Flora of Southern Africa, the Republic of South Africa, Basutoland, Swaziland and South West Africa

M

SOUTHERN

VOLUME 28

Editor O. A. Leistner

Part 4 Lamiaceae

by L. E. Codd

Botanical Research Institute
Department of Agriculture
and Water Supply
Republic of South Africa

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

All contributions should be compiled in accordance with the Guide to Contributors to the Flora of Southern
Africa (compiled by Ross, Leistner & De Winter) which is available from the Librarian, Botanical Research
Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001.

Cryptogam volumes will in future not be numbered but will be known by the name of the group they cover.
The number assigned to the volume on Charophyta therefore becomes redundant.

Alien families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes and parts are shown in italics.

Please note that local prices as given below do not include GST. Prices given for other countries include
postage.

INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of Southern African flowering plants

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (Published 1975). Price: Rll,23. Other countries: R14,00
Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (Published 1976). Price: R8.21. Other countries: R10,00
Botanical exploration of Southern Africa (Published 1981). Price: R40.00 (Obtainable from booksellers)

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (Published as Vol. 9 in 1978). Price: R4,25. Other countries: R5,30
Bryophyta:

Part 1: Mosses: Fascicle 1: Sphagnaceae — Grimmiaceae (Published 1981). Price: R24,34. Other
countries R30,40

Fascicle 2: Gigaspermaceae — Bartramiaceae
Fascicle 3: Erpodiaceae — Hookeriaceae
Fascicle 4: Fabroniaceae — Polytrichaceae

Pteridophyta

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae* , Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae,
Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae,
Juncaginaceae, Alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Published 1966). Price: Rl,98. Other countries: R2,60
Vol. 2: Poaceae

Vol. 3: Cyperaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Lemnaceae, Flagellariaceae
Vol. 4: Part 1: Restionaceae

Part 2: Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae, Juncaceae (in press)

Vol. 5: Liliaceae, Agavaceae

Vol. 6: Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Tecophilaeaceae, Velloziaceae, Dioscoreaceae
Vol. 7: Iridaceae: Part 1: Nivenioideae, Iridoideae
Part 2: Ixioideae: Fascicle 1

Fascicle 2: Syringodea, Romulea (Published 1983).

Price: R3,96. Other countries: R5,00

Vol. 8: Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae*, Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae

Vol. 9: Casuarinaceae*, Piperaceae, Salicaceae, Myricaceae, Fagaceae*, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Cannabaceae*
Urticaceae, Proteaceae

Vol. 10: Part 1: Loranthaceae, Viscaceae (Published 1979). Price: R4,34. Other countries: R5,40

Santalaceae, Grubbiaceae, Opiliaceae, Olacaceae, Balanophoraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Rafflesiaceae,
Hydnoraceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae
Vol. 11: Phytolaccaceae, Aizoaceae, Mesembryanthemaceae

(Continued on inside of back cover)

PRICE OF THIS FASCICLE: Local: R22.00, plus G.S.T.

Other countries: R28,00.

Printed by Perskor for the Government Printer and obtainable from the Division of Agricultural Information,
Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Private Bag X144, Pretoria 0001.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2016

https://archive.org/details/floraofsoutherna284unse

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER SUPPLY
DEPARTEMENT VAN LANDBOU EN WATERVOORSIENING

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA
VOLUME 28
PART 4

ISBN 0 621 08268 6

FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

which deals with the territories of

SOUTH AFRICA, CISKEI, TRANSKEI, LESOTHO, SWAZILAND, BOPHUTHA-
TSWANA, SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA, BOTSWANA AND VENDA

VOLUME 28

PART 4 LAMIACEAE

by

L. E. Codd

Edited by
O. A. Leistner

Editorial Committee: B. de Winter, D. J. B. Killick and O. A. Leistner

Botanical Research Institute,

Department of Agriculture and Water Supply

1985

CONTENTS

Page

A new taxon and new combinations published in this part vi

Introduction vii

Plan of Flora of Southern Africa viii

LAMIACEAE* 4: 1

Ajuga 4: 7

Teucrium 4: 9

Tinnea 4: 13

Scutellaria 4: 17

Acrotome 4: 19

Marrubium 4: 25

Cedronella 4: 27

Prunella 4: 29

Leonotis (by M. Iwarsson) 4: 31

Leucas 4: 39

Lamium 4: 47

Ballota 4: 49

Stachys 4: 51

Salvia 4: 79

Satureja 4: 103

Mentha 4: 107

Tetradenia 4: 113

Hyptis 4: 117

Aeollanthus 4: 121

Endostemon 4: 127

Pycnostachys 4: 131

Neohyptis 4: 135

Plectranthus 4: 137

Holostylon 4: 173

Rabdosiella 4: 175

Englerastrum 4: 177

Solenostemon 4: 179

Hoslundia 4: 183

Syncolostemon 4: 185

Hemizygia 4: 193

Acrocephalus 4: 213

Geniosporum 4: 215

Basilicum 4: 217

Ocimum 4: 219

Becium 4: 223

Orthosiphon 4: 229

Thorncroftia 4: 237

Index 4: 240

* By L. E. Codd, unless otherwise stated.

A NEW TAXON AND NEW COMBINATIONS PUBLISHED IN THIS

PART

Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson, comb, nov., p. 4: 32
L. ocymifolia var. raineriana (Visiani) Iwarsson, comb, nov., p. 4: 35
L. ocymifolia var. schinzii (Giirke) Iwarsson, comb, et stat. nov., p. 4: 35
Leucas glabrata (Vahl) Sm. var. linearis Codd, var. nov., p. 4: 44

Plectranthus hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Sprenger var. tomentosus (Benth.) Codd,
comb, nov., p. 4: 153

P. hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Sprenger wax. woodii (Giirke) Codd, comb, nov., p. 4:
154

Date of publication: May 1985

INTRODUCTION

The Flora of Southern Africa is arranged on the lines of the Engler system. Sequence
and numbering of genera are as far as possible in agreement with De Dalla Torre & Harms
(Genera Siphonogamarum, 1900—1907). Keys to families are provided in R. A. Dyer’s
Genera of Southern African Plants.

This part was compiled in accordance with a Guide to Contributors to the Flora of
Southern Africa (Ross, Leistner & De Winter, 1977), which is available from the Librarian,
Botanical Research Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001.

The following condensed abbreviations for literature references are used:

Burtt Davy, FI. Transv.

C.F.A

F.C

F.C.B

F.M

F.S.W.A

F.T.A

F.T.E.A

F.W.T.A

F.Z

R. A. Dyer, Gen.

Manual of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the
Transvaal and Swaziland, Vol. 1 (1926) and Vol. 2
(1932).

Conspectus Florae Angolensis
Flora Capensis

Flore du Congo et du Rwanda-Burundi

Flora de Mozambique

Prodromus einer Flora von Siidwestafrika

Flora of Tropical Africa

Flora of Tropical East Africa

Flora of West Tropical Africa

Flora Zambeziaca

The Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants by
R. A. Dyer, Vol. 1 (1975) and Vol. 2 (1976).

Cited voucher specimens are all housed in PRE (National Herbarium, Pretoria).

Vol. 28 of the Flora, of which the present publication is a component, will appear in
parts (see p. ix). The number of the part, namely 4, precedes the page number on all pages
marked with Arabic numerals. This was done with a view to binding the entire volume,
once completed, and to compiling a combined index to all its component parts. When
binding the entire volume the pages marked with Roman numerals may be omitted.

vii

PLAN OF FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

Cryptogam volumes will in future not be numbered but will be known by the name of the group they cover.
The number assigned to the volume on Charophyta therefore becomes redundant.

Alien families are marked with an asterisk.

Published volumes and parts are shown in italics.

Please note that local prices as given below do not include GST. Prices given for other countries include
postage.

INTRODUCTORY VOLUMES

The genera of Southern African flowering plants

Vol. 1: Dicotyledons (Published 1975). Price: Rll,23. Other countries: R14,00
Vol. 2: Monocotyledons (Published 1976). Price: R8,21. Other countries: RIO, 00
Botanical exploration of Southern Africa (Published 1981). Price R40.00 (Obtainable from booksellers)

CRYPTOGAM VOLUMES

Charophyta (Published as Vol. 9 in 1978). Price: R4,25. Other countries: R5,30
Bryophyta:

Part 1: Mosses: Fascicle 1: Sphagnaceae — Grimmiaceae (Published 1981). Price: R24,34, Other
countries R30,40

Fascicle 2: Gigaspermaceae — Bartramiaceae
Fascicle 3: Erpodiaceae — Hookeriaceae
Fascicle 4: Fabroniaceae — Polytrichaceae

Pteridophyta

FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUMES

Vol. 1: Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae* , Cupressaceae, Welwitschiaceae, Typhaceae,
Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae, Ruppiaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncagi-
naceae, Alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae (Published 1966). Price: Rl,98. Other countries R2,60

Vol. 2: Poaceae

Vol. 3: Cyperaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Lemnaceae, Flagellariaceae
Vol. 4: Part 1: Restionaceae

Part 2: Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae. Juncaceae (in press)

Vol. 5: Liliaceae, Agavaceae

Vol. 6: Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Tecophilaeaceae, Velloziaceae, Dioscoreaceae

Vol. 7: Iridaceae: Part 1: Nivenioideae, Iridoideae
Part 2: Ixioideae: Fascicle 1

Fascicle 2: Syringodea, Romulea (Published 1983).

Price: R3,90. Other countries: R5,00

Vol. 8: Musaceae, Strelitziaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae*, Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae

Vol. 9: Casuarinaceae*, Piperaceae, Salicaceae, Myricaceae, Fagaceae*, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Cannabaceae*,
Urticaceae, Proteaceae

Vol. 10: Part 1: Loranthaceae, Viscaceae (Published 1979). Price: R4,34. Other countries: R5,40

Santalaceae, Grubbiaceae, Opiliaceae, Olacaceae, Balanophoraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Rafflesiaceae ,
Hydnoraceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae

Vol. 11: Phytolaccaceae, Aizoaceae, Mesembryanthemaceae

Vol. 12: Portulacaceae, Basellaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Illecebraceae, Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Cerato-
phyllaceae, Ranunculaceae, Menispermaceae, Annonaceae, Trimeniaceae, Lauraceae, Hernandiaceae,
Papaveraceae, Fumariaceae

Vol. 13: Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Resedaceae, Moringaceae, Droseraceae, Roridulaceae, Podostemaceae,
Hydrostachyaceae (Published 1970). Price: R10.00. Other countries: R12,00
Vol. 14: Crassulaceae (in press)

viii

Vol. 15: Vahliaceae, Montiniaceae, Escalloniaceae, Pittosporaceae, Cunoniaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Brunia-
ceae, Hamamelidaceae, Rosaceae, Connaraceae

•Vol. 16: Fabaceae: Part 1: Mimosoideae (Published 1975). Price: R13,59. Other countries: R16.75

Part 2: Caesalpinioideae (Published 1977). Price: R16,04. Other countries: R20,00
Papilionoideae

Vol. 17: Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae

Vol. 18: Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Balanitaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae,
Ptaeroxylaceae, Meliaceae, Aitoniaceae, Malpighiaceae

Vol. 19: Polygalaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Callitrichaceae, Buxaceae, Anacardiaceae, Aquifolia-
ceae

Vol. 20: Celastraceae, Icacinaceae, Sapindaceae, Melianthaceae, Greyiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Rhamnaceae,
Vitaceae

Vol. 21: Part V.Tiliaceae, (Published 1984). Price R4,30. Other countries: R5,00
Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae

Vol. 22: Ochnaceae, Clusiaceae, Elatinaceae, Frankeniaceae, Tamaricaceae, Canellaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtia-
ceae, Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, Achariaceae, Loasaceae, Begoniaceae, Cactaceae (Published 1976).
Price: R8,68. Other countries: R10,75

Vol. 23: Geissolomaceae, Penaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Lythraceae, Lecythidaceae

Vol. 24: Rhizophoraceae, Combretaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Onagraceae, Trapaceae, Haloragaceae,
Gunneraceae, Araliaceae, Apiaceae, Cornaceae

Vol. 25: Ericaceae

Vol. 26: Myrsinaceae, Primulaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Oleaceae, Salvadoraceae,
Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae (Published 1963). Price: R4,53. Other countries: R5,75

Vol. 27: Part 1: Periplocaceae, Asclepiadaceae (Microloma— Xysmalobium)

Part 2: Asclepiadaceae (Schizoglossum— Woodia)

Part 3: Asclepiadaceae (Asclepias— Anisotoma)

Part 4: Asclepiadaceae (Brachystelma — Riocreuxia) (Published 1980). Price: R4,43. Other countries:
R6,00

Asclepiadaceae (remaining genera)

Vol. 28: Part 1: Cuscutaceae, Convolvulaceae

Part 2: Hydrophyllaceae, Boraginaceae
Part 3: Stilbaceae, Verbenaceae

Part 4: Lamiaceae, (Published 1985). Price: R22,00, plus G.S.T. Other countries: R28.00
Part 5: Solanaceae, Retziaceae

Vol. 29: Scrophulariaceae

Vol. 30: Bignoniaceae, Pedaliaceae, Martyniaceae, Orobanchaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Acantha-
ceae, Myoporaceae

Vol. 31: Plantaginaceae, Rubiaceae, Valerianaceae, Dipsacaceae, Cucurbitaceae
Vol. 32: Campanulaceae, Sphenocleaceae, Lobeliaceae, Goodeniaceae

Vol. 33:

Asteraceae: Part 1:
Part 2:
Part 3:
Part 4:
Part 5:
Part 6:
Part 7:

Part 8:
Part 9:

Lactuceae, Mutisieae, ‘Tarchonantheae’

Vernonieae, Cardueae

Arctotideae

Anthemideae

Astereae

Calenduleae

Inuleae: Fascicle 1: Inulinae

Fascicle 2: Gnaphaliinae (First part) (Published 1983). Price: 12,93.
Other countries: R16,20
Heliantheae. Eupatorieae
Senecioneae

IX

WMR'jf'

Lamiaceae

LAMIACEAE (Labiatae)

by L. E. Codd*

4: 1

Herbs, mainly perennial, or shrubs; branches usually 4-angled. Leaves opposite or
whorled, entire, toothed or sometimes lobed, rarely pinnatifid or digitately compound,
usually gland-dotted and aromatic. Flowers usually irregular, often bilabiate, bisexual or
rarely unisexual (Tetradenia), solitary and opposite or aggregated into cymes or verticils
arranged in terminal racemes or panicles, sometimes crowded into a spike or corymb, or
more rarely in the axils of foliage leaves; bracts present, leaf-like or reduced, often
caducous . Calyx tubular, campanulate or funnel-shaped , usually persistent and often enlarged
in fruit , rarely becoming fleshy ( Hoslundia ) , regularly or irregularly 3 — many-toothed , or with
2 entire or toothed lips , rarely truncate or 5-partite , sometimes with the posterior lobe broadly
ovate and decurrent on the tube. Corolla gamopetalous, (1 — )2-lipped, or oblique, or
subregular and 4— 5-lobed. Stamens rarely 2, usually 4, subequal or in pairs of unequal length
(didynamous) , all or only 1 pair fertile , inserted at the corolla mouth or in the tube ; filaments
sometimes connate , sometimes with a crest or pro j ection near the base ;anthersl-or 2-thecous .
Ovary superior, seated on an entire or lobed disc, deeply or shortly 4-lobed, 4-locular, with a
single erect ovule in each locule ; style often 2-lobed . Fruit composed of 4 , or by abortion fewer,
dry, 1-seeded nutlets; nutlets rugose or smooth, rarely winged (Tinnea); seeds erect.

Characters not applicable in our area: leaves occasionally alternate.

Genera about 170; species up to 5 000, cosmopolitan in warm and temperate areas; 37 genera and 232 species are
indigenous or naturalized and are keyed out. In addition a number are cultivated, either as ornamental plants or for
their aromatic leaves which are used medicinally , in confectionery or cosmetics , or as culinary herbs. Cultivated plants
which have not become naturalized are not included in the keys. If the genus is keyed out, the cultivated members are
mentioned after the generic description. This leaves a number of cultivated genera which are not keyed out and for
which there are, therefore, no separate generic treatments. The more widely grown of these are listed below.

(a) Ornamental plants: Molucella laevis L. (Shell-flower, Bells of Ireland), Monarda didyma L. (Oswego Tea,
Bee-balm), M. fistulosa L. var. mollis Benth. (Wild Bergamot), Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. , Phlomis fruticosa L.
(Jerusalem Sage) and Physostegia virginiana Benth. ; the following are grown for their ornamental effect as well as for
their aromatic foliage: Lavandula spp. (Lavender), Nepeta cataria L. (Catnip or Catmint) and Rosmarinus officinalis
L. (Rosemary).

(b) Culinary herbs: Hyssopus officinalis L. (Hyssop), Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm), Origanum majorana
L. (Marjoram) and Thymus spp. (Thyme).

1 Corolla 1-lipped or very unequally 2-lipped, with the upper lip small or absent; ovary
shortly 4-lobed or lobed to the middle; nutlets reticulate with oblique or lateral
aureole occupying £ to f the length:

2 Calyx subequally 5-toothed; stamens exserted, ascending; nutlets not winged:

3 Inflorescence a spike-like raceme arising from a basal rosette of leaves ; flowers in

2— many-flowered verticils, bluish 1. Ajuga

3 Inflorescence racemose or paniculate with no basal rosette of leaves; flowers

small, white , in 1 —several-flowered pedunculate cymes 2. Teucrium

2 Calyx 2-lipped , inflated in fruit , lips entire ; stamens not or scarcely exserted ; nutlets

winged 3. Tinnea

1 Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regularly lobed; ovary deeply 4-lobed; nutlets smooth
with small basal or slightly oblique aureole:

* Except Leonotis which is by M. Iwarsson of the Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Uppsala. Sweden.

2

Lamiaceae

4 Stamens ascending or spreading, never all directed downwards upon the lower
side of the tube or lower lip of the corolla (absent in female flowers of
Tetradenia) (second half of couplet on p. 4: 3)

5 Fertile stamens 2, anther-thecae separated by a long connective; calyx

2-lipped 14. Salvia

5 Fertile stamens 4; calyx 2-lipped or 5— many-toothed:

6 Stamens spreading, filaments straight, with 2 directed upwards and 2
downwards (absent in female flowers of Tetradenia)-, corolla small, 2—5
mm long, subequally 4— 5-lobed:

7 Perennial rhizomatous herbs, monoecious 16. Mentha

7 Semisucculent or softly woody shrubs, usually flowering after the leaves

are shed, dioecious 17. Tetradenia

6 Stamens all directed to the upper side of the tube or upper lip of the corolla;
corolla 5 mm long or longer (sometimes shorter in Scutellaria, but then
calyx distinctly 2-lipped with the upper lip deciduous):

8 Calyx 2-lipped; perennial decumbent herbs, introduced:

9 Calyx lips rounded, entire, the upper lip deciduous; inflorescence of lax

2-flowered verticils; corolla 4,5—6 mm long 4. Scutellaria

9 Calyx lips toothed, upper broad with 3 short teeth, lower of 2 longer

narrow teeth; inflorescence shortly spicate of densely placed
4— 6-flowered verticils; corolla 9— 10 mm long 8. Prunella

8 Calyx regularly or irregularly 5 — many-toothed, the mouth sometimes
oblique but not distinctly 2-lipped (obscurely 2-lipped in some Leucas
spp. but then calyx 6 — 10-toothed):

10 Leaves 3 (— 5)-foliolate 7. Cedronella

10 Leaves simple:

11 Corolla usually orange or yellow, rarely cream; upper lobe 12—30

mm long; calyx 8 — 10-toothed 9. Leonotis

11 Corolla not orange or yellow; upper lobe less than 10 mm long:

12 Stamens included in the corolla tube:

13 Anthers and style held together by intermingling hairs; calyx

glabrous within; teeth not hooked at the apex 5. Acrotome

13 Anthers and style not held together by intermingling hairs;

calyx hairy within; teeth hooked at the apex 6. Marrubium

12 Stamens reaching the mouth of the corolla tube or exserted
(stamens included in cleistogamous flowers of Lamium
amplexicaule but then bracts amplexicaul):

14 Calyx 6— many-toothed (teeth often very unequal in size):

15 Calyx glabrous within, 6 — 10-toothed, often oblique at the

mouth but limb not spreading 10. Leucas

15 Calyx hairy within, 10- or more-toothed, limb eventually

spreading 12. Ballota

14 Calyx subequally 5-toothed:

16 Calyx 5 — 10-ribbed; stamens attached within the corolla and

usually well exserted:

Lamiaceae

4: 3

17 Bracts large, amplexicaul (in the naturalized species);
upper corolla lip longer than the lower; lower corolla lip
with lateral lobes absent or reduced to small acute teeth

11. Lamium

17 Bracts leaf-like or reduced, not amplexicaul; corolla lips
subequal or lower lip the longer with distinct ± obtuse
lateral lobes:

18 Bracts leaf-like; calyx often with additional smaller teeth
(5 — 8-toothed); upper lip of corolla subequal to the
lower and beset with stiff brush-like hairs 10. Leucas

18 Bracts usually reduced, occasionally leaf-like; calyx
always 5-toothed; upper lip of corolla glabrous or
pubescent but not with stiff brush-like hairs, usually
shorter than the horizontal lower lip 13. Stachys

16 Calyx 13 (— 15)-ribbed; stamens attached near the corolla

throat with very short upcurved filaments 15. Satureja

4 (from p. 4: 2) Stamens directed downwards upon the lower side of the corolla
tube or lower lip of the corolla:

19 Calyx enlarged and fleshy in fruit; upper pair of stamens reduced to

staminodes 28. Hoslundia

19 Calyx often somewhat enlarged but not fleshy in fruit; all 4 stamens fertile
(upper pair reduced to staminodes in Plectranthus zuluensis ):

20 Calyx falling away by a clean break above the base in fruit 19. Aeollanthus

20 Calyx persistent in fruit, 3—5-toothed or bilabiate:

21 Corolla with 4 subequal or slightly unequal lobes, not distinctly 2-lipped;

stamens included in corolla tube 20. Endostemon

21 Corolla either distinctly 2-lipped or 5-lobed; stamens exserted:

22 Calyx with 5 equal rigid spine-like teeth; flowers in a dense terminal

spike-like inflorescence 21. Pycnostachys

22 Calyx not rigidly spinescent:

23 Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed, the uppermost tooth
sometimes slightly larger than the other 4:

24 Bracteoles linear, setose; calyx teeth linear-subulate; corolla

small, ± equally 5-lobed 18. Hyptis

24 Bracteoles absent or not as above; calyx teeth not linear-subulate;
corolla bilabiate:

25 Lower pair of stamens united for most of their length, upper

pair attached in the corolla tube, free 29. Syncolostemon

25 Lower and upper pairs of stamens attached at the corolla throat,
free or all shortly united at the base:

26 Bracts differentiated from and smaller than the leaves:

27 Style bilobed; inflorescence paniculate or subspicate with
flowers in verticils of 3 — many-flowered cymes or
dichasia 23. Plectranthus

4: 4

Lamiaceae

27 Style entire; inflorescence paniculate with the slender

branches somewhat zig-zag towards the ends bearing
solitary flowers 24. Holostylon

26 Bracts leaf-like, becoming gradually smaller towards the apex
of the inflorescence or towards the ends of the flower-
bearing stems;

28 Stems semi- woody, erect; inflorescences dense, paniculate

or spicate:

29 Flowers in 6 — 8-flowered verticils, densely arranged in

short lateral and terminal spikes 22. Neohyptis

29 Flowers in dichasia arranged in a terminal panicle

25. Rabdosiella

28 Stems softly herbaceous, decumbent or erect; flowers in
slender, lax, axillary racemes borne along almost the
entire length of the stem 26. Englerastrum

23 Calyx bilabiate:

30 Upper lip of calyx 3-toothed (teeth sometimes minute), lower lip
2-toothed or entire:

31 Inflorescence corymbose, flower-heads capitate, 8 — 10 mm long

and almost equally broad 31. Acrocephalus

31 Inflorescence spike-like, 50 — 100 mm long, flowers in dense

many-flowered cymose clusters 32. Geniosporum

30 Upper lip of calyx consisting of a large, oblong to broadly ovate
tooth, often decurrent on the tube, distinctly larger than the
remaining teeth:

32 Upper pair of filaments glabrous or pubescent but without a

crested or hairy knee-bend near the base:

33 Lower 2 calyx teeth fused for the greater part forming an
oblong bifurcate lip; lateral teeth much shorter and
rounded 27. Solenostemon

33 Lower 4 calyx teeth subequal, lanceolate-deltoid, the lower 2
often longer than the lateral 2 and shortly fused at the base :

34 Filaments of lower pair of stamens connate for part of their
length; upper pair attached in the corolla tube and free
30. Hemizygia

34 Filaments all free or all connate at the base:

35 Corolla about 2 mm long, obscurely bilabiate; lower lip

almost flat 33. Basilicum

35 Corolla 4 mm long or longer, bilabiate; lower lip concave
to boat-shaped:

36 Corolla with the upper lip having 2 ear- like lobes;
flowers in 1 — many-flowered verticils or cymes, never
all solitary:

37 Upper calyx tooth not decurrent on the tube;
filaments attached at mouth of corolla tube; mostly
herbaceous plants 23. Plectranthus

Lamiaceae

4: 5

37 Upper calyx tooth decurrent on the tube; upper pair
of filaments attached within the corolla tube;
woody plants 36. Orthosiphon

36 Corolla with 2 narrow pendulous lobes on each side of
and free from the upper lip; flowers solitary in the
axils of the somewhat leafy bracts 37. Thorncroftia

32 Upper pair of filaments with a crested or hairy knee-bend near
the base:

38 Lower pair of calyx teeth fused or free but not ending in a
small pair of upcurved spinescent teeth; lateral teeth small,
deltoid-subulate 34. Ocimum

38 Lower pair of calyx teeth fused into a lip ending in a small
pair of upcurved spinescent teeth; lateral teeth suppressed
and replaced by a wide shoulder-like and occasionally
fimbriate sinus 35. Becium

Lamiaceae

4: 6

Lamiaceae

4: 7

7211

1. AJUGA

Ajuga L., Sp. PI. 561 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 246 (1754); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 597
(1848); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 209 (1895); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 501 (1900); Skan in
F.C. 5,1: 386 (1910); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 525 (1975). Type species: A pyramidalis L.

Perennial herb (S. Africa), often decumbent or stoloniferous. Leaves usually coarsely
toothed to incised. Inflorescence a terminal spike-like raceme; bracts leaf-like, becoming
smaller towards the apex; verticils 2— many-flowered; flowers bisexual. Calyx short,
subequally 5-fid or 5-toothed; tube campanulate. Corolla unequally 2-lipped; tube short,
constricted near the base with a ring of hairs within the constriction; upper lip short,
subentire, emarginate or 2-fid; lower lip large, spreading, 3-lobed, the median lobe the
largest, emarginate or 2-fid. Stamens 4, curved within the upper lip, the lower pair slightly
the longer; filaments linear; anthers 2-thecous, with the thecae divergent, finally confluent.
Ovary shortly 4-lobed nearly to the middle; style 2-fid, lobes somewhat unequal. Nutlets
obovoid, reticulate-rugose, attached by a broad oblique areole which extends beyond the
middle.

Described species about 100, found chiefly in the extra-tropical regions of the Old World, particularly in the
Orient, represented by a few endemic species south of the equator in Australia, Madagascar, the mountains of east
tropical Africa and with 1 species occurring naturally in Southern Africa. In addition, A. reptans L. has been
developed as a ground cover plant and is grown, in several different foliage colour forms, in South African
gardens.

Ajuga ophrydis Burch, ex Benth., Lab.
695 (1835); in E. Mey., Comm: 243 (1837);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 597 (1848); Skan in F.C.
5,1: 386 (1910); Trauseld, Wild Flow. Natal
Drakensberg 156 (1969); Lucas & Pike,
Wild. Flow. Witwatersrand 72 (1971); Jacot
Guill., FI. Lesotho 236 (1971); Ross, FI.
Natal 302 (1972). Type: Cape, Bathurst
Division, Burchell 3700 (K, lecto.).

Perennial low herb; stems several,
decumbent-ascending, 60 — 250 mm tall,
arising annually from a short rhizome.
Leaves mainly forming a basal rosette,
sessile or shortly petiolate; blade fairly
thick-textured, obovate to obovate-
lanceolate, 30—80 x 15—40 mm, subglab-
rous to sparingly pilose, apex obtuse to
rounded, base cuneate, margin coarsely
few-toothed to repand or almost entire.
Inflorescence up to 200 mm long with
verticils often starting shortly above the
basal leaves, verticils spaced below, crowd-
ed towards the apex; pedicels up to 1 mm
long. Calyx hispid, 6—7 mm long; tube 3—4
mm long; teeth deltoid, 3 mm long. Corolla
blue to mauve, rarely white; tube 7 — 8 mm
long; upper lip 2 mm long, emarginate;
lower lip 7 — 10 mm long, median lobe
broadly obovate, 5—7 mm long and broad,
deeply emarginate. Fig. 1.

Distributed from Grahamstown in the eastern
Cape to Transkei, Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free State
and southern and eastern Transvaal, mainly in
grassland, from near the coast in the Cape to over 2 600
m altitude in Lesotho. Map 1.

Vouchers: Codd 8226; Galpin 13966; Killick 1039;
Schlechter 3263; Tyson 1102.

The specific epithet refers to a resemblance to
Ophrys, a genus of ground orchids. A. ophrydis is
related to A. remota Benth., a species found in east
tropical Africa and India, but the latter has a denser
tomentum on the leaves.

Fig 1. — 1, Ajuga ophrydis, lower leaves, x 1; a, inflorescence, x 1; b, flower and bracteole, x 3; c, section
through corolla, x 3; d, nutlet, x 7 ( Jenkins sub TRY 9308).

Lamiaceae

4: 8

Lamiaceae

4: 9

7212 2. TEUCRIUM

Teucrium L., Sp. PI. 562 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 247 (1754); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 574
(1848); Briq. in Naturl. PflFam. 4,3a: 210 (1895); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 500 (1900); Skan in
F.C. 5,1: 384 (1910); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 525 (1975); Codd in Bothalia 12: 177 (1977).
Type species: T. fruticans L.

Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves usually toothed or more or less deeply lobed.
Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle; bracts leaf-like, usually becoming smaller
towards the apex of the inflorescence; whorls 2 — several-flowered; flowers often borne in
pedunculate cymes. Calyx about as long as the corolla tube, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla
small, white in South African spp., 5-lobed, the lowermost the largest, longer than the tube,
giving a l-lipped appearance; tube short, hairy in the throat. Stamens 4, ascending-arcuate
between the two upper corolla lobes, well exserted; filaments thread-like, villous at the
base; anthers 2-thecous. Ovary shortly 4-lobed; style slightly exceeding the stamens, terete,
2-fid, lobes subequal. Nutlets obovoid, reticulate-rugose, attached by an oblique or lateral
areole which extends beyond the middle.

In non-South African species the leaves may be entire, the inflorescence may be a spike-like raceme or
terminal head with flowers small or large and showy, white or in shades of yellow, blue or purple, and the upper
lobe of the calyx may be larger than the rest. Some are grown as garden plants, but evidently not in Southern
Africa.

Species about 200, widely distributed over the temperate and warmer regions of the world, chiefly in the
northern hemisphere, represented by a few species in Australia, South America, the mountains of north-east
tropical Africa and by 3 species in Southern Africa.

The Southern African species are used medicinally for stomach disorders and haemorrhoids as well as for
treating snake-bite and meat suspected of being infected with anthrax. Common names such as Aambeibossie and
Maagbossie refer to these properties while Paddaklou and Akkedispoot refer to the lobed leaves.

1 Peduncles usually 1-flowered and much shorter than the internode 1 . T. africanum

1 Peduncles 3 — 7-flowered, cymes often as long as or longer than the internode:

2 Leaves more or less deeply 3-fid or 3-lobed, if subentire then drying greyish 2. T. trifidum

2 Leaves entire or few-toothed towards the apex, usually drying dark brown 3. T. kraussii

1. Teucrium africanum Thunb., Prodr.
2: 95 (1800); FI. Cap. edn Schult. 445
(1823); Benth., Lab. 669 (1835); in E. Mey.,
Comm. 243 (1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 577
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 384 (1910); Codd
in Bothalia 12: 177 (1977). Type: Cape,
without locality, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.,
microfiche 556/13250!).

Ajuga africana (Thunb.) Pers., Syn. 2: 109 (1807).

Greyish, bushy shrublet 0,1—0,25
(—0,3) m tall, branching freely from the
base; stems erect to decumbent, simple or
sparingly branched, slender, greyish
glandular-tomentulose. Leaves sessile,
grey-green, thinly pubescent, 8—30 mm
long, 3-lobed to 3-partite; lobes linear to
linear-oblong, 5 — 25 x 1 — 3 mm, occasion-
ally the median lobe again 3-fid; margin
entire, revolute; basal portion of leaf
narrow, up to 3 mm broad, consisting of

a narrowly winged midrib. Inflorescence
leafy, simple, occupying the upper third or
half of the stem; flowers solitary or rarely 2
or 3 per peduncle; peduncle 3 — 8 mm long

Fig. 2. — 1, Teucrium trifidum, flowering stem, x 1; a, flower, x 4; b. section through corolla, x 4; c, d.
ripe calyx, x 4; e, nutlet, x 7; f, gynoecium, x 4; g. ovary, x 20 (Scheepers 1442).

4: 10

Lamiaceae

bearing a pair of minute bracteoles below
the middle. Calyx greyish, 3—4 mm long;
teeth lanceolate-deltoid, about 2 mm long.
Corolla 5—6 mm long; tube 2 mm long;
lower lip obovate, 3—4 mm long, slightly
concave, remaining 4 lobes oblong,
rounded, 2 mm long. Anthers exserted by
6—7 mm.

Found under fairly arid conditions in fynbos,
karoo, coastal or thorn scrub from Bredasdorp to near
Grahamstown and, inland, to Graaff-Reinet, often
among rocks or on overgrazed or disturbed places. Map
2.

Vouchers: Acocks 15671; Galpin 2012; Schlechter
1795.

Commonly known as Aambeibossie in reference to
its medicinal use against haemorrhoids, and as
Paddaklou or Katjiedriedoring because of the leaf
shape.

See note after T. trifidum (below).

2. Teucrium trifidum Retz., Obs. 1: 21
(1779); Codd in Bothalia 12: 177 (1977).
Type: Cape, without locality, right-hand
specimen on sheet so named in Hb. Retzius
(LD, lecto.!; PRE, photo.!).

T. trifidum Wendl., Bot. Beobacht. 50 (1798), nom.
illegit. Type: not indicated.

T. capense Thunb., Prodr. 2: 95 (1800); FI. Cap. edn
Schult. 445 (1823); Benth., Lab. 667 (1835); in E.
Mey., Comm. 243 (1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 577
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 385 (1910); Wilman, Check
List Griq. West 231 (1946); Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho
236 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 302 (1972). Ajuga capensis
(Thunb.) Pers., Syn. PL 2: 109 (1807). Type: Cape,
near “Zeekoerivier” (Humansdorp district), Thunberg
s.n. (UPS, holo., microfiche 556/13263!).

T. africanum sensu Wilman, l.c. (1946).

An erect soft undershrub 0,3 — 1,1 m
tall, branching freely from the base; stems
virgate, branching freely in the upper half or
third, woody below, shortly greyish tomen-
tose. Leaves drying greyish green to
grey-brown, thinly tomentose above, denser
to almost canescent and gland-dotted be-
low, usually deeply 3-fid or 3— 5-partite,
rarely almost entire, 20-60 mm long; lobes
linear to lanceolate, 10-35 x 3-8 mm,
often again shortly lobed or toothed, margin
entire, revolute; basal portion of leaf 3—8
mm broad, consisting of a winged midrib
narrowing to a short petiole. Inflorescence a
leafy panicle occupying the upper third of

the stem; flowers usually in 3— 7-flowered
pedunculate cymes, rarely solitary; pedun-
cle 5 — 20 ( — 25) mm long, pedicels 3—12 mm
long; bracteoles usually very small and
linear. Calyx greyish, 2,5—4 mm long, teeth
about 2 mm long. Corolla 5—6 mm long;
tube 2 mm long; lower lip obovate, 3—4 mm
long, slightly concave, remaining 4 lobes
oblong, rounded, 2 mm long. Anthers
exserted by 6—8 mm. Fig. 2.

Common in the central to south-western Trans-
vaal, apparently not extending beyond the Soutpans-
berg, but extending westwards to the northern Cape
Province and just entering Botswana, southwards to
northern Natal, central Orange Free State, Transkei
and eastern Cape Province, reaching its southernmost
limit at about Humansdorp. Usually found in dry
woodland where it is often gregarious under thorn trees
or in bush groups, particularly on overgrazed or
disturbed places. Map 3.

Vouchers: Bolus 10842; Galpin 1647; Killick 1790;
Mogg 8548; Scheepers 1442.

Widely used medicinally for dysentery and
haemorrhoids, whence the common names Koorsbos-
sie and Aambeibossie, while the leaf shape has
suggested the names Paddaklou and Akkedispootjie. It
is also used by native tribes to treat snake-bite and as a
measure against anthrax by boiling it with meat which is
thought to be infected.

The three species T. africanum, T. trifidum and T.
kraussii are almost identical florally but may be
separated on vegetative characters. T. africanum may
be recognized by its smaller stature, rarely exceeding
0,3 m tall and the usually solitary flowers on short
peduncles. In the southern Cape Province, where it

Lamiaceae

4: 11

overlaps with T. trifidum, occasional specimens may be
intermediate, but these are relatively few and can
usually be allocated to one or the other species. Both
are characterized by the deeply lobed leaves though
occasional specimens of T. trifidum may have almost
entire leaves which begin to resemble those of T.
kraussii. In such cases, T. trifidum can usually be
recognized by the somewhat smaller, greyish green
leaves, as against the longer and broader leaves of T.
kraussii, which tend to dry dark brown.

3. Teucrium kraussii Codd in Bothalia
12: 179 (1977). Type: Natal, Umlaas River,
Krauss 153 (K).

T. riparium Hochst. in Flora 28: 66 (1845); Benth. in
DC., Prodr. 12: 576 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 385
(1910); Ross, FI. Natal 302 (1972); Compton, FI.
Swaziland 491 (1976); nom. illegit . , non T. riparium
Rafin. (1838). Type: as above.

An erect soft undershrub 0,5 — 1,1 m
tall, branching from the base; stems simple
below, branched in the upper half or third,
softly woody below, 4-angled, finely to
fairly densely tomentose, usually with
spreading hairs. Leaves subsessile, upper
surface subglabrous or sparingly hispidu-
lous, lower surface sparingly to fairly
densely hispid and minutely gland-dotted,
narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or
oblanceolate, 25—60 x 6 — 12 mm, remotely
1— few-toothed towards the apex or entire,
apex obtuse to acute, base narrowly
cuneate, margin flat or slightly revolute.
Inflorescence a leafy panicle occupying the
upper third of the stem, often diffusely
branched; flowers in 2— 7-flowered pedun-
culate cymes; peduncle 6—20 mm long,
pedicels 3—8 mm long. Calyx finely pube-
scent, 2,5— 3,5 mm long; teeth lanceolate-
deltoid, 1 — 1,5 mm long. Corolla 5—6 mm
long; tube 2—3 mm long; lower lip

oblong-obovate, 2,5 — 3 mm long, slightly
concave, remaining 4 lobes oblong,
rounded, 2 mm long. Stamens exserted by
5—7 mm.

Distributed from Swaziland through semi-coastal
and midland Natal, Transkei and to King William’s
Town district in the Cape, in open bush and grassland.
Map 4.

Vouchers: Acocks 13306; Compton 29695; Tyson
1782.

No common names noted, but the plant is used by
native tribes in the eastern Cape Province to counteract
anthrax by boiling the plant with meat suspected of
being infected, in the same way that T. trifidum is used,
while an infusion is taken to cure snake-bite and as a
tonic.

T. kraussii overlaps with T. trifidum in the eastern
Cape Province and occasional intermediate specimens
may be difficult to place with certainty. The main
distinguishing characters are discussed under T.
trifidum (above).

4: 12

Lamiaceae

K-WoU4i

; i
I I

Lamiaceae

4: 13

7213 3. TINNEA

Tinnea Kotschy ex Hook. f. in Curtis’s bot. Mag. t.5637 (April 1867); Kotschy & Peyr., PI.
Tinn. 25, t.ll (July 1867); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1220 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl.
PflFam. 4,3a: 214 (1895); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 496 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 383 (1910);
Robyns & Lebrun in Bull. Jard. bot. Etat Brux. 8: 168 (1930); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 31 (1969); Vollesen in Bot. Tidsskr. 70: 13 (1975); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 525
(1975). Type species: T. aethiopica Kotschy ex Hook. f.

Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or occasionally ternate or subopposite,
usually entire or nearly so. Inflorescence usually a lax terminal raceme, or flowers borne on
short lateral branches; bracts leaf-like, becoming smaller towards the apex of the raceme;
flowers produced in 2 ( — 3)-flowered verticils or in some species often solitary, often
scented. Calyx 2-lipped, becoming much enlarged, ovoid, inflated and 2-valved with
maturity, often densely pubescent; lips entire, broadly rounded. Corolla 2-lipped, often
liver-coloured or shades of dark reddish purple to mauve; tube short or long, cylindrical at
the base, widening near the throat; upper lip short, broad, ascending, emarginate or
2-lobed; lower lip much larger, spreading, 3-lobed, median lobe often emarginate, larger
than the lateral rounded lobes. Stamens 4, slightly protruding, ascending under the upper
lip, pubescent near the base; filaments of the posterior pair thicker, crossing the filaments
of the anterior stamens so that the anthers are placed uppermost in the throat, thickened
above, the thickened portion yellow and visible in the corolla-throat; anthers 2-thecous, the
anthers on the shorter filaments the smaller. Ovary divided to half-way or more; style
filamentous, shortly bifid, the lobes unequal. Nutlets obovoid-clavate, attached by a lateral
areole occupying up to \ the length, furnished on the back with a broad elliptic or orbicular
“wing” made up of stiff primary rays interlaced with fine transverse hairs.

An African genus of 19 species, 4 of which occur in Southern Africa. The generic name honours the Tinne
family, originally of Holland, three members of whom, Mme Henriette Tinne, her sister and her daughter
Alexandrine, organised an ill-fated expedition to the White Nile in 1861 — 63, during which seeds of Tinnea
aethiopica were collected and subsequently grown in Europe.

Vollesen, l.c., points out that the publication of the plate of Tinnea aethiopica in Curtis’s bot. Mag. antedates
the description given by Kotschy & Peyritsch, generally accepted in the past as the correct author citation for the
genus.

1 Calyx and stems sparingly hispidulous to appressed-tomentose:

2 Corolla bluish mauve to purple, tube narrow, exceeding 10 mm long; mature calyx membranous;

petioles mostly longer than 10 mm 1. T. barbata

2 Corolla dark purple-red to chocolate, tube broad, up to 9 mm long; mature calyx coriaceous; petioles
usually less than 10 mm long:

3 Twiggy shrub up to 2,5 m tall; flowers usually 1 (occasionally 2) per verticil, borne on short lateral

shoots as well as in short terminal racemes 50—100 mm long 2. T. rhodesiana

3 Stems softly woody, sparingly branched, up to 0,6 m long; flowers usually 2 per verticil, borne on

slender terminal racemes 80 — 200 mm long 3. T. galpinii

1 Calyx and-stems densely velvety-lanate 4 . T. eriocalyx

1. Tinnea barbata Vollesen in Bot.
Tidsskr. 70: 25 (1975); Codd in Flower. PI.
Afr. 46: 1. 1813 (1980). Type: Transvaal, Ida
Doyer Nature Reserve near Barberton,
Edwards 4123 (PRE, holo.!).

T. cf. rogersii sensu Compton, FI. Swaziland 66
(1966).

Shrub 2,8—4 m tall, freely branched;
branchlets sericeous. Leaves petiolate, soft;
blade ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate,
20—45 x 12—25 mm, sparingly to densely
pubescent, freely gland-dotted on both
surfaces, apex acute to subobtuse, base
obtuse, margin entire or occasionally with a

Fig. 3. — 1, Tinnea rhodesiana, flowering branch, x 1; la, section through flower, x 4; lb, winged nutlet, x 4
(after Flower, PI. Afr. 46: 1. 1814, 1980). 2, T. barbata, flowering branch, x 1 ; 2a, section through flower, x 2; 2b,
winged nutlets, x 3 (after Flower. PI. Afr. 1. 1813, 1980).

4: 14

Lamiaceae

few weak teeth; petiole 7 — 17 mm long.
Inflorescence terminal or on short side
shoots, of few to several spaced verticils;
verticils 1— 2-flowered; pedicels 8—10 mm
long with a pair of minute bracteoles below
the middle. Calyx enlarging to 15 mm long,
membranous, lips 3—4 mm long. Corolla
mauve to violet, 22—27 mm long, sparsely
pubescent without; tube 12—15 mm long, 2
mm broad at the base; upper lip 2—3 mm
long, about 5 mm broad; lower lip 10—12
mm long, 12—14 mm broad. Nutlets,
excluding the wing, 6 mm long, glabrous;
wing broadly elliptical, about 8x7 mm.
Fig. 3:2.

In riverine scrub and forest margins at about 1 400
m altitude in the mountains of the Barberton district
and adjoining northern Swaziland. Map 5.

Vouchers: Buitendag 753; Compton 28736.

A distinctive species allied to T. rhodesiana
(below) but has larger, softer leaves, membranous
calyx, longer mauve to purple corolla and glabrous
nutlets.

It appears to have first been collected by an officer
of the Department of Forestry near Louws Creek in the
Barberton district in 1956.

Map 5. — ■ Tinnea barbata

• T. rhodesiana

2. Tinnea rhodesiana S. Moore in J.
Bot., Lond. 43: 51 (1905); Robyns &
Lebrun in Bull. Jard. bot. Etat Brux. 8: 180
(1930); Vollesen in Bot. Tidsskr. 70: 23
(1975); Codd in Flower. PI. Afr. 46: t.1814
(1980). Type: Zimbabwe, Matoppos, Eyles
159 (BM, holo.).

T. juttae Dinter, FI. Forst- u. landw. Fragm. 118

(1909), as Timea ; Robyns & Lebrun, l.c. 176 (1930);
Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 288 (1962); Launert &
Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 32 (1969). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Grossbarmen, Dinter 507.

T. galpinii sensu Skan in F.C. 5,1: 383 (1910), partly,
as to Rehmann 5288; 5289.

T. rehmannii Schinz in Vjschr. naturf. Ges. Zurich
57: 561 (1913); Robyns & Lebrun, l.c. 175 (1930).
Type: Transvaal, Klippan, Rehmann 5288 (Z, holo.).

T. dinteri Giirke ex Dinter in Feddes Reprium 24: 13
(1927); Ullbrich, Biologie Friichte & Samen 194
(1928), nom. nud.

Twiggy soft shrub 0,6— 2,5 m tall;
branches pale brown, minutely tomentu-
lose, often glabrescent with age. Leaves
petiolate; blade subcoriaceous, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, 8—20 (—30) x 3— 8 ( — 12)
mm, upper surface dark greenish brown,
subglabrous to tomentulose, lower surface
paler, gland-dotted; secondary nerves not
visible above, 2—3 pairs faintly visible
below, apex subacute to obtuse, base obtuse
to truncate, margin entire; petiole 3—10 mm
long. Inflorescence lax, 50—100 mm long, of
few to several verticils borne terminally and
on twiggy side-shoots; verticils 1 — 2-
flowered; pedicels about 7 mm long with a
pair of minute bracteoles about the middle.
Calyx becoming ovoid, inflated, coriaceous,
straw-coloured, 12—18 x 7—12 mm, lips

2— 3 mm long. Corolla violet-scented,
chocolate to purplish brown, 14—18 mm
long; tube 6—9 mm long; upper lip 2—3 mm
long, about 5 mm broad; lower lip broadly

3- lobed, 5 — 8 mm long, 8—10 mm broad.
Nutlets, excluding the wing, 5—7 mm long,
minutely tomentulose; wing broadly ellipti-
cal, about 8x6 mm. Fig. 3:1.

Found usually on stony hillsides in dry open
woodland in north-eastern and northern Transvaal and
nothern S.W. A. /Namibia; occurs also in Zimbabwe
and Angola. Map 5.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5905; Galpin
9188; Merxmiiller & Giess 30333.

T. rhodesiana is related to T. aethiopica Kotschy
ex Hook. f. , a variable species distributed from
Tanzania to Ethiopia, but differs mainly in the
pubescent nutlets and terete branches. From T. galpinii
(below) it differs in the taller, erect and more twiggy
growth form and the tendency of the flowers to be
borne singly on short side-shoots. The above descrip-
tion is based mainly on Southern African material.

3. Tinnea galpinii Briq. in Bull. Herb.
Boissier ser. 2,3: 1094 (1903); Skan in F.C.
5,1: 383 (1910), partly, excl. Rehmann 5288,
5289; Robyns & Lebrun in Bull. Jard. bot.

Lamiaceae

4: 15

Etat Brux. 8: 187 (1930); Phillips in Flower.
PI. S. Afr. 13: t.517 (1933); Letty, Wild
Flow. Transv. 285, t.142, 4 (1962); Ross, FI.
Natal 302 (1972) Vollesen in Bot. Tidsskr.
70: 31 (1975); Compton, FI. Swaz. 492
(1976). Type: Transvaal, Upper Moodies
near Barberton, Galpin 1212 (PRE!).

Stems few to several arising from a
perennial woody rootstock, sparingly
branched, suberect to decumbent, 0,15—0,6
m long, softly woody below, densely and
shortly tomentose. Leaves subsessile to
shortly petiolate; blade subcoriaceous,
elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, 15 — 25 x 6—10
mm, sparingly tomentulose and gland-
dotted on both surfaces, particularly below,
secondary nerves obscure above, 2—3 pairs
visible below, apex subacute to obtuse,
sometimes minutely apiculate, base obtuse,
margin entire; petiole up to 5 mm long.
Inflorescence lax, terminal, unbranched,
80—200 mm long, of many spaced verticils;
verticils usually 2-flowered; pedicels 4—12
mm long with a pair of minute bracteoles
about the middle. Calyx densely pilose,
gland-dotted, often purple-tinged, becom-
ing ovoid, inflated, membranous, 10 — 14
x 8—10 mm; lips rounded, 2—3 mm long.
Corolla violet-scented, maroon to choco-
late, 12—18 mm long, finely tomentose;
tube 6—9 mm long; upper lip 2—3 mm long,
about 5 mm broad; lower lip 3-lobed, 5 — 8
mm long, 8—10 mm broad. Nutlets, ex-
cluding the wing, 5—6 mm long, subglab-
rous; wing broadly elliptical, about 8x6
mm.

Found among rocks in grassland on the mountains
of eastern Transvaal, extending along the Lebombo
Mts to Swaziland and northern Natal. Map 6.

Vouchers: Codd 7973; Compton 26317', Schlechter
3994.

Differs from T. rhodesiana (above) in the smaller
stature with softer, sparingly branched, suberect to
spreading stems with denser tomentum, particularly on
the calyx, and flowers borne in slender terminal
racemes.

4. Tinnea eriocalyx Welw. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. Lond. 27: 59 (1869); Engl.,
Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 371 (1892);

Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 880 (1900);
Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 499 (1900); Robyns &
Lebrun in Bull. Jard. bot. Etat Brux. 8: 196
(1930); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 32 (1969); Vollesen in Bot. Tidsskr. 70:

Map 6. — • Tinnea galpinii

■ T. eriocalyx

42 (1975). Type: Angola, Huilla distr.,
Lopollo, Welwitsch 1635 (BM).

Soft shrublet 0,6 — 1 m tall, branching
near the base from a perennial woody
rootstock; stems erect, sparingly branched,
densely lanate. Leaves often ternate or
subopposite, subsessile; blade subcoriace-
ous, lanceolate-elliptic to broadly ovate,
20—45 x 8—20 mm, finely pubescent to
densely velvety, secondary nerves indistinct,
apex subacute to obtuse, often minutely
apiculate, base obtuse, margin entire;
petiole up to 5 mm long. Inflorescence a lax
terminal raceme 100—350 mm long; verticils
usually 2— 3-flowered; pedicels 3—8 mm
long with a pair of linear-lanceolate bracte-
oles near the base. Calyx subglobose,
densely yellowish lanate-velutinous, ovoid,
enlarging to 20 mm long in fruit; lips 2—3
mm long. Corolla mauve to almost purple,
15 — 25 mm long; tube 8—14 mm long; upper
lip 3—5 mm long, about 5 mm broad; lower
lip broadly 3-lobed, 4—6 mm long, 8—10
mm broad. Nutlets, excluding the wing, 7—8
mm long, sparsely pubescent; wing about 12
x 9 mm.

Found in dry open woodland on sandy soil in
northern S.W. A. /Namibia; also recorded from Bots-
wana, Angola and Zaire. Map 6.

Vouchers: De Winter & Marais 4826; Wild &
Drummond 6915.

Readily distinguishable from other species in
Southern Africa by its densely lanate-velvety stems and
calyx. Like T. galpinii (above), the flowers are
produced in slender terminal racemes.

4: 16

Lamiaceae

Fig 4. — 1 , Scutellaria racemosa, habit, x 1; a. flower, x 7; b, section through flower, x 7; c, d, calyx, x 7; e,
nutlet, x 20 ( Theron 1903).

Lamiaceae

4: 17

7234 4. SCUTELLARIA

Scutellaria L., Sp. PI. 598 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 260 (1754); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 412
(1848); Benth. & Hook. f. , Gen. PI. 2,2: 1201 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 225
(1896); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 461 (1900); Epling, Univ. Calif. Pubis Bot. 20: 16 (1942);
Richardson in FI. Europ. 3: 135 (1972); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 526 (1975). Type species: S.
peregrina L.

Perennial decumbent herb. Leaves usually small and soft, entire or toothed.
Inflorescence racemose, lax or dense; bracts leaf-like, often smaller towards the apex of the
inflorescence; verticils 2-flowered. Calyx pouch-shaped, 2-lipped; lips equal in length,
entire, broad, rounded, the upper bearing a transverse protruding outgrowth and finally
deciduous, the lower persistent. Corolla 2-lipped; tube ascending-arcuate or somewhat
sigmoid, upper lip erect, concave or galeate, usually obliquely joined to the lateral lobes of
the lower lip; lower lip spreading with an oblong central lobe and 2 smaller lateral lobes.
Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip and included by it, the lower pair the
longer; anthers of the upper pair 2-celled, of the lower with one cell imperfect or obsolete.
Ovary on a variably developed gynobase; style slender, included in the upper lip, subequal
to the stamens, apex subulate with one branch wanting or short and appressed to the
longer. Nutlets ovoid to subglobose, rarely obovoid, borne on a raised gynophore,
tuberculate or variously sculptured.

In non-Southern African species, annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, occasionally erect.

Species about 150 widely distributed in the north temperate zones of the Old and New Worlds, extending to
South America, to Malaysia and Australia, and to tropical Africa as far south as Zimbabwe; one species of South
American origin naturalized in Southern Africa.

Scutellaria racemosa Pers., Syn. PI. 2:

136 (1807); Epling, Univ. Calif. Pubis Bot.

20: 18 (1942); Hilliard & Burtt in Notes R.
bot. Gdn Edinb. 30: 127 (1970). Type:

Uruguay, Montevideo, Commerson (P).

Weak-stemmed perennial herb, freely
branched, rhizomatous; stems 0,15—0,3 m
long, slender, quadrangular, glabrous to
sparingly pilose. Leaves petiolate; blade
lanceolate to lanceolate-hastate, 10—30 x
3—6 mm, glabrous or nearly so, gland-
dotted beneath, apex acute, base obtuse to
rounded, margin entire, often inrolled;
petiole 1 — 3 mm long. Inflorescence slender,
lax, 5 — 12 mm long; pedicels 2—3 mm long.

Calyx puberulous to hispidulous, at flower-
ing 1,5 — 2 mm long, enlarging to 3 mm long
in fruit. Corolla small, 4,5—6 mm long.

variously coloured, violet to red or white
with purple spots, the lower lip often paler
than the upper; tube ascending, 3—4 mm
long, widening to 2 mm wide at the throat;
lips subequal, 1,5 — 2 mm long. Stamens
reaching the apex of the upper lip, the lower
pair attached about 2 mm above the base of
the tube. Nutlets 1 mm long, pale brown,
minutely tuberculate. Fig. 4.

Naturalized on river banks and moist places in
central Transvaal and coastal parts of the Cape
Province. Originally from South America.

Vouchers: M. de Winter s.n.; Smart sub TRV
26683.

The first known gathering of the species in South
Africa was at Plettenberg Bay in 1921, followed by a
collection near Middelburg, Transvaal, in 1933.

Lamiaceae

4: 18

Lamiaceae

4: 19

7236 5. ACROTOME

Acrotome Benth. in Endl., Gen. PL 1: 627 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 435 (1848); Benth. &
Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1206 (1876); Briq. in Naturl. PflFam. 4,3a: 229 (1896); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 471 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 335 (1910); G. Tayl. in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 1 (1935);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 5 (1969); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 526 (1975). Type
species: A. pallescens Benth.

Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. Leaves entire or toothed. Inflorescence
terminal, of spaced few- or densely many-flowered, often glomerate verticils; bracts
leaf-like, becoming smaller towards the apex of the inflorescence; bracteoles linear, often
bristle-like and spine-tipped, arcuate and often conspicuous at the base of the verticil. Calyx
as long as or shorter than the corolla tube, tubular-campanulate, 10- or 11-nerved, slightly
oblique or symmetrical at the mouth, equally or unequally 5 — 11-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped;
tube slightly exceeding the calyx, tubular, often with a ring of hairs or glands within about
the middle, pubescent without; upper lip ascending or slightly arched, almost flat, without a
fringe of hairs; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 4,
didynamous, inserted at about the same level near the middle of the corolla tube, included
within the tube, held together by intertwining hairs; filaments of posterior pair more or less
straight, those of the anterior pair recurved; anthers obovoid or oblong, 1-celled by
confluence, bearing a glandular crest. Ovary 4-lobed, truncate and glandular on the
truncate surface; style hairy, included with the anthers, entire, oblique at the apex. Nutlets
obovoid, triquetrous, truncate at the apex.

A genus of 8 species occurring in Africa south of the equator; 6 species recorded from Southern Africa, one or
two of which tend to become weeds of waste places. There is a superficial resemblance to the genus Leucas (no.
10), but Acrotome is distinguished by the peculiar arrangement of the stamens, which are included in the corolla
tube and held together by intermingling hairs, and by the upper lip of the corolla being shorter than the lower
(which is usually, but not always, longer than the lower in Leucas).

1 Plants annual, unbranched or branched shortly above the base; verticils usually 15 — many-flowered in
dense globose clusters (occasionally fewer in A. fleckii ); bracteoles usually well developed:

2 Verticils 1 or 2 (rarely 3) per flowering branch; calyx regular, 5-toothed:

3 Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; pubescence on stems appressed-retrorse

1. A. inflata

3 Leaves linear-lanceolate to linear; pubescence on stems appressed-antrorse 2. A. angustifolia

2 Verticils (3 — ) 4—10 per flowering branch; calyx oblique, 8—10-toothed 3. A. fleckii

1 Plants perennial, branching at the base from a woody rootstock; verticils 2 — 10-flowered; bracteoles

usually poorly developed:

4 Plant puberulous or shortly pubescent:

5 Calyx mouth oblique, 5-toothed 4 . A. pallescens

5 Calyx mouth not oblique, 8 — 11-toothed 5 . A. thorncroftii

4 Plant densely hispid-villous 6 .A. hispida

1. Acrotome inflata Benth. in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 436 (1848); Oliv. in Hooker’s
Icon. PL 15: t.1467 (1884); N.E. Br. in Kew
Bull. 1909: 132 (1909); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 335
(1910); G. Tayl. in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 8
(1935); Wilman, Check List Griq. West 229
(1946); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 7 (1969); Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho 236
(1971). Type: Cape “Zuurebergen”, Burke
s.n. (K, holo.).

Leucas eenii Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 878
(1900). Lasiocorys eenii (Hiern) Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 469
(1900). Syntypes: Angola, Mossamedes, Welwitsch
5486 (BM); S.W. A. /Namibia, Een s.n. (BM).

Acrotome amboensis Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier
ser. 2,3: 1095 (1903). Syntypes: S.W. A. /Namibia,
several cited.

Annual erect herb 0,15—0,7 (—1) m
tall, usually freely branched shortly above
the base; stems densely appressed retrorse
villous. Leaves subsessile to shortly petiol-

4: 20

Lamiaceae

ate; blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, (20—) 30—100 ( — 120) x
(5-) 10-25 mm, shortly and densely pilose,
apex acute, base cuneate, margin remotely
and sparingly crenate-serrate, mainly above
the middle. Inflorescence of 1 or 2 (rarely 3)
spaced verticils; verticils densely many-
flowered, globose, 15-35 mm in diam.;
bracteoles numerous, filiform, arcuate-
erect, villous, spine-tipped, up to 10 mm
long; flowers sessile. Calyx widest about the
middle, 7 mm long at flowering, enlarging to
12—15 mm, hispid, symmetrical at the
mouth, subequally 5-toothed; teeth deltoid-
subulate, spine-tipped, eventually 3 mm
long. Corolla small, white or pale mauve;
upper lip oblong, 3—4 mm long; lower lip
4—5 mm long. Nutlets 2,5—3 mm long. Fig.
5:1.

Widespread in the semi-arid parts of S.W. A. /Na-
mibia, Botswana, northern and western Transvaal,
northern Cape Province and Orange Free State,
entering Lesotho and reaching as far south as
Middelburg and Queenstown in the eastern Cape;
locally common in open woodland, especially under
trees and disturbed places in grassland, and found as a
weed of roadsides and cultivation. Also recorded in
Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Map 7.

Vouchers: Codd 4146; Dieterlen 89; Galpin 1505;
Rodin 9299; Smith 3902.

Closely related to the next species, A. angustifolia ,
and the differences are discussed under that species.

Map 8. — • Acrotome angustifolia

4 A. pallescens
■ A. thorncroftii

There is a superficial resemblance between A. inflata
and Leucas martinicensis (p. 4: 40) but in the latter
species the calyx is bent at the apex and obliquely
10-toothed, the upper corolla lip is as long as the lower
with the stamens shortly exserted from the tube, and
the nutlets are not truncate at the apex. Both species
are recorded as weeds of cultivation and disturbed
places.

Although listed by Compton, FI. Swaziland 66
(1976), no material of this species from Swaziland has
been seen.

2. Acrotome angustifolia G. Tayl. in J.
Bot., Lond. 73: 9 (1935); Launert &
Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 6 (1969). Type:
Transvaal, Mosdene, Galpin M 602 (BM,
holo.; K; PRE!).

A. lancifolia Brem. & Oberm. in Ann. Transv. Mus.
16: 431 (1935). Type: Botswana, Kaotwe, Van Son sub
TRV 28919 (PRE, holo.!; BM).

Similar in habit and appearance to A.
inflata (above) but pubescence on the stems
antrorse not retrorse and leaves narrower,
linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate-
oblong, 40—90 x 5 — 14 mm.

Found in open woodland on deep sandy soil in
northern S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana, north-western
Transvaal and just entering the northern Cape
Province. Also in Zimbabwe and Zambia. It does not

Fig, 5. — 1, Acrotome inflata, flower clusters, x 1; la, calyx, x 3; lb, nutlet, x 7 (Mason & Boshoff 2533). 2,
A. hispida, lower part of plant, x 1; 2a, mature calyx, x 3 (Codd 8433); 2b, calyx and bracteole, X 3; 2c, corolla, x
3; 2d, section of corolla tube showing position of anthers and style, x 7 (Mrs Jenkins s.n., Pretoria District). 3, A.
pallescens, calyx, x 3 (Oliver & Muller 6429). 4, A. fleckii, calyx, x 3 (De Winter & Hardy 3210). 5, A.
thorncroftii, calyx, x 3 (Compton 31936).

Lamiaceae

4: 21

1

4: 22

Lamiaceae

show the same tendency to become a weed as A. inflata
and is restricted to the particular environment
indicated. Mainly for these reasons, A. angustifolia is
retained as a separate species. Map 8.

Vouchers: Rodin 9142; Story 5555; Wild &
Drummond 6990.

According to Rodin a tea is made from the leaves
and flowers in the Okavango area and given to children
with upset stomachs.

3. Acrotome fleckii (Giirke) Launert in
Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 2: 360 (1957);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123:6
(1969). Lectotype: S.W. A. /Namibia, Da-
maraland, Tiras, Schinz 43 (Z).

Leucas fleckii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22: 140 (1895).

Acrotome belckii Giirke in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6:
549 (1898); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 471 (1900). Type:
S.W. A. /Namibia, Kaokoveld, near Otjitambi, Belck
40.

Annual erect herb 0,1— 0,6 (—0,8) m
tall, unbranched or branched shortly above
the base; stems shortly retrorse and some-
what crisped tomentose. Leaves subsessile
or shortly petiolate; blade linear to linear-
lanceolate, 25—70 x 5 — 10 mm, sparingly to
fairly densely pilose, apex subacute, base
attenuate, margin with a few small teeth in
the upper half. Inflorescence of (3—) 4—10
spaced verticils, often starting near the base
of the plant; verticils dense, few- to
many-flowered, 10—22 mm in diam.; brac-
teoles numerous, filiform, arcuate-erect,
villous, 5—8 mm long, spine-tipped. Calyx
hispid, widest at the oblique mouth, 5 mm
long at flowering, enlarging to 8—10 mm,
subequally 8—10-toothed; teeth deltoid-
subulate to filiform, spine-tipped, eventual-
ly 3 — 4 mm long. Corolla small, white;
upper lip oblong, 2,5 — 3 mm long; lower lip
4—5 mm long. Nutlets 2,5 mm long. Fig. 5:4.

Distributed in the western half of S.W. A. /Namibia
from Damaraland to Bethanien district in the south, in
sandy soil usually among rocks or under trees. Map 9.

Vouchers: De Winter 2685; Schlieben 10324.

Differs from A. inflata (no. 1) and A. angustifolia
(no. 2) in its usually smaller stature and more numerous
but smaller verticils which often start near the base of
the plant. It also has a more westerly distribution.

4. Acrotome pallescens Benth. in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 436 (1848); Briq. in Bull. Herb.
Boissier ser. 2,3: 1096 (1903); Skan in F.C.
5,1: 335 (1910); G. Tayl. in J. Bot., Lond.
73: 11 (1935); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 7 (1969). Type: Cape,

Map 9. — # Acrotome fleckii

■ A. hispida

probably Namaqualand, Drege s.n. (K,
holo.).

Stachys steingroeveri Briq. in Bot. Jb. 19: 193. Type:
S.W. A. /Namibia, Steingrover 11.

Shrublet 0,45—0,5 m tall, usually freely
branched at the base from a perennial
woody rootstock; stems slender, erect to
spreading, softly woody below, minutely
glandular-puberulous. Leaves very shortly
petiolate; blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate or
linear-oblong, 10—25 x 4—10 mm, subglab-
rous to puberulous or minutely hispidulous,
apex subacute, base cuneate, margin entire
or with a few small teeth near the apex.
Inflorescence of 2—6 spaced verticils; verti-
cils up to 12-flowered, usually fewer;
bracteoles few, linear-filiform, minutely
hispidulous, somewhat spine-tipped, 3—5
mm long; pedicels 1—2 mm long. Calyx
puberulous to hispidulous, widest near the
slightly oblique mouth, 6 — 7 mm long at
flowering, enlarging slightly at maturity,
5-toothed; teeth deltoid-subulate, spine-
tipped, eventually 3 mm long. Corolla
small, white; upper lip oblong, 2—3 mm
long; lower lip 4—5 mm long. Nutlets dark
brown, 1,5 mm long. Fig. 5:3.

Grows in sandy soil among rocks in southern
S.W. A. /Namibia and northern Namaqualand. Map 8.

Vouchers: Acocks 18025; Leistner 2480; Strev
2309.

5. Acrotome thorncroftii Skan in F.C.
5,1: 335 (1910); G. Tayl. in J. Bot., Lond.

Lamiaceae

4: 23

73: 10 (1935); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972).
Type: Transvaal, Barberton, Thorncroft sub
TRV 3124 (K, holo. ; PRE!).

Perennial herb 0,1— 0,2 m tall, branch-
ing from the base; stems arising annually
from a woody rootstock, ascending to
spreading, slender, sparingly branched,
fairly densely hispidulous. Leaves very
shortly petiolate; blade oblong-elliptic to
linear-oblanceolate, 14—20 x 2—4 mm,
hispidulous, apex obtuse, base cuneate,
margin entire or with a pair of minute teeth
near the apex. Inflorescence simple or
occasionally with a pair of branches near the
base, consisting of 2—7 spaced or fairly
crowded verticils; verticils 4 — 10-flowered;
bracteoles few, lanceolate to linear- filiform,
3—6 mm long, hispidulous, somewhat
spine-tipped; flowers sessile. Calyx hispidu-
lous, 5—7 mm long at flowering, enlarging
slightly at maturity, mouth symmetrical,
8—11-toothed; teeth deltoid-subulate,
spine-tipped, 1 — 1,5 mm long. Corolla
small, white; upper lip 2,5 mm long; lower
lip 5—6 mm long. Fig. 5:5.

Known from only a few gatherings in grassland in
the south-eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and northern
KwaZulu. Map 8.

Vouchers: Compton 28847; Ward 3598.

See note after A. hispida (below).

6. Acrotome hispida Benth. in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 436 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 336
(1910); G. Tayl. in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 12
(1935); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972); Comp-
ton, FI. Swaziland 492 (1976). Type:
Transvaal, “Schoenstrome” (Mooi River),
Burke s.n. (K, holo.).

A. hispida var. elongata Benth., l.c. (1848). Type:
Transvaal, Vaal River, Burke s.n. (K, holo.).

— var. obliqua Benth., l.c. (1848). Type: Transvaal,
Aapies River, Burke s.n. (K, holo.).

Perennial herb 0,1—0,25 m tall, branch-
ing from the base; stems few to many from a
woody rootstock, ascending to spreading,
sparingly branched, sometimes fairly woody
at the base, densely hispid. Leaves very
shortly petiolate; blade obovate to elliptic,
8 — 25 x 5 — 14 mm, densely hispid, apex
obtuse to rounded, base cuneate, margin
usually few-toothed at the apex or entire.
Inflorescence simple, of 2—8 spaced or
sometimes fairly crowded verticils, often
starting low down on the stems; verticils
6— 10-flowered; bracteoles few, linear to
linear-filiform, 3—6 mm long, hispid,
somewhat spine-tipped; flowers sessile.
Calyx densely hispid, 5—7 mm long,
enlarging slightly at maturity, mouth sym-
metrical, 7 — 10-toothed; teeth deltoid-
subulate, spine-tipped, 1 — 2 mm long.
Corolla small, white; upper lip 2—3 mm
long; lower lip 4— 6 mm long. Nutlets nearly
2 mm long, 1 mm broad. Fig. 5:2.

Found in central and southern Transvaal, extend-
ing through Swaziland to northern KwaZulu, in grassy
places, often among rocks. Map 9.

Vouchers: Acocks 21014; Galpin 14631; Schlechter
3722.

In calyx characters A. hispida is similar to A.
thorncroftii (no. 5), but can be recognized by the denser
and more hispid pubescence and the broader leaves,
though there appears to be some introgression between
the two. Thus in the Nelspruit area specimens of A.
hispida tend to have narrower leaves, while in northern
KwaZulu some specimens have somewhat shorter
pubescence, approaching the condition found in A.
thorncroftii ; perhaps varietal status for the latter may
be more appropriate.

4: 24

Lamiaceae

Fig, 6. — 1, Marrubium vulgare, flowering stem, x 1; a, calyx and corolla, x 10; b, section through upper part
of corolla, x 10; c, gynoecium, x 10 ( Bruce 359).

Lamiaceae

4: 25

7238 6. MARRUBIUM

Marrubium L. , Sp. PI. 582 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 254 (1754); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12:
447 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1206 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 230
(1896); Cullen in FI. Europ. 3: 137 (1972); Standley & Williams in Fieldiana Bot. 24,9: 264
(1973); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 526 (1975). Type species: M. vulgare L.

Perennial herbs, usually tomentose or lanate. Leaves petiolate, rugose, toothed.
Inflorescence of spaced verticils; verticils dense, often glomerate, many-flowered; bracts
leaf-like, becoming smaller towards the apex; bracteoles usually present, linear-subulate;
flowers sessile. Calyx tubular, widening towards the mouth, 5 — 10-nerved, densely hairy
inside the mouth; teeth 10, subequal, spine-tipped, recurved or hooked. Corolla small,
white to purplish; tube included in the calyx, glabrous or with a ring of hairs within; upper
lip erect, almost flat or concave, almost entire to deeply 2-fid; lower lip slightly longer than
the upper, spreading, 3-fid, the middle lobe broader and emarginate. Stamens 4,
didynamous, included in the corolla tube, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, the
cells divaricate, confluent. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, truncate at the apex.

In non-Southern African species the calyx may be 5 — 10-toothed.

About 30 species, natives of Europe, northern Africa and Asia; 1 species now a widespread weed and
naturalized in Southern Africa.

Marrubium vulgare L., Sp. PI. 583
(1753); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 453
(1848); Salter in FI. Cape Penins. 698
(1950); Butcher, New Illustr. Brit. FI. 2: 352
(1961); Standley & Williams in Fieldiana
Bot. 24,9: 264 (1973). Type: from Europe.

Aromatic herb 0,3— 0,6 m tall; stems
few to several from a perennial rhizome,
erect, lanate, somewhat woody at the base.
Leaves petiolate; blade broadly ovate to
subrotund, 20—45 x 18—45 mm, sparingly
to densely tomentose above, densely lanate
below, apex rounded to obtuse, base
cuneate, margin crenate-dentate; petiole
5 — 14 mm long. Inflorescence simple, of
4—12 spaced verticils; bracteoles linear-

filiform, 5—7 mm long, villous. Calyx 5 — 8
mm long at flowering, scarcely enlarging;
tube about 4—5 mm long, stellate-hispid;
teeth 10, subulate, spine-tipped, 1,5 — 3 mm
long, spreading, bent or hooked at the apex.
Corolla 7—8 mm long; upper lip 2,5 mm
long; lower lip 2,5 — 3 mm long. Nutlets
smooth, 2 mm long. Fig. 6.

A native of Europe and Asia, now a widespread
weed, occasionally cultivated; naturalized in parts of
the Orange Free State, Lesotho and the Cape Province.

Vouchers: Brink 226; Bruce 359.

Commonly known as Horehound or Hoarhound,
the plant has long been used medicinally for treating
colds. The hooked calyx teeth adhere to wool and the
plant tends to be distributed in this way.

4: 26

Lamiaceae

Fig 7. — 1, Cedronella canariensis, flowering stem, x 1; a, corolla, opened longitudinally, x 3; b, section
through corolla, x 3; c, calyx, x 3 (Rourke 1494).

Lamiaceae

4: 27

7245 7. CEDRONELLA

Cedronella Moench, Meth. 411 (1794); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 405 (1848); Benth. &
Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1200 (1875); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 235 (1896); Skan in F.C.
5,1: 333 (1910); Salter in FI. Cape Penins. 698 (1950); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 526 (1975). Type
species: C. canariensis (L.) Webb & Berth.

Perennial herbs, woody at the base. Leaves petiolate, thin-textured, digitately 3
(— 5)-foliolate, toothed. Inflorescence dense, of many crowded verticils, the lowest verticil
often a distance below the rest; verticils densely many-flowered, made up of opposite
much-branched cymes, the lower cymes pedunculate; bracts narrow, simple or 3-foliolate;
bracteoles linear-filiform. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 13 — 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed;
teeth narrowly lanceolate-deltoid, subulate, erect. Corolla tube exserted, somewhat
widened at the throat, glabrous within; upper lip erect, somewhat hooded, 2-fid or
emarginate, about equal in length to the lower; lower lip spreading, 3-fid with the median
lobe the largest. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip or slightly exserted,
the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled; cells parallel, distinct. Style shortly
2-fid; lobes equal. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.

The present tendency is to limit the genus to 1 species; originally from Madeira and the Canary Islands, now a
widespread weed, naturalized in the south-western Cape Province.

Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb &
Berth., Phyt. Canar. 3:87 (1847); Salter in
FI. Cape Penins. 698 (1950); Bramwell in FI.
Europ. 3: 157 (1972). Type: from the
Canary Islands.

Dracocephalum canariense L., Sp. PI. edn 2,2: 829
(1763). C. triphylla Moench, Meth. 412 (1794); Benth.
in DC., Prodr. 12: 406 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 334
(1910); Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 1: 698 (1963), nom. illegit.

Erect perennial to 2,5 m tall; stems
slender, 4-angled, glabrous except for a ring
of hairs at the nodes. Leaflets lanceolate,
median leaflet the largest, 40—70 x 14—24
mm; lateral leaflets 25—45 x 8—14 mm,
base occasionally with a lobe or conspicuous

tooth. Inflorescence 30—80 mm long; verti-
cils 6 — 12- flowered. Calyx 11 — 13 mm long,
pubescent, gland-dotted; tube 8—9 mm
long; teeth 3—4 mm long. Corolla purplish,
17 — 18 mm long; tube about 14 mm long,
sparingly pubescent without; upper lip 3 mm
long; lower lip 3 mm long. Fig. 7.

Naturalized in the south-western Cape Province,
mainly along streams in forest clearings; originally from
Madeira and the Canary Islands.

Vouchers: Bolus 4624; Rourke 1494.

Commonly known as Balm of Gilead; the plants
have a pleasant cedar-like smell from which the generic
name Cedronella (“little cedar”) is derived.

4: 28

Lamiaceae

Fig 8. — 1, Prunella vulgaris, flowering stem, x 1; a, creeping stem, x 1; t>, bract, x 3; c, d, calyx, x 4; e,
flower opened longitudinally, x 4; f, section through corolla, x 4; g, nutlet, x 8 ( Hugo 7254).

Lamiaceae

4: 29

7254 8. PRUNELLA

Prunella L., Sp. PI. 600 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 261 (1754), as Brunella; Willd., Sp. PI. 3:
176 (1800); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 409 (1848), as Brunella; Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI.
2,2: 1203 (1876), as Brunella; Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 241 (1896), as Brunella; Smith
in FI. Europ. 3: 162 (1972); Standley & Williams in Fieldiana Bot. 24,9: 271 (1973); R. A.
Dyer, Gen. 1: 526 (1975). Type species: P. vulgaris L.

Soft, perennial herbs, usually decumbent or prostrate. Leaves petiolate, entire.
Inflorescence dense, spike-like or subcapitate; verticils 4— 6-flowered, closely placed; bracts
differing from the leaves, usually large, ovate to orbicular; flowers very shortly pedicellate.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, subcompressed, 10-nerved, reticulate-veined, bilabiate; upper
lip broad, shortly 3-toothed; lower lip narrower with 2 long subulate teeth. Corolla tube
shortly exserted from the calyx; upper lip erect, somewhat hooded, entire; lower lip slightly
shorter, deflexed, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending beneath the upper lip, the
lower pair the longer; filaments with a subterminal tooth or claw; anthers 2-celled. Style
bifid, lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, keeled, smooth.

Leaves in non-South African species may be dentate to pinnatifid.

About 5 species, in temperate regions of both hemispheres; 1 species widely naturalized in wet or moist places
and recently recorded in South Africa. The usual pre-Linnaean spelling was Brunella but Linnaeus consistently
spelt it Prunella in his Sp. PI. (1753) and subsequent editions, though in his Gen. PI. edn 5 (1754) he spelt it
Brunella.

Prunella vulgaris L., Sp. PI. 600 (1753);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 410 (1848);
Butcher, New Illustr. Brit. FI. 2: 329 (1961);
Salisbury, Weeds and Aliens 219 (1961);
Smith in FI. Europ. 3: 162 (1972); Standley
& Williams in Fieldiana Bot. 271, t.57
(1973). Type: from Europe.

Straggling herb, rooting at the nodes;
stems up to 0,3 m long, glabrous or
sparingly pubescent. Leaves petiolate; blade
ovate to broadly ovate, 20—30 x 12—20
mm, sparingly pilose, apex rounded, base
obtuse, margin entire; petiole 10—20 mm
long. Inflorescence dense, 20—40 mm long,
subtended by a pair of leaf-like bracts; floral

bracts ovate-orbicular, about 5 mm long and
6 mm broad, abruptly acute at the apex,
often purple-tinged. Calyx 6—7 mm long at
flowering, enlarging only slightly at maturi-
ty. Corolla dark blue to purple, rarely
white, 9—10 mm long; tube about as long as
the calyx; upper lip 2,5 mm long, sparingly
pubescent, lower lip about 2 mm long. Fig.
8.

Originally from Europe and now widespread;
recorded from Natal midlands in wet vleis or moist
forest margins.

Vouchers; Edwards 3083; Moll & Mauve 2443.

Commonly known as Self-heal or Heal-all, though
this claim is no doubt overrated.

LAMIACEAE

4: 31

7264 9. LEONOTIS

by M. Iwarsson

Leonotis (Pers.) R. Br., Prodr. FI. Nov. Holl. 504 (1810); in Ait. f., Hort. Kew. edn 2, 3:
409 (1811); Benth., Lab. 618 (1834); Spach, Hist. Nat. 9: 210 (1840); Benth. in DC., Prodr.
12: 534 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2: 1214 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a:
246 (1896); Bak. in F.T. A. 5: 490 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 374 (1910); Morton in F.W.T.A.
2: 470 (1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 15 (1969). Lectotype species: L.
leonitis R. Br., now included in L. ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson (selected by Britton, FI.
Bermuda 324, 1918).

Phlomis L. sect. Leonotis Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 127 (1807), the rank of this taxon was not indicated.

Hemisodon Raf. , FI. Tellur. 3: 88 (1837). Type species: H. leonurus (L.) Raf.

The lectotypes are selected here, unless otherwise indicated.

Annual or perennial robust herbs, or shrubs up to 5 m tall. Stem rounded at base,
4-angled and 4-grooved at apex, the upper 10—25 nodes green, without lenticels, nodes
thicker and more hairy than internodes, often with prominent leaf scars. Inflorescence
composed of 3 — 11 verticils per shoot, dense, spherical, axillary, many-flowered; bracts
leaf-like; bracteoles linear, spinescent. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, 8 — 10-toothed; teeth
usually rigid, spinescent or rarely almost obsolete; the dorsal calyx tooth sometimes
dominating, supported by three calyx veins. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, white, covered by
orange-coloured (rarely white) hairs; tube with 1—3 transverse fringes of hairs inside, 2—8
mm above the abscission zone; upper corolla-lip entire, almost as long as the tube, a fringe
of longer hairs covers anthers and stigma; lower corolla-lip 3-lobed, soon withering and
becoming patent or reflexed, lobes subequal or the middle one larger and faintly retuse.
Stamens 4, inserted at the mouth of the corolla, didynamous, the lower pair longer; thecae
2, divaricate, subconfluent. Disc ventrally enlarged. Style not bifid, only ventral branch
developed and the dorsal stigma surface sessile. Nutlets glabrous, oblong, 3-angled in
transverse section, distally truncate and glandular.

About 10 species in Africa south of the Sahara, all bird-pollinated; 3 species (one with 3 varieties) are
recognized in Southern Africa, one of which, L. nepetifolia, is a pantropical weed.

The generic name is derived from the Greek words “leon” and “otis”, i.e. “lion’s ear”. This was originally a
specific epithet given to one of the species by Linnaeus, certainly alluding to the morphology of the hair-fringed
upper corolla lip.

1 Calyx shorter than 15 mm with 10 subequal teeth; leaves linear, length/width ratio 5:1 — 10:1; lower lip of

corolla with (three) separate lobes, reflexed 1 . L. leonurus

1 Calyx longer than 15 mm, 2-lipped, dorsal tooth supported by 3 veins, usually more than twice as long as
the other teeth; leaves usually broader; lower lip of corolla with the lobes united at the base, patent:

2 Shrub, with many branches from a thick woody base; nodes without conspicuously long hairs;

corolla-tube with 1 ring of hairs inside 2. L. ocymifolia

2 Annual or short-lived perennial herb (to 3 m high), not branched at the base; nodes usually with a tuft

of long hairs; corolla-tube usually with 3 rings of hairs inside 3. L. nepetifolia

1. Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. in Ait.
f. Hort. Kew. edn 2,3: 410 (1811); Benth.,
Lab. 620 (1834); in E. Mey., Comm. 1: 243
(1837); Krauss in Flora 28: 66 (1845); Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 375 (1910). Type: Cape of Good
Hope, Herb. Linnaeus 740.19 (LINN,
lecto.!).

Phlomis leonurus L., Sp. PI. 586 (1753); Mant. 2: 412
(1767); Bergius, Descr. PI. Cap. 151 (1767); Thunb.,
Prodr. 2: 95 (1800); Sims in Curtis’s bot. Mag. 478
(1800); Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 127 (1807). Leonurus afri-

canus Mill., Diet. (1768). Hemisodon leonurus (L.)
Raf., FI. Tellur. 3: 88 (1837).

Leonurus grandiflorus Moench, Meth. 400 (1794).
No type material known.

Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. var. albiflora Benth. in
E. Mey., Comm. 1: 243 (1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 537
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 376 (1910). Type: Cape,
Hexrivier, Drege s.n. (K, lecto.!; K!; S!; W!). The
specimens at K have the number 4829.

Shrub 2—5 m tall, branching from a
thick woody base; internodes 10—50 mm

4: 32

Lamiaceae

long, in the inflorescence region up to 85
mm long; cortex pale brown, densely
pubescent with antrorse hairs, striate by
elongated lenticels. Leaves petiolate; blade
50—100 x 10 — 20 mm, linear, acute at apex
and base, serrate (15 — 30 teeth/leaf) in the
distal half; upper surface green and rough,
more densely pubescent beneath; petiole up
to 10 mm long, densely pubescent with short
hairs. Inflorescence of 3 — 11 compact,
subspherical (flattened from below) verti-
cils, 25—40 mm in diameter; verticil
branches less than 4 mm long; bracts 40—80
x 4—9 mm; bracteoles 6—20 x 0,5 — 1 mm,
apiculate; pedicels shorter than 4,5 mm.
Calyx 12—16 mm long, 4 mm in diameter;
calyx-teeth 10, 0,9—3 mm long, subequal,
spreading. Corolla 40—49 mm long, covered
with orange-coloured (rarely white) hairs,
tube bent forward, 26 — 30 mm long, with 1
to 3 diffuse fringes of hairs on the inside;
lobes of lower lip 4,2— 7,2 mm long, the
lateral ones distinctly retuse. Lateral sta-
mens with orange hairs at base; fresh pollen
pale yellow. Nutlets 4,8—6 x 1,6— 1,9 mm,
brown, distal surface conspicuously oblique,
glandular and without distinct delimitation
against the two ventral sides. Fig. 9:2.

Recorded from Transvaal, Natal and Cape. In
Transvaal the species occurs at altitudes between 900
and 2 000 m, while in the southern provinces it

descends to sea level. It is locally common at forest
margins, often on river banks, on rocky hillsides or in
tall grassland. Map 10.

Vouchers: Galpin 10792; MacOwan & Bolus 591;
Rodin 1003; Thorncroft sub TRV 19188.

This species is one of the Cape plants brought to
Europe at an early stage, often described and depicted,
for example in Bartolin, Acta Med. & Philos. Hafn. 2:
57 (1673), Breynius, Exot. PI. Cent. t. 86 (1678) and
Hermann, Hort. Lugd.-Bat. Cat. 115 (1687). It is still
grown as an ornamental in various parts of the world.

An albinistic form of the species was described as
L. leonurus var. albiflora Benth., based on Drige s.n.
(K, S, W), and is also represented by Marloth 7424
(BOL), Wood 164 (BM, K, SAM), Ecklon & Zeyher
s.n. (S) and Zeyher s.n. (SAM).

2. Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. f.)
Iwarsson, comb. nov.

Phlomis ocymifolia Burm. f. , Prodr. FI. Cap. 16
(1768). Type: Cape of Good Hope, Herb. N. L.
Burman s.n. (G, holo.l).

Shrub 1—5 m tall, branching from a
thick woody base; internodes 20—80 mm
long, in the inflorescence 45 — 325 mm long,
sometimes with a few leafy nodes in
between the verticils; nodes prominent; leaf
scars prominent, sometimes with a marginal
rim. Leaves petiolate; blade 9 — 170 x 4— 85
mm, broadly ovate to ovate or obovate,
apex acute to rounded, base cordate,
truncate or angustate, margin crenate,
upper surface green, loosely pubescent to
velvety, rarely almost smooth, lower surface
silvery velvety to pubescent or rarely almost
smooth, except on nerves; when indumen-
tum is sparse, the surface is covered by
sessile, colourless glands; petiole 4 — 110 mm
long. Inflorescence of 2 to 5 spherical to
subspherical (horizontally flattened below)
verticils; verticils (excluding corollas) 28—
78 mm in diameter with 10—18 verticil
branches 5 — 20 mm long, dichasially branch-
ed at base; pedicels 0,5 — 7 mm long; bracts
leaf-like, sometimes early deciduous, 8 — 85
x 2—25 mm; petiole 1—25 mm long;
bracteoles 6—22 x 0,3 — 2,5 mm, linear,
green with acuminate white apex. Calyx
14—30 mm long, 4—5,5 mm in diameter,
usually curved forwards, slightly enlarging
in fruit, bilabiate or without produced lips,
8( — ll)-toothed or sometimes all teeth

Fig, 9. — 1, la, Leonotis ocymifolia var. schinzii, parts of flowering stem, x 1; lb, calyx and corolla, x 1,5; lc,
section through corolla, x 1,5; Id, mature calyx, x 1,5 (from living plant in Meyerspark). 2, L. leonurus, flowering
stem, x 0,5; 2a, mature calyx, x 1 ,5 (living plant. PRE garden). 3, L. nepetifolia, mature calyx, x 1,5 (living plant,
BRI garden).

Lamiaceae

4: 33

4: 34

Lamiaceae

obsolete, shortly pubescent to velutinous;
calyx teeth rigid, deltoid, with apiculate
white apex, the dorsal one 2—14 mm long,
the 3 or 5 lower teeth bend downwards,
more or less united to a lower lip. Corolla
24—45 mm long, covered by orange-rufous
hairs (albinistic forms are rare in Southern
Africa); tube 10—25 mm long, with one
distinct ring of hairs inside, lower lip 6—10
mm long, the median lobe retuse, 2,5— 4,5
mm long. Fresh pollen orange-coloured.
Nutlets 2,4— 4,3 x 1,2— 2,1 mm, blackish
brown, glossy.

Widespread in Eastern and Southern Africa. An
extremely variable species in which three varieties are
here recognized.

1 Mature leaves typically longer than 50 mm,
velvety to almost glabrous; stem sparsely
branched with long internodes
(c) var. raineriana

1 Mature leaves typically shorter than 50 mm,
shortly pubescent to velvety; main stem
apically with many leafy short-shoots,
internodes generally short;

2 Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, truncate
to cuneate-attenuate at base; petiole
more than half as long as the leaf blade
(a) var. ocymifolia

2 Leaves ovate to narrowly ovate, attenuate
at base; petiole less than half as long as
the leaf blade (b) var. schinzii

(a) var. ocymifolia.

Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson. Phlomis
ocymifolia Burm. f. , Prodr. FI. Cap. 16 (1768). Type:
Cape of Good Hope, Herb. N. L. Burman s.n. (G,
holo.!).

P. leonotis L., Mant. 1: 83 (1767); Thunb., Prodr. 96
(1800); Willd. , Sp. PI. 3: 128 (1800), as “P. leonitis";
Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 127 (1807), as “P. leonitis”. L. leonitis
R. Br. in Ait. f. , Hort. Kew. 3: 410 (1811); Skan in
F.C. 5,1: 377 (1910). L. ovata Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2:
744 (1825). L. capensis Raf. , FI. Tellur. 3: 88 (1836).
Type: Cape of Good Hope, Herb. Linnaeus 740: 21
(LINN, lecto.!).

L. parvifolia Benth., Lab. 619 (1834). L. dubia E.
Mey., Comm. 1: 242 (1837); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 380
(1910); Compton, FI. Swaziland 493 (1976). Type:
Cape of Good Hope, Masson in Herb. Banks (BM,
lecto.!).

L. mollis Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 1: 242 (1837);
Skan in F.C. 5,1: 378 (1910). Type: Cape, Nieuwe-
veldsbergen near Beaufort West, Drdge 7953a (K, left
specimen lecto.!).

L. hirtiflora Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 536 (1848). L.
leonitis R. Br. var. hirtiflora (Benth.) Skan in F.C. 5,1:
378 (1910). Type: Cape, Cape Town, “Ludwigsburg”
(cultivated in the garden?), Zeyher 206 (K. lecto.!;
BM!).

Slender shrub 1 — 3 m tall; stems with
many short-shoots (up to 6 shoots/node)
apically; median shoot sometimes surviving
to next season and developing a new
inflorescence; lower internodes 30—50 mm
long, on side-branches less than 10 mm,
below the inflorescence 45—320 mm, be-
tween verticils 35 — 105 mm. Leaves petio-
late; blade orbicular to broadly ovate, 9—45
x 6— 30 mm, upper surface green, shortly
pubescent, undersurface greyish green
often more densely pubescent to almost
velvety, apex usually rounded, base angus-
tate, cuneate-angustate, truncate or cord-
ate, margin crenate with 7—27 teeth/leaf;
leaf with 2—3 side-veins on each side of the
midrib, the basal ones reach the distal half
of the leaf; petiole 5 — 25(— 45) mm long.
Verticils 28—62 mm in diameter with 10—12
verticil branches and 5—7 flowers/branch;
bracts 8—30 x 4—22 mm, petiole 3 — 12 mm
long; pedicels 0,5— 2,5 mm. Calyx shortly
pubescent, sometimes with longer spreading
(“L. hirtiflora Benth.”) hairs distally; dorsal
calyx tooth 3,5 — 8,5 mm long, the others
0,7— 3,5 mm. Corolla 26—37 mm long, tube
11—20 mm long with one distinct ring of
hairs inside.

