of numerous
white flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, nearly rotate.
Petals 5, rounded. Stamens 20, inserted on an annular
perigynous disk. Pistils 5, distinct, becoming 1-seeded
hairy carpels, tardily dehiscent by the dorsal suture or
indehiscent (Holodiscus Maxim.).
Inflorescence well compound, ample; leaves 3-6
cm. long. L S. franciscana.
Inflorescence small and narrow, a simple raceme
or with a few short branches. 2. S. concolor.
178 ROSACEAE.
1. S. franciscana Rydb. Shrub, 1-2 m. high; the branches
short, rigid; bark grayish brown, more or less shreddy; leaves ovate,
3-6 cm. long, cuneately narrowed to a short winged petiole, pin-
nately lobed or toothed above the middle, green and nearly glabrous
above, whitish tomentose beneath; panicles erect, branching;
carpels hirsute.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the chaparral belt.
2. S. concolor Rydb. A low shrub with spreading branches,
1 m. high or less; leaves sessile, cuneate-obovate, 5-12 mm. long,
toothed above the middle, finely and densely canescent on both
surfaces; inflorescence 5-8 cm. long, with a few short spreading
branches.
A high alpine species found on the summit of Mt. San Antonio
and also on San Gorgonio.
2. RUBUS L.
Low shrubs or trailing vines, usually prickly, with
alternate leaves, the stipules adnate to the petioles.
Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary, racemose or pani-
cled, white or purplish, mostly perfect. Calyx persist-
ent, bractless, deeply 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens
many, inserted on the calyx, distinct. Carpels many,
inserted on a convex or elongated receptacle, ripening
into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit. Ovules 2,
1 abortive; style terminal, slender. Seed pendulous.
Leaves simple, palmately lobed; stems unarmed. 1. R. parviflorus.
Leaves 3-5-foliate; stems prickly.
Drupelets separating from the receptacle in
fruit. 2. R. IcMcodermis.
Drupelets persistent on the receptacle. 3. R. vitifolius.
1. R. parviflorus Nutt. (Thimble Berry.) Stems erect, 1-2.5
m. high, without prickles; bark smooth or somewhat glandular-
pubescent, becoming brown and shreddy; leaves palmately 5-lobed,
cordate at base, unequally serrate, 10-15 cm. broad, glabrous, or
somewhat tomentose on the veins beneath; petioles and peduncles
hirsute-glandular; flowers few, corymbose, white, 2-4 cm. broad;
calyx-lobes tipped with a long slender appendage; fruit separating
from the receptacle when ripe, hemispheric, red. {R. nutkanus
Mocino.)
In moist shady places in the San Antonio and San Bernardino
Mountains in the pine belt. April-June.
2. R. leucodermis Dougl. (Raspberry.) Stems erect, 4-8 dm.
high, glaucous, armed with stout, straight or recurved prickles;
leaves 3-foliate or rarely 5-foliate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate-
acuminate, doubly serrate, white tomentose beneath; the veins,
petioles and peduncles prickly; stipules setaceous; fiowers few,
corymbose, 1 cm, broad; sepals lanceolate, long acuminate, exceed-
ROSACEAE. 179
ing the petals; ovaries tomentose; fruit separating from the re-
ceptacle when ripe, yellowish red with a white bloom and agreeable
flavor.
Occasional in all our mountains in the pine belt. May-June.
3. R. vitifolius C. & S. (Bramble or Blackberry.) Stems
woody, weak and trailing or suberect, somewhat glaucous, armed
with straight, slender prickles, 1-6 m. long; leaves pinnately 3-5-
foliate or those of the flowering branches only deeply lobed; leaflets
ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, glabrous or more or less pubes-
cent; flowers imperfect, staminate large with elongated petals;
pistillate small with broad petals; fruit persistent on the receptacle,
oblong, black and sweet.
Frequent in the foothills and valleys, mostly along streams.
January-April.
3. POTENTILLA L.
Ours perennial or rarely annual herbs with digitately
or pinnately compound leaves and cymose yellow perfect
flowers. Calyx persistent, its tube concave or hemi-
spheric, 5-bracteolate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, mostly obovate
and emarginate. Stamens commonly 20, inserted on
an annular disk very near the base of the receptacle;
filaments filiform or spatulate but not flattened. Pistils
many, becoming dry achenes in fruit, inserted on a
hemispheric or conic receptacle; style terminal or nearly
so, deciduous; ovules pendulous, anatropous.
1. P. multijuga Lehm. Perennial; stems erect, 3-7 dm. high,
slightly silky-strigose, more or less leafy; stipules large, 1-2 cm.
long, ovate, entire; basal leaves numerous, often 2-3 dm. long,
slightly hairy or glabrate, pinnate w^ith 6-13 pairs ot leaflets; leaf-
lets obovate, cuneate, 1-4 cm. long, coarsely toothed above the
middle; cauline leaves smaller and with fewer leaflets; flowers about
15 mm. broad, in rather narrow cymes; pedicels slender; bractlets
oblong, about | as long as the ovate calyx-lobes; petals broadly
obcordate, about I longer than the calyx-lobes; style filiform.
Playa del Rey, Hasse. A rare plant not otherwise known.
4. ARGENTINA Lam.
Perennial herbs growing in damp ground and spread-
ing by slender runners, with thick and fascicled roots
and pinnate leaves. Flowers borne on simple pedicels
from the axils of the leaves formed on the runners,
5-merous and with 5 bractlets. Calyx nearly wheel-
shaped. Petals yellow, broadly elliptic to nearly orbicu-
lar, obtuse. Stamens 20-25, inserted closely around the
base of the receptacle; filaments filiform, rather short.
Receptacle hemispheric, bearing numerous pistils, these
180 ROSACEAE.
becoming dry achenes in fruit. Style filiform, lateral,
attached at the middle of the ovary, somewhat persist-
ent. Seeds ascending and amphitropous.
1. A. anserina (L.) Rydb. Main stem inconspicuous, producing
many long runners; leaves 1-2 dm. long, abruptly pinnate with
9-31 larger leaflets and with smaller ones interposed, usually pros-
trate, slightly silky and green above, white-silky and tomentose
beneath; larger leaflets oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, deeply and sharply
serrate; flowers 1-2 cm, broad, on pedicels 3-20 cm. long; petals
much exceeding the calyx.
Rather common in damp ground in the valleys. Flowering
through the summer. {Potentilla anserina L.)
5. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr.
Erect more or less glandular or viscid herbs from
perennial rootstocks, with pinnate leaves and cymose
yellow 5-merous bracteolate flowers. Calyx saucer-
shaped or hemispheric. Petals obovate, elliptic or nearly
orbicular, obtuse. Stamens 20-30 on a persistent disk
at base of receptacle. Receptacle hemispheric with
numerous pistils which become dry achenes. Style
basal, slightly thickened and glandular below, tapering
at both ends or nearly filiform, rather persistent. Seed
attached near the base, ascending, orthotropous.
1. D. glandulosa (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high,
rather slender, slightly striate, viscid and glandular hairy at least
above, nearly simple below, branched above ; lower stipules lanceolate,
the upper ovate and usually deeply toothed; basal leaves petioled,
pinnate; leaflets 3-4 pairs, sparingly hairy, nearly glabrous above,
obovate, mostly obtuse, simply or double serrate with broad teeth,
1-3 cm. long, the upper generally somewhat larger; cauline leaves
short petioled, with 1-3 pairs of leaflets; flowers in an open many-
flowered cyme, 10-15 mm. broad; bractlets linear-lanceolate, much
shorter than the oblong or obovate-lanceolate acute sepals; petals
obovate, about equaling the sepals, stamens 25. {Potentilla glandu-
losa Lindl.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt in all the mountains. Ours not
typical, having usually smaller flowers and less acute sepals. March-
July.
la. D. glandulosa monticola Rydb. A more slender and smaller
mountain form with smaller leaflets, more open but smaller cymes,
shorter sepals, pale yellow petals, and often only 20 stamens. {Po-
tentilla glandulosa nevadensis Wats.)
Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains. May-August.
ROSACEAE. 181
6. HORKELIA Cham. & Sch.
Perennial herbs with a thick woody caudex or root-
stock covered with brown scales, pinnate leaves and
cymose flowers. Calyx deeply campanulate to saucer-
shaped, deeply 5-lobed, with 5 bractlets alternating with
the lobes. Petals variable, unguiculate, white or rarely
pale yellow. Stamens 5-20, inserted in the throat of the
calyx-tube and remote from the base of receptacle; fila-
ments dilated, petaloid. Receptacle hemispheric or
conic with numerous pistils. Styles long and slender,
generally thickened and somew^hat glandular at base,
deciduous. Ovules and seeds pendulous, anatropous.
1. H. sericea (Gray) Rydb. Stem rather stout, 3-6 dm. high,
siiky-pubescent, scarcely glandular; stipules ovate or lanceolate,
1-2 cm. long, often toothed; basal leaves numerous, rather short-
petioled; leaflets 4-7 pairs, rather thick, densely and finely silky-
canescent, obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, rather coarsely somewhat
crenately toothed, the upper confluent; cauline leaves similar but
smaller with 2-5 pairs of leaflets; cyme rather dense; calyx cupulate;
bractlets entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate; lobes similar, slightly
exceeding the bractlets; petals white, spatulate, 5-6 mm. long. {H.
calif ornica sericea Gray.)
Near Playa del Rey, not otherwise known south of Santa Barbara.
March-May.
2. H. puberula (Greene) Rydb. Stems mostly several, 3-6 dm.
high, branched, finely glandular-puberulent, leafy; stipules obovate,
often toothed; basal leaves numerous, puberulent or glabrate;
leaflets 5-8 pairs, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers
about 1 cm. broad; calyx-tube cupulate; bractlets broadly lanceolate,
exceeded by the ovate-lanceolate calyx-lobes; petals oblong-spatu-
late, scarcely exceeding the calyx-lobes. (H. platycalyx Rydb.)
Frequent in the foothills, mostly below 3000 feet altitude. March-
May.
7. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. Mountain Mahogany.
Unarmed evergreen shrubs or trees with simple stipu-
late leaves and small axillary or terminal solitary or
somewhat fascicled apetalous flowers. Calyx salver-
shaped, the 5-lobed limb deciduous. Stamens many, in
2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Pistil 1 ; style ter-
minal; ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a coriaceous
terete villous achene, included in the elongated calyx-
tube, caudate with the elongated plumose twisted style.
Seed linear; endosperm none.
182 ROSACEAE.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, the margins entire,
revolute. 1. C ledifolius.
Leaves obovate to rounded, margins toothed
above.
Leaves obovate, pubescent or glabrous be-
neath. 2. C. betulaefolius.
Leaves oval to rounded, densely white downy
beneath. 3. C. traskiae.
L C. ledifolius Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high;
leaves narrowly lanceolate, the margins entire and revolute, 15-35
mm. long, thick coriaceous, resinous and glabrate above, tomentose
beneath, narrowed at base to a short petiole; flowers sessile, tomen-
tose; calyx 4 mm. broad, deeply toothed, the tube becoming 6-10
mm. long; tail of the achene 5-8 cm. long in fruit.
Inhabits the Arid Transition Zone from southeastern Washington
to southern California and Arizona: Mt. Wilson, Helm Geis; North
Baldy and Lone Pine Canyon, also in the San Bernardino Mountains.
2. C. betulaefolius Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high,
with rather thin flaky gray bark and spreading or somewhat re-
curved branches; leaves thick, obovate, cuneate, entire below
the middle, serrate toothed above, sometimes faintly so, distinctly
veined on both surfaces, smooth above, pubescent beneath; calyx
open campanulate, 6 mm. broad, the tube becoming 12-14 mm.
long in fruit, somewhat contracted above; achene coriaceous, the
plumose style about 7 cm. long.
Rather common in the chaparral belt of all the mountains.
Flowering in March and fruiting in July.
3. C. traskiae Eastw. A small tree 1-2.5 m. high, with rough
grayish brown bark and tomentose branchlets; leaves rounded to
oval, 2-6 cm. long, dark green and glabrous above, densely white-
tomentose beneath; calyx white-tomentose, 5-8 mm. broad, the
tube 1 cm. long; tail of achene about 5 cm. long.
A rare species, known only from a small solitary grove in a
narrow precipitous canyon on Santa Catalina Island.
8. ADENOSTOMA H. & A. Chamiso.
Unarmed evergreen shrubs with small coriaceous en-
tire fascicled stipulate leaves and small white flowers in
terminal panicled racemes. Calyx obconic, 5-toothed,
10-striate. Petals 5, orbicular. Stamens 10-15, inserted
in bundles alternate with the petals. Pistil 1, simple;
style lateral; ovary 1-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Achene en-
closed by the hardened persistent calyx-tube.
1. A. fasciculatum H. & A. Shrub 1-4 m. high with reddish
virgate branches and grayish bark, becoming shreddy; stipules
small, acute, leaves fascicled, linear-subulate, 4-8 mm. long, pun-
gently acute, glabrous, often resinous; flowers crowded, sessile;
calyx bracted at base, green, 2 mm. long, its lobes shorter than the
small petals; ovary obliquely truncate.
Very common in the chaparral belt. April-June.
MALACEAE. 183
2. A. sparsifolium Torr. An arborescent, resinously glandular
shrub, 2-6 m. high, vAth. reddish brown trunks; leaves not fascicled,
narrowly linear, 7-15 mm. long, glandular; flowers in open showy
panicles; calyx-lobes rounded, whitish, 2 mm. long, half the length
of the white petals.
A common species in the chaparral of the San Jacinto Moun-
tains, extending southward to northern Lower California. It has
also been collected in the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse.
9. ALCHEMILLA L. Lady's Mantle.
Ours small annual herbs with leafy stems and minute
green flowers in the axils of the palmately lobed leaves.
Calyx-tube urceolate, its limb 4-parted with alternating
minute bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1 or 2, minute.
Pistils 1 or 2, slender; style rising from near the base of
the ovary; ovule 1, ascending. Achene ovate, com-
pressed, enclosed in the persistent calyx.
1. A. aivense (L.) Scop. Slender, simple or much branched
from the base, 4-10 cm. high; floriferous and hirsute throughout;
leaves 3-parted, the segments 2-3-cleft; calyx-tube much contracted
under the 4-parted limb.
Occasional in shady places or along streams in the foothills.
10. ROSA L. Rose.
Prickly shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves, adnate stipules
and large solitary or corymbose flowers. Calyx-tube
globose or urceolate; its limb 5-parted; bractlets none.
Petals 5, rounded, spreading. Stamens many on the
silky disk, which lines the calyx-tube. Pistils many,
included in the calyx- tube, but free and distinct; styles
subterminal; ovules solitary, pendulous. Achene bony,
enclosed in the fleshy enlarged red berry-like calyx-tube.
1. R. calif ornica C. & S. Erect, branching, 1-3 m. high; prickles
few, stout, usually recurved; foliage of firm texture, more or less
glandular and tomentose; stipules entire; leaflets 5-7, ovate or
oblong; serratures mostly simple, spreading; corymb mostly few-
flowered; pedicels pubescent and glandular; calyx-lobes foliaceous-
tipped; fruit globose, 8-12 mm, in diameter; persistent lobes erect.
Frequent in the valleys and mountains. Flowering often nearly
the year round.
Family 46. MALACEAE. Apple Family.
Trees and shrubs with alternate simple or pinnate
leaves, the stipules free from the petiole, small and
184 MALACEAE
deciduous. Flowers regular, perfect, racemose, corym-
bose or solitary. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, the tube
adnate to the ovary. Petals 5, usually clawed. Stamens
numerous or rarely few. Ovary 1-5-celled, composed of
1-5 usually united carpels; styles 1-5; ovules 1-2 in
each carpel. Fruit a more or less fleshy pome, consisting
of the thickened calyx-tube enclosing the bony papery
or leathery carpels. Endosperm none; cotyledones
fleshy.
Leaves evergreen; carpels 2, free and separating. 1, Heteromeles.
Leaves deciduous; carpels 5, united and coalescent
with the fleshy calyx-tube. 2. Amelanchier,
L HETEROMELES Roem. Christmas Berry; Tollon.
A small evergreen tree or sometimes shrubby, with
simple coriaceous toothed leaves and terminal corymbose
panicles of small white flowers. Calyx turbinate, 5-
parted, the lobes at length inflexed over the carpels and
becoming fleshy. Petals rounded, concave. Stamens
10; filaments dilated at base and somewhat connate.
Ovary 2-3-celled, 4-6-ovuled; styles 2-3. Fruit a red
ovoid berry-like pome; carpels free from the fleshy
calyx-tube above the middle.
1. H. salicifolia (Presl) Abrams. Usually 3-6 m. high, nascent
parts tomentulose; leaves narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
5-10 cm. long, remotely serrate or dentate, dark green and shining;
fruit about 6 mm. long. {H. arhutifolia.)
Common in the chaparral belt. May-June.
2. AMELANCHIER Medic. Service Berry.
Shrubs or small trees, with deciduous simple leaves.
Flowers racemose, white. Calyx 5 parted, the lobes
narrow, persistent, usually reflexed. Petals 5, ascending.
Stamens indefinite, usually about 20, the outer the
longer. Styles 5; carpels united into a 5-celled ovary,
each cell divided into 2 by a dorsal partition. Fruit a
small berry-like pome.
L A. venulosa Greene. An erect bushy shrub, 2 m. high or
more, with ashy gray bark, and tomentose twigs; leaves broad
obovate, entire below the middle, sparsely serrate at the obtuse
apex, more or less clothed with a short tomentum; inflorescence
AMYGDALACEAE. 185
branches and calyx-tube tomentose; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate,
tomentose on both surfaces, strongly recurved.
Coniferous forests of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-
tains; Swartout Canyon, San Antonio Mountains.
Family 47. AMYGDALACEAE. Peach Family.
Trees or shrubs with alternate deciduous or evergreen
usually serrate leaves and white or rose-colored flowers
in terminal or axillary racemes or corymbs. Calyx
campanulate or turbinate, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5,
inserted on the calyx, spreading. Stamens 15-25, in-
serted with the petals. Ovaries 1-5, 1-celled, free;
ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe
with a bony stone; seeds 1 or rarely 2.
Leaves deciduous.
Flowers corymbose or umbellate. 1. Prunus.
Flowers racemose. 2. Padus.
Leaves evergreen; flowers racemose. 3. Laurocerasus.
1. PRUNUS L. Cherries and Plums.
Trees or shrubs, with deciduous leaves. Flowers
umbellate or corymbose, appearing before or with the
leaves mostly on branches of the previous season. Style
terminal. Ovary and fruit smooth and glabrous; the
stone smooth or slightly roughened, globose, oval or
compressed.
1. P. emarginata (Dougl.) Walp. A shrub, 1-4 m. high, with a
smooth dull red bark; leaves ovate or oblong-obovate, finely serrate,
2-4 cm. long, on petiole 2-6 mm. long; the blade with 1 or 2 glands
at the base; flowers 3-10, in short crymbs; drupes globose, 7-10 mm.
long.
Widely distributed over the Pacific Coast ranging from British
Columbia to Arizona; Lytle Creek Canyon, also in the San Bernar-
dino and Cuiamaca Mountains. The southern California form has
been called Cerasus arida Greene.
2. PADUS Mill. Choke Cherry.
Trees or vshrubs, with deciduous leaves and small
white flowers in narrow racemes terminating leafy
branches of the season. Drupe small, globose, the
exocarp fleshy, smooth and glabrous; the stone smooth,
small, rounded or oval. m
186 MIMOSACEAE.
1. P. demissa (Nutt.) Roem. Shrub, 1-4 m, high; leaves ovate
or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at base,
sharply serrate, more or less pubescent beneath, 5-10 cm. long,
with 1 or 2 glands at the base of the blade; racemes 5, terminal,
7-10 cm. long, many-flowered; drupe globose, red or purple, astrin-
gent; stone globose.
Occasional in the San Bernardino and San Antonio Mountains
in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the pine belt.
3. LAUROCERASUS Reichb. Evergreen Cherries.
Trees and shrubs, with alternate coriaceous leaves,
persistent into the second season, toothed or entire.
Flowers in narrow racemes, arising from the axils of
the leaves of the previous season. Calyx with 5 short
lobes; petals small, white. Stamens 15-30. Style ter-
minal. Fruit with a large smooth stone and thin scarcely
fleshy exocarp.
1. L. ilicifolia (Nutt.) Roem. Shrubby or arborescent, 3-6 m.
high, bark grayish brown; leaves coriaceous, glossy above, glabrous
throughout, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, coarsely spinose-toothed,
2.5-5 cm. long, on short petioles; racemes axillary, 2.5-5 cm. long,
leafless; flowers small; drupe 1 cm. long or more, thick, slightly
obcompressed, sweetish, scarcely astringent.
Common in the chaparral belt. May-June.
2. L. lyoni (Eastw.) Britton. Catalina Cherry. This species
is closely related to ilicifolia and has been considered a mere variety.
It differs in the larger ovate-lanceolate leaves, 5-8 cm. long, with
entire thickened and revolute margins, those of vigorous shoots and
seedlings sparsely spinose; fruit nearly globose, about 2 cm. long.
A small tree, 8-10 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 5 dm. in
diameter. Native of the islands off the coast of southern California,
and also on the mainland in northern Lower California.
Family 48. MIMOSACEAE. Mimosa Family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly com-
pound leaves, and small regular mostly perfect flowers
in heads, spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed orlobed,
the teeth or lobes usually valvate in the bud. Corolla
of as many distinct or more or less united petals. Sta-
mens as many as petals, twice as many or numerous,
distinct or monadelphous. Ovary 1-celled; ovules sev-
eral or numerous; style simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds
without endosperm; cotyledons fleshy.
Pods straight or slightly curved. 1. Prosopis.
Pods coiled. 2. Strombocarpa.
FABACEAE. 187
1. PROSOPIS L.
Trees or shrubs often armed with axillary spines or
spinescent stipules. Leaves bipinnate with 1 or 2 pairs
of pinnae and usually numerous small entire leaflets.
Flowers greenish, regular, in cylindric or globose axillary
pedunculate spikes. Calyx campanulate, the teeth very
short and valvate. Petals 5, valvate, united below the
middle or at length free, woolly on the inner side. Sta-
mens 10, free and exserted; anthers tipped with a de-
ciduous gland. Ovary villous; style filiform. Pod linear,
compressed or nearly terete, straight, falcate or twisted,
coriaceous and indehiscent, usually pulp}^ within.
Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed.
1. P. glandulosa Torr. (Algaroba or Mes quite.) A shrub
or small tree, much branched, the branches widely spreading; spines
axillary; petioles glabrous or sparsely puberulent; leaflets 8-12 pairs,
the pairs about 1 cm. distant, linear, 12-15 mm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm.
wide, sparsely puberulent at least on the margins; spikes nearly
sessile, 5-8 cm. long, usually dense; flowers very short-pedicelled,
2 mm. long; pods straight or slightly falcate, only 1-3 developing,
10-15 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, longitudinally veiny, on stipes
about 5 mm. long, straw-colored and sweetish when mature.
River bottoms about San Bernardino. Common on the Colorado
Desert.
2. STROMOBOCARPA Gray.
Distinguished from Prosopis by the tightly coiled pods.
1. S. pubescens (Benth.) Gray. (Tornilla or Screw-bean.)
A shrub or small tree resembling the last in habit, more or less
puberulent; stipules spinescent; leaflets 5-8 pairs, the pairs 3-5 mm.
distant, oblong, 5-8 mm. long, obtuse at apex; spikes on peduncles
about 1 cm. long, 4-6 cm. long, often lax; flowers sessile, 3 mm. long,
pods usually several-many developing, twisted into a straight
cylinder, 25-35 mm. long, about 5 mm. broad, on stipes less than
2 mm. long.
River bottoms about San Bernardino, growing with mesquite.
Family 49. FABACEAE. Bean Family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate stipulate com-
pound or rarely entire leaves and irregular or regular
flowers. Leaflets mostly entire, the upper sometimes
converted into tendrils. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft,
its tube exceeding the perigynous disk, which bears the
188
FABACEAE.
petals and stamens. Petals commonly 5 and irregular;
the standard superior, larger and external, covering in the
bud the 2 lateral ones (wings), these covering the 2 infer-
ior pair which are more or less united above, forming the
keel. Stamens and pistils enclosed in the keel. Fila-
ments 10, 9 commonly united below into a sheath about
the pistil and 1 distinct (diadelphous) , or all united
{monadelphous) , or distinct; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent
longitudinally. Pistil simple, free, becoming a legume
in fruit; ovules few or many on the single parietal pla-
centa; style usually incurved. Legume 1-celled, 2-
valved, sometimes falsely 2-celled by the intrusion of the
placenta. Endosperm usually wanting. (Leguminosae.)
Stamens distinct; shrub; flowers solitary, purple.
1.
Xylothermia,
Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous.
Leaves palmately 5-11-foliate.
2.
LUPINUS.
Leaves 3-foliate.
Herbage not glandular-dotted.
Herbs.
Flowers in axillary racemes or
spikes.
Pods spirally coiled.
4.
Medicago.
Pods small, wrinkled.
5.
Melilotus.
Flowers capitate.
6.
Trifolium.
Shrub.
3.
Cytisus.
Herbage glandular-dotted.
9.
PSORALEA.
Leaves unequally pinnate; tendrils wanting.
Herbage glandular-dotted.
Shrub; pods not prickly.
10.
Amorpha.
Perennial herb; pods prickly.
12.
Glycyrrhiza.
Herbage not glandular-dotted.
Flowers in spikes or racemes.
11.
Astragalus.
Flowers solitary or umbellate.
Pods dehiscent.
7.
HOSACKIA.
Pods indehiscent.
8.
Syrmatium.
Leaves pinnate; tendrils present.
Style villous all around at apex.
13.
ViCIA.
Style villous on 1 side.
14.
Lathyrus.
1. XYLOTHERMIA Greene.
A rigid much branched spinescent shrub with small
nearly sessile 1-3-foliate exstipulate leaves and large
solitary subsessile purple flowers. Calyx campanulate,
repandly 4-toothed. Petals equal; standard orbicular,
FABACEAE. 189
the sides reflexed; keel petals distinct, oblong, obtuse.
Stamens distinct. Pod linear, compressed, straight,
several-seeded.
1. X. montana (Nutt.) Greene. Shrub 1-2 m. high, the branches
widely spreading; leaves crowded; leaflets 6-18 mm. long, oblance-
olate, acute, entire, somewhat silky-pubescent when young; flowers
near the ends of the stiff spinescent branchlets, on short 2-bracteolate
peduncles, rose-colored or purple, 15-20 mm. long. {Pickeringia
montana Nutt.)
Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range.
2. LUPINUS L. Lupine.
Annual or perennial herbs or woody plants, with pal-
mately 5-15-foliate leaves and adnate mostly incon-
spicuous stipules. Leaflets entire. Flowers in terminal
racemes, verticillate or scattered. Calyx deeply bilabi-
ate; upper lip notched; lower entire or sometimes 3-
toothed or 3-cleft. Standard broad, the sides reflexed;
wings united above, enclosing the incurved beaked keel.
Stamens monadelphous, dimorphous; 5 anthers oblong,
basifixed, the other 5 rounded, versatile. Stigma
bearded. Pod 2-valved, compressed, straight.
Ovules several in each pod; annuals.
Flowers not verticillate.
Herbage sparsely to densely pubescent
or villous.
Herbage finely and sparsely pubescent,
becoming almost glabrous. 1. L. truncatiis.
Herbage densely villous or pilose.
Keel ciliate toward the base. 2. L. sparsiflorus.
Keel naked.
Leaves oblanceolate; pet-
als 8 mm, long. 3. L. concinnus.
Leaves cuneate-obovate; petals
6 mm. long. 4. L. agardhianus.
Herbage hispid with viscid stinging hairs. 5. L. hirsutissimus.
Flowers verticillate.
Keel ciliate; petals 4 mm. long. 6. L. micranthus.
Keel naked; petals 10-12 mm. long. 7. L. affinis.
Perennials.
Herbaceous.
Herbage nearly glabrous; keel ciliate. 8. L. cytisoides.
Herbage silky-pubescent; keel naked. 9. L. formosus.
SuftVutescent or shrubby.
Keel ciliate.
Lower calyx-lobe entire; seeds dark. 10. L. longifolius.
Lower calyx-lobe 3-toothed; seeds
190 FABACEAE.
light-colored and mottled.
Shrub usually about 1 m. high,
with a well developed trunk. 11. L. hnllii.
Flowering branches arising from
a woody caudex. 12. L. grayi.
Keel naked; maritime species. 13. L. chamissonis.
1. L. truncatus Nutt. Usually rather stout, sparingly branched,
3-6 dm. high, finely and sparsely pubescent, becoming nearly
glabrous; leaflets 5-7, linear-cuneiform, apex truncate, entire or
3-toothed, 2-4 cm. long, scarcely equaling the petiole; upper calyx
lip 2-cleft; petals deep purple, 8-10 mm. long; the standard shorter;
keel 2-3 mm. long.
Common in the open foothills and valleys. March-May.
2. L. sparsiflorus Benth. Slender, sparingly branched, 3-6 dm.
high, villous with spreading hairs; leaflets 5-9, linear, obtuse at
apex, 1-2.5 cm. long; petioles 2-4 times longer; upper calyx-ljp 2-
parted; petals violet, 10 mm. long; standard shorter; keel ciliate
on the claws and on the lower \ of the blade; pod 1-2.5 cm. long.
Frequent in the foothills. March-May.
3. L. concinnus Agardh. Low, 10-15 cm. high, spreading,
densely villous or hirsute; leaflets 5-8, oblanceolate, 10-20 mm.
long, obtuse; petioles slender, 2-4 times longer; racemes short,
dense, subsessile; bracts linear-setaceous persistent; upper calyx-
lip 2-parted, lower deeply trifid; petals 8 mm. long, violet; standard
shorter with a yellow spot in the center; keel scarcely falcate, naked,
slightly exceeding the wings; pod 4-seeded.
Occasional in dry washes in the interior valleys.
4. L. agardhianus Heller. Low, slender, 6-15 cm. high, spread-
ing, rather densely pilose; leaflets 5-7, cuneate-obovate, 6-12 mm.
long; racemes short, lax; bracts short; upper calyx-lip bifid, lower
3-toothed; petals 6 mm. long, blue and white; standard shorter;
keel slightly exceeding the wings, nearly straight, naked; pod 1 cm.
long. {L. gracilis Agardh.)
San Fernando Mountains, near Chatsworth Park. April.
5. L. hirsutissimus Benth. Rather stout, 2-3 dm. high, very
hispid with viscid stinging hairs; leaflets 5-7, broadly cuneate-
obovate, retuse, obtuse, or rarely acute, mucronulate, 1.5-3 cm.
long; petioles twice as long; racemes loose; upper calyx-lip deeply
cleft; petals reddish purple, nearly equal, 12 mm. long; keel ciliate
on the claw only; pod hirsute, 2.5 cm. long.
Frequent in the foothills and interior valleys, mostly in sandy
soil. March-May.
6. L. micranthus Dougl. Rather slender and weak, branched
from the base, 12-20 cm. high, pilose-pubescent, not at all suc-
culent; leaflets 5-7, narrowly linear to linear-spatulate, 1-3 cm.
long; petioles twice as long; racemes pedunculate; verticils 3-5,
often indistinct; pedicels 3 mm. long or in fruit 6 mm. long; upper
calyx-lip 2-clcft, the lobes divergent, lower longer, entire; petals
4 mm. long, blue except the white and dotted middle of the erect
FABACEAE. 191
mucronulate standard; keel woolly-ciliate above the middle; pods
5-seeded.
Common in all our valleys. March-May.
7. L. afBnis Agardh. Stout and succulent, branching above,
3-6 dm. high, nearly glabrous or somewhat short pubescent; leaflets
7, cuneate-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 2.5-4 cm. long; petioles
2 or 3 times as long; racemes with 3-7 whorls; bracts equaling the
calyx; upper calyx-lip bifid, lower entire or 3-toothed; petals 10-12
mm. long, bluish-purple; keel broad, naked.
9. L. cytisoides Agardh. Taller than the last, 1-2 m. high;
stems striate; pubescence minute, appressed; stipules lanceolate-
subulate; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, 5 cm. long or more; raceme much
elongated, dense; flowers not verticillate; calyx as in the last; petals
usually rose-purple, 12-14 mm. long; keel strongly falcate, densely
ciliate below the middle.
Frequent in the canyons of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains. April-August.
10. L, longifolius (Wats.) Abrams. Shrubby, 8-15 dm. high,
often from a trunk-like base and much branched above; petioles
5-10 cm. long; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, 5 cm. long or less, some-
what canescent with appressed pubescence on both sides; racemes
rather loosely flowered, 15-25 dm. long; flowers verticillate, 12-15
mm. long, deep blue or nearly white; upper calyx-lip deeply cleft,
the lower entire; standard with a whitish spot near the middle,
changing to rose-purple; keel ciliate above the middle to near the
tip, the claw naked; seeds oval, 4 mm. long, brownish. {L. chamis-
sonis longifolius Wats.)
Frequent on bluffs along the seashore, but not on the dunes.
11. L. hallii Abrams. Shrubby, 6-10 dm. high, canescent
throughout with a short silky pubescence; leaflets 7-9, spatulate,
12-24 mm. long; flowers in whorls 2-3 cm. distant; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, caducous, 7 mm. long; upper calyx-lobe
2-lobed, the lower 3-toothed; keel conspicuously ciliate on the
central part of the inner margin.
Nowhere abundant, but widely distributed through the chaparral
belt and on open hillsides in southern California. Closely related
to the northern L. albifrons Benth.
12. L. grayi Wats. Stems decumbent or ascending from a
woody branching caudex, 3-6 dm. high, densely silky pubescent
throughout; leaflets 5-9, cuneate-oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm. long; flowers
verticillate, 12-15 mm. long, deep blue; standard with a permanent
yellow spot in center; keel ciliate from near the apex to the base
and on the claw.
Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino
and Cuyamaca Mountains.
13. L. chamissonis Esch. Shrubby, 4-8 dm. high, forming
rather dense tufts, leafy throughout; leaflets usually 9, cuneate-
obovate, obtuse and mucronulate or acute, 1-3 cm. long, very silky
on both sides; racemes rather dense, mostly on short peduncles;
flowers subverticillate, 10-12 mm. long; upper calyx-lip cleft, lower
192 FABACEAE.
entire; petals blue or lavender; standard with permanent yellow
spot; keel naked.
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering
nearly the year round.
3. CYTISUS L. Broom.
Shrubs with green, leafy or sometimes nearly leafless,
more or less angular branches. Leaves palmately or
pinnately 3-foliate; leaflets entire. Flowers solitary or
racemose, usually yellow. Calyx bilabiate. Petals
broad ; keel obtuse. Stamens monadelphous. Pod com-
pressed, several-seeded.
1. C. canariensis (L.) Link. Much branched, 1-2 m. high, soft
pubescent, leafy; leaflets 6-12 mm. long; flowers yellow, 15-20 mm.
long, fragrant, in terminal racemes; upper calyx-lip deeply 3-toothed,
the lower slightly so.
An occasional escape from cultivation. A native of the Old
World.
4. MEDICAGO L.
Annual or perennial herbs with pinnately 3-folIate
leaves and 2-3 or many flowers in axillary peduncles.
Stipules adnate, often laclnlate. Petals free from the
diadelphous stamens, deciduous. Pod 1-several-seeded,
colled Into a spiral.
Flowers purple. 1. M. sativa.
Flowers yellow.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; flowers in axil-
lary 2-3-flowered clusters.
Bur-like pods with hooked prickles. 2. M. hispida.
Bur-like pods unarmed, or with tubercles
on the margin.
Pod 3-5 mrn. broad. 3. M. apiculata.
Pod 10 mm. broad, strongly veiny. 4. ilf. orbicularis.
Leaves pilose-pubescent; flowers in axillary
pedunculate spikes. 5. M. lupulina.
1. M. sativa L. (Alfalfa.) Stems erect from a deep perennial
tap-root, glabrous, 5-10 dm. high; leaflets cuneate-oblong to ob-
lanceolate, toothed above; flowers many in a short raceme, violet;
pod spirally coiled, unarmed.
An occasional escape. Native of Europe.
2. M. hispida Gaertn. (Bur-clover.) Slender, much branch-
ed, decumbent, glabrous annual; leaflets obovate to obcordate,
toothed above; flowers small, yellow, 2-3 or rarely more on axillary
peduncles; pods coiled, their margins armed^with hooked prickles.
Everywhere common. Native of Europe.
FABACEAE. 193
3. M. apiculata Willd. Stems branched from the base, spreading,
3-6 dm. long; leaflets deltoid, 10-12 mm. long, denticulate except
near the base; pod spirally coiled; 3-5 mm. broad, unarmed, strongly
reticulated, the reticulations extending to the edge and appearing
as a row of tubercles on either side of the margin.
Occasional in lawns, Los Angeles; Pasadena. Native of Europe.
4. M. orbicularis All. Much branched and spreading; leaves
obcordate, denticulate above; stipules laciniate; peduncles 1-2-
flowered; pods coiled, unarmed, veiny, about 1 cm. broad.
This species, a native of southern Europe, was collected in a
field near Santa Ana by Helen D. Geis in 1902. We are not aware
that it has been reported from any other locality in North America.
5. M. lupulina L. More or less pilose-pubescent; stems pro-
cumbent or ascending, 2-4 dm. long, from a perennial taproot;
leaflets broadly obovate, denticulate above; flowers in short spikes
on slender peduncles, yellow, scarcely 2 mm. long; legume 1-seeded,
smooth, reniform, the acuminate tip coiled.
Glenn Ranch, Lytle Creek. Native of Europe.
5. MELILOTUS L. Sweet Clover.
Erect annual or biennial herbs with pinnately 3-foliate
leaves, the leaflets serrulate. Stipules adnate. Flowers
small in slender pedunculate racemes. Petals free from
the diadelphous stamens, deciduous. Pod ovoid, small,
scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded.
1. M. indica (L.) All. Annual; glabrous, erect, 3-20 dm. high,
branching; leaflets mostly cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate,
2.5 cm. long or less; racemes many, bearing small, nearly sessile,
yellow flowers.
Common in damp ground. Native of Europe.
2. M. alba Lam. Annual; glabrous, erect, 6-20 dm. high,
branching; leaflets truncate; racemes many, elongated; flowers
white, the standard exceeding the other petals.
Habitat of the last and as generally distributed but much less
common. Native of Europe.
6. TRIFOLIUM L. Clover.
Annual or perennial herbs with palmately 3-foliate
leaves. Leaflets usually denticulate. Stipules adnate.
Flowers in capitate racemes, spikes or umbels, rarely
few or solitary, on more or less elongated axillary or
terminal peduncles. Calyx 5-cleft with nearly equal
teeth, persistent. Petals persistent, all more or less
adnate to the staminal tube by their claws, or the stand-
ard sometimes free: w^ngs narrow; keel mostly obtuse.
Stamens diadelphous. Pods membranous, shorter or
14
194
FABACEAE.
slightly exceeding the calyx, 1-6-seeded, dehiscent or
indehiscent.
Heads not involucrate.
Calyx-teeth not plumose.
Annuals; corolla purple or rose color.
Calyx-teeth not ciliate.
Calyx glabrous.
1.
T. gracilentum.
Calyx sparsely villous.
2.
T. bifidum.
Calyx-teeth ciliate.
3.
T. ciliolatum.
Perennials; corolla white.
4.
T. repens.
Calyx-teeth plumose.
5.
T. albopurpureum.
Heads involucrate.
Flowers not inflated.
Involucre flat.
Perennial.
6.
T. wormskjoldii.
Annuals,
Herbage glabrous.
Calyx-teeth more or less
distinctly 3-toothed.
7.
T. tridentatum.
Calyx-teeth entire.
8.
T. variegatum.
Herbage pubescent, the pubes-
cence clammy and acid.
9.
T. ohtusiflorum.
Involucre cup-shaped.
10.
T. microcephalum.
Flowers becoming inflated.
Involucral bracts conspicuous.
Heads 2 cm. broad or more, ochro
-
leucous.
11.
T. furcaium.
Heads 1 cm. broad or less, purple.
12.
T. stenophyllum.
Involucre reduced to a mere ring of
very short truncate bracts.
13.
T. depauperatum.
1. T. gracilentum T. & G. Erect, slender, 2-5 dm. high, gla-
brous or peduncles and calyx sparsely villous; stipules lanceolate;
leaflets cuneate-obcordate, serrulate, 1 cm. long; heads 15-25-
flowered; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, setaceously acuminate,
3 times the length of the tube; petals slightly exceeding the calyx-
teeth, purple or rose color; pods exserted, 2-seeded.
Common throughout our range on the plains and grassy hills.
March-April.
2. T. bifidum Gray. Erect, very slender, pale green or glaucous;
peduncles and calyx more or less villous; stipules ovate-lanceolate,
entire; leaflets lincar-cuneate, the sides remotely toothed, apex
bifid and mucronulate; heads 6-15-flowered; calyx-teeth subulate-
setaceous, about equaling the minute pale rose-colored corolla;
pod included, 1-seeded.
Morgans Station, Davidson.
3. T. ciliolatum Benth. Erect, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous; stipules
narrow, acuminate; leaflets cuneate-oblong or obovate, 1-2 cm,
long, obtuse or retuse, serrulate; calyx-teeth lanceolate, very acute,
rigidly ciliolate; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx, purple. {T.
ciliatum Nutt.)
Common on grassy hillsides and in the valleys.
FAB ACE AE. 195
4. T. repens L. Perennial, diffuse, creeping, with erect long-
stalked leaves and heads; leaflets obcordate, denticulate; calyx-teeth
unequal, lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the tube; corolla white;
pods usually 4-seeded.
The white clover of lawns, occasionally appearing as an escape.
5. T. albopurpureum T, & G. Much branched, ascending or
erect, 1-4 dm. high; stipules ovate to lanceolate; leaflets cuneate-
oblong, obtuse, denticulate above the middle, 12-20 mm. long;
heads long-peduncled, ovate; calyx-teeth longer than the tube,
slender, plumose, equaling the small white-tipped purple corolla.
Frequent on the plains and grassy hills. March-April.
6. T. wormskjoldii Lehm. Perennial, spreading underground
by slender rootstocks; stems decumbent, often 3 dm. long or more;
herbage flaccid, glabrous; stipules lanceolate-acuminate, laciniately
toothed; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, pectinate-denticulate, 2
cm. long or more; involucre 1-2 cm. broad, laciniate-aristate; calyx-
tube scarious, 10-striate; teeth linear-subulate, much longer than
the tube, all entire or 1 or more setaceously 2-3-parted; standard
deeply emarginate, pale purple, the other petals darker. {T.
involucratum of Bot. Cal. in part.)
Frequent in low ground in the valleys, also in mountain meadows.
7. T. tiidentatum Lindl. Annual; erect, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous;
stipules setaceously laciniate; leaflets linear or lanceolate, sharply
serrate, 2-6 cm. long; head 2-3 cm. broad; involucre laciniate, much
shorter than the flowers; flowers about 1 cm. long, bright purple
with darker center; tip of standard sometimes whitish; calyx-tube
10-nerved; the teeth rigid, broad at base, abruptly narrowed to a
subulate spinulose-tipped apex which is usually subtended by a
short stout tooth on each side.
Frequent on the plains and grassy hillsides. Very variable as
to foliage. March-April.
8. T. variegattim Nutt. Annual; glabrous, decumbent or pros-
trate with many slender branches; [stipules laciniately cleft; pe-
duncles slender, longer than the leaves; leaflets of the lower leaves
obcordate, those of the upper obovate-oblong, minutely spinulose-
serrate; involucre laciniate, shorter than the 3-15-flow^ered heads;
calyx-tube 15-nerved; teeth broadly subulate, tapering to a setaceous
point, longer than the tube; corolla exceeding the calyx, purple and
whitish-tipped.
Frequent in grassy openings in the San Gabriel and San Ber-
nardino Mountains, confined mostly to the pine belt.
9. T. obtusiflonim Hook. Annual; stems stout, erect, flexuose,
purple, with ascending branches; leaves dull green, soft pubescent
throughout and very clammy, acidulous; stipules spreading or
reflexed; leaflets 2-3 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, pectinately setulose;
heads 2-3 cm. broad on long peduncles; calyx-tube with 10 prominent
and as many lesser nerves; corolla whitish with a dark purple center.
Occasional on moist shady slopes and along streams in all our
mountains, confined mostly to the chaparral belt.
196 FAB ACE AE.
10. T. microcephalum Pursh. Annual; slender, much branched,
decumbent, soft pubescent; stipules ovate-acuminate, nearly entire;
leaflets obovate-cuneiform or obcordate, denticulate; heads small,
subglobose, many-flowered, on slender peduncles; involucre many-
clett, the segments entire; calyx-teeth subulate, broad, scarious and
sometimes toothed at base; corolla minute, pinkish; pod globose,
1-seeded.
Common in the foothills and mountains in open places. April-
August.
11. T. furcatum Lindl. Usually stout and fistulose, branching
from near the base, decumbent, 3-6 dm. long; herbage light green,
glabrous and somewhat succulent; stipules large, membranous,
nearly or quite entire; leaflets 1-3 cm. long, broadly obovate, obtuse
or retuse, dentate or spinulose-denticulate; peduncles stout, much
exceeding the leaves; involucral bracts connate at base, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined, heads hemispheric, 2-4
cm. broad; calyx-teeth short, entire and unequal; corolla 1-2 cm.
long, ochroleucous or somewhat reddish tinged; pod stipitate, 3-8-
seeded; seed rounded, minutely granulate.
Occasional on grassy hillsides in rather heavy soil. Elysian Park,
Davidson; Chatsworth Park.
12. T. stenophyllum Nutt. Difi'use annual with slender stems
and branches, often purplish, decumbent or ascending, 1-3 dm.
long; leaflets linear, remotely serrate-toothed; peduncles filiform,
much longer than the leaves; segments of the involucre oblong,
cuneate at the base; head small, hemispheric; corolla purple, inflated
from a narrow base to a broad, almost truncate apex; pod 2-seeded;
seeds obliquely heart-shaped, strongly rugose.
Frequent on grassy slopes. March.
13. T. depauperatum Desv. Low, diffuse, glabrous, annual,
branching from the base, decumbent, flaccid, 6-15 cm. long, few-
leafed; leaflets 1 cm. long, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate,
denticulate; head long-peduncled, few-flowered; involucre much
reduced, with truncate short lobes; corolla less inflated, not at all
truncate at apex; pod 1-2-seeded; seeds somewhat angular, tubercu-
late-rugose.
Same range as the last and much resembling it, but easily dis-
tinguished by the involucres.
7. HOSACKIA Dougl.
Annual or perennial herbs with pinnately 3-many
foliate leaves, and minute gland-like or scarious stipules.
Flowers solitary or umbellate, naked or subtended by
1-5-folIate bracts, sessile or on axillary peduncles.
Calyx about equally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Petals free
from the stamens, nearly equal; standard ovate or
rounded, the claw often remote from the others; wings
obovate or oblong; keel slightly Incurved, obtuse or
FABACEAE.
197
acutely beaked; stamens diadelphous. Style incurved.
Pod linear, compressed or nearly terete, dehiscent,
several-many-seeded. This American genus has been
combined by some authors with the old world genus
Lotus.
Stipules scarious; perennials.
Flowers whitish with purple marks; leaves
thick, glaucous. 1. H, crassifolia.
Flowers yellow; leaves thin, appressed-
pubescent.
Leaflets 7-11; flowers 5-7, 15 mm. long. 2. H. oUongifolia.
Leaflets 5-7; flowers 1-3, 10 mm. long. 3. H. lathyroides.
Stipules gland-like; annuals except grandiflora.
Leaflets 1-3, on a terete rachis. 4. H. americana.
Leaflets more than 3, on a dilated rachis.
Flowers solitary in the axils, bractless.
Catyx-teeth equaling the tube. 5. H. wrangeliana.
Calyx-teeth much longer than the
tube. _ _ 6. H. brachycarpa.
Flowers terminating few-many-flowered
peduncles, usually bracted.
Annuals.
Pods constricted between the
seeds; keel acute, sharply
curved. ^ 7. H. parviflora.
Pods not constricted ; keel obtuse,
scarcely or not at all curved.
Peduncles 2-5-flowered; seeds
smooth and shining. 8. H. mariiima.
Peduncles 1-2-flowered; seeds
quadrate, minutely tu-
berculate.
Pubescence more or less
appressed.
Flowers 9-12 mm. long. 9. H. strigosa.
Flowers 4-5 mm. long, 10. H. rubella.
Pubescence spreading and
more dense. 11. iiZ". nudiflora.
Perennial; flowers capitate, 15 mm.
long or more. 12. H. grandiflora.
1. H. crassifolia Benth. Erect, stout, usually simple below,
5-10 dm. high; branches few, often flexuous; leaves 10 cm. long or
more, the leaflets rhomboidal, 18-24 mm. long, thick, on short
stalks; stipules scarious, ovate or rounded; peduncles shorter than
the leaves, bracted above the middle with a 3-foliolate petioled leaf;
umbel 7-12-flowered; calyx 5 mm. long, on slender pedicels, the
teeth very short, acute; corolla greenish yellow or whitish with
purple spots, twice as long as the calyx; pods terete, 5-6 cm, long,
4-6 mm. thick, 7-12-seeded; seeds about 4 mm. long.
Open coniferous forests in dry situations, San Gabriel, and San
Bernardino Mountains.
198 FABACEAE.
2. H. oblongifolia (Benth.) Greene. Erect, slender, 3-4 dm. high,
somewhat appressed-pubescent; leaflets 7-11, narrowly oblong or
oblanceolate, 2,5-3 cm. long, acute; stipules small, acute; peduncles
exceeding the leaves, 5-7-flowered; bract subsessile, 1-3-foliate;
flowers 15 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, nearly equaling the
tube; corolla yellow, turning purplish or brownish; pod slender,
5 cm. long.
Occasional along mountain streams.
3. H. lathyroides D. & H. Slender, branching and somewhat
flexuose, 2.5-4 dm. high, minutely pubescent; leaflets 5-7, linear-
lanceolate, acute at both ends; stipules triangular, 2 mm. long,
scarious, ovate-acuminate; umbels 1-3-flowered, with or without a
linear-lanceolate bract; flowers 10 mm. long; calyx-teeth linear,
acute; pod as in the last.
Along streams near Los Angeles and in San Gabriel Canyon.
4. H. americana (Nutt.) Piper. Annual; erect or decumbent,
2-6 dm. high, more or less villous; leaflets 1-3 or rarely 5, ovate to
oblong, acutish, 12-15 mm. long; peduncles slender, exceeding the
leaves; bracts 6-12 mm. long; flowers solitary, salmon-colored or
often whitish; calyx-tube short; the teeth linear, equaling the
corolla; pod 2-3 cm. long; seeds oblong, smooth, dark-colored.
{H. purshiana Benth.)
Frequent in the foothills and mountains. June-September.
5. H. wrangeliana G. Don. Annual; much branched, decumbent
or ascending, 1-3 dm. long; sparsely or canescently villous, leafy;
leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate to oblong, 6-12 mm. long; calyx-
teeth broadly subulate, equaling the tube; corolla 6 mm. long,
yellow; standard broadly ovate, erect; pod pubescent, straight,
14-20 mm. long, 5-7-seeded.
Frequent on dry hillsides and plains. March-May.
6. H. brachycarpa Benth. Much resembling depauperate forms
of the last but more diffuse; herbage soft villous; flowers nearly
sessile, yellow; calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the tube; pod
oblong, 1 cm. long, pilose, 2-3-seeded. {Lotus humistratus Greene.)
Habitat of the last and as generally distributed, but less common.
7. H. parviflora Benth. Erect, slender, 5-20 cm. high, glabrous;
leaflets 3-5, obovate and small to narrowly oblong and 12-16 mm.
long; peduncles filiform; bracts 1-3-foliate; flowers 4 mm. long or
less, yellow, turning reddish; keel sharply incurved at apex, about
equaling the wings; blade of standard cordate; pod 2.5 cm. long,
compressed, constricted between the seeds; seeds oval or roundish,
slightly compressed, smooth. {Lotus micranthus Benth.)
Santa Monica and Santa Ana Mountains in open grassy places.
Not common. April-June.
8. H. maritima Nutt. Ascending or decumbent, minutely
strigose or nearly glabrous, somewhat succulent, the branches 2-4
dm. long; leaflets 4-6, obovate, obtuse, 8-12 mm. long; peduncles
about equaling the leaves, 1-4-flowered; bracts 1-3-foliate or some-
times wanting; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm. long; calyx-teeth linear-
subulate, about equaling the tube; standard and wings equaling the
FABACEAE. 199
straight keel; pod scarcely compressed, 2-3 cm. long, 10-20-seeded;
seeds obliquely oval, smooth. {Lotus salsuginosus Greene.)
In moist places on the plains and in the canyons of the foothills.
March-May.
9. H. rubella Nutt. Slender, prostrate, strigose-pubescent, or
nearly glabrous, not at all succulent; leaflets 6-10, linear-oblong,
mostly acutish; early peduncles shorter than the leaves, bractless,
1-flowered, the later bracted, 2-flowered; corolla usually reddish,
4-5 mm. long; pod straight or slightly curved at tip, less than 2 mm.
broad, 2.5 cm. long, 1-10-seeded; seeds quadrate, minutely granu-
late, 1 mm, long or usually less, light tawny.
Common in sandy soil along the coast. March-April.
10. H. strigosa Nutt. Strigose-pubescent, decumbent or pros-
trate; peduncles usually somewhat exceeding the leaves, 2-flowered
and 3-foliate-bracted; flowers 9-12 mm. long, yellow; pod pubescent,
slightly curved upward, 2-3 cm. long, 2.5 mm. broad; seeds quadrate,
more or less notched at both ends as well as at the hilum, rugose
and faintly tuberculate, mostly olive-green.
Very common in open grassy places both on the plains and foot-
hills below 2000 feet. March-May.
11. H. nudiflora Nutt. Strigose-pubescent, decumbent or
ascending; leaves shorter and broader than in the last; peduncles
exceeding the leaves, usually 2-flowered and 3-foliate-bracted;
flowers yellow, 8-10 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; seeds quadrate, seldom
notched except at hilum, 2 mm. broad, strongly mottled with black.
Occasional in open stony places in the San Gabriel Mountains.
12. H. grandiflora Benth. Perennial; erect, 3-10 dm. high or
more, slender, with few leaves and long internodes, nearly glabrous,
or somewhat silky-pubescent; leaflets 5-7 on an elongated rachis,
obovate to oblanceolate, 12-18 mm. long, acutish; peduncles slender,
elongated, small-bracted, 5-8-flowered; flowers 2 cm. long, deep
yellow, turning orange; calyx half as long; the subulate teeth nearly
equaling the tube; pod slender, elongated, glabrous.
Rustic Canyon, near Santa Monica, Hasse.
8. SYRMATIUM Vogel.
Herbaceous or suffrutescent perennials with odd-
pinnate leaves. Flowers in sessile or pedunculate um-
bels, the umbels bracted or bractless. Closely related
to Hosackia, but the pods indehiscent, more or less
attenuate into the style, and often arcuate. This genus
was included under Lotus in the first edition.
Umbels bracted.
Calyx-teeth as long as the tube.
Flowers less than 5 mm. long; pubescence
tomentose. 1. S. heermanni.
Flowers more than 5 mm. long; pubes-
cence silvery. 2. S. ornithopum.
200 FABACEAE.
Calyx-teeth half as long as the tube or less.
Leaves silvery-pubescent.
Umbels sessile or short-peduncled. 3. S. argophyllum.
Umbels on peduncles longer than the
leaves. 4. 5. davidsoni.
Leaves finely pubescent, but green and
not at all silvery. 5. S. traskiae.
Umbels bractless.
Plants silvery-pubescent. 6. 5. sericeum.
Plants not silvery. • '
Umbels sessile. 7. S. glahrum.
Umbels pedunculate. 8. S. dendroideum.
1. S. heermanni (D. & H.) Greene. Branches numerous,
flexuose, weak and prostrate, 3-10 dm. long; pubescence spreading
and slightly tomentose; leaflets 5-7, obovate or cuneate-oblong,
4-8 mm. long; umbels on short peduncles or sessile; flowers less than
5 mm. long; calyx half as long, somewhat villous; the teeth filiform,
about equaling the tube.
Canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, below
4000 feet.
2. S. ornithopum Greene. Perennial from a woody base; stems
3 dm. high, densely silky throughout, the branches many, rigid,
ascending; leaves 12-24 mm. long; leaflets 4-7, 7-12 mm. long,
oblong, acute at both ends; umbels numerous, on peduncles longer
than the leaves, single-bracted, many-flowered; flowers 8-9 mm.
long; calyx 4-5 mm. long, the teeth about equaling the tube, subu-
late; pod 2-3-seeded, long-rostrate, strongly curved upward.
Mainly an insular species, found on Santa Barbara, San Nicholas,
Santa Catalina, San Clemente and Guadelupe Islands, also on the
mainland in Lower California.
3. S. argophyllum (Gray) Greene. Densely silvery-silky through-
out; stems herbaceous, decumbent or ascending, 3-6 dm. long;
leaflets 3-7, obovate and rounded, or oblong and acute, 5-12 mm.
long; umbels dense, capitate, on short simple bracted peduncles;
flowers 8-10 mm. long; calyx half as long; the teeth filiform, nearly
as long as the tube, silky.
In the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-
tains.
4. S. davidsoni Greene. Suffrutescent at the very base, the
slender branches 3-6 dm. long, prostrate or decumbent, only sparsely
leafy, floriferous chiefly near the ends; herbage canescent with an
appressed silky pubescence; leaflets 3-5, cuneate-obovate, obtuse
or acutish, 4-8 mm. long; umbel unifoliate-bracted, many-flowered,
on a slender peduncle, 2.5 cm. long or less, usually exceeding the
leaves; calyx-tube 2 mm. long; the teeth slender, 1 mm. long; corolla
about 6 mm. long, sulphur-yellow, becoming deep red in age; pod
strongly arcuate.
Wilson's Peak, where it was first collected by Davidson. This
species is very close to S. argophyllum and may be only a form of
it. May-July.
FABACEAE. 201
5. S. traskiae Eastw. (in herb.). Stems sufifrutescent, erect,
4-18 dm. high, the branches appearing 2-ranked, pubescent at the
tips with short white hairs, becoming nearly glabrous; leaflets 3-4,
usually 3, 8-12 mm. long, linear, acute at both ends, on an elongated
finely pubescent rachis; umbels on slender peduncles shorter than
the leaves, with a linear bract, 2-5-flowered; flowers 1 cm. long;
calyx 5 mm. long, scantily pubescent, the teeth short, pointed;
corolla yellow; pod 3-4 cm. long, very slender, with a short very
slender tip, thinly pubescent.
This species is related to S. distichum Greene, but differs in the
more elongated leaf-rachis, linear leaflets, nearly glabrous instead of
silky-canescent, and yellow instead of reddish flowers. It is found
on Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands. The type (United
States National Herbarium no. 469581) was collected at Mosquito
Harbor, San Clemente Island, Trask 287. For the description of
this species and for valuable notes on the genus, I am indebted to
one of my students, Mr. Ralph Noddin.
6. S. sericeum (Benth.) Greene. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, much
branched and ascending, having the habit of glabrum, but silvery
canescent with a close short silky pubescence; leaflets 3, cuneate-
oblong to linear, 12-15 mm. long; umbels few-flowered, sessile or
short-peduncled; flowers 6 mm. long; calyx half as long, with short
slender teeth.
San Gabriel Mountains, Davidson; also in the Liebre, and
Tehachipi Mountains.
7. S. glabrum (Torr.) Greene. Suffrutescent, tufted and reedy,
5-10 dm. high, erect or decumbent, nearly glabrous; leaflets mostly 3,
oblong to linear-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, obtuse or acute; umbels
numerous, sessile; flow^ers 6-8 mm. long, yellow, turning reddish;
calyx 3-5 mm. long; the teeth subulate, erect, slightly less than
half as long as the tube. {H. glabra Torr.)
Common throughout our range in dry places below 3000 feet.
Flowering nearly the year round.
8. S. dendroideum Greene. Shrubby, the stems erect, 2-5 cm.
thick, the branches numerous, short, their tips densely silky-pubes-
cent; leaflets 3-5, on a dilated rachis, 4-8 mm. long, oblong, obtuse;
umbels on peduncles shorter than the leaves, bractless, many-
flowered; flowers 7-8 mm. long; calyx 4 mm. long, densely pubescent,
the teeth short and blunt, hairy; pod 2-seeded, 11 mm. long, slightly
curved with a short tip.
An insular species found from Santa Cruz Island to Santa Cata-
lina.
9. PSORALEA L.
Punctate with dots and heavy-scented perennial herbs
or rarely shrubby. Stipules free from the petiole.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliate or rarely palmately 3-5-foliate.
Calyx-lobes nearly equal, the upper often connate.
Keel united with the wings, broad and obtuse above.
Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous; anthers all alike.
Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1 -seeded.
202 FABACEAE.
Leaves pinnatcly 3-foliolate.
Stems erect.
Peduncles much exceeding the leaves. 1. P. macrostachya.
Peduncles about equaling the leaves. 2. P. physodes.
Stems prostrate. 3. P. orbicularis.
Leaves palmately 5-foliolate. 4. P. californica.
1. P. macrostachya DC. Simple or more or less branched,
1-4 m. high, nearly glabrous, puberulent or often somewhat tomen-
tose; stipules small, lanceolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 cm.
long; peduncles much exceeding the leaves; spikes cylindric, silky-
villous; bracts broad, acuminate, equaling the flowers; lower calyx-
tooth longest, about equaling the corolla; tenth stamen nearly free;
pod villous, ovate-oblong, acute, compressed, 6-8 mm. long.
Along streams in the foothills and in the valleys. June-August.
2. P. physodes Dougl. Slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, nearly
glabrous; stipules linear-lanceolate; leaflets ovate, acute, 2-3 cm.
long; peduncles about equaling the leaves; racemes short, dense;
bracts small; calyx with sessile glands and somewhat villous with
black hairs, becoming enlarged and inflated in fruit; teeth short,
nearly equal; corolla 1 cm, long, twice as long as the calyx, ochro-
leucous, often with a deep purple tinge; stamens monadelphous; pod
rounded, compressed, 6 mm. long.
Frequent in the upper chaparral belt throughout our range.
3. P. orbicularis Lindl. Stem prostrate, creeping, the leaves
and racemes erect, long stalked; leaflets 2.5-4 cm. long, the terminal
one nearly orbicular, the lateral pair obovate; raceme often 2 dm.
long; bracts large, deciduous; calyx villous and pedicellate-glandular,
cleft nearly to the base, the lower tooth equaling the purplish corolla;
stamens diadelphous; pod ovate, acute, 6 mm. long.
Occasional in the valleys throughout our range; rare in the coast
region.
4. P. californica Wats. Low, tufted; pubescence short, silky,
appressed; stipules scarious, lanceolate, deciduous; leaflets broadly
lanceolate, acutish, 2-4 cm. long; peduncles short; racemes rather
loose, shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender; calyx silky-villous,
1 cm. long; the lobes linear, acuminate, slightly surpassing the
corolla; pod thin, villous, oblong, with a lanceolate beak.
San Bernardino Mountains in the chaparral belt.
10. AMORPHA L.
Glandular-punctate and heavy-scented shrubs with
unequally pinnate leaves, caducous stipules, and small
purple flowers in terminal spikes. Calyx obconic-cam-
panulate, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard erect, con-
cave, unguiculate; wings and keel wanting. Stamens
monadelphous at the base. Pod short, exceeding the
calyx, sessile, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded.
FABACEAE. 203
1. A. californica Nutt. 1-3 m. high, puberulent, the nascent
parts villous-pubescent; leaflets 11-15, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 2 cm.
long; spikes slender, 5-15 cm. long; calyx-teeth acute, broadly
triangular.
Occasional in the upper chaparral belt in all the mountains.
11. ASTRAGALUS L. Rattle- weed or Loco- weed.
Annual or perennial herbs or sometimes woody at
base, with unequally pinnate leaves, persistent stipules,
and rather small flowers arranged in axillary spikes or
racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with narrow blade
and slender claw; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous.
Stigma terminal, minute. Pod various, coriaceous and
turgid, or thin and bladdery-inflated, 1-celled or becom-
ing 2-celled by intrusion of one or both sutures. Seeds
few to many, small, on slender funiculi.
Annuals,
Pods 4-5 mm. long, wrinkled, 2-seeded.
Pods not deflexed. 1. A. didymocarpus.
Pods strongly deflexed. 2, A. nigrescens.
Pods 15 mm. long, 5-10-seeded. 3. A. strigosus.
Perennials.
Pods bladdery inflated.
Pods stipitate. 4. A . leucopsis.
Pods sessile. 5. A. parishii.
Pods not bladdery inflated.
Pods on stipes half their length, in loose
racemes. 6. A. antiselli.
Pods sessile, in dense spikes.
Pods 1-celled; flowers greenish yel-
low. 7. A. pycnostachys.
Pods 2-celled; flowers light purple. 8. A. hrauntoni.
1. A. didymocarpus H. & A. Slender, 3 dm. high, pubescent
with fine, somewhat scattered hairs; leaflets 9-15, cuneate-oblong
to linear, emarginate, 6-10 mm. long; spikes long-peduncled, dense,
ovate or oblong, 2-3 cm. long; flowers 3-5 mm. long, dull purplish;
pods erect, 4 mm. long, and about as broad, scarcely exserted from
the calyx, strongly wrinkled, 2-celled, 2-seeded.
Frequent on the plains and on grassy slopes of the foothills,
mostly in the interior region.
2. A. nigrescens Nutt. Stems very slender, 1-2 dm. high,
slightly pubescent; leaflets as in the last; spikes less dense, cylindric,
2 cm. long; pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx, slightly
wrinkled, strongly obcompressed; closely related to the last, but
easily distinguished by fruit.
Not known within our limits, but it has been reported from
Newhall and Catalina Island. March-May.
204 FABACEAE.
3. A. strigosus (Kell.) Sheldon. Slender, sparsely and minutely
pubescent, 15-20 cm. high; leaflets 9-15, linear or cuneate, acute or
retuse; flowers many, capitate, on a slender peduncle, purple and
white; pod 15 mm. long, slender, incurved, 2-celled, 5-10-seeded.
In low ground near the coast. March-May.
4. A. leucopsis Torn (Rattle-weed.) Stems erect, 3-5 dm.
high, tomentulose-canescent; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oval or oblong,
obtuse, 1 cm. long or more; spike-like racemes, 3-6 cm. long or some-
times more; flowers 12 mm. long; calyx-tube campanulate, the teeth
subulate, more than half as long as the tube; pod thin, bladdery,
oval, unequally sided, 2-3 cm. long, tapering to a stipe 12 mm.
long or less.
Frequent on the plains. March-May.
5. A. parishii Gray. Nascent parts sparsely pubescent, be-
coming glabrous or nearly so; stems somewhat fistulose, much
branched from the base and decumbent; leaves about 1 dm. long,
bearing about 32 leaflets; leaflets 10-25 mm. long; racemes 2-4 cm.
long; flowers greenish-white, 1 cm. long; pods sessile, 2-3 cm. long
and nearly as thick.
Chatsworth Park.
6. A. antiselli Gray. Stems slender, erect, 3-5 dm. high, cinere-
ous-pubescent, leaflets 21-29, linear-oblong, crowded, 4-8 mm. long,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath; raceme loosely few-flowered;
flowers small, greenish-white; calyx-teeth half the length of the
campanulate tube; pod thin, linear-oblong, compressed, glabrous,
1-celled, 15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, tapering to a stipe of about half
its length.
On grassy hillsides in interior valleys. April.
7. A. pycnostachys Gray. Stout, erect, 6 dm. high, more or
less villous-hoary; leaflets about 21, oblong, 12 mm. long; flowers
yellowish, in dense cylindric short-peduncled spikes; pods crowded,
retrorsely imbricated, ovate, acute, laterally flattened, thin-coria-
ceous, glabrous, coarsely reticulate, 1-celled.
In moist subsaline soil near the sea. July- September.
8. A. brauntonii Parish. Stems lignescent at base, 1-1.5 m.
long, erect or reclining; herbage canescent throughout with a short
soft pubescence; leaflets 15-20 pairs, oblong, 2-5 cm. long; flowers
and fruit reflexed in compact many-flowered spikes; calyx-teeth
slender, equaling the tube; corolla light purple; pod sessile, cori-
aceous, oblong, 1 cm, long, 2-celled by the nearly complete infolding
of the dorsal suture to near the apex; seeds 2-3.
Occasional in dry places in the Santa Monica Mountains, Hasse,
Braunton.
12. GLYCYRRHIZA L. Licorice.
Glandular-viscid erect perennial herbs with unequally
pinnate leaves more or less persistent, and flowers In
dense axillary peduncled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals
narrow. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; the
FABACEAE. 205
alternate anthers smaller; anther-cells confluent at the
apex. Pod short, compressed, often curved, prickly,
indehiscent, few-seeded.
1. G. glutinosa Nutt. Erect or decumbent, 6-9 dm. high,
nearly glabrous and viscid with minute sessile resinous dots, or
glutinous by a villous or hirsute glandular pubescence; leaflets 13-
19, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long; stipules ovate-acuminate to
lanceolate, persistent; spikes oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, on peduncles a
little shorter; pod bur-like.
Occasional in canyons below 4000 feet, in the interior region.
13. VICIA L. Vetch.
Herbs with angular stems, more or less climbing by
the tendrils at the ends of the pinnate leaves. Calyx
5-cleft or 5-toothed, the upper teeth often shorter.
Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel.
Stamens diadelphous or nearly so; anthers uniform.
Style filiform, inflexed, the apex surrounded by hairs.
Pod flat, 2-valved. Seeds globular, usually many.
Perennials.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so.
Herbage villous-pubescent.
Annuals.
Flowers nearly sessile, 15 mm. long.
Flowers 6 mm, long, on filiform peduncles.
Leaflets obtuse.
Leaflets notched.
1. V. americana Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so, weak, 6-15 dm-
high, climbing by branched tendrils; leaflets 8-12, thin-membranous,
vivid green above, pale beneath, mostly broadly oblong and obtuse,
mucronulate, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 4-8-
flowered; flowers purplish or bluish, about 18 mm. long; calyx-tube
4 mm. long; the lower teeth about 2 mm. long, the upper shorter,
approximate, incurved.
Our forms all seem to belong to the two varieties.
la. V. americana truncata (Nutt.) Brew. Leaflets oblong-elliptic
or the lower broadly linear, 15-30 cm. long, truncate or broadly
retuse at summit, otherwise like the type.
Occasional on shaded slopes in the chaparral belt.
lb. V. americana linearis (Nutt.) Wats. Leaflets narrowly
linear, acute, strongly veined beneath, 12-25 cm. long.
Frequent in the chaparral belt, usually in more open places than
the last.
2. V. calif ornica Greene. Erect or decumbent, rather strict
and seldom climbing, 1.5-4 dm. high, villous-pubescent; tendrils
short, stiifish, seldom branched; leaflets 8-12, subcoriaceous, deli-
1.
2.
V. americana.
V. californica.
3.
V. saliva.
4.
5.
V. exigua.
V. hassei.
206 FABACEAE.
cately feather-veined, cuneate-obovate, truncate or retuse, 10-15
mm. long, more or less dentate toward the mucronulate apex;
racemes exceeding the leaves, 3-5-flowered; calyx-teeth all broad
and short; corolla 12-18 mm. long, deep purple.
Summit of Mount Santiago, Orange County, and in the pine
belt of the Cuyamaca Mountains.
3. V. sativa L. Stoutish, erect or nearly so, 6-9 dm. high, some-
what pubescent; leaflets 8-12, obovate-oblong, truncate or retuse,
mucronate; flowers 1 or 2, subsessile, 15 mm. long, red-purple.
Rarely seen as an escape. Native of Europe.
4. V. exigua Nutt. Slender, 3-6 dm. high, slightly pubescent;
leaflets 4-6, oblong-linear, obtuse; peduncles filiform, shorter than
the leaves, 1-2-flowered; calyx-teeth lanceolate from a broad base;
corolla white or purplish, 4-6 mm. long; pod glabrous, 4-5-seeded.
Occasional on grassy hills, mostly in sandy soil.
5. V. hassei Wats. Taller and less delicate than the last; leaves
longer and more numerous, deeply notched at apex; flowers 6 mm.
long; pod shortly stipitate, 5-8-seeded.
Same range as the last and probably only a robust form of it.
14. LATHYRUS L. Wild Pea.
Much resembling Vicia, but usually larger with
broader leaves and flowers. Style-branches dilated and
flattish above, hairy along the inner side.
Lateral calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. 1. L. violaceus.
Lateral calyx-teeth about equaling the tube.
Corolla nearly white or faintly flesh-color. 2. L. laetiflorus.
Corolla purple. 3. L. alfeldi.
1. L. violaceus Greene. Sparsely and minutely pubescent
throughout; stems slender, shrubby below, 1-2.5 m. high, acutely
angled; stipules entire, narrow, less than half as long as adjacent
leaflet; leaflets about 12, elliptic, obtuse, with a deflexed mucro;
peduncles .surpassing the leaves, many-flowered and rather dense;
flowers 16 mm. long; lateral calyx-teeth much longer than the tube;
the lowest equaling these and half as broad; the upper pair short,
slightly connivent; petals purple; standard strongly obcot^te;
wings slightly shorter than keel.
Common in the foothills, especially in the chaparral belt.
