FLORULJl BOSTONIENSIS,
COLLECTION
OF
PLANTS OF BOSTON
AND ITS ENVIRONS,
WITH THEIR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CHAR ACTER9, SYNONYMS.
DESCRIPTIONS, PLACES OF GROWTH, AND TIME OF
FLOWERING,
OCCASIONAL REMARKS.
BY JACOB BIGELOW, M. D.
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY OVMMINGS AND HILLIARD, N'O. ^ CORNHILL.
Cambridge::::Hilliard & Metcalf, printers.
1814.
DISTRICT CLERK'S OFFICE.
District of Massachusetts, to wit.
BE it remembered, that on the 21st clay of May, 1814, and in the thir-
ty eighth year of the independence of the United States of America, JA-
COB BIGELOW of the said district has deposited in this office the title of
a book, the right whereof he claims as author, in the words following,
to wit, " Florida Bostoniensis : A collection of Plants of Boston and its
environs, with their generic and specific characters, synonyms, descrip-
tions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and oceasional remarks.
Br JACOB BIGELOW, M. D."
In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, enti-
tled, " An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies
of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies
during the times therein mentioned :" and also to an Act entitled, " An
Act supplementary to an Act entitled, An Act for the encouragement of
learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors
and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and
extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and
clshiog historical and other prints."
Wo eu * iir £ Clerk of the District
. S., SHAW, s f n/i ,
' c oj Massachusetts.
TO THE
TRUSTEES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY
FOR PROMOTING AGRICULTURE,
THIS WORK
AS A TESTIMONY OF RESPECT,
BY
THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANT,
THE AUTHOR.
ABBREVIATIONS.
Jit. Alton. Mill. Miller.
Curt, Curtis. Mu/il. Muhlenburg
Erh. Erhart Pers. Persoon»
Frel. Froelich. Pair. Poiret.
Gitri. Gsertner. Reich. Reichard
L. Linnaeus. Sm. Smith.
Lam. Lamarck Sw. Swartsj.
Lamb. Lambert. Walt. Walter.
V tier. T Heritier. Wang. Wangenheim.
Mich. Michaux, Willd. Willdenow
Mich,f. Michaux the younger.
PREFACE.
DURIXG the very ^flattering attendance wtaich,
for the last, and the present season, has been be-
stowed on the botanical lectures in this place , and
the prevailing taste which has been manifested for
the study of plants ; it was impossible not to fc el tin-,
great inconvenience arising from the defiriei icy oi'
botanical books. The common standard works of
,
the science, those containing the genera and specie*
>f plants, are hardly so much as heard of by n arac in
our bookstores. These works, even when ob taincd,
being principally in Latin, are useless to a gre it class
of amateurs of the science, who are not coftveipsant in
the learned languages. To this it may be added,
that a great number of American plants have never
been fully described, that all that is know n con-
cerning them is contained in the few wor< Is of a
specific character, which to the student, or i nexpe-
rienced botanist, can hardly afford a necess; iry de-
gree of satisfaction and certainty.
I have been influenced by these circun intances
in e&termminq to offer to the friends of botan v in this
o */
section of the country, the present colle ction of
plants, which has been undertaken with i ,lie hope
V.1
that it may be found to answer some useful purpose
as a book of practical reference, until some more
extensive work may appear among us.
The plants described in this book have been
collected during the two last seasons in the vicinity
of Boston,, within a circuit of from five to ten miles.
These limits have only been exceeded in the case of
a few remarkable plants, as Magnolia, Podophyl-
lum, &c. whose places of growth and distance from
Boston are distinctly noticed. It is presumed
however that the vegetables of this part of the coun-
try will serve as a tolerable specimen of the botany
of the whole New England states, and particularly
of the maritime parts.
No plants have been inserted, which were not
found growing spontaneously, or in their wild state.
Of these a majority are originally native, the rest
have emigrated to us from other countries. Plants
which are found growing only in a state of cultiva-
tion, are omitted ; and among others the numerous
cultivated trees and shrubs.
In describing the plants, the genera have been
placed at the head of each class, and the species
afterward in the same order, with corresponding
numbers. On account of the smallness of their
number, it has not been thought necessary to repeat
the generic characters singly, especially as many of
them are given more at large than mere essential
characters. In the species I have carefully avoid-
all changes of names or unnecessary innovations
Vll
of any sort. The specific characters have been
taken from authors with as much fidelity as was
consistent with translation, except where these
characters were found to be obviously imperfect.
In a few instances characters of superfluous length
have been abridged, fabr.J and sometimes the
terms have been changed for more convenient ones
of the same import, (m. t.J Occasionally also the
character has been taken from a synonym, and
marked accordingly, (sub syn.J
In some instances it appears probable, and even
evident, that different plants have been intended by
different authors under the same name. In these
cases I have preferred, for the present, not to
change the name, but to give it on the authority of
that author who has described the plant intended in
this work.
The principal synonyms of recent botanists
have been given. To each specific character has
been added a more full description of the plant ta-
ken from actual specimens, together with the place
©f growth, time of flowering and duration, and oc-
casional remarks on the properties and uses of par-
ticular species, collected from authors, or derived
from personal observation.
The present work does not profess to contain a
complete collection of the plants of this section of
the country. Such an undertaking, neither my
present leisure and opportunities, nor the time al--
lotted for this publication, would permit. I may
\
Vlll
perhaps entertain a hope of being able at a future
period to atone in some measure for this deficiency,
At present I shall be satisfied if the work, now of-
fered to the public, should prove an auxiliary to
the study of an interesting science, and be satisfac-
tory to those friends who have obligingly aided me
with facilities during its composition. I flatter my-
self that among its faults, the most numerous will
not be its errors ; and whatever may be its fate
with the public, I shall retain the consciousness,
that it has not been the result of superficial inquiry,
or negligent observation.
Boston, May,
FLORULA BOSTONIENSIS
Class I. MONANDRIA. One stamen.
Order I. MONOGFNM. One style.
1. SALICORNIA. Calyx inflated, entire ; petals
none ; stamens one or two ; seed one, inclosed in
the calyx.
Order II. DIGYNIA. Two styles.
2. OALLITRICHE. Calyx none ; petals two ;
seeds four, compressed, naked, with a margin on
one side ; flowers sometimes monoecious.
2 Class I. Order II.
MONANDRIA.
.MONOGYNIJl.
1. SALICORNIA.
SALIOORNIA HERBACEA. Mich. Glass wort., jointed samphire,
Pigeons foot.
Herbaceous., small, erect ; spikes linear-oblong ;
peduncles compressed, widening at top. Mich.
A fleshy, branching, leafless plant ; not commonly exceed-
ing half a foot in height. Joints of the stem compressed, some-
what four sided. Branches opposite, subdivided, terminating in
scaly spikes. It grows in salt marshes and flowers in August
and September. — Annual.
The plant here described differs from the European, in hav-
ing the tops of the joints even and entire, not emarginatc ; also
in the scales of the calyx, which are very acute.
Different species of Salicornia are among the maritime
plants employed in the manufacture of Soda. They are used at
table as pickles.
CALLITRICHE.
CALLITR,LCHE AQXJATICA. Sm. Water starwort.
Stem floating ; upper leaves spatulate, obovate.
Synonym. CALLIYRICHE VERNJ. L.
The leaves are small , opposite, inversely ovate or wedge
shaped, rounded at the end, (not acute as in the European ;) the
upper ones forming star like tufts on the ends of the stem.
Flowers minute, axillary, solitary, sessile. It grows in fresh
water, supported by its floating upper leaves ; ^lowering above,
but ripening its seeds under water. — Found in Roxbury.— An-
nual.
Class II. Order I.
Class II. DIANDRIA. Two stamens.
Order I. MONOGYWM. One style.
i
A. Flowers inferior, monofietalous, regular.
3. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla four cleft ; berry two
celled, four seeded.
B. Flowers inferior, monope talons, irregular, fruit cafisular.
4. VERONICA. Corolla four cleft ; rotate, the
lowest division narrow ; capsule superior two celled.
if1
5. GRATIOLA. Corolla four cleft, two lipped ;
calyx mostly seven leaved ; stamens four, two of
them barren ; capsule two celled.
^ 6. UTRICULARIA. Corolla ringent, spurred ;
calyx two leaved ; capsule one celled.
C. Flowers j.v/rr/'/r, monofietalous, irregular : .seeds naked.
7- LYCOPUS. Corolla four cleft, nearly equal,
one of the divisions notched : stamens distant : seeds.
7 '
four.
8. MONARDA. Corolla ringent ; upper lip li-
near, involving the filaments ; seeds four.
9. CUNILA. Corolla ringent : upper lip fiat :
stamens four, two of them barren : seeds four.
ft
<\. j
L
/- / '>
Mx-7"!? IrGslsi''*--**- **- r~ ' *
4 Class II. Order II.
10. COLLINSOXIA. Corolla somewhat ringent ;
lower lip many cleft, capillary ; seed one.
D. Flowers superior.
11. CIRC^A. Calyx two leaved; corolla two
petalled ; petals inversely heart shaped ; capsule
two celled ; cells one seeded.
Order II. DIGFJVM. Two styles.
12. ANTHOXANTHUM. Calyx, glume two valv-
ed, one flowered ; corolla,, glume two valved, awn-
ed.
Class II. Order I. 5
DIANDRIA.
MONOGYNM.
3, LIGUSTRUM.
LIGUSTRUM VULGARE. L. Privet or Prim.
Leaves lanceolate, acute ; panicle crowded. Will<L
An ornamental shrub with smooth, opposite, spear shaped
leaves, thickening at the ends of the branches. Remarkable in
summer for its panicles of small white flowers, and in autumn
for its conical bunches of black berries. Frequent in woods, and
near fences, particularly in Roxbury. — May, June.
4. VERONICA.
VERONICA SERPYLLIFOIJA. L. Smooth Speedwell.
Raceme terminal, somewhat spiked ; leaves
ovate somewhat crcnate, three nerved, glabrous :
capsules obcordate, shorter than the styles. Smith.
A small plant, hardly distinguishable among the grass, ex-
cept when in flower. Stem decumbent, rooting at the base ;
leaves opposite, roundish ovate ; flowers bluish white with vio-
let stripes ; capsules inversely heart shaped. — Pastures and road
sides.— May, June. — Perennial.
VERONICA SCUTELLATA. L. Jllarsh Speedwell.
Racemes lateral, alternate ; partial flower stalks
divaricated ; leaves linear, slightly indented. Sm.
Stem weak, leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate slightly tooth-
ed ; racemes axillary, consisting of a few small flowers of a pale
flesh colour with purplish stripes. Stalks of the fruit bent
backward. Found very common in wet places, varying in size
according to the quantity of water, flowering all summer. — Pe.-
rennial.
or*.
fl eCZA-FHsHCA. -
It
6 Class II. Order I.
5. GRATIOLA.
GRATIOLA AUREA. Muhl. Hedge Hyssop.
Leaves lanceolate with few teeth ; sterile fila-
ments none ; capsule nearly equalling the calyx.
Syn. G RATIO LA OFFICINALIS. Mich.
Stem smooth, upright or ascending at base, mostly simple,
half a foot high. Leaves opposite, sessile, somewhat clasping,
smooth, dotted under a magnifier, oblong-lanceolate, with a
slight tooth or two on each side toward the end. Peduncles ax-
illary, alternate, slender. Calyx leaves seven, linear-lanceolate,
two of them external. Corolla irregular, yellow, its tube curv-
ed, and hairy within. Stamens two inserted in the sides of the
corolla. Style long, persistent. — Borders of ponds and muddy
places.— -September.
6. UTRICULARIA.
UTRICULARIA VULGARIS. L. Bladder wort.
N'ectary conical ; scape with few flowers. L.
An aquatic plant, appearing above water only with its stalk
and flowers. The roots are slightly fixed to the mud at bot-
tom, the rest of the plant floats in the water by means of nume-
rous small air bladders attached to its immersed portions.
Flowers yellow. — Ditches and stagnant waters. — June, July. —
Perennial.
7. LYCOPUS.
LYCOPUS EU-ROP^US. L Water horehound,
Lower leaves cut, upper leaves lanceolate, ser-
rate ; calyx acuminate-prickly. Mich.
Stem square ; leaves opposite, lower ones deeply, upper
ones more slightly toothed. Flowers in whorls. This plant, as
Dr. Smith observes, resembles the mints, but has no aromatic
l.- — Wet ground, flowering all summer.— Perennial.
C .
Class II. Order I. 7
8. MONARDA.
MONARDA ALLOPHYLLA. Mich. Soft Monardot
Leaves oblong, sharply serrate ; head terminal ;
calyx bearded at the edge ; corollas slender, elon-
gated. Mich.
Syn. MONARDA OBLONGATJ. Ait.
Stem square, commonly purple or spotted, two feet high ;
leaves soft and downy, rounded at base, serrate on the sides, entire
towards the point. Petioles and smaller branches downy. Brac-
tes and calyxes ciliate. Flowers, in terminal heads, blue or
flesh coloured. — Lynn beach island. Waltham. — July, August.
— Perennial.
The taste of the whole plant resembles that of thyme.
9. CUNILA.
CUNILA PULEGIOIDES. L. Pennyroyal.
Leaves oblong, two toothed ; flowers whorl-
ed. L.
A well known pungent and strong scented plant. Leaves
opposite ; lanceolate -oval with a few teeth on each side. Flow-
ers in numerous whorls ; calyxes with the upper lip ending in
three points, the lower in two bristles.
This plant having found its way into England, was describ-
ed as a new species of mint, under the name ofment/ia exiguct,
until Dr. Smith detected the error.
In dry grounds. — July, August. — Annual.
10. COLLINSONIA.
COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS. L. Horse ivted*
Leaves heart-ovate ; stem smooth ; teeth of the
calyx subulate, shorter than the tube.
8 Class It Order II.
Plant three or four feet high. Leaves opposite, very large
serrate and acuminate, the lower ones on long petioles, the
upper pair sessile. Panicle terminal, its branches opposite.
Flowers dull yellow ; lower lip of the corolla fringed. Sta-
mens distant, slender, very long. Style very long ; stigma bi-
fid. — Roxbury, road side.— July, August. — Perennial.
11. CIRC^EA,
CIRC^EA LUTETIANA. L. Enchanter s nightshade.
Stein erect ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed,
opaque, pubescent. Smith.
Syn. CIRCAEA CANADENSIS. Muhl.
Stem round ; leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal racemes ;
petals inversely heart shaped, reddish white ; capsules round-
ish, covered with minute hooks ; stalks of the capsules bent
backward. — Moist woods, particularly on Lynn beach island. —
June, July. — Perennial.
DIGYNM.
12. ANTHOXANTHUM.
ANTHOXANTHUTSI ODORATUM. L. Sweet scented vernal grass.
Spike ovate-oblong ; flowers longer than their
awns, standing on short stalks. Smith.
Stem about a foot high. Leaves short, flat ; sheathes some-
what swelling ; stipule lanceolate, scarious. Spike terminal,
solitary ; calyx glumes unequal, rough on the back ; corolla
shorter than the calyx, awned on the back.
This grass, when partly faded, is exceedingly fragrant,
whence its name. It grows on farms where it was formerly in-
troduced from Europe. — May, June. — Perennial.
- t
Class III. Order II. 9
Class III. TRIANDRIA. Three stamens.
Order 1. MONOGYNLI. One style.
A. Flowers sufierior.
13. IRIS. Corolla six parted, the divisions al-
ternately reflected ; stigmas petal form. ,
¥
B. Flowers inferior. «.
. XYRIS. Corolla three petalled ; calyx two
valved ; capsule three celled.
C. Flowers grassy.
15. SCIKENUS. Corolla none ; calyx of fasci-
cled, chaffy scales ; seed one, roundish.
16. CYPERUS. Corolla noue ; calyx of chaffy
scales imbricate two ways ; seed mostly naked.
17. SCIRPUS. Corolla none ; calyx of chaffy
scales imbricate every way ; stigmas three ; seed
mostly naked.
18. ERIOPHORUM. Corolla none ; calyx of im-
bricate scales ; seed invested with long wooly hair.
19. SPARTINA. Calyx two valved, compress-
ed, one valve larger, longer, and carinated ; corolla
two valved.
Order II. DIGTWIA. Tivo styles.
A. Flowers (scattered, one in each calyx.
20. PANICUM. Calyx three valved, the third
ty ftZc^-Tl-r PCt-AA X V C~t-u~* *£-
**>.
10 Class III. Order 11.
valve dorsal and very minute ; corolla permanent,
investing the seed.
21. ALOPECURUS. Calyx two valved, one flow-
ered; corolla one valved; flowers spiked.
22. TRICHODIUM. Calyx two valved, one flow-
ered ; corolla one valved, awuless ; flowers pani-
cle d.
B. Flowers scattered, several in each calyx.
23. PHLEUM. Calyx two valved, one flowered,
sessile, linear, truncate, ending in a point, inclosing,
and longer than the corolla.
A 24. AGROSTIS. Calyx two valved, one flower-
ed ; the valves acute ; corolla two valved, unequal,
larger than the calyx.
£• 25. LEERSIA. Calyx none ; corolla two valv-
ed, closed.
26. UNIOLA. Calyx many valved ; spikelet
ovate, carinate.
27. DACTYLIS. Calyx of two valves, many
flowered, one of the valves larger, longer, compres-
sed, cariuate.
28. POA. Calyx two valved ; spikelet round-
ed at the base ; corolla two valved, the valves ovate,
somewhat acute, awnless.
29. BRIZA. Calyx two valved ; corolla inflat-
ed, its valves heart-shaped, mostly obtuse.
30. FESTUCA. Calyx two valved ; spikelet ob.
long, roundish, with pointed glumes.
31. BROMUS. Calyx two valved ; spikelet ob-
. A.
..
'
Class in. Order III. li
long, roundish, two ranked ; awn from below the
top of the valves.
33. ARUNDO. Calyx two valved ; corolla wool-
ly at the base, awnless.
C. Flowers sfiiked on a long slender recejitacle.
33. LOLIUM. Calyx one valved, many flowered.
31. TRITICUM. Calyx two valved, many flow-
ered.
35. ELYMUS. Involucre four leaved, two flow-
ered ; flower compound.
36. HORDEUM. Involucre six leaved, three
flowered ; flowers simple.
Order IU. TRIGYJTIA. Three styles.
A. Flowers inferior.
37. LECHEA. Corolla three petalled ; calyx
three leaved ; capsule three celled, three valved.
38. MOLLUGO. Corolla none ; calyx five leav-
ed ; capsule three celled.
B. Flowers superior.
39. PROSERPINACA. Corolla none; calyx three
parted ; seed one, three celled.
Class III. Order I.
TBIANDBIA.
MOJVOGFNU.
13. IRIS.
IRIS VIRGINICA. L. Virginian Iris. Common bluejlag or
jlower de luce.
Flowers beardless ; leaves ensiform; stem acute
on one side ; segments of the stigma turned back-
ward.
A principal ornament of meadows and wet grounds, its large
blue flowers appearing in June. Stem from one to three feet
high, compressed, with one side sharper than the other. Leaves
sword shaped, a little curved at the point. Germs obtusely
three cornered with flat sides. Outer petals re volute, more than
twice the size of the inner. — Perennial.
IRIS GRACILIS. fmihij. Boston Iris.
Iris ijnberbis ; foliis linearibits ; caule tereti,
plwrifloro ; germinibus trigonis, lateribus bisulcis.
Flowers beardless ; leaves linear ; stem round,
many flowered ; germs triangular, twice grooved on
the sides.
Root fleshy, sending out short runners from which
plants arise ; stem round, smooth, slender, from one to two feet
high, branching at top, bearing several alternate leaves, and
from two to eight flowers. Leaves linear, erect, sheathing at
their base. Bractes or involucres close, becoming dry. Pe-
duncles flattened on the inside, varying in their proportions to
the bractes,but commonly longer. Outer petals slender, spread-
ing, purple at the edge, yellow and veined in the middle, the
yellow portion much greater than in the last species. Inner
Class III. Order I. 13
• •
petals lanceolate, slightly emarginate. Germs oblong, three
sided ; sides with two deep parallel grooves, the whole repre-
senting a cylinder with three smaller ones attached to its sides.
As the germ enlarges the distance between the two furrows
does not increase, and they are nearly obliterated in the capsule,
which is triangular and turgid with its three rows of seeds.
Found at South Boston and Cambridge in the same places
with Iris Virginica, but much less frequent. — June. — Perennial.
14. XYRIS.
XYRIS JUPICAI. Mich. Yellow eyed grass.
Leaves linear, somewhat obtuse ; scape near
the head dilated, two edged ; scales rounded..
Mieh. abr.
Sijn. XTRIS CAROLINIANA. Lam. Poir.
Root bulbous ; leaves grassy, shorter than the scape ; scape
erect, two edged, twisted, a little widened at top. Heads round-
ish, rather acute, supporting a number of small yellow florets
projecting out of the scales, hairy within, and consisting of three
ovate, crenate petals. — Meadows. — July, August. — Perennial.
15. SCHCENUS.
SCHOENUS ALBUS. L. White headed bog ruth.
Culm three sided, leafy : flowers fascicled ;
leaves setaceous.
A smooth, grassy plant, with white heads of flowers. Stem
half a foot or more in height, three sided, mostly smooth. Leaves
mostly belonging to the stem, alternate, sheathing, the sheaths
tubular or entire. Flowers in fascicles on footstalks, terminal
and axillary, erect. Glumes white, afterward becoming brown-
ish. Seeds surrounded with short hairs. — In low woods and
swamps. — Brighton. — July. — Perennial.
If
t f
I (
tr
14 Class HI. Order I.
16. CYPERUS.
CYPE-RUS SPATHACEUS. L. Sheathed Cyperus.
Culm round, leafy ; leaves alternate, with en-
tire sheaths ; racemes axillary and terminal.
Syn. SCIRPUS SPAYHACEUS. Mich.
A tall leafy grass. Stem smooth, hardly three sided, cover-
ed with numerous short, flat, smooth, spreading leaves, proceed-
ing from sheaths -which are perfectly entire or tubular, the
part opposite the leaf ending in a rounded point. The lower
leaves, not the sheaths, are deciduous. Racemes mostly axil-
lary. Peduncle compressed, bearing from five to eight alter-
nate, sessile, narrow spikelcts of about six flowers. Glumes
two ranked. Seeds surrounded with hairs.— Borders of ponds
and rivers. — August. — Perennial.
17. SCIRPUS.
SCIRPUS TRIQUETER. Mich. Triangular club rush.
Culm leafless, three sided ; spikelets lateral,
shorter than the point, sessile, conglomerate, oblong-
ovate. Midi. abr.
A naked, triangular rush, two qr three feet in height.
Culm straight, smooth, acute angled and sharp pointed. Spikes
lew, in a lateral bunch near the top, mostly sessile, crowded,
'•eddish. Glumes carinate pointed, with a dilated, lacerated
margin. — Salt marshes. — July, August. — Perennial.