Scattered in south-eastern and eastern Africa
northwards to Kenya. Found on rocky outcrops and in
well-drained soil on rocky hillsides at altitudes from

I 000 m to 2 000 m in Transvaal (in Tanzania to 3 000
m), descending to sea level in the Cape Province. Map.

II

Lamiaceae

4: 35

Vouchers: Acocks 17996; Bolus 31131; Bos 957;
Codd & De Winter 5547; Werdermann & Oberdieck
1007.

The circumscription of this taxon agress with that
of “L. leonitis ” in FI. Cap. Although the leaf shape
varies much, this variety exhibits a rather narrow range
of variation in other characters. In Transvaal interme-
diates to L. ocymifolia var. schinzii are known, e.g.
Bredenkamp 337 (PRE), Codd 935 (PRE) and Leistner
156 (B, K, PRE).

An albinistic form is represented by Compton
20329 (NBG).

(b) var. schinzii (Giirke) Iwarsson,
comb, et stat. nov.

Leonotis schinzii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22: 143 (1895).
Type: S.W.A./ Namibia, Nomeib (“Homeib”), Schinz
40 (Bt; Z, lecto.!).

L. randii S. Moore in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 465
(1900). Type: Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, XII, 1897, Rand
165 (BM, holo. !).

L. microphylla Skan in F.C. 5,1: 377 (1910). Type:
Transvaal, Johannesburg, Jeppestown Ridges, 1800 m,
XI, 1898, GilfUlan in Herb. Galpin 6169 (K, lecto.!;
BOL!).

Shrub 1—2 m tall; stems slender, c. 5
mm in diameter, pubescent, sometimes also
with longer spreading hairs, much branched
with leafy short-shoots apically; internodes
10—50 mm long, on side-branches 10—25
mm; nodes thicker than internodes, notably
at the point of branching. Leaves petiolate;
blade 12—50 x 4—20 mm, narrowly ovate to
ovate, apex acute, base attenuate, margin
crenate with 3 — 15 teeth/leaf, upper surface
green, usually sparsely pubescent, lower
surface more densely pubescent, 2—5
side-veins on each side of the midrib; petiole
4—23 mm long. Verticils 34—78 mm in
diameter; bracts 8—30 x 3—5 mm, some-
times deciduous; pedicels 1—5 mm long.
Calyx 18—28 mm long, shortly pubescent on
veins with surface glossy, notably in fruit;
dorsal calyx tooth 4—9 mm long, the others
0,5—4 mm, usually faintly curved down-
wards. Corolla 32—44 mm long, tube 15 — 25
mm long with 1 complete ring of hairs and
fragments of another distal ring inside at the
base. Fig. 9:1.

Known from three almost disjunct areas around
the Kalahari: S.W.A. /Namibia, south-western Zim-
babwe—Botswana, and Transvaal. Occurs on rocky
slopes and hills, and along rivers, often in sandy soil, at
an altitude of 1 000-2 000 m. Map 12.

Vouchers: De Winter 2612; Rogers 6234; Schlieben
7044; Van Vuuren 998.

In S.W.A. /Namibia intermediates with L. ocymi-
folia var. raineriana are frequent. Additional characters

for separating the taxa in this region are: L. ocymifolia
var. schinzii has pubescent (not velvety) leaves and
stems, minimal leaf length/width ratio 3:1, and maximal
leaf width 20 mm, while var. raineriana generally has
wider leaves.

(c) var. raineriana (Visiani) Iwarsson,
comb. nov.

Leonotis raineriana Visiani, Orto Bot. Padova 1842:
142 (1842). L. velutina Fenzl ex Benth. (nom. superfl.)
var. raineriana (Visiani) Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 535
(1848). Type: ex hort., seeds from Kotschy 519, Sudan,
near Camamil and Kassan, Tumat (no cultivated
material seen, not in PAD; K, lecto.!; BM!; FI!; FI-W!;
K!; M!; P!; W!).

L. intermedia Lindl.. Bot. Reg. t. 850 (1824); Skan in
F.C. 5,1: 381 (1910). Type: ex hort., seeds from Forbes
s.n.. Cape, Algoa Bay (erroneously Delagoa Bay in
Bot. Reg.) (CGE, holo.!; BM!; BR!; G-DC!; K!).

L. dysophylla Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 1: 242
(1837); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 380 (1910); Prain in Curtis’s
bot. Mag. t.8404 (1911); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 15 (1969); Compton, FI. Swaziland 493
(1976). Type: between “Omsamwubo and Omcomas”,
Dr&ge 4832a (K, lecto.!).

L. laxifolia MacOwan in Kew. Bull. 1893: 13 (1893);
Skan in F.C. 5,1: 381 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303
(1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 494 (1976). Type:
Cape, Malowe, Tyson 2766, in Herb. A. A. 1300
(GRA, holo. !; BM! ; BOL! ; K!; SAM!; UPS! ;W!;Z!).

L. malacophylla Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22: 142 (1895).
Type: Natal, Clydesdale, Tyson 2729, in Herb. A. A.
1508 (K, lecto.!; SAM!; UPS!; W!; Z!).

L. bachmannii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22: 143 (1895);
Skan in F.C. 5,1: 382 (1910). Type: Transvaal,
Barberton, Galpin 922 (Z, lecto.!).

L. latifolia Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22: 143 (1895); Skan in
F.C. 5,1: 379 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972);

4: 36

Lamiaceae

Compton, FI. Swaziland 493 (1976). Type: Natal,
Biggarsberge, Rehmann 7057 (Z, lecto.!).

L. laxifolia MacOwan f. pilosa Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22:
144 (1895); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 382 (1910). Type: Natal,
Karkloof, Rehmann 7374 (Z, lecto.!).

L. dinteri Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 1090
(1903). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Hereroland, near
Okahandja, Tabakstuin, Dimer 249 (Z!).

L. urticifolia Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3:

1091 (1903). Type: Natal, Cooper 1182 (as Cooper 1152
in Briquet, 1903) (BM!; K!; W!; Z!).

L. hereroensis Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3:

1092 (1903). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Hereroland, Nets
s.n. (Z!).

L. brevipes Skan in F.C. 5,1: 378 (1910). Type:
Transvaal, Zoutpansberg, Medingen, Burtt-Davy 2657
(K, holo.!).

L. galpinii Skan in F.C. 5,1: 379 (1910). Type: Cape,
near Queenstown, Galpin 1825 (K, holo.!; Z!, partly,
as indicated by me).

L. westae Skan in F.C. 5,1: 382 (1910). Type: Cape,
Port Elizabeth, E. West 75 (K, holo.!).

L. mollis Benth. var albiflora Skan in F.C. 5,1: 378
(1910). Type: Cape, Boschberg, MacOwan s.n. (K,
lecto.!).

L. intermedia Lindl. var. natalensis Skan in F.C. 5,1:
381 (1910). Type: Natal, near Durban, Peddie s.n. in
Hb. Harvey (K, lecto.!). (N.B. Peddie was never in
Natal; the specimen was probably collected by
Williamson, one of the men in Col. Peddie’s regiment,
and who was included in a small detachment of the
regiment which occupied Port Natal during 1838—39).

Shrub 1—5 m tall; stem not much
branched, leafy, non-flowering internodes
sometimes present between verticils, inter-
nodes 20— 80( — 110) mm long, velutinous,
pilose or patently pubescent, sometimes
almost smooth. Leaves petiolate; blade
(40— )50— 170 x 20—85 mm, broadly ovate
to obovate, apex rounded or acute to
acuminate, margin crenate with 21—65
teeth/leaf, upper surface usually green with
sessile glands, loosely pubescent to densely
velvety, rarely almost smooth, lower surface
white silvery to yellowish velvety, pubescent
or rarely almost smooth, if so then generally
densely covered with sessile glands, 5 — 8
side-veins on each side of midrib; petiole
30—110 mm long. Verticils 28—67 mm in
diameter, loose to compact, with 10—18
verticil branches, 6—12 mm long and with
5 — 19 flowers/branch; pedicels 0,5—7 mm
long. Calyx 14—30 mm long, 4—5,5 mm in
diameter, curved forwards, shortly pubes-
cent to velvety, bilabiate or without lips,
8( — ll)-toothed sometimes all teeth obso-

lete; dorsal calyx tooth 2—14 mm long
usually supported by 3 veins, the 3 or 5
lower teeth usually more or less united into
a lip 0,5—3 mm long, teeth curved
downwards, 0,5— 5,5 mm long. Corolla
24—45 mm long, orange-rufous (rarely
cream-buff), tube 10—25 mm long with one
distinct ring of hairs inside.

This variety is widespread in eastern and Southern
Africa. Map 13.

Vouchers: Compton 29994; Dinter 5449; Galpin
10658; Meeuse 10208; Scheepers 1563; Schlechter 2847.

Var. ocymifolia and var. raineriana are morpholo-
gically distinct and behave as species in East Africa and
southwards to Zimbabwe. In Southern Africa this
pattern is confused and intermediates in all the
separating characters occur. In Natal and eastern Cape
deviating populations have been discerned under the
name L. laxifolia. The latter, when typical, have large
(c. 100 mm wide) thin leaves with long petioles and
conspicuously lax verticils. In the material some
deviating specimens should be noted. Devenish 634
might represent a new taxon, closely related to var.
raineriana. The leaves are similar to those of var.
ocymifolia: petiole c. 25 mm long, leaf length/width
35/25 mm; the inflorescence is unusually lax with
verticil branches c. 8 mm long and pedicels 4—5 mm
long, and the calyces are long (23 — 25 mm) and green.
Another extreme form recorded from two localities in
the Cape is represented by Lewis 67480, Bayliss l\\d
and Barker 7880. Features in common for these
collections are: extremely long petioles (1—2 times leaf
length) general leaf shape as in var. ocymifolia, short
(c. 50 mm long) internodes between the verticils, and
bracts 5 — 20 mm long and 1—4 mm wide.

Lamiaceae

4: 37

An albinistic form is represented by Jacot
Guillarmod 895 (PRE), MacOwan s.n. (K) and Stewart
182 (SAM).

3. Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. in
Ait. f., Hort. Kew. edn 2, 3: 409: (1811);
Ker-Gawler in Bot. Reg. t. 281 (1818);
Benth., Lab. 618 (1834); in DC., Prodr. 12:
535 (1848); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 491 (1900);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 16
(1969). Type: plate p. 117 in P. Hermann,
Horti Academi Lugduno-Batavi Catalogus
(1687), figured from a plant raised from
seeds originally from Surinam (lecto!; the
material in Herb. Linnaeus 740:17 and in S
are post-1753 collections).

Phlomis nepetifolia L., Sp. PI. 586 (1753); Willd., Sp.
PI. 3; 128 (1800); Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 127 (1807).

L. kwebensis N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1909: 132 (1909).
Type: Botswana, Kwebe Hills, Lugard 222 (K, holo. !).

Annual or short-lived perennial slender
herb, 1—3 m tall, with easily uprooted c. 100
mm long taproot; stem branched at upper
nodes only, green, shortly pubescent,
deeply 4-furrowed apically; upper nodes
with a tuft of 1—4 mm long hairs; internodes
20—150 mm long, in the inflorescence
70—280 mm. Leaves petiolate; blade broad-
ly ovate, 50—200 x 40 — 150 mm, apex
acuminate, base cuneate-attenuate to
cordate-attenuate, margin deeply crenate
with 25—51 teeth/leaf, green, pubescent and
with colourless glands; petiole 30 — 80 mm
long. Inflorescence of 2—5 spherical to
cylindrical verticils 38—65 mm in diameter,
with 20 — 28 verticil branches 2— 16 mm long;
pedicels 0,5—2 mm long; bracts 25—90 x
4—13 mm, linear; petiole 12—60 mm long;
bracteoles stout, linear, 7—15 x 0,5 — 1,5
mm, acuminate. Calyx 17—25 mm long,
4—5,6 mm in diameter, bilabiate, bent
forwards, shortly pubescent, basal half stiff,
yellowish white, distal half flexible, green;

calyx teeth straight, stiff, apiculate, the
dorsal one 4—7 mm long, the others 1 — 3
mm long. Corolla 19—38 mm long, tube
9 — 20 mm long with three distinct rings of
hairs inside the tube. Fresh pollen pale
yellow. Nutlets 2,9— 4,3 x 1,1 — 1,9 mm,
surface not glossy, marmorated in grey and
brown. Fig. 9:3.

Pantropical weed. In Africa it is recorded from
Sierra Leone to Kenya and southwards to S.W. A. /Na-
mibia, Botswana, Transvaal and northern Natal. Often
found at roadsides and in abandoned cultivations at
altitudes of up to 2 000 m. In Southern Africa usually
found at altitudes of 1 000 — 1 500 m. Map 14.

Vouchers: Codd 5238; De Winter & Leistner 5283;
Rodin 3992.

In the Flora area the species is represented only by
var. nepetifolia with orange-coloured corolla. Var.
africana (P. Beauv.) J. K. Morton with yellow corolla is
known from West Africa to Ethiopia. Two specimens
with a somewhat intermediate corolla colour have been
noted from S.W. A. /Namibia: Merxmiiller & Giess
1987; 30373 (M).

4: 38

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 39

7268 10. LEUCAS

Leucas Burnt, ex R. Br., Prodr. FI. Nov. Holl. 504 (1810); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 523
(1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1213 (1876); Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22: 129 (1895);
Briq. in Naturl. PflFam. 4,3a: 250 (1896); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 472 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1:
369 (1910); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 16 (1969); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 527
(1975); Sebald in Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. A, 308: 1-42 (1978); A, 341: 1-200 (1980).
Type species: L. flaccida R. Br.

Lasiocorys Benth., Lab. 600 (1834); in DC., Prodr. 12: 534 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1213
(1876); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 469 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 372 (1910); Phill., Gen. edn 2: 645 (1951). Type: L.
capensis Benth., fide Phillips, l.c.

Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. Leaves entire or toothed, thin or
thick-textured. Inflorescence usually simple, of few to many spaced or fairly crowded
verticils; verticils 2— many-flowered, often in glomerate clusters; bracts leaf-like, often
smaller towards the apex of the inflorescence; bracteoles linear, ascending, small or
conspicuous. Calyx shorter or longer than the corolla tube, tubular or tubular-campanulate,
rarely inflated, 10-nerved, straight or curved, sometimes oblique at the mouth; teeth 5 — 10,
equal or unequal, often spine-tipped. Corolla bilabiate, white (in Southern Africa); tube
tubular, widening above, sometimes shortly constricted at the base, annular-pilose or
annular-papillose within, rarely glabrous; upper lip ascending or spreading, concave or
flattish, entire or rarely emarginate or 2-lobed, longer than, subequal to or shorter than the
lower lip, usually with stiff brush-like hairs; lower lip spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed, the
median lobe the largest. Stamens 4, didynamous, the lower pair longer than the upper,
ascending under the upper lip, included or shortly exserted; anthers approximate in pairs,
2-celled with the cells divaricate and finally confluent. Style terete, ascending under the
upper lip, unequally lobed at the apex. Nutlets ovoid-triquetrous, smooth, obtuse or
somewhat flattened at the apex.

Described species over 160, found mainly in tropical Africa and Asia, extending to Australia, and 1 species a
world-wide weed; 8 species in Southern Africa.

Bentham separated Lasiocorys from Leucas mainly on the basis of the 5-toothed calyx, while other workers
claim that the corolla tube is shortly narrowed at the base with a shortly stipitate ovary. All these characters break
down and there is no reliable way of separating the two genera.

As in Acrotome (no. 5), plants of different habit are included in Leucas: erect annuals with subglobose,
many-flowered verticils, and annual or perennial plants with few-flowered verticils. The two genera may be
distinguished by the stamens: in Acrotome they are included in the corolla tube and held together by intermingling
hairs, whereas in Leucas they reach the mouth of the tube or, more often, ascend in the upper lip; also, in Leucas
the upper lip of the corolla is often longer than the lower and is usually supplied with stiff brush-like hairs, which is
not the case in Acrotome.

1 Verticils many-flowered, glomerate, distantly spaced, usually about 20 mm or more in diameter
(sometimes less than 10-flowered in L. ebracteata, but then verticils 25—50 mm apart and leaves
grey-green); bracteoles linear, 5 — 12 mm long:

2 Leaves linear, 40—60 x 3—6 mm 1. L. lavandulifolia

2 Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, usually wider than 10 mm:

3 Calyx tube abruptly curved near the apex 2. L. martinicensis

3 Calyx tube straight:

4 Calyx teeth 7 — 8, spreading; corolla about 6 mm long 3. L. ebracteata var. kaokoveldensis

4 Calyx teeth 6, not spreading; corolla about 15 mm long 4 . L. sexdentata

1 Verticils 2— 12-flowered, usually closely placed (up to 30 mm apart in L. glabrata)'. bracteoles apparently
absent or minute, 1 — 2 mm long;

Fig 10. — 1, Leucas martinicensis, upper part of flowering stem, x 1; a, base of plant, x 1; b, section through
part of corolla, x 3; c, flowering calyx, x 3; d, mature calyx, x 3; e, nutlet x 10 (after Henderson & Anderson,
Mem. bot. Surv. S. Afr. 37: 263, t.130, 1966).

4: 40

Lamiaceae

5 Calyx clothed in long white villous hairs 6. L. pechuelii

5 Calyx glabrous to hispid:

6 Calyx teeth 10:

7 Corolla 12-15 mm long:

8 Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate 5(a). L. glabrata var. glabrata

8 Leaves linear 5(b). L. glabrata var. linearis

7 Corolla 6— 7 mm long 7. L. neuflizeana

6 Calyx teeth 5 (occasionally with 1 or 2 small intermediate teeth) 8. L. capensis

1. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. in Rees,
Cyclop. 20,2 (1812); Ross, FI. Natal 303
(1972); Sebald in Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk.
A, 341: 188 (1980). Type: India (LINN
739.8, holo.).

Leonurus indicus L., Sp. PI. edn 2: 817 (1763);
Burm. f. , FI. Ind. 127 (1768). Leucas indica (L.) Vatke
in Ost. bot. Z. 25: 95 (1875), nom. illegit. , non L.
indica (L.) Sm. (1812). Type: as above.

Phlomis linifolia Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 260 (1821).
Leucas linifolia (Roth) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 743
(1825); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 533 (1848); Hook, f.,
FI. Brit. Ind. 4: 690 (1885). Type: India, Heyne (B).

Annual, erect, branched herb 0,6 — 1 m
tall; stems somewhat woody below, tomen-
tulose. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade
linear, 40—60 x 3 — 6 mm, minutely tomen-
tulose, apex acuminate, base attenuate,
margin entire or with a few distant minute
teeth. Inflorescence of 1 — few spaced verti-
cils; verticils many-flowered, glomerate,
15 — 25 mm in diam.; bracteoles numerous,

Map 15. — ♦ Leucas lavandulifolia

■ L. ebracteata var. kaokoveldensis
• L. neuflizeana

5 — 10 mm long. Calyx tubular-obconical,
minutely tomentulose, 7 — 8 mm long,
mouth very oblique, 8-toothed, produced
on the upper side into a conspicuous
deltoid-ovate spine-tipped tooth, 2 mm
long; remaining 7 teeth minute. Corolla
15 — 16 mm long; tube 5—6 mm long,
annular-papillose just below the middle;
upper lip horizontal, 5 mm long, hooded,
with a dense fringe of stiff white brush-like
hairs; lower lip 10 mm long. Fig. 11:5.

A native of India, recently naturalized in and
around Durban and as far north as Empangeni; first
recorded in 1960. Map 15.

Vouchers: Strey 4862; Ward 4793.

Readily distinguished from other species by the
long, linear leaves and the obconical, oblique calyx,
produced in the upper part to a single large tooth, with

6 or 7 small lateral teeth.

2. Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br.
in Ait. f., Hort. Kew. edn 2,3: 409 (1811);
Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 242 (1838); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 533 (1848); Hook, f., FI.
Brit. Ind. 4: 688 (1885); Bak. in F.T.A. 5:
479 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 371 (1910);
Henderson & Anderson, Common Weeds
S. Afr. 262, t.130 (1966); Launert &
Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 18 (1969); Ross,
FI. Natal 303 (1972); Compton, FI. Swazi-
land 494 (1976); Sebald in Stuttgarter Beitr.
Naturk. A,341: 179 (1980). Type: from
West Indies.

Clinopodium martinicense Jacq., Enum. PI. Carib.
25 (1760). Phlomis martinicensis (Jacq.) Swartz, Prodr.
Veg. Ind. Occ. 88 (1788).

P. caribaea Jacq., Ic. PI. Rar. 1: 11, t.110 (1785?).
Type: from West Indies.

Annual, erect herb 0,15 — 1,2 m tall;
stems simple or sparingly branched, finely
tomentulose. Leaves petiolate; blade ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, 25 — 80 x 12—45 mm,
tomentulose, apex long-acute, base cuneate
to obtuse, margin coarsely crenate-serrate;

Lamiaceae

4: 41

petiole 5 — 20 mm long. Inflorescence of few
to several spaced verticils; verticils many-
flowered, glomerate, 20-25 mm in diam.;
bracteoles numerous, 6-11 mm long. Calyx
tubular, hispid, abruptly curved near the
apex, somewhat inflated near the base,
about 7-8 mm long at flowering stage,
enlarging to 15 mm long in fruit, oblique at
the mouth, 10-toothed, the upper tooth the
longest, lanceolate-subulate, 2,5—3 mm
long, the remaining 9 teeth subequal,
deltoid-subulate, 1 mm long. Corolla 6 mm
long; tube 4 mm long, exannulate or
imperfectly annular-papillose; upper lip 2
mm long, lacking a fringe of stiff hairs;
lower lip 2—2,5 mm long. Fig. 10.

A weed of cultivated land and disturbed places in
the warmer parts of all four provinces, S.W.A ./
Namibia, Botswana and Swaziland; absent from
Lesotho and the western Cape Province; indigenous in
South America, the West Indies and, possibly, Africa,
now world-wide. Map 16.

Vouchers'. Compton 25109; Differ 7468; Schlieben
& Strey 8275; Tyson 1156.

Sometimes confused with Acrotome inflata (p.
4: 19) but may be recognized by the shape of the calyx
tube, which is curved near the apex, and by the long,
subulate upper calyx tooth.

3. Leucas ebracteata Peyr. in Sber.
Akad. Wiss. Wien 38: 577 (1860). Type:
Angola, Benguella, Wawra 292 (W, holo.).

var. kaokoveldensis Sebald in Stuttgar-
ter Beitr. Naturk. A, 341: 141 (1980). Type:
S.W.A. /Namibia, Kaokoveld Reserve, Kers
1748 (M, holo.).

L. ebracteata sensu Launert & Schreiber in F. S.W.A.
123: 18 (1969).

Annual, erect herb 0,3-0, 8 m tall,
unbranched or sparingly branched near the
base; stems pilose. Leaves petiolate; blade
grey-green, ovate-elliptical to broadly ova-
te, 25—50 x 13 — 30 mm, tomentose, apex
obtuse to rounded, base obtuse, margin
somewhat obscurely crenate-serrate. Inflor-
escence of several spaced verticils, often
occupying almost the whole length of the
stem; verticils (8—) many-flowered, usually
glomerate, about 20 mm in diam.; bracteo-
les few, 5—6 mm long. Calyx tubular,
pubescent, 6 mm long at flowering, wider
and oblique at the mouth, 8-toothed,
produced below and more or less 2-lipped;
teeth somewhat spreading, the upper lip of 5
short deltoid-subulate teeth about 1 — 1,5
mm long; lower Up about 3,5 mm long of 3
teeth, narrowly-deltoid, spine-tipped, 2 mm
long. Corolla 6—9 mm long, annular-
papillose about the middle; upper lip
spreading, concave, 2—2,5 mm long with a
short fringe of hairs; lower lip 2,5-3 mm
long. Fig. 11A

An annual weed of waste places and water courses
in south-western Angola and northern S.W.A. /Nami-
bia. Map 15.

Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5781.

In the typical variety the plants are more robust
with longer calyx and corolla, forming glomerate
verticils about 30 mm in diameter, while the bracteoles
are minute, 1 — 3 mm long.

4. Leucas sexdentata Skan in F.C. 5,1:
371 (1910); Sebald in Stuttgarter Beitr.
Naturk. A, 341: 141 (1980). Type: Trans-
vaal, probably Marico District, Holub s.n.
(K, holo.; PRE, fragment!).

Annual, erect herb, 0,15—0,6 m tall,
usually with a few spreading branches near
the base; stems whitish, pilose. Leaves
petiolate; blade ovate, 14—40 x 10—25 mm,
tomentose, apex rounded, base obtuse,
margin somewhat coarsely crenate except in
the lower third; petiole 5 — 15 mm long.
Inflorescence of 1—4 spaced verticils; verti-
cils many-flowered, glomerate, 20-40 mm

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 43

in diam.; bracteoles numerous, 8—14 mm
long. Calyx tubular, densely pubescent,
11-14 mm long at flowering, enlarging
slightly at maturity, oblique and somewhat
bilabiate at the mouth, 6-toothed; upper lip
3-toothed, 2—3 mm long, median tooth the
largest, ovate-lanceolate, lateral teeth nar-
rowly deltoid, setaceous; lower lip 4—5 mm
long, 3-toothed, teeth ovate-deltoid, spine-
tipped, the median tooth nar-
rower and shorter than the lateral pair.
Corolla 18—20 mm long; tube 10—11 mm
long, annular-pilose about the middle;
upper lip horizontal, 7 — 8 mm long, with a
dense fringe of bristle-like hairs on the
apical part; lower lip 10—11 mm long. Fig.
11:1

In semi-arid grassland and open woodland, usually
on sandy soil, often locally common in disturbed places
and under trees, in eastern, northern, central and
western Transvaal, extending into the adjoining parts
of Botswana and Zimbabwe. Map 17.

Vouchers: Codd 4045; Galpin 12167.

Among the species with large, glomerate, manyr
flowered verticils, L. sexdentata is characterized by the
6-toothed calyx and the relatively large corolla nearly
20 mm long.

5. Leucas glabrata (Vahl) Sm. in Rees,
Cyclop. 20,2 (1812). Type: Arabia, Forsskal
(C, holo.).

Perennial (rarely annual) herb or soft
shrublet 0,25—0,8 m tall, rarely scandent up
to 1,5 m, branched from the base; stems
spreading to suberect, sparingly branched,
glabrous to pilose. Leaves shortly petiolate;
blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or linear
(see vars.), glabrous to pilose, apex obtuse
to subacute, base obtuse to truncate or
tapering, margin coarsely few-toothed,
rarely entire; petiole up to 15 mm long.
Inflorescence of several verticils, spaced
below, somewhat crowded towards the
apex; verticils 2—10 ( — 12)-flowered; brac-
teoles small, setaceous, 1 — 2 mm long,
usually 2 or 3 arising from a common base
and often persisting after the flowers are
shed. Calyx subglabrous to hispid, 7—9 mm
long, somewhat oblique at the mouth,
10-toothed; teeth more or less subequal,
lanceolate-deltoid, 1,5—2 mm long, the
lower 3 forming a protruding lower lip.
Corolla 12—15 mm long; tube 6—7 mm
long, annular-papillose about the middle;
upper lip horizontal, 7—8 mm long, with a
fringe of bristle-hairs on the apical part;
lower lip 5 — 7 mm long. Anthers orange or
red.

Widespread from the Arabian Peninsula through
tropical East Africa to the warmer parts of S.W. A. /Na-
mibia and Botswana, the northern and eastern
Transvaal, Swaziland, the valley bushveld of Natal, and
the eastern Cape Province, usually in woodland and
among rocks in grassy places.

Two varieties are recognized in Southern Africa
(see key to species). In addition, Sebald in Stuttgarter
Beitr. Naturk. A, 341: 101 (1980) maintains an annual
form of restricted distribution in Somalia and Kenya as
var. chiatelliana (Chiov.) Sebald.

(a) var. glabrata.

Sebald in Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. A,
341: 95 (1980).

Phlomis glabrata Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 42 (1790).

Leucas glabrata (Vahl) Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 20,2
(1812); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 524 (1848); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 482 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 370 (1910);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W. A. 123: 18 (1969); Ross,
FI. Natal 303 (1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 494
(1976); Sebald, l.c. 93 (1980).

Fig 11. — 1, Leucas sexdentata, upper part of plant, x 1; la, section through part of corolla, x 3; lb, mature
calyx and bracteole, x 3. 2 - 7, mature calyces and bracteoles of the following species: 2, L. glabrata var.
glabrata; 3, L. neuflizeana; 4, L. pechuelii; 5, L. lavandulifolia; 6, L. ebracteata var. kaokoveldensis; 7, L. capensis;
all x 3.

4: 44

Lamiaceae

L. natalensis Sond. in Linnaea 23: 85 (1850). Type:
Port Natal, Gueinzius 363 (S, holo.).

L. junodii Briq. in Annu. Conserv. Jard. bot.
Geneve 2: 109 (1898). Type: Mozambique, Rikatla,
Junod 92 (G, holo.).

L. dinteri Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier sdr. 2,3: 1088
(1903). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Quassiputs, Dinter 200
(Z).

Stems 0,25—0,8 m long, spreading to
suberect, rarely scandent up to 1,5 m.
Leaves petiolate; blade ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, (15-)20-65(-80) x 10-25
(-30) mm, usually pilose, apex obtuse to
subacute, base obtuse to truncate, margin
coarsely few-toothed, rarely almost entire;
petiole up to 15 mm long. Inflorescence of
several verticils, spaced below, somewhat
crowded towards the apex; verticils
2-10(-12)-flowered. Fig. 11:2.

Distribution as for the species. Map 18.

Vouchers: Acocks 13480; Codd A De Winter 5114;
Compton 27022; MerxmUller & Giess 30047.

Map 18. — • Leucas glabrata var. glabrata
■ L. glabrata var. linearis

There is a good deal of variation in pubescence and
certain extreme specimens with markedly hirsute stems
are found in the Transvaal, e.g. De Winter 2219 and
Pott 5692. However, the floral characters are uniform
and there are intermediates in degree of pubescence. It
is grazed by game and domestic livestock and is
suspected of causing a taint in milk.

See Sebald, l.c. for full synonymy.

(b) var. linearis Codd, var. nov., a typo
foliis linearibus integris differt.

Type: Transvaal, 10 km from Pot-
gietersrus on road to Pietersburg, Germis-
huizen 1360 (PRE, holo.).

Short-lived perennial herb; stems slen-
der, ascending to erect, 4-angled, 0,3-0, 5 m
long, subglabrous. Leaves shortly petiolate
to subsessile; blade linear, 20—30 x 1,5—2
mm, glabrous, tapering at the base, margin
entire, petiole up to 2 mm long. Inflorescen-
ce of 3—5 verticils, spaced below; verticils
3— 8-flowered; bracteoles, calyx and corolla
as in var. glabrata.

Known only from the type gathering, in open
savanna on rocky soil. Map 18.

Although the leaves of var. glabrata are variable in
shape and size, there is no indication that they
approach the linear leaves of var. linearis.

6. Leucas pechuelii (Kuntze) Gurke in
Bot. Jb. 22: 135 (1895); Bak. in F.T.A. 5:
477 (1900); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 19 (1969). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Hereroland, Pechuel-
Loesche (Bt).

Lasiocorys pechuelii Kuntze in Jb. K. bot. Gart.
Mus. Berl. 4: 271 (1886).

Leucas altissima Engl, in Bot. Jb. 10: 268 (1888);
Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 878 (1900); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 478 (1900). Type: S.W.A./Namibia, near
Otjimbingwe, Marloth 1410 (PRE!).

Perennial, erect, branched shrub,
0,25-1 m tall. Leaves sessile or shortly
petiolate; blade grey-green, ovate to ovate-
oblong or obovate-oblong, 15-40 x 10-15
mm, pilose, apex rounded, base cuneate,
margin subentire or with a few small teeth in
the upper third. Inflorescence 100—200 mm
long, of several to many fairly crowded
verticils; verticils 3-10-flowered; bracteoles
about 3 mm long, densely villous. Calyx
densely villous, 7-9 mm long, symmetrical
at the mouth, 10-toothed, the alternate ones
shorter; teeth lanceolate-deltoid, spine-
tipped, the longer 3 mm long, the shorter
1,5-2 mm long. Corolla 11 — 12 mm long;
tube 5—6 mm long, annular-papillose about
the middle, shortly constricted near the
base; upper lip horizontal, 6 mm long with a
dense fringe of stiff brush-like white hairs;
lower lip 6 mm long. Anthers red. Fig. 11: 4.

Found in dry watercourses, stony hillsides and
sandy places in S.W.A./Namibia and Angola, some-
times locally common. Map 19.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5188; Leach &
Bayliss 12930.

Easily recognized among South African species by
the densely villous calyx.

Lamiaceae

4: 45

Map 19. — ▲ Leucas pechuelll
• L. capensis

7. Leucas neuflizeana Courbon in Annls
Sci. nat. s£r. 4,18: 145 (1862); Balf. f., Bot.
Socotra 242 (1888); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 480
(1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 377 (1910); Sebald
in Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. A, 341: 81
(1980). Type: Dessi Island in the Red Sea,
Courbon 389 (P, holo.).

Annual or weakly perennial, erect or
decumbent, pubescent herb, 0,15-0,4 m
tall. Leaves sessile or subsessile; blade
oblanceolate to oblanceolate-oblong, 10-50
x 5—8 mm, pubescent, apex obtuse, base
cuneate, margin subentire or sparingly
toothed in the upper third. Inflorescence
simple or with several short branches near
the base, of many verticils, crowded above
and spaced below, occupying almost the
entire length of the plant; verticils 4—12-
flowered; bracteoles few, setaceous, 1—2
mm long. Calyx hispid, 6—7 mm long, very
oblique at the mouth, 10-toothed, the lower
part much produced into a 3-toothed lip;
teeth narrowly deltoid-subulate, spine-
tipped, 0,5 — 1 mm long. Corolla 6 mm long;
tube 3,5 mm long, annular-papillose about
the middle; upper lip 3 mm long with a
dense short brush-like fringe; lower lip 3
mm long. Fig. 11: 3.

Found in Botswana, the northern, central and
eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and northern Natal, in
dry woodland; extends through tropical East Africa to
the Red Sea and also in Socotra. Map 15.

Vouchers; Galpin 14848; Schlechter 4171.

No specimens have been seen from Swaziland
though the species should occur there. The specimens

cited by Compton, Checklist FI. Swaziland 66 (1966)
and FI. Swaziland 495 (1976) prove to be either
Acrotome thorncroftli or A. hispida.

Sebald, l.c., separated a variety, var. princei
Sebald, with a restricted distribution in Zambia.

8. Leucas capensis (Benth.) Engl, in
Bot. Jb. 10: 268 (1888); Giirke in Bot. Jb.
22: 129 (1895); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 18 (1969); Sebald in Stutt-
garter Beitr. Naturk. A, 308: 12 (1978).
Type: Cape, Burchell 1820 (K, lecto.).

Phlomis capensis Thunb., Prodr. 95 (1800); FI. Cap,
edn Schult. 446 (1823). Leucas capensis (Thunb.) Engl,
ex Juel, PI. Thunb. 406 (1918), nom. illegit. Type:
Cape, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.).

Lasiocorys capensis Benth., Lab. 600 (1834); in E.
Mey., Comm. 241 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 534
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 373 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal
303 (1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 495 (1976). Type:
as for Leucas capensis.

Perennial shrublet 0,25-1,5 m tall,
sparingly or freely branched, often rather
twiggy; stems whitish-buff, finally terete,
canescent-tomentulose, eventually glabr-
escent. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade
linear-spathulate or oblanceolate to elliptic
or lanceolate, 8-20(-40) x 2-5(-10) mm,
apex rounded to obtuse, occasionally apicu-
late, base cuneate, margin entire or rarely
few-toothed near the apex. Inflorescence
elongate, terminal, or on short, often
fascicled, lateral shoots, of few to many
verticils; verticils 2-6-flowered; bracteoles
subulate, 0,5 -2,5 mm long; flowers sessile
or shortly pedicellate. Calyx canescent, 6-7
mm long, almost symmetrical at the mouth,
5(-8)-toothed; teeth ovate-deltoid, 1,5-2, 5
mm long, shortly acuminate-spinescent, the
additional intermediate teeth, when pre-
sent, smaller. Corolla 12-14 mm long; tube
5—7 mm long, annular-papillose about the
middle; upper lip 6-7 mm long with a dense
short brush-like fringe in the upper half;
lower lip 6-7 mm long. Anthers orange-red.
Fig. 11: 7.

Apparently restricted to Southern Africa, occur-
ring in S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana, central and
western Transvaal, Orange Free State, Swaziland,
Natal, Transkei and the northern and eastern Cape
Province; found in the drier types of grassland and low
woodland, often locally common on surface limestone
and among rocks. Map 19.

Vouchers; Acocks 15609; Codd 3424; Medley
Wood 10789; Schlechter 4213.

An aromatic plant which is grazed by game and
stock and is suspected of tainting milk and dairy
products. In Sekukuniland an infusion of the plant is
used to treat headaches and sore eyes.

4: 46

Lamiaceae

Fig 12. — 1, Lamium amplexicaule, flowering stem, x 1; a, base of plant, x 1; b, section through normal
corolla, x 3; c, young calyx, x6;d, mature calyx, x 6; e, cleistogamic flower, x 6; f, nutlet, x 10 (Mauve 5243).

Lamiaceae

4: 47

7271 11. LAMIUM

Lamium L., Sp. PI. 579 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 252 (1754); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 503
(1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1210 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 254
(1896); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 468 (1900); Ball in FI. Europ. 3: 147 (1972); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1:
528 (1975). Type species: L. purpureum L.

Annual or perennial soft herbs. Leaves toothed or incised, more or less cordate.
Inflorescence usually simple, of one to several spaced or fairly crowded verticils; verticils
few- to many-flowered; bracts broad-based, often clasping; bracteoles not evident. Calyx
tubular-campanulate, usually 5-nerved with 5 equal or subequal teeth, the uppermost often
the longest. Corolla white, pink or purple, bilabiate; tube dilated towards the mouth,
usually longer than the calyx; upper lip ascending, concave, ovate or oblong, usually entire;
lower lip spreading or deflexed, obovate, emarginate, with or without small lateral lobes.
Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair longer, arcuate in the upper lip; anthers 2-celled,
divaricate, often hirsute on the back. Style 2-lobed. Nutlets oblong, triquetrous, somewhat
truncate at the apex, smooth or tuberculate.

About 40 species, mainly in the North Temperate zone of the Old World, a few of which have become
widespread weeds, 1 of these being found in Southern Africa.

Lamium amplexicaule L. , Sp. PI. 579
(1753); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 508
(1848); Britton & Brown, 111. FI. N. United
States 3: 94 (1898); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 469
(1900); Salisbury, Weeds and Aliens 293
(1961); Cornell & Johnston, Man. Vase. PI.
Texas 1363 (1970); Ball in FI. Europ. 3: 147
(1972). Type: from Europe (LINN).

Annual soft herb, freely branched from
the base; stems ascending or decumbent,
0,1— 0,3 (—0,4) m long. Leaves petiolate;
blade subrotund to reniform, 10—25 mm
long and equally broad, sparingly to fairly
densely pubescent, apex rounded, base
cordate to truncate, margin coarsely and
often deeply crenate or lobed; petiole
15—40 mm long. Inflorescence of 2—6
verticillasters, spaced below, crowded
above; verticillasters 3— 10-flowered; bracts
clasping, broader than long, resembling the
leaves. Calyx villous, 6 mm long, 5-toothed;

teeth lanceolate-subulate, 2,5 mm long, not
spinescent. Corolla purple to whitish,
15 — 16 mm long in normal flowers (cleisto-
gamic flowers much shorter); tube slender,
9—11 mm long, exannulate; upper lip 4—5
mm long; lower lip 3 mm long. Nutlets
smooth, often mottled, 2 mm long. Fig. 12.

A native probably of southern Europe and
south-west Asia, now a widespread weed and fairly
widely distributed in gardens and waste places in
Southern Africa.

Vouchers: Acocks 8985; Repton 2038.

The earliest specimen seen was collected near
Kimberley in 1936 but it was probably already widely
distributed by then because it was recorded from
several scattered localities in the 1940’s.

Commonly known as Henbit or Dead-nettle. As
mentioned by Salisbury, l.c., and others, it produces, in
addition to normal flowers, many small cleistogamic
flowers which do not open, are self-pollinated, and
produce quantities of nutlets.

4: 48

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 49

7279 12. BALLOTA

Ballota L., Sp. PI. 582 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 253 (1754); Benth. Lab. 592 (1834); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 517 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1212 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl.
PflFam. 4,3a: 259 (1896); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 472 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 368 (1910); Salter
in FI. Cape Penins. 699 (1950); Patzak in Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 33 (1959); ibid. 64:
42 (1961); FI. Europ. 3: 149 (1972); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 528 (1975). Type species: B. nigra
L.

Perennial herbs or small shrubs, usually markedly pubescent. Leaves often rugose,
toothed. Inflorescence usually simple, of several to many verticils; verticils few- to
many- flowered; bracts similar to the leaves; bracteoles linear to spathulate, ascending,
often somewhat spine-tipped or subulate. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 10-20-toothed,
villous, glandular; teeth subequal or unequal, spreading, ovate-deltoid, shortly acuminate
or narrowed into an awn. Corolla bilabiate; tube shorter than or equalling the calyx, with a
ring of hairs in the throat; upper lip shorter than the lower lip, erect, flat, bilobed, without a
dense fringe of hairs; lower lip 3-lobed with the median lobe the largest, emarginate.
Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, the anterior pair longer and shortly exserted; filaments
inserted near the throat, villous; anthers 2-thecous, cells diverging. Style subequally
2-lobed, shortly exserted. Nutlets ovoid-oblong, rounded at the apex, smooth. Fig. 13.

Calyx 5-toothed in some non-Southern African species.

About 33 species concentrated around the Mediterranean and adjoining Asia Minor, 1 of which is a fairly
widespread weed; 4 species in Ethiopia-Somalia area and 1 indigenous in Southern Africa. The generic name is
derived from ballote, the ancient Greek name for B. nigra, the Black Hoarhound.

Closely related to Marrubium (no. 6) but differs mainly in the spreading and short-toothed calyx limb, and the
upper pair of stamens being exserted from the corolla tube.

Ballota afrlcana (L.) Benth., Lab. 594
(1834); in DC., Prodr. 12: 517 (1848); Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 368 (1910); Salter in FI. Cape
Penins. 699 (1950); Patzak in Annin naturh.

Mus. Wien 63: 62 (1959). Type: Cape,
collector unknown (LINN).

Marrubium africanum L., Sp. PI. 683 (1753);

Thunb., Prodr. 96 (1800); FI. Cap. edn Schult. 447
(1823). Pseudodictamnus emarginatus Moench, Meth.

PI. Suppl. 139 (1802), nom. illegit. Type: same as M.
africanum L.

M. thouinii Schult. ex Weinm. in Ratisb. Syll. PI. 2:

23 (1828). Type: a cultivated plant.

Soft, erect or spreading, greyish shrub-
let, 0,3— 1,2 m tall. Leaves petiolate; blade
orbicular to ovate, 15-50 x 15-45 mm,
densely pubescent, soft to rugose, apex
rounded to subacute, base cordate to
rounded, margin irregularly crenate-
dentate; petiole villous, 10—40 mm long.

Inflorescence simple or branched, of few to
many verticils, spaced below, more crowded
above; verticils usually many-flowered,
subglobose, about 20 mm in diam. Calyx
densely hispid-villous, glandular; tube 6—8
mm long at flowering, enlarging slightly

when mature; limb spreading, 9—11 mm in
diam., 10- 20-toothed; teeth ovate-deltoid,
subulate or spine-tipped, 0,5 -1,5 mm long,
the additional intermediate teeth often
smaller. Corolla purple or pinkish to pale
mauve, 10-14 mm long; tube 7-9 mm long,
exannulate; upper lip 3—5 mm long; lower
lip 4—7 mm long.

Map 20. — Ballota afrlcana

Fig. 13. — 1, Ballota afrlcana, flowering stem, x 1; a, corolla, x 4; b, section through corolla, x 4; c, mature
calyx, x 4; d, gynoecium, x 10; e, nutlet, x 9 ( Van Jaarsveld 6609).

4: 50

Lamiaceae

Found mainly in arid parts of the winter-rainfall
area of the Cape Province as far north as the Orange
River and southern S.W. A. /Namibia, often along
water-courses, in the shelter of rocks or bushes, and as
a semi-weed of disturbed places. Map 20.

Vouchers: Galpin 10590; Rodin 1372; Schlechter
11242.

The common name Kattekrui (Catmint) refers to
the not unpleasantly aromatic foliage.

Introduced to Europe before 1701 when it was
illustrated by Commelin, Hort. med. Amst. t.90, under
the phrase name Pseudodictamnus africanus foliis
subrotundis subtus incanis.

Marrubium crispum L., Sp. PI. edn 2.2: 1674
(1763), based on a plant reputedly from Europe, is
included in synonymy under B. africana by Bentham
(l.c.) and Skan (l.c.) but not by the most recent
monographer of the genus, Patzak (l.c.). Linnaeus
related it to his M. africana, but its identity is uncertain.

Lamiaceae

4: 51

7281 13. STACHYS

Stachys L., Sp. PI. 580 (1753); Gen. PI. edn5: 253 (1754); Benth., Lab. 525 (1834); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 462 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1208 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl.
PflFam. 4,3a: 260 (1896); Bak. in F.T. A. 5: 465 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 337 (1910); R. A.
Dyer, Gen. 1: 528 (1975). Type species: S. sylvatica L.

Sideritis sensu Thunb., Prodr. 95 (1800); FI. Cap. edn Schult. 444 (1823).

Annual or perennial herbs, undershrubs, or sometimes shrubs, with various kinds of
indumentum or sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves sessile or petiolate, entire or toothed.
Inflorescence a terminal or axillary spike or raceme; flowers in 2 — many-flowered verticils,
sessile or pedicellate; bracts leaf-like or reduced; bracteoles usually present, linear. Calyx
subequally 5-toothed or rarely more or less bilabiate, 5 — 10-nerved; teeth usually shorter
than the tube, ovate-acuminate to lanceolate-acuminate, sometimes ending in a short
bristle-like point. Corolla bilabiate; tube straight or curved, sometimes pubescent without
and usually annular-pilose near the base within; upper lip erect or ascending, usually
concave or arched, entire or very shortly emarginate, usually shorter than the lower lip;
lower lip spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 4,
didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair the longer, usually shortly
exserted from the corolla tube; anthers 2-celled, with the cells usually divergent and at
length divaricate. Style terete, as long as the stamens, equally bifid. Nutlets ovoid or oblong
in outline, often triquetrous, obtuse or rounded at the apex.

A genus of about 450 species occurring mainly in the subtropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres.
A few species are attractive horticultural subjects and one of these, 5. byzantina C. Koch, is grown in Southern
African gardens. Of the 41 species dealt with below, S. arvensis L. is a cosmopolitan weed while the remainder are
indigenous. Certain of the latter are used medicinally and are known as Wildetee, Boesmantee or Bushman Tea,
while an infusion of the leaves of 5. linearis Burch, ex Benth. is claimed to promote the flow of milk in nursing
mothers.

1 Pubescence of simple hairs or plants subglabrous with no branched hairs on calyx or corolla: (second half
of couplet on p. 4; 54)

2 Corolla tube 12—20 mm long, often twice or more than twice as long as the calyx:

3 Stem robust, somewhat prickly on the angles; calyx 10—14 mm long; corolla red to purple

1. 5. thunbergii

3 Stem slender, not prickly; calyx 6 — 8 mm long; corolla white to mauve, often flecked with deeper

mauve 2. S. tubulosa

2 Corolla tube less than 12 mm long, not twice as long as the calyx;

4 Leaves ovate, cordate, large, 35 — 100 mm long and 25 — 70 mm broad:

5 Leaves sparingly hispid or pilose beneath:

6 Rhachis shortly retrorse-pubescent, not glandular; inflorescence of 1—4 verticils, compact to

subcapitate 15. 5. graciliflora

6 Rhachis finely glandular-tomentose; inflorescence usually slender of few to several spaced
verticils:

7 Verticils 2-flowered 7. 5. rudatisii

7 Verticils 4— 6-flowered 14. S. aethiopica

5 Leaves densely and softly hairy beneath or, if pilose, then usually more than 15 pairs of marginal
teeth:

8 Calyx teeth not spreading, narrow:

9 All leaves distinctly petiolate; calyx teeth more than 2 mm long:

10 Upper bracts scarcely longer than the calyx; calyx more or less densely covered with short

hairs 3. 5. grandifolia

10 Upper bracts distinctly longer than the calyx; calyx densely covered with long hairs

4. S. bolusii

9 Upper leaves sessile or subsessile; calyx teeth up to 2 mm long.

5. 5. kuntzei

4: 52

Lamiaceae

8 Calyx teeth spreading, broad-based; leaves very large and freely gland-dotted beneath

6. S. albiflora

4 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear-oblong to linear or, if ovate to ovate-oblong, then rarely up to 35
mm long or 25 mm broad (specimens of 5. simplex may exceed this, but then leaves not
cordate-based; occasional abnormal specimens of 5. natalensis may also exceed this, but then
verticils 2-flowered):

11 Verticils all 2-flowered:

12 Calyx villous; leaves subglabrous to densely villous above, sparsely to densely tomentose or
hispid beneath:

13 Leaves densely and softly tomentose beneath:

14 Leaves discolorous, sparingly pubescent and greenish brown above, white tomentose

and freely dotted with yellowish gland-dots beneath 8. S. arachnoidea

14 Leaves concolorous, villous above, densely matted grey tomentose beneath, obscuring the

surface 12. S. sessilifolia

13 Leaves villous to hispid or sparingly strigose beneath:

15 Inflorescence fairly compact to lax, (40—) 60 — 150 mm long; corolla whitish, the lower lip

5—7 mm long, shorter than the tube 13. S. natalensis

15 Inflorescence compact, 30—60 mm long; corolla purple, the lower lip up to 8 mm long,

longer than the tube 19. S. flexuosa

12 Calyx subglabrous to hispid or glandular-puberulous; leaves glabrous to sparingly hispid
above, subglabrous to sparingly hispid or glandular-puberulous beneath:

16 Lower surface of leaf, calyx and rhachis densely and finely glandular-puberulous; leaves

20—45 x 15—25 mm, margin finely crenulate 7. S. rudatisii

16 Lower surface of leaf, calyx and rhachis glabrous to hispid, often with some glands or, if
glandular-puberulous, then leaves smaller than above or margin rather coarsely toothed:

17 Leaves petiolate, broadly ovate to ovate-deltoid or, if narrowly deltoid, then leaves small
with deeply crenate margins:

18 Stem glabrous to sparingly retrorse-scabrid; leaves eglandular, drying dark brown, hairs

on upper surface bulbous-based 16. S. scabrida

18 Stem variously pubescent or, if subglabrous, then leaves often glandular beneath and
hairs on upper surface not bulbous-based:

19 Leaves narrowly deltoid with deeply crenate margins 18. S. sublob at a

19 Leaves not as above:

20 Leaves small, often less than 10 mm long, broadly ovate to suborbicular; stems
short, subglabrous to glandular-puberulous, usually radiating from a central
taproot 17. S. cymbalaria

20 Leaves usually exceeding 10 mm long, broadly ovate to ovate-deltoid; stems usually
long and straggling, up to 500 mm long, variously pubescent:

21 Calyx usually densely hispid, eglandular (Natal, Swaziland and Transvaal)

13. S. natalensis

21 Calyx sparsely hispid, often glandular (Cape) 14. S. aethiopica

17 Leaves sessile or subsessile, ovate to narrowly deltoid, margin not deeply crenate

20. S. humifusa

11 Verticils 3— 10-flowered or some 2-flowered and some more than 2-flowered on the same

inflorescence:

22 Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, about as long as broad, up to twice as long as broad or, if more
than twice as long as broad, not usually exceeding 15 mm long:

23 Under-surface of leaf densely and softly tomentose:

24 Stems with appressed retrorse hairs; leaves usually reticulate-veined beneath

(Transvaal) 10. 5. reticulata

24 Stems with spreading hairs; leaves not noticeably reticulate-veined beneath (eastern
Cape):

Lamiaceae

4: 53

25 Leaves petiolate 11. S. malacophylla

25 Leaves sessile or subsessile 12. S. sessilifolia

23 Under-surface of leaf strigose, hispid or glandular-puberulous to subglabrous:

26 Annual; corolla small, scarcely exceeding the calyx 28. S. arvensis

26 Perennial; corolla distinctly longer than the calyx:

27 Stem glabrous to sparingly retrorse-scabrid or shortly retrorse-pubescent; calyx
eglandular:

28 Leaves petiolate:

29 Leaves thin to fairly firm in texture, thinly pilose, the hairs on the upper surface not
bulbous-based; inflorescence of 1—4 (rarely more) verticils, usually somewhat
subcapitate 15. S. graciliflora

29 Leaves firm in texture, subglabrous to thinly hispid, drying dark brown, the hairs
on the upper surface bulbous-based; stems and leaves with a rather varnished
appearance 16. S. scabrida

28 Leaves sessile to subsessile, ovate to narrowly deltoid 20. S.humifusa

27 Stem variously pubescent, if shortly retrorse-pubescent then inflorescence usually
slender of few to several spaced verticils; calyx glandular or eglandular:

30 Leaf base distinctly cordate; under-surface of leaf densely glandular or leaf
thin-textured and sparingly pubescent:

31 Leaf thin-textured, glandular or sparingly pubescent beneath, margin crenate to

crenate-serrate; stems slender, decumbent to spreading 14. S. aethiopica

31 Leaf thick-textured, glandular beneath, margin finely crenulate; stem usually erect,

fairly stout 27. S. tysonii

30 Leaf base rounded to subcordate; leaf relatively thick-textured, usually hispid- villous:

32 Leaves placed mainly near the base of the stem; inflorescence slender,

elongate 25. S. simplex

32 Leaves placed along the length of the stem; inflorescence fairly compact:

33 Stems very densely villous; lower leaves shortly petiolate, upper leaves

subsessile, 17— 35 x 10— 20 mm 26. S. obtusifolia

33 Stems shortly villous; leaves all petiolate, smaller than above, 10—20 x 6—15

mm 19. S. flexuosa

22 Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or deltoid-lanceolate, about 2,5 to several
times longer than broad, rarely less than 18 mm long:

34 Leaves sessile or subsessile:

35 Stem subglabrous or with short scabrid hairs 20. 5. humifusa

35 Stem hispid to villous:

36 Leaves blackish when dry, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 30—60 x 3—10

mm 23. S. nigricans

36 Leaves not or slightly blackish when dry, deltoid-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, oblong
or ovate-deltoid, 15—50 x 5—18 mm;

37 Leaves rounded to subtruncate at the base; calyx fairly densely hispid-villous

24. S. sessilis

37 Leaves truncate to somewhat auricled at the base; calyx sparingly hispid

21. S. rivularis

34 Leaves petiolate:

38 Stem retrorse-hispid to scabrid or shortly glandular-pubescent; leaves cordate to
subtruncate at the base:

39 Stem retrorse-hispid to scabrid; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sparingly

hispid 22. S. erectiuscula

39 Stem glandular-tomentose; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, glandular-

pubescent 27. 5. tysonii

38 Stem villous; leaves rounded to subtruncate at the base, strigose to villous:

4: 54

Lamiaceae

40 Leaves placed mainly near the base of the stem, often broadly elliptic 25. S. simplex

40 Leaves placed along the length of the stem, lanceolate-deltoid to ovate-deltoid

24. 5. sessilis

1 (from p. 4: 51) Pubescence of stellate or branched hairs, often forming a dense velvety or felt-like
tomentum or more or less floccose, rarely plants subglabrous but then some branched hairs on calyx or
corolla:

41 Stems procumbent, herbaceous; leaves ovate, cordate; pubescence of greyish brown stellate

hairs 9. S. rehmannii

41 Stems erect, woody or subherbaceous; leaves linear to lanceolate or obovate, rarely ovate (and then
stems woody), not cordate at the base; pubescence usually of white, grey or yellowish stellate to
branched hairs:

42 Calyx very thinly and minutely stellate-tomentulose or sometimes glabrescent:

43 Leaves lanceolate, pubescent, usually serrate; a soft, branched shrub 1—3 m tall

29. S. caffra

43 Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, often glabrescent, usually entire; stems 150 — 500 mm tall

arising annually from a perennial rootstock 30. 5. hyssopoides

42 Calyx markedly stellate-hispid or densely covered with a felt-like or wool-like indumentum:

44 Calyx stellate-hispid or covered with a short felt-like indumentum:

45 Leaves sparingly to fairly densely stellate-pilose with the leaf surfaces visible through the
tomentum on both the upper and lower surfaces:

46 Leaves oblong-linear or spathulate to elliptic, usually not markedly cuneate at the base;

stem sparingly to densely tomentose; flowers subsessile 31. S. dregeana

46 Leaves obovate, cuneate at the base; stem thickly white-felted; flowers in pedunculate

cymes with peduncles 3 — 8 mm long and pedicels 2—3 mm long 32. S. dinteri

45 Leaves with a dense felt-like tomentum at least on the lower surface, the upper surface
sometimes (5. cuneata) less dense to thinly hispid:

47 Leaves small, usually less than 20 mm long (up to 25 mm long in S. cuneata ), broadly

ovate or obovate to oblanceolate, margin crenate:

48 Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, cuneate at the base 33. S. cuneata

48 Leaves broadly ovate, base truncate 34. S. zeyheri

47 Leaves usually more than 20 mm long (sometimes shorter in S. rugosa but then base not
or only slightly cuneate and margin not crenate), linear or spathulate to elliptic,
elliptic-ovate, obovate- or ovate-elliptic; margin entire to faintly toothed or
occasionally serrulate:

49 Plant greyish in the dried state or, if yellowish, bracteoles much shorter than the
calyx:

50 Leaves narrowly linear to spathulate or oblanceolate-spathulate (rarely obovate),
smooth, entire; verticils usually 2-(occasionally 3- or 4-) flowered:

51 Leaves linear-spathulate to oblanceolate-spathulate (rarely obovate), rounded

and broadest at or near the apex 35. S. spathulata

51 Leaves narrowly linear, usually narrowed towards the apex 36. S. linearis

50 Leaves oblong, oblong-elliptic or occasionally linear-elliptic to lanceolate, broadly

elliptic or obovate, entire or toothed, often very rugose: verticils (2—)

4— 20-flowered;

52 Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped 38. 5. burchelliana

52 Calyx not 2-lipped 37. S. rugosa

49 Plant yellowish in the dried state; bracteoles strongly developed, subequal to the

calyx in length 41. S. flavescens

44 Calyx densely covered with wool-like to almost plumose indumentum:

53 Leaves thick-textured, rugose, densely white-felted beneath, 20—45 x 10 — 20 mm

39. S. lamarckii

53 Leaves thin-textured, subglabrous to sparingly hispid, 10 — 20 x 3— 5 mm 40. S. aurea

Lamiaceae

4: 55

1. Stachys thunbergii Benth., Lab. 540
(1834); in DC., Prodr. 12: 467 (1848); Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 342 (1910); Salter in FI. Cape
Penins. 697 (1950). Type: “Hartequaskloof;
in Duyvelsberg et prope Constantiam”,
Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo., microfiche
566/13502!).

Galeopsis hispida Thunb., Prodr. 96 (1800); FI. Cap.
edn Schult. 446 (1823). Stachys hispida (Thunb.) Briq.
in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 263 (1897), nom. illegit., non
S. hispida Pursh (1814). Type: as for S. thunbergii
Benth.

Perennial herb with stout, 4-angled,
erect or ascending softly woody stems up to
2 m long, sparingly branched, armed with
strong retrorse prickles along the angles and
at the nodes, otherwise glabrous. Leaves
petiolate; blade rather thick in texture
drying dark brown and somewhat rugose,
ovate-deltoid to lanceolate-deltoid, 30—60
x 15 — 30 mm, sparingly hispid to glabrous,
apex acute, base cordate, margin regularly
and finely crenate; petiole 10—20 mm long.
Inflorescence lax to fairly dense, 60—150
mm long; verticils 4— 6-flowered. Calyx
puberulous to hispidulous, 12—14 mm long
at flowering; teeth lanceolate-acuminate, 5
mm long, usually spine-tipped. Corolla red,
magenta or purple, minutely pubescent;
tube 16—20 mm long, arcuate; upper lip
4—5 mm long; lower lip 6—7 mm long.

Common on south-eastern slopes of Devils Peak
and adjoining mountains of the Cape Peninsula and
again in forest margins in the George-Knysna-
Humansdorp area, with a few scattered records in
between. Map 21.

Vouchers: Compton 13015; Hutchinson 1283.

A distinctive species with long, often subscandent
stems armed with retrorse prickles and long red to
purple corolla.

2. Stachys tubulosa MacOwan in Kew
Bull. 1893: 13 (1893); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 342
(1910); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972); Comp-
ton, FI. Swaziland 497 (1976). Lectotype:
Griqualand East, Tyson sub Herb. Norm.
Austr.-Afr. 1297 (K, lecto.; PRE!).

S. dolichodeira Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser.
2,3:1081 (1903). Type: Griqualand East, Tvson 2549
(K; PRE!; SAM!).

Soft straggling herb, probably perenni-
al; stems weak, slender, sparingly branched,
softly pilose, with long internodes. Leaves
long petiolate; blade thin-textured, broadly
ovate, 35 — 65 x 25—55 mm, softly pilose

Map 21. — ▲ Stachys thunbergii
# S. tubulosa

especially on the nerves, apex acute or
subacute, base deeply cordate, margin
regularly crenate; petiole 18—40 mm long.
Inflorescence of 1—3 verticils, subcapitate or
interrupted; verticils 4— 6-flowered, flowers
subsessile. Calyx softly hispid, 6—8 mm long
at flowering. Corolla pinkish white flecked
with mauve or deep mauve; tube 12—18 mm
long, arcuate or nearly straight; upper lip
ascending, 7 mm long; lower lip deflexed, 5
mm long.

A soft straggling herb found in moist, shady forest
and forest margins in Swaziland, Natal coast and
midlands. East Griqualand and Transkei. Map 21.

Vouchers: Acocks 13563; Galpin 12009.

Related to S. graciliflora (no. 15), from which it is
distinguished by its longer corolla tube.

3. Stachys grandifolia E. Mey. ex
Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 239 (1838);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 475 (1848);
Skan. in F.C. 5,1: 342 (1910); Ross, FI.
Natal 303 (1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland
496 (1976). Lectotype: Cape, between

Umtata and Umzimvubu Rivers, Drege
4781a (K, lecto.!).

Straggling or much-branched perennial
herb up to 1 m tall; stems densely and softly
pubescent with longish, often crisped hairs
but no glands. Leaves petiolate; blade
broadly ovate, 35 — 80 x 28—65 mm, thinly
to softly pubescent above, usually denser
and sometimes softly grey-velvety beneath,

4: 56

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 57

apex acute or subacute, base deeply cordate
often with a wide sinus, margin regularly
and rather finely crenate with about 18—25
teeth on each side; petiole 15—45 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or often with a pair of
branches near the base, tapering towards
the apex, usually with 3 — several spaced
verticils; verticils (4 — ) 6-flowered; bracts
reduced. Calyx softly pilose, 6 mm long.
Corolla white usually with mauve spots on
the lower lip; tube 7—11 mm long, straight;
upper lip horizontal, 4—6 mm long; lower
lip deflexed, 6—7 mm long. Fig. 14.

A bushy herb at forest margins and along
mountain streams, distributed from Woodbush in the
Transvaal to northern Swaziland, along the Natal
Drakensberg escarpment and adjoining areas, and
extending into the Transkei and eastern Cape Province.
Map 22.

Vouchers: Codd 8540; Pegler 434; Schlechter 4741.

Resembles S. graciliflora (no. 15) but is a more
robust plant with denser indumentum on the leaves and
stems, more finely toothed leaf margins and more
slender, elongate inflorescences. Also related to S.
kuntzei (no. 5), in which the upper leaves tend to be
sessile, the bracts are broader, the calyx tube is longer
in relation to the teeth, which are markedly
spine-tipped, and the rhachis and calyx are glandular-
pubescent.

Flowers of S. grandifolia are freely visited by bees
and other insects suggesting that it may be a good bee
plant.

4. Stachys bolusii Skan in F.C. 5,1: 343
(1910). Lectotype: Cape, Malmesbury dis-

trict, near Hopefield and Saldanha Bay,
Bolus 12809 (K, lecto.; BOL!; PRE!).

Perennial herb, spreading or ascending;
stems branched, up to 0,45 m long,
sparingly to fairly densely villous with long
spreading to retrorse hairs and some
gland-tipped hairs. Leaves petiolate; blade
broadly ovate, the larger 30 — 55 x 25—40
mm, fairly densely appressed-pubescent on
both surfaces, apex obtuse to rounded, base
deeply cordate with a wide sinus, margin
regularly and somewhat coarsely crenate
with about 10—14 rounded teeth on each
side; petiole 10—30 mm long. Inflorescence
simple, scarcely tapering, up to 150 mm
long, of several 6-flowered verticils; bracts
densely villous, leaf-like, especially the
lower, smaller above but longer than the
corolla, broadly ovate; flowers subsessile.
Calyx densely villous, 7 mm long. Corolla
white with purple or pink markings on the
lower lip; tube 7 mm long, widening slightly
towards the mouth; upper lip ascending,
4—5 mm long; lower lip deflexed, 7—8 mm
long.

Found among rocks in the Malmesbury district of
the south-western Cape Province. Map 23.

Vouchers: Boucher 3173; Galpin 10711.

Apparently a rare species, widely separated from
its nearest relative, 5. grandifolia (no. 3), from which it
differs in the usually smaller leaves with 10 — 14 teeth on
each margin and the larger bracts which usually exceed
the corolla in length.

Map 23. — A Stachys bolusii
0 S. kuntzei

Fig 14. — 1, Stachys grandifolia, inflorescence, x 1; a, lower part of stem, x 1; b, leaf, x 1; c, flower, x 3; d,
corolla opened longitudinally, x 3; e, mature calyx, x 3; f, gynoecium, x 3; (living plant, BRI garden).

4: 58

Lamiaceae

Compton 23616 from Mossel River shore, Caledon
district, resembles S. bolusii but is more densely hispid
and the corolla tube is longer, up to 10 mm long. It may
represent a distinct entity and should be investigated
further.

5. Stachys kuntzei Giirke in Kuntze,
Rev. Gen. 3,2: 262 (1898); Skan in F.C. 5,1:
344 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972).
Type: Natal, Van Reenen, Kuntze s.n. (NY,
holo.; PRE, photo.!).

S. petrogenes Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3:
1085 (1903). Type: Natal, Van Reenen, Schlechter 6969
(PRE!).

Perennial herb, decumbent or ascend-
ing, 0,45 — 1 m tall; stems stout, semi-
succulent, densely pilose with long spread-
ing hairs and shorter gland-tipped hairs.
Leaves sessile above, petiolate below; blade
fairly thick-textured, broadly ovate, 35 — 70
x 25—50 mm, densely appressed-tomentose
on both surfaces, often with gland-tipped
hairs beneath, apex obtuse to rounded, base
cordate, margin finely and regularly cre-
nate; petiole up to 30 mm long. Inflorescen-
ce simple or branched near the base,
tapering and denser towards the apex, of
many fairly closely spaced 6-flowered
verticils; rhachis densely glandular-
pubescent; bracts broadly ovate, broad-
based, the lower pair somewhat leaf- like,
the upper much reduced. Calyx densely
glandular-pubescent, 6 — 7 mm long. Corolla
white or tinged with mauve; tube 7—9 mm
long; upper lip horizontal, 3—4 mm long;
lower lip deflexed 4—5 mm long.

Found in grass among rocks and on sandstone
ledges in mountain grassland in the Natal Midlands and
Drakensberg region, extending to the adjacent eastern
Orange Free State and south-eastern Transvaal. Map
23.

Vouchers: Galpin 9513; Jacobsz 213.

Sometimes confused with 5. grandifolia (no. 3),
but the two species may be distinguished on several
character differences, as discussed under that species.

6. Stachys albiflora N.E. Br. in Kew
Bull. 1901: 131 (1901); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 344
(1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972). Type:
Natal, Drakensberg, Evans 395 (K, holo.;
NH!; PRE!).

A robust perennial herb, 0,6— 1,3 m
tall; stems stout, erect or ascending,
branched above, densely glandular-pilose.
Leaves very large, petiolate; blade rather
thin-textured, broadly ovate, 80 — 110 x

50—75 mm, appressed-pilose, paler beneath
and densely dotted with yellowish sessile
glands, apex acute to subacute, base deeply
cordate, margin finely and regularly cre-
nate; petiole 20—40 mm long. Inflorescence
simple or with a pair of branches near the
base, tapering and denser towards the apex,
of several spaced 6-flowered verticils;
rhachis densely glandular-pubescent; bracts
ovate, longer than the calyx. Calyx hispidu-
lous and freely gland-dotted, 7 mm long;
teeth distinctly spreading, 3 mm long,
deltoid-subulate and markedly spine-tipped.
Corolla white, tube 6—7 mm long; upper lip
horizontal, 6 mm long; lower lip deflexed, 6
mm long.

A robust herb locally frequent in Leucosidea
sericea communities at altitudes of 2 000 — 2 200 m in a
restricted area in the Drakensberg, in Natal and the
eastern Orange Free State. Map 24.

Vouchers: Killick 1329; Killick & Vahrmeijer 3788.

Resembles S. kuntzei (no. 5) but may readily be
distinguished by the spreading calyx teeth, by the
narrower bracts which taper towards the base, and by
the freely gland-dotted undersides of the leaves.

7. Stachys rudatisii Skan in F.C. 5,1:
347 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 182 (1977). Type:
Natal, Dumisa, Rudatis 405 (K, holo.; NH!;
PRE!).

Apparently a prostrate or decumbent,
branched, perennial herb; stems fairly stout,
branched, up to 0,3 m or more long, deeply
4-furrowed, glandular-hispidulous, with re-
trorse multicellular hairs and copious short
glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate; blade
ovate, (20—) 30-45 x (15-) 20-25 mm,
densely glandular-hispidulous, apex obtuse
to rounded, base cordate, margin regularly
and shallowly crenulate; petiole 10—25 mm
long. Inflorescence of few to several
2-flowered verticils in the axils of leaf-like
bracts; bracts scarcely differentiated or
becoming smaller towards the apex. Calyx
glandular-hispid, 7—8 mm long. Corolla
white; tube 8—9 mm long; upper lip
ascending, 4 mm long and equally broad;
lower lip horizontal, 7 — 8 mm long.

In damp grassy places among rocks and in shady
thickets in southern Natal. Map 24.

Voucher: Hilliard & Burtt 9040.

Differs from S. natalensis (no. 13) in the densely
glandular stems and leaves; in S. natalensis the stems
and leaves are hispid-villous and the undersides of the

Lamiaceae

4: 59

Map 24. — ■ Stachys albiflora
4 S. rudatisii
• S. arachnoidea

leaves often bear short gland-tipped hairs. S. aethiopica
(no. 14) often has densely glandular stems and leaves
but the leaves are usually smaller and broadly ovate,
while the verticils (in Natal specimens) are normally
4— 6-flowered, not 2-flowered as in S. rudatisii.

Rattray sub BOL 14275 from the Hogsback may
belong in S. rudatisii but the leaves are very broadly
ovate and the locality is widely separated from the two
listed above. Further material is desirable.

8. Stachys arachnoidea Codd in Botha-
lia 12: 182 (1977). Type: Swaziland, near
Mbabane, Compton 25890 (PRE, holo.!;
K!; NBG!).

5. rehmannii sensu Compton, FI. Swaz. 66 (1966). S.
nr. rudatisii sensu Compton, l.c. (1966). S. sp. sensu
Compton, l.c. (1966).

Perennial herb; stems procumbent to
subscandent, branched, up to 1 m long,
densely and softly white villous. Leaves
subsessile to shortly petiolate; blade thin-
textured, broadly ovate-deltoid to subro-
tund, 18—40 x 15 — 30 mm, discolorous,
upper surface greenish to brown and thinly
to fairly densely pubescent, under-surface
with a dense white web-like tomentum and
freely dotted with minute yellowish pustule-
like gland-dots, apex obtuse to rounded,
base cordate, margin regularly and shallow-
ly crenulate; petiole up to 10 mm long.
Inflorescence lax; verticils 2-flowered; bracts
leaf-like, subsessile. Calyx densely and
softly white tomentose with numerous
minute gland-dots, 8—9 mm long. Corolla

white with mauve-purple upper lip and
speckled lower lip; tube 8—9 mm long;
upper lip ascending, concave, 3—4 mm long,
lower lip horizontal, 8—9 mm long.

Found in moist places in forest margins and grassy
slopes on the mountains of eastern Transvaal and
northern Swaziland at altitudes of 1 300 — 2 000 m. Map
24.

Vouchers: Codd 9858; Scheepers 729.

Flas been confused with other species with
procumbent stems and 2-flowered verticils, such as S.
rudatisii (no. 7), 5. rehmannii (no. 9) and S. natalensis
(no. 13), but differs in the discolorous leaves with white
cobwebby tomentum and minute yellowish gland-dots
on the under-surfaces. In addition, 5. rehmannii is
distinguished by the dense stellate tomentum on all
parts of the plant, while the verticils are often
4— 6-flowered.

9. Stachys rehmannii Skan in F.C. 5,1:

345 (1910); Codd in Bothalia 12: 183 (1977).
Type: Transvaal, Houtbosch, Rehmann

6178 (K, holo.!).

Perennial herb; stems procumbent,
branched, up to 0,5 m long, sparsely to
densely stellate-hispid. Leaves petiolate;
blade fairly thick-textured, broadly ovate-
deltoid, 10 — 22 x 10—20 mm, reticulate,
densely grey stellate-hispid on both surfa-
ces, apex obtuse to rounded, base deeply
cordate, margin regularly crenate; petiole
3—7 mm long. Inflorescence lax below,
dense above; verticils usually 2-flowered,
occasionally 4— 6-flowered; bracts leaf-like
below becoming rapidly smaller and even-
tually elliptic and shorter than the calyx
above. Calyx densely and shortly stellate-
villous, 7—9 mm long. Corolla white to rosy
with a purplish blotch in the throat; tube
7 — 8 mm long; upper lip ascending, 3 mm
long and equally broad; lower lip horizon-
tal, 6—7 mm long.

Found among rocks in mountain grassland at
altitudes of 1 300 — 2 200 m in the northern and
north-eastern Transvaal. Map 25.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 9022; Strev & Schlieben
8515.

Readily distinguished from all other members of
the S. aethiopica complex by the presence of dense
stellate pubescence on all parts of the plant.

10. Stachys reticulata Codd in Bothalia

12; 183 (1977). Type; Transvaal, Ma-

riepskop, Werdermann & Oberdieck 1868
(PRE, holo.!).

Perennial herb; stems decumbent to

4: 60

Lamiaceae

procumbent, densely pilose, branched, up
to 0,6 m long. Leaves petiolate; blade fairly
firm-textured, ovate-deltoid to broadly
ovate or subreniform, 10—30 x 8—25 mm,
usually disco lorous, upper surface brown-
ish, hispid, under-surface paler, reticulate-
veined, densely tomentose and gland-
dotted, apex obtuse to subacute, base
broadly cordate, margin crenulate; petiole
5 — 12 mm long. Inflorescence lax, of 2—4
verticils or occasionally subcapitate; verticils
4— 6-flowered; bracts much reduced, the
upper ones shorter than the calyx. Calyx
fairly densely glandular-hispid, 7—8 mm
long. Corolla white to pale mauve; tube 8—9
mm long; upper lip horizontal, oblong,
concave, 4—5 mm long; lower lip deflexed,
6—7 mm long.

Found among rocks in exposed situations in
mountain grassland in the Pilgrims Rest district of the
eastern Transvaal at altitudes of 1 500 to 2 200 m. Map
25.

Vouchers: Galpin 14342; Killick & Strey 2391.

May be distinguished from S. aethiopica (no. 14)
by the discolorous leaves which are reticulate-veined
and densely tomentose below, by the spreading calyx
teeth and by the characteristic appressed pilose
tomentum of the stems. S. natalensis (no. 13) differs
from it in having 2-flowered verticils, while in 5.
rehmannii (no. 9) the hairs are stellate. In S.
malacophylla (below) the stem pubescence is softly
spreading, the leaves are concolorous without glands
and the calyx teeth are not spreading.

Map 25. — • Stachys rehmannii
■ S. reticulata
♦ S. malacophylla
▲ S. sessilifolia

11. Stachys malacophylla Skan in Kew
Bull. 1909: 421 (1909); F.C. 5,1: 345 (1910);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 184 (1977). Lectotype:
Cape, Queenstown, Galpin 1955 (K, lecto.;
PRE!).

Perennial herb, stems decumbent, spar-
ingly branched, fairly densely pilose, up to
0,4 m long. Leaves petiolate; blade fairly
firm-textured, broadly ovate, 14—30 x
10—22 mm, greyish, concolorous, densely
appressed pilose above, matted velvety
pilose beneath, glands not evident, apex
obtuse to rounded, base broadly and deeply
cordate, margin crenulate; petiole 5 — 14 mm
long. Inflorescence lax, of 2—8 verticils;
verticils (2—) 3 — 6-flowered; bracts reduced,
the upper ones shorter than the calyx and
narrowly elliptical. Calyx densely hispid-
villous and finely gland-dotted, 6—7 mm
long. Corolla mauve; tube 8 mm long; upper
lip horizontal, 4 mm long; lower lip
deflexed, 5—6 mm long.

A little-known species from mountains in the
eastern Cape Province. Map 25.

Voucher: Sim 19590.

Closely related to S. sessilifolia (below) from
which it is distinguished by the petiolate leaves and
usually 4— 6-flowered verticils, while the tomentum on
stems and leaves is less densely woolly. In 5. reticulata
(no. 10) from the eastern Transvaal, which resembles
5. malacophylla superficially, the stem pubescence is
strongly retrorse, the leaves tend to be discolorous and
noticeably reticulate below, while the calyx teeth are
distinctly spreading.

12. Stachys sessilifolia E. Mey. ex
Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 239 (1838);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 476 (1848); Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 345 (1910); Codd in Bothalia 12:
184 (1977). Type: Cape, between Umzim-
vubu and Umsikaba Rivers, Drege 4752 (K,
holo.!).

S. bachmannii Gtirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 75 (1898). Type:
Cape, Pondoland, near Dorking, Bachmann 1169.

Perennial herb; stem decumbent or
ascending, branched, up to 0,7 m long,
densely and softly villous. Leaves often
shortly petiolate below, sessile above; blade
ovate to ovate-deltoid or narrowly ovate,
10—22 x 7 — 11 mm, densely appressed
villous above, densely matted-villous be-
neath, apex obtuse, base rounded to sub-
cordate, margin finely crenulate. Inflore-
scence crowded at the apex, laxer below, of
few to several verticils; verticils 2 (—6)-

Lamiaceae

4: 61

flowered; bracts leaf-like, becoming smaller
but longer than the calyx towards the apex.
Calyx densely shaggy-villous, 7—8 mm long.
Corolla “white with carmine on the lower
lip” (fide Skan, l.c.); tube narrow, 7—8 mm
long; upper lip ascending, 3—4 mm long;
lower lip horizontal, 6—8 mm long.

Found in dense grassland in the Transkei and
eastern Cape Province. Map 25.

Voucher: Coleman 834.

A little-known species closely related to 5.
natalensis (below) but distinguished from that species
by the densely matted-villous lower surface of the
leaves. Further material is required in order to
determine how meaningful this distinction is. A
specimen from northern Natal, near Luneburg, Galpin
9870, has this type of tomentum but differs in having
petioles up to 7 mm long. Until more material is
forthcoming, it is referred to S. sessilifolia with some
hesitation; from S. malacophylla (no. 11) it differs in
having 2-flowered, not 4— 6-flowered verticils.

The type of 5. bachmannii Briq. has not been
seen; the species was included in S. sessilifolia by Skan
and, according to its description, this decision appears
to be correct.

13. Stachys natalensis Hochst. in Flora
28: 65 (1845); Codd in Bothalia 12: 185
(1977). Type: Natal, Table Mtn, Krauss
1139.

Perennial herb; stems several, erect,
0,12—0,2 m tall or few, decumbent to
straggling, up to 0,5 m long, variously
pubescent, glandular hairs usually absent.
Leaves subsessile or petiolate; blade firm to
thick-textured, ovate to ovate-deltoid, vari-
able in size, 10—40 x 6 — 24 mm, shortly and
sparingly appressed pubescent to densely
strigose above, less dense and more
spreading beneath, often with some glandu-
lar hairs but not conspicuously glandular,
apex obtuse to rounded, base deeply
cordate to rounded, margin regularly and
shallowly crenate; petiole up to 12 mm long.
Inflorescence fairly dense above, laxer
below, of 5—20 verticils; verticils 2-
flowered; bracts similar to the leaves below,
becoming smaller towards the apex, eventu-
ally elliptic, equal to or shorter than the
calyx. Calyx densely villous to densely and
shortly pubescent, without glands, 7 — 10
mm long. Corolla white with a few lilac
markings on the lower lip; tube 7—11 mm
long; upper lip ascending, 2—3 mm long;
lower lip deflexed, 5—7 mm long.

Found in grass on stony hillsides, or in semi-shady
kloofs and wooded places in the mountains of northern.

central and eastern Transvaal, Swaziland, northern and
coastal Natal as far south as Durban, with an occasional
record from the eastern Cape Province. Also recorded
from Zimbabwe.

No material of the type, Krauss 1139 from Table
Mtn, near Pietermaritzburg, has been traced but the
description is considered adequate to identify it with
the present concept. The specimen Schlechter 2894
from near Verulam, Natal may be regarded as
representative.

Two varieties are recognized:

1 Pubescence on stem, leaves and calyx

sparingly villous to shortly scabrid or to-
mentose (a) v ar. natalensis

1 Pubescence on stem, leaves and calyx

densely villous (b) var. galpinii

(a) var. natalensis.

Codd in Bothalia 12: 185 (1977).

5. natalensis Hochst. in Flora 28: 65 (1845); Skan in
F.C. 5,1: 367 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972). Type:
Natal, Table Mtn, Krauss 1139.

S. transvaalensis Giirke in Bot. Jb. 28: 316 (1901);
Skan, l.c. 346 (1910). Type: Transvaal, Lydenburg
district, Wilms 1136 (BM).

5. leptoclada Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3:
1084 (1903); Skan, l.c. 351 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303
(1972). Type: Natal, Bluekrantz River, Schlechter 6865
(Z, holo.!; BOL!).

5. aethiopica sensu Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 284,
1. 141 : 3 (1962); sensu Compton, FI. Swaziland 496
(1976).

Stems decumbent to straggling, up to
0,5 m long; pubescence on stem, leaves and
calyx shortly scabrid or tomentose to
sparingly or fairly densely villous; leaves
petiolate.

4: 62

Lamiaceae

Distribution and ecology more or less as for the
species, but not prevalent in the mountain grassland of
the eastern Transvaal. Map 26.

Vouchers: Codd 8622; Compton 26835; Junod 123;
Schlechter 2894; Strey 3947.

Specimens with scabrid or shortly tomentose
pubescence are closely related to typical S. aethiopica
(no. 14) but can be separated, where the two species
overlap, by the 2-flowered verticils. The occurrence of
long villous hairs varies from sparse to fairly dense,
grading into var. galpinii with very dense villous hairs.

(b) var. galpinii (Briq.) Codd in Bo-
thalia 12: 185 (1977).

5. galpinii Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 1082
(1903); Skan, l.c. 346 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303
(1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 496 (1976). Type:
Transvaal, near Barberton, Galpin 681 (K; PRE!;
SAM!).

S. lupulina Briq., l.c. 1082 (1903). Type: “Natal,
near Claremont, Schlechter 4651” (see note below).

5. parilis N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1901: 131 (1901);
Skan, l.c. 347 (1910); Ross, l.c. 303 (1972). Type:
Natal, Drakensberg, Tiger Cave Valley, Evans 387 (K;
NH!; PRE, photo.).

S. villosissima H.M. Forbes in Bothalia 4: 38 (1941);
Ross, l.c. 304 (1972). Type: Natal, Entumeni, Forbes
783 (NH, holo. ! ; PRE!).

Stems erect, 0,12—0,2 m tall or
decumbent to straggling, 0,3— 0,4 m long;
stem, leaves and calyx densely villous;
leaves subsessile or petiolate.

In dense grass, often among rocks, in central and
eastern Transvaal and northern Swaziland; extending
to Natal. Map 27.

Voucher: Codd 8063; Galpin 10183; C.A. Smith
3272.

This variety can be recognized by the combination
of densely villous pubescence and 2-flowered verticils.
The leaves may be petiolate or subsessile and the latter
specimens come near to S. sessilifolia (no. 12) in which
undersides of the leaves are densely matted-villous and
the stems are softly tomentose. In S. malacophylla (no.
11) the undersides of the leaves are also densely
pubescent and the verticils are usually 6-flowered.

Skan, l.c, draws attention to the confusion
concerning the type of S. lupulina. Briquet cites the
specimen as “Natal, Claremontplats prope Claremont,
Schlechter 4651, ann. 1892.” On the type sheet in Z and
an isotype in BOL the label reads: “Claremont flats
prope Cape Town, Schlechter 465, 9, III. 1892”. It is
undoubtedly conspecific with S. natalensis var. galpinii,
which does not occur in the Cape, but could have been
collected while Schlechter was in northern Natal or the
eastern Transvaal. Skan concluded that it had probably
been introduced at the Cape but there is no evidence to
support this.

14. Stachys aethiopica L., Mant. 1: 82
(1767); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 476
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 348 (1910);
Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 3,2: 180, t.47B (1932);
Salter in FI. Cape Penins. 697 (1950); Jacot
Guill., FI. Lesotho 237 (1971); Ross, FI.
Natal 303 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 12: 186
(1977). Type: Cape Province, LINN

736.13.

Betonica capensis Burm. f. , FI. Cap. Prodr. 16
(1768). Type: Pluk.. Almagest. Bot. t . 3 1 5 . f.3 (1696).

S. pulchella, Salisb. , Prodr. 83 (1796), nom. illegit.
Type: same as for S. aethiopica L.

S. serrulata Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 549 (1834); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 477 (1848); Skan, l.c. 350 (1910).
Type: Cape, near Knysna, Burchell 5155 (K, holo.!).

S. aethiopica var. grandiflora Burch, ex Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 239 (1837). Type: Cape, Klein

Winterhoek, Drege 75d (K, holo.!).

— var. hispidissima Benth., l.c. 239 (1837); Skan, l.c.
348 (1910). Type: Cape, Hex River Kloof, Drege 75h
(K, holo.!).

S. capensis Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 100 (1844); Benth. in
DC., Prodr. 12: 496 (1848); Skan, l.c. 366 (1910).
Type: Cape, without locality, Krebs 273 (PRC, holo.!).

S. hispidula Hochst. in Flora 28: 66 (1845); Skan, l.c.
367 (1910). Type: Cape, Humansdorp District, Krauss
1125.

S. fruticetorum Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3:
1083 (1903); Skan, l.c. 351 (1910). Type: Cape, Sir
Lowrys Pass, Schlechter 1179 (Z, holo.!; BOL!).

S. aethiopica var. glandulifera Skan, l.c. 348 (1910);
Jacot Guill., l.c. 237 (1971). Syntypes: several, inch
Zwartkei River, Baur s.n. (K; PRE!).

— var. parviflora Skan, l.c. 348 (1910); Salter, l.c.
697 (1950). Syntypes: several inch Cape Peninsula,
Signal Station, Wolley-Dod 3048 (K; BOL!).

Lamiaceae

4: 63

S. attenuata Skan, l.c. 351 (1910). Syntypes: Cape,
near Bains Kloof, Bolus 2896 (BOL!); Paarl Mtn,
Drege 75b (K!).

5. harveyi Skan, l.c. 350 (1910). Type: Cape, near
Cape Town, Harvey s.n. (TCD, holo.).

Perennial herb, sparingly to freely
branched; stems decumbent or ascending up
to 0,5 m long or more, variously pubescent
with short antrorse hairs, longish spreading
to retrorse hairs mixed with glandular hairs,
or densely glandular. Leaves petiolate;
blade thin to fairly firm in texture, broadly
ovate to ovate-deltoid, 8—35 (—60) x 6—25
( — 35) mm, sparingly and shortly hispid with
or without glandular hairs, rarely almost
glabrous, apex subacute to obtuse, base
deeply to shallowly cordate, margin regu-
larly crenate to crenate-serrate; petiole

3— 30 mm long. Inflorescence lax below,
dense above, occasionally subcapitate, of
few to several verticils; verticils (2—)

4— 6-flowered; bracts similar to the leaves
below becoming smaller towards the apex,
eventually elliptic and equal to or shorter
than the calyx. Calyx sparingly to densely
hispid and often glandular, 5 — 8 mm long.
Corolla white or pink to deep mauve,
usually with purplish flecks on the lower lip;
tube 7 — 10 mm long; upper lip ascending,
2—5 mm long; lower lip deflexed, 5—8 mm
long.

Distributed from the Orange Free State, Lesotho,
Natal and Transkei to the eastern Cape and more or
less along the coast to the Peninsula and thence

northwards to Clanwilliam district; found in a variety of
habitats from mountain grassland, usually on sandstone
formation, to dry woodland and coastal dune bush, and
among rocks in fynbos. Map 28.

Vouchers: Boucher 2343; Dieterlen 101; Hilliard &
Burtt 3194; Pegler 231; Scheepers 1412.

The variation in this widespread species is
discussed more fully elsewhere (Codd, l.c.) and it is
pointed out that S. aethiopica tends to be a repository
for specimens which are not distinct enough to be
satisfactorily segregated as separate species. Thus the
key characters for separating it from other species may
break down and it is often necessary to use a
combination of characters or facies in allocating some
specimens.

It is separated from the more northern species, S.
natalensis (no. 13), mainly on the pubescence of leaves
and calyx: S. natalensis usually has villous to densely
villous and scarcely glandular leaves and calyx
(glandular hairs rarely present), though some speci-
mens in Natal are somewhat intermediate in having
tomentose rather than villous pubescence. The stem
pubescence in S. aethiopica is mainly hispid, either
antrorse, retrorse or spreading, with sometimes
scattered longish hairs and glandular hairs, while the
leaves and calyx are often glandular-hispid, especially
the lower surfaces of the leaves, which may be densely
glandular-puberulous. However, there is a consider-
able intergrading of characters so that the varieties
recognized in Flora Capensis are not upheld.

Usually S. aethiopica has 3— 6-flowered verticils
whereas in S. natalensis they are strictly 2-flowered.
However, some depauperate specimens of 5. aethiopica
in the south-western Cape Province may have
2-flowered verticils (e.g. the type specimen and S.
attenuata ), while certain closely related segregate
species such as 5. flexuosa Skan (no. 19), S. cymbalaria
Briq. (no. 17) and S. sublobata Skan (no. 18), also have
2-flowered verticils.

In 5. aethiopica the inflorescence is usually fairly
elongate, consisting of a number of verticils, but
sometimes it is reduced to one or two verticils which
give the inflorescence a subcapitate appearance. In
such cases the distinction between S. aethiopica and S.
graciliflora Presl (stems glabrous to sparingly retrorse-
pubescent) becomes rather arbitrary (see below).

A large-leaved form with thin-textured, sparingly
pilose leaves 30—60 x 20—40 mm occurs along the
Natal coast from near Durban to Port Shepstone. It has
glandular-tomentose stems and usually 6-flowered
verticils, and appears to behave as a semi-weed. It
appears to grade into S. aethiopica and no character
could be found for separating it satisfactorily though
the extremes look very different.

15. Stachys graciliflora Presl , Bot.

Bemerk. 100 (1844); Benth. in DC., Prodr.
12: 496 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 366 (1910);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 187 (1977). Type:
Cape, without locality, Krebs s.n. (PRC,
holo.!, as to left-hand specimen on sheet
labelled S. graciliflora Presl; PRE, photo.).

4; 64

Lamiaceae

S. cooperi Skan in Kew Bull. 1909: 420 (1909); in
F.C. 5,1: 343 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972).
Syntypes: Cape, Albany Division, Cooper 15 (K! ) ;
Kentani, Pegler 908, collected April 1909 (K!; PRE!).

Perennial, decumbent to prostrate or
subscandent herb; stems up to 0,4 m or
more, sparingly branched, shortly and often
sparingly retrorse-pubescent. Leaves petio-
late, blade often thin-textured, ovate to
broadly ovate, 20—65 X 14—50 mm,
eglandular, sparingly hispidulous or shortly
and sparingly pilose, the hairs on the upper
surface soft and not bulbous-based, apex
subacute to obtuse, base deeply cordate
with a wide sinus and distant rounded
auricles, margin coarsely crenate; petiole
8—30 mm long. Inflorescence somewhat lax
below or often subcapitate, of 1—4 (rarely
more) verticils; verticils (2—) 4— 6-flowered;
rhachis shortly retrorse-tomentulose; bracts
leaf-like below, smaller above and finally
lanceolate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx
softly pubescent to sparingly hispidulous,
6—8 mm long. Corolla white, sometimes
with mauve spots on the lower lip; tube
6—10 mm long, arcuate; upper lip ascen-
ding, 5—6 mm long; lower lip horizontal,
6—8 mm long.

A soft straggling herb of moist places in forest
margins, in grass, fynbos or coastal scrub from southern
Natal to Knysna in the Cape. Map 29.

Vouchers: Galpin 2069; Pegler 908; Strey 6169.

There is a gradation in leaf size from the specimens
with larger and softer leaves, described as S. cooperi
Skan, to those occurring further west with smaller and
firmer leaves, which match the type of 5. graciliflora
Presl. The stem pubescence of the latter tends to be
slightly more scabrid and thus approaches the condition
found in S. scabrida Skan (below). However, in S.
scabrida the leaves are somewhat thicker in texture, dry
dark brown and the hairs on the upper leaf surface are
thicker with distinctly swollen bases. On these grounds
S. scabrida is kept distinct, but the two overlap from
southern Transkei to Knysna and further study in this
area is required.