2. L. laetiflorus Greene. Sparsely and minutely appressed
pubescent; stems slender, herbaceous or somewhat shrubby below,
1-2.5 m. high; leaves of rather firm texture, elliptic-lanceolate;
peduncles surpassing the leaves, loosely many-flowered; flowers
about 22 mm. long; lateral pair of calyx-teeth broadly subulate,
about equaling the tube, the lowest subulate, longer than the tube,
the upper pair very short, connivent at tip; petals nearly white,
faintly flesh color; standard obcordate, the sides abruptly reflexed,
purple-veined; wings meeting and concealing the keel from above.
Less common than the last, but having about the same range.
GERANIACEAE. 207
3, L. alfeldi White. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent through-
out; stem rather stout, flexuose, wingless; stipules semicordate,
acuminate, thick, strongly reticulated, |-| as long as the leaflets
and often nearly as broad, the lower coarsely lobed, acuminately
toothed; leaflets 6-10, oblong to obovate, thick and stiff, prominently
reticulated, glabrous; peduncles 6-10-flowered, much exceeding the
leaf; flowers 2-3 cm. long, purple; pedicels longer than the calyx-
tube; calyx pubescent, upper teeth short, broadly triangular, acute,
lateral pair oblong-lanceolate, equaling the tube, the lowest of equal
length, subulate.
Frequent in the foothills of the interior region.
L. SPLENDENS Torr. Flowers very showy, deep rose-purple.
A very handsome species of Riverside and San Diego County,
said to have been first collected at Cucamonga.
Family 50. GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family.
Herbs with alternate or opposite, palmately lobed or
pinnate leaves, and axillary solitary or clustered perfect
regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5,
rarely fewer, usually persistent. Petals of the same
number, hypogynous. Stamens as many or 2-3 times as
many; anthers 2-celled, versatile. Carpels 5, united
about a central axis, each 1-2-ovuled, indehiscent, at
length elastically splitting away from below, and beaked
by the long style.
Anthers 10; carpel tails not hairy on the inside. 1. Geranium.
Anthers 5; carpel tails hairy on the inside. 2. Erodium.
1. GERANIUM L. Geranium.
Herbs with stipulate, palmately lobed, cleft or divided
leaves and axillary 1-2-flowered peduncles. Flowers
regular, 5-merous. Sepals imbricated. Petals hypogy-
nous, imbricated. Stamens 10, generally 5 longer and 5
shorter. Style persistent, naked on the inner surface,
becoming recurved. Carpel opening along the inner
face.
1, G. carolinianum L. More or less spreading, 15-30 cm, high,
loosely gray pubescent and glandular; leaves incisely 3-5-parted,
3-5 cm. broad; segments cuneate, more or less deeply toothed or
dissected; peduncles 2-flowered, about 2 cm. long; petals rose color,
4-5 mm. broad; beak of fruit villous or glandular; carpels villous-
hispid, usually black; seed reticulate.
Frequent on grassy hillsides of the valleys and foothills. March-
April.
208 OXALIDACEAE.
G. RiCHARDSONi F. & M. Stems 3-6 dm. high; leaves thin,
5-12 cm. broad, incisely 3-5-parted; flower 18-20 mm. broad, white
or lavender with rose-colored veins.
Frequent in open pine woods and meadows in the San Bernardino
and San Jacinto Mountains. June-August.
2. ERODIUM L'Her. Alfilerilla.
Herbs with mostly jointed nodes, opposite or alternate
stipulate leaves, and axillary umbellate nearly regular
flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous,
imbricated, the 2 upper slightly smaller. Glands 5.
Anther-bearing stamens 5, with slightly dilated filaments
alternating with as many sterile filaments. Styles be-
coming spirally coiled after splitting away, pubescent on
the inner face. Carpels closed.
Leaves rounded, crenately toothed or lobed. 1. E. macro phyllum.
Leaves pinnate.
Leaflets unequally and doubly serrate;
sepals not terminated by bristles. 2. E. moschatum.
Leaflets laciniately pinnatifid; sepals with
1 or 2 terminal bristles. 3. E. cicutarium.
1. E. macrophyllum H. & A. Mostly nearly or quite acaules-
cent, tomentose with copious interspersed long glandular hairs at
least on the pedicels; leaves triangular-ovate or reniform, crenate-
serrate, sometimes crenately-lobed; peduncles exceeding the leaves,
accrescent, at length 1 cm. long; petals equaling the sepals, dull
white; carpel clavate, densely velvety-pubescent; seeds smooth.
Occasional in dry grassy places in the valleys or low foothills.
2. E. moschatum Willd. Acaulescent and prostrate or with
ascending branches, mostly rather stout and glandular; leaves
rather ample; stipules large, obtuse; leaflets unequally and doubly
serrate; peduncle several-Mowered ; flowers rose color or purple, on
rather short stout pedicels; sepals not terminated by long bristles;
antheriferous filaments 2-toothed.
The more prevailing species in the coast valleys. Native of
southern Europe.
3. E. cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Much resembling the last, but
more slender and less glandular, often coarsely canescent; leaflets
laciniately pinnatifid with narrow, acute lobes; pedicels slender;
petals rose color or purple; sepals with 1-2 terminal bristle-like hairs;
filaments not toothed.
The prevailing species of the interior valleys and foothills.
Family 51. OXALIDACEAE. Wood-sorrel Family.
Annual or perennial, leafy stemmed or acaulescent
herbs, often with rootstocks or scaly bulbs, with sour
LINACEAE. 209
sap (oxalic-acid), and mcstly palmately 3-foliate leaves.
Stipules commonly present as scarious margins to the
bases of the petioles ; leaflets mostly obcordate. Flowers
perfect, in umbel-like or forking cymes or rarely solitary,
on mostly rather long peduncles. Sepals 5, often un-
equal. Petals 5, white, purple or yellow. Stamens
10-15. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; styles united or dis-
tinct; ovules 2-many in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal,
globose or columnar capsule. Embryo straight; endo-
sperm fleshy.
1. XANTHOXALIS Small.
Sepals imbricated, regular. Petals hypogynous. Sta-
mens 10, monadelphous at base, 5 longer and 5 shorter,
all anther-bearing. Ovules several in each cell; styles
5, distinct, persistent; stigmas terminal. Seeds with a
loose aril-like dehiscent outer coat.
1. X. calif omica Abrams. Csespitose perennial, the prostrate
and rooting or ascending stems suffrutescent and more or less
branched below, 15-20 cm. long or more, from a short, erect, woody
caudex; leaves 3-foliate; leaflets 4-10 mm. long, often broader;
petiole somewhat stipular-dilated at base; flowers 6-10 mm. broad,
yellow, 1-3 on elongated, axillary peduncles which are short-bracteate
at summit; petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx, usually
emarginate; capsules oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long.
Common in the chaparral belt of southern California. This has
been erroneously referred to the New Mexican X. wrightii (Gray)
Small.
2. X. comiculata (L.) Small. Annual, c£espitose, prostrate and
rooting at the nodes, somewhat rough-villous; leaflets 6-10 mm.
long, mostly broader; stipules evident, rounded or truncate at sum-
mit, adnate; flowers 6 mm. long, solitary or umbelled, otherwise as
in the last. {Oxalis comiculata L.)
Occasional about lawns and greenhouses.
Family 52. LINACEAE. Flax Family.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves and
perfect regular flowers. Stipules mostly small or none.
Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricated, persistent. Petals of the
same number and alternate with them; filaments mona-
delphous at the base; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary
15
210 POLYGALACEAE.
1, 2-5-celled or falsely 4-10-cellcd. Styles 2-5. Fruit
capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, oily; endosperm little
or none; embryo straight.
1. LINUM L. Flax or Linseed.
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the
base, with alternate or opposite, rarely whorled, sessile
leaves, and perfect flowers. Inflorescence axillary or
paniculate. Stipules a pair of glands or wanting.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 5, sometimes
with interspersed staminodia. Ovary 4-5-celled or
falsely 8-10-celled; ovules 2 to each cell. Capsule
5-10-valved.
1. L. usitatissmum L. Annual; often tufted, erect, branching
above, 3-5 dm. high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves
alternate, 3-nerved, lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; stipules
none; inflorescence a terminal cymose leafy panicle; flowers blue,
12-16 mm. broad, on slender pedicels; sepals ovate, acuminate,
the inner ones ciliate and 3-ribbed; petals obcuneate, crenulate,
twice the length of the sepals; capsule ovoid-conic, 6-8 mm. long,
indehiscent; seeds compressed.
Occasional along streets about Los Angeles.
Family 53. POLYGALACEAE. Milkwort Family.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or whorled,
exstipulate leaves and racemose, spicate or solitary and
axillary flowers. Pedicels generally 2-bracted at base.
Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 5,
hypogynous, more or less united into a tube, the lower
ones often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in 1 or
2 sets. Ovary 2-celled; styles simple; stigma curved,
dilated or lobed; ovules 1 in each cell, anatropous.
Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally caruncled, often
hairy; embryo straight.
1. POLYGALA L.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or whorled
leaves and racemose, spicate or rarely solitary flowers.
Petals 3, united into a tube, which is split on the back
and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8 or 6,
EUPHORBIACEAE. 211
monadelphous below or diadelphous. Capsule membran-
ous, compressed, dehiscent along the margin; seeds
usually hairy.
1. P. fishiae Parry. Very slender with few erect branches,
1-2 m. high, the stems green and glabrous or minutely and sparsely
strigose; leaves narrowly oblong, rounded or retuse, glabrous, 2-5
cm. long, on short petiole 2 mm. long; racemes terminating the
branches, 6-35-flowered; flowers whitish and yellowish with a tinge
of purple, 8-9 mm. long; wings purplish, finely ciliolate; keel yellow.
Near Sulphur Springs, Ventura County, and on the Sierra Madre-
Mt. Wilson trail at about 3000 feet, a rare species, with these as the
only known localities in southern California. It was originally col-
lected in Lower California.
Family 54. EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family.
Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees with
acrid, often milky juice. Leaves opposite, alternate or
whorled, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled, sometimes
with glands at the base; stipules present or wanting.
Inflorescence various. Flowers sometimes apetalous,
often reduced and subtended by an involucre, which
resembles a calyx. Stamens few or numerous, in 1 or
many series; filaments distinct or united. Ovary usu-
ally 3-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous; styles
equaling the cells in number, simple, divided or many-
cleft. Fruit mostly a 3-lobed capsule separating often
elastically into 3 2-valved carpels from a persistent axis.
Seeds anatropous; embryo straight or slightly curved;
endosperm fleshy or oily; cotyledons broad.
Flowers with true calyx, not involucrate.
Stellate-pubescent.
Perennial; capsule 3-celled; dioecious. L Croton.
Annual; capsule 1-celled; monoecious. 2. Piscaria.
Glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves small, entire. 3. Stillingia.
Leaves large, palmately lobed. 4. RiciNUS.
Flowers subtended by an involucre; calyx repre-
sented by a minute scale at the base of the
filament-like pedicel.
Glands of the involucre with petal-like ap-
pendages. 5. Chamaesyce.
Glands of the involucre without petal-like ap-
pendages. 6. Tithymalus.
212 EUPHORBIACEAE.
1. CROTON L. Croton.
Stellate-pubescent, more or less glandular and strong-
scented herbs or shrubs, with mostly alternate, entire,
toothed or lobed leaves, and monoecious or dioecious
flowers in terminal or axillary clusters. Staminate
flowers uppermost; calyx usually 5-parted; petals usu-
ally present, small or rudimentary, alternating with the
glands; stamens 5 or more, inflexed. Pistillate flowers
clustered below the staminate; calyx 5-10-parted; petals
usually wanting; ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 in each cell;
styles once, twice or many times 2-cleft. Capsule
splitting into usually 2-valved carpels; seeds smooth or
minutely pitted.
1. C. calif ornicus Muell. Arg. SuflFrutescent, procumbent or
ascending, 4-12 dm. high, dichotomously branched; the branches
slender, cinereous throughout with a dense appressed scurf; petioles
slender, 2-3.5 cm. long; stipules obsolete; leaves generally oblong,
2.5-5 cm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, entire, 3-5-nerved; dioecious;
staminate plants more slender and short-branched; racemes simple;
flowers about 3 mm. broad, on pedicels 4-6 mm. long; sepals 5,
ovate; stamens 12-15; filaments ciliate; pistillate raceme mostly
2-3-flowered; styles 3, palmately 3-5-cleft or twice 2-cleft. Cap-
sule usually 5-6 mm. high; seeds oval or globose, 4.5-5 mm. long,
black.
Common in dry ground throughout our range.
2. C. californicus tenuis (Wats.) Ferguson. Stems erect, 3-7
dm. high, with very slender branches, densely scaly-stellate; leaves
narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 2-4.5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. wide,
entire; petioles 5-10 mm. long, less than half the length of the leaves;
staminate flowers about 2 mm. broad; stamens 10-12; seeds 3-4
mm. long.
Same range as the type, and perhaps best considered only a form
of it.
2. PISCARIA Piper.
Stellate-pubescent glandular and heavy-scented an-
nual herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved petiolate
exstipulate leaves, and monoecious apetalous flowers in
axillary cymes. Calyx 5-6-parted, slightly imbricate in
the staminate flowers, wanting in the pistillate. Sta-
mens 6-7, central on the hairy receptacle; filaments
exserted. Ovary with 4-5 small glands at the base,
1-celled, 1-ovuled; style simple, filiform, stigmatic at the
apex. Capsule obovate-oblong, 2-valved. Seed smooth
and shining; endosperm fleshy.
EUPHORBIACEAE. 213
1. P. setigera (Hook.) Piper. (Turkey Mullein.) Low
spreading heavy-scented annual, hoary pubescent with a dense
stellate and spreading hispid pubescence; leaves ovoid or rhomboid,
2-5 cm. long, on slender petioles, the upper crowded and appearing
opposite or verticillate; staminate flowers few, long-pedicelled;
calyx with oblong, obtuse segments, 2 mm. long; pistillate 1-3 in
the axils; ovary and style densely pubescent; capsule and seed 4 mm.
long. {Eremocarpus setigerus Benth.)
A common autumnal weed in all our valleys. Known as turkey
weed.
3. RICINUS L. Castor-bean.
A tall monoecious herb, often persisting for several
years and becoming a small tree. Leaves alternate,
large, peltate, palmately lobed and toothed. Flowers
numerous, small, apetalous, greenish, in terminal racemes,
the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers
with a 3-5-parted calyx and numerous crowded stamens;
filaments branched. Pistillate flowers with a caducous
calyx. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled; styles 3, united at the
base, 2-cleft. Capsule subglobose or oval, smooth or
spiny, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seeds ovoid
or oblong, mottled.
1. R. communis L. An introduced plant which is becoming
well established. In protected places it often becomes woody and
tree-like.
4. STILLINGIA L.
Glabrous herbs or shrubs with alternate or rarely
opposite, entire or toothed leaves, often with 2 glands at
the base, and monoecious bracteolate apetalous flowers
in terminal spikes; bractlets 2-glandular. Staminate
flowers several together in the axils of the bractlets;
calyx slightly 2-3-lobed; stamens 2-3, exserted. Pistil-
late flowers solitary in the axils of the lower bractlets;
calyx 3-lobed; ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 1 in each cell;
styles short, somewhat united at the base. Capsule
2-3-lobed, separating into 2-3 2-valved carpels. Seeds
ovoid or subglobose.
1. S. linearifolia Wats. Herbaceous, branching from the some-
what woody base; the stems and branches slender, terete, ascending,
3 dm. high or more; leaves linear, entire or rarely obscurely glandular-
toothed, acute, 1.5-2.5 cni. Jong; spikes slender, open, 2.5-4 mm.
long, with 2-7 scattered pistillate flowers below; bracts very small,
ovate, acute, minutely glandular on both sides, 1-flowered; staminate
flowers minute; calyx turbinate; stamens 2; pistillate calyx none;
214 EUPHORBIACEAE.
capsule 3 mm. broad; seed round-ovate, acute, 2 mm. long, smooth
somewhat viscid.
Occasional about San Bernardino and eastward in dry barren
places, and in similar places about San Diego.
5. CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray.
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite entire or
toothed leaves, and delicate entire or fringed stipules.
Involucres solitary In the axils or In axillary cymes;
glands 4, sessile or stalked, naked or usually with an
appendage, one sinus of each Involucre glandless. Cap-
sule smooth, sometimes pubescent, the angles sharp or
rounded; seeds angled, with minute caruncles. {Eu-
phorbia In part.)
Leaves entire.
Margins of the glands conspicuous, white.
Herbage green and glabrous, or some-
what finely pubescent.
Stipules united into a conspicuous
membranous scale, entire or lac-
erate. 1. C. alhomarginata.
Stipules distinct, minute, ciliate. 2. C. polycarpa.
Herbage cinereous with a dense soft
pubescence. 3. C. melanadenia.
Margins of glands without white appen-
dages. 4. C. ocellata.
Leaves serrulate.
Stems prostrate. ^ 5. C serpyllifolia.
Stems erect or ascending. 6. C. nutans.
\. C. alhomarginata (T. & G.) Small. Glabrous; stems numerous
from a woody perennial base, prostrate or decumbent, 5-30 cm.
long; leaves nearly orbicular, 4-8 mm. broad, often retuse above
and somewhat cordate at base, with a thin whitish edge; stipules
united into a conspicuous membranous white triangular scale,
entire or somewhat lacerate; involucres mostly solitary, campanu-
late or turbinate, about 1.5 mm. long; glands maroon color with a
conspicuous entire white or rose-colored dilated appendage; capsule
about 2 mm. long, the lobes angled on the back; seeds oblong,
4-angled.
Common and general. Flowering all summer.
2. C. polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp. Glabrous or somewhat finely
pubescent; stems numerous from a perennial woody base, prostrate
or decumbent, 5-30 cm. long; leaves round-ovate, obtuse, usually
slightly cordate, 2-6 mm. long; stipules minute, short-triangular to
lanceolate, ciliate, distinct; involucres mostly solitary, about 1 mm.
long; glands mostly dark purple, the white or rose-colored some-
what crenate margins often very narrow; capsule small with angled
lobes; seeds oblong, 4-angled, about 1 mm. long.
Occasional in the foothills, especially in the Santa Ana Mountains,
more common southward.
EUPHORBIACEAE. 215
3. C. melanadenia (Torr.) Millsp. Cinereous with a dense soft
pubescence, much branched from the base, the branches ascending,
forming tufts; root simple, somewhat lignescent, but apparently
annual; leaves mostly ovate, short-petioled, usually oblique at
base, one side being somewhat cordate; stipules minute, ciliate,
distinct; involucres solitary; gland purple, its appendages with a
white or rose-colored margin; capsule densely hirsute. {Euphorbia
poly car pa ve stilus Wats.)
Common in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana
Mountains.
4. C. ocellata (Dur. & Hilg.) Millsp. Annual, prostrate, the
branches 10-25 cm. long, glabrous; leaves 2-4 mm. long, deltoid
to ovate-oblong, often cordate, thickish, entire, and revolute; in-
volucre 2 mm. long, its lobes fringed; glands usually 4, yellowish
or purplish, short-stipitate, rounded and discoid, usually without a
margin; capsule 2 mm. long; seeds smooth or obscurely rugose.
Interior valleys of central California southward to southern
California; Colton, Parish.
5. C. serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small. Glabrous, annual; stems pros-
trate or ascending, 1-3 dm. long; leaves mostly oblong, often nar-
rowed toward the oblique base, serrulate at the rounded or retuse
summit, 4-12 mm, long; stipules distinct, setaceous or lacerate; in-
volucres solitary or in loose leafy clusters, campanulate, about 1 mm.
long; glands small, greenish, the margin narrow, crenate; capsule
angled, 2 mm. long; seeds sharply 4-angled, the sides somewhat
rugose.
Rather frequent throughout our range in moist places, especially
on borders of ponds.
6. C. nutans (Lag.) Small. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubes-
cent; stems branched, ascending or erect, 2-6 dm. long, branches
often recurved at the ends; leaves opposite, oblong-ovate to
linear-oblong, oblique, 3-nerved, unequally serrate, short-petioled;
stipules triangular, slightly lacerate; involucres narrowly obovoid,
1 mm. long; glands subtended by small rounded reddish appendages;
capsule glabrous; seeds oblong-ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 4-angled, trans-
versely rugose.
A local species, probably introduced from the Southern States,
known only from near Santa Ana, Helen Geis.
6. TITHYMALUS Adans.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with simple or
branched stems topped by several-rayed umbel-like
cymes. Leaves below the umbel usually scattered or
alternate, without stipules. Bracts of the umbel quite
different from the stem leaves. Involucres with often
toothed lobes. Glands 4, transversely oblong, reniform
or crescent-shaped by the horn-like appendages. {Eu-
phorbia in part.)
216 CALLITRICHACEAE.
Annuals.
Glands disk-like; capsules warty. 1. T. dictyospermus.
Glands crescent-shaped, 2-horned; capsule
smooth. 2. T. peplus.
Perennial. 3. T. palmeri.
1. T. dictyospermus (F. & M.) Heller. Glabrous, annual; stem
simple or sometimes branching below, dichotomously branched
above, 15-45 cm. high; stem leaves scattered, oblong-spatulate to
obovate-spatulate, obtuse, obtusely serrate, often retuse, 1-3 cm.
long; on the branches opposite, broadly ovate to oblong, the floral
ones roundish-ovate, subcordate, mucronate, 4-12 mm. long; rays
usually 3 times forked; involucres and glands small; styles bifid or
parted; capsule with rounded and warty lobes, 2-3 mm. long; seeds
subglobose, delicately netted-veined, dark colored.
Occasional in rather moist places in all our foothills and moun-
tains, confined mostly to the chaparral belt.
2. T. peplus (L.) Gaertn. Annual; stems simple or branched
below, erect, dichotomously branched above, 1-2 dm. high; stem
leaves scattered; involucres bearing 4 crescent-shaped glands with
long slender horns, and a pair of wing-like crests on each lobe.
An introduced species, growing in gardens, and greenhouses.
3. T. palmeri (Engelm.) Abrams, n. comb. A stout glabrous
perennial, 2-4 dm. high; stems simple below, or with a few erect
branches, umbelliferous above; leaves ovate, obtuse, 12-18 mm.
long; the floral ones nearly reniform; involucres 2 mm. long, with
rounded entire ciliate lobes; glands shortly stipitate, crenate and
slightly horned; capsule ovate, 2 mm. long; seeds rugose. {Euphor-
bia palmeri Engelm.)
A common species in the coniferous forest of the San Bernardino
and Cuyamaca Mountains; Swartout Canyon, San Gabriel Moun-
tains.
Family 55. CALLITRICHACEAE.
Water Starwort Family.
Herbaceous aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants, with
slender or capillary stems, opposite exstlpulate entire
leaves, and minute perfect monoecious axillary flowers.
Perianth none. Bracts 2, sac-like or none. Stamens 1;
jfilaments elongated, filiform; anthers cordate, 2-celled,
opening by lateral slits. Pistil 1; ovary 4-celled; ovules
1 In each cell; styles 2, filiform. Fruit compressed,
lobed, the lobes more or less winged or keeled on the
margins, separating at maturity into 4 flattish 1 -seeded
carpels. Seed anatropous, pendulous; endosperm fleshy;
embryo straight or slightly curved.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 2 1 7
1. CALLITRICHE L.
Characters of the family, this being the only genus.
1. C. marginata Torr. Usually rooting in the mud, small, with
Hnear-oblanceolate leaves, 4-6 mm. long or less, sometimes floating
with slender stems and the upper leaves spatulate; styles elongated,
reflexed, deciduous; fruit on slender spreading pedicels, 2-8 mm.
long, deeply emarginate above and below, the margins of the thick
carpels widely divergent, narrowly winged.
Soldiers Home, Hasse. Near San Diego in shallow pools on the
mesa.
Family 56. LIMNANTHACEAE.
False Mermaid Family.
Annual herbs with alternate petloled exstlpulate pin-
nately divided leaves and perfect regular axillary long-
peduncled flowers. Sepals 2-5, valvate, persistent.
Petals the same number as the sepals, alternating with as
many small glands; the nearly perigynous stamens twice
as many, distinct. Carpels as many as sepals and oppo-
site them, 1-ovuled, nearly distinct; the single style
slender, arising from the center as in the Geraniaceae,
cleft above into as many stigmas as there are carpels.
Fruit very deeply 2-5-lobed, the carpels indehiscent,
rough or tubercled.
1. LIMNANTHES R. Br.
Low diffuse annuals, growing near water, with showy
white or rose-colored flowers solitary on axillary pe-
duncles. Carpels subglobose, at first fleshy, becoming
hard and rugose.
L L. douglasii R. Br. Glabrous throughout, diffusely branched
from the base, the weak and succulent stems 15-45 cm. long; leaf-
lets incisely lobed or parted with linear acute lobes; peduncles
5-10 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long; petals oblong or
obovate, emarginate or truncate, 12-16 mm. long, yellow; style very
slender, 6-8 mm. long.
Growing in moist places. Reported from Los Angeles and San
Bernardino.
Family 57. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Caltrop Family.
Herbs or woody plants, with mostly opposite, stipu-
late, pinnate leaves with entire leaflets. Flowers perfect,
218 ANACARDIACEAE.
axillary, peduncled. Sepals usually none. Petals usu-
ally 5, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as petals
or 2-3 times as many; filaments usually with a thin
scale at the base or near the middle. Ovary 4-12-celled;
style terminal; stigma usually simple; ovules 1-numerous
in each cavity. Fruit various, dry in our species
1. TRIBULUS L.
Mostly diffuse or prostrate herbs, with evenly pinnate
leaves and yellow flowers. Sepals and petals 5, de-
ciduous. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Ovary 5-lobed,
5-celled, ovules 3-10 in each cavity. Fruit 5-angled,
spiny, splitting into 3-5-seeded segments.
1. T. terrestris L. (Ground Burnut.) Pubescent much
branched prostrate annual, branches 2 dm. long or more; leaflets
5-8 pairs, 6-12 mm. long; flowers solitary in the axils, 12 mm. broad;
segments of the fruit usually with 2 long spines, 2 shorter and a
row of very short ones forming a dorsal crest.
Railroad embankments, Los Angeles.
Family 58. ANACARDIACEAE. Sumac Family.
Shrubs or trees with a resinous and usually acrid juice,
alternate simple or compound exstipulate leaves. Flow-
ers small, regular, mostly 5-merous, often polygamous
or dioecious, variously clustered. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals. Ovary free, 1 -celled and
1-ovuled; styles sometimes 3. Fruit drupaceous. The
following genera were all referred to Rhus in the first
edition.
Leaves 3-foliolate, deciduous.
Ovary and fruit glabrous; nut ribbed. 1. Toxicodendron.
Ovary and fruit villous; nut smooth. 2. Schmaltzia.
Leaves simple, persistent.
Ovary and fruit densely pubescent and
viscid. 3. Neostyphonia.
Ovary and fruit glabrous. 4. Malosma.
1. TOXICODENDRON Mill.
Shrubs or climbing vines, with 3-foliolate or pinnate
leaves, poisonous to the touch. Flowers in axillary
ANACARDIACEAE. 219
panicles appearing after the leaves, small, greenish or
white, polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft; petals and stamens 5 ;
ovary 1-ovuled; style terminal. Fruit a drupe with a
thin outer coat soon separating from the waxy pulp
which persists in strands about the ribbed stone.
1. T. diversilobum (T. & G.) Greene. (Poison Oak.) Erect,
1-3 m. high, or ascending trees by aerial roots to a considerable
height; leaves 3-foliate, deciduous; leaflets ovate, obovate, or elliptic,
very obtuse or roundish at apex, variously lobed or toothed, or rarely
entire; flowers greenish, in small axillary open spreading or drooping
panicles; drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter, with a thin glabrous de-
ciduous epicarp and granular waxy persistent mesocarp; stone rugose
or undulate.
Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range. April-
May.
2. SCHMALTZIA Desv.
Shrubs with usually 3-foliolate deciduous alternate
leaves and small green polygamous spicate or capitate
flowers, opening before the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft. Pet-
als and stamens 5. Ovary 1-ovuled; styles 3, short.
Fruit a small pubescent drupe with a persistent exocarp
and a smooth stone.
1. S. trilobata (Nutt.) Small. Low branching deciduous aro-
matic shrub, more or less pubescent when young; leaves 3-foliate;
the terminal leaflet 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-lobed and coarsely toothed
above the middle; the lateral pair 1-1.5 cm. long, round-ovate,
scarcely lobed, crenate; flowers yellowish, appearing before the leaves
in short spike-like clusters; drupes viscid-hirsute.
Frequent in the foothills and mountains of southern California.
March.
3. NEOSTYPHONIA Shafer.
Shrubs or small trees, with simple toothed or entire
coriaceous persistent leaves. Flowers on bracted pedi-
cels in short dense racemes closely paniculate at the ends
of the branches. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes rounded,
concave. Petals and stamens 5. Ovary 1-ovuled.
Fruit densely pubescent and viscid, acid, the exocarp
persistent; stone smooth, strongly compressed.
Leaves oval, obtuse at both ends; inflorescence
cinereous. 1. N. integrifolia.
Leaves ovate, acute at the apex; inflorescence
glabrous or glabrate. 2. N. ovata.
_ 1. N. integrifolia (Nutt.) Shafer. Low evergreen shrub, 1-2 m.
high, often more or less depressed, with short stiff branches; leaves
220 ACERACEAE.
oval, rigid-coriaceous, very obtuse at both ends, or acutish at base,
entire or sometimes serrate, 2.5-4 cm. long, dark green and shining
above, veiny and paler beneath; petioles 5-8 mm. long; inflorescence
and young parts cinereous or canescently puberulent; flowers white
or rose-colored, glomerate, sessile, subtended by rather thick orbicu-
lar bracts within which are 2 similar but thinner bractlets; sepals
oval-orbicular, scarious-margined, ciliolate; drupes very viscid and
acid, about 10 mm. in diameter.
Bluffs along the seashore, rarely extending inland in our range
(Cahuenga Pass), but frequent in the foothills back of San Diego.
February-March.
2. N. ovata (Wats.) Abrams. Erect or spreading evergreen shrub,
1.5-3 m. high; leaves rigid-coriaceous, very smooth and shining,
ovate or subcordate, acute at apex, entire or sharply serrate; inflores-
cence glabrous or glabrate; bracts as in the last; calyx scarcely or
not at all ciliolate; fruit 8 mm. in diameter, otherwise as in the last.
Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range. March-
April.
4. MALOSMA Nutt.
An arborescent shrub with simple coriaceous persistent
leaves and small flowers In ample terminal panicles.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals and stamens 5. Ovary 1-ovuled.
Fruit small, with a smooth whitish exocarp, beaked by
the persistent styles; stone nearly smooth, thickened
and rugose along one edge.
1. M. laurina Nutt. Erect evergreen shrub, 2-4 m. high, ex-
haling the odor of bitter almonds; leaves thin, coriaceous, oblong-
lanceolate, entire, acute or obtuse, mucronate, 7-10 cm. long,
rounded at base on rather long petioles; flowers polygamous, very
small, white, numerous in ample terminal panicles; drupes whitish,
2-3 mm. in diameter, smooth; mesocarp waxy; stone minute,
smooth. {Rhus laurina Nutt.)
Very common in the foothills and extending well up into the
chaparral; less common in the interior. June-July. Malosma was
a manuscript name, published as a synonym by Engler (DC. Monog.
Phan. 4: 393. 1883.)
Family 59. ACERACEAE. Maple Family.
Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap,
opposite simple and palmately lobed or pinnate leaves,
and axillary or terminal cymose or racemose regular
polygamous or dioecious flowers. Calyx generally 5-
parted, the segments imbricated. Petals of the same
number or none. Disk thick, annular, lobed, sometimes
obsolete. Stamens 4-12, often 8; filaments filiform.
RHAMNACEAE. 221
Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; styles 2, inserted between the
lobes. Fruit of 2 long-winged samaras, joined at the
base and 1-seeded or rarely 2-seeded. Seeds compressed,
ascending; cotyledons thin, folded.
1. ACER L. Maple.
Characters of the family.
1. A. macrophyllum Pursh. Becoming a tall tree with thick
rough and furrowed bark; leaves large, deeply 3-5-parted, the lobes
irregular, coarsely toothed, soft pubescent when young, becoming
glabrate above and minutely puberulent below; flowers polygamous,
in many-flowered drooping racemes; sepals and petals rather broad,
nearly equal; filaments pubescent at the base, inserted above the
disk; anthers sagittate; carpels covered with stiff tawny hairs;
wings 2.5-4 cm. long, diverging at an acute angle.
Mountain canyons between 3000 and 6000 feet.
Family 60. RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family.
Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees, often thorny.
Leaves simple, stipulate, generally alternate. Stipules
small, deciduous. Inflorescence commonly of axillary or
terminal cymes or panicles. Flowers small, regular, per-
fect or polygamous. Calyx-tube obconic or cylindric,
the limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx,
sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the
petals and opposite them; anthers short, versatile. Disk
fleshy. Ovary sessile, free from or immersed in the disk,
2-5-celled; ovules 1 in each cell, anatropous, ascending.
Fruit a drupe or capsule, often 3-celled. Endosperm
fleshy, rarely none; embryo large; cotyledons flat.
Petals clawless or wanting. 1. Rhamnus.
Petals long-clawed. 2. Ceanothus.
1. RHAMNUS L. Buckthorn.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate pinnately veined
(in ours) evergreen leaves, and small axillary cymose
perfect or polygamous flowers. Calyx-tube urceolate,
its limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, nearly sessile, some-
what emarginate and hooded, or none. Disk free from
222 RHAMNACEAE.
the 3-4-celled ovary; style 3-4-cleft. Drupe berry-like,
oblong or globose, containing 2-4 nut-like stones.
Petals none; leaves pungently toothed.
Leaves 6-12 mm. long; calyx-lobes triangular. 1. R. crocea.
Leaves 12-40 mm. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate. 2. R. ilicifolia.
Petals present, minute; leaves not pungently
toothed.
Leaves green and glabrous beneath, serrulate. 3. R. californica.
Leaves tomentose, at least beneath, entire. 4. R. tomentella.
1. R. crocea Nutt. Low, much branched, the branches with
short spine-like branchlets, 6-12 dm. high; leaves rigidly coriaceous,
about 1 cm. long, bright green above, often yellowish beneath,
roundish-ovate, glandular-denticulate; flowers about 3 mm. in di-
ameter, reddish.
Occasional on the dry plains and in the chaparral belt of our
interior region.
2. R. ilicifolia Kell. Shrub, sometimes arborescent, branches
scarcely spinescent; leaves green on both sides, often 2.5 cm. long;
flowers often 5-merous; calyx-fruit somewhat larger than in the
type.
Common in the chaparral belt of southern California. In foliage
closely resembling Prunus ilicifolia,
3. R. californica Esch. Shrub, sometimes arborescent, 1-4 m
high, young parts pubescent, becoming glabrous; leaves thin-
coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate,
3-5 cm. long; flowers in small umbel-like clusters, 5-merous; petals
small, ovate, emarginate; stamens exserted; fruit globose, 8-10 mm.
in diameter.
Common in the chaparral belt of southern California toward the
coast. Commonly called wild cofi^ee.
4. R. tomentella Benth. Leaves tomentose beneath, the margins
revolute, entire, otherwise closely resembling californica.
The more common species in the mountains, especially in the
interior region.
2. CEANOTHUS L. California Lilac.
Unarmed or spinescent, often arborescent shrubs, with
alternate or opposite leaves, and small but showy white,
blue or purple usually fragrant flowers, in often long-
peduncled dense axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx
5-lobed. Petals 5, hooded, long-clawed. Ovary im-
mersed in the disk and adnate to it at the base, 3-lobed.
Disk adnate to the calyx. Style short, 3-cleft. Fruit
somewhat 3-lobed, separating at maturity into 3 nutlets.
RHAMNACEAE.
223
Stipules thin and mostly fugacious; leaves
alternate; capsules without dorsal or
apical horns; flowers racemose or panicu-
late.
Leaves deciduous, entire; flowers white. 1. C. integerrimus.
Leaves evergreen; flowers blue, rarely white.
Leaves pinnately veined, entire. 2. C. spinosus.
Leaves 3-nerved.
Twigs stiff and spinescent; leaves
entire or obscurely serrulate.
Flowers white; capsules deeply
lobed, slightly crested. 3. C. cordulaius.
Flowers blue; capsules shallowly
lobed, crestless. 4. C. divaricatus.
Twigs not at all spinescent; leaves
glandular-toothed.
Leaves glabrous above. 5. C. sorediatus.
Leaves not glabrous above.
Leaves velvety tomentose. 6. C. tomentosus.
Leaves hirsute. 7. C. oliganthus.
Stipule-bases persistent, thick and corky
spongy; capsule
apical horns as
umbellate.
Leaves alternate. 8. C, megacarpus.
Leaves opposite.
Leaves pungently toothed; horns stout.
Flowers blue; twigs and leaves gla-
brous. 9. C.jepsoni.
Flowers white; twigs and leaves
tomentose. 10. C. crassifolius.
Leaves entire; horns slender. IL C. cuneatus.
or
usually with dorsal or
well as crests; flowers
L C. integerrimus H. & A. Tall, loosely branching and some-
times arborescent with green or at length somewhat brownish
branches, slightly angled when young, not at all spinescent; leaves
ovate, 2-6 cm. long, prominently or sometimes indistinctly 3-veined,
entire, somewhat loosely hairy above when young, paler beneath
and glabrescent or with a few soft hairs; petioles slender, somewhat
villous, 6-8 mm. long; inflorescence 6-16 cm. long and 3-10 cm.
broad; flowers blue, varying to white; fruit 5-6 mm. in diameter,
somewhat lobed at apex, nearly smooth and with low but broad,
deeply dorsal evanescent crests.
Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains and in the upper-
most portions of the chaparral belt.
2. C. spinosus Nutt. Tall shrub or somewhat arborescent, with
at length cinnamon-brown, more or less divaricate, sparingly
slender-spiny glabrous twigs; leaves elliptic, very obtuse or emar-
ginate, rounded or acutish at base, coriaceous, glabrous, 2-3 cm.
long, entire, petioles glabrous or appressed-pubescent, 4-8 mm.
long; thyrsus 10-15 cm. long and half as broad; flowers pale blue;
224 RHAMNACEAE.
carpels depressed, 6 mm. in diameter, scarcely lobed, smooth, crest-
less.
Santa Monica and Santa Ana Mountains, in canyons; extending
northward to Santa Barbara, where it was first found by Nuttall.
3. C. cordulatus Kell. A low much branched shrub forming
low flattened clumps, with whitish branchlets beset with short
stiff spinose branchlets; leaves mainly ovate, 1-2 cm. long, usually
denticulate, green above, and very minutely puberulent, pale beneath
and more distinctly puberulent, 3-nerved; flowers white in simple
often clustered racemes; capsules slightly depressed and deeply
lobed, smooth, obscurely crested.
A very common species in the coniferous forests of the Sierra
Nevada and southern California, mostly above 5000 feet.
4. C. divaricatus Nutt. An arborescent shrub with very pale
spinose pubescent branches; leaves ovate, acute or obtuse at apex,
rounded or subcordate at base, 1-2 cm. long, denticulate to nearly
entire, light green and minutely puberulent above, more distinctly
puberulent below and paler, firm in texture; racemes mostly simple,
5-8 cm. long; peduncles pubescent and viscid; flowers light blue;
capsule 3 mm. high, shallowly lobed, smooth and crestless, very
viscid.
Foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada, south to the San Ber-
nardino Mountains, but not common south of Ventura County.
4a. C. divaricatus eglandulosus Torr. Distinguished from the
typical form, by the glabrous twigs and entire leaves which are
glabrous above and sparsely puberulent on the veins beneath.
This is the most common Ceanothus in the chaparral of southern
California, ranging from the San Gabriel Mountains to northern
Lower California.
5. C. sorediatus H. & A. Shrubby or somewhat arborescent,
2-4 mm. high, with olive or at length purplish twigs; leaves oblong-
ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, glandular-dentate, 1-2 cm.
long, glabrous and glossy or sparingly pubescent when young above,
glabrous or minutely pubescent beneath, silky-pubescent on the
principal veins and petioles; inflorescence at first villous, 2.5-5 cm.
long; flowers deep blue; capsule globose, 4 mm. in diameter, smooth
or slightly wrinkled, slightly lobed, crestless.
A species of the coast mountains of central California, said to
occur in the San Gabriel Mountains, but not seen by the author.
6. C. tomentosus Parry. Shrub 2-4 m. high, with slender gray
or reddish, at first tomentose and usually densely verrucose branches;
leaves round-ovate or elliptic, consi)icuously glandular-toothed,
minutely velvety above, densely white or brownish tomentose
beneath, 1-3 cm. long, short-petioled; inflorescence loosely tomen-
tose, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers deep blue or rarely white; capsule 4 mm.
in diameter, somewhat depressed, smooth, slightly crested, dis-
tinctly lobed.
Occasional in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel, San Bernar-
dino and Cuyamaca Mountains, 3000-5000 feet altitude.
RHAMNACEAE. 225
7. C. oliganthus Nutt. Shrubby or arborescent, 3-5 m. high,
with grayish or reddish, densely villous, rather flexible twigs; leaves
ovate to broadly elliptic, rounded or subcordate at base, obtuse
or acute, 2-4 cm. long, hirsute with rather long appressed hairs
above, loosely hirsute beneath especially along the veins; inflores-
cence loosely puberulent, villous, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers deep blue
to purplish; capsule depressed, smooth, slightly lobed, strongly
crested. ( C. hirsutus Nutt.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains;
2500-4500 feet.
8. C. megacarpus Nutt. Shrubby, 2-3 m. high, with gray or
reddish, at first appressed-pubescent twigs; leaves rather thick,
spatulate or obovate, cuneate, obtuse to emarginate, glabrous and
dull above, minutely canescent beneath, 1-2 cm. long, margin
slightly revolute, entire or rarely denticulate; capsule 8-12 mm.
in diameter, laterally horned, apical crests low, scarcely lobed.
(C macrocarpus Nutt.)
Frequent in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana ranges, extending
north to Santa Barbara.
9. C. jepsoni Greene. A rigid erect shrub, 1-2 m. high, with stiff
divergent gray branches; leaves elliptic-oblong, spinose-toothed,
usually infolded along the midrib, and undulate-margined, 10-18
mm. long, glossy green and glabrous above, whitish between the
reticulations beneath; stipules small; flowers usually blue; capsule
about_ 8-10 mm. high, more or less wrinkled and with very stout
erect irregularly lobed or wrinkled horns.
Specimens, collected only in flower on the hills west of Pomona
{Baker), seem to belong to this species, which is otherwise only known
in the Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay.
10. C. crassifolius Torr. Shrub, 2-3 m. high, with grayish white
or rusty tomentose twigs; leaves thick, elliptic-obovate, cuneate
or rounded at base, obtuse, somewhat revolute, pungently dentate
or rarely entire, 1.5-3 cm. long, minutely roughened, at length
glabrous and pale green above, densely tomentose beneath; stipules
very large; capsules 8 mm. in diameter, with 3 stout erect horns
near the tip.
Common in the chaparral belt from Santa Barbara to Lower
California.
11. C. cuneatus Nutt. A rigid erect shrub, 1-2.5 m. high, with
stiff divergent grayish branches; leaves oblong-obovate, 8-15 mm.
long, dull rather blue-green above and glabrous, whitish between
the reticulations beneath, entire; flowers umbellate, white; capsules
5 mm. long, with 3 rather stout erect horns.
The most widely distributed of the western ceanothi, ranging
from Oregon to Lower California. Within our range it is not
common, being found principally on gravelly talus slopes or in
washes; Azusa, Claremont.
16
226 MALVACEAE.
Family 6L VITACEAE. Grape Family.
Climbing or erect shrubs, with nodose joiats, alternate
petioled leaves, and small flowers in panicles, racemes or
cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separ-
ate or coherent, valvate. Stamens 4-5, opposite the
petals; filaments subulate, inserted at the base of the
disk or between its lobes. Disk sometimes obsolete or
wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1, generally immersed
in the disk, 2-6-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell, ascending,
anatropous. Fruit a 1-6-celled, commonly 2-celled,
berry. Testa bony; endosperm cartilaginous; embryo
short.
L VITIS L. Wild Grape.
Climbing or trailing woody vines, mostly with tendrils.
Leaves simple, usually palmately lobed or dentate. Stip-
ules generally small, caducous. Flowers mostly dioe-
cious, or polygamo-dioecious, rarely perfect. Petals
hypogynous or perigynous, coherent in a cap and decid-
uous without expanding. Ovary 2-celled,^ rarely 3-4-
celled; style very short, conic; ovules 2 in each cell.
Berry globose or ovoid, pulpy.
L V- girdiana Munson. Strong climbing vine with thick
diaphragms; leaves 15 cm. broad or less, broadly cordate-ovate,
with a rather deep and narrow sinus, obscurely 3-lobed, and with
many small and acute teeth, closely ashy tomentose beneath; flower
clusters large, very compound; berries small, black, slightly glaucous;
seeds pyriform.
Occasional along streams in the foothills. June.
Family 62. MALVACEAE. Mallow Family.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate mostly palmately
veined leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regu-
lar, perfect, or rarely dioecious or polygamous. Calyx
often brae ted at the base. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, more
or less united, usually valvate. Petals 5, hypogynous,
convolute. Stamens many, hypogynous, monadelphous,
forming a central column around the pistil, united with
the bases of the petals; anthers 1-celled. Ovary several-
MALVACEAE. 227
celled, entire or lobed; styles united below, distinct
above, mostly as many as the cells of the ovary; ovules
1 or several In each cell. Fruit capsular, rarely a berry,
several-celled; the carpels falling away entire or else
locullcldally dehiscent. Embryo curved; cotyledons
large, plicate or condupllcate; endosperm scanty or
copious.
Carpels 2-several-seeded. 1. Modiola.
Carpels 1-seeded.
Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style
branches.
Stamens monadelphous. _ 2. Malva.
Stamens united in phalanges in 2 series. 3. Sidalcea.
Stigmas capitate or truncate.
Flowers rose-purple or rarely white. 4. Malvastrum.
Flowers cream-colored. 6. Sida.
1. MODIOLA Moench.
Prostrate or ascending herbs often rooting from the
nodes, with palmately cleft or divided leaves, and small
axillary peduncled flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3,
distinct. Calyx 5-cleft. Cells of the ovary many, with
2-3 ovules In each. Style branches stigmatic at the
summit. Carpels 15-20, septate between the seeds,
dehiscent into 2 valves, with awn-pointed tips, and aris-
tate on the back.
1. M. carolinlana (L.) Don. Decumbent, annual or biennial,
more or less pubescent, freely branching; stems 15-45 cm. long;
leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 1-6 cm. wide, petioled, pedately
3-5-cleft, rarely simply dentate or incised; flowers axillary, 6-10
mm. broad, red; peduncles at length elongated, slender; fruit de-
pressed-orbicular, the carpels hispid-aristate along the back.
In rather low moist places. El Monte; Santa Anita.
2. MALVA L. Mallow.
Pubescent or glabrate herbs with dentate lobed or dis-
sected leaves, and axillary or terminal solitary or clus-
tered flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the involucre
3, rarely none. Petals 5. Ovary many-celled; cells
1-ovuled; style branches of the same number, linear,
stigmatic along the inner side. Carpels arranged In a
circle, beakless, indehlscent, 1-seeded.
228 MALVACEAE.
1. M. parviflora L. Glabrous or sparingly hairy annual, with
erect or ascending stems, 2-10 dm. high; leaves rounded, slightly
5-7-lobed, crenate, 3-10 cm. broad; pedicels short; bractlets linear;
calyx accrescent, the broadly lobed limb rotately spreading away
from the mature fruit; petals white or pale blue, about equaling the
calyx-lobes; achenes glabrous or pubescent, transversely and sharply
rugose on the back, the acute winged margins distinctly toothed.
A common vernal weed.
2. M. pusilla Smith. Much resembling the last in foliage and
habit; pedicels somewhat longer; calyx-lobes mostly closed over
the fruit; petals bluish, 10-15 mm. long, surpassing the calyx-lobes;
achenes reticulate-rugose, the margins acute, entire.
Known within our region only from low ground along Ballona
Creek, near Mesmer.
3. SIDALCEA Gray.
Erect annual or (ours) perennial herbs with mostly
palmately or pedately parted or deeply cleft leaves,
small stipules, and purple or pink or sometimes white
rather showy flowers, in terminal racemes or spikes, not
rarely polygamous by the abortion of the anthers. In-
volucre rarely present. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, com-
monly emarginate or truncate. Staminal column usu-
ally distinctly double, the exterior series of 5 distinct
4-10-antheriferous phalanges, the inner or terminal one
of about 10 mostly 2-antheriferous phalanges. Carpels
5-9, reniform, indehiscent, 1-seeded.
1. S. malvaeflora (Moc. & Sesse) Gray. Hirsute or stems and
petioles hispid with few-forked and some simple hairs; stems ascend-
ing or erect from decumbent base, 2-6 dm. high, from a thick stock
or root, simple; basal leaves rounded, crenate-incised, the upper
more dissected; flowers in simple few-many-flowered spiciform
racemes; petals rose-purple, 2-2.5 cm. long; mature carpels rugose-
reticulate. {S. humilis Gray, S. del pJmiifolia Nutt.)
Frequent on the grassy hills and mesas. March-May.
2. S. parviflora Greene. Stems glabrous at least below, sub-
simple, terminating in long slender loose racemes; lowest leaves
orbicular, crenate-toothed, the others deeply divided, the divisions
lobed; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, subtended by simple linear bracts of
scarcely the same length; petals 8-12 mm. long, rounded at apex;
carpels reticulated.
In low subsaline places throughout our range. Much resembling
the last, but easily recognized by the glabrous stems and leaves,
and by the usually smaller flowers.
4. MALVASTRUM Gray.
Low annual herbs or shrubs, often densely stellate-
pubescent. Bractlets 1-3 or rarely wanting. Calyx-
MALVACEAE. 229
lobes 5. Petals 5, often showy. Stamlnal tube simple,
antheriferous at the summit. Styles filiform; stigmas
capitate. Carpels 5 or more, 1-ovuled, rarely 2-valved.
Seed ascending.
Annual. _ I. M. exile.
Shrubby perennials.
Upper surface of leaves hoary with a dense
stellate-tomentum.
Leaves 2-3 cm. broad, not rugose; calyx-
lobes lanceolate-acuminate. 2. M. orhiculatum.
Leaves 6-8 cm. broad, rugose; calyx-
lobes triangular. 3. M. davidsonii.
Upper surface of leaves green with a sparse
short stellate-pubescence. 4. M. fasciculatum.
1. M. exile Gray. Stems decumbent, branching from the base,
2-4 dm. long, pubescent; leaves 12-18 mm. broad, broadly ovate,
cordate or truncate at base, deeply 5-lobed, sparingly toothed, on
slender petioles of about the same length; flowers mostly solitary
and axillary on slender pedicels, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets 3, linear,
persistent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; petals obovate, purple,
4-6 mm. long; carpels 12-15, orbicular, glabrous, transversely rugose-
reticulated.
Chatsworth Park.
2. M. orbiculatum Greene. Shrubby below, 1-2.5 m. high,
densely soft-tomentose with long-rayed stellular pubescence; leaves
roundish, shallowly or scarcely at all cordate, crenate-toothed,
2-3 cm. broad; flowers in axillary sessile or short pedunculate
clusters, interrupted spicate; bractlets about equaling the calyx-
lobes; calyx-tube completely hidden by the dense lanate tomentum,
lobes lanceolate acuminate, 4-5 mm, long, mucronate with a more
naked tip; petals rose color, about 1 cm. long.
In the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
3. M. davidsonii Robinson. Tall shrub or arborescent, 2-4 m.
high, densely stellate-tomentose throughout; bractlets stout; leaves
deeply cordate, with narrow sinus, 5-angled or shallowly 5-lobed,
varying to 3-lobed, irregularly crenate-dentate, 5-7.5 cm. broad;
inflorescence a dense racemose panicle; bractlets much shorter than
the calyx-lobes; calyx canescent-tomentose without more naked
mucronate tips, faintly 1 -nerved or enervose; petals rose-purple,
1.5-2 cm. long; carpels stellate-tomentose above.
San Fernando Valley and La Canada, in washes.
4. M. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene. Tall shrub or somewhat
arborescent, 2-4 m. high, with wand-like branches, covered with
a dense short stellate-tomentum; leaves angular, 5-lobed and rather
coarsely toothed, densely stellate-pubescent beneath, sparsely so
above, 3-5 cm. broad; inflorescence racemose, or amply racemose-
paniculate; bractlets much shorter than the calyx-lobes, these
triangular, as broad as long, acute; petals rose-purple, 2-2.5 cm.
long. {M. thurberi Gray; M. splendidum Kell.)
Common in the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt.
230 STERCULIACEAE.
5. SIDA L.
Herbs with serrate, crenate or lobed leaves and soli-
tary or clustered axillary or terminal perfect flowers.
Bractlets of the involucre none. Calyx 5-toothed or
5-cleft. Staminal tube anther-bearing at the summit.
Carpels 5-many, 1-ovuled; style-branches of the same
number, stigmatic at the summit only. Carpels indehis-
cent or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous.
1. S. hederacea (Dougl.) T. & G. Perennial, stoutish, erect-
spreading or prostrate, leafy, 2-4 dm. long, hoary-tomentose or
yellowish-tomentose throughout; leaves short-petioled, about 2.5
cm. long, reniform, oblique at the base, serrate or crenate; flowers
axillary, solitary or clustered, on slender at length reflexed pedicels;
bractlets 1 or 2, linear; calyx-lobes acuminate; petals 2 cm. long,
cream color; fruit short-conical, smooth; carpels 6-10.
Common in subsaline places. May-September.
Family 63. STERCULIACEAE. Sterculia Family.
Trees, shrubs or herbs (mostly tropical or subtropical)
much resembling the Malvaceae. Calyx 5-parted, imbri-
cated, in ours petal-like. Petals wanting in ours. Sta-
mens in ours 5, monadelphous; anthers adnate, extrorse,
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 5-celled or
rarely 4-celled, with numerous horizontal anatropous
ovules in the axils. Style simple, terminated by a
minute undivided stigma. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds
oval or ovoid; embryo straight.
1. FREMONTODENDRON Coville. California Slippery-elm.
Shrub with hard wood and dark colored bark. Leaves
tawny-canescent or ferruginous beneath. Bractlets 3,
sometimes 5, minute, caducous. Sepals roundish, ro-
tately spreading in anthesis, nectariferous-pitted at base.
Stamens regular; filaments adnate to the calyx at the
base, monadelphous to or above the middle; anthers
elongated-oblong, emarginate at both ends, adnate to an
inconspicuous connective. Capsule ovoid, firm-coria-
ceous. Seeds srnooth.
1. F. calif ornicum (Torr.) Coville. Branching shrub or arbores-
cent, 2-7 m. high; leaves subcoriaceous, round-cordate to round-
ovate, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-cleft, 2-5 cm. broad; flowers short-peduncled
FRANKENIACEAE. 231
on short lateral branches; calyx nearly glabrous, accrescent, thin,
5-7 cm, in diameter, light yellow in anthesis, becoming marcescent
in age, within hairy at base and with a small nectariferous pit;
capsule 2.5 cm. long, hispid with short pungent hairs, the cells villous
within. {Fremontia calif or nica Torr.)
Frequent in the upper altitudes of the chaparral belt of the
interior region. June-July.
Family 64. ELATINACEAE. Waterwort Family.
Low herbs with opposite or vertlcillate stipulate entire
or vserrate leaves, and small axillary or fascicled regular
perfect flowers. Sepals 2-5, imbricated. Petals of the
same number, hypogynous. Stamens of the same num-
ber or twice as many. Ovary 2-5-celled; styles 2-5;
ovules many, anatropous. Capsule with septicidal dehis-
cence; placentae central. Seed-coat crustaceous, rugose
or ribbed.
1. ELATINE L.
Small glabrous or glabrate aquatic or creeping herbs
with opposite or verticillate leaves, and minute axillary
mainly solitary flowers. Sepals 2-4, persistent, mem-
branous. Capsule membranous, globose, 2-4-valved.
Seeds straight or slightly curved, striate longitudinally
and transversely.
1. E. brachysperma Gray. Terrestrial or sometimes aquatic,
spreading, tufted, 2-5 cm. long; leaves oblong, oval or lanceolate,
narrowed at the base, 4-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; sepals,
petals and stamens mainly 2; capsule globose, about 1 mm. in
diameter; seeds short-oblong, nearly straight, about 0.5 mm. long,
marked by 6-7 longitudinal striae and 10-12 transverse ones.
Occasional along borders of ponds toward the coast.
FamUy 65. FRANKENIACEAE.
Frankenia Family.
Low perennial herbs or undershrubs with opposite
entire exstipulate leaves, sessile and often united at the
membranous and somewhat sheathing base. Flowers
small, perfect, solitary and sessile in the axils of the
branches and branchlets. Calyx tubular or prismatic,
furrowed, its lobes 4-5, valvate. Petals as many as
232 CISTACEAE.
calyx-lobes, hypogynous, narrowed to a claw which bears
an appendage on its inner face. Stamens 4-7 or rarely
more, hypogynous; anther 2-celled, longitudinally de-
hiscent. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae;
styles 2-4-cleft into filiform divisions. Capsule invested
by the persistent calyx. Seeds few, on slender funiculi
which are attached to the margin of the valves.
1. FRANKENIA L.
Characters of the family.
1. F. grandiflora Ch. & Sch. Stem much branched from a some-
what woody base, more or less erect, slender, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous
or soft-pubescent, very leafy; leaves obovate to narrowly oblance-
olate, revolute, 6-12 mm. long, dull green; calyx linear, 6 mm.
long, strongly furrowed, the lobes short, acute; petals small, red,
the blade 2 mm. long or more, erose at the summit, the appendages
of the claw bifid; stamens 4-7; style 3-cleft; capsule shorter than
the calyx, linear, angular; seeds numerous.
Common in saline marshes. Flowering all summer.
Family 66. CISTACEAE. Rock-rose Family.
Shrubs or low woody plants with alternate or opposite
simple leaves, and solitary, racemose, clustered or panicu-
late, regular, generally perfect flowers. Sepals 3-5,
persistent, when 5 the 2 exterior smaller and bract-like,
the inner 3 convolute. Petals 5 or 3 or sometimes want-
ing, fugacious. Stamens many, hypogynous. Ovary 1,
sessile, 1-several-celled ; ovules orthotropous, stalked;
style simple; stigma entire or 3-lobed. Capsule dehis-
cent by valves. Seeds several or numerous; embryo
slender; endosperm present.
1. HELIANTHEMUM L.
Woody herbs or low shrubs, more or less branching,
mostly with showy yellow flowers. Petals 5, yellow,
fugacious. Stamens numerous. Placentae or false septa
3, ovules few-many; style short or filiform or spatuate,
jointed with the ovary; stigma capitate or 3-lobed.
Embryo curved.
VIOLACEAE. . 233
1. H. scoparium Nutt. (Rock-rose.) Stems tufted, slender,
somewhat woody below, sparsely stellate-pubescent, 2.5-3.5 dm.
high; leaves few, narrowly linear, 8-20 cm. long; flowers on slender
pedicels, solitary or cymose at the ends of the branches; sepals
6 mm. long, acuminate, the 2 outer linear and much shorter; petals
6-8 mm. long; stamens about 20; capsule equaling the calyx.
Frequent on dry ridges in the chaparral belt of all the mountains
and foothills.
H. ALDERSONii Greene. A larger, nearly glabrous plant, with
petals 10-15 mm. long.
Common in the foothills of San Diego County.
Family 67. VIOLACEAE. Violet Family.
Ours herbs with alternate or basal simple entire or
lobed leaves, and axillary or scapose usually solitary
perfect irregular flowers. Sepals 5, unequal. Petals
5, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud, the lower one
spurred. Perfect stamens 5, hypogynous; anthers erect,
connivent in a ring, sessile or on short filaments. Ovary
1, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; style simple. Cap-
sule dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous with a
crustaceous testa; embryo straight; endosperm copious.
1. VIOLA L. Violet.
Characters of the family. The later flowers often are
produced on runners or on short peduncles, and apetalous
or cleistogamous and abundantly fertile, while the early
showy ones are often sterile.
Flowers white or blue.
Leaves crenate; flowers blue, rarely white. 1. V. cucuUata.
Leaves entire; flowers white with purple
veins. 2. V. blanda.
Flowers yellow.
Leaves crenate. 3. V. pedunculata.
Leaves lobed or dissected.
Leaves palmately cleft. 4. V. lohata.
Leaves bipinnately dissected. 5. V. donglasii.
1. V. cucuUata Ait. Acaulescent, the leaves and scapes directly
from rather short and thick rootstocks, glabrous or somewhat villous-
pubescent; leaves rounded-cordate, reniform or hastate-reniform,
the basal sides often cucullate-involute; corolla only saccate-spurred,
blue or violet-purple, rarely white; lateral petals bearded toward
the base; style gibbous-clavate, beardless at summit.
In swamp-lands about Los Angeles, according to Davidson; San
Bernardino, Parish.
234 LOASACEAE.
2. V. blanda Willd. Acaulescent, leaves and scapes from slender
filiform rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin, ovate-cordate
to round-reniform, crenulate; petals oblong to ovate-lanceolate;
petals white with purple veins on the lower and sometimes the lateral
ones, usually beardless; spur short and saccate.
Occasional about cold springs in the upper portions of the pine
belt of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains.
3. V. pedunculata T. & G. Stems 5-15 cm. long, prostrate or
ascending, puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves rhombic-cordate,
usually almost truncate at the broad base, obtuse, coarsely crenate;
stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or incised; peduncles
erect, much exceeding the leaves, 10-20 cm. long; conspicuously
bibracteolate; flowers 2 cm. broad or more, yellow, the upper petal
dark brown without, the others purple-veined within, the lateral
ones bearded.
Frequent in open grassy places in the lower foothills and on the
mesas. March-April.
4. V. lobata Benth. Rootstocks erect; stems stoutish, erect,
15-30 cm. high, leafy to the summit, puberulent or nearly glabrous;
leaves reniform or cordate in outline, 5-10 cm. broad, palmately
cleft into 5-9 narrowly oblong lobes, the central largest or longest,
some of the basal leaves often less lobed or merely coarsely toothed;
petals 12 mm. long, yellow, the upper brownish without, the lateral
slightly bearded.
Occasional on the borders of mountain meadows in the San Ber-
nardino Mountains. Bear Valley.
5. V. douglasii Steud. Stems clustered from a deep fascicled
root, mostly subterranean, only the leaves and flowers appearing
above the ground, more or less pubescent; leaves large, bipinnately
dissected into long linear or oblong segments; stipules lanceolate,
entire or toothed; peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves;
petals 10-14 cm. long, yellow, the upper brownish purple without.
( V. chrysanlha Hook.)
Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains.
Family 68. LOASACEAE. Loasa Family.
Erect or climbing branching herbs, often armed with
hooked stinging or viscid hairs, with alternate or oppo-
site exstipulate leaves, and solitary, racemose or cymose,
regular and perfect flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-5, in-
serted on the throat of the qalyx. Stamens many, in-
serted with the petals; filaments filiform, commonly
arranged in clusters, opposite the petals; anthers introrse,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled, rarely 2-3-
celled with 2-3 parietal placentae; styles filiform, entire
or 2-3-lobed; ovules anatropous; endosperm scanty.
LOASACEAE. 235
Seeds prismatic, not separated by lamellae; petals 5;
annuals. 1. Mentzelia.
Seeds flat, winged, separated by horizontal lamellae;
petals (in ours) 10. 2. Nuttallia.
1. MENTZELIA L.
Erect herbs with alternate entire lobed or pinnatifid
leaves, and terminal solitary or cymose flowers. Petals 5,
spreading, convolute in the bud, usually yellow. Styles
3, more or less united. Capsule dehiscent at the tip,
few-many-seeded. Seeds angled or prismatic, not sep-
arated by lamellae, roughened or striate.
Filaments all filiform.
Petals 5 mm. long or more.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, 3 mm. long. 1. M. davidsoniana.
Calyx-lobes subulate, 4-6 mm, long. 2. M. affinis.
Petals 2 mm, long; calyx-lobes 1 mm. long. 3. ikf. pinetorum.
Filaments, at least the outer, dilated or subu-
late.
Calyx-lobes 2 mm. long; petals 3 mm. long. 4. M. micrantha.
Calyx-lobes 4-10 mm. long; petals 8-16 mm.
long. 5. M. gracilenta.
1. M. davidsoniana Abrams (n. comb.). Erect, 2-3 dm. high;
leaves somewhat pinnatifid or nearly entire; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
3 mm. long; petals 8 mm. long; bracts conspicuous, mostly scarious,
concealing the capsules; seeds irregularly angled, only occasionally
grooved. (Acrolasia davidsoniana Abrams.)
Open pine forests of the San Gabriel Mountains; Mt. Wilson,
Mt. Gleason.
2. M. afl5.nis Greene. Stems stouter, 3-6 dm, high, simple and
leafy below, widely branching above; leaves lanceolate, deeply
sinuate-pinnate; flowers scattered, 12 mm, broad; calyx-lobes
attenuate, subulate, 4-6 mm, long; filaments all filiform; capsule
2.5 cm. long, almost linear, hispid with short stiff hairs; seeds pris-
matic, with grooved angles.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and among
the pines. May-July.
3. M. pinetorum (Heller) Abrams (n. comb.). Distinguished
from other southern California species by the very small flowers;
calyx-lobes 1 mm. long; petals 2 mm. long; capsule long attenuate.
(Acrolasia pinetorum Heller.)
Mt. Wilson, according to Davidson; Rock Creek, Abrams &
McGregor.
4. M. micrantha T. & G. Rather slender, 3-6 dm. high, simple
below, corymbosely and rather compactly dichotomous above;
leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate or sinuate-toothed or
entire, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers small, shorter than the floral leaves;
calyx-lobes 2 mm. long; petals oval, 3 mm. long; 5 outer stamens
with dilated filaments; capsule cylindric or nearly so, 6-12 mm.
236 DATISCACEAE.
long, few-seeded; seeds prismatic, with a very shallow groove, the
sides faintly tuberculate.
Occasional in the chaparral belt throughout our range.
5. M. gracilenta T. & G. Stems rather stout, 3-4 dm. high,
branching from the base; leaves narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid,
with many narrow lobes, or only sinuate-toothed; fiowers usually
clustered; calyx-lobes 4-10 mm. long; petals obovate to oblanceo-
late, 8-16 mm. long; filaments subulate-filiform; capsule slightly
clavate-dilated, 12-24 mm. long; seeds in 3 rows; irregularly angular,
minutely tuberculate, 1.5 mm. long.
Frequent on the plains and foothills and also on the sand-dunes
along the seashore.
2. NUTTALLIA Raf.
Perennial herbs, with alternate or pinnatifid leaves
and terminal, cymose or solitary showy fiowers. Calyx-
tube mostly obconic, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or in some
species 10. Ovary 1-celled; styles 3. Capsule dehiscent
at the summit, the placentae with horizontal lamellae
between the seeds. Seeds in 2 rows, flat and more or
less winged.
1. N. laevicaulis (Dougl.) Greene. (Blazing Star.) Biennial;
stem stout, erect, branched above, 6-10 dm. high, often white;
leaves lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, 5-15 cm. long; flowers sessile
on short branches, 6-8 cm. broad, light yellow, diurnal; calyx-tube
naked; calyx-lobes 2.5 cm. long or more; petals 10, rarely 5, oblanceo-
late, acute; stamens numerous, about equaling the petals in length,
the outer with dilated filaments; capsule 3 cm. long; seeds many in
double rows on the 3 placentae, horizontally flattened and winged,
minutely tuberculate, 3 mm. broad. (Mentzelia laevicaulis T. & G.)
Frequent in dry washes in our interior valleys and canyons.
May-September.
Family 69. DATISCACEAE. Datisca Family.
Ours smooth stout perennial herbs with unequally
laciniate pinnatifid leaves, and small dioecious or some-
times perfect flowers arranged in leafy racemes. Calyx
of sterile flowers very short with 4-9 unequal lobes;
stamens 10-25, with short filaments. Pistillate flowers
with calyx-tube ovoid, somewhat 3-angled, 3-toothed;
stamens when present 3, alternate with the teeth. Styles
3, bifid, the linear lobes stigmatic on the inner side.
Capsule 1-celled, opening at the apex between the styles.
Seeds many, small, in several rows on the 3 parietal
placentae; embryo cylindric; endosperm present.
CACTACEAE. 237
1. DATISCA L. DuRANGO Root.
Characters of the family.
1. D. glomerata (Presl) B. & W. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high,
simple or sparingly branched; leaves ovate or lanceolate in outline,
acuminate, about 15 cm. long, the floral shorter; flowers 4-7 in each
axil of the long leafy raceme; petals minute or wanting; the fertile
flowers perfect; anthers subsessile, 4 mm, long, yellow; styles ex-
ceeding the ovary; capsule oblong-ovate, 6-8 mm. long, slightly
narrowed toward the truncate triangular 3-toothed summit.
Frequent along the streams in all our mountains, mostly in the
upper portions of the chaparral belt.
Family 70. CACTACEAE. Cactus Family.
Fleshy plants with flattened, terete, rigid or tuber-
culed, continuous or jointed stems, leafless or with small
leaves, generally spiny, the spines developed from cush-
ions of minute bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly soli-
tary, sessile, terminal or lateral, perfect, regular and
showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb many-
lobed or with distinct sepals. Petals nu merous in several
rows, mostly distinct. Stamens numerous, inserted on
the throat of the calyx, with filiform filaments and small
anthers. Ovary 1-celled, with numerous anatropous
ovules borne on several parietal placentae. Style ter-
minal, elongated; stigmas numerous. Fruit a berry,
mostly fleshy. Seeds smooth or tubercled, the testa
usually crustaceous or bony; endosperm scanty or
copious.
Spines never barbed; flower-bearing areolae dis-
tinct from those bearing the spines. 1. Bergerocactus.
Spines minutely barbed; flowers from the same
areolae as the spines. 2. Opuntia.
1. BERGEROCACTUS Brit. & Rose.
Stems cylindric, with the spine-bearing areolae
on vertical ribs. Flowers from the older or fully de-
veloped parts of the plant bursting through the epidermis
just above the bunches of spines, usually about as long
as broad, sometimes elongated. Scales of the ovary
distinct, with woolly axils and acicular spines. Fruit
238 CACTACEAE.
succulent, covered with spines. Seeds black; endosperm
none; embryo straight or curved.
1, C. emoryi Engelm, Stems spreading, branching from the
base, cylindric, with 16-20 ribs, closely set with prominent hemi-
spheric areolae, bearing numerous thin straight yellow interlocked
spines; radials 40-50, very slender; central solitary, stouter and
much longer; flowers greenish yellow, 3-6 cm. broad, crowded on
one side near the end of the branches; fruit globose, very spiny,
3.5 cm. in diameter; seeds obovate, acutely keeled, shining and
minutely tuberculate, 2.4-2.8 mm. long.
Said to occur frdm San Diego to the Salinas Valley, but we have
not seen it north of San Diego. Tia Juana.
2. OPUNTIA Mill.
Plants with flat or cylindric more or less tuberculate
joints and conspicuous but caducous leaves. These each
with an axillary areole, which is usually clothed with
soft wool intervened with barbed bristles at the upper
edge and usually bearing spines at the lower edge.
Flowers developed from the bristle-bearing part of the
areole, with rotate corollas. Ovary covered with
caducous leaves bearing axillary wool and often bristles
and spines. Fruit dry or succulent. Seeds large, flat-
tened and discoid, often margined, whitish; cotyledons
foliaceous, curved about the endosperm.
Joints flattened. ( Prickley Pears.)
Areoles 35-50 mm. apart. 1. 0. occidentalis.
Areoles 25 mm. apart. 2. 0. littoralis.
Joints cylindrical. (Cholla.)
Petals greenish yellow. 3. 0. hernardina.
Petals deep red. 4. 0. prolifera.
1. O. occidentalis Engelm. Erect and spreading, 1-3 m. high,
usually forming thickets; joints often 3 dm. long and 2 dm. wide;
areoles remote, about 4 cm. apart, with very fine closely set bristles,
1-3 white (dusky at base) deflexed spines; fruit sour, very juicy;
seeds 5-6 mm. broad, their margins crenulate.
Frequent in our valleys and foothills from Los Angeles eastward.
2. O. littoralis (Engelm.) Britton & Rose. Erect or spreading,
about 10 dm. high; joints often 30-45 cm. long and 20-25 cm. wide;
areoles usually about 2.5 cm. apart; spines straw color (dusky at
base), deflexed, slender; seeds 3-4 mm. broad, their margins undu-
late.
Frequent on bluffs along the seashore.
3. O. bemardina Engelm. Stems erect or nearly so, loosely
branched, slender, 6-15 dm. high, with reticulate wood; joints
LYTHRACEAE. 239
cylindric, 7.5-30 cm. long, with slender oblong tubercles, 2.5-3 cm.
long; areoles with a dense row of very short, dark, more or less per-
sistent bristles at upper edge; spines yellow, the sheathed ones 4-5,
1-3 cm. long, the lowest longest and usually reflexed; and 4 ap-
pressed short radial ones mostly on lower edge of pulvinus; flowers
greenish yellow, tinged with red without, 2.5-4 cm. broad; fruit
ovate, less than 2.5 cm. long, at length dry; seed flat, 6 mm. broad,
with a channeled commissure and conspicuous persistent funiculus.
