OF
From— — ^
8 — 829
sSL &, SS^partmrat uf AgriMtitw
MEMORANDUM
TRAVELING EXPENSES
Use this Memorandum ; it will assist
you in making up your account*
Retain for future reference. : : :
/
*
, 191 —
>
Cents,
Breakfast tip
Dinner tip
Supper “tip
Lodging
Pullman, porter
Waiter fees
Hotel porter —
Station porter
Checking baggage —
—
: VA
05
JhJ
■„J-LhIcjLfL-2 ~- ii
8 — 829
, 191
-
\
xj
Dollars.
Cents.
Ercat^fast tip
(
o <o
T)lrm £>r t'-n
■Snnnp.i* trn
0 0
T jtA cf<r\<y
Pullman oorter
rt t
i
i
fees
Hotel nerter
1 <D
Shtfnn r>rrrter _
to
Clfi rr trine fine" o’ a eye _
£dV ( W ]M; l
e . .j .
... ..n^JX
:
!
8— 829
, 191 —
Dollars.
Cents.
tto
1
X
~c
5U _ tfn
: *
T/>f^O'3T'C'_
V
" vw £' u *il — ... — — —
IPuttman rwftffr - -
.... ...j
Waiter fees
T X
Hotel corfcer - - - -
.„1jCL ^
Station oortcr -
dll <zck.itl& ar-vacrc
rrt fk *■ # ^ Ci L t
P L C f -f JrJ fi „ . / 7 if\ / , . •
^ V r , ? M • t- . ’ k * ’
b
*
1 — 1 a
*) *f C
». , • %4
L - v -i , y 1 ../I
1/ )♦•
1 / j
_____
/ /
B— S29
\
*
Dollars.
Cents.
Hpealcfa.Rt _ „ trn
Thinner ~ tro _
, ir . .
3 £ -
T .ortcrincy _ _
«-
£. 0 - y
-
T^f<ffman tTOrter .. _
"V'Zaiter £ee*>
' ^
UTri+cf rw^tcj 4 _ ... _
//) /
Statmn r^rvH^.f* _
(TTf\ c*rvr < n v^r fv*a
/»> t~ / it ’*
r |/7'/ Jkr /k * / * rf 1
■
* ^
i\ / | _ | % t
r Li/. 7 /» • *
r; ! /, /
~p*-— - ~~ ■ — —
1 ( . J 1
C^/
/
*X - — f •
L- V ^ ^ A IT 4 Al*/JIbs. -& *, ^
- — — — —
£ *r l2 r '/ y* ■ > .
r / . L to •*» (► 44 TT .A A/ ' ^1 *
-^w ' i **"
-. <*■, ■-. : ^ ■ r
K
w. ,
i- i ,
/ f f i 0 *y-
£_._ ...
J
j y
, 191 —
Dollars.
Cent3.
tlP
m t 1
T)<n n rt* tfn _
.HIl.
5s< i -nr iff im
L/U vi — — — — — * x 2r
nr^nc' _ _ _
"PfftTman fWHtri* _ _
\^/rlftCT fees
T'Tnfc’t Tint'Ffi*
?if ntvnn rtnrt^r
4
(""Tt <?rtr<-n cy crcrr\ <yp
ua 66 a 6 ^
/ rt
\ <
I
8 — 629
1
»
/
191
Dollars.
Cents.
a <?+ _ “tlO — —
p~t
•'-
T)'fr\'n £»i* t<T> _
r - r\
JS 1.111 It .t —— — — — — — — — — — l-Ay - — — [
'tf'D
.1
.o.a..
^ — mrmmmrnmm —
T /vtoincy . _
■ L - , '-' u '£> liA &
Pn ffm^n rvat'+cM 4 _ ___
V?7 alter fees - _
A ,
"Wn+rf rinr+rr _ _
fwifpi* _ _ _
(?rtr<nnr crcyr-i ctp .
8—829
j
/
9
191—
Dollars.
Cents.
itrf a.?;t _ . tt n
/
T
( j y- ^ .. A 1 '
T^nriM* tin _ _.
: , ;X
Sif-nn-'’? _ tin _
/
✓
T rvt y /no'
—
■PiftTm3.fi rvortei* . _ ..
\X/aitf>t' f&£ZZ
/•, . >
Hotel Dorter —
Station -norter
CtieclefnQf tiaQ'Cfa^’e _
8 — 829 1 '
*#
i9i —
Dollars.
Cents.
i
1
(
JL/Ulilvi — vi y "
J v . i . t&va* a.- ** . v- [
/
m
'
--
T-^< t'T l TYl "5 »"1
0 0
.^■f f>t*
k/ VwV t vl
v>xieciviug Daggctgfc-
/ * r 0 / /y
r W 1 . /
K ^ A H'TT . 1
i
1
_
3 — $29
/
/
t
191
Vj ti A. Jk.
>
Dollars.
Cents.
— 7* —
1/ . * A U
* . tfr>
/
♦
fA
O t 1
T9fr> r< ft* tiO -
■
/ A
A*
Srf-rvrvri* t5"0
i
9 -
\ | J
j‘ r ly ■ ' j |1 . / y /
Lod pins' — - - -
■ :<
/
Pullman tw^t^r
VC^aiter fees
i
%
T~Tnti?t ■norti^i*
,
i
Station oo~t cr _ -
c y r*\riir\Cf T>p» orracrc — -
M
f ^ A. / V**l till
/ /
i t * * -
' • | ^ * i l >/ fr r-
/
i
I
i
s— 829
Breakfast tip
Dinner tip
Supper tip
Lodging
Pullman porter
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
Station porter
Checking baggage
t l
Dollars.
Cents,
n\.i
V C.
i
9
191 —
Dollars.
Cents.
JL-'liJLl.l wl — — — — — — — — — — ^
— — — — — — — — — njn'
i^uugmg
* t f rv^ ^ r*»
/> v'
✓
Cc4» wXvIa Jk^'X l vi "•••■■*■ — —
i h^rl"J''nrr crc^a cyf* _
V*. il i-* ^
✓
m
A ^ r*
4
S— 820
191 .
— —
1
Dollars.
Cents-
a Crf tfn
tfO _
'frf'n _/ _
i r y
——————— ^ |
T /><"? or/-n cr
A*
SD~
— j
T-^f -tf TT m a f>
itC’f 4 f _
T-To-f-of ■nois'd*
RtatJnn r'*r“>i»'f'£?f*
C~ , .P\t?f'L~yru~/’ 'hi* nrtra cy<?
1
v v j * r. j r !
/ 1 I y i | ^ Vj . . Ft A
i
l' 1 <? i
/ a/ o* J -A
# i a — imi %
/ 7 ^ J
^ fa ’ ' J
*
i
i
f ]t< r , jib- f '1 r
vi y
j
a— S29
i
, 191 —
Dollars.
Cents.
Breakfast tip
Dinner tip —
Supper tip
Lodging
Pullman porter
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
Station porter
Checking baggage
k-l'jL
20 -s
8—829
191 —
Breakfast tip -
v •
Dinner tip -
Supper
Lodging
Pullman porter —
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
Station porter
Checking baggage
tip
Dollars.
Cents.
/ b
8—829
191
s. -
Dollars.
Cents.
+fn
\
D<n r\ rt* +rr>
t a
/ M -
* rj-p. •*!'
fret's
*
<TfrYi ^ r*-, rv'»»*'frr*f«
\X/ T -
jlJ.
S^+inn rv^+L^t 4
r*r , tr<tarv T**n rrrra rrc*
V^ii.lV^CJLwllig ^ a C3& a 6^
A/ , w & 'Lt A * ■
' *
J—
f
J > y j z ' -• 0. j- •■■■'•-. . -
f
4 , / .
' j ill ijU-iaAi
t r. C
I P. h-
' ^.r-/ •( . - r . } . * t> ' '•
y . /
■f <**>■ ‘ K\t • r,/* \- ,,, ’-. *
.• /\ * *
A
j r"? 7 [ / .-• ^
1
1! t 4 J A /• Lc Pi a v / r
^AAv \'\%^*a v \a *' <7
I ^
(D •J—'
| fj
J? OOQ
J
191 —
Dollars.
Cents.
—
P, < f f ^ f-, t - £» t»
i VllXlilwixi Ivi — — — — — — — —
\Y/ a f >">(><? -r _,
A
.J.'i-
T-Trv*-r>f fV'i**+t?+* _
X X J </ vi yvit l tr« — - — ■•*■“ —
^+^-lvAn .*
O' yUl vW'i — — — — - — — —
tf* r* r * tr -J rv ^-n ^ fV(T!i _
OllvUrO. — — — —
L /X—
y i ([
9
i
1 ' '
/
S — 829
J.
, 191 .—.
Breakfast tip
Dinner tip
Supper tip
Lodging
Pullman porter
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
Station porter
Checking baggage
Dollars
Cents.
Pyreakfast
•
T)mnc*f in>
< nr^t* trn
T rv^crr-nc’
- — — -
Pt iWrr\7 \ ry r>rti*’fc T r*
1
\?7 p ft<?r f ees ...
^0 '
StAtion Tynrt^t*
i
i
C'.hrrx-irycr rvacrota<*iX __
i
i
2
u
>
I
i
8—829
. < _
_, <- •/ / /
i
191 —
Dollars.
Cents,
2
mid
~~1
101 -
r 1
Dollars
Cents.
Breakfast _ . tip
✓
Dinner tip -
_L
Supper tip
j
O 0
Lodging
M
t) f )
Pullman porter
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
/D <
Station porter
Checking: bas r 2 r a2 r e
C» 06 0
A A "i •
✓
/n.V
HbW/ vJ-, y\A -
)L *
'M-v?
*
_
/. if ^
A ^ - V
J - ; • \ • .1 f V, 1 H A
. ./Si
J til?
«££
i ' ’ 'o' r ^ / ’
_ *
„
_ ___. i
/* ' i— V
\ v>
v .% U ; • ^*3
c ' : .
• '7'^ tv ,-Ar •
D r'Vi
V.
< ‘L'i J i L 4 - .
r
i
—
\jTi V*/ .
IjA
, J-^l
_ _
£ 82G
191 —
Dollars.
Cents.
tin _ _
Bin n f/t* fin _
5'U<'nnet* tin
T /vio'ino’
<
► ^
_____ _____
■pf iY* m ?i t' -nort^r
Waiter fees
3 ^ ^
Hotel riot'tft* _ -
/ *
5*»t?tfnn r'nrt^A
<?rici n «*y > ctora ov.
^^o5 a o ^ _ — — — — — — —
r ■ A
x.'S
i / 1 K 0 1 ol < ^ A M « V |\ . 7
♦, . r . fL / i ( niPiM
^ l til Vji VV*~*V t ♦ 1 - j
/
1 1
i <kl C # 3|\
i ,
1 * » M /
1
.44-
, CV.U t-
_ _
8—329
s
, 291 —
" *
Dollars.
Cents.
X->i V-€fri5teX£4£> l —— — — — — — \rA.£S — *-
*-' ya '£»-‘- i ' 4 C»
T T 1 <
i
Station porter - —
Checking baggage
6—820
it
—————— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
r,
/ IL.lX- , 191 —
;
Dollars .
Cents.
I
i
TO-i’r^'n f»»* f‘<TV _ _
ivs-ru?**
i rv^nr<r\cy __ .... ,
"F > ntf*'n?i n •noi*t£ > t' -
i.
\V/ aits i*
Mrtfpf nr* I 4 -
Aivvvi ^vi vi-i — — — — — ~ ~ ~ -
SH+Jnn tvwf’irf*
|
C 'tn cr^ri r\cv t^anrrrn <y<>
*^ a 65 a o^ — — — — — — — - — —
/X.
ip
7
k A A* J*S^< *■
«Mk
U,
£ - -
•
«,
%
J
•
5
8 — 829
”1 J \
.T .:.-,.— 'JX , 191
Dollars.
Cents.
Breakfast tip
Dinner * tip
Supper -*£ ------ tip
Lo dging
Pullman porter
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
Station porter
Cheeking baggage
/ *- r
’ l - C
-J -i. S.----
4 J?- nUit \ A *\a.
— - —
/(AT a
nJ^rA>
J*.
b
6 — 320
, 191 —
Dollars,
Cents.
Breakfast -*■ — • — - tip
* ‘hf n _
_
A ✓
./
frvrv.?!* .. tin _ „ ,
f f g**
T mo'Jno’
J
f\ *
XwVU>^; i ’ — — —— — — — — — — —
P«ffm^.n v\c>vf(?T .. _ - -
?f «?»' _
..l-V—
*/
_
\
w V Cl- 4-wit ^ — —
Checking baggage
•«T.f
8 — 820
, 191
Dollars
Cents.
tin _
•J
V.
TT'<n t\ c>t* t?n - ___!
*; ( ^
^nyij\cL — — — — — — — — — — — hx y — ————— —
T r\Arr<i*'. cf
ftTm :3 rwft £»+*
/ ) V
-y- #
TTrrtc’f sorter _ _ _ _
-nnrf c?
* tn/>rtr<nrY n^nrrya gti^
V^IIC — — — — — —
y
1 Jb
lit? ^
* ' 4
J
i
8—829
191
Dollars.
Cent3.
T^re^kf Afst - t?r>
.AD..
TD^nnc’f* tin
» / L
5*^>«fr*in^? 4 _ ti"n
>i jr*
T .nrto'VTKy _
■*■*&•*
T^nffmsm -nnt’ter
ySJ n <;f (7j» f 0<2 >k
J .
£ . _
Wot^f nrvt^rc't* _ _
Station not 4 ter -
c
*
vl
Cheeking baggage
1
J
8 — 329
I
Dollars
Cents.
1
k^/iatrfa ef
i
i
1
/
JLm> 1 b- — — — — — — - X X' ------
r~\ &*• fin . i
% V VV-
Sunopr — tio „ _
k
fS *,
F __ —
rwt*'*
^JC^ailer f ees —
j
Wrtfpf tWftei*
N+islinn iwfof
1
|
I r>^ orcyn CfP* -
V^Uwvixliig i ~' K2r £y*& cX l£>^ — —
J
5 — S2S
i
Dollars .
Cent*
Breakfast tip
Dinner — — — . — — tip
Supper
Lodging
Pullman porter
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
,
19 1 —
Dollars .
Cents.
"Rr & i> Trfa <5+ _ tfn
T) * n n f* *• "tfT>
1<T)
•
T jii'To'fncr
— ~
"Piofronn ryj-HTf*
X- -
T-Trvfrt ■not*trt* „
^ta+<nn
r7 r*t ^rtr<nor ocl
JTw.liy **••-••••••- - -
. ^ .r ^ -1 — v - . . .
£
L&Jr v - ....
%J
S — 829
i
2 , 191
Dcliars.
Cent3.
<? ^ t *f _ tvn _
TDinnef _ _ tio -
5>f <rvnrr tip _ _
T .orTcyf ncr
~
Pal<man oorter _
^X/?l it^f f £>!?’,'? ....
T-Tntc>t TtCiVf?* _
•
Station nortct* _ _ -
f^rtr Jnc T^.qi crryA tr.?*.
• •
r
*w
8— S29
191 —
Dollars.
Cents,
Breakfast tip
Dinner — tip
Supper tip
Lodging
Pullman porter
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
/
Use this Memorandum ; it will assii
you in making up your
Retain for future reference. :
8 — 829
1" rom.
t
i\
Doliars.
Cents*
Breakfast tio
i
y
Dinner a. _ tin
„ /l 0
Supper — — -tip
I erkrw ..
1
"Z2\
-7-^.
4.D..
"Pi if (man nor ter
i
Waiter fees -
!
Hotel Dorter -
Station nor ter - - -
dicci'ino' taoxTa^e —
' '2 - '< J- V * __ • N
[;:::
* -
u ter i\
, .1
i
j
8 — 823
4
Vt i -\
191 —
Dollars.
Cents.
Breakfast tip
#*1 ,
Dinner _ tip
Sippet* _ tip
f
Logins? -
/
Pullman porter
Waiter fees--
Hotel porter
Station porter
Checkins? baggage
.1 3 '* 1; - ! , u
—
* _ V' ju
i ID
‘
u:\
VT3M.V
< _ «-iy.u 1 1 'In/',
8—820 1
y
0
191 —
Dollars. |
Cents,
Breakfast tin _
i
i
;r
Dinner tip .
i
1
Supper La tip
Lodging -
i
j
i
i
i
-0--—
AC-*
^*6 6 — —
TPtiT irriAn r>ortci*
Waiter fee-rS
Hotel Dorter . _
Station nor ter
(Dherkincr hacrcryicre
30."
jt ■ r 1 - ‘ CK ' • • •
7
jtf
% *
4 * *
{ V » )/*«■■ >■-, // W£
* * ►
{fa.f r_ JjfadL
%-Htf ^-s-wJu4m
4«J_ _l - £_ ,C £ _
2 4
_ _ _ _
- if
i >>
‘"O'
rZI
8 — 829
S'
-1 , 191
Dollars .
Cents.
Breakfast — tip
Dinner tic
i
"4
1
|
t 1
|
| 1
8 J
Supper
Lodcrin^.
Pullman porter
W aiter fees
Hotel sorter
Station porter - - *
r
/ V
Ohcekipp - b3^ y 5 , 'a or e h ‘
A
y i *
. ■ . • ; * j . !
1
./ Li j ■■ 1 , ... |, || | ,
. * */V
f “ 1 ■ yr ” f [ r*F- *
v\ rv
f — ~f
—
;
8 — 829
. 1 * 4 ..
, 191 —
Dollars.
Csnt3.
Breakfast - tip
Dinner tin
Supper - ----- -- tfp . . .
Lod^inj? -
6
Pullman porter -
JlV
Waiter fees -
Hotel sorter - -
/a
Station porter -
P
Checking Tvi orra cye»
fc/t *o6 u O v, l
iMlfeiu.
mm l
a £.
j
8—829
j
,/
*
191 -—
Dollars.
Cents.
i-
d? <\ , i\
TRif P kf A R+ tf i") _
T^' | /& .*
1 . . Tfn _ _
)
/ ^
Rf (nnpi* t<r>
/
#
I jr\c\<y in o' _
Pullman neater
/ />
Waiter fees
Hotel Dorter
Jf rw
/ f j
Station nor ter
Y
c*( 0 * t \av\ Ct ■ ■ _
*
/) . r ^
i > / \ ^
o
•*
\ M'l r- Yn > l V :
u— ■ >
\ • > • J f Sj
\JL K>yJ? • •> ft ,, ...
» 1 K <* M J Ds . tAl % - A
r* r X . A ... •.• / i v •* A
•
(l o \ ^. i ♦ . y i va ^
■ !°, [i
_
sj
1
1
8—829
S'
L
Dollars.
Cents.
Breakfast -----
Dinner
Supper
Lodging
Pullman porter —
Waiter fees
Hotel porter
Station porter
Checking baggage
tip -
tip
i
y
191 —
Dollars.
Cents.
P re ate fast tin
Pinner tfn .