As mentioned under the previous species, S.
aethiopica sometimes has few, fairly condensed
verticils, which resemble those of S. graciliflora.
However, these plants usually have a coarser pubes-
cence on the stems, while gland-dots are often present
on the calyx and on the lower surface of the leaves. No
glandular hairs are found on S. graciliflora.

Specimens with large leaves resemble 5. tubulosa
(no. 2) but may be separated when flowers are
available by the shorter corolla tube which does not
exceed 10 mm in length. In S. tubulosa the corolla tube
is 12—18 mm long and the species has a more northerly
distribution from East Griquland to Swaziland.

Map 29. — A Stachys graciliflora
O S. scabrida

16. Stachys scabrida Skan in F.C. 5,1:
349 (1910); Codd in Bothalia 12: 188 (1977).
Lectotype: Cape, Bruintjieshoogte, Bur-
chell 3037 (K, lecto.!; PRE!).

S. priori i Skan. I.c. 353 (1910). Type: Cape. Algoa
Bay. Prior s.n. (K.. holo.l).

Perennial, decumbent to prostrate
herb; stems about 0,2— 0,4 m long, sparingly
branched, subglabrous to scabrid with
strong retrorse-scabrid hairs or longer multi-
cellular retrorse hairs. Leaves petiolate, dry-
ing dark brown; blade firm to coriaceous,
ovate to ovate-deltoid or deltoid, 12—30 x
8 — 20 mm, eglandular, subglabrous to spar-
ingly hispid, the upper surface usually with
scattered short to longish bulbous-based
hairs, apex usually acute, base deeply cor-
date with a wide sinus and distant rounded
auricles, margin regularly crenate to cre-
nate-dentate, often somewhat thickened;
petiole 5 — 18 mm long. Inflorescence usually
slender, lax below, occasionally somewhat
condensed, of 2—6 verticils; verticils 2—6-
flowered; rhachis glabrous to retrorse-sca-
brid; bracts differentiated towards the apex.
Calyx subglabrous to sparingly hispid, 6—8
mm long. Corolla white, sometimes with
mauve spots on the lower lip; tube 6—8 mm
long, slightly arcuate; upper lip ascending,
5 — 6 mm long; lower lip horizontal, 6 — 9 mm
long.

Lamiaceae

4: 65

A straggling herb in grass, fynbos or coastal scrub,
extending from the southern Transkei to Knysna and,
inland, to Steynsburg and Somerset East districts. Map
29.

Vouchers: Bayliss 8384; Schonland 3177.

S. scabrida appears to be related to S. graciliflora
(no. 15) but the pubescence is coarser and more
scabrid, while the leaves are thicker-textured and the
hairs on the upper leaf surface tend to be bulbous-
based. The inflorescences tend to be more slender,
rather than subcapitate, as is the case in 5. graciliflora.
The distinction is by no means clear-cut, as indicated in
the discussion of the latter species, and specimens such
as Story 2445 tend to be somewhat intermediate. The
type of 5. priorii is somewhat intermediate between 5.
scabrida and S. humifusa (no. 20).

17. Stachys cymbalaria Briq. in Bull.
Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 1088 (1903); Skan in
F.C. 5,1: 352 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303
(1972); Codd in Bothalia 12: 188 (1977).
Type: Cape, Cradock, Cooper 516 (K,
holo.!; W!).

S. aethiopica var. lenella Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3,2; 262
(1898). Type: Cape, Cradock, Kuntze s.n.

S. cymbalaria var. alba Skan, l.c. 352 (1910). Type:
Natal, Richmond, Medley Wood 1846 (K, holo.!;
NH!).

Perennial prostrate herb; stems radia-
ting from a central taproot, up to 0,3 m
long, subglabrous or with few long slender
spreading hairs or occasionally with a short
sparse to fairly densely glandular pubescen-
ce. Leaves subsessile or shortly petiolate;
blade broadly ovate-deltoid to suborbicular,
8 — 15 x 6—12 mm, subglabrous to thinly
appressed-pubescent or glandular-
puberulous, apex obtuse to rounded, base
broadly cordate, margin crenate. Inflores-
cence lax, of 1—5 verticils; verticils 2-flower-
ed; bracts elliptical, smaller than the calyx.
Calyx puberulous to hispidulous, 5 — 6 mm
long. Corolla purple, pink or white; tube
5 — 7 mm long; upper lip horizontal, 3 — 4 mm
long; lower lip deflexed, 6 mm long.

Found among rocks in exposed mountain grass-
land at a few disjunct localities from Graaff-Reinet to
Cradock through Transkei to the Kokstad area and in
southern Natal. Map 30.

Vouchers: Galpin 10011; Hilliard 8106.

The species is characterized by the very small
ovate leaves which are usually subglabrous to sparingly
pubescent. Two gatherings from Mt Insizwa, Schlechter
6467 and Hilliard & Burtt 6568, are included with some
hesitation as they are more markedly pubescent with
somewhat narrower, subsessile leaves. These resemble

S. humifusa (no. 20) but the calyx teeth are shorter and
broader and the pubescence shorter than in that
species.

18. Stachys sublobata Skan in F.C. 5,1:
354 (1910); Codd in Bothalia 12: 188 (1977).
Lectotype: Cape, Swellendam district, Bar-
rydale, Galpin 4425 (K, lecto.; PRE!).

Perennial many-stemmed herb; stems
decumbent or ascending up to 0,3 m long,
sparsely hispidulous with occasionally
longish spreading hairs. Leaves shortly
petiolate; blade small, often folded along
the midrib, fairly thick in texture, narrowly
triangular, 10—15 x 4—6 mm, sparingly
hispidulous on both surfaces with gland-dots
sometimes present beneath, apex acute,
base openly cordate, margin deeply crenate
with 4 or 5 lobe-like teeth up to 1,5 mm long
on each side. Inflorescence lax, of a few 2
(— 6)-flowered verticils; bracts leaf-like be-
low becoming linear-lanceolate and sub-
equal to the calyx above. Calyx thinly
glandular-hispid, 6 — 7 mm long. Corolla
mauve; tube 6—8 mm long; upper lip
spreading to erect, 4—5 mm long; lower lip
deflexed, 6—8 mm long.

Map 30. — • Stachys cymbalaria
▲ S. sublobata
■ S. flexuosa

Found on hillsides in fynbos at altitudes of 300 to
900 m in the south-western Cape Province, recorded
from Caledon to Mossel Bay districts and inland to
Ladismith and Oudtshoorn districts. Map 30.

Vouchers; Acocks 20779; Galpin 4426.

4: 66

Lamiaceae

Related to S. cymbalaria (no. 17) but may be
distinguished by the deeply crenate, rather narrowly
deltoid leaves and the more pronounced pubescence.

19. Stachys flexuosa Skan in F.C. 5,1:
352 (1910); Codd in Bothalia 12: 189 (1977).
Type: Cape, Stockenstroom district, old
Katberg Pass, Galpin 2393 (wrongly listed in
F.C. as 2093) (K, holo.; PRE!; SAM!).

Perennial herb, branching at the base;
stems slender, decumbent to ascending,
sparingly branched, 0,15—0,25 m long,
fairly densely hispid to villous-pilose with
long spreading hairs and some short
glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate; blade
ovate, 10—20 x 6—15 mm, somewhat
appressed villous with some bulbous-based
hairs above, hispid mainly on the nerves
beneath, apex obtuse to rounded, base
truncate to subcordate, margin crenate;
petiole 3—8 mm long. Inflorescence fairly
dense, of few to several 2— 6-flowered
verticils; rhachis densely hispid with some
glands; bracts leaf-like below, becoming
smaller and subequal to the calyx above.
Calyx hispid and with some glands, 7—8 mm
long. Corolla purple; tube 6 mm long; upper
lip erect, 4 mm long; lower lip deflexed, 8
mm long.

Known from a few localities, in the Transkei,
eastern Cape Province, and Natal Drakensberg, among
rocks in mountain grassland. Map 30.

Vouchers: Galpin 8379; Rattray 403.

The small ovate leaves with a rather wide sinus at
the base are reminiscent of the S. aethiopica complex,
but the relationship appears to be nearer to S.
obtusifolia (no. 26) and .S', tysonii (no. 27), from which
it differs mainly in the smaller leaves, less densely
villous stems and leaves, and in having few gland-dots
on the leaves in contrast to the markedly glandular
pubescence of S. tysonii.

Two gatherings, Fourcade 2281 and 4455 (both
seen in STE), from near the mouth of the Krom River,
Humansdorp district, can scarcely be separated from 5.
flexuosa. However, they are widely separated from the
specimens cited above and grow under such different
ecological conditions that further investigation is
necessary before including them in S. flexuosa.

20. Stachys humifusa Burch, ex Benth.,

Lab. 547 (1834); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12:
476 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 358 (1910).
Type: Cape, Bathurst district, Kowie,

Burchell 3794 (K, holo.).

S. subsessilis Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 548 (1834);
Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 240 (1837); in DC., Prodr.
12: 476 (1848); Skan, l.c. 353 (1910). Type: Cape, near
Port Elizabeth, Burchell 4326 (K, lecto.).

S. tenella Skan, l.c. 358 (1910). Type: Cape,
Griqualand East, near Kokstad, Tyson 1790 (K, holo.;
PRE!; SAM!).

Perennial (?) herb; stems procumbent
to weakly ascending, branched or some-
times simple, up to 0,45 m long, often very
slender, glabrous or with scattered short
scabrid hairs, occasionally with short glan-
dular hairs or slender long white hairs.
Leaves sessile to shortly petiolate; blade
usually drying brownish, somewhat leath-
ery, ovate-deltoid to lanceolate-deltoid,
7—30 x 3 — 10 mm, often punctate, thinly
strigose to subglabrous, apex obtuse to
acute, base cordate, margin crenate, often
slightly thickened. Inflorescence lax below,
often compact above, of few to several
2— 6-flowered verticils; bracts lanceolate-
elliptic, entire, shorter than the calyx. Calyx
glabrous to scabrid or sparingly hispid, 5—7
mm long. Corolla white to pale mauve; tube
6—7 mm long; upper lip ascending, 2—3 mm
long; lower lip deflexed, 5—6 mm long.

Found in grassland or low-lying places from
Knysna to King William’s Town districts with one
record in mountain grassland near Kokstad. Map 31.

Vouchers: Bolus 9139; Galpin 384.

More collecting is required in order that the
correct limits of this species may be determined. S.
humifusa and S. subsessilis grade into each other and
the alleged difference in leaf shape does not hold good.
The type of 5. priori is somewhat intermediate between
S. humifusa and S. scabrida (no. 16) and is included in
synonymy under the latter; no other specimen exactly
matching it has been seen. It is also not possible to
separate the type of 5. tenella from 5. humifusa though
its distance from the remainder of the distribution
indicates that it requires closer study. As yet, no other
gathering is known which matches it, though it also
resembles some specimens now included in S.
cymbalaria (no. 17). At the other end of the
distribution range, near Knysna, two specimens
collected by Breyer (TRV 23323, 23365), come near to
5. scabrida, a species with larger, broader leaves and
longer petioles, and this area should also be collected
more thoroughly to determine whether there is a
gradation between S. scabrida and S. humifusa.

21. Stachys rivularis Wood & Evans in
J. Bot., Lond. 35: 489 (1897); Skan in F.C.
5,1: 358 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972).
Type: Natal, Mooi River, Medley Wood
6252 (NH, holo.!; K; PRE!).

5. schlechteri Gurke in Bot. Jb. 26: 74 (1898). Type:
Natal, Mooi River, Schlechter 6837 (K; PRE!).

Perennial erect herb 0,2— 0,3 m tall,
branching near the base; stems several.

Lamiaceae

4: 67

simple, pilose with long spreading multicel-
lular hairs and shorter gland-tipped hairs
and with a hairy interpetiolar ridge at the
nodes. Leaves sessile or the lower ones
shortly petiolate; blade deltoid to ovate-
deltoid, 15—30 x 5 — 12 mm, shortly
appressed hispid, apex obtuse or subacute,
base subcordate to truncate, margin crenu-
late, not or scarcely thickened. Inflorescence
lax below, compact above, of several
4— 6-flowered verticils; bracts ovate, similar
to the leaves but smaller, usually longer
than the calyx. Calyx sparingly hispid and
with some short glandular hairs, 5—6 mm
long. Corolla white with mauve spots on the
lower lip; tube 5—6 mm long; upper lip
ascending, 2,5 — 3 mm long; lower lip
deflexed, 5—6 mm long.

Map 31. — • Stachys humifusa
▲ S. rivularis
■ S. erectiuscula

A little-known grassland species found growing
near Mooi River in the Natal Midlands at an altitude of
about 1 500 m. Map 31.

Vouchers: Mogg 3331; Schlechter 6837.

Skan, l.c., considered S. rivularis to be possibly
only a hairy variety of 5. humifusa (no. 20), but the
evidence indicates that the two are quite distinct, with
5. rivularis having several steins, more rigidly erect,
with shorter internodes, in addition to the more
pronounced pubescence of stems, leaves and calyx. Its
affinity is closer to 5. sessilis (no. 24) and S. obtusifolia
(no. 26), both of which can be separated by their even
denser and stronger indumentum. Further material is
desirable.

22. Stachys erectiuscula Giirke in Bot.
Jb. 28: 315 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 357
(1910). Type: Transvaal, near Lydenburg,
Wilms 1116.

S. erectiuscula var. natalensis Skan, l.c. 357 (1910);
Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972). Syntypes: Natal, near
Newcastle, Medley Wood 6349 (K, PRE!); 6795 (K).

Perennial, few-stemmed erect herb
0,25—0,5 m tall; stems sparingly branched,
retrorse-hispid to scabrid and with a hairy
interpetiolar ridge at the nodes. Leaves
petiolate, drying brown or blackish; blade
oblong-deltoid to ovate-deltoid, 20—40 x
5 — 15 mm, sparingly appressed pilose above
with occasional bulbous-based hairs towards
the margin, paler, reticulate and sparingly
pilose beneath, especially on the nerves,
apex obtuse to rounded, base truncate to
subcordate, margin finely crenate; petiole
5 — 10 mm long. Inflorescence simple or with
a pair of branches at the base, lax below,
dense towards the apex; verticils 2—10-
flowered; upper bracts subequal to the calyx
or longer, hispidulous and gland-dotted
below. Calyx somewhat sparingly hispidu-
lous, 5—7 mm long. Corolla colour un-
known; tube 5 — 7 mm long; upper lip
ascending, 5—6 mm long; lower lip slightly
deflexed, 8 — 10 mm long.

A little-known grassland species last collected in
1911, recorded from south-eastern Transvaal and
northern Natal. Map 31.

Vouchers: Burtt Davy 7661; Galpin 13099.

Related to S. nigricans (below) but can be
distinguished by the sparser and shorter pubescence of
the calyx and leaves and by the retrorse hairs on the
rhachis and stems. The record from Pretoria District
requires confirmation.

23. Stachys nigricans Benth. in E.

Mey., Comm. 238 (1838); in DC., Prodr.
12: 471 (1848); Wood, Natal PI. 3: t.271
(1902); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 355 (1910); Ross,
FI. Natal, 303 (1972); Compton, FI.

Swaziland 496 (1976). Lectotype: Natal,
between Umzimkulu and Umkomaas
Rivers, Drege 4729b (K, lecto.; PRE,
photo.!).

Perennial, erect, single- to few-
stemmed herb, 0,4— 1,2 m tall, with several
horizontal fusiform roots; stems simple or
sparingly branched above, villous to hispid
with longish, spreading to antrorse multicel-
lular hairs and with an interpetiolar ridge at

4: 68

Lamiaceae

the nodes. Leaves sessile or subsessile,
drying dark brown to blackish; blade
oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
30—60 x 3—10 mm, strigose with usually
bulbous-based appressed hairs, apex ob-
tuse, base truncate to subcordate, margin
crenate, slightly thickened. Inflorescence
simple or occasionally with a pair of
branches near the base, lax below, denser
above; verticils usually 6-flowered; lower
bracts leaf-like, becoming differentiated and
equal to or shorter than the calyx above.
Calyx fairly densely appressed-hispid, 5—6
mm long. Corolla usually white, occasional-
ly speckled, or tinged with pink or mauve;
tube 6—7 mm long; upper lip ascending,
subrotund, concave, 3 mm long; lower lip
deflexed, 6—7 mm long.

Map 32. — Stachys nigricans

Found in grassland, usually subjected to frequent
burning, in the mountains of north-eastern and eastern
Transvaal and Swaziland at altitudes of 1 300—1 700 m,
continuing through the semi-coastal area of Natal to
Port St Johns in the Transkei. Map 32.

Vouchers: Acocks 13164; Codd 8122; Galpin 9610;
Medley Wood 8320.

S. nigricans, S. sessilis (no. 24) and S. simplex (no.
25) form a closely related group with the same kind of
pubescence on stems, leaves and calyx, consisting of
strong, villous to hispid hairs. The hairs on the upper
surfaces of the leaves are appressed and tend to be
bulbous-based, especially towards the margin of the
leaf. 5. nigricans may be confused with 5. sessilis, but
the leaves of the former tend to be narrower and to dry
a characteristic blackish brown colour. Although the
two show a similar distribution pattern, they apparently

do not overlap, with S. nigricans having a semi-coastal
distribution in Natal and Transkei while S. sessilis is
found more inland at higher altitudes.

24. Stachys sessilis Giirke in Bot. Jb.
26: 74 (1898); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 355 (1910);
Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972). Type: Natal,
Inchanga, Medley Wood 4806 (K; NH!;
PRE!; W!).

Perennial, erect, single- to few-
stemmed herb, 0,15 — 1 m tall; stems arising
annually at the end of a short horizontal
rhizome bearing clusters of fusiform roots,
usually simple, hispid-villous with longish
spreading hairs and with an interpetiolar
ridge at the nodes. Leaves sessile or the
lower leaves shortly petiolate; blade drying
greenish to brown, deltoid-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate to oblong, or ovate-
deltoid, broadest at the base to near the
middle, 20—50 x 6 — 18 mm, strigose with
the appressed hairs on the upper surface
usually bulbous-based, apex rounded to
obtuse, base truncate to rounded, margin
crenate, slightly thickened or inrolled.
Inflorescence simple, lax below, denser
above; verticils 4— 8-flowered; lower bracts
leaf-like, becoming smaller, lanceolate and
equal to or shorter than the calyx above.
Calyx fairly densely appressed-hispid, 5—6
mm long. Corolla white, usually with
purplish spots on the lower lip; tube 5 — 6
mm long; upper lip ascending, 2,5 — 3 mm
long; lower lip deflexed, 7—8 mm long.

A species of dense grassland, usually subjected to
frequent burning, found in southern Transvaal and
extending on the Drakensberg to adjoining parts of the
Orange Free State and Lesotho, to the Midlands of
Natal and into Transkei as far as Umtata. Map 33.

Vouchers: Devenish 1570; Hilliard & Burn 8938;
Killick 1286.

Allied to 5. nigricans (no. 23) and some specimens
are difficult to assign with certainty. The differences are
discussed under that species. In northern Natal it shows
a tendency to grade into S. simplex (below) but the
latter species can usually be separated by the larger,
broader and fewer leaves which are placed low down on
the stems. Although closely related, it is considered
that the two can be maintained as distinct species. S.
obtusifolia (no. 26) and 5. tysonii (no. 27) are
sometimes superficially similar but the hairs on the
upper surfaces of the leaves are longer and more
slender, and lack the thickened base which is
characteristic of S. nigricans, S. sessilis and X. simplex,
while the pubescence on the lower surfaces is softer and
freely gland-dotted in S. tysonii.

25. Stachys simplex Schltr. in J. Bot.,
Lond. 35: 221 (1897); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 356

Lamiaceae

4: 69

(1910); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972); Comp-
ton, FI. Swaziland 497 (1976). Type:
Transvaal, Barberton, Galpin 1006 (K,
holo.; PRE!; SAM!).

5. chrysotrichos Gurke in Bot. Jb. 28: 316 (1900).
Type: Transvaal, between Middelburg and Crocodile
River, Wilms 1137 (K).

5. pascuicola Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3:
1086 (1903). Type: Transvaal, “Elandsspruitbergen”
(Steenkampsberg), Schlechter 3844 (K; PRE!; SAM!;
W!).

Perennial, usually single-stemmed
herb; stems simple or sparingly branched,
densely villous, decumbent to semi-
prostrate with the inflorescence ascending
to 0,2— 0,4 m tall. Leaves in few pairs,
rather close together on the lower half of the
stem, the lower petiolate, the upper
subsessile to shortly petiolate; blade rather
thick-textured, drying brownish, ovate,
ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 30—55 x
12—25 mm, upper surface fairly densely
appressed villous with long often bulbous-
based hairs, hairs shorter and mainly on the
nerves beneath, apex obtuse to rounded,
base rounded, margin regularly serrate-
crenate. Inflorescence simple, lax below,
dense above, verticils 4— 6-flowered; bracts
much smaller than the leaves, lanceolate,
about as long as the calyx. Calyx densely
villous, 6—7 mm long. Corolla white to
mauve; tube 5—6 mm long; upper lip
ascending, 2,5 mm long; lower lip deflexed,
4—5 mm long.

Map 33. — • Stachys sessilis
♦ S. simplex
■ S. obtusifolia

Found in mountain grassland subject to frequent
burning, usually on stony slopes, at altitudes of 1 600 to
2 100 m, from the eastern and south-eastern Transvaal
to the northern Drakensberg region of Natal. Map 33.

Vouchers: Codd 8136; 8307.

Allied to 5. sessilis (no. 24) and, for distinguishing
characters, see notes under that species.

26. Stachys obtusifolia MacOwan in
Kew Bull. 1893: 13 (1893); Skan in F.C. 5,1:
356 (1910); partly, excluding Tyson 2561.
Lectotype: Cape, Baziya, Baur 75 (K,
lecto.; PRE!; SAM!).

S. obtusifolia var. flanaganii Skan, l.c. 356 (1910).
Type: Cape, Stutterheim, Kabousie River, Flanagan
496 (K, holo.; PRE!).

Perennial several-stemmed or bushy
herb, 0,2— 0,3 m tall; stems erect often from
a shortly creeping or decumbent base,
sparingly branched, with long slender
spreading hairs and shorter gland-tipped
hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate below,
subsessile above; blade drying brownish,
broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, 17—35 x
8—20 mm, upper surface fairly densely
appressed pilose-villous with long slender
multicellular hairs, not or scarcely bulbous-
based, under-surface reticulate and villous
on the nerves, not conspicuously gland-
dotted, apex rounded, base cordate to
subcordate, margin crenate, slightly thick-
ened. Inflorescence fairly compact; verti-
cils 4— 6-flowered; bracts ovate, leaf-like,
becoming smaller and subequal to the calyx
upwards, densely villous and often glandu-
lar. Calyx densely pilose and often glandu-
lar, 6—7 mm long. Corolla colour unknown;
tube 6—7 mm long; upper lip ascending,
3—4 mm long; lower lip deflexed, 6—7 mm
long.

A somewhat rare species, sometimes locally
frequent, on grassy slopes at altitudes of 700—1 200 m
in the Transkei and eastern Cape Province. Map 33.

Vouchers: Acocks 9404; 12541.

A strongly aromatic, softly pubescent herb,
sometimes confused with S. sessilis (no. 24) which has
fewer to solitary, taller stems and harsher pubescence
with bulbous-based hairs on the upper leaf surfaces
while the bracts are smaller and more lanceolate than in
S. obtusifolia. Also related to S. tysonii (below) which
has shorter, softer and gland-dotted pubescence on the
under-surfaces of the leaves, longer petioles and a more
inland distribution at higher altitudes than S. obtusifo-
lia.

Skan, l.c., upheld two varieties, of which var.
flanaganii is not significantly distinct from S. obtusifo-
lia. Var. angustifolia has markedly gland-dotted

4: 70

Lamiaceae

under-surfaces of the leaves and the leaves have longish
petioles, so it is now included in S. tysonii , but more
material of both S. tysonii and 5. obtusifolia is required
for further study.

27. Stachys tysonii Skan in F.C. 5,1:
357 (1910). Type: Cape, Griqualand East,
near Clydesdale, Tyson 2561 (K, holo.!;
BOL!; SAM!).

S. obtusifolia MacOwan var. angustifolia Skan, l.c.
356 (1910). Type: Orange Free State, Besters Vlei,
Witzieshoek, Bolus 8240 (K, holo.; BOL!; PRE!).

Perennial, few- to several-stemmed
herb, 0,15—0,3 m tall; stems erect often
from a decumbent base, sparingly branched,
glandular-pilose with long slender hairs and
short gland-tipped hairs. Leaves petiolate;
blade drying green to brownish, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 15 — 35 x
8—20 mm, upper surface softly to stiffly
appressed pubescent, under-surface usually
with copious gland-dots, apex rounded,
base usually deeply cordate, margin regu-
larly crenate-serrate; petiole 4—12 mm long.
Inflorescence lax below, fairly dense above;
verticils 4— 6-flowered; bracts leaf-like be-
low becoming smaller, lanceolate and
subequal to the calyx above. Calyx shortly
glandular-pubescent to glandular-pilose,
6—7 mm long. Corolla whitish to mauve
with darker flecks on the lower lip; upper lip
ascending, 2—3 mm long; lower lip de-
flexed, 5 — 7 mm long.

Found in mountain grassland at altitudes of
1 000 — 2 800 m with scattered records from the Orange
Free State, Natal, Lesotho and the Cape Province.
Map 34.

Vouchers: Acocks 23875; Jacot Guillarmod 1255.

Related to S. obtusifolia (no. 26), S. tysonii is
distinguished by the longer petioles and more oblong
cordate-based leaves, and by the generally shorter and
more glandular pubescence over the whole plant. For
example, the lower surface of the leaf is usually shortly
and softly pubescent and freely gland-dotted. On this
basis, S. obtusifolia var. angustifolia Skan is now
included in 5. tysonii. Flowever, much more material is
required before the limits of S. obtusifolia and S. tysonii
can be confidently assessed.

28. Stachys arvensis L. , Sp. PI. edn. 2:
814 (1763); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 477
(1848); Bolus & Wolley-Dod in Trans. S.
Afr. phil. Soc. 14: 310 (1904); Skan in F.C.
5,1: 354 (1910); Salter in FI. Cape Penins.
698 (1950). Type: from Europe, Hort. Cliff.
Herb. (BM).

Annual herb branching from the base;
stems erect or decumbent, simple or
branched, 0,2— 0,4 m long, hispid-pilose
with long spreading hairs. Leaves petiolate;
blade broadly ovate, 20—30 x 10—20 mm,
appressed-pilose on both surfaces, apex
rounded, base shallowly cordate to trun-
cate, margin crenate to crenate-serrate;
petiole up to 10 mm long. Inflorescence of
several verticils, lax below, crowded to-
wards the apex; verticils (2—) 4—6-

flowered; bracts leaf-like below, becoming
smaller and subequal to the calyx above.
Calyx hirsute with long multicellular hairs
and some gland-tipped hairs, 6—7 mm long.
Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx,
mauve; tube 5 mm long; upper lip 1,5 mm
long; lower lip 2 mm long.

Map 34. — ▲ Stachys tysonii
■ S. arvensis
# S. caffra

Indigenous in Europe, the Middle East, north
Africa and the Atlantic Islands, now widespread
throughout the World and introduced into South Africa
before the end of the 17th Century (represented in
Herb. Oldenland fide Burm. f. , FI. Cap. Prodr. 16,
1768); found as a garden weed mainly in the
south-western Cape Province, with two records from
East London. Map 34.

Vouchers: Acocks 23491; Hanekom 938.

Characterised by the very small flowers, up to 7
mm long, scarcely exceeding the calyx in length.

29. Stachys caffra E. Mey. ex Benth. in
DC., Prodr. 12: 495 (1848); Skan in F.C.
5,1: 366 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 303 (1972).

Lamiaceae

4: 71

Type: Transkei, between IJmtata and

Umzimvubu Rivers, Drege 4750 (K, lec-
to.).

Erect soft freely branched shrub, 1 — 3
m tall; stems slender, more or less
stellate-tomentulose, occasionally glabre-
scent with age. Leaves petiolate; blade
thin-textured, lanceolate, 30—90 x 10—30
mm, upper surface thinly hispidulous, lower
surface paler and stellate-tomentose, apex
acute to acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse,
margin minutely serrulate except in the
lower part; petiole 5—10 mm long. Inflores-
cence terminating the branchlets, of several
spaced verticils, denser towards the apex;
verticils 4— 10-flowered, cymes occasionally
pedunculate; bracts similar to the leaves,
becoming gradually smaller upwards. Calyx
stellate-tomentulose, 4—5 mm long. Corolla
white, cream or greenish yellow; tube 5—6
mm long, slightly curved; upper lip 2,5 — 3
mm long; lower lip 5 mm long.

A soft understorey shrub of forest margins and
shady stream banks in the northern, eastern and central
Transvaal, the midlands and foothills of the Drakens-
berg in Natal, at altitudes of 1 300 — 2 000 m, extending
to semi-coastal areas of the Transkei and eastern Cape
Province, as far south as the Peddie district. Map 34.

Vouchers: Junod 4331; Killick 1895; Schlechter
6277.

Easily recognized among the species with stellate
hairs by its soft, shrubby habit with slender branches
and large, lanceolate, dark green leaves.

30. Stachys hyssopoides Burch, ex
Benth. , Lab. 558 (1834); Benth. in E. Mey.,
Comm. 240 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 495
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 365 (1910); Jacot
Guill., FI. Lesotho 237 (1971); Ross, FI.
Natal 303 (1972). Type: Cape, near Kuru-
man, Burchell 2653 (K, holo.).

5. coerulea Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 558 (1834);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 495 (1848). Type: Cape, at
junction of Vaal and Riet Rivers, Burchell 1775 (K,
holo.).

5. macilenta E. Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey. Comm.
240 (1838); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 495 (1848). Type:
Cape, near Shiloh, Drdge (K, holo.; SAM!).

Perennial herb with a creeping rhizo-
matous rootstock; stems erect to decum-
bent, 0,2— 0,6 m tall, simple or sparing-
ly branched, glabrous or with scattered stel-
late hairs or sometimes stellate-tomentose.
Leaves scarcely petiolate, sometimes fasci-
cled, the base of the leaf somewhat clasping

the stem and forming an interpetiolar ridge;
blade somewhat coriaceous, linear to oblan-
ceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 20—55 x
2—8 (—10) mm, glabrous to thinly stellate-
pubescent, rarely stellate-tomentose, apex
usually obtuse, often apiculate, base attenu-
ate, margin entire or sparingly toothed
towards the apex. Inflorescence of few to
several spaced verticils; verticils usually
2-flowered, occasionally 4- or 6-flowered;
bracts lanceolate, shorter or as long as the
calyx. Calyx thinly to fairly densely grey
stellate-tomentulose, usually with a fringe of
white hairs along the margins of the teeth,
6—7 mm long. Corolla pink or mauve, often
with darker flecks, to purple; tube 6 — 7 mm
long; upper lip spreading to erect, 5 mm
long; lower lip somewhat deflexed, 7 mm
long.

Often locally common on black clay or heavy loam
soils, in depressions or on river banks, in the southern
and south-western Transvaal, northern Natal, Lesotho,
Orange Free State and northern, central and southern
Cape Province. Map 35.

Vouchers: Codd 4463; Galpin 2251; Medley Wood
8253; Schlechter 3548.

Because of its underground rhizomes, it is
occasionally recorded as a possible weed of disturbed
areas. An infusion of the plant is used for chest
complaints. Commonly known as “Pienksalie'' (Pink
Sage). Related to the following species, S. dregeana,
from which it is readily separated by its narrower,
firmer and more glabrous leaves.

4: 72

Lamiaceae

31. Stachys dregeana Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 240 (1838); in DC., Prodr.
12: 494 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 362 (1910);
Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho 237 (1971).
Lectotype: Cape, Wittebergen, Drege 7949c
(K, lecto.).

S. foliosa Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 241 (1838); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 493 (1848); S. rugosa var. foliosa
(Benth.) Skan, l.c. 359 (1910). Type: Cape,

Sneeuwberg, Drege 3584b (K, holo.!).

S. lasiocalyx Schltr. in J. Bot., Lond. 36: 317 (1898).
S. dregeana var. lasiocalyx (Schltr.) Skan, l.c. 362
(1910); Jacot Guill., l.c. (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 303
(1972). Type: Mont-aux-Sources, Thode s.n.

5. dregeana var. tenuior Skan, l.c. 362 (1910).
Lectotype: Cape, Andriesberg, Galpin 2031 (K, lecto.;
PRE!).

Stems 1— several arising annually from
a perennial taproot, erect, herbaceous,
0,1— 0,4 m tall, sparingly to densely
floccose-tomentose. Leaves sessile; blade
rather thick-textured, oblong-linear or
somewhat spathulate to elliptic-ovate, 15 —
60 x 3 — 17 mm, upper surface thinly to
fairly densely stellate-pubescent, under-
surface denser and often floccose, apex
obtuse to rounded, base obtuse to some-
what narrowed, margin entire or shallowly
crenate. Inflorescence of few to several
verticils; verticils 2 (— 4)-flowered; bracts
leaf-like, becoming smaller upwards. Calyx
densely and finely stellate-tomentose to
floccose, 6—8 mm long. Corolla pink to
mauve or purple; tube 6 mm long; upper Up
3—4 mm long; lower lip 6—8 mm long.

Found in subalpine grassland at altitudes of
2 000—3 000 m in the Drakensberg region of Lesotho
and Natal and on adjacent mountain ranges in the
north-eastern Cape Province. Map 36.

Vouchers: Dieterlen 905; Galpin 6817; Killick &
Marais 2201.

A variable species which requires further study. At
present the variation does not fall into a clear-cut
pattern and so no purpose can be seen in upholding the
varieties recognized in Flora Capensis. Its nearest
affinity is with S. hyssopoides (no. 30) but it does not
form rhizomes and the leaves are more markedly
tomentose.

32. Stachys dinteri Launert in Mitt,
bot. StSamml., Munch. 2: 313 (1957);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 30
(1969). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Maltahohe
district, Tourlossie, Dinter 8285 (M, holo.;
PRE!).

Shrublet 0,2— 0,4 m tall, freely branch-
ing from a stout woody taproot; stems
densely white stellate-floccose. Leaves ses-
sile; blade fairly thick-textured, rugose,
obovate to elliptic-obovate, 15 — 30 x 7 — 10
mm, upper surface greenish and thinly
stellate-pilose, denser and greyish beneath,
apex obtuse to rounded, base cuneate,
margin somewhat coarsely crenate. Inflore-
scence of pedunculate, 2— 5-flowered cymes
in the axils of the upper leaves or sometimes
starting low down. Calyx fairly densely
stellate-pilose, 7—9 mm long. Corolla
reddish purple; tube 5 mm long; upper lip
concave, 3—4 mm long; lower lip horizon-
tal, 5—6 mm long.

A species of restricted distribution in dry
watercourses in the mountains of the Maltahohe and
Luderitz districts, S.W. A. /Namibia. Map 36.

Vouchers: Giess 10446; Strey 2304; 2133.

Related to S. cuneata (below), but easily
distinguished by the pedunculate cymes and the
coarser, more floccose indumentum.

Map 36. — • Stachys dregeana
4 S. dinteri
▲ S. cuneata
■ S. zeyheri

33. Stachys cuneata Banks ex Benth.,
Lab. 560 (1834); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12:
493 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 363 (1910).
Type: Cape, Masson in Herb. Banks (BM,
holo.; PRE, photo.!).

5. denticulata Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 560 (1834);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 493 (1848). Type: Cape,
Sutherland Div., Great Riet River, Burchell 1369 (K,
holo.).

Lamiaceae

4: 73

Shrub 0,6—1 m tall, branched; stems
densely covered with a thick whitish felt-like
tomentum, becoming grey with age. Leaves
subsessile; blade thick-textured, obovate to
oblanceolate, 10-30 x 5 — 10 mm, upper
surface rugose, grey-green and finely
(sometimes sparsely) stellate-tomentose to
grey felted, paler grey-felted beneath, apex
obtuse to rounded, base cuneate, margin
finely to coarsely crenate, especially in the
upper two-thirds. Inflorescence of several 2
(— 6)-flowered verticils in the axils of the
upper leaves, or upper leaves becoming
smaller and bract-like. Calyx densely
stellate-tomentose, strongly ribbed, 6—8
mm long. Corolla pink, mauve or purple;
tube 6—8 mm long, slightly curved; upper
lip concave, 3—4 mm long; lower lip
horizontal, 6—7 mm long.

Found in dry watercourses on dolerite hills in the
upper, central and western Karoo. Map 36.

Vouchers: Acocks 1740; 16401; 18875.

The distinction between 5. cuneata and S. dinteri
(no. 32) is discussed under the latter. S. cuneata is
sometimes confused with S. rugosa (no. 37) but has
usually shorter, more distinctly crenate leaves with the
upper surface greenish yellow and often thinly
pubescent. Occasional intermediates are found where
the two overlap, for example, in the Victoria West
district, which seems to indicate that the two may
hybridize.

The plants are strongly and unpleasantly aromatic,
being described as “foetid” and "like dead sheep";
nevertheless, they are browsed by stock and an infusion
of the leaves is used as a medicine.

34. Stachys zeyheri Skan in F.C. 5,1:
363 (1910). Type: Cape, Calvinia district,
Zeyher 1338 (K, holo.; BOL!; PRE!;
SAM!).

A twiggy shrub, height unknown;
branchlets at first densely white stellate-
tomentose, glabrescent and reddish brown
with age. Leaves very small, shortly
petiolate; blade thick-textured, ovate to
broadly ovate, 5 — 10 x 5—8 mm, densely
and shortly white-tomentose on both sur-
faces, apex rounded, base obtuse to
truncate, margin crenulate. Inflorescence of
a few 2-flowered verticils in the terminal
leaves of short shoots. Calyx densely
stellate-tomentose, 5—6 mm long. Corolla
cqlour not recorded; tube 5—6 mm long;
upper lip 2 mm long, lower lip 3—4 mm
long.

Known from only a few gatherings from mountain
slopes in Namaqualand, Calvinia and Vanrhynsdorp
districts. Map 36.

Vouchers: Marloth 12894; Pearson 3393 (BOL).

A little-known but distinctive, twiggy shrub with
glabrescent branchlets and very small ovate, crenulate,
densely tomentose leaves.

35. Stachys spathulata Burch, ex
Benth ., Lab. 559 (1834); Benth. in E. Mey.,
Comm. 240 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 494
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 362 (1910);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 31
(1969). Type: Cape, Griqualand West,
Bure hell 1738 (K, holo.!).

5. minima Giirke in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 550
(1898). Syntypes: Cape, Griqualand West, Rehmann
3360 (Z!); O.F.S., Olifantsfontein, Rehmann 3532.

S. pachycalamna Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser.
2,3: 1087 (1903). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Auasberge,
Dinter 814.

S. karasmontana Dinter in Fedde Reprium 17: 203
(1921). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, near Klein-Karas,
Schafer 316.

Perennial rhizomatous herb or sub-
shrublet, branching near the base; stems
erect or ascending, often decumbent at the
base, 80—250 ( — 300) mm tall, whitish
stellate-felted except on older stems. Leaves
often crowded, sessile or subsessile; blade
linear, linear-spathulate or linear-
oblanceolate to rarely obovate-elliptic, of-
ten folded along the midrib, 15 — 50 x 2—12
mm, densely greyish white stellate-felted on
both surfaces or more thinly and darker
above, apex rounded, base attenuate to a

Map 37. — Stachys spathulata

4: 74

Lamiaceae

somewhat clasping base, forming an inter-
petiolar ridge, margin entire. Inflorescence
of few to several 2 (— 4)-flowered verticils;
bracts resembling the leaves below, be-
coming progressively shorter upwards. Ca-
lyx densely and shortly grey stellate-
tomentose, 4—7 mm long. Corolla pink,
mauve or rosy mauve; tube 4—5 mm long;
upper lip ascending, 2,5 — 3 mm long; lower
lip more or less horizontal, 4—5,5 mm long.

A widespread species from S.W. A. /Namibia to
Botswana, northern Cape, western Transvaal and
western O.F.S., appearing again in northern KwaZulu
and Mozambique. Often locally common on heavy soils
in depressions, on river banks or in water courses,
under arid to semi-arid conditions. Map 37.

Vouchers: Leistner 1016: Merxmiiller & Giess
1271; Schlechter 4595; Ward 4516.

Similar to 5. hyssopoides (no. 30) in habit and
ecology and the two overlap to some extent in the
western Transvaal, northern Cape Province and
western Orange Free State. Like S. hyssopoides, S.
spathutata tends to spread by rhizomes, often
occupying disturbed places, but can be recognized by
the dense, felt-like indumentum on all parts. Occasion-
al specimens may be intermediate between the two.
Some specimens of S. spathulata may have very narrow
leaves and these may be confused with the next species,
5. linearis, which has a distinctly shrubby habit, while
the leaves are acute at the apex and the calyx teeth tend
to be longer. The leaves of S. spathulata have a strong,
unpleasant smell and are used medicinally, the plant
being known as Teebossie or Boesmantee.

36. Stachys linearis Burch, ex Benth. ,
Lab. 559 (1834); in DC., Prodr. 12: 494
(1848). Type: near Phillipstown, Burchell
2717 (K, holo.!).

S. rugosa Ait. var. linearis (Burch, ex Benth.) Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 359 (1910). Type: as above.

S. rosmarinifolia Benth., Lab. 559 (1834); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 494 (1848). Type: a specimen in Herb. Vahl
(Cl).

— var. burkei Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 494 (1848).
Type: near Grahamstown, Burke s.n. (K, holo.!).

5. recurva Giirke in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 549
(1898). Syntypes: Cape, Wittebergen, Rehmann 2883;
Roggeveld, Rehmann 3196 (Z!).

A spreading or erect, branched shrub-
let 0,2— 0,4 m tall with a strong woody
taproot; stems decumbent to erect, whitish
stellate-felted, occasionally glabrescent with
age. Leaves sessile, forming an interpetiolar
ridge; blade channelled above and tending
to fold along the midrib, linear or rarely
linear-lanceolate, 15-45 x 1,5— 2,5 (—3,5)
mm, densely and finely yellowish grey
stellate-felted on both surfaces, rarely

greenish grey, narrowing gradually to base
and apex, margin entire. Inflorescence of
few to several 2 (rarely 4)-flowered verticils;
bracts resembling the leaves, becoming
progressively shorter upwards. Calyx
densely and shortly grey stellate-felted, 5—8
mm long. Corolla pink to mauve or
purplish; tube 6-8 mm long; upper lip
ascending, 4 mm long; lower lip horizontal,
6—7 mm long.

Map 38. — Stachys linearis

Locally common on flats and especially on dolerite
hills in the east central Karoo, extending to the
south-western Orange Free State, the mountains of the
north-eastern Cape Province and, westwards, with
outliers on mountains in the Sutherland and Clanwil-
liam districts. Map 38.

Vouchers: Acocks 8714; Bolus 52; Galpin 2608;
Hutchinson 3065.

Although some specimens resemble S. spathulata
(no. 35; for differences see there), its relationship is
closer to the following species, 5. rugosa, and it was
placed as a variety of S. rugosa in Flora Capensis.
However, 5. linearis is a smaller, more compact bush
with narrower leaves and usually 2-flowered verticils; it
can apparently be readily distinguished in the field from
5. rugosa, so it is felt that S. linearis can be maintained
as a separate species.

The leaves are strongly and unpleasantly aromatic
and an infusion is taken medicinally, being known as
Vaaltee, Boesmantee or Bushman Tea. It is said to
stimulate the flow of milk in nursing mothers.

37. Stachys rugosa Ait. , Hort. Kew. 2:
303 (1789); Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 241
(1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 493 (1848); Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 359 (1910), partly, excl. var.

Lamiaceae

4: 75

linearis; Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 31 (1969); Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho 237
(1971). Type: Hort. Kew., introduced from
the Cape, Masson.

Sideritis pallida Thunb., Prodr. 95 (1800); FI. Cap.
edn Schult. 445 (1823). Type: Cape, Thunberg s.n.
(UPS, microfiche 562/13407!).

5. rugosa Thunb., Prodr. 95 (1800); FI. Cap. edn
Schult. 445 (1823). Type: Cape, Thunberg s.n. (UPS,
microfiche 562/13411!).

Stachys jugalis Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 562 (1834).
Type: Cape, Juk River, Burchell 1233 (K, holo.).

S. rugosa Ait. var. longiflora Benth. in E. Mey.,
Comm. 241 (1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 474 (1848).
Type: Cape, Modderfontein, Drkge (K, holo.).

5. desertii Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 494 (1848).
Type: Karoo, Ecklon (K, holo.).

S. multiflora Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 492 (1848);
Skan in F.C. 5,1: 361 (1910). Type: Cape, “inter
Lekkersing et Noagas”, Drege (K, holo.!).

5. crenulata Briq. in Bot. Jb. 19: 192 (1894); Bull.
Flerb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 1087 (1903). Type: S.W.A./
Namibia, Steingrover 8.

Shrub 0,3— 1,2 m tall, freely branched;
branches ascending, densely whitish
stellate-tomentose, becoming greyish black
with age. Leaves sessile or subsessile; blade
linear-lanceolate to elliptic or ovate-
lanceolate, variable in shape and size,
13—80 x 3—20 mm, densely stellate-
tomentose to woolly, upper surface often
greenish or drying blackish, whitish be-
neath, or more or less concolorous, usually
conspicuously rugose, apex obtuse to acute,
base obtuse to cuneate, margin usually
finely and obscurely crenulate, occasionally
distinctly crenate or entire. Inflorescence of
several to many (2—) 6 ( — 8)-flowered
verticils, well spaced below, denser above;
bracts resembling the leaves below, be-
coming progressively smaller upwards. Ca-
lyx densely and coarsely stellate-felted, 6—8
mm long. Corolla yellow or shades of pink,
mauve or purple, often mottled; tube 5—7
mm long; upper lip ascending, 3—6 mm
long; lower lip horizontal, 6—8 mm long.

A variable species with an odd disjunct distribu-
tion, occurring on arid rocky formations in the western
Karoo, Namaqualand and southern S.W.A. /Namibia
and again on rocky slopes in mountain grassland in
Lesotho at altitudes of 2 500 to 3 000 m. Map 39.

Vouchers: Dinter 3633; Killick 1984; Schlechter
8245; 8639.

A good deal of variation is included in the above
concept and further study may reveal that this

Map 39. — Stachys rugosa

treatment is too broad. At this stage, however, it has
not been found possible to classify the material into
meaningful groups. The typical form with oblong-
lanceolate obscurely crenulate leaves and yellow
flowers occurs in Namaqualand. In the same area
plants with purple to pink flowers occur and this is the
common colour recorded to the south and east, while
leaf shape varies from linear-lanceolate to broadly
elliptic or ovate-lanceolate. In the Clanwilliam district
plants occur with very narrow leaves which are
somewhat intermediate with S. linearis (no. 36) while
near Victoria West specimens with more markedly
crenate leaves show a tendency to grade into 5. cuneata
(no. 33).

Further study is also required of the plants
occurring at high altitudes in Lesotho which are now
included in S. rugosa. The leaves of these plants tend to
be darker and thinly hispid above, but the distinction is
not constant. The habitat is very different from the arid
fynbos of the western Cape but no reliable dis-
tinguishing characters can be found for separating the
plants from 5. rugosa.

38. Stachys burchelliana Launert in
Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 7: 301 (1968);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 30
(1969). Type: as for Phlomis micrantha
Burch.

Phlomis micrantha Burch., Trav. 1: 340 (1822).
Type: Cape, Asbestos Mts, Burchell 1672 (K, holo.).

Stachys burchellii Benth., Lab. 561 (1834); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 493 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 360 (1910);
nom. illegit. (see note below). Type: based on Phlomis
micrantha Burch, and Sideritis rugosa Thunb.

S. rugosa sensu Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 3,2: t.47A
(1932).

Much branched shrub 0,4 — 1,2 m tall;
branches ascending, white stellate-felted to
almost floccose. Leaves subsessile; blade

4: 76

Lamiaceae

lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 25—50 x
5 — 10 mm, densely grey stellate-felted, often
paler, floccose and rugose beneath, apex
acute to obtuse, narrowed at the base,
margin serrulate-crenulate, often somewhat
obscurely. Inflorescence of several 6—10-
flowered verticils usually rather close toge-
ther in the upper leaf axils. Calyx 2-lipped,
densely stellate-floccose, 6—7 mm long;
upper lip slightly longer than the lower,
shortly 3-toothed; lower lip deeply 2-
toothed. Corolla yellow; tube 5 — 6 mm long;
upper lip concave, spreading, 4 mm long;
lower lip deflexed, 5—6 mm long.

Found on dry rocky hillsides and sandy soil
overlying calcareous formations in the northern Cape
Province and south-eastern S.W. A. /Namibia. Map 40.

Vouchers: Acocks 16389; De Winter 3330.

A uniform species superficially resembling S.
rugosa (no. 37) but may be distinguished by the
characteristic bilabiate calyx. Its distribution does not
overlap with that of 5. rugosa.

The plants are unpleasantly aromatic and an
infusion is taken for chest complaints. Like several
allied species, it is commonly known as Boesmantee.
On a specimen collected on the Asbestos Mts, Marloth
records the vernacular names Dassiebos or Aas-
voelbos.

As pointed out by Launert, l.c., the name S.
burchellii Benth. is illegitimate because Bentham
included Phlomis micrantha Burch, in his protologue.
Although the epithet micrantha was available to
Bentham, it can no longer be taken up because of
Stachys/ micrantha Koch (1848) and S. micrantha
Griseb. (1879). Launert renamed the species S.
burchelliana.

Map 40. — # Stachys burchelliana
▲ S. lamarckii

39. Stachys lamarckii Benth., Lab. 562
(1834); in DC., Prodr. 12: 492 (1848); Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 360 (1910). Lectotype: Brug-
mans in Herb. Vahl (C, lecto.!).

Sideritis decumbens Thunb., Prodr. 95 (1800); FI.
Cap. edn Schult. 444 (1823); nom. illegit. , non Moench
(1794). Type: Cape, “Bockland et Roggeveld",

Thunberg (UPS, holo.).

Stachys rugosa sensu Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 3: 66,
t.509, f.3 (1819).

S. nutans Benth., Lab. 561 (1834); in DC., Prodr. 12:
492 (1848); Skan in F.C., l.c. 367 (1910). Type: Dahl in
Herb. Vahl (C, holo.!).

Shrub 0,2—1 m tall; branches ascend-
ing, white woolly stellate-tomentose on the
younger parts, glabrescent and brownish
purple with age. Leaves subsessile or shortly
petiolate; blade rugose, fairly thick-
textured, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic to
ovate-elliptic, 20—50 x 6—20 mm, upper
surface subglabrous or thinly to fairly
densely stellate-tomentose, more dense and
somewhat woolly beneath, apex obtuse to
rounded, base obtuse to cuneate, margin
crenate. Inflorescence of few to several
6— many-flowered verticils, denser towards
the apex. Calyx very densely white to
creamy woolly-tomentose, 8 — 11 mm long.
Corolla yellow; tube 6—7 mm long; upper
lip ascending, 3 mm long; lower lip
horizontal, 6 mm long.

Found among rocks at relatively high altitudes of
600 — 1 500 m in the mountains of the western Karoo
and Namaqualand, extending from the Vanrhynsdorp
district to the Richtersveld. Map 40.

Vouchers: Acocks 19533; Hardy 655; Marloth
12360.

A distinctive species characterized by the woolly
stellate indumentum of the calyx and young vegetative
parts and the glabrescent brownish and often shiny
older parts of the stems, while the leaves are usually
thinly stellate-pilose to glabrescent on the upper
surface.

40. Stachys aurea Benth. in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 492 (1848). Type: Cape, Cedar-
berg, Drege 3098 (K, holo.!).

Betonica heraclea L., Mant. 83 (1767). Type: LINN
735.7.

Sideritis plumosa Thunb., Prodr. 95 (1800); FI. Cap.
edn Schult. 445 (1823). Type: Cape, Thunberg s.n.
(UPS, Microfiche 563/13412!).

Phlomis parvifolia Burch. , Trav. 1: 225 (1822). Type:
Cape, near the Juk River, Burchell 1232 (K, holo.!).

Stachys integrifolia Vahl ex Benth., Lab. 562 (1834);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 492 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 364
(1910); nom. illegit. Type: see note below.

Lamiaceae

4: 77

S. hantamensis Vatke in Bot. Ztg 33: 462 (1875);
Skan, l.c. 364 (1910). Type: Cape, Hantam Mts,
Meyer.

S. teres Skan, l.c., 364 (1910). Syntypes: Cape, near
the Juk River, Burchell 1232 (K!); 1276 (K!).

Freely branched shrub 0,3 — 1 m tall;
branches spreading to ascending, densely
yellowish white stellate-tomentulose.
Leaves small, subsessile or shortly pe-
tiolate; blade green, thin-textured, obovate
or oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 10—20
x 2—5 mm, sparingly to freely stellate-
hispid on both surfaces or subglabrous
above, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate,
margin entire or few-toothed near the apex.
Inflorescence produced at the ends of
slender branches, of few to several 4—6-
flowered verticils; bracts resembling the
leaves, stellate-hispid. Calyx densely yel-
lowish woolly-tomentose, 6—9 mm long.
Corolla yellow; tube 5—6 mm long; upper
lip ascending, 2—3 mm long; lower lip
deflexed, 5—6 mm long.

Found on rocky situations in the south-western
Karoo and southern Namaqualand. Map. 41.

Vouchers: Acocks 18567; Esterhuysen 1298.

An unpleasantly aromatic plant but evidently well
grazed. It is easily recognized by the small green leaves
and the dense yellowish woolly covering of the calyces.

The nomenclature of this species is complicated
partly by the fact that Bentham, when describing S.
integrifolia, included three earlier names in the
protologue, namely, Betonica heraclea L. (1767),
Sideritis plumosa Thunb. (1800) and Phlomis parvifolia
Burch. (1822). While the epithet heraclea could not be
transferred because of Stachys heraclea Col. ex All.
(1785), the other two epithets could have been taken up
at that stage. Thus S. integrifolia Vahl ex Benth. (1834)
is a superfluous name. However, since 1834 both the
earlier epithets have been used in Stachys for different
species (5. plumosa Griseb, 1844, and S. parvifolia
Mart. 1844), so that neither Sideritis plumosa Thunb.
nor Phlomis parvifolia Burch, can now be transferred
to Stachys. The correct name for the species is,
therefore, 5. aurea Benth. (1848).

41. Stachys flavescens Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 241 (1838); in DC., Prodr.
12: 493 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 361 (1910).
Lectotype: Cape, between Pedroskloof and
Leliefontein, Drege 3097 (K, lecto.!).

S. gariepina Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 493 (1848);
Skan in F.C. 5,1: 362 (1910). Type: Namaqualand,
Ecklon s.n. (S!, SAM!).

A rigid, branched shrub 0,6—1 m tall;
branches erect or ascending, densely
yellowish-felted when young, greyish with

Map 41. — A Stachys aurea
# S. flavescens

age. Leaves sessile, crowded, thick-
textured, lanceolate to oblong, 20 — 30
(—40) x 3—4 ( — 10) mm, densely yellowish-
felted on both surfaces, apex acute, some-
times mucronate, base narrowed to trun-
cate, margin entire. Inflorescence dense, of
several closely placed 2— 6-flowered verti-
cils; bracts like the leaves but slightly
smaller. Calyx densely stellate-felted, yel-
lowish, 7—8 mm long. Corolla yellow; tube
5—6 mm long; upper lip ascending 2,5 — 3
mm long; lower lip spreading, 4,5—6 mm
long.

Known from a few gatherings at 800 — 1 300 m
altitude in the Bokkeveld Mts and Kamiesberg and
reported from as far north as the Orange River, usually
among rocks. Map 41.

Vouchers: Acocks 13214; 14204.

Characterized by the dense yellowish felt-like
tomentum on all parts of the plant, the narrow to
oblong, rigid, sessile leaves with a conspicuous midrib
and obscure to inconspicuous secondary veins, and the
well-developed bracteoles which are subequal to the
calyx in length. Occasional specimens of 5. rugosa (no.
37) dry with a somewhat yellowish colour and. if the
leaves are narrow, they may be confused with 5.
flavescens. In such cases the bracteoles, which are
slender and much shorter than the calyx in 5. rugosa,
should be diagnostic.

S. gariepina is stated by Bentham to be based on a
specimen in Ecklon’s herbarium, said to have been
collected near the mouth of the Gariep (Orange) River.
Ecklon’s herbarium was acquired by Sonder, the
greater part of whose herbarium went in turn to the
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm. There is a

4: 78

Lamiaceae

specimen in S which may well by the type. It is
annotated: “Stachys gariepina n.sp. Iter ad montem
Kamisberg, in terra Boshesmansland, et ad fluminis
ostium, Gariep, Namaqualand, E. & Z”. What appears
to be a duplicate has been seen in SAM. The leaves are
somewhat larger than those on plants from the
Kamiesberg, and the dimensions given in brackets in

the above description are derived from these spe-
cimens. In no other way do they differ from typical S.
flavescens and they are included in the latter species
without hesitation. It may be noted that Ecklon did not
travel to Namaqualand so that the above-mentioned
specimens attributed to Ecklon or Ecklon & Zeyher
were no doubt collected by Zeyher.

Lamiaceae

4: 79

7290

14. SALVIA *

Salvia L., Sp. PI. 23 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 15 (1754); Benth., Lab. 190 (1833); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 262 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1194 (1876); Briq. in Naturl.
PflFam. 4,3a: 270 (1896); Bak. in F.T. A. 5: 456 (1900); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 307 (1910); Hedge
in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 1 (1974); R.A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 529 (1975). Type species: S.
officinalis L.

Annual or perennial herbs, undershrubs or shrubs with various kinds of indumentum.
Leaves entire, toothed, or more or less deeply lobed. Inflorescence a spike, raceme or
panicle; flowers in 2— many-flowered verticils; bracts usually reduced, rarely similar to the
upper leaves, sometimes showy, deciduous or persistent; bracteoles usually present. Calyx
2-lipped, about as long as the corolla tube, sometimes accrescent, variously hairy and often
glandular; upper lip entire or 3-toothed, median tooth often shorter or obsolete; lower lip
equally 2-toothed, longer than the upper. Corolla 2-lipped; tube straight or curved, usually
enlarging towards the throat, annular-pilose or exannulate within, invaginated with a plate
of internal tissue or not; upper lip usually longer than the lower lip, straight or falcate,
usually concave and ± compressed, entire or bifid; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the median
lobe usually much larger than the two lateral. Stamens 2, curved; the connective produced
and lying within the upper lip and bearing an oblong or linear anther-theca; the other part
of the connective produced into a variously shaped appendage, sterile or bearing a much
reduced anther-theca, the appendages cohering or not; staminodes 2, small and usually
inconspicuous. Style included or exserted from the corolla, usually exceeding the stamens,
unequally 2-lobed. Nutlets triquetrous to compressed, ovoid to subglobose, smooth,
mucilaginous on wetting or not.

Probably between 800 and 900 species, widely distributed in the temperate and tropical regions of both
hemispheres; 22 species occur naturally in Southern Africa while 1 European species and 3 from tropical America
have become naturalized and are included in the key.

Several species are cultivated in Southern Africa, including the European species S. officinalis L., commonly
known as Sage, which is grown as a culinary herb. The more commonly grown ornamental species may be divided
into two groups on the basis of corolla colour;

E Corolla blue, lilac, violet, purplish blue or white: S. azurea Lam., from the south-eastern United States, a
soft shrub to 1,2 m tall with linear-lanceolate leaves and sky-blue corolla; S. farinacea Benth., from Mexico and
Texas, a soft shrub up to 1,2 m with densely blue-tomentose calyx and white, blue or purple corolla; S. leucantha
Cav., from Mexico, a soft shrub about 0,9 m tall, leaves densely white-tomentose below, calyx densely
purplish-lanate and corolla white-tomentose; S. patens Cav., from Mexico, a rhizomatous plant with herbaceous
stems 0,6—1 m tall and large deep blue flowers; S. pratensis L., from Europe, a leafy herb 0,6—1 m tall with large
oblong-ovate leaves and blue-mauve flowers; S. sclarea L.. from Europe and Asia Minor, with herbaceous stems
up to 0,9 m tall, a rosette of large ovate leaves and conspicuous large persistent whitish mauve bracts; and S.
uliginosa Benth., from South America, a soft shrub 0,6 — 1,5 m tall with dense slender racemes of blue flowers.

2. Corolla pink, reddish or scarlet: S. coccinea Etlinger, from tropical America, probably Brazil, annual or
perennial, 0,3— 0,5 m tall, small bracts and red flowers, frequently recorded as a garden escape and therefore
included in the key below; S. involucrata Cav., from Mexico, a soft shrub to 1,5 m with large reddish bracts and
corolla; 5. microphylla Kunth, from Mexico, a soft shrub to 1,2 m with smallish leaves and pale pink to deep red
flowers, planted sometimes as a low hedge and occasionally found as a garden escape; and S. splendens Sellow ex
Roem. & Schult., the commonly cultivated Red Salvia, usually treated as an annual in gardens, with normally red
flowers, though variously coloured cultivars have been developed. Further species have been introduced and
grown in South Africa but do not appear to be widely cultivated.

1 Shrubs with campanulate-infundibuliform fruiting calyces with wi,dely diverging lips and usually enlarging

distinctly from flower to fruit:

2 Calyx densely villous:

3 Stems acutely quadrangular, white, with antrorse hairs 9 . S. albicaulis

3 Stems round-quadrangular, not white, with spreading hairs 2. S. africana-coerulea

Adapted from Hedge, l.c.

4: 80

Lamiaceae

2 Calyx pilose:

4 Corolla 35—40 mm long:

5 Bracts persistent; upper corolla lip c. 25 mm long; leaves greenish, canescent 2. 5. africana-lutea

5 Bracts soon deciduous; upper corolla lip c. 17 mm long; leaves greenish white with a dense

appressed tomentum 3.5. lanceolata

4 Corolla shorter than 30 mm long:

6 Both leaf surfaces with a prominent indumentum of eglandular or glandular hairs:

7 Fruiting calyces up to 16 mm long; leaf margins crenate-dentate or eroso-dentate , rarely entire:

8 Stems with eglandular hairs; leaves coriaceous; flowers purplish blue 5. 5. dentata

8 Stems with glandular hairs; leaves herbaceous; flowers whitish 7. S. garipensis

7 Fruiting calyces up to 25 mm long; leaf margins entire 6.5. dolomitica

6 Both leaf surfaces with numerous gland-dots but otherwise ± glabrous; stems with short antrorse

hairs only 8. 5. chamelaeagnea

1 Shrubs, subshrubs, perennial or annual herbs with campanulate to tubular calyces with not or somewhat
diverging lips, not or little enlarging in fruit:

9 Shrubs or subshrubs with woody stems; corolla white, mauve or blue:

10 Leaves obovate-elliptic, up to 13 x 8 mm 1.5. muirii

10 Leaves irregularly lyrate-pinnatifid, up to 40 x 23 mm 10. 5. namaensis

9 Perennial or annual herbs with herbaceous to softly woody stems, sometimes with a woody rootstock,
or shrubs with corolla red or pink:

11 Upper lip of calyx 2- or 3-toothed (mainly indigenous species):

12 Upper lip of corolla ± straight:

13 Upper lip of fruiting calyx with closely connivent short teeth; corolla tube exannulate, 8—12

mm 21. 5. verbenaca

13 Upper lip of fruiting calyx with distinct ± spreading teeth separated by rather broad truncate
sinuses; corolla tube annulate or exannulate:

14 Lower parts of stem and upper leaf surface glabrous; upper leaves petiolate; corolla 20 — 25

mm long 15. 5. obtusata

14 Lower parts of stem and upper leaf surface pilose; upper leaves petiolate or sessile:

15 Leaves simple, ovate-triangular:

16 Leaf blade usually not exceeding 30 x 20 mm; calyx enlarging to 12 mm or more in fruit

with a wide sinus between upper and lower lips 11.5. triangularis

16 Leaf blade up to 60 x 40 mm or more; calyx enlarging to 10 mm long in fruit 12. 5. aurita

15 Leaves simple to pinnate, not ovate-triangular:

17 Corolla 25—40 mm long with a ± straight tube; calyx tubular, 10—14 mm long; leaves

lyrate-pinnatifid 14. 5. scabra

17 Corolla 12 — 26 mm long; tube narrow and straight or broad and widened above; calyx
tubular, tubular-campanulate or ovate-campanulate, 4 — 13 mm long; leaves various:

18 Leaves simple, lyrate or runcinate:

19 Leaves runcinate with a terminal segment of up to 95 x 50 mm; verticils up to

24-flowered; corolla tube exannulate 13. 5. tysonii

19 Leaves simple or runcinate or lyrate with a terminal segment of less than 50 x 30
mm; verticils 4— 12-flowered; corolla tube annulate:

20 Calyx upper lip with lateral teeth c. 2,5 mm long and median clearly

shorter 12. 5. aurita

20 Calyx upper lip with subequal teeth, 0,5— 1,5 mm long:

21 Fruiting calyces 7—13 mm long; corolla 10—26 mm long; plants usually

rhizomatous 16. 5. repens

21 Fruiting calyces 4 — 7 mm long; corolla 7— 14 mm long; plants not rhizomatous:

Lamiaceae

4: 81

22 Stems with a distinct indumentum of short to long eglandular hairs; leaves

oblong-lanceolate to obovate; calyx ovate-campanulate 17.5. runcinata

22 Stems almost glabrous with few scattered eglandular hairs; leaves narrowly

linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate; calyx ovate 18. 5. stenophylla

18 Leaves pinnatifid to pinnate with linear segments:

23 Calyx 4 — 7 mm long; corolla 7 — 14 mm long:

24 Stems with a distinct indumentum of short to long eglandular hairs; leaves

oblong-lanceolate to obovate; calyx ovate-campanulate 17.5. runcinata

24 Stems almost glabrous with few scattered short eglandular hairs; leaves narrow,

linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate; calyx ovate 18. 5. stenophylla

23 Calyx c. 9 mm long, tubular; corolla c. 25 mm long 19 . S. schlechteri

12 Upper lip of corolla distinctly falcate;

25 Verticils 2-flowered; leaves linear to linear-oblanceolate, 3 — 10 mm wide, sparingly pilose,

base attenuate 20. 5. granitica

25 Verticils 6— 8-flowered; leaves linear-oblong to ovate, 15 — 70 mm wide, rugose above, scabrid
to lanate beneath, base obtuse to subcordate:

26 Mature calyx 7 — 9 mm long; corolla 8—12 mm long 21. 5. verbenaca

26 Mature calyx 10—15 mm long; corolla 15 — 30 mm long:

27 Lower stem indumentum with numerous capitate glandular hairs; leaves not white-lanate

beneath 22. 5. disermas

27 Lower stem indumentum without capitate glandular hairs; leaves ± white-lanate beneath

23. 5. radula

11 Upper lip of calyx entire, consisting of a single ovate tooth (introduced and naturalized species);

28 Annual herbs up to 0,6 m tall; corolla blue, up to 8 mm long:

29 Leaves ovate, 40—60 x 35—50 mm 24. 5. tiliifolia

29 Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 30—60 x 5 — 10 mm 25. 5. reflexa

28 Perennial soft shrub 0,6— 1,2 m tall; corolla red, 20 — 30 mm long 26 . S. coccinea

1. Salvia muirii L. Bol. in J. Bot.,
Lond. 68: 103 (1930); Hedge in Notes R.
bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 35 (1974). Type:
Mossel Bay, near Cloetes Pass, Muir 2025
(BOL, holo. ; PRE!).

5. muirii var. grandiflora L. Bol., l.c. (1930). Type:
Cape, George, hills E. of Great Brak River, Fourcade
3854 (BOL, holo.; K).

Stiff twiggy erect shrub up to 0,3— 0,6 m
tall; stems with a dense indumentum of
short eglandular hairs and gland-dots,
eventually glabrescent. Leaves shortly peti-
olate; blade simple, thick-textured,
obovate-elliptic, 6—13 x 3—8 mm, grey-
velutinous with dense short appressed hairs
on both surfaces, gland-dotted, apex
rounded to obtuse or abruptly acute, base
cuneate, margin entire. Inflorescence slen-
der, lax below, with up to 7 verticils;
verticils 2( — 3)-flowered. Calyx densely and
shortly antrorse pubescent, dotted with
orange-red glands, ciliate on the margins, c.
10 mm long, not or slightly enlarging in

fruit. Corolla blue with white throat, up to
26 mm long; tube 14—18 mm long; upper lip
more or less straight, c. 8 mm long; lower lip
as long as or longer than the upper. Fig. 15:
1.

A little-known species from rocky hillsides on the
northern foothills of the Langeberg in the Riversdale
district to the Great Brak River in Mossel Bay district.
Cape Province. Map 42.

Voucher: Fourcade 3854 (BOL).

Characterized by the woody habit, the small
grey-velutinous, thick-textured leaves, the long-tubed
blue corolla and the ciliate fringe on the calyx margins.

2. Salvia africana-lutea L., Sp. PI. 1: 26
(1753); Codd in Flower. PI. Afr. 37: 1461
(1966). Type: Cape, collector unknown
(LINN 42/38).

5. aurea L., Sp. PI. edn 2,1: 38 (1762); Curtis in
Curtis’s bot. Mag. t.182 (1792); Thunb., FI. Cap. edn
Schult. 448 (1823); Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 233
(1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 273 (1848); Skan inF.C. 5,1:
313 (1910); Marloth, FI. S. Afr. 3,2: t.46B (1932);
Salter in FI. Cape Penins. 697 (1950); Rice & Compton,

4: 82

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 83

Map 42. — ▲ Salvia muirii

# S. africana-lutea

Wild Flow. Cape G.H. t.126 (1951); Bailey, Cycl.
Hort. edn 20, 3; 3059 (1963); Hedge in Notes R. bot.
Gdn Edinb. 33: 42 (1974); nom. illegit. (see notes
below). Type: as above.

S. colorata L., Syst. Nat. edn 12,2: 66 (1767). Type:
Cape, collector unknown (LINN 42/39).

5. eckloniana Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 273 (1848);
Skan in F.C. 5,1: 313 (1910). Type: Cape, Clanwilliam,
Ecklon s.n. (K, holo.!).

Much branched shrub up to 2 m tall;
stems densely leafy, sparse to densely
appressed white-tomentose, dotted with
orange-red gland-dots. Leaves petiolate;
blade simple, thickish or thin-textured,
suborbicular to elliptic or narrowly obovate,
15 — 35 (—55) x 6—20 (—40) mm, grey-
tomentose, gland-dotted, apex rounded to
obtuse, base cuneate to cordate or shortly
lobed, margin usually entire but sometimes
crenate-dentate to eroso-crenate (the larger
leaves); petiole 2—15 mm long. Infloresc-
ence simple, usually dense, of 3—12 verti-
cils; verticils 2(— 4)-flowered; bracts broadly
ovate or obovate, persistent. Calyx broad-
campanulate, expanding to 30 mm long in
fruit, purplish and membranous, with short
spreading glandular and eglandular hairs,
dotted with orange-red gland-dots. Corolla
golden brown, reddish brown, khaki or

occasionally purplish, (30 — ) 35—45 ( — 50)
mm long; tube c. 20 mm long, upper lip c. 25
mm long, slightly falcate; lower lip c. 12 mm
long.

Distributed from Namaqualand to the Cape
Peninsula and, eastwards, to Port Alfred, on coastal
sand dunes and in arid fynbos on rocky slopes to 800 m
altitude. Map 42.

Vouchers: Boucher 463; Galpin 315; Hutchinson

141.

With its shrubby habit and large golden to
brownish flowers it is sometimes confused with S.
lanceolata (no. 3), but may be separated by the
unbranched inflorescences, persistent bracts and longer
upper lip of the corolla.

A good deal of variation in leaf size, shape and
texture is included in the present concept of S.
africana-lutea. The typical form has relatively thick-
textured, small leaves, elliptic or oblong to obovate-
elliptic or oblanceolate-oblong, 12 — 35 x 6 — 15 ( — 20)
mm, densely grey-tomentose, with apex obtuse to
rounded, base cuneate to obtuse, margin entire and
petioles 2— 7(— 12) mm long. It occurs along the Cape
coast from about Kleinsee in Namaqualand to Port
Elizabeth in the east, on coastal dunes and adjoining
hills.

In addition, there are a few gatherings from the
Piketberg-Clanwilliam-Citrusdal area ( Schlechter 4976;
8376; Marloth 11494; Hanekom 1186) at altitudes up to
800 m, with thin-textured, fairly large leaves, broadly
ovate-elliptic to subrotund, 25—55 x 22—40 mm,
sparingly glandular pubescent, apex rounded, base
rounded to truncate or subcordate, sometimes auricu-
late, margin eroso-crenulate and petioles 5 — 15 mm
long. The type of 5. eckloniana, Ecklon s.n. from
Clanwilliam district, is such a specimen. Hedge (l.c.)
considers this form to represent a juvenile condition
but this seems unlikely, and separate varietal status
would appear to be justified. However, it is felt that
more study is required, particularly in the field,
especially as intermediate specimens have been seen
from the Peninsula, at altitudes of up to 550m (Marloth
273; Goldblatt 2662). It may be noted that leaf shape
and leaf margin in the closely related species, S.
lanceolata, show a similar range of variation, but not as
marked as in 5. africana-lutea.

In the first edition of the Species Plantarum
(1753), Linnaeus described two South African species
under the names 5. afr. lutea and 5. afr. caerulea. In
edn 2 (1762) he altered these names to S. aurea and S.
africana. The latter two names have largely been used
in subsequent literature. The earlier names were also
rejected by Hedge, l.c., who considered that they were
out of context with Linneaus’s nomenclatural thinking
at the time, and that the names in the second edition
were preferable. This may be so, but they are not the
only deviations in edn 1 and such cases are dealt with in

Fig 15. — 1, Salvia muirii, flowering stem, x 1; la, flower, x 1,5; lb, section through corolla, x 1,5; lc,
mature calyx, x 2 (Van Jaarsveld & Mitchell s.n.). 2, Salvia africana-caerulea, flowering stem, x 1; 2a, section
through corolla, x 1,5; 2b, mature calyx, x 1,5 (Codd s.n.).

4: 84

Lamiaceae

Art. 23 (1972) of the Code which states that if an
epithet consists of two or more words these are to be
united or hyphenated, and should not be rejected.
Introduced to Europe before 1701 when it was
illustrated in Commelin, Hort. med. Amst. t.92.

3. Salvia lanceolata Lam., Tabl. En-
cycl. 1: 72 (1791); Hedge in Notes R. bot.
Gdn Edinb. 33: 44 (1974). Type: Cape,
without locality, Sonnerat (P).

S. nivea Thunb., Prodr. 96 (1800); FI. Cap. edn
Schult. 450 (1823); Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 233
(1838); in DC., Prodr. 12; 273 (1848); Skan inF.C. 5,1:
314 (1910); Salter in FI. Cape Penins. 697 (1950);
Mason, W. Cape Sandv. Flow, t.71, f. 2. (1972). Type:
Cape, without exact locality, Thunberg (UPS).

S. hastifolia Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 233 (1837);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 274 (1848); Skan, l.c. 314 (1910).
Type: Cape, Clanwilliam area, Boschkloof, Drege 7934
(K, holo.).

5. nitida Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 103 (1843), nom.
nud., in error for S. nivea, see index p. 218.

S. diversifolia Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 274 (1848),
in syn.

Much branched shrub 1— 2 m tall; stems
finely tomentulose, glabrescent, often red-
dish brown. Leaves petiolate; blade simple,
thick-textured, linear-elliptic to ovate-
oblong or oblanceolate, 10—35 x 5— 20 mm,
with a short dense greyish tomentum or with
a sparse indumentum of short broad hairs
mainly on the veins and leaf margin,
gland-dotted, apex acute, base cuneate to
hastate-auriculate, margin entire or irregu-
larly crenate-dentate. Inflorescence usually
branched, each branch with 3—5 verticils;
verticils 2 (— 4)-flowered; bracts obovate,
acuminate, soon deciduous. Calyx fairly
densely glandular- hispid, expanding to
broad-campanulate, 25 mm long and pur-
plish in fruit. Corolla dull rose to brownish
crimson or grey-blue, 25 — 35 mm long;
upper lip straight or slightly falcate, c. 17
mm long; lower lip c. 13 mm long.

Distributed from Namaqualand to the Cape
Peninsula and eastwards to Montagu, in coastal
sandveld and arid fynbos, on sandy soil and rocky
hillsides at altitudes of 0—300 m. Map 43.

Vouchers: Acocks 17216; Marloth 7005; Schlieben
& Ellis 12430.

Related to the previous species, S. africana-lutea ,
and the differences are noted under that species. S.
lanceolata also varies a good deal in leaf size,
indumentum and margin, with some specimens having
larger and broader leaves with thinner indumentum,
crenate-dentate margins and hastate base, in contrast
to the normal densely grey-velvety entire leaves.

Map 43. — Salvia lanceolata

4. Salvia africana-caerulea L., Sp. PI.
1: 26 (1753). Type: Cape, ex Hort. Cliff.
(BM).

S. africana L., Sp. PI. edn 2,1: 38 (1762); Thunb.,
Prodr. 96 (1800); FI. Cap. edn Schult. 449 (1823);
Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 234 (1838); in DC., Prodr.
12: 274 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 315 (1910); Marloth,
FI. S. Afr. 3,2: 179, t.46A (1932); Salter, FI. Cape
Penins. 696 (1951); Rice & Compton, Wild Flow. Cape
G.H. t.125 (1951); Mason, W. Cape Sandv. Flow, t.71,
f. 4 (1972); Hedge, in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 45
(1974); nom. illegit. S. rotundifolia Salisb., Prodr. 74
(1796), nom. illegit. Type: as for S. africana-caerulea.

S. lanuginosa Burm. f. , FI. Cap. Prodr. 1 (March
1768); Skan, l.c. 333 (1910). Type: Cape, Oldenland ex
Hb. Burman (G).

S. integerrima Mill., Gard. Diet, edn 8: Salvia No. 12
(16 April 1768). Type: a cultivated plant.

S. barbata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 72 (1791). Type:
Cape, without locality, Sonnerat (P).

S. colorata sensu Vahl, Enum. 1: 230 (1804).

5. africana var. obtusa Benth. in E. Mey., Comm.
234 (1837), nom. nud.

S. undulata Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 275 (1848);
Skan, l.c. 316 (1910). Type: Cape, Clanwilliam district,
Ecklon s.n. (K, holo.).

S. subspathulata Lehm. in Hamburg. Gart. Blumen-
zeit. 6: 457 (1850). Type: a cultivated plant.

Shrub 0,6— 1,5 (—2) m tall, often
branching at the base with several erect,
usually sparingly branched stems; stems
greyish-tomentulose to hispidulous, gland-
dotted and occasionally with glandular
hairs. Leaves petiolate; blade simple, sub-
coriaceous, obovate-elliptic to broadly obo-

Lamiaceae

4: 85

vate, 8—25 ( — 35) x 4—15 ( — 25) mm,
greenish and somewhat rugose above with
short eglandular hairs, greyish-tomentulose
and gland-dotted beneath, rarely almost
glabrous, apex subacute to rounded, base
cuneate, margin subentire to eroso-
denticulate, occasionally auriculate at the
base. Inflorescence often dense or spaced
below with 5 — 12 verticils; verticils 2—6-
flowered; bracts ovate, cuspidate, up to 10
x 9 mm, persistent. Calyx somewhat
funnel-shaped, glandular-villous, expanding
to 14 mm in fruit, purple-tinged. Corolla
light blue to bluish purple or pinkish, the
lower lip usually with a paler blue margin
and white to yellowish in the centre, 16—28
mm long; tube 8 — 10 mm long; upper lip
falcate, 8—18 mm long; lower lip as long as
the upper with a broad reflexed median
lobe. Fig. 15:2.

Map 44. — Salvia africana-coerulea

Distributed from Vanrhynsdorp district to Cape
Town and eastwards to Montagu and Caledon with an
odd record from Peddie district in the eastern Cape
Province; in coastal fynbos and on rocky slopes. Map
44.

Vouchers: Bayliss 3351; Galpin 4424; Schlechter
5221.

There is a good deal of variation in size and shape
of leaves, density of indumentum and size of corolla. It
is sometimes confused with S. chamelaeagnea (no. 8)
which has a coarser, glandular pubescence, shorter
hairs on the calyx and deciduous bracts.

See note under 5. africana-lutea (no. 2) regarding
the use of the name S. africana-caerulea L. (1753)
instead of S. africana L. (1762).

5. Salvia dentata Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 37

(1789); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 275
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 315 (1910); Hedge
in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 47 (1974).
Type: Cape, without locality, Masson

(BM).

S. angustifolia Salisb., Prodr. 73 (1796), nom. illegit.
Type: as for S. dentata Ait.

5. rigida Thunb., Prodr. 96 (1800); FI. Cap. edn
Schult. 451 (1823). Type: Cape, Thunberg s.n. (UPS,
holo., microfiche 27/634!).

S. crispula Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 1: 234 (1837);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 274 (1848). Syntypes: Cape,
Modderfonteinsberg, Drege (BM); “Camiesbergen”,
Drege 3113 (K).

Twiggy erect shrub 0,6 — 1,5 (—2) m
tall; stems greyish-tomentulose, gland-
dotted. Leaves often crowded, shortly
petiolate; blade simple, thick-textured,
spathulate or obovate to narrowly elliptic or
lanceolate, 8—22 x 4—12 mm, greenish
above, densely greyish-tomentulose be-
neath, gland-dotted, rarely almost glabrous,
apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin usually
crenate-dentate to pinnatifid. Inflorescence
of 2—9 spaced or crowded verticils; verticils
2— 6-flowered. Calyx somewhat funnel-
shaped, hispid and usually copiously red
gland-dotted, occasionally hispid-villous,
expanding to c. 15 mm long in fruit. Corolla
light blue or whitish to violet-blue or purple,
16—25 mm long; tube 8— 10 mm long; upper
lip slightly falcate, 8—12 mm long; lower lip
usually longer than the upper.

Distributed from Namaqualand to Clanwilliam
and Calvinia districts in broken veld of rocky hillsides
and water-courses, at altitudes of 700 — 1 700 m. Map
45.

Vouchers: Acocks 14923, 18456; Galpin 11166;
Rodin 1445.

Related to S. africana-caerulea (no. 4) and
occasionally specimens are somewhat intermediate, but
can usually be distinguished by the undulate to
pinnatifid leaves, the shorter pubescence on the calyx
and the broader bracteoles. It occurs more to the
north-west at somewhat higher altitudes than 5.
africana-caerulea.

6. Salvia dolomitica Codd in Flower.
PI. Afr. 32: t.1248 (1957); Letty, Wild Flow.
Transv. 289 (1962); Hedge in Notes R. bot.
Gdn Edinb. 33: 48 (1974). Type: Transvaal,
Pilgrims Rest (cult, in Pretoria), Codd 8848
(PRE, holo.!).

Shrub 1 — 2 m tall, branched from the
base; stems terete, ascending, densely

4: 86

Lamiaceae

Map 45. — • Salvia dentata
A S. dolomitica

covered with a short whitish crisped
tomentum. Leaves petiolate; blade simple,
elliptic to obovate, 25—50 (—65) x 12—20
( — 30) mm, densely greyish appressed
tomentose on both surfaces, reticulate
beneath and gland-dotted, apex obtuse,
base obtuse to cuneate, margin entire.
Inflorescence compact, of several 2- flowered
verticils. Calyx broadly campanulate, often
purple-tinged, glandular hirsute, enlarging
to 25 mm long in fruit. Corolla light pink or
lilac with cream or yellow markings on the
lower lip, 20-^28 mm long; tube c. 10 mm
long; upper lip falcate, 10 — 14 mm long;
lower lip 12—18 mm long.

Restricted to the eastern and north-eastern
Transvaal, usually on dolomitic outcrops between 1 000
and 1 500 m altitude. Map 45.

Vouchers: Codd 10400; Codd & De Winter 3089;
Maguire 2531.

A distinct species, geographically separated from
the allied shrubby species, i.e. those with expanding
fruiting calyces, all of which are found in the
south-western to south-eastern Cape Province.

7. Salvia garipensis E. Mey. ex Benth.
in E. Mey., Comm. 1: 232 (1838); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 273 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 311
(1910); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 28 (1969); Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn
Edinb. 33: 51 (1974). Type: Cape, Nama-
qualand, Drege 3112 (K, holo.).

S. steingroeveri Briq. in Bot. Jb. 19: 191 (1894).
Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, without locality, Steingrover
55.

5. dinteri Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 1075
(1903). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Gubub, Dinter 1111
(Z, holo.).

Much branched shrub 0,6— 1,2 m tall;
stems glandular-pubescent with longish
eglandular hairs, dense short gland-tipped
hairs and gland-dots. Leaves petiolate;
blade thin- or thick-textured, ovate to
ovate-deltoid or subrotund, 12—50 x 10—30
mm, green, glandular-hispid and gland-
dotted, upper surface smooth to rugose,
under-surface often markedly reticulate,
apex obtuse to rounded, base rounded to
cordate, margin irregularly eroso-dentate.
Inflorescence of few to several verticils,
spaced below, close together above; verticils
2 ( — 4)-flowered. Calyx glandular-

pubescent, enlarging to 16 mm long in fruit
with widely spreading lips. Corolla white or
pale blue to mauve, 20—25 mm long; tube c.
10 mm long; upper lip falcate, 10—15 mm
long; lower lip subequal to or slightly
shorter than the upper.

Distributed from the southern half of S.W. A. /Na-
mibia to the adjoining Cape Province, on stony hillsides
and watercourses. Map 46.

Vouchers: Dinter 3547; Giess & Midler 11887.

The leaves vary considerably in size, texture and
degree of crenation but the species is readily
distinguished from the other shrubby South African
species by the leaves being truncate to cordate at the
base. Its nearest ally appears to be 5. dominica L. of
the eastern Mediterranean area.

Map 46. — # Salvia garipensis
A S. chamelaeagnea

Lamiaceae

4: 87

8. Salvia chamelaeagnea Berg., Descr.
PI. Cap. 3 (Sept. 1767); Salter in FI. Cape
Penins. 696 (1950); Codd in Flower. PI. Afr.
31: t . 1219 (1956); Hedge in Notes R. bot.
Gdn Edinb. 33: 54 (1974). Type: Cape,
without locality, Ekeberg s.n. (STB).

S. paniculata L., Mant. 25 (Oct. 1767); Ait., Hort.
Kew. 1: 45 (1789); Thunb., FI. Cap. edn Schult. 450
(1823); Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 1: 235 (1838); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 275 (1848); Hook. f. in Curtis's bot.
Mag. t.6790 (1884); Skan in F.C. 5, 316 (1910). Type:
Cape, (LINN, holo.).

Much branched shrub 0,6—2 m tall;
stems scabrid to pilose, gland-dotted.
Leaves petiolate; blade simple, coriaceous,
obovate to oblanceolate or broadly ellipti-
cal, 15—30 ( — 35) x 5 — 20 mm, green,
subglabrous to slightly scabrid or
appressed-pubescent, reticulate below,
freely gland-dotted on both surfaces, apex
obtuse, apiculate, base cuneate, margin
subentire to denticulate. Inflorescence a
large panicle 100—300 mm long; verticils
2-flowered. Calyx reddish purple,
glandular-hispid and gland-dotted, en-
larging to 12 mm long in fruit. Corolla blue
or purplish blue often with white on the
lower lip, 18—25 ( — 30) mm long; tube 6—8
mm long, not or scarcely exceeding the
calyx; upper lip slightly falcate, 12—20 mm
long; lower lip 10—15 mm long.

Distributed from Clanwilliam to Cape Town and
eastwards to Ladismith and Riversdale districts, in
fynbos along watercourses, in sandy soil among rocks
and along roadsides, often locally common. Map 46.

Vouchers: Acocks 8584; Rodin 3060; Schlechter
9866.

A relatively constant, strongly aromatic species,
occasionally confused with S. africana-caerulea (no. 4).

9. Salvia albicaulis Benth. in E. Mey.,
Comm. 1: 234 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12:
274 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 317 (1910);
Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 57
(1974). Type: Cape, Tulbagh, Ecklon 7937
(K, holo.).

5. dregeana Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 1: 234(1838);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 274 (1848). S. albicaulis var.
dregeana (Benth.) Skan, l.c. 317 (1910). Type: Cape,
between Pakhuis and Biedow, Dr&ge 3114 (K, holo.).

Shrub or woody herb 0,3— 0,6 m (or
more) tall, branched from the base; stems
erect, rather sparingly branched, sharply
4-angled, densely and shortly tomentose
with, in addition, occasional long multicel-

lular hairs. Leaves petiolate; blade simple,
coriaceous, obovate-spathulate or obovate
to broadly elliptic, 15 — 30 x 8—20 mm,
subglabrous and somewhat varnished to
shortly hispid above, reticulate and white-
tomentose between the veins below, the
veins often with short or long hispid hairs,
apex subacute to rounded, base cuneate,
margin crenate-dentate to irregularly and
occasionally pinnately lobed. Inflorescence a
panicle 70—200 mm long; verticils lax to
fairly dense, 2— 3-flowered. Calyx densely
villous with long white hairs mainly along
the nerves, 10—12 mm long, scarcely
expanding in fruit. Corolla purplish, 18—24
mm long; tube 8 — 12 mm long; upper lip
falcate, 10—12 mm long; lower lip about 10
mm long.

Distributed from Clanwilliam southwards to Ceres
and Wellington districts, in fynbos on rocky slopes.
Map 47.

Vouchers: Leach & Carp 11352; Schlechter 9970;
Taylor 4799.

A distinct species characterized by the acutely
quadrangular white stems and the villous calyces which
expand only slightly when in fruit.

10. Salvia namaensis Schinz in Verh.
bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 31: 208 (1890);
Skan in F.C. 5,1: 325 (1910); Wilman,
Check List Griq. West 228 (1946); Launert
& Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 28 (1969);
Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 59
(1974); Type: S. W. A./Namibia, Tiras,

Schinz 30 (K).

S. burchellii N.E.Br. in Kew Bull. 1901: 130 (1901);
Skan, l.c. 325 (1910). Type: Cape, Richmond,
Rhenoster Poort, Burchell (K, holo.).

— var. hispidula Skan, l.c. 326 (1910). Syntypes:
without locality. Thorn 209 (K); Ecklon 77 (K).

Much branched shrublet or bushy shrub
0,3— 1,2 m tall, often herbaceous above and
woody below, yellow-green or grey-green,
strongly aromatic and somewhat viscid;
stems shortly and often crisply tomentose
and gland-dotted, eventually glabrescent.
Leaves shortly petiolate; blade irregularly
lyrate-pinnatifid, coriaceous, (10—) 15—40
x (5 — ) 10—20 mm, markedly rugose,
shortly hispid above, denser to crisped,
strongly reticulate and freely gland-dotted
beneath. Inflorescence simple, of up to 14
verticils, spaced below, more crowdec
above, verticils 4 (— 6)-flowered. Calyx

4: 88

Lamiaceae

glandular-hispidulous, up to 8 mm long in
fruit. Corolla white, mauve or blue, 8—12
mm long; tube 5—8 mm long; upper lip
straight, 3—6 mm long; lower lip usually
longer than the upper.

Map 47. — A Salvia albicaulis

# S. namaensis

♦ S. triangularis

Found in southern S.W. A. /Namibia, northern and
central Cape Province as far south as Oudtshoorn and
Willowmore, and western Orange Free State, on rocky
slopes below krantzes, in watercourses and on surface
limestone. Map 47.

Vouchers: Acocks 20511; Leistner 1558; Merx-
muller 2416; Rodin 3645.

Although shrubby in habit, the floral characters
suggest a closer relationship to the herbaceous species
which follow rather than to the preceding shrubby
species. The leaves resemble some species of S.
stenophylla (no. 18) but the latter has herbaceous,
subglabrous to sparingly pubescent stems.

Dinter 4109 is an odd specimen with leaves
somewhat like S. namaensis but the calyx, with its
widely spreading lips, resembles 5. garipensis (no. 7).
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 28 (1969)
suggest that it represents a hybrid between these two
species.

11. Salvia triangularis Thunb., Prodr.
96 (1800); FI. Cap. edn Schult. 451 (1823);
Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 236 (1838); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 351 (1848); Skan in F.C.
5,1: 323 (1910); Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho
238 (1971); Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn
Edinb. 33: 70 (1974). Type: Cape, without
locality, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo., micro-
fiche 28/652!).

S. tenuifolia Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 304 (1833); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 350 (1848). Type: Cape, without
locality, Burchell s.n. (K, holo.).

Perennial herb branching from the
scarcely woody base; stems sparingly
branched, decumbent-ascending, 0,15—0,5
m long, hispid-villous. Leaves petiolate;
blade simple, ovate-triangular, 20—40 x
15 — 30 mm, shortly villous, apex obtuse to
rounded, base truncate to subcordate,
occasionally shortly auriculate, margin irre-
gularly crenate. Inflorescence of up to 10
verticils, spaced below, denser above;
verticils (2—) 4— 6-flowered. Calyx shortly
villous, up to 13 mm long in fruit,
campanulate, with a wide sinus between the
upper and lower lips; upper lip with 3
subequal acuminate teeth 2—2,5 mm long,
the middle tooth often slightly shorter than
the outer two. Corolla pale blue, mauve or
purple, 12—16 mm long; tube 8—11 mm
long; upper lip straight, 2,5—3 mm long;
lower lip slightly longer.

Found in south-eastern Cape Province from about
King William’s Town to near Humansdorp and inland
to Somerset East and Keiskammahoek, in open grassy
places between bushes and at forest margins. Map 47.

Vouchers: Dahlstrand 814\ Long8ll\ Marsh 1369.

Related to the next species, S. aurita, but has
smaller, more densely pubescent leaves, and a
somewhat longer fruiting calyx in which there is a
relatively wide sinus between the upper and lower lips.