Frequent on the interior plains east of Monrovia; also in the
Santa Clara Valley, Ventura County.
4. O. prolifera Engelm. Stems 1-3 m. high, much branched
and often forming thickets, with reticulated wood; joints cylindric,
dark green, 7.5-15 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. thick; areoles tomentose and
the older with fine straw-colored bristles; spines 8-10, variable, with
large loose yellowish or rusty sheaths, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 1 subcentral,
the others stellate-spreading; flowers dark red, 3.5 cm. broad; fruit
clavate to subglobose, strongly tuberculate like the joints, often
proliferous; seeds large, 6 mm. broad with broad commissure.
Common about San Diego. Known in our region only at San
Pedro, where it is growing on bluffs near the bay.
Family 71. LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family.
Herbs or shrubs, often trees In tropical regions, mostly
with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered perfect
flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx persistent, free
from the ovary, but generally enclosing It, the limb
toothed and often with accessory teeth in the sinuses.
Petals as many as primary calyx-teeth or none. Sta-
mens various, inserted on the calyx; anthers versatile,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-6-celled, or some-
times 1-celled; style 1; stigma capitate, 2-lobed; ovules
many, rarely few, anatropous. Capsule 1-several-celled,
variously dehiscent or sometimes indehiscent. Endo-
sperm none; cotyledons flat, often auricled at base.
Calyx-tube campanulate or hemispheric. 1. Ammannia.
Calyx-tube cylindric. 2. Lythrum.
1. AMMANNIA L.
Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with 4-
angled stems, opposite sessile narrow leaves, and small
axillary solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanu-
late, globose or ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with
small accessory teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4, deciduous.
240 ONAGRACEAE.
Stamens 4-8, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments
slender or short. Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube,
nearly globose, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly.
1. A. coccinea Rottb. Erect, glabrous, branching below, 15-45
cm. high; leaves linear lanceolate, all obtusely cordate, auriculate,
dilated at the somewhat clasping base, acuminate or acute at the
apex, entire, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. broad; flowers 1-5 in each
axil, sessile or nearly so; petals purple, fugacious; style very slender,
more than half the length of the capsule.
Soldiers Home, Hasse.
2. LYTHRUM L.
Herbs or shrubs with 4-angled stems, opposite, alter-
nate or rarely verticillate entire leaves, and solitary
cymose-paniculate and terminal flowers. Calyx-tube
cylindric, 8-12-ribbed, with 4-6 primary teeth and as
many accessory ones in the sinuses. Petals 4-6, rarely
wanting. Stamens 8-12, inserted on the calyx-tube.
Capsule enclosed by the calyx, membranous, 2-celled,
2-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds flat or angular.
1. L. calif ornicum T. & G. Stems erect from a perennial stoloni-
ferous root, simple below, paniculately branched above; lower leaves
lanceolate, the upper and floral linear, acute at apex, tapering below
to a sessile base; calyx with 12 striae and very short teeth; stamens
not at all exserted and the style elongated, or the stamens much
exserted and exceeding the short style.
Common in damp ground along streams, both in the valleys and
mountains. July-October.
Family 72. ONAGRACEAE. Evening-
primrose Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with alter-
nate or opposite leaves, no stipules or mere glands in
their places, and axillary spicate or racemose, generally
perfect regular or sometimes irregular flowers. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, often prolonged beyond, the
limb 2-6-lobed, usually 4-lobed. Petals 2-9, mostly 4,
convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens commonly
as many or twice as many as the petals and inserted
with them on the summit of the calyx-tube, or on the
epigynous or perigynous disk. Ovary 1-6-celled, usually
ONAGRACEAE.
241
4-celled ; styles united ; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed ;
ovules many in each cell. Fruit usually a capsule.
Seeds mostly small, sometimes with a coma; endosperm
scanty or none; embryo straight.
Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary, its
lobes persistent. 1. JussiAEA.
Calyx-tube usually produced above the ovary,
the free portion and lobes deciduous.
Seeds comose.
Flowers showy, scarlet. 2. Zauschneria.
Flowers small, white or purplish. 3. Epilobium.
Seeds naked.
Anthers attached at or near the base and
remaining erect.
Flowers minute; calyx-lobes erect. 4. Boisduvalia.
Flowers showy; calyx-lobes erect or
united at the tip and turned to
one side in anthesis.
Petals distinctly clawed. 5. Clarkia.
Petals sessile. 6. Godetia.
Anthers attached in the middle and ver-
satile.
Capsule 4-celled.
Stigma 4-lobed; calyx-tube much
exceeding the capsule.
Flowers yellow; seeds angled,
in 2 rows. ^ 7. Oenothera.
Flowers white or pink; seeds
not angled, in 1 row. 8. Anogra.
Stigma capitate.
Calyx-tube with a lobed disk
at the throat. 9. Eulobus.
Calyx-tube naked at the
throat. 10.
Capsule 2-celled; flowers minute. 11.
Sphaerostigma.
Gayophytum.
1. JUSSIAEA L.
Perennial herbs with alternate, usually entire leaves,
and white or yellow axillary solitary flowers. Peduncles
mostly 2-bracted at the summit. Calyx-tube elongated,
cylindric or prismatic, adnate to the ovary but not pro-
longed beyond it, the limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes acute,
persistent. Petals 4-6, rarely more, inserted under the
margin of the disk. Stamens 8-12 in 2 rows, inserted
with the petals; filaments short. Ovary 4-6-celled;
stigma 4-6-lobed ; ovules many. Capsule linear, oblong
or club-shaped, angular or ribbed, septicidally dehiscent.
Seeds numerous.
17
242 ONAGRACEAE.
1* J. californica (Wats.) Jepson. Perennial; stems stout, 3-12
dm. long, floating or nearly prostrate on mud; leaves obovate to
obovate-oblong, or on the floating stems sometimes lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, 2.5-6 cm. long, on petioles 1-2.5 mm. long; stipules
gland-like or somewhat scale-like; flowers 12-16 mm. broad, deep
yellow; the petals obtuse; fruit 2.5 cm. long, spongy, indehiscent;
pedicel 1 cm. long or more. (/. repens californica Wats.; Ludwigia
diffusa californica Greene.)
In stagnant water or muddy bottoms, in marshes toward the
coast. Cienega; Mesmer; Alamitos.
2. ZAUSCHNERIA Presl.
Perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants,
spreading by subterranean shoots. Leaves opposite,
except those of the floral branches. Flowers racemose
along the leafy branches, large, scarlet. Calyx-tube
globose, inflated just above the ovary, then becoming
funnelform, 4-lobed, bearing 8 small scales within at the
upper end of the short proper tube, 4 erect and 4 reflexed.
Petals 4, little exceeding the calyx-lobes, obcordate or
deeply cleft. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate with the petals
iuvserted lower down and appearing shorter; anthers
linear-oblong, attached by the middle. Style long,
exserted; stigma peltate or capitate, 4-lobed. Capsule
slender fusiform, obtusely 4-angled, 4-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds small, comose.
1. Z. californica microphylla Gray. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm.
high, somewhat woody at base; herbage canescent with dense firm
tomentum; leaves many, fascicled, narrowly linear, somewhat
mucronate; flowers usually somewhat fascicled, 1-2 terminating
the branchlets; calyx narrowly funnelform, 3 cm. long, its lobes
lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; petals slightly exceeding the calyx-
lobes, rather deeply 2-lobed, narrowed toward the base, the lobes
rounded at apex; stamens about equaling the petals.
Frequent on dry hillsides in the foothills, mostly below 3000 feet.
2. Z. californica latifolia Hook. Stems herbaceous, 3-6 dm.
high; herbage somewhat canescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly
smooth.
This subspecies is common in the coniferous belt of the San
Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
3. EPILOBIUM L. Willow-herb.
Herbs or sometimes shrubby plants with alternate or
opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal solitary or
racemose flowers. Calyx-tube linear, produced beyond
the ovary, the limb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4,
ONAGRACEAE. 243
mostly obovate or obcordate. Stamens 8, anthers ob-
long or linear, short. Ovary 4-celled; united styles
slender or filiform; stigma club-shaped or 4-lobed. Cap-
sule elongated, 4-sided, 4-celled, loculicidally dehiscent
by 4 valves. Seeds small, numerous, with a tuft of hairs
(coma) at the summit.
Annual. 1. E. paniculatum.
Perennials.
Leaves canescent. 2. E. holosericeum.
Leaves not canescent. 3. E. parishii.
1. E. paniculatum Nutt. Stems erect at base, slender, terete,
loosely dichotomously branched, glabrate at base, somewhat glandu-
lar-pubescent above or nearly smooth, 3-8 dm. high; leaves chiefly
fascicled and alternate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute,
sparingly denticulate, tapering to a slender winged petiole, 3-5 cm.
long, becoming smaller and bract-like above; flowers scattered
toward the ends of the branches; petals about 8 mm. long, violet;
capsules fusiform, falcate, about 2 cm. long; seeds about 1 mm.
broad, 2 mm. long, papillate.
Frequent in dry ground in the foothills and mountains. June-
August.
2. E. holosericeum Trelease. Stems slightly woody, loosely
branching, 5-8 dm. high, at least the upper leaves and branches
canescent with subappressed hairs; leaves 5 cm. long, oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse or sometimes acute, undulately low-serrulate,
narrowed, or abruptly contracted and then cuneately narrowed
into short petioles; flowers in long succession along the elongated
branches, pale, barely 5 mm. long; fruiting pedicels about 1 cm, long;
seeds short-beaked, very finely papillate, 0.4 mm. broad, 1 mm.
long.
Frequent in low ground in all the valleys.
3. E. parishii Trelease. Rather stout and intricately branched
even from the base, 5-8 dm. high, glabrous below, the inflorescence
and capsules very sparingly, the young buds densely white-tomen-
tose; leaves 25-75 mm. long, lanceolate, very obtuse or the reduced
uppermost acutish, somewhat unequally or abruptly narrowed to
slender more or less elongated petioles, rather thin and glabrous;
flowers at length numerous, rose-colored; fruiting peduncles about
15 mm. long; seeds short-beaked, 0.4 mm. broad, 1-1.25 mm. long.
Common in damp land in the valleys and along streams below
4000 feet.
4. BOISDUVALIA Spach.
Annual erect or decumbent rather rigid herbs, with
numerous alternate sessile leaves, and small purple
flowers in leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx-tube funnelform
above the ovary, deciduous; the lobes erect in flower.
244 ONAGRACEAE.
Petals 4, obovate-cuneiform, sessile, 2-lobed. Stamens 8,
all perfect, unequal; filaments slender, naked at base;
anthers oblong, fixed near the base. Ovary 4-celled,
several-ovuled ; stigma-lobes short, somewhat cuneate.
Capsule membranous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly
terete, acute, dehiscent at the base. Seeds in 1 row in
each cell, naked and smooth.
1. B. glabella (Nutt.) Walp. Usually much-branched, the
branches decumbent or ascending, bluish green, densely soft-villous
to glabrous; leaves about 12 mm. long or more, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, serrulate, the upper similar; flowers in a terminal cluster and a
few shorter lateral spikes, also occasionally in the lower axils, shorter
than the subtending leaves; petals about 2 mm. long, violet; capsules
rather slender, nearly straight, usually acute, about 7 mm. long,
subterete, with 4 broad nerves or laterally somewhat 2-keeled,
loculicidal; seeds about 6 in each cell, subfusiform, about 0.35 mm.
broad, 1 mm. long.
Low ground. Santa Monica; Mesmer; San Diego. July-
October.
5. CLARKIA Pursh.
Erect sparingly branched annuals with alternate
petiolate leaves, and racemose or spicate flowers nodding
in the bud. Calyx- tube more or less prolonged above the
ovary, deciduous. Petals 4, clawed, often lobed or cleft.
Stamens normally 8, those opposite the petals often
sterile, rudimentary or wanting; anthers oblong or
linear, fixed by the base. Ovary 4-celled; style elon-
gated; stigma 4-lobed, the lobes spreading. Capsule
linear, alternate above, coriaceous, straight or somewhat
curved, 4-angled, 4-valved to the middle. Seeds angled
or margined.
1. C. elegans Dougl. Glabrous or somewhat puberulent,
glaucous, 3-15 dm. high, simple or somewhat branched, rather
stout and rigid; leaves broadly ovate to linear, repand-dentate;
petals entire, the rhomboidal limb about equaling the linear claw;
filaments all perfect, with a densely hairy scale on each side at base;
capsule 1-2 cm. long, stout, sessile, 4-angled, somewhat curved,
often hairy.
Frequent in the chaparral belt, especially toward the coast,
extending south to San Luis Rey River.
2. C. rhomboidia Dougl. Puberulent or glabrous, 3-10 dm.
high, rather slender, branching above; leaves thin, entire, oblong-
lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 2,5-5 cm. long; blade of petal rhom-
boidal, the claw short, broad, often toothed; stamens all perfect, the
filaments with hairy white scales at base; capsules pedicellate, 16-
24 mm. long, 4-angled, glabrous, curved near the base.
Frequent in the pine belt of all our mountains.
ONAGRACEAE. 245
6. GODETIA Spach.
Erect simple or branching annuals, with alternate
entire or denticulate leaves, and mostly purple flowers,
showy In leafy spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube obconic
or short-funnelform, deciduous. Petals 4, broad, sessile,
entire, emarglnate or cleft. Stamens 8, unequal, the fila-
ments opposite the petals shortest; anthers perfect,
elongated, baslfixed, erect or arcuate-recurved. Ovary
4-celled, many-ovuled; style short; stigma-lobes short,
linear or roundish. Capsule ovate to linear, 4-sIded,
coriaceous, locullcldally dehiscent. Seeds In 1 or 2 rows,
obliquely angled, the upper part tuberculate-margined.
iwers erect in bud.
Stigma-lobes short-oblong; petals 6-.
12 mm.
long.
1.
G.
quadrivulnera.
Stigma-lobes linear-oblong;
petals
12-
-18
mm. long.
2.
G.
viminea.
•wers nodding in bud.
Petals purple or rose-color.
Petals without claw.
3.
G.
hottae.
Petals with a short claw.
4.
G.
dudleyana.
Petals cream-color.
5.
G.
epilohioides.
1. G. quadrivulnera Spach. Stems slender, 3-6 dm. high,
puberulent; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely
denticulate; calyx-tube obconic, 4-6 mm. long; petals purplish,
often with a dark spot at summit, 6-12 mm. long; stigma-lobes
purple, short; capsule 12-18 mm. long, attenuate at apex, bicostate
at the alternate angles, puberulent or somewhat villous.
Common on dry hillsides and open places in the chaparral belt.
2. G. viminea Spach. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, nearly or
quite glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, 2.5-5 cm. long;
calyx-tube 4-6 mm. long; petals purple, 2-3 cm. long; stamens
short, nearly equal; stigma-lobes purple, linear-oblong; capsule
2-3 cm. long, somewhat bicostate on the sides, pubescent.
Occasional in open grassy places in the foothills.
3. G. bottae Spach. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, nascent parts
puberulent, otherwise glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous
or sparsely puberulent, denticulate; flowers abruptly reflexed in the
bud; well developed bud about 2 cm. long, acutish; petals pink, often
paler below and specked with purple, mostly 2.5-3 cm. long, cuneate,
tapering from the truncate apex to the sessile base; stigma-lobes
broadly obovate, usually purple; capsule linear, about 4 mm. long,
not at all costate, its beak short and nearly as broad, cinereous with
a short appressed pubescence.
Common in the Santa Monica Mountains and in the foothills
about Los Angeles. G. pulcherrima Greene is apparently the same,
Dr. Greene having evidently confused this species with the next.
246 ONAGRACEAE.
4. G. dudleyana. Abrams. Stems erect, simple below, more or
less branched above, 3-6 dm. high; herbage puberulent throughout
with rather short curved hairs; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire
or rarely faintly and remotely repand-denticulate; flower-buds
drooping, elliptic-ovate, tapering above to a rather long acuminate
tip, 10-15 mm. long; calyx-tube 1.5-2 mm. long; petals obovate,
truncate at the apex, abruptly tapering near the base to a short
(2 mm. long) and narrow claw, 15-20 mm. long, pink, often with
purple specks below the middle; stamens slightly unequal, the
longest 12 mm. long, anthers yellow; style filiform, glabrous, 12-14
mm. long; stigma-lobes oblong, 1.5 mm. long, yellow; capsule linear,
abruptly tapering at base to a short pedicel, and at the apex to a
slender beak, about 2.5 cm. long, each cell laterally bicostate.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San
Gabriel Mountains.
5. G. epilobioides (Nutt.) Wats, Stems slender, somewhat
branched above, 3-5 dm. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves linear
or linear-lanceolate; calyx-tube 4-6 mm. long; petals cream-colored
or rarely faintly tinged with rose, 8-10 mm. long, rounded at apex
or somewhat acutish; stigma-lobes short; capsule 15-25 mm. long,
acuminate at apex, attenuate at base to a short base or nearly
sessile, not costate.
Common in the chaparral belt, especially toward the coast.
First collected by Nuttall at San Diego.
7. OENOTHERA L.
Annual or biennial caulescent herbs with mostly erect
stems. Leaves alternate, undulate or toothed, sessile
or somewhat petioled. Flowers 3^ellow, nocturnal, in
terminal spikes. Calyx-tube elongated, terete, gradually
enlarged at the throat; the segments narrow, the tips
free in the bud. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens many,
equal in length ; filaments filiform ; anthers linear. Ovary
4-celled; styles united, filiform; stigma 4-cleft; ovules
numerous, in 2 or more rows, horizontal. Capsule 4-
celled, 4-angled, more or less tapering, loculicidally
dehiscent. Seeds more or less prismatic-angled.
1, O. hookeri T. & G. Biennial; stem reddish, stout, angular,
1-2 m. high, herbage canescently pubescent and somewhat villous;
leaves lanceolate, sessile, acute, obscurely denticulate, calyx-tube
3 cm. long; the segments nearly as long; petals about 4 cm, long,
obcordate, pale yellow, turning to rose color; stigma-lobes yellow,
spreading; capsule 2 cm, long, sessile, canescent with a fine close
pubescence; seeds brown, 1 mm, long, faintly striate, not wing-
angled. (Oenothera biennis hirsutissima Gray,)
Frequent in moist ground, usually along streams, both in the
valleys and mountains. May-August.
ONAGR.\CEAE. 247
8. ANOGRA Spach.
Low caulescent herbs, the stems often with papery
bark. Leaves alternate, entire or usually toothed.
Flowers drooping In the bud, perfect, white or pink,
usually axillary, diurnal. Calyx-tube elongated, gradu-
ally enlarged upward, calyx-lobes narrow, becoming
reflexed. Stamens 8, equal In length; filaments filiform;
anthers linear. Ovary elongated 4-celled; styles united,
filiform; stigma deeply 4-cleft; capsules spreading or
ascending, 4-angled, loculicidal. Seeds ascending In 1
row, terete, not angled.
1. A. calif ornica (Wats.) Small. Stems decumbent from a
running rootstock, 1-2 dm. long, branching; herbage hoary-pubescent
and more or less villous; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, sinuately
toothed or pinnatifid, 6-8 cm. long; ovary and calyx villous; calyx-
tube about 2 cm. long; petals white turning pink, lobed at apex,
with a rounded sinus; capsule 4-6 cm. long. {Oenothera calif ornica
Wats.)
Occasional in sandy soil. Near Santa Ana, Geis; Cucamonga.
9. EULOBUS Nutt.
A smooth erect annual with alternate leaves and
middle-sized flowers; sessile along the virgate branches.
Calyx-tube scarcely at all produced beyond the ovary,
the limb 4-parted, reflexed. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate,
sessile, pale yellow turning reddish. Stamens 8; anthers
oblong, attached near the middle. Ovary 4-celled;
stigma capitate. Capsule linear, elongated, 4-angled,
4-valved, imperfectly 4-celled, reflexed. Seeds numer-
ous, ovate-oblong, naked.
1. E. calif ornicus Nutt. Stem 3-10 dm. high, rather stout,
simple or with a few spreading virgate branches; leaves linear, 2.5-5
cm. long, sinuately pinnatifid, with numerous unequal divaricate
acute teeth; calyx-tube prolonged less than 1 mm. above the ovary;
petals 8-10 mm. long, pale yellow or nearly white; capsule 6-10
mm. long; seeds 3-angled.
Frequent in the chaparral belt throughout our range.
10. SPHAEROSTIGMA F. & M.
Annual or perennial herbs with erect branching or
spreading stems, the bark often exfoliating and shiny.
Leaves alternate, entire or dentate, petloled or sessile.
Flowers solitary in the axils or in terminal spikes, usually
yellow, rarely white or rose color, often with a brownish
248 ONAGRACEAE.
spot at the base, turning green or reddish in age. Sta-
mens 8; anthers versatile, oblong. Style filiform;
stigma capitate. Ovary 4-celled, usually linear, 4-
angled, often contorted, membranous, sessile, dehiscent
loculicidally. Seeds in 1 row in each cell.
Flowers axillary, yellow.
Capsules more or less contorted.
Petals 8 mm. long or more.
Biennial or perennial from a tap-root,
maritime species.
Leaves silvery-canescent with a short
appressed pubescence.
1.
S. viridescens.
Leaves more or less hirsute
and
canescent, not silvery.
2.
S. spirale.
Annuals.
Capsule 2 mm. wide or
more,
not
attenuate into a long beak.
3.
S. bis tor turn.
Capsule 1-L5 mm. wide,
attenuate
into a long beak.
4.
S. veitchianum.
Petals 5 mm. long or less.
Lower stem leaves ovate.
5.
S. hirtellum.
Lower stem leaves linear.
6.
S. micranthum.
Capsules not contorted.
Petals 3 mm. long.
7.
S. contortum.
Petals 8-10 mm. long.
8.
S. campestre.
Flowers spicate, white or pink.
9.
S. alyssoides.
\. S. viridescens (Lehm.) Walp. Silvery-canescent, with a
short and dense appressed pubescence; branches prostrate or ascend-
ing, 3-8 dm. long, somewhat woody; leaves rather thick, spatulate-
oblong or linear-oblong to ovate-cordate, sessile, usually entire, 2
cm. long or more; petals 12-16 mm. long, turning greenish in age;
anthers linear-oblong, fixed below the middle; capsule short-pubes-
cent. {Oenothera viridescens Lehm.; 0. cheiranthifolia suffruticosa
Wats.)
Common on the sand-dunes along the seashore. Flowering
nearly throughout the year.
2. S. spirale (Lehm.) Walp. Stems herbaceous, prostrate or
ascending, 3-6 dm. long; leaves rather thick, spatulate to ovate-
cordate, the lowest short-petioled, entire or dentate, more or less
hirsute; calyx pubescent; petals 8-12 mm. long, turning red or
tawny in age; anthers linear-oblong, fixed in the middle; capsule
acutely 4-angled, hirsute. (0. cheiranthifolia of Bot. Cal.)
With the last but less common.
3. S. bistortiim (Nutt.) Walp. Stems prostrate or ascending,
2-5 dm. long; leaves thinner, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, the upper
mostly sessile and rounded or cordate at base, all denticulate or
dentate; calyx hirsute; petals 8-14 mm. long; capsule 8-18 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide or more; beak very short. (0. bistorta Nutt.)
Very common in sand-washes about San Diego, where it was
first collected by Nuttall; extending north to Santa Barbara.
ONAGRACEAE. 249
4. S. veitchianum (Hook.) Small. Stems decumbent or ascend-
ing, 2-4 dm. long; leaves linear-oblong, lanceolate or ovate, more or
less hirsute; calyx hirsute; petals 10-15 mm. long; capsule 2.5-4 cm.
long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, attenuate into a long beak. (O. historta
veitchiana Hook.)
Very common in all our valleys in sandy soil.
5. S. hirtellum (Greene) Small. Stems stoutish, erect, simple
or with a few ascending branches from the base, 15-30 cm. high,
the herbage purplish, short-hirsute; radical leaves oblanceolate,
denticulate; stem leaves ovate, sessile, coarsely toothed and more
or less undulate-crisped; petals 4 mm. long or more; capsule hirsute,
narrow, attenuate upwards, once or twice coiled. (0. hirtella
Greene.)
Frequent in the foothills and mountains.
6. S. micranthum (Hornem.) Walp. Stems prostrate or ascend-
ing, 1-4 dm. long; leaves all narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblong,
hirsute, 3-5 cm. long, dentate, acutish, somewhat undulate; petals
2-4 mm. long, often emarginate; capsule 4-angled, contorted,
sparsely hirsute. (0. micrantha Hornem.)
Frequent on the sand-dunes along the seashore, but not strictly
maritime as reported by some, for it is also frequent in sandy soil
in all the valleys.
7. S. contortum (Dougl.) Walp. Slender, erect-spreading, 15-
45 cm. high, somewhat pubescent with short appressed or incurved
white hairs; leaves about 12 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, acutish,
denticulate; subsessile; petals 3 mm. long, turning deep red; anthers
roundish, basifixed; capsule about 2 cm. long, sessile, straight or
arcuate, scarcely attenuate at apex. (0. strigulosa T. & G.)
Common in sandy soil in the valleys and foothills toward the
coast.
7a. S. contortum greenei Small. Stems erect, usually simple
below, more or less hirsute pubescent and somewhat viscid, other-
wise as the type. (O. strigulosa epilohioides Greene.)
The common form in the interior valleys and foothills.
8. S. campestre (Greene) Small. Branched from the base,
15-30 cm. high and as broad, more or less hirsute-pubescent through-
out; leaves linear-lanceolate, 2.5 cm. long, dentate; petals 8-10 mm.
long, turning brick-red; anthers linear-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, fixed
toward the middle and versatile; pods more than 2.5 cm. long,
narrowly linear, slightly incurved with a slender beak. (0. dentata
Wats, not Cav.)
Hills and mountains of San Bernardino County; common in the
San Joaquin Valley.
8a. S. campestre parishii Abrams. Much resembling the type in
habit; cinereous throughout with a short appressed pubescence,
not at all hirsute; petals about 8 mm. long; pods very slender, often
much contorted.
Plains about San Bernardino, Parish.
9. S. alyssoides (H. & A.) Small. Erect or with few ascending
250 ONAGRACEAE.
branches from the base, 1-3 dm. high, canescently puberulent;
leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, narrowed into a slender
petiole, repand-denticulate or entire, 2.5-5 cm. long; spike elongated,
many-flowered; petals rose-purple, 4-8 mm. long, capsule 2-5 cm.
long, slender, attenuate above, contorted; seeds ash color, minutely
pitted. (0. alyssoides H. & A.)
Occasional in the chaparral belt. Echo mountain, Davidson;
Santa Paula; Seske creek.
10. GAYOPHYTUM Juss.
Erect very slender diffusely branching annuals, with
alternate linear entire leaves and axillary white or
purplish flowers. Calyx-tube not prolonged above the
ovary, the 4-parted deciduous limb reflexed. Petals 4.
Stamens 8, the alternate ones usually minute and sterile;
filaments filiform; anthers subglobose, fixed near the
middle. Ovary oblong or linear, compressed, 2-celled;
stigma capitate or clavate. Capsule membranous,
clavate, 4-valved. Seeds few-many, in 1 row in each
cell, smooth, naked, mostly oblong.
Seeds canescent with appressed pubescence. 1. G. lasiospermum.
Seeds glabrous.
Capsules on filiform pedicels. 2. G. ramosissimum.
Capsules subsessile, 3. G. caesium.
1. G. lasiospermum Greene. Stems 2-4 dm. high, loosely
dichotomous with filiform branches, the upper leaves and inflores-
cence canescent with appressed or spreading hairs; petals about
1 mm. long; capsules erect, about equaling the subtending leaves,
narrowly linear or slightly clavate, scarcely torulose; seeds erect,
finely appressed-pubescent.
Open pine forests in dry situations; North Baldy; San Jacinto
Mountains.
2. G. ramosissimum T. & G. Stem intricately dichotomous
with filiform branches 15-60 dm. high, glabrous below, appressed
canescent above or rarely with spreading hairs throughout; leaves
mostly narrow, usually appressed against the branches; petals
nearly white, turning rose color, 1-2 mm. long; stigma about 0.4
mm. in diameter; capsule about 1 mm. thick, oblong to subclavate,
often torulose, erect or refracted on filiform pedicels; seeds nearly
erect in a single series, papillate, 0.5 mm. broad, 1.3 rnm. long.
Common in the coniferous forests in all the mountains.
3. G. caesium T. & G. Stems with mainly erect or ascending
branches, 1-3 dm. high, leafy, glabrous or pilose; petals scarcely 1
mm. long; capsules nearly sessile, erect, narrowly linear; seeds
smooth.
Open pine forests in dry situations; North Baldy and Cold
Water Canyon, SanGabriel Mountains.
HALORAGIDACEAE. 251
Family 73. HALORAGIDACEAE. Water-
milfoil Family.
Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic,
with alternate or verticillate leaves, the submerged ones
often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect or monoe-
cious or dioecious, axillary in interrupted spikes, solitary
or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb
entire or 2-4-lobed. Petals small, 2-4 or none. Sta-
mens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong or short-cylindric,
2-8-ribbed or winged, 1-4-celled; styles 1-4; stigmas
papillose or plumose. Fruit a nutlet or drupe, com-
pressed, angular, ribbed or winged, indehiscent, of 2-4
1-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy; cotyledons minute.
Ovary 1-celled. 1. Hippuris.
Ovary 4-celled. 2. Myriophyllum.
1. HIPPURIS L.
Aquatic herbs with simple erect stems and verticillate
entire leaves. Flowers small, axillary, perfect or some-
times neutral or pistillate. Limb of the calyx minute,
entire. Petals none. Stamens 1, inserted on the margin
of the calyx. Style filiform, stigmatic its whole length,
ying in a groove of the anther. Fruit a small 1-celled,
1-seeded drupe.
1. H. vulgaris L. Stem slender, glabrous, 2-5 dm. high; leaves
linear or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 1-20 mm. long, in crowded
verticils of 6-12; stamens with a short thick filament and com-
paratively large 2-celled anthers, dehiscent by lateral slits; seeds
ovoid; stigma persistent.
Not known within our limits, but occurring in the San Bernardino
Mountains.
2. MYRIOPHYLLUM L.
Aquatic herbs with verticillate or alternate leaves, the
emersed ones entire, dentate or pectinate, the submerged
ones pinnatifid into capillary segments. Flowers axil-
lary, often interrupted-spicate, commonly monoecious,
2-bracted. The upper flowers generally staminate with
very short calyx-tube, the limb of this 2-4-lobed or
wanting; petals 2-4; stamens 4-8. Intermediate flowers
often perfect. The lower pistillate, the calyx more or
252 ARALIACEAE.
less deeply 4-grooved, with or without minute lobes;
ovary 2-4-celled; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous; styles
4, short, often plumose. Fruit splitting at maturity
into 4 bony, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels.
1. M. spicatum L, Submerged leaves in whorls of 4's and 5's,
dissected into capillary divisions; floral leaves ovate, entire or
serrate, usually shorter than the flowers or sometimes none; spike
2.5-7.5 cm, long; petals 4, deciduous; stamens 8; fruit about 2 mm.
long and 3 mm. thick; carpels rounded on the back, with a deep
groove between them, smooth or rarely slightly rugose.
Occasional in deep pools or lakes in all the mountains.
Family 74. ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or verticillate
rarely opposite leaves, and perfect or polygamous, vari-
ously clustered flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary,
its limb truncate or toothed. Petals usually 5, valvate or
slightly imbricate, sometimes cohering together, inserted
on the margin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the
petals and alternate with them, rarely none, inserted on
the epigynous disk; filaments filiform or short; anthers
introrse. Ovary inferior, 1-several-celled ; styles as
many; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous.
Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds flattened or somewhat
3-angled; the testa thin; endosperm copious; embryo
small.
1. ARALIA L.
Perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate digitate or
compound leaves, and small flowers in a mostly simple
umbel, these either solitary, racemed or panicled. Pedi-
cels jointed. Bracts small. Calyx 5-toothed or entire.
Petals 5, ovate, slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk
depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2-5-celled; styles
free or united at base, becoming divaricate; stigmas ter-
minal. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3-5-angled,
fleshy externally; endocarp chartaceous.
1. A. calif omica Wats. (California Spikenard.) Herba-
ceous, unarmed and nearly glabrous, stout, 2-4 m. high, from a
large thick root; leaves bipinnate or the upper pinnate, with 1-2
pairs of leaflets, these cordate-ovate, 10-20 cm. long or more,
AMMIACEAE. 253
shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate with short acute teeth;
uppermost leaves ovate-lanceolate; umbels in loose, terminal and
axillary, compound or simple racemose panicles which are 3-6 dm.
long, more or less glandular-tomentose; rays numerous, 8-12 mm.
long; involucres of several linear bractlets; flowers 3-4 mm. long;
disk and stylopodium obsolete; styles united to the middle; fruit
about 4 mm. long, reddish, becoming nearly black.
Frequent along streams above 2000 feet. May-July.
Family 75. AMMIACEAE. Carrot Family.
Herbs with alternate decompound, compound or vsome-
times simple leaves, the petioles often dilated at the
base, the stems usually hollow. Stipules none or rarely
present and minute. Flowers small in compound or
simple umbels or rarely in heads, often polygamous.
Umbels and umbellets commonly involucrate or involu-
cellate. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, its mar-
gin truncate or 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted on the mar-
gin of the calyx, usually with an inflexed tip. Stamens 5,
inserted on the epigynous disk; filaments filiform;
anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; styles 2,
filiform, distinct, often borne on a conic or depressed
stylopodium; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, anatrop-
ous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels, separating at
maturity along the plane of their contiguous faces {com-
missure)] either flattened laterally (at right angles to
the commissure), or dorsally (parallel with the commis-
sure), or nearly terete. Carpels after parting supported
on a slender axis {carpophore), more or less ribbed or
winged. Pericarp membranous or corky-thickened, usu-
ally containing oil-tubes between the ribs and on the
commissural side. Seeds usually adnate to the pericarp,
their inner faces flat or concave; endosperm cartilaginous;
embryo small. ( Umbelliferae.)
Flowers in dense, usually rather spiny heads. 4. Eryngium.
Flowers umbellate.
Fruit covered with hooked bristles. 3. Sanicula.
Fruit with bristles only on the ribs.
254
AMMIACEAE.
20.
19.
EURYPTERA.
COGSWELLIA.
Bristles barbed at tip. 22. Daucus.
Bristles short, neither hooked nor
barbed. 5. Osmorhiza.
Bristles hooked. 6. Caucalis.
Fruit not bristly.
Oil-tubes obsolete or obscure.
Leaves decompound. 8. Conium.
Leaves simple.
Fruit strongly flattened later-
ally. 1. Hydrocotyle.
Fruit not strongly flattened
laterally. 2. Bowlesia.
Oil-tubes distinct.
Fruit strongly flattened dorsally.
Flowers white.
Caulescent. 18. Sphenosciadium.
Acaulescent or nearly so. 19. Cogswellia.
Flowers yellow.
Plants leafy-stemmed. 21. Pastinaca.
Plants with mostly basal
leaves.
Leaflets large, sharply
toothed.
Leaflets narrow or small,
not sharply toothed.
Fruit not strongly flattened dor-
sally, usually flattened later-
ally.
Oil-tubes solitary in the inter-
vals.
Stylopodium conical.
Flowers yellow. 17. Foeniculum.
Flowers white.
Leaflets, at least the
upper, linear or fili-
form. 13. Carum.
Leaflets broader. 12. Cicuta.
Stylopodium flat or wanting.
Ribs thick and corky.
Dorsal ribs filiform. 16. Oenanthe.
All the ribs promi-
nent and corky, 11. Apium.
Ribs obscure or obsolete. 7. Apiastrum.
Oil-tubes more than 1 in the
intervals.
Stylopodium conic. 15. Berula.
Stylopodium flat or wanting.
Seed-face involute, in-
closing a central cav-
ity. 10. Drudeophytum.
Seed face deeply sulcate. 9. Deweya.
Seed-face plane. 14. Sium.
AMMIACEAE. 255
1. HYDROCOTYLE L. Pennywort.
Low herbaceous perennials growing in or near water,
with slender creeping stems, orbicular peltate or reni-
form leaves, and small white flowers in simple or pro-
liferous umbels, without involucres. Calyx-teeth minute
or obsolete. Fruit more or less orbicular, strongly flat-
tened laterally. Carpel with 5 primary ribs, broad or
filiform. Oil-tubes w^anting or obscure.
1. H. umbellata L. Descending branches of the rootstocks with
round tubers; leaves orbicular- peltate, crenate; peduncles as long
as the petioles; umbels many-flowered, simple, rarely slightly
proliferous; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; fruit with a thin pericarp except
•at the broad thick corky dorsal and lateral ribs, strongly notched,
2 mm. long, about 3 mm. broad, with dorsal ribs prominent but
obtuse.
Frequent on borders of marshes and streams. Apparently more
common in the interior valleys.
2. H. rannnculoides L. Floating or creeping in mud; leaves
round-reniform, 3-7-cleft, with crenate lobes; peduncles much
shorter than the petioles, reflexed in fruit; umbel capitate, 5-10-
flowered; fruit corky, thickened throughout, ribs all filiform, rather
obscure.
Common in pools or slow-running streams, especially toward
the coast; extending south at least as far as San Diego.
2. BOWLESIA R. & P.
Slender branching annuals with stellate pubescence,
opposite simple lobed leaves, scarious lacerate stipules,
and simple few-flowered umbels of white flowers on axil-
lary peduncles. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Fruit
broadly ovate with narrow commissure and stellate
pubescence. Carpels turgid, becoming depressed on the
back, with neither ribs nor oil-tubes; the whole dorsal
region inflated, the seed-cavity being on the commissural
side of the carpel. Seed flattened dorsally, the face and
back plane or convex.
1. B. septentrionalis C. & R. Stems weak, 0.5-6 dm. long,
dichotomously branching; leaves thin, cordate to reniform, 1.5-3
cm. broad, 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire or toothed, on long slender
petioles; umbels 1-4-flowered, on short peduncles; fruit about 2 mm.
long, sessile or nearly so. (B. lohata of recent authors, not of
R. & P.)
Common throughout our range in the valleys and foothills,
usually growing on shaded slopes.
256 AMMIACEAE.
3. SANICULA L.
Smooth perennial herbs with almost naked or few-
leaved stems, palmate or sometimes pinnate leaves with
more or less pinnatifid or incised lobes, involucre and
involucels, and greenish yellow or purple flowers in irregu-
larly compound few-rayed umbels. Calyx-teeth some-
what foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose, densely
covered with hooked bristles or tuberculate. Carpels
without ribs. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-tubes mostly
large, 5 (3 dorsal and 2 commissural) or in ours 3-many
and irregularly distributed. Seed-face plane to deeply
concave or sulcate.
Leaves palmately divided.
Fruit pediceled or stipitate.
Leave-rachis not conspicuously winged. 1. S. menziesii.
Leave-rachis conspicuously winged. 2. 5. arguta.
Fruit sessile.
Leaves with main divisions confluent at
base. 3. S. laciniata.
Leaves with main divisions distinct at
base. 4, S. nevadensis.
Leaves pinnately divided.
Flowers purple; leaf-rachis winged. 5. 5. hipinnatifida.
Flowers yellow; leaf-rachis not winged.
Stems not arising from tubers. 6. S. hipinnata.
Stems arising from tubers. 7. S. tuberosa.
1. S. menziesii H. & A. Stem solitary, erect, 3-10 dm. high,
branching; leaves round-cordate, 5-10 cm. broad, very deeply
3-5-lobed, the broad segments sharply toothed or somewhat cleft,
the teeth bristle-tipped; upper leaves more narrowly lobed and
laciniately toothed; rachis scarcely winged; umbel with 3-4 slender
rays; involucre of 2-3 small leaf-like bracts; involucels of 6-8 small
entire bractlets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones short-pedicelled;
fruit sessile but distinctly stipitate, obovate, 2-4 mm. long, covered
with strong bristles; seed-face sulcate.
Frequent in the foothills in moist woods.
2. S. arguta Greene. Stems more or less branching, 1.5-4.5 dm.
high, from a thickened rootstock; leaves palmately 5-parted, the
middle division elongated and distinct, all the divisions more or less
palmately lobed and toothed, decurrent upon the rachis, forming a
broad toothed wing, teeth spinosely pointed; umbel 3-5-rayed;
involucre of leaf-like bracts; involucels of linear to linear-lanceolate
spinosely pointed bractlets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on pedi-
cels 3-4 mm. long; fruit obovate, tapering into a stipitate base, some-
what naked below, more bristly above, 6 mm. long.
Frequent on grassy hillsides and mesas, extending from Santa
Barbara to San Diego.
AMMIACEAE. 257
3. S. laciniata H. & A. Usually slender, branching from the
base, 1-6 dm. high; leaves broadly ovate-orbicular in outline, from
slightly 3-lobed to deeply 3-parted, the divisions from toothed to
laciniately cut, with bristle-tipped teeth; umbel 3-5-rayed; involucre
of leaf-like bracts; involucels of small apiculate bractlets; flowers
yellow; fruit orbicular, not at all stipitate, 3 mm. long.
Rather common on hillsides and in open places in the chaparral
belt.
4. S. nevadensis Wats. Low, with very short stems, the numer-
ous stoutish peduncles arising from near the base, 2 dm. high or
less; leaves ternate, the divisions oblong-ovate, 3-5-lobed, the
segments lobed or toothed; umbels with 3-10 rays; involucre of
pinnatifid leaf-like bracts; involucels of small, oblong, acute, more
or less united bractlets; fruiting rays 1.5-3.5 cm. long; flowers
yellow, the sterile ones on pedicels 2-3 mm. long; fruit bristly all
over, 3 mm. long; seed-face concave.
Occasional in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and pine
belt. Santiago Peak, Santa Ana Mountains; San Bernardino
Mountains.
5. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. Stems 3 dm. or more high, from a
thickened rootstock, with usually a cluster of leaves at the base,
and 1-3 leaves above; leaves pinnately 3-7-parted, the divisions
incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the rachis, and forming a
toothed wing; teeth acute or slightly pointed; umbel with 3-4
elongated rays; involucre of leaf-like bracts; involucels of small
narrow acute bractlets; flowers purple, in dense heads, the sterile
ones pedicelled; fruit bristly all over, 3 mm. long; seed-face broadly
concave with a prominent central longitudinal ridge.
Occasional on grassy hillsides.
6. S. bipinnata H. & A. Slender, 2-4 dm. high, from a slender
fusiform root; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with divisions not
at all decurrent on the rachis, cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely
and mucronately toothed; umbel 3-4-rayed; involucre of leaf-like
bracts; involucels of a few small bractlets more or less united;
flowers yellow; fruit 3 mm. long, with strong tubercles tipped with
short hooked bristles; seed-face deeply sulcate, sometimes inclosing a
central cavity, with a central longitudinal ridge.
Los Angeles River, San Fernando Valley; Oak Knoll, Pasadena.
7. S. tuberosa Torr. Stems 1-6 dm. high from a small globose
tuber; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, usually very finely divided,
ultimate segments very small; umbel 1-4-rayed; bracts leaf-like;
bractlets unequal, united; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on long
pedicels; fruit broader than long, rather strongly flattened laterally
for the genus, 2 mm. long, tuberculate and not at all bristly; seeds
somewhat laterally flattened, with plane face.
Occasional in open places in the foothills.
4. ERYNGIUM L.
Glabrous perennials, with often rigid coriaceous spi-
nosely toothed or divided leaves, and white or blue flowers
18
258 AMMIACEAE.
sessile in dense bracteate heads. The outer bracts form
the involucre, the inner bractlets intermixed with the
flowers represent the involucels. Sepals prominent,
rigid, persistent. Fruit ovoid, flattened laterally, cov-
ered with hyaline scales or tubercles. Carpels with ribs
obsolete. Stylopodium wanting; styles short or long,
often rigid. Oil-tubes mostly 5, 3 dorsal and 2 commis-
sural. Seed-face plane.
1. E. parishii C. & R. Stems slender, much branched, erect or
spreading, 1-4 dm. long; basal leaves simple or pinnate, the blades
or segments laciniate-toothed or cleft, tapering into a long more
or less spinosely toothed petiole; inflorescence beginning near the
base, diffusely branching; the heads on very short peduncles, nearly
globose, about 6 mm. long; bracts very narrow, rigid, 12-18 mm.
long, with a few spinose bristles at the base, not at all scarious-
margined; bractlets about the size of the bracts, short, scarious-
margined below, broadening upward to a short lobe on each side,
the margined base inclosing the fruit and falling with it; sepals
ovate, scarious-margined, 1.5 mm. long, tapering to a cuspidate bristly
tip; styles longer than the sepals.
In low heavy ground toward the coast. First collected by
Parish near Oceanside.
5. OSMORHIZA Raf.
Glabrous or hirsute perennials from thick aromatic
roots, with ternately decompound leaves and white or
purple flowers in few-fruited umbels. Calyx-teeth obso-
lete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, more or less attenu-
ate at base, acute or beaked at apex, glabrous or bristly
on the ribs. Carpels slightly or not at all flattened
dorsally. Stylopodium conic, sometimes depressed. Oil-
tubes obsolete in mature fruit, often numerous in young
fruit. Seed-face from slightly concave to deeply sulcate.
1. O. brachypoda Torr. Stems rather stout, 3-9 dm. high,
pubescent or sometimes glabrous; leaves ternately compound; leaf-
lets 2-3 cm. long, acute, laciniately lobed or toothed; umbel 1-6-
rayed; involucre and involucels of linear bracts, the latter equaling
or exceeding the flowers; rays 3.5-10 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 mm.
long; fruit 12-16 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, short-attenuate at base,
rough-bristly on the very prominent ribs; stylopodium and style 3
mm. long; the former broad and somewhat depressed; seed-face very
concave, nearly inclosing a central cavity.
Occasional in all the mountains on shady slopes.
6. CAUCALIS L.
Mostly hispid annuals with pinnately dissected leaves
and white flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate
AMMIACEAE. 259
or oblong, flattened laterally. Carpel with 5 filiform
bristly primary ribs and 4 prominent winged secondary
ones, with barbed or hooked bristles. Stylopodium
thick, conic. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals under
the secondary ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-
face deeply sulcate.
1. C. microcarpa H. & A. Erect, slender, 1-3 dm. high, more or
less hispid; leaves much dissected, the segments small; umbels at
the ends of the stem and branches, very unequally 3-6-rayed; in-
volucre of foliaceous divided bracts; involucels of entire or somewhat
divided bractlets; rays slender, 7.5 cm. long or less; pedicels very
unequal; fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long, armed with rows of hooked
prickles; the primary lateral ribs near margin of commissural face.
Frequent in sandy or stony places in the valleys and mountains
below the pine belt.
2. C. nodosa Hudson. Stems erect with few branches, retrorsely
scabrous; leaves pinnate; leaflets bipinnately dissected; umbels
scattered along the stems opposite the leaves on very short peduncles,
simple or with supplementary short proliferous umbel; fruit 1-4
mm. long, the outside of the umbel with the exterior carpel densely
covered with hooked bristles, the inner carpel as well as the inner
fruits smooth or with tubercles.
Oak Knoll, near Pasadena, McClatchie.
7. APIASTRUM Nutt.
Very slender smooth branching annuals, with finely
dissected leaves having filiform or linear segments, and
small white flowers in naked unequally few-rayed umbels.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate or cordate, with
obscure or obsolete ribs, more or less tuberculate. Carpel
with thin pericarp. Stylopodium minute, depressed;
styles short. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and
beneath the ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face
narrowly concave or sulcate.
1. A. angustifolium Nutt. Slender, 0.5-3 dm. high, usually
much branched; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, biternately or triternately
divided, with linear or nearly filiform segments; umbels sessile;
rays from 2.5 cm. long to wanting; pedicels 12 mm. long or wanting;
fruit with narrow commissure, cordate in outline, 1 mm, long.
Common in sandy soil in the foothills and valleys.
8. CONIUM L. Poison Hemlock.
Tall biennial glabrous herbs with spotted stems, pin-
nately decompound leaves, and small white flowers in
compound many-rayed umbels. Involucre and involu-
260 AMMIACEAE.
eels of ovate acuminate bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete.
Fruit broadly ovate, glabrous, somewhat flattened later-
ally. Carpels strongly many-ribbed. Large oil-tubes
none, but with a layer of oil-secreting tissue next the
deeply concave seed.
1, C. maculatum L. Erect, much branched, 6-15 dm. high;
lower and basal leaves petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, all
pinnately dissected, the leaflets ovate in outline, thin, the ultimate
segments dentate or incised; petioles dilated and sheathing at the
base; umbels 2.5-7.5 cm. broad; rays slender, 2.5-4 cm. long; pedi-
cels filiform, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; fruit 3 mm. long, its ribs very
prominent when dry.
Occasional in waste places, especially in damp ground.
9. DEWEYA T. & G.
Caulescent plants with simply pinnate leaves, mostly
no involucre, involucels of few linear bractlets, and
yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong,
flattened laterally, glabrous. Carpel with 5 prominent
very acute ribs. Stylopodium none. Carpophore di-
vided. Oil-tubes several in the intervals and on the
commissural side. Seeds nearly terete, the face deeply
sulcate.
1. D. arguta T. & G. Glabrous, 3-7.5 dm. high, rarely acaules-
cent; leaves simply pinnate; petioles of the lowest pair of leaflets
sometimes prominent, giving a divaricate appearance; leaflets 5-7,
ovate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, the lowest often subcordate, finely and
sharply mucronate-serrate, the terminal and the lowest often 3-
lobed; umbel 12-16-rayed; rays 5-9 cm. long; pedicels short, 3-10
mm. long; fruit oblong, smooth, 8 mm. long; oil-tubes 3-5 in the
intervals, 4-6 on the commissural side. ( Velaea arguta C. & R.)
Frequent in dry open ground in the chaparral belt.
10. DRUDEOPHYTUM C. & R.
Caulescent or acaulescent plants with usually ter-
nately compound leaves and yellow flowers. Calyx-
teeth evident or wanting. Fruit orbicular, flattened lat-
erally, glabrous or pubescent. Carpel with 5 slender
filiform ribs. Stylopodium none. Carpophore variable,
oil-tubes several in the intervals and on the commissural
side. Seeds nearly terete, the inner face with a narrow
and deep sulcus, which enlarges into a central cavity.
1. D. parishii C. & R. Glabrous throughout, nearly acaules-
cent, 3-4 dm. high; leaves thickish, ternate-pinnatifid, the seg-
AMMIACEAE. 261
merits ovate, irregularly cuspidate-toothed and lobed; umbel 20-
rayed, with no involucre; bractlets few, setaceous; rays 5-7.5 cm.
long; pedicels about 4-7 mm. long; calyx-teeth prominent; fruit
oblong, glabrous, 6-7 mm. long; carpophore 2-parted; oil-tubes 3-4
in the intervals, 4-5 on the commissural side. ( Valaa parishii
C. & R.)
Occasional in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains.
11. APIUM L.
Annual or perennial glabrous herbs with pinnate or
pinnately compound leaves and white or greenish yellow
flowers in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete.
Stylopodium depressed or short-conic. Fruit ovate or
broader than long, smooth or tuberculate. Carpels
mostly with prominent ribs, somewhat 5-angled. Oil-
tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commis-
sural side. Seed terete or nearly so.
1. A. graveolens L. Glabrous; stems erect, 3-9 dm. high, several-
leafed; leaves pinnate, the basal and lower ones long-petioled, the
upper short-petioled or nearly sessile, thin, broadly ovate to oval,
coarsely toothed and often incised, 1-3 cm. long; umbels opposite
the leaves and terminal, 3-7-rayed; involucre and involucels small
or none; flowers minute, white, very short-pedicelled; fruit oval,
scarcely 1 m.m, long, the ribs somewhat winged.
Common in low marshy places.
12. CICUTA L. Water-hemlock.
Smooth poisonous marsh perennials with pinnately
compound leaves and serrate leaflets and white flowers.
Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Fruit flattened laterally,
oblong to orbicular, glabrous. Carpel with strong flat-
tish corky ribs, the lateral ribs largest without strength-
ening cells. Stylopodium low, sometimes low-conic.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural
side. Seed nearly terete or somewhat dorsally flattened,
with face plane to slightly concave.
1. C. occidentalis Greene. Stout, 9-18 dm. high; rootstock
short, giving rise to slender roots above and a fascicle of thick
and elongated ones below; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets from linear-
lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, sharply serrate and con-
spicuously reticulate beneath; fruit oblong, 3 mm. long, constricted
at the commissure, the ribs apparently equal, but laterals largest in
section, the intervals broad; oil-tubes large.
Frequent in marshes toward the coast.
262 AMMIACEAE.
13. CARUM L,
Smooth erect slender herbs with tuberous or fusiform
fascicled roots, pinnate leaves with few linear leaflets,
and white flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent for the size
of the fruit. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular to
oblong, glabrous. Carpel with filiform or inconspicuous
ribs. Stylopodium conic. Oil-tubes large and solitary
in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissural side. Seed
dorsally flattened, more or less sulcate beneath the
tubes, the face plane or slightly concave.
1. C. gairdneri (H. & A.) Gray. Stem 3-12 dm. high from
fascicled tuberous or fusiform roots; leaves few, usually simply
pinnate, with 3-7 linear-filiform leaflets, 5-15 cm. long; umbels
6-15-rayed; bracts several or none; bractlets linear, acuminate;
rays 2.5-4 cm. long; fruit broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, 1-2
mm. long, with small ovate calyx-teeth, low conic stylopodium and
long slender styles; seed terete.
Occasional along borders of marshes.
2. C. lemmoni C. & R. Resembling the last, but fruit oblong,
tapering somewhat at base and apex, 3 mm. long and 2 mm. broad,
with conspicuous ribs, each of which contains a small group of
strengthening cells; calyx-teeth prominent, concealing the stylo-
podium; styles long and slender.
Occasional in marshes toward the coast.
14. SIUM L.
Smooth perennials growing in water or wet places,
with pinnate leaves, serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involu-
cres and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and
white flowers. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit flattened
laterally, ovate to oblong, glabrous. Carpel with promi-
nent corky nearly equal ribs. Stylopodium depressed;
styles short. Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals. Seed sub-
angular, with plane face.
1. S. cicutaefolium Gmel. Stout, 6-8 dm. high; leaflets 3-8
pairs, linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acuminate,
5-13 cm. long, lower leaves sometimes submersed and finely dissected;
umbel many-rayed; rays 2.5-4 cm. long; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; fruit
3 mm. long, with prominent ribs; oil-tubes 2-6 on the commissural
side.
Oak Knoll, McClatchie.
2. S. heterophyllum Greene. Stems stout, angular and flexuose,
1 m. high; lowest leaves with a single lamina which is rather broadly
rhombic-lanceolate, serrate or laciniate-cleft, 5-20 cm. long; petiole
stout, fistulose; the other leaves 3-lobed or divided and passing to
AMMIACEAE. 263
the truly pinnate, with 2 pairs of broadly lanceolate, acute, serrate
leaflets; bracts broadly lanceolate, tapering at both ends; fruit 3 mm.
long, strongly ribbed.
Near Pasadena, Davidson.
15. BERULA Hoffm.
Smooth aquatic perennial herbs with simple pinnate
leaves, variously cut leaflets, and small white flowers.
Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit flattened laterally, nearly
round, emarginate at base, glabrous. Carpel nearly
globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs, thick
corky pericarp and no strengthening cells. Stylopodium
conic. Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous, closely sur-
rounding the seed-cavity. Seed terete.
1. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville. Erect, 1.5-9 dm. high; leaflets
5-9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate; serrate to cut-toothed, often
laciniate-lobed, sometimes crenate, 1-7.5 cm. long; umbels many-
rayed; rays 5 cm. long or less; bracts usually conspicuous; bractlets
narrow; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; fruit scarcely 2 mm. long.
Occasional along watercourses.
16. OENANTHE L.
Mostly aquatic glabrous herbs with succulent stems,
pinnate or decompound leaves, and usually involucrate
umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth rather prominent.
Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally if at all, gla-
brous. Carpel semiterete in section, with broad obtuse
corky ribs; laterals the largest; a band of strengthening
cells investing the seeds and oil-tubes. Stylopodium very
short-conic, with elongated styles. Oil-tubes solitary in
the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed sulcate
beneath each oil-tube.
1. O. sarmentosa californica (Wats.) C. & R. Succulent stems,
6-15 dm. high; leaves ternate and biternate; leaflets approximate,
acute or acutish, toothed, often lobed at base, 1-2.5 cm. long;
umbels many; bracts few, linear or none; bractlets similar, more
numerous; rays 2.5 cm. long or less; pedicels numerous, short; fruit
about 4 mm. long, with commissural face as well as ribs very corky.
Frequent along slow-running streams.
17. FOENICULUM Adans. Fennel.
Erect biennial or perennial glabrous herbs, with pin-
nate compound leaves, linear or capillary leaflets, and
compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and in-
264 AMMIACEAE.
volucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obtuse or
slightly retuse at the apex. Stylopodium long, conic.
Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, terete or nearly so. Car-
pels half terete, dorsally flattened, prominently ribbed.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat or
slightly concave.
1. F. foeniculum (L.) Karst. Perennial, branched, 7-20 dm.
high; leaves very finely dissected into capillary segments; petioles
broad, clasping; umbels large, 9-25-rayed; rays glaucous, 2.5-7.5
cm. long in fruit; pedicels 2-8 mm. long, slender; fruit about 6 mm.
long. {F. vulgare Gaertn.)
In waste places and along streets. Native of Europe.
18. SPHENOSCIADIUM Gray.
Nearly simple thick-rooted perennials, with stout
stems glabrous up to the tomentose umbel, once or twice
pinnate leaves with bladdery dilated petioles, and scari-
ous white or purplish flowers sessile on an enlarged re-
ceptacle and forming a compact head. Calyx-teeth
obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally, cuneate-obovate, hir-
sute. Carpel strongly flattened at base, winged above,
the dorsal and intermediate wings narrow, the lateral
broader. Stylopodium small and conic or flat in flower.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural
side. Seed-face plane.
1. S. capitellatum Gray. Very stout, 3-14 dm. high; leaves
large and glabrous; the leaflets oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-5
cm. long, with rather few laciniate teeth or lobes, more or less
entire below; umbel equally 4-15-rayed, with globose umbellets of
sessile pubescent flowers; bractlets few, deciduous; rays 2.5-5 cm.
long; fruit cuneate-obovate, about 5 mm. long.
Cienega, Davidson.
19. COGSWELLIA Sprengel.
Acaulescent or short caulescent dry-ground perennials,
with fusiform or tuberous roots, ternate, sometimes pin-
nate to dissected leaves, no involucre, and yellow, white
or purple flowers. Calyx-teeth usually obsolete. Fruit
strongly flattened dorsall}^ oblong to orbicular. Carpel
with filiform and approximate dorsal and intermediate
ribs, and winged laterals coherent until maturity with
those of the other carpel ; pericarp thin with strengthen-
ing cells beneath each rib. Stylopodium wanting. Oil-
tubes 1-several in the intervals, rarely obsolete, 2-10 on
AMMIACEAE. 265
the commissural side. Seed dorsally flattened with
plane or rarely slightly concave face. (Peucedanum.)
Flowers yellow.
Fruit 4-10 mm. long. 1. C. utriculata.
Fruit 12-14 mm. long. 2. C. vaseyi.
Flowers white. 3. C. dasycarpa.
1. C. utriculata (Nutt.) Jones. Caulescent or nearly acaules-
cent, caespitose to 3 dm. high or more, from a more or less thickened
root, puberulent or glabrous; petioles very broadly dilated; leaves
ternately or pinnately decompound, with ultimate segments narrowly
linear 12 mm. or less long; umbel unequally 5-20-rayed; bracts much
dilated, mostly obovate, often toothed; rays 5 cm. long or less;
pedicels 4-10 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit broadly elliptic, gla-
brous, 4-10 mm. long, 2-7 mm. broad, with wings nearly as broad
as the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes
large, solitary in the intervals, 4-6 or sometimes 2-3 on the com-
missural side, very short accessory ones in the intervals; seed-face
somewhat concave.
Frequent on the mesas and grassy foothills.
2. C. vaseyi C. & R. Short, caulescent, 15-20 cm. high; slightly
pubescent; petioles wholly inflated; leaves small, 2.5-5 cm. long,
bipinnate, with the small ovate segments irregularly 3-5-lobed;
umbel equally 2-5-rayed; bractlets obovate, petiolulate, toothed;
rays 2.5 cm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit
broadly oblong, emarginate, glabrous, 12-14 mm. long, 8 mm. broad,
with wings twice as broad as the body, and mostly prominent dorsal
and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 on the
commissural side.
Frequent in heavy soil on the mesas throughout our range.
3. C. dasycarpa (T. & G.) Jones. Very short, caulescent or
acaulescent, with several stout peduncles, 1,5-3 cm. long, from a
common root, tomentose-pubescent; leaves rather small, pinnately
decompound, with numerous short linear segments; umbel some-
what equally 6-15-rayed; bractlets linear to ovate, more or less
tomentose; rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long; pedicels 6-10 mm. long; flowers
white; fruit nearly orbicular, coarsely pubescent, becoming almost
glabrous, 8-14 mm. long, 7-12 mm. broad, with thin membranous
wings, broader than the body, and filiform dorsal and intermediate
ribs; oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals (an occasional
secondary one in the lateral intervals), 4 on the commissural side;
seed deeply sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane face.
Occasional on dry hillsides, especially in the interior region.
20. EURYPTERA Nutt.
Acaulescent or caulescent glabrous perennials, with
elongated roots, branching only from the base, leaves
once or twice compound, with usually broad sharply
toothed leaflets. Flowers yellow. Calyx-teeth minute
266 AMMIACEAE.
or obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, orbicular
to shortly oblong. Carpel with filiform ribs, and with
broadly winged laterals, these often distinct at base
and becoming cordate or emarginate, cohering until
maturity with those of the other carpel; pericarp thin.
Stylopodium wanting; disk Impressed. Oil-tubes 1-sev-
eral in the intervals. Seed strongly dorsally flattened,
with plane face.
1. E. lucida Nutt. Short, caulescent, glabrous, rather stout,
1.5-5 dm, high; leaves ternate; leaflets broadly cordate, somewhat
lobed, coarsely mucronate-toothed, 1-2.5 cm. long; umbel equally
8-15-rayed; bractlets lanceolate; rays 1-5 cm. long; pedicels 12 mm.
long; fruit nearly orbicular, emarginate at each end, glabrous, 10-
14 mm. in diameter, with wings more than twice as broad as the
body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes solitary
in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side.
Occasional on dry ground in the chaparral belt in all the moun-
tains.
2. E. hassei C. & R. Caulescent, stout, 6 dm. high or more,
glabrous and somewhat glaucous, from a long slender woody root;
leaves biternate on very long petioles (sometimes 2.5 dm., including
petiole) ; leaflets broadly ovate with cuneate base, irregularly lobed,
coarsely mucronate-toothed, 2.5-10 cm. long, becoming 6 cm. broad;
umbel long-peduncled, equally 8-18-rayed; bractlets varying from
rather short linear-setaceous to oblanceolate, foliaceous, entire or
toothed and much exceeding the pedicels; rays 5-10 cm. long;
pedicels 12-16 mm. long; fruit as in the last.
"Sierra Madre Canyon," Hasse. We have seen no specimens
that answer the description of this plant, but forms of the last
found in the Santa Monica Mountains seem to approach it.
21. PASTINACA L.
Tall erect mostly biennial branching herbs, with thick
roots, pinnate leaves, and compound umbels of yellow
flowers. Involucre and Involucels commonly none.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit
oval, glabrous, much flattened dorsally; dorsal and in-
termediate ribs filiform, the lateral winged, coherent
with those of the other carpel and forming a broad mar-
gin to the fruit. Oil-tubes solitary In the Intervals, and
2-4 on the commissural side. Seed very flat.
1. P. sativa L. Usually biennial, glabrous or somewhat downy-
pubescent, 6-15 dm. high; the root long conic, fleshy; lower and
basal leaves petioled, pinnate, often 4.5 dm. long; leaflets rather
thin, ovate or oval, obtuse, sessile, lobed or incised and sharply
dentate, 2-6 mm. long; upper leaves generally much reduced;
CORNACEAE. 267
umbels several or numerous, 5-15 cm. broad, 7-15-rayed; the rays
slender, 1-5 cm. long; pedicels very slender, 6-12 mm. long in fruit;
fruit broad, the dorsal and intermediate ribs not prominent, but the
oil-tubes conspicuous.
Rather frequent in marshes, especially toward the coast.
22. DAUCUS L.
Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decom-
pound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts,
entire or toothed bractlets, and usually white flowers in
concave umbels which become connivent in fruit.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally.
Carpel with 5 slender bristles, primary ribs and 4-winged
secondary ones, each bearing a single row of prominent
barbed prickles. Stylopodium depressed or wanting.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, under the secondary
ribs, 2 on the commissural side. Seed flattened dorsally,
the face somewhat concave or almost plane.
1. D. pusillus Michx. Stems mostly simple, papillate, hispid,
2.5-60 cm. high; leaves finely dissected into narrowly linear seg-
ments; umbels unequally few-many-rayed, forming a rather com-
pact head; rays 1-3.5 cm. long; pedicels very unequal; fruit 3-5 mm.
long.
Frequent in open dry ground in the chaparral belt and on the
planes throughout our range.
2. D. carota L. (Wild Carrot.) Hispid, usually biennial,
erect, 3-9 dm. high, the root fleshy, deep conic; lower and basal
leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets linear or lanceolate, dentate, lobed or
pinnatifid; upper leaves smaller, less divided; bracts parted into
linear or filiform lobes; umbels 5-10 cm. broad; rays numerous,
crowded, 1-5 cm. long; the outer ones longer than the inner; pedicels
very slender, 2-4 mm. long in fruit; flowers usually white, the
central one of each umbel often purple; fruit 3-4 mm. long, bristly
on the winged ribs.
Occasional in waste places.
Family 76. CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family.
Trees or shrubs or rarely herbs, with simple and entire
opposite or rarely whorled leaves, and flowers in cymes
or spikes, perfect or dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb 4-5-dentate or 4-5-lobed or none.
Petals generally 4 or 5, sometimes wanting, usually valv-
ate spreading, inserted at the base of the epigynous
268 CORNACEAE.
disk. Stamens as many as the petals or more numerous,
inserted with them; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary
inferior, 1-2-celled; styles 1 or 2; ovules pendulous.
Fruit a drupe or berry, 1-2-seeded.
Flowers perfect; petals present. 1. Svida.
Flowers dioecious; petals wanting. 2. Garrya.
1. SVIDA Opiz. Dogwood.
Shrubs or trees or rarely herbs, with simple mostly
entire and usually opposite, rarely verticillate leaves,
and small flowers in cymes or heads, the latter involu-
crate with large white bracts. Calyx-limb minutely
4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4. Ovules 1 in
each cell. Drupe ovoid or globose, the stone 2-celled
and 2-seeded.
1. S. calif ornica (C. A. Mey.) Abrams. Shrub, 2-5 m. high, with
smooth purplish branches; leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic, acute or
somewhat acuminate, shortly cuneate at base, 5-10 cm. long, paler
beneath and more or less pubescent with loose silky hairs, especially
on the veins; cyme spreading, round-topped, 3-5 cm. broad; fruit
white, subglobose; stone 5 mm. broad, somewhat compressed,
furrowed on the edges. {Cornus pubescens Nutt.)
Occasional in moist ground, especially in the mountains, but
reported from Cienega by Davidson.
The western flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon {Cornus) nuttallii
(Audb.) Shafer, with the flowers in heads subtended by showy white
involucral bracts, occurs in the coniferous forests of the San Ber-
nardino Mountains.
2. GARRYA Dougl. Silk-tassel Tree.
Evergreen shrubs with 4-angled branchlets, opposite
entire coriaceous leaves, the short petioles connate at
the base, and dioecious apetalous flowers in axillary
aments, solitary or in 3's between the decussately con-
nate bracts. Calyx of staminate flowers 4-parted, with
linear valvate segments. Stamens 4, with distinct fila-
ments. Disk and ovary none. Pistillate flowers with
the calyx-limb shortly 2-lobed or obsolete. Disk and
stamens none. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2; styles 2, stig-
matic on the inner side, persistent. Berry ovoid, 1-2-
seeded.
1. G. veatchii palmeri (Wats.) Eastw. An erect, branching
shrub, 18-25 dm. high; branchlets sparsely pubescent with close
appressed silky hairs when young, becoming smooth with age;
PYROLACEAE. 269
petioles short, 2-6 mm. long; leaves coriaceous, oval or oblong-ovate,
slightly undulate or entire, acute at apex and aristate, rounded or
cuneate at base, glabrous or nearly so above, densely tomentose
beneath with matted hairs, 2.5-5 cm. long; bracts prominent, acute
or acuminate, the lower foliaceous; fruit cuneate at base, the lower
short-pedicelled, densely silky, becoming glabrate; calyx-teeth promi-
nent and close to the base of the styles. {G. flavescens palmeri
Wats.)
Rather frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of
the San Antonio and Cuyamaca Mountains. January.
la. G. veatchii undulata Eastw. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-
ovate, obtuse or aristate at apex, cuneate at base, the margins
undulate; fruit densely clustered, concealing the upper bracts;
calyx-teeth hidden in dense wool and some distance below the base
of the styles.
Occasional on Mount Wilson and Mount Lowe.
2. G. pallida Eastw. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute
and with a recurved mucro, entire, sparsely silky-pubescent be-
neath, with straight upwardly appressed pubescence; racemes short;
bracts about 3 mm. long; calyx-teeth close to the base of the styles
and concealed in the young fruit by dense hairs.
Santa Ana Mountains, where it was collected by the author on
the trail to Santiago Peak.
Family 77. PYROLACEAE. Wintergreen Family.
Low mostly very green perennials, with branched
rootstocks, simple petioled leaves, and nearly regular
white or purple perfect flowers, racemose, solitary or
corymbose. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Corolla very deeply
4-5-parted, or of 5 distinct petals. Stamens twice as
many as the divisions of the corolla, the anthers introrse
in the bud, inverted at anthesis, opening by pores or
short slits; pollen grains in 4's. Ovary superior, 4-5-
celled; style short or slender, often declined; stigma
5-lobed or 5-crenate; ovules very numerous, anatropous.
Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds very numerous,
minute, the loose cellular coat much larger than the
almost undifferentiated embrj^o.
Flowers racemose. 1. Pyrola.
Flowers corymbose. 2. Chimaphila.
270 PYROLACEAE.
1. PYROLA L. WiNTERGREEN.
Low glabrous perennial herbs, acaulescent or nearly
so, stoloniferous. Leaves basal and persistent, in one
species wanting. Flowers nodding, in a simple raceme
terminating bracted scapes. Calyx 5-parted, persistent.
Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, declined or straight
and connivent; anthers reversed at flowering time,
each sac opening by a basal (apparently apical) pore.
Ovary 5-celled; style straight or declined; stigma 5-
lobed. Capsule globose, 5-lobed, loculicidally 5-valved.
Leaves wanting. 1. P. aphylla.
Leaves present. 2, P. pallida.
1. P. aphylla Smith. Scapes leafless, 2-3 dm. high, arising
from a long deep scaly-bracted rootstock; raceme loosely many-
flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 4 mm. long, reddish; petals
whitish, obovate, about 15 mm. long.
A Pacific Coast species, extending from the Cuyamaca Mountains
to British Columbia. Not yet found in the San Gabriel Mountains.
2. P. pallida Greene. Scapes about 2 dm. high; leaves pale
glaucous green, not mottled, obovate and obtuse to almost elliptic,
subcoriaceous, with a narrow entire callous margin; petals greenish,
narrowly obovate, 6-8 mm. long.
Immature specimens of what seems to be this species were col-
lected by the author in Swartout Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains.
These diff^er from the northern plants in the larger calyx-lobes and
more rounded leaves.
2. CHIMAPHILA Pursh.
Perennial herbs with decumbent stems, ascending
leafy branches, opposite or verticillate evergreen short-
petioled serrate leaves, and spreading or nodding white
or purplish flowers in terminal corymbs or rarely soli-
tary. Pedicels mostly bracteolate. Calyx 5-cleft or
5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave, nearly orbicular,
sessile, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10, the fila-
ments usually dilated above and somewhat pubescent.
Ovary globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled; styles very short, ob-
conic; stigma large, orbicular, 5-crenate.
1. C. menziesii Spreng. More or less branched from the base,
1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 12-36 mm. long,
sharply serrulate, the upper surface often mottled with white;
peduncle 1-3-flowered; bracts ovate or roundish; filaments slender,
with a round dilated portion above the middle, villous; flowers about
1 cm. in diameter.
Mount Wilson under pines. Frequent in the San Antonio, San
Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains.
ERICACEAE. 271
Family 78. MONOTROPACEAE.
Indian-pipe Family.
Saprophytic or humus-plants, with mostly simple
leafless bracted scapes, and solitary or clustered perfect
regular flowers. Calyx free from the ovary, 2-6-parted,
the sepals deciduous. Petals united or distinct, or
rarely wanting. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous; filaments
distinct or united at base. Ovary superior, 1-6-celled;
style 1, simple; stigma capitate or slightly lobed. Ovule
numerous. Capsule terete or 4-6-lobed, locullcldally
4-6-valved ; seeds minute.