Si inner tfn
i
f
T .rvTcrfno -
Pullman oorter
Waiter fees-..-.-
Hotel oo^ter __
Station nor ter
Clieckinp* tae r 9 r ao r e - -
ti
i
S— 829
191 —
I-
Dollars.
Cents.
J
_
1 — — — ——— — — — — — — — — ~
5^.t i r-\r\iyt* tin
i
1 rw 4 nrJno’ __ _ 1
i
T^sfMrv^an
\A 7 T {?&*l
i
|
T-irvf <?f r>nt*+r*f* _ — — — i
*f <r\r^ nr^+i?^
L/ Ut 1 1 vJ.I i. UUJ. V vi — — — — —— — — — — — — — —
V*
:
]
S — 829
y
191 —
'
Dollars.
Cents.
tin _ _ _
£*■{• t'D
5>t < rvnr'r* tf-n
T r\cicr<r\cf
T^fftf<nnn rv>rfi^.i« _
W^fter fees
T-fnfpt nnrtef* _ .. _
Station •oor ter -
(T’f'i rrlcincr rncycyncre _
* i
I
8—3 29
, 191
Dollars.
Cents.
Breakfast tip
Dinner — - -- tip
^s< <-r*r%£*** ‘tYn
1
i
i
■
\
i
T nftr»miy . . _
*
i
~
Mi <Ttr*n ^ TTsrwt&v
i
XJC^aiter fees - -
Hnfp^
5xfa -f-Jr.tn T\rvr*+ir>r
\. T - '* c> r\r r ri ct r\ A crcr^ cfc
^ ” “•
•
i
i
i
3 — 828
l
, 191 — -
Dollars.
Cents.
"R+* o a t - ? a c + tfn „ .
T") f-t'< n <?i* tm _
frvT'i^t* tfp - _
T t~sA criTicr
— — — — — — — — • »
"Puffmatn TVYHtf***
'\Xf A/fTCt.V fcCS
T-T/vt-£*f r^t*^**** . ... _
.Qtatinn TVrt*ti?f
(** T-> t> nV' <r\ct rs?\ cYcra <y<?
\>Uvtx*.lUg — — — — -
i
8 — 829
, 191 —
•
Dollars.
Cents.
tip
TlJnnpt 1 tin -
.^fnnrt* tin -
T i^r4c/vno'
— — — — — — — — — -
Pullman ^^ort^r
\X7?» ftc^t* f <?f*K
T-Tr^i^t t*\r»r v 'f-(? t* __
5^+^ *f <nt"\ rv~y? 4 +i?t*
f % ^-\&r'w‘4i-\rr r\l* crcfixcrp
v^XlvU^liig — — — — —
*
c — & r »c*
i
191 — -
1
Dollars.
Cents,
jt5J? U — — — — — up — “* - — — —
ju/mn^r ----- —
"
ovipp^r — — — — — — — WJ -p — — — — —
Jr UilliXvtll portal — — — -
jLiOt-c-i yuritr
lion p<jr 1.56X —
1
i
.
I
f
ji i
C
/
✓
6 WMO.
iAjySi
y
’OJtVu)
1 V 1
>.
/I
I'kllL*
1
/aCi j: ✓
S^f • ^
^ftilK/iUi
4 /.
i^wia«j(
it v
» *
VM^( tU\Wy
’ -■: /
• •
U V*UI
OA
LQl\U%\.
#
vy
c/
X X.
*
i V/-
f >
UVt/
iA'
u*u
<T\
0~
4 iJt
w.m^r.
/ 00
' Xa^' ® u^cu
<? V<4_
*
/
/
/
-^W-/ AJlrdjodC*/
vL^
y
gLj<MUi
(La-L's.
*»
Vt^
CaA-bJxjJ
M* o4t/
* |0«m: «
d~4*v
M
•V\f '
*\
Ltflflv
fvbrHu. 1
C^V^»Aa<
$(*dv' ML^jI firvxy'
/^V,,VL
/T
e
/
*
4
Cr H > ^ \h
(Q J ,/ H ' m£
\|OwsA>0 y /W
rO P
<r
?
( siyyJu 1** ^ Jx*) h*\
. J 2$ */r
P
/U v *
Avu^ ^ ,**•>“ v :tfSF- H: y 5 P-
>. ■ ,..M4, "f •
OUlUa^ MAAA^4iV|
*t
fvt^v
/C3pHA*w~/
£b*Jtl r
iJ^asLa, l
■&jJ jdld\
(Avci * • • Q<3 Ac 'OtQa.fl
ClaJ^4^A-^{ •
* ^UH
,*. <■ a— /? a (/<uJj>
I
( \ <PXr '
^ ttt H ^
/Vr<
(^Ajxl*~«Ti4 C< fi£irw\/
eJL**M*( ^otna/
/
/
r M ^ ¥
1*UMl Ohu fh* m .
/v <Sc*«-
//Mv
w<*um:' *****
(P^£^w lOajJJi^
'jM'^l \ hMO
sy/i CiaJ
u
i
huivu.
l %’
w, *
V ■■ ^ ^ ’W
’ i
,AW<
. \
« *'
/
I
'■*U»|', a
;<f »
iQ //^CCo
So it
r-
'*
WA 4 - "< : 91 ♦
' 3 O O Q Of) . 40 <-fi /~{.T
T . * ‘
£>
- ***^>^ , Kri^M
(icu^
67/U
$/i/6<l<Lu\ A h°{
W fWw-
~hCi*& rfc
I I* H»‘
* '
♦ *
iAS*
J* upitU , r t u / 1 1
tvt' m
*S>«WlJir -
f
/o'
oljfVX
/ *
X^yTt^too Ate/
Wvi£/
■jteC$&*xi.t$ (r*
b /
?nu*.fL*v 4 + cuu
W#
*V
mtu 2
—
iMfyi
if? m.
lUU
y
• i
A
I
/
!~(t* A \4L\lkv\f4
/
*•
L
WiyteL*
/
CV -v^W{
/
/
*\
.4</r
J^htcAju^
/
o/yVtK^
-vv yn
%LJrvd
/
•• *
i t
/
/
/ 6 % *4 ci
?
16
Ul
cma. v Cam-
w\ C
2 Un>*
QiA fU {' >
'a*. L ./,
/6 m
/ My&6&
lUttt (]&4ul+ ti+<4r»K.
/
/
/
/
^t*r)uA»
jThxJCui/
\ aA« 4/ U)ClA AfCl\/
/
J »
L?**\
is
n
50
14X
lly+rdAbJC*
/
y
0 ^/ 1 ^
'JLX
?JLu
S/Cvli^
bMu^( u imtS
\!JLm
c| l Lkr\>+.
♦ ■* «
'C\J~uu -k
7%4>V%\/
lAf 1AC
V
¥
i*
«
•#
#
#
«
V"J\\r
n >/
tL- %M
o
//:<*<*.
. / — m m
>J> - #
d z’3^ f>
3 '^
A
U
r
yfl
v7
.1 3 / ^
viSLup |
//z-f/tl
"TV * :tf -
<2» i n^ /i
X Jr" tJ | ' U
y^/n
/•6<£L
/x*aat
l~cOxu/>
i>*
V/y ,
// /£<*
/♦***
l f
^IxMiiK
/Jfal ' ^-i>L S
^ '4 ‘UIM
rv
*
i
•J'.wf
^ $loa. ^
*J 7 A & i*A yi^yf
•4- d Ih+Ckat* \/^Im .A ^%a^J iHs^l
" l ^ 2tjJ $M+xirs>
Oi /W
y^tt
'nt* \ajZ£*\
CKs
1 /u
iflTT
■ t^!| , t^^yQ. AjLM*. ^
' i
I
*1
// / ^ • UwiM
f ' ft*! ^ )4t// »
**ydJ( Irftth Jv ^
^Vjc *» n
* *<&
^ >t/u^ <•
/P'7
*&uM,
/
t
f/-L. , -
2- /,
k mi.
/ ;
* •.
4/ ,.
3 7«
jTo
s, -r
'CuAA0> |/
2 ..
5* /.
%
^ ..
§&/
J.
* -,
2b%
' &. J
ii-
1 JL
H***s
i'V il<LxV
lCi
1<~4 5Uf
vi«J(Lvv(i M
/
i
/yjirC^W
< M\A
' ^ X
i /IaTU^C ^ul ^ ^
C /*H t ^ fc? %^V ***^
\X)^irU
* vu/(i ; •
\ tih BC [jc
NtAvvc/
^ ojJ^X
CAa^ ^
1
khA;.Vdv^
1 (Cl
d
**
^ W ' u i^l
CK>Co
1 [1 U\j|(
(
1
/
J
^ouuociuu
dL
<Ul_
(UVi
<*
4/rtJn cfiti4
’ 1
iA)^u%v
/o J ^
C?.jr4rtvV
JL J - lr* / ^!*w/
J
i Cn>>jO
4»
%
j\ArCj#JLi
II
■AJsK.
Aa/* OV
V
ur*-^ l— K*, \(u, ^'I'xs J h
0 _- (jUrtcJ. MS # \ fj$ f.
S i / 1 4 ,^-wrv U
✓ jvfP'W ^ Uhti^r,^
H^VA/^K
/: v|'
i IvtLl J, i W
^ P W 4 h
;f
u
/
/
;
^ : ' - - :/ H 5-^i
C^nvvi^ CAtyt
CaaI*vw|
/ . fc
-Oi
&UK 4 / SAa-v
^ * L/v,/l- ..ytv ^<*4 u
^ ^ jw av
/
I A ft
V)
vyj *
/ 6 old ^ ^ € ii
in I*
/ <
1 H .
*\
J &VOVO,
J
1
\
/
£jjJVb+*f
4^-* i^^-
/ UjkJ\' '~wl \Jouo
I
Cj^Xp^ d
<U jC,
[OxWq h /
^ l*o/ - ' *
iZuii tS-4^ h
i , feltfc*
s
/ OltPto
/ •' W - ■ r i
i 4 /i i
I ujt*f 4 ^-c-'w
/ 4-
if'K
JWd <LjU &
/7t^ * 1 CH^HsX
^•^t-.n-... A^*~*od . . J4p-*~
\
fvl ' ^
J
J
/
OJWjty^J
]4 ^Ajcl.
^ Ok
\ umi
/
j
j
kU>^/K
jrf
7tUAxV
/
•• ' ' "
I
I
*
{
.
I
I
♦
I
*
(
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
COPT
No 29E-B1.
LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION- *
Washington, D. C., December 13, 19 IS
Alexander ’Vetmore,
Assistant Biologist,
Under authority contained in the Secretary’s letter No. 8-Sec.,
dated July 1, 1919, you are hereby authorized to incur expenses as may be
necessary under the appropriation "General Expenses, Bureau of Biological
Survey, 1920" (Protection of Migratory Birds), in the performance of your
offioial duties as follows:
1. Actual and necessary traveling expenses between your official
station at 'Zashington, D. C. and points throughout the United States, sub-
sistence expenses not to exceed $5.00 per day.
2. Hire of temporary assistants subject to civil service rules.
3. Such other minor expenses as may be necessary to the proper
conduct of the work to which you are assigned.
Accounts chargeable to this authorization will be paid {torn the
sums allotted for your use for the fiscal year 1920.
All expenditures hereunder must be in strict conformity with the
Fiscal Regulations of the Department of Agriculture, or orders of the
Secretary, and in accordance with your instructions. All travel performed
on Department business must be by the shortest practicable routes and
without any unusual or unnecessary delays.
Expenditures under this letter of authorization, including all
accounts certified by you and all expenses covered by transportation
requests used and bills of lading issued, will be charged to, when not
in excess of the amounts allotted to you.
Object of travel: Enforcement of Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
Your permanent headquarters will be 'Washington, D. C
Atngfvn ZS
/
JUNE. *10
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF 8IOLOGICAL SURVEY
V/ASHINSTON. O. O.
No.
A LLOTMENT, AND I NCREASE O R DEGRE ASE.
Date: December 13, 1919.
Alexander '.Yetmore
Assistant Biologist,
Washington D. C.
Dear Sir:
By direction of the Chief, Bureau of Biological Survey, the sum of
$ 125.00 has been IEe-asae«Bt-allotted for expenditures
under the appropriation "General Expenses, Bureau of Biological Survey, 1920
during this fisoa]
(Protection of Migratory Birds)
year, under Letter of Authorization No. 292 -Bi., dated December 13, 1919.
This is for the purpose of performing necessary tiavel and incurring
other necessary expenses in the enforcement of the provisions of the
Migratory Bird Treaty .act and Regulations, securing general information re-
garding migratory biros, and consulting and cooperating with local state game
officials, local associations and individuals in carrying out the provisions
of the Act and regulations.
You will be held responsible for compliance with the terms of your
Letter of Authorization and for keeping within the amount of your allot-
ment. IF YOUR TOTAL ALLOTMENT IS EXCEEDED WITHOUT PREVIOUSLY OBTAINED
WRITTEN AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU, THE EXCESS WILL NOT BE MET
BY THE BUREAU, UNLESS (1) THERE IS MONEY AVAILABLE FROM THE PROPER APPRO-
PRIATION AND (2) A SATISFACTORY EXPLANATION IS MADE FOR FAILURE TO SECURE
IN ADVANCE THE NECESSARY INCREASE.
Very truly yours,
• -** t
HERBERT S. WARD
7 .. l- v «i * **’7 r '* J i
In Charge of Accounts.
!*•
12
COMMISSION
%
for Collecting Specimens for the
Florida State Museum
FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
19t^
Gainesville,. Florida. 03333) b-3-f
f _
In accordance with the provision of chapter 7368 (Number 110), Section Six, Acts of the Gen-
eral Assembly of Florida for 1917, establishing the Florida State Museum and Natural History and
Ethnological Survey of the State of Florida, I hereby authorize VP. Ai3X3nl3P fl36T)DP3
(J.~ 8. BiologisaL ySorvey
to collect specimens for this museum.
The collecting of specimens for this museum by
Mr. rtstuors
shall be such specimens, and shall be collected in such manner as provided for in, chapter 7368, Gen-
eral Assembly of Florida for 1917, and in accordance with instructions received from the Director of
the Florida State Museum.
J-f-
.Director,
Approved by
J. L. Earman,
E. L. Wartmann,
T. B. King,
J. B. Hodges,
J. T. Diamond,
State Board
of
Control.
Per ilk
(X/iW
o
Secretary.
[SEE OVER.]
AN ACT to Establish a State Museum at the University of Florida and a Natural History and Ethnological
Survey of the State of Florida.
Be It Enacted by the Legislat ure of the State of Florida :
Section 1. There shall be established at the University of Florida at Gainesville, Florida, a department of
said university to be known as the Florida State Museum.
Sec. 2. The functions of the Florida State Museum shall be to make scientific investigations towards the
further development of the natural resources of the State and maintain a depository and exhibition of the col-
lections acquired by the surveys provided for in this Bill, and of collections and specimens otherwise coming into
its possession, and of a library of publications pertaining to the work as herein provided. The collections and
library of said museum shall be open free to the public, under suitable rules and regulations to be promulgated
by the Director of said Museum, and approved by the State Board of Control.
Sec. 3. The said Museum shall be under the control of a Director who shall be nominated by the President
of the University of Florida and elected by the State Board of Control. He shall receive such compensation
as may be fixed by the State Board of Control.
Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the Director to conduct surveys of the State of Florida and collect speci-
mens and data of a scientific and economic nature in the three kingdoms ; mineral, vegetable and animal, in
such numbers and quantities as may be needful for the purpose of said Museum. Said collections and acquisi-
tions may be made at any season of the year and upon all properties owned by the State of Florida, and no
provision of any existing law shall be construed so as to prohibit the taking of necessary specimens for said
Museum. The permission of the owner or agent shall be first secured before taking any specimens from the
lands of any person or corporation. The Director shall collect specimens and data of a civic nature pertaining
to the early history of the State, locate and chart historic sites, prehistoric earthworks, shell heaps, and collect
specimens relative to the prehistoric and aboriginal tribes of the State as represented in its mineral, vegetable
and animal industries. He shall, as may be practicable,' prepare such duplicate specimens as may accrue into
traveling exhibits and circulate them as loans to the public schools of the State.
Sec. 5. The Director shall make an annual report of the expenditure and general work of the department to
the State Board of Control, which said Board shall publish, and the Director shall from time to time publish
and distribute bulletins and monographs recording data and exploiting the work of the said Museum.
Sec. 6. The Director may, subject to the approval of the State Board of Control, authorize persons in writ-
ing to assist him in procuring specimens in any section of the State.
Sec. 7. This Act shall take effect when it is approved by the Governor.
Approved May 30, 1917.
Lyff'
[Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington Vol. 21,
No. 8, November, 1919.]
NOTES ON THE SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF TABANIDAE
IN THE LOWER EVERGLADES OF FLORIDA.
By C. A. MosiER, Warden, Royal Palm State Park, Dade Co., Fla., and
T. E. Snyder, Bureau of Entomology.
Since 1916, notes on the seasonal activity of Tabanids in
southern Florida have been recorded in these Proceedings, es-
pecially the flight of Tabanus americanus in large numbers at
dawn. Apparently, species of Tabanus are active during every
month of the year; this, however, includes belated “stragglers”
or specimens that emerge very early.
At Paradise Key, in the Lower Everglades, Tabanus lineola
was overabundant on the prairies and common in the hammock
during late July and early August. On the prairie these flies
were especially common where the land has been farmed and is
now covered with a heavy growth of weeds and grass — some ten
feet high. Further into the natural prairie where less or no farm-
ing had been done, they diminished in numbers until near the
the seashore there were none.
On August 30, 1918, Mosier noted that all the saw palmettoes
(, Seronoa ) from which the leaves had been cut in April and on
t
PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. 8 , NOV., 1919 187
which Tabanids had been observed, had an unusually heavy
crop of fruit; the blooms were in the open and not shaded; pos-
sibly they were pollenated by the Tabanids. The males of
Tabanus lugubris , 1\ atratus and 7\ Uneola seemed to feed more
after the leaves had been removed. All these species were com-
mon, feeding on the fruits of the palmetto. There is a waxy
exudation from the ripe palmetto fruit.
During the late autumn and early winter several species of
Tabamis were observed. On November 28 and 29, 1918, the
region 11 to 16 miles southwest of Paradise Key on Ingraham
Highway was visited. Quite a few adults of Tabamis atratus 1
and some adults of 7 . Uneola were observed. A span oJ mules
working on the highway were annoyed by these flies and the
cook at the dredge working on the road, southwest of Paradise
Key, stated that the species came into the house frequently,
although not in such great numbers as Tabanus trijunctus , T.
antericanus and T. turbidus.
On December 6 two adults of T. atratus were seen at Paradise
Key and several adults of T . Uneola were observed during the week.
Adults of Chrysops were very persistent and annoying.
M osier noted that T. atratus and 7 . Uneola adults occasionally
were seen as late as December 12; all were females. They oc-
curred oftener on the prairie and near water than within Royal
Palm Hammock (Paradise Key). These gadflies are found
around mules when they are going tlirough the hammock on the
road. On December 12, Mosier saw a Tabanid struggling in the
water. No males of either species had been observed for some
time.