12. Salvia aurita L.f., Suppl. 88 (1781).
Type: Cape, without locality, Thunberg s.n.
(UPS, microfiche 23/547!).

Perennial herb with few to several
stems from a subwoody base; stems ascend-
ing or straggling to 1,2 m long, pilose,
usually with longish multicellular hairs,
sometimes dense, or short and dense,
gland-dotted and occasionally with capitate
glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate, or the
upper ones subsessile; blade simple to lyrate
or runcinate, subcoriaceous, variable in
shape from broadly ovate to ovate or
oblong, 40 — 80 x 25—50 mm, suglabrous to
fairly densely pilose, gland-dotted, apex
obtuse to rounded, base truncate to
auriculate, margin dentate or crenate,
sometimes pinnatipartite or with distinct
basal lobes (var. galpinii). Inflorescence of
up to 15 verticils, the lower ones often
widely spaced, denser above; verticils 6—8
( — 12)-flowered. Calyx pilose, tubular-cam-

Lamiaceae

4: 89

panulate, up to 10 mm long in fruit; upper
lip with 3 acuminate teeth, the 2 outer teeth
c. 2,5 mm long and the central tooth
shorter, 1,5 — 2 mm long. Corolla pale blue,
lilac, white or pinkish, 16—20 mm long; tube
10—15 mm long; upper lip straight, 2,5—3
mm long; lower lip up to 4 mm long.

Distributed from southern and south-eastern Cape
through Transkei and Natal to the Soutpansberg in
Transvaal, on grassy slopes, stream banks and wooded
places.

Two varieties are recognised:

1 Leaves simple or with a tendency towards

indistinct basal lobing, ovate (a) var. aurita

1 Leaves pinnatipartite with distinct basal lobes,
oblong to broadly oblong in outline
(b) var. galpinii

(a) var. aurita.

Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33:
65 (1974).

S. aurita L.f. , Suppl. 88 (1781); Ait. f. , Hort. Kew.
edn 2,1: 62 (1810); Thunb., FI. Cap. edn Schult. 451
(1823); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 322 (1910). Type: Cape,
without locality, Thunberg (UPS).

S. sylvicola Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 304 (1833); in E.
Mey., Comm. 236 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 350
(1848). Type: Cape, without locality, Burchell (K,
holo.).

5. lasiostachys Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 350 (1848);
Skan. I.c. 324 (1910). Type: Cape, Uitenhage, Ecklon
62 (K, holo.).

S. pallidiflora Skan, l.c. 323 (1910). Syntypes: inch
Cape, Somerset East, Burchell 3165 (K).

5. peglerae Skan, l.c. 331 (1910); Jacot Guill., FI.
Lesotho 238 (1971). Syntypes: Cape, East London,
Fort Pato, Galpin 7830 (K; PRE!); Cape, Kentani,
Pegler 196 (K; PRE!).

Leaves simple, ovate-triangular to
broadly ovate, base truncate to auriculate,
or with a tendency towards indistinct basal
lobing.

Distribution as for the species. Map 48.

Vouchers: Bayliss 6921; Flanagan 1288; Scheepers
1109.

See note after var. 'galpinii (below) and after S.
triangularis (no. 11).

(b) var. galpinii (Skan) Hedge in
Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 67 (1974).
Type: Cape, near Queenstown, Galpin 1956
(BOL, holo.; PRE!).

S. galpinii Skan, l.c. 321 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 304
(1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 497 (1976).

Map 48. — Salvia aurita var. aurita

Leaves lyrate or runcinate, oblong to
broadly oblong in outline, with distinct basal
lobes.

Found in eastern Cape Province, Transkei, Natal,
Swaziland and southern Transvaal. Map 49.

Vouchers: Acocks 9248; 22046; Flanagan 1213.

As stated by Hedge, l.c., the variation in this
species appears to fall into two groups which are worth
recognition as varieties. There are intermediates and
both forms may occur together, e.g. Galpin 8164 (var.
aurita) and 8164A (var. galpinii ), both from Gatwyn,
near Queenstown.

Related to S. scabra (no. 14) and S. triangularis
(no. 11) but these may be distinguished by the longer
corolla of S. scabra and by the smaller and more
pubescent leaves of S. triangularis.

Bentham in E. Mey., Comm. 1: 237 (1837) and in
DC., Prodr. 12; 351 (1848) appears to have confused S.
aurita and S. scabra (no. 14). Thus 5. aurita sensu
Benth. is S. scabra and 5. scabra sensu Benth. is a
mixture of 5. aurita. S. namaensis (no. 10), 5. repens
(no. 16) and S. runcinata (no. 17).

13. Salvia tysonii Skan in F.C. 5,1: 320
(1910); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972); Hedge in
Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 71 (1974).
Lectotype: Cape, Griqualand East, near
Clydesdale, Tyson 2171 (K, lecto.).

Robust erect herb up to 1,4 m tall from
a creeping rootstock; stems usually simple,
coarsely tomentose, gland-dotted. Leaves:
the lower shortly petiolate, the upper
subsessile; blade runcinate or pinnatifid,
50—95 x 40 — 50 mm, with a terminal
segment of c. 60 x 50 mm, shortly appress-
ed pubescent, apex subacute to obtuse.

4: 90

Lamiaceae

Map 49. — 9 Salvia aurita var. galpinii
■ S. obtusata

margin irregularly and coarsely serrate.
Inflorescence of many verticils, spaced
below, denser above; verticils 8 (—24)-
flowered. Calyx shortly hispid, tubular-
campanulate, up to 10 mm long in fruit,
upper lip with 3 acuminate teeth, the 2 outer
teeth c. 2,5 mm long and the central tooth
shorter, 1,5—2 mm long. Corolla blue,
mauve or reddish, c. 13 mm long; tube
straight c. 10 mm long; upper lip straight, 3
mm long; lower lip slightly shorter.

Known from a few scattered localities in eastern
Cape, Transkei and Natal, beside streams in mountain
grassland at altitudes of 750—1 450 m. Map 50.

Vouchers: Flanagan 2797 ; Tyson 1770.

Distinguished by the sturdy stems, rather coarse
foliage and many-flowered verticils. More collections
of this species with good field notes are needed.

14. Salvia scabra L.f., Suppl. 89
(1781); Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 41 (1789);
Thunb., FI. Cap. edn Schult. 452 (1823);
Skan in F.C. 5,1: 321 (1910); Hedge in
Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 67, t . 18
(1974). Type: Cape, without locality, Thun-
berg s.n. (UPS, microfiche 27/639!).

S. graciliflora Ave-Lall. in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop.
10: 57 (1844). Syntypes: 5. aurita sensu Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 237 (1838), as to Drdge b; and a
cultivated plant.

Map 50. — 0 Salvia tysonii
▲ S. scabra

Perennial erect herb from a subwoody
rootstock, 0,3 — 1 m tall; stems several,
branched, villous. Leaves petiolate or the
upper ones subsessile; blade lyrate-
pinnatifid, obovate to oblong in outline,
30—50 x 20—30 mm, scabrid-pilose above,
hispid-pilose and gland-dotted beneath.
Inflorescence of up to 12 verticils, spaced
below, denser above; verticils 4—6-
flowered. Calyx shortly villous, often tinged
purple, tubular-campanulate, up to 14 mm
long in fruit; upper lip with 3 acuminate
subequal teeth 1,5 — 2 mm long. Corolla
mauve, lilac or purple, 25—40 mm long;
tube straight, 20 — 35 mm long; upper lip
3—4 mm long; lower lip 5—6 mm long. Fig.
16:1.

Limited to the eastern Cape Province coastal area
from East London to near Humansdorp, in bush
groups, coastal dunes and forest margins from near sea
level to 180 m altitude. Map 50.

Vouchers: Galpin 3045; 10695; 10743.

A distinct species characterized by the lyrate-
pinnatifid, scabrid leaves, and long corolla tube. See
also note at end of S. aurita (no. 12).

15. Salvia obtusata Thunb., Prodr. 97
(1800); FI. Cap. edn Schult. 451 (1823);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 351 (1848); Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 324 (1910); Hedge in Notes R.

Fig. 16. — 1, Salvia scabra, flowering stem, x 0,7; la, mature calyx, x 3 (after Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn
Edinb. 33: t . 1 8 , 1974, with his permission and that of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office). 2, S. runcinata, upper part
of plant, x 1; 2a, mature calyx, x 3; 2b, corolla opened longitudinally, x 3 ( Mrs Jenkins s.n.).

Lamiaceae

4: 92

Lamiaceae

bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 69 (1974). Type: Cape,
without locality, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.,
microfiche 26/615!).

S. marginata Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 236 (1838);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 351 (1848). Syntypes: Cape,
between Coega and Sundays River, Drege 7944a (K);
Addo, Drege 7944 (K).

Perennial herb, somewhat woody at the
base, with ascending stems up to 0,5 m long
or more; stems glabrous below, glabrous to
sparingly pubescent above. Leaves pet-
iolate; blade often drying dark brown,
subentire or lyrate-pinnatifid with a large
terminal segment and one or two pairs of
basal lobes, broadly elliptic to ovate in
outline, 25—50 x 15—30 mm, upper surface
subglabrous, under-surface sparingly
pubescent on the nerves and margins,
margin coarsely crenate; petiole up to 30
mm long, glabrous or with a few long stiff
hairs. Inflorescence of up to 10 verticils,
spaced below, denser above; verticils 2—8-
flowered. Calyx sparingly hispid, purple
tinged, tubular-campanulate, up to 10 mm
long in fruit; upper lip with 3 acuminate
subequal teeth 1 — 1,5 mm long. Corolla
20—25 mm long; tube c. 18 mm long; upper
lip straight, 3 mm long; lower lip c. 5 mm
long.

A little-known species apparently restricted to the
south-eastern Cape Province from about Uitenhage to
Albany district. Map 49.

Vouchers: Germishuizen 1418; Zeyher 3533.

Related to S. scabra (above) and S. repens (below)
but differs from both in the stems and upper leaf
surfaces being glabrous or nearly so. It also differs from
S. scabra in having a shorter corolla, and from S. repens
in lacking rhizomes.

16. Salvia repens Burch, ex Benth.,
Lab. 306 (1833). Type: Cape, without
locality, Burchell s.n. (K, holo.).

Perennial herb with few to several
stems usually arising from a creeping
rhizome; stems ascending, simple or
branched, 0,25—0,6 (—0,8) m tall, shortly
pilose to tomentose. Leaves usually
crowded and larger at the base of the plant,
the lower petiolate, the upper subsessile;
blade simple to sublyrate or rarely runci-
nate, oblong to broadly obovate in outline,
30—100 x 8—45 mm, subglabrous to pilose,
gland-dotted beneath, apex obtuse to
rounded, base truncate to auriculate, mar-
gin irregularly crenate-dentate. Inflores-

cence of several to many verticils, widely
spaced below, denser above; verticils 6
( — 8)-flowered. Calyx shortly hispid,

tubular-campanulate, up to 13 mm long in
fruit; upper lip with 3 acuminate teeth
0,5 — 2 mm long, subequal or the central
tooth slightly shorter than the outer two.
Corolla pale blue or mauve to purple, rarely
white, (10—) 14—26 mm long; tube (6—)
7 — 18 mm long; upper lip straight, 4—5 mm
long; lower lip 4,5 — 7 mm long.

A very variable species extending from northern
Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natal, Lesotho and
north-eastern Cape Province to the southern and
eastern Cape Province and Transkei.

More field observations are required for a better
understanding of variation in leaf shape, size and
indumentum, and calyx and corolla length. At present
the material is classified into 3 varieties on the
following lines:

1 Corolla less than 20 mm long; leaves 30—80
x 8—35 mm:

2 Leaves elliptic to obovate, simple to
runcinate, sparsely to freely gland-
dotted; stems ascending, much or little
branched; corolla 14 — 20 mm long
(a) var. repens

2 Leaves narrowly oblong, simple, densely
gland-dotted; stems erect, much
branched; corolla 10—15 mm long
(c) var. transvaalensis

1 Corolla 20 — 26 mm long; leaves up to 100 x 45

mm (b) var. keiensis

(a) var. repens.

Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33:
74 (1974).

S. repens Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 306 (1833); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 353 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 328 (1910);
Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho 238 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal
304 (1972). Type: Cape, without locality, Burchell s.n.
(K, holo.).

5. subsessilis Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 237 (1838);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 352 (1848). Syntypes: Zuurberg,
Drege 4761 b (K); near Umzimvubu River, Drige (K).

5. rudis Benth, in E. Mey., Comm. 235 (1838); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 350 (1848); Skan l.c. 331 (1910); Ross,
FI. Natal 304 (1972). Type: Cape, “Uitenhage”,
Ecklon s.n. (K, holo.).

5. raphanifolia Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 237
(1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 352 (1848); Skan, l.c. 330
(1910). Type: Cape, near Windvogelberg, Drege 7943
(K, holo.).

5. incisa Benth. in DC.. Prodr. 12: 352 (1848). Type:
Cape, “Karoo”, Wodehouse, Ecklon 112 (K. holo.).

5. woodii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 76 (1898); Skan, l.c.
332 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972). Syntypes:
several inch Natal, Weenen County, Medley Wood

Lamiaceae

4: 93

3621 (NH!); Transvaal, Standerton, Rehmann 6781
(PRE!).

S. natalensis Briq. & Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boissier
s6r. 2,3: 1078 (1903). Syntypes: Orange Free State,
Harrismith, Medley Wood 4972 (NH, Z); Cape, near
Kei River, Schlechter 6232 (Z).

5. schenckii Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3:
1079 (1903). Type: Orange Free State, between
Harrismith and Vaal River, Schenck 732 (Z).

S. cooperi Skan, l.c. 332 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 304
(1972). Syntypes: several, incl. Natal, Cooper 1279 (K);
Orange Free State, near Witzies Hoek, Bolus 8237
(BOL, K).

Stems ascending, much or little
branched; leaves simple to runcinate, spar-
ingly to freely gland-dotted, elliptic to obo-
vate,30— 80 x 14—35 mm; corolla 14— 20 mm
long.

Distribution as for the species, in mountain
grassland, on river banks, in open woodland or karroid
veld, often on heavy clay or clay-loam soils, sometimes
a weed in gardens or disturbed places. Map 51.

Vouchers: Codd 10415; Dieterlen 958; Flanagan
1406; Medley Wood 5187; Repton 6260; Schlechter
3818.

As may be seen from the synonymy, a great deal of
variation is included in this variety and the distinction
between it and the next species, S. runcinata, is not
always clear (see note after the latter).

Map 51. — A Salvia repens var. repens
O S. repens var. keiensis
□ S. repens var. transvaalensis

(b) var. keiensis Hedge in Notes R.
bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 75 (1974). Type: Cape,
Komga, near Kei River, Schlechter 6232 (Z,
holo.).

Stems ascending, not much branched;
leaves simple or sometimes lobed near the

base, broadly elliptic to obovate, 70—100 x
35—45 mm; corolla 20—26 mm long.

Restricted to the eastern Cape Province and
Transkei, in grassland or open woodland. Map 51.

Vouchers: Acocks 22106; Flanagan 475.

Differs from var. repens in the larger leaves and
longer corolla, though some specimens are somewhat
intermediate, e.g. Codd 9243 from near Butterworth.

(c) var. transvaalensis Hedge in Notes
R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 75 (1974). Type:
Transvaal, Vereeniging, Burtt Davy 17135
(BOL, holo.).

Stems erect, much branched, leafy;
leaves usually simple, occasionally lobed
towards the base, freely gland-dotted,
narrowly oblong or elliptic, 30—50 x 8 — 15
( — 20) mm; corolla 10—15 mm long.

Restricted to the southern Transvaal and northern
Orange Free State; in grassland. Map 51.

Vouchers: Acocks 21023; Burtt Davy 9110.

Characterized by the rather dwarf, branched habit,
leafy stems, small leaves densely covered with
gland-dots and the small flowers.

17. Salvia runcinata L.f., Suppl. 89
(1781); Thunb., FI. Cap. edn Schult. 452
(1823); Benth. in E. Mey., Comm 237
(1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 352 (1848); Skan
in F.C. 5,1: 327 (1910); Wilman, Check List
Griq. West 229 (1946); Jacot Guill., FI.
Lesotho 238 (1971); Hedge in Notes R. bot.
Gdn Edinb. 33: 75 (1974). Type: Cape,
without locality, Thunberg s.n. (UPS,
microfiche 27/636!).

5. scabra sensu Benth., Lab. 305 (1833), partly.

5. monticola Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 238 (1838);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 353 (1848); Skan, l.c. 329 (1910);
Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972). Syntypes: several, incl.
Cape, near Windvogelberg, Drege 7946a (K).

S. runcinata var. major Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 352
(1848). Type: Cape, Uitenhage, Ecklons.n. (K, holo.).

— var. grandiflora Skan. l.c. 327 (1910). Syntypes:
several, inch Cape. Victoria West. Div., Drege 4750c
(K); Albert Div., Drtge 7945 (K).

— var. nana Skan, l.c. 327 (1910). Syntypes:
Transvaal, near Pretoria, Burtt Davy 606 (K; PRE!);
Leendertz 965 (K; PRE!).

5. sisymbrifolia Skan, l.c. 328 (1910); Jacot Guill. ,
FI. Lesotho 238 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972).
Syntypes: several inch Transvaal, Pretoria, Burtt Davy
7079 (K; PRE!).

Perennial erect herb 0,15—0,5 (—0,7)
m tall with 1— several stems from a taproot
or, occasionally, from a creeping rootstock;

4: 94

Lamiaceae

stems hispid or crisped pilose, gland-dotted.
Leaves shortly petiolate or the upper ones
sessile; blade runcinate-pinnatipartite to
lyrate, rarely almost entire, oblong-
lanceolate to obovate in outline, 30—90
( — 120) x 15 — 30 (—50) mm, hispid-scabrid,
gland-dotted, lobes rounded to triangular,
sometimes oblong and pinnatifid. Inflores-
cence of several to many verticils, widely
spaced belbw/’deflsej above; j/efticils 4—8-
flowered. Calyx hispid-scabrid, gland-
dotted, 5—8 mm long. Corolla white or pale
blue to mauve or purplish, 7—14 mm long;
tube 4,5—9 mm long; upper lip straight 3—4
mm long; lower lip often slightly longer.
Fig. 16:2.

A very variable species extending from northern
Transvaal and Botswana to northern Cape Province,
Orange Free State and eastern and southern Cape
Province as far south as Bredasdorp district but rare in
Transkei, Natal and Lesotho; in a variety of habitats,
but usually on heavy soils, sometimes spreading and
locally common on disturbed places or overgrazed veld,
for example under thorn trees. Also in Zimbabwe. Map
52.

Vouchers: Acocks 20984; Galpin M601; Muir
2652; Schlechter 3691.

The variation consists of intergrading forms which
do not warrant taxonomic recognition. The limits of the
species are also far from clear. In general, the calyx and
corolla are shorter than in 5. repens (above), the
mature calyx has a wider sinus between the upper and
lower lips and the leaves are more dissected, but
intermediates may be found; ecologically the two are
very similar, though 5. runcinata seems to occupy more
arid situations and usually lacks the creeping rootstock
characteristic of S. repens.

S. stenophylla (below), which is probably the
closest ally of S. runcinata, can usually be distinguished
by the narrower leaves with narrower segments, and
the almost glabrous stems, but some specimens are
difficult to place.

It is probable that hybridization and introgression
have contributed to the confusion but this can be
confirmed only by field work in areas where one species
overlaps with another. In the meantime it is reasonable
to maintain the three species as distinct.

18. Salvia stenophylla Burch, ex
Benth ., Lab. 306 (1833); Benth. in E. Mey.,
Comm. 238 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 353
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 326 (1910);
Wilman, Check List Griq. West 229 (1946);
Launert and Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 28
(1969); Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho 238 (1971);
Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972); Hedge in Notes

R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 77, t.20 (1974).
Type: Cape, Griquatown, Burchell 1881 (K,
holo.).

S. xerobia Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissierser. 2,3; 1076
(1903). Type: Cape, near Keiskamma, Schlechter 6115
(Z, holo.).

5. chlorophylla Briq., l.c. 1080 (1903). Type:

S. W. A. /Namibia, Windhoek, Dinter 316 (Z, holo.).

5. stenophylla var. subintegra Skan, l.c. 326 (1910).
Type: Botswana, “Batlapin Territory,” Holub s.n. (K,
holo.).

S. pallida Dinter ex Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. 1,2: 570
(1910), nom. nud.

Perennial erect bushy herb 0,2— 0,4
(—0,6) m tall, usually much branched from a
woody taproot; stems subglabrous or with
few hairs, usually with orange-red gland-
dots. Leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile;
blade often pinnatifid or pinnatisect, occa-
sionally simple, linear-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate in outline, (20—) 25 — 80 x (4—)
6—20 mm, sparingly pubescent on the
nerves below and gland-dotted, margin
often finely crenate-dentate. Inflorescence
of several to many spaced verticils; verticils
6 (— 8)-flowered. Calyx minutely hispidu-
lous, gland-dotted, 4—5 mm long. Corolla
pale blue or mauve, c. 12 mm long; tube c. 7
mm long; upper lip straight, 4 mm long;
lower lip equal to or slightly longer than the
upper.

Distributed from central S.W. A. /Namibia and
southern Botswana to Transvaal, Orange Free State,
Lesotho, and northern, north-eastern and eastern Cape
Province, rare in Natal and Transkei; in grassland,
open woodland and semi-arid shrub, often on
calcareous or brackish soil, sandy soil in watercourses
or damp places, sometimes a semi-weed of disturbed
places, for example at roadsides etc. Map 53.

Lamiaceae

4: 95

Map 53. — Salvia stenophylla

Map 54. — • Salvia schlechteri
▲ S. granitica

Vouchers: Acocks 15832; De Winter 7432; Galpin
1645; Scheepers 1342; Strey 2431.

The leaves vary from simple (the form described as
5. chlorophylla) to pinnatifid (the typical form), and
some specimens appear to grade into S. runcinata
(above). The main differences are discussed under that
species. A characteristic of the species is that the small
calyces are more or less appressed to the rhachis.

19. Salvia schlechteri Briq. in Bull.
Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3: 1077 (1903); Hedge
in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 80 (1974).
Type: Transkei, Umtata, Schlechter 6330
(Z, holo.).

S. monticola Benth. var. angustiloba Skan in F.C.
5,1: 330 (1910). Type: Transkei, “between Gekau and
Bashee River”, Drege 4751 (K, holo.).

Perennial herb up to 0,3 m tall, usually
branched from a somewhat woody base;
stems subglabrous or with some short stiff
hairs and gland-dots. Leaves sessile or
subsessile; blade finely pinnatifid or pinna-
tisect, 40—60 mm long, subglabrous, gland-
dotted, with 4—6 pairs of short narrow
irregularly dentate lateral segments 1 mm
wide and a slightly larger terminal segment.
Inflorescence of several to many verticils,
spaced below, closer above; verticils 4—6-
flowered. Calyx sparingly hispidulous,
gland-dotted, c. 9 mm long. Corolla pale
blue and white, up to 25 mm long; tube c. 14
mm long, widening to 8 mm wide at the
throat; upper lip straight, 7—8 mm long;
lower lip somewhat deflexed , 8 — 9 mm long.

Known from a restricted area in the Transkei. Map
54.

Voucher: Van Breda 865A.

Although so little known, this appears to be a
distinct species recognizable by its finely pinnatisect or
pinnatifid leaves and relatively large, wide-throated
corolla.

20. Salvia granitica Hochst. in Flora
28: 65 (1845); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 358
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 333 (1910); Hedge
in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 81, t.21
(1974). Type: Cape, near Caledon, Baby-
Ions Tower, Krauss 1120 (MB; W; BAS).

Stoloniferous perennial with a woody
rootstock; stems erect-ascending up to 0,6 m
long, not or little branched, subglabrous to
sparingly pubescent. Leaves shortly petio-
late; blade simple, linear to linear-
oblanceolate, 30—50 x 3—6 ( — 10) mm,
glabrous above, pilose beneath and gland-
dotted, apex acute, base tapering narrowly,
margin subentire or rarely irregularly den-
tate, often ciliate. Inflorescence of several
spaced 2-flowered verticils. Calyx
glandular-villous, 10—12 mm long. Corolla
mauve-pink, c. 20 mm long; tube c. 14 mm
long; upper lip falcate, 5—6 mm long; lower
lip subequal to the upper. Fig. 17.

Recorded as yet only from the Clanwilliam and
Caledon districts, on stony slopes. Map 54.

Vouchers: Esterhuysen 17911 'BOL); Pillans 8694
(BOL).

4: 96

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Lamiaceae

4: 97

A species of doubtful affinity, characterized by the
narrow, simple leaves, the 2-flowered verticils, and the
falcate upper lip of the corolla.

21. Salvia verbenaca L., Sp. PI. 25
(1753); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 294
(1848); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 29 (1969); Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn
Edinb. 33: 95 (1974). Type: from Europe
(LINN, holo.).

Horminum verbenaca (L.) Mill., Gard. Diet, edn 8:
Horminum No. 1 (1768). S. verbenaefolia Salisb.,
Prodr. 73 (1796), nora. illegit. Type: as for S. verbenaca
L.

S. clandestina L., Sp. PI. edn 2: 36 (1762). 5.
verbenaca subsp. clandestina (L.) Briq. var. clandestina
(L.) Briq., Lab. Alpes Marit. 518 (1891). Type: from
India (LINN, holo.).

5. controversa Ten., Syll. FI. Neap. 18 (1831). 5.
verbenaca var. controversa (Ten.) Briq., I.c. 516
(1891). Type: from Italy.

S. clandestina var. angustifolia Benth. in DC., Prodr.
12: 295 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 319 (1910); Wilman,
Check List Griq. West 228 (1946); Jacot Guill., FI.
Lesotho 238 (1971). S. verbenaca var. angustifolia
(Benth.) Pugsley in J. Bot., Lond. 46: 144 (1908).
Syntypes: several, inch Cape, Ecklon (K); Drege (K).

S. cleistogama De Bary & Paul, Ind. Sem. Hort.
Halens. 6 (1867). Type: a cultivated plant of South
African provenance.

For further synonymy see Pugsley in J. Bot.,
Lond. 46: 144 (1908) and Hedge, l.c.

Perennial, probably short-lived, with
stems arising from a woody taproot; stems
erect, 0,15—0,4 m tall, densely glandular-
villous with long spreading hairs and short-
er gland-tipped hairs. Leaves mainly a dense
basal rosette, shortly petiolate to subsessile,
blade irregularly to deeply pinnatifid or
sometimes almost entire, usually oblong to
ovate-oblong in outline, 40—130 x 10—30
mm, rugose and usually densely pubescent
and gland-dotted below, margin often
eroso-dentate. Inflorescence usually
branched with many verticils, spaced below
and denser above; verticils usually 6-flow-
ered. Calyx pilose and gland-dotted,
densely villous in the throat, up to 8 mm
long in fruit. Corolla light blue to purple,
8—12 mm long; tube 4—8 mm long; upper lip
often slightly falcate, 2-4 mm long, lower lip
usually slightly shorter.

Probably indigenous in the countries around the
Mediterranean and on the Canary Islands and has
spread further afield in Europe and Asia. If, as has
been stated, it is an introduced plant in our Flora area,
it is now widely distributed, mainly in the drier, western
half of South Africa, in southern S.W. A. /Namibia,
northern, central and western Cape Province and
western Orange Free State, with outliers reaching
south-western Transvaal, Lesotho, southern and
south-western Cape Province. In August 1811 Burchell
collected it (No. 1454) between “Quaggasfontein and
Dwaalfontein” (i.e. north of Fraserburg), and this
would indicate that it may be indigenous in those parts.
It has become naturalized in Australia and the United
States. Map 55.

Vouchers: Acocks 2427; Henrici 2770; Schlieben
8702.

Plants in Southern Africa have somewhat nar-
rower leaves than those occurring around the
Mediterranean. Cleistogamous flowers (self-fertilized),
which are smaller than normal flowers, are frequently
found. Briquet, I.c., and Pugsley, l.c., have upheld
several subspecies but it is impossible to key them out
satisfactorily.

5. verbenaca differs from 5. runcinata and related
species (nos 16—19) in the shape of the upper lip of the
calyx, with its teeth conniving into an apex which has 3
closely placed minute (0,5 mm) teeth. This is in
contrast to 5. runcinata and its allies in which the 3
teeth of the uplper lip are somewhat spreading,
acuminate, and 0,5 — 2,5 mm long (the central tooth
often shorter than the outer 2).

Its nearest affinity is with 5. disermas (below)
which, together with 5. radula (no. 23), has the upper
calyx lip with the 3 teeth connivent as in S. verbenaca.
S. verbenaca tends to be smaller in stature with shorter
calyx and corolla (see key to species), and the upper lip

Fig 17. — 1, Salvia granitica, habit, x 0,7; a, corolla, x 1,5; b, stamen, x 3; c, calyx, x 1,3 (from Hedge,
Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: t.21, 1974, with his permission and that of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office).

4: 98

Lamiaceae

of the corolla is not as distinctly falcate (often almost
straight). Also, the leaves of S. verbenaca often have
more deeply dissected margins than those of S.
disennas, but depauperate specimens of the latter are
sometimes difficult to identify with certainty.

22. Salvia disermas L. , Sp. PI. edn 2:
36 (1762); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 291
(1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 319 (1910); Hedge
in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 105 (1974).
Type: “Syria” (LINN, holo.).

5. rugosa Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 42 (1789). Type: Cape,
without locality, Masson ex Hort. Kew. (BM, holo.).

5. rugosa Thunb., Prodr. 97 (1800); FI. Cap. edn
Schult. 451 (1823); Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 235
(1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 291 (1848); Skan, l.c. 318
(1910); Wilman, Check List Griq. West 228 (1946);
Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 288, t.144 (1962); Launert &
Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 28 (1969); nom. illegit.
Type: Cape, without locality, Thunberg (UPS).

— var. angustifolia Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 291
(1848). Syntypes: Cape, without locality. Burchell 1801
(K); near Swellendam, Ecklon s.n.

S. fleckii Giirke in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 551 (1898);
Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 457 (1900). Syntypes: S.W. A. /Nami-
bia, Fleck 168a; J. Graf Pfeil 78.

Soft shrub or perennial herb 0,3 — 1
(—1,2) m tall with one or more stems from a
woody rootstock; stems glandular-villous.
Leaves often crowded and larger near the
base of the plant, petiolate or the upper
ones subsessile; blade broadly ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, 40 — 160 x 15—70 mm,
rugose, scabrid, glandular-pubescent, lower
surface markedly reticulate, apex acute to
rounded, base cordate to obtuse, margin
irregularly crenate to eroso-dentate. Inflor-
escence of 15 or more verticils, spaced
below, denser above; verticils usually
6-flowered. Calyx glandular-hispid to vil-
lous, up to 12 mm long. Corolla whitish,
pale blue or mauve, 15 — 25 ( — 30) mm long;
tube 8 — 12 mm long; upper lip falcate, 7 — 15
mm long; lower lip often shorter than the
upper.

Occurs in the north-central to southern districts
from south-western Transvaal and northern Cape
Province through the western Orange Free State and
Karoo to Namaqualand and southwards to Uniondale
and Swellendam, with a single record from central
S.W. A. /Namibia; found on sandy soil in water-courses,
on limestone formations and rocky hillsides, tending to
spread as a weed along roadsides, on waste places and
on overgrazed veld. Map 56.

Map 56. — Salvia disermas

Vouchers: Acocks 14408; Flanagan 1495; Marloth
14064; Schlechter 10926; Verdoorn 907.

Linnaeus records the origin of S. disermas as
“Syria” but the type specimen (LINN 42/26), which
agrees with the original description, matches the South
African specimens cited above and is unlike anything
from south-western Asia (see Hedge, l.c.).

Its relationship to S. radula (below) is discussed
there.

23. Salvia radula Benth. in DC., Prodr.
12: 291 (1848); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 318 (1910);
Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 107
(1974). Type: Transvaal, Magaliesberg,
Burke (K, holo.).

Perennial herb with one or more erect
stems from a woody rootstock, 0,3—0,75 m
tall; stems densely white-lanate below with
some glandular hairs above. Leaves often
crowded and larger near the base of the
plant, petiolate; blade simple, broadly ovate
to oblong-ovate, 55 — 130 x 30—70 mm,
rugose and subglabrous above, densely
white-lanate beneath, apex obtuse to
rounded, base truncate to cordate, margin
crenate to erose-dentate, occasionally ob-
scurely lobed. Inflorescence of 15 or more
verticils, spaced below, denser above;
verticils usually 6-flowered. Calyx villous
and gland-dotted, 12—15 mm long. Corolla
white or pale mauve to blue, 18—25 mm
long; tube 8—15 mm long; upper lip falcate.

Fig. 18. — 1, Salvia radula, habit, x 0,7; a, mature calyx, x 2; b, section through corolla, x 1,5; c, stamen, x
2,3; d, nutlet, x 6,7 (from Hedge, Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: t.24, 1974, with his permission and that of Her
Majesty’s Stationery Office).

Lamiaceae

4: 99

4: 100

Lamiaceae

8 — 10 mm long; lower lip slightly shorter
than the upper. Fig. 18.

Map 57. — Salvia radula

Distributed from south-western through central
Transvaal to the eastern escarpment near Haenerts-
burg; on river banks, surface limestone and dolomitic
wooded slopes, tending to spread along roads and into
overgrazed veld. Map 57.

Vouchers: Acocks 12378; Codd 2127; Prosser
1912.

Closely related to S. disermas (above) but can
usually be distinguished by its denser lanate indumen-
tum on lower stems and undersides of leaves. The two
species have met in the south-western Transvaal, aided
by man’s activities in road building and overgrazing of
veld, and occasional intermediates are found in this
area.

24. Salvia tiliifolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3:
7 (1794), as tiliaefolia; Correll & Johnston,
Man. Vase. PI. Texas 1370 (1970); Standley
& Williams in Fieldiana Bot. 24,9: 298
(1973). Type: from Mexico.

Annual herb 0,4— 0,6 m tall; stems
sparingly pilose, simple or branched. Leaves
petiolate; blade soft, broadly ovate, 40—60
x 35—50 mm, green, sparingly pubescent,
apex acuminate, base truncate, finely and
regularly crenulate. Inflorescence simple or
paniculate, of many fairly closely placed
verticils; verticils 6— 14-flowered. Calyx
hispidulous, ribbed, enlarging to 7 mm long
in fruit; upper lip entire. Corolla blue, 5—7
mm long.

A weed of gardens and waste places, recorded
from several parts of Pretoria since 1943. Indigenous in
Central America and introduced into the United States
and Canada.

Vouchers: Codd 10737; Repton 1429.

25. Salvia reflexa Hornem., Enum. PI.
Hort. Hafn. 1: 34 (1807); Steyermark, FI.
Missouri 1288 (1963); Correll & Johnson,
Man. Vase. PI. Texas 1369 (1970); Hedge in
Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 33: 115 (1974).
Type: from the U.S.A.

Annual erect free-flowering herb
0,5—0,75 m tall; stems usually solitary,
branched above, greyish tomentose, glab-
rescent. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade lan-
ceolate to linear-lanceolate, 30—60 x 5 — 8
mm, grey-green, soft, subglabrous above,
tomentulose and gland-dotted beneath,
apex obtuse, base attenuate, margin suben-
tire to remotely and shallowly toothed.
Inflorescence lax, of several to many
2( — 3)-flowered verticils. Calyx deeply bilab-
iate, minutely hispidulous, ribbed, enlar-
ging to 6 mm long in fruit; upper lip entire.
Corolla blue, 5—6 mm long.

A weed of waste places first recorded from
Pretoria and Krugersdorp in 1971, since collected from
several localities in the Witwatersrand and Rustenburg
areas, suggesting that it is already widely distributed;
also common around Roma, Lesotho, where it has
been seen for several years. Indigenous in the United
States and Mexico and also introduced into tropical
Africa.

Vouchers: Hanekom 1718; Mogg 35749.

26. Salvia coccinea Etlinger, Comm.
Bot.-med. Salvia 23 (1777); Juss. ex Murr.
in Comm. Gotting. 1: 86 (1778); Bailey,
Cyclop. Hort. edn 21,3: 3064 (1963); Correll
& Johnson, Man. Vase. PI. Texas 1369
(1970); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972); Standley
& Williams in Fieldiana Bot. 24,9: 280
(1973); Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb.
33: 114 (1974). Type: a cultivated plant.

5. pseudococcinea Jacq., Coll. 2: 302 (1788); Hook,
in Curtis’s bot. Mag. t.1864 (1828). 5. coccinea var.
pseudococcinea (Jacq.) Gray, Syn. FI. 2,1: 368 (1878).
Type: a cultivated plant.

Soft shrub 0,6— 1,5 m tall; stems usually
branched, herbaceous above, softly woody
below, usually hispid. Leaves petiolate;
blade ovate-deltoid, 35 — 50 x 23—35 mm,
subglabrous and dark green above, tomen-

Lamiaceae

4: 101

tose and paler beneath, apex acute, base
truncate to cordate, margin finely crenate.
Inflorescence of up to 12 verticils, lax below,
denser above; verticils (4—) 6— 10-flowered.
Calyx hispidulous, about 10 mm long; upper
lip entire. Corolla scarlet to pink, 20—25
mm long; tube 15 — 20 mm long; upper lip

straight, 5 mm long; lower lip slightly
longer.

A garden escape which has become semi-
naturalized in warm, moist parts of the eastern
Transvaal and Swaziland. Indigenous in tropical
America and Mexico.

Vouchers: Bos 1220; Kluge 810; Scheepers 41.

4: 102

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Lamiaceae

4: 103

7305 15. SATUREJA

Satureja L. , Sp. PI. 567 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 247 (1754); Benth., Lab. 351 (1834); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 208 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1187 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl.
PflFam. 4,3a: 296 (1896); Hedberg, Afroalpine Vascular Plants 160—64, 317—18 (1957);
Killick in Bothalia 7: 435 (1961); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 529 (1975); often spelt Satureia. Type
species: S. hortensis L.

Micromeria Benth. in Bot. Reg. sub. t.1282 (1829); Lab. 368 (1834); in DC., Prodr. 12: 212 (1848); Benth. &
Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1188 (1876); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 452 (1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 306 (1910). Type species: M.
juliana (L.) Benth.

Perennial herbs or soft shrubs. Leaves small, entire or obscurely toothed. Flowers
solitary or in few— several-flowered cymes in the axils of undifferentiated leaves along the
upper half of the stems (or sometimes lower). Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate,
13— 15-nerved, subequally 5-toothed, scarcely enlarging in fruiting stage. Corolla scarcely
or well exserted from the calyx, dimorphic in some species; tube straight, cylindric below,
campanulate above; upper lip short, broad, emarginate; lower lip longer, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe the largest. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, attached near the throat, curved
upwards, the two lower the longer. Style included, 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid to oblong,
smooth.

Non-Southern African species may be annual or perennial and in some the flowers are borne in the axils of
reduced leaves towards the ends of the stems which then take the form of inflorescences; the calyx may be
5 — 10-ribbed and obscurely 2-lipped and the style may be unequally 2-lobed.

Species over 100, cosmopolitan; 4 indigenous in Southern Africa. Two European species, 5. hortensis L.
(Summer Savory) and S. montana L. (Winter Savory) are grown as pot-herbs, of which the former, an annual, is
the more commonly grown in Southern Africa.

Bentham separated the genus Micromeria from Satureja on the basis of the 13— 15-nerved, subequally
5-toothed calyx as against the 10-nerved, sometimes obscurely 2-lipped calyx of Satureja. Briquet, l.c. , placed the
genera Micromeria Benth. and Calamintha Mill, (calyx obscurely 2-lipped, flowers tend to be in terminal
inflorescences) as synonyms of Satureja and this treatment has generally been followed, though with certain
reservations, for the African species. Although such a grouping is heterogeneous it is felt that a world-wide
revision of the whole group is required before maintaining separate genera in Southern Africa. Ongoing studies of
the complex in Edinburgh indicate that true Satureja does not occur in Southern Africa. On this basis, 5. biflora
would be placed in Micromeria and the oldest name for the species may prove to be M. imbricata (Forssk.)
Christen. , while the remaining three species may need a new generic name (I.C. Hedge, personal communication).

1 Stems wiry, erect to spreading; leaves with the apex acute to obtuse, margin thickened; flowers in

several — many-flowered, pedunculate cymes, rarely solitary ; calyx tubular 1. S. biflora

1 Stems herbaceous, prostrate or decumbent; leaves with apex obtuse to rounded, margin not thickened;
flowers solitary or in up to 3 (rarely 5)-flowered cymes; calyx campanulate:

2 Bracteoles small, linear; corolla less than 18 mm long:

3 Leaves 5 — 11 x 4— 10 mm; corolla 6 — 7 mm long 2. S. compacta

3 Leaves 16—24 x 12—20 mm; corolla 10—15 mm long 3. S. replans

2 Bracteoles foliose; corolla 18 — 20 mm long 4. S. grandibracteata

1. Satureja biflora (Buck. -Ham. ex D.
Don) Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 299
(1896); Brenan in Mem. N.Y. bot. Gdn 9:
45 (1954); Hedberg, Afroalp. Vase. PI. 161
(1957); Killick in Bothalia 7: 435 (1961);
Cufod. in Bull. Jard. bot. Etat Brux. 32,
Suppl.: 821 (1962); Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho
238 (1971). Type: India, Upper Nepal,
Buchanan-Hamilton s.n.

Thymus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. FI.
Nepal. 112 (1825). Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex

D. Don) Benth., Lab. 378 (1834); in DC., Prodr. 12:
220 (1848); Hook, f., FI. Brit. India 4: 650 (1885)
Engler, Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 365 (1892); Bak. ir
F.T.A. 5: 452 (1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 306 (1910)
Type: as above.

Micromeria ovata Benth., Lab. 377 (1834); in DC.
Prodr. 12: 219 (1848); Engler, l.c. 364 (1892). Satureji
ovata R. Br. in Salt, Abyss. App. 64 (1814), nom. nud
Type: Ethiopia, Salt s.n. (BM, holo.).

M. punctata Benth., Lab. 377 (1848); in DC., Prodr
12: 220 (1848); Engler, l.c. 364 (1892). Saturej,
punctata (Benth.) Briq., l.c. 299 (1896); Brenan, l.c. 4
(1954); Hedberg, l.c. 161 (1957); E. & K. Walther i

Lamiaceae

4: 104

Lamiaceae

4: 105

Mitt, thiiring. bot. Ges. 1: 7 (1957); Cufod., l.c. 823
(1962). S. punctata R. Br., l.c. 64 (1814), nom. nud. 5.
biflora var. punctata (Benth.) Fiori in Nuovo G. bot.
ital. n.s. 20: 371 (1913). Type: Ethiopia, Salt s.n. (BM,
holo.).

M. purtschelleri Giirke in Engl., l.c. 365 (1892).
Type: Tanzania, Mt Kilimandjaro, Meyer 244 (Bt).

Satureja biflora var. rhodesica E. & K. Walther, l.c. 7
(1957). Type: Malawi, Mt Mlanje, G. Adamson 368
(K, holo.).

— var. villosa E. & K. Walther, l.c. 7 (1957). Type:
Tanzania?, Klinangop, Dale 2965 (K, holo.).

Perennial herb 0,2— 0,6 m tall with
several stems arising, often annually, from a
woody base; stems slender, softly woody,
usually erect, simple or sparingly branched,
tomentose, bearded below the nodes.
Leaves sessile or subsessile; blade elliptic to
ovate, 5 — 12 x 3 — 8 mm, glabrous to
tomentulose, gland-dotted below, apex
acute to obtuse, base truncate, margin
entire, thickened. Flowers in few— several-
flowered, usually pedunculate cymes, in the
axils of the leaves for almost the entire
length of the stem, but mainly in the upper
third; bracteoles small, linear. Calyx 15-
ribbed, hispidulous, tubular, up to 4 mm
long, subequally 5-toothed; teeth 1 — 1,5 mm
long. Corolla white or pale mauve, 5—7 mm
long; upper lip 1 mm long; lower lip 1,5 — 2
mm long. Fig. 19.

Map 58. — # Satureja biflora

▲ S. grandibracteata

Distributed from India along the mountains of east
tropical Africa to Southern Africa, where it is found
from the Soutpansberg along the higher parts of eastern
and central Transvaal to Lesotho, Transkei and eastern
Cape, usually on rock slopes or moist places with grass
and scattered bush. Map 58.

Vouchers: Codd 9787; Dieterlen 1346; Galpin
10101; Meeuse 9165; Schlechter 4534.

The leaves are pleasantly lemon-scented.

2. Satureja compacta Killick in Botha-
lia 7: 437 (1961); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972).
Type: Natal, Cathedral Peak Forest Station,
Killick 1866 (PRE, holo.!).

Prostrate, mat-forming perennial herb;
stems glandular-villous, 0,15—0,3 m long.
Leaves shortly petiolate; blade broadly
ovate to round, 5 — 11 x 4—10 mm,
sparingly glandular-villous, rounded at apex
and base, margin obscurely few-toothed.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper
leaves; pedicels 3 — 10 mm long with a pair of
minute bracteoles. Calyx glandular-hispid, 4
mm long, deeply toothed. Corolla mauve,
or white to yellowish with a deep purple
throat, 6—7 mm long; tube 4—5 mm long;
lobes 2 mm long.

Found in the Natal Drakensberg in mountain
grassland at about 2 300 m altitude. Map 59.

Voucher: Hilliard & Burtt 9287.

Map 59. — A Satureja compacta
O S. reptans

Fig 19. — 1, Satureja biflora, upper part of flowering stem, x 1; a, base of plant, x 1; b, flower, x 12; c,
mature calyx, x 12; d, section through corolla, x 12; e, front of corolla, x 12; f, stigma and style, x 12 (Mrs
Jenkins , living plant from Pilgrims Rest).

4: 106

Lamiaceae

Closely related to S. kilimandschari (Giirke)
Hedb. from East Africa which has rusty pubescence on
stems and leaves and shorter pedicels.

3. Satureja reptans Killick in Bothalia
7: 436 (1961); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972).
Syntypes: Transkei, Sutherland (K); Natal,
Medley Wood 3712 (K).

Micromeria pilosa Benth. in Hooker’s Icon. PI. 15:
t.1522 (1866); Skan in F.C. 5,1: 307 (1910); non S.
pilosa Velen. (1899). Type: as above.

Perennial herb; stems prostrate, slen-
der, glandular-villous, 0,25—0,6 m long.
Leaves sessile to shortly petiolate; blade
ovate to broadly ovate, 16—24 x 12—20
mm, glandular-pubescent, apex obtuse to
rounded, base truncate to subcordate,
margin obscurely few-toothed to subentire.
Flowers in 1—3 (— 5)-flowered cymes;

pedicels (strictly peduncle plus pedicel)
slender, 10—25 mm long with a pair of
minute bracteoles about the middle. Calyx
glandular- hispid, up to 6 mm long, shortly
toothed. Corolla white to pale blue with a
median yellow stripe, 10—15 mm long; tube
campanulate, 6—11 mm long; upper lip 2,5
mm long; lower lip 4 mm long (corolla
minute, yellowish, up to 6 mm long in
cleistogamous plants).

Found in the Natal Midlands and Drakensberg in
mountain grassland at altitudes of 1 500 to 2 500 m.
Map 59.

Vouchers: Galpin 11745; Killick 1272; 1429;

Medley Wood 10894.

See 5. grandibracteata (below) for the main
differences between the two species.

4. Satureja grandibracteata Killick in
Bothalia 7; 435 (1961); Ross, FI. Natal 304
(1972). Type: Natal, Cathedral Peak Forest
Station, Killick 1684 (PRE, holo.!).

Micromeria grandiflora Killick in Bothalia 6: 439
(1954), non Scheele (1843). Type: as above.

Perennial herb; stems decumbent,
glandular-villous, 0,2—0,35 m long. Leaves
sessile to subsessile; blade broadly ovate to
subrotund, 15 — 20 x 10 — 18 mm, glandular-
pubescent, apex rounded, base subcordate,
margin obscurely few-toothed. Flowers
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves;
pedicels 10—20 mm long with a pair of
leaf-like bracts about the middle. Calyx
glandular-hispid, up to 10 mm long, deeply
toothed. Corolla mauve, 18—20 mm long;
tube campanulate, 14—16 mm long; upper
lip 2,5 mm long; lower lip 4 mm long.

Known only from a small area on the Cathedral
Peak Forest Station in the Natal Drakensberg, in
mountain grassland at about 2 000 m altitude. Map 58.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 6241; Killick 1102.

Closely related to S. reptans (above) but it is a
more robust plant with shorter internodes and larger
bracteoles and corolla, shorter and stouter pedicels and
longer calyx teeth. The leaves have a sharp,
mentha-like scent.

Lamiaceae

4: 107

7328 16. MENTHA

Mentha L., Sp. PI. 576 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 250 (1754); Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
5: 171 (1800); Benth., Lab. 168 (1833); in DC., Prodr. 12: 164 (1848); Benth. & Hook.f.,
Gen. PI. 2,2: 1182 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 317 (1896); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 451
(1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 303 (1910); Harley in FI. Europ. 3: 183 (1972); R. A. Dyer, Gen.
530 (1975); Codd in Bothalia 14: 169 (1983). Type species: M. spicata L.

Aromatic herbs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves usually toothed. Inflorescence a
terminal spike-like raceme of many-flowered verticils; flowers small; bracts leaf-like to
smaller than the leaves; bracteoles linear. Calyx 10-nerved, subequally 5-toothed, scarcely
accrescent. Corolla slightly longer than the calyx, obscurely bilabiate, 4-lobed; tube
funnel-shaped. Stamens 4, attached at the middle of the corolla tube, subequal, spreading,
normally exserted (shorter when abortive); filaments linear; anthers 2-thecous. Disc
shallowly lobed. Style linear, exserted, shortly 2-fid. Nutlets ovoid, smooth or reticulate.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 20—30 species, occurring mainly in temperate regions; 2 species are
indigenous one of which, At. longifolia, is divided into 3 subspecies. The widely cultivated At. spicata, used in the
preparation of mint sauce, has been found as a garden escape and is included in the key.

Several species are grown for their essential oils or as culinary herbs, the best known being the Peppermint
(M. x piperita L.) and the Spearmint (At. spicata L.), both of which have been grown commercially in South
Africa. A variety of At. arvensis L., known as Japanese Mint, is also grown commercially, but has not been
successful in South Africa because of susceptibility to rust. At. pulegium L., the Penny-Royal, is also grown as a
culinary herb. Most species are used medicinally and this applies also to the indigenous species.

Although it is a very natural genus, the delimitation of species has been found difficult, especially with regard
to the distinction between At. longifolia and At. spicata. The nomenclature of these two species has also been
complicated by Linnaeus adopting a different treatment in edn 2 of his Species Plantarum (1763) from that adopted
in the 1753 edition.

1 Leaves sessile or subsessile; inflorescence cylindrical, usually tapering towards the apex, 10—14 mm in
diameter;

2 Rhachis, pedicels and calyx pubescent;

3 Leaves linear, 2 — 4 mm broad 1(a). At. longifolia subsp. wissii

3 Leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, more than 5 mm broad:

4 Leaves fairly densely to densely pubescent on one or both surfaces

1(b). At. longifolia subsp. capensis

4 Leaves glabrous or with a few scattered hairs beneath 1(c). At. longifolia subsp. poly adena

2 Rhachis, pedicels and calyx glabrous, though calyx teeth may be ciliate:

5 Leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, margin shortly and often obscurely toothed

1(c). At. longifolia subsp. poly adena

5 Leaves oblong to ovate-elliptic, acute to obtuse; calyx teeth often ciliate 2. M. spicata

1 Leaves usually petiolate; inflorescence of oblong or globose clusters, 14 — 20 mm in diameter

3. At. aquatica

1. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., FI.
Angl. edn 1: 221 (1762); Briq. in Naturl.
PflFam. 4,3a: 321 (1896); Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 304 (1910); Codd in Bothalia 14: 170
(1983). Type: from Europe.

At. spicata var. longifolia L., Sp. PI. 576 (1753). At.
sylvestris L., Sp. PI. edn 2,2; 804 (1763); Smith in
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 5: 179 (1800); Bak. in F.T.A.
5: 451 (1900). Type: as above.

Perennial rhizomatous herb; stems
erect to straggling, up to 1,5 m long, usually
retrorse-tomentose, rarely (southern Cape)

glabrous or subglabrous. Leaves sessile or
subsessile; blade linear to linear-lanceolate,
lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, glabrous to
variously pubescent (see subspecies), freely
gland-dotted, apex acuminate, base trun-
cate to obtuse, margin entire to shortly and
distantly toothed. Inflorescence cylindrical,
tapering at the apex, 30—100 x 10 — 12
( — 14) mm, usually of many verticils, often
somewhat lax below, dense above; rhachis
usually densely retrorse-tomentose, rarely
subglabrous or glabrous (southern Cape);

4: 108

Lamiaceae

bracts much smaller than the leaves;
bracteoles linear; pedicels usually hispid.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, 2—2,5 (—3)
mm long, densely to sparingly glandular-
hispid, rarely glabrous (southern Cape).
Corolla white to mauve, 3 — 5 mm long.
Stamens exserted or occasionally abortive.

An extremely polymorphic species, widespread in
Europe and the Mediterranean region to eastern Asia
and the Canary Islands, extending to Ethiopia from
where there is a gap to Zimbabwe and Southern Africa;
on river banks and in moist places. Known in England
as Horse Mint because the leaves are usually
unpleasantly scented.

In Europe the leaves may be ovate to ovate-oblong
or oblong-lanceolate but in Zimbabwe and Southern
Africa the leaves are usually narrower in relation to
their length, being lanceolate-oblong to linear-
lanceolate or linear. In the latter region the material
falls into three groups, each with a fairly distinct
geographical distribution, to which the rank of
subspecies is considered appropriate (see key).

(a) subsp. wissii (Laanert) Codd in
Bothalia 14; 170 (1983). Type: S.W.A./Na-
mibia, Brandberg, Wiss 1418 (FR, holo.; M;
PRE!).

M. wissii Launert in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Miinch. 2:
311 (1957); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 19
(1969).

Leaves linear, grey-green, finely felted
on both surfaces, 25—70 x 1,5 — 4 mm,
margin entire or obscurely and distantly
toothed.

Recorded from two localities in S.W. A. /Namibia
(the Brandberg and Naukluft) and from near Garies in
Namaqualand; in watercourses and moist places. The
leaves are said to be strongly and unpleasantly
aromatic. Map 60.

Vouchers: Dinter 8288; Merxmiiller & Giess 28155;
Pearson 5641; Strey 2008.

(b) subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. in
Naturl. PflFam. 4,3a; 321 (1896); Cooke in
F.C. 5,1: 304 (1910); Phillips in Ann. S. Afr.
Mus. 16: 242 (1918); Wilman, Check List
Griq. West 228 (1946); Jacot Guill., FI.
Lesotho 239 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 304
(1972); Codd in Bothalia 14: 170 (1983).
Type: Cape, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.,
microfiche 564/13446!).

M. capensis Thunb., Prodr. 95 (1800); FI. Cap. edn
Schult. 444 (1823); — subsp. capensis, Briq. in Bull.

Map 60. — A Mentha longifolia subsp. wissii
• M. longifolia subsp. capensis

Soc. bot. Geneve 5: 75 (1889). M. longifolia var. capen-
sis (Thunb.) Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier4: 687(1896).

M. salicina Burch, ex Benth., Lab. 170 (1833); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 168 (1848). M. longifolia subsp.
capensis var. salicina (Burch, ex Benth.) Briq. in
Naturl. PflFam. 4,3a: 321 (1896); Cooke, l.c. 304
(1910). Type: Cape, Roggeveld, Riet River, Burchell
1372 (K, holo.!).

M. lavandulacea sensu Benth. in E. Mey., Comm.
232 (1837^); in DC., Prodr. 12: 165 (1848), partly.

— var. latifolia Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 165 (1848).
Syntypes: Cape, Cafraria, Wittebergen, Ecklon s.n.;
Drege s.n. (K!); Hay Div., Ongeluk, Burchell 2645
(K!).

M. capensis subsp. bouvieri Briq. in Bull. Soc. bot.
Geneve 5: 76 (1889). M. longifolia var. bouvieri (Briq.)
Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 687 (1896). M.
longifolia subsp. bouvieri (Briq.) Briq. in Naturl.
PflFam. 4,3a: 321 (1896). Type: Cape, Uitenhage,
Coega River, Ecklon & Zeyher 673 (G, holo.; SAMI).

M. longifolia var. obscuriceps Briq. in Bull. Herb.
Boissier 2: 695 (1894); Cooke, l.c. 304 (1910). Type:
Cape, a specimen in Herb. Delessert (G, holo.).

— var. doratophylla Briq.. l.c. 695 (1894); Cooke,
l.c. 305 (1910). Type: Cape, Mund & Maire s.n. (B,
holo.).

— subsp. capensis var. cooperi Briq. ex Cooke, l.c.
304 (1910). Type: Fort Beaufort area. Cooper 555 (K,
holo. !).

M. longifolia sensu Salter in FI. Cape Penins. 695
(1950); sensu Jacot Guill., FI. Lesotho 239 (1971).

Fig 20. — 1, Mentha longifolia subsp. capensis, stem, x 1; la, inflorescence, xl; lb, flower, x 5 (living plant,
BRI garden). 2, M. longifolia subsp. polyadena, stem and leaf, x 1 ( Pont s.n.). 3, M. spicata, leaf, x 1 (garden
plant). 4, M. aquatica, x 1 ( Breijer sub TRY 19520).

LAMIACEAE

4: 109

4: 110

Lamiaceae

Leaves sparingly to finely pubescent
and often dark coloured above, densely
white-tomentose to finely or coarsely pube-
scent beneath, lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, (30—) 45—90 ( — 100) x (5 — )
7—18 ( — 22) mm, apex acuminate, base
obtuse to truncate, margin entire to shortly
and distantly toothed. Fig. 20:1.

The typical form, with leaves often dark coloured
above and densely white-tomentose beneath, occurs in
the Orange Free State and adjacent Natal and
south-western Transvaal, northern Cape and Lesotho,
extending to the Transkei, to eastern Cape, the Cape
Peninsula and along the south-western mountains to
Calvinia district. To the north of this, in western
Transvaal, northern S.W. A. /Namibia and Zimbabwe,
the leaves tend to be finely greyish-felted above and
finely to coarsely grey-pubescent beneath. Occasional
plants with this kind of pubescence occur also further
south, even to the Peninsula. M. capensis subsp.
bouvieri Briq. was based on such a plant from the
Uitenhage area ( Ecklon & Zeyher 673). Subsp.
capensis appears to be absent from an area in the
southern Cape between Flumansdorp and Riversdale
and, inland, to Montagu and Swartberg. In this area it
is replaced by a form of subsp. polyadena and along the
margins of the area occasional specimens are found that
are somewhat intermediate between the two. On the
other hand, the two subspecies overlap in Lesotho
without any intermediates having been seen from this
area. Map 60.

Vouchers: Acocks 9816; Galpin 2016; Scheepers
1858; C. A. Smith 5240.

The plant is described as ‘peppermint-scented’ or
‘with a strong odour reminiscent of mint’. The leaves
are boiled, sometimes with sugar, until a syrup is
formed, which is used in the treatment of colds and
bronchial complaints. Known in the Karoo and
Namaqualand as Balderjan or variations of it, such as
Ballerja, Balterja etc. It is also referred to as Wild Mint
or Kruisement (Kruistemunt). In Lesotho the vernacu-
lar name for both subsp. capensis and subsp. polyadena
is ‘Koena’, a crocodile, reputedly because the plants
inhabit wet places.

(c) subsp. polyadena (Briq.) Briq. in
Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 321 (1896); Cooke in
F.C. 5,1: 303 (1910); Phillips in Ann. S. Afr.
Mus. 16: 241 (1918); Jacot Guill., FI.
Lesotho 239 (1971); Codd in Bothalia 14:
172(1983). Type: Transvaal, Lincke91 (G).

M. viridis sensu Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12; 168
(1848), partly, as to Burchell 4798 (sphalm 4718), 7196;
sensu Cooke, l.c. 305 (1910).

M. sylvestris L. subsp. polyadena Briq. in Bull. Soc.
bot. Geneve 5; 84 (1889). Type: as above.

M. longifolia sensu Compton, FI. Swaziland 498
(1976).

Leaves glabrous on both surfaces or
with a few scattered hairs, lanceolate to
elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,

35 — 80 x 8—18 mm, apex acuminate, base
obtuse to truncate, margin usually shortly
toothed, occasionally subentire. Rhachis
usually retrorse-tomentose, occasionally
glabrous (see note below). Fig. 20:2.

Map 61. — Mentha longifolia subsp. polyadena

Recorded from two disjunct areas: (a) from the
Transvaal, Swaziland, northern Natal, eastern Orange
Free State and northern Lesotho; and (b) from the
southern Cape Province between the Humansdorp and
Riversdale districts and inland to the Swartberg. Found
along water-courses, on river banks and in moist
places. Map 61.

Vouchers: Codd 8262; Galpin 13078; Leistner
3019; C. A. Smith 1464.

The specimens from area (a) are relatively uniform
with the rhachis retrorse-tomentose and the calyx
densely glandular-pubescent. In area (b), on the other
hand, there is a good deal of variation in the degree of
pubescence. Some specimens are typical ( Oliver 5661),
some are sparsely pubescent (Muir 1973, 2004,
Dahlstrand 3506), while others are completely glabrous
( Acocks 18289, Fourcade 3235). All the specimens
from area (b) agree well with subsp. polyadena so it
would be illogical to place the glabrous specimens in a
different species (M. spicata) as was done by Bentham,
l.c. and Cooke, l.c., on this one character alone.

In M. spicata (= M. viridis), the commonly
cultivated garden mint, the rhachis and calyx are
glabrous and the leaves tend to be ovate-oblong with
serrate margins. They can usually be readily dis-
tinguished from the glabrous specimens of M. longifolia
subsp. polyadena.

2. Mentha spicata L., Sp. PI. 576
(1753); Huds., FI. Angl. 221 (1762); Bailey,
Cycl. Hort. edn 21,2: 2035 (1963); Harley in
FI. Europ. 3: 186 (1972); Codd in Bothalia
14: 173 (1983). Type: from Europe, in Hb.
Hort. Cliff. (BM).

Lamiaceae

4: 111

M. spicata var. viridis L., Sp. PI. 576 (1753). M.
viridis (L.) L., Sp. PI. edn 2,2: 804 (1763); Smith in
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 5: 185 (1800); Benth., Lab.
173 (1833); in DC., Prodr. 12: 168 (1848); Cooke in
F.C. 5,1; 305 (1910); Wilman, Check List Griq. West
228 (1946); Salter in FI. Cape Penins. 695 (1950). Type:
as above.

Perennial rhizomatous herb; stems
ascending, up to 0,6 m tall, glabrous to
sparingly pubescent. Leaves sessile to
shortly petiolate; blade lanceolate-oblong to
ovate-oblong or ovate, 30—50 (—60) x
13—20 mm, glabrous or nearly so, freely
gland-dotted on both surfaces, apex acute,
base obtuse to truncate, margin serrate.
Inflorescence cylindrical, 30—60 x 10—14
mm; rhachis and pedicels glabrous. Calyx
tubular-campanulate, 2—2,5 mm long, glab-
rous; teeth sometimes ciliate. Corolla
mauve to whitish, 4 mm long. Fig. 20:3.

Its origin is lost in antiquity, having probably
arisen in cultivation in Europe in ancient times,
possibly as a hybrid between M. suaveolens Ehrh. and
M. longifolia (Harley, l.c. ). It exists in a wide range of
forms, the more desirable ones being propagated
vegetatively. It is now widely naturalized throughout
the world and has been recorded as a garden escape in
South Africa, in moist places.

Vouchers: Brink 62; Marloth 7328.

Known as Spearmint, it is widely grown as a
culinary herb e.g. for mint sauce and, commercially, for
its essential oil which is used medicinally and in
confectionery. Trials carried out in South Africa are
reported by Baarschers, Horn & Rehm in S. Afr. J.
Agr. Sci. 5: 66-77 (1962).

3. Mentha aquatica L., Sp. PI. 576
(1753); Thunb., FI. Cap. edn Schult. 444
(1823); Benth., Lab. 176 (1833); in E. Mey.,
Comm. 232 (1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 170
(1848); Briq. in Naturl. PflFam. 4,3a: 320
(1896); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 305 (1910);
Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16: 242 (1918);
Wilman, Check List Griq. West 227 (1946);
Salter in FI. Cape Penins. 696 (1950); Jacot
Guill., FI. Lesotho 239 (1971); Ross, FI.
Natal 304 (1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland
498 (1976); Codd in Bothalia 14: 174 (1983).
Type: from Europe.

M. dumetorum Schult. var. natalensis Briq. in Bull.
Herb. Boissier 2: 702 (1894). Type: Natal, Medley
Wood 402 (B, holo.).

Perennial rhizomatous herb; stems
ascending to 0,8 m tall or trailing in water to
1,5 m long, subglabrous or sparingly to
densely pubescent. Leaves petiolate or
rarely subsessile; blade lanceolate to broad-

ly ovate, 20—55 x 5 — 26 mm, glabrous to
fairly densely pubescent, freely gland-
dotted, apex acute to acuminate, base
cuneate to rounded, margin obscurely to
distinctly toothed. Inflorescence terminal, of
1—3 (—4) spaced flower clusters up to 20
mm in diameter, the uppermost globose to
oblong-capitate, subtended by reduced
leaves (bracts), the lower clusters somewhat
distant, globose, subtended by normal
leaves; bracteoles linear; rhachis and pedi-
cels subglabrous to densely pubescent.
Calyx tubular, sparsely to densely pube-
scent, 3—4 mm long. Corolla pale to deep
mauve, pinkish or purple, 5 mm long. Fig.
20:4.

Map 62. — Mentha aquatica

Widely distributed in Europe and around the
Mediterranean, extending eastwards to Siberia; found
in tropical Africa from Kenya to Malawi with a record
from the swamps of northern Botswana; locally
common in marshes and wet places in the higher
rainfall areas of the Transvaal and adjacent parts of
northern Cape and Swaziland, widespread in Natal,
eastern Orange Free State and Lesotho, extending
through the Transkei and eastern Cape, along the coast
to the Peninsula and northwards along the mountains
to Ceres. Map 62.

Vouchers: Acocks 9707; 11354; 20145; Galpin
2680; Rodin 3938; Rogers 850.

There is considerable variation in pubescence, size
and shape of leaves but there is a complete range of
intermediate forms.

Known as Water Mint or Kruisement, the leaves
are said to have a strong minty scent. An infusion of the
leaves is taken for colds and as a tonic, being highly
regarded ( Hanekom 1379) for promoting the flow of
milk in nursing mothers (see also Stachys linearis).

4: 112

Lamiaceae

4: 113

7339 17. TETRADENIA

Tetradenia Benth. in Bot. Reg. sub t.1300 (1830); Lab. 164 (1833); in DC., Prodr. 12: 159
(1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1180 (1876); Benth. in Hooker’s Icon. PI. t.1282
(1879); Briq. in Naturl. PflFam. 4,3a: 331 (1897); Codd in Bothalia 14: 177 (1983). Type
species: T. fruticosa Benth. (Malagasy Republic).

Iboza N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 298 (1910); R.A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 533 (1975). Type: /. riparia (Hochst.) N.E. Br.

Moschosma auct., non Reichb.

Perennial shrublets or soft shrubs, occasionally reaching the stature of a small tree,
usually leafless or nearly so at flowering stage; stems brittle or semisucculent, at first
somewhat quadrangular and softly glandular-pubescent, terete and glabrescent with age.
Leaves small or large, those subtending inflorescence branches smaller towards apex of
inflorescence, often semisucculent, variously pubescent, crenate-dentate, aromatic.
Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, often diffusely branched, the ultimate branchlets
spike-like (referred to as “flower-spikes”); bracts small, ovate-deltoid to broadly ovate,
imbricate in the bud stage, caducous or semipersistent. Flowers small, functionally
unisexual or occasionally bisexual (T. barberae), in whorls of 4—10, sessile or shortly
pedicellate, dense or lax, mauve or whitish. Calyx minute, campanulate, 3-lobed, divided
nearly to the base below, the upper lobe ovate, lateral lobes oblong, bifid or emarginate
often giving the calyx a 5-toothed appearance; in female flowers the calyx enlarges slightly
at maturity and the upper lobe becomes erect. Corolla small, tubular or funnel-shaped, limb
spreading, asymmetrical, 4-lobed, the upper lobe emarginate or bifid so that the corolla
may appear 5-lobed; lobes oblong, rounded, the lowest lobe usually the longest. Stamens 4,
free, erect or spreading, absent in female flowers. Disc 1- or 2-lobed. Ovary present but
usually infertile in male flowers; style exserted, deeply bilobed. Nutlets oblong-triquetrous.

Species probably 6; 3 in Southern Africa, one of which, T. riparia, is very variable and extends to Angola and
through east tropical Africa to Ethiopia; 3 in Malagasy Republic of which one is closely allied to T. riparia.

The floral characters are very similar in all species and are not of much diagnostic value.

Although confused in the past with the genus Basilicum Moench (= Moschosma Reichb.), Tetradenia is
related to Mentha, but differs in the plants being dioecious and more shrubby in habit.

1 Leaves small, ovate, 8—15 x 5 — 10 mm, bullate-rugose above, veins very prominent beneath; bracts

ovate-deltoid, as long as broad 1 . T. barberae

1 Leaves small or large, if less than 20 x 10 mm then not bullate-rugose above; bracts broader than long,
rounded or abruptly apiculate at the apex:

2 Leaves ovate-rotund, 12—30 x 10—30 mm (occasionally larger, under-surface finely velvety with

sessile glands and no multicellular hairs; male flower-spikes 10 — 20 mm long 2. T. brevispicata

2 Leaves variously shaped, usually larger than above, under-surface sparsely to densely pubescent with

stalked glands and/or multicellular hairs; male flower-spikes 20 — 80 mm long 3. T. riparia

1. Tetradenia barberae (N.E. Br.)
Codd in Bothalia 14: 178 (1983). Type:
“Orange River Colony”, Mrs Barber 7 (K,
holo.!).

Iboza barberae N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 302 (1910).

Twiggy shrublet 0,6—1 m tall; stems
woody, terete, grey-brown, at first minutely
tomentellous. Leaves shortly petiolate;
blade small, ovate, 8 — 15 x 5 — 10 mm,
bullate-rugose and finely glandular-scabrous
above, conspicuously veined and densely
glandular-tomentellous beneath, apex ob-

tuse, base truncate, margin crenate, thick-
ened below. Inflorescence evidently coeta-
neous with the leaves, occasionally simple,
usually with 1 — 3 pairs of branches near the
base; terminal male flower-spikes dense,
30—95 mm long, lateral 15—55 mm long;
bracts ovate-deltoid, acute, 3—3,5 x 2,5 — 3
mm, dotted with red sessile glands. Calyx
1,5 mm long, lateral lobes deeply toothed
giving the impression of a 5-toothed calyx.
Corolla 3 mm long. Disc with 1 lobe
developed beyond the infertile ovary.
Female flowers not seen, but occasional

4: 114

Lamiaceae

seeds are formed in the functionally male
flowers.

A xerophytic shrublet of the lower Fish River
valley, eastern Cape; in karroid scrub. Map 63.

Vouchers: Bayliss 3248; Tsuane A1126.

A few modern specimens, collected at and near
Kaffir Drift on the Fish River, are the only specimens
known, apart from the type, which was recorded from
the “Orange River Colony”, but this locality may be
wrong.

Map 63. — ▲ Tetradenia barberae
• T. brevispicata

2. Tetradenia brevispicata (N.E. Br.)
Codd in Bothalia 14: 179 (1983). Type:
Transvaal, Wonderboom farm near Preto-
ria, Burtt Davy 1844 (K, holo.).

Iboza brevispicata N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 302 (1910).

Twiggy shrub or small tree 0,6—2 (—3)
m tall; stems slender, terete, greyish black
with age, at first finely glandular-
tomentellous, lacking stipitate glands or
long multicellular hairs. Leaves rather
small, petiolate; blade ovate-rotund to
rotund, 12—30 (—55) x 10—30 (—50) mm,
finely glandular-scabrous above, densely
glandular-tomentellous beneath, the under-
surface being obscured by a short cobwebby
tomentum lacking stipitate glands, the
nerves often fairly prominent, apex
rounded, base truncate to subcordate,

margin crenate to deeply crenate-dentate;
petiole 4—15 mm long. Inflorescence ap-
pearing after most of the leaves are shed,
consisting of spikes or small panicles borne
terminally and in the axils of the upper
leaves; flower spikes dense, the male 10 — 20
( — 25) mm long, the female shorter; bracts
broadly ovate, acute, 1,5 — 1,75 x 1,5 — 2
mm. Calyx c. 1 mm long. Corolla white to
mauve, c. 2 mm long. Disc 1 (— 2)-lobed.

Found in central and northern Transvaal, on dry,
wooded, rocky slopes; also in Zimbabwe. Map 63.

Vouchers: Codd 8778; Pegler 924; Strey &

Schlieben 8616.

Characterized by the slender, twiggy stems with
greyish black bark, the relatively small roundish,
deeply crenate-dentate leaves which are finely tomen-
tose below, and the short dense male flower-spikes.

3. Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd in
Bothalia 14: 181 (1983). Type: Natal,

Krauss 331 (MO!).

Moschosma riparium Hochst, in Flora 28: 67 (1845);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 49 (1848); Briq. in Natiirl.
PflFam. 4,3a: 368 (1897); Wood & Evans, Natal PI. 1:
tt. 1,2 (1898); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 354 (1900). Basilicum
riparium (Hochst.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 512
(1891). Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1:
300 (1910); Phillips in Flow. PI. S. Afr. 20: t.767 (1940);
Martineau, Rhod. Wild Flow. 69 (1953); Brenan in
Mem. N.Y. bot. Gdn 9: 39 (1954); Andrews, Flow. PI.
Sudan 3: 212 (1956); Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 289,
1. 144,3 (1962); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123:
14 (1969); Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Compton, FI.
Swaziland 507 (1976).

M. multiflorum Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 49 (1848);
Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 354 (1900). Basilicum multiflorum
(Benth.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 512 (1891). Iboza
multiflora (Benth.) E.A. Bruce in Kew Bull. 1940: 66
(1940); Agnew, Upland Kenya Wild Flow. 642 (1974).
Syntypes: Ethiopia, Schimper 766 (K!); 1688 (K!).

M. myriostachyum Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f. ,
Gen. PI. 2,2: 1173 (1876). Basilicum myriostachyum
(Benth.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 512 (1891); Hiern,
Cat. Afr. PI. Wclw. 1,4: 858 (1900). Type: Zambezi
Region, no specimen cited.

M. urticifolium Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 353 (1900). Iboza
urticifolia (Bak.) E.A. Bruce in Kew Bull. 1940: 66
(1940). Type: Tanzania, Johnson s.n. (K, holo.!).

Iboza galpinii N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 300 (1910);
Compton, FI. Swaziland 507 (1976). Type: Transvaal,
near Barberton, Galpin 972 (K, holo.; PRE!).

I. bainesii N.E. Br., l.c. 5,1: 301 (1900). Type:
“South African Gold Fields,” Baines s.n. (K, holo.!).

Fig. 21. — 1, Tetradenia brevispicata, male flower, x 6; la, leaf, x 1 ( Keytel 744). 2. T. riparia, portion of
inflorescence, x 1 ; 2a, male flower, x 6; 2b, calyx, x 6; 2c, bract, x 6; 2d, non-functional gynoecium, x 9 ( Codd
8398); 2c, leaf, x 1 (De Winter 3597); 2f. leaf, x 1 {Junod 538); 2g, leaf, x 1 (Medley Wood 5760).

Lamiaceae

4: 115

4: 116

Lamiaceae

Soft shrub or small tree 1—3 (—5) m
tall, freely branched; stems semisucculent,
brittle, rather stout, at first 4-angled and
glandular-pubescent, becoming terete and
glabrous with age; bark pale brown. Leaves
petiolate; blade ovate-oblong to rotund
35—80 x 35—70 mm, sparsely to densely
glandular-pubescent on both surfaces, the
under-surface varying from thinly pubescent
on the veins to densely white tomentose
over the whole surface, apex rounded, base
rounded to truncate or cordate, margin
coarsely crenate to crenate-dentate. Inflore-
scence a terminal, usually large panicle,
diffusely branched and up to 300 x 200 mm
in male specimens, smaller and more
compact in the female, appearing usually
after the leaves are shed; male flower-spikes
dense to lax, 20—80 mm long, female
flower-spikes dense, 10—25 mm long; bracts
broadly ovate, 1,5 — 2 x 2—2,5 mm. Calyx 1
mm long, increasing to 2,5 mm in ripe
female flowers. Corolla white to mauve, the
male 3 — 3,5 mm long, slightly longer and
more funnel-shaped than the female. Disc
1-lobed.

Occurs in Southern Africa from coastal Natal to
Swaziland, Transvaal, south-eastern Botswana and the
northern half of S.W.A./Namibia; extends to Angola

Map 64. - — Tetradenia riparia

and through east tropical Africa to Ethiopia. Found on
wooded hillsides and stream-banks in relatively
frost-free areas. Map 64.

Vouchers: Burtt Davy 390; Dinter 4673; Galpin
9724; Medley Wood 100l'; 5760.

The above concept includes a good deal of
variation in leaf size, shape and pubescence but no
pattern emerges and so infraspecific taxa are not
upheld.

Lamiaceae

4: 117

7342 18. HYPTIS

Hyptis Jacq., Collecteana 1: 101 (1787); Benth., Lab. 64 (1833); in DC., Prodr. 12: 85
(1848); Benth. & Hook. f. , Gen. PI. 2,2: 1178 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 333
(1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 447 (1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 297 (1910); Epling in Feddes
Reprium 34: 73 (1933); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 530 (1975); nom. cons. Type species: H. capitata
Jacq.

Mesosphaerum P.Br., Hist. Jamaic. 257 (1756); Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 525 (1891). Type species: M.
suaveolens (L.) Kuntze.

Bystropogon L’H6rit., Sert. Angl. 19 (1789). Type species: not designated.

Annual or perennial herbs or soft shrubs. Flowers in opposite, several—
many-flowered cymes arranged laxly or densely in spike-like racemes or panicles; bracts
leafly below, becoming smaller towards the apex; bracteoles linear to ovate. Calyx
tubular-campanulate, ribbed, subequally 5-toothed, the tube somewhat accrescent in fruit;
teeth subulate. Corolla small, 5-lobed, more or less bilabiate; tube slightly exceeding the
calyx; lowest lobe saccate. Stamens 4, didynamous, declinate, inserted in the corolla throat;
filaments linear, free; anthers 1-celled, scarcely exserted. Style shortly 2-fid or entire.
Nutlets smooth or punctate-rugulose.

About 300 species, in the warmer parts of America; several species naturalized in the Old World, of which 3
have been recorded in Southern Africa.

1 Bracteoles linear-setose; cymes many-flowered usually forming dense, compact racemes or spikes:

2 Leaves densely pubescent to whitish tomentose below; cymes secund, pectinate 1. H. pectinata

2 Leaves subglabrous below; cymes glomerate forming a dense spike-like inflorescence 2. H. spicigera

1 Bracteoles ovate to oblong; cymes relatively few-flowered, forming lax racemes 3. H. mutabilis

1. Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. in Ann.
Mus. natn. Hist. nat. 7: 474, t.30 (1806);
Benth., Lab. 127 (1833); in DC., Prodr. 12:
127 (1848); A. Rich., Tent. FI. Abyss. 2:
186 (1850); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 488 (1900);
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 297 (1910); Nowicke &
Epling in Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn 56: 84 (1969);
Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972); Standley &
Williams in Fieldiana Bot. 24,9: 255 (1973);
Compton, FI. Swaziland 498 (1976). Type:
from Jamaica.

Nepeta pectinata L., Sp. PI. edn 2,2: 799 (1763).
Bystropogon pectinatum (L.) L’Herit., Sert. Angl. 19
(1789). Mesosphaerum pectinatum (L.) Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. PI. 2: 525 (1891); Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4:
873 (1900). Type: as above.

Annual or short-lived perennial herb
0,6— 2,3 m tall, softly woody at the base.
Leaves petiolate; blade ovate to narrowly
ovate, 15—45 x 10—30 mm, sparingly
pubescent above, paler and usually softly
white-tomentose beneath, apex obtuse,
base truncate, margin finely and irregularly
crenate-dentate; petiole 15 — 40 mm long.
Inflorescence terminal, often branched,
usually of horizontal, densely placed

flower-clusters (scorpioid cymes), or some-
times lax; cymes usually in pairs from a
common peduncle, many-flowered, secund,
pectinate (comb-like); bracts leaf-like be-
low, becoming smaller towards the apex;
bracteoles linear-filiform, setose, 3 mm
long. Calyx 2,5 mm long at flowering,
increasing to 5 mm long, densely pubescent
in the throat. Corolla whitish to mauve, 3,5
mm long. Fig. 22.

Indigenous in tropical America; widespread and
apparently indigenous in tropical Africa from the
Sudan to Senegal and southwards to Botswana, eastern
Transvaal, Swaziland and Natal; usually on river banks
and in moist places. Map 65.

Vouchers: Codd 7924; Compton 27751; Medley
Wood 524; Schlechter 3080; Thorncroft 413.

2. Hyptis spicigera Lam. , Encycl. 3:
185 (1789); Benth., Lab. 78 (1833); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 87 (1848); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 448
(1900); Epling in Feddes Reprium 34: 96
(1933); Compton in FI. Swaziland 499
(1976). Type: in Hb. Lam (P, fide Epling).

Annual erect herb 0,5—2 m tall,
strongly aromatic; stems 4-angled with small
recurved prickles. Leaves petiolate; blade

4: 118

Lamiaceae

Map 65. — A Hyptis pectinata
O H. spicigera

ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 30—80 x 10—30
mm, glabrous to sparingly pubescent, apex
acute, base obtuse, margin serrate; petiole
10—35 mm long. Inflorescence terminal,
spike-like, of densely placed many-flowered
overlapping cymes; bracts leaf-like below,
becoming smaller upwards; bracteoles nu-
merous, linear, setose, 4 mm long, erect,
giving the inflorescence a bristly appear-
ance. Calyx densely glandular-hispid, en-
larging to 6 mm long, mouth hirsute.
Corolla whitish, 4—5 mm long.

Indigenous in tropical America; widespread as a
weed in tropical Africa from the Nile Land to Senegal
and southwards to Mozambique and Madagascar.
Recorded from northern Botswana, eastern Transvaal
and Swaziland. Map 65.

Vouchers: Junod sub TRV 10215; Smith 1693;
Wild & Drummond 7119.

3. Hyptis mutabilis (A. Rich.) Briq. in
Bull. Herb. Boissier 4; 788 (1896); Epling in
Feddes Reprium 34: 103 (1933); Standley &
Williams in Fieldiana Bot. 24,9: 254 (1973).
Type: from tropical America, specimen not
found (fide Epling).

Nepeta mutabilis A. Rich, in Act. Soc. Hist. nat.
Paris 1: 110 (1792). Mesosphaerum mutabile (A. Rich.)
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 525 (1891). Type: as above.

H. spicata Poit. in Annu. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. 7:
474, t.28, f.2 (1806); Benth., Lab. 120 (1833); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 121 (1848). H. mutabilis var. spicata (Poit.)
Briq., l.c. 788 (1896); Epling in Feddes Reprium 34:
105 (1933); Nowicke & Epling in Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn
56: 8 (1969); Hilliard & Burtt in Notes R. bot. Gdn
Edinb. 34: 285 (1976). Type: tropical America, Richard

(P)-

Annual herb up to 1,5 m tall, often
much branched. Leaves petiolate; blade
ovate or rhombic-ovate, 30—60 x 20—28
mm, variously pubescent, usually paler and
softly tomentose beneath, apex acute, base
cuneate to truncate, margin crenate-serrate;
petiole 15 — 25 mm long. Inflorescence of lax
racemose panicles; flower clusters (paired
cymes) relatively small, glomerate, spaced
up to 20 mm apart; bracts much reduced
upwards; bracteoles ovate to oblong. Calyx
4—5 mm long in fruit, hispidulous. Corolla
pale mauve to purple, 5—6 mm long.

Indigenous in tropical America. Recorded as a
weed at Cedara Agricultural College, Natal, by Hilliard
& Burtt, l.c.

Voucher: Rhind s.n. (NU).

Fig 22. — 1 , Hyptis pectinata, stem and leaves, x 1 ; a, part of inflorescence, x 1; b, detail of inflorescence, x
4; c, flower, x 9; d, section through corolla, x 9; e, mature calyx, x 9; f, nutlet, x 25 ( Liebenberg 2958).

Lamiaceae

4: 119

r i-UoJjr

4: 120

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 121

7345 19. AEOLLANTHUS

Aeollanthus Mart, ex K. Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 678 (1825); Hedge in Notes R. bot. Gdn
Edinb. 32: 47 (1972); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 530 (1975); Ryding in Nord. J. Bot. 1: 154 (1981);
ibid. 2: 219 (1982). Type species: A. suaveolens Mart, ex K. Spreng.

Aeolanthus Mart., Amoen. Bot. Monac. 4: t.2 (1831); Benth., Lab. 61 (1833); in E. Mey., Comm. 230 (1837), as
Oroltanthus; in DC., Prodr. 12; 80 (1848); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 349 (1897); Bak. in F.T. A. 5: 388 (1900);
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 294 (1910); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 7 (1969). Type species: A. suavis Mart.

Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs; stems and leaves often fleshy. Inflorescence
usually terminal, paniculate; flowers small, placed singly or in pairs in lax or dense spikes or
racemes; bracts small. Calyx small and shortly 5-toothed at flowering, elongate and often
becoming truncate at maturity, eventually circumscissile near the base. Corolla bilabiate;
tube narrowly cylindrical at the base, widening upwards, straight or curved; upper lip
obscurely 4-lobed, lower lip larger, concave, entire or toothed near the apex. Stamens
didynamous, attached in the corolla mouth, declinate, usually lying in the lower corolla lip;
filaments free; anthers confluent, 1-celled. Style shortly 2-fid, exserted beyond the stamens.
Nutlets orbicular or ovoid, flattened, smooth.

An African genus of about 40 species found mainly south of the Sahara and in Ethiopia; 6 species in Southern
Africa.

1 Leaves entire or toothed:

2 Leaves lanceolate-elliptic to elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, subsessile or shortly petiolate, subentire;

plants annual, erect 1. A. suaveolens

2 Leaves ovate to obovate, usually long petiolate, toothed or subentire; plants annual or perennial,
usually spreading:

3 Bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, usually imbricate; bracts and stems usually hirsute to canescent

2. A. buchnerianus

3 Bracts lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, overlapping only in the bud stage; bracts and
stems glabrous to hispidulous:

4 Corolla 7—11 mm long; flower spikes relatively compact, up to 40 mm long:

5 Stems and leaves glabrous to minutely puberulous; leaf margin subentire to sparingly den-

tate 3. A. parvifolius

5 Stems and leaves pubescent; leaf margin crenulate usually reddish purple 4. A. rehmannii

4 Corolla 4 — 5 mm long; inflorescence usually freely branched; flower spikes elongate, slender, lax,

50 — 80 mm long 5. A. neglectus

1 Leaves pinnatifid 6. A. namibiensis

1. Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart, ex K.
Spreng . , Syst. Veg. 2: 750 (1825). Type: ex
hort. Munich, seed originally from S.
America.

A. suavis Mart., Amoen. Bot. Monac. 4: t.2 (1831);
Benth., Lab. 61 (1833); in DC., Prodr. 12: 80 (1848).
Type: same as above.

A. heliotropioides Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
29: 138 (1875); Bak. in F.T. A. 5: 393 (1900); Morton in
F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 457 (1963). Type: Uganda,

Umyoro, Speke & Grant s.n. (K, holo.).

Annual herb, erect, branched, 0,2— 0,5
m tall; stems glabrous to hispidulous.
Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; blade
lanceolate to elliptic or ovate-lanceolate,
30—40 x 8 — 15 mm, glabrous to hispidu-

lous, apex obtuse to rounded, base cuneate,
margin subentire. Inflorescence a fairly
dense panicle; flowers secund, single,
closely placed, subsessile; bracts ciliate,
elliptic, acute, 2,5 — 3 mm long, overlapping
towards the apex. Calyx hispidulous, 1 mm
long at flowering, enlarging to 2,5 mm long.
Corolla blue to purple, 4—5 mm long.
Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth.

Distributed from Ghana to Tanzania and
southwards to Zaire and Zimbabwe, with a single
record from the Woodbush in Transvaal. Map 66.

Voucher: Obermeyer sub TRV 31861.

Fledge in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 32: 47 (1972)
expressed the opinion that A. heliotropioides is
probably a synonym of A. suaveolens and this view is

4: 122

Lamiaceae

supported by Ryding (in litt. Feb. 1982). It was
apparently introduced into Brazil prior to the early
nineteenth century and was cultivated in Munich
Botanic Garden in 1825 from seed collected in “the
gardens of Chinese in Santa Cruz, Brazil”, where it was
grown for its aromatic foliage.

Map 66. — ▲ Aeollanthus suaveolens
• A. buchnerianus

2. Aeollanthus buchnerianus Briq. in
Bot. Jb. 19: 187 (1894); Bak. in F.T.A. 5:
392 (1900); Ryding in Nord. J. Bot. 1: 156
(1981). Type: Angola, Malanje, Bango,
Buchner 571 (B, holo.t; K, lecto., fide
Ryding).

A. njassae Giirke in Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C:
346 (1895); Bak., l.c. 393 (1900); Hedge in Notes R.
bot. Gdn Edinb. 32; 45 (1972). Type: Malawi, Shire
highlands, Buchanan 529 (B, syn.f; K, lecto., fide
Ryding).

A. canescens Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22; 147 (1895);
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 294 (1910); Phillips in Ann. S. Afr.
Mus. 16: 241 (1917); Launert & Schreiber in F.S. W.A.
123; 8 (1969); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972); Jacot Guill.,
FI. Lesotho 239 (1972). Type: Cape, Graaff-Reinet,
Bolus sub Herb. Norm. Austr. Afr. 1345 (B, syn.f; K,
lecto., fide Ryding).

A. nyikensis Bak. in Kew Bull. 1898: 160 (1898); in
F.T.A. 5: 392 (1900). Type: Malawi, Nyika Plateau,
Whyte 119 (K, holo.).

Plectranthus voikmannae Dinter in Feddes Reprium
Beih. 53: 124 (1928), nom. nud. P. rupicola Dinter ex

Goossens in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 21: 252 (1933),
nom. nud. Specimen cited Dinter 5514.

Perennial semisucculent herb or soft
shrub 0,15—0,5 m tall; stems erect or
spreading, subglabrous to greyish velvety,
often with scattered longish hairs. Leaves
petiolate; blade ovate to broadly ovate,
20—45 (—60) x 18—40 (—50) mm, subglab-
rous to shortly pubescent, apex obtuse to
rounded, base truncate, often decurrent on
the petiole, margin crenate-dentate; petiole
15—40 mm long. Inflorescence fairly dense;
flowers alternately single and in pairs; bracts
broadly ovate, overlapping, 3—4 x 2,5 — 3,5
mm, obtuse to apiculate. Calyx 1 mm long
at flowering enlarging to 3 mm. Corolla pale
mauve to rosy pink, 4—5 mm long; lower lip
with a deltoid tooth or projection at the base
and somewhat hooded at the apex. Fig. 23:
2.

Recorded from northern S. W.A. /Namibia, com-
mon at higher elevations in the Transvaal, extending to
eastern Orange Free State and the adjoining parts of
northern Natal, Lesotho and eastern Cape; although
recorded from Swaziland by Compton, FI. Swaziland
66 (1966), the specimens so named are A. rehmannii.
Also found in Zimbabwe, Angola and Mozambique,
northwards to Tanzania. Grows in shallow soil among
rocks, in semi-shady places. Map 66.

Vouchers: Codd 2760; Galpin 9064; 11822; Medley
Wood 7187.

Distinguished from other species in Southern
Africa by the broadly ovate, overlapping bracts. There
is a good deal of variation in the degree of pubescence;
in S. W.A. /Namibia the stems and leaves tend to be
glabrous while in the eastern part of the distribution
range they are usually canescent, often with longer
hairs present as well. As pointed out by Ryding, l.c., A.
buchnerianus belongs to a group of six tropical African
species in which the lower lip of the corolla has a
conspicuous projection at the base and is somewhat
hooded at the apex resulting in an explosive pollination
mechanism. The other five species do not extend into
Southern Africa.

3. Aeollanthus parvifolius Benth. in
DC., Prodr. 12: 80 (1848); Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 294 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972);
Compton, FI. Swaziland 499 (1976). Type:
Transkei, between St Johns and Umsikaba
rivers, Drege (K, holo.).

Fig. 23. — 1, Aeollanthus parvifolius, flowering branch, x 1; la, flower, x 3; lb, section through corolla, x 3;
lc, flowering calyx, x 8; Id, mature dehisced calyx, x 8; le, persistent torus after dehiscence of calyx and nutlets,
x 8 ( Van Jaarsveld 180/75, cult.). 2, A. buchnerianus, portion of inflorescence, x 1; 2a, leaf, x 1; 2b, section
through corolla, x 3; 2c, flowering calyx, x 8; 2d, mature dehisced calyx, x 8 ( Mennim 14, cult.).

Lamiaceae

4: 123

4: 124

Lamiaceae

A. suavis sensu Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 230
(1838), as Orollanthus suavis.

Perennial semisucculent herb or sub-
shrub, often woody at the base, branching,
0,2— 0,5 m tall; stems spreading-ascending,
glabrous to puberulous. Leaves softly
fleshy, petiolate; blade ovate to subrotund,
12—28 x 8—25 mm, glabrous to puberulous,
apex obtuse to rounded, base obtuse to
truncate, margin sparingly and often ob-
scurely toothed or subentire. Inflorescence
often much branched; bracts lanceolate to
elliptic, 2—2,5 x 0,5 — 1 mm, acute to
acuminate, not overlapping except in the
bud stage. Calyx 1 mm long at flowering,
increasing to 3 mm long. Corolla white to
pinkish with reddish purple markings on the
upper lip, 7 — 12 mm long; tube curved near
the base. Fig. 23: 1.

Found in the Transvaal at fairly high altitudes in
the western Waterberg and on the Drakensberg
escarpment, extending to Swaziland, coastal Natal and
Transkei; usually among rocks. Map 67.

Vouchers: Codd 3734; 9311; Galpin 3494; Pegler
1560.

Characterised by the small, sparingly toothed,
glabrous to puberulous leaves, and the relatively long,
deflexed corolla tube.