1. SARCODES Torn Snow-Plant.
Saprophytic herb, with stout fleshy bracted stems.
Flowers in a simple terminal raceme. Calyx of 5 oblong
erect sepals. Corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, 5-
lobed, persistent. Stamens 10, Included. Ovary 5-
lobed, 5-celled. Capsule fleshy.
1. S. sanguinea Torr. Stems stout, reddish, 15-35 cm, high,
more or less glandular-pubescent, clothed with firm fleshy scales,
the upper narrower, passing into the linear bracts, these ciliate-
margined, exceeding the flowers; corolla cylindraceous-campanulate,
5-lobed, persistent; stamens 10, unappendaged; ovary 5-lobed, 5-
celled.
Frequent in the coniferous forests of the San Antonio and San
Bernardino Mountains above 7000 feet.
Family 79. ERICACEAE. Heath Family.
Shrubs, perennial herbs or trees, w^ith simple exstipu-
late leaves, and mostly perfect sympetalous or rarely
choripetalous flowers. Calyx free from the ovary, 4-5-
parted or 4-5-cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regular
or rarely somewhat 2-lIpped and irregular, usually 4-5-
toothed, lobed or divided. Stamens hypogynous, usu-
ally as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes; fila-
ments mostly separate; anthers 2-celled, attached to
the filament by the back or base, the sacks often pro-
longed above into tubes, dehiscent by terminal pores or
272 ERICACEAE.
chinks, often awned. Disk crenate-lobed or often none.
Ovary usually 2-5-celled; style elongated or short;
stigma peltate or capitate; ovules usually numerous,
anatropous. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Seeds
numerous or sometimes only 1 in each cavity; endosperm
fleshy.
Fruit a 5-celled berry; ovules and seeds
several in each cavity. 1. Arbutus.
Fruit drupaceous; ovules and seeds 1 in each
cavity; stones separable or coalescent.
Ovary and fruit papillose or warty, be-
coming fleshy. 2. Comarostaphylis.
Ovary and fruit smooth or pubescent,
not fleshy but often mealy. 3. Uva-Ursi.
1. ARBUTUS L.
Trees or shrubs, with evergreen and coriaceous alter-
nate petiolate leaves, and white or flesh-colored small
flowers in a terminal cluster of racemes or panicles.
Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx small, 5-parted.
Corolla urceolate with 4-5 small recurved teeth. Ovary
on an hypogynous disk, 4-5-celled; ovules crowded on a
fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angles of each
cell. Style rather long; stigma obtuse. Fruit a many-
seeded berry.
1. A. menziesii Pursh. (Madrono.) Commonly 5-10 m. high;
bark exfoliating, deep red; leaves glabrous, elliptic or ovate, green
above, glaucous beneath, 5-10 cm. long, entire or those of young
shoots denticulate; petioles about 1 cm. long; flowers in an ample
terminal panicle or dense racemes; berry fleshy, red, subglobose,
8-10 mm. in diameter, surface granular.
Mount Wilson and Sturtevant trails at about 3000 feet altitude,
and in Los Tunas Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains.
2. COMAROSTAPHYLIS Zucc.
Shrubs with alternate persistent coriaceous leaves,
and racemose panicles of small urn-shaped flowers.
Calyx persistent, 4-5-lobed. Corolla urn-shaped, with
4-5 mostly reflexed lobes. Stamens 10 or rarely 8;
filaments short, dilated near the base, pubescent, with-
out appendages; anthers with a slender sac on each sac.
Ovary 5-celled. Fruit globular, fleshy, papillose or
warty, the 5 or fewer nutlets united into a round stone.
ERICACEAE. 273
1. Comarostaphylis diversifolia (Parry) Greene. Shrub with
brown shredded bark, tomentose twigs and inflorescence; leaves
evergreen, elliptic-ovate, 3-6 cm. long, finely serrate, glabrous above,
tomentose beneath; racemes 7-10 cm, long; pedicels 1-2 cm. long,
tomentose; fruit fleshy, deep red, rugose-granular, stone solid.
On the islands off the coast of southern California, and from the
vicinity of San Diego southward into northern Lower California;
also within our range in Topango Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains,
Hasse.
3. UVA-URSI Mill.
Shrubs or small trees with evergreen coriaceous alter-
nate leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers, in
racemes, spikes or panicles. Bracts and bractlets pres-
ent, scale-like. Ovules solitary in the cells, which be-
come bony nutlets or combine into a few-several-celled
stone. Fruit a drupe with a hard surface and a mealy
or almost bony pulp between it and the nutlets. {Arcto-
siaphylos Adans.)
Pedicels and ovaries glabrous.
Stone solid, broadly ellipsoid, merely angled or
ribbed; inflorescence and young leaves canes-
cent with a short pubescence. 1. U. parryana.
Stone lobed, depressed-globose, irregularly
separable into nutlets.
Branchlets, inflorescence and young leaves
canescent with a short pubescence; leaves
dull green. 2. U. pungens.
Branchlets and inflorescence with a golden
undument or glandular pubescent; leaves
yellow-green. 3. U. patula.
Pedicels more or less pubescent or villous; ovaries
pubescent or viscid.
Bracts firm, herbaceous or foliaceous; sepals cili-
ate on the margins, otherwise glabrous
or puberulent.
Fruit ovoid, viscid; stone solid; branchlets
glabrous. 4. U. glauca.
Fruit depressed-globose, pubescent not
viscid; lobed and separable; branchlets
pubescent or villous. 5. U. tomentosa.
Bracts thin and scarious; sepals and herbage
glandular- villous; stone solid, ovoid. 6. U. drupacea.
1. U. parryana (Lemmon) Abrams. Arborescent shrub, 1-3 m.
high, branchlets, petioles and inflorescence canescent with a minute
puberulence; leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, 20-35 mm. long; panicle
3-4 cm. long; bracts ovate-triangular, about 3 mm. long; pedicels
glabrous; fruit ovoid-globular; stone solid, broadly ellipsoid, merely
angled or ribbed.
Tehachapi Mountains south to Mt. San Antonio,
19
274 ERICACEAE.
2. U. pungens (H. B. K.) Abrams. Shrubby or arborescent,
2-8 m. high; bark mahogany-red, exfoHating, twigs and petioles
minutely tomentose-pubescent; leaves dull green, commonly vertical
by a twist in the short petiole, rigid, ovate-oblong, glabrous on both
surfaces, 2.5-5 cm, long; petioles 6-10 cm, long; bracts less than 4
mm. long; pedicels smooth, corolla pinkish; ovary smooth; fruit
irregularly depressed-globose, 8-12 mm, broad, reddish brown;
nutlets irregularly separable, rough-carinate.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains, More common in
the San Bernardino Range. In both confined mostly to the upper
portions of the chaparral belt,
3. U. patula (Greene) Abrams, Diffusely branched shrub, 1-1.5
m. high; young twigs rusty puberulent or nearly smooth; leaves
smooth, bright green, ovate to broadly cordate, 2-5 cm. long,
entire, obtuse; bracts lanceolate; pedicels smooth; fruit smooth,
depressed-globose, about 6 mm. in diameter; nutlets united into a
deeply lobed stone.
Occasional on dry ridges in the open pine woods of the San
Antonio and San Bernardino Mountains, 5000-8000 feet altitude.
4. U. glauca (Lindl.) Abrams. Shrubby, erect, 3-6 m. high,
smooth throughout; leaves glaucous, ovate, entire or denticulate;
bracts foliaceous, conspicuous; pedicels stout, glandular-pubescent;
ovary viscid-glandular, 6-8-celled; fruit dark red, very viscid; stone
with longitudinal ridges, sharply apiculate.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. More common in
the San Antonio and San Bernardino Ranges.
5. U. tomentosa (Pursh) Abrams. Shrubby, erect, 1.5-3 m.
high, twigs, foliage and pedicels minutely tomentose when young,
the twigs often also hispid with scattered hairs; leaves glaucescent,
paler and tomentose beneath, ovate to elliptic, entire or sometimes
denticulate; bracts conspicuous, foliaceous, usually exceeding the
short pubescent or somewhat hispid pedicels; ovary densely hirsute,
7-10-celled; fruit hirsute, minutely roughened; nutlets all separate
or some united in pairs.
Common in all our mountains in the upper chaparral belt. The
common form in the San Gabriel Mountains is usually more or less
glandular, but all gradations occur, so that it does not seem possible
to separate them.
6. U. drupacea (Parry) Abrams. An erect, branching shrub,
1.5-2 m. high; twigs and petioles hispid and glandular-pubescent;
leaves ovate to obovate, mucronate, rough, with ciliate margins,
on petioles 4-8 mm. long; inflorescence in dense divaricate panicles;
bracts linear-lanceolate; pedicels slender, 10-15 mm. long, glandular-
pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, densely glandular-villous, ovary
glandular-hispid; nutlets consolidated into a rough carinate stone.
Occasional in the pine belt of the San Bernardino, San Jacinto
and Cuyamaca Mountains.
Xylococcus bicolor Nutt. Shrub, 1-2 m. high; leaves ovate or
oblong, 4-6 cm. long, margins entire, strongly revolute, glabrous
above, white-tomentose beneath, short-petiolate; inflorescence in
PRIMULACEAE. 275
few-flowered compact racemes; bracts stout, pedicels lanceolate;
calyx-lobes and ovary tomentose; fruit globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter,
dark brown, puberulent or smooth; nutlets united into a round solid,
nearly smooth stone.
Frequent in the foothills of western San Diego County. Re-
ported from Catalina Island.
Family 80. PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family.
Herbs with alternate opposite or basal leaves and per-
fect regular flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, spikes,
umbels or corymbs, or solitary in the axils. Calyx free
from the ovary, usually 5-parted; persistent or rarely
deciduous. Corolla sympetalous, usually 5-cleft, the
lobes (in ours) spreading or reflexed. Stamens as many
as the corolla-lobes and opposite them, inserted on the
tube or at the base of the ovary; anthers introrse, at-
tached by their backs to the filaments, 2-celled, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1 -celled; placenta
central, free; style 1; stigma simple, capitate. Capsule
2-6-valved; valves erect, entire or 2-cleft. vSeeds few or
many; endosperm present.
Sterile filaments alternate with the corolla-lobes. 1. Samolus.
Sterile filaments wanting.
Flowers axillary on leafy stems. 2. Anagallis.
Flowers in umbels at the ends of scapes. 3. Dodecatheon.
1. SAMOLUS L. Brookweed.
Low glabrous herbs with alternate entire leaves and
small white flowers in loose racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, its
base coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Corolla
campanulate, 5-cleft, with a slender tooth borne at each
sinus. Stamens 5, short and included, inserted on the
tube of the corolla. Capsule globular, 5-valved at the
summit, many-seeded.
1. S. floribundus H. B. K. Erect or ascending, branched at
least at the base, 15-45 cm. high; leaves membranous, 25-75 mm.
long, obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into peti-
oles, the basal often rosulate; flowers small, less than 2 mm. broad,
usually numerous, in loose elongated panicled racemes; pedicels
filiform, spreading, bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes acute,
276 PRIMULACEAE.
shorter than the corolla; capsule 2-3 mm. in diameter, the 5 apical
valves spreading at maturity. (S. valerandi americanus Gray.)
Occasional along watercourses. Lytle Creek; San Bernardino
Valley.
2. ANAGALLIS L. Pimpernel.
Annual or perennial diffuse or erect branching mostly
glabrous herbs, with opposite or vertlclllate sessile or
short-petloled leaves, entire or nearly so, and small
axillary peduncled flowers. Calyx 5-parted, persistent.
Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate. Stamens 5, Inserted at
the base of the corolla; filaments puberulent, distinct or
united into a narrow ring at the base; anthers oblong,
obtuse. Ovary globose ; ovules numerous ; stigma obtuse.
Capsule globose, circumscisslle. Seeds minute, flat on
the back.
1. A. arvensis L. Annual, diffuse, usually much branched;
stems 1-3 dm. long, 4-sided; leaves ovate or oval, numerous, oppo-
site, sessile or somewhat clasping, obtuse or acutish, 6-20 mm. long,
black-dotted beneath; peduncles filiform, 1-4 cm. long, recurved in
fruit; calyx-lobes keeled, rather rigid, slightly shorter than the
crenate glandular ciliate corolla-segments; flowers scarlet or salmon
color, usually with a dark center, 4-6 mm. broad; capsule glabrous.
Common in waste places and gardens. Flowering nearly all the
year.
3. DODECATHEON L. Shooting-star.
Glabrous scapose perennial herbs, with entire or repand
basal leaves, and rather large flowers In Involucrate
umbels terminating scapes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the
lobes reflexed, slightly unequal, the tube very short,
thickened at the throat. Stamens 5, inserted on the
throat of the corolla; filaments short, flat, monadelphous,
connlvent into a cone, exserted; anthers linear or lance-
olate, connivent, attached by their bases to the fila-
ments. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, superior; style fili-
form, exserted; stigma 5-6-valved at the apex or splitting
to the base. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa punctate.
1. D. clevelandi Greene. Pale green and glandular, 3-6 dm.
high; roots formed at the beginning of the dry season and remaining
dormant, no tubers formed; leaves scarcely fleshy, ascending or
erect, spatulate-obovate, the margins erose; corolla bright purple
with a yellow base; filaments purple, becoming yellow at the base
of the anthers; anthers purple except the midvein, about twice the
length of the staminal tube, the apex blunt, retuse; capsule oblong,
circumscisslle at the top.
Frequent on dry mesas and grassy hillsides. March-April.
OLEACEAE. 277
Family 81. PLUMBAGINACEAE.
Plumbago Family.
Perennial, mostly acaulescent erect herbs, with basal
tufted leaves and small perfect regular clustered flowers.
Calyx tubular or funnelform, 5-toothed, plaited at the
sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla of 5 hypogynous
clawed segments, connate at the base or united into a
tube. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypo-
gynous; filaments separate or united at the base; anthers
2-celled, attached by the backs to the filaments, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1 -celled; ovules
solitary, anatropous, pendulous; styles 5, separate or
united. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the calyx,
rarely a dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary; endosperm
mealy or none.
1. LIMONIUM Adans. Marsh Rosemary.
Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous
very small flowers cymose-paniculate on the branches of
bracted scapes, in 1-3-flowered bracteolate clusters,
forming 1 -sided spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular,
the limb scarious, 5-toothed, the tube usually 10-ribbed.
Petals 5, clawed. Styles 5, separate, stigmatic along the
inner side. Fruit a utricle.
L L. californicum (Boiss.) Small. Leaves 15-25 cm. long,
obovate-oblong, entire, fleshy-coriaceous; scape 3-6 dm. high;
spikes corymbose-panicled; calyx-tube more or less hairy on the
angles.
Occasional in salt marshes along the coast.
Family 82. OLEACEAE. Olive Family.
Trees or shrubs with opposite or rarely alternate
simple or pinnate exstipulate entire or dentate leaves,
and regular perfect, polygamous or dioecious, 2-4-parted
flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, cymes or fascicles.
Calyx free from the ovary, usually small, sometimes none.
Stamens 2-4, inserted on the corolla; filaments usually
278 GENTIANACEAE.
short, separate; anthers mostly large, 2-celled, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules
few in each cell; style usually short or none. Fruit a
capsule, samara, berry or drupe. Seeds erect or pendu-
lous; endosperm present or wanting; embryo straight.
L FRAXINUS L. Ash.
Trees or tall shrubs with opposite and usually odd-
pinnate leaves, and small dioecious or polygamous,
rarely perfect, greenish fasciculate flowers, appearing
before or with the leaves. Calyx small, 4-cleft, irregu-
larly toothed, entire or none. Petals none or 2-4, separ-
ate, or united in pairs at the base, induplicate valvate.
Stamens 2, rarely 3-4, inserted on the base of the petals
or hypogynous; filaments short-elongated; anthers ovate,
oblong or linear. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous;
stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a flat samara, winged at the apex
only or all around, usually 1-seeded. Seed oblong.
1. F. oregana Nutt. A small or middle-sized tree; leaves tomen-
tose or glabrate in age; leaflets 5-9, oval to oblong-lanceolate,
entire, sessile, 5-10 cm. long; flowers all with minute calyx and no
petals; fruit marginless at base, margined upwards into oblanceolate
or spatulate retuse wing, the whole 2.5-4 cm. long.
San Gabriel and Lytle Creek Canyons.
2. F. dipetala H. & A. Shrub 2.5-4 m. high; leaves 5-15 cm.
long; leaflets 3-9, green above, yellowish green beneath when young,
oblong, coarsely serrate above the middle, mostly petioled, 2-4
cm. long; flowers mostly perfect; calyx less than 2 mm. long; petals 2,
oval, narrowed at base to a short claw, 6 mm. long; white; style
slightly lobed at apex; fruit linear-oblong to spatulate-oblong, the
terminal wing frequently emarginate at apex.
Occasional in canyons.
Family 83. GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family.
Bitter, mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite
rarely verticillate exstipulate entire leaves, and regular
perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters or solitary
at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx persistent,
4-12-lobed, -toothed or -divided, the lobes imbricated or
not meeting in the bud. Corolla funnelform, campanu-
late or rotate, often marcescent, 4-12-lobed or -parted.
APOCYNACEAE. 279
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alter-
nate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments filiform or
dilated at the base. Ovary superior, 1-celled or partly
2-celled; ovules numerous; style simple or none; stigma
entire or 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent
by 2 valves. Seeds globose, angular or compressed;
endosperm copious; embryo small, straight.
1. ERYTHRAEA Neck. Canchalagua.
Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or
amplexicaul leaves, and pink or yellow flowers in cymes
or spikes. Calyx tubular, 4-5-lobed or 4-5-divided, the
lobes narrow, keeled. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-5-lobed,
the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud.
Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla-tube;
filaments short, filiform; anthers linear or oblong,
becoming spirally twisted. Ovary 1-celled, the placentae
sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed.
Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat
reticulated.
1. E. venusta Gray. Simple and cymosely several-flowered at
the summit or corymbosely branched, 8-20 cm. high; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, obtusish; calyx-lobes very narrow-
to the base; corolla bright pink with a yellow center, the limb 2 cm.
broad, lobes oval or obovate; anthers oblong-linear; seed spherical.
Frequent in interior valleys. May-June.
Family 84. APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family.
Perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, mostly with acrid
milky juice, simple oppOvsite or alternate exstipulate
leaves, and perfect regular cymose, solitary or paniculate
flowers. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, the lobes imbri-
cated in the bud. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes convolute
in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla
and alternate with them, inserted in the tube or throat;
anthers linear-oblong, sagittate, 2-celled. Ovar}^ su-
perior or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct
280 ASCLEPIADACEAE.
carpels, or 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled;
ovules few or numerous; style simple or 2-divided;
stigma simple. Fruit of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds
often appendaged by a coma; endosperm present;
embryo straight.
1. APOCYNUM L. Dogbane.
Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and small white
or pink flowers in terminal and sometimes axillary
corymbed cymes. Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla cam-
panulate, the tube beading within 5 small triangular
appendages alternate with the stamens. Stamens in-
serted on the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate, con-
nivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it.
Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels; ovules
numerous in each carpel; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely
2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, terete. Seeds
small, tipped with a large coma.
1. A. cannabinum L. (Indian Hemp.) Root deep, vertical;
stem much branched, the branches erect or ascending, glabrous or
nearly so, more or less glaucous; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong
to ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse and mucronate at apex, narrowed
or rounded at base, glabrous above, sometimes pubescent beneath,
5-15 cm. long; petioles 2-12 mm. long or sometimes none; cymes
dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base; flowers 5-7 mm.
broad; calyx-lobes about equaling the tube of the greenish white
corolla; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles about 10 cm. long, nar-
rowed at the apex.
Occasional in moist places along streams.
Family 85. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family.
Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky
juice, opposite verticillate or alternate exstipulate leaves,
and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx-
tube very short, its segments imbricated or separate in
the bud. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the segments com-
monly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona)
between the corolla and the stamens and adherent to
one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla;
filaments short, stout, mostly monadelphous or distinct;
ASCLEPIADACEAE. 281
anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, in-
trorsely 2-celled; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or
erect scarious membrane or unappendaged ; pollen co-
herent into waxy or granular masses. Ovary of 2 carpels ;
styles 2, short, connected at the summit by the peltate
discoid stigma; ovules numerous, pendulous. Fruit of
2 several-many-seeded follicles. Seeds compressed, usu-
ally appendaged by a long coma.
Plants twining. 1. Philibertella.
Plants erect or decumbent, not twining. 2. Asclepias.
1. PHILIBERTELLA Vail.
Twining herbs or somewhat shrubby, with opposite
leaves and umbellate flowers. Calyx small, 5-parted, the
lobes acute. Corolla campanulate or rotate, deeply 5-
parted, the lobes acute or obtuse, with a shallow entire
or undulate ring forming an outer crown in its throat.
The inner staminal crown consisting of 5 turgid fleshy
or hard scales or flattish appendages, attached in a circle
at the base of the sessile or slightly stalked column,
forming a hollow entire or undulate spreading surface
near the level of the conic stigmas. Follicles naked,
slender, attenuate at both ends or obtuse at base.
1. P. hartwegii heterophylla (Engelm.) Vail. Stems slender,
twining, glabrous, puberulent or somewhat pubescent above; leaves
2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, variable, some tapering into the
petiole, others with rounded and more with dilated or auriculate-
cordate or truncate base; corolla scarcely puberulent, 1 cm. broad,
its lobes acute; column sessile.
Occasional on dry hillsides in interior valleys, growing over low
shrubs or herbs.
2. ASCLEPIAS L. Milkweed.
Perennial erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite ver-
ticillate or rarely alternate leaves, and flowers in ter-
minal or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided,
usually small, the lobes acute, often glandular within.
Corolla deeply 5-parted, the lobes mostly valvate, re-
flexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present.
Corona of 5 concave, erect or spreading hoods, each
bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn.
Filaments connate into a tube; anthers tipped with an
282 CONVOLVULACEAE.
inflexcd membrane; winged, the wings broadened below
the middle, pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous
on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or
5-lobed. Follicles usually thick, acuminate. Seeds usu-
ally comose.
1. A. eriocarpa Benth. Erect, 5-8 dm. high; densely floccose-
woolly, the loose wool hardly deciduous except from the angled
stem below; leaves not rarely ternate and the uppermost alter-
nate, elongated-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse or subcordate
at base, short-petioled, 10-20 cm. long; umbels few or several, on
stout peduncles; flowers dull white; corolla at first woolly outside;
the lobes longer than the pedicels; column short but distinct; hoods
shorter than the anthers, rather spreading, ventricose, semiorbicular
in outline and open round to near the middle of the back, the summits
produced inwardly into an acute angle or tooth barely enclosing the
filiform acute horn; ovaries glabrous, the summit of the styles villous;
follicles more or less woolly.
Frequent on dry mesas and in the foothills, also occasionally in
the pine belt of the San Gabriel Mountains.
2. A. mexicana Cav. Stems 6-12 dm. high, glabrous or sparsely
puberulent; leaves in whorls of 3-6 or the lower and uppermost
opposite, linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 4-12 mm.
broad, short-petioled; umbels many, corymbose, densely many-
flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels; flowers greenish-
white; corolla-lobes 4 mm. long; hoods broadly ovate, entire, shorter
than the anthers, exceeded by the stout subulate incurved horn.
Frequent on the mesas and in the foothills.
Family 86. CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning-
glory Family.
Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), the
stems twining or ascending, trailing or erect, with alter-
nate exstipulate leaves and regular perfect axillary,
cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided,
usually persistent, the segments imbricated. Corolla
often funnelform or campanulate, the limb 5-angled,
5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the
tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers
2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, ses-
sile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, entire or 2-4-
divided; styles 1-3. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of
2-4 distinct carpels. Seeds erect, villous, pubescent or
glabrous; embryo plaited or crumpled.
CONVOLVULACEAE. 283
Style 1.
Stigmas capitate. 1. Ipom(EA.
Stigmas filiform or oblong. 2. Convolvulus.
Styles 2. 3. Cressa.
1. IPOMOEA L. Morning-glory.
Twining, trailing, ascending or rarely erect herbs with
large showy axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals
equal or unequal. Corolla funnelform or campanulate,
the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens equal or
unequal, included; filaments filiform or dilated at the
base; anthers globose or ovoid; ovary 2-4-celled, 4-6-
ovuled; style fiUform, included; stigmas 1-2, capitate or
globose. Capsule septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-seeded.
1. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Annual, pubescent; stem retrosely
hairy, twining or trailing; leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate,
acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. broad; peduncles slender, 1-5-flowered;
sepals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent or hirsute toward the
base; corolla 5-7 cm. long, blue or purple varying to white; ovary
3-celled, rarely 2-celled; capsule depressed-globose, shorter than the
sepals.
An escape from gardens. Introduced from tropical America.
2. CONVOLVULUS L.
Herbs, mostly perennials with slender rootstocks and
trailing twining or erect stems. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary or clustered, large and showy. Sepals nearly equal
or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of
bracts at or near its base. Corolla and stamens as in
Ipomoea. Ovary 1-2-celled; style filiform; stigmas 2,
filiform, oblong or ovoid. Capsule globose or nearly so,
1-4-celled, 2-4-valved.
Bracts remote from the calyx, small, subulate. 1. C. arvensis.
Bracts usually embracing the calyx, broad.
Leaves reniform, thick and succulent. 2. C. soldanella.
Leaves cordate to sagittate, not succulent. 3. C. occidentalis.
1. C. arvensis L. Perennial, prostrate; the stems 3-10 dm.
long; leaves oblong, sagittate or hastate, 2.5-5 cm. long, the basal
lobes short; pedicels 1-3-flowered, w^ith a pair of subulate bracts
near the base; corolla white with a tinge of purple on the outside,
neither lobed nor angled; stigma filiform.
Occasional in cultivated fields and waste places. May-Novem-
ber.
2. C. soldanella L. Low, glabrous, slightly succulent; stems
15-30 cm. long, prostrate; leaves reniform, deep green and shining,
284 CUSCUTACEAE.
2.5-5 cm. long; corolla 4 cm. broad, pinkish; capsule 1-celled; stigma
ovate-oblong, thickish.
On the sandy beanches along the seashore. May-June.
3. C. occidentalis Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent;
stems freely twining over shrubs; leaves slender-petioled, from
angular-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus to sagittate or the
upper hastate; the basal lobes often 1-2-toothed; peduncles elon-
gated, surpassing the leaf, 1-3-flowered; bracts at base of the calyx
ovate or obscurely cordate, membranaceous, equaling it or some-
what longer, mostly obtuse; corolla campanulate-funnelform, white
or pinkish, 3-5 cm. long; stigma linear.
Common in the chaparral belt in all our foothills and mountains.
3a. C. occidentalis tenuissimus Gray. Much resembling the
typical form; leaves narrowly hastate or sagittate; the middle and
basal lobes mostly narrowly lanceolate; bracts ovate-oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate.
Frequent in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains, south
to San Diego.
3. CRESSA L.
Low canescent perennial herbs with erect or diffuse
stems. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves.
Sepals nearly equal. Corolla with an oblong-campanu-
late tube about equaling the calyx, the limb 5-parted.
Stamens exserted from the throat. Styles 2; ovary 2-
celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule often only 1 -seeded.
1. C. truxillensis H. B. K. Perennial herb, much branched
from the base, erect or ascending, 1-2 dm. high, silky-villous, leafy;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 4-7 mm. long; flowers sessile
or nearly so in the upper axils; corolla deeply 5-cleft, campanulate,
4-5 mm. long, white, silky-pubescent without.
Frequent in saline places throughout our range. June-October.
Family 87. CUSCUTACEAE. Dodder Family.
White or yellow slender twining parasites, the leaves
reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx 5-lobed,
rarely 4-lobed or 4-5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the
bud. Corolla usually campanulate, 5-lobed, rarely 4-
lobed, the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate
scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these
sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes
and alternate with them, inserted in the throat or sinuses
above the scales; anthers short, 2-celled, longitudinally
CUSCUTACEAE. 285
dehivscent. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity;
styles 2, separate or rarely united below; stigmas capi-
tate or linear. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile,
irregularly bursting or indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Seeds
globose or angular; embryo linear, curved or spiral;
cotyledons none.
1. CUSCUTA L. Dodder.
Characters of the family. Stems filiform, parasitic on
herbs and shrubs by minute suckers.
Ovary and capsule depressed-globose.
Calyx-lobes obtuse; scales conspicuous. 1. C. arvensis.
Calyx-lobes acute; scales none or rudimentary. 2. C. calif ornica.
Ovary and capsule pointed.
Anthers about as long as the filaments. 3. C. salina.
Anthers subsessile. 4. C. suhinclusa.
1. C. arvensis Beyrich. Stems filiform, pale yellow; flowers
nearly sessile in small clusters; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse; corolla
campanulate, its lobes as long as the tube, acute or acuminate, re-
flexed; scales large, ovate, equaling or exceeding the tube, densely
fringed all around; capsule depressed-globose.
On various herbs about Los Angeles, Davidson.
2. C. calif omica Choisy. Stems capillary, low; flowers 2-4 mm.
long, pedicelled in loose cymes; calyx-lobes acute; corolla-lobes
lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than the campanulate tube;
filaments nearly equaling the linear oblong anthers; scales none or
rudimentary; style slender.
Occasional along the coast and in the interior, growing on various
low shrubs.
3. C. salina Engelm. Stems slender; flowers 3-5 mm. long,
pedicelled in loose cymes; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as
long as the denticulate corolla-lobes; corolla-tube shallow-cam-
panulate; filaments about as long as the oval anthers; fringed scales
shorter than the corolla-tube; capsule conic, usually 1-seeded.
In salt marshes along the coast, growing over Salicornia, etc.
4. C. suhinclusa D. & H. Stems rather coarse, ascending small
shrubs to the height of a meter or more; flowers 5-7 mm. long,
sessile or short-pedicelled, at length in clusters 1-2.5 cm. thick;
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish, much shorter than the cylindric
or urn-shaped corolla-tube; corolla-lobes much shorter than the
tube, minutely crenulate or papillose; anthers oval, subsessile;
scales narrow, fringed, reaching to the middle of the tube; capsule
conic, capped by the marcescent corolla.
Common in the foothills, usually on shrubs or coarse herbs.
286 POLEMONIACEAE.
Family 88. POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family.
Herbs or rarely low shrubs, with alternate or opposite,
entire, lobed or dissected leaves, and perfect regular or
nearly so flowers, corymbose-capitate, cymose or panicu-
late. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, the seg-
ments slightly imbricated. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes
contorted. Stamens 5, inserted on the tip of the corolla
and alternate with its lobes; filaments slender; anthers
versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary su-
perior, mostly 3-celled; ovules few-many in each cell;
style simple, filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds various.
Leaves alternate; annual herbs, or 1 species
perennial and lignescent at base.
Calyx scarious between the angles, ruptured
by the distended capsule. 3. Gilia.
Calyx scarious or coriaceous at base. 2, Navarretia,
Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; shrubby. 4. Leptodactylon.
Leaves opposite and —
Entire, the floral alternate. 1. Microsteris.
Palmately lobed, upper verticillate. 5. Linanthus.
1. MICROSTERIS Greene.
Small much branched annuals with entire leaves, all
except floral ones opposite, and minute flowers scattered
singly or in pairs in the axils of the alternate leaves.
Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, the lobes acute, scarious-margined.
Corolla salver-shaped, the tube narrow. Stamens
straight, short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube.
Capsule 3-celled, at length distending and rupturing the
calyx-tube. Seeds few, large, the coat when moistened
developing a thick glutinous mass.
I. M. calif ornica Greene. Slender, 1-2 dm. high, loosely and
somewhat dichotomously branched from the middle; leaves from
obovate-subulate in the lowest to oblong and oblong-lanceolate,
1-2 cm. long, all more or less pubescent with scattered hairs, a few
fine gland-tipped hairs on the flowering branches and calyx; calyx-
teeth slightly shorter than the tube; corolla red, the lobes emarginate,
little surpassing the calyx; capsule ovoid. (Collomia gracilis of
recent authors, not of Douglas.)
Occasional in shady places in the foothills.
Collomia grandiflora Dougl. A strict erect annual, with entire
POLEMONIACEAE. 287
oblong-lanceolate leaves, and large salmon-colored flowers in terminal
and axillary heads.
Common in open pine woods in the San Bernardino, San Jacinto
and Cuyamaca Mountains.
2. NAVARRETIA R. & P.
Glabrous and scentless or viscid-pubescent and heavy-
scented annual herbs, with leaves all alternate, setaceously
or spinosely pinnatifid, or the lowest subentire. Flowers
in crowded bracted clusters at the ends of the branches.
Calyx-tube scarious between the green angular or
costate segments, unequal, erect or spreading, pungent-
tipped or pungent-cleft, the 2 outer sometimes spinulose-
toothed or -cleft. Corolla-tube funnelform or salver-
shaped. Stamens and style exserted or included,
straight or declined. Capsule 1-3-celled, 1-many-
seeded, partially dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds com-
monly mucilaginous and sending out threads containing
each a spiral coil.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so; flowers nearly
white. 1. N. prostrata.
Herbage viscid-pubescent; flowers purple.
Leaves narrowly linear, laciniate-pinnatifid. 2. iV. viscidula.
Leaves lanceolate, beset with spinose-subulate
teeth. 3. N. atractyloides.
\. N. prostrata (Gray) Greene. Glabrous or nearly so; flower
clusters sessile near the ground, the few branches radiating from
beneath and prostrate; leaves pinnatifid, the rachis broad and
strap-shaped, the segments short and spreading; calyx-tube minutely
white-hirsute, thin-hyaline between the stout costae, constricted
over the capsule, the segments spreading, 2 subulate and entire,
3 spinulose trifid; pericarp a transparent indehiscent utricle close-
fitted to the amalgamated mass of glutinous seeds, breaking trans-
versely or irregularly when soaked; seeds 4 in each cell.
{Gilia prostrata Gray.)
In low adobe places on the mesas of the coast valley. Inglewood.
2. N. viscidula Benth. Viscid-pubescent, at length much
branched, erect, 5-8 cm. high, rather stout; leaves narrowly linear
but firm, laciniate-pinnatifid or parted into setaceous-subulate
ascending lobes; the bracts ovate-dilated; flowers densely glomerate;
corolla violet or purple, 8-10 mm. long; capsule of firm texture,
dehiscent, normally 3-6-seeded. {Gilia viscidula Gray.)
Dry places of the interior plains and foothills. May-June.
3. N. atractyloides (Benth.) H. & A. Pubescent and very
viscid, rigid-branched, spreading or procumbent, 5-15 cm. long;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, rigidly coriaceous and in age reticulate, the
288
POLEMONIACEAE.
margins beset with divaricate spinose-subulate teeth; flowers less
glomerate; corolla narrowly funnelform, 12-18 mm. long, deep purple;
capsule dehiscent, 6-10-seeded. {Gilia atractyloides Steud.)
Frequent in dry washes. May-June.
3. GILIA R. & P.
Annual herbs, rarely perennial or shrubby, with alter-
nate entire or pinnately toothed, lobed or divided leaves,
and small or showy flowers more or less clustered at the
ends of the branches. Calyx campanulate or tubular,
5-toothed or 5-lobed, scarious between the ribs or angles.
Corolla funnelform. Stamens inserted equally on the
throat. Capsule at length distending and rupturing the
calyx. Seeds several in each cell, becoming mucilaginous
when wetted.
Leaves not pungently toothed; flowers not in
leafy-bracted heads.
Ovules 1-2 in each cavity.
Ovules several in each cavity.
Flowers in few-many-flowered clusters.
Flowers in few-flowered clusters.
Flowers in many-flowered heads.
Stems and leaves glandular-pu-
berulent.
Stems and leaves glabrous or
pilose.
Calyx glabrous or pilose;
anthers included or but
little exserted.
Calyx densely arachnoid-vil-
lous; anthers well exserted.
Flowers scattered, terminating slender
pedicels.
Corolla 6-10 mm. long, the tube little
exceeding the calyx.
Calyx 4 mm. long; corolla 6 mm.
long.
Calyx 2 mm. long; corolla 8-10
mm. long.
Corolla 15-30 mm. long, the tube
much exceeding the calyx.
Leaves pungently toothed; flowers in leafy-
bracted woolly-matted heads.
Annual.
Perennial.
1. G. gilioides.
2. G. multicaulis.
3. G. achilleajolia.
4. G. abrotanifolia.
5. G. staminea.
6. G. oreophila.
7. G. exilis.
8. G.
9. G. virgata.
10. G. densifolia.
1. G. gilioides (Benth.) Greene. Loosely branching, erect or
diffuse, 2-5 dm. high, commonly villous and glandular throughout;
basal leaves and the lower cauline leaves pinnately-parted into
POLEMONIACEAE. 289
narrowly oblong or lanceolate divisions, or rarely all so divided, or
the upper palmately divided into 3-5 obovate or lanceolate divisions;
corolla 8-12 mm. long, salver-shaped, blue-purple; stamens unequally
inserted; capsule globose; seeds 1-2 in each cell. {Collomia gilioides
Benth.)
Frequent in shady places in the chaparral belt throughout our
range.
2. G. multicaulis Benth. Branching from the base, 4-6 dm.
high, nearly or quite glabrous; leaves pinnately parted into 5-9
linear and entire or toothed lobes; flowers few in the clusters, sub-
sessile or on more elongated pedicels; calyx-teeth erect or recurved
in fruit, the hyaline margin very narrow; corolla deep or rather
pale purple, its proper tube shorter than the obovate lobes; stamens
included; capsule ovoid.
Frequent on the plains and foothills in our coast region.
3. G. achillesefolia Benth. Stems 3-5 dm. high, glandular-
puberulent throughout; leaves mostly bipinnately dissected into
linear, somewhat recurved segments; branches few, naked, bearing
a dense cluster of usually deep blue flowers; calyx glandular-pilose,
mainly hyaline, its lobes incurved in fruit; corolla-tube cylindric;
throat very short and broad; lobes oblong, scarcely spreading;
stamens exserted.
Common on dry plains and foothills throughout our range.
4. G. abrotanifolia Nutt. Herbage glabrous throughout or very
sparsely pilose on the petioles and calyx; stems 3-6 dm. high, with
a few ascending branches or simple naked above, bearing a terminal
dense cluster of large pale blue flowers; leaves large, thin, 3-pin-
nately dissected, the segments very narrowly linear; calyx glabrous
or sparsely pilose, mainly hyaline, recurved or spreading in fruit;
corolla with funnelform throat and obovate lobes; stamens included
or scarcely exserted.
Frequent in open places in the chaparral belt of all our moun-
tains. This and the next have been called G. capitata Dougl., but
that is a small-flowered species of Oregon.
5. G. staminea Greene. Closely resembling the last in habit;
stems and leaves sparsely pilose; calyx densely arachnoid-villous,
mainly hyaline, its lobes recurved; stamens well exserted, nearly
white.
This species is common in the San Joaquin Valley and may occur
within our limits.
6. G. oreophila Greene, n. sp. Stems simple or branching from
the base, glandular-pilose above, 18-36 cm. high; lower leaves
pinnate, the divisions slender with a few lobes, the upper pinnately-
parted or pinnatifid; flowers loosely panicled; calyx 4 mm. long;
corolla violet, 6 mm. long, narrowly funnelform, the tube scarcely
equaling the calyx. (G. inconspicua, subsp. sinuata, var. oreophila
Brand.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the hills and mountains.
7. G. exilis (Gray) n. sp. Diffusely paniculate-branched above,
3-4 dm. high, glabrous below or the young parts somewhat arach-
20
290 POLEMONIACEAE.
noid-tomentose, more or less glandular above; basal and lower
leaves simply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, with short
ovate or triangular and cuspidate-tipped lobes, these often enlarged
and toothed or lobed; the cauline few, becoming entire and subulate
above; paniculate cymes very loose; flowers mostly on elongated
almost capillary pedicels, about 1 cm. long, dilated-funnelform,
abruptly contracted below into a narrow tube, which equals or slightly
exceeds the calyx, its lobes rounded-obovate, purple, the throat
yellowish below; capsule obovoid. (G. latiflora exilis Gray.)
Wilson's Peak under pines, and similar places throughout the
San Gabriel Mountains.
8. G. grinnellii Brand. Loosely paniculate, branched above,
5-8 dm. high, hispid pube-scent below, glandular above; basal leaves
4-6 cm. long, bipinnately parted or divided; the upper becoming
simple, small and entire; branches loosely few-flowered; pedicels
shorter than the flowers; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, lilac color with
purple tube, narrowly funnelform, tapering to the long slender tube;
capsule ovoid-oblong.
Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel.
9. G. virgata Steud. Annual, white-floccose, becoming glabrate;
stems slender, either simple and virgate or with virgate branches
from the base and paniculately branched above, 1-3 dm. high;
leaves slender-filiform, the lower mainly entire and the upper rarely
more than 3-parted; corolla blue or lavender, its tube 8-12 mm.
long, surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes; anthers linear-sagittate,
2 mm. long.
Frequent in the foothills and plains in the interior region, mostly
east of our limits.
9a. G. virgata ftoribunda Gray. Branches few, terminated by
large, compact flower clusters; most of the leaves pinnately 3-7-
parted; corolla somewhat larger than in the type.
On dry plains from Azusa eastward.
10. G. densifolia Benth. Perennial, canescent-lanate when
young, becoming glabrate in age; stems rigid, branched from the
woody base, usually somewhat spreading, 1.5-3 dm. high; leaves
rigid, mostly pinnatifid or incisely laciniate into short subulate
spinulose lobes; flowers densely clustered, capitate-glomerate; corolla
violet-blue, its tube about 12 mm. long, 2-3 times the length of the
calyx; anthers sagittate.
Occasional in open places, mostly on dry ridges, in the pine
belt of all the mountains.
4. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A.
More or less woody or shrubby, commonly tufted, very
leafy plants. Leaves commonly alternate, and much
fascicled in the axils, palmately 3-7-parted, acerose-
subulate, rigid and pungent. Flowers showy, solitary
and sessile or few in clusters at the summit of the branches
POLEMONIACEAE. 291
or branchlets. Corolla salver-shaped, the throat some-
what funnelform. Filaments short, attached equally in
or below the throat; anthers short, included. Capsule
many-seeded. Seeds not mucilaginous.
1. L. calif ornicum glandiilosum (Eastw.) Abrams. Shrubby,
6-12 dm. high, the branches and very crowded leaves tomentose-
pubescent and more or less glandular, leaf-segments narrowly linear,
about 1.5 cm. long; corolla rose color or lilac, its limb 2-4 cm. in
diameter, with broadly wedge-obovate lobes, their margins often
minutely erose; ovules 20 or more in each cell. (Cilia calif ornica
glandulosa Easteo.)
Frequent in the chaparral belt. March-June.
5. LINANTHUS Benth.
Mostly low or slender annuals, with leaves opposite,
or the upper rarely alternate, palmately divided to the
base into narrowly linear or filiform divisions (appear-
ing as if in whorls in some species), rarely entire. Flow-
ers scattered or in terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-
tube scarious between the ribs or angles, its teeth equal.
Corolla varying from salver-shaped to subrotate. Sta-
mens equally inserted on the corolla. Capsule with
few-many seeds in each cell.
Annuals.
Corolla funnelform, scattered or few-
flowered clusters.
Leaves entire; corolla-lobes fringed. 1. L. dianthiflorus.
Leaves palmately lobed or divided;
corolla-lobes entire.
Flowers subsessile.
Flowers not yellow; calyx about
10 mm. long. 2. L. concinnus.
Flowers yellow; calyx about 5 mm.
long. 3. L. lemmoni.
Flowers on slender pedicels.
Pedicels a little longer to twice
as long as the yellow flowers. 4. L. aurea.
Pedicels several times longer
than the flowers.
Filaments glabrous; corolla
little exceeding the calyx. 5. L. harknessii.
Filaments pilose; corolla much
exceeding the calyx. 6. L. liniflorus.
Corolla funnelform, the slender tube much
exserted; flowers in bracted heads.
Corolla about 10 mm. broad. 7. L. parviflorus.
Corolla about 5 mm. broad.
292 POLEMONIACEAE.
Corolla tube long exserted; bracts
less densely ciliated. 8. L. hicolor.
Corolla tube but little exceeding the
densely ciliated bracts. 9. L. ciliatus.
Perennial, woody at base. 10. L. florihundus.
1. L. dianthiflorus (Benth.) Greene. Branching from the base,
the branches decumbent or simple and erect, 4-12 cm. high, more
or less pubescent; leaves all simple, narrowly linear; corolla short-
funnelform, 2 cm. long or more, lilac with a darker or yellowish
throat, the ample lobes from denticulate to strongly f ringed-toothed;
filaments inserted near the base of the tube; ovules 12-20 in each
cell. {Gilia dianthoides Endl.)
Common in sandy soil in the coast and interior valleys. Febru-
ary-April.
2. L. concinnus Milliken. Dichotomously branched annual,
10-15 cm. high; stems puberulent, leaves 1 cm. long, the divisions
slender; flowers solitary or in clusters of 3-4, very short pedicelled;
calyx about 10 mm. long, the lobes subulate, pungent, the tube
mainly hyaline; corolla tube proper about 1 mm. long, white, the
throat funnelform, about 5 mm. long, yellowish, the lobes obovate,
6 mm. long, white with purple veins at the base; stamens included.
Mt. Finos south to the San Jacinto Mountains; Elysian Fark,
according to Milliken. Gilia modesta Hall, not Fhil.
3. L. lemmoni (Gray) Greene. Stems widely branching, about
10-15 cm. high, hirsutely pubescent; leaf-segments linear, 5-6 mm.
long; flowers solitary or few in the axils and subsessile, but more
densely clustered at the ends of the branches; calyx turbinate-
prismatic, strongly 5-costate; lobes acerose-subulate, equaling the
throat of the yellowish short-funnelform corolla; capsule many-
seeded. {Gilia lemmoni Gray.)
Open places in the chaparral belt.
4. L. aureus (Nutt.) Greene. Nearly simple or more commonly
diffusely branched, 5-15 cm. high; leaf-segments narrowly linear,
6 mm. long, hispidulous; pedicels seldom longer than the flowers;
corolla open-funnelform, golden yellow; the lobes rounded obovate,
widely spreading, equaling the tube; filaments inserted just below
the sinuses, glabrous at base; seeds about 10 in each cell. {Gilia
aurea Nutt.)
Frequent in the interior in dry washes.
5. L. harknessii (Curran) Greene. Stems very slender, diffusely
dichotomously branched, pubescent; pedicels capillary; calyx 3 mm.
long, the teeth subulate, barely half as long as the tube, hispid-
ciliolate; corolla short-funnelform, little or not at all exceeding the
calyx; seeds 3-4 in each cell.
Occasional on dry hillsides in our interior region.
6. L. liniflorus (Benth.) Greene. Stems slender, dichotomously
branched, about 3 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-segments about 3, fili-
form; flowers on long slender pedicels in a loose cymose panicle;
corolla with nearly obsolete tube; the limb rotate, 12-24 mm.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 293
broad; the obovate entire lobes white, marked with 7 deep blue
veinlets; stamens nearly as long as the corolla-lobes; filaments with a
dense pilose ring near the base; ovules 6-8 in each cell. {Gilia
liniflorus Benth.)
Frequent on plains and foothills nearly throughout the state, but
known within our limits only on low hills near Trabuco Canyon,
Santa Ana Mountains.
7. L. parviflorus (Benth.) Greene. Stems slender, branched
from the base, 8-15 cm. high; leaf-segments linear or narrowly
oblanceolate; corolla-tube very slender, 18-25 mm. long; throat
yellow; lobes oval, 4-6 mm. long, mostly pale yellow or nearly white,
tinged with red or brown on the outside; style and filaments half
or more than half as long as the corolla-limb. {Leptosiphon parvi-
florus Benth.; Gilia micrantha Steud.)
Common on the plains and foothills throughout our range in
sandy soil. March-April.
8. L. bicolor (Nutt.) Greene. Very near the last, but small,
5-7 cm. high; flowers rose-purple, the elongated corolla-tube 12-18
mm. long, the limb 4-6 mm. broad. {Leptosiphon bicolor Nutt.;
Gilia tenella Benth.)
Wilson's Peak, Davidson.
9. L. ciliatus (Benth.) Greene. Stems rigid, strict, 1-2 dm.
high, scabrous-pubescent; internodes long; leaves with 5-9 linear,
rigidly and densely ciliate segments; corolla rose color, scarcely
exceeding the floral leaves, its limb 4 mm. broad or less. {Gilia
ciliata Benth.)
Wilson's Peak, growing in open grassy places among the pines.
I have not seen Davidson's specimens, but I strongly suspect that
they belong to this species rather than to L. bicolor, as listed by
him. May-July.
10. L. floribundus (Gray) Greene. Stems erect, from a woody
much branched base, 1-3 dm. high; leaves 15-25 mm. long, slender,
acerose; flowers scattered or in loose clusters, on slender pedicels
sometimes exceeding the flowers; calyx 6 mm. long, mainly herba-
ceous, the lobes equaling the tube, cuspidate; corolla 1 cm. long,
the throat yellow with dark brown at the base, the lobes 5 mm.
long, obovate, white.
Southern California and Arizona; Saddleback, Santa Ana Moun-
tains.
Family 89. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Water-leaf
Family.
Herbs or rarely shrubs, mostly hirsute pubescent or
scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely opposite leaves,
and perfect regular 5-parted flowers in scorpioid cymes,
spikes or rarely solitary. Calyx deeply cleft or divided,
the sinuses sometimes appendaged. Corolla funnel-
294 HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
form or more or less spreading. Stamens 5, Inserted on
the tube or base of the corolla and alternate with Its
lobes; filaments filiform; anthers versatile, 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled or
1-celled with 2 placentae; styles 2, separate or united
below; stigmas small, terminal; ovules few-many.
Seeds various, usually pitted or somewhat roughened.
Style 1, 2-cleft or 2-parted.
Ovary 1-celled; the placentae expanded and
forming a sac-like lining to the pericarp.
Calyx with a reflexed lobe at each sinus. 1. Nemophila.
Calyx naked at the sinuses. 2. Eucrypta.
Ovary 1-celled or becoming 2-celled by the
meeting in the axis of the narrow or
slightly dilated placentse.
Corolla never yellow, or rarely yellowish,
deciduous. 3. Phacelia.
Corolla yellow, persistent. 4. Emmenanthe.
Styles 2, distinct.
Herbs. 5. Conanthus.
Suffrutescent or shrubby. 6. Eriodictyon.
1. NEMOPHILA Nutt.
Low diffuse slender or fragile more or less hirsute
annual herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly pln-
natlfid or lobed leaves, and mostly showy flowers, solitary
and peduncled, lateral or terminal. Calyx deeply 5-
cleft or 5-parted, with a reflexed or spreading appendage
In each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-cam-
panulate, usually with 10 small appendages within at
the base. Stamens included, inserted near the base of
the corolla-tube; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 1-
celled; style more or less 2-cleft; ovules 4-20. Capsule
2-valved. Seeds carunculate.
Leaves retrorsely scabrous with prickly hairs.
Corolla 12-25 mm. broad, deep purple. 1. N. aurita.
Corolla less than 10 mm. broad, usually pale. 2. N. racemosa.
Leaves glabrous or pubescent, not scabrous and
prickly.
Corolla usually deep blue, 12-15 mm. broad. 3. N. insignis.
Corolla pale with purple veins, less than 10
mm. broad. 4. N. integrifolia.
1. N. aurita Lindl. Herbage scabrous with stout recurved
prickly hairs, the smaller often uncinate; stems weak, cHnging to
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 295
other plants for support by means of the prickles; leaves deeply
pinnatifid, the lobes somewhat reflexed; petioles winged, clasping
at base; flowers in few-flowered racemes at the ends of the branches;
corolla 12-25 mm. broad, purplish violet; scales triangular, covering
the base of the filaments; capsule globose; seeds 4, globular, favose-
reticulated.
Common on shady slopes throughout our range below 3000 feet.
March-April.
2. N. racemosa Nutt. Resembling the last in habit, but less
prickly; leaves often bipinnatifid; petioles not strongly winged,
not clasping; flowers distinctly racemose, less than 10 mm. broad,
usually pale; scales narrow, the upper half commonly free.
Frequent among shrubs on shady slopes in the vicinity of San
Diego, where it was first collected by Nuttall. It has also been
collected on Catalina and San Clemente Islands. March-May.
3. N. insignis Dougl. Stems much branched, spreading, 1-3
dm. long, nearly glabrous or somewhat pubescent with more or less
retrorse hairs; leaves mostly bipinnatifid, pubescent with spreading
hairs, 2-5 cm. long, lobes elliptic-ovate; peduncles mostly 25-45
mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla 15-25 mm.
broad, rotate-campanulate, the tube scarcely half the length of the
lobes, usually deep blue, slightly hairy toward the base; scales rather
broad, ciliate; seeds usually 12, corrugate-roughened.
Frequent on sandy or dry plains and foothills throughout our
range. The rather persistent cotyledons are usually spatulate.
March-April.
4. N. integrifolia (Parish) Abrams. Stems usually much
branched, rather weak and spreading, somewhat densely pubescent
throughout w^ith spreading hairs, the petioles nearly ciliate; leaves
2-3-toothed or pinnatifid, seldom entire; peduncles slender and
usually exceeding the leaves; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute and
mucronulate; corolla usually less than 1 cm. broad, rotate-campanu-
late to nearly rotate, pale blue or nearly white, with darker veinlets,
hairy toward the base; scales linear, the upper half usually free,
hairy; seeds usually 8-12, corrugate-roughened, sometimes minutely
so, globose. {N. menziesii integrifolia Parish.)
Rather common in the chaparral belt in all the hills and valleys,
especially away from the coast. April-May.
2. EUCRYPTA Nutt.
Erect paniculately branched viscid annuals, with
small racemose flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses
naked. Corolla small, tubular-campanulate, without
appendages. Capsule globose, 1-celled, with 2 dilated
placentae lining the pericarp, 2-valved, 8-seeded, 2 seeds
remaining in each valve between the pericarp and the
placentae after dehiscence. Seeds corrugated or smooth.
^ 1. E. chrysanthemifolia (Benth.) Greene. Stems rather slender,
widely branching, 3-9 dm. high; leaves ample, 2-3-pinnatifid;
296
HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
racemes short and close, scarcely surpassing the leaves; calyx-lobes
ovate, acutish; corolla white or bluish, scarcely surpassing the
calyx-lobes; free seeds oblong-oval, corrugated, the concealed ones
flattened, smooth. {EUisia chrysanthemifolia Benth.)
Common in the chaparral belt and in the open foothills. March-
May.
3. PHACELIA Juss.
Annual rarely perennial mostly hirsute or hispid
herbs, or rarely suffrutescent, with entire or variously
lobed or dissected leaves, and often showy flowers in
scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted,
commonly more or less accrescent, unappendaged. Co-
rolla from nearly rotate to campanulate, tubular or
funnelform, deciduous, the tube commonly with internal
lamellate projections or appendages. Stamens inserted
on the base of the corolla-tube. Style 2-cleft. Capsule
1-celled, 2-valved, the thin septa-like placenta? adherent.
Ovules 4, 2 on each placenta; corolla with 10
laminate appendages in pairs at the base
of the stamens.
Leaves, at least the upper, entire. 1. P. magellanica.
Leaves all pinnatifid.
Fruiting calyx not conspicuously en-
larged, herbaceous.
Perennial from a suffrutescent base. 2. P. ramosissima.
Annuals.
Sepals hispid, 3. P. hispida.
Sepals pilose.
Corolla scales free at the tip. 4. P. distans.
Corolla scales adnate to the
tip. 5. P. tanacetifolia.
Fruiting calyx conspicuously enlarged,
chartaceous. 6. P. ciliata.
Ovules more than 4, several-many on each
placenta.
Appendages none.
Corolla usually about 15 mm. broad. 7. P. viscida.
Corolla usually about 25 mm. broad. 8. P. grandiflora.
Appendages present.
Appendages 5, small, truncate or emar-
ginate, one adnate to the inner
base of each filament.
Corolla-tube twice the length of the
lobes. 9. P. whitlavia.
Corolla rotate-campanulate, cleft to
near the middle.
Corolla about 20 mm. broad,
cleft beyond the middle. 10. P. parryi.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 297
Corolla about 10 mm. broad,
cleft scarcely to the middle. 11. P.longipes.
Appendages 10, vertical.
Styles cleft to the middle; seeds not
transversely corrugated.
Plants erect; flowers subsessile,
spicate. 12. P. brachyloba.
Plants decumbent ; flowers loosely
racemose.
Leaves pinnatifid into many
lobes, the terminal lobe not
enlarged. 13. P. douglasii.
Leaves, at least the upper-
most, entire or with a few
lobes at the base of the
large terminal lobe. 14. P. davidsonii.
Styles cleft only at apex; seeds
strongly corrugated transversely. 15. P. fremontii.
1. P. magellanica (Lam.) Coville. Hispid and the foliage
strigose, more or less canescent, 2-5 dm. high, from a perennial or
biennial root; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and
obliquely straight-veined; the lower tapering into a petiole, and
commonly some of them with 1-2 pairs of smaller lateral leaflets;
inflorescence hispid, the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested; corolla
whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer than the oblong-
lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes; filaments much exserted, sparingly
bearded.
Frequent on dry hillsides in the valleys and mountains.
2. P. ramosissima suffnitescens Parry. Perennial; stems much
branched from the base, decumbent or ascending, lignescent at
base, often 2 cm. or more in diameter; herbage hispid pubescent
and more or less glandular above; leaves 5-9-divided or -parted,
with oblong or narrower pinnatifid-incised divisions; spikes glomer-
ate, short and dense; flowers subsessile, ascending in fruit ;_ sepals
ovate to obovate-oblanceolate; corolla bluish or dirty white; its
lobes spreading or somewhat reflexed, short, scarcely as long as the
diameter of the throat; stamens and style moderately exserted;
capsule globose-ovoid; seeds deeply pitted, oval.
Common in the chaparral belt and on sand-dunes along the
seashore. Specimens from Playa del Rey show 5 annular rings near the
base.
3. P. hispida Gray. Annual (as are all the following species),
5 dm. high or less, diffusely branched, setose-hispid with long slender
white bristles; leaves with rather few, coarse divisions the upper-
most sometimes merely laciniate-incised; spikes soon loose and
loosely paniculate; flowers on short slender horizontal pedicels;
corolla very pale blue, rotate or campanulate; lobes rounded at
apex; calyx-lobes narrowly linear with attenuate base nearly equal-
ing the corolla, in fruit 8-12 mm. long and almost 4 times the length
of the globose capsule; seeds short-oval, roughish-scrobiculate.
Very common in the chaparral belt in open grassy places. April-
June.
298 HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
4. P. distans Benth. Stems much branched, ascending, 3-5 dm.
high; herbage with scattered hispid hairs and close fine pubescence;
leaves pinnatcly 9-17-divided into Hnear-oblong 1-2-pinnatifid or
cleft divisions; spikes scattered, solitary or geminate; sepals un-
equal, narrowly obovate to spatulate; corolla 6-8 mm. long, rotate-
campanulate, usually blue, rarely paler, the lobes rounded; internal
appendages semiovate with free pointed tips; stamens little or not
at all exserted.
Very common in the plains and foothills. March-May.
5. P. tanacetifolia Benth. Much resembling the last, but usually
stouter, erect, sparsely branching or simple; leaves similar, larger
and less finely dissected; spikes terminating the branches, approxi-
mate, 6-9 cm. long; sepals linear, beset with rigid bristles, in fruit
little exceeding the oval capsule; corolla open-campanulate, 6-8
mm. long, lavender, the lobes blunt, not rounded; internal appendage
entirely adnate, the tip rounded.
Slender specimens of this species were collected on the northern
slope of the Santa Monica Mountains, between Cahuenga Pass and
Encino, by the author in April, 1901; otherwise it is not known
within our limits.
6. P. ciliata Benth. Branched from the base with rather simple
ascending branches, 2-4 dm. high, herbage scabrous, otherwise
glabrous; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions oblong, toothed or
incised; spikes rather short, becoming loose in fruit; pedicels short
or almost wanting; calyx-lobes lanceolate to broadly ovate, charta-
ceous, 7-10 mm. long in fruit, with thickened midrib and reticula-
tions, sparsely bristly-ciliate; corolla blue; stamens shorter or about
equaling the corolla; capsule ovate, mucronate, about half the length
of the calyx-lobes, which are arched over it; seeds oval, favose.
Open grassy hills, not common. Hollywood; Capistrano.
7. P. viscida (Benth.) Torr. Stem erect, mostly simple, 3-6
dm. high, very glandular above; leaves ovate or obscurely cordate,
doubly or incisely and irregularly dentate, 2.5-6 cm. long; calyx-
lobes linear or obscurely spatulate, obtuse, 7-8 mm. long; corolla
deep blue with purplish or whitish center, rotate-campanulate,
10-20 mm. broad; capsule ovate, abruptly cuspidate-pointed,
equaling the calyx.
Frequent in all the mountains bordering coast valleys, espe-
cially common on fire-swept places in the chaparral belt.
March-May.
7a. P. viscida albifiora (Nutt.) Gray. Flowers white, otherwise
as in the typical form.
Same range as the last but less common.
8. P. grandifiora (Benth.) Gray. Closely resembling the last,
but usually more robust and more viscid; leaves larger; calyx-lobes
linear, 8-10 mm. long; corolla rotate-campanulate, 2.5-4 cm. broad,
purplish or pale bluish; capsule equaling the calyx, the cuspidate
persistent and indurated, base of the style 2 mm. long.
Same range as the last and growing in similar places. April-
May.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 299
9. P. whitlavia Gray. About 3 dm. high, loosely branching,
hirsute and glandular; leaves ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed;
calyx-lobes linear; corolla with cylindraceous ventricose tube,
usually about 2 cm. long and twice the length of the lobes, purple;
appendages to the exserted filaments hairy.
Occasional on low hills and in the chaparral belt. Verdugo
Hills; San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains.
10. P. parryi Torr. Stems more or less branching, the branches
somewhat spreading; herbage hirsute or somewhat hispid and
glandular; leaves ovate, irregularly and incisely doubly toothed or
laciniate or the lowest sometimes pinnately lobed, the upper
longer than the petioles, the lower on rather long slender petioles;
racemes very loose; pedicels filiform, widely spreading; calyx-lobes
narrow; corolla cleft beyond the middle, rotate-campanulate, deep
violet, 2 cm. broad; filaments bearded, exserted; ovules on each
placenta 20-30, and seeds 15-20.
Occasional in the chaparral belt in the interior region. Rather
common in the Santa Ana Mountains and throughout the western
part of San Diego County.
11. P. longipes Torr. Much resembling the last but more
slender, loosely branching; cauline leaves roundish-oval or sub-
cordate, coarsely and obtusely 5-8-toothed, about 12 mm. long, all
shorter than the petioles; corolla about 1 cm. long, nearly white,
5-cleft barely to the middle; ovules on each placenta 8-10; seeds
fewer.
"Rare and local in the San Gabriel Mountains," Davidson.
12. P. brachyloba (Benth.) Gray. Stems branched, erect, 3-6
dm. high, roughish-pubescent, viscid-glandular above; leaves pin-
natifid, elongated, oblong or spatulate, short-petioled, lobes 7-15,
entire or obtusely few-toothed; spikes crowded, solitary or gemi-
nate, at length much elongated and slender; pedicels very short;
corolla white, campanulate, the lobes about half the length of the
tube; the long narrow appendages nearly free from the stamens;
ovules about 6, rarely more, on each placenta; capsule oblong-oval,
very obtuse, membranous, shorter than the narrow spatulate calyx-
lobes; seeds oval, reticulated.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San
Gabriel Mountains. April-June.
13. P. douglasii (Benth.) Gray. Stems branched from the base;
the branches prostrate or decumbent, 1-2 dm. long; herbage pubes-
cent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs; leaves elongated-
oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into
several-many pairs of lobes, the terminal lobe not larger nor parallel-
veined; racemes becoming elongated; pedicels filiform, 1-2 cm. long;
calyx-lobes spatulate; corolla rotate-campanulate, pale blue, about
1 cm. broad; appendages semi-oblanceolate; ovules to each dilated
placenta 12-14; capsule ovate, mucronate; seeds roundish, oval,
scrobiculate.
Frequent near the coast along the borders of the sand-dunes.
Much resembling some of the large-flowered Nemophilas.
300 HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
14. P. davidsonii macrantha Parish. Stems branched from the
base, decumbent, ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. long, rather soft
pubescent and villous; leaves deeply pinnatifid into 2-4 triangular
entire lobes and a much larger terminal one, the evident veins ot
which are nearly parallel, the upper leaves commonly entire and
slender petioled; pedicels shorter than the fruiting calyx-lobes;
calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate, fully twice the length of the ovate
capsule; corolla 1 cm. high or more, the lobes dark purple, the
throat and tube yellowish.
Frequent in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains. May-August,
15. P. fremontii Torr. Much branched from the base, 1.5-3
dm. high; leaves pinnatifid into 7-15 oblong or obovate entire
or obtusely 2-3-lobed divisions; flowers crowded in the at length
elongated spiciform racemes; corolla broadly funnelform, twice the
length of the spatulate calyx-lobes; the long and narrow appendages
united below with the filaments or almost free from them; capsule
oblong; seeds 20-30, oblong, strongly and somewhat evenly corru-
gated.
Los Angeles River; Wilson's Peak, Davidsoji. Summit of Santi-
ago Peak.
4. EMMENANTHE Benth.
Annuals with the habit of Phacelia and differing from
that genus only by its yellow or cream-colored persistent
corollas, destitute of appendages.
1. E. penduliflora Benth, (Whispering Bells.) Erect, usually
much branched from the base, 2-4 dm. high, villous-pubescent and
somewhat viscid; lobes of the pinnatifid leaves numerous, short-
toothed or incised; racemes loose, straight, ascending; pedicels fili-
form, as long as the flowers, these soon pendulous; calyx-lobes
ovate, 6-8 mm. long; corolla cream-colored, campanulate, about 1
cm. long; filaments adnate to the base of the corolla; seeds about 16,
pitted.
Common throughout the chaparral belt of all the mountains,
April-June,
5. CONANTHUS Wats.
Low herbs or sufTrutescent plants with entire leaves
and purple bluish or white flowers. Calyx deeply 5-
parted. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salver-shaped,
the tube destitute of internal appendages. Stamens
often unequal and unequally inserted, included. Styles
2, distinct to the base or rarely united; stigmas some-
what capitate. Capsule thin, completely or incompletely
2-celled by the meeting of the 2 thin and dilated placentae,
2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds usually numerous.
1, C. demissus (Gray) Heller. Annual; stems much branched
from the base and erect-spreading, 5-15 cm, high, pubescent, hir-
HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 301
sute or somewhat hispid; leaves Hnear-spatulate, at least the lower
tapering into a petiole; flowers subsessile in the forks; sepals very
narrowly linear, not at all broadened above, 4-5 mm. long; corolla
bright purple, about 1 cm. long; capsule oblong, about 3 mm.
long, 10-16-seeded.
Occasional in dry places in the San Gabriel Mountains. Frequent
on the desert.
2. C. stenocarpus (Gray) Heller. Erect, diffusely branched, at
length procumbent, the branches 1.5-3 dm. long, leafy, villous-
pubescent and somewhat viscid; leaves oblong, the upper with a
broad sessile somewhat clasping base, the lower spatulate; flowers
sessile or on short pedicels becoming rigid in fruit; corolla funnel-
form, somewhat exceeding the linear sepals; capsule cylindric, 6 mm.
long, nearly equaling the sepals; seeds very numerous.
Growing about the borders of ponds. Santa Monica, Davidson;
Soldiers Home.
6. ERIODICTYON Benth.
Low shrubs or rarely herbaceous, with alternate more
or less dentate leaves, and funnelform or campanulate
flowers in terminal panicles or scorpioid cymes. Sepals
narrow, not dilated above. Filaments more or less ad-
nate to the tube of the corolla, little or not at all exserted,
sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or quite sessile, 2-celled
by the meeting of the dilated placentae in the axis.
Capsule first loculicidal then septicidal, thus 4-valved;
each valve with a short beak or acumination and closed
on one side by the adherent dissepiment or half-partition.
Shrubs.
Leaves glutinous above. L E. trichocalyx.
Leaves silvery or canescent on both surfaces. 2. E. crassifolium.
Heavy-scented herbaceous perennial. 3. E. parryi.
1. E. trichocalyx Heller. Shrub, commonly 10-20 dm. high;
leaves oblong to oblanceolate, tapering below and frequently above,
dentate at least above the middle, very glutinous, the areas between
the veins on the under side with a close dense felt; calyx 2 mm.
long, with linear pubescent lobes; corolla white, tubular-funnelform,
5-7 mm. long; stamens and styles included.
Occasional in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel Mountains.
More common on the dry plains east of our range, as well as in the
San Antonio and San Bernardino Mountains, where it extends
up to the pine belt. May-August.
2. E. crassifolium Benth. Shrub, 25-30 dm. high, whitish tomen-
tose with a more or less dense coat of short villous hairs, sometimes
rusty-colored, branches leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval,
rigid, obtuse, 5-10 cm. long; cymes at length broad; calyx densely
villous, the corolla slightly so; corolla somewhat salver-shaped and
about twice the length of the calyx.
302 BORAGINACEAE.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of the San Gabriel and Santa
Ana Mountains. April-June. The form about Los Angeles is
less silvery than the typical form about San Diego and has been
called var. nigrescans.
3. E. parryi (Gray) Greene. Stems about 8-18 dm. high, woody
below; branches rather simple and erect, hirsute or villous, viscid-
glandular and strong-scented; leaves 5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. broad
in the middle, tapering above to an acute apex and below to a very
short petiole; the leaves at the base of the branches often much
reduced, bullate and the margin strongly revolute; calyx-lobes
narrowly linear, about 4 mm. long; corolla tubular-funnelform, about
15 mm. long, blue; stamens included, unequal; ovary oval, about
3 mm. long; seeds 4 or sometimes more. ( Nama parryi Gray.)
Occasional in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana
Mountains. Occurring in the upper portions of the chaparral belt
and in the lower portions of the pine belt. June-August.
Family 90. BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family.
Herbs or rarely shrubs with mostly alternate exstipu-
late entire and pubescent leaves, and perfect regular or
nearly so flowers in scorpioid spikes, racemes or cymes
or rarely scattered. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, usually
persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, sometimes crested or ap-
pendaged in the throat. Stamens inserted in the tube
or throat, alternate with the lobes; anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, of 2 2-valved
carpels, these commonly 2-lobed appearing as 4 1-ovuled
carpels; style simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit mostly of 4
1-seeded nutlets.
Ovary not lobed; glabrous perennial. 1. Heliotropium.
Ovary 4-lobed; hispid or pubescent annuals.
Flowers white.
Nutlets divergent, wing-margined and
bristly, at least at apex. 2. Pectocarya.
Nutlets erect.
Nutlets inserted at the base; scar
rounded. 3. Allocarya.
Nutlets laterally inserted.
Scar rounded. 6. Plagiobothrys.
Scar linear, often bifurcate at
base.
Calyx circumscissile near the
middle. 5. Piptocalyx.
Calyx not circumscissile.
BORAGINACEAE. 303
Roots imparting a purple
stain; spikes leafy
bracted. 4. Eremocarya.
Roots not imparting a
stain; spikes naked. 7. Cryptanthe.
Flowers yellow. 8. Amsinckia.
1. HELIOTROPIUM L. Heliotrope.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate mostly entire petioled
leaves, and small blue or white flowers in scorpioid spikes
or scattered. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear. Corolla
salver-shaped or funnelform, naked in the throat. Sta-
mens included; filaments short or none. Style terminal,
short or slender; stigma conic or angular. Fruit 2-4-
lobed, separating into 4 1-seeded nutlets or into 2 2-
seeded carpels.
1. H. curvassavicum L. Perennial, fleshy, glabrous throughout,
more or less glaucous, branched, diffuse, the branches 15-45 cm.
long; leaves oblanceolate or sometimes linear, 2.5-5 cm, long, obtuse
at the apex, narrowed into petioles or the upper sessile; scorpioid
spikes densely flowered, bractless, mostly in pairs; flowers about 4
mm. broad; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute; corolla white or rarely
lavender; stigma annular.
Common in low saline places.
2. PECTOCARYA DC.
Low slender annuals with strigose-hirsute pubescence,
small narrow leaves, and small white flowers scattered
along the stems and branches. Calyx deeply 5-cleft,
spreading or reflexed in fruit, persistent. Corolla with
a circle of processes or crests which almost close the
throat. Stamens included. Nutlets flat, thin, radiately
divergent, bordered at apex or all around with a row of
hooked bristles.
Nutlets with entire winged margins, uncinate only
at apex. 1. P. penicillata.
Nutlets beset with uncinate bristles on the
margins.
Nutlets 4 mm. long. 2. P. linearis.
Nutlets 1 mm. long. 3. P. setosa.
1. P. penicillata (H. & A.) DC. Closely resembling the last
in habit, usually smaller and densely canescent with appressed hairs
throughout; nutlets oblong, 2 mm. long, the apex covered with
slender uncinate bristles, the winged margin entire, incurved,
somewhat broader at the base and sometimes bearing 1 or 2 uncinate
bristles.
Common in all valleys and foothills, mostly in dry ground.