There was a heavy rain on the morning of December 15, which
was very unusual for this season. A few adults of 7\ atratus and
Uneola were very persistent in attacking Mosier; a few were
around the house but they were mostly on the road through the
prairies. These are unusually late dates for any Tabanidae.
However, occasional adults occur at Paradise Key during all the
winter months. In 1918 there was an abnormal autumn; Mosier
noted on December 15 that willow ( Salix amphibia) was in bloom,
Icacorea , and Erythrina arbor ea , the harbinger of spring, was
budding and would soon be in bloom. Saw palmetto, which
bloomed in April in 1918, was putting out buds. Some live oaks
were just shedding their acorns. Mastic that shed leaves in
February, 1918, was nearly through shedding on December 15.
Water covers the saw grass prairies of the Lower Everglades
intermittently throughout the year after heavy rains; the lower
sloughs are often completely inundated for long periods.
1 Identified by C. T. Greene, of the Bureau of Entomology.
188 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. 8 , NOV., 1919
On December 28 and 29, 1918, a few adults of Tabanus atratus
were observed on the screen around the veranda of the Lodge.
Another adult of this black gadfly was observed on Tanuarv 24,
1919.
Occasional adults of Chrysops were noted throughout the winter
months at Paradise Key. A11 adult of Chrysops flavidus Wied.
was captured on January 27, 1919.
An adult of the small gadfly Tabanus Uneola was observed on
the veranda screen on February 4, 1919, at Paradise Key. On
February 11, 1919, a few deerflies ( Chrysops sp.) flew about
Mosier’s head while he was walking along the road in the ham-
mock at twilight; Mosier killed one on his face.
The junior author visited Paradise Key on February 17, 1919.
One adult of Chrysops flavidus was observed on this day, although
the weather was cool.
On February 19 the first adult of Tabanus Uneola seen by the
junior author at Paradise Key in 1919 was collected. Female
adults of Tabanus Uneola and T. 5 vittatus Wied. were captured
on February 20, by the junior author. On the 21st recently
transformed adults of this gadfly, both females and males, began
to appear in numbers. On this date the live oak ( Ouercus vir -
giniana) had the leaf buds opening.
Digging in the moist muck under saw grass plants ( Cladium
effusum) in the sloughs of the Everglades, just northeast of
Paradise Key, on February 21, the junior author found the larvae
of two species of Tabanids; large black striped larvae of T. sty gins
Say and smaller yellowish white larvae of Chrysops sp. Tabanid
larvae are predaceous.
The muck is deep, at least one foot; the Tabanid larvae are
found from one to several inches below the surface. At this
date the muck was wet, since water had just receded; the surface
of the slough was covered with a film of drying, whitish scum —
low plant growth (algae), which floats on the water when the
sloughs are flooded.
On February 23, adults of Chrysops were collected about twenty
miles southwest of Paradise Key, near the present termination
of the unfinished Ingraham Highway. Early in the morning of
February 25, C. A. Mosier took the junior author and H. S.
Barber of the Bureau of Entomology, and A. Wetmore of the
Biological Survey, from Paradise Key by auto to this point.
After regretfully leaving Mr. Mosier, from this point we walked
along the rough, unfinished, rocky road bed, to where the dredge
was working. This dredge is towed along the canal made by
blasting and dredging out material (limestone rock, marl, etc.),
for the road. Chrysops and Tabanus Uneola were present near
PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. 8 . NOV., 1919 189
the dredge and bunk house. It might be stated that evidences
of deer are common on the prairies, hence the presence of deer-
flies ( Chrysops ) is easily explained.
After leaving the dredge we ran a straight compass course for
Cape Sable through the lower hammocks, lagoons of White Water
Bay, and across the saw grass prairies. North of West Lake
adults of Tabanus lineola and Chrysops flavidus and plangens
Wied., a small dark species, were captured. Our intention had
been to make an exploration and collecting trip to Cape Sable,
but due to the very rough travel and limited time, we decided to
turn back. We were forced to hack our way with a machette
through the low but dense and almost impenetrable hammocks,
and the low thickets of aerial roots of the red mangrove. It
was necessary also to wade through lagoons up to our waists in
mud and water, and finally to make our way through high saw
grass (a sedge Cladium effusum ).
Night comes very suddenly in the tropics and sub-tropics and
we made camp on one of the higher hammocks; after the short
dusk, lire flies appeared. During this night of February 25, we
were able to sleep by using our insect sweeping nets to protect
our hands and faces from mosquitoes The usual night cries of
wild life broke the stillness. We could also hear the pounding
of surf.
The Lower Everglades or grassy marsh lands south of Lake
Okeechobee, and in general south of latitude 27°, have a humid,
tropical flora. As GifTord (1911) points out, 1 this latitude is the
same as that of Egypt. The region south of Paradise Key to-
wards Cape Sable is still wild; as the region immediately north
of West Lake is approached, the low morass is more frequently
dotted here and there with beautiful, green hardwood ham-
mocks, the elevation of the ground being slightly higher than
the saw grass prairie.
The edges of some of the first hammocks encountered south of
Paradise Key were strikingly fringed with bald cypress trees which
late in February, 1919, were mostly bare of foliage. Against the
background of the green foliaged hardwood trees in the ham-
mock, these bare, grey cypress stood out like “ghost 1 ’ trees, and
appeared white as if frosted, especially so in the early morning
fog just after dawn, when the sun first "struck them.
Farther south, clumps of the beautiful saw-cabbage palmetto
Pan rotis wrightii appeared in the hammocks. Other trees were
cocoa plum, poison wood (Metopiuni), sweet bay, bay berry,
white mangrove, red mangrove, and cabbage palmetto. The red
1 Gifford, J. # "The Everglades and Southern Florida." Miami, 1911.
T
190 PROC, ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. S, NOV., 1919
mangrove trees are mainly low which may be explained by
the presence of brackish water or brackish soil at the roots.
The black muck soil of the Everglades overlies marl or limestone
rock.
Near West Lake are encountered endlessly meandering lagoons
of White Water Bay, with mud or rock bottoms and with the
only slightly brackish water waist deep.
The endless waste of brown saw grass — as high as a man’s
head — is even here broken by low, green hammocks of red man-
grove, bay berry, poison wood and cocoa plum. A tropical aspect
is afforded by the presence of the green but leafless wild vanilla
vines.
'tracks of otter, deer and marsh rabbits were observed.
C. A. Mosier captured an adult of Tabanus americanus at
Paradise Key in 1919, on February 28. This was the first appear-
ance of this fly for the season. On March 1 another adult was
observed; on March 2 there were a few adults on the veranda
screen; there was a slight increase in numbers on March 4 to 5.
On March 2 the junior author collected an adult of T. lineola
in the Everglades directly west of Miami along the Tamiami
trail.
On March 7, 7 abanus lineola was increasing in numbers at
Paradise Key, but only a few adults of T. americanus were ob-
served daily. March 8 and 9 showed an increase in numbers of
7 . americanus and lineola.
The first pronounced flight of T. americanus at dawn at Par-
adise Key in 1919 occurred on March 10. On March 11 the
flight had increased about three hundred per cent.
The junior author had made plans to shoot with dust shot
some of the lower hovering adults of T. americanus during 1919,
but had to leave Paradise Key before the flight began. It was
desired to determine whether the flight was composed entirely
ot males and whether the flies occasionally hovered upside down.
However, on March 11, H. S. Barber shot three adults with a
22 caliber pistol, using dust shot. All these adults were hovering
and were males. The weather was foggy and cloudy and rain
was forecasted. Adults of Chrysops were common and T. lineola
was daily increasing in numbers.
On March 1 2 the flight of 7 abanus americanus at dawn was of
increased volume. Barber shot two males on the wing, hovering.
One adult of the nocturnal flying T. flavus was on the veranda
screen during the day.
March 13 was cold and there was no flight. On March 14 it
was dark and cloudy at the usual time for the flight; there had
been rain during the night. Nevertheless, there was a consider-
PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. 8, NOV., 1919 191
able flight —the heaviest up till that time of the season. Two
males of T. americanus were shot down during the flight at dawn ;
as usual, no females were observed in the flight.
On March 15 it was raining and there was no flight of T. amer-
icanus. On March 16 it was cooler with high winds; on March
17 there were high winds and no flight; fewer females of T. amer-
icanus were in evidence, the weather being squally. The tem-
perature on March IS was 68° F., and too cool for a flight; the
numbers of females of T. americanus on tree trunks and screen
were increasing. On March 19, it was cool and there was no
flight, but numbers of females of T. americanus were increasing
on the screens and in the woods.
On March 21, the temperature was as low as 42° F. at day-
break; there was no flight. March 22, with a temperature of
only 58°, witnessed the heaviest flight of the season. However,
the flight had not yet reached the full proportions of last season.
Numerous female adults of T. flams were collected on this date.
There was a slight rain in the afternoon. On March 23 there was
a strong flight of Tabanus americanus. One female adult of T.
trijunctus was collected on the veranda screen on this date.
The dawn was clear and it was warm on March 24; there was
a strong flight of T. americanus . One male of T. trijunctus was
captured in the hammock.
On April 2 the early morning flight of T. americanus was strong;
three males were shot while hovering; all that have so far been
shot have been males. By April 3 to 4 the flight seems to have
reached its full height.
On April 5, 6 and 7 the flight continued normal.
April 8, 9 and 10 dawned with a heavy fog and no flight; on
April 10 the males were feeding on flowers in the forest, keeping
well in the shade during sunshine.
On April 11 there was a bright dawn, and a strong flight — one
of the loudest and strongest flights ever witnessed.
From April 12 to 16 the flight continued to be strong (at its
height); two adults were observed to strike in mid-air, descend-
ing to the brush below, clasped; they escaped before their sex
could be determined.
On April 17 there were light showers at dawn; there was no
flight. April 18 was cloudy and there was a very light flight of
but few minutes’ duration.
From April 19 to 21 there were moderate flights. Females
were later seen on saw palmetto blossoms.
On April 22 T. trijunctus was at the height of its season and
adults were very annoying to both man and beast; the adults
gathered in automobile tops, followed teams, etc. All work ani-
192 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL- 21, NO. S, NOV., 1919
mals were covered with bagging for protection against these gad-
flies.
From April 23 to 30 the flight continued to be normal. On
April 25 the screen door of the veranda was left open for two
hours following sunrise and 60 T. americanus , 323 T. trijunctus }
84 7 . Uneola and 3 T. flams female adults were captured. One
female adult of T. turbidus was also captured.
On May 1, after a heavy afternoon rain on April 30, there was
one of the heaviest flights of the season. Rain seems to increase
the flight. Evidently fresh adults were just emerging and could
be heard trying out their wings.
Normal flights occurred on May 2, 3, 4 and 5; the flights always
being stronger on bright, fair dawns than on foggy, cloudy or
misty mornings, the duration of the flight being governed by
the rapidity of dawn. May 6-11 saw the flight decreasing in
strength, females were in evidence but males were still numerous
in the shade of the hammock. On May 5 a few female adults of
T. flams were collected on the veranda screen.
On May 12 there was a drizzling rain and no flight. May 13
dawned foggy and the flight was very short and not as strong
as usual.
There was a normal flight on May 14, although the adults were
decreasing in numbers; there was heavy rainfall in the evening
and night.
On May 15 there was a very light flight owing to the damp
atmosphere. May 16 dawned clear but there was a perceptible
waning of the flight of the large gadfly. The loud “roaring
swarming” was past for the season but there were still “strag-
glers” present in the hammock. While this flight lasted in 1919,
it was even stronger than in former years. Other gadflies, Ta-
banus trijunctus and T. Uneola , as well as “deerflies” (Chrysops ) ,
were still abundant and annoying. Mosquitoes were now pres-
ent and also made life interesting.
By May 17 the flight was declining in volume daily; the females
were more abundant than the males.
From the 18th to 22nd the flight was decreasing and was of
very much shorter duration — lasting only 9 minutes on May 18.
On the 23rd the flight was noted only over the densest portion
of the hammock.
There was a very small flight on May 24— only 3 adults were
observed hovering and a few more were heard.
During the week of May 25 to 31 there was no flight of T.
americanus. An occasional male could still be observed on flow-
ers and quite a few females were in evidence. T. Uneola adults
were not so numerous. T. atratus was more in evidence than
PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. 8, NOV., I919 193
last year, especially on the lower end of the road to Cape vSable —
beyond Paradise Key.
June 4. First appearance of T. melanocerus Wied.; this gadfly
was observed only about dusk and dawn — they w T ere more nu-
merous than last season. T. lincola w r as plentiful. T. atratus and
T. turbidus were only occasionally seen.
On June 9 near the dredge T. americanus, T. melanocerus , T .
flavus and T. atratus were collected, T. atratus being the most
numerous species.
On June 14 the dredge was about */•> mile from West bake and
two miles from the limit of Dade County line. The 'glades w r ere
full of water to the brim and about one mile of the roadway in
the glades between here and Homestead was under water. Water
was running across the road east and w r est of the Park where
the Tabanid larvae w r ere dug up. The water was w r aist deep on
this date and no more grass grows here than the little that was
present in February, when the water had just receded.
June 10-30 T. flavus was more numerous than in 1918; T.
atratus was more numerous on the prairies but few T er were in the
hammock.
July 10. One adult of T. flavus and two adults of T. melano -
cents were collected on the veranda screen. Adults of Chrysops
were numerous at the hammock.
On July 16 numerous female adults of the small T. costalis
Wied. and a few adults of the slightly larger T. lineola were aggre-
gated in the windows of stores and garages at Homestead, Florida;
customers were very much annoyed by these gadflies.
J uly 29. Tabanus melanocerus and T. linoela were very common
around stock on the highway, also in pine woods where mules
were at work. Chrysops were very numerous and troublesome.
The water on the ’glades was high.
August 9. T, atratus , turbidus and costalis were common.
On August 15 several species of Tabanids were collected.
Aug. 23. Heavy rains appeared to increase the number of the
Tabanids as more were collected than on Aug. 9 and 15; they were
more aggressive both to man and beast.
By September 8, only an occasional adult Tabanid was to be seen
at Paradise Key. At the dredge, southwest on the Cape Sable
road, Tabanids were still numerous in the bunk house.
On Sept. 25-28 T. costalis was the species still aggressive.
To summarize — some species of Tabanus , as americanus and
trijunctuSy are apparently restricted to a definite season, whereas
other species are active throughout the entire year.
A calendar of the seasonal activity of Tabinidae (1918 to 1919)
in the lower Everglades of Florida is appended.
194 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. 8, NOV., 1919
By the expedient of shooting the flies while hovering, the evi-
dence has been increased that the main swarm at dawn consists
of males only and that the females are attracted to these swarm-
ing males for mating, as in case of certain mosquitoes. These
flights are probably not the result of concerted action but rather
a consequence of imitation or desire to follow others.
With regard to our previous statement that at certain times
while hovering T. americanus reverses and hovers upside down
—this has not yet been definitely proven or disproven. It is
verv difficult to shoot the flies.
It must not be concluded from the foregoing notes that mos-
quitoes and gadflies at Paradise Key are a pest at this beautiful
Everglade hammock throughout the entire year. These insects
are not troublesome during the winter months. In place of the
hum of blood-thirsty mosquitoes, there is at dusk the hum of
beautiful moths ( Spkingidae ) which hover over wild purple ver-
bena blossoms. At night, near West Take, mosquitoes bother
while sleeping outdoors (Feb. 25) but these can not be com-
pared with the later hordes which occur at Paradise Key and the
offshore reefs. On the open, sawgrass prairies, mosquitoes are
not a pest.
I/arge portions of the Lower Everglades should be set aside as
a federal preserve. Unless this is done, carelessly, or wantonly
set forest fires, hurricanes following tree cuttings and trespass
will ruin the wildness and natural beauty of this region. Hunt-
ing must be prohibited to save the remaining wild bird life, once
so wonderful. This will be especially necessary after Ingraham
Highway from Miami to Cape Sable has been completed. Many
interesting water birds are still plentiful.
Anyone who, approaching the edge of Royal Palm Hammock
(Paradise Key), has seen these majestic, feathery palms — -50 to
130 feet high — overtopping the other hammock trees, in silhou-
ette against a sky tinted by dawn or at dusk will desire to pre-
serve this never-to-be-forgotten sight (Plate 17) for future gen-
erations.
Royal Palm Hammock (Paradise Key) is at present a State
Park under supervision of the Florida Federation of Women’s
Clubs. This organization is to be commended on its successful
efforts in conservation. However, it lacks funds and should
have further assistance from the state or from the federal gov-
ernment*
PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. 8 , NOV., 1919 195-
CALENDAR OF SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF TABANIDAE*
IN THE LOWER EVERGLADES OF FLORIDA-
1918 TO 1919.
Species.
Sex.
Locality.
Date.
Collector.
"Gadflies:”
Tabanus ameri -
can ns Forster
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Feb. 28, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 10, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 12, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 27, 1919
G.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
April 16, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
24 mi. southwest of
Paradise Key, Fla.
June 9, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
'Tabanus atratus
Fabr.
9
24 mi. southwest of
Paradise Key. Fla.
June 9, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
June 10-30, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
August 15, 1919
August 23, 1919
Sept. 28, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
Tabanus lugu-
1 hr is Macq.
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 31, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
April 7, 1»)1 >
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
August 15, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
Tabanus tur -
hidus Wied.
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
April 8, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
April 25, 1119
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
July 13, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
Tabanus trijunc -
tus Walker
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 22, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 27, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March .31, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
April 7, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
Tabanus melon-
ocerus Wied.
9
24 mi. southwest of
Paradise Key, Fla.
June 9, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
June 10-30, 1919
c.
A.
M osier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
July 10-29, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
August 15, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
Tabanus lineal a
Fabr.
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Sept. 9, 1918
c.
A.
Mosicr
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Feb. 18, 1919
T.
E.
Snyder
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Feb. 20, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Feb. 26, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
* Identifications by C. T. Greene, Ass’t Custodian or Diptc-ra, U. S. Nat.
Museum, based on specimens actually now in this collection.
196
PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21, NO. 8 , NOV.,
1919
Tabanus 5 - vit-
latus Wied.
Tabanus coslalis
Wied
Tabanus pumi-
lus Macq.
Tabanus flavus
Macq.
“DLERI'LIES”
Chrysops flavi -
dus Wied.
Chrysops plan-
gens Wied.
"The Yellow
Fly of the
Dismal
Swamp”
Diac 1 lorus fer-
riigatus Fabr.
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Feb. 26, 1919
T.
E.
Snyder
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 27, 1919
C.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
April 16, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
June 10-30, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
July 16-29, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
August 15, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Sept. 28, 1919
A
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Feb. 29, 1919
T.
E.
Snyder
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
May 22, 1919
C.
A.
Mosier
9
Homestead, Fla.
July 16, 1919
C.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Aug. 9-23, 1919
C.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Sept. 25-28, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Feb. 17, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
March 1, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 22, 1919
c.