In this variety, the spikes are few in number, mostly sessile,
and generally two inches or more below the top of the stem. It
corresponds with the figure of Plukenet, but hardly with that of
Sowerby.
ft
^ 1*. ^ ^- ' *
1 L . IX /» xC^ /i J —
/ Ke^<
- — - " .
C , , <'
Class III. Order I.
SCIRPUS MARITIMUS. L. Sea dub rush.
Culm triangular, panicle clustered, leafy, termi-
nal ; glumes pointed, torn into three segments. Sm.
Syn, SCIRPUS MACRosfAcnrus. Lam, Muhl,
Culm erect, smooth, one or two feet high, leafy at base.
Leaves linear, acute, rough on the margin. Bractes or floral
leaves several, very unequal in length. Panicle resting on these,
crowded, consisting of large sessile and pedunculated spikes,
ovate, conspicuous by their dull chesnut colour and yellow an-
thers. The glumes are ovate, shining, slightly carinated, divid-
ed into three small segments at tip, the middle one of which is
prolonged into a short, setaceous awn. — Salt marshes and ditch-
es. — July. — Perennial.
SciRPUS RETROFRAOTUS. It. BuTT
Culm triangular ; umbel simple ; spikelets di-
varicated.
A conspicuous grass in meadows and low grounds. Stem
erect, with three acute angles. Leaves smooth, with a rough
edge. Floral leaves several, very long, unequal. Rays of the
umbel unequal, with terminal spikes. Spikelets numerous, lin-
ear-subulate, closely imbricate, sessile, surrounding their com-r
mon stalk, and inserted nearly at a right angle with it. — July,
Avi gust. — Perennial.
SCIRPUS ACUTUS. Muhl. Pointed bullrush.
Culm round, leafless, equal ; spikes several, be-
low the top, oblong, somewhat umbelled.
This nearly resembles the large bullrush, ( Scirjius lacus-
tris,) but differs in its fructification, which is lateral, never ter-
minal. Culm erect, round, smooth, naked, filled with light,
spongy pith, often spotted, five or six feet high, uniform in size
for the greater part of its length, ending in an acute point.
1(5 Class III. Order 1.
Spikes several, in a cyme or umbel about an inch below the tip,
oblong and closely imbricate. Peduncles smooth, compressed,
unequal. — In deep water at Fresh Pond and elsewhere. — June,
July. — Perennial.
18. ERIOPHORUM.
ERIOPHORUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Reich. Common cotton grass.
O
Culm round ; leaves channelled, triangular at
the tip ; spikes several, on flower stalks.
This grass is sufficiently conspicuous by the cotton like tufts,
it supports throughout the summer. Stem round, smooth.
Leaves a little shorter than the stem, smooth, channelled, ter-
minating in a slender three sided point. Spikes ovate, nodding,
on peduncles of different lengths, commonly simple, rarely com-
pound. Glumes brown with a scarious margin. Tufts of hair
fine, whitish, of a silken appearance. — Common in meadows. —
Perennial.
ERIOPHORUM CYPERINUM. L. Red cotton grass.
Culm slightly three sided, leafy ; panicle more
than decompound, proliferous ; spikelets numerous.
Syn. SCIRPUS ERIOPHORUM. Mich.
A common and very tall meadow grass. Culm erect, firm,
smooth, leafy, round, a little compressed on three sides. Pani-
cle umbelled, nodding, terminal, with a large leafy involucre.
Peduncles numerous, unequal, rough, supporting other panicles
or umbels, with smaller involucres. Spikelets in heads, very
numerous, small, ovate, covered with dull reddish wool. — Au-
gust.— Perennial.
19. SPARTINA.
SPARTINA C\NOSUROIDES. Muhl. Rough grass.
Spikes numerous, alternate or scattered ; pe-
Class III. Order I. 17
duncles rough ; outer valve of the caly* rough with
minute teeth on the back.
Syn. DAcfn.rs crNosuRoiDES. L*
Mich.
Stem three feet high, round and smooth. Leaves very
long, smooth, somewhat rough on the margin, the edges convo-
lute when the plant grows near the sea. Spikes numerous, on
rough peduncles, given off successively from the three sides of
a triangular common stalk. Flowers closely imbricated, in a
double row, leaning to one side of their flexuous receptacle. In-
ner valve of the calyx very small ; outer valve much larger,
carinated, and rough with minute prickles on the keel. — Marsh-
es. — August. — Perennial.
SPARTINA JUNCEA. Muhl. Short rough grass.
Spikes from one to three ; peduncles smooth ;
outer valve of the calyx rough with minute teeth on
the back ; leaves convolute-setaceous.
Syn. TfiAcarNoriA yuircEA. Mich.
A much smaller grass than the preceding, which it resem-
bles in the form of its spikes. Stem round, smooth, about a
foot high. Leaves alternate, somewhat two ranked, acquiring
when rolled up, a filiform appearance. Spikes about two, on
smooth stalks, shorter than in the foregoing species, but similar
in shape. Outer valve of the calyx nerved, rough on the keel
like the last. Anthers purplish. — Salt marshes. — July. — Pe-
rennial.
SPARTINA GLADUA. Muhl. Ditch grass.
Spikes numerous, sessile, somewhat imbricat-
ed ; valves of the calyx mostly glabrous.
ir
A large rank grass, common about muddy shores and in salt
3
18 Class III. Order II.
water difches. Stem round, smooth, three or four feet high.
Leaves very long, smooth, acute. Spikes ten or a dozen, ses-
sile, lying over each other, with their backs successively appli-
ed to the three sides of a long triangular, smooth, common
stalk. Flowers closely imbricated, in a double row, leaning
outward, as in the former species. Inner valve of the calyx li-
near. Outer valve many times larger, compressed, and to the
naked eye glabrous. Through a glass it is found ciliated on
the keel. Anthers straw coloured. — August, September. — Per-
ennial.
DIGYNM.
20. PANICUM.
PANICUM GLAUCUM. L. Glaucous panic 'grass.
Spike oblong, involucres of many bristles, two
flowered ; glumes bearing the seed, undulate-wrin-
kled. Mich. abr.
Culm round, striated, grooved at top. Leaves flat, rather
broad, with striated even sheaths and hairy stipules. Spike
cylindrical ; flowers commonly in pairs, accompanied by bris-
tles of a yellowish green, rough forward. Corolla, inclosing the
seed, transversely corrugated.— —About cultivated and low
grounds. — July. — Annual.
PANICUM VERTICILLATUM. L. Whorled panic grass.
Spike whorled ; spikelets in fours ; involucres
of two bristles, rough with reversed teeth, and em-
bracing a single flower. Sm.
Culm spreading, rough near the spike. Leaves broad, very
rough forward ; stipules hairy. Spike single, rather cylindri-
cal, composed of crowded spikelets arranged in whorls. This
is readily distinguished from the last and from Panicum
Class III. Order II. 19
viride, by drawing the spike downward through the hand. A
rough sensation is felt from the bristles being bearded backward,
which is not perceived in the other species which are bearded
forward. — Cultivated grounds. — July, August. — Annual.
PANICUM CRUS GALLI. L. Cocksfoot panic grass.
Spike doubly compound, its stalk mostly five
angled ; spikelets alternate or in pairs, subdivided ;
calyx bearded, rough. Sm.
Readily distinguished from the two last by its large com-
pound spikes, and large leaves. Culm striated, smooth. Leaves
broad and long, rough on the margin. Sheaths smooth swell-
ing. Stipules none. Receptacle or spike stalk rough, angu-
lar. Calyx ribbed, a little -hairy, with short, variable awns. —
Rubbish and cultivated grounds. — July, August. — Annual.
PANICUM SANGUINALE. L. Purple panic grass.
Spikes finger like, their receptacles winged,
flexuous, knotted at base ; flowers in pairs, awn-
less.
Syn. DiGlVARIA SANGUINALIS. Mich.
Known at sight by its radiating, umbelled, or finger like
spikes. Culms ascending, rooting from their lower joints.
Leaves acute, waved at the edge, a little hairy. Sheaths striat-
ed, hairy, sometimes smooth, upper ones longer than their leaves.
Spikes diverging from the top of the culm at one or more points ;
their receptacle compressed, serpentine, with spikelets of two
and sometimes of three or four flowers in its depressions. — Cul-
tivated grounds. — July, August.— Annual.
PANICUM OAPILLARE. L. Hairy panic grass.
Sheaths very hairy ; panicle capillary, branch-
ing, decompound, lax ; flowers minute, all pedicel-
20 Class HI. Order II.
led, solitary, oblong- ovate, acuminate, awnless.
Mich.
A tall, branching grass, the culm, leaves, and especially
the sheaths covered with thick, rigid, horizontal hairs. Panicle
often a foot long and nearly as wide, its branches long, straight,
stiff, slender, given off at right angles, knotted at the base. Pe-
duncles capillary, supporting solitary, scattered, naked flowers.
— Frequent in corn fields, &c. flowering about July. — Annual.
PANICUM LATIFOLIUM. L. Broad leaved panic grass.
Leaves ovate- lanceolate, clasping ; sheaths hai-
ry at the neck ; panicle with lateral racemes.
Distinguished from most other grasses around it by its very
broad leaves. Culm smooth, giving out branches from its joints.
Leaves wide, rough at the edge, acuminate, clasping the stem,
hairy where they unite with their sheaths. Panicle of small or
middling size, with its branches mostly simple, the lower ones
sometimes compound. Glumes ovate, striate, awnless. — Woods.
—May, June. — Perennial,
21. ALOPECURUS.
ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS. L. Float ing foxtail grass.
Culm ascending, bent at the joints ; spike some*
what compound, cylindrical ; glumes obtuse, hairy.
Sm.
Stems of various lengths, ascending, forming knees or an-
gles at the joints, and rooting from the lower ones, when the
plants grow in the water. Leaves rather smooth and short,
their sheaths a little swelling. Spike cylindrical, obtuse, di-
visible into lobes. Glumes of the calyx obtuse, fringed with
long hairs. Corolla awned at base. — Ponds and ditches.— July.
^Perennial.
Class in. Order II. SI
22. PHLEUM.
PHLEUM PRATENSE. L. Herds grttss or cat's tail grass.
Spike cylindrical, very long; glumes fringed
at the back, longer than the awns. Sm.
Culm upright, round, smooth. Leaves flat, pointed, rough
on the upper side ; sheaths long, striated ; stipules blunt.
Spike long, cylindrical, upright. Calyx of two glumes fringed
with hairs on the back, square or truncated at the end, with
two short awns. — June, July. — Perennial.
This grass is extensively cultivated, forming a chief con»
stituent of what is with us called English hay. It is usually
denominated herds grass, and sometimes improperly fox tail
grass. In England it is known by the name of cat's (ail, and
Timothy grass, the last burlesque appellation derived from
Mr. Timothy Hanson, one of its early propagators. It is said
to have fallen there into disrepute, although its reputation is
good in this country. Professor Martyn and Mr. Curtis speak
pf it as a harsh, coarse grass, in all respects inferior to the true
foxtail grass, (Alopccurus pratensis.)
23. AGROSTIS.
AGROSTIS VULGARIS. With. Red top. Fine bent grass.
Panicle spreading with divaricated, capillary
branches; calyx valves equal; inner petal obtuse,
half as long as the other. Sm.
A pretty common grass in dry mowing land and pastures,
usually entering into the composition of our English hay.
Stem erect, smooth, slender, leafy. Leaves narrow, acute,
with long sheaths. Panicle erect, red, its branches very numer-
ous and fine, arranged in half whorls, flexuous and variously di-
vided. Flowers numerous and very small. Calyx valves lan-
ceolate? acute, spreading, purple at base, scarious on the jmar-
Class III. Order II.
gin. Inner valves of the corolla half as long as the outer.—
June, July. — Perennial.
AGROTIS ALBA. L.
Panicle loose ; culm creeping ; calyx valves
equal, lanceolate, polished, rough on the keel. Sm.
Stems spreading, ascending, rooting at the lower joints.
Leaves rough, their sheaths smooth. Panicle loose, consisting
of somewhat distant half whorls, its branches much subdivided
and roughish. Flowers lanceolate, shining, white or purplish
brown. Valves of the calyx equal, acute, rough on the back
only. — Meadows.— June, July. — Perennial.
24. TRICHODIUM.
TB.ICH ODIUM LAXIFLORUM. Mich. Tli in grass,
Culms erect, leaves narrow, short ; sheaths
somewhat rough. Pers.
This grass is readily known by its very thin, spreading,
capillary panicle Stem erect, smooth, slender. Leaves short,
glabrous, on roughish sheaths. Panicle consisting of very long,
straight, rough branches, of a purplish colour, hardly larger
than hairs, and very flexible. These are given off in half
whorls, and are repeatedly subdivided into three or four branch-
lets at a time. Flowers minute, scattered at the ends of the
branches. Glumes lanceolate, acute. — Road sides. — July. —
Perennial.
25. LEERSIA.
LEERSIA ORYZOIDES. Swartz. Cut grass.
Panicle loose ; spikelets triandrous ; keel of
the glumes ciliate. Sw.
PXALARIS osrzoiDES. L.
Class III. Order II. 33
Stem about two feet in height. Leaves q|ugh, narrow, on long
rough sheaths. Panicle erect, spreading, with slender, rough
branches. Flowers very distinguishable by their oval figure
and white colour. Glumes of the corolla compressed, the two
valves shut together, so as to assume an elliptical form, with
the curvature on one side greatest. Keel of the valves ciliated,
giving the circumference of the flower a fringed appearance.—
Wet places. — August. — Perennial.
26. UNIOLA.
UNIOLA SPICATA. L. Spike grass.
Somewhat spiked ; leaves involute, rigid. L.
A common grass of the salt marshes. Stem a foot high,
round, smooth. Leaves of the stem numerous, short, smooth,
increasing in frequency upward, the upper ones hardly an inch
apart, rolled up so as to acquire a setaceous form, commonly
investing, and often overtopping the spike. Spike irregular,
about an inch long, consisting of ten or a dozen small, compress-
ed, crowded spikelets. Glumes flattened, sharp on the back.—'
July .—Perennial .
27. DACTYLTS.
DACTYLIS GLOMERA.TA. L. Orchard grass.
Panicle crowded, leaning one way. Sm.
Root perennial. Culms round, rough toward the top.
Leaves very rough. Stipules cloven or torn. Panicle of flow-
ers consisting of close bunches on rough and rigid peduncles ;
leaning toward one side. Calyx pubescent and rough, the in-
ner valve twice as large as the outer, and shortly awned. — June,
— Perennial.
A coarse, but extremely hardy and productive grass, said
to be much more luxuriant here than in Europe. — By fences,
thickets, &c. — June, July.
84 Class III. Order II.
28. PDA.
POA PRATENSIS. L. Common spear grass.
Panicle spreading ; spikelets of four flowers ;
glumes lanceolate, five nerved, connected by a
web ; stipule short and blunt. Sm.
Spear grass or meadow grass is found in all situations, con-
stituting a considerable portion of the common turf in pastures,
road sides, See. Culms leafy, slender, smooth, often stolonife-
rous. Leaves spreading, blunt, with obtuse or truncated stip-
ules. Panicle large, loose, of horizontal fine branches, bearing
many ovate spikelets of about four flowers. — June. — Perennial.
This is an excellent and useful grass.
POA COMPRESS A. L. Blue grass.
Panicle condensed,, its branches leaning one
way ; erect, before and after flowering. Culm as-
cending, compressed. Sm.
Root creeping. Stem decumbent at base, erect above, very
much compressed, whence the name. Leaves commonly glau-
cous, narrow, with long sheaths. Panicle erect, crowded, tend-
ing to one side, obtuse ; its branches short and rough, appres-
sed to the stem except at the time of flowering. Spikelets ovate.
Florets closely imbricate, varying in number, connected at
base by a thin web. — Dry grounds. — July, August. — Perennial.
POA ANNUA. L. Annual spear grass.
Panicle divaricated ; spikelets ovate ; florets
a little remote, five ribbed, destitute of a web ;
stein oblique, compressed. Sm.
A smaller grass but equally common with the first. It is
annual in duration, but rapid in increase, and commonly the first
Class III. Order II. 25
grass to appear on new grounds. Culms smooth, flattened,
spreading obliquely. Leaves flaccid, obtuse, their margin wav-
ed in the middle. Stipules sharp. Panicle erect, with its
branches depressed when old.
29. BRIZA,
BRIZA CANADENSIS. Mich. Rattlesnake grass?
Panicle lax, spikelets erect, with from four to
ten florets ; calyx very small ; outer valve of the
corollas oval, acute. Mich. abr. in. t.
A targe grass found in meadows and readily recognized by
its swelling spikelets. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves rough on
the back. Panicle loose, with slender branches, nodding.
Spikelets numerous, on distinct footstalks, ovate, erect or nod-
ding. Valves of the calyx short and narrow. Outer valve of
the corolla oval, inflated, acute, with a scarious point and mar-
gin. Inner valve obtuse.— July.
30. FESTUCA.
FESTUCA ELATIOR. L. Tall Fescue grass.
Panicle drooping, spreading loosely every way,
much branched ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute ;
florets cylindrical, obscurely ribbed. Sm.
Stem three or four feet high, glabrous. Leaves wide and
long, smooth with a rough margin. Panicle large, decom-
pound, loose and nodding. Spikelets numerous, pedunculated,
ovate-oblong, acute. Glumes of the calyx unequal, acute, keel-
ed, glabrous. Florets numerous, two ranked, glabrous.—
Meadows and thickets. — June. — Perennial.
This is a very productive and useful grass.
Class III. Order H.
FESTUCA FLUITANS. L. Floating fescue grass.
Panicle branched, erect ; spikelets subsessile,
cylindric, awnless. L.
Sy>2. POA FLVIfAXS. Sm.
A thrifty aquatic grass, found in wet meadows and the edg-
es of ponds and streams. Stems rooting at base, tall, round,
smooth. Leaves flat, smooth, the lower ones loose and floating.
Sheaths long, compressed. Panicle very long, nearly erect,
with alternate branches pressed near to the stalk. Spikelets
linear, round, upright. Calyx unequal, smooth, not very acute.
Anthers short and round. This grass thrives in inundated
grounds, and is very grateful to horses and cattle.— June, July.
—Perennial.
51. BROMUS.
BROMUS SECALINUS. L. Rye Brome grass.
Panicle spreading ; peduncles but little branch-
ed ; spikelets ovate, compressed, of about ten dis-
tinct, somewhat cylindrical florets, Sm.
Stem erect, three feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, rough at
the edge and underneath, somewhat hairy above. Sheaths
smooth. Panicle spreading, its branches rough, unequal, most-
ly simple, and one flowered. Spikelets lai'ge, nearly oval, of
about ten florets. Calyx unequal, smooth. Outer glume of
the corollas swelling, with a rough awn inserted at the back a
little below the tip. — June. — Perennial.
32. ARUNDO.
ARUNDO PHRAGMITES. L. Common Reed.
Calyx containing five florets, panicle loose. L»
A native of wet situations. Culm of the height of a man,
very erect and smooth. Leaves lanceolate, long and broad, flai
Class III. Order II. 27
and sharp pointed. Panicle erect or nodding, conspicuous for
the long, slender, shining hairs which project from the flowers,
and give the whole a bright silvery appearance.— Found at the
edges of deep waters, particularly on the north side of Fresh
Pond, where it resembles at a distance a field of standing corn.
Flowers in July and August. — Perennial.
33. LOLIUM.
LOLIUM PERENNE. L. Ray grass. Darnel.
Spike awnless ; spikelets compressed, longer
than the calyx. Sm.
Stem a foot or more in height, round, smooth. Leaves
smooth, with short stipules clasping the stem. The stem ter-
minates in a long, smooth, flcxuous rachis or receptacle, to the
two sides of which the spikelets are fixed, alternately, and at
some distance from each other. Calyx sessile, of one valve,
containing a flat ovate, acute, sharp edged spikelet of close
lanceolate florets. — May, June. — Perennial.
34. TRITICUM.
TRITICUM REPENS. L. Couch grass.
Calyx subulate, many nerved, five flowered ;
florets sharp pointed 5 leaves flat ; root creeping.
Sm.
This grass has a long, creeping root, penetrating deeply in-
to the earth, and ;vcry tenacious of life, which renders it a trou-
blesome weed in cultivated grounds. Stem about two feet
high. Leaves spreading, flat, rough on the edge and upper sur-
face. Stem ending in a flexuous receptacle, bearing two rows of
alternate, sessile spikelets, more numerous and crowded, than
in Lolium perennc. Glumes all lanceolate, subulate, and acu-
minate.— Flowers all summer. — Perennial,
28 Class III. Order II.
85. ELYMU3.
ELYMUS VIRGINICUS. L. Lyme grass,
Spike erect ; spikelets three flowered ; involu-
ere striated. L.
The large erect spikes of this grass resemble at a distance
heads of barley. The stem is round and smooth. Leaves
smooth, somewhat rough on the margin. The stem ends in a
compressed, flexuous, toothed receptacle ; each tooth support-
ing an involucre of four striated, rough, lanceolate glumes, end-
ing in short awns. Each involucre contains two or three flow-
ers. Calyx lanceolate with a straight terminal awn. — Marshes.
—July. — Perennial.
36. HORDEUM.
HO-RDEUM JUBATUM. Jlit, Squirrel tail grass.
Lateral florets abortive, their awns many times
shortest ; involucres setaceous, six times as long as
the flower.
This grass is remarkable for the length and fineness of its
awns, which give to its spikes a hairy appearance. Stems slen-
der, smooth, and round, two feet high. Leaves rather short,
rough on the back and edge. Sheaths smooth. Receptacle
compressed, ciliate on the edges, jointed, breaking at the joints
as the plant dries. Flowers two ranked, one at each joint or
tooth of the receptacle. Each perfect floret is surrounded at
its base by an involucre of six long capillary awns, two of which
are distinct ; the other four unite in pairs a short way from their
insertion, each pair with a minute, abortive floret in its fork.
Outer glume of the calyx lanceolate, ending in an awn six times
its length, and equalling those of the involucre. — Marshes.—
June.
Class III. Order III.
TRIGYNM.
37. LECHEA.
LECHEA MAJOR. L. Large Pin weed.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flowers lateral, scatter-
ed. L.
An upright hairy plant, found upon rocks, dry hills, and
sandy fields exposed to the sun. Stem from one to two feet
high, stiff, brittle, purple, covered with hair. Leaves nearly
oval, reflexed at the margin, downy, whitish underneath. Flow-
ers small, obscure, crowded upon the ends and sides of the
branches, followed by roundish capsules of the size of a large
pin head. — July, August.
LECHEA MINOR. L. Small Pin iceed.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers panicled. L.
Grows with the last in dry sterile situations, and is about half
its size, its branches finer and more spreading. Stem upright,
less hairy than the last, giving off leaves and branches somewhat
in whorls. Leaves narrow, re volute at the margin. Branches
numerous, mostly simple. Flowers minute, in small lateral
and terminal racemes. Capsules round, not larger than mus-
tard seed. — July, August.