304 BORAGINACEAE.
2. P. linearis (R. & P.) DC. Stems slender, diffusely branched
from the base, decumbent or ascending, canescent throughout
with appressed hairs, the leaves with spreading hairs; nutlets
oblong, 4 mm. long, becoming recurved, the winged margins toothed,
the teeth ending in an uncinate bristle, the apex thickly beset with
slender uncinate bristles.
Frequent on the mesas in the coast valleys and in moist places
in the interior region.
3. P. setosa Gray. Stems erect, 4-6 cm. high, yellowish green,
canescent with appressed hairs; calyx with a few strong hispid
hairs; nutlets broad, about 1 mm. long, beset on the margins and
inner surface with uncinate bristles.
First collected on the Mojave Desert. Common on the desert
slopes of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Moun-
tains.
3. ALLOCARYA Greene.
Mostly low spreading annuals, with linear entire
leaves, the lowest opposite, and small flowers in terminal
spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the summit and
persistent. Calyx 5-divided, persistent, the segments
narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, white, yellow in the
throat. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; style
short. Nutlets crustaceous, smooth or rough, attached
at their bases or below the middle to the receptacle, the
scar of the attachment concave or raised.
1. A. trachycarpa (Gray) Greene. Stem branching from the
base, decumbent, 3 dm. long or less, rough with a rather coarse and
somewhat spreading pubescence; racemes leafy almost throughout;
segments of the calyx linear, widely spreading; corolla very small;
nutlets ovate, straight, carinate on both sides, the dorsal keels and
nearly straight transverse rugae dentate-interrupted; scar sub-
orbicular, nearly basal.
In low ground near Inglewood.
4. EREMOCARYA Greene.
HIrsute-canescent low annuals with numerous leafy-
bracted racemose branches. Roots imparting a purple
stain. Leaves in a basal rosulate tuft. Racemes dense,
biserial, leafy-bracted ; pedicels filiform, short and per-
sistent with the calyx. Calyx 5-parted to the base,
campanulate in fruit, its lobes nerveless, not bristly.
Corollas small, white. Nutlets neither margined nor
carinate, erect, attached for their whole length, the
groove open, slightly dilated and not furcate at base.
Style enlarged in fruit and persistent.
BORAGINACEAE. 305
1. E. micrantha (Torr.) Greene. Hirsute-canescent throughout;
stems slender, erect, diffusely branched from the base, 6-12 cm.
high; leaves linear, 4-10 mm. long; flowers crowded; corolla scarcely
2 mm. long, its lobes about 1 mm. long, obscurely appendaged at
the throat; nutlets oblong-ovate, acuminate, smooth or nearly so,
about 1 mm. long.
Frequent in dry washes in the interior valleys.
2. E. lepida (Gray) Greene. Stems stouter than in the last,
8-15 cm. high; corolla larger, its limb 4-6 mm. broad, appendages
conspicuous; nutlets nearly 2 mm. long, pectinate-scabrous.
Frequent in the dry interior foothills of San Diego and San
Bernardino Counties.
5. PIPTOCALYX Torr.
Hispid-canescent low diffusely branching annuals,
leafy-racemose throughout. Calyx villous-hispid, 5-cleft
to the middle, circumscissile near the middle, the lower
scarious part together with the short pedicel persistent;
the lobes herbaceous, filiform, hispid-bristly, nerveless.
Nutlets 4, not carinate, margined, scabrous-roughened
or smooth and shining, the ventral groove divaricate-
forked at base.
1. P. circumscissus (H. & A.) Torr. Strongly hirsute-canescent
throughout; stems much branched from the base, forming rounded
tufts, 4-6 cm. high; leaves linear, those of the racemes 4-5 mm. long;
flowers crowded; corolla minute, naked; nutlets oblong-ovate, acute,
smooth or minutely puncticulate-scabrous.
Frequent in dry stony or sandy places in the interior foothills
and mountains. Mount Wilson; Lytle Creek Canyon; Bear Valley.
6. PLAGIOBOTHRYS F. & M. Pop-corn Flower.
Rather large but slender annuals with most of their
leaves in a close basal tuft, the elongated branches erect
or decumbent. Racemes spike-like, elongated, loose,
naked or leafy-bracted ; pedicels very short, filiform, per-
sistent. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, closed or campanu-
late, often irregularly circumscissile near the base. Nut-
lets carinate on both sides toward the apex, usually with
well-defined lateral margins, the back very irregularly
rugose; insertion almost medial on a depressed gymno-
base; areola or scar rounded, rarely stipitate.
Nutlets not stipitate.
Calyx cleft nearly to the base. 1. P. canescens.
Calyx cleft only to the middle. 2. P. nothofulvus.
Nutlets stipitate. 3. P. cooperi.
21
306 BORAGINACEAE.
1. P. canescens Benth. Stems much branched from the base,
decumbent or ascending, 2-4 dm. long; pubescence pale, soft-villous;
calyx cleft nearly to the base, the segments broadly lanceolate,
4-6 mm. long in fruit; nutlets 2 mm, long, incurved-connivent,
rugose-reticulate, the areola longer transversely, the lateral angles
very distinct.
Frequent in grassy places in interior valleys and foothills.
2. P. nothofulvus Gray. Stems 1-several from the depressed
rosulate tuft of leaves, erect or suberect, 3-6 dm. high, branching
mostly above, silky-villous, the hairs reddish when young, espe-
cially on the calyx; leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolate; spikes
leafless; calyx cleft only to the middle, 3 mm. long in fruit, circum-
scissile below the middle; nutlets with dot-like granulations between
the rather prominent rugae.
Frequent on rather moist grassy hillsides about Los Angeles and
on mesas in the coast region.
3. P. cooperi Gray. Diffusely branched from the base with
slender sparsely-leaved ascending flowering stems, 1.5-3 dm. long,
hispidulous; leaves spatulate-linear to oblong-lanceolate; spikes
at length sparsely-flowered, sparingly bracteate or above bractless;
corolla-limb 4-6 mm. broad; nutlets trigonous and reticulate-rugose,
dentate-muriculate on the reticulations.
Occasional on moist grassy slopes in the coast valleys.
7. CRYPTANTHA Lehm.
Mostly low erect branching setose or hispid annual
herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and small
mostly white flowers, in scorpioid bractless or bracteolate
spikes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, at length deciduous,
erect or spreading in fruit. Corolla small, funnelform,
usually with 5 scales closing the throat. Stamens in-
cluded; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided; style short;
stigma capitate. Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, the
margins obtuse acute or winged, attached laterally to
the conic or elongated receptacle, scar elongated.
Nutlets muricate.
Calyx-lobes but little exceeding the nutlets
in fruit. 1. C. muriculata.
Calyx-lobes about twice the length of the
nutlets in fruit.
Nutlets strongly muricate, gray.
Corolla about 6 mm. broad; sepals
6-8 mm. long in fruit. 2. C. harhigera.
Corolla less than 4 mm. broad; sepals
3-5 mm. long in fruit. 3. C. intermedia.
Nutlets faintly and sparsely muricate,
brown. 4. C ambigua.
Nutlets smooth and shining.
BORAGINACEAE. 307
Fruiting calyx
erect and
appressed
to
the
stem.
5.
C. flaccida.
Fruiting calyx i
not appressed to the stem
Nutlets 1 in
. fruit.
6.
C. microstachys.
Nutlets 4 in
. fruit.
7.
C. leiocarpa.
1. C. muriculata (A. DC.) Greene. Rather stout, branching,
rough-hirsute or hispid, 2-4 dm. high, with well-developed rather
dense spikes, mostly in 2's and 3's at the ends of the branches;
calyx about 3 mm. long, lanceolate; corolla 4-6 mm. long; nutlets
2 mm. long, muricate-papillose and somewhat rugose on the back;
ventral groove and its basal bifurcation mostly closed, lateral angles
acutish, distinct.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the
pine belt of the mountains.
2. C. barbigera (Gray) Greene. Rather stout, much branched,
2-4 dm. high, hispid and hirsute; leaves narrowly linear; spikes
elongated, the flowers becoming rather distant; calyx-lobes linear,
attenuate, 6-8 mm. long in fruit, covered with long shaggy bristles,
usually intermingled with long white villous hairs; corolla often
6 mm. broad; nutlets rarely acuminate, about 2 mm. long, grayish,
muricate-papillose; scar open, dilated at base.
Common in open dry places on the plains and foothills. March-
May.
3. C. intermedia (Gray) Greene. Resembling the last in habit;
calyx-lobes 3-5 mm. long, armed with rather rigid and pungent,
whitish or rusty-yellowish bristles; corolla usually less than 4 mm.
broad; nutlets grayish, about 2 mm. long, oblong-ovate, thickly
rough-muricate; scar wholly or partly open, with an open areola.
Frequent on dry open ridges and on the plains in the interior
region. March-May.
4. C. ambigua (Gray) Greene. Stems rather slender, loosely
branching, 20-25 cm. high, sparsely hispid and hirsute; leaves rather
broadly linear; flowers becoming scattered; calyx-lobes 5-7 mm.
long, beset with rather short, rigid bristles; corollas about 3 mm.
broad; nutlets deltoid-ovate, 2 mm. long, brownish, sparsely and
faintly muricate.
Occasional in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and among
the pines. May-July.
5. C. flaccida (Lehm.) Greene. Slender, strict, 3-6 dm. high,
strigulose with minute close pubescence; leaves linear, minutely
more or less strigulose-hispid; calyx erect in fruit, appressed to the
rachis, 4-5 mm. long; sepals filiform-linear, thickish below, their
bases very hispid with deflexed and strong, somewhat hooked bristles;
nutlets solitary, scarcely flattened ventrally, the groove of attach-
ment enlarged at base but not furcate. ( Krynitzkia oxycarya Gray.)
Known in our region only from Chatsworth Park.
6. C. microstachys Greene. Rarely over 3 dm. high, much
branched from the base, hispidulous or hispid; calyx in fruit ascend-
ing or erect, but not appressed to the rachis, 2-3.5 mm. long; sepals
308 BORAGINACEAE.
linear, hispid with widely spreading, but not deflexed, straight
and somewhat pungent hairs; nutlet solitary, somewhat flattened
laterally, the groove of attachment divaricately forked and some-
what open at the base.
Frequent in sandy soil in the foothills throughout our range.
Our plants usually somewhat canescent, but otherwise not differing
from the northern form.
7. C. leiocarpa (F. & M.) Greene. Commonly branched from
the base, 1-3 dm. high; spikes leafy bracted, the terminal larger and
interrupted, the lateral short and glomerate; sepals short-linear,
hispid bristly; nutlets 4, narrowly ovate, acute, 1.5 mm. long, the
ventral groove not forked or scarcely so.
Frequent on the sand-dunes along the seashore.
8. AMSINCKIA Lehm.
Hispid annual herbs with erect or spreading branched
stems, alternate linear leaves, and yellow flowers In elon-
gated scorpioid spikes. Calyx herbaceous; sepals 5 or 4,
by the union of 2 into 1 broader one. Corolla salver-
shaped, the throat somewhat funnelform with more or
less distinct folds but destitute of crests or processes.
Filaments short. St^de filiform; stigma capitate, 2-
lobed. Nutlets crustaceous, erect or incurved, smooth
or rough, triquetrous or ovate- triangular.
1. A. spectabilis F. & M. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. high, often
branched at base, the branches spreading or decumbent; herbage
sparsely hispid, the hairs with very pustulate bases; leaves linear-
lanceolate, bright green; calyx-lobes lanceolate-linear, hispid with
usually fulvous hairs; corolla orange-colored, usually 8-10 mm.
long, the throat glabrous; anthers unequally inserted in the throat;
nutlets reticulate-rugose and granulate, dark-colored.
Common in sandy soil near the coast, and apparently passing
into the next. These plants have long been considered as belonging
to A. lycopsoides Lehm., but that is a small-flowered species which
has a bearded throat. It belongs to the seaboard and ranges from
San Francisco to Vancouver Island. In applying the name A.
spectabilis to the narrow-leafed plant of the interior valleys of
middle California, recent authors have clearly erred; for Fischer
and Myer's specimens came from the seacoast at Bodega Bay, where
the form we have in mind is common. February-June.
2. A. interm.edia F. & M. Stems erect, in robust plants much
branched and more or less spreading; herbage hirsute and hispid
throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, often canescent;
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, much exceeding the nutlets, hispid
with white or somewhat fulvous hairs; corolla orange or yellow,
usually less than 8 mm. long, the throat glabrous; nutlets reticulate-
rugose and granulate, usually pale.
A very common Weed in all the valleys and foothills. February-
June.
VERBENACEAE. 309
Family 91. VERBENACEAE. Vervain Family.
Herbs or shrubs with usually opposite or verticillate
leaves, and perfect more or less irregular flowers in ter-
minal or axillary spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx
usually 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regu-
lar or 2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric, the limb 4-5-
cleft. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, rarely only 2,
inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes;
anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, composed of 2 carpels with 2
ovules; style simple; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit dry, sepa-
rating at maturity into 2 or 4 nutlets, or a drupe con-
taining the 2-4 nutlets.
Corolla 5-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. 1. Verbena.
Corolla 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2. 2. Lippia.
1. VERBENA L.
Herbs, mostly with opposite leaves and variously
colored bracted flowers in terminal solitary, corymbose
or panicled spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled,
more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped
or funnelform, its limb spreading, 5-lobed and slightly
2-lipped or regular. Stamens 4, didynamous or rarely
only 2, included; connective of anthers unappendaged or
sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled;
ovules 1 in each cell; style usually stout, 2-lobed, only 1
of the lobes stigmatic. Fruit dry, mostly enclosed by
the calyx, at length separating into 4 1 -seeded, linear or
linear-oblong, smooth or rough nutlets.
Bracts shorter than the flowers.
Calyx scabrous, scarcely 2 mm. long. 1. V. urticifolia.
Calyx glandular-villous, 4 mm. long. 2. V. prostrata.
Bracts longer than the flowers. 3. V. hracteosa.
1. V. urticifolia L. Stems minutely hirsute-pubescent to almost
glabrous, erect, 10-16 dm. high; leaves thin, petioled, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, evenly or doubly serrate;
spikes slender-filiform, panicled; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter
than the calyx; corolla 2-4 mm. long, white or purplish.
Occasional in marshes.
310 MENTHACEAE.
2. V. prostrata R. Br. Soft-villous to hirsute, diffusely spread-
ing, at length much branched, 5-9 dm. long; leaves obovate or
oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, veiny,
acutely incised and serrate, often 3-5-clcft; spikes solitary or some-
what clustered, elongated, hirsute or villous; bracts subulate,
shorter than the calyx; corolla violet or blue, 4 mm. long; nutlets
oblong.
Common on the plains and in the foothills throughout our range.
3. V. bracteosa Michx. Hirsute, much branched from the
base, the branches diffuse or decumbent, 2-4 dm. long; leaves
cuneate-obovate, narrowed into a short-winged petiole, pinnately
incised or 3-cleft and coarsely dentate; spikes thick, terminating the
branches; lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised, the others lance-
olate, acuminate, entire, rigid, all exceeding the flowers; corolla
purplish or blue.
Occasional in low ground, especially in the bottoms of dried up
ponds. June-September.
2. LIPPIA L.
Perennial herbs with opposite sometimes verticillate
or rarely alternate leaves, and small bracted flowers in
axillary or terminal heads or spikes. Calyx small, mem-
branous, ovoid, campanulate or compressed and 2-
winged, 2-4- toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla cylindric, the
limb oblique, spreading, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft, the
lobes broad, often retuse or eroded. Stamens 4, didy-
namous; anthers not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cell; style short; stigma
oblique or recurved. Fruit dry with a membranous
exocarp, at length separating into 2 nutlets.
1. L. lanceolata Michx. Green, glabrous or very sparingly
pubescent with forked hairs; stems slender, weak, procumbent or
ascending, often rooting at the nodes, simple or little branched,
3-6 dm, long; leaves thin, oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-
petioled, acute, sharply serrate to below the middle, narrowed at
base, 2.5-7 cm. long; peduncles axillary, slender, usually longer
than the leaves; heads at first globose, becoming cylindric, about
15 mm. long in fruit; bracts acute; calyx flattened, 2-cleft; corolla
pale blue, scarcely longer than the calyx.
Occasional along slow-running streams in marshy places. June-
August.
Family 92. MENTHACEAE. Mint Family.
Aromatic punctate herbs or shrubs, with mostly 4-
sided stems, simple opposite exstipulate leaves, and irre-
gular perfect flowers variously clustered. Calyx regular
MENTHACEAE. 311
or 2-lipped, 5-toothed or 5-lobed, or rarely 4-toothed
or 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla mostly 2-lipped; upper
lip usually 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the corolla-
tube, generally 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2 with
or without staminodia; anthers 2-celled, introrse or
confluently 1-celled. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-
parted; style 2-lobed. Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets.
Flowers solitary in the axils.
Calyx gibbous on the upper side. 2. Scutellaria.
Calyx not gibbous on the upper side.
Trailing herbs; flowers small. 8. Micromeria.
Shrubby; flowers large. 7. Sphacele.
Flowers not solitary.
Calyx regular or its teeth nearly equal.
Stamens twice the length of the slender, 1. Trichostema.
curved corolla.
Stamens not twice the length of the corolla.
Corolla nearly regular.
Flower-whorls axillary.
Stamens 4. • 12. Mentha.
Stamens 2. 11. Lycopus.
Flowers in terminal bracteate heads. 9. Monardella.
Corolla evidently bilabiate.
Stamens included in the corolla-tube. 3. Marrubium.
Stamens exceeding the corolla-tube.
Lower pair of stamens the longer. 4. Stacha.
Stamens nearly equal. 10. Koelliys.
Calyx bilabiate or its teeth unequal.
Upper corolla-lip erect; filaments short;
the connective transverse, the lower
portion evident. 5. Salvia.
Upper corolla-tip spreading; connective
nearly continuous with the filament,
the lower portion not evident or indi-
cated by a tooth. 6. Ramona.
1. TRICHOSTEMA L. Blue-curls.
Annual or perennial strong-scented herbs or rarely
shrubby, with lanceolate, oblong or linear, entire or
slightly repand leaves, and small or middle-sized, usu-
ally blue or purple flowers, paniculate or in axillary
loose or dense clusters. Calyx campanulate, very un-
equally 5-lobed. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or in-
cluded, the limb somewhat oblique and deeply 5-cleft
into oblong more or less declined segments. Stamens 4,
didynamous, ascending, curved, the anterior pair longer;
312 MENTHACEAE.
filaments filiform, spirally colled in the bud, long ex-
serted; anther-sacs divaricate, more or less confluent
at the base. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the
summit.
1. T. lanceolatum Benth. Strong-scented annual, simple or
branching from near the base, 1.5-3 dm. high, very leafy, herbage
cinereous or villous-pubescent and minutely glandular; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, sessile or the lowest subsessile, with 3-5 strong,
nearly parallel nerves, 2 cm. long; cymes short-peduncled or nearly
sessile; calyx villous; corolla almost filiform, somewhat pubescent,
blue.
Frequent in dry fields, especially on the mesas in interior
valleys. June-September.
2. T. lanatum Benth. (Romero or Woolly Blue-curls.)
Shrubby, about 1 m. high, very leafy; leaves thickish, narrowly
linear and with revolute margins, 1-nerved, glabrate and shining
above, canescent-tomentose beneath, sessile, many fascicled in the
axils, uppermost reduced to bracts; cymes in a naked terminal,
interrupted thyrsus, whole inflorescence clothed with a dense violet
or purple wool; corolla 1 cm. long; the filaments fully twice as long.
Occasional in the chaparral belt on dry ridges in all the mountain
ranges and extending northward as far as Monterey County.
2. SCUTELLARIA L. Skullcap.
Annual or perennial herbs, with flowers solitary or
2-3 together in the axils or in bracted racemes or spikes.
Calyx campanulate, gibbous, bilabiate, the lips entire,
the upper with a crest or protuberance upon its back,
often deciduous in fruit, the lower persistent. Corolla
much exserted, dilated above into the throat, glabrous
within, upper lip arched, entire or emarginate, the lower
spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and some-
what connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad,
sometimes emarginate, the margins mostly recurved.
Stamens 4. didynamous, ascending under the upper lip,
the upper pair somewhat shorter; anthers ciliate, the
upper pair 2-celled, the lower 1-celled. Style unequally
2-cleft at the apex; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets
subglobose or depressed, papillose or tuberculate.
1. S. tuberosa Benth. Perennial by tuberiferous rootstocks,
soft-pubescent or villous; stems slender, often diffuse, 3-12 cm.
high, rather sparsely leafy; leaves mostly ovate, truncate or cuneate
at the base, thin, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed or nearly entire,
1-4 cm. long, nearly all petioled; floral about equaling or longer than
the flowers; corolla narrow, about 15 mm. long, blue.
Occasional in shady places in all the hills and in the chaparral
belt of the mountains. April-June.
MENTHACEAE. 313
2. S. bolanderi Gray. Perennial by filiform rootstocks, pubes-
cent; stems slender, simple or branched from the base, about 3 dm.
high, very leafy to the summit; leaves ovate-elliptic, very obtuse,
closely sessile by somewhat cordate base, 2.5 cm. long or less; flowers
short-pedicelled, seldom equaling the leaf; corolla yellowish, throat
inflated, villous within.
Moist woods, El Monte, Davidson.
3. MARRUBIUM L. Hoarhound.
Perennial, mostly woolly herbs, with dentate rugose
leaves, and small flowers in dense axillary clusters.
Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, regularly 5-10-toothed, the
teeth acute or aristate, spreading or recurved in fruit.
Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or emar-
ginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its broader middle
lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included, the posterior pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled,
the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes
short. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.
1. M. vulgare L. Stems stout, tufted, erect, white-woolly,
3-10 dm. high; leaves roundish crenate, except at the cuneate
truncate or subcordate base, petioled, white-woolly beneath, green
above, 2-4 cm. long; flowers whitish; calyx-teeth usually 10, subulate.
Common in w^aste places. Flowering nearly all the year.
4. STACHYS L. Hedge-nettle.
Annual or perennial, commonly pubescent or hispid
herbs, with mostly purplish flowers loosely clustered in
terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx mostly
campanulate, 5- toothed, the teeth nearly equal, erect or
spreading, pointed. Corolla-tube not dilated at the
throat, narrow; the limb strongly 2-lipped, the upper
lip erect or slightly turned back, overarched or concave,
entire or emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe broader than the often deflexed lateral ones,
sometimes 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending
under the upper lip, the anterior pair the longer, some-
times deflexed or twisted after anthesis; anthers con-
tiguous in pairs. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft,
the lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid or oblong.
1. S. albens Gray. Soft-tomentose or lanate with white wool,
3-15 dm. high, leafy; leaves oblong to ovate, usually with a more
or less cordate base, acutish at apex, 5-8 cm. long, the lower short-
petioled, the upper nearly sessile, the floral mostly shorter than the
314 MENTHACEAE.
dense interrupted capitate clusters of the virgate spikes; calyx
turbinate-campanulate, the teeth triangular, aristulate, nearly
equaling the corolla-tube; corolla as in the last.
Frequent along marshes and streams in the valleys and extending
into the pine belt of the mountains. May-August.
2. S. californica Benth. Stems rather slender, simple from the
base or branched, 4-8 dm. high, sparsely retrorsely hispid, especially
on the angles, and more or less glandular with sessile glands; leaves
ovate-oblong, subcordate at the base, the lowest rather long-petioled,
sparsely villous-hispid, crenate; flowers about 6 in the whorls, these
rather remote; calyx campanulate-turbinate, the teeth triangular,
cuspidate, spreading in age; corolla purple, its tube about twice
the length of the calyx, with a horizontal hairy ring at its base
within.
Frequent on shaded slopes and in canyons in all the mountains
and foothills. April-July.
5. SALVIA L.
Herbs or suffrutescent plants, aromatic and bitter,
with clustered usually showy flowers. Calyx bilabiate,
its upper lip usually 3-toothed or entire, the lower
3-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, erect, entire, emar-
ginate or 2-lobed, usually concave, the lower spreading,
its middle lobe often emarginate. Anther-bearing sta-
mens 2, the posterior pair wanting or rudimentary; fila-
ments usually short; connective of the anthers trans-
verse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on
its upper end, its lower end dilated, capitate or some-
times bearing a small or rudimentary anther-sac. Ovary
deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft. Nutlets smooth, usually
developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted.
1. S. carduacea Benth. (Thistle-sage.) Rather stout erect
annual, 2-5 dm. high; stem with a cluster of ample sinuate-pinnatifid
spinulose-toothed leaves at base, these and the whole plant white-
woolly and thistle-hke; flowers in 1-4 dense head-like verticillate
clusters, these 2-3 cm. broad, equalled or surpassed by the ovate-
lanceolate pectinate-toothed bracts; calyx long- woolly, many-
nerved; corolla light blue, 2.5 cm. long; upper lip erose-denticulate
and cleft; lower with a large flabelliform fimbriately many -cleft
middle lobe; filaments very short; lower arm of the long filiform
connective bearing a polleniferous anther-cell.
Occasional in sandy soil in all the valleys and in the foothills.
March-May.
2. S. columbariae Benth. (Chia or Sage.) Slender annual,
branching and leafy below, 2-5 dm. high, naked and peduncle-like
above, more or less grayish pubescent with rather short reflexed
hairs; leaves rugulose, 1-2-pinnatifid into toothed or incised divisions;
MENTHACEAE. 315
flowers in 1-several dense verticillate clusters, these about 1.5-2
cm. broad, scarcely equalled by the rounded bracts; bracts tipped
with a slender awn, sparsely ciliate on the margins; calyx-lobes
purplish tipped, the upper Hp large, arched, tipped with a pair of
partly connate short-awned teeth; corolla deep blue, hardly exceed-
ing the calyx, the upper lip small, notched, the lower with small
lateral lobes and a large unguiculate transversely oval 2-lobed
middle one.
Frequent throughout our range in the foothills and on the plains.
March-May.
6. RAMONA Greene.
Perennial aromatic herbs or shrubby plants, with
rugose veiny mostly crenulate leaves, and rather showy
flowers, capitate-glomerate or sometimes more open and
paniculate. Calyx bilabiate, mostly deeply cleft on the
lower side as if spathaceous. Corolla strongly 2-lipped,
the upper lip spreading, 2-lobed or emarginate. Anther-
bearing stamens 2; filaments slender, exserted, appar-
ently simple and bearing a linear 1-celled anther, or with
an articulation showing that the portion above it answers
to a filiform connective, the lower end of which some-
times projects into a subulate point. Otherwise as in
Salvia. {Audibertia Benth.)
Herbaceous perennial. 1. R. grandiflora.
Shrubs.
Flowers in dense verticillate glomerules form-
ing interrupted spikes.
Leaves hoary on both surfaces. 2. R. nivea.
Leaves green and rugose above. 3. R. stachyoides.
Flowers in thyrsoid-panicles. 4. R. polystachya.
\. R. grandiflora (Benth.) Briquet. Herbaceous, very villous
and glandular, aromatic; stems stout, 3-6 dm. high; lowest leaves
hastate-lanceolate, obtuse, 8-20 cm. long, on margined petioles,
the upper oblong, sessile, all very rugose, sinuate-crenate, white-
tomentose beneath; flowers densely capitate-glomerate in large
interrupted spicate heads; bracts broadly ovate, entire; calyx
spathaceous, the orifice oblique, 2 lower teeth very short; corolla
crimson, 3 cm. long.
Frequent on shaded banks in all the mountains. March-May.
2. R. nivea (Benth.) Briquet. Shrubby below, 9-12 dm. high,
hoary white throughout with a close tomentum; leaves oblong-
lanceolate or the lowest ovate, obtuse; the upper with truncate
base, very short-petioled; flowers in dense verticillate glomerules
and interrupted spicate, much bracteate; bracts herbaceous oval,
or oblong, obtuse and muticous; calyx splitting down anteriorly,
at length emarginate posteriorly, its teeth obtuse and muticous;
corolla light purple, about 1 cm. long, its tube scarcely exceeding
316 MENTHACEAE.
the calyx; stamens and style much exscrted; connective almost
continuous with the filament.
Occasional in the foothills of the Santa Monica and San Fernando
Mountains. April-July.
3. R. stachyoides (Benth.) Briquet. (Black Sage.) Cinereous-
tomentose or glabrate, shrubby, 1 m. high or more, branching and
leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base or short-petioled,
crenate, green and rugose above, cinereous-tomentose beneath;
flowers in interrupted spicate heads or whorls; the floral leaves much
reduced, these and the ovate or oblong bracts as well as the calyx-
teeth of the bilabiate calyx cuspidate-acuminate or spinulose-
aristulate; corolla white or lilac-tinged, about 1 cm. long, the tube
longer than the limb; style, and especially the stamens, little exserted;
subulate appendages of the connective often manifest.
Common on the low hills throughout our range. April-June.
4. R. polystachya (Benth.) Greene. (White Sage.) Shrubby
below, 1 m. high or more, minutely tomentose-canescent, the
branches virgate; leaves mostly very white on both surfaces, oblong-
lanceolate, minutely rugose and crenulate, 5-8 cm. long; inflores-
cence thyrsoid-paniculate, 3-6 dm. long; the floral leaves, bracts and
bractlets small and loose, at length reflexed, lanceolate or subu-
late, cuspidate-tipped; flowers sessile, loose; upper lip of calyx
.truncate or 3-toothed, at length concave or galeate, longer than
the triangular-subulate lower lip; corolla white or nearly so, the
lower lip much enlarged, the middle lobe rounded, emarginate at
apex, unguiculate, the upper lip short; tube very short; style and
divergent stamens long-exserted ; filiform connective continuous
with the filament, its lower end usually indicated by a minute tooth.
Very common on the dry plains toward the foothills and ascend-
ing these to about 3000 feet. April-July.
7. SPHACELE Benth.
Shrubby or suffrutescent aromatic plants with the
floral leaves gradually reduced with rather large flowers
solitary in their axils, forming a leafy raceme. Calyx
campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed,
membranous in fruit, naked within. Corolla with a
broad tube, with a hairy ring at its base within, and 5
broad or roundish and plane, rather erect lobes. Sta-
mens 4, distant, somewhat ascending; filaments naked;
anther-sacs divergent.
1. S. fragrans Greene. Shrubby at base, 6-9 dm. high, copi-
ously villous, the branches leafy; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse at
apex, truncate or hastate-subcordate at base, petioled, crenate,
obtusely serrate or entire, rugose-veiny, 2.5-5 cm. long; the upper-
most and bracts sessile; calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate from a
rather narrow base, over 1 cm. long; corolla purplish, about 2.5 cm.
long. {S. calycina wallacei Gray.)
Occasional in the mountains, mostly in the upper portions of
the chaparral belt, on shaded slopes. May-June.
MENTHACEAE. 317
8. MICROMERIA Benth.
Erect branching or trailing perennial aromatic herbs,
with small pedicelled flowers solitary in the axils of the
leaves. Calyx oblong or tubular, about equally 5-toothed
and 12-15-nerved. Corolla distinctly bilabiate, naked
within, upper lip erect, entire or emarginate; the lower
spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 4; filaments arcuate-
ascending; the upper pair longer; anthers 2-celled.
1. M. chamissonis (Benth.) Greene. (Yerba Buena.) Stems
slender, trailing or creeping, 3 dm. long or more, herbage slightly
pubescent; leaves round-ovate, crenate, glandular-punctate, 2.5 cm.
long or less; petioles 4-6 mm. long; flowers about 8 mm. long; calyx
minutely hispidulous; corolla pubescent without. {M. douglasii
Benth.)
Santa Monica Mountains in shady places, not common. May-
June.
9. MONARDELLA Benth.
Annual or perennial aromatic herbs, with flowers in
terminal heads which are subtended by broad often
more or less colored involucral bracts. Calyx tubular,
narrow, 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Corolla glabrous within,
the upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower 3-parted, all the
lobes linear or narrowly oblong. Stamens 4, distinct,
strongly or moderately unequal, exserted, straight; an-
thers often divergent or divaricate.
Perennials.
Leaves similar on both surfaces.
Herbage cinereous with short dense villous-
like tomentum.
Herbage glaucous green or silvery with a
minute puberulence.
Leaves densely hoary tomentose beneath,
glabrous and dark green above.
Annuals.
Bracts obtuse or acute.
Bracts abruptly acuminate.
Calyx and bracts villous.
Calyx and bracts short-pubescent.
L M. cinerea Abrams. Stem slightly woody at base, freely
branching, branches spreading, 1 dm. or less in length, cinereous;
leaves sessile, 5 to 8 mm. long, broadly ovate-triangular, obtuse at
apex, abruptly rounded at base, denticulate, cinereous on both
surfaces with soft villous tomentum, lateral veins in 2 pairs; floral
pair of leaves similar, closely subtending heads; bracts broadly
ovate, acute or obtuse, 8 mm. long, purple, faintly veined, sparsely
L
M. cinerea.
2.
M. epilohioides.
3.
M. hypoleuca.
4.
M. lanceolata.
5.
6.
M. pringlei.
M. elmeri.
318 MENTIIACEAE.
villous pubescent; heads 15 to 20 mm. broad, many flowered; calyx
7 mm. long, purple tinged, tube villous pubescent and glandular,
teeth subulate, 2 mm. long, villous within; corolla tube not exserted,
lobes 4 mm. long; lower stamens slightly exceeding lobes, a third
longer than upper pair.
Known only from near the summit of Mt. San Antonio.
2. M. epilobioides erecta Abrams. Perennial from a woody
rootstock, 1 to 2 dm. high; branches erect or decumbent, light
green, with short retrorsely spreading pubescence of slender 2-celled
hairs. Leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, entire, firm, only the midvein
evident, bright glaucous green, appearing glabrous, but minutely
and sparsely pubescent under a lens; heads 12 to 15 mm. broad;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, 10 mm. or less in length, acute or short
acuminate, membranaceous, green or faintly tinged with purple;
calyx 6 mm. long, nearly glabrous except villous inner surface of
teeth; corolla tube well exserted, 8 mm. long; stamens very unequal;
filaments villous below the middle.
Open coniferous forests of the San Bernardino and San Antonio
Mountains.
3. M. hypoleuca Gray. Stems tufted, woody at base, 3 to 5 dm.
high, more or less tomentose; leaves ovate-oblong, 2 to 4 cm. long,
obtuse, entire, slightly revolute, densely white tomentose beneath,
glabrous and shiny above, veins evident, impressed on upper surface;
bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, 1 cm. long, tomentose; calyx villous,
its teeth triangular-subulate; corolla pale.
Coastal mountains of southern California from Santa Barbara
to Orange county; Santa Monica Mountains.
4. M. lanceolata Gray. Stems more or less puberulent, usually
simple below, 1 to 5 dm. high; leaves lanceolate-oblong, 25 to 40
mm. long, tapering into a slender petiole, green and glabrous or
minutely puberulent; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
herbaceous or more or less tinged with purple, lateral veins usually
prominent, sparsely and minutely scabrous, especially on veins;
calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, villous within, sparsely pubescent
without and more or less hispid with spreading hairs at sinuses;
corolla rose-purple.
A common species on the sandy plains, and extending to the
coniferous forests of the mountains. Very aromatic, and frequently
called pennyroyal.
5. M. pringlei Gray. Stems erect, branching near base, puberu-
lent; leaves lanceolate, 35 mm. long or less, puberulent, narrowed to
a short petiole; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, 8 to 10
mm. long, villous pubescent; calyx teeth narrowly triangular-subu-
late, villous pubescent without; corolla rose-purple.
Sandy plains of San Bernardino Valley near Colton.
6. M. elmeri Abrams. Stems erect, branching from the base,
puberulent; leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 25 mm. long or
less, narrowed to a short petiole, somewhat cinereous with a fine
puberulence; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, 12 mm.
long, sparsely scabrous, green below, becoming membranous above
MENTHACEAE. 319
and tinged with rose-purple, midvein dividing near base into about
8 parallel lateral veins; calyx 7 mm. long, sparsely short pubescent
with spreading hairs, 15-nerved, teeth narrowly triangular-subulate,
2 mm. long, sparsely short pubescent without, villous within, herba-
ceous throughout or tinged with rose-purple; corolla rose-purple,
slightly exceeding calyx, sparsely short pubescent, lobes 4 mm. long.
Known only from the vicinity of Acton.
10. KOELLIA Moench.
Perennial erect herbs with small flowers in terminal
or sometimes also axillary capitate or cymose clusters.
Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, equally or more or less
unequally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip
emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
didynamous, nearly equal or the lower pair a little the
longer; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted;
style slender. Nutlets smooth, pubescent or roughened.
1. K. californica (Torr.) Kuntze. Aromatic, herbage whitish
with a very fine and close soft pubescence; stem erect, simple or
with a few terminal branches, 5-9 dm. high; leaves ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, sessile by an obtuse or subcordate base, entire or denticu-
late, 3-9 cm. long; heads terminal and compact; calyx pubescent,
the tips of the teeth very woolly exteriorly; corolla white, resin-
dotted. {Pycnanthemum californiciim Torr.)
Occasional in the canyons of all the mountains. April-July.
11. LYCOPUS L. Water-hoarhound.
Herbs, perennial b}^ slender stolons or suckers, with
erect or diffuse stems, and small white or purple flowers,
bracted and verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx
campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-toothed, naked in
the throat. Corolla funnelform-campanulate to cylin-
dric, equaling or exceeding the calyx, the limb nearly
equally 4-cleft, or 1 of the lobes broader and emarginate.
Perfect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudi-
mentary or wanting; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply
4-parted; style slender, 2-cleft. Nutlets truncate at
the summit, narrowed belov/, trigonous, smooth.
1. L. lucidus Turcx. Pubescent or glabrate, perennial by stolons;
stem usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple or sometimes branched,
3-9 dm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed
or rounded at the base, sessile or nearly so, 5-15 cm. long, sharply
serrate; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subulate, the outer
ones often as long as the flowers; calyx-teeth 5, subulate-lanceolate,
nearly as long as the tube; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx;
320 SOLANACEAE.
rudimentary stamens slender, thickened at the apex; nutlets much
shorter than the calyx.
Occasional along stream banks in the San Bernardino Valley,
Parish.
12. MENTHA L.
Erect or diffuse aromatic herbs with simple mostly
punctate leaves, and small whorled flowers, the whorls
axillary or in terminal dense or interrupted spikes.
Calyx campanulate to tubular, 10-nerved, regular or
slightly bilabiate, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than
the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, somewhat regular, the pos-
terior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others,
entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included
or exserted; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled, the
sacs parallel. Ovary 4-parted; style 2-cleft. Nutlets
ovoid, smooth.
1. M. piperita L. (Peppermint.) Perennial by subterranean
suckers; stems glabrous or sparsely puberulent, mostly erect,
branched, 3-9 dm. high; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong- lanceolate,
narrowed or rounded at the base, petioled, acute at the apex, sharply
serrate, glabrous except the veins beneath; whorls of flowers in
terminal dense or interrupted spikes, 2.5-7 cm. long in fruit; calyx
tubular-campanulate, its teeth subulate, ciliate, half as long as the
tube or more; corolla glabrous.
Occasional along streams about Los Angeles and Santa Ana.
August-December.
2. M. spicata L. (Spearmint.) Perennial by leafy stolons;
herbage glabrous; stems branched, 3-5 dm. high; leaves lanceolate,
short-petioled or sessile; whorls of flowers in terminal narrow, acute,
usually interrupted spikes, these becoming 5-10 cm. long in fruit;
calyx campanulate, its teeth hirsute or glabrate, subulate, nearly
as long as the tube; corolla glabrous, (M. viridis L.)
Frequent in low ground along streams. August-December.
Family 93. SOLANACEAE. Potato Family.
Herbs, shrubs, vines or rarely trees, with alternate or
rarely opposite exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular or
nearly regular cymose flowers. Calyx mostly 5-lobed.
Corolla varying from rotate to salver-shaped, mostly
5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the
bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and
inserted on the tube alternate with them, equal (4 and
didynamous in Petunia^ the fifth being smaller or obso-
SOLANACEAE. 321
lete); anthers 2-celled apically or longitudinally dehis-
cent. Ovary entire, 3-5-celled, usually 2-celled; ovules
numerous on the axillary placenta; style slender, simple;
stigma terminal. Fruit a berry or capsule.
Fruit a pulpy berry.
Anthers not connivent; fruiting-calyx inflated. 1. Physalis.
Anthers connivent; calyx not becoming inflated. 2. Solanum.
Fruit a nearly dry berry; shrubby. 3. Lycium.
Fruit a capsule.
Capsule prickly; flowers large, showy. 4. Datura.
Capsule not prickly.
Flowers paniculate or racemose. 5, Nicotiana.
Flowers solitary. 6. Petunia.
1. PHYSALIS L. Ground-cherry.
Annual or perennial herbs with entire or sinuately
toothed leaves. Peduncles in ours solitary from the
axils of the leaves. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in
fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-
angled or prominently 10-ribbed and reticulate, wholly
inclosing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly connivent.
Corolla open-campanulate, or rarely nearly rotate, plicate
in the bud. Stamens inserted near the base of the
corolla; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit.
Style slender; stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numerous,
reniform, finely pitted.
1. P. ixocarpa Brot. Annual, at first erect, later widely spread-
ing, much branched; stem angled, glabrous or the young parts spar-
ingly hairy; leaves cordate to ovate, with a cuneate somewhat ob-
lique base, sinuately dentate or entire, 2.5-6 cm. long; peduncles
2-5 mm. long; calyx sparingly hairy, its lobes short, triangular;
corolla bright yellow, with purple throat, 10-15 mm. broad; fruiting
calyx round-ovoid, obscurely 10-angled; berry purple. (P. aequata
Jacq. f.)
Frequent in cultivated fields. June-September.
2. P. greenei Rose. Annual, erect-spreading, the flexuose
branches angular, 2-3 dm, long; herbage viscid-pubescent through-
out; leaves ovate or rhombic, acutish, entire or with few shallow
teeth, 2-3 cm. long, on slender petioles of about the same length;
corolla greenish yellow, 12-15 mm. broad; fruiting calyx 10-15 mm.
long, pendulous on the slender peduncle, which exceeds it in length.
(P. pedunculata Greene.)
San Joaquin Hills, Orange County; Santa Margarita Ranch,
San Diego County. First collected on Cedros Island. April-July.
22
322 SOLANACEAE.
2. SOLANUM L. Nightshade.
Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent. Flowers
cymose, paniculate or racemose, white, blue, purple or
yellow. Calyx campanulate or rotate, mostly 5-toothed
or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited in the bud,
5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the throat of
the corolla; filaments short; anthers linear or oblong,
acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a cone;
the anther-sacs dehiscent by a terminal pore or by a
short introrse terminal slit, or longitudinally. Ovary
usually 2-celled; stigma small. Fruit a several -seeded
berry.
Prickles none; flowers not yellow.
Corolla 5-cleft; peduncles longer than the pedi-
cels.
Annual, villous and viscid; fruit yellow. 1. S. villosum.
Perennial, puberulent; fruit black. 2. S. douglasii.
Corolla 5-toothed; peduncles shorter than the
pedicels.
Leaves entire; stems glabrate or viscid-
pubescent. 3. S. xanti.
Leaves crenate; stems long-hirsute. 4. 6'. wallacei.
Prickles long and straight; flowers yellow. 5. 6". ro stratum,
\. S. villosum Lam. Rather low and mostly spreading annual,
villous and more or less viscid; leaves conspicuously angulate-dentate;
filaments somewhat pubescent; berries yellow.
Occasional in waste places. Soldier's Home.
2. S. douglasii Dunal. Usually somewhat woody, 1-2 m. high;
stems angular, the angles somewhat denticulate-scabrous, otherwise
more or less puberulent; leaves variously angular-dentate, or some
nearly entire; umbels nearly opposite the leaves, several-flowered;
flowers white or pale purplish, 8-14 mm. broad, pubescent without,
deeply 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate; anthers yellow, 4-5 mm.
long; filaments about 1 mm. long, stout, hairy, nearly equaling the
slender style; fruit black.
A common native plant both in the valleys and mountains at lower
altitudes. Often appearing as an introduced plant along roadsides
and in waste places.
3. S. xanti Gray. Stems woody, 3-10 dm. high, the younger
angled, moderately villous with many-celled unbranched, mostly
gland-tipped hairs; leaves ovate, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
the largest 4-6 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the base, the margins
entire; corolla 1-2 cm. broad, usually deep violet, angulately 5-lobed;
berry greenish.
Common in all the hills and mountains.
3a. S. xanti glabrescens (Torr.) Parish. Stems woody, slender,
10-15 dm. high, glabrate or above hirsutulous with short, mostly
SOLANACEAE. 323
1 -celled hairs; leaves oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, mostly attenuate
or acute at the base, 2-6 cm. long; corolla 2 cm. broad.
Occasional in the valleys and foothills, mostly in dry and rather
exposed places.
4. S. Wallace! (Gray) Parish. Stems woody, about 1 m. high,
densely tawny with long many-celled glandular, mostly simple
hairs; leaves thickish, usually smoother than the stems, crenate,
the lower ample, cordate, the upper ovate, rounded or subcordate
at base; calyx narrowly funnelform, deeply cleft or less so and
broader; corolla 2-4 cm. broad, deep violet; style glabrate or villous
below; fruit dark purple.
Santa Catalina Island.
5. S. rostratum Dunal. Annual, erect, branching, 1-3 dm. high,
pubescent with long yellowish stellate hairs and armed with long
straight prickles; leaves pinnatind; calyx densely prickly, its lobes
narrow, nearly half the length of the corolla and enclosing the fruit;
corolla about 2 cm. broad, yellow; anthers linear-lanceolate, the
lowest much longer and larger, with an incurved beak.
Occasional in waste places and along roadsides. Inglewood;
Soldiers Home; Santa Monica. Native of Texas.
3. LYCIUM L. Box-thorn.
Shrubby, often spiny plants, with small alternate
entire leaves, and white greenish or purple, axillary or
terminal solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanu-
late, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-toothed, not enlarged in fruit, per-
sistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnelform,
salver-shaped or campanulate, the limb 5-lobed, the
lobes obtuse. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, sometimes
dilated at the base; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed.
Berry globose to oblong.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, exceeding the tube. 1. L. richii.
Calyx-lobes oblong or triangular, shorter than
the tube.
Corolla-tube short, not exceeding the calyx. 2. L. calif ornicum.
Corolla-tube about 3 times the length of the
calyx. 3. L. parishii.
1. L. richii Gray. Stem slender; leaves narrowly spatulate,
2-4 cm. long; flowers short-pedicelled, 8-10 mm. long; calyx-teeth
lanceolate, nearly or quite equaling the corolla-tube; corolla-lobes
oval, slightly exceeding the tube.
A Mexican species reported from Santa Catalina Island.
2. L. calif ornicum Nutt. Glabrous; stems slender, much
branched, about 6-12 dm. high; leaves thickish, 2-6 mm. long,
obovate or spatulate to nearly linear; pedicels often nearly obso-
324 SOLANACEAE.
Icte; corolla white, its tube about 3 mm. long, included in the cam-
panulate 4-toothed calyx, its limb rotate, 4-parted, scarcely 4 mm.
broad.
On bluffs near the sea. Redondo; Long Beach; Laguna. First
collected by Nuttall at San Diego.
3. L. parishii Gray. Puberulent, branches slender; leaves
spatulate and lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; pedicels 4-6 mm.
long; calyx about 3 mm. long, its limb shortly 5-lobed; corolla
narrowly funnelform, about 10 mm. long, its lobes 2 mm. long,
ovate, obtuse, at length equaled by the stamens.
Dry mesas in the San Bernardino Valley, Parish; Elsinore, Baker.
4. DATURA L. Thorn-apple.
Annual or perennial erect branching narcotic herbs,
with alternate petioled entire or sinuate-dentate leaves,
and large showy solitary short-peduncled flowers. Calyx
elongated-tubular or prismatic, 5-cleft or spathe-like,
circumscissile near the base. Corolla funnelform, the
limb plaited, vS-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Sta-
mens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla; fila-
ments filiform, elongated. Ovary 2-celled or falsely
4-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Cap-
sule 4-valved from the top or bursting irregularly, ovoid
or globose, prickly.
1. D. stramonium L. (Stramonium or Jamestown-weed.)
Annual, green, glabrous, 3-10 dm. high; leaves sinuately and lacini-
ately angled and toothed; calyx prismatic; corolla white, about
8 cm. long; capsule erect, thickly armed with short stout prickles.
Introduced at Playa del Rey, Davidson.
2. D. metelioides DC. Prunose-glaucescent, erect, branching,
6-10 dm. high from a perennial root; leaves unequally ovate, more
or less coarsely repandodentate or nearly entire; calyx cylindric,
about 8 cm. long; corolla white or tinged with violet, 15-20 cm.
long, the Hmb about 10 cm. broad, with 5 slender subulate teeth;
capsule drooping in fruit, 5 cm. in diameter, densely prickly.
Frequent in sandy soil throughout our range. July- September.
5. NICOTIANA L. Tobacco.
Annual or perennial viscid-pubescent or rarely gla-
brous narcotic herbs, shrubs or small trees, with alternate
entire or slightly undulate leaves, and medium-sized
often yellowish or greenish flowers, in terminal often
bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanu-
late or ovoid, 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform, salver-shaped
or nearly tubular, the tube usually elongated, the limb
SOLANACEAE. 325
5-lobed, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of
the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers 4-celled; style
slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved or some-
times 4-valved at the summit, smooth. Seeds numerous,
small.
Annual herbs.
Calyx-teeth fully twice the length of the tube. 1. N. clevelandi.
Calyx-teeth about equalling the tube. 2. N. higelovii.
Tree. 3. iV. glauca.
1. N. clevelandi Gray. Viscid-pubescent or the stem villous,
2-6 dm. high; leaves ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm.
long, the lower obtuse and with margined petiole not dilated at
base, the upper subsessile and gradually narrowing from a broad
and rounded or truncate base into an acuminate apex; bracts
lanceolate; flowers paniculate-racemose; calyx-lobes linear, unequal;
the longer fully twice the length of the tube, more than half the
length of the corolla; corolla greenish-white, tinged with violet,
almost glabrous, 2.5 cm. long, salver-shaped, the somewhat 5-lobed
limb 1 cm. broad; filaments slender, equally inserted low down on
the tube of the corolla.
Sand-dunes along the seashore near Playa del Ray.
2. N. bigelovii Wats. Viscid-pubescent; stems 3-6 dm. high;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, the lower 12-18 cm.
long, with tapering base, the upper 4-8 cm. long, more acuminate,
with acute or some with broader and clasping base; inflorescence
loosely racemiform; the upper flowers bractless; calyx-teeth unequal,
linear-subulate, about equaling the tube; corolla white, its tube
3-5 cm. long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat, the limb
5-angulate-lobed, 15-25 mm. broad; filaments somewhat unequally
inserted high up on the corolla-tube.
Occasional in dry washes about Los Angeles.
3. N. glauca Graham. Arborescent, 3-6 m. high, glaucous and
glabrous; leaves long-petioled, ovate, subcordate; flowers loosely
paniculate; corolla greenish-yellow, 3-5 cm. long, tubular, con-
tracted at the throat, its limb erect, 5-crenate.
A well-established introduced plant; rather common along
streams. Flowering all the year.
6. PETUNIA Juss. Petunia.
Viscid-pubescent annual or perennial branching herbs,
with entire leaves and axillary or terminal solitary
flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, the segments
narrow. Corolla funnelform or salver-shaped, its limb
plicate spreading, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, inserted
on the throat of the corolla, 4 of them didynamous, per-
fect, the fifth smaller, obsolete; filaments slender. Ovary
2-celled; style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule
2-celled, 2-valved.
326 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
1. P. parviflora (Lehm.) Juss. Small, prostrate or diffusely
spreading, more or less pubescent, annual; leaves oblong-linear or
spatulate, rather fleshy, nearly sessile, 12 cm. long or less; peduncles
very short; calyx-lobes resembling the smaller leaves; corolla purple,
the tube pale or yellowish, 8 mm. long, funnelform, its lobes short,
retuse, slightly unequal; capsule small, ovoid.
Occasional on margins of ponds and along streams, especially in
subsaline places. June-August.
Family 94. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family.
Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate exstipu-
late leaves and perfect irregular flowers. Calyx per-
sistent, 4-5-toothed or 4-5-divided. Corolla 2-lipped or
nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous or
nearly equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate with
its lobes; anthers 2-celled or confluently 1-celled, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled or rarely
1-celled; ovules mostly numerous, borne on the axillary
placentse; style simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit
mostly capsular and septicidally or loculicidally dehis-
cent. Seeds often reticulated or striate.
Fertile stamens 5. 1. Verbascum.
Fertile stamens 2 or 4.
Leaves opposite or the uppermost sometimes
alternate.
Corolla spurred or saccate at base.
Corolla-tube with a spur at base. 2. Linaria.
Corolla-tube with a sac at base. 3. Antirrhinum.
Corolla without a sac or spur at base.
Fertile stamens 4.
Fifth stamen represented by a fila-
ment, scale or gland.
Sterile stamen represented by
a filament or scale.
Sterile stamen a scale ad-
nate to the upper side of
the corolla. 4. Scrophularia.
Sterile stamen represented
by a sterile filament. 5. Pentstemon.
Sterile stamen reduced to a
gland at the base of the
corolla. 6. Collinsia.
Fifth stamen wholly wanting.
Shrubs; capsule dehiscing
down one side. 7. Diplacus.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 327
Herbs; capsule dehiscing at the
apex.
8.
MiMULUS.
Fertile stamens 2.
Sterile stamens 2.
9.
MiMETANTHE.
Sterile stamens none.
10.
Veronica.
Leaves alternate.
Leaves not pinnately divided.
Sepals united into a toothed or deeply
cleft calyx.
Calyx 2-cleft.
n.
Castilleia.
Calyx 4-cleft.
12.
Orthocarpus.
Sepals of 2 bract-like divisions or the
anterior division absent.
13.
Adenostegia.
Leaves pinnately divided; calyx 2-5-
toothed.
14.
Pedicularis.
1. VERBASCUM L. Mullein.
Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect
herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large showy
flowers in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes slightly un-
equal. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla,
unequal; filaments of the 3 upper or of all pilose; anther-
sacs confluent into 1. Ovules numerous; styles dilated
and flattened at the summit. Capsule globose to oblong,
septicidally 2-valved; the valves usuall}^ 2-cleft at the
apex. Seeds numerous, rugose.
1. V. virgatum With. Stems about 1 m. high, stout, pubescent
and glandular throughout; lowest leaves 1-2 dm. long, oblong-ovate
or oblong-lanceolate, crenate, the upper similar but smaller and
decurrent on the stems; raceme narrow, spike-like, 5 dm. long or
more; flowers somicwhat clustered or solitary in the axils of the
much reduced bract-like leaves, nearly sessile or short-pedicelled;
calyx ovate, 5-6 mm. long; corolla yellow, about 15 mm. broad;
filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs; capsule subglobose,
about 6 mm. in diameter.
Frequent along roadsides and in waste places, especially in the
interior valleys. San Gabriel; El Monte; Lordsburg; Pomona.
May-August.
2. LINARI/l Juss.
Herbs with alternate leaves or the lower opposite or
verticillate, and regular flowers in terminal bracted
racemes or spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbri-
cated. Corolla spurred at the base or the spur rarely
obsolete, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower
328 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate often
nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous,
ascending, included; filaments and style filiform. Cap-
sule ovoid or globose, opening by usually 3-toothed pores
or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, rugose,
angled or sometimes winged.
1. L. canadensis (L.) Dumont. (Wild Toad-flax.) Biennial
or annual, glabrous; flowering stem erect or ascending, very slender,
simple or branched, 2-7 dm. high, the sterile shoots spreading or
procumbent, leafy; leaves linear or linear-oblong, 1-5 cm. long,
entire, sessile; flowers 6-8 mm. long in slender long racemes; pedi-
cels 4-6 mm. long, erect and appressed in fruit, minutely bracted
at the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about equaling the capsule;
spur of the corolla filiform, curved, as long as the tube or longer;
palate white, corolla otherwise blue.
Occasional in cultivated fields, especially in sandy soil.
3. ANTIRRHINUM L. Snap-dragon.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves or the
lower opposite, and mostly rather large flowers in ter-
minal racemes or solitary in the upper axils. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla irregular, gibbous or saccate at the
base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower
spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly
or quite closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, in-
cluded; filaments filiform or dilated above. Style fili-
form. Capsule obovoid or globose, opening by chinks or
pores below the summit. Seeds numerous.
Herbs with all but the lowest leaves alternate.
Herbage glandular-villous or glandular-
pubescent throughout.
Flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile,
without prehensile branchlets, 1. A. glandulosum.
Flowers on slender pedicels usually
longer than the flowers, with pre-
hensile branchlets.
Leaves nearly all distinctly petioled. 2. A. nuttallianum.
Leaves all sessile or nearly so. 3. A. subsessile.
Herbage not glandular-villous or glandular-
pubescent throughout.
Pedicels shorter than the calyx. 4. A. coulterianum.
Pedicels slender, much elongated and
tortile. 5. A. strictum.
Shrub with opposite or verticillate leaves. 6. A . speciosum.
\. A. glandulosum Lindl. Stems stout, erect, 1-L5 m. high,
glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout, destitute of prehensile
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 329
branches, leafy; leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile above, gradually
passing into bracts of the leafy dense spike or raceme; sepals oblong-
lanceolate, unequal, the longer equaling the capsule; corolla rose-
colored; filaments somewhat dilated above.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the chaparral belt.
2. A. nuttallianum Benth. Stems branched from the base, the
branches mostly procumbent, 5-10 dm. long, glandular-pubescent
throughout; leaves ovate or subcordate, the largest about 2.5 cm.
long, nearly all distinctly petioled; peduncles, at least the lowest
ones, longer than the flowers, sometimes disposed to be tortile; sepals
shorter than the tube of the violet corolla; corolla about 8 mm. long,
the lobes nearly equal; palate very prominent; seeds almost alately
costate.
Occasional in sandy soil, especially toward the coast.
3. A. subsessile Gray. Similar to the preceding but less diffuse
and erect, strongly glandular-pilose; leaves ovate, all sessile or nearly
so; pedicels shorter than the somewhat larger flowers; lower lip of
the corolla larger in proportion.
Reported from Santa Catalina Island. Rather frequent on the
mainland about San Diego.
4. A. coulterianum Benth. Stem 5-10 dm. high, erect, or gaining
support by its filiform tortile branches acting as tendrils, glabrous,
except the inflorescence which is villous-pubescent with viscid and
often glandular hairs; leaves distant, linear to oval; spike virgate,
5-20 cm. long; pedicels shorter than the calyx; sepals linear or lance-
olate, obtuse, all shorter than the oval or ovate-oblong glandular-
pubescent capsule; corolla violet-purple or usually white with
yellowish palate, the lower lip large, the tube about 6 mm. long.
Frequent in the lower portions of the chaparral belt and on the
fans at the base of the m^ountalns.
5. A. strictum (H. & A.) Gray. Erect, nearly simple, 3-6 dm.
high, the tortile branches none; lowest leaves ovate-lanceolate,
the upper ones linear or the floral filiformx, much shorter than the
tortile racemose peduncles; corolla violet-purple, about 1 cm.
long, with hairy palate and gibbous base; capsule crustaceous,
globose, strongly exceeding the calyx, tipped with the straight
style of equal length.
Occasional at lower altitudes in the mountains and foothills.
6. A. speciosum (Nutt.) Gray. A much branched shrub, 1 m.
high; leaves opposite or verticillate, oval or oblong, 2-4 cm. long,
persistent; corolla scarlet, about 2 cm. long, the lobes short, about
one-third the length of the tube, palate prominent but not closing
the throat. {Gambelia speciosum Nutt.)
An insular species, found on Santa Catalina Island, and probably
generically distinct.
4. SCROPHULARIA L. Figwort.
Perennial strong-smelling herbs, with mostly opposite
large leaves, and small flowers in terminal panicled cymes
330 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
or thyrses. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes mostly obtuse.
Corolla irregular, the tube globose or oblong, not gibbous
or spurred at the base, the limb 5-lobed, the 2 upper
lobes longer, erect, the lateral ones ascending, the lower
spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther-
bearing, didynamous, declined, the fifth sterile and re-
duced to a scale on the roof of the corolla-tube; anther-
sacs confluent into 1. Style filiform; stigma capitate
or truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent.
Seeds rugose.
1. S. californica Cham. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high, glabrous
below, above finely glandular-pubescent; leaves ovate, cordate at
base, serrate or incised-serrate, 6-18 cm. long; flowers about 8 mm.
long; corolla dull red.
Frequent in the foothills and mountains below the pine belt.
March-June.
5. PENTSTEMON Soland.
Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants, with opposite
or rarely verticillate leaves, and large showy flowers in
terminal racemes, panicles or cymes. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla irregular, tubular and often inflated, the limb
2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed.
Stamens 5, included, 4 antheriferous and didynamous,
the fifth sterile, as long or shorter than the others; anther-
sacs divergent or connivent. Style filiform; stigma
capitate. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer-
ous, mostly angled.
Anther cells dehiscent for their whole length or nearly so.
Flowers red or purple.
Corolla-tube not dilated.
Woody half climbers; leaves toothed.
Leaves subcordate or ovate. 1. P. cordif alius.
Leaves linear-lanceolate. 2. P. ternatus.
Herbaceous erect perennials; leaves
entire.
Flowers in a simple raceme. 3. P. lahrosus.
Flowers in a narrow panicle. 4. P. centr anthif alius .
Corolla-tube dilated.
Herbage glabrous throughout; ster-
ile filament glabrous.
Upper leaves connate. 5. P. spectahilis.
Upper leaves not connate. 6. P. parishii.
Herbage glabrous except the gland-
ular or primose-puberulent in-
florescence; sterile filament beard-
ed. 7. P. palmeri.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 331
Flowers yellow; shrub. 8. P. antirrJiinoides.
Anther cells horseshoe-shaped, remaining
closed below and saccate. 9. P. heterophyllus.
1. P. cordifolius Benth. Somewhat scandent over shrubs by
long sarmentose branches, very leafy, scabrous-puberulent and
the inflorescence somewhat glandular; leaves subcordate or ovate
with truncate base, acutely serrate or dentate, 2.5 cm. long or
less; thyrsus short and leafy; peduncles several-flowered; sepals
ovate-lanceolate; corolla scarlet, the tube about 2.5 cm. long, the
lips about 15 mm. long, the upper lip erect, the lower more or less
spreading; sterile filament bearded down one side; anthers dehiscent
through the apex.
Common in the chaparral belt of all the mountains. April-
July.
2. P. ternatus Torr. Glabrous and the long virgate flowering
branches glaucous, 1-2 m. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, 15-
35 mm. long, acutely serrate or denticulate with salient teeth, the
upper ternately verticillate; flowers in a long racemiform thyrsus;
sepals ovate-acuminate; corolla pale scarlet, 2.5 cm. long, the lobes
about 6 mm. long; stamens as in the last.
Occasional in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana
Mountains. May-August.
3. P. labrosus Hook. f. Glabrous; stems herbaceous, slender,
erect, simple, 4-5 dm. high; leaves all entire, the lowest oblanceolate,
5-6 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, the upper linear-lanceolate, re-
duced; bracts minute; flowers in a simple raceme; pedicels 1-2 cm.
long; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, 4 mm. long; corolla scarlet,
2.5-3 mm. long, destitute of beard; tube narrow; upper lip erect,
the 3 lobes of the lower one equaling the upper one in length, re-
flexed, about two-thirds the length of the tube; sterile filament gla-
brous; anthers closed toward the apex.
Frequent in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains in
open places among the pines. June-August.
4. P. centranthifolius Benth. Glaucous, strict and virgate,
4-8 dm. high; leaves all entire, the lower lanceolate, the upper
clasping, ovate-lanceolate; panicle narrow, usually 3 dm. long or
more; pedicels slender; corolla deep scarlet, narrow, tubular and
obscurely bilabiate; the short oblong lobes alike, except that the
posterior are united higher; anthers opening widely, splitting
through the apex.
Common in the foothills and mountains mostly below the pine
belt throughout our range. April-July.
5. P. spectabilis Thurber. Pale or glaucescent and glabrous
throughout, 6-12 dm. high; leaves thinnish-coriaceous, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute, the upper pairs acumi-
nate and their broad bases connate-perfoliate, spinulosely dentate
or denticulate; thyrsus many-flowered, elongated pyramidal or
sometimes virgate, 3-6 dm. long; peduncles and pedicels slender;
corolla rose-purple or lilac with the ample limb blue, 2.5 cm. long;
332 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
the narrow proper tube twice the length of the short ovate calyx-
lobes, then abruptly dilated into the campanulatc-vcntricose or
broadly funnelforni throat, somewhat bilabiate, the oval or roundish
lobes 6-8 mm. long; sterile filament glabrous; anthers dehiscent
from the base toward but not to the apex.
Frequent on dry hillsides. May-July.
6. P. parishii Gray. Size and habit of the last; leaves entire or
minutely denticulate; upper clasping by subcordate base but not
connate; corolla red, more dilated.
Not known within our limits. Cucamonga; San Bernardino.
7. P. palmeri Gray. Stems 6-9 dm. high; glabrous except in-
florescence, that glandular or primose-puberulent; leaves coriaceous,
glaucous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, from sharply dentate to nearly
entire, upper from closely sessile to completely connate-perfoliate;
thyrsus elongated pyramidal, racemiform; corolla cream-white,
suffused with pink; the short narrow proper tube hardly surpassing
the ovate appressed sepals, very abruptly dilated into the ventricose-
campanulate throat, about 2 cm. long and as broad at orifice; the
lips broad, the upper erect, 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, widely spreading,
sparingly bearded at base; sterile filament densely bearded above
with long yellowish hairs.
Occasional above 5000 feet in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains.
8. P. antirrhinoides Benth. Shrub often 2 m. high; leaves about
1 cm. long, spatulate or oval, entire; panicle leafy; flowers on short
pedicels; sepals broadly ovate; corolla yellow, ventricose, 15-20 mm.
long; sterile filament densely bearded on one side.
A common shrub along the eastern base of the Santa Ana Moun-
tains, and extending eastward to the western slope of the San Jacinto
Mountains; entering within our limits in Santiago Canyon, Santa
Ana Mountains, Geis, Perkins.
9. P. heterophyllus Lindl. Green, seldom glaucescent, glabrous
throughout or rarely primose-puberulent; stems or branches slender,
6-15 dm. high, from a woody base; leaves lanceolate or linear or
the lower oblong-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base; thyrsus
virgate, loose, usually elongated; sepals ovate; corolla 2.5 cm.
long or more, the narrow tube rose-colored or pink, sometimes
changing to violet, ventricose funnelform; the bud often yellowish;
sterile filament glabrous.
Occasional in the chaparral belt. Santa Monica Mountains;
Verdugo Hills; Santa Anita Canyon.
6. COLLINSIA Nutt.
Annuals with simple verticillate or opposite leaves,
and irregular flowers in whorls forming racemes, or soli-
tary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla
declined, the proper tube very short, the abruptly ex-
panded and gibbous throat forming an angle with it,
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 333
deeply bilabiate, the upper lip erect, 2-cleft; the lower
lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or droop-
ing, flat, the middle one conduplicate, keel-like, enclosing
the 4 declined stamens and the filiform style. Stamens
didynamous; filaments filiform; anther-sacs confluent
at the apex. The fifth stamen represented by a gland
on the upper side of the corolla-tube near the base.
Stigma small, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or
globose, septicidaily 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds
few, large, peltate, concave on the inner side.
Flowers verticillate, showy; upper pair of filaments
bearded at base.
Calyx-lobes mostly lanceolate, acute. 1. C. hicolor.
Calyx-lobes mostly linear, obtuse. ^ 2. C. tinctoria.
Flowers usually scattered; filaments glabrous.
Stems puberulent. 3. C. parryi.
Stems glabrous. 4. C. callosa.
1. C. bicolor Benth. Simple or branched above, 1.5-4 dm. high,
glabrous or finely pubescent and often viscid above; leaves broadly
oblong or the upper narrowed from the broad base to the apex,
serrulate, 5 cm. long or less; flowers crowded in whorl-like clusters,
the lowest subtended by leaves, the others by bracts; pedicels shorter
than the oblong or lanceolate calyx-lobes; corolla about 2 cm. long;
the lower lip usually rose-purple; the upper lilac or white, its lobes
nearly as long as those of the lower; throat saccate, bristly within;
gland conic.
Common in open places in the hills and mountains, mostly below
2000 feet altitude. April-May.
2. C. tinctoria Hartweg. Resembling slender forms of the pre-
ceding in habit; herbage nearly or quite glabrous below, strongly
viscid above and giving off a brownish stain; calyx-lobes linear or
oblong-linear, obtuse; corolla pale purplish or nearly white and
streaked with purple, 12-15 mm. long, the lobes of the upper lip
very short, reflexed.
Frequent on shady slopes in the upper portions of the chaparral
belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. April-June.
3. C. parryi Gray. Stems puberulent throughout, simple or
more or less branched, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves thinnish, the lower
oblong, crenate, petioled, the upper lanceolate-linear, obtuse, mostly
entire and closely sessile, 2-4 cm. long; pedicels solitary or the
upper in 2's or 3's, as long as or the lowest exceeding the flowers;
calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; corolla deep blue, 6-8 mm. long, twice
the length of the calyx, the lips about equal in length, not longer
than the throat; capsule about equaling the calyx.
Occasional in dry ground in the chaparral belt. Verdugo Hills.
4. C. callosa Parish. Stems dichotomously branched, 10-30
cm. high, glabrous except the slightly glandular pedicels and calyces;
334 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
leaves opposite or ternate, oblong to acutely ovate, 2 cm. long or
less, the upper much reduced, sessile, entire, rather thick, the
margins somewhat revolute; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acute;
corolla light blue, 5-8 mm. long; the lips about equaling the moder-
ately gibbous throat, their lobes entire, equal in length; capsule
globose, shorter than the calyx-lobes.
First collected in Swartout Canyon, San Antonio Mountains,
Hall; Mt. Gleason, Elmer.
7. DIPLACUS Nutt.
Low evergreen glutinous shrubs, with opposite leaves
which are revolute in the bud, and large red, orange or
salmon-colored flowers, solitary In the axils. Calyx
tubular, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Corolla with funnel-
form tube and rather broad bilabiate limb. Stamens 4.
Stigma of 2 flat lobes closing together when irritated.
Capsule firm, coriaceous, opening down the upper suture
only, the valves spreading out nearly flat.
1. D. longiflorus Nutt. Low, suffrutescent, 5-10 dm. high,
rilore or less branched throughout, viscid-pubescent or the inflores-
cence and growing parts villous and somewhat glandular; leaves
narrowly or broadly lanceolate, more or less acute, 3-7 cm. long,
rather thin, the margins often revolute, denticulate or dentate;
calyx about 2.5 cm. long and about 8 mm. broad; the lobes 5-7 mm.
long, the upper a little longer, villous with viscid hairs; corolla about
5 cm. long; the lobes of the upper lip shallowly 2-lobed, their margins
wavy or erose; those of the lower lip usually truncate, more or less
deeply crenately toothed.
Common on all the foothills and in the chaparral belt of the
mountains. We have seen no specimens with the strongly arach-
noid pubescence which is found on the plants about Santa Barbara,
the type locality of this species. Two quite different forms occur
with us: the one from which the above description is drawn occurs
in the Santa Monica Mountains, and is nearest the type; but about
Los Angeles and Pasadena the plants are usually less villous and have
a slender (about 5 mm. broad) calyx, and narrower corolla-throat
which tapers gradually to the slender tube.
2. D. puniceus Nutt. Resembling the last in habit; leaves
usually narrowly lanceolate, the margins strongly revolute; calyx
15-20 mm, long, 5 mm. broad, viscid, not at all woolly, its lobes 4-5
mm. long; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, scarlet, the lobes of the lower lips
rather narrow, emarginate or retuse.
Common on dry hillsides about San Diego and ranging northward
to the Santa Margarita River, where it seems to intergrade with
D. longiflorus.
8. MIMULUS L. Monkey-flower.
Herbs with opposite leaves and mostly showy yellow
or red flowers solitary and axillary or in a terminal
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
335
raceme. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Co-
rolla from tubular to funnelform with strongly bilabiate
limb or the lobes nearly equal, a pair of bearded ridges
extending down the lower side of the throat. Stamens
4, the fifth entirely wanting. Stigma mostly of 2 flat
lobes closing together when irritated. Capsule dehiscent
by both sutures or on one side only, or cartilaginous and
indehiscent. Seeds many.
Flowers sessile or nearly so; styles pubescent
or glandular.
Flowers red.
Calyx-lobes acutely subulate, nearly
equaling the tube. 1. M. bigelovii.
Calyx-lobes broadly ovate or triangular,
scarcely one-fourth the length of the
tube. 2. M.fremonti.
Flowers yellow. 3. M. brevipes.
Flowers on slender pedicels; styles glabrous.
Herbage viscid-villous.
Flowers scarlet.
Flowers yellow; herbage clammy.
Calyx 10-12 mm. long in fruit.
Corolla twice the length of the
calyx. 5.
Corolla little exceeding the calyx. 6.
Calyx 5-6 mm. long in fruit. 7.
Herbage not viscid-villous.
Perennial from stoloniferous or creeping
basal branches.
Annuals.
Upper calyx-lobe twice the length of
the others. 9. M. nasutus.
Upper calyx-lobe little exceeding the
others. 10. M. microphyllus.