A,
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 27, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 31, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
April 7, 1919
c.
A.
Hosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
June 10-30, 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
July 10. 1919
c.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Jan. 27, 1919
0 .
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
Feb. 17, 1919
T.
E.
Snyder
9
Paradise Key, Fla. Feb. 22, 1919
T.
E.
Snyder
9
West Lake, Fla.
Feb. 25, 1919
T.
E.
Snyder
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
April 13, 1919
C.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
May 22, 1919
July 29, 191 1
C.
A.
Mosier
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
August 15, 1919
C.
A.
Mosier
9
West Lake, Fla.
Feb. 25, 1919
T.
E.
Snyder
9
Paradise Key, Fla.
March 16, 1919
C.
A.
Mosier
April 13, 1919
9 Paradise Key, Fla. Sept. 18, 1918
9 Paradise Key, Fla. March 31, 1919
9 Paradise Key, Fla. May 22, 1919
C. A. M osier
C. A. M osier
C. A. Mosicr
[Actual date of publication November 10, 1919 )
PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 21
plate 1 7
A
PARADISE KEY, ROYAL PALM HAMMOCK, LOWER EVERGLADEvS, FLORIDA.
Figs. 1 and 4 — Royal palm trees ( Royslonea regia O. F. Cook), at edge of hammock as
seen across sawgrass prairie, overtopping other hammock trees. (Photos by Wilson
Popenoe.)
Fig. 2.— View of tops of royal palms showing clusters of seed below foliage. (Photo by
W. E. Brown.)
Pig 3. — View of royal palms showing clear length and taper of trunks. (Photo by
W. E. Brown.)
7 na Brown Pelican in relation to the
Pishing Industry in Florida.
♦
Introduction A
In ucoordiuioe with instructions and letter of authorisation 823-Bi. I
left Yashlngton on January 14, 1919 in order to secure data on the food
1-. M-
ot the brown Pelican and th6 relation of tills bird to the
. •
try in Florida. Following is the itinerary followed in carrying on this
investigation!
•»
Jacksonville, Fla., Jan. 16, Gainesville, Jan. 17, 3t. Petersburg, Jan. 16,
Bradsntoim, Jan. 19-24, Cortes, Jen. 25-29, yaraeota, Jan. 80- Feb. 1.
punta Gorda, Feb. *£- Fob. .5, Hew umyrna Feb. 6, Sebastian, Feb. 7-15, and
*
Tallahassee, March 5. tori: was done on Tazapa Bay and the Manatee ;-:iver
* a . • " , * I- H ; ■ i t
f
fron H radon town, on *iutpa and Sarasota Hay* from Cortes and on Charlotte
Harbor from punta Goran* At Gebastian 1 studio -no food of the ira^ at
oar reservation on Pelican Island* The period from February 16 to liarch
4 eu* occupied by other work*
Claim* of Damage *
-
Clsia *»»>« boon that the Brown Pelican is responsible for the reduction
~ c, :• •* a** ~y - 4 ‘
h*; r j AAK4 '•%, - >.* * ^ • » t V* „ w •' *
that ***■ be.jn no tod in recent years in abundance of mullet, while some in-
clude the destruction of other food fishes in the list of eriiaett attributed
to this bird. Beo use of these st» teoents there was much fueling in cer-
tain quarter* and complaints had bt>on made of the protection af forded the
Brown Pelican in the breeding colonies, which are maintained as bird re-
** rvnt ionite dome advocated the reduction of the colonies by shooting, tak-
i ^nHhp ■' i j H 7. t - • ^ ^ i y . ^
ing the egtrs and xllllng the young while others demanded the extermination
of the birds, through the removal of all restriction against killing them.
as an outcome of this feeling in May 1918 the breeding colony in the
Indian River near Sebastian was raided and 300 or 400 young were killed*
Much publicity was given the alleged depredations of the pelicans in
the press and the matter of their protection was made in a way e poli-
tical issue during the last state campaign. A pertinent reason for this
last may be found in the fact that a# 4,000 state licenses were issued
last yoar to fishing boats, each of whioh carries a orew of from one to
ten men, there are at a conservative estimate 10,000 or 12,000 men en-
gaged in this industry. As these men are voters in nearly all oases the
value of catering to them in a political way is evident a glance.
During the oourse of the present work many of the fishermen were
sounded as to their views on the pelican. As these men on the whole
take a purely utilitarian view of life all oonfessed that they were un-
able to see why pelicans should be protected, as they were of no apparent
use in any way, either as a source of food or as aid in destroying any
form of life detrimental to the interests of man. Even those who in a
rough way made pets of the great birds by throwing them worthless fish
taken in their nets were free to say that they considered the birds
♦
U gly and ill favored and seemed more interested in their somewhat amaz-
ing ability to gulp down fish of some size entire, rather than in at-
©h +' D -
tract i^g^them through any real interest in them.
As regards the alleged destructiveness of the pelican sentiment
was found to be about evenly divided in favor of or against the bird.
Certain of the fishennen claimed that pelioans fed upon mullet to the
exclusion of other fish and that each individual bin! consumed from
ten to fifteen pounds of these fish daily, as estimates of the number
of pel loans present on the coast of Florida made by these men ranged
from one hundred thousand to one million individuals the destruction
of mullet was claimed to be enonnous. On the other hand as many of
the men engaged actively in fishing considered the amount of mullet
and other food fish taken by pelioans a negligible factor in regulat-
ing the abundance of these fishes* This side of the case is seldom
heard however as the opponents of the protection afforded the pelican
are loud in denunciation of the birds, while the others seldom con-
sider the matter of sufficient importance to dispute them though per-
sonally they do not concur in these sentiments. For this reason state-
ments are no^elioited from this class save on direct question.
According to the Laws of Florida governing Salt water fishing
(Seotion 2) it is unlawful to fish with any net measuring less than
M one and one-half inch bar, measured from knot to knot, or a stretched
mesh of three inches from knot to knot after being tarred or shrunk".
As a matter of actual fact it was found that the nets in oonmon use
all of smaller sizes, a condition that was ignjrod entirely by
the fish wardens though the fishermen were aware that they were violating
the law. Fish were in demand and were bringing a fair price so that
it was desirable to market as many as possible. With a smaller mesh net
than that sanctioned by law it was possible to capture smaller fish in
laeger number and so inorease the total catch. It is also unlawful to
place stop nets across creeks^ streams, bayous or passes (Section 5), In
stop-netting a small-meshed net is stretched across such places at high
tide when the fish have oome in on the flats to feed. The nets are set
in Buoh a way that as the tide goes out the fish are left stranded on
.
the mud* This practise is a most wasteful one as it destroys quantities
of small fry that are too small for sale and that normally would
furnish the fish caught during subsequent years, so that the des-
tructiveness and v/aste of this method is easily evident# Yet stop-
netting is ccramonly practised by some of the more unscrupulous fish-
ermen who sot their nets at night and no apx^urent effort is made to
stop them# During the course of my work I examined many nets briefly
but in no instance did 1 see one with a larger mesh than l-l/4 inches
from bar to bar (2-1/2. inch stretoh mesh) whiiR'raen who were stop
netting used a net with l-l/a inch bar (2-1/4 inch stretch mesh). If
it was so desired it would be an easy matter to apprend those using
these illegal nets as it would be necessary only to visit^ the drying
racics or to examine the nets iVhen in use and apply a measuring rule on
then. The Wardens are empowered to confiscate such nets and it would
be necessary to do this only once as nets are expensive and the fish-
ermen could not afford to take chances if they knew that they were ac-
tually liable to arrest. Yet nothing is done at present to oheok these
misdemeanors.
The better olass of fishermen realize the evils of the present
system of fishing and deprecate it aB they see that they are destroy-
ing the source of their livelihoods by their own Acts. These men how-
ever are thrown into competition with other less scrupulous and in
order to compete with them are forced to use small meah nets in u? din-
ary fishing even though they may decline to resort to stop-netting.
The whole system apparently is one that may be fostered end supported
by powerful fish dealers.
Observations
The great hulk of species of valuable food fishes are of deep
swimming habit and so seldom come within reach of the Pelican* The
mullet is the only abundant species in this group that occurs/ regu-
larly on the shoals where it is available for these birds.
it is
available
, and it is this fish whose decrease in num-
ber is attributed to the Brown Pelican by part of the fishermen.
According to common belief in Florida mullet ere said to appear
at certain times in solid schools in or near the passes leading to the
ocean during spawning and fertilization of the eggs, and to remain
thus for a number of hours* It was claimed that at such periods
pelicans gathered to feed on the massed fish and proved very destruc-
tive as they ate many roe mullet. It was a common statement that the
mulle t paid no attention to the birds, and that the pelicans were
careful not to dive into the closely paciffld fish through fear of doing
bodily injury to themselves! This spawning period came from November
to February according to the locality*
In part it was in hope of securing definite information on this that
the present field trip was undertaken* Upon reaching the west coast
of Florida however it was found that this massed spawning was one of
those elusive things that does not happen where one is working but is
always about to ocour at some point farther on* On inquiry among the
fishermen it was found in a way to be tradition among them though many
claimed to have seen it during previous years. No one was seen who had
observed it this year or last* The place at which it might occur was
also unoertain so that after considerable inquiry I was forced to give
up any idea of observing the pelioans in connection with this pheno-
menon* On returning to Washington I learned from Ur* R. 8* Coker of
the 3uraau of Fisheries that though this massing of mullet has been
conmonly reported that it has not been witnessed or described in
print so far as he knew by any observer of scientific training* Further
than that the mullet probably spawned in the open ocean no information
concerning its breeding was available* Judgement on the Brown lolican
on the score of its feeding on these fish as has been described must
be withheld therefore until fully substantiated.
Observations made in the field seem to indicate that while pelicans
will take mullet when they are to be secured, these fish are in general
so quick in avoiding attack that only occasionaly, perhaps only by u
few certain birds more expert than others, can they be captured* The
rapid darting of mullet when startled is well known to those who have
observed them, and apparently enables them to elude capture* On Feb-
ruary 4 near Crow key in Charlotte Harbor 1 watched a flock of twenty
pelioans feeding for an hour. Schools of small mullet were running
here and the great birds struck at them steadily but during this entire
period of observation only one pelioan succeeded on one occasion in captur-
ing a single fish. Finally all of the birds gave up the effort.
The birds were observed feeding on schools of a small sardine
(Stolephorus ) in Terre Ceia bay and on Glass minnows (Opisthonema
OKlinuro ) in Charlotte Harbor.
pelicans in most cases seem to ralize that mullet fishing is not
profitable and usually paid no attention to these fish other than to
watch with interest as they passed over them. On many days dur-
ing the period of observation fish were not easily available as cold
drove them to take refuge in deep water* At such timeB the pelioans
had difficulty in securing food and in Borne cases It wus certain
that some of them secured none for a period of two or even three days#
Even under these conditions they did not turn systematically to mullet
fishing though these fiah were present in small schools on the shoals#
The Brown Pelican however is often a decided nuisance to mullet
fishermen in the following way# When gill nets are used pelicans fre-
• ♦ I • ^ ^ J r
quently gathar after a ’’set” of the nets has been made and endeavor to
pull out mullet that are caught in the mesh on the outer circle. I
witnessed this personally while travelling with fishermen, from Cortez*
The Pelicans knew well what the fishermen were about and when the circle
of nets wa6 oampleted came flying over to investigate them. When the
fish began to strike the pelicans gathered at the side of the circle
away from the fishermen and pulled and hauled at the fish dragging the
net up and endeavoring to swallow the mullet and seeming much disgusted
when the fish were held in the mosheB# Often half a dozen pulled and
huuled at the net in an effort to get one fish but usually they did not
succeed in seouring it. 1 wa6 told that when nets became old that pel-
iouna frequently tore them badly, a statement that there is no reason
to doubt as the birds are strong and five or six hauling at one spot
would produce considerable strain# Frequently mullet had large areas
on their sides scraped bare of scales by the bills of the birds in their
struggles to pull them out. This difficulty with pelicans was said
to be more common during cold weather when fish were scarce and was re-
ported to be worse in some localities than in others# I observed it
personally several times but was present on numerous other occasions when
joelioans paid no attention whatever to the nets# It is probable that
the birds could be driven away by throwing stones, clams or heavy mollusli
shells at them*
food of Pelicans at Pelican la land.
At Uebustlon a detailed study of the food of the Broun helicon was
acids on the Pelican Island reservation* At the tins of ay visit shout
two thousand pairs of pelicans were nesting in the colony, a part of these
occupied the saall island* now bare of vegetable growth that foisted the
original pelican Island but the Majority were breeding in the mangroves
on another island a short distunes east that la also included in our re-
servation* About half of the occupied nests contained young.
During part of ay stay the weather wne cold and unfavorable for fish-
vise to disturb the birds
by visiting the rookery* There were many newly hatohed young in the neats
that felt the cold severely when left uncovered by the parents and if ex-
posed too long there was danger that they wight succumb. On several occa-
sions there a-!emed to be a soarolty of fish due to the lnoleaent weather and
the young were ravenously hungry, so that they o ailed incessantly and ba-
se iged Incoming adults for food* At those times they were very reluctant
to give up any food that they had secured* after the first few days whsn
thsy had become somewhat accustomed to ay presence it was at tl?«s almost
impossible to get them to to regurgitate. Often other young seised the food
aa Boon as it was dropped and on several occasions even adults swooped down
within a few feet of me to secure fish disgorged by young birds*
The udult pelicans susmed to do Most of their fishing along the ooast
to the northr'iird and then* was a constant stream of birds passing to end
from the islands in this direction. The birds crossed the peninsula that
that separated Indiun River free the ocean to the outer beach and then flew
along parallel to the coast a short distanoe from shore* Comparatively few
fv 4
ware seen in the protected witters of Indian Hirer* In work at the
island I walked about slowly watching the young birds tnd examining
the nests end disgorged food. Until the young reached the age of 16
days to 31 days, they showed little fear and in nearly all cases refused
resolutely to regurgitate what they had eaten. In many cases where the
stomach was filled and fish projected in the gullet X was able to work
it out by gentle manipulation from the outside despite the protests vocal
and physical of the otrut-gling youngster. Older birds gave up more or
less readily when they found that they were cornered and unable to escape
and after disgorging watched me in so lezon disgust while I examined the
food remains. Young perched high up out of reach in the mangroves were
often induced to disgorge by standing around and eyeing them intently for
several minutes. It was necessary for the ebservor to watch his step
in passing under these mangroves as at tinea a younster concealed among
the leave* guve up a mass of partly digested fish that fell with a thud
to the mud below, after one or two narrow escapes from receiving these
unsavory peace offerings on my heed 1 learned to avoid standing about
under the trees when the outlook above was not dear. After examining
the flah X passed on to other viatltas when there was a grand scramble
among the young to secure the choice morsels a second time. Usually they
fell to the original owner but often others greedily sdixed them before he
could prevent. Any waste was cleaned up by the Black Vultures attendant
on the colonies.
adults while incubating if not disturbed suddenly, often regurgitated
before leaving the neot. This was especially the case where the nest was
located among brunches through or over which flight was difficult.
o
• * •
Begurgi tat ion nt mors frequent where the birds had fed recently out
soueti-iee masses of partly digested bones were brought up, often only
- l 4 ,/ i • ► ■* K
tftor considerable effort*
Following is a detailed statement of the examination of the food
of pelicans made at Pelican Island* Bach number re recants the material
secured from one bird, "he number of fish of each icind is given and in
most oases an indication as to the eiae of the fish*
Table 1
Food of Brown Pel loan*
<» f
iood
Feb. 7, 19iy
Brevoortia tyrannns
n
(21
(
tt
♦#
* ; -
At
" n 3-6 inch, 1 ifonldla sp.
I 1 Hyporha nphus roberti
1 Brevoortia tyrannua 1*. inches long.
■
16
:• a r -
»* ■ < *
ft
4-6
If
-* 6 1 - * *
*
1
H
M
10
W
^ ( T
V ■ | M “Vw
> * 4
1
ft
M
10
H
iVv ✓
* ►* 1 C‘
* . vi. * 1 i v ^
' r - » ’
(3
n
t*
6-7
ft
» .
•*A* •*
( - * ‘ , , V , '
1 1 Hyporhaaphus roberti . 3 uuffll Ce ;;hc lus
two 4 inch, one lb inch.
A
I
'
12 inoh
ft
*• f
I
, . ..a!
.
V- •*
rr<X
3 K t
I
• j - •
• > 1 •• 4 TVM
Jtjkfy >*, %
i *—
o
m
Table I
Food of Brown Pol loan.
• Pood
.*
37.
38.
Peb. 8, 1919.
' • , •- • --t o
1 Broroortia tyrannua
6 *» •*
M
14 lnoh
7-8
>y ;
l
39. F«b. 9, 1919
. *
43.
, If*v4'«|5
*• . V-
w >
.4
* - * *’ 1
it
ft
PI
H
••
ft
" throe
12
1 " 2, 6 lnoh
49.
wCv. . 7 - «*e* r* v
1
«sn
l
- *• ; v
-4-
V
1
I
i
I
gK ■:,*-* #*•
V VI 4? *- I
>. * ,V -J>
•A&H ,4 Z»
• * ■ , *. • • ■
« - . -• i,
i
'****®*-4 »
54.
55.
o :£SMs*.
* 1 * '
•>(i | - • •• • ■* > v Bi - - *• <•' “V
• «v , . - i * • ' . /
56.
57.
58.
ililaws
• <
59.
.mJK * vY * • r - 3 V
*>'-* . . -r>J
# *
-»i « 7 • -4«-
Mt 1 t
V, - * ,
u»^y /» '--j • * i ■*
* •*
n
M
r
•I
It
15
12
d, ’
» w«
% «*,
two
M
•»
*
«
V/
" four 6 lnoh.
I
f
'
*fz * ■ " • m
lyS-
TjHf . -5*>
(?:•*%. . ,*T :'* *.'*
Table 1
Food of Browi Pol loan.
if r^ - P> - ■ - ■ .
2 Brovoortia tyrannua
am . ■ i* ■', v.' • ^ " ‘JOY. V
v*-*!
I
one 12 Inch.
• 7 •‘Jkr^ . . /
■t' - *
-,*• • *■ ,
\ >
ir ,. * - * l* ■
■HMHMBj
I l
n
?t 1 . •'••* > ‘ ».v , >->« . v/ •? > >:■«?• 5
• ' ‘ > * - y a r ~ • -V > .A ■A’i
Table I
Food of Brown Pol loon*
C BreToortlu tyrannue
10 inch
8 ** one 10 inch
6 Inch
3abl« 1
1 BroToort la trrsjmu B
Ohloroseorabrua
. !ffevoar tia
4 PomoiobuB Boalocris
tyrann us S inch
2 ttmoortU tyr&nnua
Stolwhoras b t .. ■ ■_ jjl
Table I
Pood of Broan Pal loan
Date
food
P«b, 12, 1919 1 droToortia tyramtua
«•
|
1
v
I
• i • - j •
1
I
r&9
tv -v *• y .