Map 67. — • Aeollanthus parvifolius
A A. neglectus

4. Aeollanthus rehmannii Giirke in
Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 819 (1896); Cooke in
F.C. 5,1: 295 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 304
(1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 500 (1976).
Syntypes: Transvaal, Houtbosch, Rehmann
6163; 6164.

A. crenatus S. Moore in J. Bot., Lond. 45: 94 (1907).
Type: Zimbabwe, Matopo Hills, Eyles 1013 (BM,
holo.).

Perennial semisucculent herb or sub-
shrub, 0,2— 0,5 m tall; branches spreading-
ascending, minutely pubescent. Leaves soft-
ly fleshy, petiolate; blade ovate to broadly
ovate, 15—35 (—40) x 10—22 ( — 28) mm,
shortly and stiffly pubescent beneath,
sparingly pubescent above, apex obtuse,
base obtuse to truncate, margin crenulate-
sinuate, often tinged with reddish purple.
Inflorescence usually branched; bracts lan-
ceolate to elliptic, 2—2,5 x 0,5 — 1 mm,
acute, not overlapping except in the bud
stage. Calyx 1 mm long at flowering,
increasing to 3 mm long. Corolla white to
pinkish mauve with reddish purple mark-
ings on the upper lip, 7 — 11 mm long; tube
straight or nearly so.

Map 68. — • Aeollanthus rehmannii
A A. namibiensis

Occurs in northern S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana,
Transvaal, Swaziland and northern Natal, extending
into tropical Africa; in rocky, wooded places. Map 68.

Vouchers: Codd 5244; 9518; Compton 30424;
Schlieben 9411.

5. Aeollanthus neglectus (Dinter)
Launert in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Miinch. 2:
310 (1957); Launert & Schreiber in

F.S.W.A. 123: 9 (1969). Syntypes:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Grossbarmen, Dinter
508; Wilhelmsberg, Dinter 573; Okahandja,
Dinter 2590.

Lamiaceae

4: 125

Plectranthus neglectus Dinter in Feddes Reprium 22:
380 (1926).

Annual semisucculent herb, branching
from the base, 0,15—0,3 m tall; stems
ascending, minutely puberulous. Leaves
softly fleshy, drying membranous, long
petiolate; blade broadly ovate to subrotund,
15—30 x 12—25 mm, glabrous to puberu-
lous, apex obtuse to rounded, base truncate
or abruptly cuneate, margin subentire or
obscurely toothed. Inflorescence usually
with many slender branches; flowers sub-
sessile, widely spaced; bracts broadly elliptic
or obovate-elliptic, acute to acuminate,

2— 2,25 x 0,75 — 1,25 mm, not overlapping
except in the bud stage. Calyx 1 mm long at
flowering, elongating to 3 mm, curved at the
apex. Corolla whitish to violet or pinkish,

3— 5 mm long.

Found in the northern half of S.W. A. /Namibia,
Botswana and northern Transvaal, in rock crevices in
semi-shady places. Also in Zimbabwe and southern
Angola. Map 67.

Vouchers: Codd 4126; Dinter 7089; Giess 8449.

May be distinguished from A. buchnerianus (no. 2)
by the freely branched inflorescence with longer, more
slender and laxer floral branches. There has been a
tendency to confuse this species with the two tropical
species A. pubescens Benth. and A. cameronii Burkill.
In A. cameronii the leaves are narrower and more

distinctly crenate, while A. pubescens has longer leaves
which are more pubescent than in A. neglectus.

6. Aeollanthus namibiensis Ryding in
Nord. J. Bot. 2: 224 (1982). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, 30 km N.W. of Omaruru,
Wanntorp 801 (S, holo.).

A. lobatus sensu Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 8 (1969).

Annual branched herb 0,15—0,65 m
tall, stems spreading-ascending, minutely
puberulous. Leaves petiolate, pinnatifid;
blade 15—40 x 10—20 mm, subglabrous,
lobes linear to linear-spathulate, 4 — 10 x
1—2 mm, obtuse. Inflorescence sparingly
branched, lax; flowers spaced, flower-spikes
slender, 40—80 mm long; bracts lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate, 3—5 mm long, acute to
acuminate. Calyx glandular-puberulous,
1 — 2 mm long at flowering, enlarging to 5
mm long with a bulbous base, narrowed
above the middle, equally 5-toothed at
maturity. Corolla mauve to lilac with purple
spots, 6—7 mm long.

In northern S.W. A. /Namibia; in pockets of soil
among rocks. Map 68.

Vouchers: De Winter & Leistner 5414; Merxmuller
& Giess 30551; Vahrmeijer & Du Preez 2624.

Closely related to A. lobatus N.E. Br. of southern
Angola, differing mainly in the smaller flowers.

Lamiaceae

4: 127

7345a 20. ENDOSTEMON

Endostemon N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 295 (1910); Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 74: 121 (1936);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 10 (1969); R.A. Dyer, Gen. 531 (1975). Type
species: E. obtusifolius (E. Mey. ex Benth.) N.E. Br.

Orthosiphon sect. Diffusi Briq. in Natiirl. PfIFam. 4, 3a: 372 (1897). Type species: O. diffusus Benth.

Pseudocimum Brem. in Ann. Transv. Mus. 15: 251 (1933). Type species: P. trichocalyx Brem.

Perennial herbs or soft shrublets. Leaves subentire or toothed, aromatic. Flowers in
2—6 (— 12)-flowered verticils in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles; bracts persistent,
small or large. Calyx 5-toothed, bilabiate, accrescent; tube campanulate to tubular,
gibbous, usually conspicuously ribbed; upper tooth the largest, ovate, erect, conspicuously
veined, margin slightly decurrent; 4 lower teeth horizontal, lanceolate-deltoid to subulate
or the lateral teeth occasionally oblong. Corolla subequally 4-lobed; tube cylindrical,
slightly wider at the throat; lobes flat or nearly so with the uppermost and lowest lobe
sometimes longer than the two lateral lobes. Stamens 4, included, inserted above the middle
of the corolla tube; filaments very short, hairy, or absent; anthers 1-celled, reniform. Style
included, simple or obscurely bifid. Nutlets suborbicular or oblong, sometimes
mucilaginous on wetting.

Species 17, mainly African, extending into the southern Arabian Peninsula; 3 species in Southern Africa.

The genus is allied to Orthosiphon but differs in the 4-lobed corolla and the sessile to subsessile stamens
inserted about the middle of the corolla tube.

1 Leaves broadly ovate, 10 — 30 mm broad; soft shrublet or herb up to 1,5 m tall 1. E. obtusifolius

1 Leaves linear or lanceolate to oblanceolate, 1 — 10 mm broad; dwarf shrublet or herb 0,15—0,4 m tall:

2 Verticils 2-flowered; bracts small, 3 — 5 mm long; calyx throat villous; lateral calyx teeth subulate

2. E. tenuiflorus

2 Verticils 4— 6-flowered; bracts leaf-like, 8 — 15 mm long; calyx throat not villous; lateral calyx teeth

oblong 3. E. tereticaulis

1 . Endostemon obtusifolius ( E. Mey. ex
Benth.) N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 296 (1910);
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 74: 131 (1936);
Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972); Compton, FI.
Swaziland 500 (1976). Type: Transkei,
between Umtentu and Umzimkulu Rivers,
Drege (K, holo.).

Ocimum obtusifolium E. Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey.,
Comm. 227 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 38 (1848); Briq.
in Natiirl. PfIFam. 4, 3a: 371 (1897).

O. rariflorum Hochst. in Flora 28: 67 (1845). Type:
Natal, Umlaas River, Krauss 8.

O. laxiflorum Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 348 (June 1900); in
Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 850 (Aug. 1900).
Syntypes: Angola, Welwitsch 5552; 5554 (BM).

Straggling to erect herb or soft shrub
0,5 — 1,5 m tall, much branched; stems
hispid. Leaves petiolate; blade broadly
ovate, 15—40 x 12—30 mm, upper surface
thinly pilose, under-surface hispidulous and
reticulate veined, apex obtuse to rounded,
base obtuse to truncate, margin shallowly
crenate-serrate; petiole 5 — 15 mm long.

Racemes lax, 150—300 mm long, of many
spaced verticils; verticils (2—) 3—8 ( — 12)-
flowered; bracts ovate, acuminate, 4—5 mm
long. Calyx hispidulous, 3,5 mm long at
flowering, enlarging to 6—7 mm long.
Corolla white, 5 mm long. Fig. 24:1.

4: 128

Lamiaceae

'd'AAcuxr \)t

Lamiaceae

4: 129

Occurs in the Transvaal from the Soutpansberg,
along the foothills of the eastern escarpment to
Barberton, extending to Swaziland, semi-coastal and
coastal Natal and Transkei; also in southern Angola,
Zimbabwe and Malawi. Grows on wooded stream
banks and at forest margins. Map 69.

Vouchers: Acocks 13368; Codd 8386; 9438;
Medley Wood 12592; Schlechter 4526.

2. Endostemon tenuiflorus (Benth.)
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 74; 125 (1936);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123; 10
(1969). Type: Arabia Felix, Botta s.n. (K,
holo.).

Orthosiphon tenuiflorus Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 50
(1848); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 373 (1897); Bak.
in F.T.A. 5: 366 (1900).

Ocimum depauperatum Vatke in Linnaea 43: 84
(1880 — 1882). Type: Somalia, Hildebrandt 1561 (BM;
K, fide Ashby).

Pseudocimum trichocalyx Brem. in Ann. Transv.
Mus. 15: 252 (1933). Type: Transvaal, Soutpan,
Bremekamp 251 (PRE, holo.!).

Perennial soft viscid dwarf shrublet
0,15—0,25 m tall, woody below and freely
branched; stems ascending, glandular-
hispidulous. Leaves subsessile, often coria-
ceous; blade linear to linear-oblanceolate,
12—40 x 2—5 mm, echinulate with numer-
ous sunken glands, apex obtuse, base
attentuate, margin remotely and obscurely
toothed, often revolute. Racemes lax,
50—70 mm long, of several spaced verticils;
verticils 2-flowered; bracts 1,5—5 mm long.
Calyx aculeate, strongly veined, villous in
the throat, enlarging to 3,5 mm long at
maturity; tube campanulate; lateral teeth
subulate, shorter than the lower pair.
Corolla whitish to mauve or pink, 8—9 mm
long; tube cylindric, 6—7 mm long; lobes 2
mm long. Fig. 24: 2.

Found in north-western S.W. A. /Namibia, Bots-
wana and in the northern and eastern Transvaal
lowveld, in dry Colophospermum-Commiphora-Acacia
woodland. Also in Zimbabwe and Malawi, with a gap
in distribution, appearing again in Ethiopia, Somalia,
the southern Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Map 70.

Vouchers: Brenan 14166; Codd & Dyer 3831;
4670; Van der Schijff 3584.

Distinguished from E. tereticaulis (below) by the
2-flowered verticils, minute bracts, villous calyx throat,
subulate lateral calyx teeth and longer corolla tube.

Map 70. — A Endostemon tenuiflorus
O E. tereticaulis

3. Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir.) Ash-
by in J. Bot., Lond. 74: 129 (1936); F.W.
Andr., FI. PI. Anglo-Egypt. Sudan 3: 209
(1956); Morton in F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 452
(1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 11 (1969). Type: from W. tropical
Africa, in Hb. Desfontaines (G).

Ocimum tereticaule Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1:
592 (1811); Benth., Lab. 14 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12:
41 (1848); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 372 (1897);
Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 347 (1900).

O. thonningii Schumach. & Thonn. in Schumach.,
Beskr. Guin. PI. 4: 269 (1827). Type: Senegal,
Thonning 78 (C, holo.).

Orthosiphon cleistocalyx Vatke in Linnaea 37: 317
(1872). Type: Ethiopia, Schimper 385 (Bt).

O. gofensis S. Moore in J. Bot., Lond. 39: 263
(1901). Type: Ethiopia, Delamere s.n. (BM).

O. kelleri Briq. in Bull. Flerb. Boissier ser. 2, 3: 988
(1903). Type: Somalia, Keller 232 (K).

Endostemon ocimoides Brem. in Ann. Transv. Mus.
15: 250 (1933). Type: Transvaal, between Leipzig and
Bochum, Bremekamp 153 (PRE, holo.!).

Perennial, dwarf soft shrublet 0,2— 0,5
m tall, woody below and freely branched;
stems ascending, villous. Leaves shortly
petiolate; blade oblanceolate to obovate,
20—28 x 5 — 12 mm, upper surface thinly
pubescent, under-surface more densely to

Fig. 24. — 1, Endostemon obtusifolius, flowering stem, x 1; la, flower, x 5; lb, corolla, opened
longitudinally, x 5; lc, front of corolla, x 5; Id, gynoecium, x 10; le, mature calyx, x 5 ( Holcroft s.n.). 2, E.
tenuiflorus, mature calyx, x 5 (Kerfoot 8019). 3, E. tereticaulis, mature calyx, x 5 ( Schlieben & Strey 8342).

4: 130

Lamiaceae

appressed grey-villous and freely gland-
dotted, apex rounded, base cuneate, margin
obscurely crenulate, occasionally revolute.
Racemes semi-lax, 50—90 mm long, of
several to many fairly closely placed
verticils; verticils usually 6-flowered; bracts
leaf- like, 8—15 mm long. Calyx subglabrous
to hispid, 5—6 mm long at maturity; tube
tubular; lateral teeth oblong, as long as the
lower subulate pair. Corolla mauve to
purple, 5 mm long. Fig. 24: 3.

Found in north-eastern S.W. A. /Namibia, Bots-
wana and at low altitudes in north-western, northern
and north-eastern Transvaal, in dry open woodland in
sandy and rocky places. Also from Senegal to Somalia
and through tropical East Africa to Zimbabwe and
Mozambique. Map 70.

Vouchers: Acocks 16774; Codd 6617; De Winter
2477 ; Meeuse 10623.

Characterized by the leaf-like bracts, the calyx
with a tubular tube and winged lateral teeth, and the
small mauve to purple corolla.

Lamiaceae

4: 131

7347 21. PYCNOSTACHYS

Pycnostachys Hook., Exot. FI. 3: t.202 (1825); Benth., Lab. 61 (1833); in DC., Prodr. 12:
83 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1177 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 350
(1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 378 (1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 290 (1910); Perkins in Notizbl.
bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 8: 63 (1921); E. A. Bruce in Kew Bull. 1939: 563 (1939); R. A. Dyer,
Gen. 531 (1975). Type species: P. coerulea Hook.

Echinostachys E. Mey., Comm. 243 (1837). Type species: E. reticulata E. Mey.

Perennial erect herbs or soft shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers blue or
mauve, rarely whitish, in dense terminal spikes; bracts small, distinct from the leaves. Calyx
subequally 5-toothed; teeth subulate, rigid, spinescent. Corolla bilabiate; tube cylindric
below, enlarging near the throat, deflexed; upper lip 4-lobed, shorter than the lower; lower
lip large, boat-shaped. Stamens 4, didynamous, declinate, inserted in the corolla throat and
lying in the lower lip; filaments shortly united at the base. Disc produced in front. Style
slender, shortly 2-fid at the apex, slightly exceeding the stamens in length. Nutlets ovoid,
black or brown.

About 40 species, all African, one extends to Malagasy Republic; 3 species in Southern Africa.

1 Leaves sessile or subsessile (petioles up to 5 mm long); blade linear to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic:

2 Corolla 4—6 mm long; calyx teeth 2 — 3 mm long 1. P. coerulea

2 Corolla 8—18 mm long; calyx teeth 4—6 mm long 2. P. reticulata

1 Leaves petiolate (petioles of lower leaves 10 — 40 mm long); blade ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate

3. P. urticifolia

1. Pycnostachys coerulea Hook., Exot.
FI. 3: t.202 (1825); Benth., Lab. 61 (1833);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 83 (1848); Bak. in F.T.A.
5: 382 (1900) Bruce in Kew Bull. 1939: 582
(1939); Agnew, Upl. Kenya Wild Flow. 632
(1974). Type: Madagascar, ex hort. Kew
(leg. Bojer & Helsinger) (K, holo.).

P. micrantha Giirke in Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C:
345 (1895); Bak., l.c. 381 (1900); Perkins in Notizbl.
bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 8: 69 (1921). Type: Tanzania,
Stuhlmann 1630.

P. stenostachys Bak., l.c. 380 (1900). Type: Uganda,
Speke & Grant s.n. (K, holo.).

P. brevipetiolata De Wild., PI. Bequaert. 4: 394
(1928). Type: Zaire, Bequaert 5972 (BR, holo.).

Erect sparingly branched herb 0,6 — 1,2
m tall; stems puberulous. Leaves sessile;
blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceo-
late or narrowly elliptic, 70 — 100 x 10—15
mm, subglabrous, apex acuminate, base
cuneate, margin distantly and shortly tooth-
ed. Inflorescence usually solitary or occa-
sionally stem branched towards the apex,
25—50 x 8—10 mm; bracts oblong-linear,
2,5 mm long, ciliate. Calyx ciliate; teeth
2—3 mm long. Corolla blue, 4—5 mm long.

Found in northern Botswana, in marshy grassland
and on floating reed-beds. Also in tropical Africa,

northwards to Uganda and Kenya, and extending to
Malagasy Republic. Map 71.

Vouchers: Curson 374; Smith 1440; 1530.

Map 71. — ▲ Pycnostachys coerulea
# P. reticulata

2. Pycnostachys reticulata (E. Mey.)
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 83 (1848); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 382 (1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1:
291 (1910); Perkins in Notizbl. bot. Gart.

4: 132

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 133

Mus. Berl. 8: 71 (1921); Bruce in Kew Bull.
1939: 584 (1939); Ross, FI. Natal 304 (1972);
Compton, FI. Swaziland 500 (1976). Type:
Natal, near Durban, Dr£ge s.n. (K, holo.).

Echinostachys reticulata E. Mey., Comm. 243 (1837);
Hochst. in Flora 28: 68 (1845).

P. reticulata var. angustifolia Benth. in DC., Prodr.
12: 83 (1848). Syntypes: Natal, Durban, Krauss 329;
Transvaal, Magaliesberg, Burke s.n.

P. kirkii Bak., l.c. 381 (1900). Syntypes: Malawi,
Kirk s.n.; Buchanan 700.

P. uliginosa Giirke in Bot. Jb. 30: 396 (1901);
Perkins, l.c. 72 (1921). Type: Malawi, Goetze 806.

P. purpurascens Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser.
2,3: 998 (1903); Cooke, l.c. 292 (1910); Phillips in
Flower. PI. S. Afr. 13: t.513 (1933). Type: Transvaal
Witwatersrand, Hutton 878.

P. schlechteri Briq., l.c. 999 (1903). Type: Cape,
Mount Frere, Schlechter 6406 (PRE1).

P. holophylla Briq., l.c. 1000 (1903). Type:

Transvaal, Johannesburg, CSCA Herbarium No. 347.

Erect herb 0,2—2 m tall; stems solitary
or few from the base, softly woody below,
simple or sparingly branched. Leaves sessile
or subsessile; blade linear-lanceolate to
linear-elliptic, elliptic or oblong, 40—110 x
8—25 (—30) mm, subglabrous to puberulous
or sometimes pubescent beneath, apex
acute to acuminate, base cuneate, margin
obscurely to sharply and regularly toothed;
petiole up to 5 mm long. Inflorescence
solitary or several borne on branches
produced on the upper part of the stem, the
central one the largest, 30—50 (—80) x 20 x
25 mm; bracts linear, ciliate, 4 mm long.
Calyx puberulous, purple; teeth 4—6 mm
long. Corolla pale blue or sky blue to pale
mauve or pinkish or almost white, 8— 18 mm
long. Fig. 25: 1.

Common in the Transvaal from the Soutpansberg
to the central highlands and Witwatersrand, westward
to Rustenburg and along the eastern escarpment to
south-eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and Natal from the
Drakensberg to the coast, extending to East Griqua-
land and coastal Transkei to Kentani; in moist, grassy
places. Also from Zimbabwe to Malawi and Tanzania.
Map 71.

Vouchers: Acocks 23576; Codd 9557; Galpin
12041; Schlechter 2802.

The width and pubescence of the leaves vary a
good deal. The type of P. reticulata has oblong-

lanceolate, markedly reticulate and pubescent leaves
whereas the type of P. schlechteri represents the other
extreme with linear-lanceolate, subglabrous leaves.
The extremes are linked by a range of intermediates.

3. Pycnostachys urticifolia Hook, in
Curtis’s bot. Mag. t.5365 (1863); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 386 (1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1:
291 (1910); Perkins in Notizbl. bot. Gart.
Mus. Berl. 8: 74 (1921); R. A. Dyer in
Flower. PI. S. Afr. 14: t.560 (1934). Type:
Malawi, ex Hort. Kew “from seed sent by
Drs Kirk and Meller” (K, holo.).

P. pubescens Giirke in Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C:
345 (1895); Bak., l.c. 386 (1900). P. urticifolia var.
pubescens (Giirke) Giirke in Bot. Jb. 22: 146 (1895).
Syntypes: Malawi, Buchanan; Mozambique, Carvalho.

Map 72. — • Pycnostachys urticifolia
▲ Neohyptis paniculata

Erect herb or soft shrub 1 — 2,5 m tall,
woody at the base, branched or sometimes
several-stemmed from the base; stems
usually branched especially towards the
apex, occasionally simple. Leaves petiolate;
blade narrowly to broadly ovate, (45 — )
50—120 x (30—) 40—70 mm, subglabrous to
densely pubescent on both sides, apex
acute, base obtuse to truncate, margin
regularly crenate; petiole 10—50 mm.
Inflorescence borne on the ends of the
ascending branches, the central one the

Fig 25. — 1, Pycnostachys reticulata, flowering stem, x 1; la, section through corolla, x 2; lb, flowering
calyx, x 2 (Bredell s.n.). 2, P. urticifolia, leaf, x 1; 2a, corolla, x 2; 2b, section through corolla, x 2; 2c, bract,
calyx and base of corolla, x 2 (living plant, BRI garden).

4: 134

Lamiaceae

largest (50—) 70—100 x 25 — 30 mm; bracts
linear to spathulate, ciliate, 4—5 mm long.
Calyx sparingly pubescent, reddish purple;
teeth 8—10 mm long. Corolla gentian blue
or rarely whitish, 12—20 mm long. Fig. 25:
2.

Common in the north-eastern and eastern Trans-
vaal as far south as Barberton; in moist places, grassy
stream banks or at forest margins. Also from
Zimbabwe and Mozambique to Malawi and Tanzania.
Map 72.

Vouchers; Codd & De Winter 5551; Galpin 943;
Obermeyer 490; Scheepers 273.

Lamiaceae

4: 135

7347a

22. NEOHYPTIS

Neohyptis J.K. Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 272 (1962); in F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 466
(1963). Type species: N. paniculata (Bak.) J.K. Morton.

Stems erect or decumbent, quadrangular. Inflorescence of short, dense, spike-like
racemes borne terminally and in the axils of the leaves of the upper half of the stem; bracts
persistent. Calyx tubular-campanulate, slightly ventricose when mature, equally 5-toothed;
teeth lanceolate, acute. Corolla bilabiate; tube straight; upper lip erect, 4-lobed; lower lip
concave, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, declinate, not exceeding the lower corolla lip;
filaments fused in pairs towards the base, attached in the throat. Nutlets small, glabrous.

1 species, found in west and east tropical Africa, extending to Angola, Zambia and northern Botswana.

Neohyptis paniculata (Bak.) J.K. Mor-
ton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 273 (1962); in
F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2: 466 (1963). Type:
Angola, Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch 5528
(K, lecto.).

Geniosporum paniculatum Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 351
(1900); Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 853 (1900).

— var. debile Hiern, l.c. 853 (1900). Type: Angola,
Pungo Andongo, Welwitsch 5527 (K, holo.).

Hyptis baumii Giirke in Baum, Kunene-Samb.
Exped. 354 (1903). Plectranthus guerkei Briq. in Annu.
Conserv. Jard. bot. Geneve 7 — 8: 323 (1904), non P.
baumii Giirke. Type: Angola, Onschingwe, Baum 789.

Annual herb, sparingly branched.
Leaves sessile; blade ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, 20—30 x 7 — 10 mm, glabrous
above, hispidulous on the nerves beneath,
apex subacute, base obtuse, margin obscu-
rely crenate. Flower-spikes usually sessile.

occupying the upper half of the stem, 1 — 3 in
each leaf axil, 10—35 x 6 — 8 mm, many-
flowered; bracts ovate, crowded, persistent,
3 mm long, each subtending 1—3 small
subsessile flowers. Calyx pubescent, 2,5 — 3
mm long. Corolla whitish to lilac, 4—4,5 mm
long.

Found on seasonally inundated flood plains in
northern Botswana, extending through Angola to West
Tropical Africa. Map 72.

Vouchers: Smith 615; 2770.

In general appearance this species resembles
Hyptis (no. 18) but differs in the calyx not being ribbed
and the teeth being lanceolate, not subulate, and the
corolla is distinctly bilabiate. Its relationship is nearer
to Plectranthus (no. 23) but if differs in the dense
bracteate spike-like racemes, and the lower lip of the
corolla being shallowly concave, not boat-shaped. It
has a distinctive facies, unlike any species of
Plectranthus.

4: 136

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 137

7350 23. PLECTRANTHUS

Plectranthus L’Herit., Stirp. Nov. fasc. 4: t.41, 42 (March 1788); Benth., Lab. 29 (1832); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 62 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2: 1175 (1876); Briq. in Naturl.
PflFam. 4, 3a: 352 (1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 398 (1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 266 (1910);
Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 231 (1962); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 1—32
(1969); Blake in Contr. Queensl. Herb. 9: 1 — 120 (1971); Codd in Bothalia 11: 271 (1975);
R.A. Dyer, Gen. 522 (1975). Lectotype (Bullock & Killick in Taxon 6: 239, 1957): P.
fruticosus L’Herit.

Germanea Lam., Encycl. 2: 690 (April 1788); Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1: 865 (1900). Type: based on two
species, G. urticifolia Lam. (which is a synonym of P. fruticosus L’Herit.) and G. maculosa Lam.

Coleus Lour., FI. Cochin. 372 (1790); emend. Benth., Lab. 47 (1832), partly; in DC., Prodr. 12: 70 (1848);
Benth. & Hook, f., l.c. 2: 1176 (1876); Briq., l.c. 4,3a: 359 (1897); Bak., l.c. 5: 422 (1900); Cooke, l.c. 5,1: 289
(1910); Phillips, Gen. edn 2: 649 (1951); all partly. Type species: C. amboinicus Lour.

Neomuellera Briq. in Bot. Jb. 19: 186 (1894). Type species: N. welwitschii Briq.

Burnatastrum Briq. in Naturl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 358 (1897). Lectotype (Codd in Bothalia 11: 374, 1975): B.
spicatum (E. Mey. ex Benth.) Briq.

Ascocarydion G. Tayl. in J. Bot., Lond. 69, Suppl. 2: 162 (1931). Type species: A. mirabile (Briq.) G. Tayl.

Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs; stems and leaves herbaceous, semi-succulent
or succulent. Inflorescence paniculate, racemose or subspicate, usually terminal; flowers in
verticils, few-flowered cymes or dichasia, or occasionally solitary; bracts small, clearly
differentiated from the leaves. Calyx 2-lipped to subequally 5-toothed; when 2-lipped, the
upper lip consisting of a large single tooth, lower lip of 4 lanceolate-deltoid to subulate
teeth; tube glabrous or villous within, sometimes gibbous at the base. Corolla bilabiate;
tube usually bent and variously expanded near the base, occasionally expanding gradually,
rarely straight; upper lip usually 4-lobed, shorter than the lower boat-shaped lip. Stamens 4,
rarely 2 abortive ( P . zuluensis, no. 37), attached at the corolla mouth, free or united in a
sheath at the base, declinate in the lower lip of the corolla; anthers 1-thecous. Style lying
with the stamens in the lower lip of the corolla; stigma shortly 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid or
oblong, smooth.

Species about 350, Africa to Asia and Australia; of the 44 species dealt with below, 42 are indigenous to
Southern Africa; the two semi-naturalized species are P. ornatus Codd (no. 14) and P. barbatus Andr. (no. 15).

The subject of generic delimitation in this and allied genera was discussed in Bothalia 11: 371 (1975) where a
rather broad circumscription of Plectranthus was adopted and the species were grouped into several subgenera.
Subgen. Plectranthus is represented in the present treatment by species nos. 16—44, in which the upper calyx tooth
is distinctly larger than the lower 4, the stamens are all free to the base, and the flowers are arranged in few- to
many-flowered sessile cymes or, occasionally, in few-flowered pedunculate cymes. This subgenus may again be
subdivided into 2 sections:

1. Species 16 — 21, which correspond more or less to Bentham’s Plectranthus sect. Coleoides, characterized by
having flowers in dense clusters of 3—15 in the axil of each bract; the bracts are usually deciduous before the
flowers begin to open; and the calyx, which is attached to the pedicel at a sharp angle (declinate), is distinctly
gibbous at the base. The section is distributed from south to north-east Africa, India and East Indies and includes
most if not all the Australian species. Throughout the section, species limits are difficult to determine, being based
on characters such as habit, tomentum, size, shape and toothing of leaves and size of flowers, all of which tend to
grade from one extreme to the other without sharp demarcation. Most species which have been investigated
cytologically have 2n = 42 chromosomes.

2. Species 22—44, representing sect. Plectranthus , with flowers in few-flowered sessile or shortly branched
cymes in the axil of each bract; the bracts (often very small) persist beyond the flowering stage; and the calyx is not
markedly gibbous at the base. The section is concentrated largely in Africa south of the Sahara, with outliers in
West Tropical Africa and extending eastwards to southern Asia. In Southern Africa the species are relatively
clear-cut, being based on often striking differences in shape and size of the corolla, degree of exsertion of the
stamens, and supported by vegetative characters. Two main trends in corolla shape may be recognized:

(a) Species 22 — 39 in which the corolla tube expands abruptly at the base, where it may be saccate or even
spurred, and then may or may not narrow towards the throat.

(b) Species 40—44 in which the corolla does not expand abruptly at the base but may or may not gradually
expand towards the throat. In nos. 40 and 41 the tube is straight and in nos. 42—44 it is somewhat sigmoid. Species
which have been investigated cytologically mostly have 2n = 28 chromosomes.

4: 138

Lamiaceae

1 Flowers yellow, in pseudoracemes borne terminally as well as from the upper nodes of the usually leafless
stems:

2 Plants annual; stems with conspicuous bristles; corolla 4—5 mm long 1. P. tetragonus

2 Plants perennial with edible tuberous rootstock; stem without bristles; corolla 14—16 mm long

2. P. esculentus

1 Flowers white or shades of blue, violet or purple (rarely yellow), disposed in verticils, cymes or dichasia;
inflorescence usually terminal, paniculate, racemose or subspicate, borne on leafy stems:

3 Mature calyx subequally 5-toothed, often erect or finally circinnate and sometimes ventricose (in P.
cylindraceus (no. 8) the uppermost calyx tooth is slightly larger than the other 4 but is difficult to see
because of the dense covering of hairs):

4 Flowers in 10— 20-flowered sessile cymes; inflorescence branches slender, up to 350 mm long,

peduncle up to 300 mm long; plants with long horizontal tuberous roots 3. P. xerophilus

4 Flowers in pedunculate or sessile cincinni (often compact and glomerate in P. cylindraceus (no. 8)
and P. spicatus (no. 7) or in 3-flowered cymes; roots not tuberous:

5 Flowers in 3-flowered pedunculate cymes, forming a diffusely branched panicle 300 —400 mm long

4. P. candelabriformis

5 Flowers in pedunculate or sessile paired cincinni; inflorescence less than 300 mm long:

6 Leaves broader than 30 mm, chartaceous or leathery; inflorescence a lax or dense panicle,
flowers blue:

7 Leaves thick-textured, under-surface densely grey velvety-tomentose; robust plants with

erect, sparingly branched tomentose stems up to 2 m tall 5. P. mirabilis

7 Leaves thin-textured, under-surface subglabrous to sparingly pubescent; herbaceous,

branched plants usually less than 1 m tall 6. P. hereroensis

6 Leaves less than 30 mm broad, semisucculent; inflorescence subspicate or sparingly branched,
flowers in clusters, mauve, purple or, rarely, whitish:

8 Corolla 7— 8 mm long, purple, subglabrous; flowers in loose clusters 7 . P. spicatus

8 Corolla 4—5 mm long, mauve (rarely whitish or pale yellow), villous; flowers in densely

glomerate clusters 8. P. cylindraceus

3 Mature calyx with upper tooth distinctly broader than the rest, oblong to ovate or subrotund,
remaining 4 teeth deltoid to subulate; calyx finally horizontal, teeth spreading:

9 Upper tooth of calyx horizontal, oblong to ovate, usually rounded at the apex; flowers in glomerate,
densely tomentose clusters:

10 Leaves obovate, cuneate at the base; corolla 4—5 mm long; stamens free to the base

8. P. cylindraceus

10 Leaves ovate to subrotund, broadly truncate to cordate at the base; corolla more than 5 mm long;

stamens united at the base:

11 Stems erect, woody at the base; corolla whitish, 10—12 mm long 9. P. unguentarius

11 Stems decumbent, succulent; corolla mauve to whitish, 7—9 mm long 10. P. amboinicus

9 Upper tooth of calyx erect, ovate-deltoid to broadly ovate or subrotund, apex acute to apiculate;
inflorescence paniculate, racemose or subspicate:

12 Mature calyx villous in the throat; stamens united at the base; inflorescence subspicate with
pedicels erect, appressed to the rhachis:

13 Bracts rounded at the apex, subpersistent; stems procumbent, slender, sparingly branched

11. P. tetensis

13 Bracts acute to abruptly acuminate, early deciduous, forming a conspicuous 4-angled coma at
the apex of the inflorescence; stems erect to procumbent, sometimes mat-forming:

14 Erect or spreading semisucculent herbs up to 0,6 m tall; leaves ovate-lanceolate to obovate.

20-50 x 15-35 mm:

15 Corolla less than 10 mm long; annual plants 12. P. caninus

15 Corolla exceeding 10 mm long; perennial or weakly perennial plants:

16 Corolla 10 — 20 mm long; inflorescence elongate, 70—150 mm long with 5 — 12 spaced

fruiting verticils below the flowers; indigenous 13. P. neochilus

Lamiaceae

4: 139

16 Corolla 20—25 mm long; inflorescence compact, 30—50 ( — 90) mm long with 1 or 2,
rarely more, spaced fruiting verticils below the flowers; cultivated or semi-naturalized
14. P. ornatus

14 Erect bushy herb or soft shrub up to 2 m tall; leaves not succulent, ovate to broadly

ovate-elliptical, tomentose, 50—90 x 30—50 mm; cultivated or semi-naturalized .. 15. P. barbatus

12 Mature calyx glabrous in the throat; stamens free to the base; inflorescence usually paniculate or
racemose:

17 Bracts deciduous before the flowers open (occasionally persisting in abnormal cases); fruiting
calyx gibbous ventrally; flowers in dense verticils, (3 — ) 4J-12 to each bract scar:

18 Stems erect or decumbent; flowers mauve to purple (rarely white):

19 Leaves deeply dentate; rhachis coarsely glandular-hispid, pubescence often yellowish

(S.W. A. /Namibia) 16. P. dinteri

19 Leaves crenate-dentate; rhachis sparsely to fairly densely glandular-tomentose,
pubescence greyish:

20 Leaves 40—100 mm long, if less, then sparingly to fairly densely strigose:

21 Leaves densely tomentose on both surfaces:

22 Stems 0,3— 0,6 m tall; inflorescence 80—300 mm long, simple or with a pair of

branches near the base 18(a). P. hadiensis var. hadiensis

22 Stems 0,5 — 1,5 m tall; inflorescence 200 — 600 mm long, usually with 1 or 2 pairs of

branches near the base 18(b). P. hadiensis var. tomentosus

21 Leaves sparingly to fairly densely strigose 18(c). P. hadiensis var. woodii

20 Leaves 25—40 mm long; stems 1— several often from a burnt perennial base; small

bushes up to 0,4 m tall 19(c). P. madagascariensis var. ramosior

18 Stems procumbent; flowers white, mauve or blue:

23 Corolla 7 — 18 mm long:

24 Leaves deeply dentate or deeply and coarsely crenate-scalloped:

25 Leaves deeply dentate, densely tomentose; flowers usually white 17. P. grandidentatus

25 Leaves deeply and coarsely crenate-scalloped, medium to densely strigose; flowers

purple-blue to lilac 20. P. mutabilis

24 Leaves crenate-dentate:

26 Leaf-blade 40—100 x 32—100 mm, densely tomentose; flowers usually mauve (rarely

white) 18(b). P. hadiensis var. tomentosus

26 Leaf-blade 15—40 (—45) x 12 — 35 ( — 40) mm, sparingly to densely short tomentose;

flowers usually white (rarely mauve) 19(a). P. madagascariensis var. madagascariensis

23 Corolla 5—6 mm long:

27 Leaves coarsely crenate with 3—4 pairs of rounded teeth; corolla white (Transkei and

southern Natal) 19(b). P. madagascariensis var. aliciae

27 Leaves obscurely crenate-dentate with 5 — 7 pairs of shallow teeth; corolla blue-mauve

(KwaZulu, coastal) 21. P. psammophilus

17 Bracts (often very small) persisting beyond the flowering stage; fruiting calyx enlarged and
often oblique but not conspicuously gibbous ventrally; flowers in lax verticils with 1 — 3 flowers
to each bract or in pedunculate 3 — 8-flowered cymes:

28 Corolla tube expanding abruptly at or near the base and often saccate or spurred dorsally,
usually declinate near the base: (second half of couplet on p. 4: 141)

29 Fertile stamens 2, staminodes 2; stems and under-surface of leaves softly velvety

pubescent 37. P. zuluensis

29 Fertile stamens 4:

30 Corolla tube less than 10 mm long:

31 Leaf-blade less than 40 mm in length (occasionally longer in P. oertendahlii (no. 25)
but then leaf-blade subrotund and noticeably lighter-veined):

32 Under-surface of leaf dotted with minute red gland-dots (also on calyx and corolla):

4: 140

Lamiaceae

33 Corolla tube scarcely narrowed near the throat; corolla lips 5—7 mm long;
stamens 4—6 mm long; young stems and petioles subglabrous to pubescent
22. P. verticillatus

33 Corolla tube narrowed near the throat; corolla lips 3—5 mm long; stamens 0,5—3
mm long; young stems and petioles greyish to rusty strigose or densely grey
tomentose:

34 Young stems, petioles and leaves greyish to rusty strigose; petioles up to 25

mm long 23. P. strigosus

34 Young stems, petioles and leaves densely grey tomentose; petioles up to 10

mm long 24. P. purpuratus

32 Under-surface of leaf dotted with minute colourless or honey-coloured gland-dots:

35 Corolla white or whitish, or with a few purple spots:

36 Corolla tube 8 mm or longer, narrowing conspicuously towards the throat;

leaves noticeably lighter-veined 25. P. oertendahlii

36 Corolla tube 4—5 mm long, narrowing slightly towards the throat; leaves not

lighter-veined 2. P. elegantulus

35 Corolla blue or mauve:

37 Corolla tube 4—7 mm long, upper lip 1,5 — 5 mm long:

38 Corolla pale blue, narrowing towards the throat, upper lip 4—7 mm long;

stems much swollen at the base 27. P. ernstii

38 Corolla sky-blue, widening slightly towards the throat, upper lip 1,5 — 2 mm

long; stems not swollen at the base 36. P. dolichopodus

37 Corolla tube 8 mm or longer, upper lip about 10 mm long and equally broad

38(a). P. saccatus var. saccatus

31 Leaf blade normally more than 40 mm long (sometimes smaller in P. ciliatus but then
leaves and calyx ciliate with multicellular purple-striped hairs):

39 Flowers in 3— 8-flowered, often pedunculate cymes; corolla villous; upper lip of

corolla 2 mm long 34. P. rehmannii

39 Flowers in 1 — 3-flowered sessile cymes; corolla glabrous or, if hairy, then upper lip
4—6 mm long:

40 Leaf margin with few (6 — 14) pairs of large teeth 8— 10 mm long which bear small
secondary teeth; corolla whitish with a fringe of hairs on the lower lip
35. P. swynnertonii

40 Leaf margin and corolla not as above:

41 Under-surface of leaf dotted with minute colourless or honey-coloured
gland-dots:

42 Corolla white, mauve or pink often speckled with purple; upper lip 2,5—7
mm long:

43 Leaves not tomentose; corolla subglabrous:

44 Leaf margin and calyx ciliate with purplish multicellular hairs; corolla

whitish freely speckled with purple 29. P. ciliatus

44 Leaf margin not ciliate; calyx with occasional multicellular hairs;

flowers mauve or pink with darker markings 30. P. fruticosus

43 Leaves tomentose; corolla villous 31 . P. oribiensis

42 Corolla blue, with or without purple spots:

45 Corolla sky-blue; tube 5 mm long, upper lip 2 mm long

36. P. dolichopodus

45 Corolla mauve-blue; tube 8 mm or more long, upper lip 10 mm long

38(a). P. saccatus var. saccatus

41 Under-surface of leaf dotted with minute red gland-dots:

46 Leaves often thin-textured, apex acute, base abruptly cuneate, margin with

coarse teeth often bearing small secondary teeth 32. P. grallatus

Lamiaceae

4: 141

46 Leaves usually thick-textured, apex obtuse to rounded, base truncate,
shortly attenuate or markedly decurrent on the petiole, margin regularly
crenate 33. P. rubropunctatus

30 Corolla tube 10 mm long or longer:

47 Corolla distinctly narrowing towards the throat; stamens 3 — 5 mm long:

48 Corolla white or tinged with mauve; leaves lighter-veined, under-surface with

minute honey-coloured gland-dots 25. P. oertendahlii

48 Corolla mauve to violet; leaves not lighter-veined, under-surface with minute red

gland-dots 26. P. praetermissus

47 Corolla not or scarcely narrowing towards the throat; stamens 7 — 10 mm long:

49 Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-deltoid, subglabrous, base truncate; upper lip of

corolla 10 — 16 mm long:

50 Corolla tube 8—18 mm long 38(a). P. saccatus var. saccatus

50 Corolla tube 20 — 26 mm long 38(b). P. saccatus var. longitubus

49 Leaves broadly elliptical to obovate-elliptical, sparingly strigose, base cuneate;

upper lip of corolla 5—6 mm long, tube 23-27 mm long 39. P. hilliardiae

28 (from p. 4: 139) Corolla tube expanding gradually from the calyx mouth or nearly

parallel-sided for entire length, straight or curved:

51 Corolla tube straight, more than 12 mm long:

52 Corolla tube 20— 25 mm long, nearly parallel-sided 40. P. ambiguus

52 Corolla tube 12—18 mm long, widening slightly towards the throat 41. P. ecklonii

51 Corolla tube curved, 7—10 mm long, rather like a miniature “Dutchman’s Pipe”:

53 Stems decumbent, greyish-tomentulose; leaves semi-succulent, 20 — 30 x 18—30 mm

42. P. dolomiticus

53 Stems erect to spreading, sparingly to densely pubescent; leaves herbaceous, 40—140 x

35—110 mm:

54 Leaves coarsely dentate, truncate at the base; corolla purple 43. P. petiolaris

54 Leaves regularly crenate-dentate, cordate; corolla white with vertical mauve stripes

on upper lip 44. P. laxiflorus

1. Plectranthus tetragonus Giirke in
Bot. Jb. 19: 109 (1894); Bak. in F.T.A. 5:

401 (1900); Hutch. & Dandy in Kew Bull.
1926: 481 (1926); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 26 (1969); Codd in Bothalia
11: 376 (1975). Type: Tanzania, Usambara,
Mashena, Holst 3573.

P. melanocarpus Giirke, l.c. 109 (1894); Bak., l.c.

402 (1900); Hutch. & Dandy, l.c. 481 (1926).
Englerastrum melanocarpus (Giirke) Th. Fries jun., l.c.
71 (1924). Coleus melanocarpus (Giirke) Robyns &
Lebrun, l.c. 106 (1929). Type: Tanzania, Massai
steppe, Fischer 511.

P. biflorus Bak., l.c. 402 (1900). Type: Malawi,
between Kondowe and Karonga, Whytes.n. (K.holo.).

Englerastrum tetragonus (Giirke) Th. Fries jun. in
Notizbl. bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 9: 73 (1924). Coleus
tetragonus (Giirke) Robyns & Lebrun in Annls Soc.
scient. Brux. s6r. B, 49: 106 (1929).

Erect, annual herb 0,3— 0,6 m tall;
stems solitary with conspicuous patent
bristles along the upper part. Leaves
petiolate; blade membranous, ovate, 35—70

x 20—35 mm, subglabrous, apex acute,
base obtuse to cuneate or attenuate on the
petiole, margin coarsely toothed. Inflore-
scences produced mainly after the leaves are
shed, terminal and from the nodes often
from near the base to the apex of the plant,
racemose, 40 — 120 mm long, simple or
branched; flowers numerous, solitary or
occasionally in pairs on slender pedicels,
opposite or alternate. Calyx 2 mm long at
flowering, increasing to 10 mm in fruit,
tubular and slightly curved; upper tooth
ovate, erect; lower 4 teeth lanceolate-
subulate, horizontal. Corolla yellow, 4—5
mm long, slightly geniculate and expanding
near the base. Stamens free or shortly united
at the base. Fig. 26: 1.

Recorded from northern S.W. A. /Namibia, Bo-
tswana, north-western Transvaal and Swaziland, and
extending to Mozambique and through Zimbabwe and
Zambia to Tanzania; in sandy soil in dry woodland.
Map 73.

I

4: 142

Lamiaceae

Vouchers: Ellis 3076; Giess 15117; Van Jaarsveld
3326.

Map 73. — O Plectranthus tetragonus
A P. esculentus

2. Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. in
Kew Bull. 1894; 12 (1894); in Hooker’s
Icon. PI. 25: t.2488 (1896); Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 285 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972);
Codd in Bothalia 11: 377 (1975). Type:
Natal, cult. Botanic Garden, Durban,
Medley Wood 3633 (K, holo.!).

P. floribundus N.E. Br., l.c. 12 (1894); in Hooker’s
Icon. PI. 25: t.2489 (1896); Cooke, l.c. 273 (1910).
Englerastrum floribundum (N.E. Br.) Th. Fries jun. in
Notizbl. bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin 9: 73 (1924). Coleus
floribundus (N.E. Br.) Robyns & Lebrun in Revue
Zool. Bot. afr. 16: 359 (1928); in Annls Soc. scient.
Brux. s6r. B, 49: 96 (1929), nom. illegit. Lectotype
(Robyns & Lebrun, 1928): Natal, Inanda, Medley
Wood 646 (K, lecto.!; PRE!).

— var. longipes N.E. Br., l.c. 13 (1894); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 403 (1900). E. floribundum var. longipes
(N.E. Br.) Th. Fries jun., l.c. 77 (1924). C. floribundus
var. longipes (N.E. Br.) Robyns & Lebrun, l.c. 360
(1928). Lectotype (Robyns & Lebrun, 1928): Zimbab-
we, Umzingwani River, Baines s.n. (K, lecto.).

Coleus dazo A. Chev., Veg. Utiles de l’Afr. Trop.
Franc. 1, 1: 106 (1905). Type: from West Africa.

Coleus esculentus (N.E. Br.) G. Tayl. in J. Bot.,
Lond. 69, Suppl. 2: 158 (1931).

Erect herb or suffrutex from a
tuberous-rooted base; stems 1— several

arising annually, sparingly branched,
0,6— 1,2 m tall, usually leafless at flowering.
Leaves fairly thick-textured, subsessile;
blade oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, 50—80
x 13 — 25 mm, scabrid, under-surface with
brown gland-dots, apex obtuse to rounded,
base obtuse to cuneate, margin obscurely
denticulate. Inflorescences occupying the
upper 0,2— 0,6 m of the stem, consisting of

2— 4 short racemes (occasionally branched)
from each node; flowers solitary in the axil
of each bract; bracts persistent; pedicels

3— 5 mm long. Calyx 9—10 mm long in fruit,
glandular-hispidulous, 5-toothed, the upper
tooth the largest. Corolla yellow, 14—16
mm long; tube geniculate, expanding above
the middle; upper lip 2 mm long; lower lip
deeply boat-shaped, 7—8 mm long. Stamens
usually united at the base, 6—7 mm long.

Distributed from Equatorial Africa southwards to
Angola, the eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and coastal
Natal, in dry wooded country; often spread by
cultivation because the tubers are edible. Map 73.

Vouchers: Galpin 591; Gerstner 5821; Rudatis
1105.

Characterized by the yellow flowers borne in short
pseudo-racemes after the leaves have been shed, and
the thickened, edible roots.

3. Plectranthus xerophilus Codd in
Bothalia 11: 282 (1974); ibid. 11: 378 (1975);
in Flower. PI. Afr. 44: t.1728 (1977). Type:
Transvaal, Lydenburg District, near Maro-
ne, Codd & Dyer 7729 (PRE, holo.!).

Perennial shrub 1 — 1,7 m tall with thick
horizontal tuberous roots; stems slender,
sparingly branched, terete to obscurely

4— angled, grey-tomentose. Leaves subsessile
to shortly petiolate; blade subcoriaceous,
ovate to elliptic, 35—90 x 25 — 70 mm, upper
surface bullate, grey-green, under-surface
reticulate, grey-tomentose with multicellu-
lar hairs, short gland-tipped hairs and
reddish brown gland-dots; apex obtuse to
rounded, base subtruncate, margin coarsely
crenate. Inflorescence terminal, on slender
peduncles up to 300 mm long, simple or with
1 — 3 pairs of basal branches, racemes
slender, up to 350 mm long; flowers densely
clustered in 12— 20-flowered verticils spaced

Fig 26. — 1, Plectranthus tetragonus, flowering stem, x 1; la, flower, x 5; lb, section through corolla, x 5;
lc, mature calyx, x 5 (Hardy 5630). 2, P. xerophilus, part of inflorescence, x 1; 2a, leaf, x 1 ; 2b, mature calyx, x
5; 2c, flower, x 5 (after Flower. PI. Afr. 44: t.1728, 1974).

Lamiaceae

4: 143

\er~

4: 144

Lamiaceae

3—25 mm apart; bracts early deciduous.
Calyx 4 mm long in fruit, subequally
5-toothed, crisped tomentose and gland-
dotted, the uppermost tooth slightly larger
than the rest. Corolla violet to mauve-
purple, crisped-tomentose without, c. 10
mm long; tube curved upwards and ex-
panding towards the throat; upper lip short,
hooded; lower lip boat-shaped, 4—6 mm
long. Stamens shortly united at the base,
7—8 mm long. Fig. 26: 2.

Found in the eastern and northern Transvaal at
medium to low altitudes on hot, dry, rocky slopes. Map
74.

Vouchers: Codd 10010; 10489; De Winter 7725;
Meeuse 10199; 10351.

A very distinct species with long slender inflore-
scences, flowers in crowded verticils, subequally
5-toothed calyx, a wide-mouthed corolla with a
somewhat hooded upper lip, and stamens shortly
united at the base.

4. Plectranthus candelabriformis

Launert in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 7:
300 (1968); Launert & Schreiber in

F.S.W.A. 123: 24 (1969); Codd in Bothalia
11: 380 (1975). Type: S.W. A./Namibia, 16
km E. of Runtu, Merxmuller & Giess 1912
(M, holo.!).

Erect perennial branched herb or
suffrutex up to 1 m tall; branches ascending,
sparingly pubescent with longish multicellu-
lar hairs. Leaves petiolate; blade thin-
textured, ovate, 60—150 x 35 — 80 ( — 110)
mm, sparingly pubescent, under-surface
with orange gland-dots, apex acute, base
rounded to subcordate, margin regularly
crenate-dentate; petiole 20—60 mm long.
Inflorescence a diffusely branched terminal
panicle with 1 or 2 main branches near the
base; flowers in 3-flowered pedunculate
cymes in the axils of persistent bracts;
peduncles c. 20 mm long, pedicels 5 — 10 mm
long. Calyx up to 9 mm long in fruit,
subequally 5-toothed, ventricose, freely
orange gland-dotted. Corolla violet,
6,5— 7,5 mm long; tube geniculate near the
base and expanding slightly towards the
throat; upper lip 4 mm long, lower lip
boat-shaped, 3,5 mm long. Stamens free to
the base, 3 mm long.

Extends from Tanzania to Zambia and the
extreme north of S.W. A./Namibia; on sandy soil in
thickets, grassy depressions and disturbed areas. Map
74.

Map 74. — A Plectranthus xerophilus
0 P. candelabriformis
O P. mirabilis

Vouchers: Only the type specimen seen.

A distinct species with subequally 5-toothed,
somewhat ventricose calyx and flowers in 3-flowered
pedunculate cymes.

5. Plectranthus mirabilis (Briq.)
Launert in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 7:
299 (1968); Launert & Schreiber in

F.S.W.A. 123: 25 (1969); Codd in Mitt. bot.
StSamml., Miinch. 10: 248 (1971); in
Bothalia 11: 381 (1975). Lectotype: Angola,
Malange, Mechow 489 (Z).

Coleus mirabilis Briq. in Bot. Jb. 19: 183 (1894);
Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 440 (1900); Codd in Flower. PI. Afr.
36: t.1417 (1963). — var. hypisodontus Briq., l.c.
(1894). Ascocarydion mirabile (Briq.) G. Tayl. in J.
Bot., Lond. 69, Suppl. 2: 162 (1931).

— var. mechowianus Briq., l.c. 19: 183 (1894). Type:
Angola, between Malange and Cuango Rivers,
Mechow s.n.

— var. poggeanus Briq., l.c. 19: 183 (1894). Type:
Upper Congo, Lulua River, Pogge 350.

— var. buchnerianus Briq., l.c. 19: 183 (1894).
Syntypes: Angola, Moma, near Malange, Buchner 81,
82, 83, 84, 85.

C. leucophyllus Bak. in Kew Bull. 1895: 292 (1895);
in F.T.A. 5: 442 (1900). Type: Malawi, Mivero, Carson
26.

Erect perennial woody herb or suffru-
tex 1 — 3,5 m tall; stems 1— several arising
annually from the base, unbranched or
sparingly branched, grey-tomentose. Leaves
petiolate; blade fairly thick-textured, ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, 60—120 x 30—60 mm,
upper surface dull green, under-surface

Lamiaceae

4: 145

densely grey-tomentose, orange gland-
dotted on both surfaces; apex acute, base
obtuse to cuneate, margin regularly and
finely crenate-dentate except in the lower
third; petiole 10—20 mm long. Inflorescence
a compact terminal panicle with usually 1 or
2 pairs of main branches near the base;
flowers densely placed in opposite and
decussate, pedunculate dichasia; bracts
early deciduous and present only as an
apical coma in the bud stage. Calyx 7 — 8 mm
long in fruit, becoming erect and ventricose,
subequally 5-toothed, glandular-hispid. Co-
rolla deep blue, 13 — 15 mm long; tube at
first narrow and ascending then sharply
recurved about the middle and expanding to
the throat; upper lip 4 mm long, lower lip
boat-shaped, 8—9 mm long. Stamens united
at the base, 7 — 9 mm long.

Found in Zaire, Malawi, Zambia, Angola and
northern S.W. A. /Namibia; in peaty soil in moist grassy
depressions and on river banks. Map 74.

Vouchers: Maguire 1700; Merxmiiller & Giess
2155; Schoenfelder 1049.

With its tall erect stems, grey-white foliage and
deep blue flowers, this is one of the most striking
members of the genus. In the inflorescence and floral
characters it is allied to P. hereroensis (below).

6. Plectranthus hereroensis Engl, in
Bot. Jb. 10; 267 (1888); Dinter in Feddes
Reprium 22; 380 (1926); Taylor in J. Bot.,
Lond. 69, Suppl. 2: 160 (1931); Launert &
Schreiber in F.S.W. A. 123: 25 (1969). Type:
S.W. A. /Namibia, Hereroland, Kaiser Wil-
helmsberg near Okahandja, Marloth 1350
(B, holo. t; G!, GRA!; K, lecto.!; M!;
PRE!; SAM!).

P. matabelensis Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 417 (1900).
Syntypes: Zimbabwe, Matabeleland, Shasha River,
Holub 1403-1406 (K).

Neomuellera damarensis S. Moore in J. Bot.,
London 39: 265 (1901). Type: S. W. A./Namibia,
Damaraland, Een s.n. (BM, holo.).

P. myrianthus Britp in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3:
1001 (1903); Cooke in F.C. 5, 1: 271 (1910); Codd in
Mitt. bot. StSamml., Miinch. 10: 248 (1971). Coleus
myrianthus (Briq.) Brenan in Mem. N.Y. bot. Gdn 9:
43 (1954). Type: Transvaal, Witwatersrand, Hutton 877
(Z, holo.!; GRA!; K!; NH!).

P. otaviensis Dinter in Feddes Reprium (Beih.) 53:
116, 117 (1928), nomen subnudum based on Dinter
5699 from Otavi (B!; PRE!; SAM!).

P. aurifer Dinter ex Launert in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,
Miinch. 2: 312 (1975); Dinter in Feddes Reprium
(Beih.) 53: 117 (1928), nomen subnudum. Type:
S.W. A./Namibia, Nossib, Dinter 7367 (M, holo.!; K!).

Erect annual or weakly perennial herb
up to 1 m tall; stem usually solitary,
branching above. Leaves petiolate; blade
thin to medium-textured, ovate to ovate-
triangular, 40—70 (—90) X 35—60 (—70)
mm, subglabrous to finely pubescent,
under-surface with reddish to brownish
gland-dots, apex acute, base truncate,
margin finely to coarsely crenate-dentate;
petiole 20—70 mm long. Inflorescence
terminal, paniculate, lax or dense; flowers
arranged in opposite and decussate, pedun-
culate, lax or dense dichasia; peduncle 8 — 20
mm long; bracts persistent. Calyx 5—7 mm
long in fruit, becoming erect and ventricose,
subequally 5-toothed. Corolla pale to deep
blue (rarely white), 6—7 mm long; tube at
first narrow and ascending then sharply
decurved about the middle and expanding
to the throat; upper lip 2 mm long, lower lip
deeply boat-shaped, 4—6 mm long. Stamens
free or shortly united at the base, 4—5 mm
long.

Found in northern S.W. A./Namibia, Botswana
and central and northern Transvaal, extending to
Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe; on south-facing and
wooded hillsides at medium to high altitudes. Map 75.

Vouchers: Codd 4193; 6555; 8629; Giess 3686;
10370; 15151.

There is a good deal of variation in size and
pubescence of the leaves and the size and number of
leaf-margin teeth. An interesting feature is that the
stamens are sometimes free and sometimes united at
the base, a distinction which, in the past, was used to
separate the genus Coleus from Plectranthus. It is
probable that certain species described from Zimbabwe
may prove to be synonyms.

Map 75. — A Plectranthus hereroensis
O P. spicatus

4: 146

Lamiaceae

7. Plectranthus spicatus E. Mey. ex

Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 230 (1837);
Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 133, 141 (1843);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 60 (1848); Cooke
in F.C. 5,1: 270 (1910); Codd in Mitt. bot.
StSamml., Munch. 10: 248 (1971); Ross, FI.
Natal 305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 383
(1975); Compton, FI. Swaziland 504 (1976).
Lectotype: Cape, “Glen-filling”, Drege

4731b in Herb. Benth. (K, lecto.!; MO!; P!;
S!).

P. subspicatus Hochst. in Flora 28: 67 (1845). Type:
Cape. Uitenhage, Krauss 1112.

Burnatastrum spicatum (E. Mey. ex Benth.) Briq. in
Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 358 (1897).

Perennial succulent plant; stems several
from the base, decumbent with inflorescen-
ces ascending up to 0,6 m, finely tomentose
to subglabrous. Leaves subsessile to shortly
petiolate; blade fleshy, drying fairly thick-
textured, obovate, 25 — 50 x 8—25 mm,
subglabrous to finely pubescent, veins
indistinct, under-surface with red gland-
dots; apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin
with a few irregular teeth mainly in the
upper half. Inflorescence subspicate, simple
or occasionally with a pair of branches near
the base, 90—300 mm long; flowers in
opposite and decussate, compact, several-
to many-flowered dichasia spaced 5 — 20 mm
apart; bracts shed at early flowering stage.
Calyx 5 mm long in fruit, slightly ventricose,
circinnate with the mouth erect, subequally
5-toothed. Corolla purple, 7—8 mm long;
tube at first narrow and ascending then
sharply decurved about the middle and
expanding towards the throat; upper lip 2,5
mm long, lower lip boat-shaped, 2,5 — 3 mm
long. Stamens free to the base, 2,5 — 3 mm
long.

Found in the eastern Transvaal lowveld, eastern
Swaziland and the coastal areas of Natal and eastern
Cape as far south as Humansdorp; in dry woodland
often associated with other succulent plants, in rocky
places or brackish flats. Map 75.

Vouchers: Codd 6500; 9630; Hilliard & Burtt
10315; Pegler 2026.

The calyx changes in shape as it matures. In the
flowering stage it is horizontal with the uppermost
tooth larger than the rest. As it becomes older the tube
curves upwards, becoming swollen at the base, and all
five teeth are erect with the uppermost only slightly
larger than the rest.

8. Plectranthus cylindraceus Hochst. ex
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 60 (1848); A.

Rich., Tent. FI. Abyss. 2: 182 (1851); Briq.
in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 354 (1897); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 414 (1900); Andrews, Flow. PI.
Sudan 3: 223 (1956); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 24 (1969); Codd in Mitt. bot.
StSamml., Munch. 10: 248 (1971); Ross, FI.
Natal 305 (1972); Agnew, Upland Kenya
Wild Flow. 635 (1974); Codd in Bothalia 11:
385 (1975); Compton, FI. Swaziland 502
(1976). Type: Ethiopia, Samen, near Gap-
dia, Schimper 1 13 (K, holo. ! ; BM! ; G! ; P!).

P. marrubioides Hochst. ex Benth. in DC., Prodr.
12: 60 (1848); A. Rich., l.c. 181 (1851); Briq., l.c. 354
(1897); Bak., l.c. 414 (1900). Type: Ethiopia, Samen,
near Jaja, Schimper 1925 (K, holo.!; BM!; G!; P!).

P. moschosmoides Bak., l.c. 414 (1900). Type:
Angola, Huila, Welwitsch 5489 (K, holo.!; BM!).

Germanea cylindracea (Hochst. ex Benth.) Hiern,
Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 861 (1900).

P. villosus T. Cooke in Kew Bull. 1909: 378 (1900);
in F.C. 5,1: 275 (1910). P. glomeratus R. A. Dyer in
Flower. PI. S. Afr. 24: sub. t.946 (1944), nom. superfl.
Type: Natal, Entumeni, Medley Wood 3955 (K, holo.!;
NH!).

P. densiflorus T. Cooke, l.c., 378 (1909); in F.C. 5,1:
276 (1910). Type: Natal, near the Mooi River, Medley
Wood 4475 (K, holo.!; GRA!; NH!; SAM!.).

P. spiciformis R. A. Dyer in Flower. PI. S. Afr. 24:
t.946 (1944). Type: Transvaal Hammanskraal, Mogg
sub PRE 27138 (PRE, holo.!).

Perennial succulent plant forming a
dense cluster of basal leaves from which
arise annually several to many stems;
stems erect or decumbent, 0,6— 1,5 m long,
finely pubescent. Leaves sessile or short-
ly petiolate; blade fleshy, drying thin or
thick-textured, broadly obovate to oblong-
obovate, 25—50 x 15—40 mm, tomentulose
on both surfaces, under-surface with pale to
yellow gland-dots; apex obtuse, base cune-
ate, margin with few, irregular teeth.
Inflorescence terminal, subspicate, dense or
interrupted, 80—350 mm long, usually with
1— several pairs of branches; flowers in
dense, villous, many-flowered, opposite and
decussate, subsessile dichasia. Calyx 3 mm
long in fruit, slightly curved upwards,
villous, 5-toothed, the uppermost tooth
distinctly larger than the rest. Corolla pale
mauve and white, whitish or occasionally
yellowish, 4—5 mm long; tube straight,
expanding slightly towards the throat; upper
lip 1 mm long, lower lip concave, 2 mm
long, both lips pubescent. Stamens free to
the base, 2,5—4 mm long.

Lamiaceae

4: 147

Widespread in Africa from Ethiopia southwards to
Angola, northern S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana, Trans-
vaal (excluding the Highveld), eastern Swaziland,
Natal midlands and coast to the Umtamvuna River;
often growing communally in dry woodland under
thorn trees and on brackish soil, as well as in crevices
on rocky slopes. Map 76.

Vouchers; Codd 6037; 8365; 8679; De Winter 2882;
Galpin M288.

The flowers are among the smallest in the genus.
The structure of the glomerate flower clusters is
difficult to discern because of the dense covering of
hairs but is essentially the same as that of P. spicatus
(above); however, the calyx is not markedly circinnate
so that this species is intermediate between P. spicatus
(i.e. the genus Burnatastrum Briq.) and the more
conventional Plectranthus spp.

Map 76. — A Plectanthus cylindraceus
O P. unguentarius

9. Plectranthus unguentarius Codd in
Bothalia 11: 387 (1975). Type: S.W.A ./
Namibia, Kaokoveld, 17 km S. of Kaoko
Otavi, De Winter & Leistner 5595 (PRE,
holo.!).

P. amboinicus sensu Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123:24 (1969).

Perennial erect semi-succulent suffru-
tex 1 — 1,5 m tall; stems woody at the base,
sparingly branched, densely cano-
tomentose. Leaves petiolate; blade semi-
fleshy, drying fairly thick-textured, broadly
obovate to subrotund, 40—60 x 40 — 70 mm,
densely pubescent, under-surface with red-
dish brown gland-dots, apex rounded, base
cuneate to abruptly attenuate, margin
crenate. Inflorescence terminal, spike-like,
up to 350 mm long, simple or with a pair of

branches near the base; flowers in very
dense ± 20-flowered cymes, densely tomen-
tose, producing ± 40-flowered verticils,
crowded towards the apex and spaced
10 — 30 mm apart lower down. Calyx 5—6
mm long in fruit, glandular-tomentose;
uppermost tooth much larger than the
remaining 4 teeth, ovate-oblong, abruptly
acute at the apex. Corolla white, 10 — 12 mm
long; tube slightly bent about the middle
and expanding to the throat; upper lip 1,5
mm long. Stamens united at the base for
1—2 mm, 5 — 7 mm long.

Known only from the Kaokoveld in northern
S.W. A. /Namibia, in dry Mopane woodland on high
rocky situations. Map 76.

Vouchers: In addition to the type, only one
specimen seen, Davies, Thompson & Miller 88.

The roots are pleasantly aromatic and are used in
the preparation of a pomade by the local inhabitants.

The species is related to P. amboinicus (below) but
is more robust, with erect stems, more densely-
flowered verticils and larger flowers.

10. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.)
Spreng. , Syst. Veg. 2: 690 (1825), as
‘Amboinensis’; Launert in Mitt. bot.
StSamml., Miinch. 7: 298 (1969); Ross, FI.
Natal 305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 388
(1975). Type: from Amboina, Moluccas
(only a few scarcely recognizable fragments
exist in BM, but the description is detailed
and adequate; Launert, l.c., has designated
a specimen from Siam, Kerr s.n. in BM, as
being representative of the species).

Coleus amboinicus Lour., FI. Cochin. 372 (1790);
Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 359 (1897); Merrill in
Addisonia 20: 11 (1937); Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,
Munch. 10: 248 (1971); Compton, FI. Swaziland 505
(1976). Majana amboinica (Lour.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen.
2: 524 (1891).

C. aromaticus Benth. in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2: 15
(1831); Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 18: t.1520 (1832); Benth.,
Lab. 51 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 72 (1848); Hook, f.,
FI. Brit. Ind. 4: 625 (1885); Trimen, Handb. FI. Ceylon
3: 374 (1895). Plectranthus aromaticus Roxb., Hort.
Beng. 45 (1814), nom. nud. P. aromaticus (Benth.)
Roxb., FI. Ind. edn 2,3: 22 (1832). Type: India, Patna,
Buchanan- Hamilton (in Herb. Wallich, K, holo.!).

C. crassifotius Benth. in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2: 15
(1831); Lab. 52 (1832). Type: India, Wight (in Herb.
Wallich, K, holo.!).

C. amboinicus var. violaceus Giirke in Bot. Jb. 19:
210 (1894); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 434 (1900); Hiern, Cat.
Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 865 (1900). Type: Tanzania, Lake
Chala, Volkens 321 (BM!; K!).

4: 148

Lamiaceae

Perennial, succulent, many-stemmed
herb; stems decumbent, up to 1,5 m long,
pubescent, with ascending inflorescences.
Leaves petiolate; blade fleshy, drying
thick-textured, broadly ovate to ovate-
deltoid, 25—45 x 25—40 mm, densely
pubescent, both surfaces with pale to
brownish gland-dots, apex obtuse to
rounded, base truncate to abruptly attenu-
ate, margin finely crenate; petiole 4—10 mm
long. Inflorescence slender, spike-like,
100—300 mm long; flowers in densely
glomerate verticils spaced 10—30 mm apart;
bracts persistent to flowering stage. Calyx
5—6 mm long in fruit, glandular-villous;
uppermost tooth much larger than the rest,
oblong to broadly oblong, abruptly apicu-
late. Corolla lilac, mauve or whitish, 7—9
mm long; tube slightly bent about the mid-
dle and expanding to the throat; upper lip
1,5 — 2 mm long, lower lip boat-shaped, 4 mm
long. Stamens united at the base for 1 — 2
mm, 4—5 mm long.

Occurs naturally from Kenya southwards to
Angola in the west and, in the east, to Mozambique,
Swaziland and northern Natal; at low altitudes in
woodland or coastal bush, on rocky slopes and loamy
or sandy flats. Map 77.

Vouchers: Compton 28621; 29081; Ward 3983.

This was one of the plants taken by the early
voyagers from Africa to the Far East and is now widely
cultivated in the tropics of both hemispheres. The
leaves are strongly and pleasantly aromatic and are
used medicinally and for flavouring food, being known
as Soup Mint, French Thyme, Spanish Thyme, Country
Borage and Indian Mint. According to Trimen, l.c. , it
is employed as a medicine, especially for cattle, and a
plant was always found growing in a little box
suspended from the ox-carts.

11. Plectranthus tetensis (Bak.) Ag-
new, Upland Kenya Wild Flow. 635 (1974);
Codd in Bothalia 11: 390 (1975). Type:
Mozambique, near Tete, Kirk. s.n. (K,
holo.!).

C. decumbens Giirke in Bot. Jb. 19: 211 (1894);
Bak., l.c. 431 (1900); Compton, FI. Swaziland 505
(1976); non Plectranthus decumbens Hook. f. (1864).
Syntypes: Kenya, Duruma district, Hildebrandt 230;
Tanzania, Kilimanjaro, Volkens 237 (BR!).

Coleus tetensis Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 431 (1900).

C. vagatus E. A. Bruce in Bothalia 6: 227 (1951);
Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 10: 248 (1971).

Plectranthus vagatus (E. A. Bruce) Codd in Ross, FI.
Natal 305 (1971), non rite publ.

Perennial, semi-succulent, several-
stemmed procumbent herb; stems pub-
escent, sparingly branched, up to 0,7 m long
with ascending inflorescences. Leaves
shortly petiolate; blade softly succulent,
ovate to obovate, 15—25 x 12—20 mm,
pubescent, under-surface with orange-red
gland-dots, apex obtuse, base cuneate to
obtuse, obscurely crenate-dentate. Inflore-
scence a terminal, dense spike-like raceme
50—80 mm long, not markedly 4-angled at
the apex; bracts persistent, fleshy, rounded;
flowers in 4— 6-flowered sessile cymes,
forming 8— 12-flowered verticils; pedicels
erect, appressed to the rhachis. Calyx 4—5
mm long in fruit, red gland-dotted without,
densely villous inside, bilabiate, the upper
lip consisting of a large broadly ovate tooth,
the lower lip of 4 subequal deltoid-subulate
teeth. Corolla mauve-purple, 15 — 18 mm
long; tube narrow and ascending then
geniculate and expanding about the middle;
upper lip 3,5—4 mm long, lower lip deeply
boat-shaped, 9—11 mm long. Stamens 9—11
mm long, united at the base for 2 mm. Fig.
27: 2.

Map 77. — O Plectranthus amboinicus
A P. tetensis
() P. caninus

Fig 27. — 1, Plectranthus neochilus, flowering stem, x 1; la, leaf, x 1; lb, calyx, front view, x 3; lc, section
through corolla, x 2,5 (living plant, BRI garden). 2, P. tetensis, flowering stem, x 1; 2a, leaf, x 1; 2b, calyx, front
view, x 3; 2c, section through corolla, x 3 (Hardy 5605).

Lamiaceae

4: 149

2c

4: 150

Lamiaceae

Distributed from Kenya and Tanzania through
Mozambique and Zimbabwe to northern S.W. A. /Na-
mibia, Botswana, northern and eastern Transvaal,
eastern Swaziland to coastal northern Natal; usually
associated with dry thorn-scrub on brackish flats. Map
77.

Vouchers; Codd 6083; Hardy 5605; Van der Schijff
3020; 3536.

Obviously related to P. caninus (no. 12) and P.
neochilus (no. 13) but distinguished by the trailing
stems and fleshy persistent bracts. The leaves are not
unpleasantly scented.

12. Plectranthus caninus Roth, Nov.
PI. Sp. 279 (1821); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 24 (1969); Agnew, Upland
Kenya Wild Flow. 635 (1974); Codd in
Bothalia 11: 390 (1975). Type: India, Heyne
s.n. (Herb. Wallich, K!).

Coleus spicatus Benth. in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2; 15
(1831); Lab. 49 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 71 (1848);
Wight, Ic. t.1431 (1849); Hook, f., FI. Br. India 4: 624
(1885). Type: India, Wight s.n. (K, holo.!).

C. caninus (Roth) Vatke in Linnaea 37: 318 (1871),
excl. Schimper 622; Gurke in Bot. Jb. 19: 212 (1894);
Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4: 3a: 359 (1897); Codd in
Bothalia 7: 433 (1961).

C. flavovirens Gurke in Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost.-Afr.
C 347 (1895). Type: East Africa, Volkens 1771 (BR!).

C. omahekense Dinter in Feddes Reprium (Beih.)
53: 123 (1928). Syntypes: S.W. A. /Namibia, Grootfon-
tein, Etemba, Dinter 3265; Otjikuara, Dinter 3265.

Annual or weak perennial, erect,
branching, semi-succulent herb, 0,15—0,4 m
tall; stems villous. Leaves petiolate; blade
slightly fleshy, oblanceolate, obovate-
oblanceolate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate,
30—55 x 25 — 35 mm, sparingly pubescent,
under-surface with reddish gland-dots and
short gland-tipped hairs, apex acute to
obtuse, base cuneate, margin subentire to
obscurely few-toothed; petiole 4—20 mm
long. Inflorescence a terminal, dense,
spike-like raceme 25—90 mm long, simple
or occasionally with a pair of branches near
the base; bracts forming a 4-angled apical
coma, early deciduous; flowers in 3—4-
flowered sessile cymes, forming 6 — 8-
flowered closely placed verticils; pedicels
erect. Calyx 5 mm long in fruit, similar to P.
tetensis (above). Corolla blue-purple, 8—10
mm long; tube slightly geniculate and
expanding about the middle; upper lip 1,5
mm long, lower lip boat-shaped, 5—6 mm
long. Stamens 5—6 mm long, united at the
base for 1,5 mm.

Recorded from India and from Ethiopia through
east tropical Africa to Zimbabwe, Zambia and into
northern S.W. A. /Namibia and northern Transvaal;
often growing communally under trees in dry open
woodland or on rocky outcrops. Map 77.

Vouchers: Giess 12554; Mauve 5284; Tolken 5420.

Closely related to P. neochilus (below) but has
more compact (not interrupted) inflorescences and
shorter corolla. The leaves are unpleasantly aromatic.

13. Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. in J.
Bot., Lond. 34: 394 (1896); Cooke in F.C.
5, 1: 285 (1910); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 25 (1969); Ross, FI. Natal
305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 392 (1975).
Type: Transvaal, Barberton, Rimers Creek,
Galpin 968 (K, holo.!; GRA!; NH!).

Coleus schinzii Giirke in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 555
(1898); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 430 (1900). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Ovamboland, Tsumeb, Schinz 56 (Z,
holo.!).

C. pentheri Giirke in Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 20:
48 (1905); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 289 (1910); Bruce in
Hooker’s Icon. PI. 34: t.3375 (1938). Type: Cape
Province, Albany District, Breakfast Vlei, Krook in
Herb. Penther 1716 (W, holo.!; PRE!).

C. carnosus Dinter, ined.; Dinter ex Eliovson, S.
Afr. Flow, for the Gdn 165 (1955), illustr. only.

C. neochilus (Schltr.) Codd in Bothalia 7: 432 (1961);
Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 288, 1. 143,2 (1962).

Perennial or sometimes annual, de-
cumbent to erect, often much branched and
bushy, succulent herb 0,12—0,5 m tall;
stems sparingly to densely villous; roots
sometimes tuberous. Leaves petiolate;
blade succulent, often viscid, tending to fold
along the midrib, obovate to elliptic-ovate,
20—50 x 15—35 mm, pubescent, under-
surface with orange gland-dots, apex ob-
tuse, base cuneate to attenuate, margin
obscurely few-toothed; petiole 5 — 15 mm
long. Inflorescence a terminal spike-like
raceme 70 — 150 mm long; bracts forming a
4-angled apical coma, greenish white tipped
with purple, early deciduous; flowers in
3-flowered sessile cymes, forming 6-
flowered verticils; verticils dense above,
laxer and 5 — 15 mm apart below; pedicels
erect. Calyx 6 mm long in fruit, similar to P.
tetensis (no. 11). Corolla mauve-purple,
12—20 mm long; tube slightly geniculate
about the middle and expanding towards the
throat; upper lip bluish white, 2 mm long;
lower lip boat-shaped, 8—11 mm long.
Stamens 8 — 11 mm long, united at the base
for 2—3 mm. Fig 27: 1.

Lamiaceae

4: 151

Map 78. — Plectranthus neochilus

Recorded from Zambia, Zimbabwe, northern
S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana, central and eastern
Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal Midlands and eastern
Cape as far south as Albany District; usually under
trees in open woodland and among rocks (especially
dolomite) in grassland. Map 78.

Vouchers; Acocks 9547; 11262; Codd 2570 ; 8602;
9531; Sidey 3670.

The species varies a good deal in vegetative
characters. In S.W. A. /Namibia the plants often behave
as annuals with ascending stems, whereas in the eastern
parts of its range the plants tend to be perennial and the
stems decumbent; some plants occurring in grassy
places have tuberous roots. In all forms the leaves are
unpleasantly scented and the floral characters are
relatively constant. The distinctions between P.
neochilus and the closely related P. caninus (no. 12)
and P. ornatus (below) are discussed in Bothalia 11:
393 (1975).

14. Plectranthus ornatus Codd in Bo-
thalia 11: 393 (1975). Type: Ethiopia,
Schimper II. 1328 ( P! ) .

Coleus comosus Hochst. ex Giirke in Bot. Jb. 19: 212
(1894); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 426 (1900); Bruce in
Hooker’s Icon. PI. 34: t.3374 (1938); non Plectranthus
comosus Sims (1822). C. spicatus sensu A. Rich., Tent.
FI. Abyss. 2: 183 (1851), as to syn. and spec, cited. C.
caninus sensu Vatke in Linnaea 37: 318 (1871); sensu
Engl., Hochgebirgsfl. Trop. Afr. 359 (1892).

Perennial decumbent to trailing succu-
lent herb, branching freely at the base, up to
0,3 m tall. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade
succulent, drying thick-textured, obovate to
broadly obovate, 20—30 x 15 — 25 mm,
sparingly to fairly densely pubescent,
under-surface with orange gland-dots,
strongly veined, apex rounded, base cune-
ate, margin finely crenate-dentate in the
upper half; petiole 2—10 mm long. Inflore-
scence a terminal dense spike-like raceme

40—60 (—90) mm long; bracts forming a
4-angled apical coma, greenish white tipped
with purple, early deciduous; flowers in
3-flowered sessile cymes, forming 6-
flowered verticils; verticils crowded except
for 1 — 3 shortly spaced below; pedicels
erect. Calyx 6 mm long in fruit, similar to P.
tetensis (no. 11). Corolla bluish mauve with
purple mottling on the upper lip, 20 — 25 mm
long; tube slightly geniculate and expanding
towards the throat; upper lip 6 mm long,
lower lip boat-shaped, 12—15 mm long,
sometimes bifurcate at the apex. Stamens
12—14 mm long, united at the base for 3—4
mm.

Indigenous in Ethiopia to Tanzania at relatively
high altitudes, growing among rocks in semi-shade.
Cultivated and semi-naturalized in Southern Africa.

Voucher: Codd 8238.

Related to P. neochilus (above) but may be
separated by the shorter, more compact inflorescence
and the longer corolla, especially the longer upper lip
of the corolla, while the lower lip is often split
longitudinally at the apex. The leaves are unpleasantly
scented.

15. Plectranthus barbatus Andr. *, Bot.
Rep. t.594 (1809); Agnew, Upland Kenya
Wild Flow. 636 (1974); Codd in Bothalia 11:
394 (1975). Type: Bot. Rep. t.594, ex hort.
England, seed from Ethiopia, no specimen
preserved.

P. forskohlii sensu Ait. f. , Hort. Kew. edn 2,3: 425
(1811); sensu Sims in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. t.2036 (1819).
Coleus forskohlii sensu Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a:
359 (1897).

Coleus barbatus (Andr.) Benth. in Wall., PI. As.
Rar. 2: 15 (1831); Lab. 49 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 71
(1848); Hook, f., FI. Brit. Ind. 4: 625 (1885); Trimen,
Handb. FI. Ceylon 3: 373 (1895); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 429
(1900); Bruce in Kew Bull. 1935: 322 (1935); Andrews
Flow. PI. Sudan 3: 208, t.53 (1935).

Erect, bushy, softly semi-succulent
woody herb or soft shrub up to 3 m tall;
stems densely woolly tomentose. Leaves
petiolate; blade semi-succulent, ovate to
broadly elliptical, 40—90 X 25—50 mm,
densely woolly tomentose, under-surface
copiously gland-dotted, apex obtuse to
rounded, base obtuse to cuneate, margin
regularly crenate-dentate; petiole 10—20
mm long. Inflorescence a terminal spike-like
raceme 200—230 mm long, enclosed in large
imbricate bracts in the bud stage, elongating

* Willemse in Kew Bull. 40: 96 (1985) considers that
the correct name for this species is P. comosus Sims.

4: 152

Lamiaceae

and becoming lax with age; bracts ovate,
acuminate, early deciduous; flowers in
3— 4-flowered sessile cymes forming 6—8-
flowered verticils. Calyx 7 mm long in fruit,
like P. tetensis (no. 11), glandular hispid.
Corolla pale blue-mauve, 17—20 mm long;
tube geniculate about the middle and
expanding to the mouth; upper lip 3 mm
long, lower lip boat-shaped 10—13 mm,
long. Stamens 10 — 14 mm long, united at the
base for 3 mm.

A native of India and probably introduced to East
Africa at an early stage. Cultivated in various parts of
the world, including Southern Africa, where it has
become semi-naturalized.

Vouchers: Codd 6631; Strey 3872.

16. Plectranthus dinteri Briq. in Bull.
Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 1070 (1903); Codd
in Bothalia 11: 396 (1975). Type:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Hereroland, Waterberg,
Dinter 336.

P. zatarhendi sensu Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 26 (1969).

Erect to spreading, annual or perennial
semi-succulent herb about 0,4 (rarely to 1
m) tall, sparingly branched; stems densely
glandular-tomentose. Leaves petiolate;
blade softly semi-succulent, ovate to broad-
ly ovate, 30—90 x 25 — 70 mm, coarsely
glandular-pubescent, under-surface with red
gland-dots, apex acute to obtuse, base
truncate, margin coarsely to deeply dentate;
petiole 25—40 mm long. Inflorescence
terminal, simple or with a pair of branches
near the base, racemes 100—250 mm long;
flowers in 3— 6-flowered sessile cymes,
forming 6— 12-flowered verticils; verticils
10—25 mm apart; bracts early deciduous.
Calyx 4 mm long in fruit, glandular-scabrid
and red gland-dotted; tube declinate, gib-
bous at the base; uppermost tooth the
largest, erect, ovate, acute, remaining 4
teeth subequal, lanceolate-subulate. Corolla
mauve-purple, red gland-dotted, 8—10 mm
long; tube geniculate about the middle and
expanding to the throat; upper lip 2 mm
long, lower lip boat-shaped, 4—5 mm long.
Stamens free to the base, 4—5 mm long.

Found in the north-central part of S.W. A. /Nami-
bia, in sandy places and rock crevices, particularly on
the dolomite formation. Map 79.

Vouchers: Dinter 2426 ; 5606; Giess 9600; 12556;
Hardy 2130.

Map 79. — ▲ Plectranthus dinteri
# P. grandidentatus

17. Plectranthus grandidentatus Giirke
in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 554 (1898), partly;
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 278 (1910); Codd in
Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 10: (1971);
Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia
11: 396 (1975); Compton, FI. Swaziland 503
(1976). Lectotype: Cape, East Griqualand,
Emyembe Mtn, Tyson sub Herb. Austr.
Afr. 1517 (K, lecto.!).

Perennial semi-succulent procumbent
herb; stems up to 2 m long, fairly densely to
densely tomentose. Leaves petiolate; blade
semi-succulent, ovate to broadly ovate,
20—70 x 18—75 mm usually densely
pubescent, under-surface with red to
brownish gland-dots, apex acute, base
truncate, margin deeply dentate with 4—7
pairs of triangular teeth 3—7 mm long;
petiole 15—45 mm long. Inflorescence
terminal, often on short lateral shoots,
usually simple or occasionally with 1 — 2
pairs of branches near the base; flowers in
3— 6-flowered sessile cymes, forming 6— 12-
flowered verticils; verticils 5 — 10 mm apart.
Calyx 4 mm long in fruit, glandular-scabrid.
Corolla white (rarely purple), finely pub-
escent and gland-dotted, 7—13 mm long;
tube slightly bent about the middle and
expanding to the throat; lower lip boat-
shaped, 4—8 mm long. Stamens free to the
base, 5—8 mm long.

Distributed from the Soutpansberg to eastern
Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal midlands and eastern

Lamiaceae

4: 153

Cape to about Queenstown; in relatively dry, rocky
places in open woodland. Map 79.

Vouchers: Codd 5933; 8621; Dyer 4870; Story
4209.

P. grandidentatus is a fairly clear-cut entity with
trailing or straggly stems, floccose-tomentose stems and
leaves, deeply dentate leaves, which are broadly
truncate at the base, and usually white flowers. There is
a good deal of variation in leaf size and in size of
marginal teeth so that at one end of the scale, it
approaches P. madagascariensis (no. 19) and, at the
other end, it tends to grade into P. hadiensis (no. 18),
possibly as a result of hybridization. The typification of
the species is discussed in Bothalia 11: 397 (1975).

18. Plectranthus hadiensis (Forssk.)
Schweinf. ex Sprenger, Wein. III. Gart.
Zeitung 19: 2 (1894); C. Christensen in
Dansk. bot. Ark. 4: 21 (1922); Wood in
Kew Bull. 37: 599 (1983). Type: Yemen,
Hadiyah, Forsskdl (C, holo.!). Wood, l.c.,
has shown that this specimen, previously
considered to be the type of Ocimum
zatarhendi Forssk., does not agree with the
description of that species, but agrees in
every respect with the description of O.
hadiense Forssk. There is circumstantial
evidence that at some time early in the
nineteenth century the specimen was
wrongly annotated.

Perennial semi-succulent herb; stems
erect to decumbent, 0,5 — 1,5 m tall, sparsely
to densely tomentose. Leaves petiolate;
blade medium- to thick-textured, ovate to
subrotund, (35-)40-105 x (25-)30-100
mm, sparingly strigose to densely woolly-
tomentose, gland-dotted, apex acute to
rounded, base cuneate to subcordate,
margin shallowly to fairly distinctly crenate-
dentate; petiole 10—40 mm long. Inflore-
scence terminal, simple or with 1 — 2 pairs of
branches near the base, racemes 80—500
mm long; bracts usually early deciduous but
sometimes persisting to the flowering stage
(in var. tomentosus ); flowers in sessile
4— 15-flowered cymes, forming 8 — 25-
flowered verticils; verticils 10—30 mm apart;
pedicels 2—4 mm long. Calyx 5 mm long in
fruit, glandular-scabrid, shape as in P.
dinteri (no. 16). Corolla usually shades of
mauve to purple, rarely white, 7—13 mm
long, finely pubescent and gland-dotted on
the lips; tube expanding gradually from the
base and bent about the middle; lower lip
boat-shaped, 4—7 mm long. Stamens free to
the base, 5 — 8 mm long.

According to the present concept, the species is
found from the Transkei, through Natal, Swaziland,
Transvaal and tropical east Africa to Somalia and the
southern Arabian Peninsula, occurring at forest
margins in dry woodland and among rocks in grassland.

A good deal of variation is included in the concept
and 3 varieties are recognized in Southern Africa.

The varieties are keyed out in the key to species.

(a) var. hadiensis.

Ocimum hadiense Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 109
(1775). Plectranthus forsskalaei Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 44
(1790), nom. superfl. P. hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf.
ex Sprenger, Wein III. Gart. Zeitung 19: 2 (1894); C.
Christensen in Dansk. bot. Ark. 4: 21 (1922); Wood in
Kew Bull. 37: 599 (1983). See note on typification
above.

P. pachyphyllus Giirke ex T. Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 185
(1910). Type: Natal, Inchanga, Rehmann 7878 (Z,
holo.!).

P. zatarhendi sensu E.A. Bruce in Kew Bull. 1935:
590 (1935). P. zatarhendi var. zatarhendi sensu Codd in
Bothalia 11: 398 (1975).

Stems 1 — few from a perennial base,
erect or decumbent, 0,3— 0,6 m long,
sparingly branched, densely glandular-
tomentose; leaves broadly ovate, 35 — 80 x
20—55 mm, densely tomentose on both
surfaces, shallowly crenate-dentate; inflore-
scence simple or occasionally with a pair of
branches near the base, racemes 80—300
mm long; flowers 4—8 in the axil of each
bract, bracts early deciduous.

Found in the midlands and semi-coastal Natal and
mountainous parts of eastern and central Transvaal,
among rocks in dry woodland or on exposed rocky
places in grassland where it is subjected to periodic
burning. It extends through east tropical Africa to the
southern Arabian Peninsula. Map 80.

Vouchers: Breyer sub TRV 17783; Galpin 13300;
Medley Wood 4775; Strey 5164.

The typical form of the species has relatively short,
somewhat decumbent stems, large, densely tomentose,
rather shallowly crenate-dentate leaves and a short,
simple or rarely branched inflorescence with 4—8
flowers in the axil of each bract.

(b) var. tomentosus (Benth.) Codd,
comb. nov.

P. tomentosus Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 229 (1837);
Drdge, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 159, 160 (1843); Benth. in DC..
Prodr. 12: 67 (1848); Wood, Natal PI. 4: t.316 (1906)
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 186 (1910), partly; Dyer in Flower
PI. S. Afr. 24: t.960 (1944); Compton, Checklist FI
Swaziland 67 (1966); Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml.
Miinch. 10: 248 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972). P
zatarhendi var. tomentosus (Benth.) Codd in Bothali;
11: 399 (1975); Compton, FI. Swaziland 504 (1976)
Type: Natal, Port Natal, Dr&ge (K, holo.!; MO!; P!).

4: 154

Lamiaceae

Map 80. — O Plectranthus hadiensis var. hadiensis
A P. hadiensis var. tomentosus

Stems 1 — few, densely to shaggily
tomentose, when erect usually solitary,
branching above, up to 1,5 m tall, or
decumbent to 0,7 m long; leaves broadly
ovate to subrotund, 40—100 x 32—100 mm,
densely tomentose on both surfaces, shal-
lowly to fairly distinctly crenate-dentate;
inflorescence usually with 1 or 2 pairs of
branches near the base, occasionally simple,
racemes 150—500 mm long, flowers 5 — 15 in
the axil of each bract, bracts sometimes
persisting to the flowering stage.

Found mainly in semi-coastal areas from about the
Kei River to coastal Natal, extending inland to
Swaziland and the eastern Transvaal; in dry woodland
and rocky grassland. Introduced into Ceylon and India,
where it is cultivated to some extent. Map 80.

Vouchers: Codd 9589; 9613; Compton 27760; Dyer
4352; Medley Wood 5752.

In its typical form it is a robust erect branched
plant with a large branched inflorescence of pale mauve
flowers. However, plants with similar leaves and
tomentum but with shorter, decumbent stems are
found, particularly in Swaziland and eastern Transvaal,
suggesting a gradation into var. hadiensis. Specimens
are also seen in these areas with fairly deeply
crenate-dentate leaves which cannot always be separ-
ated with certainty from P. grandidentatus (no. 17). It is
possible that hybridization between the two occurs,
which might account for occasional plants with mauve
flowers being placed in P. grandidentatus (no. 17) and
others with white flowers in P. hadiensis var.
tomentosus.

(c) var. woodii (Giirke) Codd, comb.

nov.

P. woodii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 76 (1898) (sphalm.
“Wodii”); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 287 (1910); Codd in Mitt.

bot. StSamml., Miinch. 10: 248 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal
305 (1972). P. zatarhendi var. woodii (Giirke) Codd in
Bothalia 11: 401 (1975). Lectotype: Natal, Ipolweni,
Wood s.n. (GRA, lecto.!).

P. draconis Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3:
1071 (1903); Cooke, l.c. 288 (1910). Type; Natal,
Biggarsberg, Rehmann 7092 (Z, holo.!).

Stems 1 — few arising annually from a
perennial base, decumbent or suberect,
0,3 — 0,6 m long, sparingly branched,
glandular-puberulous to sparsely or fairly
densely strigose; leaves ovate-elliptical to
broadly ovate, (30— )35— 60 x 25—50 mm,
shortly hispid to sparingly or fairly densely
strigose, shallowly to fairly distinctly
crenate-dentate; inflorescence simple or
with a pair of branches near the base,
racemes 100—350 mm long, flowers 3— 8 in
the axil of each bract, bracts early decidu-
ous.