1. M. bigelovii Gray. Low annual branching from the base,
glandular pubescent; leaves oblong, the upper ovate, acute or
acuminate; calyx-teeth nearly equal, very acutely subulate from a
broad campanulate tube; corolla about 1.5 cm. long, the limb rotate,
crimson with yellow center; the throat cylindraceous; capsule
oblong-lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx, valves membrana-
ceous.
Occasional in the pine belt of the San Gabriel Mountains. June-
August.
2. M. fremonti (Benth.) Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or the
lowest spatulate, obtuse; calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse or acutish, less
than a quarter the length of the tube; corolla crimson; otherwise as
in the last.
Frequent in sandy places in the interior valleys. April-May.
4. M. cardinalis.
M. moschatMs.
M. parishii.
M. florihundus.
8. M. langsdorfii.
336 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
3. M. brevipes Benth. Stem simple or branched, 3-6 dm. high,
very viscid-pubescent; leaves lanceolate to linear, 3-10 cm. long,
entire or commonly denticulate; calyx-teeth very unequal, acumi-
nate, the posterior fully half the length of the broadly campanulate
tube; corolla yellow, 2,5-4 cm, long, the expanded limb nearly as
broad, campanulate, with ample rounded lobes; capsule ovate-
acuminate, firm-coriaceous.
Common on the dry plains and in the foothills. March-June.
4. M. cardinalis Dougl. Perennial, 8 dm. high; branched from
the base, with ascending branches, viscid-pubescent; leaves elliptic-
ovate, 5 cm. long or more, dentate, sessile; pedicels longer than the
flowers; calyx with equal triangular teeth; corolla scarlet, 3-5 cm.
long, the throat yellowish with crimson lines, the tube little exserted,
upper lip erect, deeply 2-lobed, the sides turned back until they
meet, lower lip deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes reflexed, the middle
lobe spreading.
Frequent along streams in the foothills and mountains below the
pine belt. May-August.
5. M. moschatus Dougl. Soft-villous and very viscid, musk-
scented; stems weak and reclining, rooting at the nodes, 2-6 dm.
long, from perennial creeping rootstocks; leaves oblong-ovate, about
2.5 cm. long, remotely dentate, petiolate; calyx-teeth somewhat
unequal, about half the length of the tube; corolla yellow, 1,5 cm.
long; capsule ovate, acute.
Occasional along streams about Los Angeles. May-July.
5a. M. moschatus sessilifolius Gray. Stems ascending, corolla
2.5 cm. long; otherwise as in the type.
Frequent in all the mountains in the pine belt and often extending
along the streams down into the chaparral belt.
6. M. parishii Greene. Annual, erect, rather stout, 3-6 dm.
high, very villous and slimy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, sessile, 2.5-5
cm. long, dentate or denticulate; pedicels mostly rather short; calyx
cylindraccous, 10-12 mm, long in fruit; its teeth short-triangular;
corolla slightly exceeding the calyx-teeth, light rose color.
Occasional along streams, April-July,
7. M. floribundus Dougl. Annual, slender, diffuse, 1-3 dm.
high, villous and very slimy, musk-scented; leaves ovate, 1-2.5
cm. long, dentate, short-petioled; pedicels mostly longer than the
leaves; calyx narrowly campanulate, 4-6 mm. long; the teeth
nearly equal, 1 mm. long; corolla light yellow, mostly twice as long
as the calyx; capsule globose-ovate, obtuse.
Frequent along streams, especially in the foothills and mountains.
April-August,
8. M. langsdorfii grandis Greene. Perennial from stoloniferous
or creeping basal branches, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; stems
stout, fistulous, often 6-8 dm. high; leaves mostly elliptic, often 6-8
cm. long, irregularly dentate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile;
flowers in a terminal raceme; calyx in anthesis 8-12 mm. long, in
fruit somewhat longer and nearly twice as broad; upper calyx-teeth
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 337
somewhat longer; corolla yellow with purple or brown dots in the
throat, 2.5-5 cm, long, {M. luteus in part of recent authors, not
of L,)
Frequent along streams and variable, March-June.
9. M. nasutus Greene. Annual, glabrous or minutely pubescent,
decumbent at base, 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly subbasal, ovate-
cordate to reniform-cordate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed, the
lowest on broad petioles, the floral reduced to bracts; peduncles
hardly exceeding the mature calyx or the lower much elongated;
calyx broadly campanulate, its teeth acute, ver>^ unequal, the upper
one twice the length of the others; corolla about 1.5 cm. long,
little surpassing the calyx, deep yellow, with or without a large
purple blotch on the lower lip.
Common along streams in the mountains and foothills below the
pine belt. April-August.
10. M. microphyllus Benth. Annual, glabrous below, somewhat
pubescent above; stems terete, slender, with ascending branches
or commonly simple, 1-3 dm. high; flowers in short racemes or in
depauperate forms, solitary; leaves ovate to orbicular, often cordate
at the base, denticulate or coarsely toothed; peduncles slender;
calyx often dotted, oblique at the orifice; the teeth obscure or promi-
nent, the upper one largest; corolla 1-2 cm. long, throat rather
narrow, the limb broad, usually without purple dots.
Occasional along streams in the pine belt of all our mountains.
June-August.
9. MIMETANTHE Greene.
Erect branching annual, with long villous white hairs,
opposite leaves, and small yellow flowers. Calyx short-
campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube slightly 5-sulcate,
not prismatic angled. Corolla obscurely bilabiate, its
lobes plane. Stamens 4, 2 fertile. Capsule pointed,
loculicidal, dehiscent the whole length of the upper side
and on the lower side along the apical attenuation.
1. M. pilosa (Benth.) Greene. At length much branched, leafy,
flowering from near the base, 1-3 dm. high, herbage glandular-
viscid; leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong-ovate, entire, sessile;
flowers on slender pedicels; the upper tooth of calyx much longer
than the others, equaling the tube; corolla yellow, the lower lobes
usually with brown spots, slightly exceeding the calyx, 6-8 mm.
long; capsule oblong-ovate, attenuate. {Mimulus exilis Durand.)
Frequent along streams in the valleys and in the mountains.
May-August.
10. VERONICA L. Speedwell,
Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite and alter-
nate, rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small terminal
or axillary racemose spicate or solitary flowers. Calyx
23
338 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted. Corolla rotate,
its lobes very short, deeply and more or less unequally
4-lobed or rarely 5-lobed. Stamens 2, divergent, inserted
on either side at the base of the upper corolla-lobe.
Anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Ovary 2-celled;
style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule more or less
compressed, emarginate, obcordate or 2-lobed, loculi-
cidally dehiscent.
1. V. peregrina L. Annual, glabrous or somewhat glandular-
puberulent; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, 1-3 dm.
high; leaves oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 6-20 mm.
long, the lowest opposite, short-petioled or sessile, broader than
the upper and mostly entire, each with a short-pedicelled flower in
its axil; flowers nearly white, about 2 mm. broad; capsule nearly
orbicular, obcordate, 2-3 mm. high.
Occasional along the margins of streams and in the dry beds of
winter pools. April-July.
2. V. byzantina (S. & S.) B. S. B. Annual, pubescent; stems
diffusely branched, spreading or ascending, 1.5-4 dm. long; leaves
ovate or oval, short-petioled, crenate-dentate or somewhat incised,
8-24 mm. long, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate, each with a
slender-peduncled flower in its axil; pedicels filiform, equaling or
exceeding the leaves; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, blue; capsule 6 mm.
broad, half as high, shallowly and broadly emarginate. ( V. bux-
baumii Tenore.)
Occasional about Los Angeles, Davidson.
11. CASTILLEIA Mutis.
Herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate sessile
leaves and red or yellow flowers in terminal leafy-
bracted spikes, the bracts and calyx often brightly
colored. Calyx tubular, cleft in front or behind or
commonly both, the lobes entire or 2-toothed. Corolla
very irregular, its tube about equaling the calyx, the
limb 2-lipped; the upper lip (galea) arched, elongated,
concave or keeled, laterally compressed, entire, enclosing
the 4 didynamous stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed.
Anther-sacs oblong or linear, unequal, the outer one
attached to the filament by its middle, the inner one
pendulous from its apex. Style filiform; stigma entire
or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, loculicidally dehis-
cent, many-seeded. Seeds reticulated.
Annual. 1. C. stenanthe.
Perennials.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 339
Herbage green.
Stems glandular-villous. 2. C. martini.
Stems minutely and sparsely puberulent. 3. C. calif ornica.
Herbage white-woolly throughout. 4. C.foliolosa.
1. C. stenanthe Gray. Stems mostly simple, erect, 3-6 dm.
high, pubescent and somewhat viscid throughout; leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire, the upper with red linear tips which become
spirally coiled; flowers scattered in a loose raceme, short-pedicelled;
calyx wholly green, about equally cleft before and behind to near
the middle; the segments lanceolate and acute or acutely 2-cleft
at the apex; corolla about 3 cm. long; galea usually reddish, slightly
falcate, a half longer than the tube; capsule oblong.
Frequent in all our mountains along streams in moist places.
May-August.
2. C. martini Abrams. Stem rather slender, branching from
near the somewhat woody base, decumbent at base, the branches
ascending, villous and viscid throughout; lower leaves linear or
broadly linear, 2.5-3 cm. long, the upper mostly somewhat broader,
divided to near the middle into 3 lobes, the 2 lateral lobes spreading,
narrower than the middle one; bracts similarly lobed, somewhat
dilated, scarlet-tipped; racemes narrow and rather loose, 1-2 dm.
long; calyx 14-16 mm. long, cleft nearly to the middle behind,
scarcely as deep in front, the segments broadly lanceolate, 2-toothed,
the teeth less than 2 mm. long, the anterior one much the shorter;
galea reddish in front, 1 cm. long, equaling or slightly exceeding the
tube; capsule acute, 1 cm. long.
Common on dry ridges and slopes in all our mountains, confined
mostly to the chaparral belt. April-August.
3. C. californica Abrams. Stems slender, fragile, branched
from a scarcely woody base, erect, more or less branched above,
4-5 dm. high, sparsely and minutely puberulent; upper cauline
leaves linear, remotely and obscurely denticulate or entire, 2-4 cm.
long, 2-3 mm, broad, obtuse, with short slender leafy branchlets
in their axils; inflorescence at first viscid-pubescent, becoming
nearly glabrous, 1-2 dm. long; bracts red or red-tipped, about 2 cm.
long, 3-4 mm. broad, entire or rarely with 1 or 2 very short lateral
teeth toward the apex; calyx about 2.5 cm. long, cleft about equally
before and behind, the lobes 1 cm. long, cleft at the apex, the teeth
lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute; corolla 2.5-3 cm, long, galea about
three-fourths the length of the tube, green on the back, the face
bright red, the tube greenish-yellow.
Occasional in dry washes and fans in the interior valleys.
4. C. foliolosa H. & A. Suffrutescent with many stems from the
base, 3-4 dm. high, white woolly throughout; leaves linear and
entire, rather crowded below and fascicled in the lower axils, 3 cm.
long or less; the uppermost and bracts 3-parted into linear lobes;
bracts with lobes spatulate-dilated at apex, the middle lobe largest,
shallowly 3-lobed; spikes rather dense; flowers about 18 mm. long,
galea only slightly exceeding the calyx, shorter than or as long as
the tube; calyx-lobes truncate or retuse; capsule about 1.5 cm. long.
Frequent on dry hillsides in the foothills.
340 SCROPHULARIACEAE.
12. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt.
Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly with alter-
nate leaves, and yellow white or purple flowers in bracted
usually dense spikes, the bracts sometimes brightly
colored. Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or sometimes split down
both sides. Corolla very irregular, the tube slender, the
limb 2-lipped; upper lip but little exceeding the inflated
3-plaited or 3-saccate lower one. Otherwise as in Castil-
Filaments pubescent; galea bearded. 1. 0. purpurascens.
Filaments glabrous; galea not bearded.
Corolla 3-saccate their whole length. 2. 0. densiflorus.
Corolla conspicuously 3-saccate, the sac as
broad as long. 3. 0. parishii.
1. O. purpurascens Benth. (Owl-clover.) Annual, erect,
rather stout, at length much branched from the base, 1.5-5 dm.
high, villous-pubescent; leaves with lanceolate base or body, and
laciniately 1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform
lobes, or the upper palmately cleft; spike thick and dense; bracts
equaling the flowers, somewhat dilated, their lobes crimson-colored,
as are also the calyx and corolla; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, the lip
moderately saccate, white-tipped, with yellow and purple markings;
galea densely purple-bearded on the back, incurved at tip; filaments
hairy.
Common in sandy soils in the valleys and hills.
2. O. densiflorus Benth. Annual, erect, simple or branched
from the base, 1-3 dm, high, soft-pubescent above; leaves linear
or linear-lanceolate, entire or with a few slender lobes; spike dense,
the lowest flowers sometimes distant; bracts about equaling the
flowers, 3-cleft into linear purple lobes; corolla 18-20 mm. long,
purple; lip moderately ventricose and somewhat 3-saccate for its
whole length, the teeth or lobes conspicuous, erect, oblong-linear;
galea narrow, puberulent or nearly smooth.
Hills near Los Angeles, Greata.
3. O. parishii Gray. Annual, nearly glabrous, about 2 dm.
high; leaves 3-5-cleft into linear-filiform divisions, or the lower
entire; floral ones similar, the lobes purple-tipped; spikes dense
and short; calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, half the length of the
tube; corolla rose-purple, little pubescent in the throat; lip con-
spicuously 3-saccate; the sacs as broad as long, the teeth very short;
galea lanceolate, obtuse, puberulent.
Near Garvanza, Davidson.
13. ADENOSTEGIA Benth.
Annuals with alternate narrow entire or 3-5-parted
leaves, and irregular flowers scattered along the usually
SCROPHULARIACEAE. 341
many branches or in terminal clusters or heads. Bracts
and calyx never colored. Calyx spathe-like, consisting
of an anterior and a posterior leaf-like division or the
anterior division wanting. Corolla tubular, somewhat
enlarged above; its lips about equal in length, the lower
obtusely 3-toothed. Stamens 4 or 2, anther-cells un-
equal, ciliate or minutely bearded. Capsule flattened;
seeds with a loose coat, pointed at one end.
1. A. filifolia (Nutt.) Abrams. Stems erect, branched, 3-6 dm.
high; leaves all filiform, 3-parted to near the base; herbage pubescent
with short reflexed hairs intermingled with scattered spreading
hispid hairs; heads several-flowered, terminating the branches;
bracts 3-lobed to near the base, the entire portion about 1 mm.
broad, strongly 3-nerved; the lobes all filiform and usually nearly
equal, the outer surface very hispid with stout spreading hairs
rising from postulate bases, the inner surface concave, pubescent,
slightly elongated at the apex and tipped with a blackish, more or
less retuse gland; corolla purplish, 12-15 mm. long. {Cordylanthus
filifolius Nutt.)
Common on dry ridges in the chaparral belt of all the mountains.
Adenostegia rigida Benth., to which our southern plants have been
referred, has broader leaves and bracts which are less hispid.
2. A. maritima (Nutt.) Greene. Corymbosely branched, 1-3
dm. high; herbage glaucous and more or less hoary-pubescent,
often tinged with purple; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, about
2 cm. long, entire; flowers in short spikes; bracts oblong-lanceolate,
entire or commonly 3-toothed, the 2 lateral teeth much the smaller;
flowers purple, equaling or slightly exceeding the bracts.
Occasional in salt marshes near the sea. June-September.
14. PEDICULARIS L.
Perennial herbs with alternate opposite or rarely
verticillate pinnately lobed cleft or pinnatifid leaves,
and irregular flowers in terminal spikes or spike-like
racemes. Calyx 2-5-cleft, corolla tubular, strongly
bilabiate; galea arched and compressed; lower lip of 3
small rounded lobes or teeth. Stamens 4; anthers
approximate in pairs, their sacs transverse, equal. Cap-
sule flattened, oblique at apex, loculicidally 2-valved.
1. P. densiflora Benth. Stems simple, erect, 2-3 dm. high,
commonly several from the scaly caudex; herbage nearly glabrous
or somewhat soft-pubescent; leaves pinnately divided or parted, the
segments oblong, doubly serrate-toothed or incised; spike terminal,
dense or at length loose; bracts linear, ciliate or serrulate toward the
apex, mostly shorter than the flowers; calyx 5-angled, equally or
unequally 5-toothed, 6-8 mm. long; corolla crimson, 2.5 cm. long
342 OROBANCHACEAE.
or more; galea large, somewhat broader above, strongly arched,
lower lip small, of 3 rounded teeth; filaments glabrous.
Laurel Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains, Davidson. February.
2. P. semibarbata Gray. Nearly acaulescent, depressed, more
or less pubescent; leaves in a basal tuft, 15-20 cm, long, on petioles
mostly exceeding the irregular sessile spikes, 2-pinnately parted
or nearly so, the oblong lobes laciniately few-toothed; corolla yel-
lowish, tinged with purple, pubescent without, about 2 cm. long;
galea nearly straight; filaments villous above.
Frequent on dry ridges in the open pine forests of all the moun-
tains. May-July.
Family 95. OROBANCHACEAE.
Broom-rape Family.
Erect simple or branched, brown, yellow, purplish or
nearly white root-parasites. Leaves reduced to alter-
nate appressed scales. Flowers perfect. Irregular, sessile
in terminal bracted spikes, or solitary and peduncled In
the axils of the scales. Calyx 4-5-toothed or 4-5-cleft,
or split on one or both sides nearly or quite to the base.
Corolla more or less oblique, the limb 2-lIpped, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous, Inserted in the tube of the
corolla alternate with the lobes, a fifth rudimentary one
sometimes present. Ovary superior, 1 -celled, with 4
parietal placentae; ovules numerous; style slender;
stigma discoid, 2-lobed or 4-lobed. Capsule 1 -celled,
2-valved.
Flowers bractless, nearly regular. 1. Thalesia.
Flowers bracteate, strongly 2-lipped. 2. Orobanche.
1. THALESIA Raf.
Glandular or viscid-pubescent simple-stemmed herbs,
parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered
scales, and long-peduncled yellowish white or violet, per-
fect bractless flowers. Calyx campanulate or hemi-
spheric, nearly equally 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acumi-
nate. Corolla oblique; the tube elongated, curved; the
limb slightly 2-lIpped; the upper lip erect-spreading,
2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes all nearly
equal. Stamens included ; anther-sacs mucronate at the
PLANTAGINACEAE. 343
base. Ovary ovoid; style slender, deciduous; stigma
peltate or slightly 2-lobed.
1. T. fasciculata (Nutt.) Britton. Stem erect, 5-10 cm. high,
densely glandular-pubescent, bearing several scales and 3-15 naked
1-flowered peduncles, 2.5-10 cm. long; calyx broadly campanulate,
6-10 mm. long, its lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate,
acute, equaling or shorter than the tube; corolla about 2 cm. long,
purplish-yellow, puberulent within; the curved tube 3 times as
long as the limb; the lobes oblong, obtuse. {Aphyllon fasciculatum
Gray.)
Occasional in rather dry ground in the San Gabriel and Santa
Ana Mountains; growing on the roots of various shrubs. May-
July.
2. OROBANCHE L.
Glandular-pubescent, erect, simple or branched herbs,
parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered
scales, and spicate or racemose perfect bracted and some-
times bracteolate flowers. Calyx split both above and
below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft
or rarely entire, or more or less unequally 2-5-toothed.
Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emar-
ginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens
included; anther-sacs mostly mucronate at the base.
Ovary ovoid; style slender, commonly persistent; stigma
peltate to funnelform, entire or slightly 2-lobed.
1. O. calif omicimi C. & S. Viscid-pubescent; stems stout,
usually simple, 5-15 cm. high; flowers crowded in a dense raceme;
pedicels 2-4 or the lower sometimes 10 cm. long; bractlets close to
the calyx; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about equaling the
yellowish or purplish corolla, this 2-2.5 cm. long; anthers glabrous
or slightly hairy.
Elysian Park, Davidson,
2. O. tuberosa (Gray) Heller. Pruinose-puberulent; stems
stout, with a thickened tuber-like base, 15 cm, high or less; spikes
dense, corymbose-glomerate at the summit of the thickened stem;
flowers subsessile or on short pedicels; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
equaling the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish, about 10-15 mm. long;
anthers glabrous.
Echo Mountain among shrubs, Mc Clatchie.
Family 96. PLANTAGINACEAE.
Plantain Fajmily.
Annual or perennial mostly acaulescent rarely stolon-
iferous herbs, with basal, in the caulescent species oppo-
344 PLANTAGINACEAE.
site or alternate, leaves, and small perfect, polygamous
or monoecious flowers, bracteolate in dense terminal
long-scaped spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx
persistent, 4-parted. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or
membranous, mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or
2, inserted on the corolla-tube or throat; filaments fili-
form; anthers versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehis-
cent. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or falsely 3-4-celled.
Style filiform, simple, mostl}^ longitudinally stigmatic.
Ovules 1-several in each cell. Fruit a membranous or
coriaceous capsule, circumscissile at or below the middle.
Seeds peltate.
1. PLANTAGO L. Plantain.
Characters of the family.
Corolla closed over the mature capsule, forming a
beak. 1. P. hirtella.
Corolla remaining expanded.
Perennials.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less vil-
lous; seeds 2. 2. P. lanceolata.
Leaves ovate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent ;
seeds several. 3. P. major.
Annuals.
Leaves silky-pubescent. 4. P. erecta.
Leaves glabrous. 5. P. higelovii.
\. P. hirtella H. B. K. Perennial from a thick root, hirsute,
especially the scape and leaves; leaves oblong-oblanceolate to nar-
rowly oblong, 5 dm. long or less, tapering below to a short petiole,
sparsely dentate; scape usually longer than the leaves, stout, erect;
spike 15-30 cm, long, dense, except at base; corolla persistent, its
lobes closed over the capsule; seeds 3.
Occasional in low ground in the coajst valleys.
2. P. lanceolata L. More or less villous with tufts of brownish
hairs at the base of the leaves; leaves erect or spreading, oblong-
lanceolate, tapering at base into a slender petiole, strongly 3-5-
ribbed, 3 dm. long or less, entire; scapes exceeding the leaves,
channeled, slender; spike very dense, becoming cylindric, 10 cm.
long or less; sepals ovate, with green midrib and scarious margins;
pyxis oblong; ovary obtuse, 2-seeded, circumscissile at about the
middle.
Common in low ground throughout our range.
3. P. major L. Glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent;
leaves spreading, long-petioled, mostly ovate, narrowed or rounded
RUBIACEAE. 345
at base, entire or coarsely dentate, 2 dm. long or less; scapes ex-
ceeding the leaves, erect, 3 dm. long or less; spikes 2 dm. long or
less; pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle, 5-16-seeded.
Frequent in low ground.
4. P. erecta Morris. Annual, silky pubescent, 6-15 cm. high;
leaves erect, narrowly linear to narrowly oblanceolate, about two-
thirds the length of the scapes or nearly equaling the shorter ones;
scapes 1 or few; spikes few-many-flowered, capitate or oblong, 15
cm. long or usually less; calyx-lobes obtuse, scarious-margined
with brownish midrib; pyxis ovate, truncate, purplish above, cir-
cumscissile at the lower third; seeds 2.
Very common on dry plains and in the foothills throughout our
range.
4a. P. erecta obversa (Morris) Abrams. A more robust form;
leaves with few to several callous denticulations; scapes usually
numerous; spikes 15-40 cm. long; capsule circumscissile near the
middle. (P. obversa Morris.)
Occasional in sandy soil toward the coast, also on Catalina
Island. In our opinion not a good species and scarcely worthy of
varietal distinction.
5. P. bigelovii Gray. Very slender, annual, 1 dm. high or less
leaves very narrowly linear or filiform, glabrous; scapes very slender,
slightly pubescent above; spikes slender, about 15 mm. long and
4 mm. broad, often much shorter and reduced to 4-5 flowers; calyx
broadly scarious-margined; pyxis oblong-ovate, much exceeding the
calyx, circumscissile at the lower third.
Known within our limits only from Inglewood, where it occurs
in low exsiccated places.
Family 98. RUBIACEAE. Madder Family.
Herbs or woody plants with simple, opposite or verti-
cillate, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimor-
phous or trimorphous regular flowers. Calyx-tube ad-
nate to the ovary, its limb various. Corolla 4-5-lobed,
often pubescent within. Stamens as many as the lobes
of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on its
tube or throat; anthers versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary inferior, 2-5-celled; style simple or
lobed; ovules 1-many in each cell. Fruit a capsule or
berry. Seeds various.
1. GALIUM L. Bedstraw.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely suffrutescent,
with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently
346 RUBIACEAE.
vertlcillate leaves, and small white green yellow or
purple flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or
panicles. Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious. Calyx-
tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed or
wanting. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, alternate
with the corolla-lobes; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled;
ovules 1 in each cavity. Styles 2, short; stigmas capi-
tate. Fruit biglobular, dry or fleshy, smooth, tubercu-
late or hispid, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels.
Annual. 1. G. aparine.
Perennials.
Fruit dry.
Flowers perfect; fruit smooth. 2, G. trifidum.
Flowers dioecious; fruit hispid.
Herbage green, glabrous or scabrous. 3. G. angustifolium.
Herbage cinereous-puberulent. 4. G. siccatum.
Fruit fleshy.
Leaves not acerose-subulate.
Fruit hispid, white, turning black in
drying.
Suffrutescent, usually climbing. 5. G. grande.
Herbaceous, usually in low tufts. 6. G. californicum.
Fruit smooth, purple. 7. G. nuttallii.
Leaves acerose; plants growing in tufts. 8. G. andrewsii.
1. G. aparine L. Diffuse, weak, climbing over herbaceous
plants, setulose or hispidulous-roughened; leaves in whorls of 7-8,
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, mucronate, tapering
to a rather narrow base, 15-45 mm. long; flowers white or whitish;
fruit thickly beset with whitish hooked hairs.
Frequent on grassy hillsides in shady places. March-April.
2. G. trifidum subbifiorum Wiegand. Perennial with slender
rootstock and slender weak wholly herbaceous ascending stems,
4 dm. high or less, much branched and intermingled, sharply 4-
angled, somewhat scabrous; leaves in 4's, linear-spatulate, very
unequal, 8-10 mm. long, obtuse, cuneate at the base, flaccid and
nearly smooth; pedicels capillary, equaling the leaves, nearly gla-
brous, rarely 2-3-flowered; corolla minute, white, its lobes trifid,
very obtuse; fruit glabrous.
Occasional in shady places, mostly in the interior valleys.
3. G. angustifolium Nutt. Suffrutescent at base, 3-8 dm, high,
with rigid virgate branches, glabrous or minutely scabrous; leaves
narrowly linear, 1-nerved, 12-20 mm. long; dioecious; cymes small,
in narrow panicles, the fertile ones more or less condensed; corolla
dull white, about 3 mm. broad; bristles of the fruit about the length
of the body.
Frequent on sand-dunes along the seashore, and in the foothills,
often ascending to 4000 feet altitude.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 347
4. G. siccatum Wight. Somewhat suffrutescent below, branched
and bushy, sometimes reclining, the whole plant cinereous-puberu-
lent; leaves linear, 8-16 mm. long, not rigid, barely mucronulate;
inflorescence cymose-paniculate; flowers polygamous, greenish-
yellow; fruit 2 mm. broad, densely hispid with straight hairs.
Wilson's Peak, McClatchie; Santa Monica Mountains.
5. G. grande McClatchie. Suffrutescent, evergreen, the woody
stems 6-10 mm. in diameter, 10-24 dm. long, erect or reclining on
bushes; herbaceous branches and leaves cinereous-hirsute or his-
pidulous; leaves in 4's, elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, 6-12 mm.
long; flowers numerous, polygamous, greenish-yellow, terminal or
sometimes axillary, 1-5 on a peduncle, 2-5 mm. broad; ovary densely
hirsute; mature fruit baccate, clothed with stiff hairs, at first white,
becoming black, about 4 mm. broad.
Frequent in the upper portions of the chaparral belt of the San
Gabriel Mountains.
6. G. califomicum H. & A. Wholly herbaceous, from slender
creeping rootstocks, often in low tufts, 8-30 mm. high, hirsute
throughout; stems slender; leaves in 4's, thin, ovate to elliptic,
acute or acuminate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers polygamous, few, ter-
minal, yellowish-white; fruit baccate, clothed with scattered hairs,
pearly white, changing to black in drying, 2-3 mm. in diameter.
Frequent in all the mountains, mostly above 3000 feet altitude.
7. G. nuttallii Gray. Suffrutescent below, often climbing,
6-15 dm. high, the angles of the stems and margins of the leaves
roughened or hispidulous, otherwise glabrous; leaves in 4's, thickish,
oval to linear-oblong, mucronulate or obtuse, 3-6 mm. long; fruit
glabrous, purple, 4 mm. broad.
Common in the foothills throughout our range.
8. G. andrewsii Gray. Densely matted, the prostrate stems
rooting at the joints, 5-10 cm. long, grayish, sparsely scabrous or
smooth; leaves crowded, acerose-subulate, 4-8 mm. long; flowers
dioecious, male slender-pedicelled in few-flowered terminal cymes,
female solitary, subtended by a whorl of leaves which are longer
than the at length reflexed pedicel; berry whitish, becoming dark-
colored.
On dry ridges in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and
extending into the pine belt of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and
Cuyamaca Mountains.
FamUy 99. CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
Honeysuckle Family.
Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs, with opposite
simple or pinnate leaves, and perfect, regular or irregu-
lar, mostly cymose flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla 5-
348 CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
lobed, sometimes 2-Hpped. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted
on the corolla-tube and alternate with its lobes; anthers
versatile, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary in-
ferior, 1-6-celled; style slender; stigma capitate or 2-5-
lobed; ovules 1-several in each cavity. Fruit a berry,
drupe or capsule.
Leaves pinnately compound; flowers rotate. 1. Sambucus.
Leaves simple.
Berry white; corolla short campanulate. 2. Symphoricarpus.
Berry red or black; corolla tubular, some-
what irregular. 3. Lonicera.
1. SAMBUCUS L. Elder.
Shrubs or trees, with opposite pinnate leaves, serrate
or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers
in compound depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube
ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla
rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. Sta-
mens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla; filaments
slender. Ovary v3-5-celled; style 3-parted; ovules 1 in
each cell, pendulous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5
1-seeded nutlets.
1. S. coerulea Raf. Bushy or arborescent, 2-5 m. high, the
largest specimens tree-like; leaves coriaceous, glabrous; leaflets 5-7,
lanceolate, ovate or obovate, mostly abruptly acuminate, serrate
except at the acuminate apex, 2.5-8 cm. long; inflorescence 5-rayed,
each ray again 1-3 times 5-rayed, forming a flat-topped cyme, 8-15
cm. broad; flowers white, 7 mm. broad; fruit blue beneath the white
bloom. { S. glauca Nutt.)
Frequent on low hills and in washes in all the valleys. May-
June.
2. SYMPHORICARPUS Juss. Snowberry.
Shrubs with opposite deciduous short-petioled simple
leaves, and small white or pink perfect flowers in axil-
lary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube nearly globular,
the limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or salver-
shaped, regular or sometimes gibbous at the base, 4-5-
lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary
4-celled, 2 of the cells containing several abortive ovules,
the others each with a single suspended ovule; style
filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid or
globose 4-celled 2-seeded berry.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 349
1. S. mollis Nutt. Low, much branched "shrub, about 3 dm.
high, the branches mostly erect; leaves oval or elliptic, mostly 1 cm.
long, pubescent on both surfaces or more so on the lower surface;
corolla rose-red, barely pubescent within; berry globose, 8-12 mm.
in diameter, pulp snowy.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the mountains and foothills.
3. LONICERA L. Honeysuckle.
Erect or climbing shrubs with opposite entire leaves,
and usually somewhat irregular spicate, capitate or gemi-
nate flowers. Calyx-tube ovoid or nearly globular, the
limb slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funnelform or
campanulate, often gibbous at base, the limb 5-toothed,
more or less oblique or 2-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on
the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numer-
ous in each cell, pendulous; style slender; stigma capitate.
Berry fleshy, usually 2-3-celled, few-seeded.
Inflorescence pubescent.
Uppermost pair of leaves connate. 1. L. hispidula.
Leaves all distinct. 2. L. suhspicata.
Inflorescence glabrous. 3. L. interrupta.
\. L. hispidula calif omica (Torr. & Gray) Rehdr. Climbing
trees and shrubs, often 5 m. high, the branches usually pendent;
leaves oblong-ovate, 4-6 cm. long, glabrous above, white and
villous beneath; all but the lowest with conspicuous rounded connate
stipule-like appendages; inflorescence densely glandular-pubescent;
corolla pink, 14-18 mm. long, glandular-pubescent without; berries
bright red.
A common species in central California and northward. In
southern California it has been found only on Santa Catalina
Island. These insular plants differ from the northern specimens,
and may prove to be distinct when they are better known.
2. L. subspicata H. & A. Bushy, more or less pubescent or
glandular above, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves rounded to elliptic, 2 cm.
long or less, all distinct and petioled, coriaceous, pale beneath;
inflorescence in rather short interrupted spikes, terminating leafy
branches; flowers yellow, glandular-pubescent without; corolla-
tube 4-5 mm. long; limb equaling the tube, 2-lipped, the upper lip
with 4 short rounded lobes, the lower narrow, entire, somewhat
gibbous at base; anthers 4 mm. long; filaments pubescent below.
Frequent in the chaparral belt of all the hills and mountains.
3. L. interrupta Benth. Stems with a rigid trunk, the branches
climbing or reclining on bushes; leaves orbicular-obovate to oval,
2-4 cm. long, glabrous, rarely somewhat pubescent, glaucous be-
neath, subcoriaceous; inflorescence glabrous, with numerous remote
whorls; corolla yellow, 12-15 mm. long, glabrous without.
A common species in the dry chaparral-covered regions of interior
California; Newhall; Swartout Canyon.
350 DIPSACEAE.
Family 100. VALERIANACEAE.
Valerian Family.
Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and usually
small perfect or polygamous flowers, in corymbed,
panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in flower,
becoming prominent in fruit. Corolla epigynous, some-
what irregular, its tube narrow, sometimes gibbous or
spurred at base; h*mb spreading, mostly 5-lobed. Sta-
mens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its
lobes. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled, 1 of the cells con-
taining a single suspended ovule, the others empty.
Fruit indehiscent, dry, containing a single suspended seed.
1. PLECTRITIS DC.
Annual herbs with simple or rarely with very slender
branches and usually entire leaves, the cauline com-
monly sessile. Flowers small, borne in glomerules at
the end of the stem or branches, or the glomerules in
interrupted or dense spikes. Calyx-limb obsolete. Co-
rolla usually pink, more or less bilabiate, spurred or
gibbous at base. Wings of the fruit commonly incurved
and forming a circular hollow or cavity on the side.
1. P. macrocera T. & G. Slender, 1-2 dm. high; leaves linear or
narrowly oblong; corolla about 2 mm. long; the spur longer than
the tube; fruit more or less hispid, dorsally carinate; the carina
2-grooved; lateral wings broad, each with a more or less obvious
lobe at apex, spreading or incurved. ( Valeria?iella macrocera
Gray; P. congesta minor Hook.)
Occasional on shady hillsides. March.
Family 101. DIPSACEAE. Teasel Family.
Herbs with opposite or verticillate exstipulate leaves.
Flowers perfect, borne on an elongated or globose recep-
tacle, bracted and involucrate. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, its limb cup-shaped or disk-shaped, or divided
into spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the limb 2-5-
lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube of the corolla
CUCURBITACEAE. 351
and alternate with its lobes; filaments distinct. Ovary
inferior, 1 -celled; style filiform; stigma undivided,
terminal or lateral; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit an
achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.
1. DIPSACUS L.
Rough-hairy or prickly, tall erect biennial or peren-
nial herbs, with opposite dentate or pinna tifid, usually
large leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense terminal
peduncled oblong heads. Bracts of the involucre and
scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny-toothed. Calyx-
limb cup-shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla oblique
or 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigmas oblique or
lateral. Achene free or adnate to the involucel.
1, D. fuUonum L. (Fuller's-teasel.) Biennial, stout, with
numerous short prickles on the stem, branches, midribs of the
leaves and involucre, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. high;
leaves sessile or the upper ones connate-perfoliate, lanceolate or
oblong, entire, the lower obtuse, crenate; leaves of the involucre
spreading or reflexed, shorter than the head; heads ovoid, becoming
cylindric, 6-10 cm. long; scales of the receptacle with hooked tips,
about equaling the flowers; flowers lilac, 8-12 mm. long.
Occasional in moist places about Los Angeles. Native of Europe.
FamUy 102. CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family.
Herbaceous vines, climbing or trailing by means of
tendrils, with alternate petioled leaves, and solitary or
racemose monoecious or dioecious flowers. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, its limb usually 5-lobed. Petals
usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, separate or
united. Stamens mostly 3, 2 of them with 2-celled
anthers, the other with a 1 -celled anther; filaments
short, often somewhat united. Ovary 1-3-celled; style
simple or lobed ; ovules few or numerous. Fruit a pepo,
indehiscent or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or burst-
ing irregularly. Seeds usually flat.
Flowers yellow, large; fruit indehiscent, smooth. 1, Cucurbita.
Flowers white or greenish, small; fruit dehiscent
at summit, prickly. 2. Micrampelis.
352 CUCURBITACEAE.
1. CUCURBITA L.
Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with
branched tendrils, usually lobed leaves which are often
cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoecious
flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, usually 5-lobed. Co-
rolla campanulate, 5-lobed to about the middle, the
lobes recurving. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, the
anthers linear, more or less united. Pistillate flowers
with 1 pistil; ovary oblong, with 3-5 many-ovuled pla-
centae; style short, thick; stigmas 3-5, each 2-lobed,
papillose; staminodia 3. Fruit large, fleshy, with a thick
rind, many-seeded, indehiscent.
1. C. foetidissima H. B. K. (Calabazilla or Mock-orange.)
Stems stout, rough, hirsute, trailing to a length of 2-5 m.; root
very large, carrot-shaped; leaves ovate-triangular, cordate or trun-
cate at the base, acute at the apex, 1-3 dm. long, denticulate, usually
slightly 3-5-lobed, rough above, canescent beneath, on stout petioles,
8-15 cm. long; peduncles 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers mostly solitary;
corolla 7-10 cm. long; pepo globose, 5-10 cm. in diameter, smooth.
Frequent on dry sandy soil throughout our range.
2. MICRAMPELIS Raf.
Mostly climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed
divided or angled leaves, and small white or greenish-
white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate,
5-6-toothed. Corolla very deeply 5-6-parted. Sta-
mens 3 in the staminate flowers; the anthers more or less
coherent. Pistillate flowers with a 2-4-celled ovary;
style very short; stigma hemispheric or lobed. Fruit
fleshy or dry at maturity, densely spiny, 1-2-celled,
dehiscent at the summit,
1. M. macrocarpa Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems much
branched, climbing over shrubs, from a very large fusiform root;
leaves about 1-1.5 dm. broad, with a closed sinus, 5-cleft to the
middle or below it, the divisions slightly 3-5-lobed, rnucronate;
fruit ovoid-oblong, 8-12 cm. long, usually densely echinate with
stout but rather soft spines, the longest often 5 cm. long, usually
12-14-seeded; seed ovoid, 18 mm. long, light brown, encircled by a
dark marginal line.
Frequent in the hills and in the chaparral belt of all the moun-
tains. February-May. Commonly called chilicothe or wild cu-
cumber.
CAMPANULACEAE. 353
Family 103. CAMPANULACEAE. Bell^
FLOWER Family.
Herbs with alternate exstlpulate entire dentate or
rarely lobed leaves, acrid and usually milky juice, and
racemose, splcate, paniculate or solitary perfect flowers.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostly 5-lobed
or 5-parted. Corolla regular or irregular, its limb 5-
lobed, regular or more or less 2-lipped, or corolla rarely
divided into separate petals. Stamens 5, alternate with
the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla on the calyx
where it becomes free from the ovary; filaments separate
or connate; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate or united.
Ovary 2-5-celled or rarely 6-10-celled, the placentae pro-
jecting from the axis or with 2 parietal placentae; st^de
simple; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed. Fruit a capsule or
berry. Seeds numerous and small; embryo minute,
straight; endosperm fleshy. (Including the family
LobeliacecB of some authors.)
Corolla regular; stamens separate.
Capsule opening on the side by 2-3 valves,
which leave small round perforations. 1. Legouzia,
Capsule opening by a hole left by the falling
away of the base of the style. 2. Githopsis.
Corolla irregular; stamens more or less united.
Anthers free, filaments more or less united;
flowers minute. 3. Nemacladus.
Anthers connate.
Corolla-tube open to the base on 1 side. 4. Lobelia.
Corolla-tube closed. 5. Palmerella.
1. LEGOUZIA Durand.
Annual herbs with long slender stems and branches,
alternate toothed or entire leaves, and axillary 2-bracted
flowers sessile or nearly so. The earlier flowers small,
cleistogamous, the latter with a blue or purple, nearly
rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in the
earlier flowers 3-4, in the latter 4-5. Corolla 5-lobed or
5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments
flat; anthers separate, linear. Ovary 3-celled or rarely
2-celled or 4-celled; stigma usually 3-lobed. Capsule
opening by lateral valves,
24
354 CAMPANULACEAE.
1, L. biflora (R. & P.) Britton. Glabrous or nearly so; stem
simple or branched, roughish on the angles, 15-30 cm, high; leaves
ovate, oblong or the upper lanceolate, sessile, acute or obtuse at
the apex, crenate with few teeth or entire, 8-20 mm. long; the calyx-
lobes of the earlier flowers ovate to lanceolate, of the later lanceolate-
subulate; capsule oblong-cylindric, 6-10 mm. long, opening by
valves close under the calyx-teeth. {Specularia biflora Gray.)
Occasional on grassy slopes.
2. GITHOPSIS Nutt.
Slender annuals with rather small linear-oblong coarse-
ly toothed sessile leaves. Flowers simply terminating
the branches or becoming lateral, erect, all alike. Calyx-
tube club-shaped, strongly 10-ribbed, adnate to the sum-
mit of the ovary, its limb of 5 long and linear foliaceous
lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed. Fila-
ments short, dilated at the base; anthers long, linear.
Ovary 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule club-shaped,
coriaceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own
length, strongly striate-ribbed, many-seeded, opening
when the somewhat persistent base of the style falls away
by a round hole in its place. Seeds fusiform-oblong.
1. G. specularioides Nutt. Stems simple or with 1-2 proliferous
branches, 5-20 cm. high, hirsute or glabrate; leaves linear-oblong,
6-10 mm. long, the lower obovate, 2-4 mm. long, all sharply few-
toothed; calyx-lobes 6-18 mm, long, shorter than or much exceeding
the corolla; corolla purplish, its lobes shorter than the tube; capsule
turgid, tapering into a very short peduncle.
Hills about Soldiers Home, Ilasse.
3. NEMACLADUS Nutt.
Low and diffusely branched annuals, with numerous
capillary branches, cauline leaves minute, sessile, sub-
tending the dichotomous branches. Flowers minute on
rather long capillary pedicels. Calyx partty or wholly
free. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed or 2-parted,
the lower 3-lobed or 3-parted. Filaments monadelphous
to near the base; anthers oval, glabrous. Style incurved
at the tip; stigmas capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled,
2-valved from the tip, 7-40-seeded.
1. N. ramosissimus montanus (Greene) Gray, Glabrous
throughout or sparsely puberulent below and occasionally with
some villous hairs at the base of the pedicels; stems diffusely and
dichotomously branched, very slender, 1-2 dm, high; basal leaves
obovate, denticulate, 1 cm. long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long, curved
CAMPANULACEAE. 355
upward; calyx about 2 mm. long, the lobes equaling the tube;
corolla white, slightly exceeding the calyx; capsule 7-12-seeded;
seeds favose-reticulated, ovate-oblong.
Frequent in open pine forests in the San Gabriel and San Ber-
nardino Mountains.
2. N. ramosissimus pinnatifidus (Greene) Gray. Much re-
sembling the last; basal leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-2-pinnatifid, the
cauline toothed; capsule 15-25-seeded; seeds short-oblong.
San Gabriel Mountains, Allen.
4. LOBELIA L.
Herbs with alternate or basal leaves, and racemose,
spicate or paniculate, often leafy-bracted flowers. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube straight, oblique
or incurved, divided to the base on 1 side, 2-lobed; the
lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved, turned
away from the other 3, which are somewhat united.
Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous at
least above; 2 or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs
at the tip, all united. Ovary 2-celled; the 2 parietal
placentas many-ovuled; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Cap-
sule loculicidally 2-valved.
1. L. splendens Willd. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect,
commonly simple, 4-8 dm. high; leaves lanceolate or almost linear,
glandular-denticulate, all but the lower sessile, 10 cm. long or less;
flowers in a rather close often elongated raceme; calyx-tube hemi-
spheric, 4 mm. long, the lobes linear-lanceolate, 8 mm. long; corolla
bright red, 2 cm. long, the tube narrow, the lobes about 8 mm. long;
seeds oblong, somewhat rugose-tuberculate.
Along streams in wet places in the upper portions of the chaparral
belt of the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains.
5. PALMERELLA Gray.
Slender erect or spreading herbs, glabrous or nearly
so, with mostly lanceolate entire or serrate leaves, and
blue flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx-tubes tur-
binate, the lobes slender. Corolla-tube elongated, linear
and straight, not at all dilated at the throat; the short
limb abruptly spreading; 2 lobes small, spatulate-linear
and recurving, the 3 larger obovate or oblong, slightly
united at the base. Filaments more or less adnate to
the corolla up to near the throat, then monadelphous
and free, or adnate on 1 side only; anthers oblong, the
3 larger naked, the 2 shorter tipped with a tuft of very
short bristles. Ovary and capsule as in Lobelia.
356 ASTERACEAE.
1. L. debilis serrata Gray. Stems simple or rarely branched
above, 2-6 dm. high, very leafy, glabrous except the inflorescence,
this puberulent; cauline leaves lanceolate-linear or lanceolate, the
lower broader, spatulate to obovate, all sharply serrate, the upper-
most passing into slender bracts; racemes few-many-flowered;
pedicels slender; calyx-lobes narrowly-subulate, twice the length
of the tube, and nearly equaling the corolla; corolla-tube slender,
2 cm. long, in age splitting up from the base as in Lobelia, pale
blue; the larger lobes deep violet, 6-8 mm. long.
Frequent in moist places in the canyons of the San Gabriel and
Santa Ana Mountains.
Family 104. ASTERACEAE. Aster Family.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate or
opposite leaves. Flowers in heads, borne on the en-
larged summit of the peduncle (receptacle) and sur-
rounded by the bracts of the involucre. Receptacle
naked or with bracts subtending the flowers or with
bristles among the flowers. Calyx-tube united with the
ovary, the limb when present called pappus, and con-
sisting of awns, hairs, bristles, scales or paleae. Corolla
tubular and 5-toothed or 5-lobed, or the limb strap-
shaped (ligulate) and toothed or entire at the apex, those
of a head all tubular, all ligulate or of both kinds. When
both kinds are present the marginal ones are ligulate
and are called ray-flowers, the inner are tubular and are
called disk-flowers. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers
united and forming a tube, or nearly or quite free in
AmbrosicB and the filaments more or less cohering.
Styles 2-lobed, the lobes, stigmatic on the inner surface.
Ovary 1 -celled, becoming an achene in fruit. Pappus
commonly persistent.
Key to the Tribes.
Heads all alike.
Heads composed of both ray- and disk-
flowers or of disk-flowers only.
Anthers not caudate at base.
Receptacle naked.
Bracts of the involucre well-im-
bricated.
ASTERACEAE.
357
Style-branches not stigmatic to
the summit.
Style-branches stigmatic
only below the middle;
flowers never yellow ; rays
none.
Style-branches of the per-
fect flowers stigmatic to
or above the middle, the
upper sterile portion
forming a flattened ap-
pendage.
Style-branches stigmatic up to
the truncate apex.
Bracts herbaceous; herbage
not aromatic.
Bracts with scarious mar-
gins; herbage aromatic or
strong-scented.
Bracts usually in 1 series; pappus
generally capillary.
Receptacle not naked.
Receptacle fimbrillate.
Receptacle chaffy.
Bracts of the involucre not
scarious.
Bracts of the involucre in a
single series, more or less
enclosing the ray-achenes.
Bracts of the involucre in 2
or more series not enfold-
ing the ray-achenes.
Bracts of the involucre scarious,
at least on the margins.
Anthers caudate at base.
Anthers not appendaged at apex; in-
volucre usually scarious.
Anthers appendaged at apex; bracts
usually spinescent.
Corollas regular, all tubular.^
Corollas 2-lipped; rays wanting.
Heads composed of ligulate flowers only.
Heads of 2 kinds: staminate heads clustered
above the pistillate, anthers more or less free;
pistillate heads few-flowered, flowers com-
pletely enclosed in the prickly involucre.
1. EUPATORIEAE.
2. ASTEREAE.
7. Helenieae.
Anthemideae.
Senecioneae.
Helenieae.
6. Madieae.
5. Heliantheae.
8. Anthemideae.
3. Inuleae.
Cynareae.
mutisieae.
CiCHORIEAE.
4. Ambrosieae.
Tribe 1. EUPATORIEAE. Eupatory Tribe.
Ours herbs or suffrutescent plants with white or flesh-
colored perfect disk-flowers and no rays. Receptacle
358 ASTERACEAE.
naked. Anthers not caudate at base. Style-branches
stigmatic only below the middle.
Achenes 5-angled. 1. Eupatorium.
Achenes 10-ribbed. 2. Coleosanthus.
1. EUPATORIUM L.
Erect mostly branching perennial herbs, with opposite
verticillate or alternate often punctate leaves, and
cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white, blue or purple
flowers. Involucre oblong to hemispheric, its bracts im-
bricated in 2-several series. Receptacle flat, convex or
conic, naked. Corolla regular, its lobes slender, 5-lobed
or 5-toothed. Style-branches flattened above, stigmatic
at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of
numerous capillary usually scabrous bristles, arranged
in a single row.
1. E. glandulosum H. B. K. Stems slender and apparently her-
baceous, glandular-puberulent; upper leaves opposite, short-petioled,
ovate-deltoid, acute at apex, cordate at base, serrate, thin, minutely
atomiferous beneath; cymes rather compact, on dichotomous
peduncles longer than the leaves; pedicels 1 cm. long, with 2-3 linear
bracts; heads 20-30-flowered; involucral bracts lanceolate, firm,
4 mm. long, prominently 2-ribbed, the acute tips softer; corolla 4-5
mm. long, glabrous, white, the filiform tube twice the length of the
abruptly expanded throat; pappus scabrous, equaling the corolla,
early deciduous; achenes smooth, 5-angled, slightly arcuate, 1.5 mm.
long; receptacle somewhat rounded. (E. pasadense Parish.)
Wet bank of a pool in a canyon south of Pasadena, McClatchie.
2. COLEOSANTHUS Cass.
Herbaceous perennial or partly shrubby plants, with
opposite or alternate leaves and discoid heads of whitish
or pink flowers in panicles or cymes. Involucral bracts
well-imbricated in several series, striate. Receptacle
flat or convex. Achenes 10-striate or -ribbed. Pappus
a single row of numerous rough or serrate bristles.
I.e. califomicus (T. & G.) Kuntze. Shrubby at base, 6-9 dm.
high, paniculately branched; herbage somewhat glandular-puberu-
lent; leaves alternate, ovate, somewhat triangular or slightly cordate,
obtuse, irregularly crenate-toothed, 3-ribbed from the base, veiny,
roughish, 2-4 cm. long, short-petioled; heads spicate or racemose
along leafy branches, about 1 cm. high, 10-15-flowered; involucral
bracts with thinnish, mostly obtuse straight tips. {Brickellia
calif ornica Gray.)
Occasional in the canyons of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana
Mountains.
ASTERACEAE. 359
2, C. nevinii (Gray) Heeler. Herbage white-woolly; leaves
repandodentate; heads 30-40-flowered; otherwise as in the last.
Newhall, Nevin.
Tribe 2. ASTEREAE. Aster Tribe.
Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubs, with usu-
ally scentless herbage and alternate leaves. Receptacle
naked. Bracts of the involucre commonly well-imbri-
cated. Disk-flowers commonly yellow. Rays present or
wanting. Anthers not caudate. Pappus of bristles or
awns. Pollen grains echinate.
Pappus of awns or scales.
Pappus of several caducous awns; heads
large. 3. Grindelia.
Pappus of several short scales; heads
small. 4. GUTIERREZIA.
Pappus of bristles.
Pappus of a few persistent slender bristles. 5. Pentachaeta.
Pappus of many persistent slender bristles.
Rays present.
Rays yellow.
Rays without pappus. 6. Heterotheca.
Rays with pappus like that of
disk-flowers.
Pappus of 2 kinds, the outer
short and scale-hke. 7. Chrysopsis.
Pappus of 1 kind only.
Perennial glabrous or
pubescent herbs.
Heads small, in scor-
pioid racemes, 8. Solidago.
Heads small in cor-
ymbose panicles. 9. Euthamia.
Evergreen w^oody plants
with punctate, flat or
terete leaves. 10. Ericameria.
Rays not yellow.
Pappus rusty-brown; anthers
with slender appendages at
apex. 15. CORETHROGYNE.
Pappus dull white.
Bracts in more than 2 series. 16. Aster.
Bracts in 1-2 series.
Rays exceeding the disk. 17. Erigeron.
Rays inconspicu ous,
shorter than the disk. 18. Leptilon.
Rays none.
Outer flowers enlarged and more
deeply cleft on the inner side. 14. Lessingia.
360 ASTERACEAE.
Outer flowers not enlarged.
Flowers yellow.
Bracts of the involucre with-
out green tips.
11.
Chrysothamnus.
Bracts of the involucre with
green tips.
Herbage glandular and
glutinous.
13.
Hazardia.
Herbage pubescent.
12.
ISOCOMA.
Flowers not yellow.
Outer flowers pistillate, trun-
cate; inner hermaphrodite.
19.
CONYZA.
Dioecious shrubs or peren-
nial herbs.
20.
Baccharis.
3. GRINDELIA Willd.
Coarse perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants with
sessile, rigid mostly serrate leaves and rather large hemi-
spheric heads terminating corymbose branches. Invo-
lucral bracts with usually narrow herbaceous squarrose-
recurved tips. Flowers of both ray and disk many,
permanently yellow. Style-appendages lanceolate or
linear. Achenes short, thick, compressed or turgid,
truncate, glabrous. Pappus of 2-8 deciduous stout awns
or bristles.
Stems herbaceous.
Involucre 10-15 mm. wide; leaves 5-15 mm.
wide. 1. G. camporum.
Involucre 20-25 mm. wide; leaves 10-30 mm.
wide. 2. G. robusta.
Stems woody below; salt marsh species. 3. G. cuneifolia.
1. G. camporum Greene. Herbaceous; stems white and shin-
ing, tufted from a perennial root, about 6 dm. high, glabrous, very
leafy up to the loosely corymbose heads, even the branches of the
corymb conspicuously leafy-bracted; basal leaves almost wanting;
stem leaves oblanceolate-spatulate, sessile and clasping, 5 cm.
long, saliently serrate-toothed; bracts of flowering branches nearly
entire, spreading; involucre 12-20 mm. wide, its bracts with long
linear recurved tips; ray-achenes obscurely 3-sided with 3 or more
pappus awns; disk-achenes compressed, obliquely biauriculate or
unidentate at the summit.
Adobe mesas near Wiseburn. June-August.
2. G. robusta Nutt. Stems herbaceous, stout, ascending from a
perennial root, about 5 dm. high; leaves broadly cordate-oblong,
obtuse, coarsely serrate, about 3.5 cm. long, often 2.5 cm. broad,
subcoriaceous, pubescent on the margins, otherwise glabrous;
heads very few, large, corymbosely disposed; outer bracts of in-
volucre rather leafy, the others narrow and squarrose; pappus awns 2.
Open grounds about Los Angeles and toward the coast. First
collected at San Pedro by Nuttall. May-July.
ASTERACEAE. 361
3. G. cuneifolia Nutt. Bushy and suffrutescent, 6-12 dm. high,
glabrous; leaves thickish and rather fleshy, 7-10 cm. long, cuneate-
spatulate to linear-oblong, entire or sparsely dentate, clasping at
the broad base; involucre about 12 mm. high, glutinous, its bracts
all with squarrose green tips; pappus awns usually several, com-
pressed barbellulate.
Borders of salt marshes along the coast. September-November.
4. GUTIERREZIA Lag.
Herbaceous or suffrutescent, freely branching, some-
what reslniferous, nearly glabrous plants, with alternate
linear entire leaves, and numerous small heads corym-
bosely arranged at the ends of the branches. Involucral
bracts coriaceous, the outer successively shorter. Ray-
and disk-flowers yellow. Achenes angled or striate,
mostly silky. Pappus paleaceous.
1. G. divergens Greene. Suffrutescent, 4-7 dm. high, glabrous
or merely granular-scaberulous, the panicled branches nearly
destitute of foliage at flowering time; involucres 6 mm. high, obo-
vate-turbinate, their obovate obtuse bracts well-imbricated and
with blunt green tips; disk-flowers 5-7; rays about 5; paleae of the
pappus 9-12, very unequal, narrow and acute.
Common on the interior plains and foothills, especially common
on the fans at the base of the mountains. July-August.
5. PENTACHAETA Nutt.
Small slender nearly glabrous annuals, with alternate
linear entire leaves, and mostly small heads solitary or
somewhat clustered at the ends of more or less naked
branches. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its
bracts in 2 series, scarious-margined, appressed, mucro-
nate. Ray-flowers white, yellow or wanting. Disk-
flowers yellow, very slender. Style-appendages filiform-
subulate, hispid. Achenes pubescent. Pappus of 3-5
slender bristles.
1. P. aurea Nutt. Diffusely branching, 1-3 dm. high, some-
what villous-pubescent; heads about 10-15 mm. broad, many-
flowered; flowers all yellow; rays obtuse, 20 or more; involucral
bracts broadly lanceolate, setaceously acuminate, with green middle
portion and scarious margins; achenes somewhat villous-pubescent;
pappus bristles 5-8.
Arroyo Seco, Davidson. Frequent in the Santa Ana Mountains
and common throughout the coast slope of San Diego County.
2. P. lyoni Gray. Hirsute, at least the margins of the plane
linear or spatulate-linear leaves, 1-1.5 dm. high, with the sparing
ascending branches leafy up to the head or short peduncle; in-
362 ASTERACEAE.
volucre hirsute; its bracts linear-lanceolate and of nearly equal
length, green, with narrow scarious margins; pappus-bristles 9-11
or commonly 12.
San Pedro; Santa Catalina Island, Lyon.
6. HETEROTHECA Nutt.
Annual or biennial hirsute herbs, with alternate leaves
and a terminal corymbose panicle of middle-sized heads.
Involucre ovate, its bracts closely imbricated in many
series, without spreading tips. Flowers yellow, those of
the ray pistillate, of the disk perfect. Style-appendages
of the disk-flowers ovate or lanceolate. Achenes com-
pressed, pubescent, those of the ray thin-triquetrous,
with caducous pappus or none. Pappus of disk-achenes
of an outer series of sparse short bristles and an inner
series of copious longer ones.
1. H. grandifolia Nutt. Annual or biennial, 1-2 m. high, hirsute,
the inflorescence viscid and strong-scented; stem leaves oval or
oblong, coarsely toothed, partly vertical by a twist in the petiole,
this bearing at base 2 stipuliform lobes; involucre about 1 cm.
high; ray-achenes without pappus; those of the disk with but faint
traces of the outer and shorter bristles.
Frequent in waste places in sandy soil. June-November, or in
favored places flowering throughout the year.
7. CHRYSOPSIS Ell.
Low perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent, with
sessile usually entire leaves, and middle-sized heads ter-
minating corymbose or fastigiate branches. Involucre
ovate or broader, its bracts narrow, regularly imbricated
in several series. Flowers yellow. Style-appendages
linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Achenes compressed,
obovate to linear-fusiform. Pappus brownish, of many
capillary scabrous bristles, with or without an outer
series of short bristles of paleae.
1. C. sessilifolia Nutt. Slender, sparsely pilose-hispid, viscid-
glandular; leaves oblanceolate, sharply pointed, the longest often
3-4 cm. long; corymbose branches ending in about 3 subsessile
heads; these about 12 mm. high, leafy-bracted at base; involucral
bracts viscid-glandular; achenes slender-fusiform, silky-pubescent;
outer pappus slenderly squamellate.
Along the coast, Davidson.
2. C. fastigiata Greene. Stems several, ascending, 3-6 dm. high,
rigid and brittle, densely clothed with small ascending, erect leaves;
these strongly crisped, 12 mm. long or less, sessile, acute, densely
ASTERACEAE. 363
silky-tomentose on both sides; heads narrow, numerous, in a fastigi-
ate corymb at the ends of the branches; bracts of the narrow turbi-
nate involucre rather softly strigose-pubescent; rays few, short and
inconspicuous; achenes silky- villous; outer series of pappus wanting.
Frequent on dry plains and in the lower portions of the chaparral
belt.
8. SOLIDAGO Vail. Goldenrod.
Strict simple-stemmed perennial herbs, with alternate
more or less serrate leaves, and many small heads in ter-
minal clusters which are usually in scorpioid racemes
and forming a panicle. Involucre narrow, its bracts in
2 or more series, neither herbaceous-tipped nor glutinous.
Flowers all permanently yellow, the outer and ligulate
shorter, the inner narrow-funnelform. Style-appendages
lanceolate. Achenes terete or prismatic, 5-10-nerved,
glabrous or pubescent. Pappus a series of unequal sca-
brous permanently white bristles.
1, S. confinis Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence sometimes
minutely pubescent, 4-9 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, the stem leaves
shorter, about 5-8 cm. long, the basal often oblanceolate or obovate,
heads about 4 mm, long, crowded in a dense oblong panicle, not
secund; rays not surpassing the disk- flowers; achenes canescently
pubescent.
Occasional in low marshy places. Cienega; San Bernardino.
July-October.
2. S. californica Nutt. Roughish with an almost cinereous
short pubescence, 6-9 dm. high; leaves larger and more numerous
below, passing from obovate to oblong-lanceolate, and from obtuse
to acute, the lower and broader more or less serrate; panicle virgate,
rather loose, the racemiform clusters secund; heads 6 mm. high;
bracts lanceolate-oblong or oblong-linear, obtusish; rays 7-12;
achenes pubescent.
Frequent in open places in the lower portions of the chaparral
belt in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Ranges. June-October.
9. EUTHAMIA Cass.
Erect glabrous perennial very leafy more or less dis-
tinctly corymbose branched herbs, with narrow entire
pellucid-punctate leaves, and small heads clustered at
the ends of the branches. Involucral bracts firm, im-
bricated, glutinous. Ray-flowers about twice as many
as disk-flowers, all permanently yellow. Achenes short,
turbinate, villous-pubescent.
1. E. occidentalis Nutt. Somewhat paniculately branching,
1-2 m. high; leaves lanceolate-linear, obscurely 3-nerved; involucral
364 ASTERACEAE.
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute; rays 16-30; disk-flowers 8-14, their
style-tips obtuse.
Frequent in low ground and along streams in our valleys and
foothills. August-November.
10. ERICAMERIA Nutt.
Low evergreen shrubs with mostly narrow subterete
punctate leaves and terminal cymose or corymbose
clusters of small heads. Involucre turbinate, its bracts
mostly lanceolate, very regularly imbricated, margins
subscarious. Flowers permanently yellow. Disk-flow-
ers slender with subcampanulate throat and deeply cleft
limb. Style-appendages filiform, acuminate, hirsutulous.
Achenes more or less distinctly prismatic. Pappus of
scabrous slender bristles, dull-white or yellowish, becom-
ing reddish.
Leaves flat, not filiform.
Leaves linear-lanceolate; erect shrub. 1. E. parishii.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate; low spreading
shrub. 2. E. cuneata.
Leaves filiform.
Achenes glabrous. 3. E. ericoides.
Achenes pubescent.
Outer involucral bracts obtuse. 4. E. palmeri.
Outer involucral bracts acuminate. 5. E. pinifolia.
1. E. parishii (Greene) Hall. Arborescent, 2-4 m. high; leaves
lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, acute, subcoriaceous,
strongly punctate, glutinous; heads numerous in crowded corymbs,
terminating the erect branches, small, 10-12-fiowered; involucre
turbinate; the bracts few, irregularly imbricated, lanceolate, acute,
with a green midrib; achenes turbinate, minutely silky. {Bigelovia
parishii Greene.)
Occasional in the lower portions of the chaparral belt of the San
Gabriel, San Bernardino and Santa Ana Ranges. August-October.
2. E. cuneata (Gray) Greene. Freely branching and spreading,
about 3 dm. high; leaves coriaceous, cuneate-obovate or spatulate-
obovate, often retuse, 10-14 mm. long, resinous-punctate, glutinous;
heads about 12 mm. high, in a terminal fasciculate corymb; bracts
lanceolate or linear, obtusish; rays 1-5 or none; achenes pubescent.
(Aplopappus cuneatus Gray.)
On rocky ledges in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Moun-
tains.
3. E. ericoides (Less.) Jepson. Diffusely branching, 8 dm. high
or less, the branches fastigiate-corymbose, very leafy throughout;
leaves linear, terete, those of the branches about 1 cm. long, de-
flexed, bearing in their axils very short branchlets hidden by 2-
ranked closely imbricated shorter ones; involucres turbinate, about
ASTERACEAE. 365
6 mm. high; bracts tomentose-cihate, all erect, the outer successively
shorter, becoming greenish and passing into the very short leaves;
rays about 3-5, short; achenes glabrous. {Ericameria microphylla
Nutt.)
Frequent on bluffs and sand-dunes along the seashore.
4. E. palmeri (Gray) Hall. Paniculately much branched, about
1 m. high or less; leaves all filiform terete, those of the branches
about 2 cm. long; lower bracts of the involucre greenish-tipped;
rays 3-4; achenes pubescent. (Aplopappus palmeri Gray.) ^
Occasional in the foothills about Los Angeles and San Diego.
5. E. pinifolia (Gray) Hall. Rather stout, with rigid, erect
branches, 15 dm. high or less; stem-leaves filiform, 2.5 cm. Jong or
more, mucronate; heads rather few in a contracted panicle, or
scattered, campanulate; proper bracts of the involucre broadly
lanceolate and with a greenish midrib, the loose outer ones subulate,
shorter than the inner and passing into the small leaves of the
flowering branchlets; rays usually 6-10; achenes glabrous or nearly
so. {Aplopappus pinifolius Gray.)
Frequent in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the
lower altitudes of the chaparral belt. August-November.
11. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt.
Shrubby or suffrutescent plants with narrow or terete
entire leaves, and white- tomentose or glabrous herbage
often viscid or resinous. Inflorescence paniculate, cy-
mose or rarely racemose. Involucre narrow its bracts
well imbricated usually in vertical ranks, chartaceous,
with or without herbaceous tips. Ray-flowers none;
disk-fiowers yellow, 5-30. Style-branches subulate or
filiform, long-exserted. Achenes narrow, terete or slight-
ly angled, pubescent; pappus copious, soft, dull white or
sometimes reddish.
Branches not tomentose, smooth and white.
Leaves not twisted. 1. C. sfenophylus.
Leaves twisted. 2. C. tortifolitis.
Branches more or less tomentose. 3. C. occidentalis.
1. C. stenophyllus (Gray) Greene. Shrub with erect branches,
3-10 dm. high; herbage without tomentum, glabrous or slightly
scabrous; leaves 2-4 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, acute, mostly 3-nerved,
the margins ciliate; flowers cymose; involucres 5-8 mm. high, the
bracts 3-4 in each row.
This species is not definitely known within our range, but it
has been reported from Acton {Parish), and is in the Bear Valley
region of the San Bernardino Mountains.
2. C. tortifolius (Gray) Greene. Erect shrub 3-10 dm. high,
the branches smooth white; herbage destitute of tomentum; leaves
366 ASTERACEAE.
linear or lanceolate, very acute, about 4 mm. wide, 3-nerved, serru-
late-scabrous, otherwise glabrous or slightly scabrous, twisted;
heads in fastigiate-cymose clusters, about 8 mm. high; involucral
bracts 3-4 in each row.
This species is found in southern California only at high altitudes;
Mt. Pinos, Mt. San Antonio.
3. C. occidentalis Greene. An erect branching shrub, 6-15 dm.
high, the flowering branches tomentose, becoming glabrate and
yellowish green; leaves narrowly linear, 15-40 mm. long, more or less
white-tomentose, sharply acute, 1 -nerved; heads numerous in
cymose clusters; involucres 8 mm. high; bracts 4 in each row,
cuspidate-acutish.
A common species especially on the desert slopes of the moun-
tains, but chiefly in the lower edges of the coniferous forest belt;
Newhall; Geis.
12. ISOCOMA Nutt.
Rather rigid tufted erect suffrutescent plants, with
thick leaves and a corymbose terminal cluster of rather
small rayless heads. Involucral bracts coriaceous,
closely imbricated, the tips herbaceous, appressed. Co-
rollas permanently yellow; tube slender; limb ventricose,
its segments more or less connivent about the style.
Style-appendages ovate or somewhat narrower, pubes-
cent. Achenes short, compressed or subterete, silky-
pubescent. Pappus-bristles numerous, unequal, the
inner longest and often flattened and awn-like, faintly
scabrous.
1. I. vernonioides Nutt. Glabrous or commonly loosely pubes-
cent, 6-12 dm. high, erect; leaves oblanceolate, more or less serrate,
2-4 cm. long, often with many fascicled ones in their axils; heads
8 mm. high, campanulate; bracts of the involucre obtusish; pappus-
bristles stout, none very perceptibly flattened. {Bigelovia veneta
Gray.)
Common on dry hillsides and plains. Santa Monica; Los An-
geles; Santa Ana Mountains; San Joaquin Hills. July-November.
13. HAZARDIA Greene.
Low shrubs or suffrutescent plants, with subcoriaceous
more or less persistent toothed or serrate leaves, and
spicate or somewhat thyrsoidly congested heads. Invo-
lucre oblong or obconic, its numerous bracts in many
series, often with squarrose-spreading tips. Heads 20-
40-flowered. Rays yellow or none. Disk-corollas nar-
row, merely 5-toothed, yellow, changing to red or brown.
Style-tips linear-subulate. Achenes fusiform, slightly
compressed, few-nerved. Pappus reddish.
ASTERACEAE. 367
1. H. squarrosa (H. & A.) Greene. Suffrutescent, erect, 6-10
dm. high, glandular and glutinous; leaves oblong, about 2 cm.
long, spinulose-dentate; heads many, spicately thyrsoid toward the
summit of the branches, 1 cm. long; bracts of the involucre rigid,
appressed, in many series, their tips abruptly spreading; rays none;
achenes sparsely pubescent. (Aplopappus sqiiarrosiis H. & A.)
Occasional on dry hillsides throughout our range. November.
14. LESSINGIA Cham.
More or less floccose-wooUy and sometimes glandular
annuals, with alternate more or less serrate leaves, and
small cymosely panlcled heads. Flowers yellow or often
whitish or purplish, all perfect. Corollas with slender
tube and long narrow lobes, the outer ones more deeply
cleft on one side and Imitating a palmatifid llgule. In-
volucre campanulate or turbinate, Its bracts much imbri-
cated, appressed, herbaceous tipped. Anthers with
slender subulate appendages. Style-appendages obtuse
or truncate, densely hispid, often with a setlform cusp
among the hairs. Achenes turbinate or cuneiform,
silky-villous. Pappus-bristles rigid, scabrous, red or
brownish.
1. L. glandulifera Gray. Stems diffusely branched from a short
erect stem, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, glabrous or glabrate above; basal
leaves oblanceolate, pinnatifid, the lower stem leaves spinulose-
dentate, those of the branches 5 mm. long or less, thick and rigid,
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, the margins commonly beset with
yellowish tack-shaped glands; involucre campanulate or turbinate,
its bracts appressed, some or all glanduliferous; flowers yellow.
Common on the dry interior plains of our region. June- Sep-
tember.
15. CORETHROGYNE DC.
Perennial herbs covered with a white woolly tomentum
at least when young. Inflorescence glandular. Leaves
alternate entire or serrate, heads middle-sized, solitary,
corymbose or panlcled. Involucre hemispheric to turbi-
nate, its bracts much imbricated, scarious except the
herbaceous tips. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers ster-
ile. Anthers appendaged at the apex. Style-appendages
comose or with a bearded tuft.
1. C. virgata Benth. Stems erect, often 1 m. high; herbage
floccose- woolly; leaves narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, serrate-
toothed above; inflorescence a large virgate panicle, viscid with
short-stalked glands, usually bearing many heads; involucre turbi-
368 ASTERACEAE.
nate-campanulate, 10-12 mm. broad; bracts rather broadly linear,
their tips usually somewhat reflexed.
Common in sandy soil near the coast. June-August.
2. C. virgata bernardina Abrams. Stems erect or ascending, 6-8
dm. high; herbage densely floccose- woolly; leaves oblanceolate or
oblong, serrate-toothed above; inflorescence somewhat virgate-
branched; heads not numerous, only the involucres and the upper-
most portion of the peduncles glandular; involucres turbinate-
campanulate, 6-8 mm. broad; bracts narrowly linear, their tips
somewhat recurved.