1 •
h * ■ .
• 4 ?- '• - -
y&.
132
133
136
146
•’% ✓-
4 *
cr.v vs.
*•-£ * •
, , i - ** . :
-> ‘.1
; It, t*J , . ,VaV.
KJ .- . r r V
i± ,
149
\,*>a
■ ' D
2
163
4 ' , ■».' * • ilrLi) » • i.
,^.y :
.^. v . * * y * . • i .- .
■
r ^
it
n
?»
«
•t
M
A *
«
8-11
ft
16
«
8
«t
16
rt
12
ft
10
ft
16
w
12
t«
10
ft
8
M
• ( «
8
ft
5
n
14
tt
»:• - ; ./ * >“ * A",
8
ft
■ . t V
♦ * i • ' -* 1 . * * ~ V #1 • *■ [ »
16
- " • ■ -* y* * ™ .♦ .
w
6
, |L j *1 2 * * 1 - » ^ * ■ i i 4
f|
V 7
15
It
15
ft
15
1 .•>>. , • ,. vj£ ! a* •’ 4 ;. ;
ft
v 8
ft
14
Jp . «r p€ r [C v *T*
ft
14
ft
" 6 Chtoroscoabrua
c hr ? auraa 4 lnoh.
•4
6 • 31 4-6 Inch
I
• " -- 3 V *F‘
'
• f*rt<
t
■i >, : . . ' - ” S
„K
\1
fmm*
s f '3L'jSr t 'i
' ■2‘ >
^wlG *
I
' i sai , '■>
.
. ■,)■»* *
I
, . ** *•'-
* . A-
I
.
I
»,
I
I
*J*N.
'
I
m
1
?ebl« 1
pood of Brown Pal loon.
Pood
v A
Pab. 12, IS 19 1 arovogrtik tyrrauma
— - — -
14 inch
*
' i »•
' V
y<
I
I
its
156
167
156
159
160
161
162
163
. t
1
1
H
M
12
14
tl
♦
170
171
172
173
174
w,
175
176
H
< ** /
. ... ,
II
«
14
12
V >
rjl
.V
-
. HI*
V V
* -4 — j
■> ,* ~ iT_ * h. >
4
2
1
1
2
** £
ft
ft
r> ,* .
»♦
M
f»
II
4-6
12
12
12
5
16
8
P*90L‘fe •
I'M
Sr >
M
H
"• ’ * fri»
fig ' i
. k . * t. » M
■ < '9
If
*
% i ■ >
1 Uufdll coph^lits
6
26 ^yprlnodon c*>rplo
2 Brevoortla tyn mitg
4
M 1 3o laonopg ocellatua
8 inch
• >“• - w
C ' '■>. L "
If
;<\ 3 *v
1
1
V i»A
8
12
15
12
fci , r g- K '
1
1
ft
ff
a
‘ y • r. ;-.V ’
It :
- * A: > * ,■ * « 7 -'5
12
•* *
is
I
*1 k' 'ii? ' ‘ fc **-*4 ,
*-K v * : ■ 0 .» ' , *; ' -
-V * r V? **.A p* • / > SWVr -ij£‘
> 4 iV V-
V *•; r 4W* • *3*3
‘ 41
• * f >
: X y • • $$ ? ‘
iC-Stti* ••• h^' f '-■
'.7 ,
• v-->c •
/»* ■ x-
1 Qhloroaooabrua ohryaurua
r.
greToortlq tyranrma
6
6
:• rifiu . .
§* 4 m&t**
< -* . >
HiiR
* * *%'
-
a a
I | Table X
Food of Brown Pel loan.
Fob. 12, 19 ltf
1 iraroortia tyr&nxiue
* m -jf »
1
6 inch
31/2-4 inch
12 in oh one 8 inch
12 inoh
10 inch
two, 4 inoh
four
one 12 inoh
- jr -*#
one 6 inoh
r *i*V
V ‘\* ;rUrf
Z,ti?5
BUBH
t J
# -
Wt 1 *
1
1
'■ •' ' t r ,
202 Feb. 13, 1919
203
f
JiM
. * '»:■ ♦ , ,
vug- '
* -• *
.'V
Table X
Food of brown pelican.
Food
4 Brevourtia tyrennae
L
ft
t*
0116
■ £^31)
-a *U ‘ >\ a-
A
L
t r
U -i-
| 5 ■■
10 inch
y . 1 r
—
10
12
w
ft
ft
one
*♦
#* .
. *
H r , ' ,>4,'
- ML
. fu r«- ■ *
. 4 . * m ....
tt
-
" one 10 inch
*y:-
•V?.' 1
■i
. 2t' • - SA,* . •■ 'few r F • . A
one 6 Inch
m-:.
t**/
- .■ .
' rfe- / :
F •. v ' *•£:
I.- o r
I
'il- ; :
212
J r-t ■"
.
” • - . . 7 .
4 c ‘ .VAS.
218
-• ti ••'i <•
, - ’ •+ *'* , \
: r .> * '1 »
Lv -p. ■» _y\« .
226
‘
TOUcw »;
( - ,
' |K
*- i
SJ
.v .1.
'‘V
> .
II
•'3-. ■ v>. v
* .. 7*
M
«, 3- k :
,v. ».
I
1 Poaoloo us uedidorla
ff
1 Brovoortla tyrunnus
’
««
8
a
8
10
?i
fc f -v:V.
WV T .
8
tt
tt
n
•t
tt
H
- »c;
’ i »• e
tt
tt
j u »•
12
«■
- •jr' ' , ‘V.
8
■
12
tt
M
V* W 1
tt
■ r- 1
4 V
» ft
35c Mj :
,* -
8
<* ^
-3S J- if.jirvj
12
, ' \ 4
’
y
Mr • i f -j
. /
'Jt* ».
lV ♦-.
c *V i
,, -
*vS%*
lea
it 1/ . .. ft ^
» 1 , _ , t'-t <
M.
■ ■ ■ ■ -
•rf .
Table I
Food of Brown Pel loan.
—
Food
—
22? Feb. IS, 1919
i
228
’ -:v
1 Brevoortla tyrannus
z *. * *
8
«
tt
229
6
four
tt
ft
W #.
ft
••
N
233
jfe
* . j
r * v
f*
M
tt
' > >%?%
»?/
tt
2V3
.,V' '- ■.. -i. ■
It
one
244
tt
T- V
—
nr:,.
10 inch
one 4 inch
1 jolaonope ooellatue
8 inch
tt
" one 8 inch
4 S8 '
I
I
I
x
, S* , <•
The data given above w us tabulated according to number of fishes*
The following enumeration has no significance as an indicator of the
relative bulk of food foned by each species as a minnow two lnohee
long has a standing equal to that of a iienhadon fifteen inches in length*
It gives however* an idea of the loss of individual fish through pelicans
and is thus of value*
Opposite the none of each species of fish is given the number of
individuals that vs re noted in the £46 meals tabulated and the percent-
age that this makes of the whole*
The speoies are arranged in systematic order after Jordan and Bver-
mann (Bull. 47, U* 3* Rational Uuseum).
Table II
Pomoloba . modlocrls
Brevoortla tyrannus
j to le chorus brovnl
Gyprinodon carpio
Hycorhamchua robertl
Hboidla sp.
augll eenhalus
\ 7 * r •> ,’ >
Ohlorosoombrue ohry suras
Ltciaenops ocel lotus
SSS^SJL
9
♦
744
10
£5
2
1
7
14
2
0H
...
1.1
91.4
1*2
3.2
*2
.1
» r-‘
On examining this tabulation it is seen that there are only two
species included that are considered to be valuable food fish. These are
the mullet t flugll ce chains ) nnd the red fish or channel-bass ( aolaenoi/s
ocallatus ) •
jevon of the first and two of the second were included*
taken together these nine food fishes fora 1*3^ of the whole* The
ilonhad«n is the main item of the food so Much so that other species
seem to be included more or lees by chance.
Notes on Habits .
On the Vest const of Plorida the Brown Pelicans were not breeding
and so were not gathered in numbers at the breeding colonies. Vhen con-
ditions wore normal the birds seemed to feed from shortly after daylight
until about nine in the morning wheny they ceased and gathered et some
suitable point where they remained* sleeping* preening their feathers and
resting for the remainder of the day* About 100 were found thus on the
breeding ground at Indian Key where they were resting In the mangroves.
Those birds when driven out returned at sunset to spend the night* Another
floe* of the same slse was seen at Pass- a- grille where the birds oocu-
pied a sandbar a short distance off shore* Smaller parties ware encountered
elsewhere. Near Braden town pel lor ns flew across each evening from the
ilanatue River to barasota Bay flying over high in the air*
Frequently however the birds fished all day long especially when they
were taking small fish suoh as sardines. Fishermen who were reliable told
too that at times they had seen the birds fishing on bright moonlit nights.
In feeding Brown Pelicans circled about over the water flapping until
they gathered momentum and then sailed along with set wings In a gradually
i ,£'..3 _ y t ~ V ' . . , t j3 i t a . y t . , %*» * •[ ‘-fa? »'• . *.
descending curve, then near the water they rose ageing for another obser-
vation. In flight the neck was drawn in and the bill extended straight
ahead so that it rested on the reourtred nook. The head was turned alertly
kowevar to watoh fish tht appeared at one side. When fish were sighted
in a suitable position the pelioan turned abruptly and darted directly
down with surprising speed without chocking speed in the least. as the
v/. - tar wan entered the bill was opened end thrust forward with a scooping
notion. In case the fieh surged ahead the neck was extended with a quick
dart. At tines this movement was at a lateral angle so that the birds
struct the watjr on ono side but immediately righted themselves never be-
coming overbalanced so that they turned on the baok. On assuming an erect
position on the eurf&ee the bill was drawn slowly up to drain the water
from the tip without carrying the fish with it. me bill was then thrown
up ?>nd out and the fish were swallowed. This process often was aided by
a quick notion of the tongue and hyoids that loosened the fish from the
walls of the pouch so that the tongue in spite of its rudimentary condition
p erne to have a certain funotion. When gulls came up in an attenpt to
rob, the pelioans turned their backs to them often whirling round and round
to< evade attacic. Occasionally when fish were running deep the pelicans
ciivJtram a height of 60 feet, struck the mter perpendicularly, and went
clear oene&th the surface. After observing the feeding habits of these
" v . g * ,
birds the extraordinary development of the air cells lying between the it in
and body nay be readily explained on the ground that these act as buffers
in protecting the muscles beneath from bruising and injury from the impact
with which the bird strikes the water. This emphysematous condition nay be
thought then to have arisen in the diving species and to have persisted in
those forms in which it now has no value. That it is used for the purpose
described is shown by the fkot that the air cells are especially numerous
on the anterior p.-.rt of the body where most of the shook is received.
At Pelican Island during the work of scouring data on the food of
these birds I had abundant opportunity to nake observations on the** habits.
• ^
The birds were nore or less unafraid and by moving about slowly without
abrupt motions of hand a or head it was possible to approach them or
pass near thorn without trouble. A blind for use in observation or from
which to take pictures was not needed. I was able to secure any num-
ber of pictures of adult birds a^'disUnoes of from fifteen to twenty-
five feet and o coats locally made exposures at six feet. In a 2 )proaohing
the birds it was necessary only to move slowly and to avoid looking directly
at the individuals that 1 desired to approach.
Shore was ouch squabbling and fighting among the adults over nesting
» "• ^ *. 1 , /* ( * * Vt **"- ev'WJ “* '( J T 4,.- *• *> '* di y *■* ^ ni | 1 $ r ? •* ’ 9
material and nesting sites, titles brought nesting materiel to their mates
and though frequently the sticks to be used wore picked up only a few feet
away the male often ro.je and olroled around on the wing and then returned
to pass the mateirlul over to his mate at the nest. Evidently supplies
from a distance are more valuable than thoue from nearby! Uopglation took
place on the nest or on the ground near it with the male grasping the female
by seising her neck in the middle of his long bill. At the nest the two
often went through grot os ,ue awkward movements with the neck extended and
the pouch drawn dovn while the birds omitted the curious aspirating, sighing
sound that s eas to form the only note of the adult. BiCUs that had not
nested gathered on the flats in clone flocks adjacent to the rookeries. At
tlraos they circled high in the air above the island or the riv«r opposite.
The birds turned In great spirals with set wings but were widely scattered
in small groups and did not maintain the close* regular formation that makes
the aerial evolutions of the white Pelican so Impressive and beautiful to
observe.
Th ore was much fighting among birds not yet settled on nesting sites.
3o«o fonolos attempted to appropriate whole nests and on one oooaslon 1
sow n female ountod from two nests in succession, halos ndvtnosd toward
her striking with thuir great bills whlls shs t eaoed with hors In an
attempt to wurd than off. In fighting ons pelican often seised ths upper
mandible of another and hold firmly while the two pulled bach and forth.
Though strong In pulling ths birds seem to have little strength in. lateral
sioreaent in their necks. The effort In fighting thus was fo force the bill
of the opponent to ono side and then with a Sudden thrust to pin the op-
posing biro to the ground with its head twisted completely around, when it
wue unable to more until released. In one oase one of the-e birds eaught
^ ' V ' • , , . 1 * 4 . - * . ti V /
tho tip of it* own bill behind one wing and strugi?l#d for two or three
■
nlnutes before getting free. Often two fighting birds climbed finally into
a no i;t side by side where they were unable to seise one another because of
their oloce proximity, which rendered their great bills, clumsy and awk-
ward in any lateral movement, useless. After a few minutes however the
usurper wns crowded out.
- *
The eye of the pelican is much more freely storable in its sockat than
in most birds. Ths syss ar>< rut her prominent and project slightly. In
I nni ng at various objects the eyeball is rotated about so that in most
oases it is not nooesa.ry for the pelican to tun its head. This dsvel-
opaent may bo a compensation in part ior ths long bill and the heavy pouoh
that bring about the oharaoteriatlo resting attitude in which the bill rests
on the forepart of ths nook, making it more of an effort to turn the hoed
about than in most birds.
. .vf? , 5 '" v| ;• " s ', v v
Birds at rest frequently opened the bill and drew the lower mandible
do wn on the bend of ths neck so that the rami slippa d down on either side
and the pouch was tuned half out. This thrust the upper end of the trachea
up far beyond its usual IsrAl. Usually the upper mandible wae then closed
e
down upon ' this with gentle pressure and a slight rubbing motion, following
this the bill wan thrown directly up uad slightly back beyond a parpen-
dicul ar line with the mouth still open* At the suae tine the tip of the
lower mandible woe spread in a bow so that it measured at least eight
inches across the tip* This stretching perhaps gave sons relief from the
V «
irritation oaueed by the Uallophaga Ulonopon titan ) that were attached in
poire to the inner walls of the pouch no; r the gape where they clung with
► . • • > P f » 1 * Kv ’
their jaws while in oopula. ilany times daring this stretching the pelicans
shook the head slapping the sides of the pouch find perhaps occasionally
k|M
getting rid of some of these parasites.
Pelicans dreueed their feathers deftly with their great bills, working
core fully to squeeze the wtter from their breast feathers. The peotinated
middle claw was used frequently in scratching the sidoe of the head and
neck, producing a soufflng rasping noise as audible as the aoratohlng of
a dog Infested with fleas.
The full complement of eggs in u nest was throe. These were ohalky
white in oolor but as incubation proceeded bo came much stained with ex-
crement and other dirt. Uuny of the funnies seemed to experience ease
difficulty in ovipositing as the greater part of the fresh eggs examined
were streaked with blood. These streakings were broad and began about
~ '''? . VT .?•” Li. i -ffi La gET ka i
one fourth of the length from the email end of the egg. From that point
they extended toward the large end being most prominent over the oentral
bulge. At one side on the large end there was usually the imprint of the
distal and of the oviduct outlined in blood, impressed apparently as the
egg was extruded. The streakings were uniformly present on all three
eggs in tbs set. These markings might be attributed to a prims passu
• * <
on the part of a young female brooding for the first time wore it not
that they were present on so many of the eggs examined, as the oviduct
shrinks ;,«ay to suoh an extent at the close of the breeding season it t
aupposod too that previous usa would be of little moment in toughening the
lining* The abrasion must he due to the roughness of the calcareous shell
and the rapidity with which it hardens as the sise of the egg i® not ex-
oesslve when compared to the bulk of the bird depositing it. I ao not re-
call having seen this streaking of blood on the eggs of other species of
birds that have come to ray attention*
Young Pelicans when first hatched are entirely naked and seem to feel
oold severely* so much so that if deprived of the protection of the . arants
for any length of time on cold days they sometimes perished. The air-sacs
that attain ao remarkable a growth in the adults were veil developed in the
youhg especially about the neck and fore part of the body* 'Hhen a few d&yt
old if left uncovered the young settled down in the nest and roau.lned with
the alr-aaos fully distended. By providing a dead air space the sace in
th is case must have aided materially in keeping the body warm, a use iov
♦ho« that has not been rocognised previously.