Found in central Natal, extending into eastern and
central Transvaal, and across the southern border into
Transkei and the eastern Cape Province; among rocks
in thorn scrub and dry woodland. Map 81.

Vouchers: Codd 5939; 8596; 8597; Strey 4472;
6420.

The leaves are less densely pubescent and often
smaller than in var. hadiensis and var. tomentosus.
There is some overlapping in leaf size with P.
madagascariensis var. madagascariensis (below) which,
however, usually has smaller leaves, trailing stems and
white flowers. The flowers of var. woodii are usually
mauve.

19. Plectranthus madagascariensis

(Pers.) Benth., Lab. 37 (1832); in E. Mey.,
Comm. 230 (1837); Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc.
153, 160 (1843); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12:
68 (1848); Blake in Contr. Queensl. Herb.
9; 39, 110 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 305
(1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 503 (1976).
Type: Mauritius or Reunion, Commerson
(Herb. Juss., P, holo.!).

Ocimum madagascariense Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 135
(1807). Coleus madagascariensis (Pers.) A. Chev. in
Rev. Bot. appl. Agric. trop. 33: 338 (1953).

Perennial, often semi-succulent herb;
stems procumbent, up to 1 m long (typical)
or decumbent to erect, 0,3—0,45 m long
(vars.), sparingly to densely and shortly
tomentose, often with longer hairs and
glandular hairs intermingled. Leaves petio-
late; blade slightly succulent, drying thin to
thickish in texture, ovate to subrotund,
15 — 30(— 45) x 10—25 mm, upper surface
strigose, under-surface medium to densely

Lamiaceae

4: 155

Map 81. — O Plectranthus hadiensis var. woodii
A P. madagascariensis var.
madagascariensis

tomentose with reddish to brown gland-
dots, apex obtuse to rounded, base truncate
to cuneate, margin obscurely crenate to
crenate-dentate; petiole 5—35 mm long.
Inflorescence terminal to main stem and on
side branches, simple or sometimes with
1—2 pairs of branches near the base;
racemes 90—250 mm long; flowers in
3 — 8-flowered cymes, forming 6 — 16-
flowered verticils spaced 5—20 mm apart;
bracts 3 mm long, early deciduous. Calyx
4—5 mm long at fruiting stage, gibbous at
the base, glandular-scabrid and gland-
dotted, shape as in P. dinteri (no. 16).
Corolla white or mauve to purple, often
reddish gland-dotted on the lips, 5 — 18 mm
long; tube bent about the middle; lower lip
boat-shaped, longer than the tube. Stamens
free at the base, about as long as the lower
corolla lip.

Found in the eastern Cape Province, Transkei,
semi-coastal Natal, Swaziland and Transvaal; also in
Mozambique and the Mascarenes. Grows in forest
margins, dry woodland and rocky places in grassland.

Three varieties are recognized in Southern Africa
and are keyed out in the key to species. In addition, a
variegated form of unknown origin, with white margins
to the leaves, is commonly cultivated; otherwise it has
all the characteristics of var. madagascariensis and is
not given separate taxonomic status.

(a) var. madagascariensis.

Codd in Bothalia 11: 403 (1975). Type:
Mauritius or Reunion, Commerson (Herb.
Juss., P, holo.!).

Ocimum tomentosum Thunb., Prodr. 2: 96 (1800);
FI. Cap. edn Schult. 448 (1823), non Plectranthus
tomentosus Benth. Type: Cape, “Houteniquas”,

Thunberg (UPS, holo.!).

Plectranthus hirtus Benth., Lab. 38 (1832); in E.
Mey., Comm. 230 (1837); Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 153,
160 (1843); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12; 68 (1848); Cooke
in F.C. 5,1: 284 (1910), partly; Blake, Contr. Queensl.
Herb. 9: 39 (1971); Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,
Munch. 19: 248 (1971). Type: Cape, Masson (BM!).

P. mauritianus Boj., Hort. Maurit. 254 (1837). Type:
Sieber, FI. Maurit. exs. 152 (G!; K!; M!; P!).

Stems decumbent to procumbent, spar-
ingly branched, rooting at the nodes,
ascending at the ends producing inflore-
scences, fairly densely to densely tomen-
tose; leaves drying thin to fairly thick in
texture, somewhat sparsely to densely and
shortly appressed tomentose; inflorescence
usually simple; corolla usually white, rarely
mauve or bluish, 7 — 18 mm long.

Found in the Cape, Transkei and Natal, in
semi-coastal areas from Knysna to KwaZulu and
extending into Swaziland; also in Mozambique and the
Mascarenes. It grows in dry woodland and bush, among
rocks or in sandy soil. Map 81.

Vouchers: Galpin 6466; 10829; Pegler 1516; Story
2144.

As mentioned above, there is a variegated form of
unknown origin which is popular as a garden plant.

(b) var. aliciae Codd in Bothalia 11: 404
(1975). Type: Transkei, near Kentani,
Pegler 909 (PRE, holo.!).

Map 82. — • Plectranthus madagascariensis var.
aliciae

▲ P. madagascariensis var. ramosior

4: 156

Lamiaceae

Stems decumbent to erect, 0,2— 0,4 m
tall; leaves thin-textured, blade broadly
ovate, 25—40 x 22—40 mm, sparingly
strigose, margin shallowly crenate with 3—4
pairs of rounded teeth; inflorescence usually
simple; corolla small, white to cream, 5—6
mm long.

Found in Transkei and southern Natal in
semi-coastal woodland, usually in moist places. Map
82.

Vouchers: Van Jaarsveld 2205; 3103; 3781.

(c) var. ramosior Benth. in DC., Prodr.
12: 68 (1848); Codd in Bothalia 11: 404
(1975). Lectotype: Transvaal, “Vaal and
Mooy Rivers”, Burke (K, lecto.!; BM!).

Stems erect to decumbent, 0,2—0,35 m
tall, rarely procumbent, sparingly to freely
branched, fairly densely to densely tomen-
tose; leaves medium to thick in texture,
blade wate to broadly ovate, 20—35 x
15—30 mm, rather coarsely crenate-dentate;
inflorescence usually simple, several per
plant; corolla mauve or bluish, rarely white,
8 — 12 mm long.

Concentrated in central and southern Transvaal,
extending to Swaziland and the inland districts of
central and northern Natal, Transkei and eastern Cape
Province; usually in grass among rocks. Map 82.

Vouchers: Codd 8630; Louw 1672; Strey 2823;
Thode A453.

In its typical form it is a small, erect, branched
plant about 0,3 m tall with stems often arising annually
from a burnt base. In the eastern Transvaal some plants
may have straggly stems, which grade into P. mutabilis
(below) while, in the eastern Cape, it is not always easy
to separate it from var. madagascariensis. Its nearest
affinity appears to be P. hadiensis var. hadiensis (no.
18a), and the two are separated mainly on size of leaf,
with some specimens from Natal and the Waterberg
being intermediate between the two.

20. Plectranthus mutabilis Codd in
Bothalia 11: 404 (1975). Type: Transvaal,
Blouberg, Codd 7953 (PRE, holo.!).

Perennial semi-succulent herb; stems
procumbent up to 0,4 m long, sparingly
branched, tomentose. Leaves petiolate;
blade softly semi-succulent, drying fairly
thin in texture, broadly ovate to subrotund,
15 — 50 x 15—50 mm, sparsely to densely
pubescent, under-surface with yellowish
gland-dots, apex obtuse to rounded, base
truncate to cordate, margin deeply scal-
loped with few large teeth; petiole 14—30
mm long. Inflorescence usually simple or

with a pair of branches near the base;
racemes 100—250 mm long; flowers in
sessile 3— 6-flowered cymes forming 6—12-
flowered verticils 10—20 mm apart; bracts
early deciduous. Calyx 4 mm long at fruiting
stage, gibbous at the base. Corolla blue,
purple-blue or lilac, 8—12 mm long; tube
bent about the middle; lower lip boat-
shaped, 4—5 mm long. Stamens free to the
base, 4—6 mm long.

Found mainly on the Blouberg and Soutpansberg,
extending along the eastern escarpment and inland to
the Pretoria district; on rocky hillsides often in
semi-shade. Map 83.

Vouchers: Codd 8340; 8692; Rodin 4011; Strey &
Schlieben 8473.

A variable species with trailing stems, leaves with
few large rounded teeth, and blue to blue-purple
corolla.

Map 83. — A Plectranthus mutabilis
# P. psammophilus

21. Plectranthus psammophilus Codd
in Bothalia 11: 405 (1975). Type: Natal,
Makatini Flats, Strey 5779 (PRE, holo.!).

Perennial semi-succulent herb; stems
slender, branching, decumbent to procum-
bent, up to 0,5 m long, glandular-hirsute.
Leaves petiolate; blade soft, drying fairly
thin in texture, ovate-triangular, 20 — 40 x
18—40 mm, sparingly pubescent, under-
surface with reddish brown gland-dots, apex
obtuse, base truncate, margin obscurely
crenate-dentate; petiole 10—20 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or with a pair of

Lamiaceae

4: 157

branches near the base; racemes slender,
100 — 200 mm long; flowers in sessile
3 — 6-flowered cymes, forming 6 — 12-
flowered verticils 1—4 mm apart; bracts
often persisting to the flowering stage.
Calyx 3 mm long at fruiting stage, gibbous at
the base. Corolla blue-mauve, 5 mm long;
tube nearly straight, expanding near the
base; lower lip boat-shaped, 2,5 mm long.
Stamens free to the base, 2,5 — 3 mm long.

Recorded only from northern KwaZulu; in coastal
woodland on sandy flats. Map 83.

Vouchers: Vahrmeijer & Dryfhout 1961; Ward
3100.

Allied to P. madagascariensis var. madagascar-
iensis (no. 19a) but the inflorescence tends to be denser
and the flowers smaller, blue-mauve in colour, not
white.

22. Plectranthus verticillatus (L.f.)
Druce in Rep. botl Soc. Exch. Club Br. Isl.
1916: 640 (1917); Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972);
Codd in Bothalia 11: 407 (1975); Compton,
FI. Swaziland 504 (1976). Type: erroneously
recorded as coming from India but probably
a Thunberg specimen from the Cape (LINN
749.4, iso.).

Ocimum verticillatum L. f. , Suppl. 276 (1781), as
“Ocymum”; Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 163 (1800). P. thunbergii
Benth., Lab. 37 (1832); in E. Mey., Comm. 229 (1837);
Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 125, 147 (1843); Benth. in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 67 (1848); Schinz in Mem. Herb. Boissier 10:
60 (1895); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 280 (1910); Codd in Mitt,
bot. StSamml., Munch. 10: 247 (1971); nom. illegit.
Type: as above.

O. racemosum Thunb., Prodr. 2: 96 (1800), as
“Ocymum”; FI. Cap. edn Schult. 448 (1812). Type:
Cape, “Houteniquas”, Thunberg s.n. (UPS, holo.!;
SBT!).

P. nummularius Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,
3: 1072 (1903); Cooke, l.c. 284 (1910), partly; Letty,
Wild Flow. Transv. 289, t.144: 2 (1962); Compton,
Check-list FI. Swaziland 67, 158 (1966); Codd, l.c. 247
(1971); Ross, l.c. 305 (1972). Type: Natal, Camper-
down, Rehmann 7702 (Z, holo.!).

Perennial semi-succulent herb; stems
procumbent to ascending, branching, up to
1,2 m long, often rising to 0,25 m above the
ground, glabrous to shortly pubescent.
Leaves petiolate; blade softly to distinctly
succulent, ovate to rotund, 16—40 x 12—40
mm, subglabrous to pubescent, under-
surface with red to brownish gland-dots,
apex acute to rounded, base truncate to
cuneate, margin crenate-dentate to shallow-
ly crenate with 3—6 pairs of teeth; petiole
6—30 mm long. Inflorescence simple or with

a pair of branches near the base, racemes
40 — 220 mm long (usually about 100 — 150
mm); flowers in sessile 1 — 3-flowered cymes
forming 2— 6-flowered verticils about 6—15
mm apart; bracts persisting beyond flower-
ing stage. Calyx up to 7 mm long in fruiting
stage, erect, not gibbous at the base;
uppermost tooth erect, ovate, acute; 4 lower
teeth spreading, linear-subulate, the lower
pair the longer. Corolla white to pale mauve
with a few mauve spots on the upper lip or
freely speckled with purplish spots, 9 — 25
mm long; tube deflexed and expanded to a
slightly saccate base, scarcely narrowing to
the throat; upper lip 5 — 8 mm long; lower lip
shallowly boat-shaped, horizontal, 5 — 7 mm
long. Stamens free to the base, curved in the
lower lip, 5—7 mm long. Fig. 28: 3.

Distributed from about Knysna through the
semi-coastal parts of the eastern Cape Province,
Transkei and Natal to Swaziland, eastern and northern
Transvaal; also in southern Mozambique. Usually in
fairly moist, stony places in forest margins, scrub forest
and dry woodland. Map 84.

Vouchers: Acocks 9530; 10239; Codd "6100;

Flanagan 1722; Galpin 10672; 10956; Ward 1015 ; 3099.

There is a good deal of variation in leaf shape and
pubescence and in flower colour but it has not been
possible to subdivide the material into meaningful
infraspecific groups. The typical form of the eastern
Cape has small ovate leaves, somewhat cuneate at the
base with crenate-dentate margins, and the flowers are
whitish with a few pale mauve markings on the upper
lip. This grades into the Natal and Transvaal form in
which the leaves are somewhat larger, glabrous or
pubescent and rounded with shallowly crenate margins.

4: 158

Lamiaceae

and the flowers are slightly larger with freely speckled
corolla. Some forms of the latter are often cultivated as
ground covers or pot plants. The typification of P.
verticillatus is discussed in Bothalia IT. 408 (1975).

In P. verticillatus, P. strigosus (no. 23) and P.
purpuratus (no. 24) there is a red gland-dot situated
between the anther cells and it is evident that these
three species are closely related. In P. verticillatus,
however, the corolla tends to be larger with the lower
lip 5—7 mm long and the stamens equally long (5—7
mm), while the tube is not conspicuously narrowed
near the throat as in the other two species.

23. Plectranthus strigosus Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 229 (1837); Drege, Zwei Pfl.
Doc. 153 (1843); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12:
68 (1848); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 280 (1910);
Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 10:
247 (1971); Bothalia 11: 409 (1975);

Compton, FI. Swaziland 504 (1976). Lec-
totype: Cape, Olifantshoek Forest (Alexan-
dria), Ecklon (K, lecto.!).

P. strigosus var. lucidus Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 68
(1848); Cooke, l.c. 280 (1910). Type: Cape, Bathurst,
Burchell 3924 (K, holo.).

P. parviflorus Giirke in Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3,2: 261
(1898); Cooke, l.c. 281 (1910); nom. illegit. P.
kuntzeanus Domin., Biblioth. Bot. 89: 1118 (1928).
Type: Cape, East London, Kuntze s.n. (NY, holo.).

Perennial, semi-succulent herb; stems
decumbent to ascending, up to 0,3 m long,
rusty-hispid usually with multicellular
purplish hairs, or greyish-strigose. Leaves
petiolate; blade fairly thick-textured,
broadly ovate to subrotund, 13 — 35 x 8—30
mm, strigose, under-surface often purple-
tinged, with grey to rusty multicellular hairs
and numerous red gland-dots, apex obtuse
to rounded, base truncate to abruptly
cuneate, margin obscurely crenate; petiole
5 — 15 mm long. Inflorescence usually sim-
ple; racemes 40—150 mm long; flowers in
sessile 1— 3-flowered cymes forming 2—6-
flowered verticils 5 — 12 mm apart. Calyx up
to 6 mm long in fruiting stage, sparingly
strigose. Corolla whitish to mauve with a
few darker markings on the upper lip, 6—9
mm long, tube usually narrowing distinctly
between the middle and the throat; upper
lip 4—5 mm long; lower lip concave, 3—4
mm long. Stamens free, 1,5—3 mm long.
Fig. 28:1.

Distributed from Uitenhage through semi-coastal
Transkei to the Natal border with a gap to Swaziland
and the adjoining Barberton area of Transvaal; in
shady rocky places and in scrub forest. Map 85.

Vouchers: Codd 9269; Galpin 278; Pegler 910.

In the typical form of the eastern Cape, the stems
tend to be rusty-strigose but, at the other end of the
distribution, in southern Natal and in Swaziland, the
tomentum tends to be shorter and greyish, rather like
that of P. purpuratus (below). The flowers of the two
species are practically identical and the question arises
whether subspecific status would not be more
appropriate for P. strigosus.

24. Plectranthus purpuratus Harv.,
Thes. Cap. 1: 53, t.83 (1859); Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 282 (1910); Codd in Mitt. bot. St-
Samml., Munch. 10: 247 (1971); Ross, FI.
Natal 305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 410
(1975). Type: ex Hort. Kew, from seed sent
from Port Natal by R. Vause (K!).

Perennial succulent herb forming small
mats; stems several, branched, about 0,25 m
tall, densely velvety tomentulose. Leaves
crowded, shortly petiolate; blade succulent,
drying thick-textured, broadly ovate to
subrotund or broadly obovate, appressed
grey velvety, under-surface purple tinged,
copiously red gland-dotted, apex obtuse to
rounded, base obtuse to shortly cuneate,
margin obscurely crenate to subentire;
petiole 3 — 8 mm long. Inflorescence simple

Fig 28. — 1 . Plectranthus strigosus, flowering stem, x 1 ; la, mature calyx, x 4; lb, section through corolla, x
4 (Van Jaarsveld, Lomati Gorge). 2, P. purpuratus, flowering stem, x 1; 2a, section through corolla, x 4 (Van
Jaarsveld, Nshongweni dam). 3. P. verticillatus, section through corolla, x 4. 4, P. oertendahlii, section through
corolla, x 4 (3 and 4. living plants. BRI garden).

Lamiaceae

4: 159

4: 160

Lamiaceae

or occasionally branched near the base,
racemes 40—100 mm long; flowers in sessile

1— 2 (rarely 3)-flowered cymes forming

2— 4-flowered verticils 4—8 mm apart. Calyx
5—6 mm long at fruiting stage, puberulous
and freely red gland-dotted. Corolla white
with a few blue-mauve marks, 6—9 mm
long; tube narrowing about the middle;
upper lip 3—4 mm' Jong; lower lip slightly
concave, 3 mm long. Stamens free, up to 1,5
mm long. Fig. 28:2.

Distributed from Pietermaritzburg to Pinetown;
usually in moist shallow soil in rock crevices. Map 86.

Vouchers: Eshuis s.n.; Killick 504; Strey 5208.

See note under P. strigosus (above).

25. Plectranthus oertendahlii Th. Fries
jun. in Acta Hort. Gothoburg. 1: 253
(1924); Codd in Bothalia 11: 411 (1975);
Flower. PI. Afr. 44: t.1729 (1977). Type:
Cult. Uppsala (UPS, holo.).

Perennial semi-succulent herb, freely
branched, up to 0,2 m tall; stems decum-
bent, rooting at the lower nodes, glandular-
tomentose. Leaves petiolate; blade semi-
succulent, broadly ovate to suborbicular,
30—40 (—45) x 25—40 (—45) mm, sparingly
villous, upper surface light-veined, lower
surface purple with colourless gland-dots,
apex acute to obtuse, base abruptly cuneate,
margin crenate-dentate, ciliate; petiole
15—40 mm long. Inflorescence simple or
branched, racemes 70—200 mm long,

Map 86. — # Plectranthus purpuratus
▲ P. oertendahlii
■ P. praetermissus

flowers in sessile, usually 3-flowered cymes,
forming 6-flowered verticils 10 — 15 mm
apart. Calyx up to 8 mm long in fruiting
stage, glandular-hispidulous. Corolla whit-
ish or suffused with pale mauve; tube 8—13
mm long, expanding and forming a saccate
base 4 mm deep then narrowing gradually to
about 1,75 mm at the throat; upper lip 5 mm
long; lower lip concave, 4—5 mm long.
Stamens free, 2—3 mm long. Fig. 28:4.

Recorded only from the Port Shepstone district.
Natal; in wooded river valleys near the coast. Map 86.

Vouchers: Codd 10669; 10782; Nicholson 1401;
Strey 11063.

Described originally from a cultivated plant in
Sweden, said to have been introduced in the early part
of this century. Some plants from the wild state may
tend to have smallish leaves and the corolla tube about
8—10 mm long and may be confused with P.
verticillatus (no. 22) but they may be distinguished by
the shorter lower lip of the corolla and the very shortly
exserted stamens. Also the leaves are distinctly lighter
veined on the upper surface and the under-surface has
colourless gland-dots, not red as in P. verticillatus. P.
oertendahlii makes an attractive, free-flowering pot-
plant.

26. Plectranthus praetermissus Codd in
Flower. PI. Afr. 45: t.1791 (1979). Type:
Transkei, Port St Johns, Stutterheim sub
PRE 57330 (PRE, holo.!).

Perennial herb, freely branched,
0,2— 0,5 m tall; stems decumbent, rooting at
the lower nodes, shortly pubescent. Leaves
petiolate; blade drying thin-textured, ovate
to subrotund, 40—65 x 40—60 mm, sparing-
ly pubescent, dark green, under-surface
with numerous brown to reddish gland-dots,
apex obtuse to rounded, base truncate to
abruptly attenuate, margin obscurely
crenate-dentate; petiole 20—30 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or sparingly branched
near the base; flowers in sessile, usually

3-flowered cymes, forming 2— 6-flowered
verticils 10—30 mm apart. Calyx up to 10
mm long in fruiting stage, glandular-
hispidulous. Corolla mauve to violet with
darker blotches on the lips; tube 12—15 mm
long, expanding abruptly and forming a
saccate base about 4 mm deep; narrowing
gradually to 1,5—2 mm at the throat; upper
lip 5 mm long; lower lip concave, 4 mm
long. Stamens free, distinctly of 2 lengths,
upper pair 1,5 — 2 mm long, lower pair 4 — 5
mm long.

Lamiaceae

4: 161

Recorded only from Port St Johns in the Transkei;
in open glades in forest. Map 86.

Voucher: Van Jaarsveld 3812.

27. Plectranthus ernstii Codd in
Flower. PI. Afr. 47: 1855 (1982). Type:
Natal, Oribi Gorge, Van Jaarsveld 2196
(PRE, holo.!).

Perennial semi-succulent herb up to
0,25 m tall, branching from the base; stems
thickened at the base, up to 20 mm or more
in diameter, becoming brown and potato-
like with age. Leaves petiolate; blade
semi-succulent, ovate to broadly ovate,
12—30 x 10—25 mm, sparingly pubescent,
under-surface often glandular-puberulous,
with pale to reddish brown gland-dots, apex
obtuse, base truncate, margin with few,
fairly distinct teeth; petiole 6—13 mm long.
Inflorescence simple, 30—120 mm long;
flowers in sessile, 1— 3-flowered cymes,
forming 2— 6-flowered verticils 10 — 20 mm
apart. Calyx 5—6 mm long in fruiting stage,
glandular-hispidulous. Corolla pale bluish
mauve to whitish; tube 4—8 mm long,
expanding abruptly and forming a saccate
base 4—5 mm deep, narrowing gradually to
2 mm deep at the throat; upper lip 4—5 mm
long, lower lip concave, 3—4 mm long.
Stamens free, of two lengths, upper pair 1,5
mm long, lower pair 3 mm long.

Recorded only from Oribi Gorge, Natal, in rock
crevices and steep south-facing cliffs, in humus-rich
pockets of soil. Map 87.

Voucher: Van Jaarsveld 3876.

Map 87. — A Plectranthus ernstii
• P. elegantulus

The swollen, almost potato-like stem bases
distinguish P. ernstii from all other species. The flowers
are rather like those of P. praetermissus (above) but are
smaller and pale bluish mauve in colour.

28. Plectranthus elegantulus Briq. in
Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3; 1005 (1903);
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 286 (1910); Ross, FI.
Natal 305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 412
(1975). Type: Natal, Karkloof, Rehmann
7368 (Z, holo.!).

Perennial herb up to 0,2 m tall; stems
straggling, sparingly branched, up to 0,3 m
long. Leaves petiolate; blade thin-textured,
broadly ovate, 25 — 40 x 20—35 mm,
subglabrous to sparingly pubescent, under-
surface with honey-coloured gland-dots, not
suffused with purple, apex acute to obtuse,
base abruptly cuneate, margin regularly
crenate-dentate, finely ciliate; petiole
15—40 mm long. Inflorescence usually
simple, rarely with a pair of branches near
the base, racemes 40—120 mm long; flowers
in sessile, 1 — 3-flowered cymes, forming
2— 6-flowered verticils 10 — 20 mm apart.
Calyx 7—8 mm long in fruit, glandular-
puberulous with a few fringing multicellular
hairs. Corolla whitish with a few purple
spots on the lip, 7 — 8 mm long; tube
expanding and saccate at the base, narrow-
ing slightly towards the throat; upper lip
4—5 mm long; lower lip boat-shaped, 3 mm
long. Stamens free, 2 — 2,5 mm long.

Recorded only from Natal Midlands and southern
Natal; in the herb layer on forest floors. Map 87.

Vouchers: Codd 8582; Marais 827.

Related to P. ciliarus (below) but has smaller and
less pubescent leaves, and smaller, less spotted flowers.

29. Plectranthus ciliatus E. Mey. ex
Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 227 (1837);
Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 150 (1843); Benth. in
DC., Prodr. 12: 62 (1848); Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 275 (1910); Verdoorn in Flower. PI.
Afr. 27: t.1051 (1949); Ross, FI. Natal 305
(1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 414 (1975);
Compton, FI. Swaziland 502 (1976). Type:
Transkei, “Omsamwubo” (Umzimvubu
River), Drege (K, ex Herb. Benth. No.
4777, holo.!; MO!; P!; S!).

P. natalensis Giirke in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 552
(1898); Cooke, l.c. 283 (1910), partly, excl. Tyson
1793, Wood 558. Type: Natal, Camperdown, Rehmann
7701 (Z, holo.!). '

4: 162

Lamiaceae

Soft, branched herb up to 0,6 m tall;
stems decumbent to ascending, glandular-
pilose with long and short hairs having
purple sap, giving a purplish colour to the
stems. Leaves petiolate; blade thin to
thickish and rugose in texture, broadly
elliptic, broadly ovate or rarely subrotund,
(35 — ) 40—80 x 30—55 mm, sparingly to
freely strigose, under-surface usually suf-
fused with purple, with honey-coloured
gland-dots, apex acute to obtuse, base
attenuate or abruptly cuneate, margin
regularly and shallowly crenate-dentate,
conspicuously ciliate; petiole 15 — 35 mm
long. Inflorescence simple or with a pair of
branches near the base, racemes 60—200
mm long; flowers in sessile, usually 3-
flowered cymes, forming 4— 6-flowered
verticils 10 — 20 mm apart. Calyx 8—10 mm
long in fruiting stage, hispid to glandular-
puberulous, fringed with multicellular hairs.
Corolla with whitish background freely
speckled with purple, 8 — 14 mm long; tube
expanding, saccate and slightly deflexed at
the base, narrowing slightly towards the
throat; upper lip 5 — 7 mm long; lower lip
boat-shaped, 3 — 6 mm long, horizontal or
deflexed. Stamens free, exceeding the lower
lip.

Extending from Uniondale and Knysna in the
Cape, along the semi-coastal areas of eastern Cape and
Transkei to Natal, Swaziland and the mountains of

eastern Transvaal; in glades in forest and in moist,
shady places. Map 88.

Vouchers: Galpin 14743; MacOwan 762; Pegler
352; Strey 4938; 8085.

30. Plectranthus fruticosus L’Herit.,
Stirp. Nov. fasc. 4: 85, t.41 (March 1788);
Ait., Hort. Kew. 2: 322 (1789); Willd., Sp.
PI. 3: 168 (1800); Thunb., FI. Cap. edn
Schult. 448 (1823); Benth., Lab. 32 (1832);
in DC., Prodr. 12: 62 (1848); S. Moore in J.
Bot., Lond. 41: 406 (1903); Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 271 (1910); Burtt in Curtis’s bot. Mag.
t.9616 (1940); Dyer & Bruce in Flower. PI.
Afr. 28: 1. 1 101 (1951); Bailey, Stand. Cycl.
Hort. 3: 2712 (1963); Bullock & Killick in
Taxon 6: 239 (1957); Courtenay-Latimer et
al.. Flower. PI. Tsitsikama t.54 (1967);
Blake in Contr. Queensl. Herb. 9: 3 (1971);
Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 10:
247 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972);
Codd in Bothalia 11: 415 (1975); Compton,
FI. Swaziland 503 (1976). Type: t.41 of
L’Herit., Stirp. Nov. fasc. 4 (1788).

Germartea urticifolia Lam., Encycl. 2: 690 (April
1788); Tabl. Encycl. 3: t.514 (1819). Plectranthus
urticifolius (Lam.) Salisb., Prodr. 88 (1796). Type: a
cultivated plant as illustrated in Tabl. Encycl. 3: t.514
(1819).

P. galpinii Schltr. in J. Bot., Lond. 34: 393 (1896);
Cooke, l.c. 282 (1910); Phillips in Flower. PI. S. Afr. 8:
t.294 (1928). Type: Transvaal, Barberton, Rimer’s
Creek, Galpin 939 (GRA!; NH!; PRE!).

P. arthropodus Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissierser. 2, 3:
1073 (1903); Cooke, l.c. 273 (1910). Type: Transvaal,
Houtbosch, Rehmann 6151 (Z, holo.!).

P. charianthus Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,6:
824 (1906). Type: Transvaal, Houtbosch. Rehmann
6157 (Z, holo.!).

P. peglerae T. Cooke in Kew Bull. 1909: 378 (1909);
in F.C. 5,1: 283 (1910); Bews, Plant Forms and Evol. in
S. Afr. 98 (1925). Type: Transkei, Kentani, Pegler 377
(K, holo.!; GRA!; PRE!).

P. behrii Compton in J1 S.Afr. Bot. 11: 122 (1945);
Lewis in Flower. PI. Afr. 28: t.1109 (1951); Batten &
Bokelmann, Wild Flow. E. Cape 126, t.100 (1966).
Type: Transkei, Lusikisiki, Behr sub NBG 1252/31
(NBG, holo.!).

Soft shrub 0,6 — 2 m tall, freely
branched; roots fibrous; branches ascending
or rarely decumbent, usually purplish,
sparingly pubescent to glandular-pubescent,
with hairs longer and spreading at the

Fig 29. — 1, Plectranthus fruticosus, inflorescence, x 1; a, leaf, x 1; b, flower, x 3; c, section through
corolla, x 3; d, mature calyx, x 5 (Van Jaarsveld in BRI garden 26215).

Lamiaceae

4: 163

4: 164

Lamiaceae

nodes. Leaves petiolate; blade broadly
ovate to ovate-elliptic or rarely lanceolate-
elliptic, 40—140 x 35 — 110 mm, sparingly
pubescent or glandular-hispidulous, under-
surface with honey-coloured gland-dots and
usually suffused with purple, apex obtuse to
acute, base obtuse or truncate and often
abruptly attenuate, margin regularly
crenate-dentate; petiole 20—50 mm long.
Inflorescence paniculate, 80—250 mm long;
flowers in sessile (1 — )3-flowered cymes
forming 2— 6-flowered verticils 5—25 mm
apart. Calyx 7—8 mm long in fruiting stage,
glandular-hispid with scattered multicellular
hairs. Corolla bluish mauve, rarely pink or
pale blue, speckled with purple on the upper
lip, 5 — 13 mm long; tube deflexed, saccate
to distinctly spurred at the base, narrowing
slightly towards the throat; upper lip 2,5 — 6
mm long; lower lip boat-shaped, 2—5 mm
long, later deflexed. Stamens free, up to 8
mm long. Fig. 29.

Extending from Caledon district in south-western
Cape along the semi-coastal southern and eastern Cape
to the Transkei, eastern Natal, Swaziland and the
mountains of eastern, central and northern Transvaal;
in forest, scrub forest and shady places among rocks.
Map 89.

Vouchers: Codd 7869; 8183; Compton 25785; Dyer
4350; Gatpin 939; 4423; 13750; Marloth 2463.

One of the commonest species in Southern Africa
which varies in stature and degree of pubescence
according to growing conditions. See notes after P.
grallatus (no. 32) and P. rubropunctatus (no. 33).
Flower colour is usually pale to deep mauve with purple

flecks on the upper lip. A form with pinkish flowers
from the Transkei was described as P. behrii and is
popular as a garden plant for shady places. In other
respects it is not separable from P. fruticosus.

31. Plectranthus oribiensis Codd in
Flower. PI. Afr. 46: t.1809 (1980). Type:
Natal, Oribi Gorge, Van Jaarsveld 2198
(PRE, holo.!).

Herb or soft shrub up to 1,5 m tall,
erect, branched; roots tuberous; stems
ascending, shortly and densely pubescent.
Leaves petiolate; blade ovate-orbicular,
50—100 x 50—90 mm, densely tomentose,
under-surface reticulate-veined with whitish
gland-dots, apex obtuse, base cordate,
margin crenate-dentate; petiole 40 — 70 mm
long. Inflorescence usually with 1 or 2 pairs
of branches near the base, racemes up to
200 mm long; flowers in sessile 3—5-
flowered cymes forming 6— 10-flowered
verticils 10—25 mm apart. Calyx 6 — 7 mm
long in fruiting stage, purple-tinged,
glandular-hispid. Corolla mauve, not speck-
led, villous and dotted with white gland-dots
on the back, 10—12 mm long; tube deflexed,
expanding and spurred near the base,
narrowing slightly towards the throat; upper
lip 5—6 mm long; lower lip boat-shaped,
5—7 mm long, later deflexed. Stamens free,
2—3 mm long.

Known only from Oribi Gorge and Umtamvuna
River in southern Natal; at forest margins and in
wooded kloofs. Map 90.

Vouchers: Nicholson 1054; 1207; 1942; Van

Jaarsveld 3875.

Map 90. — ▲ Plectranthus oribiensis
• P. grallatus

Lamiaceae

4: 165

The species was first collected by Mr H. B.
Nicholson in 1971 and 1972. The corolla resembles that
of P. fruticosus (above) in colour but lacks the purple
spots on the upper lip. From P. fruticosus and P.
grallatus (below) it differs in the villous, gland-dotted
corolla and the cordate-based leaves, distinctly
tomentose on the under-surface with colourless
gland-dots.

32. Plectranthus grallatus Briq. in
Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 1004 (1903);
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 287 (1910); Trauseld,
Wild Flow. Drakensberg 160 (1969); Jacot
Guillarmod, FI. Lesotho 239 (1971); Ross,
FI. Natal 305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 11:
418 (1975). Type: Transkei, Mount Frere,
Schlechter 6415 (Z, holo.!; GRA!; PRE!).

P. transvaalensis Briq., l.c. 1005 (1903); Cooke l.c.
288 (1910); Phillips in Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 16: 241
(1917). Type: Transvaal, Houtbosch, Rehmann 6154
(Z, holo.!).

P. krookii Giirke ex Zahlbr. in Annin naturh. Mus.
Wien 20: 48 (1905); Cooke, l.c. 274 (1910). Type:
Cape, East Griqualand, Krook in PI. Penther 1698 (W,
holo.!; K!).

P. praetervisus Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,6:
825 (1906). Type: Natal, Mt Prospect, Rehmann 6965
(Z, holo.!).

P. transvaalensis var. grandifolia T. Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 275 (1910). Type: Cape, East Griqualand, near
Kokstad, Tyson 1793 (K, holo.!).

P. cooperi T. Cooke in Kew Bull. 1909: 377 (1909);
in F.C. 5,1: 278 (1910), partly, as to Cooper 2982 (K!).

P. natalensis forma glandulosa Phillips in Ann. S.
Afr. Mus. 16: 241 (1917). Syntypes: several, including
Leribe, Dieterlen 417 (PRE!); near Witzieshoek,
Flanagan 1927 (PRE!).

P. ciliatus and P. fruticosus sensu Jacot Guillarmod,
FI. Lesotho 239 (1971).

Herb 0,4— 1,5 m tall with 1—3 stems
arising annually from a tuberous rootstock;
stems usually erect or ascending, sparingly
branched, pubescent. Leaves petiolate;
blade thin and smooth to medium-thick and
somewhat rugose, broadly ovate, 50—160 x
35 — 140 mm, thinly pilose to fairly densely
pubescent, under-surface with red to
brownish gland-dots, not suffused with
purple, apex acute to abruptly acuminate,
base abruptly to gradually cuneate, rarely
truncate, margin rather irregularly crenate-
dentate, the teeth usually with small
secondary teeth; petiole 20—100 mm long.
Inflorescence paniculate, 100—260 mm long;
flowers in sessile 3-flowered cymes, forming
usually 6-flowered verticils 6—20 mm apart.
Calyx 7 — 8 mm long in fruiting stage,

glandular-hispid, usually with some fringing
hairs. Corolla white with a flush of pink and
a few spots on the upper lip, 9 — 13 mm long;
tube slightly deflexed, expanding and
saccate at the base, narrowing slightly
towards the throat; upper lip 4—6 mm long;
lower lip boat-shaped, 4—5 mm long.
Stamens free, up to 7 mm long.

Found in inland areas in the eastern Cape Province
and Transkei to Natal, mainly along the Drakensberg
escarpment and into neighbouring parts of Lesotho and
Orange Free State, extending to the higher parts of
central and eastern Transvaal; in forest and scrub forest
and among rocks in shady places. Map 90.

Vouchers: Acocks 12546; 20132; Codd 2419; 8513;
9546; Galpin 8042; 13358.

Like P. oribiensis (above) this species has tuberous
roots. It is often confused in the herbarium with P.
fruticosus (no. 30) which has honey-coloured gland-
dots on the under-surface of the leaves, whereas P.
grallatus has red to brownish gland-dots. There is also a
difference in flower colour and, to some extent, in the
toothing of the leaf margin, with P. grallatus having
usually larger teeth with small secondary teeth often
present. See also P. rubropunctatus (below).

There is very little overlapping in the distributions
of P. grallatus and P. fruticosus. P. grallatus occupies
the more inland and higher areas and the two meet only
in the Woodbush area of north-eastern Transvaal.

33. Plectranthus rubropunctatus Codd
in Bothalia 11: 420 (1975). Type: Transvaal,
Nelshoogte Forestry Station, Strey 4081
(PRE, holo.!).

P. arthropodus sensu Compton, FI. Swaziland 500
(1976).

Perennial herb or soft shrub; stems
erect, up to 2 m tall or procumbent up to 2
m long, usually purplish, glandular-
pubescent. Leaves petiolate; blade thin to
somewhat thick-textured, broadly elliptic or
broadly ovate to subrotund, 40—150 x
30—100 mm, finely to coarsely pubescent,
under-surface with numerous red to
brownish gland-dots, apex obtuse to round-
ed, base subcordate or truncate to attenuate
or decurrent on the petiole, margin regular-
ly crenate; petiole 20 — 80 mm long. In-
florescence usually paniculate, 100—250 mm
long; flowers in sessile 3-flowered cymes,
forming usually 6-flowered verticils 5 — 12
mm apart. Calyx 6—8 mm long in fruit,
glandular-hispid with scattered long hairs.
Corolla white, scarcely or noticeably flushed
with pinkish mauve, 5,5—8 mm long; tube
slightly deflexed, expanding and saccate at

4: 166

Lamiaceae

the base, narrowing slightly towards the
throat; upper lip 2,5—4 mm long; lower lip
boat-shaped 2,5—4 mm long. Stamens free,
up to 6 mm long.

Found at relatively high altitudes of 1 200 to 2 000
m in the northern and eastern Transvaal and in
Swaziland; in forest, scrub forest or in shady places
among rocks or grass, extending above the forest zone.
Map 91.

Vouchers: Codd 8143; 9478; Compton 26748;
29986; Galpin 14484; Schlieben 9547.

Closely related to P. grallatus (above) but does not
have tuberous roots. The main distinction is in the leaf
margin, with P. rubropunctatus having more shallowly
crenate leaves and the teeth do not show the tendency
to have smaller secondary teeth as in P. grallatus.

In the Mariepskop area both P. fruticosus (no. 30)
and P. rubropunctatus apparently occur in exposed
situations above the forest zone and herbarium
specimens from this area are sometimes difficult to
identify with certainty. Normally the two can be readily
separated on corolla colour and on the basis of the
honey-coloured gland-dots in P. fruticosus and the red
to brownish gland-dots in P. rubropunctatus. In these
exposed plants the leaves tend to be more rugose with
denser tomentum and there appear to be intermediates
between the two species.

On the Soutpansberg and Blouberg a form occurs
with long trailing stems and mauve flowers which is
included in P. rubropunctatus on the basis of its reddish
gland-dots, but further investigation is necessary to
determine whether it should be given separate status.

Map 91. — # Plectranthus rubropunctatus
▲ P. rehmannii

34. Plectranthus rehmannii Giirke in
Bull, Herb. Boissier 6: 553 (1898); Cooke in
F.C. 5,1: 274 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 305
(1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 421 (1975).

Type: Natal, Karkloof, Rehmann 7359 (Z,
holo.!: K!).

Erect, brancheo herb or subshrub
0,6— 1,2 m tall; stems ascending, finely
tomentose. Leaves petiolate; blade thickish
textured, ovate to oblong-ovate, 80—140 x
50—80 mm, sparingly pubescent mainly on
the nerves, under-surface with orange-
brown to dark gland-dots and small subses-
sile glands, apex acute to acuminate, base
rounded to truncate, margin finely and
regularly crenate-serrate; petiole 15—60 mm
long. Inflorescence paniculate, 250—350 mm
long; flowers in few-flowered cymes con-
sisting of a central flower and 2 short lateral
branchlets in the axil of each bract, the
peduncles of the lateral cymes up to 7 mm
long. Calyx up to 9 mm long in fruiting
stage, finely glandular-puberulous. Corolla
white, about 7 mm long, covered with a
tomentum of white multicellular hairs,
deflexed, expanded and markedly saccate at
the base, narrowing somewhat towards the
throat; upper Up 2 mm long; lower lip
boat-shaped, curved upwards, 4 mm long.
Stamens free, about 2,5 mm long.

Distribution limited to the Natal Midlands where it
is often locally common in forest margin scrub. Map 91.

Vouchers: Codd 8587; Hilliard 4852; Medley
Wood 6313; 10268.

A clear-cut species with finely toothed leaf margins
and small white tomentose flowers with a very short
upper lip.

35. Plectranthus swynnertonii S.

Moore in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 176 (1911);
Codd in Bothalia 11: 422 (1975). Type:
Zimbabwe, Chirinda Forest, Swynnerton
337 (K!).

Perennial, soft, branched herb
0,4—0,75 m tall; stems spreading-ascending,
finely glandular-puberulous with a fringe of
longer hairs at the nodes. Leaves petiolate;
blade thin-textured, broadly ovate to sub-
rotund, 50—150 x 45 — 140 mm, with
scattered multicellular hairs, under-surface
with yellowish to brownish gland-dots, often
slightly sunken, apex obtuse to acute, base
truncate to subcordate, margin coarsely and
deeply serrate-dentate, teeth 6 — 16 mm
long, usually with small secondary teeth;
petiole 40 — 130 mm long. Inflorescence
simple or with a pair of branches near the
base, racemes 60—150 mm long; flowers in

Lamiaceae

4: 167

sessile or subsessile (1 — ) 3-flowered cymes,
forming 2— 6-flowered verticils 10 — 30 mm
apart. Calyx up to 8 mm long in fruiting
stage, puberulous. Corolla 8 — 10 mm long,
white flushed with mauve-pink and with a
few purple dots on the upper lip, fringed
with white hairs; tube scarcely deflexed,
expanding and saccate at the base, nar-
rowing towards the throat; upper lip 4—6
mm long; lower lip boat-shaped, 4 — 5 mm
long.

Map 92. — Plectranthus swynnertonii

Found in north-eastern and northern Transvaal
and eastern Zimbabwe as a ground-layer herb or soft
shrub in moist humus-rich soil in mountain forests.
Map 92.

Vouchers: Codd 8388; 9420; Galpin 10249;

Sc keepers 947.

Characterized by the thin, deeply toothed leaves.

36. Plectranthus dolichopodus Briq. in
Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 1069 (1903);
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 287 (1910), partly,
excluding Flanagan 740; Ross, FI. Natal 305
(1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 423 (1975).
Type: Natal, Karkloof, Rehmann 7383 (Z,
holo.!).

P. cooperi sensu Cooke in Kew Bull. 1909: 377
(1909); in F.C., 5,1: 279 (1910); partly, as to Wood
1843 and Gerrard 1673.

Erect or straggling, probably perennial
herb, 0,25 — 1 m tall, branched; stems
glandular-pilose with long multicellular
hairs and gland-tipped hairs. Leaves petio-
late; blade thin-textured, broadly ovate to

ovate-deltoid, 30—100 x 25 — 80 mm, sub-
glabrous to thinly pubescent, under-surface
with colourless gland-dots, apex acute to
abruptly acute, base broadly truncate and
shortly attenuate to the petiole, margin
coarsely crenate-dentate; petiole 20—60 mm
long. Inflorescence simple or paniculate,
100 — 200 mm long; flowers in sessile, usually
3-flowered cymes forming 2— 6-flowered
verticils 10 — 30 mm apart. Calyx 6 mm long
in fruiting stage, sparsely glandular-
puberulous. Corolla sky-blue to deep blue,
8—10 mm long, sparingly pubescent, tube
deflexed and expanding but not markedly
saccate at the base, enlarging slightly
towards the throat; upper lip 1,5 — 2 mm
long; lower lip boat-shaped, curved up-
wards, 4—5 mm long. Stamens free, 4 mm
long.

Map 93. — Plectranthus dolichopodus

Known distribution somewhat disjunct, being
recorded from the Stutterheim district in the Cape, the
Natal Midlands and foothills of the Drakensberg, and
from the Mariepskop-Woodbush area in the Transvaal;
often locally common as a ground-layer herb in cool
moist forests. Map 93.

Vouchers: Codd 7862; 8581; 9674; Galpin 11839;
Killick 1676; 1965.

Characterized by the bright blue corolla which
widens slightly towards the throat and has a very short
upper lip.

37. Plectranthus zuluensis T. Cooke in
Kew Bull. 1909: 379 (1909); in F.C. 5,1: 281
(1910); E. A. Bruce in Flower. PI. Afr. 28:
t.1110 (1951); Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,

4: 168

Lamiaceae

Miinch. 10: 247 (1971); Ross, FI. Natal 305
(1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 424 (1975).
Type: Natal, Gerrard 1675 (K, holo.!).

Erect soft shrub 1 — 2 m tall, freely
branched; stems ascending, shortly and
finely tomentose when young. Leaves
petiolate; blade softly semi-succulent, ovate
to broadly ovate, 30 — 70 x 25 — 55 mm,
thinly and shortly pubescent on both
surfaces, under-surface with colourless
gland-dots, apex acute, base truncate to
shortly cuneate, margin regularly and
coarsely crenate; petiole 25—60 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or rarely branched near
the base, racemes 40—80 mm long; flowers
in sessile 3-flowered cymes, forming 6-
flowered verticils 5 — 12 mm apart. Calyx 7
mm long in fruiting stage, purple-tinged,
glandular-pubescent. Corolla 10 — 16 mm
long, pale blue-mauve to almost white with
usually six rows of mauve dots on the upper
lip; tube deflexed, expanding to a large
saccate base and narrowing towards the
throat; upper Up 5— 6 mm long; lower lip
concave, 5—6 mm long, soon deflexed.
Stamens free, lower 2 fertile, 5—7 mm long,
upper 2 reduced to staminodes 1 — 2 mm
long. Fig. 30: a.

Found in semi-coastal Natal from Port Shepstone
district to KwaZulu and in southern Swaziland; in
forest margins, often common along streams. Map 94.

Vouchers: Codd 6969; 9691; Strey 6242.

May be recognized by the softly velvety young
twigs and leaves and the medium-sized pale blue
flowers which are unusual in having only 2 fertile
stamens.

38. Plectranthus saccatus Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 227 (1837). Type: Transkei,
Umzimvubu River, probably near Port St
Johns, Drege (K, ex Herb. Benth., holo.!;
G!; P!; S!).

Erect to spreading soft shrub 0,5 — 1,2
m tall, freely branched; stems semi-
succulent to somewhat woody, purple-
tinged, glandular-puberulous. Leaves petio-
late; blade herbaceous to semi-succulent,
drying thin-textured, broadly ovate to
ovate-deltoid, 20—70 x 15—50 mm, sub-
glabrous to glandular-puberulous, under-
surface with colourless gland-dots, apex
acute, base truncate to obtuse or shortly
cuneate, margin dentate with few, fairly
large teeth; petiole 15 — 50 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or occasionally branch-
ed near the base, racemes 50 — 120 mm long
with relatively few but large flowers; flowers
in sessile 1 — 3-flowered cymes forming
2— 6-flowered verticils 10—20 mm apart.
Calyx up to 8 mm long in fruiting stage,
subglabrous to puberulous. Corolla mauve
to pale blue or rarely white, varying in
length (see vars.) from 13—30 mm; tube
deflexed, enlarged and markedly saccate at
the base, parallel-sided or narrowing slightly
towards the throat; upper lip 10—16 mm
long; lower lip boat-shaped, 5 — 12 mm long,
horizontal or deflexed. Stamens free, 5 — 10
mm long.

Distributed from the Kentani district in the
Transkei to semi-coastal Natal as far north as the
Ingwavuma district; in forests or semi-shady rocky
places not far from the coast.

P. saccatus may be distinguished from all other
species by the large corolla, the upper lip of which is
10—16 mm long and equally broad. There is a good
deal of variation in the degree of succulence of the
leaves and in corolla length and colour. Two varieties
are based on apparent discontinuity in the lengths of
the corolla tube.

For key to varieties, see key to species.

(a) var. saccatus.

Codd in Bothalia 11: 427 (1975).

Plectranthus saccatus Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 227
(1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 62 (1848); Wood & Evans,
Natal PI. 1: t.85 (1899); Hook. f. in Curtis's bot. Mag.
t. 7841 (1902); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 273 (1910); Batten &
Bokelmann, Wild Flow. E. Cape 127, 1. 101 (1967);

Lamiaceae

4: 169

Codd in Flower. PI. Afr. 41: t.1601 (1970); Ross, FI.
Natal 305 (1972).

The leaf blade tends to be smaller
(20—50 mm long) and the corolla tube is
distinctly shorter (8 — 16 mm) than in var.
longitubus. Fig. 30: b.

Distribution as for the species with the exception
of the Ingwavuma district. Map 95.

Vouchers: Codd 8574; 9296; 9351; Galpin 2840;
11460; Medley Wood 5300; 7382; 10208.

There is a good deal of variation in var. saccatus in
degree of woodiness, in leaf texture and in flower
colour. De Winter 8200 from Qudeni Forest has a
relatively short corolla tube and the upper lip is
strongly marked with purple.

Map 95. — A Plectranthus saccatus var. saccatus
O P. saccatus var. longitubus

(b) var. longitubus Codd in Bothalia
11: 428 (1975). Type: Natal, Ingwavuma
District, Gwalaweni Forest, Edwards 2930
(PRE, holo.!).

Leaves tend to be larger, 30—70 x
25—50 mm as against 20—50 x 15—40 mm
in var. saccatus; the corolla tube is longer
(20—26 mm) but tends to be narrower (4—5
mm deep at the base as against 5—6 mm in
var. saccatus ), and the corolla lips tend to be
smaller.

Recorded from the Gwalaweni Forest at the
southern end of the Lebombo Range and occasionally
further south.

Vouchers: Vahrmeijer 1913; Vahrmeijer & Hardy
1699.

The flower colour is normally pale blue-mauve but
occasional white-flowered plants may be encountered.

39. Plectranthus hilliardiae Codd in
Bothalia 11: 282 (1974); ibid. 11: 428 (1975).
Type: Natal, near Umtamvuna River,

Hilliard & Burn 6767 (PRE, holo.!; NU).

Erect semi-succulent, branched peren-
nial herb 0,3— 0,4 m tall; stems ascending,
shortly pilose with longer hairs at the nodes.
Leaves petiolate; blade semi-succulent, dry-
ing membranous, broadly elliptical to
obovate-elliptical, 55—90 x 40—60 mm,
dark green, sparingly strigose, under-
surface with colourless gland-dots, apex
acute to obtuse, base cuneate, margin
shallowly crenate-dentate above the middle.

Fig 30. — Flowers of: a, Plectranthus zuluensis; b, P. saccatus var. saccatus; c, P. hilliardiae; d, P. ambiguus;
e, P. ecklonii; f, P. petiolaris; g, P. laxiflorus; all x 1.

4: 170

Lamiaceae

ciliate; petiole 15—35 mm long. Inflores-
cence simple or with 1 or 2 pairs of branches
near the base, racemes 80—150 mm long;
flowers in sessile, usually 3-flowered cymes
forming 4— 6-flowered verticils 15 — 25 mm
apart. Calyx 7 — 8 mm long in fruiting stage,
glandular-hispidulous near the base. Corolla
pale bluish with purple flecks on the lobes,
26—30 mm long; tube deflexed, expanding
and saccate at the base and parallel-sided or
narrowing slightly towards the throat; upper
lip 5—6 mm long; lower lip concave, 4 mm
long. Stamens free, up to 6 mm long. Fig.
30: c.

Known only from an area on each side of the
Umtamvuna River in southern Natal and adjoining
Transkei, not far from the coast; among rocks near and
in the margins of scrub forest. Map 96.

Vouchers; Nicholson s.n.; Van Jaarsveld 3892.

The corolla is reminiscent of P. saccatus var.
longitubus (above) but the leaves are larger, more
fleshy with shallow toothing only in the upper half.

Map 96. — O Plectranthus hilliardiae
A P. ambiguus

40. Plectranthus ambiguus (H. Bol.)
Codd in Bothalia 8: 159 (1964); Batten &
Bokelmann, Wild Flow. E. Cape 125
(1975). Type: Cape, near Grahamstown,
MacOwan 987 (BOL, holo.!; SAM!).

P. coloratus E. Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey., Comm.
228 (1837), non Don (1825); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 279
(1910), partly, excluding Gerrard 1671, Wood 3036,
3977. Gueinzius s.n. P. dregei Codd in Flower. PI.
Afr. 32: t.1244 (1957). Syntypes. Transkei. between
Umgazana and Umzimvubu Rivers, Drege a (BM!; K!;

MO!; P!; S!); Natal, between Umzimkulu and
Umkomaas Rivers, Drege b (P!).

Orthosiphon ambiguus H. Bol. in J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
18: 394 (1881). Type: as for P. ambiguus.

Perennial herb or soft shrublet,
branching from near the base, 0,4— 1,2 m
tall; stems erect or decumbent, shortly and
densely to sparingly pubescent with tufts of
longer hairs at the nodes. Leaves petiolate;
blade thin to thickish and slightly rugose in
texture, ovate to broadly ovate, 25—120 x
20—90 mm, subglabrous to thinly pub-
escent, under-surface with honey-coloured
to brown gland-dots, apex obtuse to acute,
base abruptly cuneate to somewhat decur-
rent on the petiole, margin shallowly
crenate; petiole 10—70 mm long. Inflore-
scence a congested panicle, rarely simple,
40—170 mm long; flowers in sessile, (1— )

3- flowered cymes forming (2—) 6-flowered
verticils 2—6 mm apart. Calyx up to 8 mm
long in fruiting stage, glandular-hispidulous,
usually suffused with purple. Corolla violet
to purple, 23 — 30 mm long; tube not
deflexed nor expanded at the base, straight,
almost parallel-sided, increasing gradually
to about 2 mm deep at the throat; upper lip

4— 5 mm long; lower lip concave, 3—5 mm
long. Stamens free, up to 6 mm long. Fig.
30: d.

Distributed from the Albany and Bathurst districts
of the Cape along the semi-coastal areas of the
Transkei to Ngoye Forest in Natal; in forest margins
and on shady, rocky slopes. Map 96.

Vouchers: Acocks 13311; Codd 8574; 9296; 9351;
Pegler 907.

There is considerable variation in size and texture
of leaves, probably according to growing conditions.
Specimens with shorter corollas have been seen which
are difficult to separate with certainty from P. ecklonii
(below), but whether this is due to hybridization
between the two is not known.

41. Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. in
DC., Prodr. 12: 64 (1848); Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 279 (1910); Batten & Bokelmann, Wild
Flow. E. Cape 126, t.101 (1966); Ross, FI.
Natal 305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 11: 431
(1975); in Flower. PI. Afr. 47: t.1854 (1982).
Type: Cape, Katberg, Ecklon s.n. (K,
holo.!).

Erect soft shrub 0,7 — 2,5 m tall, freely
branched, woody below; stems ascending,
strigose, with longer hairs at the nodes.
Leaves petiolate; blade firm-textured, often
slightly rugose, ovate to oblong-elliptic,

Lamiaceae

4: 171

60—170 x 40—100 mm, subglabrous to
thinly pubescent, under-surface with red-
dish brown gland-dots, apex acute, base
cuneate to rarely obtuse, margin conspicu-
ously crenate-dentate; petiole 20—50 mm
long. Inflorescence paniculate, 120 — 250 mm
long; flowers in sessile, usually 3-flowered
cymes forming usually 6-flowered verticils
5 — 15 mm apart. Calyx 10—11 mm long in
fruiting stage, glandular-puberulous to-
wards the base, often suffused with purple.
Corolla pale blue or mauve to bluish purple,
rarely white or pink, 16—21 mm long; tube
not deflexed nor expanded at the base,
straight, increasing gradually to about 3 mm
deep at the throat; upper lip 5 — 6 mm long;
lower lip concave, 4 — 5 mm long. Stamens
free, up to 15 mm long. Fig. 30: e.

Distributed from Somerset East and Albany
districts in the Cape through coastal and midland areas
of the Transkei and Natal to Barberton in Transvaal; a
locally common under-storey soft shrub at forest
margins or wooded stream banks. Map 97.

Vouchers: Codd 6973; 8578; 9246; MacOwan 500;
Pegler 376; Strey 7350.

P. ecklonii is an attractive shrub for semi-shady
places where frost is not too severe. The corolla is
shorter, wider at the mouth and paler in colour than in
P. ambiguus (above) though occasional specimens are
difficult to identify with certainty. A white-flowered
and a pink-flowered form are known.

42. Plectranthus dolomiticus Codd in
Bothalia 15: 142 (1984). Type: Transvaal,
near Penge Mine, Van Jaarsveld 7052 (PRE,
holo.!).

Perennial semi-succulent herb up to 0,3
m tall and of equal spread; roots tuberous;
stems decumbent, greyish tomentulose.
Leaves petiolate; blade semi-succulent,
broadly ovate, 20—30 x 18—30 mm,
subglabrous, under-surface with colourless
gland-dots, apex rounded, base truncate,
margin crenate; petiole 15 — 30 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or sparingly branched,
70—130 mm long; flowers in sessile,
1 — 3-flowered cymes forming 2— 4-flowered
verticils 10—25 mm apart. Calyx 5—6 mm
long in the fruiting stage, broadly toothed,
the uppermost slightly larger than the rest,
minutely puberulous. Corolla mauve, 9—10
mm long; tube 7 mm long, somewhat
sigmoid, narrow and ascending for 3 mm
then decurved and expanding to about 2 mm
deep at the throat; upper lip 2 mm long;
lower lip concave, curved upwards, 2 mm
long. Stamens free, 2 mm long.

Known only from the eastern Transvaal; in dry
bushveld on dolomite formation, in rock crevices in full
sun. Map 98.

Voucher; Only the type specimen seen.

The shape of the corolla suggests a relationship to
P. petiolaris (below) but it differs considerably from
that species in its decumbent habit, smaller leaves and
smaller corolla.

Map 98. — ▲ Plectranthus dolomiticus
# P. petiolaris

43. Plectranthus petiolaris E. Mey. ex
Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 228 (1837); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 66 (1848); Cooke in F.C.
5,1: 272 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972);
Codd in Bothalia 11: 431 (1975). Lectotype:

4: 172

Lamiaceae

Transkei, between Umtata and Umzimvubu
Rivers, Drege (No. 4773b in K, lecto.!;
MO!; P!; S!).

P. kuntzei Giirke in Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3,2: 260
(1898); Cooke, l.c. 277 (1910). Type: Natal, Clairmont,
Kuntze s.n. (K!).

Perennial branched herb up to 1 m tall;
stems ascending to spreading, fairly densely
pubescent with tufts of longer hairs at the
nodes. Leaves petiolate; blade thin-
textured, broadly ovate-deltoid, 40—140 x
35 — 110 mm, thinly to fairly densely
strigose, under-surface with colourless
gland-dots, apex obtuse to acute, base
truncate to subcordate, margin coarsely
crenate-dentate, the teeth often having
small secondary teeth; petiole 20—150 mm
long. Inflorescence simple or with 1 or 2
pairs of branches near the base, racemes
100—250 mm long; flowers in sessile,
1— 3-flowered cymes forming 2— 6-flowered
verticils 10—30 mm apart. Calyx up to 8 mm
long in fruiting stage, glandular-puberulous.
Corolla deep violet-purple, often with
bluish lips, 12—15 mm long; tube somewhat
sigmoid, not expanding at the base, narrow
and ascending for 3 mm, then deflexed and
expanding to about 3 mm deep at the throat;
upper lip 6—8 mm long; lower lip shallowly
boat-shaped, 7—9 mm long. Stamens free,
4—5 mm long. Fig. 30: f.

Distributed from the Port St Johns area in the
Transkei, usually not far from the coast, to KwaZulu
and inland to the Kaap River valley of south-eastern
Transvaal. Map 98.

Vouchers: Codd 9295; Medley Wood 3390; 5754.

Can be recognized by the characteristic curved
corolla tube and the large, coarsely toothed leaves.

44. Plectranthus laxiflorus Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 228 (1837); Drege, Zwei Pfl.
Doc. 145, 149, 157 (1843); Benth. in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 63 (1848); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 276
(1910); Flulme, Wild Flow. Natal t.26, f. 2
(1954); Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972); Codd in
Bothalia 11: 434 (1975); Compton, FI.
Swaziland 503 (1976). Lectotype: Natal,
between Umzimkulu and Umkomaas Ri-
vers, Drege (No. 3586 in K, lecto.!; P!; S!).

Germanea laxiflora (Benth.) Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI.
Wclw. 1,4: 861 (1900).

P. hylophilus sensu Cooke, l.c. 277 (1910).

Perennial freely-branched herb or soft
shrub 0,7 — 1,5 m tall; stems ascending or
spreading, sparingly to densely glandular-

pubescent. Leaves petiolate; blade thin-
textured to somewhat rugose, broadly
ovate-deltoid, 60—100 x 40 — 60 mm, thinly
pubescent, under-surface with reddish
gland-dots (sometimes not easily visible),
apex acute to acuminate, base cordate,
margin regularly and finely crenate-dentate;
petiole 25 — 80 mm long. Inflorescence
simple or laxly branched, racemes 100—300
mm long; flowers in usually 3-flowered
pedunculate (rarely subsessile) cymes
forming usually 6-flowered verticils. Calyx
up to 7 mm long in fruiting stage,
glandular-pubescent. Corolla whitish to pale
mauve, 12 — 14 mm long, with 4—5 purple
vertical lines on the upper lip; tube more or
less sigmoid, not expanding at the base,
narrow and ascending for 2,5 mm then
deflexed and expanding to 2,5 mm deep at
the throat; upper lip 6—7 mm long; lower lip
boat-shaped, somewhat ascending, 5—7 mm
long. Stamens free, about 5 mm long. Fig.
30: g.

Map 99. — • Plectranthus laxiflorus
▲ Holostylon baumii

Distributed from Humansdorp in the Cape in
semi-coastal and adjacent regions through the Transkei
to Natal coast and midlands, Swaziland, eastern and
northern Transvaal, extending into tropical Africa;
often locally common in forest margins and on shady
stream banks. Map 99.

Vouchers: Codd 7829; 8185; 8579; Galpin 10109;
Pegler 161; Schlechter 4762.

The leaves have a sharp citronella-like scent unlike
that of any other Southern African species.

It is probable that several tropical species names
will be placed in synonymy (see Bothalia 11: 435,
1975).

Lamiaceae

4: 173

7350b

24. HOLOSTYLON

Holostylon Robyns & Lebrun in Annals Soc. scient. Brux. ser. B, 49: 103 (1929); Codd in
Mitt. bot. StSamml., Munch. 10: 251 (1971); R.A. Dyer, Gen. 532 (1975). Lectotype
species: H. gracilipedicellatum Robyns & Lebrun.

Herbs or subshrubs with 1 or more erect, virgate stems arising from a perennial base.
Leaves opposite, often quite large, margin toothed. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, often
occupying 1/3 or more of the plant; bracts minute, each subtending a single flower. Calyx
not or slightly gibbous at the base, subequally 5-toothed, accrescent; tube campanulate;
teeth short, deltoid to deltoid-lanceolate. Corolla bilabiate; tube short, declinate, bent and
expanding just beyond the calyx; upper lip erect, short, obscurely 4-lobed; lower lip large,
boat-shaped. Stamens 4, declinate, attached at the mouth of the corolla tube and lying in
the lower lip; filaments united at the base into a sheath open above. Style slightly exceeding
the stamens; stigma entire. Nutlets subrotund, slightly compressed, triquetrous, glabrous.

Species probably 4, in tropical Africa, 1 of which extends into the Flora area. They are closely allied to
Plectranthus (no. 23) but may be separated on a combination of characters: the minute bracts subtending solitary
flowers, the subequally 5-toothed calyx, stamens united at the base, and the entire style. They come closest to P.
esculentus N.E. Br. and, like that species, have erect, sparingly branched stems which tend to flower in winter after
the leaves have dropped, but the inflorescences, except in H. robustum (Fliern) G. Tayl., are more diffusely
branched and the flowers are usually shades of blue (rarely white).

Holostylon baumii (Gtirke) G. Tayl. in
J. Bot., Lond. 69, Suppl. 2: 161 (1931).
Type: Angola, Kubango, Massaca, Baum
283 (K).

Plectranthus baumii Gtirke in Warb., Kunene-Samb.
Exped. 356 (1903).

H. gracilipedicellatum Robyns & Lebrun in Annls
Soc. scient. Brux. ser. B, 49: 103 (1929). Type: Zaire,
Robyns 2196 (BR, holo.; K).

Stems 1— several, 1,2— 2,5 m tall,
woody below, from a perennial rootstock,
puberulous. Leaves sessile or subsessile;
blade ovate to ovate-deltoid, 50—70 x
25—40 mm, puberulous, apex acute, base
truncate, margin coarsely to shallowly
serrate. Inflorescence a lax panicle up to 500
mm long, 150—250 mm broad, the lower
panicle branches unbranched for 30—100
mm, then branching and finally flexuose for

the ultimate 30—50 mm; rhachis and
inflorescence branches finely puberulous;
pedicels glabrous, persistent, shorter to-
wards the ends of the panicle branches,
6—12 mm long. Calyx hispidulous, c. 8 mm
long at maturity, with a hispidulous stipe
1,5—2 mm long and thicker than the
pedicel. Corolla blue, 15 mm long; lower lip
10 mm long.

Recorded from the Chobe area in Botswana. Also
in Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Zaire.
Usually associated with Brachystegia woodland on
sandy flats and streambanks. Map 99.

Voucher: Robertson & Elffers 60.

The species is characterized by the stipitate calyx
and the unusual branching of the inflorescence, in
which the ends of the branches are flexuose. The
ultimate branchlets of the inflorescence are puberulous
whereas the persistent pedicels are glabrous, from
which it is possible to see how the flexuose branchlets
are derived from a basically cymose structure.

4: 174

Lamiaceae

Fig 31. — 1, Rabdosiella calycina, inflorescence, x 1; a, habit, much reduced; b, flower x 3; c, section
through corolla, x 3; d, mature calyx, x 3; e, nutlet, x 9 (living plant, BRI garden, from Machadodorp).

Lamiaceae

4: 175

7350c

25. RABDOSIELLA

Rabdosiella Codd in Bothalia 15: 9 (1984). Type species: R. calycina (Benth.) Codd.

Plectranthus sect. Pyramidium Benth., Lab. 44 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12; 61 (1848).

Rabdosia sensu Codd in Bothalia 11: 117 (1973); ibid. 11: 436 (1975); sensu R.A. Dyer, Gen. 532 (1975).

Allied to Plectranthus L’Herit., but the stems tend to be more woody, the leaves are
often ternate and the bracts are leaf-like, becoming progressively smaller towards the apex
of the inflorescence. Also allied to Isodon (Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach, a mainly Asiatic
genus with 1 species widespread in tropical Africa, but the inflorescence of Rabdosiella is a
dense terminal panicle, the mature calyx is erect, tubular and distinctly 10-nerved, and the
corolla is saccate at the base.

A genus of 2 species, 1 of which occurs in Southern Africa and the other in India.

Rabdosiella calycina (Benth.) Codd in
Bothalia 15: 10 (1984). Type: Transkei,
between St Johns and Umsikaba Rivers,
Drege 3584 (K, lecto.! = Drege b in G!;
MO!; P!; S!).

Plectranthus calycinus Benth. in E. Mey., Comm.
230 (1837); Drege, Zwei Pfl. Doc. 148, 152 (1843);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 61 (1848); Cooke in F.C. 5,1:
270 (1910); Trauseld, Wild Flow. Drakensberg 160
(1969); Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml., Miinch. 10: 250
(1971). Rabdosia calycina (Benth.) Codd in Bothalia
11: 117 (1973); ibid. 11: 436 (1975).

P. pyramidatus Giirke in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 522
(1898). Type: Transvaal, Houtbosch, Rehmann 6179
(Z, holo. !).

P. pachystachyus Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser.
2,3: 1003 (1903). P. calycinus var. pachystachyus
(Briq.) T. Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 271 (1910). Type: Natal,
Umkomaas, Medley Wood 4621 (K! ).

A soft shrub branched above, or stems
1— several arising annually from a woody
rootstock, 0,6— 1,5 m tall, ribbed towards
the base, glandular-puberulous to densely
tomentose. Leaves subsessile or shortly
petiolate; blade ovate-lanceolate to broadly
ovate, 40—100 x 20—45 mm, subcoriace-
ous, upper surface subglabrous to strigose,
under-surface reticulately veined, subglab-
rous to densely tomentose and freely dotted
with orange gland-dots, apex acute to
obtuse, base cuneate to rounded, margin
crenate-dentate. Inflorescence a terminal
panicle 100—300 mm long; flowers in dense,
somewhat scorpioid cymes. Calyx 7—9 mm
long and erect at fruiting stage; teeth
subequal, narrowly deltoid. Corolla white to

cream, flushed with mauve on the lips, 8 — 11
mm long; tube 4 mm deep at the base,
narrowing gradually to 3 mm at the throat;
upper lip erect, 2 mm long; lower lip
spreading, shallowly boat-shaped, 4—5 mm
long. Stamens declinate, attached at the
mouth of the corolla tube, 2,5— 4,5 mm
long, enclosed in the lower corolla lip;
filaments free. Stigma minutely bifid.
Fig. 31.

Distributed from the Blouberg and Soutpansberg
in the northern Transvaal along the eastern escarpment
to Swaziland, eastern Orange Free State, Natal,
Transkei and into the eastern Cape Province to around
King William’s Town. Map 100.

Vouchers: Codd 9266; 9433; Galpin 8161; 10113;
12019; Tyson 2749.

Map 100. — • Rabdosiella calycina

▲ Englerastrum schweinfurthii

4: 176

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 177

7353

26. ENGLERASTRUM

Englerastrum Briq. in Bot. Jb. 19: 178, t.3, fig. A (1894); in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 358
(1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 445 (1900); T.C.E. Fries in Notizbl. bot. Gart. Mus. Berl. 9: 61
(1924), partly; Alston in Kew Bull. 1926: 295 (1926), partly; Hutch. & Dandy in Kew Bull.
1926: 479 (1926); Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 257 (1962): in F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 465
(1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 11 (1969); Codd in Mitt. bot. StSamml.,
Munch. 10: 250 (1971); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 532(1975). Type species: E. schweinfurthii Briq.

Soft herbs, annual or perennial, decumbent or erect. Leaves membranous, subsessile
or petiolate. Inflorescences slender, racemose or paniculate, borne singly or in pairs in the
axils of the leaves for almost the entire length of the stem as well as terminally; flowers
small, solitary (or rarely 2) in the axils of minute bracteoles. Calyx campanulate, equally
5-toothed. Corolla small, bilabiate, usually blue; upper lip erect, short, subequally 4-lobed,
lower lip slightly longer, patent, keel-shaped. Stamens 4, declinate, attached at the mouth
of the corolla tube, included in the lower corolla lip; filaments shortly united at the base.
Style slightly exceeding the stamens, shortly forked at apex.

Probably 5 species, 1 from Ceylon, the remainder in tropical Africa, with 1 extending into the Flora region.
They are delicate herbs with flowers reduced to 1 or 2 per floral bract, arranged in short slender racemes or
panicles, which appear to have evolved by reduction from Isodon (Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach, a mainly Asiatic
genus with one species in Africa, in which the flowers are arranged in axillary, well-branched dichasia. A similar
evolutionary trend toward solitary flowers may be noted in Plectranthus, where the calyx is normally more or less
bilabiate, with the uppermost tooth larger than the rest. T.C.E. Fries included such species in Englerastrum but the
resemblance is essentially a superficial one and Hutchinson & Dandy, l.c., restricted the genus to those species
with equally 5-toothed calyces, as in Isodon.

Englerastrum schweinfurthii Briq. in
Bot. Jb. 19: 178, t.3, fig. A (1894); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 445 (1900); Morton in F.W.T.A.
edn 2,2: 465 (1963); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 11 (1969). Type: Sudan,
Schweinfurth 2532 (PRE, iso.!).

Annual or perennial herb, stems erect
or straggling, sparingly branched, up to 0,6
m long, sparingly pilose. Leaves subsessile
or petiolate; blade ovate to ovate-oblong,
30—50 x 15—25 mm, subglabrous, apex
acute to obtuse, base obtuse, shortly
decurrent on the petiole, margin shallowly

crenate; petiole up to 20 mm long.
Inflorescences slender, terminal or axillary
along almost the entire length of stem,
racemose or sparingly branched, 25—70 mm
long, on long peduncles; pedicels 1—2 mm
long. Calyx pilose, 3 mm long at fruiting
stage; teeth deltoid, 1 mm long. Corolla
mottled blue and white, 5 mm long.

Recorded from the Caprivi area in S.W. A. /Nami-
bia, along the Okavango and Zambesi Rivers, on river
banks and islands, usually in muddy places. Wide-
spread in tropical Africa. Map 100.

Vouchers: Hardy 5618; Muller & Giess 541.

4: 178

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 179

7354 27. SOLENOSTEMON

Solenostemon Thonn. in Schumach., Beskr. Guin. PI. 271 (1827), emend. J. K. Morton in J.
Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 251 (1962); in F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 462 (1963); Codd in Mitt. bot.
StSamml., Munch. 10: 249 (1971); Blake in Contr. Queensl. Herb. 9: 6 (1971); Codd in
Bothalia 11: 437 (1975); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 533 (1975). Type species: S. ocymoides
Schumach.

Coleus sect. Solenostemon (Thonn.) Benth., Lab. 52 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 72 (1848).

— sect. Solenostemoides Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 359 (1897); Solenostemon sect. Coleoidea J. K. Morton,
l.c., descr. angl. Solenostemon subgen. Solenostemoides (Briq.) Codd in Bothalia 11: 437 (1975). Lectotype
species: S. latifolius (Hochst. ex Benth.) J. K. Morton.

Perennial, erect or spreading herbs or subshrubs. Leaves often blotched on the upper
surface or variegated (cultivars). Inflorescence terminal, racemose or paniculate, lax or
dense; flowers in pedunculate or sessile, often somewhat glomerate, dichasia; bracts
differentiated from the leaves, early deciduous. Calyx bilabiate, 5-toothed; uppermost
tooth the largest, forming an ovate erect lobe; two lowermost teeth fused, forming a
strap-shaped emarginate lip; two lateral teeth short and truncate to rounded. Corolla
bilabiate; tube more or less sigmoid, narrow and ascending at the base then deflexed about
the middle and expanding to the throat; upper lip obscurely 4-lobed; lower lip larger than
the upper, boat-shaped. Stamens 4, declinate, attached at the mouth of the corolla tube and
lying in the lower lip; filaments usually shortly united at the base, occasionally free. Style
lying with the stamens in the lower lip of the corolla. Nutlets ovoid-triquetrous, glabrous.

In the typical species (the West African S. ocymoides Schumach.), which does not occur in Southern Africa,
the lower lip of the calyx is entire and eventually bends upwards closing the mouth of the calyx tube. The concept
of the genus was enlarged by Morton, l.c. to include his Section Coleoidea in which the lower lip of the calyx is
emarginate or bifurcate and does not bend upwards in the mature stage. This group, which is considered to be
worthy of subgeneric rank, includes 60 or more species described from Africa, Asia and Malesia, of which 2 species
are recognized in Southern Africa.

One of the best known members of the group is the commonly cultivated “Coleus” with variegated and often
incised leaves. Taking a broad view of species limits, the correct name for it would be 5. scutellarioides (L.) Codd
(Bothalia 11: 439, 1975).

1 Roots tuberous, potato-like; corolla 5 — 7 mm long, lower lip pale bluish mauve 1. S. rotundifolius

1 Roots fibrous; corolla 8—15 mm long, lower lip violet 2. S. latifolius

1. Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir.)
J. K. Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 272
(1962); in F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 463 (1963);
Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972); Codd in Bothalia
11: 438 (1975). Type: Mauritius, Commer-
son (P, holo.).

Germanea rotundifolia Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 2: 763
(1812). Plectranthus rotundifolius (Poir.) Spreng., Syst.
2: 690 (1825); Benth., Lab. 34 (1832); in DC., Prodr.
12: 65 (1848). Coleus rotundifolius (Poir.) A. Chev. &
E. Perrot., Veg. Util. Trop. Franc. 1: 101, 119 (1905).

Coleus dysentericus Bak. in Kew Bull. 1894: 10
(1894); in F T. A. 5: 437 (1900). Type: Niger region.
Barter 846 (K, holo.).

Perennial herb, branching at the base,
producing ovoid to roundish potato-like
tubers; stems ascending to decumbent,
0,3— 0,6 m long, semi-succulent, puberulous
to shortly pubescent. Leaves petiolate;

blade fairly thick-textured, ovate, 25—50 x
20—30 mm, upper surface subglabrous,
lower surface puberulous, sparingly red
gland-dotted, apex acute, base truncate to
abruptly attenuate, margin crenate-dentate;
petiole 20—30 mm long. Inflorescence
60—100 mm long, simple or with a pair of
branches at the base; verticils many-
flowered, dense. Calyx 3 mm long in fruit,
glandular-hispid. Corolla 5—7 mm long,
gland-dotted; upper lip whitish, lower lip
pale bluish mauve. Stamens shortly united at
the base.

Cultivated for the potato-like tubers in eastern
Transvaal and KwaZulu; probably of tropical African
origin. Map 101.

Vouchers: Clarke 65; Scheepers 931.

There are probably further synonyms among the
species listed by Chevalier & Perrottet, l.c., but no

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attempt has been made to sort these out. Three
varieties are also maintained by these authors.

Considered to be a delicacy and known as
Matabala (Sepedi) amaTabhane, or amaData (Zulu).
The tubers are prepared by boiling them in water and
squeezing the edible inside part out of the skin.

Map 101. — O Solenostemon rotundifolius
A S. latifolius

2. Solenostemon latifolius (Hochst. ex
Benth.) J. K. Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
58: 271 (1962); in F.T.A. edn 2,2: 463
(1963); Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972); Codd in
Bothalia 11: 439 (1975). Syntypes: Ethiopia,
Schimper 825; 1828 (K!).

Coleus latifolius Hochst. ex Benth. in DC., Prodr.
12: 74 (1848); A. Rich., Tent. FI. Abyss. 2: 184 (1851);
Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 437 (1900).

Plectranthus tysonii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 24: 77 (1898);
Cooke in F.C. 4,1: 276 (1910); Compton, FI. Swaziland
506 (1976). Type: Cape, Griqualand East, Clydesdale,
Tyson 2769 (G!; K!; PRE!).

Coleus rehmannii Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser.
2,3: 1075 (1903); Cooke, l.c. 289 (1910). Type:
Transvaal, Houtbosch, Rehmann 6156 (Z, holo.!).

Perennial herb; stems semi-erect to
procumbent, 0,2— 1,5 m long, pubescent,
usually with longish multicellular hairs.
Leaves petiolate; blade thin to medium-
thick in texture, broadly ovate-deltoid,
25 — 80 x 20—65 mm, sparingly to densely
pubescent, sometimes with a dark V-shaped
blotch on the upper surface, lower surface
freely dotted with reddish gland-dots, apex
acute, base truncate, margin crenate; pet-
iole 15—60 (—100) mm long. Inflorescence
usually simple, 100—350 mm long; flowers
in opposite, sessile or pedunculate, usually
compact dichasia or, in depauperate speci-
mens, reduced to few-flowered sessile
cymes. Calyx up to 7 mm long in fruit,
glandular-hispidulous. Corolla 8 — 15 mm
long, gland-dotted, lower lip violet to
purple, upper lip paler. Stamens usually
united at the base, occasionally free. Fig.
32.

Distributed from East Griqualand, through Natal
and Swaziland to the mountains of eastern and
northern Transvaal, in forest margins and open
woodland among rocks; widespread in tropical Africa.
Map 101.

Vouchers: Codd 7915; 8408; Schlieben 9520; Strey
10649.

A variable species with stems semi-erect to trailing
and leaves varying in texture according to growing
conditions.

Fig 32. — 1, Solenostemon latifolius, flowering stem, x 1; a, leaf, x 1; b, flower, x 3; c, section through
corolla, x 3; d, flowering calyx, from front, x 8; e, flowering calyx, x 8;'f, mature calyx, x 3 ( Codd 7820).

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4: 181

4: 182

Lamiaceae

Fig. 33. — 1, Hoslundia opposita, flowering branch, x 1; a, flower, x 9; b, gynoecium, x 9; c, section through
apex of corolla, x 9; d, flowering calyx, x 9; e, mature calyx, x 2; f, section through mature calyx, x 2; g, nutlet,
x 9 ( Mrs Jenkins s.n., living plant).

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4: 183

7357 28. HOSLUNDIA

Hoslundia Vahl , Enum. PI. 1: 212 (1804); Benth., Lab. 706 (1835); in DC., Prodr. 12: 54
(1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1174 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 363
(1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 377 (1900); Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 297 (1910); Morton in F.W.T.A.
edn. 2,2: 456 (1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 13 (1969); R. A. Dyer, Gen.
533 (1975). Lectotype species: H. opposita Vahl.

A monotypic African genus characterised by having only 2 fertile stamens and a fleshy, berry-like fruit.

Hoslundia opposita Vahl, Enum. PI. 1:
212 (1804); Benth., Lab. 706 (1835); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 54 (1848); Bak. in F.T.A. 5:
377 (1900); Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
58: 241 (1962); in F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 456
(1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 14 (1969); Compton, FI. Swaziland 506
(1976). Type: Guinea, Thonning s.n.

H. verticillata Vahl, Enum. PI. 1: 213 (1804); Benth.,
Lab. 706 (1835); in DC. Prodr. 12: 54 (1848); Hiern,
Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 860 (1900). H. opposita var.
verticillata (Vahl) Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 377 (1900). Type:
Senegal, Dupuis s.n.

H. decumbens Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 54 (1848);
Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3: 661 (1903);
Cooke in F.C. 5,1: 298 (1910). H. opposita var.
decumbens (Benth.) Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 377 (1900);
Ross, FI. Natal 305 (1972). Type: Delagoa Bay, Forbes
s.n.

Orthosiphon physocalycinus A. Rich., Tent. FI.
Abyss. 2: 180 (1851). Type: Ethiopia, Petit s.n.

Spreading, erect or subscandent herb
or soft shrub, 0,6— 1,2 m tall. Leaves
petiolate, opposite or sometimes ternate;
blade grey-green, ovate-lanceolate to
ovate-elliptic, 35—65 (—75) x 18-25 mm,
sparingly pubescent to fairly densely ap-
pressed tomentose, apex acute, base cune-
ate, margin crenate-dentate; petiole 3 — 8
mm long. Inflorescence consisting of rather
lax panicles or racemes; verticils 2—4-
flowered, 3 — 5 mm apart; bracts minute,
linear-lanceolate, 1,5 — 2 mm long; pedicels
slender, 2,5—4 mm long, articulate at the
top. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, 4—4,5 mm
long at flowering; teeth narrow, 1 — 1,5 mm
long; tube cylindric, becoming globose and
fleshy in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, white or
cream, 6—7 mm long; tube straight,
subcylindric; upper lip short, erect, 1 mm
long, 3-lobed; lower lip patent, 1,5 mm
long. Stamens didynamous, only the lower 2

fertile, declinate, attached near the throat,
exserted by 3—5 mm; the upper pair minute,
attached in the throat, included. Disc
produced on one or two sides, one lobe
often exceeding the ovary. Style exserted,
shortly 2-lobed. Fruit subglobose, berry-
like, 4—5 mm in diam., orange-coloured,
usually enclosing 2 or 3 nutlets; nutlets
ellipsoid-orbicular, compressed, 2 x 1,5
mm. Fig. 33.

Found in northern S.W. A. /Namibia and Botswa-
na, northern and eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and
coastal Natal as far south as Port Shepstone, in tropical
and subtropical open woodland. Widespread
throughout tropical Africa to Senegal, Sudan and
Ethiopia. Map 102.

Vouchers: Codd 4741; 5138; De Winter 4050:
Galpin 1246; Medley Wood 10204.

The orange-coloured fleshy fruits are edible anc
are relished by birds. The leaves have a strong anc
rather unpleasant smell, said to repel bees, and havt
been recorded as being used in the collection of honey.

4: 184

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■

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4: 185

7359 29. SYNCOLOSTEMON

Syncolostemon E. Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 230 (1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 53
(1848); Benth. & Hook. f. , Gen. PI. 2,2: 1174 (1876); Briq. in Naturl. PflFam. 4,3a: 364
(1897); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 261 (1910); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 534 (1975); Codd in Bothalia 12:
21 (1976). Lectotype: S. parviflorus E. Mey. ex Benth. (Codd, l.c.).

Perennial herbs or soft shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Inflorescence
paniculate or racemose, crowded or lax; flowers in 2— 6-flowered verticils; bracts small,
caducous. Calyx subequally 5-toothed or the uppermost tooth somewhat larger than the
remaining 4; tube campanulate or cylindrical, scarcely enlarging but becoming suborbicular
in some species at fruiting stage, glabrous or pubescent in the throat. Corolla bilabiate; tube
cylindrical to cylindric-campanulate, widening slightly to the truncate mouth; upper lip
short, erect, obscurely 3- or 4-lobed; lower lip spreading to deflexed, concave, longer than
the upper. Stamens 4, didynamous, exserted; upper pair attached near or below the middle
of the corolla tube with filaments free, glabrous or pubescent near the base; lower pair
attached at the corolla mouth, filaments united for almost their entire length; anthers
1-thecous. Disc lobed, produced in front. Style exserted, minutely bilobed. Nutlets oblong,
sometimes slightly frilled at the base.

A Southern African genus of 9 species, closely related to Hemizygia but the uppermost tooth of the calyx is
not broadly ovate.

1 Corolla tube 6—10 mm long:

2 Pubescence on leaves of stellate hairs 1.5. concirmus

2 Pubescence on leaves dense or sparse but not stellate:

3 Leaves greenish, sparsely to densely pubescent but not sericeous:

4 Inflorescence lax, verticils up to 20 mm apart; bracts ovate-lanceolate, not chartaceous:

5 Leaves obovate or elliptic to lanceolate, up to 3 times as long as broad

2(a). 5. parviflorus var. parviflorus

5 Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4 — 8 times as long as broad

2(b). 5. parviflorus var. lanceolatus

4 Inflorescence dense, verticils 2—3 mm apart; bracts broadly ovate, chartaceous 4. 5. comptonii

3 Leaves grey, densely sericeous:

6 Leaves 12—25 x 2—8 mm, flat; inflorescence terminal, lax 3. 5. argenteus

6 Leaves 4 — 10 x 1,5 — 3 mm, margin revolute; inflorescence terminal or on short lateral shoots,

dense, densely villous 5.5. eriocephatus

1 Corolla tube 14 — 30 mm long:

7 Calyx teeth subequal:

8 Verticils usually 4— 6-flowered; calyx teeth linear-subulate, 3 — 5 mm long 6. 5. densiflorus

8 Verticils 2-flowered; calyx teeth narrowly deltoid, 1,5 — 2 mm long 7. 5. rotundifolius

7 Calyx with the uppermost tooth elliptic to obovate, larger than the lower 4:

9 Corolla tube 20 — 30 mm long; rhachis glandular-puberulous 8. 5. macranthus

9 Corolla tube 18 — 20 mm long; rhachis hispid 9. 5. latidens

1. Syncolostemon concinnus N.E. Br.
in F.C. 5,1: 264 (1910); Codd in Bothalia 12:
22 (1976); Compton, FI. Swaziland 508
(1976). Type: Transvaal, Steenkampsberg,
Schlechter 3891 (K, holo.; PRE!).

Herb about 0,6 m tall; stems several,
softly woody, arising annually from a woody
rootstock, slender, sparingly branched,

hispidulous, with tufts of leaves along the
stem. Leaves subsessile; blade obovate-
oblong to narrowly elliptic, 10—18 x 2—8
mm, stellately pubescent on both surfaces,
freely gland-dotted, apex rounded, base
acute, margin often with a few teeth near
the apex. Inflorescence a lax panicle
120—200 mm long; verticils 2-flowered, up
to 20 mm apart; bracts 2—3 mm long. Calyx

4: 186

Lamiaceae

5—6 mm long, glandular-hispid, becoming
subrotund; tube setose in the throat.
Corolla white, 12—13 mm long; tube 8—9
mm long; lower lip 3—4 mm long. Stamens
well exserted; 2 upper filaments attached
near base of tube, glabrous. Style well
exserted.

Map 103. — Syncolostemon concinnus

Found in eastern and south-eastern Transvaal,
Swaziland and north-eastern Orange Free State, in
mountain grassland, usually among rocks. Map 103.

Vouchers: Acocks 23803; Codd 9847; 10207.

This is one of the most northerly members of the
genus, extending to the Lydenburg district in Trans-
vaal. The stellate pubescence distinguishes it from the
other related species.

2. Syncolostemon parviflorus E. Mey.
ex Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 231 (1837).
Lectotype: Transkei, near Umsikaba River,
Drege (K, lecto.!).

Herb or soft shrublet 0,4—1 m tall;
stems few to several arising annually from a
woody rootstock, slender, sparingly branch-
ed, with tufts of leaves along the stem.
Leaves subsessile; blade greenish or drying
blackish, elliptic-obovate to lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, 12—32 x 2—12 mm,
hispidulous to fairly densely appressed
pubescent, apex rounded to acute, base
cuneate, margin with occasional teeth near
the apex of larger leaves. Inflorescence a lax
panicle 120—250 mm long; verticils 2-
flowered, up to 20 mm apart; bracts 3—4
mm long. Calyx 5—6 mm long, becoming

subrotund; tube setose in the throat.
Corolla white or flushed with pink, rarely
reddish pink, 10—12 mm long; tube 7—9
mm long; lower lip 3 mm long. Stamens well
exserted; 2 upper filaments attached near
the base of the corolla tube, with a few hairs
near the base. Style well exserted.

Found from Transkei through Natal and Swaziland
to the Barberton district in Transvaal; in dense
grassland, often among rocks.

Two varieties are recognized; for key to varieties
see key to species.

(a) var. parviflorus.

Codd in Bothalia 12: 23 (1976).

S. parviflorus E. Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey., Comm.
231 (1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 54 (1848); N.E. Br. in
F.C. 5,1: 263 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972), as
“parvifolius”; Compton, FI. Swaziland 508 (1976).

— var. (3 Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 231 (1837); S.
dissitiflorus Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 54 (1848). 5.
parviflorus var. dissitiflorus (Benth.) N.E. Br., l.c. 264
(1910). Type: Natal, Port Natal, Drege (K, holo.!).

Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, elliptic
or lanceolate, 12—26 x 4—12 mm.

Distribution and ecology as for the species. Map

104.

Vouchers: Codd 9510; 9530; 9664; Compton
27412; Galpin 10961; Schlieben 9573.

Map 104. — A Syncolostemon parviflorus var.
parviflorus

O S. parviflorus var. lanceolatus

(b) var. lanceolatus (Giirke) Codd in
Bothalia 12: 23 (1976). Lectotype: East
Griqualand, Mt Malowe, Tyson in Herb.
Norm. 1294 (K, lecto.!; PRE!).

Lamiaceae

4: 187

5. lanceolatus Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 77 (1898): N.E.
Br. in FI. Cap. 5,1: 262 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 306
(1972).

5. cooperi Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3: 979
(1903). 5. lanceolatus var. cooperi (Briq.) N.E. Br., l.c.
262 (1910). Syntypes: Natal, Cooper 1151; 2895.

S. lanceolatus var. grandiflorus N.E. Br., l.c. 262
(1910). Type: Natal, near Enon, Wood 1882 (K, holo.).

Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, 12—32 x 2—4 mm, often
appressed-pubescent on both sides.

Recorded from East Griqualand and the central
Natal Midlands. Although N.E. Brown records Cooper
2895 as coming from the Orange Free State, this is
unlikely in view of its known distribution. Map 104.

Vouchers: Galpin 12030; 14691; Schlechter 6616.

Grades into var. parviflorus and so varietal status
appears appropriate. Occasional specimens may be
difficult to separate from 5. argenteus (below) where
the two meet in the Pietermaritzburg district, but 5.
argenteus is a more robust species with a mainly
semi-coastal distribution and with markedly sericeous
leaves.

3. Syncolostemon argenteus N.E. Br.
in F.C. 5,1: 263 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal 306
(1972); Codd in Bothalia 12: 23 (1976).
Type: Natal, near Inyezaan, Medley Wood
3875 (K, holo.!; NH!).