38. MOLLUGO.
MOLLUGO VERTICILLATA. L. Carpet weed.
Leaves whorled, wedge-form, acute ; stem sub-
divided, decumbent ; peduncles one flowered. L.
A small, flat, spreading plant common in cultivated ground.
Stems prostrate, jointed, simple or compound, giving off at
each joint a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves, and a
few small flowers on simple footstalks. — Flowers at midsumrm-!
and after.
30 Class III. Order III.
39. PROSERPINACA.
PROSERPINACA PALUSTRIS. L. Spear leaved Proserpinaca,
Lower leaves subpinnatifid or cut-serrfjfe ; the
rest linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Jllich.
An aquatic, remarkable for its very hard, triangular, axillary
fruit. The leaves stand alternately on the 'stem, are narrow,
pointed, with very acute serratures. When the plant grows in
the water, its immersed leaves are cut into linear segments.
Flowers two or three in the axil of eaqh leaf. Nut bony, three
sided, three celled.— Found in meadows and ponds. — June, Ju-
Class IV. Order I. 31
Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Four stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. One style.
40. CEPHALANTHUS. Proper calyx superior,
funnel form ; common receptacle globular ; seed
one, downy.
41. PLANTAGO. Calyx four cleft ; corolla four
cleft ; inferior with a reflected border ; stamina
very long ; capsule two celled, opening transverse-
ly.
43. CENTAURELLA. Calyx four parted ; corol-
la four parted, somewhat bell shaped ; capsule in-
vested with the permanent corolla and calyx, one
celled, two valved.
43. MITCHELLA. Corolla monopetalous, supe-
rior, two on each germ; stigmas four; berry bifid,
four seeded.
44. HOUSTONIA. Corolla monopetalous ; cal-
yx four toothed ; capsule two celled, two valved.
45. GTALIUM. Corolla flat, superior ; seeds
two.
46. CORNUS. Calyx four toothed ; corolla four
* petalled, superior ; drupe with a two celled nut.
47. POTHOS. Spathe one leaved ; spadix sim-
ple, covered with flowers ; calyx none ; petals
four ; berry mostly two seeded.
48. ISNARDIA. Calyx campanulate, four cleft,
permanent : corolla none ; capsule four celled.
33 Class IV. Order IV.
Order II. DIGYNM. Two styles.
49. HAMAMELIS. Involucre three leaved ;
proper calyx four leaved ; petals four ; nut two
celled, with two horns.
Order IV. TETRAGYNM.
50. ILEX. Calyx four toothed ; corolla moi\o-
petalous ; styles none ; berry four seeded.
51. POTAMOGETON. Calyx none ; corolla four
petalled ; seeds four, sessile.
Class IV. Order I. 33
TETRANDRIA.
MONOGYNM.
40. CEPHALANTHUS.
CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALS. L, Button bush.
Leaves opposite, or in threes. L.
Button bush or river bush is a frequent ornament of the wa-
ter side, its insulated thickets furnishing a safe retreat for the
nests of the black bird (Oriolus phceniceus.) The shrub rises
five or six feet out of the water, its leaves are tough, spreading,
pointed, and entire. In the month of July it puts forth its spher*
ical heads of flowers, which at a distance appear not unlike the
ba$s of the plane tree. Receptacle globular, of the size of a
large pea, covered with whitish funnel shaped flowers. The
long projecting stamens give to the whole a bristly aspect. The
appearance of this shrub on elevated ground, often indicates the
presence of springs of water.
41. PL ANT AGO.
PLANTAGO MAJOR. L. Large plantain,
Leaves ovate, smootliish, somewhat toothed
with rather long footstalks ; scape round j flowers
imbricated ; seeds numerous. Sm.
This vegetable, which grows at every one's door, and not
the less for being trampled under foot, is in considerable re-
pute among many people as a refrigerant external application.
Leaves spreading on the ground, on channelled footstalks con-
taining strong fibres, like others of the genus, which draw out
when the stalks are broken. Spikes very long and close. As in
others of the kind, the flowering commences at bottom and pro-
ceeds very gradually toward the top.— Flowers most of the sum-
mer.—Perennial.
5
34 Class IV. Order I.
PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA. L. Ribwort or field plantain*
Leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end ; spike
ovate, naked ; scape angular. &m.
Distinguished from the last by its narrow leaves, short
spikes, and furrowed stalk. The leaves are lanceolate, acute,
entire, and strongly ribbed. Stalk upright, deeply channelled.
Spike dark coloured, ovate, with a circle of projecting, whitish
stamens. — Pastures and road sides.— From May to October.—
Perennial.
PLANTAGO MARITIMA. L. Sea plantain,
Leaves linear, mostly entire, channelled, woolly
at the base ; spike cylindrical, scape round. Sm.
Found on salt marshes and known by its leaves, which are
fleshy, linear-subulate, and hollowed out on their inner side.
Spike cylindrical, of short or moderate length. — Flowers in July
and August. — Perennial.
42. CENTAURELLA.
CENTAURELLA PANICULATA. Mich. Late C'entaurella.
Stem branching above; branches subdivided;
panicle erect, many flowered ; segments of the co-
rolla oval; style much shorter than the germ. Mich.
Syn. BARfONIA PANICULAfA. Mlihl.
A slender, upright plant, found in meadows, flowering about
August. Stem square, often twisted. Leaves opposite, minute,
subulate, resembling scales. Flowers small, white, on the ends
of the branches, which are erect and simple or compound.
43. MITCHELLA.
MITCHELLA REPEKS. L. Chequer b&rry.
A handsome little creeping plant, the only species of itsge-
Class IV. Order I.
nus. It is found in woods about the roots of trees, creeping in
the decayed leaves. Stems furnished with opposite, round, or
heart shaped, smooth, petioled leaves, about the size of the
finger nail. Corollas purplish white, funnel form, four cleft,
hairy within, bearing the stamens in their sinuses. The most
remarkable circumstance in this genus is that two calyxes and
corollas stand on a common germ, so that two apparent flowers
produce only one berry. The blossoms are exceedingly fra-
grant, and the leaves sometimes variegated.— June, July. — Per-
ennial.
44. HOUSTONIA.
HOUSTONIA OJERULEA. L. Bluish Houstonlo,
Root leaves ovate ; stem compound ; first pe-
duncles two flowered. L.
Common among the grass in moist ground, flowering in
May and afterward. The stems are slender, repeatedly forked,
the divisions supporting single flowers. The root leaves are
spatulate or oval, tapering into footstalks ; those of the stem
opposite, situated at the forks and elsewhere, lance-oval, the
upper ones sessile. Flowers not larger than violets, with which
they grow, bluish white, yellow at the centre, consisting of a
slender tube with four cross shaped spreading segments. — Per-
ennial.
HOUSTONIA LONGIFOLIA. Willd. Long leaved Hoiistonia.
Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at each end ; flow-
ers corymbed. Willd.
Found in dry soils at Blue hills and elsewhere, not common-
ly exceeding four or five inches in height. Stem erect, four
sided, branching toward the top. Leaves opposite, lanceolate,
somewhat obtuse. Flowers purplish, in a terminal corymb.—
June, July. — Perennial.
Class IV. Order I.
45. GALIUM.
GALIUM ASPRELLUM. Jlfic/i. Pointed Cleavers or Clivers.
Stem decumbent, rough backward ; leaves in
sixes, oval- lanceolate with a flaccid point ; flowers
on very short pedicels ; fruit smooth. Mich. abr.
Found in thickets and low grounds. Stem weak, support-
ed by plants around it, like many others of the genus ; rough
with minute reflexed prickles, as are also the ribs and margins
of the leaves. Leaves in whorls of six, lanceolate, with a slen-
der, scarious, curved point. Flowers white. Fruit smooth,
very minute. — June, July. — Perennial,
GALIUM TINCTORIUM. L. Dyers Cleavers.
JLeaves linear, those of the stem in sixes, of the
branches in fours ; stem flaccid ; peduncles two
flowered; fruit smooth. L.
A weak, branching plant, rough with reflexed prickles.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, whorled, the larger ones in
sixes, smaller ones in fours. Peduncles very small, supporting
minute Avhite flowers, which are succeeded by smooth fruit.— *-
Thickets and low ground, — June, July .—Perennial,
According to Kalm the roots dye a permanent red.
GALIUM VERUM. L. Fellow Bedstraw.
Leaves eight in a whorl, channelled, entire,
rough ; flowers in dense panicles ; fruit smooth.
Sm.
Grows at Roxbury in dry, open pastures. Stem upright,
slender, pubescent. Leaves linear, rough, with the edges
rolled back, pointing downward. Branches opposite, unequal,
leafy, many flowered. Flowers small, yellow, followed by mi*
nute smooth fruit. — June, July.— Perennial,
Class IV. Order I. 37
GALIUM BRACHIATUM. Muhl. Cross Cleavers.
Stems erect, smooth ; leaves in fours, oval, cil-
iate ; peduncles divaricate, few flowered ; fruit
bristly.
Syn. GALIUM CIRCAEZANS. Midi.
Found in woods. Stem upright, smooth, minutely pubes-
cqnt. Leaves an inch, or an inch and an half long, and more
than half as broad, three nerved, hairy at the margin and nerves.
Branches few, near the top, opposite, few flowered. Peduncles
pearly simple, bent in various directions, making angles at ev-
ery flower, and giving off at the same time a minute leaf. Fruit
a little burr with its short footstalk reflected. — June, July. —
Perennial.
GALIUM APARINE. L. Common Cleavers.
Leaves in eights, lanceolate, carinate, rough,
prickly backwards ; stem flaccid ; fruit bristly.
Sm.
Stem brittle, weak, much branched, prickly backward, lean-
ing upon other plants for support. Leaves in whorls of about
eight together, lance-obovate, their margin and keel rough
backward. Flowers numerous, small, white, on axillary and
terminal peduncles. Fruit hispid. — In moist thickets. — May,
June. — Annual.
46. CORNUS.
CORNUS CANADENSIS. L. Divarf Cornel.
Herbaceous ; upper leaves in whorls, slightly
petioled, veined. Willd.
A handsome plant of half a foot in height. Root creeping.
38 Class IV. Order I.
Stem simple, pending, surmounted at top with a single whorl
of six oval leaves, two of which are lower and larger. The
umbel of flowers is surrounded by a large white involucre of
four leaves, which at first sight is taken for the petals of a sim-
ple flower. The berries or drupes are globular and red. A-
mong the fertile stems are found a multitude of barren ones,
supporting whorls of four leaves. — Woods, Brooklyn, Cam-
bridge.— May, June. — Perennial.
COHNUS FLORIDA. L. Dogwood tree.
Arboreous ; involucre very large with inversely
heart shaped leafets. L.
A conspicuous and very ornamental tree, covered early in
June with a profusion of large white flowers. The leaves are
oval, acuminate, pale underneath. Flowers in heads surround-
ed by a rery large, nearly white involucre, the four leaves of
which have their points inflcxed so as to produce the appear-
ance of a notch. Fruit oval, red. The wood is hard and close
grained, but the trunk does not attain a sufficient size to become
of great use. The bark is bitter and tonic. It is often substi-
tuted with success for the Peruvian bark. — Found in the woods
at Quincy and some other places, but not common. — May,
June.
CCRNUS ALBA. L. White berried Cornel.
Branches recurved ; leaves broad, ovate, hoary
underneath ; cymes naked, flat. Viler.
A shrub or small tree with spreading branches, and ovate,
acuminate leaves, whitish underneath. Cymes without involu-
cres, as are the subsequent species. Flowers white, succeed-
ed by white fruit. In rich ground it sometimes blossoms twice
a year. — Roxbury, Cambridge.
Class IV. Order I. 39
CORNUS CIRCINATA. VHerit. Round leaved Cornel.
Branches warty ; leaves orbicular, white-
downy underneath ; cymes naked, flat. I9 Her.
Sijn. CORNUS roMExruLosA. Mich.
An erect slender shrub, distinguished by its spotted or warty
branches, but particularly by its large, rounded, acuminate
leaves, which are white and downy, almost woolly, underneath.
Cymes terminal, flattened. Fruit bluish. — On Brighton road.—
June and after.
CORNUS PANICULATA. VHerit. Panicled Cornel.
Branches erect, leaves ovate, hoary underneath,
cymes pauicled. VHer.
A more common shrub than the two last, sufficiently distin-
guishable by its smaller leaves. The cymes are numerous up-
on the branches, more or less oblong, and decidedly panic led
when in fruit. The berries or drupes are white, as in Cornu§
alba.— Low grounds.— June, July.
47. POTHOS.
POTHOS FOETIDA. Mich* Skunk cabbage.
9
Stemless ; leaves oval, concave ; spadix nearly
globular. Midi.
Syn. DRACOttflUM FOEflDUM. L.
A foetid, repulsive plant, exceedingly meritorious of the
name it bears. The flowers which appear in April are not des-
titute of beauty, or at least of singularity. All that at this time
appears above ground is the hollow, boat shaped, inflat-
ed spathe, handsomely spotted red and yellow, with its acute
top recurved. In this is the oval spadix, covered with perfect
tetrandrous flowers. The fruit is a large globular fleshy mass,
formed of the enlarged spadix, containing many large, round
Class IV. Order II.
seeds. Ehiring summer the large bunches of dark green
leaves are conspicuous in every meadow, swamp, and brook
side. — Perennial.
48. ISNARDIA.
ISNARDIA TALUSTRIS. L. Isnardiu.
A weed swimming in ditches and streams of water, or creep-
ing on wet ground. Leaves opposite, oval or ovate, smooth.
Flowers small, sessile in the axils of the leaves, without beauty.
— June. — Annual.
DIGYNU.
49. HAMAMELIS.
HAMAMELIS VIRGINICA. L. Witch hazel,
The variegated appearance of the American forest during
the months of autumn, has been repeatedly noticed by travel-
lers. Among the crimson and yellow hues of the falling leaves
there is no more remarkable object than the Witch hazel, in
the moment of parting with its foliage, putting forth a profusion
of gaudy, yellow blossoms, and giving to November the coun-
terfeited appearance of spring. It is a bushy tree, sending up a
number of oblique trunks, about the size of a man's arm or larger.
The leaves are oval or obovate, loosely waved or^ toothed upon
the margin. Flowers in axillary bunches. Petals three or
four times as long as the calyx, yellow or straw coloured, rib-
bon shaped, spreading and reflexed. Fruit a small nut, of two
cells, terminating in two horn-like projections. — •Wet woods. — .
October, November.
The wood is white, its fibres fine and flexible. The twigs
•were formerly used in the imposture of the diving, or mineral
rods, supposed to indicate the existence of precious ores.
Class IV. Order IV.
TET&WDRM.
50. ILEX.
ILEX OPACA. Ait. American Holly.
Leaves oval, with strong spreading spinous
teeth; fascicles of flowers lax, peduncles com-
pound 5 calyxes rather acute, smooth ; fruit ovate.
Mich.
This tree is more interesting, from being one of the few
evergreen trees, which we possess, that are not of the conifer-
ous tribe. Its leaves are tough, smooth, and shining, furnished
at the edge with short, rigid, acute spines. The flowers are
numerous, small, of a greenish white, growing in bunches around
the branches. Berries red, falling very late. — Quincy, Co-
hasset. — June.
51. POTAMOGETON.
POTAMOGETON NATANs. L. Floating pond weed.
Upper leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base,
petioled, floating. Sm.
A very common species of pond weed, growing near the
muddy banks of deep waters. Leaves oblong, sometimes a
little hearted at base, two inches long, floating on the surface,
on footstalks accommodated to the depth of the water. In June
the spikes of dull flowers emerge on solitary round footstalks,
surrounded at base by lanceolate bractes or stipulse.
6
Class V. Order I.
Class V. PENTANDRIA. Five stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNM. One, style.
A. Flowers monojietaious, inferior, with four naked seeds.
52. ECHIUM. Corolla irregular, bell shaped
with the throat naked ; stigma two cleft.
53. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel form, the
throat closed with arched valves ; seeds depressed,
fixed laterally to the style.
54. MYOSOTIS. Corolla salver shaped, five
cleft, lobes slightly notched ; throat closed with
concave valves.
B. flowers monojietalous, inferior ; seeds in a -vessel.
55. ANAGALLIS. Corolla wheel shaped ; sta-
mens hairy ; capsule opening transversely.
56. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla wheel shaped ;
stigma obtuse ; capsule one celled, ten valved.
57. MENYANTHES. Corolla hairy; stigma
cloven., capsule one celled'.
58. CONVOLVULUS. Corolla campanulate,
plaited ; stigmas two ; capsule two or three cell-
ed ; the cells two seeded.
59. DATURA. Corolla funnel form, plaited ;
calyx tubular, deciduous ; capsule two celled, four
valved.
60. HYOSCYAMUS. Corolla funnel form, ir-
Class V. Order T. IS
regular ; stamens inclined ; stigma capitate ; cap-
sule two celled, covered with a lid.
61. VERBASCUM. Corolla wlieel shaped;
stamens declined, bearded ; stignia simple ; cap-
sule two celled.
62. AZALEA. Corolla bell, or funnel form ;
stamens inserted in the receptacle ; stigma obtuse ;
capsule five celled.
63. SOLANUM. Corolla wheel shaped; an-
thers slightly cohering, opening by two pores at
the top ; berry two celled.
C. flowers monofietalmis, superior.
64. CAMPANULA. Corolla bell shaped, clos-
ed at the bottom by valves bearing the stamens ;
stigma three cleft ; capsule three or five celled,
opening by lateral pores.
65. LOBELIA. Corolla irregular, cloven ; an-
thers united ; stigma capitate ; capsule two or three
celled.
66. DIERVILLA. Calyx oblong, five cleft ;
corolla twice as long, funnel shaped, five cleft;
capsule oblong, four celled, many seeded.
67- TRIOSTEUM. Corolla monopetalous, five
lobed, unequal ; calyx as long as the corolla ; ber-
ry three celled ; cells one seeded.
D. Flowers Jive fictallcd, mfcrvjr.
68. CEANOTHUS. Calyx tubular ; petals five,
vaulted ; berry dry, three seeded.
Class V. Order II.
69. CELASTRUS. Calyx flat ; corolla five pe-
talled, spreading ; capsule three angled, three cell-
ed ; seeds covered with a hood.
70. VITIS. Petals five, shrivelled, mostly co-
hering at top ; style none ; berry five seeded.
71. IMPATIENS. Calyx two leaved; corolla
irregular, with a hooded, spurred nectary ; anthers
united ; capsule superior, five valved, elastic.
72. VIOLA. Calyx five leaved ; corolla irreg-
ular, spurred ; anthers cohering ; capsule one cell-
ed, three valved.
E. Flowers incomplete.
73. THESIUM. Calyx five cleft, bearing the
stamens ; corolla none ; seed one, covered.
Order II. DIGYJVM. Two styles.
A. Corolla mono/ictalous.
7i. AFOCYNUM. Corolla bell shaped ; five
nectareous filaments alternating with the stamens ;
follicles two.
75. ASCLEPIAS. Corolla reflected ; nectaries
five, ovate, concave, with a little horn projecting
from each ; follicles two.
76. GENTIANA. CoroMa tubular at the base,
without nectariferous pore.\ ; capsule two valved?
one celled, many seeded.
77- CUSCUTA. Calyx four or five cleft ; cor-
olla four or five cleft ; capsule two celled, opening
transversely at the base.
Class V. Order II. 45
B. Flowers incomplete.
78. SALSOLA. Calyx five parted ; corolla none ;
capsule one seeded ; seed spiral.
79. CHENOPODIUM. Calyx five parted, five
cornered ; corolla none ; seed one, lenticular, in-
vested with the calyx.
80. ULMUS. Calyx five cleft; corolla none;
seed one, inclosed in a flat membranous capsule.
C. Umbelliferous. Flowers five Detailed, superior, two
seeded.
81. HYDROCOTYLE. Umbel simple; involucre
four leaved ; petals entire ; fruit orbicular, com-
pressed.
82. SANICULA. Umbels in heads ; flowers of
the centre abortive ; seeds muricate.
83. HERACLEUM. General involucre decid-
uous ; flowers radiant ; petals notched, with the
point inflected ; fruit elliptic, notched, compressed,
striate, with a dilated margin.
84. CONIUM. Involucres general and partial,
the partial half wanting; petals heart shaped,
equal ; fruit ovate, gibbous, five ribbed on each side.
85. ANGELICA. Involucres general and par-
tial ; petals incurved ; styles reflected ; fruit round-
ish, solid, with three wings on each side.
86. SIUM. Involucres general and partial, ma-
ny leaved ; petals heart shaped ; fruit nearly oval,
compressed, striate.
87. SISON. Involucres about four leaved ;
Class V. Order V.
umbel of few rays ; petals inflected ; fruit ovate?
striate.
88. CICUTA. Partial involucres without the
general ; petals somewhat flat ; fruit subovate ;
grooved.
Order III. TRIGFJVM. Three styles.
80. VIBURNUM. Calyx five parted, superior ;
corolla five cleft ; berry one seeded.
90. SAMBUCUS. Calyx five parted, superior ;
corolla five cleft ; berry three seeded.
91. RHUS. Calyx five parted, inferior ; corolla'
five petalled ; berry one seeded.
92. SAROTHBA. Calyx five parted ; corolla
five petalled ; capsule one celled, three valved.
Order V. PENTAGYNM. Five styles.
93. ARALTA. Flowers umbelled, with invo-
lucres ; calyx five toothed, superior ; corolla five
petalled ; berry five seeded.
94. DROSERA. Calyx five parted, corolla five
petalled, inferior ; capsule one celled, three or five
valved, opening at top ; seeds many.
95. STATICE. Calyx one leafed, entire, plait,
ed ; petals five ; seed one, invested by the calyx.
Class V. Order I. 4?
PENTANDEJA.
MONOGFNM.
52. ECHIUM.
ECHIUM VULGARE. L. Vipers Bugloss.
Stem bristly and tuberculated ; stem leaves
lanceolate and rough with stiff hairs ; flowers in
lateral spikes. Sm.
Stem erect, round, covered with firm bristles standing on
little protuberances. Leaves rough, covered with the same
kind of bristles. Spikes of flowers axillary, recurved, grad-
ually straightening, bearing a row of crowded purplish flowers.
— Road side. — Roxbmy. — June, July. — Biennial.
53. MYOSOTIS.
MYOSOTIS SCORPIOIDES. L. Mouse ear Scorpion grass.
Seeds smooth ; leaves elliptic lanceolate ; ra-
cemes without bractes, many flowered. Sm.
I have only met with the aquatic variety of this plant. It is
found about the edges of ditches and streams. Stem rooting
at base, ascending, mostly smooth. Leaves scattered, broad'
lanceolate, sessile, commonly smooth. Racemes terminal,
rolled back at the end. Flowers pointing one way, small, rose
coloured. — From June to October. — Perennial.