Young blrdo when only a day old seemed ravenous for food and pecked
eagerly at my fingers* They were fod on small menhaden that usually were
partly digested* On one occasion 1 took a manbeden four Inchon long fro®
the throat of a bird not more than a day old ae the opening of the yolk-
sac in tho abdomen was not olosed* This bird had its eyes open and avail-
owed the sums of fiah again lamed lately* ilany times when food was soarco
these young were given fish too large to sw.llow* At tiraes the feeding
instinct seemed to come to parents before it was required as it was not un-
usual to find fish in nests containing heavily Incubated eggs* Until they
wore able to move about the young seldom regurgitated when I approached
and when food was forced up in their throats swallowed it immediately when
released*
A biting fly gathered In groups of froa two to twenty on the back
of the head on the young birds* at the summit of the curve la the nook,
so that the bird was unable to dislodge then by rubbing then on the back*
Frequently the bite* of these insects drew snail drops of blood* and at
tines sores were occasioned by their attaches, jpec loans of these flies
collected for identification unfortunately were lost*
The oallnotes of the young were loud and vociferous and at a dis-
tones somewhat resembled the s quealing of hungry hogs* Young unable to
walk culled and struck at me angrily when I approaobed while older birds
though often vociferous showed more fear* The young continued to oall after
they were able to fly but the only utterance heard from adults was the cur-
loue aspirating oall that has been described, from Its sound this may have
been made by forcing air through the narrowed opening of the glottie past
the compressed epiglottidial process that in the pel loan projects from -fhe
anterior end of tbs thyroid cartilage*
Mortality among the young was high and 1 believed that adulte did
not sucoeod in rearing more than three young to every four pairs of birds*
in qp its of the number of eggs deposited. This mortality was due in part
to trampling by the adults but more to difficulty in securing fish te feed
the smaller young* Veil grown young were probably able to continue without
food for two »v three days with no ill offeot apparent but younger birds
♦»'*.*’* • * a * * % *
were not so resistant* Often 1 found birds under three weoks old that were
so weak that they were unable to hold the head ereot* ouch partly starved
birds were unable to iti nd cold to any murksd degree* 1 suspected too that
the adult pelicans often were not overly devoted to their offspring so that
young were at tines deserted and left to die* With these facte understood
there need be no fear of exoessiv* increase in the pelican population*
through the protection accorded them in spite of repeated statements of
fisheaaen to the contrary. X mas of the opinion that mortality mas lower
among birds reared in tree nests than among those hatched on the ground in
JjjMv. If '
the open* This mas due to the more protected nesting site when chosen
among the dense mangroves and to the fact that young in tree nests did not
begin to wander about until they were well grown.
m the mangrove colony young of various ages eat in their nests or
on the limbs nearby, as I approached those among the open branches fre-
d
quently returned precipitately to their own nests or oro'^d in with other
birds* Here they seemed to consider themselves safer* Often these young
sought haven in nests containing sets of egga where they manifestly did not
belong. Half grown pelicans clam bo red in and out of nests placed three or
four feet from the ground with little apparent trouble. In the trees the
blnls w Jkfced about on the tough, flexible brunches of the mangroves with
long reaches of their great feet epr ading their wings wide and balancing
by pressing them on the brunches on either side* At the same time the
bill was hooked over limbs ahead and so aided in pulling along. The head
was used especially in climbing up as the birds reached up and swung the
bill over limbs above and then olambered up to this new hold. Young birds
on the ground gathered in little gro .pe that scrambled along ahead of me
waddling, falling and olanbering over obstructions. When half grown the
birds swum with aaee and took to the water readily*
On days when the wind was high adult pelicans frequently had some
difficulty in rising on the wing. When on the ground on such ocoaslons
they ran rapidly away to one side when openings permitted. T/ben cornered
In brush through whleh they were unable to penetrate easily they stood
their ground until the last minute hissing and olapping their bills loudly*
I caught several to examine then and to taka bod ^temperatures and found
that they were able to bite fiercely though their neck muscles wars weak
so that it was easy to hold them. bhen birds rose in flight from among
groups of others the neighboring pelicans realising their clumeinaes
Vfatohed closely and duoked their heads quickly when neeessary to avoid
being struck, often biting angrily at tbs flying bird as they did eo •
Once on the wing the pell cane were complete musters of themselves*
Though the broad webbed feet of the adults seemed clumsy they per-
ched with ease on the tough slender branches of the mangroves maintaining
& hold with no apparent trouble* In blighting the oirds balanced a
moment and then had no further trouble in keeping their equilibrium and
they moved about with more or less freedom* It has been etutad thtt in
there is no character available by which t.ha sex oi adult pelican*
may be distinguished. On observation however I found that the two sexes
were in many oases readily told apart by their else, the .utle being dis-
tinctly larger than the female* This difference was well shown in the
• t ' \ ' ir 1 j , i g . . 4 | 0 m
length of the bill which was one and one half to two inches longer in
males In females. In groups of pelloans It was often a simple ru t-
ter to pick out the males with a considerable degree of accuracy and i lao
at tiroes to distinguish the sex in single birds aftar I wi.ti v.«l; aor.’i*
tomsd to their uppearunee. bub sequent
specimens substantiated this character
measurements made from muse
Hi
noted first in field observations.
Amount of food consumed by polloane*
The quantity of food consumed by pelicans in nost casns has ooen
grossly exaggerated. It is the opinion of the writer that the birds
normally feed but onee a day. The statement is made ocmmonly that aaeh
pelican consumes ten pounds of fish per day. In regard to this the tol
lowing iitateaent from Ji. Hollister, 8ux»erintendent of the national
Zoological Par*. Washington, D. 0., (written Harch 19, 1919) is of in-
terest: "The Brown Pelioans in th® national Zoological Pari oat each
from on® to one and & half pounds of fish per day. That this is enough
to jcoep th® birds in excellent condition, even in th® large flight cage
whe ® they get plenty of exercise, is shown by the fact that two speci-
mens received from Orlando, Florida, depteober 6, 1899, are still living
in good health after twenty years of such scanty diet. Another specimen
from Mexico has been here eight years." * ' j •
*C* 4| • jl _ M ' k j* w Kyy ' . c - w 1 4 . v . - i i •-*% ■ 8 *
i
It can hardly be believed th^t birds in (a wild et^te would con-
« ■ * . w — *■ r IV * ,* • ! . mf - - » . 1 -
Bocae much more* Certainly a maximum of two pounds per day would be amplfc
t
for birds at freedom whore they sooured constant exercise. ^ith thie fact
in view the estimates of fish consumed by palioens, whether such fish are
of value as food or not must be greatly cut down.
Serious complaint has been made in recent yo&re that Brown Pelicans
in Florida were responsibly, for the maffeed decrease in food fishes and many
have protested again? the protection afforded the birds In their breeding
oolonies on bird reservations. Complaint was made especially that they
were responsible for the merited lessoning in the oatoh of mullet.
Inquiry among fisherman revealed that opinion was about evenly di-
vided in regard to the alleged damage so that as many of these men con-
sidered that pelicans were not injurious os there were that believed the
*_• ‘Cj . * l Ay** 11 • n •< J" v- ^ T ^ • i , t "V
reverse. The majority of fish useful for )nm;n food are ajwoies that nor-
nelly swim deep whore pelicans cannot reach them. The mullet is the only
one that habitually mins in shallow water. In field observation it was
found that these fish were so swift and alert that it was seldom that
2 * lie ana could capture t.ica. For this rec-son the birds seldom paid atten-
tion to them. Pelicans however at tines were a nuisance about pill nets
when the fishermen were making sets for mullet as they attempted to steel
the fish and were said to tear the nets at ti es in these endeavors*
At Pelican Island In tbs Indian hlver data was secured on 246 muals
of adult and young Brown Pelicans. In a total of B14 fishes composing
these there were seven mullet and two channel bass, a total of 9 fishes
valuable ae food or l.J7( of the entire amount* The remainder (98.7!? J was
made up entirely of fleb that are not considered of value for food* Five
additional species were represented among them and of these the Menhaden
was the most abundant as it formsd 91.4 f, of the entire amount.
Pelicans are an id to be destructive to mullet during the spawning
period but as the manner In whioh those fish spawn has not been definitely
determined the damage claimed Is open to question. Any deorease in the
supply of fish ia at be attributed to wasteful methods In fishing and non-
enforcement of existing lnws protecting fish* Vlthln comparatively recent
yours mullet wore many times seined for sale to fertilizer plants and
twenty-five years ago this was caimon practise* ,j<iong natural anesilea
sharks and porpoises are vpry destructive as they are able to seoure deep
swimming fish nnd are not restricted to those tnat appear near the sur-
face as is the pelican*
From present evidence the Brown Pel loan cannot be donBidered
harmful*
Washington, D. 0.
May 13, 1919.
Uomorandum: Proposed title and outline for Year Booh Article.
The Broun Pelican in relation to the fishing industry.
(1} Federal reservations for breeding pelicans in Florida,
(2) Complaints of destruction of food fish made against
these birds by fishermen.
(3) Investigation of food of adults and young proves these
groundless.
A
- k.
14) These studies indicate need for protection for pelicans
and similar birds.
,* f
yv
A *V« e • 1)U
,
*r*-
*
* *aQ fv
K » c
*jj
%
j- a
• -v •!
A report on Damage bp Rodents to sugar cans la Florida.
Itinerary.
In accordance with instructions an investigation was Bad* be-
tween February IT * n( * 20, 1919 of reported damage by rodents to su-
gar cans in reclaimed arcus in the Everglade region near Fort Lnu-
aj
derdale, Florida. Time available did not remit Mrinwork In other
regions but Inquiries were made regarding the natter in Minai on
March 3rd. At Fort Lauderdale field work was oarried on in a Un-
ited section three and one-half wiles south-west of town.
Introduction.
The region in question is an area of so-called "muok* land
that has been opened recently to cultivation. A large canal in
which the water level varies with the tides comes in to this tract
and ditches ten feet wide and four feet deep connected with this
tr&veree the country at intervale. Smaller ditohee run as laterals
and out the entire area into a series of small squares. Part of
* v* ft r > ..' jsSm
these tracts were under cultivation last year and a pert had lain
idle so that they were covered with a heavy growth of weeds furnish-
ing abundant cover for rodents. Sugar eme had been planted in
snail tracts of a few acres each as an experiment to determine its
feasibility as a crop. Fron a cultural standpoint it seened to do
well and indioationo are that a considerable acreage will be de-
leted to it as muoh of the region around Lake OKeechobee that has
been drained is said to be euited for it.
Damage to owns.
As has been stated cane was grown onl j in snail treats; all
that were examined showed more or less doc 0.^9 fron rodents^
As Is shown in ths following statement ( In which the percentage
given Indicates extent of loss.)
S. J. Carson
2 sores
total loss
a •
25 per cent
■
2 •
60 per cent
H. B. Hamlin
4 •
2 per cent
Dr. Frida?
2 »
5 per cent
Mrs. Laurence
2 •
b per cent
In some of the areas the stand of cane was light , a condition that may
have been due to rodents destroying the "eyes" in the planted cans though
i
no information as to this was available. Moot of the observations recorded
were made in fields belonging to S. J. Carson as damage hers was mors seven
then elsewhere.
It was discovered that ths trouble was due mainly to ths Cotton rat
(Slnnodon hiarldus ). A small r*rt of ths damage was attributed to the
swamp rabbit (SvlvilaKue p. naiad ioola) , and the Rice rat (Oryzpmre
walustris) seemed to feed on cane to some extent apparently at cuttings
made primarily by the Cotton rat.
The stalks of oane wore cut down at the huso by being gnawed
completely through. Sometimes the work stopped here. Again when
the stalks lay prostrats every section was out out completely be*
■
twssn the nodes, leaving ths whole connected only by a band of the
tough outer fibre. In cutting ^the animals discarded the tough fibrous
coat surrounding the stalk so that this lay in fragments in little piles
while the pithy interior with its sweet Juice was eaten. Bent over
or fallen st*lke that were covered b/ weeds, leaves or rubbish so that
they were under cover were more frequently eaten than those that lay in
the open. Stomachs of trapped individuals of ^i.xcJcs dis-
tended with the rulp and the ereet Juice of the cane. The etomaoh
of this animal ie much larger in proportion to its bulk of body th»\n
is the case in Orrsomys.
The Swamp Rabbit (StIvIIelub p. paludieola) was eotron in thie
region and wee responsible for a small part at least of the damage.
Old droppings of these animals sere in mu ny cases made up entirely of
remains of enne pulp. One that wee shot however had the stomp, ch fill-
ed entirely with other matter.
Under normal conditions cane in theee fields would have been
harvested in December. Ac it happened there wae no eyrup mill con-
venient at that tine ( and this cane was left standing for use as esed
for the following crop. Had it been cut at the proper timo the amount
of damage would have been greatly leosenod.
Habits of the Cotton Rat.
The slightly elevated ditch b nks that run through the cane
fields forced the main habitations of the cotton rate and in these
the animals lived apparently in oolonles about which the ground was
Ka.de soft by their burrows. The base for these runs was often the
crab holes tunneled in the ground. Broad, poorly defined runways
extended through the grass and rubbish along the ditch banks, eoao-
I * «
times continuous for ton or fifteen feet but more often definitely
outlined for distances of from one to three fe>t only. From these
poorly marked trails led out into the oane. A* the bottoms of the
ditohes burrows often opened into the mud and water and long runs
were found in such situations eo that Slrmodan seems to pay little
attention to *«t. The animals were mere or less active by day and
I
were eeen frequently as I worked through the cane.
They are mere or leae carnivorous apparently as many of the
specimens caught in traps htd been r-rtly eaten.
- a#- ' ■ e y .^r J * 1
Ex per latent a with Poisoned Bolts.
Three quarts of sweet potato halts out into half inch cubes were
poisoned with > mixture of powdered strychnine and sodium bicarbonate
ty V if ■ IP*'
sifted over them. These belts were distributed singly in holes and
s.
t
along the rune in the ditoh banks at distances of 6 or 10 feet. On the
following morning examination showed that 50 per cent or more of the
/
baite had been nibbled and eon.e nearly consumed. Hatted vegetationfdomm-
abundant cover and holes were frequent, but in a search made twelve
dead Sigmodon were discovered. It was significant that these had not
been eaten ae had been the case -V. v - i - r.
In trapped specimene. On the follow*
ing morning 8 sore all of them young were found on the same area. This
bait would have been improved by the uee of 8aeeh&rln. »J 1—
A second bait rne made with ortmeal poisoned in hot water. This
bait *m spread in little hears containing approximately a tsaspo on-
full plaeed in the rime and It the entraneee of holes. It was used
on an area contiguous to that poisoned by the othor method. On the
following morning twelve dead animals were picked up. Time did not
permit intensive trapping as a cheek on the effloecgr of these polsone
but from observation it was believed that their use was very success-
ful. The area covered comprised teo acres in each ease and In both
cover was so abundant that it was dlfficu^l, to find dead animals*
The i^re&e given to the culture of cane will undoubtedly be in-
creased ntffct year end it le thought that there may be considerable
dama&e to it by the Cotton Rats. It is tho beliof of the writer that
T
the destruction of the "eyes* in the seedling cane will prove to be of
more importune® then the actual eating of the netorid stalk ae in cost
cases this letter rill be harvested before serious damage oan result.
Damage to other erops
Serious complaint was Bade of d&aage to tomato and pepper crops
by mice and it was supposed that these were likewise the Cotton rats,
Examination of one or two fields showsd tomatoes and peppers that had
been partly eaten by some rodent but I was unable to establish defin-
itely what it was. Zt warn noticed that a number of plant® had been
topped by the abundant ewamp rabbits*
( \ . (JLX^#kOAa
MvAivw
Vice President at. Large:
MRS. J. A. ELENDLEY, Dade City
Vice President Section One:
MISS ELIZABETH SKINNER, Dunedin
Vice President Section Two:
MRS. J. W. McCOLLUM, Gainesville
Vice President Section Three:
MRS. E. H. VVILKERSON, Panama City
Vice President Section Four:
MRS. M. L. STANLEY. Daytona
PRESIDENT
MRS. EDGAR LEWIS. Fort Pierce
State Director. General Federation
MRS. W. S. JENNINGS. Jacksonville
General Federation Secretary
MRS. W. R. O’NEAL, Orlando
... 1919 ...
Vice President Section Five:
MRS. A. W. YOUNG, Vero
Recording Secretary:
MRS. C. E. HAWKINS, Bmoksville
Corresponding Secretary:
MRS. C. M ABDIL.L. Kldred
Treasurer:
MISS BESSIE A. WILLIAMS, Creacont City
Auditor:
MRS ERNEST GALLOWAY. Sanford
SUortiia iFriU’ratimt of Unmrn’a GUuba
A.rti
MRS. T. L. KARN, Tampa
Civics*
MRS. J. T. FULLER, Orlando
Civil Service Reform:
MRS. ROSELLE C. COOLEY, Jacksonville
Education:
MRS. C. D. LANDIS, DeLand
Music:
MISS SUSAN DYER. Winter Park
Public Health:
DR. GRACE WH1TFORD. Ozona
Home Economics:
MISS AGNES ELLEN HARRIS, Tallahassee
Legislation:
MRS. J. D. COUGHLIN. Palatka
CHAIRMEN OF DEPARTMENTS
Industrial and Social Conditions:
MRS. PHILIP CLARKSON. Miami
Conservation:
MRS. W. S. JENNINGS, Jacksonville
Bird Protection:
MRS. KIRK MUNROE. Cocoa nut Grove
Forestry:
MRS. GEO. B, ROSS, Sarasota
Waterways:
MRS. A. E. FREDERICK, Moore Haven
Good Roads:
MRS. O. Z. OLIN, Monticello
Seminole Indians:
MRS. FRANK STRANAHAN, Ft. Lauderdale
Park:
MRS. E. C. LOVELAND. Homestead
PRESS
MRS J B. O’H AR A, Chairman, State Editor Gen-
eral Federation Magarine and Business Represen-
tative. Palm Beach
Literature and Library Extension:
MRS. W. F. BLACKMAN, Winter Park
Bureau of Information and Historian:
MRS. R. F. GODARD, Quincy
Federation Endowment Fund:
MISS KATE JACKSON. Tampa
Finance:
MRS. ERNEST GALLOWAY, Sanford
Transportation:
MRS. Y. R. BEAZLEY, Tampa
MISS RUTH RICH. Jacksonville
Political Equality:
DR. MARY B. JEW Err. Winter Haven
Librarian:
MISS VIRGINIA STEI.LE, Tampa
Fort Pierce, Florida, Feb. 21, 1919.
Mr. Alexander iuetmore, Ass’t Biologist,
Bureau of Biological Survey,
U.S .Department of Agriculture,
My Dear Mr. Wetmore: ^
to
We of the Florida Federation are always glad welcome represen-
tatives of the Department of Agriculture to our beautiful Royal Palm
State Park, as we have received most courteous treatment as well as help
-ful co-operation and encouragement from such scientists as have vis-
-ited the Park and certain greatly appreciated favorsVrora the nead of
the department. ^ (
Our Board of Directors has ordered that permission be given for the col-
-lection of various scientific specimens, free to the Government and •
our State Institutions, so I take it that you may oollect such speci-
-mens as you mention, since you come in an official capacity. We great-
ly enjoyed Mr. Eowells and felt that we gained a great deal from his
visit and the talks he gave, Mr. Mosier will gladly assist in such
him
ways a3 he can, and I am sure you will find. very intelligently helpful.
Roping that your stay in the £ark may be pleasant and interesting, I
am
, ScLtiO-y {UUjLhLJ
l Preside
President, F.P.^.C.
Sincerely yours,
fcty,iu.
Sj^y7U^€L-^& -j irM .
TYur^U* fa*,aj. t /Oe^ ■&%& fau*i.
£*.' :wv» 'wWoxM^twbiWi 1
lJ&Cl
-A*
4T>t
77 U'&rt 4 *C ,
”+dm**^*****m +++m *»•*++. .« pm ■ ^ fii >i—^i^ n rl r ilft - ^ - r -
Xl
mMm
^(^cc/~tL^i-- &e , *<St^y\yyyi -<'
Wh^mpumrntgjt^m iwy^Wv^
3cxy£
'^ 1 y- 'rt'tsrVfa
JL -*/ Zjr V
W *~ 4 ~y~ t aC,<
C < *"C"
*£^<t
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Bijiti Letter
i.- v* W 3 &A «. \ j. •> Vr.>'JLu| ,7 a •
* rx; ^ j.j.i'Ht
Ales ~otrv>re, •
Koaestusd, 7 1 **r Lea*
four isoru. csmi *ut • Wirt 7a^u>?» 11*4*3 jor 2tio& IslfiXi Utuis,
Knott* Irland, '"os'vii Carolina, «u«7 J. 7* -‘Mve, i-’otorllls* Sortti Carolina,
for inforratior. seas n&lady, Couuitioii? s»i net warrant trip* If not.
spend, aoro
in Florida, L&fce special effort to eoe .'111 Laos*
conditions urgent proceed according to your plan.