Common on the dry plains of the interior valleys, especially in
the San Bernardino Valley. The type of this variety is the author's
no. 2931, collected at Mentone.
16. ASTER L.
Leafy stemmed autumnal perennial or rarely annual
herbs with alternate leaves and panicled or somewhat
corymbose heads. Involucre hemispheric to campanu-
late, its bracts imbricated In several series, tips herba-
ceous. Ray-flowers many, commonly bluish or pinkish,
pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, yellow changing to red-
purple; corolla- tube slender; limb funnelform. Style-
branches flattened, their appendages subulate, lanceo-
late or ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous,
scabrous, usually In 1 series, dull white.
Perennials.
Involucral bracts closely imbricated,
with broad green tips.
Foothill and valley species, 4 dm.
high or more.
Herbage rough-pubescent. 1. A. menziesii.
Herbage soft-pubescent. 2. A. hernardimis. ^
Mountain species, about 3 dm. high. 3. A.fremonti parishii.
Involucral bracts not closely imbricated,
narrowed above to a point.
Leaves ovate-oblong to broadly
oblanceolate. 3. A. greatae.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate. 4. A. hesperius.
Annual. 5. A. exilis.
1. A. menziesii Lindl. Strictly erect, about 4-6 dm. high,
usually simple and very leafy up to the mostly simply racemose or
racemose-paniculate inflorescence, the whole plant cinereously
and roughly pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-7.5 cm.
long, remotely and faintly serrate; heads numerous in an arnple
cymose panicle; involucres nearly hemispheric, about 6 mm. high;
bracts in rather few series, spatulate-linear, very obtuse, wholly
green-herbaceous; rays dull pale purplish.
ASTERACEAE. 369
Occasional on dry wooded hills about Los Angeles and eastward.
2. A. bemardinus Hall, Stems several from a perennial base,
erect, leafy throughout; herbage cinereous with a dense short soft
pubescence; leaves loosely spreading, linear to linear-lanceolate,
3-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; heads racemose or paniculate; pe-
duncles with linear overlapping bracts; involucres 7 mm. high,
canescent; bracts closely imbricated, green and obtuse at apex;
ray-flowers 30-35, 6-10 mm. broad, deep blue; achenes canescent.
Moist meadows about San Bernardino, Parish; Cienaga, Braun-
ton, Davidson; Pomona, Davy, according to Hall.
3. A. fremonti parishii Gray. Stems slender, seldom over 3 dm.
high, sometimes simple, and with a solitary terminal flower, com-
monly with a short cymose panicle; herbage sparsely pubescent or
more distinctly so in the inflorescence; basal leaves oblanceolate to
obovate, upper leaves linear to narrowly oblong, sessile 4-8 cm.
long; involucre 5-8 mm. high, bracts ciliate; rays numerous, about
6 mm. long, blue to violet.
Mountain meadows and streams mostly above 5000 feet, San
Bernardino Mountains, also reported from the San Gabriel Moun-
tains (Davidson).
4. A. hesperius Gray. Stems paniculately branched, 6-10 dm.
high, varying from nearly glabrous to scabrous-pubescent; leaves
lanceolate, entire or the larger with a few denticulations, 5-10 cm.
long, 6-15 mm. wide; heads crowded, 8-10 mm. high; involucre of
narrowly linear or more attenuate acute or gradually acuminate erect
bracts, either unequal and imbricated or with some loose and slender
herbaceous exterior ones which equal the inner; rays either white or
violet, 6-8 mm. long.
Cienega, near Los Angeles, and in low ground about San Ber-
nardino.
5. A. greatae Parish. Stems erect or assurgent, 4-17 dm.
high, glabrous or above sparsely hirtellous; leaves thin, ovate,
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, the scabrid mar-
gins few-toothed or entire, the base clasping; the uppermost usually
reduced to linear or linear-lanceolate bracts; heads 5 mm. high, in
an ample panicle; involucral bracts loosely imbricated in a few
series, lanceolate, green, minutely ciliate; rays 30-40, light purple,
narrow, acute, 5-10 mm. long; achenes hirsute.
Occasional in the canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains, mostly
in the upper portions of the chaparral belt.
6. A. exilis Ell. Stem erect, 6-12 dm. high, rather stout below,
paniculately branched above into numerous slender branches;
lower leaves lanceolate, the upper linear, mostly entire; heads small,
numerous, about 6 mm. high, narrow; bracts of the involucre linear-
subulate; rays 15-40, bluish-purple or pinkish.
Frequent in low subsaline places, especially along the coast.
August-October.
17. ERIGERON L.
Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal
leaves and corymbose, paniculate or solitary heads of
25
370 ASTERACEAE.
both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric
or campanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly equal, usu-
ally imbricated in but 1 or 2 series. Receptacle nearly
flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers purplish or whitish,
pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, 5-lobed.
Style-appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse.
Achenes flattened, mostly 2-nerved. Pappus-bristles
scabrous, in 1 series or with an outer shorter series.
Rays 30-40, purple; leaves not soft-pubescent.
Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 4 mm. wide
or more. 1. E. foliosus.
Leaves linear-filiform, less than 2 mm. wide. 2. E. fragilis.
Rays 100 or more; leaves more or less soft-
pubescent.
Plants corymbosely branched above; leaves
serrate or coarsely toothed. 3. E. philadelphus.
Plants diffusely branched from the base; at
least the stem leaves entire. 4. E. divergens.
L E. foliosus Nutt. Scabrous and somewhat strigose-pubes-
cent, 4-8 dm. high, leafy throughout; leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
entire, about 4 mm. broad, 3-6 cm. long, those of the branches
reduced; heads hemispheric, 12-14 mm. broad; ra^^s about 30,
narrow, purple; achenes with a few coarse bristly short hairs.
Frequent in sandy soil toward the coast.
2. E. fragilis Greene. Stems erect, rigid, 5-7 dm. high, minutely
scabrous, leafy; leaves linear-filiform, 3-5 cm. long, rigid, rough
with minute incurved hairs; heads usually 10-15, arranged in a
loose corymbose panicle on spreading branches; involucre campanu-
late, its bracts in about 3 series; rays 30-40, very narrow, deep
violet; achenes nearly glabrous.
Frequent on the dry plains and foothills away from the coast.
3. E. philadelphicus L. Perennial by stolons, soft-pubescent
or sometimes nearly glabrous; stems slender, mostly branched
above, 3-6 dm. high; lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse,
dentate, 2.5-7 cm. long, narrowed into a short petiole; upper leaves
clasping, often cordate at base, entire or dentate; heads several or
many, corymbose-paniculate, 1-2 cm. broad; peduncles slender,
thickened at the summit; involucre depressed hemispheric; its bracts
linear, usually scarious-margined; rays 100-150, 4-8 mm. long,
light rose-purple; pappus simple; achenes puberulent.
Occasional in low moist ground.
4. E. divergens Torr. & Gray. Stems usually many from an
annual or biennial taproot, often decumbent at base; herbage
cinereous with a short hispid pubescence; basal leaves narrowly
spatulate, usually entire, the upper linear, 1-2 cm. long; heads
solitary, terminating slender peduncles; rays about 100, filiform, pale
purple or nearly white; inner pappus of scanty slender bristles, the
outer much shorter, subulate.
ASTERACEAE. 371
Widely distributed over western North America; found on the
edge of our limits in Swartout Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains,
according to Hall. Common in the San Bernardino Mountains.
18. LEPTILON Raf.
Annual or biennial herbs with small racemose or
panicled heads of white flowers. Involucre mostly cam-
panulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Rays small,
usually shorter than the diameter of the disk, pistillate,
or none. Disk-flowers perfect, usually 4-toothed or
4-lobed. Style-branches short. Achenes flattened.
Pappus-bristles in 1 series.
1. L. canadense (L.) Britton. Stem hispid-pubescent or gla-
brate, 2 m. high or less, paniculate, much branched; leaves usually
pubescent or ciliate, the lower spatulate, dentate or entire, 5-10
cm, long, the upper linear and mainly entire; heads very numerous,
about 4 mm. broad; involucre 2-3 mm. high; its bracts linear,
acute, glabrate, the outer shorter; rays numerous, white, shorter
than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes. {Erigeron
canadense L.)
A common weed in waste places and cultivated fields.
2. L. linifolium (Willd.) Small. Annual or biennial; stems
erect, 2-7 dm. high; herbage hispid and scabrous; leaves narrowly
spatulate to linear, entire or the lower somewhat toothed; heads in a
loose panicle, 4-5 mm. high; involucral bracts linear-subulate,
pubescent; ray-flowers minute, white. {Erigeron linifolus Willd.)
Introduced from the tropics, first collected within the State at
San Diego by Miss Stokes in 1895. Now a fairly common wayside
weed about Alhambra, Pasadena and San Bernardino.
19. CONYZA L.
Ours a viscid pubescent branching annual, with alter-
nate leaves, and small many-flowered heads in a crowded
thyrsoid leafy panicle. Involucre campanulate, its
bracts narrow, appendiculate, in 2-3 series. Pistillate
flowers much more numerous than the hermaphrodite,
their filiform or slender corollas shorter than the disk
and style, truncate or 2-4-toothed. Achenes small,
compressed. Pappus a single series of soft capillary
bristles, sometimes with an outer series of shorter ones.
1. C. coulteri Gray. Stems simple below, branching above,
about 1 m. high or less, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, with many-
jointed hairs; stem-leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate-oblong
and with partly clasping base, dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid, 2.5-5
cm. long; involucre 2-4 mm. high, hirsute with soft spreading hairs;
flowers whitish; corolla-tube of pistillate flowers truncate, half the
372 ASTERACEAE.
length of the style; hermaphrodite flowers only 5-7; achenes nearly
glabrous; pappus bristles several, scabrous.
Occasional in subsaline places. July-September.
20. BACCHARIS L.
Dioecious perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate
leaves and small paniculate or corymbose heads of tubu-
lar flowers. Involucre of scale-like imbricated bracts.
Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla of the pistillate flowers
slender, truncate or minutely toothed, that of the stami-
nate tubular, 5-lobed. Style-branches of the fertile
flowers smooth, exserted, those of the sterile flowers rudi-
mentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage.
Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of
the pistillate flowers copious, capillary, very fine and
soft, becoming elongated in fruit, that of the staminate
flowers shorter.
Achenes 10-nerved; shrubs.
Ultimate leaves obovate obtuse. 1. B. pilularis.
Ultimate leaves linear-oblong, becoming sparse
on the rather naked panicle. 2. B. emoryi,
Achenes 4-5-nerved.
Leaves glabrous and more or less glutinous.
Shrubs with willow-like leaves. 3. B. viminea.
Herb; leaves lanceolate. 4. B. douglasii.
Leaves pubescent. 5. B. plummerae.
\. B. pilularis DC. Compactly branched evergreen shrub,
2-4 m. high or lower and depressed when growing along the sea-
shore; branchlets angular from the leaf-bases; leaves subcoriaceous,
glutinous, 2 cm. long or less, cuneate-obovate, coarsely toothed or
some entire; involucre nearly hemispheric, 4 mm. long, its bracts
oval or oblong, all but the innermost very obtuse; flowers white;
fertile pappus not over 8 mm. long.
Near Santa Monica, Davidson.
2. B. emoryi Gray. Erect with slender branches, 1-5 m. high;
leaves mostly oblong, or the lower broader, with attenuate or cuneate
base and the larger somewhat petioled, more or less 3-nerved,
often 2-4-toothed, pale; those of the branches oblanceolate-linear,
mostly entire, 1-nerved; involucre campanulate or oblong, 6-8 mm.
long; bracts firm-coriaceous, the outermost oval obtusish, the inner-
most thin, bearded toward the tip; pappus of the pistillate 12 mm.
long in fruit.
In low ground toward the coast. Redondo; San Pedro; Santa
Ana; San Bernardino.
3. B. viminea DC, Shrubby and willow-like, producing short
lateral flowering branches, these terete and minutely striate; leaves
ASTERACEAE. 373
narrowly lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, obscurely 3-
nerved, 5-7 cm. long; involucres about 8 mm. high, hemispheric, in
small cymose clusters, the bracts tawny, destitute of green center
or costa.
Very common along all streams throughout our range. April-
July. B. glutinosa Pers., a similar species, with smaller in-
volucres (5-6 mm. long) and stramineous bracts, is the common
species in Imperial Valley, and has been reported from the Los
Angeles region, but I have seen no specimens |not referable to
vimhiea.
4. B. douglasii DC. Glabrous and somewhat glutinous; stems
herbaceous nearly or quite to the ground, erect, 12 dm. high or less,
simple up to the terminal corymb; leaves glutinous, ovate-lanceolate,
either entire or serrulate, 3-nerved from near the base, 7-14 cm.
long; heads about 6 mm. high; involucral bracts erose-ciliate, thin
and pale with a greenish center; pappus of pistillate flowers scarious,
4 mm. long, soft, of staminate clavellate and barbellate at the
summit.
Occasional along streams in our coast region. Ballona Creek;
Los Angeles River. August-October.
5. B. plummerae Gray. Loosely pubescent throughout, not at
all glutinous; stems herbaceous from a woody base, 6-12 dm, high,
somewhat branched; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, irregularly and
acutely serrate, 5 cm. long or less, obscurely 3-nerved; heads 8 mm.
long; involucral bracts linear; achenes somewhat compressed,
puberulent, obscurely 5-nerved; pappus in fruit 8 mm. long,
Santa Ynez Mountains southward to the South Monica Moun-
tains; Topango Canyon, Davidson.
Tribe 3. INULEAE. Everlasting Tribe.
Annual or perennial mostly white-woolly plants, with
alternate or opposite leaves and small dioecious heads.
Involucral bracts often white or scarious, imbricated.
Pistillate flowers mostly white, with filiform corollas.
Anthers caudate at base, unappendaged at apex. Pap-
pus capillary or none.
Involucral bracts many; receptacle naked.
Bracts dry, but not scarious. 21. Pluchea.
Bracts scarious. 26, Gnaphalium.
Involucral bracts few or none; receptacle chaffy.
Bracts completely enclosing their achenes;
pappus none.
Achenes gibbous. 22. Micropus.
Achenes straight or somewhat curved.
Receptacle columnar. 23. Stylocline.
Receptacle globose or ovoid. 24. Psilocarphus.
Bracts of 2 kinds, the lower completely en-
closing their achenes; the others chaff-like,
surrounding a central cluster of flowers. 25. Filago.
374 ASTERACEAE.
21. PLUCHEA Cass.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and small heads
of tubular flowers in terminal cymose clusters. Involu-
cral bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, her-
baceous. Receptacle flat. Outer flowers of the head
pistillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate.
Central flowers perfect, but mostly sterile, their corollas
5-cleft. Achenes small, 4-5-angled or sulcate. Pappus
a series of capillary scabrous bristles.
1. P. sericea (Nutt.) Coville. (Arrowwood.) Shrub, 4 m.
high or less, with suberect slender willowy branches, very leafy
up to the cymose clusters of rather small heads; leaves silky-pubes-
cent, 2.5-5 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire;
involucre campanulate; outer bracts ovate, obtuse, tomentose;
inner ones narrowly linear, deciduous; flowers whitish, tinged with
purple or red; pappus copious, the bristles of the sterile flowers
clavellate-dilated, of the fertile slender. (P. horealis Gray.)
Rather common along the streams, especially in the interior
valleys. May-July.
2. P. camphorata DC. Annual, stoutish, minutely and some-
what viscid-pubescent, leafy, 6 dm. high; leaves oblong-ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, toothed or denticulate, the
larger 7-12 cm. long, petioled; heads short-pedicelled, dull purple,
crowded in a corymbose cluster; bracts ovate to lanceolate, often
colored.
Occasional along streams and marshes about Los Angeles; Ballona
Creek.
22. MICROPUS L.
Low floccose annuals with alternate entire leaves and
several-flowered scattered heads. Pistillate flowers in 1
or 2 series on a small receptacle, each enclosed in a con-
duplicate bract which has a scarious appendiculate lip.
Hermaphrodite sterile flowers central, few, mostly naked.
Involucre outside of the fruiting bracts scanty and scari-
ous. Achenes gibbous, obovate, each enclosed in its
bract and falling away with it. Pappus none.
1. M. californicus F. & M.' Slender, erect, 1-3 dm. high; leaves
mostly linear; fructiferous bracts 5-6, becoming firm-coriaceous,
somewhat semicordate or semiobovate in outline, straight anteriorly,
the soon erect bract-like tip mostly scarious.
Freciuent on open hillsides in the Santa Monica Mountains and
in the foothills about Los Angeles.
23. STYLOCLINE Nutt.
Low and diffuse white-woolly annuals, with alternate
leaves and terminal subglobose heads. Bracts of the
ASTERACEAE. 375
involucre and of the receptacle deciduous with the
mature fruit, those of the fertile flowers involute or sac-
cate-conduplicate, embracing the obovate or oblong ob-
compressed achene; those of the sterile flowers plane
or concave. Pappus wanting in the fertile flowers, com-
posed of a few caducous bristles in the sterile ones.
1. S. gnaphalioides Nutt. Stems 5-10 cm. long; leaves linear
or the upper oblong, obtuse; fruiting bract hyaline, broadly ovate,
woolly on the back.
Occasional in open ground, on wooded slopes, and in the chaparral
belt. April-June.
24. PSILOCARPHUS Nutt.
Small, usually depressed and much branched floccose
annuals, with opposite leaves and globose heads which
are sessile in the axils or at the forks. Fruiting bracts
numerous, crowded on the globular or oval receptacle,
cucullate-saccate, semiobovate or semiobcordate, round-
ed at the tip, somewhat membranaceous, apex introrse,
the ovate or oblong hyaline appendage inflexed or erect.
Achene loose within the bract, oblong or narrow, straight,
slightly compressed.
1. P. globiferus Nutt. Branched from the base and spreading
or prostrate; leaves linear or narrowly spatulate, the uppermost
little surpassing the very woolly heads; achenes obovate-oblong,
about 1 mm. long.
Frequent on the plains and hills, especially in exsiccated places.
April-May.
2. P. tenellus Nutt. Simple or much branched and forming
mats; herbage with appressed wool; heads numerous, 2-4 mm. in
diameter; floral leaves often 2 cm. long, linear-spatulate, mucronate.
Glendale, Braunton; Santa Catalina Island, Blanche Trask; first
collected at Santa Barbara by Nuttall. This species is distinguished
from P. globiferus by the short closely appressed wool instead of
very loose almost arachnoid wool, and by the more numerous and
smaller heads.
25. FILAGO L.
Erect slender fioccose-woolly annuals with alternate
entire leaves and small discoid heads in capitate lateral
and terminal clusters. Bracts of the involucre few and
scarious. Receptacle convex or subconic, chaffy, each
chaff-scale subtending an achene. Outer flowers of the
heads in several series, pistillate, their corollas filiform,
minutely 2-4-dentate. Central flowers few, perfect, but
mainly sterile, their corollas tubular, 4-5-toothed.
Achenes terete or slightly compressed.
376 ASTERACEAE.
1. F. califomica Nutt. Slender, erect, annual, 2 dm. high or
usually less; leaves linear or the lowest spatulate; heads ovate,
slightly angular; pistillate flowers 8-10-bracteate, their bracts
broadly ovate and deeply boat-shaped, somewhat arcuate-incurved,
very woolly, with broadish and obtuse hyaline tips; inner bracts
oblong, concave, nearly glabrous; achenes narrowly oblong, minutely
papillose-granular; pappus of the embraced none; of the others
copious.
Frequent on dry hillsides and plains, especially in sandy soil.
April-June.
26. GNAPHALIUM L. Everlasting.
Woolly erect or diffusely branched annual biennial
or perennial herbs with alternate leaves and discoid
heads of pistillate and perfect flowers. Involucral
bracts scarious, white or yellowish, imbricated. Recep-
tacle flat, naked. Pistillate flowers in several series,
their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed.
Central flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed
or 5-lobed. Achenes not ribbed. Pappus a single series
of scabrous capillary bristles, sometimes thickened above.
Pappus bristles not united at base.
Herbage becoming green in age, more or
less glandular and heavy scented.
Annual or biennial; stems herbaceous.
Inflorescence paniculate. 1. G. ramosissimum.
Inflorescence cymose. 2. G. calif ornicum.
Perennial; stems woody below. 3. G. bicolor.
Herbage persistently white-woolly through-
out, not glandular and heavy scented.
Involucres woolly only at base, the
bracts scarious.
Bracts greenish-yellow; heads in
close glomerules. 4. G. chilense.
Bracts bright white; heads in loose
panicles. 5. G. microcephalum.
Involucres imbedded in loose wool, the
bracts brown. 6. G. palustre.
Pappus bristles united at base, deciduous in a
ring. 7. G. purpureum.
1. G. ramosissimum Nutt. Biennial, erect, 6-15 dm. high,
paniculately much branched above the middle; the panicle often
rather narrow and virgate; herbage glandular and very sweet-
scented, only the stem slightly arachnoid; leaves green on both
sides, distinctly decurrent; heads narrow, 4 mm. high, rose color;
bracts oblong-lanceolate, acutish.
Occasional on wooded slopes about Pasadena and Los Angeles.
2. G. californicimi DC. Biennial, 6-10 dm. high, stoutish,
corymbosely branched at the summit, bearing rather loose cymosely
ASTERACEAE. 377
disposed clusters of broad heads; leaves lanceolate, glabrate above,
glandular and balsamic-scented, strongly adnate-decurrent; heads
5-7 mm. high, nearly as broad, white or yellowish; outer bracts
ovate or oblong, the inner acute.
Rather common on the dry plains and foothills. April-July.
3. G. bicolor Bioletti. Perennial from a lignescent root; stems
several, 4-6 dm. high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy; herbage
white with close wool except the under sides of the leaves, these deep
green and slightly glandular; stem-leaves narrowly linear, attenuate,
acute, erect, short-decurrent at the narrow base, viscid-glandular
above; heads in a small close cyme; involucre broadly campanulate,
much imbricated, pearly white; bracts ovate and oblong, obtuse.
Occasional in dry washes. Santa Anita Wash, near Monrovia.
4. G. chilense Spreng. Stems rather stout, from an annual or
biennial root, 3-6 dm. high, loosely fioccose or the upper faces of the
leaves often nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or the lower often
spatulate or oblanceolate; heads in close clusters at the ends of the
corymbose branches; involucre hemispheric, with a yellowish-green
tinge; bracts oval or oblong, obtuse.
Common along the seashore on the sand-dunes and frequent in
our foothills and mountains, extending into the pine belt.
5. G. microcephalum Nutt. Biennial; stems slender with several
erect branches, 5-8 dm. high, loosely corymbose-paniculate above,
the whole herbage white with a persistent wool, not at all glandular
or heavy-scented; leaves linear or the lower spatulate, slenderly
decurrent; heads rather few or loose in the paniculately or cymosely
disposed clusters; involucres ovate; bracts white, ovate or oblong,
obtuse, except the inner.
' Frequent in dry washes and in the chaparral belt. June-Sep-
tember.
6. G. palustre Nutt. Low, branching annual, 5-15 cm. high,
fioccose with long wool; leaves spatulate to oblong and lanceolate;
heads glomerate, leaf y-bracted ; involucres about 2 mm. high,
embedded in loose wool; bracts linear, obtuse, brownish-green, the
tips white.
Occasional along river bottoms and on the margins of ponds.
May-October.
5. G. purpureum L. Biennial, simple or branching, erect or
decumbent at the base, 2-3 dm. high, canescent with a dense close
wool; leaves spatulate, obtuse, usually becoming glabrate and
green above; heads crowded in an elongated more or less interrupted
spiciform inflorescence; involucre brownish; achenes sparsely sca-
brous.
Lincoln Park, Davidson.
Tribe 4. AMBROSIAE. Ragweed Tribe.
Herbs with mostly alternate leaves and greenish or
white unisexual flowers. Staminate heads racemose or
378 ASTERACEAE.
clustered above the few axillary pistillate ones. Pistil-
late heads usually 2-flowercd, destitute of pappus and
corolla, completely enclosed by the more or less spiny
involucre and becoming a bur in fruit. Staminate
flowers many. Receptacle chaffy. Corolla present.
Anthers distinct or scarcely coherent.
Involucral bracts of staminate heads united.
Involucres of pistillate heads armed near the
apex with a single row of prickles. 27. Ambrosia.
Involucre of pistillate heads armed with several
rows of prickles. 28. Gaertneria.
Involucral bracts of staminate heads distinct. 29. Xanthium.
27. AMBROSIA L. Ragweed.
Monoecious branching herbs or shrubs, with alternate
or opposite, mostly lobed or divided leaves, and small
heads of green flowers, the staminate spicate or racemose,
the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils.
Involucre of the pistillate heads globose-ovoid, closed,
1 -flowered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines;
corolla none; pappus none. Involucre of the staminate
heads hemispheric, 5-12-lobed, open, many-flowered;
corolla funnelform, 5-toothed; anthers scarcely coherent,
mucronate-tipped.
1. A. psilostachya DC. Stems erect from horizontal root-
stocks, 5-8 dm. high, with strigose pubescence and somewhat
scabrous; leaves once or twice pinnatifid; fruit mostly solitary in
the axils, turgid-ovoid, about 3 mm. long, obtusely short-pointed,
rugose-reticulate, either unarmed or with 4 short or sharp tubercles.
A common weed in low ground, especially in coast valleys.
June- September.
28. GAERTNERIA Med.
Hispid or tomentose branching herbs, sometimes
woody at the base, with mostly alternate lobed or divided
leaves, and small monoecious greenish heads of discoid
flowers, the staminate in terminal spikes or racemes, the
pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Invo-
lucre of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closed, 1-4-
celled, 1-4-beaked, armed with several rows of spines
and forming a bur in fruit; corolla none; style-branches
exserted; achenes obovoid, thick, solitary in the cells;
pappus none. Staminate heads sessile or short-ped-
ASTERACEAE. 379
uncled, their Involucres broadly hemispheric, open, 5-12-
lobed; receptacle chaffy; corolla regular, with short
tube and 5-lobed limb; anthers scarcely coherent,
mucronate- tipped .
Spines of the involucre hooked. 1. G. tenuifolia.
Spines of the involucre straight.
Annual; inland species. 2, G. acanthicarpa.
Perennial; maritime species. 3. G. hipinnatifida.
1. G. tenuifolia (Gray) Kuntze. Perennial, erect, 4-15 dm.
high, leafy throughout, hispid or varying to glabrate; leaves mostly
2-3-pinnately parted or dissected into narrow oblong or linear lobes,
the narrow rachis often with a few interposed small lobes, the ter-
minal elongated; staminate racemes elongated and paniculate;
pistillate heads in numerous glomerules below, in fruit minutely
glandular, about 2 mm. long, armed with 6-18 short and stout
incurving spines, their tips usually hooked and with an excavated
cartilaginously bordered areola about each. (Franseria te?tuifolia
Gray.)
Rather common about Cahuenga Pass.
2. G. acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton. Annual, diffuse, hirsute or
hispid; the stems and branches 3-10 dm. long; leaves ovate or
roundish in outline, 2.5-7 cm. broad, bipinnatifid; sterile racemes
numerous, short; fruiting involucre 6-8 mm. high, with fiat lanceo-
late-subulate spines. (Franseria aca^ithicarpa Hook.)
Common on the dry plains of the interior valleys. July- Sep-
tember.
3. G. hipinnatifida (Nutt.) Kuntze. Perennial, procumbent;
stems 6-10 dm. long, hirsute; leaves ovate in outline, 2.5-5 cm. long,
2-3-pinnately parted, with oblong lobes, canescent with soft tomen-
tum or finely hirsute; staminate spikes or racemes dense; fruiting
involucre ovate-fusiform, 6-8 mm. long, armed with rather short
and thick flattish spines, their acute tips somewhat incurved.
{Franseria hipinnatifida Nutt.)
Common along the seashore on beach sands and on the sand-
dunes. Flowering nearly throughout the year.
29. XANTHIUM L. Cockle-bur.
Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny
herbs, with alternate lobed or dentate leaves, and rather
small heads of greenish flowers, the staminate ones capi-
tate-clustered at the ends of the branches, the pistillate
axillary. Involucre of the staminate heads with short
distinct bracts in 1-3 series; receptacle chaffy; corolla
tubular, 5-toothed; anthers not coherent, mucronate at
apex; filaments united. Involucre of pistillate heads
ovoid or oblong, closed, covered with hooked spines,
1-2-beaked, 2-celled, each cell containing 1 ovoid or ob-
long achene; corolla none; pappus none.
380 ASTERACEAE.
1. X. spinosum L. Widely branching from the base, about
6 dm, high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less lobed or pinnatifid,
glabrate and green above, white-tomentose beneath; axils each
with a short-stalked sponged yellow spine about 2 cm. long; burs
about 10 mm. long, armed with short weak prickles.
Frequent along roadsides and in waste places. August-October.
2. X. canadense Mill. Stems stout, branched above; leaves
broad-ovoid, slightly lobed, rough-scabrous; burs about 2 cm. long,
densely beset with stoutish hooked prickles and strongly 2-horned
at the apex.
Rather common in low ground, especially in sandy soil. July-
October.
Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. Sunflower Trtbe.
Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants with opposite or
basal leaves, and commonly balsamic-resinous juice.
Rays present, usually showy. Involucral bracts her-
baceous or foliaceous. Receptacle chaffy; chaff sub-
tending each flower. Pappus paleaceous, of rigid awns
or cup-like, or rarely of rather stout plumose bristles.
Rays usually present.
Rays usually present; pappus paleaceous.
Involucral bracts imbricated in several series.
Rays sterile.
Achenes quadrangular-compressed, gla-
brous.
30,
Helianthus.
Achenes flattened, villous, ciliate
on
the margins.
31,
Encelia.
Rays fertile.
32,
Verbesina.
Involucral bracts of 2 dissimilar series.
Rays present, fertile.
33,
Leptosyne.
Rays sterile or none.
34.
BiDENS.
Rays wanting; pappus of plumose bristles.
35.
Bebbia.
30. HELIANTHUS L. Sunflower.
Erect annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or
alternate simple leaves, and large peduncled corymbose
or solitary heads of both tubular and ray-flowers, the
rays yellow, the disk yellow brown or purple. Involucre
hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several
series. Receptacle fiat, convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff
subentire. Ray-flowers sterile. Disk-flowers perfect,
with short tube and 5-lobed limb. Style-branches tipped
with hirsute appendages. Achenes thick, oblong or
ASTERACEAE. 381
obovate, compressed or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus
of 2 scales or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional
shorter ones, deciduous.
Annual. 1. H. antiuus.
Perennials.
Outer bracts exceeding the disk, lanceolate or
linear-subulate, 2. H. parishii.
Outer bracts not exceeding the disk, ovate,
acute. 3. H. gracilentus.
1. H. annuus L. Robust, hispid or scabrous; stems often 2.5
cm. high, thick, mottled or spotted with purple; leaves all but the
lowest alternate, acute or acuminate, more or less regularly dentate
or denticulate, 10-25 cm. long, petiolate; involucral bracts broadly
ovate to oblong, aristiform-acuminate; disk 2 cm. broad or more,
dark purple or brown; rays often 5 cm. long.
A common weed in all the valleys.
2. H. parishii Gray. Stems slender, 2-5 m. high, simple or
branched above; leaves elongated-lanceolate, softly cinereous-
puberulent or canescent beneath, scabrous above; heads 10-15 mm.
high; rays 20-35 mm. long; involucral bracts linear-subulate, longer
than the disk, villous toward the base; disk-corollas with a silky-
villous ring or 2 tufts above the short proper tube; palese of the
pappus slender-subulate. {H. oliveri Gray.)
Oak Knoll, Grant; Cienega, Oliver; rather frequent in the San
Bernardino Valley.
3. H. gracilentus Gray. Stems erect and rather strict, 6-12 dm.
high, rough-hispidulous or smooth above; leaves short-hispid, the
lower ovate lanceolate, 15 cm. long or less, contracted at base to a
short margined petiole, the upper narrowly lanceolate to nearly
linear and entire; heads terminating the elongated branches of the
inflorescence; involucre 7-10 mm. long, shorter than the disk;
bracts imbricated, ovate, abruptly or gradually acute, puberulent,
the outer usually ciliate; rays 12-16, 20-25 mm. long.
Dry gravelly soils in the foothills of southern California; Newhall,
according to Hall; near Claremont, Baker.
31. ENCELIA Adans.
Herbs or low shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves,
and usually with large peduncled heads of both ray- and
disk-flowers, the rays neutral, yellow, the disk yellow or
brownish, perfect. Receptacle flat, convex or conic,
chaffy; chaff usually soft and mainly scarious. Achenes
flattened, thin-edged, often villous. Pappus none or an
awn or its rudiment to each margin of the wingless
achene.
1. E. calif ornica Nutt. Woody at base, branched above, 6-12
dm. high, strong-scented, minutely pubescent; leaves ovate to oblong-
382 ASTERACEAE.
lanceolate, rarely denticulate or toothed, about 5 cm, long, green
and glabrate; heads commonly solitary, the disk about 2 cm. broad,
brownish or purplish; involucre white-villous; rays 16-20, 2.5 cm.
long or more, golden-yellow; achenes obo\ate with very shallow
notch and no pappus, the margins very long villous.
Very common in the lower portions of the chaparral belt of all
the mountains; also on the low hills about Los Angeles and along
the coast. Ranging from Monterey to San Diego, In the San
Bernardino and Riverside Valleys and eastward it is replaced by E.
farinosa Gray, which has the leaves covered with a silvery tomentum.
32. VERBESINA L,
Perennial or annual, pubescent or scabrous herbs with
alternate or opposite leaves, often decurrent, and corym-
bose or solitary heads of both ray- and disk-flowers, or
the rays sometimes wanting. Involucral bracts imbri-
cated in few series. Receptacle convex or conic, chafify,
the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flovvers pistil-
late or sterile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile.
Achenes flattened or those of the rays 3-sided, their
margins winged or wingless. Pappus of 1-3, usually 2,
subulate awns, sometimes with 2-3 intermediate scales.
1. V. encelioides (Cav.) Gray. Annual; stems densely puberu-
lent, much branched or rarely simple, 3-6 dm, high; leaves deltoid-
ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, 5-10 cm, long, coarsely dentate, green
and minutely pubescent above, pale and densely canescent beneath,
all alternate or the lowest opposite, narrowed at the base to a mar-
gined petiole, these often with dilated appendages at the base, heads
several or many, 2.5-5 cm. broad; involucral bracts lanceolate,
canescent; rays 12-15, golden-yellow, 3-toothed; achenes of the disk-
flowers obovate, winged; pappus of 2 subulate awns, those of the
rays rugose, thickened, often wingless.
Occasional in moist alluvial soils along our valley streams. Los
Angeles; San Fernando Valley. April-June,
33. LEPTOSYNE DC.
Glabrous annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubby,
with dissected leaves, and usually long scapiform erect
peduncles, bearing rather large heads of yellow flowers.
Involucral bracts in 2 series, the outer of narrow foliace-
ous spreading bracts, the inner of broad membranous
erect ones. Rays broad, pistillate and often fertile,
sometimes neutral. ChafT of receptacle linear, thin,
scarious, deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat or
somewhat concavo-convex, margined. Pappus a minute
callous cup or a pair of palese.
ASTERACEAE. 383
1. L. douglasii DC. Annual, 3 dm, high; leaves mostly basal,
2-3-parted into filiform divisions; rays 10-15 cm. long; the ring
of the disk-corollas distinctly bearded; achenes sparsely beset with
capitate rigid bristles, the margin becoming corky; cup-like ring in
place of pappus entire.
Common on dry plains and in open places in the lower portions
of the chaparral belt. March-May.
2. L. gigantea Kell. Perennial; stems stout, fleshy, 6-20 dm.
high, bearing at the summit an ample tuft of leaves and stout
peduncles of corymbosely arranged heads; leaves 3-pinnately divided
into filiform segments; achenes oblong or ovoid, obscurely 3-5-
nerved, narrowly callous-winged; pappus a slight coroniform cup.
Bluffs along the sea near Santa Monica. Common on the
islands.
34. BIDENS L.
Annual or perennial herbs with opposite serrate or
usually lobed or dissected leaves, or the upper mostly
alternate, and usually rather large heads of both tubular
and radiate flowers or the rays none. Involucral bracts
in 2 series, distinct or somewhat imlted at base, the
outer often follaceous and much longer than the inner.
Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending
the disk-flowers. Rays when present neutral, usually
yellow. Disk-flowers perfect. Achenes flat, quadrangu-
lar or nearly terete. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate
awns, barbed or hispid.
1. B. expansa Greene. Aquatic, perennial by stolons, gla-
brous throughout; stems erect or ascending, stout, 10-25 dm. high,
branched at the nodes; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, toothed,
narrowed to the connate base; heads on peduncles 4-8 cm. long,
erect, nodding in fruit; outer involucral bracts 4-8, foliaceous,
reflexed; the inner bracts 8, membranous, acutely oval; rays golden-
yellow, ovate-oblong, 2 cm. long; chaff linear, equaling the disk-
flowers; achenes black, flat, 5 mm. long; awns 2, 3 mm. long, or
with a third half as long, awns and edges of the achene retrorsely
barbed.
Frequent in shallow streams about San Bernardino, apparently
less common toward the coast. August-November.
2. B. pilosa L. Annual; stems erect, usually branched from
the base, 4-6 dm. high, glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubescent; leaves
pinnate, pilose-pubescent; leaflets 3-5, irregularly serrate or incised,
15-25 mm. long; heads scattered, few, 10-12 mm. broad; rays none;
achenes narrow, linear, about 1 cm. long.
Frequent along streets and irrigating ditches. Native of tropical
America.
35. BEBBIA Greene.
Much branched suffrutescent plants with few mostly
opposite narrow leaves, and scattered discoid heads.
384 ASTERACEAE.
Involucre campanulate, Its bracts imbricated in 3-4
series, the inner somewhat scarious and striate. Recep-
tacle chaffy; the chaffy bracts persistent, lanceolate,
partly embracing the achenes, nearly equaling those of
the involucre. Corollas tubular, yellow. Achenes tur-
binate, slightly obcompressed. Pappus consisting of 1
series of long rather stout plumose bristles.
1. B. juncea (Benth.) Greene. Much branched from a woody
base, 10-15 dm. high; flowering branches rush-like, nearly leafless,
pale green and glabrous or minutely and sparsely scabrous; leaves
mainly opposite, linear; heads scattered, terminating the branchlets,
1 cm. high; pappus-bristles equaling the slender corollas; achenes
appressed-pubescent.
Occasional in dry washes. Santiago Canyon, Santa Ana Moun-
tains, Geis; Highlands.
Tribe 6. MADIEAE. Tarweed Tribe.
Annual or perennial herbs, with usually glandular
viscid or heavy-scented herbage. Leaves alternate or
opposite. Involucral bracts in 1 series, each partly or
wholly enclosing an achene. Bracts of the receptacle
commonly in a single series between ray- and disk-
flowers. Rays always present and fertile, destitute of
pappus. Disk-flowers sterile or fertile, their pappus
paleaceous, awn-like or none.
Ray-achenes laterally compressed, completely
enfolded by the involucral bract.
Rays inconspicuous.
Disk-flowers several. 36, Madia.
Disk-flowers 1-4. 41. Harpaecarpus.
Rays showy. 37. Madaria.
Ray-achenes somewhat obcompressed, half
enclosed by the bracts.
Leaves spiny; flowers yellow. Z^. Centromadia.
Leaves not spiny.
Herbage somewhat glandular; flowers
yellow. 39. Deinandra.
Herbage not glandular; flowers white or
rose color. 40. Calycadenia.
Ray-achenes obcompressed or clavate, com-
pletely enfolded by their bracts.
Bracts 5; herbage canescent. 42. Lagophylla.
Bracts more than 5.
Rays showy, yellow or white. 43. Layia.
Rays inconspicuous; pappus becoming
showy. 44. Achyrach,(Ena.
ASTERACEAE. 385
36. MADIA Mol. Tarweed.
Glandular and viscid heavy-scented herbs with at
least the upper leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Heads
axillary and terminal. Involucre angled by the salient
carinate backs of the uniserial involucral bracts, these
usually completely enclosing the ray-achenes, their tips
herbaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, bearing a single
series of chaff united and forming a cup between the
ray- and disk-flowers, the inner portion naked or fimbril-
late. Ray-flowers yellow, rather short, 3-lobed, fertile.
Disk-flowers sterile. Pappus none. Achenes laterally
compressed, smooth, beakless.
1. M. sativa Mol. Stem simple with a few short ascending
branches above, erect, stout, 3-9 dm. high, pubescent with slender
hairs and beset with stalked very viscid glands; leaves lanceolate,
nearly entire, glandular-pubescent; heads 12 mm. high, short-
peduncled or sessile in the upper axils and at the ends of the short
branches; cup of receptacle broadly campanulate, enclosing many
disk-flowers; disk-achenes cuneate-oblong, 4-angled; ray-achenes
falcate-obovate.
Frequent on the plains and grassy hills. July-September.
2. M. dissitiflora (Nutt.) T. & G. Slender, loosely branching,
5-7 dm. high, viscid; heads scattered, broad-ovate, about 6 mm.
high; cup of receptacle ovoid, not closed; achenes thin, not angular.
On wooded slopes in the Santa Monica Mountains. May-July.
37. MAD ARIA DC.
Erect glandular pilose or somewhat hispid annuals,
with lanceolate usually entire leaves, and corymbosely
panicled heads of showy yellow flowers. Involucral
bracts wholly enclosing the ray-achenes. Receptacle
convex, densely fimbrillate-hirsute and with a circle of
bracts between ray- and disk-flowers. Disk-flowers
sterile. Ray-flowers fertile, showy, their achenes later-
ally compressed, smooth, not incurved. Pappus none.
1. M. elegans (Don.) DC. Stems rather stout, 8-15 dm, high;
leaves scattered, lanceolate, entire or serrate, sessile by a broad
base; whole herbage viscid with stalked glands, the peduncles and
involucres hirsute with long white hairs; heads numerous in an
ample corymbose panicle; rays 12-15, about 2 cm. long, yellow,
often with dark red base; achenes rather thin and flat, dark brown
or blackish.
^ Near Fairmont, Davidson; Trabuco Canyon, Santa Ana Moun-
tains. June- September.
26
386 ASTERACEAE.
38. CENTROMADIA Greene.
Rigid corymbosely or diffusely branching annuals,
with alternate pinnatifid or entire spinescent leaves.
Herbage more or less resiniferous or glandular through-
out. Involucral bracts subulate, pungent, half enclosing
the ray-achenes, persistent. Ray-flowers 15-40, yellow,
small, fertile. Disk-flowers sterile. Receptacle convex,
chafty throughout, the chafif distinct and persistent.
Achenes triangular, the inner angles terminated by a
short apiculation, nearly smooth or faintly rugose-tuber-
culate. Pappus none.
1. C. pungens (H. & A.) Greene. Stout with rather rigid
ascending or spreading branches, 4-8 dm. high, hirsute or hispid,
scarcely viscid, nearly or quite scentless; lower leaves 2-pinnatifid,
the upper 1-pinnatifid, the lobes pungent-tipped; chaff of receptacle
rigid-pungent; disk-achenes destitute of pappus; ray-achenes nearly
black, about 2 mm. long, the ventral angle carinate, the plane sides
and rounded back faintly tuberculate-rugose.
Common in the plains in heavy, rather moist soil. July-Novem-
ber.
2. C. parryi Greene. Widely branching, 3-6 dm. high, sparsely
hirsute, minutely resinous-glandular, aromatic; lowest leaves pin-
natifid, the cauline linear, entire, sharply pungent, spreading, the
uppermost pilose-ciliate toward the base; heads scattered; ray-
achenes dull black, 1.5 mm. long, somewhat compressed, smooth
on the sides, with a few coarse tuberculations on the back; disk-
achenes with 3 or more palese exceeding the corollas; chaff of the
receptacle not pungent.
brackish flats toward the coast. June-August.
39. DEINANDRA Greene.
Erect, rigid and brittle, balsamic-viscid annuals, with
mostly small few-flowered panicled heads, and entire or
serrate leaves. Involucral bracts few, half enclosing
their achenes, their tips short, rigid and erect. Rays
usually 5, broad, 3-toothed, diurnal. Receptacle chaff}''
only next the rays. Ray-achenes gibbous, tuberculate-
rugose, the terminal areola raivsed upon a distinct curved
beak from the angle of the ventral face of the achene;
disk-achenes mostly sterile, with or without a paleaceous
crown.
Heads subsessile, usually fasciculate-clustered. 1. D.fasciculata.
Heads solitary, terminating the filiform branchlets.
Pappus of the disk-flowers not united. 2. D. wrightii.
Pappus of the disk-flowers united to near the
summit. 3. D. kelloggii.
ASTERACEAE. 387
1. D. fasciculata (DC.) Greene. Hirsute or hispid below, gla-
brous, and viscid-glandular above, 2-5 dm. high; heads small, sub-
sessile, usually fasciculate-clustered; involucral bracts glabrous or
glandular-hispidulous; bracts of the receptacle slightly united;
pappus of the disk-achenes of 6-10 linear paleae. {Hemizonia
fasciculata T. & G.)
Very common and general on the plains and lower hills. June-
September.
2. D. wrightii (Gray) Greene. Slender, diffusely and widely
branching; the filiform branchlets terminating in a single head;
lower leaves laciniate-pinnatifid; pappus of disk-achenes composed
of 8-9 firm distinct paleae, laciniate at apex.
Frequent in the interior valleys beyond our range. San Ber-
nardino; Riverside; Elsinore. It has also been reported from
Catalina Island.
3. D. kelloggii Greene. Closely resembling the last in habit;
heads solitary, terminating the slender paniculate branches; pappus
of the tubular flowers united to near the lacerate summit.
Apparently rare in southern California; known only from near
Pasadena, where it was recently collected in an old field by Joseph
Grinnell.
40. CALYCADENIA DC.
Erect virgate or diffusely branching, more or less hir-
sute or hispid annuals, with narrowly linear entire
leaves, all but the lowest alternate. Floral leaves usu-
ally subulate and often ending In a saucer-shaped gland.
Receptacle flat, the chaff herbaceous and only enclosing
the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 1-vS, w^hlte or yellow,
vespertine, palmately 3-lobed or parted. Ray-achenes
obovold-trlangular, the terminal areola low, nearly cen-
tral. Disk-achenes turblnate-quadrangular, the outer
fertile. Pappus chaffy.
1. C. tenella (Nutt.) T. & G. Slender, paniculately diffusely
branched above, 1-5 _ dm. high, sparsely hirsute-pubescent; the
filiform branchlets minutely viscid-glandular; leaves almost fili-
form, the margins involute, destitute of glands; heads scattered;
involucre cylindraceous-campanulate; ray-flowers 3-5, 3-parted to
the slender tube, white or often tinged with rose; ray-achenes rugose,
short-stipitate and abruptly rostellate-apiculate; disk-flowers 5,
white, cleft into oblong-linear lobes; their pappus of 4-5 lanceolate
paleae tapering into stout rough awns and as many intermediate
short lanceolate truncate ones. {Hemizonia tenella Gray.)
Common on dry barren places in our interior valleys and in open
places in the chaparral belt. June-August.
41. HARPAECARPUS Nutt.
Small slender viscld-glandular sweet-scented annuals
with entire narrow mostly alternate leaves, and numer-
388 ASTERACEAE.
ous pedicellate small few-flowered heads. Ray-flowers
fertile, 4-8, minute. Disk-flowers 1-4. Bracts of the
receptacle united and forming a cup which encloses the
disk-flowers, receptacle otherwise naked. Achenes slen-
der, compressed or obcompressed. Pappus none.
1. H. exiguus Gray. Slender, 8-15 cm. high, hirsute, glandular
above, paniculately branched; the small heads on long filiform naked
peduncles; leaves linear, alternate; involucral bracts 5-8, lunate,
almost destitute of free tips, hispid-glandular; cup of receptacle
prismatic and very narrow, enclosing a single straight obliquely
obovate laterally compressed achene; ray-achenes obovate-lunate,
pointed by a small disk.
Frequent on wooded hillsides in open places. May-August.
2. H. minimus (Gray) Greene. Stems branching, only about
2.5 cm. high; leaves mostly opposite, the lowest oval or oblong, the
others linear, about 6 mm. long; achenes of the ray broadly obcom-
pressed, rounded at the summit, beakless. {Hemizonia minima
Gray.)
Wilson's Peak, Davidson.
42. LAGOPHYLLA Nutt.
Slender, villous or hirsute, rigid and brittle, panicu-
lately branched annuals, with mostly alternate com-
monly entire leaves, and many small heads of pale
salmon-colored or yellow vespertine flowers, subtended
by foliaceous bracts. Bracts of the involucre 5, thin,
herbaceous, flat on the back, completely enclosing its
obcompressed achene and deciduous with it. Rays
cuneate, palmately 3-cleft, their achenes obovate-oblong,
smooth, nearly straight, pointless. Receptacle flat;
chaff a single row of distinct bracts surrounding about
5 perfect but sterile disk-flowers. Pappus none.
1. L. ramosissima Nutt. Canescent with a loose silky pubes-
cence, 2-8 dm. high, diffusely paniculate; lowest leaves spatulate-
obovate, stem-leaves lanceolate to linear, all entire; heads 6 mm.
high, 12 mm. broad, including the expanded rays; achenes 3 mm.
long.
Frequent in open places in the foothills and in the chaparral belt
of the mountains. May-September.
43. LAYIA Hook & Arn.
Vernal annuals with alternate leaves or the lowest
opposite, and usually showy heads of white or yellow
flowers terminating the branches. Bracts of the invo-
lucre flattened on the back, more or less completely
ASTERACEAE. 389
enfolding their obcompressed achenes. Rays 8-20,
3-lobed; their achenes obovate or narrower, destitute of
pappus. Disk-flowers with cyHndraceous funnelform
5-lobed corollas; their achenes linear-cuneiform, usually
with a pappus of bristles or awns. Receptacle flat, bear-
ing a series of chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-
flowers.
Pappus bristles villous below the middle.
Leaves all entire; rays white. 1. L. glandulasa.
Leaves toward the base pinnately toothed;
rays yellow. 2. L. elegons.
Pappus bristles naked. 3. L. platyglossa.
1. L. glandulosa (Hook)' H. & A. Diffusely branched from the
base or simple, 3 dm. high or less, hispid throughout with spreading
hairs and with a few small dark-stalked glands on the uppermost
leaves and involucres; leaves all narrow and entire; rays white,
about 15 mm. long; pappus bright white, the bristles densely villous
below the middle.
Frequent in dry washes in the interior valleys. Big Tejuriga;
La Canada; Arroyo Seco.
2. L. elegans (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray. Habit of the last but taller,
sparsely hirsute and more or less stipitate-glandular throughout;
lower leaves pinnately toothed, the upper entire; rays yellow, about
1 cm. long; pappus white, bristles densely villous below the middle.
Frequent on our dry interior plains. San Fernando Valley;
Pasadena; Santa Ana Mountains.
3. L. platyglossa (F. & M.) Gray. Stems usually about 3 dm.
high and sparingly branched, hirsute and stipitate-glandular; lower
leaves pinnatifid into linear lobes; rays 10-15 mm. long, yellow
with cream-colored tips; disk-achenes silky-hirsute; pappus of 15-
20 scabrous tawny bristles.
Frequent in sandy soil, especially along the coast.
44. ACHYRACHAENA Schauer.
Soft-pubescent sparingly branched annual, with nar-
row leaves, all but the lowest alternate, and rather large
oblong-campanulate heads terminating pedunculiform
branches. Involucral bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, each
enfolding a ray-achene. Bracts of the low convex recep-
tacle membranous in a single row between ray- and
disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 6-8, very short, 3-cleft; their
achenes slightly obcompressed, destitute of pappus.
Disk-flowers mostly fertile, clavate, 10-striate, bearing a
showy pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery-
scarious palese.
390
ASTERACEAE.
1, A. mollis Schauer. Erect, 2-4 dm, high; leaves linear, entire
or serrulate; heads 2.5 cm. long or less in flower; rays very short
and involute, yellow, changing to reddish-brown; heads expanded in
fruit, forming a globose cluster; pappus becoming very showy.
Occasional in the coast valleys, on grassy plains or in grain fields.
Extending south to San Diego.
Tribe 7. HELENIEAE. Sneezeweed Tribe.
Herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate or oppo-
site leaves. Receptacle naked or with a few fimbrillae.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 series or rarely in 3 series.
Pappus of palese, awns or bristles, or wanting.
Leaves opposite.
Involucral bracts in more than 1 series.
45.
Jaumea.
Involucral bracts in 1 series.
Bracts distinct.
48.
Baeria.
Bracts united into a toothed cup.
49.
Lasthenia.
Leaves alternate.
Rays present.
Rays with toothed appendages opposite
the ligules.
50.
MONOLOPIA.
Rays unappendaged.
Bracts of the involucre erect.
Herbage pubescent and viscid-
glandular.
Bracts equal, in 1-2 series.
47.
Perityle.
Bracts imbricated, in 2-3
series.
55.
HULSEA.
Herbage more or less floccose-
woolly.
Perennial or suffrutescent
plants.
51.
Eriophyllum.
Low annuals.
52.
ACTINOLEPIS.
Outer bracts foliaceous, spreading.
46.
Venegasia.
Bracts reflexed.
56.
Helenium.
Rays wanting.
Bracts 5-6; herbage viscid; heads small.
53.
Amblyopappus.
Bracts more numerous; heads middle-
sized.
54.
Chaenactis.
45. JAUMEA Pers.
Succulent and glabrous perennial herbs, with opposite
entire subterete fleshy leaves, and solitary terminal
short-peduncled middle-sized heads of yellow flowers.
Involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, its bracts broad
and imbricated, the outermost short and fleshy. Rays
pistillate, fertile. Receptacle naked, conical. Disk-
ASTERACEAE. 391
flowers yellow. Style-branches papillose or hairy.
Achenes 10-nerved. Pappus none.
1. J. carnosa (Less.) Gray. Stems rather slender, prostrate,
many from fleshy crown of the tap-root, mostly simple, 1-2 dm.
long, rooting at the nodes; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. long; heads about
1 cm. high; rays about 6, linear, not surpassing the disk; achenes
glabrous.
Common in salt marshes along the coast. April-October.
46. VENEGASIA DC.
Stout perennial leafy branching herbs with scattered
large and showy heads of yellow flowers. Involucre
hemispheric, broad, the round-ovate bracts imbricated
in several series, the outer somewhat foliaceous, the
innermost narrow and scarious. Receptacle flat, naked.
Ray-flowers many, long, narrow, entire or 3-toothed.
Disk-flowers glandular-bearded especially at the base of
the tube, 5-angled and many-nerved. Pappus none.
1. V. carpesioides DC. Stems widely branching, 1.5 m. high
or less, glabrous; leaves thin, ovate-deltoid or ovate-cordate, acute,
crenate, 7-10 cm. long, petioled, resinous-dotted beneath; heads
terminal and from the upper axils, short-peduncled, about 2 cm.
broad; rays about 15, and about 2.5 cm. long.
Frequent in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and Santa Ana
Mountains.
47. PERITYLE Benth.
Mostly annuals with dentate or palmately lobed
leaves, all but the lower alternate, and small or middle-
sized heads terminating the branches. Involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts distinct, more or less overlapping, cari-
nate-concave and partly embracing the outer achenes.
Receptacle flat or concave. Ray-flowers yellow or white,
pistillate or none. Disk-flowers yellow, narrow, 4-
toothed. Achenes flat, cartilaginous-margined, usually
strongly ciiiate. Pappus a squamellate or cupulate
crown and commonly a slender awn from one or both of
the angles.
1. P. calif ornica nuda (Torr.) Gray. Somewhat pubescent and
viscid-glandular; leaves roundish-cordate, about 1 cm. broad,
incisely lobed, the lobes coarsely dentate; heads narrowly oblong;
achenes oblong, densely hispid- villous on the margins; pappus none.
Bluffs along the sea at Santa Monica, Hasse.
392 ASTERACEAE.
48. BAERIA F. & M.
Low mostly slender annuals, commonly pubescent,
with opposite linear entire or laciniate-pinnatifid leaves,
and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers on slender
peduncles. Involucre campanulate, its bracts usually
in 1 series, distinct, usually carinate below. Ray-flowers
few or many, often short. Achenes clavate, linear or
linear-cuneiform. Pappus of few awns or palese or both
or rarely none.
Leaves entire, not glandular-pubescent.
Pappus none. 1. B. chrysostoma.
Pappus present. 2. B. gracilis.
Leaves more or less dissected, more or less
glandular-pubescent.
Pappus paleae, at least some of them, pro-
duced into an awn almost equaling the disk-
flowers. 3. B. affinis.
Pappus paleae truncate or erose at summit,
not produced into awns. 4. B. mutica.
1. B. chrysostoma F. & M. Stems slender, freely branching,
2 dm. high or less, hirsute-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, entire;
heads 6-8 mm, high; bracts of the involucre 7-12; rays 7-12, 6-8
mm. long; achenes clavate-linear, slightly contracted at the summit,
glabrous; pappus none.
Rather common in open places in our coast valleys and foothills.
Plaza del Rey; Santa Monica Mountains. April-May.
2. B. gracilis (DC.) Gray. Closely resembling the last; stems
slender, usually about 1 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear; bracts
and rays 10-12 or sometimes less; rays 4-6 mm. long; achenes linear-
cuneate, broad at the summit, commonly canescent; pappus of
white, lanceolate or ovate, slender, awned palese or the palese some-
times almost obsolete.
Common on dry hillsides throughout our range. April-May.
3. B. afRnis (Nutt.) Gray. Erect, sparingly branched, 10-15 cm.
high, minutely pubescent, obscurely or not at all glandular; leaves
with filiform divisions; rays 6-8, oblong, short; involucral bracts
ovate-oval; pappus of 8-10 oblong or lanceolate paleae with laciniate-
setulose margins, fully equaling the corolla-tube, some or most of
them produced into an awn almost equaling the disk-flowers, or in
the rays blunt and awnless.
Occasional in dry sandy places in interior valleys. Chatsworth
Park; Verdugo Hills; Arroyo Seco.
4. B. mutica (Nutt.) Gray. Stems slender, erect, branching,
1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent; rays 10-15, elongated-oblong;
pappus of 6-8 quadrate-oblong paleae with obtuse or truncate erose
summits.
In sandy soil along the coast near Plaza del Rey common about
San Diego. April-May.
ASTERACEAE. 393
49. LASTHENIA Cass.
Low slender glabrous and usually succulent annuals,
with opposite linear or narrowly lanceolate mostly entire
leaves, their sessile bases connate around the stem.
Heads middle-sized on peduncles terminating the stem
and branches, composed of yellow flowers. Involucral
bracts a single series connate by their edges into a 5-15-
toothed glabrous green cup. Rays usually present.
Disk-flowers all fertile, 4-5-lobed. Achenes linear or
narrowly oblong, compressed, sometimes slightly 2-3-
nerved. Pappus of 5-10 firm subulate-tipped palese or
none.
1. L. glabrata coulteri Gray. Somewhat fleshy, rarely slightly
pubescent; stems erect, branching, 2 dm. high or less; peduncles
somewhat enlarged under the erect heads; involucre hemispheric;
rays 5-10 mm. long; achenes narrowly obovate-oblong, with obtuse
edges and with minute scattered rough points or glands.
Common in saline marshes, especially along the coast.
50. MONOLOPIA DC.
White-woolly annuals with alternate entire or den-
ticulate leaves and large peduncled heads of yellow
flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts united into a
cup with broad triangular teeth or distinct to the base.
Receptacle conical, naked. Ray-flowers 3-4- toothed,
bearing at the base of the ligule an oblong or roundish
denticulate appendage. Disk-corollas somewhat hairy
on the lobes. Achenes angular, black. Pappus none.
1. M. major DC. Stoutish, nearly simple or with several
pedunculiform naked monocephalous branches, about 5 dm. high;
heads about 3 cm. broad; bracts of the involucre joined into a broad
campanulate-toothed cup; achenes 4 mm., long.
Occasional on grassy hills mostly toward the coast, especially on
heavy soils. Santa Monica Mountains, north slope; San Pedro
Hills.
51. ERIOPHYLLUM Lag.
Annual or perennial floccose herbs or suffrutescent
plants, with entire or divided alternate leaves, and
mostly middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. Involucre
oblong to hemispheric, its bracts of firm texture and per-
manently erect. Rays usually few, short and broad.
Disk-flowers with slender tube, commonly glandular and
hairy. Style-branches truncate or obtuse. Achenes
394 ASTERACEAE.
clavate-llnear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pap-
pus of firm pointless palese.
1. E. confertiflorum (DC.) Gray. Stems suffrutescent, 4-6 dm.
high, usually branched from the woody base, with a close dense,
at length deciduous tomentum; flowering branches leafy; leaves
l-|-4 cm. long, ternately or pinnately 3-7-parted into narrowly linear
divisions; heads many in compact terminal clusters, 3-4 mm. high;
involucre obovoid-oblong, its bracts about 5, ovate; rays 4-5, 3-4
mm. long; palese 8-10, nearly equal, about half as long as the achene.
Common throughout the lower altitudes of the chaparral belt
in all the mountains and hills. March-August.
52. ACTINOLEPIS DC.
Small floccose-woolly simple or freely branching an-
nuals, with small heads of yellow flowers. Involucre
obovate or oblong, its bracts few, thinnish, sometimes
concave and partly embracing the achenes. Receptacle
convex or nearly flat. Ray-flowers few, broad and usu-
ally short. Achenes oblong, subclavate and 4-angled.
Pappus composed of several scarious or somewhat opaque
paleaceous scales.
1. A. Wallace! Gray. Diffusely branched or, when dwarfed,
simple, 4-8 cm. high, densely white-tomentose; leaves alternate,
obovate or spatulate, entire; heads short-peduncled; bracts of the
involucre about 8, becoming somewhat carinate-concave, with
scarious margins embracing the ray -achenes; ray-flowers short and
broad, yellow; achenes glabrous; palese 10, very short, obtuse.
Dry washes in the interior valleys. La Canada; San Fernando
Valley. April-May.
53. AMBLYOPAPPUS H. & A.
Rigidly erect panicled small maritime annual with
gummy sweet-scented very bitter herbage, narrow entire
alternate leaves, and small discoid heads of yellow
flowers. Involucral bracts 5-6, broadly obovate, their
middle part becoming somewhat carinate-concave. Re-
ceptacle small conical. Corollas all short, tubular, those
of the pistillate flowers minutely 2-3-toothed, of the
perfect 5-toothed; the teeth soon connivent. Achenes
obpyramidal, pubescent. Pappus of 8-12 oblong obtuse
palea^ about equaling the corollas.
1. A. pusillus H. & A. Somewhat corymbosely much branched,
10-25 cm. high, the lowest leaves pinnately 3-5-parted and opposite,
their segments narrowly linear; involucre 4 mm. high.
Occasional on bluffs overhanging the sea. Port Los Angeles;
Playa del Rey. June-August.
ASTERACEAE. 395
54. CHAENACTIS DC.
Annual herbs, often more or less woolly, with com-
pound leaves and discoid heads mostly solitary and
peduncled. Involucre campanulate, the linear bracts
equal, uniserial, herbaceous. Receptacle flat, naked.
Corollas with short tube, long narrow throat and short
teeth, those of the outer row sometimes more ample
and resembling rays. Achenes slender, smooth. Pap-
pus of hyaline nerveless palese.
Flowers yellow; pappus persistent.
Stems branching near the base, the elongated
peduncles scapiform. 1. C. lanosa.
Stems branching above, not scapiform. 2. C. glahriuscula.
Flowers not yellow.
Pappus persistent; perennial with a woody
base. 3. C. santolinoides.
Pappus deciduous; tall annual. 4. C. artemisifolia.
1. C. lanosa DC. Stems short, branching near the base, bearing
few-many long naked peduncles, 1-2 dm. high, the earlier scapiform;
herbage floccose-wooUy when young; leaves thickish, simply pin-
nately-parted into few narrowly linear lobes, or the uppermost
entire; heads about 12 mm. high; the outer flowers only moderately
enlarged, not surpassing the disk; involucral bracts nearly linear;
pappus of 4 equal long palese.
Common on plains and foothills, especially in sandy soil.
2. C. glahriuscula DC. Taller and more caulescent, branching
above, 2-3 dm. high, herbage thinly floccose, becoming glabrate;
peduncles long, stout; heads 15-20 mm. high; involucral bracts
glabrate, broader, thickish, obtuse; marginal flowers ample, much
exceeding the others; pappus of 4 equal narrowly oblong acutish
palese.
Common on sandy soil or rocky ground in the lower hills and
along the coast.
3. C. santolinoides Greene. Subacaulescent perennial; leaves
all crowded on short tufted shoots from a slightly ligneous crown,
white-tomentose, linear in outline with broad rachis, thickly beset
with small oblong obtusely few-lobed crispate divisions; peduncles
scapiform, 10-15 cm. long, simple or once or twice forked, glandular
and viscid; heads 12 mm. high, rather narrow; outer flowers scarcely
or not at all enlarged; pappus of 8-10 linear-ligulate palese a little
shorter than the flowers.
In the higher altitudes of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountains, in open pine woods. June-August.
4. C. artemisiaefolia Gray. Stems paniculately branched or
nearly simple, 3-8 dm. high, furfuraceous-pubescent, somewhat
viscid, above glandular-hirsute; leaves 2-3-pinnately divided or
parted into short linear or oblong lobes; heads loosely cymose-
396 ASTERACEAE.
paniculate, about 12-15 mm. high; involucral bracts lanceolate,
acute; flowers all alike; achenes clavate, flattened; pappus a small
minutely annular disk.
Common in the chaparral belt of all the mountains. April-
June.
55. HULSEA T. & G.
Viscid or floccose-woolly leafy herbs with alternate
entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, sessile or nearly so,
and large solitary or scattered heads. Involucral bracts
thin, herbaceous, linear to oblong, in 2-3 series. Recep-
tacle flat. Ray-flowers yellow or purplish. Disk-flowers
with long narrow throat and 5 short lobes. Achenes
linear-clavate or cuneate-oblong, villous. Pappus of
4-5 hyaline paleae, either erose or lacerate at the sum-
mit or dissected into capillary bristles.
1. H. heterochroma Gray. Annual, stout, 6 dm. high or more;
leaves oblong, saliently dentate; involucre about 2 cm. high, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acute; ray-flowers many, 6-8 mm.
long, rose-purple, occasionaly reduced or obsolete; paleae oblong,
the 2 over the angles of the achenes longer than the others, the
shorter truncate-lacerate.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains in the upper portions
of the chaparral belt. Mount Lowe, Dudley; Wilson's Peak.
56. HELENIUM L. Sneeze weed.
Erect perennial resinous-dotted herbs, with alternate
leaves sessile except the lowest and often decurrent on
the stem. Heads solitary or corymbose, borne on long
naked peduncles. Flowers yellow, those of the ray
several, usually small and drooping, those of the disk
numerous, minute, often brownish. Bracts of the invo-
lucre linear, reflexed. Receptacle globose or hemi-
spheric, naked. Achenes turbinate, ribbed, usually more
or less pubescent. Pappus of 5- 1 2 thin or hyaline paleae.
1. H. puberulum DC. Puberulent, paniculately branched, 6-12
dm. high, the branches ending in slender peduncles; leaves lanceolate
or narrowly linear or the longest oblong, sessile and strongly decur-
rent on the stem; heads globose, 10-15 mm. broad; ray-flowers and
bracts of the involucre reflexed, short and inconspicuous; disk-
flowers brownish; pappus-scales ovate, with a short slender awn;
achenes about 1 mm. long.
Frequent along mountain streams, especially in the chaparral
belt.
ASTERACEAE. 397
Tribe 8. ANTHEM IDEAE. Mayweed Tribe.
Strong-scented or aromatic herbs, with alternate,
mostly dissected, pinnately parted or pinnatifid leaves.
Involucral bracts imbricated, commonly dry and scari-
ous or with scarious margins. Receptacle naked or with
chaff-like bracts. Rays present or none. Pappus none
or a short scarious crown.
Receptacle chaffy; rays present.
Heads solitary; rays 14-20. 57. Anthemis.
Heads in a terminal corymb; rays 4-5. 58. Achillea.
Receptacle naked; rays none.
Marginal flowers destitute of corollas, 60. Cotula.
Marginal flowers not apetalous.
Heads solitary, terminating leafy branches. 59. Matricaria.
Heads small, in panicled racemes or spikes. 61. Artemisia.
57. ANTHEMIS L.
Annual or perennial ill-scented branching herbs, with
finely dissected alternate leaves, and radiate heads soli-
tary on terminal peduncles. Involucre hemispheric, its
bracts imbricated in several series, scarious-margined,
appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex or
conical, chaffy at least toward the summit; the chaff
subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fer-
tile or neutral, white or yellow. Disk-flowers perfect,
yellow, the limb 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, ribbed or
striate. Pappus none.
1. A. cotula L. (Mayweed.) Annual, glabrous or sometimes
pubescent above, glandular, much branched, 2-6 dm. high; leaves
mostly sessile, finely 1-3-pinnately dissected into narrow acute
lobes; heads about 2 cm. broad, including the rays; these 10-18,
white, neutral, mostly 3-toothed; receptacle conic, its chaff bristly,
subtending the central flowers; achenes 10-ribbed, rugose or glandu-
lar-tuberculate.
Common in moist places in all the valleys. Native of Europe.
April-June.
58. ACHILLEA L. (Yarrow, Milfoil.)
Perennial herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small
heads of both tubular and ligulate flowers corymbose at
the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre ovoid or
campanulate, its bracts compressed, imbricated in few
series. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy; chaff mem-
398 ASTERACEAE.
branous, subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white
or pink, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, yellow.
Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly compressed. Pappus
none.
1. A. lanulosa Nutt. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, simple or
corymbosely branched above, 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves and those
of the sterile shoots petioled, those of the stem sessile, all narrowly
oblong or lanceolate in outline, finely dissected into narrow pinnatifid
segments; heads numerous, 4-6 mm, broad, in terminal compound
dense corymbs; rays 4-6, white.
Rather common in the pine belt of the San Gabriel and San
Bernardino Mountains.
59. MATRICARIA L.
Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves dis-
sected into filiform or narrowly linear segments, and
discoid or radiate peduncled heads. Involucre hemi-
spheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle
conic or elongated, naked. Rays in ours wanting.
Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, fertile, 4-5-toothed.
Achenes 3-5-ribbed. Pappus a coroniform border or
none.
1. M. matricariodes (Less.) Porter. Annual, glabrous; stems
leafy, becoming much branched, often more or less decumbent,
1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into linear acute lobes;
heads numerous, 6-8 mm. broad; involucral bracts oval or oblong,
green with broad white scarious margins, much shorter than the
ovoid disk; achenes oblong, faintly nerved; pappus an obscure
crown. {M. disco idea DC)
Frequent along roadsides and in waste places. May-July,
60. COTULA L.
Low annual or perennial herbs with alternate lobed or
dissected leaves, and slender peduncled discoid short-
hemispheric heads. Involucral bracts in about 2 series,
greenish. Receptacle naked, flat or nearly so. Mar-
ginal flowers pistillate and apetalous. Disk-flowers 4-
toothed, fertile or sterile. Achenes pedicellate, com-
pressed, spongy-margined or narrowly winged. Pappus
none.
1. C. coronopifolia L. Perennial, usually subaquatic, somewhat
succulent and glabrous; stems clustered, stoutish, decumbent,
25-30 cm, long; leaves linear-lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid or the
upper entire, clasping or sheathing at the base; heads much de-
pressed, 8-12 mm. broad; apetalous flowers in 1 row, their achenes
with a thick spongy wing; disk-flowers yellow, their achenes with
wing reduced.
ASTERACEAE. 399
Common in wet places along streams and marshes, especially
toward the coast. Flowering nearly throughout the year.
2. C. australis Hook. Annual, slender and diffusely branched,
pubescent with soft spreading hairs, not at all succulent, 5-12 cm,
long; leaves 1-2-pinnately divided into linear lobes; heads 2-3 mm.
broad; involucral bracts brownish-tipped, scarious-margined; apet-
alous flowers in 2-3 rows, pedicellate, their achenes minutely hispid
on both faces, the margins smooth.
In waste places along streets, not common. January-March.
61. ARTEMISIA L.
Mostly aromatic and bitter herbs or shrubs with
alternate leaves and panicled spikes or racemes of small
discoid heads. Involucral bracts imbricated in few
series, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle flat,
convex or hemispheric, naked or pubescent, not chaffy.
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile, their corollas 2-3-
toothed. Central flowers perfect, sterile or fertile, or
flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers often tipped at
apex with subulate appendages. Achenes obovoid or
oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded or truncate at the
summit, with a small terminal areola. Pappus none or
minute and coroniform.
Perennial or annual herbs.
Leaves densely tomentose beneath. 1. A. heterophylla.
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves pinnately parted. 2. A. biennis.
Leaves, all but the lowest linear and
entire. 3. A. dracunculoides .
Shrubs, canescent throughout and strongly
aromatic.
Flowers of the margin pistillate, the others
perfect. 4. A. calif ornica.
Flowers all perfect and fertile. 5. A. parishii.
\. A. heterophylla Nutt. Perennial; stems erect, somewhat
woody at base, 1-2 m, high; leaves lanceolate to oblong, ovate or
elliptic, 5-10 cni. long, sparingly pinnatifid, cleft or often entire,
green above, white-tomentose beneath; heads mostly erect in dense
terrninal panicles, the axis leafy; involucre oblong; marginal flowers
pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, all fertile. {A. vulgaris calif ornica
Bess.)