51, CYNOGLOSSUM.
CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICIXALE. L. Common Hounds tongue,
Stamens shorter than the corolla ; leaves broad
lanceolate, downy, sessile. L.
48 Class V. Order L
An erect, downy plant, exhaling an unpleasant odour. Stem
about two feet high, round, hairy. Reaves covered on both
sides with a grayish down, lanceolate, entire, somewhat waved,
the lower ones petioled, upper ones sessile, clasping, inclining
to an oblong heart shap^e. Flowers in several racemes, which
are recurved at the end. Calyx downy. Corolla dull purple.
Seeds furnished with small hooks serving for their dispersion.
—Road side. — Charlestown. — June. — Biennial.
55. ANAGALLIS.
ANAG-ALLIS ARVENSIS. L. Scarlet Pimpernel*
Leaves ovate, dotted beneath; stem procum-
bent. Sm.
An humble but very delicate flower. Stem square, pro-
cumbent. Leaves ovate, covered on the under side with pur-
ple dots. Flowers on axillary footstalks, bright scarlet. Cap-
sule spherical, bursting crosswise, a character at any time as-
certained by pressing it. In England it has received the name
of" Poor man's weather glass," from the circumstance that the
flowers close in bad weather, being very sensible to changes of
the air.— Common at South Boston.— rJune and after. — Annual.
56. LYSIMACHIA.
LYSIMACHIA CILIATA. L. Heart leaved Loosestrife.
Leaves opposite, heart-oval, petioles ciliated,
flowers chiefly in pairs, drooping.
This Lysimachia is distinguishable from the subsequent
species by its broader leaves obtuse at base, and its larger flow-
ers. Rises from one to two feet in height, gives off opposite,
dblong, pointed leaves somewhat heart shaped at base. Leaf
stalks fringed with hairs. Flowers usually in pairs, yellow, as
are all the following species, on simple axillary peduncles,
drooping ; petals crenate, acuminate. — -Grows on Lynn beach,
island. — June Julv. — Perennial.
Class V. Order I. 49
LYSIMAOHIA HYBRIDA. Mich. Hybrid loosestrife,
Leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, acute at
base ; flowers drooping.
A more common species than the last, which it resembles.
Stem erect, with opposite branches. Leaves of the stem long,
reflexed, narrow, tapering at both ends, on long footstalks.
Flowers on the ends of the branches, drooping ; petals crenate.
— Gro ws among the grass in wet meadows, flowering in July.
LYSIMACHIA QUADRIPOLE. L. Four leaved loosestrife.
Leaves in fours, nearly sessile, peduncles in
fours, one flowered. L.
A plant of singular regularity, having its long simple stem
surrounded by whorls of four oval-lanceolate leaves, with the
same number of flowers on capillary footstalks in their axils.
Sometimes the number of flowers and leaves in a whorl varies
to three or five. — Every where in low ground. — June.
LYSIMACHIA THYRSIFLORA. Mich. Tufted loosestrife.
Racemes lateral, pedunculated.
Stem simple, round. Leaves sessile, opposite, lanceolate,
acute. Flowers small, in short rounded racemes, supported on
peduncles from the axils of the leaves.— Meadows. — June, Ju-
ly.— Perennial.
LYSIMACHIA STRICTA. Jiit. Upright loosestrife.
Racemes terminal ; petals lanceolate, spreading :
leaves lanceolate, sessile. Jlit.
Sijn. LrsiMACHiA RACEMOSA. Lam. Mich.
LrsiMACHiA BULBIFERA. Curtis.
A very elegant species, its long, upright raceme appearing
like a hollow cylinder of flowers. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves
7
Class V. Order I.
glabrous, dotted, acute. Raceme often half a foot in length.
Flowers on horizontal, capillary footstalks, an inch in length. — -
Mr. Curtis has observed, that this species produces stem bulbs
in the axils of the leaves. — Low grounds. — July. — Perennial.
57. MENYANTHES.
MENVAXTHES TRIFOLIATA. L. Buck bean.
Leaves ternate. L.
Leaves inversely ovate, slightly toothed or repancl on the
margin, three on a petiole. Flower stalk round, erect, bearing
a pyramidal cluster or thyrse of elegant reddish white flowers.
Corolla of five reflexed segments, very hairy on the inner side.
— Grows in a small pond near Charles river, upper part of Cam-
bridge.— May. — Perennial.— r A bitter plant of some medicinal
reputation.
£8. CONVOLVULUS.
CONVOLVOLUS SEPIUM. L. Large bindweed.
Leaves arrow shaped with the posterior lohes
truncated ; peduncles square,, one flowered ; brac-
tcs heart shaped, close to the flower. Sm.
The American variety of Convolvulus sepium is one of the
finest of the genus. It climbs about fences and bushes in low
ground, its large red and white blossoms expanding in June
and July. Stem twining, a little angular, smooth. Leaves
large, arrow shaped, the hinder lobes cut off, particularly in,
the upp'cr leaves. Flower stalks square, axillary, bearing a
pair of hev.rt shaped bractes so close to the flower as to appeal-
like its calyx. — Perennial.
CONVOLVULUS ARVEXSIS. L. Small bindweed.
Leaves arrow shaped, the lobes acute ; flowers
generally solitary ; bractes minute, remote from the.
flower. Sm.
Class V. Order I. 51
Not more than half the size of the last. Stems numerous,
twining. Leaves arrow or halbert shaped, with acute lobes.
Peduncles angular, with a pair of very small acute bractes about
their middle. Flowers nearly white. — Dorchester. — June.
59. DATURA.
DATURA STRAMONIUM. L. Thorn Apple or Jlpplc Peru.
Fruit spiiious, ovate, erect ; leaves ovate,
smooth. L.
Stem erect, green, often solid, repeatedly forked, with
spreading branches. Leaves from the forks of the stem, ovate,
or heart shaped if they are spread out, smooth, smuated or loose-
ly toothed with large unequal teeth, unequal at base. Flowers
axillary, on short stalks, upright, white. Fruit of the size of a
small hen's egg, covered with thorns. — Among rubbish. — Au-
gust, September. — Annual.
A variety much more common than the last, and consider-
ably larger in size, has a uniformly hollow stem, purple, cover-
ed with light dots ; the flowers light purple or blue, striped on
the inside. It answers in every respect to the description of
Datura tatula, as laid clown m botanical books. I incline to think
the two species should be incorporated into one, if there are no
better discriminating marks than those usually laid down. The
dots in the purple cuticle of the American plant do not appear
to result from warts, or any inequalities in ils structure, but
simply from variation of colour. The sensible qualities of
the two varieties are the same.
It must be remarked however, that both the plants here de-
scribed differ from the representations in the English Bctany,
and in Woodville's Medical Botany ; 1st in the form of the an-
thers, which are very oblong, four times longer than broad ; 2d
in the stigma, the sides of which are parallel ; 3d in the dissepi-
ment of the capsule which is thin, about one quarter tlxe thick-
ness of the valves.
Class V. Order I.
The poisonous properties of this plant, as well as Us applica-
tion to medicine, are well known. As a remedy in asthma it has
recently acquired great reputation.
60. HYOSCYAMUS.
HYOSCYAMUS NIGER. L. Henbane.
Leaves sinuated, embracing the stem ; flowers
sessile. L.
Of the natural order of lurida like the last, equally poison-
ous, and of no less utility in medicine. It is a bushy, hairy, glu-
tinous, foetid plant. Leaves alternate, without footstalks, with
acute teeth or rather lobes ; those of the root large and spread-
ing, often turning to one side. Corolla of a light greenish yel-
low, reticulated with purple veins. Capsule round, two celled,
covered with a lid, and crowned with the permanent, five parted
calyx. Seeds numerous, small. — In waste grounds. — June,
July. — Biennial.
61. VERBASCUM.
VERBASCUM THAPSUS. L. Common Mullein.
Leaves deciirrent, woolly on both sides ; stem
simple. L.
Every body knows this tall, woolly, and very common plant,
Stem erect, straight, woolly, winged by the decumbent base of
the leaves. Leaves exceedingly woolly on both sides, ovate-
lanceolate, sessile, slightly serrate or waved on the margin.
The stem terminates in a long, thick, cylindrical spike, with
handsome five parted yellow flowers. — Dry pastures. — July)
August. — Biennial,
62. AZALEA.
AZALEA VISCOSA. L. Wild honeysuckle, Swamp pink.
Leaves with q, rough margin 5 corollas viscid,
hairy. L,
Class V. Order I. 53
A fine flowering shrub, very common among the brushwood
in low land. The small branches and peduncles are commonly
more or less bristly. Leaves crowded, lanceolate-ovate, slightly
toothed, hairy on the midrib and margin. Flowers in terminal,
umbel-like corymbs. Corollas funnel shaped, varying in col-
our, but commonly white, hairy and glutinous on the outside. —
June, July.
Several varieties occur in the colour of the leaves, parts of
the flower and small branches.
63. SOLANUM.
SOLANUM DULCAMARA. L. Bitter sweet, Woody nightshade.
Stem shrubby, flexuous, without thorns ; upper
leaves hastate ; clusters cymose. Sm.
Stem woody, climbing upon fences and bushes. Low-
er leaves heart shaped, entire ; upper ones ovate, furnished with
two ears at the base giving them a hastate form. Clusters on
the sides and ends of the stem, on branching and spreading
stalks, drooping. Flowers with five acute, spreading or reflex -
ed, purple segments. Anthers forming a yellow tube project-
ing from the flower. Berries oval, bright reel. This plant is
common in low grounds, by the side of brooks, Sec. As a me-
dicinal article it holds a place in most dispensatories. — July.
SOLANUM NIGRUM. L. Black nightshade.
Stem herbaceous, without thorns. Leaves
ovate, bluntly toothed and waved. Umbels lateral,
drooping. Sm,
Much more ordinary in its appearance than the last. Stein
erect branching, angular and sometimes winged. Leaves ovate
alternate. The umbels come out from the sides of the stem,
remote from the leaves. They consist of drooping white flow-
ers, with yellow anthers.. Berries round, black. This variety
Class V. Order I.
was probably imported from Europe. It grows among rubbish,
and has the aspect and reputation of a poisonous plant.
64. CAMPANULA.
CAMPANULA PEHFOLIATA. L. Clasping Sell flower.
Stem simple ; leaves heart shaped, toothed,
clasping ; flowers sessile, aggregate. L.
Sijn. CAMPANULA AMPLEXICJIULIS. J\Iich.
Found by the road side in Medford and elsewhere. Stem
erect, leafy, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves small, alter-
nate, reniform-heart shaped, tooth-crenate, clasping the stem.
Flowers axillary, sessile. Segments of the calyx lanceolate,
very acute, with a distinct middle rib. Corolla blue, spread-
ing.— June. — Annual.
CAMPANULA ERINOIDES. L. Slender Bell flower.
Stem triangular, the angles rough backward ;
leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers terminal.
Syn. CAMPANULA FI.EXUOSA. Mich.
Found in meadows among the high grass, supporting itself
like a Galium on surrounding plants. Stem from eight to twen-
ty inches in height, very slender and flexible, uniformly trian-
gular, the angles rough with minute reflexed prickles. Leaves
given off successively from the three sides, linear, sessile, near-
ly entire, the midrib and margin rough backward. A variety
occurs with lanceolate leaves with a few minute teeth. Bran-
ches few, near the top, axillary, leafy, one or two flowered.
Flowers small, terminal. Corolla very small, twice or thrice the
length of the calyx, deeply five cleft, white with pale blue veins.
Filaments valve like, hairy. Stigma trifid. Capsule globular,
three celled. — Found at Medford and Brighton. Variety 2d at
Sudbury. — June, July.
Class V. Order I, 33
65. LOBELIA.
LOBELIA CARDINALIS. L. Cardinal flower.
Stem erect, leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate;
spike terminal, pointing one way. L.
This supevb plant, cultivated and much prized in Europe,
is a native of our meadows and brooksides. It rises to the
height of two feet and upward, with a simple, erect, leafy stem.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and serrate. Ra-
ceme terminating the stem, consisting of large flowers, more or
less inclining to one side, of a bright scarlet colour. Corolla
with a long tube ending in five spreading segments, the three
lower ones widest. Tube of stamens curved in at the top. — -
June, July. — Perennial.
LOBELIA PALLIDA. Jlfuhl* Pule Lobelia.
Somewhat hairy ; stem erect, simple ; leaves
oblong- spatulatc, dentate ; flowers spiked.
Syn. LOBELIA SPICAI'A. Lam.
Stem upright, smooth, or a little hairy. Leaves spatulate, ob-
tuse at the end, tapering at base, slightly toothed or crenate,
pubescent at the edge and under side, sessile. Flowers in a
long terminal spike, on short peduncles, blue. — Moist pastures
and road sides. — July. — Perennial.
LOBELIA INFLATA. L. Indian tobacco.
Stem erect ; leaves ovate, slightly serrate, lon-
ger than the peduncles ; capsules inflated. L.
Readily distinguished by its swelling, bladder-like pods, ana
its very subtle, acrimonious taste, not unlike that of green to-
bacco. Stem angular, hairy, branching at top, from one to t\vc
feet high. Leaves scattered or alternate, oval, nearly sessile.
crenate or serrate on the edge. Stem and branches terminat-
ing in spikes of small blue flowers on short footstalks. Calyx
Class V. Order I.
teeth subulate, as long as the corolla. Capsules oval, turgid.-—
Cambridge.- — August. — Biennial.
The plant operates violently as an emetic, and has been used
ivith advantage in asthma and some similar affections.
LOBELIA UORTMANNA. L. Water Lobelia
Leaves linear, two celled, entire ; stem nearly
naked. L.
A very singular aquatic plant. The leaves grow in a sin-
gle tuft at the bottom of the water. They are from one to three
inches long, recurved, blunt, and of a fleshy appearance. On
cutting them across, they are found to consist of two empty par-
allel tubes. The stem rises out of water, bearing a few remote
pendulous flowers of a pale blue colour. The whole plant gives
out a milky juice on being broken. — Found in Fresh pond. — July.
66. DIERVILLA.
DIERVILLA CAXADENSIS. Muhl. Yellow DierviUa.
Racemes terminal ; leaves serrate. L. sub. syn,
Syj2. LOXICERA DIERVILLA. L.
This shrub with us is usually of small size. Leaves oppo-
site, on short petioles, ovate, smooth, serrate, acuminate. Flow-
ers of a pale yellow ; small, funnel shaped, with five roundish,
unequal segments. They grow in the axils of the upper leaves.
— Woods, Cambridge, Brooklyn. — June.
67. TRIOSTEUM.
TKIOSTEUJI PERFOLIATUM. L. Ffverwort.
Leaves connate ; flowers sessile, whorled. Void.
Syji. TRIOS fEUM MAJUS. Mich.
Not very common. I have only met with it in the upper
part of Cambridge, and in Watertown. Stems from two to
three feet high. Leaves large, oval, acuminate, suddenly nar-
Class V. Order I. 57
rowed into a long, slender base, in pairs more or less connate.
Flowers several in the axils of the leaves, sessile, appearing
whorled. Corolla of a dull purple, tubular, somewhat curved.
Berry round, yellow, crowned with the long spreading segments
of the calyx, containing three hard seeds. Flowers in June.—
Perennial. — It possesses medicinal qualities.
68. CEANOTHUS.
CEANOTHUS AMERIOANUS. L. Jersey tea.
Leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, triply nerved;
panicles axillary, elongated. Willd.
A small white flowering shrub, not unfrcquent in dry or sandy
soils. Leaves two or three inches long, and one broad, finely
serrate and tapering into a long point. From the axils of the
upper leaves come out leafless branches bearing crowded
bunches of minute white flowers. These are followed by dry,
three seeded and somewhat triangular berries. The leaves
were used, among other substitutes, for tea, during the Ameri-
can revolution. — Flowers in June.
69. CELASTRUS.
CELASTRUS SCANDENS. L. Climbing staff tree. Wax work:
Unarmed ; leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate ;
racemes terminal ; stem twining. Willd.
A strong woody vine, twining round small trees and climb-
ing to a great height. Flowers of a greenish white, in small
racemes on the ends of the young shoots. The fruit is a ber-
ried capsule. When ripe, the three valves turn backward dis-
closing a bright scarlet berry. The valves are of a Ib'ht red
colour, partitioned in the middle and finally waved on the edge.
—About fences and thickets. — June.
8
58 Class V. Order I.
70. VITIS,
VITZS LABRUSOA. Common ivild grape vine.
Leaves heart shaped, somewhat three lobed,
dentate, downy underneath* Willd.
This vine is dioecious, a fact which Michaux affirms of all
the species observed by him in America.* The leaves are ve-
ry broad and white underneath. Clusters of flowers small, op-
posite to leaves, as are also the tendrils. Fruit large, purple
and pleasantly flavoured. Found in woods in low ground. —
June.
VITIS HEDERACEA. Willd. Common creeper.
Leaves quinate, ovate, acuminate, dentate.
Willd.
Si/n. HEDERA QUINQUEFOLIA, //.
Vifis QUJXQUEFOLIA. Lam. <J? Sm.
jiMPELOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA. Mich.
The common creeper is much cultivated as an ornament of
walls. The stems climb to a great height, supported by radi-
cating tendrils. Leaves in fives, petioled, smooth. Flowers in
branched clusters ; petals green, not united at their summit.
Berries of the size of peas. — Found growing wild in woods and
about fences. — June.
71. IMPATIENS.
IMPATIENS NOLI TANGERE. Mich. /3. Touch me not .
Flower stalks solitary, many flowered ; leaves
ovate ; joints of the stem swelling. L.
Syn. iMPJflENS MACULAfA. Muhl.
Found about brooks and in moist shades, flowering from June
* Excepting those placed in his genus Ampehpsis.
Class V. Order I. 59
to September. The flowers are of a tawny yellow, spotted on
the inside, and resembling small cups or pitchers, hanging on
slender footstalks. Nectary horn shaped ; petals spreading,
the two lower ones large. The capsule when ripe bursts and
scatters its seeds by an elastic power like the common balsa-
mine of the gardens, another of the genus. Height of the plant
about two feet ; stems succulent, smooth ; leaves ovate, tooth-
ed. — Annual.
72. VIOLA.
VIOLA BLANDA. JVilld. Sweet scented white violet.
Stemless ; leaves heart shaped, obtuse, rather
flat, glabrous ; petals beardless.
Leaves round-heart shaped, crenatc ; petioles twice or thrice
the length of the leaves, half round, channelled, smooth.
Flowers white with purple veins at bottom, fragrant. The two
lateral petals are slightly beai'ded on the inside below the mid-
dle. — .Moist land. — April, May. — Perennial.
VIOLA LANCEOLATA. Z/. £/>eoT leaved violet.
Stemless ; leaves lanceolate, crenate. L.
Root fibrous, sending out scions ; leaves lanceolate, rather
obtuse, on long petioles ; flowers white with purple veins at
bottom. — Wet ground. — May, June. — Perennial. — A consider-
able variety occurs in the width of the leaves, which are some-
times nearly ovate.
VIOLA PRIMULIFOLIA. Z. Spade leaved violet.
Steinless ; leaves oblong-heart shaped ; petioles
membranaceous. L.
• Leaves oblong, ovate or heart shaped, crenate, their base
extending down the leaf stalk, which becomes winged. We
have two violets which answer the above description. One
with white flowers and smoother leaves ; the other with blue-
60 Class V. Order 1.
flowers and hairy leaves. The last is by far the most common,
being very abundant on dry hills and pastures. Its flowers re-
semble those of the next species.— May. — Perennial.
VIOLA CUCULLATA. Jlit. Hollow leaved violet.
Stemless ; leaves heart shaped, rather acute,
smooth, hooded at base ; flowers inverted ; petals
bent obliquely. Jilt.
Leaves heart shaped, crenate or serrate, the younger ones
rolled in at the base, the older ones expanded. Petioles twice
the length of the leaves. Flowers blue. — Meadows and low
grounds. — May. — Perennial.
VIOLA SAGITTATA. Jilt, Arrow leaved violet.
Stemless ; leaves oblong- acute, heart-arrow
shaped, serrate, cut at the base, flowers inverted.
Ait.
Leaves oblong, frequently obtuse, serrate, the lower serra-
tures large and divergent, giving the leaf a sagittate appear-
ance. Flowers blue, more hairy inside than the last, inverted
when young, erect afterward.— Meadows.— May.
When the plant grows in a dry and rich soil, the leaves be-
come hairy, and acquire a hastate form from the enlargement of
the lower serratures or segments.
VIOLA PEDATA. L. Pedale violet.
Steinless ; leaves pedate, seven parted. L.
Rather larger than the preceding species. Root fleshy,
abrupt. Leaves perfectly pedate, consisting of from five to
nine segments which are wedge-form or lanceolate, and mostly
toothed at the end ; the middle one distinct, the lateral ones
connected. Flowers large, pale blue, erect. — Hills and sandy
fields.— May, June. — Perennial,
Class V. Order II. 61
VIOLA PUBESCENS. Jlit. Fellow violet.
Stem erect, villous ; leaves heart-shaped, pubes-
cent ; stipules oblong, serrulate at tip. Jlit. abr.
Syn. VIOLA PENNSTLVANICA. Mich.
Stem simple, pubescent. Leaves alternate, broad-heart
shaped, crenate, tapering to a point, twice as long as their pe-
tioles. Flowers solitary, from the axils of the leaves, yellow,
veined. — May, June. — Perennial.
73. THESIUM.
THESIUM UMBELLATUM. L. Umbelled Thesinm.
Flowers umbelled, leaves oblong. L.
Syn. THESIUM CORTMBULOSUM. Mich.
Stem round, slender, seldom exceeding a foot in height.
Leaves oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, alternate, smooth. Branch-
es near the top, feAv, alternate. Umbels of few flowers, termi-
nal, with an involucre of about four leafets. Flowers on short
peduncles. Calyx five cleft, the tube green, segments white.
Stamens inserted on the calyx. Seed one. — Dry woods. —
June.
DIGYNM.
74. APOCYNUM.
APOCYNUM ANDROS^MIFOLIUM. L. Dog's bane.
Stem Btraightish, herbaceous ; leaves ovate,
smooth on both sides ; cymes terminal. Mill.
A handsome, smooth, branching plant. Stem two feet
high, smooth, dark, with spreading branches. Leaves oppo-
site, ovate, acute, entire. Flowers on the ends of the branches,
of a pink or purplish white, bell shaped, their segments revo-
Jute. The plant abounds with milky juice. Its root is emetic,
and hence is often denominated ipecac, a name vulgarly applied.
Class V. Order II.
to a great number of plants. The flowers have the property
of catching flies. Common about thickets. — July.
75. ASCLEPIAS.
AscLEriAs SYRIACA. L, Common Silk weed or Milk weed.
Stem simple ; leaves lance-oblong, gradually
acute, downy underneath ; umbels somewhat nod-
ding. Mich.