Herb or soft shrublet 0,6— 1,3 m tall;
stems solitary or few from a woody
rootstock, slender, sparingly branched,
sericeous, with tufts of leaves along the
stems. Leaves subsessile; blade linear-
lanceolate to elliptic-obovate, 12 — 25 x 2—8
mm, densely sericeous, apex obtuse, base

Map 105. — •Syncolostemon argenteus
▲ S. comptonii

cuneate, margin entire. Inflorescence a
fairly lax panicle 90—250 mm long; verticils

2- flowered, up to 15 mm apart; bracts 2,5 — 3
mm long. Calyx 5—6 mm long, becoming
subrotund; tube villous in the throat.
Corolla white to pinkish, 10 — 12 mm long;
tube 8 mm long; lower lip 3 mm long.
Stamens well exserted; 2 upper filaments
attached near the middle of the tube,
sparsely hairy. Style well exserted.

Found in Natal midlands and semi-coastal areas at
altitudes of 300 to 1 000 m, in dense grassland, often
adjoining forest. Map 105.

Vouchers: Medley Wood 9361; 10359; Strey 4592;
6475.

4. Syncolostemon comptonii Codd in
Bothalia 12: 23 (1976); Compton, FI.
Swaziland 507 (1976). Type: Swaziland,
near Komati Bridge, Compton 28839 (PRE,
holo.!).

Soft shrub up to 1,6 m tall; stems few or
solitary from the base, sparingly branched,
shortly pilose. Leaves subsessile; blade
oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 20—35 x

3— 6 mm, sparingly hispid, gland-dotted,
apex acute, base narrowly cuneate, margin
usually with a few teeth at the apex.
Inflorescence a compact panicle 50—80 mm
long; verticils 2-flowered, 2—3 mm apart;
bracts broadly ovate, 2,5 mm long. Calyx 6
mm long, glandular-hispid; throat setose.
Corolla white, 9—10 mm long; tube 6—7
mm long; lower lip about 3 mm long.
Stamens well exserted; 2 upper filaments
attached near the middle of the corolla tube,
sparingly pubescent near the base. Style well
exserted.

Known only from the type gathering, in tall grass
in open woodland, at Komati Bridge, Swaziland. Map
105.

Related to 5. parviflorus (no. 2) but the plants are
more robust, the inflorescence more compact and the
bracts are broadly ovate with a fringe of woolly hairs.

5. Syncolostemon eriocephalus Ver-
doorn in Kew Bull. 1937: 447 (1937); Codd
in Bothalia 12: 25 (1976). Type: Transvaal,
Pilgrims Rest, Morisse 51 (PRE, holo.!).

Shrub 0,6—2 m tall, much branched;
stems with tufts of leaves along the stem,
densely villous. Leaves sessile; blade linear
to narrowly oblong, 4—10 x 1,5—3 mm,
densely silvery sericeous on both surfaces,
apex rounded, base shortly cuneate, margin

4: 188

Lamiaceae

entire. Inflorescence borne terminally and
on short lateral shoots, racemose or occa-
sionally branched, dense, 20—50 mm long,
densely villous; verticils 2-flowered, 1 — 2
mm apart; bracts 1,5—3 mm long. Calyx 4
mm long, thickly covered with white to pale
yellowish woolly hairs; tube villous in the
throat. Corolla cream, yellow or brownish
yellow, 7—9 mm long; tube 5—7 mm long;
lower lip 2 mm long. Stamens exserted; 2
upper filaments attached about the middle
of the corolla tube, pubescent near the base.
Style well exserted.

Found along the escarpment in the eastern-
Transvaal from Pilgrims Rest to near The Downs, at
altitudes of 1 400—2 000 m, in shallow sandy soil
among quartzite rocks. Map 106.

Vouchers: Codd & De Winter 3349 ; Galpin 14601;
Rauh & Schlieben 9661.

A very distinctive species because of its small grey
leaves, dense small inflorescences partly obscured by
woolly hairs, and small cream to yellowish brown
flowers.

Map 106. — ▲ Syncolostemon eriocephalus
• S. densiflorus

6. Syncolostemon densiflorus Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 230 (1837); Hochst. in Flora
28: 67 (1845); Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 54
(1848); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 265 (1910);
Codd in Flower. PI. Afr. 32: t.1252 (1957);
Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Codd in Bothalia
12: 25 (1976). Lectotype: Transkei, between

Umzimkulu and Umsikaba Rivers, Drege
4744c (K, lecto.!).

5. ramulosus E. Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey., Comm.
231 (1837); Hochst. in Flora 28: 68 (1845); Benth. in
DC., Prodr. 12: 54 (1848); N.E. Br., l.c. 264 (1910).
Syntypes: near Morley, Drege 4744b (K!); Umsikaba
River, Drege.

Shrub 1 — 2,2 m tall, sparingly branch-
ed; stems white tomentose. Leaves petiol-
ate; blade ovate or broadly elliptic to ro-
tund, 5 — 15 x 4 — 10 mm, scabrid to sub-
glabrous, gland-dotted, apex obtuse to
rounded, base cuneate, margin subentire or
toothed above the middle; petiole 1—6 mm
long. Inflorescence a dense, often compact,
terminal panicle 50 — 160 mm long, 40— 65 mm
in diameter; vertierjs 4— 6-flowered, 2—3 mm
apart; bracts 3—5 3— 4 mm. Calyx cylindri-

cal, 10 mm longy teeth deltoid-subulate,
subequal or with the uppermost shorter than
the rest; tube glabrous in the throat. Corolla
crimson, pink or rarely whitish, 18—23 mm
long; tube 15—20 mm long, gradually widen-
ing to a truncate mouth 5—6 mm wide ; lower
lip 3 — 4 mm long, deflexed at maturity. Sta-
mens well exserted, often coiled; 2 upper
filaments attached below the middle of the
corolla tube, puberulous near the base. Style
well exserted. Fig. 34.

Distributed from Keiskammahoek through the
Transkei to about Nongoma in Natal, in semi-coastal
grassland and forest margins at altitudes up to about
1 000 m. Map 106.

Vouchers: Acocks 12250; 13778; Codd 9241; Strey
4161; 6407.

Although superficially similar to S. rotundifolius
(below), S. densiflorus may be distinguished by the
longer and more subulate calyx teeth, with the
uppermost one usually smaller than the rest, and the
4— 6-flowered verticils; in S. rotundifolius the verticils
are 2-flowered and the calyx teeth are more deltoid.

5. densiflorus , 5. rotundifolius and 5. macranthus
(no. 8) are attractive when in flower but have proved
difficult to maintain in cultivation. They are worth
persisting with as garden plants until the problems of
cultivation have been overcome.

7. Syncolostemon rotundifolius E.

Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey., Comm. 231
(1837); in DC., Prodr. 12: 53 (1848); N.E.
Br. in F.C. 5,1: 265 (1910); Ross, FI. Natal
306 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 12: 25 (1976).

Flo 34. — 1. Syncolostemon densiflorus, flowering stem, x 1; a, mature calyx, x 3; b, section through corolla,
x 2; c, ovary and disc, x 5 (after Flower. PI. Afr. 32: t.1252, 1957).

Lamiaceae

4: 189

4: 190

Lamiaceae

Lectotype: Transkei, between Umzimvubu
and Umsikaba Rivers, Drege 4743a (K,
lecto.!; PRE!).

Soft shrub 0,6—2 m tall, sparingly
branched; stems white tomentulose. Leaves
petiolate; blade broadly elliptic or broadly
obovate to subrotund, 10 — 25 x 6—18 mm,
tomentulose and gland-dotted, apex
rounded, base cuneate to obtuse, margin
entire or faintly crenate-dentate above the
middle; petiole 2—5 mm long. Inflorescence
a fairly dense panicle, rarely simple, 50—80
mm long and up to 60 mm in diameter;
verticils 2-flowered; bracts 3—5 x 3—4 mm.
Calyx cylindrical, 9—10 mm long; teeth
subequal, deltoid, the uppermost often
slightly shorter than the rest; tube glabrous
in the throat. Corolla mauve, pink or
magenta-pink, 23—27 mm long; tube 20—23
mm long, gradually widening to 5— 6 mm at
the mouth; lower lip 3—5 mm long, deflexed
at maturity. Stamens well exserted; 2 upper
filaments attached below the middle of the
corolla tube, pubescent near the base. Style
well exserted.

Found from about Port St Johns in the Transkei to
Port Shepstone in Natal, in grassland and scrub on
rocky slopes, usually not far from the sea at altitudes of
up to 400 m. Map 107.

Vouchers: Acocks 10918; 13331; Codd 9321; Strey
5798; 8438; 8769.

Map 107. — # Syncolostemon rotundifolius
A S. macranthus
■ S. latidens

8. Syncolostemon macranthus (Giirke)

Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 357 (1935);
Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Codd in Bothalia
12: 26 (1976). Lectotype: Natal, Van

Reenens Pass, Medley Wood 3573, in NH
949 (K, lecto.!).

Orthosiphon macranthus Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 84
(1898); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 242 (1910).

Hemizygia cooperi Briq. in Bull. Flerb. Bossier ser.
2,3: 992 (1903). Type: “Orange Free State”, Cooper
1015 (K, lecto.!).

Shrub 1—2,5 m tall, much branched;
stems hispidulous. Leaves petiolate; blade
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 20—45 x 12—20
mm, scabrid, gland-dotted, apex acute to
obtuse, base obtuse to cuneate, margin
obscurely crenate-dentate; petiole 2—8 mm
long. Inflorescence usually paniculate,
80—180 mm long, fairly dense to lax;
verticils 4—6 (rarely 2)-flowered, 4—18 mm
apart; bracts 3—5 x 3—4 mm. Calyx
cylindrical, 9 — 10 mm long, densely
glandular-puberulous, with the uppermost
tooth obovate-elliptic, 2—2,5 mm long,
distinctly larger than the lower 4 narrowly
deltoid teeth. Corolla pink to pale mauve or
purple, 25 — 30 mm long; tube 20—25 mm
long, gradually widening to 5—6 mm at the
mouth; lower lip 3—5 mm long, usually
deflexed at maturity. Stamens well exserted,
often coiled; 2 upper filaments inserted
about the middle of the corolla tube,
glabrous. Style well exserted.

Recorded from a restricted area of the Natal
Drakensberg between Cathedral Peak and Van
Reenens Pass and just extending into the eastern
Orange Free State. Locally frequent along streams and
at forest margins at altitudes of 1 600 — 2 200 m. Map
107.

Vouchers: Acocks 11207; Codd 8516; Killick 1074;
Schlechter 6912.

Differs from S. rotundifolius (above) in the larger,
scabrid and more acute leaves and the upper calyx
tooth being larger than the lower four. See also note
after 5. latidens (below).

9. Syncolostemon latidens (N.E. Br.)
Codd in Bothalia 12: 26 (1976). Type:
Natal, Umvoti District, Gerrard 1233 (K,
holo.!; PRE, photo.!).

Orthosiphon latidens N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 242
(1910). Hemizygia latidens (N.E. Br) Ashby in J. Bot.,
Lond. 73: 348' (1935); Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972).

Soft shrub 1 — 1,5 m tall, branching;
stems hispidulous. Leaves petiolate; blade

Lamiaceae

4: 191

ovate to broadly ovate, 30—50 x 20—35
mm, drying dark brown, tomentulose, apex
obtuse to acute, base obtuse to truncate,
margin crenate-dentate; petiole 3—10 mm
long. Inflorescence a fairly dense terminal
panicle 100—200 mm long; verticils usually
6-flowered, 4—8 mm apart; bracts 5x4
mm. Calyx cylindrical, 10—11 mm long,
glandular-hispid, with the uppermost tooth
broadly obovate, distinctly larger than the
lower 4 lanceolate-deltoid teeth. Corolla
mauve-pink to deep pink, 22—25 mm long;
tube 20—22 mm long, gradually widening to
5—6 mm at the mouth; lower lip 3—5 mm
long, often deflexed at maturity. Stamens
well exserted; 2 upper filaments attached

below the middle of the corolla tube,
puberulous near the base. Style well
exserted.

Known from only a restricted area near Kranskop
in central Natal, growing in and near the forest margin.
Map 107.

Vouchers: Dyer 4353; Strey 4248.

On the basis of calyx shape, 5. macranthus (no. 8)
and 5. latidens are transitional between Syncolostemon
and Hemizygia, in which the uppermost calyx tooth is
broadly ovate and usually decurrent on the tube.
However, both these species are so obviously allied to
S. densiflorus (no. 6) and S. rotundifolius (no. 7) that it
is considered best to retain them in Syncolostemon. In
S. latidens the uppermost calyx tooth is larger than in S.
macranthus, but not decurrent on the tube, and the
pubescence on the leaves is short and soft, not as
scabrid as in S. macranthus.

4: 192

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 193

7365

30. HEMIZYGIA

Hemizygia (Benth.) Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 368 (1897); Annu. Conserv. Jard. bot.
Geneve 2: 247 (1898); Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 312, 343 (1935); Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 11 (1969); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 535 (1975); Codd in Bothalia 12: 1 (1976). Type
species: H. teucriifolia (Hochst.) Briq.

Ocimum sect. Hemizygia Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 41 (1848).

Orthosiphon sensu Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 365 (1900), partly; sensu N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 237 (1910), partly.

Bouetia A. Chev. in Mem. Soc. bot. Fr. 8: 200 (1912). Type species: B. ocimoides A. Chev.

Perennial soft shrubs or annual herbs, or stems arising annually from a perennial
woody rootstock. Leaves opposite or rarely ternate, sessile or petiolate, usually toothed.
Inflorescence paniculate or racemose, crowded or lax; flowers in 2— 6-flowered verticils;
bracts small and caducous or persistent, or the terminal few pairs large and persistent as a
colourful coma. Calyx bilabiate, 5-toothed, the uppermost tooth broadly ovate to
subrotund, decurrent on the tube; 2 lower teeth subulate to spinescent, longer than the 2
lateral, deltoid-lanceolate teeth. Corolla bilabiate; tube subcylindrical or widening slightly
to the truncate mouth; upper lip short, erect, obscurely 3- or 4-lobed; lower lip longer than
the upper, concave, horizontal to deflexed. Stamens 4, didynamous, exserted (upper pair
included in H. pretoriae); upper pair attached near or below the middle of the corolla tube,
filaments free, usually pubescent near the base and sometimes higher as well; lower pair
attached at the corolla mouth, filaments connate for all or part of their length (occasionally
almost free), glabrous. Disc usually crenate, produced in front. Style exserted, minutely
bifid or occasionally clavate. Nutlets ovoid.

Species about 35, mostly African; 28 species in Southern Africa. Closely related to Syncolostemon (no. 29), in
which the calyx is subequally 5-toothed or the uppermost tooth, if larger than the rest, is not broadly ovate.

1 Stellate or dendroid (branched) hairs present on leaves and other parts, often intermingled with simple
hairs: (second half of couplet on p. 4: 194)

2 Verticils 3— 6-flowered (2-flowered verticils may occasionally also be present):

3 Leaf blade 30—90 x 18 — 30 mm; inflorescence usually paniculate:

4 Leaf blade 50 — 90 x 25 — 30 mm, concolorous, upper surface densely pubescent, petiole 2—4 mm
long; inflorescence laxly branched, up to 600 mm long, bracts greenish; calyx setose in the throat
1. H. macrophylla

4 Leaf blade (25 — )30 — 60X 18— 30 mm, discolorous, upper surface subglabrous, petiole 6—12 mm

long; inflorescence lax to dense, up to 250 mm long, bracts mauve-purple; calyx not setose

in the throat 2. H. obermeyerae

3 Leaf blade 5 — 30 x 2— 15 mm; inflorescence usually simple or with a pair of branches nearthe base:

5 Leaf margin flat, not revolute:

6 Terminal bracts small, inconspicuous, 4 — 7 mm long:

7 Calyx 8 — 9 mm long; corolla 12—15 (tube 10—12) mm long; leaves 15 — 35 x 6—12 mm, upper

surface coarsely velvety 5 . H. incana

7 Calyx 5 — 7 mm long; corolla 8—11 (tube 6—9) mm long; leaves 7 — 20 x 2—7 mm, upper

surface finely velvety, often darker than the lower 6. H. cinerea

6 Terminal bracts 7—11 mm long, persistent, colourful:

8 Leaf blade grey velvety on both surfaces; upper pair of stamens exserted from the corolla

tube; stigma capitate 7 . H. elliottii

8 Leaf blade subglabrous to villous; upper pair of stamens included in the corolla tube; stigma

shortly bifid 15(b). H. pretoriae subsp. heterotricha

5 Leaf margin revolute:

9 Corolla tube widening towards the mouth; stamens exserted well beyond the lower lip of the
corolla:

4: 194

Lamiaceae

10 Apical bracts 10 — 15 mm long, colourful 10 . H. stenophylla

10 Apical bracts 4—7 mm long, inconspicuous:

11 Leaves finely grey velvety on both surfacs; stem finely grey tomentose 6. H. cinerea

11 Leaves with under-surface coarsely pubescent, upper surface darker, finely pubescent;

stem villous 11. H. rehmannii

9 Corolla tube cylindrical, often slightly narrowed at the mouth; stamens exserted scarcely beyond
the lower lip of the corolla:

12 Lower internodes of main stems less than 20 mm long; leaves usually not more than 4 mm

broad 12. H. subvelutina

12 Lower internodes of main stems usually more than 20 mm long; leaves 3—6 mm or more

broad, especially the lower 13. H. teucrii folia

2 Verticils all 2-flowered:

13 Leaf blade with upper surface rugose, subglabrous to hispidulous, under-surface grey tomentose:

14 Leaf blade lanceolate-elliptic, 15 — 25 mm long; apical bracts conspicuous, up to 15 mm long

3. H. rugosifolia

14 Leaf blade ovate, 6—11 mm long; apical bracts inconspicuous, up to 3,5 mm long

4. H. parvifolia

13 Leaf blade densely grey tomentose to grey floccose on both surfaces:

15 Leaf blade densely grey tomentose, 12 — 25 x 4—12 mm; apical bracts mauve-purple, 7 — 11 mm

long:

16 Calyx 5 mm long; corolla 12—14 mm long; stigma capitate 7. H. elliottii

16 Calyx 8—10 mm long; corolla 17 — 20 mm long; stigma shortly bifid 8. H. gerrardii

15 Leaf blade densely grey floccose, 28—45 x 15 — 22 mm; apical bracts inconspicuous, 4—5 mm long

9. H. floccosa

1 (from p. 4: 193) Stellate or dendroid (branched) hairs absent:

17 Leaves narrow, leathery, margin revolute, under-surface thickly tomentose with long white hairs,

upper surface somewhat varnished 14. H. albiflora

17 Leaves broad or narrow, margin not re volute, under-surface glabrous to tomentose but not as above:

18 Apical bracts of the inflorescence like the lower ones, small and inconspicuous, usually caducous:

19 Upper pair of stamens included in the corolla tube 15(a). H. pretoriae subsp. pretoriae

19 Upper pair of stamens exserted from the corolla tube:

20 Verticils 2-flowered; leaves 6—15 x 3—7 mm:

21 Stems 0,12—0,25 m tall, usually sparingly branched, arising annually from a woody rootstock

16. H. modesta

21 Stems 0,6— 1,2 m tall, shrubby, much branched 17 . H. punctata

20 Verticils 3— 6-flowered; leaves usually longer than above:

22 Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, obtuse to rounded at the apex, obtuse or broadly

cuneate at the base; stems 0,25 — 0,4 m arising annually from a woody rootstock 18. H. bolusii

22 Leaves linear to ovate, apex acute, base cuneate; annual or perennial herbs not arising
annually from a perennial woody rootstock:

23 Stem and leaves with pubescence of short or fairly short, dense and often crisped hairs:

24 Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate; petiole 6—14 mm long 24. H. petiolata

24 Leaves linear to lanceolate or, rarely, ovate-lanceolate; petiole usually less than 5 mm

long 25. H. canescens

23 Stem villous to subglabrous, not as above; leaves subglabrous or sparingly pubescent to
canescent or villous, often with long and short hairs intermingled:

25 Leaves linear or with some leaves on a plant up to 5 mm broad, subglabrous; stems

subglabrous with few long hairs, often somewhat varnished 26. H. linearis

25 Leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually more than 5 mm broad; stems and

leaves sparingly to densely villous 27 . H. petrensis

Lamiaceae

4: 195

18 Apical bracts of inflorescence distinct from the lower ones, membranous, forming a persistent
colourful coma (often small but coloured in H. petiolata and H. petrensis):

26 Stamens not exserted beyond the lower lip of the corolla; filaments of upper pair of stamens

pubescent from the base to near the apex 23. H. persimilis

26 Stamens exserted beyond the lower lip of the corolla; filaments of upper pair pubescent only near
the base:

27 Verticils 2-flowered:

28 Stems shrubby, up to 1 m tall, much branched; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 15 — 25 x

6 — 11 mm; corolla 25 — 28 mm long 19. H. ramosa

28 Stems up to 0,3 m long arising annually from a woody rootstock; leaves ovate, usually

exceeding 25 mm long and 11 mm wide; corolla 12—15 mm long 21. H. foliosa

27 Verticils 3— 6-flowered:

29 Terminal bracts ovate to linear-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, pairs of bracts often spaced

10—20 mm apart, more than twice as long as broad (sometimes less in H. transvaalensis but
then corolla tube more than 12 mm long):

30 Corolla tube more than 12 mm long; terminal bracts ovate to lanceolate, rarely

linear-lanceolate 20. H. transvaalensis

30 Corolla tube less than 12 mm long; terminal bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate

22. H. thorncroftii

29 Terminal bracts broadly ovate, not cuneate at the base, densely crowded, usually less than
twice as long as broad:

31 Petiole of mature leaves more than 5 mm long; under-surface of leaves covered with a fine

greyish white pubescence 24. H. petiolata

31 Petiole of mature leaves less than 5 mm long or leaves sessile; under-surface of leaves
glabrous to variously pubescent:

32 Terminal bracts conspicuous, violet or white, up to 14 x 9 mm; corolla white

28. H. bracteosa

32 Terminal bracts small, often purplish, about 5x3 mm; corolla mauve 27. H. petrensis

1. Hemizygia macrophylla (Giirke)
Codd in Bothalia 12: 3 (1976). Type: Natal,
Drakensberg, Rehmann 7016 (Z, holo.!).

Syncolostemon macrophyllus Giirke in Bull. Herb.
Boissier 6: 555 (1898); Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972);
Orthosiphon macrophyllus (Giirke) N.E. Br. in F.C.
5,1: 241 (1910).

Soft shrub 1 — 1,5 m tall, highly aroma-
tic; stems several from a perennial woody
rootstock, sparingly branched, grey pub-
escent. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade
ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 60—90 x
25 — 30 mm, both surfaces densely and
coarsely stellate velvety, tending to fold
along the midrib and then somewhat falcate,
apex acute, base cuneate, margin regularly
serrate in the upper two-thirds; petiole up to
4 mm long. Inflorescence a large lax panicle
up to 600 x 250 mm; verticils 3— 6-flowered,
20 mm or more apart; bracts caducous,
broadly ovate, acute, 6—8 mm long with a
white margin and patches of white tomen-
tum. Calyx up to 7 mm long, glandular-
hispid, setose in the throat becoming

swollen and narrow at the mouth when in
the fruiting stage. Corolla purple, 17—18
mm long; tube 11 — 12 mm long, widening to
5—6 mm at the mouth; upper lip a small
appendage, 1 mm long; lower lip 5—6 mm
long, horizontal. Stamens exserted well
beyond the lower lip, curved upwards;
upper pair attached below the middle of the
corolla tube, puberulous near the base;
lower pair united to near the apex. Stigma
bifid.

Recorded from the foothills of the Drakensberg in
northern Natal and southern Transvaal, in dense
grassland subjected to periodic burning, on slopes
usually among dolerite rocks at altitudes of
1 500- 1 800 m. Map 108.

Vouchers: Codd 9979; Devenish 444; 1590.

Distinguished from all other species by the large
grey leaves, coarsely stellate (dendroid) pubescence on
both surfaces and the large lax inflorescence with
purple flowers. The calyx, which is setose in the throat
and becomes swollen and narrowed at the mouth at
maturity, makes this species somewhat intermediate
between Syncolostemon (no. 29) and Hemizygia.

4: 196

Lamiaceae

Map 108. — • Hemizygia macrophylla
▲ H. obermeyerae

2. Hemizygia obermeyerae Ashby in J.
Bot., Lond. 73: 343 (1935); Codd in
Bothalia 12: 4 (1976). Type: Transvaal,
Soutpansberg, Obermeyer sub TRV 31556
(PRE, holo.!).

Soft shrub 1 — 1,5 m tall, freely
branched; stems softly stellate-tomentose.
Leaves petiolate; blade broadly ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, 30—60 x 18 — 30 mm,
upper surface subglabrous, under-surface
densely grey stellate-pubescent, apex obtuse
to rounded, base truncate to obtuse, margin
finely crenate-dentate; petiole 6 — 12 mm
long. Inflorescence usually branched, fairly
dense, 80—180 mm long; verticils 4—6-
flowered, 10—20 mm apart; bracts persisting
at the apex, mauve-purple, ovate, acute,
10—15 x 5 — 10 mm. Calyx about 8 mm long,
glandular-setulose. Corolla mauve-pink,
18—22 mm long; tube 15 — 17 mm long,
widening to 6—8 mm at the mouth; upper lip
1 mm long; lower lip 4—6 mm long,
horizontal to slightly deflexed. Stamens
exserted well beyond the lower lip, curled
upwards; upper pair attached below the
middle of the tube, puberulous at the base;
lower pair united to the apex. Stigma bifid.

Found in the north-eastern Transvaal on the
Soutpansberg and at The Downs at altitudes of
1 400—1 800 m, with bracken and shrub on stony
hillsides and forest margins. Map 108.

Vouchers: Codd 4188; 8593; Hutchinson 2238;
Schlieben & Strey 8353.

Easily separated from other species with stellate
pubescence by the relatively large petiolate leaves. It is
an attractive shrub which grows under humid
conditions but has not succeeded in cultivation in the
drier and colder parts of the Transvaal.

3. Hemizygia rugosifolia Ashby in J.
Bot., Lond. 73: 344 (1935); Codd in
Bothalia 12: 4 (1976). Type: Transvaal, The
Downs, Junod 4342 (PRE, holo.!).

Erect soft shrub, branched, probably
about 1 m tall; stems shortly stellate-
tomentose. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade
ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, 15—25 x 6—10
mm, somewhat coriaceous, upper surface
rugose, puberulous, with nerves immersed,
under-surface densely greyish stellate-
tomentose, apex obtuse, base cuneate,
margin finely and regularly crenate-dentate;
petiole 2—4 mm long. Inflorescence branch-
ed or simple, medium lax, 80—130 mm
long; verticils 2-flowered, 10—15 mm apart;
bracts persisting at the apex, purplish,
ovate, acute to acuminate, about 10 x 5
mm. Calyx about 10 mm long at maturity.
Corolla about 22 mm long; tube about 18
mm long, widening to 5—6 mm at the
mouth; upper lip 1 mm long; lower lip 4 mm
long, usually deflexed. Stamens well exsert-
ed beyond the lower lip; upper pair attached
about the middle of the corolla tube, fila-
ments glabrous; lower pair united to the
apex. Stigma minutely bifid.

Known from only three gatherings near the Downs
and Blyde River escarpment in north-eastern Trans-
vaal, where it apparently grows among quartzite rocks.
Map 109.

Map 109. — O Hemizygia rugosifolia
A H. parvifolia

Lamiaceae

4: 197

Vouchers: Rogers 20188; Van Jaarsveld 6038.

See the next species, H. parvifolia , for differences
between the two.

4. Hemizygia parvifolia Codd in Bo-
thalia 12: 4 (1976). Type: Transvaal, farm
Belvedere, overlooking Blyde River Gorge,
Codd 10321 (PRE, holo.!).

Twiggy shrub 0,5 — 1 m tall; stems
stellate-floccose. Leaves shortly petiolate;
blade ovate to broadly ovate, 6—11 x 4—9
mm, discolorous, upper surface rugose,
brown, subglabrous, under-surface densely
grey tomentose with dendroid hairs, apex
obtuse to rounded, base obtuse to truncate,
margin minutely crenate-dentate; petiole
1—2,5 mm long. Inflorescence simple or
with a pair of branches near the base ,50—80
mm long; verticils 2-flowered, 8 — 15 mm
apart; bracts caducous, 2,5—5 mm long,
sometimes tinged with purple. Calyx 9—10
mm long at maturity. Corolla white, 15 — 17
mm long; tube 11 — 14 mm long, widening to
4 mm at the mouth; lower lip 4 mm long.
Stamens well exserted beyond the lower lip;
upper pair attached about the middle of the
corolla tube, filaments pubescent near the
base; lower pair united to the apex. Stigma
shortly bifid.

Found on the eastern Transvaal escarpment from
Kaapsche Hoop to Blyde River, at altitudes of 1 300 to
1 500 m, among quartzite rocks. Map 109.

Vouchers: Codd 9555; 10321; Davidson 2663.

Allied to H. rugosifolia (above) but has smaller,
more ovate leaves, smaller, less conspicuous apical
bracts and whiter, more dendroid pubescence. In H.
rugosifolia the pubescence consists mostly of short,
simple hairs with a few stellate hairs intermingled.

5. Hemizygia incana Codd in Bothalia
12: 5 (1976). Type: Transvaal, Kaapsche
Hoop, Codd 5758 (PRE, holo.!).

Shrub, sparingly branched, about 0,6 m
tall; stems grey tomentose with dendroid
hairs and long simple hairs. Leaves sessile to
subsessile; blade ovate or lanceolate to
elliptic-lanceolate, 15—35 x 6 — 12 mm,
densely grey stellate-velvety on both surfa-
ces, upper surface darker grey than lower,
apex obtuse to rounded, base obtuse,
margin minutely crenate-dentate above the
middle. Inflorescence simple or with a pair
of branches near the base, 80—200 mm long;
verticils 4— 6-flowered; bracts ovate, cadu-
cous, up to 5 mm long. Calyx 8—9 mm long

at maturity, glandular-villous. Corolla
mauve, 12—15 mm long; tube 10—12 mm
long, widening to 3—4 mm at the mouth;
lower lip 3 mm long. Stamens well exserted
beyond the lower lip; upper pair attached
near the base of the corolla tube, filaments
pubescent near the base; lower pair united
almost to the apex. Stigma shortly bifid.

Found in the neighbourhood of Kaapsche Hoop at
an altitude of about 1 800 m, in sandy soil among
quartzite rocks. Map 110.

Vouchers: De Winter 5083; Kluge 2663.

See note after the next species, H. cinerea.

6. Hemizygia cinerea Codd in Bothalia
12: 6 (1976). Type: Natal, Cathedral Peak
Forest Research Station, Killick 1644 (PRE,
holo.!).

Branched shrub 0,4— 1,5 m tall; stems
grey tomentose. Leaves shortly petiolate;
blade lanceolate-elliptic to oblanceolate-
elliptic or linear-elliptic, 7—20 x 2—7 mm,
densely stellate-tomentose on both surfaces,
upper surface darker grey than the lower,
apex obtuse to rounded, base cuneate,
margin entire or minutely crenate-dentate
above the middle; petiole 1—2 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or sparingly branched
near the base, 70—150 mm long; verticils
4— 6-flowered; bracts broadly ovate, acute,
4—7 mm long, caducous. Calyx 5 — 7 mm
long at maturity, villous and freely gland-
dotted. Corolla pinkish to mauve, 8—11 mm
long; tube 6—9 mm long, widening to 3 mm

Map 110. — ■ Hemizygia incana
▲ H. cinerea
• H. elliottii

4: 198

Lamiaceae

at the mouth; lower lip 2,5—3 mm long.
Stamens well exserted beyond the lower lip;
upper pair attached near the base of the
corolla tube, filaments minutely pubescent
near the base; lower pair united almost to
the apex. Stigma shortly bifid.

Known only from the Natal Drakensberg between
Mont-aux-Sources and Cathkin Peak at altitudes of
1 700—2 300 m; often locally common along stream
banks, at the foot of cliffs and on mountain sides. Map
110.

Vouchers: Edwards 459; 2300; Galpin 10168;
11846; Sidey 1655.

Allied to H. incana (above) but the leaves tend to
be smaller with darker upper surfaces and the calyx and
corolla are smaller. The next species, H. elliottii, differs
from H. cinerea in having a distinct coma of
mauve-purple bracts at the apex of the inflorescence,
the calyx is stellate tomentose, not villous, and the
stigma is capitate, not shortly bifid; it is also a species of
the hot, dry savanna areas rather than of high altitudes.
Also related to H. stenophylla (no. 10), which occurs
further south and at lower altitudes, and which has
somewhat longer leaves with revolute margins, colour-
ful bracts at the apex of the inflorescence and a glandu-
lar-hispid calyx.

7. Hemizygia elliottii (Bak.) Ashby in
J. Bot., Lond. 73: 345 (1935), partly,
excluding Natal specimens; Codd in Botha-
lia 12: 7 (1976). Type: Matabeleland, Elliott
s.n. (K, holo.).

Orthosiphon elliottii Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 376 (1900).

O. messinensis Good in J. Bot., Lond. 63; 173
(1925). Type: Transvaal, Messina, Moss & Rogers 153
(BM, holo.; PRE!).

Soft branched shrub 0,35—0,6 m tall,
woody at the base; stems stellate-
tomentose. Leaves subsessile to shortly
petiolate; blade lanceolate to ovate, 15 — 25
x 4—12 mm, densely stellate grey velvety
on both surfaces, apex acute, base obtuse,
margin entire. Inflorescence simple or
occasionally with a pair of branches at the
base; verticils 2— 6-flowered; bracts broadly
ovate to subrotund, 7 — 11 x 5—8 mm,
persisting as a dense, mauve-purple coma.
Calyx 5 mm long at maturity, sparingly
stellate tomentose. Corolla white to pale
mauve, 13 mm long; tube 9 mm long,
widening to 3 mm at the mouth; lower lip 4
mm long, often deflexed. Stamens shortly
exserted, not or only slightly exceeding the
lower lip; upper pair attached about the
middle of the tube, filaments pubescent for
about two-thirds their length; lower pair

loosely joined for about half their length.
Style capitate.

Found in Botswana and in western, northern and
eastern Transvaal at altitudes of 300 to 1 300 m, in dry
subtropical savanna; also in Zimbabwe. Map 110.

Vouchers: Codd 5036; 8658; 8857; Leistner 3184;
Schlechter 4676.

See note after H. cinerea (above).

An interesting variation is found in the number of
flowers per verticil. In all specimens from Zimbabwe,
Botswana, and western and northern Transvaal, the
verticils are 2-flowered, whereas in those from the
eastern Transvaal lowveld the verticils are 4—6-
flowered.

8. Hemizygia gerrardii (N.E. Br.)
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 345 (1935);
Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Codd in Bothalia
12: 8 (1976). Type: Natal, “near Ingoma,”
Gerrard 1239 (K, holo.; PRE, fragment!).

Orthosiphon gerrardii N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 249
(1910).

Soft, branched shrub c. 1 m tall; stems
stellate-pubescent, glabrescent, bark flaking
in strips. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade
ovate to broadly elliptic, c. 15 x 10 mm,
thickish, densely and somewhat coarsely
grey stellate-velvety on both surfaces, apex
obtuse, base obtuse to truncate, margin
entire; petiole 1—3 mm long. Inflorescence
usually simple, 40—50 mm long; verticils
2-flowered; bracts broadly elliptic, c. 8 x 5
mm, persisting as a mauve-purple coma.
Calyx 8 — 10 mm long at maturity, stellate-
tomentose. Corolla mauve-pink, 20—25 mm
long; tube 17—20 mm long, 3 mm wide at
the mouth; lower lip 4—6 mm long. Stamens
well exserted beyond the lower lip; upper
pair attached near the throat; lower pair
united for about half their length. Stigma
entire or minutely bifid.

Known from only 2 gatherings, one from northern
Natal and the other from southern Transvaal, in grass
among rocks. Map 111.

Voucher: Dyer & Verdoorn 5829.

Resembles H. elliottii (above) in the entire, grey
tomentose leaves and the entire (or almost entire)
stigma, but the calyx and corolla are considerably
larger and the stamens well exserted.

9. Hemizygia floccosa Launert in Mitt,
bot. StSamml., Munch. 7: 302 (1968);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 13
(1969); Codd in Bothalia 12: 8 (1976). Type:
S.W. A. /Namibia, Outjo, De Winter &
Hardy 8139 (PRE, holo.!; M).

Lamiaceae

4: 199

Soft shrublet 0,4— 0,8 m tall, sparingly
branched; stems loosely dendroid-floccose,
glabrescent and pale reddish brown with
age. Leaves petiolate; blade ovate, 28—45 X
15 — 22 mm, loosely to densely floccose on
both surfaces, apex subacute, base obtuse,
margin obscurely and somewhat distantly
crenate-dentate; petiole 5 — 10 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or with a pair of
branches near the base; verticils 2-flowered;
bracts 5 x 2,5 mm, deciduous. Calyx 11 mm
long at maturity, glandular-strigose. Corolla
pale mauve, c. 20 mm long; tube c. 15 mm
long, widening to 5 mm at the mouth; lower
lip 5 mm long. Stamens shortly exserted, not
exceeding the lower lip; upper pair attached
near the middle of the corolla tube,
filaments pubescent near the base; lower
pair united for about half their length.
Stigma capitate.

i2- m* ir

ir ip ir i«- ip

ip - ip

p IP

(TTfl

Hitt

2T\Xr 1 L

h-wt

TrTTr

mt\

2rnTm 1

Hiif

-)

A TT

=otL

tttpp

— — — — \|

hr1

44-0,,.

MTn

WtxTiTn

L-nK h

TTrrr

rnTiT

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txStE

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!p l iT-

IT

p

IP IP 1 IP

ip 1 ip

Map 111. — ■ Hemizygia gerrardii
▲ H. floccosa
# H. stenophylla

A rare plant found in the central, semi coastal part
of S.W. A. /Namibia, in dry watercourses. Map 111.

Vouchers: Giess 3929; 5003; 7900.

Related to H. elliottii (no. 7) but readily
distinguished by the larger leaves which are petiolate,
distantly toothed and floccose.

10. Hemizygia stenophylla (Giirke)
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 347 (1935);
Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Codd in Bothalia
12; 8 (1976). Type: Natal, East Griqualand,
near Enyembe, Tyson in Herb. Austr. Afr.
1293 (K, lecto.!; PRE!).

Orthosiphon stenophyllus Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 84
(1898); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 250 (1910).

Soft shrub 0,3— 0,9 m tall, usually with
several stems arising from a perennial
rootstock; stems shortly stellate-tomentose.
Leaves subsessile; blade linear-lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 12—30 x
3—5 mm, upper surface grey to blackish and
finely pubescent, under-surface densely
grey stellate-velvety, apex acute, base
obtuse, margin revolute, entire. Inflore-
scence simple or with 1 or 2 pairs of
branches near the base, 80 — 180 mm long;
verticils 4 — 6-flowered; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, 10 — 15 mm long, persisting as a
mauve-purple coma. Calyx 7 — 8 mm long at
maturity, glandular-hispidulous. Corolla
pale mauve to rosy mauve, c. 13 mm long;
tube c. 10 mm long, widening to 3 mm at the
mouth; lower lip 3 mm long, deflexed.
Stamens well exserted beyond the lower lip;
upper pair attached about the middle of the
corolla tube, pubescent in the lower part;
lower pair united to near the apex. Stigma
minutely bifid.

Found in southern Natal, East Griqualand and the
adjoining Transkei, in dense grassland often near forest
and among rocks. Map 111.

Vouchers: Codd 8568; Hilliard & Burtt 6748; Strey
6300; 6334.

Resembles H. rehmannii (below) but has slightly
narrower, more lanceolate leaves and a tuft of
conspicuous mauve-purple bracts at the apex of the
inflorescence. H. cinerea (no. 6), which occurs in the
Natal Drakensberg at higher altitudes and also lacks
the conspicuous coma of bracts, has more elliptical
leaves and the calyx is distinctly villous.

11. Hemizygia rehmannii ( Giirke )
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 347 (1935);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 9 (1976). Type:
Transvaal, Houtboschberg, Rehmann 6172
(Z, holo.; BM; photo of BM specimen in
PRE!).

Orthosiphon rehmannii Giirke in Bull. Flerb.
Boissier6: 557 (1898);N.E. Br. inF.C. 5,1: 251 (1910).

Soft shrub branching from a perennial
woody rootstock, forming a round bush
0,3— 0,8 m tall; stems villous with short
stellate hairs intermingled. Leaves sessile;
blade narrowly elliptic to oblong-elliptic,
10—22 x 3—8 mm, upper surface dark grey
to brownish and finely pubescent, under-
surface densely grey to yellowish grey
stellate-velvety, apex acute to obtuse, base

4: 200

Lamiaceae

somewhat cuneate, margin revolute, entire
or finely toothed above the middle. Inflores-
cence simple or branched, 60—220 mm
long; verticils 4— 6-flowered; bracts ovate,
acute, 5—6 mm long, caducous. Calyx 9—10
mm long at maturity, glandular-hispid.
Corolla pale mauve, c. 17 mm long; tube c.
14 mm long, widening to 4 mm at the
mouth; lower lip 3 mm long, eventually
deflexed. Stamens well exserted beyond the
lower lip; upper pair attached below the
middle of the tube, filaments glabrous;
lower pair united to near the apex. Stigma
minutely bifid.

Found on the Drakensberg escarpment of north-
eastern Transvaal from Woodbush to The Downs at
altitudes of 1 500 to 2 000 m; in shallow soil among
rocks in grassland, often near forest margins. Map 112.

Vouchers: Codd 9426; Scheepers 909; Schlechter
4442.

See note after S. stenophylla (above).

Map 112. — ▲ Hemizygia rehmannii
• H. subvelutina

12. Hemizygia subvelutina (Gtirke)
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 346 (1935);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 9 (1976). Type:
Transvaal, Lydenburg, near Paarde Plaats,
Wilms 1152 (BM; K; photo of BM specimen
in PRE).

Orthosiphon subvelutinus Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 80
(1898); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 253 (1910).

O. heterophyllus Giirke, l.c. 82 (1898). Syntypes:
Transvaal, near Spitzkop, Wilms 1148; 1155 (BM; K).

Bushy herb or soft shrublet 0,2— 0,5
(—0,8) m tall with few to many erect or

ascending stems arising annually from a
perennial woody rootstock; stems slender,
sparingly branched, densely beset with
leaves and short leafy shoots, densely
stellate-pubescent, often with a yellowish
tinge. Leaves sessile; blade somewhat
ericoid, linear to linear-lanceolate (occa-
sionally ovate near base of stem), 5 — 10
( — 15) x 1 — 2 (—5) mm, coriaceous, upper
surface stellate-scabrid, under-surface usu-
ally yellowish stellate-tomentose, margin
revolute, entire. Inflorescence simple,
50—110 mm long; verticils 4— 6-flowered, in
the axils of persistent somewhat leaf-like
bracts, 4— 7 x 2— 3 mm. Calyx 5— 6 mm long
at maturity, stellate-hispid. Corolla white,
often tinged with mauve, 12—16 mm long;
tube 10—12 mm long, tubular, 2,5 mm wide,
often slightly constricted at the throat; lower
lip 2—4 mm long. Stamens shortly exserted,
not or scarcely exceeding the lower lip;
upper pair attached below the middle of the
tube, filaments puberulous near the base;
lower pair united only near the base or to
about half their length . Stigma shortly bifid .

Localized on the eastern Transvaal mountains
from Lydenburg and Pilgrims Rest to Kaapsche Hoop
at altitudes of 1 400 to 2 200 m; in dense grass among
quartzite rocks and in rock crevices. Map 112.

Vouchers: Codd 5751; 8306; 9480; Galpin 14447.

See note after the next species, H. teucriifolia, to
which H. subvelutina is closely related and of which it
could be regarded as a subspecies. H. subvelutina tends
to have narrower, more ericoid leaves, shorter
internodes and a yellowish tomentum, but there appear
to be some intermediates in the Kaapsche Hoop area.
H. teucriifolia is mainly a Natal species which extends
to the Barberton mountains in the Transvaal.

13. Hemizygia teucriifolia (Hochst.)
Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 369 (1897); in
Annu. Conserv. Jard. bot. Geneve 2: 247
(1898); Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 346
(1935); Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Codd in
Bothalia 12: 9 (1976). Type: Natal, Table
Mtn, Krauss 448 (BM; K; photo of BM
specimen in PRE!).

Ocimum teucriifolium Hochst. in Flora 28: 66 (1845);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 41 (1848). Orthosiphon
teucriifolius (Hochst). N.E. Br. inF.C. 5,1: 254(1910).

Orthosiphon woodii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 83 (1898).
Type: Natal, Entumeni, Medley Wood sub NH 783 ( =
Medley Wood 3964 in K; NFll).

H. galpiniana Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,3:
993 (1903). Orthosiphon teucriifolius var. galpinianus
(Briq.) N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 254 (1910). Type:

Lamiaceae

4: 201

Transvaal, Barberton, Saddleback, Galpin 1217 (K;
NH!; PRE!).

Bushy herb 0,15—0,3 m tall, with few to
many erect or ascending stems arising
annually from a perennial woody rootstock;
stems slender, usually simple, greyish
stellate-pubescent. Leaves sessile; blade
subcoriaceous, linear to lanceolate or
elliptic, 8—18 x 3—6 mm, upper surface
blackish, stellate-scabrid; under-surface
greyish stellate-tomentose, apex acute, base
obtuse, margin revolute, entire. Inflore-
scence simple, 40—80 mm long; verticils
4— 6-flowered, in the axils of persistent
somewhat leaf-like bracts, 4—6 x 2—3 mm.
Calyx 5—6 mm long at maturity, stellate-
pubescent. Corolla mauve, 10—12 mm long;
tube 9 — 10 mm long, tubular, 2,5 mm wide,
slightly constricted at the throat, glabrous;
lower lip 2 mm long. Stamens shortly
exserted, not or scarcely exceeding the
lower lip; upper pair attached below the
middle of the tube, filaments puberulous in
the lower half; lower pair united for half or
more of their length. Stigma minutely bifid.

Found at scattered localities from Stutterheim in
the eastern Cape Province to Natal and into the
Barberton district of the Transvaal at altitudes of 600 to
1 500 m, not as yet recorded from Swaziland; locally
frequent in dense grassland, tending to spread where
overgrazing has occurred. Map 113.

Vouchers: Acocks 11781; Hilliard & Bunt 3193;
6980; 8369; Strey 9217; 9338.

See also the closely related H. subvelutina (above)
for differences between the two. These two species

Map 113. — A Hemizygia teucriifolia
O H. albiflora

have certain characteristics which set them apart from
most other species, for example: the simple, not
branched inflorescence; the leaf-like bracts which
persist for the entire length of the inflorescence; the
tubular corolla tube; and the shortly exserted stamens.
Somewhat similar characteristics are shown by H.
pretoriae (no. 15) in which the two upper stamens are
not exserted, and H. persimilis (no. 23), in which the
bracts, though persistent, are more colourful.

14. Hemizygia albiflora (N.E. Br.)
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 348 (1935);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 10 (1976); Compton,
FI. Swaziland 509 (1976). Type: Transvaal,
Pilgrims Rest district, Mac Mac, Mudd s.n.
(K, holo.).

Orthosiphon albiflorus N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 251
(1910).

O. decipiens N.E. Br., l.c. 252 (1910). Type:
Transvaal, Mac Mac, Mudd s.n. (K, holo.).

Woody shrublet, somewhat gnarled
and branching, decumbent to ascending,
0,3— 1,5 m tall; stems villous. Leaves sessile;
blade ericoid, coriaceous, linear to linear-
elliptic, 10—30 x 1,5 — 5 mm, upper surface
dark green to blackish and subglabrous to
appressed villous, under-surface densely
appressed villous with long white matted
hairs; apex and base tapering, margin
strongly revolute, entire. Inflorescence
simple or with a pair of branches near the
base, 50—100 mm long; verticils 4—6-
flowered; bracts ovate, acute, 5—8 x 3—5
mm, caducous. Calyx 6—8 mm long at
maturity, glandular-hispid. Corolla white,
12—15 mm long; tube 10 — 15 mm long,
more or less tubular, 3 mm wide at the
mouth; lower lip 2—3 mm long. Stamens
exserted beyond the lower lip; upper pair
attached below the middle of the tube,
filaments finely puberulous in the lower
half; lower pair united for almost their
entire length. Stigma minutely bifid.

Found on the eastern Transvaal mountains from
Mariepskop to Barberton and extending into northern
Swaziland at altitudes of 1 800 to 2 400 m; usually in
crevices in quartzite rocks. Map 113.

Vouchers: Codd 7853; 8207; 8270; Galpin 13052;
13068; 14352.

15. Hemizygia pretoriae (Gurke) Ashby
in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 356 (1935). Type:
Transvaal, Pretoria, Wilms 1151 (BM).

Bushy herb 0,1— 0,3 m tall with few to
many erect or ascending stems arising
annually from a perennial woody rootstock;

4: 202

Lamiaceae

stems simple, slender, hispid to villous,
sometimes with branched hairs intermingled
(subsp. heterotricha) . Leaves subsessile to
shortly petiolate; blade narrowly elliptic or
oblanceolate to ovate, obovate or subro-
tund, 8 — 24 x 2—15 mm, subglabrous to
villous or tomentose, sometimes with stel-
late or branched hairs, conspicuously gland-
dotted, often folded along the midrib, apex
acute to obtuse, base cuneate, margin entire
or rarely with a few small teeth in the upper
third. Inflorescence simple, 40—80 mm long;
verticils (2—) 3— 6-flowered, borne in the
axils of persistent, leaf-like bracts 6—10 x
3—4 mm. Calyx 9—11 mm long in fruit,
glandular-hispid. Corolla whitish to pale
mauve, 14—16 mm long; tube 10—12 mm
long, narrowly tubular, widening slightly to
2 mm at the throat; upper lip narrow, 3 mm
long; lower lip 4 mm long. Stamens: upper
pair included, attached near the middle of
the tube with glabrous filaments; lower pair
united for more than half their length,
exserted by 2— 3 mm. Stigma minutely bifid.

Distributed from central to eastern Transvaal,
Swaziland and northern Natal, in dense grassland
subject to periodic burning, often among rocks, at
altitudes of 1 000 to 1 800 m.

An anomalous species in which the bracts
subtending the verticils are persistent and leaf-like, the
corolla tube and lips are relatively long and narrow
resembling Orthosiphon (no. 36), and the upper two
stamens are included in the corolla tube. However, the
united lower stamens, which are shortly exserted, and
the large upper tooth of the calyx, indicate that it
belongs in Hemizygia.

Two subspecies are recognized and are separated
on the presence or absence of stellate or dendroid hairs
(see key to species).

(a) subsp. pretoriae.

Codd in Bothalia 12: 11 (1976).

Orthosiphon pretoriae Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 81
(1898); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 254(1910). Hemizygia
pretoriae (Giirke) Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 356
(1935); Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Compton, FI.
Swaziland 510 (1976), partly. Type: Transvaal,

Pretoria, Wilms 1151 (BM).

O. natalensis Giirke, l.c. 82 (1898). Syntypes: Natal,
Glencoe, Medley Wood 4756 (K, NH1); Kuntze s.n.;
Coldstream, Rehmann 6918 (K).

No stellate or branched hairs present;
leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate.

obovate or ovate, subglabrous to densely
pubescent. Fig. 35.

Distribution and ecology more or less as for the
species but absent from the areas where subsp.
heterotricha occurs. Map 114.

Vouchers: Acocks 11256; 20880; Galpin 9645;
12442; C.A. Smith 1062.

Map 114. — # Hemizygia pretoriae subsp. pretoriae
▲ H. pretoriae subsp. heterotricha

(b) subsp. heterotricha Codd in Botha-
lia 12: 11 (1976). Type: Swaziland, near
Hlatikulu, Compton 26320 (PRE, holo.!).

Stellate or branched hairs present on
stems, leaves and bracts often mixed with
long simple hairs; leaves ovate to ovate-
rotund, usually densely pubescent.

Found in south-western Swaziland, the Piet Retief
area of Transvaal and the Hluhluwe area of Natal. Map
114.

Vouchers: Acocks 13154; Compton 28323; 30458.

16. Hemizygia modesta Codd in Botha-
lia 12: 12 (1976); Compton, FI. Swaziland
510 (1976). Type: Swaziland, Mbabane,
Bomvu Ridge, Compton 28368 (PRE,
holo.!).

Elerb 0,12—0,25 m tall with a few to
several stems arising annually from a
perennial woody rootstock; stems slender,
sparingly branched, softly woody below.

Fig 35. — 1, Hemizygia pretoriae subsp. pretoriae, portion of plant, x 1; a, flower, x 2; b, section through
corolla, x 2; c, mature calyx, x 2 ( Mrs B. Clarke s.n., Pretoria District).

Lamiaceae

4: 203

4: 204

Lamiaceae

hispid to villous. Leaves sessile or subses-
sile; blade lanceolate-elliptic or elliptic to
broadly ovate, 6—12 x 4—6 mm, sparingly
to densely hispid, apex acute to obtuse, base
obtuse, margin entire. Inflorescence simple,
50—100 mm long; verticils 2-flowered;
bracts ovate, 4—5 mm long, caducous.
Calyx 7—8 mm long at maturity, hispid,
freely gland-dotted. Corolla white to pale
mauve, 12—15 mm long; tube 8—12 mm
long, widening to 4 mm at the mouth; lower
lip 3—5 mm long. Stamens well exserted
beyond the lower lip; upper pair attached
about the middle of the tube, filaments
pubescent near the base; lower pair united
to near the apex. Stigma shortly bifid.

Found in the Piet Retief and Barberton districts of
Transvaal and the adjoining parts of Swaziland; in
mountain grassland subjected to periodic burning. Map
115.

Vouchers: Acocks 12867; Compton 29123; 30013;
Leipoldt s.n.

It is sometimes confused with another dwarf
grassland species, H. thorncroftii (no. 22), but the latter
usually has narrower leaves, 4— 6-flowered verticils,
and a persistent coma of colourful bracts; see also note
after the following species.

17. Hemizygia punctata Codd in Botha-
lia 12: 13 (1976). Type: Transvaal, 18 km
S.W. of Lydenburg, Codd 8038 (PRE,
holo.!).

Soft shrub 0,6 — 1,2 m tall, branching
above; stems slender, hispidulous. Leaves
shortly petiolate; blade elliptic or elliptic-
oblanceolate to obovate, 10—15 x 3 — 10
mm, subglabrous to hispidulous, gland-
dotted, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate,
margin entire or with a few teeth in the
upper half. Inflorescence simple or with a
pair of branches near the base, 80 — 150 mm
long; verticils 2-flowered; bracts broadly
ovate, 4—6 mm long, caducous. Calyx 7—9
mm long at maturity, glandular-hispid.
Corolla pale mauve, 9 — 12 mm long; tube
7 — 10 mm long, widening to 4 mm at the
mouth; lower lip 2—3 mm long. Stamens
well exserted beyond the lower lip; upper
pair attached near the base of the tube,
filaments pubescent near the base; lower
pair united to near the apex. Style shortly
bifid.

Recorded from the Lydenburg, Nelspruit and
Barberton districts, on stony slopes in grassland. Map
115.

Map 115. — •Hemizygia modesta
▲ H. punctata
■ H. bolusii

Vouchers: Edwards 4113; Liebenberg 3323; Van
Jaarsveld 1014.

Closely related to the previous species, H.
modesta , but grows at lower altitudes forming a taller
soft shrub up to 1,2 m tall, and tends to have smaller
flowers. It superficially resembles the small-leaved
form of H. transvaalensis (no. 20), but the latter has
4— 6-flowered verticils and a persistent coma of
colourful bracts.

18. Hemizygia bolusii (N.E. Br.) Codd
in Bothalia 8: 159 (1964); Ross, FI. Natal
306 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 12: 14 (1976).
Type: Natal, Giants Castle, A. Bolus in
Herb. Guthrie 4894 (BOL, holo.!).

Orthosiphon bolusii N.E. Br.inF.C.5,1: 258 (1910).

Stems several, erect, 0,25—0,3 m tall
arising annually from a perennial woody
rootstock; stems sparingly branched, vil-
lous. Leaves petiolate; blade ovate, 20—25
x 14—18 mm, upper surface brownish and
appressed hispid, under-surface paler, his-
pid to villous, apex and base obtuse to
rounded, margin with a few minute teeth
above the middle; petiole 2—4 mm long.
Inflorescence simple, 100 — 140 mm long;
verticils 4— 6-flowered; bracts ovate, 4—5 x
2 — 2,5 mm. Calyx 11 — 12 mm long at
maturity, glandular-villous. Corolla 14 mm
long; tube 10 mm long, widening to 4—5
mm; lower lip 4 mm long, eventually
deflexed. Stamens well exserted beyond the
lower lip; upper pair attached below the
middle of the tube, filaments puberulous

Lamiaceae

4: 205

near the base; lower pair united to near the
apex.

Known from only one gathering near Giants Castle
in the Natal Drakensberg at about 3 000 m; in
mountain grassland. Map 115.

Voucher: only the type seen.

19. Hemizygia ramosa Codd in Bothalia
12: 14 (1976). Type: Natal, near Mkuze,
Moll 3158 (PRE, holo.!).

Shrub 1—2 m tall, much branched;
stems shortly tomentose. Leaves shortly
petiolate; blade obovate to oblanceolate,
15—25 x 6 — 11 mm, upper surface sparingly
hispid, under-surface hispid and gland-
dotted, apex rounded, base obtuse to
cuneate, margin obscurely crenate-dentate
mainly above the middle; petiole 1—3 mm
long. Inflorescence usually sparingly branch-
ed near the base, lax, 10—150 mm long;
verticils 2-flowered; bracts ovate to broadly
elliptical, 14—16 x 6—8 mm, mauve pink,
persisting as a distinct coma. Calyx 10 mm
long at maturity, sparingly glandular-
hispidulous. Corolla mauve, 25 — 28 mm
long; tube 20—22 mm long, widening to 4—5
mm at the mouth; lower lip 5 mm long.
Stamens well exserted beyond the lower lip;
upper pair attached about the middle of the
tube, filaments pubescent near the base;
lower pair united to the apex. Stigma shortly
bifid.

Recorded from the southern end of the Lebombo
Range, near Mkuze in Natal; in shallow soil among
rocks in open woodland. Map 116.

Voucher: Ward 4074.

20. Hemizygia transvaalensis (Schltr.)
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 349 (1935);
Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 285, t.141, 4
(1962); Codd in Bothalia 12: 15 (1976).
Type: Transvaal, Barberton, Galpin 468
(PRE!; SAM!).

Orthosiphon transvaalensis Schltr. in J. Bot., Lond.
35: 281 (1897); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 244 (1910).

Ocimum wilmsii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 79 (1898).
Syntypes: Transvaal, Lydenburg, Wilms 1107 (BM; K;
PRE!); 1108.

Orthosiphon muddii N.E. Br., l.c. 245 (1910).
Syntypes: Transvaal, Drakensberg, Mudd s.n. (K;
PRE, fragment!); Spitzkop, Bunt Davy 1570 (K).

Soft shrublet 0,3—1 m tall; stems
arising annually from a perennial woody
rootstock, sparingly to freely branched and
sometimes broom-like (in the latter case
with many small leaves), sparingly to
densely hispid. Leaves sessile or shortly
petiolate; blade, in typical form, ovate to
broadly ovate, 15—40 x 8 — 22 mm, in
broom-like form ovate-elliptic to ovate,
12—20 x 4—8 mm, concolorous, sparingly
to densely pubescent on both surfaces, apex
acute to obtuse, base obtuse to rounded,
margin serrate-dentate chiefly in the upper
two-thirds, rarely with teeth obscure. Inflor-
escence paniculate, lax, 70—200 mm long;
verticils (2—) 3— 6-flowered; bracts ovate to
lanceolate, the terminal ones pinkish purp-
le, 12—24 x 4—10 mm, often forming a lax
coma. Calyx 12—14 mm long at maturity,
densely glandular-hispidulous. Corolla whit-
ish to mauve or lilac-pink, 18—22 mm long;
tube 14—17 mm long, widening to 5 mm at
the mouth; lower lip 4—6 mm long, often
deflexed. Stamens well exserted beyond the
lower-lip; upper pair attached about the
middle of the tube, filaments pubescent in
the lower half; lower pair united to the apex
or nearly so. Stigma bifid.

Found in the eastern Transvaal from Mariepskop
and Lydenburg to Barberton, at medium altitudes of
1 000 to 1 700 m; often locally common on grassy
slopes and flats, often among rocks. Map 116.

Vouchers: Galpin 14313; 14553; Rogers 23232;
Schlechter 3916.

Some specimens branch freely and produce
numerous small leaves giving them a broom-like
appearance. The type of Ocimum wilmsii is such a
specimen. However, there appear to be intermediates
between this form and the typical specimens and so
separate status for the small-leaved form is not

4: 206

Lamiaceae

considered justified. There are no floral differences to
support a formal subdivision of the species.

H. transvaalensis is related to the next two species
H. foliosa and H thorncroftii but can usually be
distinguished by its more robust stature and the longer
corolla (18—22 mm). Depauperate specimens may
flower when only 0,2 m tall and these may be confused
with H. thorncroftii which, however, usually has
narrowly elliptic leaves and the corolla is 14—16 mm
long. H. foliosa tends to have decumbent stems with
larger, elliptical leaves, 2-flowered verticils, and the
corolla is 12 — 14 mm long.

21. Hemizygia foliosa S. Moore in J.
Bot., Lond. 43: 172 (1905); Ashby in J.
Bot., Lond. 73: 348 (1935); Codd in
Bothalia 12: 15 (1976); Compton, FI.

Swaziland 510 (1976). Type: Swaziland,
Mbabane, Burtt Davy 2833 (BM, holo.; K;
PRE!).

Orthosiphon foliosus (S. Moore) N.E. Br. in F.C.
5,1: 243 (1910).

O. humilis N.E. Br., l.c. 259 (1910). Hemizygia
humilis (N.E. Br.) Ashby, l.c. 348 (1935). Type:
Transvaal, Waterval Onder, Rogers 4375 (K, holo.;
PRE!).

Perennial herb with 1— several stems
from a woody rootstock; stems decumbent
to ascending 0,2—0,35 m long, thinly to
densely villous. Leaves sessile or shortly
petiolate; blade ovate to ovate-elliptic or
elliptic, variable in size but usually large
when mature, 25—70 x 15—35 mm,
concolorous, subglabrous to pilose and
gland-dotted on both surfaces, apex obtuse
to rounded, base obtuse to truncate, margin
entire to somewhat distantly dentate. Inflor-
escence paniculate, lax, 100 — 200 mm long;
verticils 2-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate,
8—18 x 3—8 mm, mauve-purple, persisting
as an apical coma. Calyx 9—10 mm long at
maturity, glandular-hispid. Corolla whitish
to mauve, 12—14 mm long; tube 9 — 10 mm
long, widening to 4 mm at the mouth; lower
lip 3—4 mm long, often deflexed. Stamens
well exserted beyond the lower lip; upper
pair attached about the middle of the tube,
filaments pubescent near the base; lower
pair united to the apex. Stigma bifid.

Found in the south-eastern Transvaal and western
Swaziland at altitudes of 1 300 to 1 700 m; in dense
mountain grassland, often among rocks. Map 117.

Vouchers: Bolus 12250; Codd 2101; 4726; 9507;
Galpin 10207.

See note after H. transvaalensis (above). The type
of H. humilis has densely pubescent and smaller leaves
and the bracts are smaller (about 10 mm long), but
there are intermediates linking it with the typical form.

Map 117. — A Hemizygia foliosa
O H. thorncroftii

22. Hemizygia thorncroftii (N.E. Br.)
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 349 (1935);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 16 (1976); Compton,
FI. Swaziland 510 (1976). Type: Transvaal,
Barberton, Thorncroft sub TRV 3123 (K,
lecto.; PRE, fragment!; = Thorncroft sub
TRV 3125 in PRE!). See note below on the
confusion of numbers.

Orthosiphon thorncroftii N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 246
(1910).

Perennial herb 0,15 — 0,30 m tall with
few to several erect stems arising annually
from a woody rootstock; stems slender,
subglabrous to glandular-hispid. Leaves
subsessile; blade elliptic to linear-elliptic,
15—40 x 4—10 mm, concolorous, sparingly
pubescent on both surfaces, apex obtuse to
acute, base cuneate to attenuate, margin
with a few small teeth towards the apex.
Inflorescence simple or occasionally with a
pair of branches near the base, 70 — 100 mm
long, lax; verticils 3— 6-flowered; bracts
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 15 — 30 x
2—5 mm, mauve-purple, persisting as an
apical coma. Calyx 10—11 mm long at
maturity, glandular-hispid. Corolla mauve,
14—16 mm long; tube 10—12 mm long,
widening to 4 mm at the mouth; lower lip 4
mm long, often deflexed. Stamens well
exserted beyond the lower lip; upper pair
attached about the middle of the tube,
filaments pubescent in the lower part; lower
pair united for their entire length. Stigma
minutely bifid.

Lamiaceae

4: 207

Found in the Barberton area of the Transvaal and
in western Swaziland at altitudes of 1 000 to 1 800 m; in
mountain grassland. Map 117.

Vouchers: Codd 9791; Compton 29076; 29165;
Galpin 465.

See note after H. transvaalensis (no. 20). In the
Transvaal Museum Herbarium register (now in PRE),
two Thorncroft specimens were entered on the same
day; no. 3123 is H. transvaalensis and no. 3125 is H.
thorncroftii. When duplicates were sent to Kew the
numbers appear to have become interchanged so that,
on the Kew specimens, no. 3123 is H. thorncroftii and
no. 3125 is H. transvaalensis.

23. Hemizygia persimilis (N.E. Br.)
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 349 (1935);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 16 (1976). Lectotype:
Transvaal, Barberton, Thorncroft sub TRV
3132 (K, lecto.; PRE!; SAM!).

Orthosiphon persimilis N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 246
(1910).

O. rogersii N.E. Br., l.c. 247 (1910). Syntypes:
Transvaal, Nelspruit, Rogers sub TRV 4740 (K; PRE!;
SAM!); Devil’s Kantoor, Kaapsche Hoop, Bolus 9742.

Bushy herb 0,15—0,3 m tall with
several erect stems arising from a perennial
woody rootstock; stems simple or branched,
glandular-hispid. Leaves subsessile; blade
lanceolate-elliptic, 15 — 20 x 7—9 mm, more
or less concolorous, sparingly pubescent,
the surface somewhat wrinkled and gland-
dotted, apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin
entire. Inflorescence simple, 30 — 120 mm
long, fairly dense; verticils 2— 6-flowered;
apical bracts occupying the upper third of
the raceme, ovate to broadly ovate, 12—15
x 7—10 mm, whitish to rose-purple. Calyx
7—9 mm long at maturity, glandular-villous.
Corolla white, drying yellow-brown, 11 — 12
mm long; tube c. 8 mm long, not expanding
towards the throat; lower lip 3—4 mm long.
Stamens shortly exserted, not exceeding the
lower lip; upper pair attached about 1 mm
from the base of the tube, pubescent for
their entire length, scarcely exserted; lower
pair united only at the base for c. 0,5 mm,
filaments sparingly pubescent. Stigma clav-
ate.

Known from only the Nelspruit-Barberton-
Kaapsche Hoop area at altitudes of about 1 000 m; in
grassy places among rocks and in open woodland. Map
118.

Vouchers: De Souza 423; Mauve 4942.

An anomalous species with narrow corolla tube
and persistent bracts similar to those of H. pretoriae
(no. 15) but the upper bracts are colourful; the upper

stamens are attached near the base of the corolla tube
and the filaments are pubescent for almost their whole
length; and the filaments of the lower pair of stamens
are united for only about 0,5 mm at the base.

Map 118. — ▲ Hemizygia persimilis
• H. petiolata

24. Hemizygia petiolata Ashby in J.
Bot., Lond. 73: 355 (1935); Codd in
Bothalia 12: 17 (1976). Type: Transvaal,
Soutpansberg, Tshakoma, Obermeyer sub
TRV 31571 (PRE, holo.!).

Soft shrub up to 1 m tall, branching
usually from the base; stems few to many,
glandular-pilose. Leaves petiolate; blade
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 20—55 x 6—30
mm, upper surface dark brown and shortly
glandular-pubescent, under-surface can-
escent, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate
to obtuse, margin regularly serrate-dentate
in the upper two-thirds; petiole 6—14 mm
long. Inflorescence usually paniculate, lax,
100—300 mm long; verticils 4— 6-flowered;
apical bracts sometimes persisting as a
purple coma, usually rather small, 5 — 10 x
3—5 mm, more often the apex of the raceme
is broken off, lower bracts caducous. Calyx
8—9 mm long at maturity, glandular-
tomentose. Corolla pale mauve to lilac,
17—20 mm long; tube 13 — 16 mm long,
expanding to 3—4 mm wide at the mouth;
lower lip 4 mm long. Stamens well exserted
beyond the lower lip; upper pair attached
about 3 mm from base of tube, filaments
puberulous near the base; lower pair united
for more than half their length. Stigma
swollen, emarginate.

4: 208

Lamiaceae

Recorded from the north-eastern Transvaal from
the Soutpansberg to The Downs, at altitudes of 1 000 to
1 600 m; on wooded hillsides and at forest margins.
Map 118.

Vouchers: Codd 8331; 9423; Scheepers 387.

A remarkably aromatic plant, smelling of mint and
coconut. Allied to the next species, H. canescens, but
has more ovate leaves, longer petioles and longer
corolla.

25. Hemizygia canescens (Gurke) Ash-
by in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 354 (1935); Ross,
FI. Natal 306 (1972); Codd in Bothalia 12:
17 (1976); Compton, FI. Swaziland 509
(1976). Lectotype: Transvaal, Wonder-

boompoort, Rehmann 4507 (Z, lecto.; K).

Orthosiphon canescens Gurke in Bull. Herb. Boissier
6: 557 (1898); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 259 (1910).

O. affinis N.E. Br., l.c. 257 (1910). Syntypes:
Transvaal, Woodbush Mts, Schlechter 4737 (K; PRE!);
near Potgietersrus, Bolus 11146 (BOL!).

Herb, probably a weak perennial,
0,3— 0,6 m tall, woody below and often
branched; stems spreading to ascending,
shortly greyish-tomentose, hairs often
crisped or occasionally sparse but not
villous. Leaves subsessile or shortly petiol-
ate; blade linear or linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 25 — 55
x 3 — 15 mm, densely grey-tomentose on
both surfaces to sparingly crisped tomentu-
lose, apex acute, base cuneate to attenuate,
margin finely to fairly coarsely toothed in
the upper half; petiole up to 5 mm long.
Inflorescence simple to paniculate, lax,
70—250 mm long; verticils 4— 6-flowered;
bracts early deciduous, small, c. 2 x 1 mm.
Calyx 7—8 mm long at maturity, glandular-
tomentulose to hispidulous. Corolla white
to pale mauve or purplish, 14—17 mm long;
tube 10— 13 mm long, expanding to 3—4 mm
wide at the mouth; lower lip 3—4 mm long.
Stamens well exserted beyond the lower lip;
upper pair attached about 4 mm from the
base of the tube, filaments puberulous near
the base; lower pair united for most of their
length. Stigma somewhat clavate. Fig. 36.

Distributed in a broad band from the Mafikeng
region of Bophuthatswana across south-western and
central Transvaal to eastern Transvaal, avoiding the
high mountains, extending to Swaziland and northern
KwaZulu; among rocks in open arid to moist woodland

and marginal grassland at altitudes of 300 to 1 700 m.
Map 119.

Vouchers: Codd 9840; Galpin M286; Mogg 16475;
Schlechter 4070.

A good deal of variation is included in H.
canescens, from linear leaves (3 — 4 mm broad) in the
dry western extremity of its range in the Mafikeng
region to lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate in more
mesophytic areas. It is diagnosed by the short often
crisped tomentum of stems and leaves. See also notes
after the following species, H. linearis and H. petrensis
(no. 27). Superficially H. canescens and H. petrensis are
very similar, but the latter has long villous hairs on the
stems, though the pubescence of the leaves is often
similar. H. petrensis is a more western species, entering
the northern and eastern Transvaal lowveld. However,
two specimens from the Waterberg in S.W. A. /Nami-
bia, Boss sub TRV 35003 and De Winter 2799, have
pubescence resembling H. canescens, and this area
should be investigated further.

Map 119. — • Hemizygia canescens
▲ H. linearis

26. Hemizygia linearis (Benth.) Briq.
in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3: 997 (1903);
Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 354 (1935);
Codd in Bothalia 12: 18 (1976). Type:
Zimbabwe, Matabeleland, Oates s.n. (K,
holo.).

Orthosiphon linearis Benth. in Hooker’s Icon. PI.
t.1274 (1878); Rolfe in Oates, Matabeleland edn 2: 407
(1889); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 374 (1900).

Herb, probably a weak perennial,
0,3— 0,5 m tall, somewhat woody and
branching near the base; stems subglabrous

Fig 36. — 1, Hemizygia canescens, flowering stem, x 1; a, leaf, x 1; b, mature calyx, x 4; c, section through
corolla, x 3 ( Leistner 3553, Pretoria District).

Lamiaceae

4: 209

4: 210

Lamiaceae

to sparingly villous, usually with a a some-
what varnished appearance. Leaves sessile
or subsessile; blade linear, 20—30 x 2—4
(—5) mm, puberulous to sparingly hispid,
often folded along the midrib or with
margins inrolled, apex acute, base attenu-
ate, margin finely and distantly toothed.
Inflorescence simple or branched near the
base, lax, 120—200 mm long; verticils
4 — 6-flowered; bracts early deciduous,
small, c. 2 x 1 mm. Calyx 7—8 mm long at
maturity, hispidulous. Corolla mauve, often
with violet stripes, 12—13 mm long; tube
9—10 mm long, expanding to 3 mm wide at
the mouth; lower lip 3 mm long. Stamens
exserted beyond the lower lip; upper pair
attached about 3 mm from the base of the
tube, filaments puberulous near the base;
lower pair united nearly to the apex. Stigma
somewhat clavate.

Found in open places in dry woodland in
S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana and northern Cape Pro-
vince; also in Angola and Zimbabwe. Map 119.

Vouchers: Burn Davy 13961; De Winter & Marais
4789; Strey 2571.

Diagnostic features are the linear, subglabrous
leaves and the subglabrous to sparingly villous stems
which have a somewhat varnished appearance. See also
notes after H. canescens (above) and H. petrensis
(below).

27. Hemizygia petrensis (Hiern) Ashby
in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 353 (1935); Launert &
Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123: 13 (1969); Codd
in Bothalia 8: 159 (1964); ibid. 12: 18
(1976). Type: Angola, Welwitsch 5494 (BM,
holo.).

Orthosiphon petrensis Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1:
859 (1900); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 524 (1900).

H. dinteri Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3: 995
(1903). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, 10 km E. of Orumbe,
Dinter 1320.

O. varians N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 256 (1910); Ashby,
l.c. 357 (1935). Type: Transvaal, Komatipoort,

Schlechter 11746 (BOL, holo.!).

O. holubii N.E. Br., l.c. 258 (1910). Type: Cape,
Molopo River, Holub s.n. (K, holo.).

O. engleri Perkins in Bot. Jb. 54: 34 (1917). Type:
S.W. A. /Namibia, Okahandja, Engler 6475.

O. mossianus Good in J. Bot., Lond. 63: 175 (1925).
H. tnossiana (Good) Ashby, l.c. 356 (1935). Type:
Transvaal, Messina, Moss & Rogers 193 (BM, holo.;
PRE!).

Annual or weak perennial herb
0,2— 0,6 m tall, somewhat woody and

branching near the base; stems sparingly to
densely villous with long spreading hairs, or
rarely almost glabrous. Leaves subsessile or
shortly petiolate; blade linear-lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
20—50 x 5 — 15 mm, sparingly to densely
pilose or canescent, often with long and
short hairs intermingled, apex acute, base
cuneate to attenuate, margin distinctly to
obscurely and somewhat distantly toothed.
Inflorescence simple or with a pair of
branches near the base, lax, 80—200 mm
long; verticils 4— 6-flowered; bracts early
deciduous, ovate, 3x2 mm. Calyx 6—8 mm
long at maturity, glandular-hispid to villous.
Corolla pinkish to lilac or violet, 13—15 mm
long; tube 9—12 mm long, expanding to
2,5 — 3 mm wide at the mouth; lower lip 3
mm long. Stamens exserted beyond the
lower lip; upper pair attached 2-3 mm from
the base of the tube, filaments puberulous
near the base; upper pair united for the
greater part of their length. Stigma some-
what clavate.

Recorded from northern S.W. A. /Namibia and
northern and eastern Transvaal lowveld; among rocks
and in open places and water-courses in semi-arid
woodland. Also in Angola and Zimbabwe. Map 120.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 3832; De Winter 2799;
Giess 11675.

Together with H. canescens (no. 25) and H.
linearis (above), the three species form a closely related
group with almost identical floral characters and small
inconspicuous bracts. H. canescens may be disting-
uished on the basis of the dense, short and often crisped

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4: 211

pubescence on stems and leaves and is distributed more
on the high plateau formed by the northern Cape and
south-western and central Transvaal, but extending to
eastern Transvaal (where the two may overlap),
Swaziland and Natal.

In H. linearis (no. 26) the leaves are linear to
filiform and the leaves and stems are glabrous or with a
few scattered long hairs. It overlaps with H. petrensis in
Angola, Zimbabwe, S.W. A. /Namibia and Botswana
and occasional intermediates may be found.

28. Hemizygia bracteosa (Benth.) Briq.
in Annu. Conserv. Jard. bot. Geneve 2: 248
(1898); Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 73: 352
(1935); Morton in F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2: 455
(1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 12 (1969); Codd in Bothalia 12: 19
(1976). Type: Senegal, Le Prieur & Perrottet
s.n. (G, holo.).

Ocimum bracteosum Benth., Lab. 14 (1832); in
Hooker’s Icon. PI. t.455 (1842); in DC., Prodr. 12: 41
(1848). Orthosiphon bracteosus (Benth.) Bak. in
F.T. A. 5: 375 (1900);N.E. Br. inF.C. 5,1: 248(1910).

Orthosiphon schinzianus Briq. in Bot. Jb. 19: 173
(1894). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Amboland, Schinz 45
(Z, holo.).

H. junodii Briq. in Annu. Conserv. Jard. bot.
Gendve 2: 249 (1898). Syntypes: Mozambique,

Delagoa Bay, Junod 61; 235.

— var. quintasii Briq., l.c. 249 (1898). Type:
Mozambique, Delagoa Bay, Quintas s.n.

H. hoepfneri Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3:
994 (1903). Type: S.W. A. /Namibia, Hereroland,

Hopfner 85.

H. serrata Briq., l.c. 996 (1903). Syntypes:

S.W. A. /Namibia, Amboland, Rautanen s.n.; Wulfhorst

1.

Orthosiphon rhodesianus S. Moore in J. Bot., Lond.
43: 50 (1905). Type: Zimbabwe, Wankie, Eyles 132
(BM, holo.).

Bouetia ocimoides A. Chev. in Mem. Soc. bot. Fr. 8:
200 (1912). Type: from Dahomey.

Herb, probably annual, sometimes
woody at the base, 0,25—0,7 m tall; stems
sparingly to densely pilose with long weak
multicellular hairs. Leaves sessile; blade
narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
40—90 x 8—24 mm, upper surface hispidu-
lous, under-surface sparingly to densely
canescent, apex acute, base attenuate.

margin usually distinctly toothed. Inflore-
scence simple or paniculate, lax, 120—300
mm long; verticils 4— 6-flowered; bracts
large, broadly ovate, 5 — 10 x 4—8 mm,
persisting as an apical coma. Calyx 1 mm
long when mature, glandular-villous. Corol-
la white or tinged with mauve, rarely violet,
10—11 mm long; tube 7—8 mm long,
expanding gradually to 2,5 — 3 mm wide at
the mouth; lower lip 3 mm long. Stamens
exserted shortly beyond the lower lip; upper
pair attached below the middle of the tube,
finely puberulous for half or more of their
length; lower pair united to near the apex.
Stigma somewhat clavate.

Map 121. — Hemizygia bracteosa

Widespread from Senegal and Tanzania
southwards to northern S.W. A. /Namibia, northern
Botswana, the eastern Transvaal lowveld and Mozam-
bique; among rocks, in watercourses and in open sandy
places in dry tropical woodland. Map 121.

Vouchers: Acocks 16668; Codd 4260 ; 5198; De
Winter 4390; Giess 9819; 12522.

In habit, ecology and distribution within our area it
resembles H. petrensis (above), but may be disting-
uished by the conspicuous coma of large whitish to
rose-purple bracts and by the usually whitish corolla
which is slightly shorter than the mauve to violet corolla
of H. petrensis.

4: 212

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 213

7362 31. ACROCEPHALUS

Acrocephalus Benth. in Edwards’s Bot. Reg. sub. t.1282 (1829); Lab. 23 (1832); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 47 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2,2: 1173 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam.
4,3a: 365 (1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 354 (1900); Robyns & Lebrun in Annls Soc. scient.
Brux. ser. B, 48: 169 (1928); Robyns in Bot. Notiser 119: 185 (1966); Launert & Schreiber
in F.S.W. A. 123: 4 (1969); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 534(1975). Type species: A. scariosus Benth.

Haumaniastrum Duvign. & Plancke in Biol. Jaarb. 27: 222 (1959); Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 239 (1962);
in F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 455 (1963); Gilli in Annin naturh. Mus. Wien 77: 33 (1973); Agnew, Upland Kenya Wild
Flow. 643 (1974). Type species: H. polyneurum (S. Moore) Duvign. & Plancke.

Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually narrow, sometimes in
basal rosettes. Inflorescence capitate, usually corymbose, subtended by leafy bracts which
are often coloured; floral bracts small. Calyx bilabiate, compressed; tube subcylindric,
often arcuate; upper lip shortly 3-toothed or entire; lower lip shortly 2-toothed or entire.
Corolla bilabiate, slightly longer than the calyx; tube short; upper lip shortly 4-lobed; lower
lip entire, flat. Stamens 4, didynamous, declinate, scarcely exserted; the lower pair attached
near the throat, the upper pair about the middle of the corolla; anthers 1-thecous. Style
shortly bilobed. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth.

About 70 or more species, mainly in tropical Africa and a few in Asia; 1 species in Southern Africa.
Duvigneaud & Plancke, l.c., working with the Congo species, considered the African species to be worthy of
separate generic status. Flowever, only a few of the species names have been transferred to Haumaniastrum and,
until a thorough revision of the whole group is undertaken, it is preferred to retain the name Acrocephalus for our
solitary species.

Acrocephalus sericeus Briq. in Bot. Jb.
19: 170 (1894); Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw.
1,4: 857 (1900); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 362
(1900); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W. A.
123: 5 (1969). Type: Angola, Huilla,

Welwitsch 5603 (PRE, iso.!).

Stems 1— several from a perennial
base, erect, virgate, semi-woody, sparingly
branched, 4-angled, sericeous, 0,3— 1,2 m
tall. Leaves opposite, subsessile; blade
linear to linear-lanceolate, 30—70 x 3—6
mm, appressed sericeous, gland-dotted
below, tapering gradually to apex and base,
margin entire to obscurely toothed. Inflores-
cence corymbose; flower-heads subglob-
ose, 8 — 10 mm in diameter, densely pubes-
cent; subtending bracts lanceolate, 10 — 15
mm long, not coloured; floral bracts im-
bricate, broadly ovate, apiculate, 6x5 mm,
densely villous; flowers in 3-flowered sub-
sessile cymes; Calyx densely villous, 1,5 — 2
mm long at flowering, enlarging to 5 mm
long; upper lip minutely 3-toothed; lower lip
shortly 2-tootned. Corolla mauve, densely
villous, 5—6 mm long. Stamens exserted by
up to 2 mm. Style exserted by 2—3 mm. Nut-
lets oblong, 1 mm long.

Recorded from north-eastern S.W. A. /Namibia
and the Caprivi Strip, in moist areas in open woodland.
Also in Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi. Map
122.

Vouchers: Dinter 7211; Merxmuller & Giess 2148.

Map 122. — ▲ Acrocephalus sericeus
# Geniosporum angolense

4: 214

Lamiaceae

Fig. 37. — 1, Geniosporum angolense, flowering stem, x 1; a, flowering calyx, x 9; b, mature calyx, x 9; c,
mature calyx, opened longitudinally, x 9; d, corolla, x 9; e, section through corolla, x 9; f, nutlet, x 9 (Burtt
Davy 8099).

Lamiaceae

4: 215

7363

32. GENIOSPORUM

Geniosporum Wall, ex Benth. in Bot. Reg. sub t.1300 (1830); Benth., Lab. 19 (1832); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 44 (1848); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4,3a: 367 (1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 351
(1900); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 293 (1910); Morton in F.W.T.A. edn 2,2: 453 (1963); R. A.
Dyer, Gen. 534 (1975). Lectotype: G. coloratum (D. Don) Kuntze (= G. strobiliferum
Benth., nom. illeg.)

Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or ternate. Inflorescence terminal, spike-like; flowers
in dense, opposite, many-flowered, cymose clusters subtended by relatively large bracts,
the lower bracts leaf-like, often blotched with white or mauve. Calyx sub-bilabiate; tube at
first campanulate, elongating and becoming tubular; upper lip of 3 subequal teeth; lower lip
smaller, emarginate. Corolla small, bilabiate; tube campanulate; upper lip short, broad,
subequally 4-lobed; lower lip narrow, oblong, concave. Stamens 4, didynamous, decimate,
exserted; filaments pubescent in the lower half, the upper pair inserted below the middle of
the tube, the lower pair inserted near the throat; anthers 1-thecous. Disc saucer-shaped,
slightly produced in front. Style filiform, exserted, 2-lobed. Nutlets ellipsoid, compressed,
brown.

About 20 species, in Asia, Africa and Malagasy Republic; 1 species in Southern Africa.

Geniosporum angolense Briq. in Bot.
Jb. 19: 164 (1894); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 351
(1900); Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI. Welw. 1,4: 852
(1900); Compton, FI. Swaziland 508 (1976).
Type: Angola, Huilla, Welwitsch 5491

(PRE, iso.!).

Stems 1— several from the base, erect,
0,5 — 1,2 m tall, sparingly branched,
retrorse-pubescent. Leaves petiolate; blade
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 50—70 x
15 — 25 mm, sparingly appressed-pubescent
especially on the nerves, copiously gland-
dotted on both surfaces, apex acute, base
obtuse to cuneate, margin serrate. Inflore-
scence dense, spike-like, 50—100 mm long;
rhachis densely retrorse-pubescent; bracts
broadly ovate, acute, the lowermost pair
10—25 x 8—15 mm, becoming progressively

smaller towards the apex. Calyx densely
pubescent, 2 mm long at flowering, in-
creasing to 4—5 mm at fruiting stage.
Corolla white or mauve, 5—6 mm long;
upper lip 2,5 mm long, 3 mm broad; lower
lip 2,5 x 1 mm. Stamens exserted by 2,5
mm. Style exserted by 2 mm. Nutlets 1 mm
long. Fig. 37.

Found in the Transvaal, from Magoebaskloof
along the eastern escarpment to Barberton and
westward to Witbank and Pretoria districts, extending
into Swaziland as far south as Mankaiana, growing with
sedges and other moisture-loving plants on stream
banks and marshy places. Also in Angola, Zimbabwe
and Malawi. Map 122.

Vouchers: Compton 26780; Galpin 1317; Schlech-
ter 4118 (also erroneously distributed as 2118).

Apparently the plant is not noticeably aromatic.

4: 216

Lamiaceae

Fig 38. — 1, Basilicum polystachyon, flowering stem, X 1; a, base of plant, x 1; b, flower, X 6; c, section
through corolla, x 6; d, mature calyx, x 6; e, nutlet, x 9 ( Culverwell 1145).

Lamiaceae

4: 217

7364 33. BASILICUM

Basilicum Moench, Suppl. Meth. PI. 143 (1802); Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 512 (1891);
Andrews, Flow. PI. Sudan 3: 205 (1956); Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 238 (1962); in
F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2: 454 (1963); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 535 (1975). Type species: B.
polystachyon (L.) Moench (= Ocimum polystachyon L.).

Moschosma Reichb., Consp. 171 (1828); Benth., Lab. 24 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 48 (1848); Benth. & Hook,
f., Gen. PI. 2, 2: 1173 (1876); Hook, f., FI. Brit. Ind. 4: 612 (1885); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 368 (1897); Bak.
in F.T.A. 5: 352 (1900). Type species: M. polystachyon (L.) Benth. (= Ocimum polystachyon L.).

Annual, erect, aromatic herbs. Leaves membranous, petiolate. Inflorescence a slender,
many-flowered spike-like raceme, terminal and on side branches, rarely branched; flowers
shortly pedicellate, in usually 6-flowered verticils; bracts much smaller than the leaves,
persistent. Calyx bilabiate, somewhat declinate, accrescent, 5-toothed; tube campanulate;
upper tooth the largest, ovate, slightly decurrent, two lateral teeth deltoid, two lower teeth
lanceolate, subulate. Corolla small, obscurely bilabiate; tube short; upper lip short and
broad, 4-lobed; lower lip oblong, nearly flat, entire. Stamens 4, didynamous, declinate;
filaments not kneed or crested near the base; anthers 1-thecous. Disc saucer-shaped. Ovary
glabrous; style shortly exserted; stigma bifid. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat compressed,
smooth, pale brown.

2 or 3 species of the Old World tropics; 1 species extends into Southern Africa.

Related to Ocimum (no. 34) but the corolla is less markedly bilabiate and the filaments lack a knee, crest or
teeth near the base.

A proposal to conserve Moschosma Reichb. was turned down by the Nomenclatural Committee (Taxon 19:
481, 1970; 21: 534, 1972).

Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench,
Suppl. Meth. PI. 143 (1802); Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. PI. 2: 512 (1891); Andrews, Flow. PI.
Sudan 3: 205 (1956); Morton in J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 58: 238 (1962); in F.W.T.A. edn
2, 2: 454 (1963); Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972);
Keng in FI. Males. 8: 366 (1978); Cramer in
FI. Ceylon 3: 122 (1981). Type: from India.

Ocimum polystachyon L., Mant. Alt. 567 (1771).
Moschosma polystachyon (L.) Benth. in Wall., PI. As.
Rar. 2: 13 (1830; Lab. 24 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 48
(1848); Hook, f., FI. Brit. Ind. 4: 612 (1885); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 352 (1900); Mansfeld in Bot. Jb. 62: 380
(1929); Dalziel, Useful PI. W. Trop. Afr. 462 (1955).
Type: as above.

Freely branched, glabrous herb,
0,3— 0,5 m tall; stems 4-angled. Leaves
petiolate; blade ovate, 20—50 x 10—35 mm,
under-surface freely gland-dotted, apex
acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse, entire,
upper margin crenate-dentate; petiole slen-
der, 20—30 mm long. Inflorescence lax to
fairly dense, 50-100 x 8 mm; bracts
minute, ovate; pedicels 1—2 mm long. Calyx
glandular-puberulous, 1,25 mm long at
flowering, enlarging to 3 mm long. Corolla
white or mauve, 1,5 — 2 mm long. Stamens
scarcely exserted; lower pair attached at the

corolla throat, the upper pair about the
middle of the tube. Fig. 38.

Recorded from the eastern Transvaal lowveld,
Swaziland and northern KwaZulu; in damp situations,
often in disturbed places; widespread in tropical Africa,
tropical Asia and Malesia. Map 123.

Vouchers; Culverwell 1145; Van der Schijff 634:
3474; Ward 3699.

4: 218

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 219

7366 34. OCIMUM

Ocimum L. , Sp. PI. 597 (1753); Gen. PI. edn 5: 259 (1754); Benth., Lab. 1 (1832); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 31 (1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2, 2: 1171 (1876); Briq. in Natiirl.
PflFam. 4, 3a: 369 (1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 334 (1900); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 233 (1910);
Morton in F.W.T. A. edn 2, 2: 451 (1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W. A. 123: 20 (1969);
R. A. Dyer, Gen. 536 (1975). Sometimes spelt Ocymum in earlier literature. Type species:
O. basilicum L.

Herbs or soft shrublets. Leaves opposite, simple. Inflorescence a terminal, spike-like
raceme; flowers shortly pedicellate in usually 6-flowered verticils; bracts much smaller than
the leaves; pedicels ascending. Calyx bilabiate, 5-toothed; tube short, campanulate; upper
tooth much larger than the rest, broadly ovate to subrotund, decurrent on the tube; two
lateral teeth small, subulate; two lower teeth fused, forming an oblong, emarginate or
2-toothed lip. Corolla small, bilabiate, mauve to whitish; tube campanulate, slightly
gibbous at the base; upper lip 4-lobed, with lobes more or less equal; lower lip spreading,
concave. Stamens 4, didynamous, shortly exserted; upper pair attached near the base of the
corolla tube, kneed and with a tuft of hairs near the base of the filaments; lower pair
inserted in the corolla mouth; anthers 1-thecous. Disc saucer-shaped, 4-lobed. Ovary
glabrous; style exserted; stigma shortly 2-lobed. Nutlets globose, mucilaginous when
wetted.

About 6 species, used medicinally and as culinary herbs; 2 species indigenous in Southern Africa. In addition,
O. basilicum L. (Sweet Basil) is grown as a pot-herb for its aromatic foliage and a purple-leaved cultivar is grown
as an ornamental garden plant.

In the genera Ocimum and Becium (no. 35), the two upper filaments are attached near the base of the corolla
tube and are kneed, crested or toothed not far from the base. In Becium the upper and lower lips of the calyx are
separated by a wide sinus and the stamens and corolla are more markedly exserted than in Ocimum.