Common in low ground and along streams in the foothills. July-
October.
_ 2. A. biennis Willd. ^ Annual; stems erect, virgate, 3-10 dm.
high, leafy to the summit; herbage deep green, glabrous and nearly
tasteless, aromatic; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into lanceolate or
broadly linear laciniate or toothed lobes, or the uppermost only
400 ASTERACEAE.
pinnatifid; heads small, in close glomerules on the spiciform short
branches and stems; involucre hemispheric; achenes with small
epigynous disk.
Occasional in low moist ground about Los Angeles. Native of
Europe.
3. A. dracunculoides Pursh. Perennial; stems clustered, herba-
ceous, 6-12 dm. high, virgately branched, glabrous, pungent-scented
when bruised, tasteless; lowest leaves 3-cleft at summit, the others
linear, entire; heads numerous, nodding on very slender short
peduncles in a close or open panicle, the clusters sometimes secund;
involucre hemispheric, about 2 mm. broad; marginal flowers fertile;
disk-flowers perfect, sterile.
Frequent in the valleys and foothills throughout our range.
August-October.
4. A. californica Less. (California Sage.) Shrubby, with
numerous ascending branches, 6-12 dm. high, aromatic; leaves
cinereous with a minute appressed pubescence, the lowest parted
into a few linear filiform segments, the upper entire; heads many,
nodding in long racemose leafy panicles; involucre hemispheric,
about 4 mm. broad; achenes truncate at summit, with a squamellate
or coroniform-dentate pappus.
Common on dry hillsides in the lower altitudes of the chaparral
belt. September-December.
5. A. parishii Gray. Shrub, 1-2 m. high; herbage cinereous-
puberulent; leaves linear to linear-cuneate, entire or the upper
3-toothed at apex; panicle loose, 2-3 dm. long; involucre 3.5 mm.
high, oblong-campanulate, canescent, 6-7-flowered; achenes sparsely
arachnoid- villous.
Common in Antelope Valley and extending through San Antonio
Pass to Newhall, where it was first discovered by Parish. This
species is closely related to A. tridentata.
Tribe 9. SENECIONEAE. Groundsel Trtbe.
Herbs or sufTrutescent plants with alternate or basal
leaves. Involucral bracts little or not at all imbricated,
mostly in 1-2 series. Receptacle naked. Pappus-
bristles soft, commonly copious and usually white.
Shrubby or sufifrutescent plants.
Rays wanting.
Bracts imbricated; leaves mostly scale-
like. 62. Lepidospartum.
Bracts in 1 series; herbage woolly. 63, Tetradymia.
Rays present. 64. Senecio.
rbs; rays present or wanting. 64. Senecio.
Herbs
ASTERACEAE. 401
62. LEPIDOSPARTUM Gray.
A low rigid green scaly-bracted almost leafless shrub,
somewhat fastigiately branching, and bearing some-
what corymbose or racemosely arranged heads of pale
yellow flowers. Involucral bracts of 2 sets, the inner
long, linear, 8-12 in 2 or more series, the outer much
shorter and imbricated. Receptacle naked. Rays none.
Disk-flowers with long tube and lanceolate-linear spread-
ing lobes. Achenes oblong, terete, 8-10-nerved, with
large epigynous disk. Pappus copious, of soft white
capillary bristles.
1. L. squamatum Gray. Branching shrub, broom-like, 6-12
dm. high; young seedlings and shoots floccose-tomentose, and with
spatulate entire leaves, becoming glabrous and nearly leafless in
age; heads 6-10 mm. high, terminal on the branches.
Frequent in dry washes in all the interior valleys. July-October.
63. TETRADYMIA DC.
Low rigid canescently tomentose shrubs with alter-
nate narrow entire leaves and cymose-clustered discoid
heads of yellow flowers. Involucre long and narrow,
of 4-6 bracts. Corollas with long tube, the narrow
spreading lobes longer than the campanulate involucre.
Achenes terete, short, 5-nerved, from long-villous to
glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft long capillary white
or whitish bristles.
1. T. comosa Gray. Branches erect, elongated, 4-8 dm. high;
primary leaves linear, softly floccose-tomentose, the earlier 5-7 cm.
long, and 4 mm. wide, plane; those of the branches often filiform,
deciduous, some of the upper changed to long soft spines; heads
corymbose or glomerate at the summit of the branches; involucre
5-9-flowered, its bracts 5-6; pappus fine, concealed by the long wool
of the achene.
Dry washes of the interior valleys, perhaps not within our region
but found as far westward as Cucamonga. July-August.
64. SENECIO L.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate
or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate
many-flowered heads of both tubular and ray-flowers or
only tubular, in ours yellow. Involucre cylindric or
campanulate, its principal bracts in 1 series, distinct or
united at the base, usually with some shorter outer ones.
Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, mostly naked.
27
402 ASTERACEAE.
Rays when present pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect,
5-toothed. Achenes terete or those of the marginal
flowers somewhat compressed, 5-10-ribbed, papillose or
canescent and usually emitting a pair of spiral threads
after wetting. Pappus copious, of white scabrous or
smooth capillary bristles.
Annuals, glabrous or nearly so.
Rays none. 1. S. vulgaris.
Rays present. 2. 5. californicus.
Perennial herbs or sufFrutescent, more or less
floccose-woolly.
Rays none; leaves dentate. 3. S. astephanus.
Rays present; leaves at least the lower pin-
nately parted into narrow lobes. 4. 5. douglasii.
1. S. vulgaris L. Annual, puberulent or glabrate; stems slightly
fleshy, 1-3 dm. high, more or less branched; leaves clasping at the
base, pinnatifid, the lobes and sinuses sharply toothed; heads 7-9
mm. high; bracts black-tipped; rays none; achenes slightly canescent.
Common in neglected gardens and yards. Flowering throughout
the year. Native of Europe.
2. S. californicus DC. Annual, glabrous or becoming so, slender
1.5-4 dm. high; leaves lanceolate in outline, varying from denticu-
late to pinnatifid, the lobes short and obtuse, all but the lowest
sessile and auriculate-clasping, 2.5-5 cm. long; involucre 6-8 mm.
high, its bracts narrow; rays oblong, 6-8 mm. long, light yellow;
achenes canescent.
Common in sandy soil in dry places in our interior valleys and
foothills, and on the sand-dunes along the seashore. February-
May.
3. S. astephanus Greene. Stems erect, from a biennial or
perennial root, 5-10 dm. high, very floccose-woolly, at length glabrate
above; basal leaves thin, 2-3 dm. high, elliptic-oblong, acute at
both ends, coarsely dentate, the teeth spreading, triangular, callous,
tipped, the sinuses rounded and the larger denticulate, lower leaves
resembling the basal, the uppermost narrow, lanceolate, entire or
irregularly dentate; heads 1-2 cm. broad, less than 1 cm. high;
6-10 in a close cluster at the ends of the peduncles; rays none-
flowers all fertile. ( S. ilicetorum Davidson.)
Wilson's trail at 2500 feet altitude, Davidson.
4. S. douglasii DC. Suff'rutescent, usually about 1 m. high,
branching from the base, whitish-tomentose or becoming glabrate;
lower leaves pinnately divided into about 5 narrowly linear lobes,
the uppermost entire, all with revolute margins; heads rather few,
corymbose, 10-15 mm. high; rays light yellow, 10 mm. long; achenes
hoary with a short pubescence.
Common on dry plains and foothills, mostly below 3000 feet
altitude. July-November.
ASTERACEAE. 403
Tribe 10. CYNAREAE. Thistle Tribe.
Herbs with alternate prickly leaves and mostly large
heads. Involucral bracts imbricated, usually spinescent.
Receptacle bristly or hairy. Rays none. Corollas tubu-
lar, deeply and narrowly lobed. Anthers caudate at the
base and appendaged at the apex. Pappus bristly or
plumose, rarely paleaceous.
Filaments distinct.
Pappus bristles plumose, deciduous in a ring.
Pappus in 1 series. 65, Cirsium.
Pappus in several series. 66. Cynara.
Pappus bristles setose. 68. Centaurea.
Filaments united into a tube. 67. Silybum.
65. CIRSIUM L. Thistle.
Erect, branching or simple, prickly herbs, with alter-
nate or basal sinuate dentate lobed or pinnatifid usu-
ally spiny leaves, and large many-flowered solitary or
clustered discoid heads of crimson, purple or white
flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickly-
tipped or unarmed, imbricated in many series. Recep-
tacle flat or convex, bristly. Flowers all tubular, per-
fect and fertile or rarely dioecious, their corollas slender,
with deeply 5-cleft limb. Filaments pilose or rarely
glabrous. Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed or
obtusely 4-angled, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several
series of slender plumose minutely serrulate or simple
bristles, connate at base.
Heads sessile or short-pedunculate, leafy-bracted
at base. 1. C. edule.
Heads solitary on long peduncles, not leafy-
bracted at base.
Corolla-lobes longer than the throat, crimson. 2. C. calif or nicum.
Corolla-lobes equaling or shorter than the
throat, white to pinkish. 3. C. occidentale.
1. C. edule Nutt. Stout, 1-2 m. high, pubescent, leafy up to
the short panicle; leaves oblong or narrower, sinuate-pinnatifid,
weakly prickly; heads 3-4 cm. high, depressed-globose, few in a
terminal cluster, leafy-bracted at base; involucre arachnoid when
young; flowers deep purple, their segments shorter than the throat.
Pasadena, McClatchie,
404 ASTERACEAE.
2. C. calif ornicum Gray. Rather slender, 6-12 dm. high, canes-
cently woolly; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, moderately prickly; heads
solitary on long peduncles, about 4 cm. high; involucres somewhat
woolly; the lower bracts coriaceous-acerose, spreading and incurved,
the others straight, all subulate-spinescent at the tip; flowers lilac-
purplish or rose color; lobes shorter than the throat.
Occasional in open places in the Santa Monica, San Gabriel and
Santa Ana Mountains. May-July.
3. C. occidentale (Nutt.) Jepson. Stout, 6-9 dm. high; leaves
deeply pinnatifid, glabrate above, canescently tomentose beneath;
heads solitary on stout peduncles; involucre subglobose; bracts
straight, subulate-lanceolate, with short spines, densely covered
with cobwebby hairs; flowers deep red-purple; lobes longer than
the throat.
Common on sandy soil, especially toward the coast. May-July.
66. CYNARA L. Artichoke.
Stout perennial prickly herbs, with pinnatifid sessile
leaves, their lobes spinescently tipped, and large heads of
purple tubular flowers. Involucral bracts well-imbri-
cated, coriaceous, spinescent. Receptacle flesh}^, fimbril-
late. Achenes obovate, compressed and somewhat 4-
angled. Pappus of many series of plumose bristles.
1. C. scolymus L. Stout and low, with very ample hoary-
tomentose bipinnatifid leaves; involucral bracts ovate, obtuse or
emarginate.
An occasional escape from gardens. June-July.
67. SILYBUM Vaill.
Annual or biennial herbs with ample prickly clasping
leaves. Heads very large, solitary at the ends of the
branches. Involucral bracts broad appressed, tipped
by broadly lanceolate spreading spines. Corolla with
filiform tube conspicuously dilated below the narrow
lobes. Pappus bristles in several series, barbellate.
Filaments united below into a tube.
1. S. marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Milk Thistle.) Stems branch-
ing, stout, 1-2 m. high; leaves glabrous, shining above and con-
spicuously spotted with white blotches along the veins, sinuate-
pinnatifid and undulate, the upper merely spinose-toothed ; heads
3-5 cm. broad; corolla purple.
Introduced from southern Europe, and becoming rather common
as a wayside weed.
68. CENTAUREA L.
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate entire den-
tate or pinnatifid leaves, and large or middle-sized heads
ASTERACEAE. 405
of variously colored flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose,
its bracts imbricated in many series, tipped with a stout
spine. Receptacle flat, bristly. Corolla-tube slender,
the limb 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Achenes oblong or obo-
void, compressed or somewhat 4-angled, obliquely or
laterally attached to the receptacle. Pappus of many
slender scabrous bristles or scales or rarely none.
1. C. melitensis L. (Star-thistle.) Erect, branching, 5-8
dm. high, cinereous-pubescent or when young somewhat woolly;
basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate, mostly
entire, narrowly decurrent; principal bracts with slender spines of
about their own length, spines pectinate-spinulose at base, inner-
most with spinescent tips; flowers yellow; pappus of very unequal
rather rigid bristles or squamellate.
A common weed in waysides and fields. July-November.
Native of southern Europe.
Tribe 11. MUTISIEAE. Perezia Tribe.
Ours perennial herbs with subcoriaceous setulose-
ciliate alternate leaves. Involucral bracts imbricated.
Corollas 2-lipped, the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner 2-lobed.
Anthers caudate and with a long appendage at the apex.
Represented with us by the single genus. 69. Perezia.
69. PEREZIA Lag.
Perennial herbs with mostly reticulated often setulose-
ciliate or spinulose leaves, and solitary cymose or panicu-
late middle-sized discoid heads of rose-purple white or
blue flowers. Involucral bracts imbricated in few-
several series, dry, chartaceous or coriaceous. Recep-
tacle flat, naked, rarely pilose or fimbrillate. Corollas
5-lobed and somewhat bilabiate. Achenes narrowed at
apex. Pappus of copious capillary scabrous rigid or soft
bristles.
1. P. microcephala Gray. Tall, branching above, 1.5-2 m.
high, leafy; leaves oblong, the upper ovate, cordate-clasping, 8-12
cm. long, thin-coriaceous, minutely glandular-scabrous, veiny,
closely spinulose-denticulate; heads corymbose at the summits of
the paniculate branches, 12-15 mm. high; involucral bracts very
acute, coriaceous; flowers 10-15 in a head, their corollas 8-10 mm.
long, rose-purple.
Frequent on the dry interior plains and foothills. July-August.
406
ASTERACEAE.
Tribe 12. CICHORIEAE. Chicory Tribe.
Herbs with milky juice and alternate or basal leaves
and perfect flowers with ligulate corollas. Receptacle
naked or chaffy.
Pappus paleaceous.
Paleae not awned ; flowers blue.
70.
CiCHORIUM.
Palese with a slender awn or bristle.
Paleae cleft at the apex, the bristle or
awn proceeding from the cleft.
72.
Uropappus.
Palese not cleft at the apex.
71.
MiCROSERIS.
Pappus of rather rigid plumose bristles.
Receptacle chaffy.
73.
Hypoch^ris.
Receptacle naked.
Achenes not beaked.
74.
Ptiloria.
Achenes, at least the inner, with a
slender beak.
Flowers white.
75.
Nemoseris.
Flowers purple; pappus brownish.
76.
Tragopogon.
Pappus of soft capillary scabrous bristles.
Achenes beakless.
Achenes not flattened.
Pappus deciduous, or 1-2 outer
bristles persistent.
77.
Malacothrix
Pappus persistent.
Pappus white.
82.
Crepis.
Pappus tawny.
83.
Hieracium.
Achenes flattened.
79.
SONCHUS.
Achenes beaked.
Achenes flattened.
80.
Lactuca.
Achenes not flattened.
Achenes smooth.
81.
Agoseris.
Achenes spinulose-roughened.
78.
Leotodon.
70. CICHORIUM L.
Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves,
and large heads of usually blue flowers peduncled or in
sessile clusters along the branches. Involucral bracts
in 2 series, herbaceous, the outer somewhat spreading,
the inner erect and subtending or partly enclosing the
outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked or slightly fim-
brillate. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex.
Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender,
obtusish. Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate,
beakless. Pappus of 2-3 series of short blunt scales.
1. C. intybus L. (Chicory.) Perennial from a long deep tap-
root; stems slightly hispid, stiff, branched, 3-9 dm. high; basal
ASTERACEAE. 407
leaves spreading on the ground, runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate
in outline, 8-16 cm. long, narrowed into long petioles; upper leaves
much smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping or
auricled at the base; heads numerous, 25-40 mm. broad, 1-4 to-
gether in sessile clusters on the nearly naked or bracted branches;
flowers bright blue, rarely w^hite.
Occasional in waste places. Hyde Park; Shermans.
71. MICROSERIS Don.
Acaulescent glabrous or slightly puberulent annuals,
with basal tufted leaves pinnatlfid with mostly linear
and often falcate lobes or entire. Heads solitary in
long leafless scape-like peduncles, these nodding in bud,
becoming erect in fruit. Involucre narrowly oblong to
ovoid or subglobose. Ligules short, yellow. Achenes
slender-fusiform or cylindric, ribbed, mostly truncate.
Pappus paleae 5, mostly short, abruptly or gradually
passing into the scabrous awn.
1. M. elegans Greene. Scapes usually decumbent at base, 15-
35 cm. high; leaves pinnatifid; involucres broadly ovoid; achenes
slender, 3-4 mm. long, oblong-clavate; palese ovate, scarcely 1 mm.
long; bristles 6-8 mm. long, slender, fragile or deciduous.
Near Santa Monica, Davidson.
2. M. douglasii (DC.) Gray. Scapes 2-4 dm. high; leaves nar-
row, 1-2 dm. long; heads about 10 mm. broad; achenes oblong-
turbinate, 5 mm. long, the outer ones w^hite-villous; palea of the
pappus ovate, 2-3 mm. long, about half the length of the slender
persistent bristles. {M. cylcocarpha Gray.)
Occasional in open grassy places on the north slope of the Santa
Monica Mountains.
72. UROPAPPUS Nutt.
Nearly acaulescent annuals with pinnatifid or entire
leaves and solitary heads on scape-like peduncles.
Heads erect, oblong. Involucral bracts about equal,
with shorter ones at the base, all membranous. Ligules
short, yellow. Achenes 10-12-ribbed, Pappus-pale?e 5,
elongated, tipped with a very short awn or bristle which
proceeds from the cleft summit,
1. U. linearifolius (DC.) Nutt. Stems or peduncles usually
several from the base^ erect, 2-4 dm. high, in robust plants thickened
and fistulose under the oblong head; leaves linear, 7-15 cm. long;
2-4 mm. w^ide, with 2-several pairs of more or less serrate salient
attenuate lobes; achenes attenuate above into a beak, 10 mm. long;
pappus silvery-white, 12-14 mm. long; the awn delicate, about half
the length of the deeply notched palea.
Common on grassy hillsides in the foothills. March-May,
408 ASTERACEAE.
2. U. lindleyi (DC.) Nutt. Stout, 2-4 dm. high; peduncles
scarcely thickened under the head; leaves as in the last or somewhat
broader; achenes brownish, 10 mm. long, slightly narrowed above;
pappus dull brown or sordid, 12-14 mm. long; awn nearly equaling
the palese, from a very shallow notch.
Same range as the last, but not common.
73. HYPOCHAERIS L.
Mostly perennial herbs, with scapose, often branched
stems, mostly basal tufted leaves, pinnatifid or entire,
and mostly large long-peduncled heads. Involucre
oblong-cylindric to campanulate, its bracts herbaceous
in several series. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Flowers
yellow. Achenes oblong to linear, 10-ribbed, contracted
above or the outer truncate. Pappus of 1 row of plu-
mose bristles, sometimes with some shorter simple ones.
1. H. radicata L. Perennial; stems several, slender, 3-6 dm.
high, branched or rarely simple; leaves spreading on the ground,
oblanceolate to obovate, pinnatifid-lobed to dentate, 5-15 cm. long,
hirsute; heads 2.5 cm. broad or more; achenes rough, all with slender,
long beaks.
Pasadena, McClatchie.
2. H. glabra L. Scapes several, erect from an annual tap root,
1-5 dm. high; herbage glabrous; leaves broadest above, denticulate
to lobed; flowers longer than the involucres; outermost achenes
truncate, the others beaked.
A naturalized weed, found in gardens and cultivated fields.
74. PTILORIA Raf.
Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, often glaucous
herbs, with erect simple or branched usually rigid stems,
alternate or basal entire or runcinate-pinnatifid leaves,
those of the branches often small and scale-like, and
small erect heads of usually pink flowers paniculate or
solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylin-
dric or oblong, its principal bracts few, equal, scarious-
margined, slightly united at the base, with numerous
short exterior ones. Flowers pinkish, opening in the
morning. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers sagittate at
base. Style-branches slender. Achenes oblong or linear,
terete, 5-ribbed, truncate or beaked at summit. Pappus
of 1 series of rather rigid plumose bristles.
Herbage glabrous.
Achenes with a deep groove between the ribs. 1. P. virgata.
Achenes without a deep groove between the
ribs. 2. P. pleurocarpa.
Herbage woolly, becoming glabrate. 3. P. cichoriacea.
ASTERACEAE. 409
LP. virgata (Benth.) Greene. Stems rigid, 3-10 dm. high,
virgate, glabrous throughout and the herbage deep green; leaves
runcinate; heads 6-8 mm. high, subsessile along the naked upper
part of the stem and branches, 4-8-flowered; achenes subclavate or
oblong, ribbed and with as many mostly closed grooves, rugose;
pappus white, plumose almost throughout, rather persistent.
Common on dry ground, especially toward the coast. July-
September.
2. P. pleiirocarpa Greene. Taller and stouter than the last,
virgate-paniculate, glabrous and glaucous; heads rather small, few-
flowered; achenes fusiform, rugose-tuberculate between the salient
rib-like angles, intervening grooves wanting; pappus-bristles numer-
ous, distinctly plumose to the base, bright white, soft, early decidu-
ous.
Common in fields and along waysides about Pasadena and east-
ward to San Bernardino. July-August.
3. P. cichoriacea (Gray) Greene. Perennial, 3-8 dm. high,
rather stout, tomentulose at least when young; leaves lanceolate,
sparsely denticulate to runcinate-laciniate; heads sessile along naked
branches; involucre 12 mm. high; mature achenes short-linear,
smooth, slightly and acutely 5-angled; pappus sordid, persistent.
Frequent in rocky canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains.
July-September.
75. NEMOSERIS Raf.
Glabrous and slightly succulent branching annuals
with pinnatifid leaves and rather large heads of white or
rose-tinged flowers. Involucre conic or cylindric, of
7-15 linear acuminate equal bracts, somewhat fleshy at
base, and a few loose calyculate outer ones. Achenes
terete, somewhat fusiform, obscurely few-ribbed, attenu-
ate into a slender beak. Pappus white, of 10-15 slender
bristles, softly long-plumose from the base to near the
tip.
1. N. calif ornica (Nutt.) Greene. Rather stout, glabrous; stems
white, 6-9 dm, high; leaves oblong, pinnatifid, sessile and clasping,
the upper reduced; heads many in a paniculate-corymbose inflores-
cence, 1.5-2 cm. high; ligules rather short; outer achenes pubescent;
beak slender, equaling the body; pappus dull white. {Rafinesguia
calif ornica Nutt.)
Common on rather shady slopes in the foothills and in the chapar-
ral belt of all the mountains. May-August.
76. TRAGOPOGON L.
Biennial or perennial erect usually branched some-
what succulent herbs, with slender fleshy tap-roots,
alternate entire linear-lanceolate long-acuminate leaves
410 ASTERACEAE.
clasping at the base, and long-peduncled large heads of
purple or yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, its bracts
in 1 series, acuminate, united at the base. Ligules trun-
cate, 5-toothed. Achenes linear, terete or 5-angled,
5-10-ribbed, with slender beaks or the outer beakless.
Pappus bristles in 1 series, plumose, connate at the base.
1. T. porrifolius L. (Salsify.) Erect, somewhat branched,
5-8 dm. high, glabrous and somewhat succulent; peduncles thickened
and hollow for some distance below the head; bracts exceeding the
purple flowers; achenes often 4 mm. long, the outer ones with scale-
like tubercles, especially on the ribs; beak long, slender; pappus
tawny.
A frequent escape from cultivation, especially in the coast valleys.
77. MALACOTHRIX DC.
Annual or perennial herbs with alternate or basal
mostly pinnatifid leaves and long-peduncled panicled or
solitary heads of yellow rarely white flowers. Involucre
campanulate, its principal bracts in 1-2 series, equal or
nearly so, with several series of short exterior ones.
Receptacle flat, naked or bristly. Rays truncate and
5-toothed at apex. Achenes oblong or linear, glabrous,
10-15-ribbed, truncate or margined and 4-5-toothed at
the summit. Pappus bristles in 2 series, the inner
naked or minutely serrulate, slender, coherent at the
base and deciduous in a ring, the outer few, more per-
sistent.
Annuals, scapose or diffusely branched, 1-5 dm.
high.
Heads large, solitary on the scapose peduncles. 1. M. calif ornica.
Heads small, numerous on the diffusely
branched stems. 2. M. clevelandi.
Perennial about 1 m. high. 3. M. saxatilis.
1. M. californica DC. Annual, scapose, 3 dm. high or less;
leaves basal, tufted, laciniately 1-2-pinnatifid into narrow linear
lobes, when young woolly with long, loose, soft hairs; heads solitary
on naked scapes, large and showy, 5 cm. broad or less; involucre
broadly campanulate, about 2 cm, high; outer bracts slender-
subulate; flowers pale yellow; achenes narrow, faintly striate-costate;
outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles, the inner capillary, deciduous.
Common on sandy soil along the coast and in the interior valleys.
March-May.
2. M. clevelandi Gray. Annual, paniculately branched, 5 dm.
high or less; stems and branches rather naked; only some of the
ASTERACEAE. 411
basal leaves pinnatifid; heads numerous; involucre about 6 mm. high,
narrow, few-flowered; bracts usually purplish-tipped; flowers yellow;
achenes oblong-linear, minutely striate-costate, 4-5 of the ribs more
prominent; outer pappus of 1 persistent bristle and a conspicuous
circle of narrow white setulose teeth.
Occasional in the San Gabriel Mountains. More common^ in
the mountains and foothills of Riverside and San Diego Counties.
May-July.
3. M. saxatilis tenuifolia (Nutt.) Gray. Somewhat suffrutescent
and leafy, paniculately branching, perennial, minutely tomentose,
soon becoming glabrate or glabrous, 6-12 dm. high; the long slender
loosely- paniculate branches bearing slender pedunculate heads;
involucre broadly campanulate, about 1 cm. high; the loose calycu-
late bracts numerous, subulate, passing into similar bractlets on the
peduncle; flowers white, changing to rose color; achenes narrowly
oblong, 10-15 costate, becoming somewhat 4-5-angled, apex slightly
contracted, bearing a very short multidenticulate white border.
Common in stony places in the foothills, especially toward the
coast. April-May.
78. LEONTODON L. Dandelion.
Perennial acaulescent herbs, with basal pinnatifid or
sinuate-dentate leaves, and large heads solitary on
hollow scapes. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its
inner bracts in 1 series, erect, the outer short in several
series and spreading. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays
5-toothed at the apex. Achenes oblong or narrowly
fusiform, 4-5-angled, 5-10-nerved, roughened or spinu-
lose above, tapering into a very slender beak. Pappus
of numerous unequal simple persistent bristles. {Tar-
axacum.)
1. L. taraxacum L. Perennial acaulescent herb, with pinnatifid
or sinuate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers terminating
naked hollow scapes; involucral bracts of two sorts, the outer reflexed,
the inner erect in a single series; achenes greenish-brown, oblong-
ovate, 4-5-ribbed, spinulose above, attenuated into a long slender
beak; pappus of numerous unequal simple capillary bristles.
The common Dandelion is becoming frequent in lawns.
2. L. erythrospermum (Andrz.) Britton. Resembles the com-
mon Dandelion, being best distinguished by the red instead of
greenish-brown achenes.
This species is frequent in the San Francisco Bay region, and is
to be expected in the lawns of southern California as well.
79. SONCHUS L. Sow-thistle.
Annual succulent herbs with alternate mostly auricu-
late-clasping entire or pinnatifid prickly-margined leaves
412 ASTERACEAE.
and yellow flowers in corymbose or paniculate heads.
Involucre usually becoming thickened and more or less
conic at base, its bracts imbricated in several series, the
outer successively smaller. Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenes flattened, 10-20-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of
copious soft white simple capillary bristles usually falling
away connected.
1. S. oleraceus L. Stoutish, 5-10 dm. high, sparingly leafy,
glabrous or with a few glandular hairs on the pedicels and involucre,
glaucescent; leaves obovoid or narrower, runcinate-pinnatifid,
toothed but not prickly-margined, amplexicaul, the auricles straight,
acute; achenes striate-nerved, transversely rugulose-scabrous.
Common everywhere, flowering at all seasons. Native of Europe.
2. S. asper (L.) All. Stouter than the last, the stems distinctly
angled, very leafy; leaves entire or pinnatifid, prickly-margined,
the auricles helicoid and appressed to the stem; achenes 3-nerved on
each side, otherwise smooth.
A less common weed than the last. Native of Europe.
80. LACTUCA L.
Tall leafy herbs with small panicled heads. Involu-
cre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the
outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes flat-
tened, 6-10-ribbed, beaked. Pappus of copious white or
brownish capillary bristles.
1. L. virosa L. Biennial, glaucous; stems leafy, paniculately
branched, hirsute at the base or glabrous throughout, 6-18 dm.
high; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, spinulose-margined,
denticulate or pinnatifid, sessile or auriculate-clasping, midrib
spinulose or hispid; heads 4-8 mm. broad, 6-12-flowered, very
numerous, in an open panicle; involucre cylindric; ligules yellow;
achenes obovate-oblong, about equaling the filiform beak; pappus
white. (L. scariola L.)
Rather common in streets about Los Angeles. Native of Europe.
81. AGOSERIS Raf.
Perennial or annual herbs, mostly acaulescent, with
tufted basal leaves, and solitary heads of yellow or rarely
purple flowers at the ends of naked or bracted scapes.
Involucre campanulate to oblong, its bracts imbricated
in several series. Receptacle flat, naked or faveolate.
Achenes not flattened, 10-ribbed, beaked at the summit.
Pappus of copious slender simple white bristles.
ASTERACEAE. 413
1. A. plebeia Greene. Robust, 4-6 dm. high; leaves narrowly
oblanceolate, pinnatifid into slender ascending lobes, apex usually
entire and slenderly acuminate; ligules short, deep yellow, scarcely
or not at all surpassing the involucral bracts, these woolly at the
base; achenes 4-5 mm. long; the beak 10-12 mm. long; pappus soft,
white.
Occasional in the San Gabriel and Santa Ana Mountains. May-
July.
2. A. retrorsa (Benth.) Greene. Peduncles usually about 3 dm.
high; herbage woolly-pubescent, the wool more or less deciduous
in age; leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear or lanceolate
retrorse segments; outer involucral bracts broad, inner linear,
narrowly acuminate, equaling the pappus; ligules short; achenes
5-6 mm. long, beak slender, 18-20 mm. long.
Summit of Santiago Peak. May-July.
82. CREPIS L.
Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal
mostly toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small or middle-
sized heads, usually paniculate-corymbose, of yellow
flowers. Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its princi-
pal bracts in 1 series, equal, with a number of exterior
smaller ones, 10-20-ribbed or -nerved, not transversely
rugose, beakless. Pappus copious, of very slender white
bristles.
1. C. biennis L. Annual or biennial, pubescent or hirsute, leafy
at least below, branched above, 6-9 dm. high; leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, oblong or spatulate, at least the upper clasping; heads
several, subcorymbose, 2.5-4 cm. high; involucre canescent or
pubescent, 8-12 mm. high, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate,
downy within; achenes glabrous, 13-striate.
Occasional along streets in Los Angeles and Pasadena.
83. HIERACIUM L.
Perennial hispid or villous herbs, with alternate or
basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate, small
or middle-sized heads of usually yellow flowers. Invo-
lucre with Its principal bracts In 1-3 series, the outer
gradually smaller or abruptly much smaller. Recep-
tacle flat, naked or short fimbrillate. Achenes terete or
4-5-angled, 10-15-rIbbed, beakless. Pappus copious, of
1-2 rows of simple rather stiff persistent brownish
bristles.
414 ASTERACEAE.
1, H. parishii Gray. Puberulcnt above with no glandular
hairs, leafy up into the narrowly oblong panicle, 3-6 dm. high;
lower leaves shaggy-hirsute, lanceolate, 12-18 cm. long, tapering
to the base or margined petiole, with 5-8 salient teeth to each
margin; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; peduncles seldom
much longer and often shorter than the heads; involucre pale,
granulose-puberulent, oblong-campanulate, of rather numerous
narrow acute or acutish bracts; flowers 15-30, yellow; achenes col-
umnar, about 3 mm. long; pappus sordid or dull white.
Occasional in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.
June-August.
GLOSSARY
acaulescent, apparently stemless;
the proper stem being very
short or subterranean.
accrescent, growing larger after
flowering.
accumbent, lying against a thing.
The cotyledons are accumbent
when they lie with their edges
against the caulicle.
acerose, needle-shaped.
achene, a dry indehiscent 1-
seeded fruit.
acicular, needle-shaped, more
slender than acerose.
aculeate, armed with prickles.
acuminate, taper-pointed.
acute, ending in a point less than
a right angle.
adherent, sticking to, or growing
fast to another body.
adnate, born adherent.
cestival, produced in summer.
cestivation, the arrangement of
parts in a flowxr-bud.
alate, winged.
alliaceous, with the odor of
onions.
alternate, one after another.
alveolate, honeycomb-like.
anient, the scaly spike of trees,
like the alder and willow.
amphitropous, attached by the
middle and having the micro-
pyle at one end and the cha-
laza at the other.
amplexicaul, clasping the stem
by the base.
anatropous, inverted, w^hen the
micropyle is at the same end
as the hilum.
ancipital, 2-edged.
androgymous, having both stami-
nate and pistillate flowers in
the same cluster.
annual, producing flowers and
fruit the first year and then
dying.
anterior, in a flower, is the part
next the bract. See posterior.
anther, the part of the stamen
which bears the pollen.
antheriferous, anther-bearing.
anthesis, the period of flowering.
antrorse, directed upward.
apetalous, destitute of petals.
apical, belonging to the apex.
apiculate, tipped with a small
point.
apophysis, any irregular swell-
ing.
aquatic, growing in water.
arachnoid, cobwebby.
arborescent, tree-like.
arcuate, bent or curved.
areolate, marked out into little
spaces.
aristate, awned.
aristulate, short-awned,
articulated, jointed.
ascending, rising obliquely up-
ward.
assurgent — see ascending.
auriculate, with auricles or ear-
like appendages.
awl-shaped, sharp-pointed from
a broader base.
awn, a bristle or beard-like ap-
pendage.
axillary, occurring in an axil.
baccate, berry-like.
barbate, bearded.
berry, a fruit, pulpy or juicy
throughout, as a grape.
biennial, flowering and dying the
second year.
bifid, 2-cleft to about the middle.
bifurcate, 2-forked.
bilabiate, 2-lipped.
bladdery, thin and inflated.
blade, the expanded portion of a
leaf or petal.
bloom, a whitish powder.
brachiate, in pairs, each pair
415
416
GLOSSARY.
arranged at right angles to
the next.
hract, the leaf of an inflorescence.
bractlet, bracts that occur on
flower-pedicels.
bulb, a leaf-bud with fleshy
scales, usually subterranean.
bullate, appearing as if blistered
or bladdery.
caducous, dropping off very
early.
ccespitose, growing in tufts.
callous, hardened.
calyptra, a hood.
calyx, the outer set of the peri-
anth.
campanulate, bell-shaped.
canescent, grayish-white, caused
usually by a covering of fine
whitish hairs.
capitate, having a head.
capsule, a dry dehiscent fruit
formed from a compound
pistil.
carinate, keeled.
carpel, a pistil-leaf or sporophyll.
caruncle, an excrescence at the
hilum of some seeds.
catkin, see ament.
caudate, tailed.
caudex, an upright stock.
caudicle, the stalk of a pollen-
mass.
caulescent, having an obvious
stem.
caulicle, rudimentary stem of a
seedling.
cauline, belonging to the stem.
cell, the cavity of an anther or
ovary.
chaff, small membranous scales
on the receptacle of Com-
positae.
chaparral, a thick growth of
shrubs, such as manzanita or
scrub-oak.
chartaceous, of the texture of
paper.
ciliate, beset on the margin with
a fringe of hairs or bristles.
clavate, club-shaped.
cla-iv, the stalk-like base of some
petals.
cleistogamous, fertilized in closed
buds.
cleft, cut into lobes.
comose, bearing a tuft of hairs.
commissure — see page 253.
connate, united or grown to-
gether.
connivent, converging.
convolute, rolled up lengthwise.
cordate, heart-shaped.
coriaceous, leathery in texture.
corm, a solid bulb.
cornute, horned.
corolla, the inner set of perianth
leaves.
corona, a crown.
corymb, a flat or convex flower-
cluster.
corymbose, in corymbs.
casta, a rib.
cotyledons, the seed-leaves.
creeping, growing flat on the
ground and rooting.
crenate, with rounded teeth.
cruciate, cross-shaped.
cucullate, hood-shaped or hooded.
culm, the stem of grasses or
sedges.
cuneate, wedge-shaped.
cuspidate, tipped with a sharp
stiff point.
cyme, a cluster of centrifugal
inflorescence.
cymose, with cymes.
deciduous, falling off.
decompound, several times com-
pound.
decumbent, reclined on the
ground, the summit tending
to rise.
decurrent, prolonged on the stem
beneath the insertion.
decussate, arranged in pairs,
which successively cross each
other.
dehiscence, the regular splitting
open of a capsule or anther.
dentate, toothed, the teeth point-
ing outward.
GLOSSARY.
417
diadelphous — see page 188.
dichotomous, 2-forked.
diffuse^ spreading widely and
irregularly.
digitate — leaflets are digitate
when they are all borne on
the end of a petiole.
dissected, cut deeply into many
lobes or divisions.
dissepiments, the partitions in a
compound ovary.
diurnal, expanded during the
day, closed at night.
distichous, 2-ranked.
distinct, free.
divaricate, widely divergent.
divided, cut into divisions down
to the midrib.
drupe, a fleshy fruit containing
a stone, as the plum.
echinate, armed with prickles.
elliptical, oval or oblong, with
the ends regularly rounded.
emarginate, notched at the sum-
mit.
emersed, raised out of water.
endocarp, the inner layer of a
pericarp.
endosperm, the nutritive matter
in a seed, surrounding the
embryo.
ephemeral, lasting for a day or
less.
epigynous, upon the ovary.
equitant, folded longitudinally,
and each embracing the next
within.
erose, eroded as if gnawed.
exocarp, outer layer of a peri-
carp.
extrorse, turned outward.
falcate, scythe-shaped.
farinaceous, mealy in texture.
fascicle, a close cluster.
fastigiate, close, parallel and
upright.
faveolate, favose — see alveolate,
ferruginous, resembling iron-rust.
filament, the stock of a stamen.
filiform, thread-like.
fimbriate, fringed.
28
fistulose, hollow and cylindric.
fiahelliform, fan-shaped.
flavescent, yellowish.
flexuous or flexuose, bending in
opposite directions, zig-zag.
floccose, woolly.
foliate, provided with leaves.
follicle, a pod composed of a
single carpel, opening down
the inner suture.
fruit, the mature ovary and all
that is connected with it.
frutescent, somewhat shrubby.
fugacious, soon perishing or
falling off.
fulvous, tawny.
funiculus, the stock of an ovule
or seed.
furfuraceous, bran-like.
fusiform, spindle-shaped.
galea, a helmet-shaped body.
geniculate, bent abruptly.
gibbous, somewhat swollen or
enlarged.
glabrate, becoming glabrous or
almost so.
glabrous, smooth, not hairy.
glands, small cellular organs
which secrete certain sub-
stances, such as oil.
glandular, with glands.
glaucescent, slightly glaucous.
glaucous, covered with a bloom.
glomerate, closely aggregated in
a dense head.
glume, floral bracts in grasses.
gramineous, grass- like.
habit, the general aspect of a
plant.
habitat, the place where a plant
grows.
hairy, beset with rather long
hairs.
hastate, halberd-shaped.
herb, a plant that is not woody.
hilum, the scar of a seed, the
place of attachment.
hirsute, with stifiish hairs.
hirsutulous, minutely hirsute.
hispid, beset with stiff hairs.
hoary — see canescent.
418
GLOSSARY.
horn, a spur.
hyaline, transparent or partly so.
imbricate, overlapping one an-
other, like shingles.
immersed, growing wholly under
water.
incised, cut rather deeply and
irregularly.
incumbent — the cotyledons are
incumbent when the back of
one of them lies against the
caulicle.
inferior, growing below some
other organ.
inflorescence, the arrangement
of the flowers on a stem.
ittsertion, the place or mode of
attachment.
introrse, turned or facing inward.
involucel, a small involucre.
involucre, a whorl or set of
bracts around a flower, umbel
or head.
keel, a projecting ridge.
lacerate, appearing as if torn.
laciniate, slashed.
lanate, woolly.
lanceolate, lance-shaped.
legume, a simple pod which
dehisces in 2 pieces.
lenticular, lens-shaped.
ligneous, woody.
ligulate, strap-shaped.
limb, the border of a corolla.
linear, narrow and flat, the
margins parallel.
loculicidal, dehiscent through
the back of each cell.
lodicule — see page 18.
lunate, crescent-shaped.
lyrate, lyre-shaped.
marcescent, withering without
falling off.
maritime, belonging to the sea-
coast.
membranous, thin and soft, like
a membrane.
merous, the number of parts in
a circle.
mesocarp, the middle part of a
pericarp.
monoecious, having stamens or
pistils only.
mucronate, tipped with an ab-
rupt short point.
mucronulate, diminutive of the
last.
muricate, beset with short prickly
points.
muticous, blunt, pointless.
nectar, a sweet secretion in
flowers.
nectariferous, having nectary.
nerve, veins, usually confined to
those that are parallel.
nervose, conspicuously nerved. '
nodose, knotty.
oblong, 2-4 times as long as
broad.
obovate, inversely ovate.
obtuse, blunt or rounded at the
end.
ochroleucous, yellowish-white.
oculate, with eye-shaped mark-
ings.
opposite, on opposite sides of the
stem, in pairs.
orbicular, circular in outline.
orthotropous, straight, when the
micropyle is on the opposite
end from the hilum.
oval, broadly elliptic.
ovary, that part of the pistil
containing the ovules.
ovate, shaped like an egg, with
the broad end downward.
ovoid, ovate or oval.
ovuliferous, ovule-bearing.
palea, chaff.
palmate — see digitate.
panicle, an open and branched
cluster, a compound ra-
ceme.
papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped.
papilla, a little nipple-shaped
protuberance.
papillate, papillose, covered with
papillae.
pappus, the bristles, scales, etc.,
GLOSSARY.
419
at the apex of the achenes in
the Compositse.
parasitic, Hving on another plant
or animal.
parietal, attached to the walls
of the ovary.
pectinate, pinnatifid into narrow
divisions, like the teeth of a
comb.
pedate, like a bird's foot.
pedicel, the stalk of each flower
in a cluster.
pedicellate, pedicelled.
peduncle, a flower-stalk, whether
of a single flower or of a
cluster.
peltate, shield-shaped.
pepo, a fruit like the melon.
perennial, lasting from year to
year.
perfect, having both stamens and
pistil.
perianth, the floral leaves — the
calyx and corolla.
perigynium, bodies around a
pistil; see page 66,
perigynous, the petals and sta-
mens borne on the calyx.
personate, masked; a bilabiate
flower with a palate in the
throat.
petal, a leaf of the corolla.
petaloid, petal-like.
petiole, a stalk of a leaf.
petiolulate, a stalked leaflet.
pilose, clothed with long slender
hairs.
pinnate, with leaflets arranged
along the side of a common
petiole.
pi7inatifid, same as pinnately
cleft or divided.
pistil, the seed-bearing organ
of a flower.
pistillate, having a pistil.
placenta, the part of the ovary
to which the ovules are
attached.
plaited, folded lengthwise.
plumose, feathery,
pollen, the fertilizing powder
contained in the anthers; the
microspores.
polygamous, having some perfect
and some unisexual flowers.
pome, a fleshy fruit, such as the
apple and pear.
posterior, portion of a flower is
that toward the axis.
primordial, earliest formed.
procumbent, trailing on the
ground.
proliferous, where a new branch
rises out of an older one, or
one cluster of flowers out of
another.
prostrate, lying flat on the
ground.
pruinose, frosted.
puberulent, with fine short pubes-
cence.
pubescent, with fine soft hairs.
piinctate, dotted with minute
holes.
puncticulate, minutely punctate.
pungent, prickly-pointed.
pyriform, pear-shaped.
raceme, with 1 -flowered pedicels
arranged along a common
peduncle.
racemose, bearing racemes.
rachis, the axis, especially of a
spike.
receptacle, the axis or support
of a flower.
regular, all the parts of a circle
similar in shape.
reniform, kidney-shaped.
repand, wavy-margined.
reticulated, netted.
retuse, with a blunt somewhat
indented apex.
revolute, rolled back.
rootstock, root-like, usually un-
derground stems.
rosulate, in a rosette.
rotate, wheel-shaped.
rugose, wrinkled.
runcinate, coarsely saw-toothed.
runner, a slender prostrate
branch rooting at the ends or
joints.
saccate, sac-shaped.
sagittate, arrow-shaped,
420
GLOSSARY.
salsuginous, growing in brackish
places,
salver-shaped, with a border
spreading at right angles to a
slender tube.
samara, a winged fruit or key.
scabrous, rough or harsh to the
touch.
scape, a peduncle rising from the
ground or near it.
scapiform, scape-like.
scarious, thin, dry and mem-
branous.
scorpioid, curved or circinate at
the end.
scrohiculate, pitted.
scuttelate, saucer-shaped.
secund, 1 -sided.
segment, a subdivision or lobe.
sepal, a leaf or division of the
calyx.
septate, divided by partitions.
septicidal, where the dehiscence
is through the partitions.
serrate, the margin cut into
teeth pointing upward; saw-
toothed.
serrulate, minutely serrate.
sessile, not stalked.
seta, a bristle, or bristle-like.
setaceous, bristle-like.
silicle, a short silique.
silique, capsule of the mustard
family.
sinuate, with margins alter-
nately bowed inward and
outward.
sinus, the angle between two
lobes.
smooth, not rough, or same as
glabrous.
sordid, dirty in hue.
spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers.
spathaceous, resembling, or fur-
nished with, a spathe.
spathe, a bract which enwraps
an inflorescence.
spatulate, club-shaped.
spike, flowers sessile on an
elongated rachis.
spinescent, tipped with a spine.
spinose, spiny.
spur, any hollow appendage
which looks like a spur.
squamate, furnished with scales.
squarrose, where scales, leaves or
any appendages spread widely
from the axis on which they
are thickly set.
stalk, stem, petiole, peduncle, etc.
stamen, the organ which bears
the pollen, composed of an
anther and usually a filament.
staminate, furnished with sta-
mens.
staminodium, an abortive sta-
men.
standard, the upper petal of a
papilionaceous flower.
stellate, star-like.
stigma, the receptive part of
the pistil.
stipe, the stalk of the pistil.
stipitate, furnished with a stipe.
stipules, appendages situated on
either side of the base of some
leaves.
stolon, a trailing or reclined and
rooting shoot.
stomata, breathing pores of
leaves.
stramineous, straw-like.
striate, marked with slender
longitudinal stripes.
strict, close and narrow; straight
and narrow.
strigose, beset with stout ap-
pressed hairs or bristles.
style, the stalk between the
ovary and stigma.
stylopodium, an enlargement at
the base of the style.
subulate, awl-shaped, tapering
from a broad base to a sharp
point.
suckers, shoots from subterra-
nean branches.
suffrutescent, somewhat woody
or shrubby at the base.
sulcate, grooved longitudinally.
superior, above.
suture, the line of junction of
contiguous parts grown to-
gether.
GLOSSARY.
421
sympetalous, petals united.
tawny, dull yellowish, with a
tinge of brown.
tendril, a thread-like organ used
in climbing.
terete, cylindrical.
ternate, in 3's.
testa, the outer seed coat.
throat, the expanded portion
between the lobes and the
proper tube in a sympetalous
corolla.
thyrsus, a compact and pyra-
midal panicle of cymes.
torus, the receptacle of the
flower.
trifid, 3-cleft.
trtfoliolate, with 3 leaflets,
triquetrous, sharply 3-angled.
truncate, as if cut off at the top.
tuberculate, bearing little pimple-
like bodies.
tunicate, coated, as an onion.
turbinate, top-shaped.
umbel, an inflorescence in which
a number of pedicels of nearly
equal length spring from the
same point, as in the parsley
family.
umbellate, in umbels.
unarmed, destitute of thorns or
spines, etc.
uncinate, hook-shaped.
undulate, wavy-margined, or
wavy.
unguiculate, clawed.
unisexual, having stamens or
pistils only.
urceolate, urn-shaped.
utricle, a small thin-walled, 1-
seeded fruit.
valve, one of the pieces into which
a dehiscent fruit splits.
valvate, opening by valves; in
aestivation when the parts
just meet and do not overlap.
venation, the veining of leaves.
ventral, the opposite of dorsal.
ventricose, inflated on one side.
verrucose, warty.
versatile, attached by a point
so that it may swing to and
fro.
verticil, a whorl.
vespertine, appearing or expand-
ing in the evening.
virgate, wand-like.
viscid, having a glutinous sur-
face.
'.-shaped, broad above,
tapering to the base by
straight lines.
whorled, arranged in whorls or
circles.
INDEX
Abies, 6
Abronia, 125
Acanthocyphus, 105
Acer, 221
ACERACEAE, 220
Achillea, 397
Achyrachaena, 389
Acrolasia, 235
Actinolepis, 394
Adenostegia, 340
Adenostoma, 182
Agoseris, 412
Agropyron, 54
Agrostideae, 26
Agrostis, 33
Aizoaceae, 126
Alchemilla, 183
Alder, 94
Alfalfa, 192
Amierilla, 208
Algaroba, 187
Alisma, 16
Alismaceae, 16
Allium, 77
Allocarya, 304
Alnus, 94
Alopecurus, 31
Alsine, 133
Alternanthera, 123
Alyssum, 162
Amaranth, 122
Amaranth Family, 121
Amaranth ACE AE, 121
Amaranthus, 122
Amblyopappus, 394
Ambrosia, 378
Ambrosiae, 377
Amelanchier, 184
Ammannia, 239
Ammiaceae, 253
Amorpha, 202
Amsinckia, 308
Amygdalaceae, 185
Anacardiaceae, 218
Anagallis, 276
Andropogoneae, 20
Anemopsis, 88
Anogra, 247
Anthemideae, 397
Anthemis, 397
Antirrhinum, 328
Aphanisma, 114
Aphyllon, 343
Apiastrum, 259
Apium, 261
Aplopappus, 364, 367
Apocynaceae, 279
Apocynum, 280
Apple Family, 183
Aquilegia, 139
Arabis, 161
Aralia, 252
Araliaceae, 252
Arbutus, 272
Arctostaphylos, 273
Arenaria, 134
Argemone, 147
Argentina, 179
Aristida, 27
Arrow-grass, 14
Arrow-grass Family, 14
Artemisia, 399
Artichoke, 404
Arundo, 40
ASCLEPIADACEAE, 280
Asclepias, 281
Ash, 278
Asparagus, 84
Aster, 368
Aster Tribe, 359
ASTERACEAE, 356
ASTEREAE, 359
Astragalus, 203
Athysanus, 159
Atriplex, 116
A vena, 36
AVENEAE, 34
Baccharis, 372
Baeria, 392
Barberry, 142
Barberry Family, 142
Barley Tribe, 52
423
424
INDEX
Batidaceae, 123
Batis, 123
Batis Family, 123
Bay Tree, 143
Bayberry Family, 92
Bean Family, 187
Bebbia, 383
Bedstraw, 345
Beech Family, 95
Bell-flower Family, 353
Bent-grass Tribe, 26
Berberidaceae, 142
Bergerocactus, 237
Berula, 263
Betulaceae, 94
Bicuculla, 148
Bidens, 383
Bigelovia, 366
Birch Family, 94
Blackberry, 179
Bloomeria, 79
Blue-curls, 311
Woolly, 321
Blue-eyed Grass, 85
Boisduvalia, 243
Borage Family, 302
Boraginaceae, 302
Bowlcsia, 255
Box-thorn, 323
Bramble, 179
Brassica, 154
Brassicaceae, 149
Brodiaea, 79, 80
Bromus, 48
Brookweed, 275
Broom, 192
Broom-rape Family, 342
Buckthorn, 221
Buckthorn Family, 221
Buckwheat Family, 101
Buckwheat, Wild, 108
Bur-clover, 192
Bur-head, 16
Bur-reed, 9
Bur-reed Family, 9
Buttercup, 141
Cactaceae, 237
Cactus Family, 237
Calandrinia, 129
Callitrichaceae, 216
Callitriche, 217
Calochortus, 82
Calycadenia, 387
Campanulaceae, 353
Canchalagua, 279
Caper Family, 163
Capparadaceae, 163
Caprifoliaceae, 347
Capsella, 158, 159
Cardamine, 156
Carex, 66
Carpet-weed Family, 126
Carrot Family, 253
Carrot, Wild, 267
Carum, 262
Caryophyllaceae, 130
Castanopsis, 95
Castilleia, 338
Castor-bean, 213
Catch-fly, 131
Cat-tail, 9
Cat-tail Family, 8
Caucalis, 258
Caulanthus, 151
Ceanothus, 222
Cedar, Incense, 6
Cenchrus, 25
Centaurea, 404
Centromadia, 386
Cerastium, 133
Ceratophyllaceae, 137
Ceratophyllum, 137
Cercocarpus, 181
Chaenactis, 395
Chamaesyce, 214
Chamiso, 182
Cheiranthus, 161
Chenopodiaceae, 113
Chenopodium, 114
Cherry, Catalina, 186
Choke, 185
Ground, 321
Chia, 314
Chicory, 406
Chimaphila, 270
Chinquapin, 95
Chlorideae, 37
Chlorogalum, 77
Chorizanthe, 103
Christmas Berry, 184
Chrysopsis, 362
Chrysothamnus, 365
Cichorieae, 406
Cichorium, 406
Cicuta, 261
INDEX
425
Cirsium, 403
CiSTACEAE, 232
Cladium, 65
Clarkia, 244
Clematis, 140
Cleome, 163
Clover, 193
Bur, 192
Sweet, 193
Cogswellia, 264
Coleosanthus, 358
Collinsia, 332
CoUomia, 286
Columbine, 139
Comarostaphylis, 272
Conanthus, 300
Conium, 259
Conyza, 371
Convolvulus, 283
CONVOLVULACEAE, 282
Cornaceae, 267
Cornus, 268
Cottonwood, 89
Cotula, 398
Cotyledon, 167
Crassulaceae, 165
Cream Cup, 145
Crepis, 413
Cressa, 284
Croton, 212
Crowfoot Family, 138
Cruciferae, 149
Cryptantha, 306
Cucurbita, 352
Cucurbitaceae, 351
Cupressus, 7
Currant, 172
Cuscuta, 285
CUSCUTACEAE, 284
Cynara, 404
Cynareae, 403
Cynodon, 37
Cynosurus, 43
Cynoxylon, 268
Cyperaceae, 58
Cyperus, 59
Cypress, 7
Guadalupe, 7
Cytisus, 192
Dactylis, 43
Dandelion, 411
Danthonia, 36
Darnel, 52, 53
Datisca, 237
Datiscaceae, 236
Datura, 324
Daucus, 267
Deinandra, 386
Delphinium, 139
Dentaria, 157
Dendromecon, 146
Deschampsia, 35
Deweya, 260
Dichelostemma, 79
Digitaria, 22
Diplacus, 334
Diplotaxis, 153
DiPSACEAE, 350
Dipsacus, 351
Distichlis, 42
Dithyrea, 157
Dock, 110
Dodder, 285
Dodder Family, 284
Dodecatheon, 276
Dogbane, 280
Dogbane Family, 279
Dogwood, 268
Flowering, 268
Dogwood Family, 267
Dondia, 120
Draba, 159
Dreudeophytum, 260
Drymocallis, 180
Duckweed, 71
Duckweed Family, 70
Dudleya, 167
Durango Root, 237
Echinodorus, 16
Eel-grass, 13
Eel-grass Family, 13
Elatinaceae, 231
Elatine, 231
Elder, 348
Eleocharis, 63
Ellisia, 296
Elymus, 55
Emmenanthe, 300
Encelia, 381
Encina, 97
Epicampes, 32
Epilobium, 242
Epipactus, 88
Eragrostis, 40
426
INDEX
Eremocarpus, 213
Eremocarya, 304
Ericaceae, 271
Ericameria, 364
Erigeron, 369, 371
Eriodictyon, 301
Eriogonum, 106
Eriophyllum, 393
Erodium, 208
Eryngium, 257
Erysimum, 153
Erythraea, 279
Eschscholzia, 146
Eucrypta, 295
Eulobus, 247
EUPATORIEAE, 357
Eupatorium, 358
Eupatory Tribe, 357
Euphorbia, 214, 215
EUPHORBIACEAE, 211
Euryptera, 265
Euthamia, 363
Evening-primrose Family, 240
Everlasting, 376
Everlasting Tribe, 373
Fabaceae, 187
Fagaceae, 95
False Mermaid Family, 217
Fennel, 263
Fescue Tribe, 39
Festuca, 46
Festuceae, 39
Figwort, 329
Filago, 375
Fimbristylis, 65
Finger-grass Tribe, 37
Fir, 6
White, 6
Flax, 210
Flax Family, 209
Foeniculum, 263
Four-o'clock, 125
Four-o'clock Family, 124
Foxtail, Bristly, 24
Frankenia, 232
Frankenia Family, 231
Frankeniaceae, 231
Franseria, 379
Fraxinus, 278
Fremontodendron, 230
Fritillaria, 81
Fuller 's-teasel, 351
Gaertneria, 378
Galingale, 59
Galium, 345
Garrya, 268
Gastridium, 34
Gayophytum, 250
Gentian Family, 278
Gentianaceae, 278
Geraniaceae, 207
Geranium, 207
Geranium Family, 207
Giant-reed, 40
Gilia, 288, 291, 292
Gingseng Family, 252
Githopsis, 354
Glycyrrhiza, 204
Gnaphalium, 376
Godetia, 245
Golden Stars, 79
Goldenrod, 363
Gooseberry, 174
Gooseberry Family, 172
Goosefoot, 114
Goosefoot Family, 113
Gourd Family, 351
Grape Family, 226
Grape, Wild, 226
Grass, Barley, 54
Beard, 32
Bent, 33
Bermuda, 37
Blue-eyed, 85
Brome, 48
Bur, 25
Canary, 25
Cord, 38
Crab, 22
Ditch, 22
Drop-seed, 30, 31
Feather, 28
Fescue, 46
Fox-tail, 31
Hair, 35
Hard, 53
Johnson, 21
Meadow, 44
Melic, 42
Nit, 34
Orchard, 43
Pampas, 40
Panic, 23
Rye, 52
English, 53
INDEX
427
Grass, Italian, 53
Salt, 42
Triple-awned, 27
Wheat, 54
Velvet, 35
Grass Family, 18
Grindelia, 360
Grossularia, 174
Grossulariaceae, 172
Ground-cherry, 321
Groundsel Tribe, 400
Gutierrezia, 361
Gynerium, 40
Gyrostachys, 87
Hahenaria, 86
Haloragidaceae, 251
Harpecarpus, 387
Hasseanthus, 166
Hazardia, 366
Heath Family, 271
Hedge-mustard, 153
Hedge-nettle, 313
Helenieae, 390
Helenium, 396
Heliantheae, 380
Helianthemum, 232
Helianthus, 380
Heliotrope, 303
Heliotropium, 303
Hemizonia, 387
Hemlock, Poison, 259
Water, 261
Hesperocnide, 99
Hesperoyucca, 84
Heteromeles, 184
Heterotheca, 362
Heuchera, 171
Hieracium, 413
Hippuris, 251
Holcus, 21, 35
Holodiscus, ni
Honeysuckle, 349
Honeysuckle Family, 347
Hookera, 80
Hordeae, 52
Hordeum, 54
Horehound, 313
Horkelia, 181
Hornwort, 137
Hosackia, 196, 199
Hulsea, 396
Hutchinsia, 158
Hyacinth, Wild, 79
Hydrocotyle, 255
Hydroph\xlaceae, 293
Hypochaeris, 408
Ice-plant, 127
Indian Paint-brush, 338
Indian-pipe Family, 271
Inuleae, 373
Ipomoea, 283
Iridaceae, 84
Iris Family, 84
Isocoma, 366
Isomeris, 163
Jaumea, 390
JUGLANDACEAE, 93
Juglans, 93
JUNCACEAE, 72
Juncus, 73
Juniperus, 8
Juniper, 8
California, 8
Western, 8
Jussiaea, 241
Kentucky Blue-grass, 45
Knot weed, 112
Koeleria, 41
Koellia, 319
Koniga, 162
Lace Pod, 159
Lactuca, 412
Ladies' Tresses, 87
Lady's Mantle, 183
Lagophylla, 388
Lamarckia, 44
Larkspur, 139
Lastarriaea, 103
Lasthenia, 393
Lathyrus, 206
Lauraceae, 143
Laurel, California, 143
Laurocerasus, 186
Layia, 388
Legouzia, 353
Leguminosae, 188
Lemna, 71
Lemnaceae, 70
Leontodon, 411
Lepidium, 152
Lepidospartum, 401
428
INDEX
Leptilon, 371
Leptochloa, 3S
Leptodactylon, 290
Leptosyne, 382
Lepturus, 53
Libocedrus, 6
Licorice, 204
Lilac, California, 222
Lilaea, 15
LiLIACEAE, 76
Lilium, 80
Lily, 80
Mariposa, 82
Lily Family, 76
LiMNANTHACEAE, 217
Limnanthus, 217
Limonium, 277
Limnorchis, 87
LiNACEAE, 209
Linanthus, 291
Linaria, 327
Linseed, 210
Linum, 210
Lippia, 310
Lithophragma, 171
Lizard-tail Family, 88
Loasa Family, 234
LOASACEAE, 234
Lobelia, 355
Locoweed, 203
Loeflingia, 136
Lolium, 52
Lonicera, 349
Loosestrife Family, 239
Lophotocarpus, 17
LORANTHACEAE, 100
Lotus, 197, 199
Lupine, 189
Lupinus, 189
Lycium, 323
Lycopus, 319
Lythraceae, 239
Lythrum, 240
Madaria, 385
Madder Family, 345
Madia, 385
Madieae, 384
Madrofio, 272
Malaceae, 183
Malacothrix, 410
Mallow, 227
Mallow Family, 226
Malosma, 220
Malva, 227
Malvaceae, 226
Malvastrum, 228
Manzanita, 273
Maple, 221
Maple Family, 220
Mariposa Lily, 82
Marrubium, 313
Marsh Rosemary, 277
Matilija Poppy, 145
Matricaria, 398
Mayweed, 397
Mayweed Tribe, 397
Meadow-rue, 142
Meconella, 145
Meconopsis, 147
Medicago, 192
Melica, 42
Mentha, 320
Menthaceae, 310
Mentzelia, 235, 236
Mesembryanthemum, 127
Mesquite, 187
Micrampelis, 352
Micromeria, 317
Micropus, 374
Microseris, 407
Microsteris, 286 ^
Mignonette Family, 164
Milfoil, 397
Milkweed, 281
Milkweed Family, 280
Milkwort Family, 210
Millet Tribe, 22
Mimosa Family, 186
MiMOSACEAE, 186
Mimulus, 334
Miner's Lettuce, 129
Mint Family, 310
Mirabilis, 125
Mission Bells, 81
Mistletoe, 101
Mistletoe Family, 99
Modiola, 227
Mollugo, 127
Monanthochloe, 40
Monardella, 317
Monkey-flower, 334
Bush, 334
Monolepis, 116
Monolopia, 393
MONOTROPACEAE, 271
INDEX
429
Montia, 129
Morning-glory, 283
Morning-glory Family, 282
Mountain Mahogany, 181
Muhlenbergia, 30
Muilla, 78
Mullein, 327
Turkey, 213
Mustard, 154
Mustard Family, 149
MUTISIEAE, 405
Myrica, 93
Myricaceae, 92
Myriophyllum, 251
Naiad ACEAE, 12
Naias, 12
Nama, 302
Nasturtium, 156
Navarretia, 287
Nemacaulis, 103
Nemacladus, 354
Nemophila, 294
Nemoseris, 409
Neostyphonia, 219
Nettle, 99
Western, 99
Nettle Family, 98
Nicotiana, 324
Nightshade, 322
Nitrophila, 113
Notholcus, 35
Nuttallia, 236
Nyctaginaceae, 124
Oak, 96
Blue, 97
Canyon, 97
Live, 97
Valley, 97
Oat, 36
Bastard, 36
Wild, 36
Oat Tribe, 34
Oat-grass, Wild, 36
Odostemon, 142
Oenanthe, 263
Oenothera, 246, 247, 248
Oleaceae, 277
Oligomeris, 164
Olive Family, 277
Onagraceae, 240
Onion, 77
Opuntia, 238
Orchidaceae, 85
Orobanchaceae, 342
Orobanche, 343
Orthocarpus, 340
Osmorhiza, 258
Owl-clover, 340
OXALIDACEAE, 208
Oxalis, 209
Oxygraphus, 141
Oxytheca, 105
Padus, 185
Paeonia, 138
Palmerella, 355
Paniceae, 22
Panicum, 23
Papaver, 148
Papaveraceae, 144
Parietaria, 99
Paspalum, 22
Pastinaca, 266
Pea, Wild, 206
Peach Family, 185
Pectocarya, 303
Pedicularis, 341
Pennyroyal, 318
Pentacaena, 137
Pentachaeta, 361
Pentstemon, 330
Peony, 138
Peppergrass, 152
Peppermint, 320
Perezia, 405
Perezia Tribe, 405
Perityle, 391
Petunia, 325
Peucedanum, 265
Phacelia, 296
Phalarideae, 25
Phalaris, 25
Philibertella, 281
Phleum, 30
Phlox Family, 286
Phoradendron, 101
Physalis, 321
Phytolacca, 124
Phytolaccaceae, 124
Phyllospadix, 13
Pickeringia, 189
Pimpernel, 276
Pinaceae, 1
Pine. 2
430
liSTDEX
Pine, Coulter, 5
Del Mar, 4
Digger, 5
Jeffrey, 4
Knob-cone, 4
Limber, 3
Murray, 5
Parry, 3
Sugar, 3
Tamarack, 5
Torrey, 4
Yellow, 4
Pine Family, 1
Pink Family, 130
Pinon, 4
Pinus, 2
Piperia, 86
Piptocalyx, 305
Piscaria, 212
Plagiobotrys, 305
Plane-tree, 176
Plantaginaceae, 343
Plantago, 344
Plantain, 344
Plantain Family, 343
Platanaceae, 176
Platanus, 176
Platystemon, 145
Plectritis, 350
Pluchea, 374
Plumbaginaceae, 277
Plumbago Family, 277
Poa, 44 .
Poaceae, 18
Poison Hemlock, 259
Polemoniaceae, 286
Polycarpon, 136
Polygala, 210
Polygalaceae, 210
Polygonum, 112
Polypogon, 32
Polypogonaceae, 101
Pondweed, 10
Horned, 12
Pondweed Family, 10
Pop-corn Flower, 305
Poplar, 89
Poppy, Bush, 146
California
Matilija, 145
Poppy Family, 144
Populus, 89
Portulaca, 130
PORTULACACEAE, 128
Potamogeton, 10
Potato Family, 320
Potentilla, 179, 180
Primrose Family, 275
Primulaceae, 275
Prosopis, 187
Prunus, 185
Pseudotsuga, 5
Psilocarpus, 375
Psoralea, 201
Pterostegia, 102
Ptiloria, 408
Purslane, 130
Sea, 127 ^
Purslane Family, 128
Pycnanthemum, 319
Pyrola, 270
Pyrolaceae, 269
Quercus, 96
Radicula, 156
Radish, 155
Ragweed, 378
Ragweed Tribe, 377
Ramona, 315
Ranunculaceae, 138
Ranunculus, 141
Raphanus, 155
Raspberry, 178
Rattle-weed, 203
Razoumofskya, 100
Rein-orchis, 86
Reseda, 164
Resedaceae, 164
Rhamnaceae, 221
Rhamnus, 221
Rhus, 218
Ribes, 172
Ricinus, 213
Roble, 97
Rock-rose Family, 232
Romero, 312
Romneya, 145
Rosa, 183
ROSACEAE, 177
Rose, 183
Roubieva, 116
RUBIACEAE, 345
Rubus, 178
Rumex, 110
Ruppia, 11
INDEX
431
Rush, 73
Spike, 63
Rye, Wild, 55
Sage, 314
Black, 316
California, 400
Thistle, 314
White, 316
Sagina, 134
Sagittaria, 17
Salicaceae, 89
Salicornia, 119
Salix, 90
Salsify, 410
Salsola, 121
Salt-bush, Australian, 119
Salvia, 314
Sambucus, 348
Samolus, 275
Sand Rocket, 153
Sand- verbena, 125
Sanicula, 256
Sarcodes, 271
Saururaceae, 88
Saxifraga, 170
Saxifragaceae, 169
Saxifrage, 170
Saxifrage Family, 169
Scheuzeriaceae, 14
Schmaltzia, 219
Schoenus, 65
Scirpus, 61
Screw- bean, 187
Scrophularia, 329
Scophulariaceae, 326
Scutellaria, 312
Sea Purslane, 127
Sedge, 66
Sedge Family, 58
Sedum, 165
Senecio, 401
Senecioneae, 400
Sericotheca, 177
Service Berry, 184
Sesuvium, 127
Setaria, 24
Shooting-star, 276
Sida, 230
Sidalcea, 228
Silene, 131
Silk-tassel Tree, 268
Silybum, 404
Sisymbrium, 153, 155, 160
Sisyrinchium 85
Sitanion, 57
Slum, 262
Skullcap, 312
Slippery-elm, Calfornia, 230
Snap-dragon, 328
Sneezeweed, 396
Sneezeweed Tribe, 390
Snowberrry, 348
Snow-plant, 271
Soap-plant, 77
Solanaceae, 320
Solanum, 322
Solidago, 363
Sonchus, 411
Sophia, 160
Sorghum, 21
Sorghum Tribe, 21
Sow-thistle, 411
Spanish Bayonet, 84
Sparganicaeae 9
Sparganium, 9
Spartina, 38
Spearmint, 320
Speedwell, 337
Spergula, 135
Sphaerostigma, 247
Sphenosciadium, 264
Spikenard, California, 252
Spiranthes, 87
Spirodela, 70
Sporobolus, 31
Spruce, Big-cone, 5
False, 5
Spurge Family, 211
Stachys, 313
Stanleya, 150
Sterculia Famaily, 230
Sterculiaceae, 230
Stillingia, 213
Stipa, 28
Stone-crop Family, 165
Streptanthus, 152
Strombocarpa, 187
Stylocline, 374
Stylophyllum, 167
Sumac Family, 218
Sunflower, 380
Sweet Alyssum, 162
Svida, 268
Sycamore, 176
Symphoricarpus, 348
432
INDEX
Syrmatium, 199
Taraxacum^ 411
Tarweed, 385
Tarweed Tribe, 384
Teasel Family, 350
Teasel, Fuller's, 351
Tellima, 172
Tetradymia, 401
Thalesia, 342
Thalictrum, 142
Thelypodium, 151
Therofon, 170
Thimble Berry, 178
Thistle, 403
Russian, 121
Sow, 411
Tribe, 403
Thorn-apple, 324
Thysanocarpus, 159
Tillaea, 169
Timothy, 30
Tissa, 135
Tithymalus, 215
Toad-flax, Wild, 328
Tobacco, 324
Tollon, 184
Tornilla, 187
Toxicodendron, 218
Tragopogon, 409
Tribulus, 218
Trichostema, 311
Triglochin, 14
Triteleia, 81
Tropidocarpum, 157
Tule, 62
Turkey Mullein, 213
Typha, 9
Typhaceae, 8
Umbelliferae, 253
Umbellularia, 143
Uropapus, 407
Urtica, 99
Urticaceae, 98
Uva-ursi, 273
Valaea, 260
Valerian Family, 350
Valerianaceae, 350
Valerianella, 350
Venegasia, 391
Verbascum, 327
Verbena, 309
Verbenaceae, 309
Verbesina, 382
Veronica, 337
Vervain Family, 309
Vetch, 205
Vicia, 205
Viola, 233
Violaceae, 233
Violet Family, 233
Virgin's Bower, 140
VlTACEAE, 226
Vitis, 226
Wallflower, 161
Walnut, 93
Walnut Family, 93
Water-cress, 155
Water-hemlock, 261
Water-leaf Family, 293
Water-milfoil Family, 251
Water-plantain, 16
Water-plantain Family, 16
Water Starwort Family, 216
Waterwort Family, 231
Wax Myrtle, 93
Whispering Bells, 300
Wild Hyacinth, 79
Willow, 90
Willow Family, 89
Willow-herb, 242
Wintergreen, 270
Wintergreen Family, 269
Wolffiella, 72
Wood-sorrel Family, 208
Xanthium, 379
Xanthoxalis, 209
Xylococcus, 274
Xylothermia, 188
Yarrow, 397
Yerba Buena, 317
Manse, 88
Santa, 301
Yucca, 84
Zannichelliaceae, 10
Zauschneria, 242
Zostera, 13
Zosteraceae, 13
Zygadene, 77
Zygadenus, 77
Zygophyllaceae, 217
New York Botanical Garden Library
QK 194 .A2
AbramsLe Roy/Flora of Los Angeles and
gen
3 5185 00134 3811
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11