,x
7
V
vs
CLASS OF SERVICE
SYMBOL
Telegram
Day Letter
Blu*
Night Message
wfte
Night Letter
/NL
If none of these thre
appears after the check (
words) this is a telegra
wise its character is indie
symbol appearing after
) symbols
number of
m. Other-
ated by the
the check.
WESTERN UNION
CLASS
Telegi
WESTERN UNION
MG
NEWCI
CARLTOI
GEORGE W. E. ATKINS, first vice-pi
RECEIVED AT
44 JD COLLECT
VIA SNOWDEN
WATEFLILLY NC 130P FEB 19-19
A WETMOFE,
FTLAUDEFDALE, FLO
HAVE ONLY SEEN THREE SICK SWAN YET THEY LEAVE HEF E
ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF MAFCH NO SICK DUCKS
JASPEF B WHITE
240 P
| If none
appears
>rds) thl
rise its cf
symbol ap
t^nx
J
I j
I *
ftlATCud jbnu&fcivj / 4* m /' t k&( -
0 (^j ^ - 7?uxaLs h~\4 .
(T^Ww n /Qsha// rK^f~
^ T r/_
, l 4 nn<Mh^ £~
sU(
rdUrX
(WK
^6ux//( /\ ^V>>>7^*^a < 4f > ^^ lAydXiOA'
hitvy . yy\cC^»
a/yn^Q +
1
-«.
I
K.Psy.
|
Form 1204
CLASS OF SERVICE
SYMBOL
28 JD
Telegram
Day Letter
Night Message
Night Letter
If none of these three
appears after the check
words) this is a
wise its character is
symbol appearing after
RECEIVED AT
Blue
CARLTON. PRESIDENT
UNION
AM
GEORGE W. E. ATKINS, FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT
X
CLASS OF SERVICE
SYMBOL
Telegram
Day Letter
Blue
Night Message
Nite
Night Letter
N L
If none of these three symbols
appears after the check (number of
words) this is a telegram. Other-
wise its character is indicated by tho
symbol appearing after the check.
FTLAUDEFDALE, FLO
Y0UF3 18 POYNEF UNABLE PHONE KNOTT! SLAND WE MAIL
DESK 2, N OF FOLK VA FEB 19-19
1033AM
K-,
rvM-i ol *
lliaf-m-
7 - : icf.n i ,
to . TTUms+yvi
a*.
/ o : •/»?■>* i-
// ' zo .
?J> a 3 -
n»/U.W P^ s (? - ,7? '
* 5*4 2
^ 2 . |^>-
y
Mj*/. 7:*><i »i.
. ?; 33 T 4 -»r
/. 3 ~d ft»r
yU.vrfo tf d .
-/Jill?
IJDitVl
tf : fS ■»
ju.
UK
I
1
.
• ;
•.
V -.
*JC-
■CT * , -.
,
1
|
I
*
>
*
J- - * . . ' «: ■
- • .»
S*'
>. r S'
'•* Jr
/ W
- 1
l
m
> 7
rn?- u jp<muc
USE ONE SIDE ONLY.
I
*“ ' Form 4t>.
Approved by the Comptroller of the Treasury
May 28, 1914.
To be completely filled in before signature by payee,
and there must not be any erasure or
other alteration whatever.
Received in Cash of
SUBVOUCHER FOR MEALS AND LODGING.
City or Town,
Name of Hotel,
Date
lliiJa&QSiJL
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE _
for MEALS and LODGING from 1 ..
— -C , inclusive.
Time covered, i - day at $__ 2J&. — per day.
If charge for fractional part of day is greater in
proportion, it must be explained HEREUNDER.
I certify the foregoing to be correct.
No.
/?^.i
J-d-t-Jx 5C , 191?
and Qd. Dollars,
7 , 19l2„, to
(DO NOT SIGN IN DUPLICATE.)
(Signature) Z.ZZ:' kJ
(Title)
n>
: c~t 'a»ra« v <■*-
Toxin 4 b.
USE ONE SIDE ONLY.
No.
Approved by the Comptroller of
the Treasury May 28, 1914.
Subvoucher for Supplies, Livery and Miscellaneous Services,
and Expenses.
11. B. Srpartmnti of Agrirultttrr,
To , Dr.
Address: _
191 .
For
Total, - $
TO BE COMPLETELY FILLED IN BEFORE SIGNATURE BY PAVEE, AND THERE
MUST NOT BEANY ERASURE OR OTHER ALTERATION WHATEVER.
Received in Cash this day of
191 , from
100
Dollars, in full
of the above account, which I CERTIFY TO BE CORRECT.
Do not sign in duplicate.
(Signature)
(Title) .....
Witness to signature by mark.
(Name.)
S — 2707
(Address.)
/ - fludsh 9
&*** tluj ^L o/aa^lY yj^\ix>^c <Y ‘
V' ?T4ffc>ZL? xasIxa^ yyxuAj muA
CL^aacIuY hxcYo^^^4 Cjsy^jyu+tu Y ° L ~ % ^
UJj^p fi Utou? y &/*vw- f*
JwjLlo T** 4 oJLoz
^ >L #^> ^ do^f
6 < dAvvK
7 ^
(^ W/ / - 2 *
rUMsUq ^
^ (|2^4»^lOni^<\ OcjLr~~^ ^ d kjvxd .
iU b^ h**
Cj/y\&*\S' t-A\iAAA. ^ •
Vtw VixJLjy eS ^pX* ’ x. '^f VX Jf
vv \
oW u^UA oJJLy ±zyt<~ ^^jbe (^ yyJJ^f
iSjft-A CC*aaxJ& ft y& J 1 *"” 1 ^
Y 7 \, > l\M^o^ ubL~j
/
5^ (/^LAl^>i9^^(l U^tA^ nr^JU^
(/(^iXv#/ JL* (/sQ
vOfVAooV l<au*+x*jY *7
(^ >iuyuti IJumh k^ux d *
yr.
)M^oJAjLr>
✓
?u>
u <J*A - ?U)
ay
J
jyyA&£u( day^4/ hiltf
-a ^ / -o< ^
*JL+rx<K G^Uwvv>
® TjWuo W ^A^MJuU^ 4. UAA*£
^t^yd Saky^d *Tp^ V^wt^
4- U
/&*4/
biu4
'CjTLd-Kt t/'
.x^.
C^AX
4^60 M*A^
c Tih r
$c4
<;
o<^uV^/
0
4 9
TWv^
D»-U'/ 1*" ’“’ 'x.x4 *. ^.tfix..i '
., V ., o^o ., “W '. (
3
/t>
//
n
i
TELEPHONE 6160
AUTOMOBILE COMPANY
F.T. Keisacker
Sales Manager
1512 S. Fifth 5t. Bell Phone 3379
Springfield, Illinois
Winte r Address - Daytona Beac h, Flor i da
DEC AT U R
ILLINOIS
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
ADDRESS REPtV TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
February 14, 1919
.Dr. A l ox. 7e tmor e ,
Sebastian, Florida.
ily dear ,'etmore:
Your request for photographic fiLms has been filled to
the extent of the stock now on hand. If you need more, please
let us know. As indicated in our telegram we nave a considerable
number of pictures of pelicans taken at some little distance from
the birds. Tae views that are most desirable therefore, are those
made as close as possible and illustrating the nest, eggs, and
young , rather than the adult birds.
Checks for salary have been sent you at Bradentown and
Punta (Jorda. If you have not received them you should write
to the postmasters at these points regarding them.
Ail of the cameras in stock are now in use in the field
so that it will be impracticable to give you the camera you
formerly used. However , the negatives you are securing with this
one are very good. In conclusion, I may say that the name of
the manager of the Swan Island Club is Poywer. hr. hoses "'Illiams
of Boston is the president. You may have to hurry your FLorida
work to get one a to Currituck Sound .before the swans leave. In
order to get definite information on the date they usually leave
and as to whether very many sick birds have been observed this year,
it might be well to write or telegraph, as you think best, to hr.
Poyfter, whose address is Knotts Island, K. C* » and to Hr. J. B.
Wh i te , Tatar l i ly, H.C.
Buchanan has just reported that he has been discharged from
the array and after a vacation period v/ill be already to return to
work. 'Vi th best regards.
Sincerely yours.
U/. t?~lAA.*CtXu.
■:'T vi'M
J 10 p4*Q./rYV^ r^J
/ /?
y
2 lCWK.«rx A/
L
*
7 —
ff/
/ J -V
57 ^ v - £.
J
w I
'V 1
ru
\SAv
9 /o^. S'
♦*
1
1 1
/
i t
\+4J*
5 7 }
I V .Waav.^
I *'
I f
» i
n
/ >»
VW I
J, J? / X 4
x iV i v
/ - f
> 6 o *j j
‘ w. fos*
:•% v i
yyi
n
ty
/I
l.\
fr<
'- *»v i? **
4
/ 7 _ -v>
<*”"1 P 7,V ~^' f'
S'
-5 /
f •
\ 4
V
t t
6
l *
• W’. «« «
* f
' ►
/ »
4 ?
i r
M
i ^ '//L’A^a ( t ^ y
^ kQo-'^ ^ *■ - 6^ I '(
?
^ .4
fc/y 4 *Mv*fr{
*v
*
/ \
j
20 n r v
*/
t* > "-A.V
n
i
f
7 'JO^
m -2 ;■
'W' )&
*fV***
i 1 . *v
I 4
1 / /
J^.--
H?, I ^
\ I
-o „ 9 w itoV'
/
1 )
/
/o /
12 i „ '
/3 3 m _
/*/ / ' 1
in '
/4 / 7 MU
H
If ■ 2 A
Hi''
*tz m§
2-3 \
«« 4 , 6 v
Is
l/ r
A
]
* >
Uv-\
5 ' n
^ ’f ^
^ I l( s /J
>f? ^ 1
«_ ; 3.3 /
iy /
• - / .4
• Zip 1 iSt'r^ 0 -*'
\ -{ 'rat *
Z<\ u on^-LM^
* Ht> i /£wt i^As
5 , Hi l.
* i
' H* 3
^ V* i
’ ! 1 /5
I >
/
Ip
/
1 M
/7k
f*V 7
) 7 ,
h
v^.
Hjr
( b
iV ’
-bi,
i / )7U*\JL
M,w,r «a
•#
:?) ; ^Vv»^*iicwar \ Sf -
n-^a.t, I'j
X - £
^ 6 l
<*K
.f
t-*1
? /V
II
t*\
? Wv'_
*/ ~T ^
i ^ »i *i
.V, J
/<“~1
/r •/ s.^v
-X lO vyv»rU ^-^6^
/
/X V
I/*
/%
II / >. •
M r ^ •>; , :
H V"
n %
i *>
I'-'
J> XUus U/ ^
M*k
*./
i
H
}? ■'
“<M>
*5^ 1$ ty\ir?
r *4
'/I
f U
'XV
V \f
*
|V l —V , 45
/k X« | ffo
j j >■ n
I
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
DA?
'.Vash iio-jton, D» C*
t
Alex 'Aetna re,
Sebastian, Florida*
February 10, 1$19,
Film sent
Specialize on close op vl ewe. About thirty.
«e have plenty of others.
> 1 )
Chief of Bureau.
SJ
M;: -i:'
-v j
7 - . 1 - - i’
I
'
• s
* • .
T'f.y ah TFI
< V
I
I
* l
Jki <«
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
Washington, d. c. February 8, 1919
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
Mr. Alexander Y.'etmore,
Assistant Biologist,
Duroau of Bioloci oal Surv e y -.
Dear Sir:
In the examination of your reimbursement account for the period
January 14, to 81, 1919, payable under authorization Ko. 22S-Bi U’ ood
Habits of Birds and Manuals), it has been necessary to suspend the
following*
January 15* Waiter fees enroute from Washington* D.C.*
to Jacksonville, Florida •
Information is necessary to show in what state or states these fees
were paid*
A mount c la iraea $ 10 6 • 7 0
Amount suspended *20
Approvea for $106*50
Very truly yours*
Executive Assistant,
In Charge of Accounts
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
February 4, 1919.
Mr. Alexander We tmore.
Sebastian, Florida.
Dear Wetmore:
Mr. Nelson asks me to remind you of the investigations relating
to killing of egrets in Florida at present and traffic in their plumes.
If you have learned anything of interest in this connection he wishes
you tcjsend it in now, as he will have need for all data on this point
very soon.
Your second shipment of specimens was safely received and at-
tended to as you desired. I nave learned the names of some of the
last lot of plants sent and inclose them on a separate sheet.
I wall add, also, that the botanies desired by you were mailed
to Punta Gorda, in case you have not received previous letters giving
this information.
Sincerely yours.
Assistant Biologist.
Form B 1-200 c.
July, 1910.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
No.
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.
REQUISITION FOR SUPPLIES— REQUISITIONER'S COPY.
\
x • , 191
Chief Clerk, ,
Bureau of Biological Survey .
The following ar ticles are needed for official use at
r
(Shipping address.)
( Signature ) .....uj- r 'JaaJL.
( Official title)
Quantity.
Articles.
V
Remarks.
Or\
Yz^
11 ' J ' CA-iVXo oU^.VF ttafc u
<*
y t
f t o^j
1 *
■*
1 --
1 *
I"
•
INSTRUCTIONS.— Requisitions for supplies should be made quarterly so far as practicable; at other times only in case of emergency. Prepare requests in triplicate,
forwarding Forms B i-200 a and Bi-200b to the Bureau and retaining this form (Bl-200c). No letter of trausmittal is required unless an explanation is necessary. Make no
entries in columns 3 or 4 or in the space provided for number. Form Bi-200 b (invoice) will be returned for receipting when supplies are shipped and requisitioner should note
any changes in request on his retained copy, ax tides of nonexpendable property should also be noted and must be taken up ana accounted for on next annual property return
(see paragraph 4G, Property Regulations). 8—3511
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
January 30 , 1919*
Dr . Alex . 7e tmor e ,
Assistant Biologist,
Bradentown, Fla.
Dear Dr. Tetmore:
7, lien I mailed your check a few days ago covering balance on
salary for the period January 1 to 15, 1919, in connection with your
recent promotion, I failed to call attention to the fact that a
refund would be necessary from you, in the amount of >j>5.00, being
the increase of compensation paid for t2ie first half of January.
In view of your recent promotion the increase of compensat ion will
have to be discont imied, effective December 31, 1918. 'Vi 11 you
therefore kindly send us a check made payable to A. Zappone, Disbursing
Clerk, in the amount of $5.00?
Very truly yours
.Executive Assistant,
In Charge of Accounts
2-6
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
Washington, d. c. January 28 , 1919.
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.
AND REFER TO
Dr. Alex Wetmore,
Assistant Biologist.
Braden town, Fla.
My dear Wetmore:
I am glad to have your report of progress, from which I note
that field work is bringing the usual series of mishaps. However,
you seem to be in the proper place to get information on the problem
with which you are concerned. The specimens shipped by you have
not yet been received with exception of a package of plants in en-
velopes.-^
The Qrthopt erous insect you inquire about probably is not a
locustid , but an acridid of the genus Tryxalis . All of the locust ids
as far as I know, have long slender antennae.
By correspondence with Hon. Moses williams, president of the
Swan Island Club, permission has been secured for you to make the
island your headquarters, even after the closing of the club at the
end of the hunting season. You will be taken care of by the manager,
Mr. Poyner (whose initials, I think, are A.W.). Mr. Williams has
written to fc^dabout the matter and it would be well for you to do so
before goiiig to that part of the country, and if possible, to arrange
a definite date for landing at Knott’s Island, in which case, I am
sure Mr. poyner will be glad to meet you. If you cannot perfect
such an arrangement you will be able to get in touch with Mr. Poyner
otherwise, as it is his custom to come to Knott's Island daily for
mail.
With best regards, I am
Very truly yours.
In Charge, Economic Ornithology.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
J anuary 28 , 1919.
l)r. ^lex wetmore,
assistant Biologist,
Bradentown, Florida.
Bear Br. We too ret
I inclose herewith check i'or vl^.50, being the balance
due on salary for the period January 1 to 15, 1919.
Very truly yours,
In Charge of accounts
Inclosure 9207
&
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
ADDRESS RCPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOOICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
January 25, 1919
Dr. Alex Wetraore
Brad an town, Florida
My dear 'Vet mo re
I have just received your telegram notifying us that
Bradentown will continue to be your mail address, which is fortun-
ate, as a number of letters have been forwarded to you there.
Complaints have reached the Biological Survey that the water rat
of Florida I Keof iber ) has been doing considerable damage to
sugar cane in some districts near those you will visit a little
later on. It will be advisable for you to call at some of tae
addresses on the inclosed slip and learn what you can from actual
inspection. It is not intended that you should make a complete
Investigation of the subject, but,, since there will be no other
i jpwaat of the Biological Survey Florida for some time arid
since the present may "be the only time to get good data on the
subject, I am asking you to look into the matter enough to con-
firm or refute the charges of damage* If you have any traps
or facilities for poisoning, it might be well to experiment
briefly along these lines*
Y;ith best regards, I am.
Sincerely yours
Assistant Biologist
Inclosure $959%
A
• (q.u©mdTqs aoj
psano ^xq.U9toTjjns q.ou)
psup-eq-Qj sdreos pus sup^g
• IBq-Ol
♦papa©
qq.uora c
-TA8JC1
•peddpqs sdi
•q.aemdfqg jo sq-Ba
#
%
HOlOHdSNI 01 HUNCH HO iHOdSK— 8Jwd
: A3 Aa ns 1V0I9O1OIS jo nvaul
aannnDisaov jo xNawxavdaa sax
F v |
\ /
f 1 Wr
V w
X, Afcl ? +
Jt
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
January 21, 1919.
Hr. Alex k'etmore ,
Assistant Biologist,
Jacksonville, Florida.
Dear Ur. '.Vetraore:
Your letter of January 16 received, and after talking
v/i th Lr. Kelson I find that lie wishes you to have an interview
with Commissioner williams while you are in Florida, as he
thinks it may do considerable good. To avoid disappointment
it probably will be well for you to begin correspondence with
ur. Y/illiams and arrange for a definite time and place to see
him. It is possible that he might be induced to come to
Jacksonville for the purpose.
Hr. Kelson also wishes correspondence from field men
to be addressed to the Chief of the Bureau for tne attention
of whatever other person you wish to see the letter.
Another box for storing insect specimens will be sent
to you at once. I have forwarded various letters to
Bradentown for which you should make inquiries at the Post
Office, if you have not already done so.
7/ith best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
ilA
Assistant Biologist.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
January 21, 1919.
MEMORANDUM FOR DR. WETMORE.
Dear Dr. 7/etmore:
I desire to inform you that the Acting Secretary, Llr. Christie,
has approved for publication in the journals indicated, the following
articles by you:
'•A Note on the Decrease of the Carolina Wren
Hear 'Washington.'* The Auk.
"Bird Records from the Sacramento Valley,
California." The Condor.
It is understood that no compensation will be received for these
articles. The Bureau Editor should be advised of the dates of publica-
tion.