Very common by road sides and borders of fields. Stem
three or four feet high, undivided. Leaves opposite, large, ob-
Jong. Umbels of flowers lateral and terminal, nodding. The
pods or follicles contain large quantities of a fine silken down
attached to the seeds, for which the plant has been cultivated in
Europe and America. It is used as a substitute for feathers,
fur, cotton, Sec. — July. — Perennial.
ASCLEPIAS OBTUSIFOLIA. J\Iich. Blunt leaved silk weed.
Leaves closely sessile, oblong, obtuse, waved :
umbel terminal, on a long peduncle ; corollas
smooth. Mich. abr.
Leaves opposite, ovate, heart shaped at base, sessile, appar-
ently clasping, very much waved on the margin, obtuse at the
end, mucronated. Stem erect, supporting a terminal umbel of
large flowers at a distance from the leaves. Cambridge, Sweet
Auburn. — July. — Perennial.
ASCLEPIAS PURPURASCENS. Purple silk weed.
Leaves ovate, villous underneath ; stem simple ;
umbels erect ; nectaries resupinate. Mill.
Stem upright ; leaves oblong, rather acute, on short pe-
tioles ; umbels terminal, erect ; corollas dark purple ; horns of
the nectary bent horizontally inward. — Cambridge, on the Con-
cord turnpike.-— July. — Perennial.
Class V. Order II. 63
ASCLEPIAS PULCHRA. Willd. Water silk weed.
Leaves lanceolate, pubescent underneath ; stem
divided toward the top ; umbels erect, in pairs.
Willd.
Common in wet ground, by the sides of ponds, Sec. Stems
commonly in bunches, erect, downy, subdivided near the top.
Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very acute point, downy on the
under side. Umbels many, small, on downy peduncles. Flow-
ers purple. — July. — Perennial.
The bark is very strong and fibrous.
ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA. L. Butterfly iveed. Pleurisy roof.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate ; stem divaricate,
hairy. L.
Si/n. ASCLEPIAS DECUMBEXS. Walt.
Stem upright or decumbent, hairy, branching at top. Leaves
scattered, oblong, or lanceolate, hairy. Umbels terminal.
Flowers deep orange colour. — Grows at Wobum, and is fre-
quent in the interior of the state. — July. — Perennial.
The root of this plant has considerable medicinal activity
See Dr. Barton's Materia Medica of the United States.
ASOLEPIAS VERTICILLATA. L. Whorled Jlsclepia*.
Leaves revolute, linear, whorled ; stem erect. L.
This very neat species is altogether different in its habit from
those already described. Stem slender, marked with downy
stripes. Leaves in whorls of five or six, linear, revolute at the
margin, paler boneath. Umbels several, small, coming out
from among the upper whorls. Flowers white. — On a hill
near the Dedham turnpike, Roxbury. — July.— -Perennial.
Class V. Order II.
76. GENTIANA.
GENTIANA SAPONARIA. L. Soapwort Gentian.
Corollas five cleft, companulate, inflated, whorl-
ed ; leaves ovate lanceolate, three nerved. Froel.
A very fine plant, distinguished by its large purple flowers
which are so nearly closed at the top as to resemble buds.
Stem erect, simple, smooth. Leaves opposite, oval-lanceolate,
acuminate, smooth, three and sometimes five nerved. Flowers
sessile in bunches at the top, and frequently on the sides in the
axils of the upper leaves. Corolla bell shaped, purple and white,
slightly five cleft, its segments subdivided and folded together
so as to close the mouth.— Found in moist woods, Cambridge.—
September, October.
GENTIANA OUIKITA. Froel. Fringed Gentian.
Corollas four cleft, the segments cut-ciliate ;
leaves lanceolate, acute ; stem erect, round, Froel.
This gentian is exceeded by few native plants in the delica-
cy and beauty of its flowers. The stems are divided toward
the top into several erect branches. The leaves are opposite,
ovate-lanceolate, smaller than in the last species. Flowers
erect, on the ends of the branches, remote from the leaves.
The stamens are four in number, as are the segments of the
calyx and corolla. The segments of the corolla are of a deep
purple and fringed on the end. — On the Concord turnpike. —
September, October.
77. CUSCUTA.
CUSCUTA AMERICANA. L. Dodder.
Flowers ped uncled, umbellate, five cleft.
Willd.
A small, yellowish, leafless vine, twining round other plants,
Class V. Order II. 65
Which it penetrates with lateral roots so as to derive nourish-
ment from their juices. Its small umbels of flowers appear in
June and July.
78. SALSOLA.
SALSOLA CAROLINIANA. Mich. American Saltwort.
Herbaceous, decumbent ; leaves subulate, spin-
ous, smooth, dilated and entire at base ; calyx ax-
illary, margined.
A stiff, prickly plant of the sea shore. Stems much branch-
ed, angular, smooth. Leaves numerous, short, rigid, awl-shap-
ed and very acute, spreading, smooth and entire, dilated at base,
sessile. The lower leaves are deciduous, so that when the
fruit is ripe, only the floral leaves remain. These are three in
number to each flower, resembling the other leaves, but short-
er, their base dilated and perfectly entire, not repand as in Salsola
Kali. The calyx is externally compressed into a broad, mem-
branous margin, flattish, but rising in the centre. Seed enclos-
ed in the calyx, cockle-shaped from its spiral cotyledons.—
Salt marshes. — July, August.
Plants of this genus are used in the manufacture of Soda.
79. CHENOPODIUM.
CHENOPODIUW ALBUM. L. White Goosefoot. Hog-weed*
Leaves rhomboid-ovate, eroded, entire behind,
the upper ones oblong, entire ; seeds smooth. Sm.
A common weed in cultivated, and waste ground. Stem
channelled, branched ; leaves mealy, the lower ones unequally
toothed above, the upper ones smaller, entire. Bunches of
flowers erect, green or mealy. — July.— -Annual.
9
66 Class V. Order II.
CHENOPODIUM RUBRUM. JL. Red GoosefuQt.
Leaves triangular, approaching to rhomboid;
deeply toothed, and somewhat sinuated ; clusters
upright, compound, leafy. Sm.
More green, fleshy, and compact than the last. Leaves sin-
uated, tapering at base. Clusters of flowers, close, interspersed
with small leaves. — Among rubbish, especially in low ground.
— Annual.
CHENOPODIUM HYBRIDUM. L. Tall Goosefoot.
Leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate ;
racemes branched, somewhat cyinose, divaricate,
leafless. Sm.
A tall species with large leaves. Stem slender, upright.
Leaves spreading, blight green, with a few large teeth on each
side, heart shaped at base, tapering into a long point. Clusters
compound, branching, open, remote from leaves. — Wastes and
rubbish. — July. — Annual.
CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS. L. Cut leaved Goosefoot.
Leaves oblong, sinuated ; racemes naked, many
clert. L.
Stem short, branching, somewhat rigid, leafy. Leaves pe-
tioled, oblong, deeply sinuated, slightly pubescent. Flowers in
numerous short axillary racemes, covering the en.'s of the
branches, and giving them the appearance of long leafy spikes.
The whole plant has a strong, peculiar smell when bruised. —
Woods, Brighton. — Annual.
80. ULMUS.
ULMUS AMERIC VNA L. Common Elm.
Leaves equally serrate, unequal at the base. L.
Class V. Order IL 67
This stately tree is distinguished at sight from the cultivat-
ed English elms by its long pendulous branches. It also loses
its leaves in autumn several weeks sooner. The flowers, which
appear in April, have commonly from six to eight stamens.
They are small, of a dull purple colour, and grow in bunches
on slender footstalks. The seeds are contained in a flat, oval,
winged capsule or samara, which is ciliated at the edge. The
leaves grow alternately on opposite sides of the branches ; they
are more smooth and more uniformly serrated than those of the
English elm. The wood of the elm is tough, and principally
used to form the naves or hubbs of wheels.
81. HYDROCOTYLE.
HYDROCOTYLE AMERICANA. L. Pennywort.
Leaves reniform, somewhat lobed, crenate, L.
A small plant found in moist ground under the shade of
bushes, Sec. Stem creeping. Leaves kidney shaped, doubly
crenate, light green, very smooth and thin. Flowers minute,
in very small umbels or bunches, sessile. — July. — Perennial.
82. SANICULA.
SANICULA MARILANDICA. L. Sanicle*
Barren flowers on peduncles, perfect ones ses-
sile. Gr.
Stem upright, smooth, divided into a few erect branches.
Leaves divided somewhat in a pedatc manner, acutely serrate.
Umbels simple, few flowered, the barren flowers on short pe-
duncles, the perfect or fruitful ones sessile. Seeds furnished
with hooked bristles. — About thickets in low ground.
83. HERACLEUM.
HERACLEUM LANATUM. Mich. Cow parsnep.
Leaves ternate, woolly underneath, leafets pe-
08 Class V. Order II.
tioled roundish-heart shaped, lobed ; fruit orbicu-
lar. Mich. abr.
One of the largest of our umbelliferous plants. Petioles
and nerves of the leaves channelled, bristly. Leafets large,
woolly on the under side, deeply cut into lobes, which are again
cut, and unequally serrate. Umbels radiate, half a foot in di-
ameter, flat. Flowers white. Seeds thin, round-oval, emargin-
ate, marked with three short lines. — South Boston, Dorchester.
—June. — Perennial.
84. CONIUM.
CONIUM MACULATUM. L. Common Hemlock.
Seeds unarmed, striate, stem much branched,
shining, spotted. Sm.
A well known poisonous plant. Stem from three to six feet
high, round, spotted. Leaves three times pinnate, of a shining
green. General involucre of five or seven lanceolate, reflected
leafets. Partial involucre of three or four on the outer side of
the footstalk. Petals five, oval, curled in at their points. Fruit
oval, striate, the ribs often slightly wrinkled. — Road sides, and
waste ground. — June, July.
The inspissated juice of this plant is extensively used in me-
dicine. Care must be taken to distinguish it from a species of
JEthusa, nearly allied to M. cynapium, (perhaps a variety) which
grows with, and very much resembles it. The ,/E.thusa is a
smaller plant, has no general involucre, and its partial ones con-
sist of three long pendulous leafets. Their taste is different,
that of hemlock being the most nauseous.
85. ANGELICA,
ANGELICA rmquiNATA. Mich. Common Angelica.
Petiole three parted, its divisions pinnate-five
leaved ; leafets cut-toothed, of the terminal leafets
Class V. Order IL 69
the odd one rhomboid, sessile, the lateral ones de-
cursive. Mich.
A very large umbellate plant, well known for its fine aroma-
tic flavour. Stem large, five or six feet high, petioles with very
large swelling stipulse. Leaves smooth, decompound, the three
terminal leafets appearing as one. Seeds oblong-hemispheri-
cal, three winged on the back. Cambridge, meadows. — June.
86. SIUM.
SIUM LALIFOLIUM. L. Water parsmp.
Leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong-lanceolate,
equally serrate. Sm.
A tall aquatic plant common in ditches and muddy brooks.
Stem erect, hollow, smooth, with deep furrows and sharp, prom-
inent angles. Leaves pinnate ; leafets in half a dozen pairs,
with an odd one, ovate-lanceolate, equally serrate, or laciniated
if under water. Umbels solitary, mostly terminal. General
involucre of many leaves lanceolate, and occasionally serrate.
Partial involucres small. Flowers white. Fruit ovate, striated
— From July to September. — Perennial.
87. SISON.
SISON CANADENSE. L. Honeivort,
Leaves ternate ; umbels irregular.
Stem smooth. Leaves in threes, the radical ones cleft, those
of the stem doubly toothed, rhomboidal, shining. Umbel une«-
qual, of four rays with no general involucre. Partial umbels
unequal, close, few flowered with a minute involucre. Flow-
ers small, white. Seeds smooth, oblong.— Lynn beach island,
—July.
70 Class V. Order IIL
88. CICUTA.
CICUTA MACULATA. L. Water hemlock. Snakeweed*
Serratures of the leaves mucronate, stipules ex-
tending up the petioles, two lobed at top. Mill.
Stem three or four feet high, commonly purplish. Leaves
triply pinnate. Lcafets oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, the
upper ones sessile, lower ones shortly petioled, the serratures
finely mucronate. Umbels of moderate size ; general invo-
lucre none, partial one of many leaves. — In wet meadows.—
June and after. — Perennial.
TRIGYWIA.
89. VIBURNUM.
VIBURNUM LENTAGO. L. Pear leaved Viburnum.
Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate,
petioles margined, curled. Ait.
A tall shrub in low grounds. Leaves very finely serrate,
the serratures sharp, a little turned inward. Petioles with a
membranous margin, widest in the upper leaves, waved or
curled. Flowers in cymes, as are all the subsequent species.
Fruit pleasant to the taste. — South Boston, Cambridge. — June.
VIBURNUM NUDUM. L. Naked Viburnum.
Leaves oval, a little wrinkled, revolute at the
margin, obsoletely crenulate. Ait.
A shrub of low grounds like the last. Leaves smooth, tap-
ering to a bluntish point, entire or very slightly crenate, reflect-
ed at the margin. Cymes naked, without bractes or invoKcres.
The leaves turn black in drying. — Cambridgeport.' — June.
VIBURNUM DENTATUM. L. JUrrow wopd>
Leaves ovate, dentate, serrate, plaited. Z«
Class V. Order III. 71
* A more common shrub than the foregoing. The shoots
are slender and very straight, from whence it has received the
name of Arrow wood. Leaves roundish or oval, very regularly
toothed, the veins parallel and prominent underneath. — Moist
woods. — June, July.
VIBURNUM ACERIFOLIUM. L. Maple Viburnum.
Leaves three lobed, acuminate, sharply ser-
rate ; petioles without glands, hairy. Willd.
Leaves rounded or hearted at base, broad, divided into three
lobes, with large teeth, very soft with minute down underneath.
Cymes on long peduncles. — Woods, Roxhury. — June, July.
The different species of Viburnum are fine flowering shrubs,
'and with the Elder, next described, constitute a principal orna-
ment of our woods and thickets during the first part of sum-
mer.
90. SAMBUCUS.
SAMBUOUS CANADENSIS. L. Common Eldev.
Cymes five parted; leaves nearly bipinnate,
stem shrubby. Willd.
Michaux says he could observe no difference between this
species and the Stunbucus nigra of Europe, except in size, the
latter being a tree, the former a shrub. Leaves pinnate, the
lower leafets double or ternate, and all of them oblong-oval,
sharply serrate, tapering to a very long and acute point. Flow-
ers white ; berries blackish ; both considered medicinal. — June,
July.
91. RHUS.
RHUS GLABRUM. L. Smooth Sumacii
Glabrous 5 leaves pinnate, of many pairs, leafets
73 Class V. Order III.
lance-oblong, serrate, whitish underneath. Mich,
abr.
A common species of Sumach found about fences and bor-
ders of fields. Petioles and leaves unarmed and smooth. The
flowers are dioecious. The leaves of this and the two fol-
lowing species are astringent and used in tanning. Berries
crimson, astringent, and acid — June, July.
RHUS TYPHINUM. L. Stag's horn or Velvet Sumach.
Branches and petioles hairy ; leaves pinnate,
of many pairs, hairy underneath ; leafets lance-ob-
long, sharply serrate.
A larger species than the last ; its leafstalks and last years
branches covered with thick bristly hair. Bunches of berries
crowded, purple, velvet like. I believe this species to be
dioecious. — In low ground. — June.
The bark and leaves give out a milky juice on being broken,
both in this and the other species.
.RHVS COPALLINUM. L. Mountain or Dwarf Sumach.
Leaves pinnate, entire ; petioles membranous,
jointed. L.
A smaller shrub than the preceding. The young branch-
es and petioles arc downy. Leafets oval-lanceolate, acute, en-
tire. Between each pair the petiole spreads out into a broad
leafy expansion, contracted at the insertion of the leafets. Flow-
ers dioecious.
RHUS VERNIX. L. Poison dogwood. Swamp Sumach.
Quite glabrous ; leaves pinnate, of many pairs ;
leafets oval, abruptly acuminate, entire ; panicle
lax ; flowers dioecious ; fruit smooth. Mich. abr.
Grows in bunches in wet swamps, where its fine smooth
Class V. Order III. 78
ieaves give it the air of a tropical shrub or tree. Petioles long,
roundish, smooth ; the partial ones very short. Leafets oval,
terminating in a short point. Peduncle long, smooth, sup-
porting a loose panicle of small flowers, which are dioecious.
Berries white.
The effluvium of this shrub is a violent poison to certain con-
stitutions, producing in them a distressing cutaneous eruption,
when it is handled or even approached. On others, and I be-
lieve on a. majority, it exerts no influence. The leaves have
been rubbed, chewed, and swallowed without injury. Their
taste is simply herbaceous and astringent, and does not indi-
cate any extraordinary quality.
In Japan a fine varnish is said to be prepared from the juice
of the Rhus -uernix, a tree, whose identity with the present, i}
still a subject of dispute,
RHUS RADICANS. L. Poison Ivy.
Leaves ternatc ; leafets petioletl, ovate, naked,
entire ; stem rooting. L.
A hardy climber, frequently seen running up trees to a gi-
height, supporting itself by lateral roots, and becoming nearly
buried in their bark. Leaves in threes, large, smooth, round-
ish, pointed. Racemes sessile, mostly about the axils of the
leaves. Flowers dioecious. Berries white. — Poisonous in a less
degree than the last. — The juice stains a black colour. — June.
92. SAROTHRA.
SAROTIIRA GENTIANOIDES. L. Pint', nv.cd.
•Syn. HTPERICUM SAROVHJRA. Mich.
A small, erect, branching plant. Leaves appresscd, scale-
iike, so small, that the plant appears leafless. Branches numer-
ous, subdivided, erect. Flowers small, yellow, with from five
to ten stamens and three styles. Capsule oblong, coloured.
— On sandy soils exposed to the sun. — July, August.
10
Class V. Order V.
1'ENTJIGYNM.
93. ARALIA.
ARALIA NUDICAULIS. L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
Stemless, leaves decompound, scape leafless.
Willd.
A veil known aromatic root. It has no stem unles the ter-
mination of the root be so considered. Leaves on long stalks,
subdivided into three times three, or three times five leafets,
which are oval and serrate. The scape rises between the leaf
stalks, and supports a few simple umbels. — Woods and thick-
ets,— May, June.— Perennial.
ARALIA RAOEMOSA. L. Pettymorrel. Spikenard.
Stem herbaceous, smooth ; leaves decompound;
peduncles axillary, branching, unibelled. Willd.
Tall and irregulaly branched. Stem smooth, dark green or
red. Leafets large, ovate or heart-shaped, serrate. Flowers
in small umbels, which are again arranged in branching racemes,
from the axils or forks of the stem. — In woods. — June, July. —
It is aromatic and in high estimation \\ ith people of the coun-
try.
ARALIA HISFIDA. Jllich. Bristly Jlrulia.
Stem shrubby at base, hispid ; leaves twice pin-
Aate ; leafets cut serrate ; urnbe Is on long pedun-
cles. Mich. air.
The lower part of the stem endures the winter, and has a
shrubby appearance,, but most of the herb is annual. The stem
is set with thick and stiff bristles at the base. Leafets much
smaller than in the preceding, sharply and unequally serrate,
ending in a long point. Umbels several, on long peduncles. —
Woods, Cambridgeport.— • June.
Class V. Order V. 75
94. DROSERA.
DROSEUA ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Hound leaved Sun-dew.
Leaves orbicular, radical, depressed; petioles
hairy ; scape bearing a simple raceme. Sm.
The thick glandular hairs, which cover the leaves of this and
other species, will readily distinguish them from other plants.
Leaves small, round, spreading on the ground in a flat circle.
Scape smooth, tearing a one-rowed, curved raceme of small
white flowers. — Wet, boggy land. — July, August,
95. STATICE.
STATICE LIMONIUM. L. Marsh rosemary,
Scape panicled, round; leaves smooth, desti-
tute of nerves, tipped with a small point. Sm.
Very common on our salt marshes, flowering in June and
after. Leaves obovate, or spatulatc, waved at the edge, very
smooth and entire, nerveless, mucronated at the tip. Scape
alternately branched, the branches ascending, somewhat corymb-
ed. Flowers numerous, erect, small, blue. — Perennial.
The root is strongly astringent, and with us is an officina-j
article of considerable consumption.
Class VI. Order I.
Class VI. HEXANDRIA. Six stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNM. One style.
96. BERBERIS. Calyx six leaved, inferior ;
corolla six petalled ; two glands at the base of each
petal ; berry two seeded.
97- PRINOS. Calyx six cleft, inferior ; corol-
la six parted, wheel shaped ; berry six seeded.
98. PONTEDERIA. Corolla inferior, ringent,
six cleft ; stamens inserted three in the tip, and
three in the tube of the corolla ; capsule three cell-
ed.
99. HYPOXIS. Spathe two valved ; corolla
superior, six parted ; capsule narrower at the base.
100. COKVALLARIA. Calyx none : corolla six
deft, inferior; stigma three sided; berry three
celled.
101. UVULARIA. Calyx none ; corolla inferior,
petals six, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at their
base ; stamens very short.
103. ERYTHRONIUM. Calyx none ; corolla in-
ferior, six petalled ; the three inner petals with a
callous prominence on each edge near the base.
103. LILIUM. Calyx none ; corolla inferior,
six petalled, the petals with a longitudinal groove
from the middle to the base.
104-. ACORUS. Spadix cylindrical, covered
with flowers ; corolla six petalled ; style none ;
t'apsule tbree celled.
Class VI. Order V. 77
105. JUNCUS. Calyx six leaved, inferior, per-
manent ; corolla none ; capsule three valved ; seeds
numerous ; stigmas three.
Order III. TRIG1WM. Three styles.
106. MEDEOLA. Calyx none ; corolla inferior
six parted, re volute ; berry three seeded.
107. TRILLIUM. Calyx three leaved, iufp-
rior ; corolla three petalled ; berry three celled.
108. TRIGLOCHIX. Calyx three leaved, infe-
rior ; corolla three leaved, resembling the calyx ;
styles none ; capsule bursting at the base : seeds
solitary.
109. RUMEX. Calyx three leaved inferior:
petals three connivent ; stigma many cleft : seed
one, triangular, naked.
Order V. POLYGY.\"Li. Jinny styles.
110. ALISMA. Calyx three leaved ; corolla
three petalled ; capsules numerous, clustered. <mr
seeded.
78 Class VI. Order L
HEXANDRIA.
MONOGYNU.
96. BERBERIS.
BERBERIS VULGARIS. L. Barberry bush,
Flowers in racemes ; spines three forked ; ser-
ratures ofleaves terminated by soft bristles, Sm.
Few shrubs are better known or more common by road
sides and fences, in gravelly soils. Branches dotted and armed
with triple thorns. Leaves inversely ovate, serrate, the teeth
and point ending in short bristles. The yellow flowers appear
in June in hanging clusters ; succeeded by oblong, acid ber-
ries of a deep red colour.