1 Calyx tube glabrous inside; lower lip of calyx emarginate or shortly toothed, eventually closing the mouth
of the calyx:

2 Leaves dentate, (40 — ) 50 — 120 x 25—65 mm; inflorescence (60 — ) 70 — 150 mm long

1(a)- O. urticifolium subsp. urticifolium

2 Leaves obscurely toothed in the upper half, 25—45 x 12—30 mm; inflorescence 50—70 mm long

1(b). O. urticifolium subsp. caryophyllatum

1 Calyx tube hairy inside; lower lip of calyx deeply 2-toothed, spreading 2. O. canum

1. Ocimum urticifolium Roth, Catalec-
ta Bot. 2: 52 (1800). Type: from India.

Erect perennial herb or soft shrub,
0,4—2 m tall, with few to several stems from
the base or branching mainly in the upper
half; stems sparingly to densely pilose.
Leaves petiolate, soft; blade ovate to
ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 25 — 120 x
12—65 mm (see subspecies), subglabrous or
sparingly to densely pubescent on both
surfaces, copiously gland-dotted below,
apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate,
margin dentate or obscurely dentate only in
the upper half; petiole 10—40 mm long.
Inflorescence simple or sparingly branch-
ed, 50—150 mm long, verticils 4—6 mm
apart; bracts persistent, broadly ovate, 4—8
mm long, abruptly tapering to base and
apex; pedicels 3 mm long. Calyx densely

pubescent on the outside, glabrous within,
at maturity 5—6 mm long with broadly ovate
to subrotund, somewhat concave upper
tooth, minute lateral teeth and oblong,
shortly toothed lower lip which eventually
bends upwards closing the mouth of the
calyx. Corolla usually white, 4—5 mm long.
Stamens exserted by 4 mm.

Found in the warmer parts of Southern Africa, in
northern S.W. A. /Namibia, northern Botswana,
northern, central and eastern Transvaal, low-lying
parts of Swaziland and coastal to midland parts of Natal
as far south as Durban and Pietermaritzburg;
widespread in tropical Africa and in southern Asia.

For key to subspecies, see key to species.

(a) subsp. urticifolium.

Codd in Bothalia 14: 219 (1983).

O. urticifolium Roth, Catalecta Bot. 2: 52 (1800);
Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W. A. 123: 21 (1969); Ross,

Lamiaceae

4: 221

Fl. Natal 306 (1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 511
(1976). Type: from India.

O. suave Willd., Enum. PI. Hort. Berol. 629 (1809);
Benth., Lab. 7 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 35 (1848);
Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 338 (1900); Wood, Natal PI. 4: t. 325
(1903); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5,1: 234 (1910); Morton in
F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2: 451 (1963). O. gratissimum L. var.
suave (Willd.) Hook, f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 609 (1885).
Type: a cultivated plant.

— var. distantidens Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser.
2, 3: 980 (1903). Syntypes: S.W. A. /Namibia, Olukon-
da, Schinz 57 (Z); Angola, Omupanda, Wulfhorst s.n.
(Z).

O. micranthum Dinter ex Launert in Launert &
Schreiber, F.S.W.A. 123: 21 (1969), nom. nud. in syn.,
non Willd.

Erect perennial herb or soft shrub
0,4— 1,5 m tall, usually branching near the
base; leaf blade (40- ) 50-100 (-130) x
25—65 mm, margin distinctly dentate for
almost the whole length; inflorescence fairly
compact or elongate, (60—) 70—140 mm
long.

Distribution as for the species. Map 124.

Vouchers: Acocks 12439; Giess 11299; Scheepers
182; Wild & Drummond 7201.

The leaves are usually described as lemon-scented,
though occasional specimens are recorded as having
clove-scented leaves. In nothern S.W. A. /Namibia a
medicinal tea is made from the dried leaves.

(b) subsp. caryophyllatum Codd in
Bothalia 14; 219 (1983). Type: Natal,
Mapelana Forest, south of St Lucia Estuary,
Cooper 119 (PRE, holo.!).

Erect soft shrub 1 — 2 m tall, branching
mainly in the upper part; leaf blade
ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 25 — 45 x 12—30
mm, margin subentire or obscurely toothed
in the upper half; inflorescence fairly
compact, 50—70 mm long. Fig. 39: 1.

Found at the margins of dune forest in northern
Natal. Map 125.

Vouchers: Strey 6450; Venter 4088.

The leaves are described as having the scent of
cloves or nutmeg.

2. Ocimum canum Sims in Curtis’s bot.
Mag. t.2452 (1823); Benth., Lab. 3 (1832);
in E. Mey., Comm. 226 (1837); in DC.,
Prodr. 12: 32 (1848); Hook, f., Fl. Brit.
India 4: 607 (1885); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 337
(1900); Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58:
232, 234 (1962); in F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2: 451
(1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A.
123: 21 (1969); Ross, Fl. Natal 306 (1972);
Compton, Fl. Swaziland 511 (1976). Type:
from China, a cultivated plant.

O. stamineum Sims in Curtis’s bot. Mag. sub t.2452
(1823), sphalm.

O. fruticulosum Burch., Trav. 2: 264 (1824); Benth.
in DC., Prodr. 12: 34 (1848); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 236
(1910). Type: Cape, Griqualand West, near Klipfon-
tein, Burchell 2160.

O. serpvllifolium sensu Benth. in E. Mey., Comm.
226 (1837).

O. serpyllifolium Forssk. var. glabrior Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 226 (1837), partly. Type: Cape. Griqua-
land West, near Klipfontein, Burchell 2160.

O. canum var. integrifolium Engl, in Bot. Jb. 10: 267
(1888). Syntypes: Cape, Griqualand West, near

Kimberley, Marloth 763; S.W. A. /Namibia, near Ot-
iimbingwe, Marloth 1288 (PRE!).

O. dinteri Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser 2, 3: 980
(1903); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 236 (1910). Type:
S.W. A. /Namibia, Great Namaqualand, Dinter 1549.

O. simile N.E. Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 234 (1910). Syntypes:
Transvaal, Madjadjes Mountains, Burtt Davy 2714
(PRE!); 5288.

O. americanum sensu N.E. Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 235
(1910); sensu Hutch. '& Dalz., F.W.T.A. 2, 1: 285
(1931).

Fig 39. — 1, Ocimum urticifolium subsp. caryophyllatum, flowering stem, x 1; la, mature calyx, x 4 {Stinon
8793, Mtunzini, BRI garden No. 26607). 2, O. canum, flowering stem, x 1; 2a, leaf from near base, x 1; 2b,
mature calyx, x 4; 2c, flower, x 4; 2d, corolla opened longitudinally, x 10 (2a from Van Vuuren 570; remainder
cult. Mrs. E. Jenkins).

4: 222

Lamiaceae

Map 125. — A Ocimum urticifolium subsp.
caryophy Datum
• O. canum

Perennial herb or soft shrublet, often
woody below, 0,15—0,5 (—0,8) m tall, freely
branched; stems subglabrous or sparingly
pubescent to villous, particularly at the
nodes. Leaves petiolate; blade very variable
in size. Unear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate
or elliptic, (8—) 15—50 (—70) x (3 — ) 5 — 15
(—25) mm, subglabrous to pilose, copiously
gland-dotted below, apex acute, base cune-
ate, margin entire to obscurely few-toothed.
Inflorescence simple or sparingly branched
below, 60—200 mm long, verticils 8—20 mm

apart; bracts elliptic to ovate, persistent,
3—6 mm long, tapering at each end; pedicels
3 mm long, ascending. Calyx pilose on the
outside, densely hispid within, 5 — 7 mm long
at maturity, upper lip subrotund, somewhat
concave, lateral teeth broad-based, subul-
ate, 2 mm long, lower lip spreading, longer
than the upper, deeply 2-toothed. Corolla
lilac to mauve or white, 4—6 mm long.
Stamens exserted by 4—6 mm. Fig. 39: 2.

Common in the warmer parts of Southern Africa,
for example in S.W. A. /Namibia, Botswana, northern
Cape Province, Transvaal (except on the Highveld), at
low and medium altitudes in Swaziland, Natal coast and
midlands, and recorded from the Port St Johns and
Komga districts in Transkei. Map 125.

Vouchers: Codd & De Winter 4974; De Winter
2521; 4080; Rodin 2779; Schlechter 4235.

In northern S.W. A. /Namibia the leaves are
cooked with meat and fish and are also used as a tea. In
northern Transvaal the dried leaves are smoked in a
pipe for chest complaints. The plants may be strongly
to slightly aromatic and the description of the scent
varies from that of thyme or mint to aniseed, liquorice
or eucalyptus oil. Plants tend to spread on overgrazed
or disturbed areas and, when such plants are collected,
they may be described as annuals.

There is considerable variation in leaf size
according to growing conditions, and specimens with
larger leaves begin to resemble the cultivated Basil, O.
basilicum L., which has the same floral structure as O.
canum but in which the calyx, corolla, bracts and leaves
are larger. According to Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
58: 234 (1962), the type of O. americanum L. is an
immature specimen of O. basilicum L.

Lamiaceae

4: 223

7366a 35. BECIUM

Becium Lindl. in Bot. Reg. Misc. 28: 42 (1842); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 230 (1910); Andrews,
Flow. PI. Sudan 3: 206 (1956); Morton in F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2; 453 (1963); Cufodontis in
Bull. Jard. bot. Etat. Brux. 33 (Suppl.): 849 (1963); Launert & Schreiber in F.S.W.A. 123:
9 (1969); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 1: 536 (1975); Codd in Taxon 32: 490 (1983); nom. cons. prop.
Type species: B. bicolor Lindl.

Ocimum sensu Benth., Lab. 1 (1832), partly.

Ocimum Sect. Hiantia Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 35 (1848); Briq. in Natiirl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 369 (1897); Bak. in
F.T.A. 5: 334 (1900).

Perennial herbs or shrublets. Leaves opposite or whorled, often very small.
Inflorescence a terminal spike-like raceme, sometimes subcapitate; verticils spaced or
crowded; bracts present as an apical coma in the bud stage, early deciduous often leaving a
conspicuous circular gland-like scar; verticils usually 6-flowered. Calyx bilabiate; tube
campanulate; upper lip broadly ovate, decurrent on the tube; lateral pair of teeth obsolete
but replaced by a wide shoulder-like sinus often with a fimbriate margin; lowest pair of
teeth subulate or bristle-like. Corolla bilabiate; tube exceeding the calyx, expanding
towards the mouth; upper lip erect, 4-lobed; lower lip spreading, entire, concave. Stamens
4, subequal, well exserted, declinate; filaments free, upper pair attached near base of
corolla tube with a hairy knee-bend near the base, lower pair attached near the throat. Disc
cup-shaped. Ovary glabrous; style well exserted, deeply 2-lobed. Nutlets ellipsoid or
oblong, somewhat compressed.

A mainly African genus of 10 or more species, extending into the southern Arabian Peninsula and India; 4
species in Southern Africa. Lindley states that Becium is derived from the Greek Bekion, “one of the ancient
names for sage”, but it is apparent that the name was applied in classical times to various plants used in the
treatment of chest complaints.

1 Inflorescence with the verticils crowded near the apex and usually only 1 — 3 of the lower ones separate;
stems several, arising annually from a woody rootstock, sparingly branched above:

2 Leaves subglabrous to sparingly pubescent 1(a). B. obovatum var. obovatum

2 Leaves villous 1(b). B. obovatum var. galpinii

1 Inflorescence elongate with 5 — 20 verticils more or less evenly spaced 5 — 15 mm apart; stems usually
solitary at the base, rarely several from ground level, branching freely above:

3 Leaves more than 5 mm broad; stamens exserted by 10 mm or more 2. B. knyanum

3 Leaves less than 5 mm broad; stamens exserted by less than 10 mm:

4 Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, thinly pubescent, usually more than 10 mm long; calyx tube

campanulate 3 . B. angustifolium

4 Leaves subspathulate to oblanceolate, densely white-puberulous, usually less than 12 mm long; calyx

tube tubular 4. B. burchellianum

1. Becium obovatum (E. Mey. ex
Benth.) N.E. Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 230 (1910);
Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Compton, FI.
Swaziland 512 (1976). Type: Natal, near
Umzimkulu, Drege (K, holo.).

Ocimum obovatum E. Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey.,
Comm. 226 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 35 (1848).

Perennial with several stems arising
annually from a woody rootstock; stems
erect or ascending, rarely spreading, slen-
der, simple or sparingly branched, puberu-
lous to villous, 0,1—0,25 (—0,3) m tall.

Leaves subsessile or shortly petiolate; blade
very variable in shape from linear-elliptic to
lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong, ovate, sub-
rotund or obovate, (10—) 15—40 ( — 60) x
(3 — ) 5—20 ( — 30) mm, subglabrous to
villous, gland-dotted, apex acute to
rounded, base cuneate to obtuse, margin
entire or with few shallow teeth; petiole 0—5
mm long. Inflorescence often subcapitate or
with 1 — 3 spaced verticils below the crowded
apex; pedicels c. 1 mm long. Calyx 4—5 mm
long at flowering, enlarging to 7 — 10 mm
long, reticulate-veined, pubescent; tube

4: 224

Lamiaceae

campanulate. Corolla white to pale mauve,
(8—) 10—17 mm long with longitudinal
violet lines on the upper lip. Stamens
exserted by 14—20 mm.

Found in dense grassland on the higher parts of the
Transvaal, extending into Swaziland, Natal, extreme
eastern Orange Free State and eastern Cape as far
south as East London. Also in Zimbabwe to east
tropical Africa and possibly also the higher parts of
Angola.

B. obovatum is a typical pyrophyte, adapted to
grassland which is periodically burnt and, even if the
grass is not burnt for several years, the stems die in
winter and regenerate annually from the woody
subterranean rootstock. The extent to which the plants
behave in this way in tropical Africa, where several
closely related species have been described, is not
clear. Some of these “species” may prove to be local
forms of B. obovatum but the tendency to take a very
broad view of the species, e.g. by Morton in F.W.T. A.
edn 2, 2: 453 (1963), Cufodontis in Bull. Jard. bot.
Etat. Brux. 33: 849 (1963) and Launert & Schreiber in
F.S.W.A. 123: 9 (1969), seems scarcely justified. See
also note under B. knyanum (no. 2).

For key to varieties see key to species.

(a) var. obovatum.

Ocimum obovatum E. Mey. ex Benth. in E. Mey.,
Comm. 226 (1838); in DC., Prodr. 12: 35 (1848);
Wood, Natal PI. 3: t.257 (1902); Handb. FI. Natal 105
(1907). Becium obovatum (E. Mey. ex Benth.) N.E.
Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 230 (1910); Bews, FI. Natal 177 (1921);
Martineau & Phear, Rhod. Wild Flow. 69, t.30 (1930);
Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 288, t.143 (1962); Batten &
Bokelmann, Wild Flow. E. Cape 125, t.100 (1966);
Lucas & Pike, Wild Flow. Witwatersrand 75 (1971);
Ross, FI. Natal 306 (1972); Compton, FI. Swaziland 512
(1976); Tredgold & Biegel, Rhod. Wild Flow. 46, t.30
(1979).

O. serpyllifolium Forssk. var. glabrius Benth. in E.
Mey., Comm. 226 (1838) (as var. glabrior), partly,
excl. syn. O. fruticulosum Burch. O. hians Benth. in
DC., Prodr. 12: 36 (1848); S. Moore in J. Bot., Lond.
41: 405 (1903). B. obovatum var. hians (Benth.) N.E.
Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 231 (1901). B. obovatum var. glabrius
(Benth.) Cufod. in Bull. Jard. bot. Etat. Brux. 33: 850
(1963). Type: Cape, between Gekau (Butterworth) and
Bashee River, Drege (K, holo.).

O. striatum Hochst. in Flora 28: 66 (1845). Syntypes:
Natal, Port Natal, Krauss 390a; 390b (in K, Krauss 390,
2 sheets).

Leaves very variable in shape and size
as in the description of the species, but
rarely exceeding 40 mm in length, subglab-
rous to sparingly pubescent. Fig. 40: 1.

Distribution as for the species. Map 126.

Vouchers: Flanagan 2806; Mauve 4943; C. A.
Smith 866; Tyson 471.

Map 126. — Becium obovatum var. obovatum

(b) var. galpinii (Giirke) N.E. Br. in
F.C. 5, 1: 231 (1910); Bews, FI. Natal 177
(1921); Compton, Check List FI. Swaziland
67 (1966). Type: Transvaal, Barberton,
Saddleback Range, Galpin 413 (K, PRE).

Ocimum galpinii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 78 (1888).

Leaves relatively large, lanceolate or
oblanceolate to broadly ovate or obovate,
25 — 60 x 10—30 mm, villous, especially on
the rather conspicuous veins on the under-
side of the leaf; margin often distinctly
toothed.

Fig 40. — 1. Becium obovatum var. obovatum, flowering stem, x 1; la, base of plant, x 1; lb, mature calyx,
x 3; lc, section through corolla, x 4 (plant growing naturally in BRI garden). 2, B. angustifolium, flowering
branch, x 1; 2a. flower, x 4 (plant growing naturally in BRI garden).

Lamiaceae

4: 225

4: 226

Lamiaceae

Found together with var. obovatum on the
Waterberg and along the eastern escarpment of the
Transvaal to Swaziland, Natal and coastal Transkei;
also on the eastern mountains of Zimbabwe . Map 127 .

Vouchers: Acocks 13156; Codd 4205; 4729; Galpin
10283; 12072.

2. Becium knyanum (Vatke) N.E. Br.
ex Broun & Massey, FI. Sudan. 357 (1929);
Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 288 (1962);
Compton, FI. Swaziland 512 (1976). Type;
Ethiopia, Schimper 387 (K; PRE, photo.).

Ocimum knyanum Vatke in Linnaea 37: 315 (1871);
Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 346 (1900); Hiern, Cat. Afr. PI.
Welw. 1, 4: 850 (1900). B. obovatum var. knyanum
(Vatke) Cufod. in Bull. Jard. bot. Etat Brux. 32
(Suppl.) 850 (1963).

O. stenoglossum Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,
3: 981 (1903). Type: S.W. A./Namibia, Windhoek,
Dinter 344.

O. rautanenii Briq., l.c. 982 (1903). Type:
S.W. A./Namibia, Outjo, Rautanen.

O. fissilabrum Briq., l.c. 984 (1903). Type:
S.W. A./Namibia, Okahandja, Hopfner 90.

B. obovatum sensu Launert & Schreiber in F.S. W. A.
123: 9 (1969).

Perennial, erect, soft shrub 0,3— 0,8
( — 1) m tall and of nearly equal diameter,
usually single-stemmed and branching
above, occasionally with several stems from
a basal rootstock; stems relatively stout,
puberulous. Leaves shortly petiolate; blade
lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, ovate-
elliptic or obovate, (12 — ) 20—40 (—50) x
(4—) 7—18 (—22) mm, under-surface glab-
rous, gland-dotted, upper surface usually
puberulous on the nerves, occasionally

puberulous on both surfaces, apex acute to
obtuse, base cuneate to obtuse, margin
shallowly toothed to subentire; petiole 2—7
mm long. Inflorescence slender, 80—200 mm
long, of 6 — 20 verticils regularly spaced
along the rhachis 10—20 mm apart; pedicels
2—3 mm long. Calyx 3—4 mm long at
flowering, enlarging to 6—7 mm long,
reticulate-veined, puberulous; tube cam-
panulate. Corolla white to mauve,
8 — 10 ( — 12) mm long. Stamens exserted by
12—17 mm.

Found in northern S.W. A./Namibia, Botswana,
northern and eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and coastal
Natal as far south as Empangeni; in open woodland or
thorn scrub on sandy or stony places, often gregarious
under thorn trees. Also in Angola and east tropical
Africa to Ethiopia. Map 128.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 4597; De Winter 2743;
Giess 12601; Moll 4134.

Ecologically, this species replaces B. obovatum
(above) in the warmer and usually drier parts of the
country, but taxonomically the two appear distinct and
no difficulty was experienced in separating the two in
the herbarium. B. knyanum is a stouter plant which
shows little tendency to regenerate annually from the
base and the inflorescences tend to be more elongate
with regularly spaced verticils. The leaves show
considerably less variation in shape, size and hairiness
than in B. obovatum, while the corolla tends to be
smaller.

3. Becium angustifolium (Benth.) N.E.
Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 231 (1910); Letty, Wild
Flow. Transv. 288 (1962). Type: Transvaal,
Magaliesberg, Burke (K, holo.).

Ocimum angustifolium Benth. in DC., Prodr. 37
(1848).

O. filiforme Giirke in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 556
(1898). Syntypes: Transvaal, Pretoria, near Apies
River, Rehmann 4272 (Z); Kuduspoort, Rehmann 4614
(Z).

O. polycladum Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3:
982 (1903). Type: Transvaal, Klippan, Rehmann 5309
(Z, holo.).

Erect perennial herb or soft shrublet
0,2— 0,6 (—0,8) m tall, single-stemmed
(rarely several-stemmed from the base),
branching freely above; stems slender,
puberulous. Leaves subsessile to shortly
petiolate; blade linear to linear-lanceolate,
12—25 x 1,5—4 mm, grey-green, often
folded longitudinally, puberulous and den-
sely gland-dotted on both surfaces, apex
subacute, base attenuate, margin entire.
Inflorescence slender, 40—120 mm long with
4—12 verticils regularly spaced 8—15 mm
apart; pedicels 1 — 2 mm long, eventually

Lamiaceae

4: 227

deflexed. Calyx 2,5 mm long at flowering,
enlarging to 5 mm long, puberulous,
gland-dotted and often with white globular
glands; tube campanulate. Corolla white,
4—4,5 mm long. Stamens exserted by 5 — 8
mm, eventually coiled. Fig. 40: 2.

Found at medium altitudes in south-western,
central and northern Transvaal, and eastern and
north-eastern Botswana; usually in open woodland
among rocks, but sometimes on stream banks. Also in
Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and Tanzania. Map 129.

Vouchers: Acocks 12429; Galpin 11649; Hutchin-
son 2584; Schlechter 3644.

In the tropics this species frequently grows in
moist, grassy places, almost invariably with many stems
from a swollen woody rootstock, but this is not usually
the case in Southern Africa, except for the specimen
from the Chobe National Park in northern Botswana
which shows this character. A specimen from Angola,
which appears to be this species, has exceptionally long
leaves, up to 40 mm long. The leaves are said to be
strongly mint-scented.

Map 129. — • Becium angustifolium
▲ B. burchellianum

4. Becium burchellianum (Benth.)
N.E. Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 232 (1910). Lecto-
type: Cape, Middelburg district, Burchell
2812 (K, lecto.; PRE!).

Ocimum burchellianum Benth.. Lab. 8 (1832); in
DC., Prodr. 12: 36 (1848).

O. serpyllifolium sensu Benth., Lab. 707 (1835); in
E. Mey., Comm. 226 (1838).

O. helianthemifolium Hochst. in Flora 28: 67 (1845);
Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: 36 (1848). Type: Cape,
Uitenhage, Krauss 1121.

Twiggy soft shrub 0,5 — 1 m tall,
single-stemmed at the base and woody
below, freely branched above; stems white-
puberulous. Leaves subfasciculate at the
nodes, subsessile; blade subspathulate to
oblanceolate, 5 — 14 x 2—5 mm, rather
coriaceous, grey-green, gland-dotted and
densely white-puberulous especially on the
under-surface, often folded longitudinally,
apex rounded, base attenuate, margin
entire. Inflorescence slender, 40—120 mm
long, of 4—8 spaced verticils; pedicels 2—2,5
mm long. Calyx 3 mm long at flowering,
enlarging to 7 mm long, fairly densely
white-tomentulose; tube tubular; upper lip
curving upwards, median sinus rounded
with a densely ciliate margin. Corolla white
to mauve or dull purple, 8—9 mm long.
Stamens exserted by 7— 9 mm.

Found in a restricted area in the eastern Cape
Province from Middelburg and Graaff-Reinet
southwards to Uitenhage and Grahamstown, where it is
a frequent constituent of karroid scrub. Map 129.

Vouchers: Acocks 12001; Galpin 10589; Rogers
3589.

N. E. Brown, l.c., included O. helianthemifolium in
synonymy and this treatment is followed here.

4: 228

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 229

7367 36. ORTHOSIPHON

Orthosiphon Benth. in Bot. Reg. sub t.1300 (1830); Lab. 25 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 49
(1848); Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. PI. 2, 2: 1174 (1876); Briq. in Naturl. PflFam. 4, 3a: 372
(1897); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 365 (1900); N.E. Br. in F.C. 5, 1: 237 (1910); Ashby in J. Bot.,
Lond. 76: 1 (1938); Morton in F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2: 454 (1963); Codd in Bothalia 8: 149
(1964); R. A. Dyer, Gen. 536 (1975). Type species: not designated.

Nautochilus Brem. in Ann. Transv. Mus. 15: 253 (1933). Type species: Nautochilus labiatus (N.E. Br.) Brem.

Herbs or undershrubs, sometimes with tuberous roots. Leaves opposite or rarely
ternate. Inflorescence terminal, racemose or paniculate; bracts small, persistent; flowers
1—6 in the axils of each bract, forming 2— 12-flowered verticils 10—20 mm apart. Calyx
5-toothed, 2- lipped; tube cylindric to campanulate; upper tooth broadly ovate-orbicular
with the margin more or less decurrent on the tube; lower 4 teeth subequal, ovate-deltoid,
acuminate to subulate, the 2 lowest usually longer than the 2 laterals. Corolla bilabiate;
tube narrowly to broadly cylindric, straight or curved; upper lip erect, 3— 4-lobed; lower lip
horizontal to recurved, concave to boat-shaped. Stamens 4, free, didynamous, declinate,
exserted; lower pair inserted near the mouth; upper pair inserted further back in the corolla
tube; filaments glabrous or pilose at the base; anthers 1-thecous. Disc saucer-shaped, often
with a ventral lobe. Style filiform, more or less capitate, lying together with and subequal to
the stamens. Nutlets suborbicular to oblong, glabrous.

In some non-Southern African species the leaves form a large basal rosette.

Species about 50 of which 9 occur in Southern Africa.

Related to Ocimum L. (no. 34) but corolla tube longer, and style more or less capitate.

1 Upper pair of stamens attached about 2 mm from the throat of the corolla tube and exserted by about 2
mm; floral bracts up to 4 mm long (subgen. Orthosiphon)'.

2 Rhachis pubescent but lacking stipitate glands; leaves glabrous to pubescent, but under-surface not
conspicuously dotted with red sessile glands nor appressed canescent:

3 Petioles 4 — 20 mm long; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, rarely exceeding 40 mm in length, base

truncate to obtuse l.O. suffrutescens

3 Petioles 0 — 3 mm long; leaves ovate-elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, 35 — 80 mm long, base cuneate to

obtuse 2. O. rubicundus

2 Rhachis with numerous short stipitate glands; under-surface of leaves either dotted with red sessile
glands or appressed canescent:

4 Leaf blade 20 — 30 mm long, scabrid, under-surface with numerous red sessile glands; stems simple,

usually less than 0,5 m long 3. O. vernalis

4 Leaf blade 8—12 mm long, appressed canescent especially on the lower surface; stems much

branched, usually exceeding 0,5 m 4. O. fruticosus

1 Upper pair of stamens attached near the base of the corolla tube and exserted by 4—12 mm; bracts usually
exceeding 4 mm long (occasionally less in O. pseudoserratus and O. amabilis):

5 Leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic to obovate or if ovate then margin distinctly serrate; lower lip of

corolla less than 8 mm long:

6 Corolla tube exceeding 20 mm in length; leaf blade usually less than 20 x 10 mm 5. O. tubiformis

6 Corolla tube 5 — 16 mm long; leaf blade usually exceeding 20 x 10 mm:

7 Leaf blade usually exceeding 40 x 20 mm; stamens exserted from the throat of the corolla by 4 — 6

mm 6. O. serratus

7 Leaf blade usually less than 40 x 20 mm; stamens exserted from the throat of the corolla by 7 — 8

mm 7. O. pseudoserratus

5 Leaf blade broadly ovate to subrotund, margin crenate; lower lip of corolla 8 — 12 mm long:

8 Leaf blade less than 25 x 20 mm 8. O. amabilis

8 Leaf blade exceeding 25 x 20 mm 9. O. labiatus

4: 230

Lamiaceae

KUJlJc

Lamiaceae

4: 231

1. Orthosiphon suffrutescens (Thonn.)
J. K. Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 238,
266 (1962); in F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2: 454
(1963); Ross, FI. Natal 307 (1972); Agnew,
Upland Kenya Wild Flow. 648 (1974);
Compton, FI. Swaziland 514 (1976). Type:
Ghana, Thonning 288 (C, fide Junghans in
Bot. Tidsskr. 57, 340, 1961).

Ocimum thonningii Thonn. in Schumach., Beskr.
Guin. PI. 269 (1827) (as “thoningii”), non O.
thonningii Schumach. & Thonn., I.c. 265 (1827). O.
suffrutescens Thonn. in K. danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.
4: 330 (1829).

Orthosiphon glabratus Benth. var. africanus Benth.
in DC., Prodr. 12: 51 (1848). Type: Transvaal,
Magaliesberg, Crocodile River, Burke 162 (K, holo.;
PRE!).

O. australis Vatke in Linnaea 40: 179 (1876); ibid.
43: 86 (1881-82); Bak. in F.T.A. 5: 373 (1900); Ashby
in J. Bot., Lond. 76; 40 (1938); Andrews, Flower. PI.
Sudan 3: 221 (1956); Codd in Bothalia 8: 150 (1964).
Type: Mozambique, Rios de Sena, Peters.

O. wilmsii Giirke in Bot. Jb. 26: 81 (1898); N.E. Br.
in F.C. 5, 1: 255 (1910); Ashby, l.c. 44 (1938). Type:
Transvaal, near Lydenburg, Wilms (K; BM).

O. neglectus Briq. in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser 2, 3:
988 (1903). Type: Pretoria, Wonderboompoort, Reh-
mann 4510 (Z, holo.).

O. inconcinnus Briq., l.c. 991 (1903); N.E. Br., l.c.
256 (1910). Type: Natal, Camperdown, Wood 4963 (K;
NH).

Plectranthus bolusii T. Cooke in Kew Bull. 1909: 377
(1909), partly, as to syntype, Potgietersrus, Bolus
11011 (BOL!).

O. wilmsii var. komghensis N.E. Br., l.c. 256 (1910).
Type: Transkei, Komga, Flanagan 477 (K, holo.;
PRE!).

Herb, branching at or near the base,
0,15—0,6 m tall; stems semi-woody pub-
escent, with short simple and multicellular
hairs, often glabrescent. Leaves petiolate;
blade thin-textured, ovate to broadly ovate,
15—40 (—50) x 10—30 mm, subglabrous to
pubescent, under-surface with pale brown-
ish gland-dots, apex acute to obtuse, base
truncate to abruptly cuneate, margin suben-
tire to sparingly serrate-dentate; petiole
5 — 25 mm long. Inflorescence simple,
40—150 mm long; verticils 2— 6-flowered,
10—20 mm apart; bracts subrotund, abrupt-
ly acuminate, 2,5 — 3 mm long. Calyx 7—9

mm long at fruiting stage, pubescent.
Corolla white to mauve; tube 6—7 mm long,
straight; upper lip erect, 3—3,5 mm long;
lower lip concave, 4—5,5 mm long. Stamens
exserted from the throat by 2 mm; upper 2
filaments attached 1,5 — 2 mm from the
throat, glabrous. Stigma thickened, minute-
ly bifid. Fig. 41: 1.

Map 130. — Orthosiphon suffrutescens

Found in dry, wooded country in Botswana,
Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal and Transkei; extends
through east tropical Africa to Ethiopia and Sudan.
Map 130.

Vouchers: Codd 8604; 9370; Medley Wood 11972;
Ward 2276.

O. wilmsii is the form found in the central
Transvaal where plants are subjected to cooler
conditions and periodic burning; the plants branch
more freely from the base, with shorter stems and
smaller, thicker-textured and almost entire leaves with
the gland-dots more densely placed in the somewhat
wrinkled under-surface; there is, however, a complete
gradation linking it with the more typical O.
suffrutescens of the warmer lowveld.

See Ashby, l.c., for tropical African synonyms.
Morton, l.c., says the species is very closely allied to
and probably only racially distinct from the Indian O.
glabratus Benth.

2. Orthosiphon rubicundus (D. Don)
Benth. in Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2: 14 (1831);
Lab. 26 (1832); in DC., Prodr. 12: 51

Fig 41. — 1, Orthosiphon suffrutescens, flowering stem, x 1; la, mature calyx, x 2; lb, section through
corolla, x 2 (Codd 5059). 2, O. labiatus, leaf, x 1; 2a, section through corolla, x 2; 2b, flowering calyx, x 2; 2c,
mature calyx, x 2 (living plant. BRI garden).

4: 232

Lamiaceae

(1848); Hook, f., FI. Brit. India 4: 614
(1885); Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 76: 41
(1938); Morton in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58:
239 (1962); in F.W.T.A. edn 2, 2: 454
(1963); Codd in Bothalia 8: 152 (1962);
Agnew, Upland Kenya Wild Flow. 648
(1974). Type: India, Nepal, Wallich (BM).

Plectranthus rubicundus D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal.
116 (1825). Lumnitzera rubicunda (D. Don) Spreng.,
Syst. 4, cur. post.: 223 (1827).

Perennial herb with 1— several stems
0,25—0,6 m long arising from a woody or
tuberous rootstock; stems simple or spar-
ingly branched, glabrous to pilose. Leaves
sessile to shortly petiolate; blade ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, 35 — 80 x 18—40 mm,
glabrous to sparingly pubescent, lower
surface with scattered yellowish gland-dots,
apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate to
obtuse, margin coarsely crenate-dentate
mainly in the upper two-thirds; petiole 0—3
mm long. Inflorescence usually simple,
50—200 mm long; verticils 4— 6-flowered,
5 — 15 mm apart; bracts broadly ovate,
acuminate, 2,5 — 3 mm long. Calyx 8—9 mm
long at fruiting stage, pubescent. Corolla
white to mauve; tube 6 mm long, straight;
upper lip erect, 3,5 mm long; lower lip
concave, 4 mm long. Stamens exserted from
the throat by 2 mm; upper 2 filaments
attached 1 — 1,5 mm from the throat,
glabrous. Stigma thickened, minutely bifid.

Widespread from China and India, throughout
tropical Africa, and reaching its southernmost limit in
northern Transvaal; in grassy places in fairly dense
woodland. Map 131.

Vouchers: Dryfhout 833; Obermeyer sub TRV
29238.

Several tropical African synonyms are listed by
Ashby, l.c.

3. Orthosiphon vernalis Codd in Bo-
thalia 8: 152 (1964); Compton, FI. Swazi-
land 514 (1976). Type: Swaziland, Manzini
district, Malkerns, I'Ons 60/43 (PRE,
holo.!).

Perennial herb 0,2— 0,3 m tall; stems
1 — 3 arising annually from a woody
rootstock, erect, simple or sparingly
branched, pubescent with simple hairs, long
multicellular hairs and red gland-dots.
Leaves sessile to shortly petiolate; blade
ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 20 — 30
x 10—15 mm, scabrid pubescent, under-

surface with numerous red gland-dots, apex
acute to obtuse, base rounded to truncate,
margin slightly thickened, obscurely
crenate-dentate to subentire; petiole 0—4
mm long. Inflorescence simple, 80—150 mm
long; verticils 2-flowered, 3 — 10 mm apart;
rhachis glandular-pubescent with dense
stipitate glands and long multicellular hairs;
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 3—4 mm long.
Calyx 9—11 mm long at fruiting stage,
glandular-hispid. Corolla purple, gland-
dotted; tube 7—8 mm long, straight; upper
lip erect, 5 — 6 mm long; lower lip concave,
6—7 mm long. Stamens exserted from the
throat by 2 mm; upper 2 filaments attached
1,5 mm from the throat, glabrous. Stigma
minutely bilobed.

Map 131. — ▲ Orthosiphon rubicundus
4 O. vernalis
• O. fruticosus

Recorded only from the Manzini and Mankaiana
districts of Swaziland; on grassy slopes where it is
apparently subjected to regular burning. Map 131.

Vouchers: Compton 29167 ; 31098.

Related to O. rubicundus (above) but has smaller
leaves which are freely red gland-dotted beneath,
densely stipitate-glandular rhachis and 2-flowered
verticils.

4. Orthosiphon fruticosus Codd in
Bothalia 8: 153 (1964). Type: Transvaal,
near Steelpoort Station, Codd 9777 (PRE,
holo.!).

Twiggy shrub 0,5 — 1,2 m tall; young
stems tomentulose, glabrescent; bark on old
stems often splitting off in thin strips.

Lamiaceae

4: 233

Leaves shortly petiolate, often fasciculate
on short shoots; blade coriaceous, lanceo-
late to oblanceolate, 8—18 x 2,5—6 mm,
canescent, lower surface reticulate, gland-
dotted, apex acute, base cuneate, margin
entire; petiole 1 — 2 mm long. Inflorescence
simple, 40—90 mm long; verticils 2—4-
flowered, 10 — 15 mm apart; rhachis
glandular-puberulous; bracts ovate to lan-
ceolate, 2—4 mm long. Calyx 7—9 mm long
at fruiting stage. Corolla purple, gland-
dotted; tube 7 — 8 mm long, straight; upper
lip erect, 5—6 mm long; lower lip concave, 6
mm long. Stamens exserted from the throat
by 2 mm; upper 2 filaments attached 1,5 mm
from the throat, glabrous. Stigma minutely
bilobed.

Grows in dry bushveld on stony slopes, from
Loskop Dam to Steelpoort Valley. Map 131.

Vouchers: Acocks 20952; Codd 8797.

The small leathery leaves and twiggy habit are
reminiscent of O. tubiformis (below), which has a very
much longer corolla tube and in which the stamens are
attached near the base of the corolla tube.

5. Orthosiphon tubiformis R. Good in
J. Bot., Lond. 63: 173 (1925); Ashby in J.
Bot., Lond. 76: 10 (1938); Letty, Wild
Flow. Transv. 285, t.142 (1962); Codd in
Bothalia 8: 154 (1964); in Flower. PI. Afr.
43: t.1697 (1974). Type: Transvaal, Pilgrims
Rest, Vaalhoek, Rogers 25104 (BM, holo.;
PRE!).

Virgate shrub 0,3— 0,9 m tall; stems
ascending, branched, subglabrous to hispid.
Leaves opposite or ternate, often fasciculate
on short shoots, shortly petiolate; blade
subcoriaceous, lanceolate-elliptic to ovate
or obovate, 14—20 x 7—10 mm, subglab-
rous to pubescent, lower surface reticulate,
gland-dots not obvious, apex acute to
obtuse, base cuneate to obtuse, margin
finely serrate to subentire; petiole 2—4 mm
long. Inflorescence simple, 50—170 mm
long; verticils 3—6 ( — 8)-flowered, 10—15
mm apart; rhachis finely glandular-
puberulous; bracts ovate, acuminate, 5 — 8
mm long. Calyx 10—16 mm long at fruiting
stage, puberulous. Corolla whitish to pale or
deep mauve; tube narrowly cylindrical,
straight, 20—35 mm long; upper lip erect,
5—7 mm long; lower lip concave, 6 mm
long. Stamens exserted from the throat by
5—6 mm; upper 2 filaments attached near

the base of the tube, pubescent below.
Stigma shortly bilobed.

Map 132. — ▲ Orthosiphon tubiformis
# O. serratus

Grows on wooded, stony slopes in relatively dry
parts at medium altitudes in the Lydenburg, Pilgrims
Rest and Letaba districts of Transvaal. Map 132.

Vouchers: Codd & Dyer 7714; 7696.

6. Orthosiphon serratus Schltr. in J.
Bot., Lond. 35: 431 (1897); N.E. Br. in F.C.
5,1: 260 (1910); Ashby in J. Bot., Lond. 76:
9 (1938); Codd in Bothalia 8: 155 (1964);
Ross, FI. Natal 307 (1972); Compton, FI.
Swaziland 513 (1976). Type: Transvaal,
Barberton, Galpin 499 (K, holo.; PRE!).

Shrub 0,3— 0,9 m tall, often with
several stems arising from a woody
rootstock; stems erect, sparingly branched,
densely hispid. Leaves opposite or ternate,
shortly petiolate; blade broadly ovate,
ovate-oblong or obovate-elliptic, 40—90 x
20—35 mm, densely pubescent to subglab-
rous, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate to
obtuse, margin distinctly and regularly
serrate; petiole 3—8 mm long. Inflorescence
simple, 80—320 mm long; verticils 4—12-
flowered, 10 — 30 mm apart; rhachis
glandular-hispid; bracts ovate, acuminate,
6—10 ( — 16) mm long. Calyx up to 15 mm
long at fruiting stage, glandular-hispid.
Corolla mauve to purple; tube straight,
cylindrical, (6—) 9—16 mm long; enlarging
slightly towards the throat; upper lip erect.

4: 234

Lamiaceae

6—7 mm long; lower lip concave, 5—6 mm
long. Stamens exserted from the throat by
4—5 mm; upper 2 filaments attached near
the base of the tube, pubescent below.
Stigma bilobed, lobes spreading, 0,5 mm
long. Fig. 42.

Recorded from eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and
northern KwaZulu, in dense grass on stony hillsides at
medium altitudes where it is usually subjected to
periodic burning. Map 132.

Vouchers: Codd 4727; 9786; Rogers 14304; 18341;
Schlechter 3866.

With its numerous fairly large purple flowers, it is
a striking species when in flower and worth trying in
cultivation.

7. Orthosiphon pseudoserratus Ashby
in J. Bot., Lond. 76: 8 (1938); Codd in
Bothalia 8: 156 (1964); in Flower. PI. Afr.
42: t.1657 (1973). Type: Transvaal, Pot-
gietersrus district, Moorddrift, Leendertz
2243 (BM, holo.; PRE!).

Shrublet 0,3 m or more tall; stems
ascending, sparingly branched, glandular-
hispid. Leaves subsessile to petiolate; blade
ovate to broadly elliptic, 20—40 x 12—20

Map 133. — A Orthosiphon pseudoserratus
# O. amabilis

mm, glandular-pubescent on both surfaces,
lower surface with yellowish gland-dots,
apex obtuse, base rounded, margin finely
serrate; petiole 2—5 mm long. Inflorescence
simple, 30—150 mm long; verticils 2—6-
flowered, 7 — 20 mm apart; rhachis

Fig 42. — 1, Orthosiphon serratus, leaf, x 1; a, flower, x 2; b, section through corolla, x 2; c, flowering
calyx, x 2; d, fruiting calyx, x 2; (Onderstall s.n.).

Lamiaceae

4: 235

glandular-hispidulous; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, 3—6 mm long. Calyx
9 — 11 mm long at fruiting stage. Corolla
whitish to mauve or pink; tube somewhat
decurved, widening towards the throat, 5 — 7
mm long; upper lip erect, 3—4 mm long;
lower lip boat-shaped, 5—6 mm long.
Stamens exserted from the throat by 7 — 8
mm; upper 2 filaments attached near the
base of the tube, slightly thickened and
pubescent below. Stigma not thickened,
minutely bilobed.

Apparently restricted to the Potgietersrus district
in Transvaal; on rocky, wooded slopes at medium
altitudes. Map 133.

Vouchers: Galpin 9065; 9154; 13455.

8. Orthosiphon amabilis (Brem.) Codd
in Bothalia 8: 157 (1964). Lectotype:

Transvaal, Potgietersrus district, Swerwers-
kraal, Bremekamp sub PRU 1220 (PRE,
lecto.!).

Nautochilus amabilis Brem. in Ann. Transv. Mus.
15; 254 (1933).

Twiggy shrub 0,6— 0,9 m tall; branches
ascending, pubescent with numerous multi-
cellular hairs. Leaves petiolate; lamina
broadly ovate to subrotund, 10—15 ( — 20) x
10—14 ( — 18) mm, pubescent on both
surfaces, under-surface greyish with long
interwoven multicellular hairs and yellowish
gland-dots, apex rounded, base truncate,
margin finely crenate; petiole 5 — 10 mm
long. Inflorescence simple, 70—140 mm
long; verticils 2— 6-flowered, 10—15 mm
apart; rhachis glandular-hispidulous; bracts
ovate, acuminate, 4—6 mm long. Calyx up
to 9 mm long at fruiting stage. Corolla
mauve or pink; tube decurved, widening
towards the throat, 8—9 mm long; upper lip
erect to recurved, 5 mm long; lower lip
boat-shaped, 8—9 mm long. Stamens exsert-
ed from the throat by 9 mm; upper 2
filaments attached near the base of the tube,
slightly thickened and pubescent below.
Stigma not thickened, entire.

Recorded from the Potgietersrus and Lydenburg
districts of Transvaal; on dry . wooded slopes. Map
133.

Vouchers: Barnard 339; 421.

Closely related to O. labiatus (below) but has
smaller, more tomentose leaves and smaller flowers.
From O. pseudoserratus (above) it may be distin
guished by the more rotund leaves with crenate margins
and longer petioles, and the longer corolla lobes. Pole

Evans 3094, which was cited by Bremekamp as a
syntype, is O. pseudoserratus.

9. Orthosiphon labiatus N.E. Br. in
F.C. 5,1: 245 (1910); Codd in Bothalia 8:
157 (1964); Ross, FI. Natal 307 (1972);
Compton, FI. Swaziland 513 (1976). Type:
Transvaal, Woodbush, Schlechter 4434 (K,
holo. ; PRE!).

Plectranthus bolusii sensu T. Cooke in Kew Bull.
1909: 377 (1909); in F.C. 5,1: 282 (1910), partly, as to
Rehmann 6167 and Wood 4488.

Nautochilus labiatus (N.E. Br.) Brem. in Ann.
Transv. Mus. 15: 253 (1933); Verdoorn in Flower. PI.
S. Afr. 23: t.901 (1943); Letty, Wild Flow. Transv. 288,
1. 143,1 (1962).

N. breyeri Brem., l.c. 254 (1933). Type: Transvaal,
Louis Trichardt, BreyersubTRV 19400 (PRE, holo.!).

N. urticaefolia Brem., l.c. 254 (1933). Type:
Transvaal, Blouberg, Leipzig Mission, Bremekamp &
Schweickerdt 131 (PRE, holo.!).

Soft shrub 0,6— 1,8 m tall, branching
from the base; stems ascending, freely
branched, sparingly pubescent, denser at
the nodes. Leaves petiolate; soft in texture,
broadly ovate to subrotund, 30—80 x
20—60 mm, upper surface sparingly pub-
escent, lower surface with long multicellular
hairs and yellow gland-dots, apex acute to
rounded, base truncate to abruptly and
shortly cuneate, margin regularly and
coarsely crenate; petiole slender, 5 — 30 mm
long. Inflorescence simple or occasionally
with a pair of branches at the base, 50—180
mm long; verticils 2—6 (— 8)-flowered,
10 — 20 mm apart; rhachis glandular-
pubescent; bracts ovate, acuminate, 8—10

4: 236

Lamiaceae

mm long. Calyx 10—15 mm long at fruiting
stage, glandular- puberulous. Corolla pale
mauve to pink; tube decurved, widening
towards the throat, 10—12 mm long; upper
lip erect to recurved, 7—8 mm long; lower
lip boat-shaped, later deflexed, 8 — 12 mm
long. Stamens exserted from the throat by
9—12 mm; upper 2 filaments attached near
the base of the tube, slightly thickened and
pubescent below. Stigma minutely bifid.
Fig. 41:2.

Recorded from Transvaal, Swaziland and northern
Natal and extends into Zimbabwe; on dry, rocky,
wooded hillsides and wooded watercourses at medium
altitudes. Map 134.

Vouchers: Acocks 10151; 16700; Codd & Dyer
7736; 9138; Medley Wood 4488.

A distinctive species with its bushy habit, large
leaves on slender petioles and its large, declinate
corolla with well exserted stamens; popular as a garden
plant.

Lamiaceae

4: 237

7367a

37. THORNCROFTIA

Thorncroftia N.E. Br. in Kew Bull. 1912: 281 (1912); Codd in Bothalia 7: 429 (1961); R.A.
Dyer, Gen. 537 (1975). Type species: T. longiflora N.E. Br.

Perennial herbs or soft shrubs, semisucculent. Leaves opposite, often crowded on short
shoots. Inflorescence paniculate or racemose; flowers solitary in the axils of persistent
bracts; bracts semisucculent, not sharply differentiated from the leaves, becoming
progressively smaller towards the apex of the inflorescence. Calyx bilabiate, 5-toothed;
tube campanulate; upper tooth larger than the lower 4, ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate;
lower 4 teeth subequal, narrowly deltoid, acuminate. Corolla bilabiate, 4-lobed; tube
campanulate to long-cylindric; upper lip erect, oblong, emarginate; lower lip concave,
spreading to reflexed; lateral lobes strap-shaped, spreading on each side of the lower lip.
Stamens 4, didynamous, declinate, inserted at the throat of the corolla tube; filaments free
to the base; anthers 1-thecous. Disc small, swollen into a gland in front. Style bifid. Nutlets
ellipsoid.

3 species, found in the northern and eastern Transvaal, with 1 species extending to Swaziland. Allied to
Plectranthus (no. 23) and Orthosiphon (no. 36), differing from both in the bracts being leaf-like below and
becoming progressively smaller towards the apex of the inflorescence, and in the 4-Iobed corolla limb; from
Plectranthus it differs in the flowers being borne solitarily in the axils of the bracts, and from Orthosiphon in the
upper pair of stamens being attached at the throat of the corolla tube.

All 3 species are parasitized by a weevil, Apion rectangulum Wagn. which causes thickened swellings in the
stems. Such swellings have also been seen in the stems of Plectranthus cylindraceus which have a somewhat similar
texture to those of Thorncroftia spp.

1 Corolla tube less than 10 mm long; plants up to 0,25 m tall 1. T. thorncroftii

1 Corolla tube 15 — 38 mm long; plants 0,3— 1,2 m tall:

2 Corolla tube 30 — 38 mm long; pubescence consisting of simple or multicellular, not dendroid hairs

2. T. longiflora

2 Corolla tube 15 — 20 mm long; dendroid hairs present, mixed with simple and multicellular straight

hairs 3. T. succulenta

1. Thorncroftia thorncroftii (S. Moore)
Codd in Bothalia 7: 430 (1961). Type:
Transvaal, Barberton, Thorncroft sub Ro-
gers 16987 (BM, holo.; PRE! On the PRE
specimen the number has been altered to
14987).

Plectranthus thorncroftii S. Moore in J. Bot., Lond.
56: 39 (1918).

Semisucculent herb 0,1—0,25 m tall,
sparingly branched at the base; stems
ascending, about 8 mm in diameter at the
base, glandular-pubescent. Leaves shortly
petiolate; blade fleshy, drying subcoriace-
ous, obovate to oblong-obovate, 15—20 x
6—8 mm, pilose and gland-dotted especially
on the under-surface, apex obtuse, base
cuneate, margin sparingly toothed in the
upper half. Inflorescence often simple,
50—80 mm long; lower bracts leaf-like,
smaller and about 3—5 mm long near the
apex. Calyx 7 mm long at fruiting stage;
upper tooth ovate, acuminate, more or less

decurrent on the tube. Corolla whitish with
purple spots; tube campanulate, 4,5 — 5 mm
long, enlarging abruptly at the base; upper
lip -erect, 6 mm long; 2 lateral lobes oblong,
3—4 mm long, deflexed; lower lip boat-
shaped, horizontal, 6—7 mm long. Stamens
up to 6—7 mm long.

Known so far only from the mountain massif
between Barberton in the Transvaal and Piggs Peak in
Swaziland; among rocks in mountain grassland.

Vouchers: Clarke 41; Compton 30002; Werder-
mann 2197 .

2. Thorncroftia longiflora N.E. Br. in
Kew Bull. 1912: 281 (1912); Prain in Curtis’s
bot. Mag. t.8824 (1919); Codd in Bothalia 7:
430 (1961); in Flower. PI. Afr. 36: t.1425
(1964). Type: Transvaal, near Barberton,
Thorncroft 795 (K, holo.; PRE!).

Semisucculent herb or soft shrublet
0,3— 0,6 m tall with several stems arising
from a thickened rootstock about 40 mm in

4: 238

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

4: 239

diameter; stems ascending, 10 mm in
diameter at the base, sparingly branched,
densely grey tomentose, hairs simple.
Leaves shortly petiolate; blade fleshy,
drying subcoriaceous, elliptic to obovate,
10—20 x 4—10 mm, finely grey tomentose,
gland-dotted, apex rounded, base cuneate,
margin subentire or obscurely toothed in the
upper half. Inflorescence lax or dense, up to
90 mm long; lower bracts leaf-like, progres-
sively smaller and about 3 mm long near the
apex. Calyx 7 mm long at fruiting stage;
upper tooth ovate, acuminate, more or less
decurrent on the tube. Corolla pink to
mauve-pink with deeper flecks on the lateral
lobes; tube narrowly cylindrical, 30—38 mm
long, not expanding at the base nor towards
the throat; upper lobe erect, 7—8 mm long;
lateral lobes oblong, deflexed, 5—6,5 mm
long; lower lip at first horizontal and
boat-shaped, soon reflexed, 6—8 mm long.
Stamens up to 8 mm long. Fig. 43.

Evidently a rare species, known only from the
rocky hillside above Joe’s Luck siding, south-eastern
Transvaal, at about 1 200 m altitude; in pockets of
humus on rock slabs.

Voucher; Thorncroft & Clarke s.n.

3. Thorncroftia succulenta ( Dyer &
Bruce) Codd in Bothalia 7: 431 (1961).
Type; Transvaal, Entabeni, Loock in PRE
27461 (PRE, holo.!).

Plectranthus succulentus Dyer & Bruce in Flower. PI.
Afr. 27; t.1073 (1949).

Semisucculent herb or soft shrub
0,6— 1,2 m tall with several stems arising
from a thickened rootstock; stems as-
cending, 7 — 15 mm in diameter at the base,
sparingly branched, densely grey tomen-
tose, hairs dendroid (branched). Leaves
shortly petiolate; blade fleshy, drying
subcoriaceous, ovate-elliptic to obovate,
16—30 x 15 — 20 mm, thinly to densely
tomentose and gland-dotted on both sur-

faces, hairs dendroid and simple, apex
rounded, base cuneate to obtuse, margin
crenate in the upper two-thirds. Inflores-
cence congested, 80—140 mm long; bracts
somewhat leaf-like, ovate, 12 mm long near
the base, progressively smaller towards the
apex. Calyx about 7 mm long at fruiting
stage; upper tooth ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, not decurrent on the tube. Corolla
bluish mauve with darker spots on the upper
lip and lateral lobes; tube narrowly cylindri-
cal, 15—20 mm long, not expanding at the
base; upper lip erect, 6—8 mm long; lateral
lobes 5—6 mm long; lower lip at first
horizontal and boat-shaped, later reflexed,
5—6 mm long. Stamens up to 5 mm long.

Found in mountains of northern and eastern
Transvaal; in humus-filled crevices of bare rock
outcrops. Map 135.

Vouchers: Clarke 213; Codd 4194; 7904.

Flabit and ecology similar to T. longiflora (above)
but leaves larger and more crenate with dendroid
(branched) hairs, and corolla bluish mauve with a
shorter tube.

Fig 43. — 1, Thorncroftia longiflora, flowering stem, x 1; a, lower part of stem, x 1; b, leaf, x 1; c, flower, x
1; d, mature calyx, x 4; e, section through apex of corolla, x 3 {Thorncroft & Clarke s.n., cult. BRI garden).

4: 240

Lamiaceae

INDEX

Aambeibossie

Aasvoelbos

Acrocephalus Be nth

scariosus Benth. *

sericeus Briq

Acrotome Benth

amboensis Briq

angustifolia G. Tayl

belckii Giirke

fleckii (Giirke) Launert

hispida Benth

var. elongata Benth

var. obliqua Benth

inflata Benth

lancifolia Brem. & Oberm

pallescens Benth

thorncroftii Skan

Aeolanthus Mart

suavis Mart

Aeollanthus Mart, ex K. Spreng. .

buchnerianus Briq

cameronii Burkill*

canescens Giirke

crenatus S. Moore

heliotropioides Oliv

lobatus N. E. Br. *

lobatus sensu Launert

namibiensis Ryding

neglectus ( Dinter ) Launert

njassae Giirke

nyikensis Bak

parvifolius Benth

pubescens Benth. *

rehmannii Giirke

suaveolens Mart, ex K. Spreng. .
suavis sensu Benth

AjugaL

africana (Thunb.) Pers

capensis (Thunb.) Pers

ophrydis Burch, ex Benth

pyramidalis L. *

remota Benth. *

reptans L. *

Akkedispoot

Ascocarydion G. Tayl

mirabile (Briq.) G. Tayl

Balderjan, Ballerja, Balterja

Ballota L

africana (L.) Benth

nigra L.*

Balm of Gilead

Basil, Sweet

Basilicum Moench

multiflorum (Benth.) Kuntze ...
myriostachyum (Benth.) Kuntze

polystachyon (L.) Moench

riparium (Hochst.) Kuntze

4: 10

4: 76

4: 213
4: 213
4: 213

4: 19

4: 19

4: 20

4: 22

4: 22

4: 23

4: 23

4: 23

4: 19

4: 20

4: 22

4: 22

4: 121
4: 121

4: 121
4: 122
4: 125
4: 122
4: 124
4: 121
4: 125
4: 125
4: 125
4: 124
4: 122
4: 122
4: 122
4: 125
4: 124
4: 121
4: 124

4: 7

4: 9

4: 10

4: 7

4: 7

4: 7

4: 7

4: 9

4: 137
4: 144

4: 110

4: 49

4: 49

4: 49

4: 27

4: 219
4: 217
4: 114
4: 114
4: 217
4: 114

Becium Lindl

angustifolium (Benth.) N.E. Br

bicolor Lindl. *

burchellianum (Benth.) N.E. Br

knyanum (Vatke) N.E. Br. ex Broun &

Massey

obovatum (E. Mey. ex Benth.) N.E. Br. ...

var. galpinii (Giirke) N.E. Br

var. glabrius (Benth.) Cufod

var. hians (Benth.) N.E. Br

var. knyanum (Vatke) Cufod

var. obovatum

obovatum sensu Launert & Schreiber

Bee Balm

Betonica capensis Burm. f

heraclea L

Black Hoarhound

Boesmantee 4-

Bouetia A. Chev

ocimoides A. Chev

Brunella L

Burnatastrum Briq

spicatum (E. Mey. ex Benth.) Briq

Bushman Tea 4-

Bystropogon L'Herit

pectinatum (L.) L'Herit

Calamintha Mill

Catmint 4

Catnip

Cedronella Moench

canariensis (L.) Webb & Berth

triphylla Moench

Clinopodium martinicensis Jacq

Coleus Lour

sect. Solenostemoides Briq

sect. Solenostemon (Schumach.) Benth. ...

amboinicus Lour

var. violaceus Giirke

aromaticus Benth

barbatus (Andr.) Benth

caninus (Roth) Vatke

caninus sensu Vatke

carnosus Dinter, nom. nud

comosus Hochst

crassifolius Benth

dazo A. Chev

decumbens Giirke

dysentericus Bak

esculentus (N.E. Br.) G. Tayl

flavovirens Giirke

floribundus (N.E. Br.) Robyns & Lebrun
var. longipes (N.E. Br.) Robyns &

Lebrun

forskohlii sensu Briq

latifolius Hochst

leucophyllus Bak

madagascariensis (Pers.) A. Chev

melanocarpus (Giirke) Robyns & Lebrun .

4

223

4

226

4

223

4

227

4

226

4

223

4

224

4: 224

4

224

4

226

4

224

4

226

4

1

4

62

4

76

4: 49

51

, 74

4

193

4: 211

4

29

4

137

4: 146

51, 74

4

117

4

117

4

103

1

50

4

l

4

27

4

27

4

27

4

40

4

137

4

179

4

179

4

147

4

147

4

147

4

151

4

150

4

151

4: 150

4

151

4

147

4

142

4

148

4

179

4

142

4

150

4

142

4

142

4

151

4

180

4

144

4

154

4

141

An asterisk signifies exotic species which are not naturalised

Lamiaceae

4: 241

mirabilis Briq 4:

var. buchnerianus Briq 4:

var. hypisoclonlus Briq 4:

var. mechowianus Briq 4:

var. poggeanus Briq 4:

myrianthus (Briq.) Brenan 4:

neochilus (Schltr.) Codd 4:

omahekense Dinter j 4:

pentheri Gurke j 4 :

rehmannii Briq 4:

rotundifolius (Poir.) A. Chev. & E.

Perrot 4.

schinzii Gurke 4.

spicatus Benth 4.

spicatus sensu A. Rich 4.

te tens is Bak 4.

tetragonus (Gurke) Robyns & Lebrun 4.

vagatus E. A. Bruce 4.

Country Borage 4.

Dassiebos 4;

Dead-nettle 4;

Dracocephalum canariense L 4:

Echinostachys E. Mey 4-

reticulata E. Mey 4-

Endostemon N. E. Br 4.

obtusifolius (E. Mey. ex Benth.) N.E. Br. . 4-

ocimoides Brem 4-

tenuiflorus (Benth.) Ashby 4:

tereticaulis (Poir. ) Ashby 4.

Englerastrum Briq 4.

floribundum (N.E. Br.) Th. Fries jun 4:

var. longipes (N.E. Br.) Th. Fries jun. ... 4;

metanocarpus (Gurke) Th. Fries jun 4-

tetragonus (Gurke) Th. Fries jun 4-

schweinfurthii Briq 4-

French Thyme 4:

Galeopsis hispida Thunb 4:

Geniosporum Wall, ex Benth 4.

angolense Briq 4.

coloratum (D. Don) Kuntze* 4:

paniculatum Bak 4-

var. debile Hiern 4.

Germanea Lam 4.

cylindracea (Flochst. ex Benth.) Hiern 4-

laxiflora (Benth.) Hiern 4-

maculosa Lam 4.

rotundifolia Poir 4-

urticifolia Lam 4-

Haumaniastrum Duvign. & Plancke 4.

polyneurum (S. Moore) Duvign. &

Plancke* 4:

Heal-all 4:

Hemisodon Raf 4.

leonurus (L.) Raf 4:

Hemizygia (Benth.) Briq 4:

albiflora (N. E. Br.) Ashby 4:

bolusii (N.E. Br.) Codd 4:

bracteosa (Benth.) Briq 4;

canescens (Gurke) Ashby 4:

cinerea Codd 4- 197

cooperi Briq 4-, 288

di'nfen Briq 4: 210

elliottii (Bak.) Ashby 4 : 198

floccosa Launert 4; 298

foliosa 5. Moore 4; 206

galpiniana Briq 4; 200

gerrardii (N.E. Br.) Ashby 4; 198

hoepfneri Briq 4: 211

humilis (N.E. Br.) Ashby 4- 206

incana Codd 4: 197

junodii Briq 4; 21 1

var. quintasii Briq 4: 211

latidens (N.E. Br.) Ashby 4; 188

linearis (Benth.) Briq 4; 208

macrophy 11a (Gurke) Codd 4- 195

modesta Codd 4: 202

mossiana (Good) Ashby 4; 210

obermeyerae Ashby 4; 196

parvifolia Codd 4- 197

persimilis (N. E. Br.) Ashby 4 ; 207

petiolata Ashby 4: 207

petrensis (Hiern) Ashby 4: 210

pretoriae (Gurke) Ashby 4: 201

subsp. heterotricha Codd 4; 202

subsp. pretoriae 4. 202

punctata Codd ^ 4. 204

ramosa Codd 4. 205

rehmannii (Gurke) Ashby 4- 299

rugosifolia Ashby 4. 296

serrata Briq 4. 21 1

stenophy 11a (Gurke) Ashby ) 4. 299

subvelutina (Gurke) Ashby 4. 2qq

teucriifolia (Hochst.) Briq 4’

thorncroftii (N.E. Br.) Ashby
transvaalensis (Schltr.) Ashby

Henbit 4 : 47

Hoarhound 4 . 25

Holostylon Robyns & Lebrun 4: 173

baumii (Gurke) G. Tayl 4- 173

gracilipedicellatum Robyns & Lebrun 4: 173

robustum (Hiern) G. Tayl.* 4: 273

Horehound 4; 25

Horminium verbenaca (L.) Mill 4: 97

Horse Mint 4- 208

Hoslundia Vahl 4. [^3

decumbens Benth 4. 283

opposita Vahl 4. 283

var. decumbens (Benth.) Bak 4. 283

var. verticillata (Vahl) Bak 4. 283

verticillata Vahl 4. 5^3

HYPTis/ac<7 4: H7

baumii Giirke 4: 135

capitata /act?. * 4: 117

mutabilis (A. Rich.) Briq 4: H8

var. spicata (Poit.) Briq 4: 118

pectinata (L.) Poit 4: 117

spicata Poit 4: 118

spicigera Lam 4: 117

Hyssop 4: 1

Hyssopus officinalis L. * 4: 1

Iboza N.E. Br 4; 113

bainesii N.E. Br 4: 114

barberae N.E. Br 4: H3

144

144

144

144

144

145

150

150

150

180

179

150

150

151

148

141

148

148

76

47

27

131

133

127

127

129

129

129

177

142

142

141

141

177

148

55

215

215

215

135

135

137

146

172

137

179

162

213

213

29

31

31

193

201

204

211

208

4: 242

Lamiaceae

brevispicata N.E. Br 4:

galpinii N.E. Br 4:

multiflora (Benth.) E. A. Bruce 4:

riparia (Hochst.) N.E. Br 4:

urticifolium ( Bak.) E. A. Bruce 4:

Indian Mint 4:

Isodon (Schrad, ex Benth.) Spach* 4: 175,

Japanese Mint 4.

Jerusalem Sage 4.

Kattekrui 4:

Katjiedriedoring 4:

Koena 4:

Koorsbossie 4:

Kruisement 4: 110,

LAMIACEAE (Labiatae) 4:

LamiumL 4:

amplexicaule L 4:

purpureum L. * 4:

Lasiocorys Benth 4:

capensis Benth 4;

eem'i (Hiern) Bak 4:

pechuelii Kuntze 4:

Lavandula spp.* 4:

Lavender 4:

Lemon Balm 4;

Leonotis 1 Peri. ) R. Br 4:

bachmannii Gtirke 4;

brevipes Skan 4:

capensis Raf 4:

dinteri Briq 4:

dubia E. Mey 4:

dysophylla Benth 4:

galpinii Skan 4:

hereroensis Briq 4;

hirtiflora Benth 4:

intermedia Lindl 4:

var. natalensis Skan 4:

kwebensis N.E. Br 4:

latifolia Giirke 4:

laxifolia MacOwan 4:

f. pilosa Giirke 4;

leonitis R.Br 4:

var. hirtiflora (Benth.) Skan 4;

leonurus (L.) R. Br 4;

var. albiflora Benth 4:

malacophylla Giirke 4:

microphylla Skan 4:

mollis Benth 4:

var. albiflora Skan 4;

nepetifolia (L.) R. Br 4:

var. africanafP. Beauv.)J. K. Morton* . 4:

var. nepetifolia 4;

ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson 4:

var. ocymifolia 4:

var. raineriana (Visiani) Iwarsson 4:

var. schinzii (Giirke) Iwarsson 4:

ovata Spreng 4:

parvifolia Benth 4:

raineriana Visiani 4:

randii S. Moore 4:

schinzii Giirke 4:

urticifolia Briq 4:

westae Skan 4;

Leonurus africanus Mill 4- 31

grandiflorus Moench 4: 31

indicus L 4- 40

Leucas Burm. ex R. Br 4- 39

altissima Engl 4. 44

capensis (Benth.) Engl 4 ; 45

dinteri Briq 4- 44

ebracteata Peyr. * 4- 41

var. kaokoveldensis Sebald 4: 41

ebracteata sensu Launert 4; 41

eemf Hiern 4- 19

flaccida /?. Br. * 4- 39

fleckii Giirke 4 : 22

glabrata (Vahl) Sm 4: 43

var. chiatelliniana Sebald* 4- 43

var. glabrata 4: 43

var. linearis Codd 4- 44

indica (L.) Vatke 4. 49

indica (L.) Sm.* 4. 49

junodii Briq 4. 44

lavandulifolia Sm 4- 49

linifolia (Roth) Spreng 4. 49

martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br 4. 49

natalensis Sond 4. 43

neuflizeana Courbon 4- 45

pechuelii (Kuntze) Giirke 4: 44

sexdentata Skan 4: 41

Lumnitzera rubicunda ( D. Don) Spreng 4: 232

Maagbossie 4; 9

Majana amboinica (Lour.) Kuntze 4: 147

Marjoram 4: 1

MarrubiumL 4: 25

africanum L 4; 49

crispumL.* 4: 50

thouinii Schult. ex Weinm 4: 49

vulgare L 4 ; 25

Melissa officinalis L. * 4: 1

Mentha L q; 197

aquatica L 4: m

arvensisL.* 4: 197

capensis Thunb 4- log

subsp. bouveri Briq 4: log

dumetorum var. natalensis Briq 4 : ] 1 1

lavandulacea sensu Benth 4; log

var. latifolia Benth 4_ log

longifolia (L.) Huds 4: 107

subsp. bouveri (Briq.) Briq 4: log

subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq q: I9g

var. cooperi Briq. ex T. Cooke q: I9g

var. salicina (Burch, ex Benth.) Briq. . q: i9g

subsp. polyadena (Briq.) Briq 4: 119

subsp. wissii (Launert) Codd q: i9g

var. bouveri (Briq.) Briq 4: I9g

var. capensis (Thunb.) Briq 4: log

var. doratophylla Briq 4; I9g

var. obscuriceps Briq 4; log

longifolia sensu Compton 4; no

longifolia sensu Salter 4: log

x piperita L* 4: 107

pulegium L. * 4: 107

salicina Burch, ex Benth 4: log

spicata L 4: no

var. longifolia L 4: 107

114

114

114

114

114

148

177

107

1

50

10

110

10

111

1

47

47

47

39

45

19

44

1

1

1

31

35

36

34

36

34

35

36

36

34

35

36

37

35

35

36

34

34

31

31

35

35

34

36

37

37

37

32

34

35

35

34

34

35

35

35

36

36

Lamiaceae

4: 243

var. viridis L 4:

suaveolens Ehrh. * 4:

sylvestris subsp. polyadena Briq 4:

viridis (L.) L 4:

viridis sensu Benth 4:

wissii Launert 4:

Mesosphaerum P.Br 4;

mutabile (A. Rich.) Kuntze 4;

pectination (L.) Kuntze 4;

suaveolens (L.) Kuntze 4;

Micromeria Benth 4:

biflora (Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don) Benth. ... 4-

grandiflora Killick 4;

imbricata (Forssk.) Christen. * 4.

juliana (L.) Benth. * 4;

ovata Benth 4.

pilosa Benth 4.

punctata Benth 4-

purtschelleri Giirke 4.

Mint 4:

Molucella laevis L. * 4:

Monarda didyma L. * 4:

fistulosa L. var. mollis Benth.* 4:

Moschosma auct 4:

multiflorum Benth 4:

myriostachyum Benth 4:

riparium Hochst 4:

urticifolium Bak 4:

Moschosma Reichb 4:

polystachyon (L.) Benth 4:

Nautochilus Brem 4:

amabilis Brem 4:

breyeri Brem 4:

labiatus (N.E. Br.) Brem 4;

urticaefolia Brem 4:

Neohyptis J. K. Morton 4:

paniculata (Bak.) J. K. Morton 4:

Neomullera Briq 4:

damarensis S. Moore 4:

welwitschii Briq.* 4:

Nepeta cataria L. * 4:

mutabilis A. Rich 4:

pectinata L 4:

Ocimum L 4:

sect. Hemizygia Benth 4:

sect. Hianti Benth 4:

americanum sensu N.E. Br 4:

angustifolium Benth 4:

basilicum E. * 4:

bracteosum Benth 4:

burchellianum Benth 4:

canum Sims 4:

var. integrifolium Engl 4:

depauperatumW atke 4:

dinteri Briq 4:

filiforme Giirke 4:

fissilabrum Briq 4:

fruticulosum Burch 4:

galpinii Giirke 4:

gratissimum L. var. suave (Willd.) Hook. f. 4:

hadiense Forssk 4:

helianthemifolium Hochst 4:

fti'a/w Benth 4:

knyanum Vatke 4: 226

laxiflorum Bak 4; J27

madagascariense Pers 4- 154

obovatum E. Mey. ex Benth 4 : 224

obtusifolium E. Mey. ex Benth 4: 127

polycladum Briq 4: 226

polystachyon L 4; 217

racemojwm Thunb 4; 157

rariflorum Hochst 4: J27

rautanenii Briq 4: 226

serpyllifolium sensu Benth 4 : 221,227

var. glabrior Benth 4: 221,224

simile N.E. Br 4; 221

stamineum Sims 4- 221

stenoglossum Briq 4- 226

striatum Hochst 4- 224

suave Willd 4- 221

var. distantidens Briq 4- 221

suffrutescens Thonn 4- 229

tereticaule Poir 4: J29

teucriifolium Hochst 4 : 200

thonningii Schum. & Thonn 4. j29

thonningii Thonn 4; 231

tomentosum Thunb 4; 155

urticifolium Roth 4- 219

subsp. caryophyllatum Codd 4. 221

subsp. urticifolium 4- 219

verticillatum L. f 4: 157

wilmsii Giirke 4 : 205

zatarrhendi Forssk 4; J53

Origanum majorana L. * 4: 1

Orollanthus suavis Benth 4: 124

Orthosiphon Benth 4: 229

sect. Diffusi Briq 4; 127

af finis ii.C.. Br 4; 208

albiflorus N.E. Br 4- 201

amabilis (Brem.) Codd 4: 235

ambiguus H. Bol 4: no

australis Vatke 4: 231

bolusiiN.B.. Br 4: 204

bracteosus (Benth.) Bak 4: 2 1 1

canescens Giirke 4: 208

cleistocalyxV atke 4; 129

decipiens N.E. Br 4; 201

diffusus Benth 4; 127

elliottii Bak 4: 198

engleri Perkins 4; 210

foliosus (S. Moore) N.E. Br 4; 206

fruticosus Codd 4: 232

gerrardii N.E. Br 4: 198

glabratus Benth. * 4; 231

var. africanus Benth 4: 231

gofensis S. Moore 4; 129

heterophyllus Giirke 4: 200

holubii N.E. Br 4: 210

humilis N.E. Br 4; 206

inconcinnus Briq 4: 231

kelleri Briq 4; 129

labiatus N. E. Br 4- 235

latidens N.E. Br 4; 188

linearis Benth 4: 208

macranthus Giirke 4: 188

macrophyllus (Giirke) N.E.Br 4. [95

messinensis R. Good 4; 198

mossianus R. Good 4; 210

muddii N.E. Br 4: 205

1 1 1

111

110

111

110

108

117

118

117

117

103

103

106

103

103

103

106

103

105

107

1

1

1

113

114

114

114

114

217

217

229

235

235

235

235

135

135

137

145

137

1

118

117

219

193

223

221

226

219

211

227

221

221

129

221

226

226

221

224

221

153

227

224

4: 244

Lamiaceae

natalensis Giirke

neglectus Briq

persimilis N.E. Br

petrensis Hiern

physocalycinus A. Rich

pretoriae Giirke

pseudoserratus Ashby

rehmannii Giirke

rhodesianus S. Moore

rogersii N.E. Br

rubicundus (D. Don) Benth

schinzianus Briq

serratus Schltr

stenophyllus Giirke

subvelutinus Giirke

suftrutescens (Thonn.) ./. K. Morton .

tenuiflorus Benth

teucriifolius (Hochst.) N.E. Br

var. galpiniana (Briq.) N.E. Br

thorncroftii N.E. Br

transvaalensis Schltr

tubiformis R. Good

varians N.E. Br

vernalis Codd

wilmsii Giirke

var. komghensis N.E. Br

woodii Giirke

Oswego Tea

Paddaklou

Penny-Royal

Peppermint

Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. *

Phlomis capensis Thunb

caribaea Jacq

fruticosa L. *

glabrataV ahl

leonotis L

leonurus L

linifolia Roth

martinicensis (Jacq.) Swartz

micrantha Burch

nepetifolia L

ocy mi folia Burnt, f

parvifolia Burch

sect. Leonotis Pers

Physostegia virginiana Benth. *

Pienksalie

Pink Sage

Plectranthus L’Herit

sect. Coleoides Benth

sect. Pyramidium Benth

ambiguus (H. Bol.) Codd

amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng

aromaticus (Benth.) Roxb

arthropodus Briq

aurifer Dinter ex Launert

barbatus Andr

baumii Giirke

behrii Compton

biflorus Bak

bolusii T. Cooke, partly

calycinus Benth

var. pachystachyus (Briq.) T. Cooke

candelabriformis Launert

caninus Roth

4:

202

4:

231

4:

207

4:

210

4:

183

4:

202

4:

234

4:

199

4:

211

4:

207

4:

231

4:

211

4:

233

4:

199

4:

200

4:

231

4:

129

4:

200

4:

200

4:

206

4:

205

4:

233

4:

210

4:

232

4:

231

4:

231

4:

200

4:

1

4:

10

4:

107

4:

107

4:

1

4:

45

4:

40

4:

1

4:

43

4:

32

4:

31

4:

40

4:

40

4:

75

4:

37

4:

32

4:

76

4:

31

4:

1

4:

71

4:

71

4:

137

4:

137

4:

175

4:

170

4:

147

4:

147

4:

162

4:

145

4:

151

4:

173

4:

162

4:

141

4:

231

4:

175

4:

175

4:

144

4:

150

charianthus Briq

ciliatus E. Mey. ex Benth

coloratus E. Mey. ex Benth

comosus Sims*

cooperi T. Cooke 4.

cylindraceus Hochst. ex Benth

decumbens Hook. f. *

densiflorusT. Cooke

dinteri Briq

dolichopodus Briq

dolomiticus Codd

draconis Briq

dregei Codd

ecklonii Benth

elegantulus Briq

ernstii Codd

esculentus N. E. Br

floribundusN.E. Br

var. longipes N.E. Br

forskohlii sensu Ait. f

forsskalaei Vahl

fruticosus L’Herit

galpinii Schltr

glomeratus R. A. Dyer

grallatus Briq

grandidentatus Giirke

guerkei Briq

hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Sprenger .

var. hadiensis

var. tomentosus (Benth.) Codd

var. woodii (Giirke) Codd

hereroensis Engl

hilliardiae Codd

hirtus Benth

hylophilus sensu Cooke

krookii Giirke ex Zahlbr

kuntzeanus Domin

kuntzei Giirke

laxiflorus Benth

madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth

var. aliciae Codd

var. madagascariensis

var. ramosior Benth

marrubioides Hochst. ex Benth

matabelensis Bak

mauritianus Boj

melanocarpus Giirke

mirabilis (Briq.) Launert

moschosmoides Bak

mutabilis Codd

myrianthus Briq

natalensis Giirke

forma glandulosa Phillips

neglectus Dinter

neochilus Schltr

nummularius Briq

oertendahlii Th. Fries jun

oribiensis Codd

ornatus Codd

otaviensis Dinter

pachyphyllus Giirke ex T. Cooke

pachystachyus Briq

parviflorus Giirke

peglerae T. Cooke

petiolaris E. Mey. ex Benth

praetermissus Codd

praetervisus Briq

psammophilus Codd

4: 162
4: 161
4: 170
4: 151
165, 167
4: 146
4: 148
4: 146
4: 152
4: 167
4: 171
4: 154
4: 170
4: 170
4: 161
4: 161
4: 142
4: 142
4: 142
4: 151
4: 153
4: 162
4: 162
4: 146
4: 165
4: 152
4: 135
4: 153
4: 153
4: 153
4: 154
4: 145
4: 169
4: 155
4: 172
4: 165
4: 158
4: 172
4: 172
4: 154
4: 155
4: 155
4: 156
4: 146
4: 145
4: 155
4: 141
4: 144
4: 146
4: 156
4: 145
4: 161
4: 165
4: 125
4: 150
4: 157
4: 160
4: 164
4: 151
4: 145
4: 153
4: 175
4: 158
4: 162
4: 171
4: 160
4: 165
4: 156

Lamiaceae

4: 245

purpuratus Harv 4:

pyramidatus Giirke 4:

rehmannii Giirke 4:

rotundifolius (Poir.) Spreng 4;

rubicundus D. Don 4:

rubropunctatus Codd 4:

rupicola Dinter ex Goossens, nom. nud. ... 4:

saccatus Benth 4:

var. longitubus Codd 4:

var. saccatus 4:

spicatus E. Mey. ex Benth 4:

spiciformis R. A. Dyer 4:

strigosus Benth 4:

var. lucidus Benth 4:

subspicatus Hochst 4:

succulentus Dyer & Bruce 4:

swynnertonii S. Moore 4:

tetensis (Bak.) Agnew 4:

tetragonus Giirke 4:

thorncroftii S. Moore 4:

thunbergii Benth 4:

tomentosus Benth 4:

transvaalensis Briq 4:

var. grandifolia T. Cooke 4:

tysonii Giirke 4:

unguentarius Codd 4:

urticifolius (Lam.) Salisb 4:

vagatus (E. A. Bruce) Codd, nom. nud 4:

verticillatus (L. f.) Druce 4:

villosus T. Cooke 4:

volkmannae Dinter, nom, nud 4:

woodii Giirke 4:

xerophilus Codd 4:

zatarhendi sensu Codd 4:

var. tomentosus (Benth.) Codd 4:

var. woodii (Giirke) Codd 4:

zatarhendii sensu Launert & Schreiber 4;

zuluensis T. Cooke 4;

Prunella L 4.

vulgaris L 4.

Pseudocimum Brem 4.

trichocalyx Brem 4.

Pseudodictamnus emarginatus Moench 4-

Pycnostachys Hook 4:

brevipetiolata De Wild 4:

coerulea Hook 4:

holophylla Briq 4:

kirkii Bak 4:

micrantha Giirke 4:

pubescens Giirke 4;

purpurascens Briq 4:

reticulata (L. Mey.) Benth 4:

var. angustifolia Benth 4;

schlechteri Briq 4;

stenostachys Bak 4:

uliginosa Giirke 4:

urticifolia Hook 4:

var. pubescens (Giirke) Giirke 4:

Rabdosia sensu Codd 4;

calycina (Benth.) Codd 4;

Rabdosiella Codd 4:

calycina (Benth.) Codd 4:

Rosmarinus officinalis L. * 4-

Rosemary 4: 1

Salvia L 4; 79

africana L 4: 84

var. obtusa Benth 4; 84

africana-caerulea L 4; 84

africana-lutea L 4: 81

albicaulis Benth 4: 87

var. dregeana (Benth.) Skan 4; 87

angustifolia Salisb 4: 85

aurea L 4: 81

aurita L. f. 4; 88

var. aurita 4; 89

var. galpinii (Skan) Hedge 4: 89

azurea Lam.* 4; 79

barbata Lam 4; 84

burchellii N.E. Br 4: 87

var. hispidula Skan 4; 87

chamelaeagnea Berg 4; 87

chlorophylla Briq 4; 94

clandestina L 4; 97

var. angustifolia Benth 4; 97

cleistogama De Bary & Paul 4: 97

coccinea Etlinger 4; 79 ^ ;00

var. pseudococcinea (Jacq. ) Gray 4- 10O

colorata L 4: 83

colorata sensu Vahl 4 . 84

controversa Ten 4- 97

cooperi Skan 4; 93

crispula Benth 4- 85

dentataAL 4 . 85

dinteri Briq 4- 86

disermas L 4- 98

diversifolia Benth 4- 84

dolomitica Codd 4- 85

dominicaL.* 4- g6

dregeana Benth 4. 87

eckloniana Benth 4. 83

farinacea Benth. * 4. 79

fleckii Giirke 4. 93

galpinii Skan 4. 89

garipensis E. Mey. ex Benth 4. gg

graciliflora Ave-Lall 4. 90

granitica Hochst 4. 95

hastifolia Benth 4. 84

incisa Benth 4. 92

integerrima Mill 4. 84

involucrata Cav. * 4. -79

lanceolata Lam 4. 84

lanuginosa Burm. f 4. 84

lasiostachys Benth 4. §9

leucantha Cav. * 4. -79

marginata Benth 4. 92

microphylla Kunth 4. 79

monticola Benth 4. 93

var. angustiloba Skan 4. 95

muirii L. Bol 4. gj

var. grandiflora L. Bol 4. gj

namaensis Schinz 4. g7

natalensis Briq 4. 93

nitida Dr6ge, nom. nud 4. 34

nivea Thunb 4. 34

obtusata Thunb 4. 90

officinalis L. * 4. 79

pallida Dinter ex Engler 4. 94

pallidiflora Skan 4. 39

paniculata L 4. 37

patens Cav.* 4. 79

158

175

166

179

232

165

122

168

169

168

146

146

158

158

146

239

166

148

141

237

157

153

165

165

180

147

162

148

157

146

122

154

142

153

153

154

152

167

29

29

127

129

49

131

131

131

133

133

131

133

133

131

133

133

131

133

133

133

175

175

175

175

1

4: 246

Lamiaceae

peglerae Skan 4:

pratensis E. * 4:

pseudococcinea Jacq 4:

radula Benth 4:

raphanifolia Benth 4:

reflexa Hornem 4:

repens Burch, ex Benth 4:

var. keiensis Hedge 4:

var. repens 4:

var. transvaalensis Hedge 4:

rigida Thunb 4:

rotundifolia Salisb 4:

rncfo Benth 4:

rugosa Ait 4:

rugosa Thunb 4:

var. angustifolia Benth 4:

runcinata L. f. 4:

var. grandiflora Skan 4:

var. major Benth 4:

var. nana Skan 4:

scabra L. f. 4:

scabra sensu Benth 4:

schlechteri Briq 4:

schenckii Briq 4:

sciareaE. * 4:

sisymbrifolia Skan 4:

splendens Sellow ex Roem. & Schult. * 4:

steingroe veri Briq 4:

stenophylla Burch, ex Benth 4:

var. subintegra Skan 4:

subsessilis Benth 4:

subspathulata Lehm 4:

sylvicola Burch, ex Benth 4:

tenuifolia Burch, ex Benth 4:

tiliifolia Vahl 4:

triangularis Thunb 4:

tysonii Skan 4:

uliginosaE.* 4:

undulata Benth 4:

verbenaca L 4:

subsp. clandestina (L.) Briq 4:

var. angustifolia (Benth.) Pugsley 4:

var. controversa (Ten.) Briq 4:

verbenaefolia Salisb 4:

woodii Giirke 4:

xerobia Briq 4:

SaturejaE 4:

biflora ( Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don ) Briq 4:

var. punctata (Benth. ) Fiori 4:

var. rhodesica E. & K. Walther 4:

var. villosa E. & K. Walther 4:

compacta Killick 4:

grandibracteata Killick 4:

hortensis L. * 4:

kilimandschari (Giirke) Hedb* 4:

montana E. * 4:

ovata R. Br., nom. nud 4:

pilosa Velen.* 4:

punctata (Benth.) Briq 4:

reptans Killick 4:

Savory 4:

Scutellaria L 4

peregrina L. * 4

racemosa Pers 4

Self-heal 4

Sideritis sensu Thunb 4: 51

decumbens Thunb 4: 76

pallida Thunb 4: 75

plumosa Thunb 4: 76

rugosa Thunb 4: 75

jOlenostemon Thonn 4: 179

sect. Coleoidea J. K. Morton 4: 179

subgen. Solenostemoides (Briq.) Codd 4: 179

latifolius (Hochst. ex Benth.) J. K. Morton 4: 180

ocymoides Schumach. * 4: 179

rotundifolius (Poir. ) J. K. Morton 4: 179

scutellarioides (L.) Codd* 4: 179

Soup Mint 4: 148

Spanish Thyme 4: 148

Spearmint 4: lu/. 111

StachysE 4: 51

aethiopica E 4:. 62

var. glandulifera Skan 4: 62

var. grandiflora Burch, ex Benth 4: 62

var. hispidissima Burch 4: 62

var. parviflora Skan 4: 62

var. tenella Kuntze 4: 65

aethiopica sensu Letty 4: 61

albiflora N. E. Br 4: 58

arachnoidea Codd 4: 59

arvensis E 4: 70

attenuata Skan 4: 63

aurea Benth 4: 76

bachmannii Giirke 4: 60

bolusii Skan 4: 57

burchelliana Launert 4: 75

burchellii Benth 4: 75

byzantina C. Koch* 4: 51

caffra E. Mey. ex Benth 4: 70

capensis Presl 4: 62

chrysotrichos Giirke 4: 69

coerulea Burch, ex Benth 4: 71

cooperi Skan 4: 64

crenulata Briq 4: 75

cuneata Banks ex Benth 4: 72

cymbalaria Briq 4: 65

var. alba Skan 4: 65

denticulata Burch, ex Benth 4: 72

desertii Benth 4: 75

dinteri Launert 4: 72

dolichodeira Briq 4: 55

dregeana Benth 4: 72

var. lasiocalyx (Schltr.) Skan 4: 72

var. tenuior Skan 4: 72

erectiuscula Giirke 4: 67

var. natalensis Skan 4: 67

flavescens Benth 4: 77

flexuosa Skan 4: 66

foliosa Benth 4: 72

fruticetorum Briq 4: 62

galpinii Briq 4: 62

gariepina Benth 4: 77

graciliflora Presl 4: 63

grandifolia E. Mey. ex Benth 4: 55

hantamensis Vatke 4: 77

harveyi Skan 4: 63

heraclea Col. ex AH. * 4: 77

hispida Pursh* 4: 55

hispida (Thunb. ) Briq 4: 55

hispidula Hochst 4: 62

humifusa Burch, ex Benth 4: 66

89

79

100

98

92

100

92

93

92

93

85

84

92

98

98

98

93

93

93

93

90

93

95

93

79

93

79

86

94

94

92

84

89

88

100

88

89

79

84

97

97

97

97

97

92

94

103

103

105

105

105

105

106

103

106

103

103

106

103

106

103

17

17

17

29

Lamiaceae

4: 247

hyssopoides Burch, ex Benth 4:

integrifolia Vahl ex Benth 4:

jugalis Burch, ex Benth 4:

karasmorxtana Dinter 4:

kuntzei Giirke 4:

lamarckii Benth 4:

lasiocalyx Schltr 4:

leptoclada Briq 4:

linearis Burch, ex Benth 4:

lupulina Briq 4:

macilenta E. Mey. ex Benth 4:

malacophylla Skan 4:

micrantha Griseb. * 4:

micrantha Koch* 4:

minima Giirke 4:

multiflora Benth 4:

natalensis Hochst 4:

var. galpinii (Briq.) Codd 4:

var. natalensis 4:

nigricans Benth 4:

nutans Benth 4:

obtusifolia MacOwan 4:

var. angustifolia Skan 4:

var. flanaganii Skan 4:

pachycalamna Briq 4:

paW/i'sN.E. Br 4:

parvifolia Mart. * 4:

pascuicola Briq 4:

petrogenes Briq 4:

plumosa Griseb. * 4:

priorii Skan 4:

pulchella Salisb 4:

recurva Giirke 4:

rehmannii sensu Compton 4:

rehmannii Skan 4:

reticulata Codd 4:

rivularis Wood & Evans 4:

rosmarinifolia Benth 4:

var. burkei Benth 4:

rudatisii Skan 4:

rugosa Ai7 4:

var. foliosa (Benth.) Skan 4:

var. linearis (Burch, ex Benth.) Skan 4:

var. longiflora Benth 4:

rugosa sensu Lam 4:

rugosa sensu Marloth 4:

scabrida Skan 4:

schlechteri Giirke 4:

serrulata Burch 4:

sessilifolia E. Mey. ex Benth 4:

sessilis Giirke 4:

simplex Schltr 4:

spathulata Burch, ex Benth 4:

steingroeveri Briq 4:

sublobata Skan 4:

subsessilis Burch, ex Benth 4:

sylvaticaL.* 4:

tenella Skan 4:

teres Skan 4:

thunbergii Benth 4:

transvaalensis Giirke 4:

tubulosa MacOwan 4:

tysonii Skan 4:

villosissima Forbes 4:

zeyheri Skan 4:

Summer Savory 4:

Syncolostemon E. Mey. ex Benth 4: 185

argenteus N. E. Br 4: 187

comptonii Codd 4: 187

concinnus N.E. Br 4: 185

cooperi Briq 4: 187

densiflorus Benth 4: 188

dissitiflorus Benth 4: 186

eriocephalus Verdoorn 4: 187

lanceolatus Giirke 4: 187

var. cooperi (Briq.) N.E. Br 4: 187

var. grandiflorus N.E. Br 4: 187

latidens (N.E. Br.) Codd 4: 188

macranthus (Giirke) Ashby 4: 188

macrophyllus Giirke 4: 195

parviflorus E. Mey. ex Benth 4: 186

var. dissitiflorus (Benth.) N.E. Br 4: 186

var. lanceolatus (Giirke) Codd 4: 186

var. parviflorus 4: 186

ramulosus E. Mey. ex Benth 4: 188

rotundifolius E. Mey. ex Benth 4: 188

Teebossie 4: 74

Tetradenia Benth

barberae ( N. E. Br. ) Codd . . .
brevispicata (N.E. Br.) Codd

fruticosa Benth.*

riparia (Hochst. ) Codd

Teucrium L

africanum sensu Wilman

africanum Thunb

capense Thunb

fruticansL.*

kraussii Codd

riparium Hochst

riparium Rafin. *

trifidum Retz

trifidum Wendl 4: 10

Thorncroftia N. E. Br 4: 237

longiflora N. E. Br 4: 237

succulenta (Dyer & Bruce) Codd 4: 239

thorncroftii (S. Moore) Codd 4: 237

Thyme 4: 1

Thymus spp.* 4: 1

biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don 4: 103

Tinnea Kotschy ex Hook. f. 4: 13

aethiopica Kotschy ex Hook. f. * 4: 13

barbata Vollesen 4: 13

cf. rogersii sensu Compton 4: 13

dinteri Giirke ex Dinter 4: 14

eriocalyx Welw 4: 15

galpinii Briq 4: 14

galpinii sensu Skan 4: 14

juttae Dinter 4: 14

rehmannii Schinz 4: 14

rhodesiana S. Moore 4: 14

Vaaltee 4: 74

Water Mint 4: 111

Wild Bergamot 4: 1

Wildetee 4: 51

Wild Mint 4: 110

Winter Savory 4: 103

71

76

75

73

58

76

72

61

74

62

71

60

76

76

73

75

61

62

61

67

76

69

70

69

73

62

77

69

58

77

64

62

74

59

59

59

66

74

74

58

74

72

74

75

76

75

64

66

62

60

68

68

73

22

65

66

51

66

77

55

61

55

70

62

73

103

Vol.

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