Very truly yours.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. O.
/* 2 ^'/ '?
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
January 21, 1919.
Mr. Alex, Wetmore,
Assistant Biologist,
Bradentown , Florida.
Dear Mr. Wetmore:
It gives me great pleasure tc send you herewith a notice
of a promotion increasing your salary to $2,100 per annum, effective
January 1. This is a well merited promotion based on the effi-
cient v/ork you have been rendering the Bureau during the lest few
years.
It will interest you to know that there is now a bill before
Congress increasing by $240 a year the salaries of all Government
employees receiving less than $2,750 per annum. The bill appeurs
tc have u good chance of passing, and if it does will probably be-
come effective July 1.
Sincerely yours,
(Enclosure 7655)
/
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
ADDRESS REPLY TO
CHIEF, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND REFER TO
January 14, 1919.
Hr. Alexander T7e tenor e.
Bureau of Biological Survey.
Dear Mr. ./e tenor e:
In accordance with the provisions of letter of authorisa-
tion Ro. 3R3-3i you are directed to proceed to Florida for the pur-
pose of securing information on the food and economic importance of
the brown pelican and other birds.
During the past year there has been consideraole agitation
on the part of fishermen and others who claim that pelicans are
destroying great quantities of food fishes. It has been stateci that
these birds have been especially destructive to mullet during the
spawning season. Although these charges seem as yet unfounded i o
is important to secure as much information on the subject as possible.
You should visit two or more of the important fishing centers on the
west coast of Florida and there secure what information you may fran
fishermen and others, and also spend consideraole time in ooserving
the habits of pelicans in the field, especially at times when the
mullet are running. If pelicans seem to be following the schools of
mullets at this time, it is important to secure a number so that their
stomachs may be examined. In addition you should visit the Breeding
colonies of these birds near Palma Sola in order to determine what
fish are brotight by the adult birds to feed their young. Following
this you should visit the breeding colonies in the Indian River on
the east coast, in order to make similar studies.
You should endeavor to seo Mr. J. A. Williams, State Fish
Gotanissioner, and others interested in this matter, as well as memoers
of the Florida .udabon Society and other persons active in bird pro-
tection. in the State.
Upon completion of this investigation you should proceed to
Southern Florida and there visit two or more points in the sub-tropical
sone for the purpose of collecting insects, seeds, berries and other
similar material for our reference collections here in Washington.
,Ye have a considerable number of bird stomachs on hand from tnis area
and are constantly augmenting this number. It is very important that
we secure representative collections of bird food material iron: this
region in order that the fragments in these stomachs may oe success-
fully identified. It is important to visit at least one inland and
one coastal locality in making these collections.
Upon completion of this work you should return to ITorfolk,
Virginia and from there visit Currituck Sound for the purpose of
securing information on the disease of swans and other water fowl
known as "kern:". In the vicinity of Knotts Island and Swan Island a
number of birds are found each year in early spring suffering from
this peculiar malady. Sportsmen and others are much interested in
this and it is desirable to ascertain the nature of this affection
and its cause.
Upon completion of this work, unless otherwise directed,
you should return to the Washington office.
With best wishes.
Very truly yours.
Chief of Bureau.
Form BI-120
March, id 18
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION
323-81
Washington, D. C. , January 7, 1919*
Alex We trao re t
Assistant Biologist*
Under authority contained in the Secretary's letter, Wo. 8 Sec.,
dated Mfr 1, 1918, you are hereby authorized to incur such expenses as
may he necessary, in strict accordance with law, the Fiscal Regulations
of the Department, and the decisions of the Comptroller of the Treasury,
for the purpose stated and during the period named below, not to exceed
$ 400*00 , to he paid from the appropriation "General Expenses,
Bureau of Biological Survey, 1919," (Food Habits of Birds and Hamroals.)
5o proossd from Washington, D. C., on January 12, 1919, or as soon
tharsaftor as practicable, to some point in Florida, and to perform
necessary travel in the States of Florida, Qeorgia, South Carolina,
Vorth Carolina, and Virginia, for the purpose of securing information
on the food and feeding habits of pelicans and other birds, and on
lead poisoning in swans and other species* You are further authorised
to hire temporary assistants (subject to the rules of the Civil Bervioe
Conrnlssion) j and to pay for their transportation and subsistence while
in a travel status} to hire special means of conveyance when necessary;
to hire launohes and other boats} to hire or purchase necessary camp
equipment ; to purchase field supplies and natural history speoiciins} to
pay for necossary repairs to your own fire arms, if damaged while being
used officially, as a consideration for their use; and to incur such
other expenses as may be found necessary in carrying out this work.
Upon completion of this work you will return to Washington, D* C*,
your offiolal headquarters*
No expenses for freight charges to he incurred hereunder.
Your permanent headquarters will be Washington, D* C*
Aoting
Chief of Bureau.
Name
Plan
Rates per day
Managers
Location
Wigwam ..... . .
American
On appl.
Eleanor C. Reed
256 First St. N.
ST. PETERSBURG
Anna Maria
Both
On appl.
Chas. Baldwin
ANNA MARIA BEACH
Albion Hotel
American
2.00
Joe Guthrie
CORTEZ
Haven Beach Hotel
For particulars write Florida Beach Development Co.
HAVEN BEACH
Holloway
American
On appl.
E. J. Shanock i
Pass-a-Grille Hotel
American
On appl.
Robert Carroll -
Geo. Lizotte \
PASS A GRILLE
Hotel Lizotte ....
American
On appl.
The St. Petersburg Tarpon Club will give its first Surf Angling Contest as a
member of the Association of Surf Angling Clubs on March 27 and 28, 1918
RULES AND REGULATIONS OF ST. PETERSBURG TARPON CLUB
OBJECT OF THE CLUB
To encourage the use of rod and reel in game fishing, to promote
social intercourse among its members, to aid in securing the pro
tection of game fishes, and to elevate the sport to its highest
standard.
MEMBERSHIP
Membership is open to all persons satisfactory to the directors
upon the payment of the membership fee; but no person shall be
entitled to wear a club button until he or she shall have captured
a tarpon under the club rules, and the first fish so captured shall
be eligible for any trophy awarded that season.
FEES AND DUES
The membership fee shall be Five Dollars. The annual dues
shall be $5.00, and no capture shall be entered upon the club
record unless all fees and dues are paid in full.
CLUB BUTTONS
A blue-and-gold tarpon club button will be presented to each
member who shall have captured a tarpon under the club rules.
A green-and-gold kingfish button will be issued to each member
who shall have captured a kingfish weighing not less than 10 lbs.,
under the club rules, and using no line heavier than 9-thread,
button costing member $2.00.
A red-and-silver redfish button will be issued to each member
who shall have captured a redfish weighing not less than 15 lbs.,
under the club rules, and using no line heavier than 15-thread,
button costing member $2.50.
CLUB RULES FOR 1918
1. All catches must be recorded on the cards furnished by the
secretary and duly certified by the official measurers or directors,
and all requirements on the card complied with.
2. No member shall be eligible to compete unless all his
dues have been paid.
3. The line used for tarpon must be a standard linen line
of not more than 24-thread ; and for kingfish of not more than
15-thread. The line used for mackerel shall not exceed 9-thread.
The line for trout shall not exceed 6-thread. The line used for
fresh-water bass in competition for the Rinaldi Cup cannot have
a breaking strength of over 12 pounds, and for the other prizes
over 18 pounds. The rods shall not weigh over 6 oz. and 9 oz.,
respectively.
4. The rod shall not be less than 6 feet over all in length.
A bamboo rod shall have the metal tip fixed directly upon it,
without any artificial or unusual extension or enlargement.
5. Only thumb brakes shall be used, with no mechanical,
adjustable drag to the unfair disadvantage of the fish; but an
uniform, or non-adjustable, mechanical tension of not to exceed
4 pounds shall be permitted; provided, that there shall be no
bar against mechanical brakes or drags for lines of 15 thread or
PART OF KINGFISH CATCH
less. This does not apply to competition for membership buttons.
Drags are allowed for button competition.
6. There must not be more than 36 inches of tarpon line
doubled back at the tie, and the leader must not exceed 6 feet
in length.
7. Anglers fishing for membership, trophies or prizes must
submit their tackle for inspection to one of the directors or
official measurers when the catch is measured or recorded.
8. The angler must hook and bring the fish to gaff unaided,
and the fish must be reeled in. A rod broken during the capture
bars the fish from the trophy and prize class.
“Of all the sports ever sported, commend me to angling. It is the wisest, discreetest, best."— Tom Hood
aven
each
o
«4\\
, J ro
idian Pas$
M cwkerei
anneLBa^
\ | :M
ayou -
fV e W t.^t4NTKUBAY
iir
x
eachN^fe .
ish s;
|C»
Bttlss,
? a§ s
rrille
/
Lizotte
iUVPapy^rer .;- .
A v?Jmj ----- *
/
/ S'- 18 f eef"
Gadsdens Pt.
o^Trout^y-
i
.^ r ' r--'
P /v®
| \ #
■ ^ ‘ - / MIDDLE.
• imp Tr
'' Mnfi&sl
/ #
/ ,.#r
i ^
Bird Key
Pine Key
-v<V ' ' ^
Bnslv Key / „ V ^
arigrove Pt
*«* . - -
, /.i
/V>
* ^
JL2 ist 1 -
Mullet
Key
•monty
Key
•/ Pilot
H; ’-
■ . :
- Link-
Manatee
R.
BISHOPS
IT
Sksssh
agpMfep£g laig^BS .T
liiilil
' 'f2 teet
vS S
.
\ is
Passage -Kj$- °
\ \ Arai^aria Dock ^
jS ggsIpfggoL -
jgg| £ : jgjjj |
rag£Sgg|33i^'5?jSjHtij3
1 wmM
... i' :
Wm $
-f-UPsi®
HsUsssi^
; . yti ptnt gH rtHTrT
Terra ^ ^
Tertaceia Pt. C^Bird K^y £
Palma Sola
o' 0 Pt.
Peri
r mefs PALMA
gp 5 mm»S? 3 E
C*r« !
mm.
i-ii-iltilHu
.
:— .tit
ST. PETERSBURG,
* ' :**rl r::-rTP :rr:: *;:nrr^:r^ . i..' ::.
V
p A
’
Railroad Lines
(- ^ Buoys ©
Trolley Lines -- * —
County ltoads
„ 1 ~~ ; f. r-*? * ;*;«»
The Dept hs (the 1 '2 -foot . the 18-foot and the 36-foot line) are at mean
low water.
Lrttle Sara so t8
— v \.
Little Sarasota-Pate
Siests^Key!^
H V
High Water Heights. 1.4 ft- at Egmont Key. 2,2 ft. at Tampa., and 1.8
ft. at D unedm*
t ~- y • - -~t" -_- r — :r - - -rrr — , r - - — v - _r: r-'-rr igrtr— -p.
Storm Warning Displays are made by the U. S, Weather Bureau at
Egmont Key, St. Petersburg, Port Tampa, and Tampa.
. h--r:
SCALE OF NALTICAL MILES
2 3 * I 5 L *
. .
—
SCALE OF STATUTE MILES
enice
i^Radfietd-Ke-ydnck-OdeirCo.. New York 5?
mununuminiw w wvvww w w w ww
Photo hy Julian t. Diwork
A HARD FIGHTER
9. Fish competing for any trophy or prize must be measured
and weighed by a director, or an official measurer of the club.
Other fish, the measurements verified by a second party, will be
accepted for record.
10. The angler may elect which trophy or prize a fish shall
compete for, but no fish shall be considered for more than one
trophy or prize.
11. All tarpon to be weighed, and measured in case of tie, all
kingfish to be weighed and none eligible for a prize unless re-
ported on an official card to the secretary.
TROPHIES AND PRIZES FOR 1918
Prizes are offered by the club for competition among the
members during the year 1918.
Tarpon season from January 1 to December 1. All others from
January 1 to December 31.
Tarpon (24-thread line) — Silver cup given by A. G. Butler,
Middletown, Conn. Second prize, reel offered by the Enterprise
Mfg. Co., Akron, Ohio.
Tarpon (15-thread line) — H. Walter Fuller cup given for the
longest and heaviest tarpon caught on 15 -thread line. Cup
to be won three times for permanent possession. Second prize,
600 yards of 24-thread line given by the Ashuaway Line and
Twine Co., Ashuaway, R. I.
Tarpon (9-thread line) Cup given by J. Frank Harrison, St.
Petersburg, Fla. Second prize, 900 feet 9-thread line given by
the Ashuaway Line & Twine Co., Ashuaway. R. I.
Tarpon Cup for the first tarpon, offered by M. L. Stoner
& Co.
Tarpon Cup for the last tarpon, offered by the St. Peters-
burg Times.
Redfish— Cup offered by H. E. Mitchell, of St. Petersburg,
for largest redfish caught on 15-thread line. 2nd prize. Ther-
mos bottle, offered by A. W. Rogers, St. Petersburg.
Kingfish (15-thread line) Reel offered by the Pinellas Hard-
ware Co. 2nd prize, rod, offered by Horrocks-Ibbotson Co.,
Utica, New York.
Kingfish (9-thread line) — Reel offered by Knight & Wall
Co., Tampa, Fla. 2nd prize, 600 feet 6-thread line offered by
E. K. Tryon Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Kingfish (Geo. Lizotte Cup) For the largest kingfish caught
on the lightest tackle. (The weight of the fish divided by the
number of threads in the line.)
Mackerel — For the heaviest mackerel caught on 9-thread
line. A rod given by Tracy Lewis, St. Petersburg. 2nd prize,
one year’s subscription to the American Field given by American
Field Publishing Co.
Trout For the heaviest trout caught on 6- thread line. Reel
offered by the Shakespeare Co., of Kalamazoo, Mich. 2nd prize,
one-half year’s subscription to American Field.
Fresh Water Bass 1st prize, rod offered by F. C. West, St.
Petersburg, Fla. 2nd prize, >2 doz. artificial bait offered by
South Bend Bait Co., South Bend, Ind.
Rinaldi Challenge Cup For the largest black bass (Fla.)
caught under club rules. Cup to be won three times for per-
manent possession. Given by H. C. Rinaldi, of Tampa, Fla.
Guide’s Prize Prize of $10.00 cash for guide catching largest
fish on lightest tackle. Only open to guides under club regula-
tion.
RULES COVERING TOURNAMENT FOR FRESH WATER
BASS CONTEST
1. Fish may be caught in the lakes included in both Hillsborough,
Pinellas, and Pasco counties.
2. Fish must be weighed and entered with the secretary on special cards
furnished by the committee. No fish under 8 lbs. is eligible for the Rinaldi
Cup, and must be caught on a rod weighing not over 6 ozs. and a line with a
breaking strength of 12 lbs.
3. For the other prizes a rod must weigh not over 9 ozs. and the line to
have a breaking strength not over 18 lbs.
No live bait can be used.
4. Fish can be weighed by any member of the Fresh-Water Committee,
Knight & Wall, in Tampa, Tampa Tribune, and any other official weighers
of the club. Rules and regulations will be furnished upon application to
the secretary.
H. C. RINALDI, Tampa F. C. WEST, St. Petersburg
W. H. JOHNSON, St. Petersburg W. REYNOLDS BECKWITH,
T. W. WESTON, Secretary, St. Petersburg, Fla. Tampa
SURF ANGLING CONTEST COMMITTEE
W. W. Flavell Joseph W. Taylor S. E. Comman
Dr. Lipschutz T. W. Weston
ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE
Sherman Rowles W. D. McAdoo T. W. Weston
OFFICIAL MEASURERS
(All catches must be recorded on official cards by the measurers
to be eligible for prizes.)
ST. PETERSBURG (Central Avenue) M. L. Stoner, Tracy Lewis; (Yacht
Basin) N. B. Hayes; (A. C. L. Dock) Oliver Eady.
PASS-A-GRILLE J. A. Saunders.
“There is nothing that attracts human nature more powerfully than the sport of tempting the unknown with a fishing line.”- Henry Van Dyke
• •
hLV of' »
t
*
KEY WEST RESERVATION
I'or Promotion of Xalivo Birds
FLORIDA
Embracing all Islands segregated
by broken line and designated
Key I/Vest Reserv at ion
82 00
- •*-. » *
VahquesaWi 5
I/ '*'- C$y . ' |
y v ■>b J - v
r r £
t?
CottreK Key
, r < IV v ‘ ?■
* ' 1 ; rj .
v>
** r?
' ^ j .
• ^ -»• **■
Mullet Key <\ - c -j
Mule Key ° f JS.
u N
■ c, Y> •-*
SpipeKeyorA
-s-
-Z-
-z
ECrewfiShf^
5 Key ^
^eyc' yB oW Crawfish
1 ^‘-MaaKey H^omapKey
V* v -uv- '£• .•••■ ** v * J
KE|WE5T
' J7oy/ofj
< ; {/ / , F
o /«’
M k x / r n
CoalbinRcck ^ Sand Key « ~.ip Rock Key
fH
+ 1-
Middle Ground
LJS,
82 Of*
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GENERAL LAND OFFICE
Fred Dennett, Commissioner
i
. r
Executive ©rber
It is h< i eb\ oideied that all keys and islands of the Florida key's
-n>up. between latitude 24° 27' and 24 40' north, and longitude 8 i° 49'
ami 82 10 west from Greenwich, as the same are shown upon coast survey
di nt No. 170, and located within the area segregated by the broken Jine
"howii upon the diagram hereto attached and made a part of this order,
,ll< bt u 1»\ icseived and set aside for the use of the Department of .Agri-
< idtmv as a preserve and breeding ground for native birds. This reserva-
tion in ‘'tibject to, and is not intended to interfere with, .the use of “Mar-
• pirsas keys” for life saving purposes, reserved by Executive Order of
Mnicti 12, 1884. nor with the use of “Man key” and Woman key”,
"• <■! ved tor naval purposes by Executive Order of June 8, 1908; nor is it
""<" ( h-d in any manner to vacate such orders. This reservation to he
known as Key West Keser ration.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
bin: Wum House,
.7 ugusf S, 190$.
I No - 9-3- ]
QsZ ay
PLivt- '2-f d-a-c/n.
7 , 7 , t is
. a ft f
tfaJL«.OL^c/a '
/MoUlf 77<nr- /S 7
Mutter.. , CQvf. /s yl^ /
$*/•/- y ^-30
7 /
(P^u (P-tTM-
^ (J?f/ AT -
*t"lif
t ( ■ / •
CL&h 1 k>
7^0
tfa- ff t 4/ /V /j".
6/i//f.
f. tlrxA^J ' ^
y Vc*^ ^4/ /r- #*. /
3-0
) (y > *yuM~ -
Sj^pls+db 7 A^*7
ffyx^jL
t£Lc^ /«4- ^ /
i^t
V
«.
sPt
rj.6U+ ru U, tiy
Si 5~
(p
7
?
Co-^xTZ&Ccl -e- vi^'O-is&tjlo
5TD
^y ct ^xi'icc&^pL_
*3 ,.
>
>
«
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11