A very remarkable degree of irritability, not exceeded by
the sensitive plant, exists in the flowers of the Barberry. When
these are fully expanded, the stamens are found spread out on
the inner side of the corolla. In this situation if the inside of
the filament be touched with a pin or straw, it instantly con-
tracts and throws the anther violently against Uie stigma.
This fact which has been particularly described by Dr. Smith
in the English Barberry, is not less remarkable and distinct in
the American variety of the shrub.
It is a commonly received opinion, both here and in Eu-
rope, that the barberry is injurious to cultivated grain. Wheat,
rye, Sec. growing in its neighbourhood, are said to be blighted.
But some distinguished philosophic agriculturalists, among
whom are Duhamel and Broussonet, have assured us that the
opinion is without foundation. — May not the supposed fault be-
long to the peculiar soil and situation which the barberry ire*
Guents ?
Class VI. Order I. 70
97. PRINOS.
PRINOS VERTICILLATUS. L. Black Jllder.
Leaves oval, serrate, acuminate, hairy on the
nerves beneath.
Syn. PRINOS GRONOVII. Mich.
Black alder or Winter berry is readily discovered in woods
and swamps after the leaves have fallen, by its crowded scarlet
berries which remain on the small branches. It is a large
shrub, with small, white, six parted flowers, in lateral or axillary
bunches, appearing in June and July. — The bark is consider-
ed medicinal.
PRINOS GLABER. L. Evergreen Winter berry.
Leaves wedge-lanceolate, glabrous, serrate at
tip.
Distinguished from the former by its smooth coriaceous,
evergreen leaves, which are of a bluntish lanceolate form, with
a few small remote teeth at the end. Flowers axillary. — •
Swamps. — June, July.
98. PONTEDERIA.
PONTEDERIA coRDATA. L. Pickercl-u'eed.
Leaves heart shaped, flowers spiked. L.
During the month of July, the tall blue spikes of Pontede-
ria are very conspicuous on the borders of ponds and rivers of
deep water and muddy bottoms. Stem erect, fleshy, cylindri-
cal. Leaves long, heart shaped, very smooth, with convergent
nerves. Stem leaf sheathing at the base of its stalk. Flowers
in a cylindrical spike, proceeding from a short spathe. Corol-
las irregular, somewhat labiate.— Perennial.
Class VI. Order I.
99. HYPOXIS.
HYPOXIS ERECTA. L. Yellow Bethlehem star
.
Hairy ; scape about four flowered, shorter than
the leaves ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; peduncles
twice as long as the flower.
Si/n. HTPOXIS CAROLIHIANA. Midi.
The yellow, star-like flowers of this plant appear among the
grass in pastures, in June and after. Root bulbous. Leaves
grass like, hairy. Scape slender, hairy, divided at top into about
four peduncles, with subulate bractes or spathes at their base.
Corolla wheel shaped, of six lanceolate petals or segments,
hairy on the outside. Perennial.
100. CONVALLARIA.
CONVALLA-RIA BiFOLiA. L. Two leaved Solomotfs seal.
Stem two or three leaved, leaves heart shaped,
flowers tetrandrous* .Mich.
The creeping roots of this little plant cause it to spread
extensively in the moist situations where it grows. Its stem
is furnished with two or three smooth, thin, delicate leaves, ob-
long heart shaped and sessile. Flowers white, in a short erect
cluster. Corolla four cleft ; stamens four. The unripe oer-
ries are white and spotted, a circumstance said to be common
to all the species. — Flowers in May.— Perennial.
CONVALLARIA RACEMOSA.. L. Clustered Solomon's seal.
Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, oval, acumin-
ate ; raceme terminal, compound.
A large species, every part of it covered with fine down.
Leaves alternate oblong, large, tapering to a long point, their
base narrowed into a sort of petiole. The stem terminates in a
Class. VI. Order I. 81
branching raceme of white or greenish flowers. Corollas small,
nearly rotate. In low ground. — June. — Perennial.
CONVALLARIA MULTiFLORA. L. Many flowered Solomon's seal.
Leaves alternate, clasping ; stem round ; pe-
duncles axillary, many flowered. L.
A smaller plant than the preceding species. Stem about
two feet high, smooth, round, simple, nodding at top. Leaves
alternate, oval, nerved, slightly clasping at base. Flower stalks
axillary, drooping, branched, supporting several pendulous
white flowers. Corollas long, funnel shaped, someAvhat cylin-
drical, six cleft. — About fences and shady places. — May, Juno.
— Perennial.
101. UVULARIA.
UVULARIA PERFOLIATA. L. Perfoliate BeUwort.
Leaves perfoliate ; segments of the corolla gran-
ular within, capsule truncated. Mich.
Has the habit of the last genus. Stem smooth, round, run-
ning through the leaves. Leaves oval, smooth, perforated by
the stem near their base, furnishing a good example of the per-
foliate leaf. Flowers pendulous, yellow, of six petals or seg-
ments, bell shaped. Capsule three cornered, appearing as if
cut off in the middle. — Woods, Watcrtown, Brooklyn. — May. —
Perennial.
UVULARIA SESSILIFQLIA, L. Sessile leaved Bellwort.
Leaves sessile, lance-oval, glaucous under-
neath ; capsule pedunculated ; ovate. Pers.
Stem slender, smooth, dividing at top into two branches, one
bearing only leaves, the other leaves and a flower. The leaves
are alternate, thin, smooth, paler underneath. The flower pale
11
82 Class VI. Order I.
yellow, on a slender axillary peduncle. Capsule ovate, con-
tracted at base. — Woods, Brooklyn. — ifeay. — Perennial.
102. ERYTHRONIUM.
ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM. Sot. Mag. Dog*s tooth violet.
Leaves involute at the point, style club shaped.
Syn. ERrfHRoxiUM LONGIFOLIUM. Poir.
DENS CANIS. Mich.
A delicate liliaceous plant. Root bulbous, commonly
situated deep in the ground. Leaves two, opposite, lanceo-
late, contracted at the point, smooth and shining, their surface
clouded with irregular spots. Stalk smooth, supporting a sin-
gle, drooping, yellow flower. Petals six, obtuse, three of them
external, the three inner ones with a slight protuberance on
each side of the base. Style thickening upward. Germ obo-
vate.— Woods, Brighton. — May. — Perennial.
103. LILIUM.
LILIUM CANADENSE. L. Common yellow lily.
Leaves in whorls ; flowers terminal, drooping,
petals spreading.
A great portion of our meadows are embellished with the
flowers of this lily in the first part of summer. Stem green,
varying in height from one to three feet, with lanceolate leaves
surrounding it in distant whorls. Flowers sometimes one, and
frequently three on a plant, bell shaped, pendulous, yellow, spot-
ted inside ; petals lanceolate, turned outward, but hardly reflex-
ed. — June, July. — Perennial.
LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM. L. Common red lily.
Leaves in whorls ; flowers erect ; corolla bell
shaped, petals with claws. L.
Class VI. Order I. 83
The red lily is a less shewy, but equally beautiful species
with the last. It frequents a drier soil, and is commonly found
about the margins of fields, among bushes, Sec. Leaves whorl-
ed, a few sometimes scattered. Flowers one, two, or three,
upright, of a dark vermillion colour, spotted. The petals are
supported on long claws, which gives the flower an open ap-
pearance.— June, July. — Perennial.
104. ACORUS.
ACORUS CALAMUS. L. Sweet fag.
Summit of the stalk above the flowers very long
and leaf like. Sm.
Sweet flag root is an officinal article in considerable estima-
tion. At times when the plant is not in flower, the aromatic
flavour of the root will readily distinguish it from the other spe-
cies of flag, a name indiscriminately applied here to plants with
sword shaped leaves, as Iris, Typha, &c. When in flower, the
long, round, solitary spadix, projecting from the side of an ap-
parent leaf, is a sufficient mark. The spadix is closely cover-
ed with small, green flowers with six petals, and as many sta-
mens.—Meadows. — June, July. — Perennial.
105. JUNCUS.
JUNCUS EFFUSUS. L. Soft rush. Bulrush.
Stem naked, straight; panicle lateral, loose,
thrice compounded ; capsules obtuse. Sm.
. Found every where in moist land, growing commonly 1n
bunches. Stems perfectly simple, smooth, round, and leafless,
sheathed at the base and filled with spongy pith. Panicle pro-
ceeding from a fissure in the side of the stem, much branched,
and bearing many small green flowers. — June, July. — Perennial.
Class VI. Order I.
JUNCUS CAMPESTRIS. L. Field rush.
Stein leafy. Leaves flat, hairy ; spikes ter-
minal, sessile, or pecluuculated ; capsules obtuse.
Sm.
Hardly half a foot high in dry ground, but in wet situations
much taller. Stem upright, round, leafy. Leaves short, grass
like, flat, acute, the edges fringed with fine, loose hairs. Spikes-
terminal, umbelled, most of them on peduncles, irregular ovate,
obtuse, erect or nodding. Calyx leaves lanceolate, acute. Cap-
sules inversely ovate, obtuse, shorter than the calyx. — May.—
Perennial.
JUNOUS TENUIS. Willd. Slender rush.
Stem roundish, undivided ; leaves linear, chan-
nelled ; corymb terminal ; leaves of the calyx acu-
minate, larger than the obtuse, three sided capsule.
Willd.
A small, hardy species, common about foot paths and road
sides. Stem roundish, leafy at base. Leaves slender, channel-
led on the upper side. Corymb or cyme terminal, unequal,
invested with a long, leafy involucre. Capsule obtuse, a little
shorter than the calyx. — June.' — Perennial.
JUNOUS POLYCEPHALOS. Mich. Many headed rush.
Stem few leaved, erect ; leaves somewhat knot-
ty ; heads round, many flowered, panicled ; calyx-
es linear ; stamens three. JWich. abr.
Syn. JUNCUS ECHiNjfus. Muhl.
Common in meadows and low ground. Stem erect, firm,
round, smooth. Leaves round, smooth, interrupted with nu-
merous transverse partitions or joints. Heads resembling
small burrs, sessile and pedunculated, in a proliferous panicle
Class VI. Order ILL 85
or umbel, with very unequal branches. Calyx leaves crowded,
linear-lanceolate, very acute. — Perennial.
TRIGFNM.
106. MEDEOLA.
MEDEOLA VIRGINICA. L. Cucumber root.
Leaves in whorls.
Few plants exceed this in geometrical regularity of struc-
ture and appearance. The stem is erect, smooth, and com-
monly invested with loose tufts of cotton-like down. The
leaves are in two whorls, the lowermost a few inches from the
top, consisting of about seven or eight broad lanceolate leaves,
the uppermost of three, and rarely four ovate ones. The flow-
ers are terminal, and bend down through the interstices of the
upper leaves. Petals greenish white, revolute. Styles three,
long, reflexed. The root is tuberous, with a flavour resembling
the cucumber. — In low woods and swamps. — June, July. — Per-
ennial.
107. TRILLIUM.
TRILLIUM CERNUUM. L. Nodding Trillium.
Flower on a footstalk, drooping. Willd.
This is the only species I have observed in the neighbour-
hood of Boston. Leaves three, large, roundish, or rhomboid,
pointed. Flower terminal, from the bosom of the leaves, bend-
ing down so as to be sheltered beneath them. Calyx leaves
three. Petals three, alternate with the calyx leaves, nearly
white, reflexed. Stigmas three, recurved. — In shady thickets.
—May, June. — Perennial.
108. TRIGLOCHIN.
TRIGLOOHIN MARITIMUM. L. Sea arrow grass.
Capsule six celled, grooved, ovate. Willd.
86 Class VI. Order III.
The leaves of this plant are rush-like, smooth, fleshy,
flexible, and semicylindrical. They have a sweetish, not un-
pleasant taste. Stalk solitary, bearing a long, dense spike of
greenish flowers on very short pedicels. They have six leaves,
three of which may pass for calyx and three for petals. An-
thers nearly sessile. — Salt marshes and ditches. — June. — Peren-
nial.
The cultivation of this plant for oattle has been recommend*
ed.
109. RUMEX.
RUMEX CRISPUS. L. Curled Dock.
Calyx valves ovate, entire, all bearing grains ;
leaves lanceolate, waved, acute.
Root fusiform. Stem furrowed, smooth. Leaves lanceo-
late, rather acute, waved and curled on the margin. Racemes
of half whorls, leafy towards the base. Valves enclosing the
seed heart-shaped, reticulated, very slightly serrate or repand
on the margin, each bearing a grain, of which one is much larg-
er than the other two. — Rubbish and cultivated grounds. — June.
— Perennial.
RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS. L. Broad leaved Dock.
Valves toothed, one chiefly graniferous ; root
leaves heart-shaped, obtuse ; stem roughish. Sm.
Grows in the same places as the last, but is somewhat later
in its appearance. Root more divided. Stem furrowed, rough
near the top. Leaves large, oblong, heart-shaped, obtuse at the
end ; the petiole and midrib often red on the upper side. Ca-
lyx leaves heart-shaped, reticulated, furnished with long, subu-
late teeth, one only bearing a full, distinct grain.— July. — Peren«
nial.
These two species, originally from Europe, are among our
most troublesome weeds.
Class VI. Order V. 87
RUMEX BRITANNICA. L. Yellow rooted water Dock.
Valves very entire, all of them grauiferous ;
leaves lanceolate with obsolete sheaths.
A tall species growing in deep mud in watery situations,
Leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth and even. Stem furrowed,
surrounded above the joints with torn sheaths, a character which
distinguishes it from Rumex verticillatus, another aquatic spe-
cies with long tubular sheaths. Valves of the calyx large,
heart-shaped, entire, each bearing a grain. — July. — Perennial.
RUMEX ACETOSELLA. L. Sorrel. Sheep's sorrel,
Flowers dioecious, leaves lanceolate, hastate ;
calyx valves without grains.
A common and unprofitable intruder into every species of
ground, but particularly such as are dry and sandy. The root
leaves furnish a good example of the halberd shape or hastate
form. Flowers in panicled racemes, small, with stamens and
styles on distinct plants. Valves ovate, entire, destitute of
grains. The acid properties of the plant are well knowo. —
May. — Perennial.
POLYGYNLH.
110. ALISMA.
AI.ISMA PLANTAGO. L. Water plantain.
Leaves ovate, acute, capsules obtusely three
cornered. Sm.
Common in small ponds and ditches. Leaves radical, peti-
oled, ovate, acute, smooth, nerved, entire. Panicle decompound,
its branches given off in whorls with bractes. Flowers with
three calyx leaves and three deciduous petals of a purplish
white. Capsules three cornered, obtuse. — June, July. — Peren-
nial ,
Class VII. Order I.
Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. Seven stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNU. One style.
111. TRIENTALIS. Calyx seven leaved; co»
rolla seven parted, equal ; berry one celled, juice-
less.
HEPTANDRIA.
MONOGYNM.
111. TRIENTALIS.
TRIENTALIS EUROP^A. L, Chickweed wintergrem,
A plant seldom exceeding half a foot in height, having its
leaves chiefly in a tuft or whorl at the top, with one or more
white star-like blossoms above. Leaves lanceolate, entire,
smooth, pointed. Flowers on filiform peduncles. The num-
ber of stamens and divisions of the calyx and corolla is common-
ly seven, but often varies to six or eight. — In low woods, partic-
ularly among the pine trees on Craigie's road. — May, June.—
Perennial.
Class VIII. Order III. 89
Class VIII. OOTANDRIA. Eight stamens,
Order I. MONOGYNM. One style.
H2. EPILOBIUM. Calyx four cleft, tubular, su-
perior; corolla four petalleel; capsule oblong; seeds
feathered.
113. (ENOTHERA. Calyx four cleft, tubular,
superior ; corolla four petalled ; capsule four cell-
ed, four valved ; seeds naked.
114. EIIEXIA. Calyx four cleft, inferior ; co-
rolla four petalled ; anthers curved ; capsule four
celled, in the body of the calyx.
115. VACCINIUM. Calyx superior, four tooth-
ed ; corolla monopetalous ; stamens inserted ou the
receptacle ; berry four celled, many seeded.
Order III. TRIGY«VM. Three styles.
116. POLYGONU.M. Calyx five parted, resem-
bling a corolla ; corolla none ; seed one, angular,
inclosed in the calyx ; stamens and pistils irregular
in number.
90 Class VIII. Order I.
OCTANDRIA.
MONOGYNM.
112. EPILOBIUM.
EVILOUIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. L. Spiked Willow herb.
Leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, entire,
veiny ; flowers unequal. Ait.
Sun. EPILOBIUM SPICA-TUM. Peru. Muhl.
A tall plant bearing a profusion of blue flowers. Stem
round, erect, with alternate branches near the top. Leaves nar-
row, lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath, nearly sessile.
Racemes terminal, leallcss. Flowers on footstalks ; petals four,
irregular, standing on the long, whitish, or glaucous germ.
When the pods are opening the plant appears covered with the
down of the seeds. — In woods and low grounds. A large quan--
tity grows near Brighton new road. — June, July. — Perennial.
KPILOBILM COLORATUM. Muhl. Coloured IFilloiv herb.
Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, petioled, opposite,
the upper ones alternate ; stem round, pubescent.
A more branching plant than the foregoing. Stem erect,
round, with opposite pubescent branches. Leaves lanceolate,
glabrous, their veins often of a red colour, on short petioles, the
bases of which unite round the stem in an elevated line. Flow-
ers axillary, purple, regular, with very long, linear germs.—
Meadows and swamps. — July, August. — Perennial.
113. (ENOTHERA.
(ENOTHERA EIENXIS. L. Tree primrose.
Leaves ovate. lanceolate, flat ; stem a little rug-
Class VIII. Order I. 91
ged and villous ; stamens shorter than the corolla.
Willd.
The large, yellow flowers of this plant are frequently seen
overtopping the fences by which they grow, during most of the
summer. In . the country it is vulgarly known by the name ot
Scabish, a corruption probably of Scabious, from which howev-
er it is a very different plant. Stem from three to five feet
high, rough, hairy, and branching. Root leaves petioled ; stem
leaves sessile ; both pubescent, slightly toothed. Flowers sol-
itary, axillary. Germ sessile, four grooved, surmounted by the
long, tubular calyx, which divides into four rcflexed segments ;
petals large, roundish, sometimes emarginate. This plant,
originally American, is now naturalized, and very common
throughout Europe. — Biennial.
(ENOTHERA PUMILA. L. Ou'arf^tree primrose.
Leaves lanceolate, very entire, obtuse ; cap-
sules slightly pedicelled, elliptic- obovate, angular.
Willd.
Stem oblique at base, ascending, round, slender, about a
foot high. Leaves sessile, blunt. Flowers small, nearly sea-
sile, in a leafy spike. Petals inversely heart-shaped. Stamens
shorter than the corolla. Capsules inversely ovate, with cighl
angles. — Pastures. — Perennial.
114. RHEXIA.
RHEXIA VIRGINICA. L. Virginian Bhe.ria.
Stem with four winged angles ; leaves sessile,
oval-lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, calyx with glandular
hairs.
Stem square with membranous angles. Leaves opposite,
oval, three nerved, with scattered hairs on both sides and on th(-
Class VIII. Order I.
margin. Peduncles axillary and terminal. Calyx urn-shaped,
hairy ; petals purple a id finely contrasted with the long, crook-
ed, yellow anthers. — Low grounds. — July, August. — Perennial.
115. VACCINIUM.
VACCINIUM MACROCARPON.' Jit. Craneberry,
Leaves evergreen, entire, oval-oblong, obtuse ;
steins filiform, creeping. Jlit. abr.
Sijn. VACCIXIUM oxrcoccus oblongifolius. Mich.
The crancberry vine spreads in large beds at the bottom of
• the grass in turfy meadows. Stems slender, creeping. Leaves
numerous, small, dark above, whitish underneath. Flower
stalks axillary, slender ; corollas white, their segments long and
reflexed. Anthers projecting. The fruit is large, and esteem-
ed superior to the European cranebcrry. — Perennial.
VACCINIUM RESINOSUM. L. Black Whortleberry or Huckle-
berry.
Racemes bracted ; corollas ovate ; leaves ellip-
tic, somewhat acute, entire, deciduous, sprinkled
with resinous dots underneath. Jlit*
The leaves of this very common shrub are oval, the young
ones acute, the older ones blunt ; their under surface covered
with shining, adhesive, resinous particles. Flowers in lateral
clusters. Corolla five cornered, ovate, contracted at the mouth,
of a dull reddish green. Fruit globular, black, sweet. — Woods
and hills. — June.
VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM. L. Bilberry. Blueberry.
Corymbs bracted ; corollas somewhat cylindri-
cal ; leaves lance-elliptic, nearly entire, acute, pu-
bescent underneath.
Syn. VACCIXIVM JMOENUM. Ait..
DISQMORPHUM. A! .
Class VIII. Order IU. 93
This shrub, like some others of the genus to which it be-
longs, varies considerably in size, and sometimes rises into a small
tree. The leaves are oblong-oval, acute, mucronated, obsolete-
ly serrulate, paler and somewhat downy underneath. The flow-
ers, which appear early in May, before the leaves are fully ex-
panded, are oblong, larger than in the last species, white, acid
to c'le taste, containing much honey. They grow in lateral
clusters or corymbs, and make a handsome appearance. Ber-
ries sweet, acid. — Swamps and Avct pastures. — Perennial.
TRIGYNM.
116. POLYGONUM.
POLYGONUM AVICULARE. L. Knot grass.
Stem procumbent, herbaceous ; leaves lance-
oval ; flowers axillary, subsessile. with eight sta-
mens and three styles.
A hardy weed growing every where, and even common
among the bricks and paving stones. Stem slender, spreading,
striated, interrupted with frequent joints, branching ; the joints
furnished with short stipules. Leaves oblong-oval, smooth.
Flowers minute, white, in the axils of the leaves. — All summer.
— Perennial.
POLYGONUM HYDROPIPER. L. Water pepper.
Stamens six ; styles two, half united ; leaves
lanceolate, spotless, waved ; spike filiform, nodding ;
stem erect. Sm.
Well known for its intense acrimony. Leaves lanceolate,
chiefly smooth. Stipules loose, glabrous, fringed with hairs at
*op. Spikes of flowers, slender and nodding. Michaux ob-
served eight, and never less than seven stamens in this plant in
America. — Rubbish in low grounds, ditches, Scr. — August, Sep-
tember.— Ann u al .
Class VIII. Order 111.
POLYGONUM PERSICA-RIA. L. Spotted Polygonum.
Stamens six ; styles two, half united; spikes
ovate-oblong, erect ; peduncles smooth ; stipules
ciliate. Curt.
This plant is without acrimony. Leaves spreading, lanceo-
late, acute, and commonly marked with a dark spot, somewhat
heart-shaped, in the centre. Stipules tubular, short, ciliated at
top. Spikes terminal, on smooth footstalks, erect, oblong.
Flowers rose coloured. — In the same soils as the last. — July,
August. — Annual.
POLYGONUM SAGITTATUM. L. Scratch grass.
Stem prickly backward; leaves sagittate ; flow-
ers in heads, with eight stamens and three' styles.
Mich.
Stem slender, four angled, the angles rough backward with
small prickles. Leaves arrow-shaped, oblong, on short peti-
oles, the petiole and mid rib rough backward. Flowers in
small heads on the ends of the branches, white or purplish. —
Wet ground. — July. — Annual.
POLYGONUM ARIFOLIUM. L. Hastate Polygenum,^
Stem prickly backward ; leaves hastate; spikes
few flowered, flowers distinct, with six stamens and
two styles. Midi.
Stem as in the last. Leaves halberd-shaped, twice as large
as the last, thin and tender. The stem terminates with a few
separate, pale, reddish flowers. — Found in a marshy spot near
Sweet Auburn, Cambridge. — June, July. — Annual.
POLYGONUM CONVOLVULUS. L. Black bindweed.
Leaves heart-arrow shaped ; stem twining, an-
gular : segments of the calyx bluntly keeled. Sm.
Class VHI. Order HI. 95
Stem twining, climbing on other plants. Leaves alternate,
petioled, heart-shaped, with the hinder lobes acute. Branches
axillary. Flowers in terminal, interrupted spikes whitish, the
three principal segments of the calyx furnished with a keel, but
not winged. Flowers all summer in waste and cultivated
ground.— Annual.
POLYGONUM SCANDENS. L. Climbing Polygonum.
Leaves heart-shaped ; stem twining, angular :
segments of the calyx winged.
Stem smooth, climbing. Leaves petioled, heart-shaped,
with a deep sinus, acuminate. Branches axillary. Flowers in
long leafy racemes. Calyx much larger than in the last spe-
cies, with three broad, membranous expansions, corresponding to
the angles of the seed. — Cambridge. — August.— ^Perennial.
96 Class IX. Order JL
Class IX. ENNEANDBIA. Mne stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNM. One style.
117- LAURUS. Calyx none ; corolla six part-
ed, resembling a calyx ; nectary three glands, sur-
rounding the germ, each ending in two bristles ; in-
ner filaments with two glands each ; drupe one
seeded.
Class IX. Order I. 97
ENNEANDRIA.
MOJVOGYJVM.
117. LAURUS.
LAURUS BENZOIN. L. Fever bush. Spice wood.
Leaves obovate, entire, annual ; flowers dioe-
cious.
Syn. LAURUS PSEUDO-BENZOIX. Mich.
An aromatic shrub with a flavour resembling Benzoin. Ear-
ly in May before the leaves appear, it puts out tufts of small,
yellow flowers from the sides of the branches. The leaves are
oval or inversely ovate, pale underneath, and somewhat pubes-
cent. Berries red. It grows in low situations at Brighton and
elsewhere, but it is not very common in the environs of Boston.
LAURUS SASSAFRAS. L. Sassafras tree,
Leaves deciduous, entire, and lobed, flowers di-
oecious. Mich.
In favourable situations the Sassafras rises into a pretty large
tree. The bark of the young twigs is smooth and green. The
leaves are partly oval, and partly in two or three large lobes, en-
tire on their margin, and downy underneath. Flowers greenish
yellow, appearing in May and June in drooping clusters at the
end of the last year's shoots. They are commonly dioecious.
Fruit oval, blue.
The whole of the Sassafras tree has a strong, spicy flavour,
which is most powerful in the bark of the root. The young
twigs, and especially the pith, abound in mucilage. When first
introduced into Europe it acquired great medicinal reputation,
and was sold at the high price of fifty livres per pound. An
express treatise entitled Sassafrasologia was written to celebrate
its virtues. Its properties however appear to be those which
are common to other warm aromatics.
13
98 Class X. Order I.
Class X. DECANDRIA. Ten stamens.
Order I. MONQGYNM. One style.
A. Flowers monojietalous.
118. EPIGJEA. Calyx double ; the outer three
leaved, the inner five parted ; corolla salver shap-
ed ; capsule five celled.
119. GAULTHERIA. Calyx double; the outer
two leaved, the inner five cleft ; corolla ovate ; cap-
sule five celled, covered by the inner calyx, which
becomes similar to a berry.
120. ARBUTUS. Calyx five parted ; corolla
ovate, pellucid at the base ; berry superior, five
celled.
121. ANDROMEDA. Calyx five parted ; corolla
ovate ; capsule superior, five celled, the partition?
from the middle of the valves.
122. RHODODENDRON. Calyx five parted ; co-
rolla somewhat funnel form ; stamens declined ;
capsule five celled.
123. KALMIA. Calyx five parted ; corolla sal-
ver shaped, with ten prominences underneath, and
the border five horned ; capsule five celled.
B. Flowers many petalled.
124. PODALYRIA. Corolla papilionaceous ; keel
compressed, somewhat longer than the banner ; le-
s;imie inflated, many seeded,
Class X. Order III. 99
125. CASSIA. Corolla unequal, five petalled ;
three upper anthers barren, three lower ones beak-
ed ; loment flat.
126. RHODORA. Calyx five toothed; corolla
three petalled, unequal ; stamens declined ; cap-
sule five celled.
127. CLETHRA. Calyx five leaved ; petals
five ; stigma three parted ; capsule three celled
three valved.
128. PVROLA. Calyx five leaved ; petals five ;
capsule superior, opening at the angles, many seed-
ed.
129. MONOTROPA. Calyx none ; petals ten,
the five outer ones gibbous at the base ; capsule
five valved ; a fifth part of the fructification often
wanting.
Order II. JJIGYJYM. Two styles.
130. SCLERANTHUS. Calyx five cleft, inferior :
corolla none ; seeds two, inclosed in the calyx.
131. SAXIFRAGA. Calyx five parted ; corolla
five petalled ; capsule two beaked, one celled ; ma-
ny seeded.
132. DIANTHUS. Calyx tubular with scales at
the base ; petals five, with claws ; capsule cylindri-
cal, superior, one celled.
Order III. TRIGYNM. Three styles.
133. ARENARIA. Calyx five leaved, spreading;
petals five, entire ; capsule superior, one celled,
many seeded.
100 Class X. Order VI.
134. STELLARIA. Calyx five leaved, spread-
ing ; petals five, deeply cloven ; capsule superior,
one celled, many seeded.
135. SILEXE. Calyx one leafed, swelling; pe-
tals five, with claws, crowned at the mouth ; capsule
superior, three celled, many seeded.
136. CUCUBALUS. Calyx one leafed, inflated ;
petals five with claws, not crowned ; capsule supe-
rior, three celled.
Order V. PENTAGrNM. Five styles.
137- PENTHORUM. Calyx five or ten cleft ;
petals five or none ; capsule five celled, five beak-
ed.
138. CERASTIUM. Calyx five leaved; petals
five, cloven ; capsule superior, one celled, ten tooth-
ed.
139. SPERGULA. Calyx five leaved ; petals
five, undivided ; capsule superior, ovate, one celled,
five valved.
Order VI. DECJ1GYNL1. Ten style*.
140. PHYTOLACCA. Calyx five leaved, resem-
bling a corolla ; corolla none ; berry superior, ten
seeded.
Class X. Order I. 101
DECANDRIA.
MONOGINLI,
118. EPIG^A.
EPIG^A REPENS. L. Ground laurel.
•
Leaves heart-ovate, entire ; corollas cylindrical.
Sw.
Stem woody, trailing, hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong, heart-
ed at base, hairy and rough, with hairy petioles. Flowers pur-
ple, flesh coloured, or white, in terminal or axillary bunches, of
from two to six, on hairy peduncles. Calyx double. Corolla
salver shaped, longer than the calyx, hairy within. — It grows in
woods. — April, May.
119. GAULTHERIA.
GAULTHERIA PBOCUMBENS. L. Partridge berry.
Stem woody, trailing ; leaves obovate, some-
what serrate..
A plant universally known for its pleasant, aromatic flavour.
Stem small, creeping. Leaves few on a stem, smooth, ever-
green, oval with a tapering base, furnished with a few acumin-
ate serratures. Flowers mostly solitary, axillary, hanging from
the axils, white. Fruit a small capsule, surrounded with the
calyx, which becomes large, fleshy, and red, resembling a ber-
ry.— Woods. — June.
120. ARBUTUS.
ARBUTUS UVA URSI. L. Bear-berry.
Stem procumbent ; leaves entire. L,
402 Class X. Order I.
A hardy, trailing evergreen. Stems long and woody, form-
ing beds of considerable size. Leaves obovate, entire, coria-
ceous, rounded or rcflexed on fhe margin. Flowers in small
bunches, drooping, rose coloured. Berries red, remaining long
on their stalks. — Woods, Concord, Milton, &c. — June.
The leaves are astringent, and in considerable use as a me-
dicinal article.
121. ANDROMEDA.
ANDROMEDA CALYCULATA. L. Dwarf Andromeda.
Racemes leaning one way, leafy ; corollas sub-
cylindrical ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, obtuse,
dotted. L.
A low, evergreen, early flowering shrub. Leaves oblong,
coriaceous, obsoletely serrate, shining, and covered with white,
dots above, pale underneath. Flowers in terminal racemes,
each flower proceeding from the axil of a small leaf. Calyx ca-
lyculated. Corolla ovate-cylindrical, white or purplish.— -Mil-
ton, near Neponset river, and elsewhere. — April.
ANDROMEDA PA'NICULATA. Jllich. Panicled Andromeda.
Racemes somewhat panicled ; corollas depres-
sed-globular, slightly pubescent; anthers short,
ovate, obtuse, awnless. Mich. abr.
A pretty tall shrub. Leaves deciduous, ovate, mostly
entire, someAvhat downy. Racemes panicled. Flowers small,
white, somewhat spherical, succeeded by globular capsules,
which remain through the winter. This plant often bears a
large, irregular, spongy excrescence of a yellow colour, the
effect of disease. — Swamps. — June.
122. RHODODENDRON.
KRODODENDRON MAXIMUM. L. Rosebay Laurel.
Leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath ; umbels
Class X. Order I. 103
dense, terminal ; corollas somewhat bell shaped,
petals rounded.
We have no shrub that surpasses the Rhododendron in ele-
gance. With us it hardly rises to a tree. Its leaves are larg-
er than most of our evergreens, smooth and coriaceous, oblong,
inclining to wedge form. The flowers grow in large, compact,
terminal umbels ; segments of the calyx obtuse ; corolla of a
light rose colour, spreading, deeply five cleft, tne segments
rounded and concave. — Found in Dedham. — July.
123. KALMIA.
K.ALMIA LATIFOLIA. L. Broad leaved laurel.
Leaves ovate-elliptical, in threes, and scattered;
corymbs terminal. L.
A large and very ornamental shrub, sometimes rising into a
tree. Leaves petioled, nearly oval, smooth, shining and coria-
ceous. Flowers in large corymbs on the ends of the branches.
Corollas white, inclining to a rose colour, consisting of a tube
longer than the calyx, and a spreading, concave border, with
ten depressions below, and divided into five segments at top.
The wood is dense and hard, and used by mechanics as a sub-
stitute for box. Taken internally the plant is poisonous. Ji
has been used medicinally with advantage. — Grows at Milton
and Chelmsford in small quantities ; at Cape Ann in great pro-
fusion.— June, July.
KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA. L. Narrow leaved laurel.
Leaves lanceolate ; corymbs lateral. L.
A low shrub with rose coloured flowers, very common h«
low grounds, and known by the names sheefi fioison^ lambkill*
low laurel. See. Leaves on short petioles, scattered or in threes,
lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, evergreen. Flowers in lateral co-
rymbs, proceeding from the axils of the leaves and forming a
Class X. Order L
sort of whorl round the stem. Properties like the last.— June.
124. PODALYRIA.
PODALYRIA TINCTORIA. Willd. Wild indigo.
Glabrous ; stipules setaceous ; leaves subses-
sile ; leafets wedge-obovate ; flowers in terminal
spikes. JVhch. abr.
Syn. SoPHORA flNCfORIA. L.
A very common, bushy plant, found in woods and dry soils.
Stem smooth, very much branched. Leaves in threes on a
short petiole ; leafets rounded at the end, and tapering to an
acute base. Stipules very small, caducous. Flowers in a
loose spike, on slender peduncles, yellow. Legumes short,
rounded, of a bluish cast. — August. — Perennial.
For the medicinal properties of this plant, see Dr. Thatch-
er's Dispensatory.
12.5. CASSIA.
CASSIA CHAM.EOUISTA. L. Dwarf Cassia,
Leaves in many pairs ; petiole with a pedicel-
led gland ; stipules eiisiform. L.
Leaves pinnate, with ten or a dozen pair of leafets ; the pe-
tiole with a small gland supported on a footstalk near its base.
Flowers often in pairs, near the stem, yellow, two of the petals
spotted at base. Like others of its family it shuts its leaves at
night, or after an injury. — Road sides. — August. — Annual.
126. RHODORA.
RHODORA CANADENSIS. L. Canadian Rliodora.
A small shrub with handsome blue or reddish flowers,
which appear in the spring before the leaves are perfectly ex-
panded. Its height is one or two feet. Leaves alternate, oval,
Class. X. Order I. 105
mostly entire, pubescent and glaucous underneath. The flow-
ers are in umbels on the ends of the twigs. The corolla con-
sists of three unequal petals, the largest of which is broad, and
divided into three segments or lobe, at the -end, the other two
are equal, lanceolate, and obtuse. — Low grounds. — Maiden,
Cambridge. — May.
127. CLETHRA,
CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA. L. Mder leaved Clethra.
Leaves obovate, serrate, pubescent underneath ;
racemes simple, bracted. Willd.
A tall, elegant, white flowering shrub. Leaves about thres
inches long, and from one to two broad, inversely ovate, serrate,
downy underneath in one variety, glabrous in another. Flowers
in long racemes or loose spikes with downy stalks.— Grows
in low soils, Cambridgeport. — -July, August.
128. PYROLA.
PYROLA KOTUNDIFOLIA. L. Round leaved Winter green*
Stamens ascending; pistil declined, raceme ma-
ny flowered. Sm.
A very common species. Root creeping, putting up erect
or ascending, angular stems. Leaves petioled, almost round,
scarcely serrate, smooth, spreading. Flowers in a long cluster
terminating the stem, white, fragrant. The stamens are uni-
formly bent upward, and the style downward. — Found every
where in woods. — June,
PYROLA SECUNDA. L. One sided Winter green.
Flowers racemed, leaning one way. L.
Less frequent than the former, but resembling it in habit.
Stem as in the last. Leaves petioled, spreading, ovate, acute,
(not obtuse like the last,) minutely serrate, smooth. The flow-
14
10(5 Class X. Order I.
ers all tend to one side of the stem, whence the name. Sta-
mens equal and uniform ; style straight, permanent. — Woods.
— June.
PYROLA UMBELLATA. L. Umbelled Winter green.
Flowers in a sort of umbel. L.
Equally common with the first, and known by the names of
Rheumatism weed, Phifiseiva or Wijiseioog, Sec. Root cieep-
ing extensively. Stems ascending-, hard and woody at base.
Leaves mostly in bunches or whorls, lanceolate, somewhat
wedge-shaped, sharply serrate, decurrent on the petiole,
smooth, firm, and coriaceous. Flowers in an imperfect umbel,
or rather corymb, of from three to six; variegated with purple
and white, drooping. Stigma large, obtuse, sessile, moist on
the top.— Woods. — July.
129. MONOTROPA.
MONOTROPA LANUGINOSA. Mich. Downy BirdsnesL
Stem with spiked flowers ; bractes and flowers
woolly. Mich.
A fleshy, white plant. Stem erect, leafy, simple. Leaves
whitish, resembling scales, frequent at base, longer and more
scattered above. Flowers mostly of eight petals, whitish, cov-
ered with fine wool, leaning one way, drooping. — Woods, Rox-
bury. — June.
MONOTROPA MORISONIANA. Mich. Upright Birdsnest.
Stem erect, leaves distant, flower single, erect.
L.
A white plant like the last. Stem more slender and tall.
Leaves more remote. The stem supports but one §o.wer,
which is large, erect, of ten petals and stamens, surrounding a
large, globose germ, which supports a peltate stigma. — Woods.
Class X. Order II. 107
— June, July. — The Monotropas are said to be parasitic, sub-
sisting on the roots of other plants.
DIGFNIJ1.
130. SCLERANTHUS.
SCLERANTHUS ANNUus. L. Common Knawe.1.
Calyx of the ripe fruit with sharp, spreading
teeth ; stems spreading. Sm.
A small, obscure plant in gravelly soils, road sides, Sec.
Stems spreading, decumbent, short. Leaves linear, acute,
short, opposite. Flowers green, sessile, in terminal, leafy clus-
ters. Calyx with five acute, spreading, permanent segments.
Stamens from five to ten. — July. — Annual.
131. . SAXIFRAGA.
SAXIFRAGA VERNALIS. Willd. Early Saxifrage.
Pubescent; leaves oval, somewhat petioled,
crenate ; flowers erect, pauicled, nearly sessile, al-
ternate.
Syn. SAXIFRAGA VIRGIHIENSIS. Midi.
One of the earliest flowers upon rocks and dry hills.
Leaves mostly radical, spreading, fleshy, elliptical, a little pu-
bescent, crenate or serrate, and tapering into a broad petiole.
Stem erect, fleshy, hairy, nearly destitute of leaves. Flowers
numerous, crowded, white, arranged in corymbs on the ends
of the branches, which, collectively form a sort of panicle.
—April, May. — Perennial.
SAXIFRAGA PENNSYLVANIA. L. Pennsylvanian Saxifrage.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, a little hairy, denti-
culate ; stem naked ; peduncles alternate, forming
corymbed heads. WiUd.
108 Class X. Order III.
A tall, green plant, of little beauty, growing in meadows.
Leaves all radical, five or six times larger than in the preceding
species, oblong, approaching to oval, very slightly toothed.
Stems large, erect, rank in their growth, bearing heads of small,
green flowers, disposed in a sort of panicle. — May. — Peren-
nial.
132. DIANTHUS.
DIANTHUS ARMERIA. L. Wild Pinjc.
Flowers aggregate, fascicled ; scales of the
calyx lanceolate, villous, equal to the tube. Sm.
This small species of pink has a leafy, pubescent stem, end-
ing in erect branches. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, en-
tire, pubescent, the lower ones spatulate. Flowers terminal,
in bunches, erect, scentless, ephemeral. Calyx equalling
the tube of the corolla ; petals small, red, with white dots, a lit-
tle toothed.—- On the rocky hills in Roxbury and Salem. — July,
Annual
TRIGYNU.
13S. ARENARIA-
ARENARIA RUBRA. L. Common sandwort.
Leaves linear, slightly mucronate, stipules
membranous, sheathing ; seeds compressed, angu-
lar, roughish. Sm.
A spreading plant, with small, delicate, red flowers. Stems
prostrate, slender, smooth, pointed, branching. Leaves small,
narrow, ending in a short bristle. Stipules surrounding the
stem, whitish, dry. Flower stalks and calyx hairy. Petals
small, not exceeding the calyx.— -Pastures and road sides. —
June, July.
Class X. Order HI. 109
ARENARIA MARINA. Sm. Sea saiidivort.
Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, awuless ; sti-
pules scarious, sheathing ; seeds compressed, mar-
gined, glabrous. Sm.
A more succulent, fleshy plant than the last. Stems pros-
trate or decumbent, smooth. Leaves short, fleshy, roundish,
not ending in a bristle. Flowers pale red, expanded as well
as the last in clear weather, and closed in foul. Salt marshes.
—July. — By some this is considered a variety of the last.
ARENARIA LATERIFLORA. L. Side flowering sandwort.
Leaves ovate, obtuse ; peduncles lateral, two
flowered. L,
A slender, delicate species, with white flowers. Stem
erect, smooth, filiform, four or five inches high. Leaves op-
posite, oval, smooth, nearly sessile. Peduncles or flowering-
branches axillary, very slender, divided about half way, their
fork furnished with two minute leafets. Each part of the fork
bears a flower. — In wet shady places. — June. — Perennial.
134. STELLARIA.
STELLARIA MEDIA. Sm. Chickiccea'.
Leaves ovate, stems procumbent, with an alter-
nate? lateral, hairy line. Sm.
Sljn. jiLSINE MEDIA. L.
Chickweed grows in almost every situation, even between
the bricks in the side walks. Its spreading stems are remark-
able for a hairy line extending from joint to joint, and occupy-
ing the two sides alternately. On breaking the stem an elas-
tic, fibrous substance is drawn out, which retracts when liberat-
ed. Leaves opposite, ovate, pctioled, entire. Peduncles axil-
lary and terminal, one flowered. Petals white, deeply cleft, so
110 Class X. Order III.
as to appear ten in number. Stamens three, five, or ten. Cap-
sules opening into six segments.— Flowers from the beginning
of spring to the end of fall. — Annual.
STELLARIA GRAMINEA. Sm. Stitchwort.
Leaves linear-lanceolate,, entire ; panicle ter-
minal, spreading ; calyx three nerved, about equal
to the petals. Sm.
A small, starry, white flower. Stems decumbent, smooth,
very slender. Leaves nearly linear, tapering to a point, oppo-
site, smooth. Petals appearing in ten white, fine segments,
like those of Stellaria media. — Grows among the bushes on
Craigic's road.— June, July.
135. SILENE.
SILENE PENNSYLYANIC A. Mich . Catchfly.
Viscid-pubescent; root leaves wedge form,
stem leaves lanceolate ; partial stems few flower-
ed ; petals slightly emarginate, subcreuate. Jlfich.
Sometimes called wild fiink, from its similarity in habit to
some of that genus. Leaves of the root spatulate, acute at top,
and tapering into a long base ; those of the stem lanceolate, op-
posite. Flowers in upright, terminal bunches. Calyxes near-
ly cylindrical, hairy, and exceedingly glutinous. Corollas pur-
plish white.— Found in dry, sandy soils. — June.
136. CUCUBALUS.
CUCUBALUS BEHEN. L. Bladder campion.
Calyx nearly globular, smooth, reticulated with
veins ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, glaucous, smooth.
Sm. Engl. Sot.
SILEXE ixFLAfA. Sm. Flor. Brit.
Class X. Order V. Ill
The inflated, bladder-like calyx at once distinguishes this
plant from every thing about it. Radical leaves spatulate, stem
leaves opposite, ovate, acute, entire. Stems one or two feet
high, smooth, panicled. Flowers nodding. Calyx oblong-
spherical, thin, elegantly veined. Petals white, spreading, bi-
fid.— About fences and waysides. — July. — Perennial.
FENTJ1GYNU.
137. PENTHORUM.
PENTMORUM SEDOIDES. L. Penthorum.
The only species of its genus. Stem about a foot high,
angular. Leaves alternate lance-oval, serrate, acute, green on
both sides. Flowers terminal, in a few revolute spikes, of a-
greenish yellow. Capsule with five beaks at top. — Wet ground,
brook sides, Sec.— July. — Perennial.
138. CERASTIUM.
CERASTIUM VULGATUM. L. Mouse ear chickweed.
Hairy, viscid, forming tufts ; leaves ovate ; pe-
tals equal to the calyx ; flowers longer than their
stalks. Sm,
Stems spreading, round, dichotomous. Leaves ovate, op-
posite. Flowers from the forks of the stem, crowded at the
ends, on peduncles shorter than themselves. Petals oblong,
white, a little longer than the calyx. — In cultivated ground. —
May. — Annual.
139. SPERGULA.
SPEROULA AHVENSIS. L. Corn spumy.
Leaves whorletl ; stalks of the fruit reflexed ;
seeds kidney shaped, angular, rough. Sm.
A weed In corn fields, by many of our farmers denominated
Class X. Order VI.
tares. Sicms spreading, becoming erect, smooth, round,
swelling at the joints. Leaves linear, obtuse, in whorls at the
joints. Panicle terminal, forked, the peduncles bent down-
ward as the fruit ripens. Petals little larger than the calyx,
white. — June and after. — Annual.
DECJ1GFNM.
140. PHYTOLACCA.
PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA. L. Poke, Cocum.
Flowers with ten stamens and ten styles. L.
One of the most common aijd conspicuous plants in waste
.grounds, by road sides, Sec. Stems purple, branching, six or
seven feet high. Leaves large, ovate, acute, entire. Flowers
in long, simple racemes, of a dull white ; succeeded by large,
flat, purple berries, which have been made to furnish a perma-
nent dye. A variety of medicinal properties are attributed to
the root of this plant. — Flowers in July and August.— Perennial
Class XL Order III. 113
Class XI. DODECANDRIA. Twelve stamens.
Order I. MOJYOGYNM. One style.
141. PORTULACA. Calyx two cleft; corolla
five pefcalled; capsule one celled, opening trans-
versely.
142. LYTHRUM. Calyx twelve toothed ; petals
six, inserted into the calyx ; capsule two celled, ma-
ny seeded.
Order II. DIGFNIJ1. Tico styles.
143. AGRIMONIA. Calyx five toothed, invested
with an outer one ; petals five, inserted in the calyx ;
seeds two in the bottom of the calyx.
Order III. TRIGYNM. Three styles.
144. EUPHORBIA. Calyx inflated, inferior ; pe-
tals or nectaries four or five, standing on the calyx ;
capsule thtee lobed, supported by a pedicel.
1-5
114- Class XL Order IL
DODECANDRIA.
MONOGYNU.
141. PORTULACA.
PORTULACA OLERACEA. L. Pursl(MZ,
Leaves wedge shaped ; flowers sessile. L.
A succulent, annual plant, common in gardens, cultivated
fields, and waste grounds. Stems procumbent, spreading,
smooth, fleshy. Leaves wedge shaped, rounded at the end,
fleshy, smooth, sessile. Flowers sessile, scattered, yellow.
Capsule opening transversely. Flowers all summer .-—Annual.
142. LYTHRUM.
LYTHRUM VERTICILLATUM. L. Or ass poly.
Leaves opposite or ternate, lanceolate, petioled ;
flowers axillary, forming a sort of whorls.
Stems woody at base, two feet high. Leaves opposite or in
threes, lanceolate, entire. Flowers on axillary, subdivided pe-
duncles, nearly surrounding the stem. Calyx ending in ten or
twelve teeth, accompanied by the same number of long stamens.
Petals five or six, of a fine purple, spreading, inserted on the ca-
lyx, short in duration. — In watery places near Fresh pond. — Ju-
ly, August.
DIGFNM.
143. AGRIMONIA.
AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA. L. Agrimony.
Stem leaves pinnate, the odd one petioled, fruit
hispid. L.
Rises to the height of two feet, with an angular, hairy stem.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, hairy. Leafets ovate, serrate, all
sessile except the terminal one. Stipules large, semicircular,
Class XI. Order IB, 115
cut-serrate. Spike long, erect, hairy. Flowers thinly scatter-
ed, on short stalks, yellow. Calyx persistent, armed with hook-
ed bristles. The plant is astringent and tonic. — By fences and
thickets. — June, July. — Perennial.
TRIGFNM.
144. EUPHORBIA.
EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA. L. Sun Spurge.
Umbel five rayed, then three rayed and forked ;
involucels obovate ; leaves wedge form, serrate. L.
A weed in rich ground, lactescent, as are the other species.
Stem upright, round. Leaves scattered, obovate, or wedge
shaped, slightly serrate at the end. Umbel of five rays, support-
ed by a large involucre like the leaves. Rays branching, first
into three, then into two divisions. Capsules smooth. — Annual.
EUPHORBIA por.vGONiFoi.iA. L. Knot grass Spurge.
Leaves opposite, quite entire, lanceolate, obtuse ;
flowers solitary, axillary ; stems procumbent. L.
A flat, spreading plant, abounding with milky juice. Stems
smooth, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, oblong, linear-lanceo-
late, blunt, nearly sessile. Flowers small, proceeding from the
divisions of the stem. — In sandy places, near the sea shore. —
June, July. — Annual.
EUPHORBIA MACULATA. L. Spotted Spurge.
Leaves serrate, oblong, hairy ; flowers axillary,
solitary ; branches spreading.
A flat plant like the last. Stems spreading close to thr
ground. Leaves oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrulate on the up-
per part, edged with hairs, and frequently with a dark spot in
the centre. Flowers very small, capsule hairy.*— Found in san-
dy soils..— June, July. — Annual.
116 Class XII. Order V.
•
Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Twenty or more
stamens, inserted on the calyx.
Order I. MONOGYNM. . Om style.
145. PRUNUS. Calyx inferior, five cleft ; co-
rolla five petalled ; drupe with a smooth or slightly
seamed stone.
Order II. DIGYJWA. Two styles.
146. CRATJEGUS. Calyx superior, five cleft;
petals five ; berry two seeded.
Order III. TRIGYNM. Three styles.
147. SORBUS. Calyx superior, five cleft ; pe-
tals five ; berry three seeded.
Order IV. PENTAGYNL&. Five styles.
148. PYRUS. Calyx superior, five cleft ; corol-
la five petalled ; pome five celled ; cells two seeded.
149. SPIRAEA. Calyx inferior, five cleft ; co-
rolla five petalled ; capsules two valved, many
seeded.
Order V. POLYGYJWJ1. Many styles.
150. ROSA. Calyx urn-shaped, fleshy, con-
tracted at the orifice, five cleft; corolla five petalled ;
seeds numerous, bristly, fixed to the inside of the ca-
lyx.
15L RUBUS. Calyx five cleft ; corolla five pe-
talled ; berry composed of several one seeded gran-
ulations.
Class XII. Order V. 117
15S. FRAGARIA. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five
petalled ; seeds smooth, fixed to a deciduous, ber-
ry-like receptacle.
153. COMARUM, Calyx ten cleft ; corolla five
petalled ; seeds smooth, fixed to an ovate, spongy,
permanent receptacle.
154. POTENTILLA. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla
c< /
five petalled ; seeds naked, wrinkled, affixed to a
small, juiceless receptacle.
155. GEUM. Calyx ten cleft ; corolla ten pe-
talled ; seeds with a jointed; bent awn; receptacle
columnar.
US Class XII. Order IL
ICOSANDRIA.
MONOGYNM.
145. PRUNUS.
PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. L. Wild Cherry.
Flowers in racemes, leaves deciduous, glandu-
lar at the base in front. L.
Syn. CERASUS VIRGINIANA. Mich.
The wild cherry is with us a tree of middling size, although
further to the south and west it attains to a magnitude of the
first rate. Michaux mentions trees on the banks of the Ohio,
which arc from eighty to a hundred feet high, and their trunks
from twelve to sixteen feet in circumference. The wood is a*
»
well known material in cabinet wt>rk, approaching mahogany in
its colour and qualities. Leaves alternate, smooth,.ov.al-oblohg,
acuminate, serrate, with commonly two pair of glands at the top
of the petiole in front. Flowers in terminal clusters, white.
Fruit small, black, somewhat bitter. The bark has a strong,
bitterish, spicy taste, and has been found a useful tonic. — May,
June.
DIGYNM.
146. CRAT^GUS.
CRAT^GUS CRUS GALLI. L. Common Thorn bush.
Thorny ; leaves obovate, «ubsessile, shining,
coriaceous ; leafets of the calyx lanceolate, subser-
rate. Ait. abr.
A strong, branching, thorny shrub. Leaves inversely ovate,
sharply and irregularly serrate, sometimes cleft, tough, smooth.
Thorns two or three inches long, rigid, acute. Flowers white»
Class XII. Order IV. 119
in terminal corymbs. Calyx leaves linear. — About fences and
thickets.— May, June.
TRIGYNU.
147. SORBUS.
SORBUS AUCUPARIA. Mich. Mountain Ash.
Leaves pinnate, smooth, leafets equal, serrate,
flowers coryiubed.
Syn. PTRUS AUCUPARIA. Sm. Fl. Brit.
SORBUS AMERICANA. Muhl.
An ornamental tree, much cultivated. Bark smooth. Leaves
pinnate, serrate, entire at base, smooth on both sides. Flow-
ers white, in large, terminal corymbs. In the European tree,
the one commonly cultivated, the young leaves are pubescent or
downy underneath. In the American, which is perhaps a dis-
tinct species, they are perfectly glabrous. Styles three, some-
times more. Berries red, lasting all winter. — Grows native at
Cape Ann, and in Worcester county. — May.
148. PYRUS.
PTKUS ARBUTIFOLIA. Willd. Choke, berry.
Leaves obovate, acuminate, serrate, downy un-
derneath, the midrib glandular above ; flowers in
corymbs. Willd.
Syn. MESPILUS ARBUYIFOLIA. Lin. Midi.
A slender shrub. Leaves oblong, oval or obovate> finely-
serrate, the midrib spotted on the upper side, with small, dark
glands. Flowers white, in compound, downy corymbs. Fruit
'with five cells and ten seeds, of the size of large whortleber-
ries, rough and astringent to the taste.— Low woods and thick-
ets — May, June.
130 Class XII. Order IV.
PYRUS BOTRYAPIUM. Willd. June berry,
Leaves oblong-elliptic, pointed, smooth ; flow-
ers racemed, petals linear lanceolate, germs pubes-
cent, segments of the calyx glabrous. Willd.
Syn. MESPILUS CANADENSIS. Lin. Mich,
MESPJLUS ARBOREA. Mich.f.
This species commonly attains the height of a small tree,
and is very conspicuous when in flower in the early part of
May. Leaves oblong, varying in width, sharply serrate, acute.
Flowers white, in long, downy racemes. Fruit dark blue, of
the size of whortleberries, pleasant to the taste. — Low woods
and swamps, — Berries ripe in June.
149. SPIRAEA.
SPIRJEA ALBA. Ehr. White Spiraea. Meadow sweet.
Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ;
flowers panicled.
Syn. SPIRAEA SALICIFOLIA. Mich.
A slender shrub three or four feet high, bearing large, ter-
minal bunches of white flowers. Stems smooth, reddish.
Leaves broad lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, smooth and thin,
acutely serrate, tapering at base. Panicle terminal, composed
of small flowering, branches at the top of the stem, and from the
axils of the upper leaves. Flowers small, crowded. — Meadows
and wet pastures. — July, August.
SPIR.EA TOMEXTOSA. L. Downy Spircea. Hardhack.
Leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy
underneath ; flowers twice racemed. Willd.
A very common shrub in pastures and low grounds, about
the size of the last. Among its purple flowers the dead tops
of the last year's fructification are conspicuous. Leaves nearly
Class XII. Order V.
oval, thick, and tough, dark green above, whitish and downy
underneath. Flowers small, blue, inclining to purple, in long
conical bunches on the end of the stems.— July, August.
POLFGYNtil.
150. ROSA.
ROSA CAROLINIANA. L. Swamp rose
Germs globular, hispid; peduncles somewhat
hispid; stem with stipular prickles; petioles prick-
ly. L.
This rose grows in swamps and wet grounds, sometimes
forming thickets of itself. The stems vary greatly in the num-
ber and size of their prickles, even those which spring from the
same root. They are commonly of a reddish colour, and their
prickles nearly straight. Leaves pinnate, with five or seven
pair of oval leafets, sharply serrate and paler on the under side.
Flowers red, growing in a sort of corymbs. Fruit spherical,
flattened at the ends. — June, July.
151. RUBUS.
RUBUS OCCIDENTALS. L. Black raspberry. Tliimbleberry,
Leaves trifoliate, downy underneath, stem prick-
ly, petioles round. L.
Frequent about fences, thickets, Sec. The stems are prick-
ly, long and slender, bending over in the form of an arch, and
covered with a bluish or glaucous powder, which readily rubs
off. Leafets in threes, oval, loosely serrate, acuminate, green
above, whitish and downy underneath, the two lateral ones near-
ly sessile. Petioles roundish, prickly. Flowers white, in ter-
minal racemes. Fruit black, sprightly and pleasant to the taste.
— May.
46
Class XII. Order V.
RUBUS STRIGOSUS. J\Iich. Wild red raspberry.
Unarmed, strongly hispid, leafets in threes, or
five pinnate, oval, obtuse at base, lined and white-
downy underneath, the odd one often sub-cordate.
Mich.
A more delicate fruit than the last, found in similar places.
The stem and branches are without prickles, but covered with
thick stiff bristles. Petioles hispid, bearing one or two pairs of
lateral leafets and a terminal one ; the lateral leafets sessile.
Flowers white, in terminal clusters with hispid peduncles, Fruit
red, richly flavoured. — May.
RUBUS VILLOSUS. Mt. High blackberry.
Leafets three or five, oval, acuminate, serrate,
villous on both sides ; stems and petioles prickly.
This is a tall bramble that spreads rapidly by its roots, and
is often troublesome in pastures and fields. The stem is armed
with strong acute prickles ; the young twigs, leaf, and flow-
er stalks covered with short fine hair. Leaves somewhat hairy
on both sides, not white underneath. Flowers in long terminal
racemes, white. Fruit large, black, and pleasantly flavoured.
—May, June.
RUBUS TRIVIALIS. Mich. Low or running blackberry. Dew-
berry.
Stems procumbent , leafets three or five, oval,
serrate, nearly smooth ; flower stalks mostly soli-
tary.
Syn. RUBUS PROCUMBEJIS. Mufll.
Stems prickly, slender, flexible, running several yards upon
the ground, but seldom putting out roots, unless accidentally
covered. Loaves nearly smooth, green on both sides. Pedun-
Class XII. Order V. 138
cles long, slender, mostly undivided, furnished with minute
prickles. Flowers solitary, white. Fruit large, black, sweet.
— Common in barren sandy soils. — May.
RUBUS ODORATUS. L. Flowering raspberry.
Leaves simple, palmate ; vstem unarmed, many
leaved, many flowered, L.
A superb, flowering shrub, commonly cultivated. I have
not seen it growing wild in the immediate vicinity of Boston,
though it is plentiful at the distance of thirty or forty miles to
the westward. Leaves simple, large, mostly five lobed, ser-
rate ; petioles and peduncles hairy. Flowers large, purple,
forming a sort of corymb. Fruit dry. — Flowers in June and
after.
152. FRAG ARIA.
FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA. Ehr. Wild strawberry.
Calyx of the fruit spreading ; hairs of the peti-
oles erect, of the peduncles appressed ; leaves
smooth above. Willd.
The common wild strawberry is a very delicious fruit, and
when cultivated is inferior to few imported species. The ber-
ries ripen early, are of a light scarlet colour, exquisitely fla-
voured, but more soft and perishable than the other kinds. The
herbage is more smooth and even than in other species, the pe-
duncles shorter, so that the fruit is commonly concealed under
the leaves. Flowers white, appearing in May.
Wild strawberries are frequently sour from the circum-
stance of their ripening in the shade among the high grass.
153. COMARUM,
COMARUM PALUSTRE. L, Marsh cinquefoiL
A genus nearly related to the last, with only one species.
* Stem round, rising from one to two feet. Leafets three, five, or
Class XH. Order V.
seveft, oblong, serrate, whitish underneath. Flowers dark, dull
purple, every part permanent. Calyx ten cleft, every other
segment larger. Corolla five small petals. Fruit enclosed in
the flower, resembling a strawberry, but spongy and permanent.
= — Found in Neponset river. — June. — Perennial.
154. POTENTILLA.
POTENTILLA ANSERiNA. L. Silver weed. Wild tansey.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, silky un-
derneath, stem creeping, peduncles one flowered.
Sm.
A handsome plant common on the marshes at South Boston
and Cambridge. Stems hairy and reddish, creeping extensive-
ly among the grass. Leaves pinnate, the large Icafcts alternat-
ing with small ones, green above and of a fine silvery appear-
ance beneath. Flowers yellow, solitary, on long, axillary pe^-
duncles.— June. — Perennial.
POTENTILLA ARGENTEA. L. Hoary cinquefoil.
Leaves quinate, wedge form, cut, downy under-
ueath, stem nearly erect.
A small, humble species, frequent on Boston common and
elsewhere in dry soils. Stems spreading, half erect, white and
downy. Leaves alternate, consisting of five wedge form or
spatulate leafets, cut into a few lobes or large teeth at the end,
white and downy underneath. Flowers numerous, on the ends
of the branches, small, yellow. — From June to September--
Perennial.
POTENTILLA SIMPLEX. Mich. Common Cinquefoil, or Five-
finger.
Erect, simple, hairy ; leaves five- digitate, ob-
long, oval ; peduncles lateral, solitary, elongated,
one flowered. Mich,
'Class XII. Order V.
Stem erect at base, declining at top, rough, hairy Leafets
in fives, oval, deeply serrate, the nerves hairy underneath. From
the axils of the leaves proceed a single flower, a petioled leaf,
and the rudiment of a branch. Flowers yellow. Petals round-
ish, inversely heart-shaped, larger than the calyx. — Pastures. —
May, June. — Perennial.
POTENTILLA NoRVEGicA. L. J\foru'ay Ciiiquefoil.
Leaves ternate ; stem dichotomous ; peduncles
axillary. L.
An erect, hairy plant. Stem round, straight, forked at top.
Leaves in threes, oval, cut-serrate, their petioles and veins cov»
ered with long hairs. Stipules ovate, acute, somewhat toothed-
Flowers numerous, axillary and terminal, somewhat crowded.
Petals yellow, shorter than the calyx. — By road sides and thick-
ets.— July. — Perennial.
155. GEUM.
GEUM RIVALE. L. Water Jlvetis.
Radical leaves lyrate ; stipules ovate, acute,
cut ; flowers nodding, awns feathery, twisted. Sm.
A fine plant conspicuous in meadows for its high, nodding,
dark coloured flowers. Stem round, erect, drooping at top.
Radical leaves lyrate or interruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaf-
ct large and lobed, the whole serrate and hairy. Flowers ter-
minal, two or three on a stalk ; calyx reddish brown, closed ;
petals erect, hardly exceeding the calyx, inversely heart-shap-
ed, veined and shaded with yellow and purple. The fruit be-
comes erect, and is crowned with long, feathery, contorted awns.
— May, June.— Perennial.
GEUM VIRGINIANUM. L. Virginian Avens.
Leaves trifoliate, upper ones lanceolate ; petals
Class XII. Order V.
shorter than the calyx ; seeds hairy, with naked
awns, twisted at top.
Stem erect, one or two feet high, branching, hairy. Lower
leaves in threes, sometimes in fives ; the upper ones simple,
oval, or lanceolate, the whole unequally serrate. Stipules large,
ovate, few toothed. Flowers nodding, fruit erect. Petals
white, not longer than the calyx. — Thickets.— June, July<r— Pe-
rennial.
Class XIII. Order V.
Class XUl. POLYANDRIA. Many stamens.
Order 1. MONOGYNM. One style.
156. CHELIDONIUM. Calyx two leaved ; pe-
tals four ; silique superior, two valved, one celled,
linear ; seeds crested.
157- ACTJEA. Calyx four leaved ; petals four;
berry one celled, many seeded ; seeds nearly flat.
158. CISTUS. Calyx five leaved, two of the
leaves smaller ; capsule superior, three valved,
opening at top.
159. SARRACENIA. Calyx double ; the lower
three leaved, the upper five leaved ; petals five ;
stigma shield like ; capsule five celled.
160. TILIA. Calyx five parted ; petals five ;
capsule superior, coriaceous, five celled, five valv-
ed, opening at the base.
161. SANGUINARIA. Calyx two leaved ; co-
rolla eight petalled ; capsule two valved, many
seeded.
162. PODOPHYLLUM. Calyx three leaved ; co-
rolla nine petalled ; berry one celled, crowned with
the stigma.
163. NYMPH^A. Calyx four or five leaved ;
corolla many petalled ; stigma radiate, sessile ;
berry many celled, many seeded.
Order V. TENTAGYNM. Five styles.
164. AQUILEGIA. Calyx none : petals five :
Class XIII. Order VI.
nectaries five, horn shaped, alternate with the pe-
tals.
Order \I. POLYGYNM. Many styles.
165. CLEMATIS. Calyx none ; petals from
four to six ; seeds with tails ; receptacle capitate.
166. THALICTRUM. Calyx none ; petals four
or five ; seeds without tails.
167. HELLEBORUS. Calyx none ; petals five ;
nectaries tubular, two lipped ; capsules many seed-
ed.
168. CALTHA. Calyx none ; petals five ; nec-
taries none, capsules many.
169. HYDROPELTIS. Calyx none; petals six,
three external shortest ; nectaries none ; capsules
several, one celled, two seeded, invested with the
permanent corolla.
170. ANEMONE. Calyx none ; petals from five
to nine ; seeds numerous.
171. RANUNCULUS. Calyx five leaved ; petals
from five to eight, with a pore or scale bearing hon-
ey at the base of each, inside ; seeds naked.
17&. MAGNOLIA. Calyx three leaved ; petals
from six to nine ; capsules two valved, clustered ;
seeds pendulous.
Class Xm. Order I. 139
POLYANDRIA,
MONOGYNIA.
156. CHELIDONIUM.
CHELIDONIUM MAJUS. L. Celandine.
Peduncles umbelled. L.
Found among rubbish, under fences, 8cc. attaining the height
of one or two feet. Leaves pinnate, spreading; Icafets lobed,
pale green, smooth, their stalks winged where they join the
main petiole. Flowers yellow, in a remote umbel, proceeding
from the axils of the leaves. The calyx, petals, and stauiens
are extremely deciduous, which occasions perplexity in exam-
ining the plant. Every part of this vegetable abounds with a
bright yellow, or saffron coloured juice.— May, June.— Peren*
uial.
157. ACT.EA.
Aer-iEA RUBRA. Willd. Red Bam berries.
Raceme ovate ; petals shorter than the stamens ;
fruit berried, red. Willd.
Syn. AcfAEA SPICATA. L. Mich.
Leaves spreading, thrice ternate ; leafets acuminate, cut-
serrate. Clusters terminal, solitary. Flowers white, the calyx
deciduous. The flowers are succeeded by large, shining,
bright red berries, of a nauseous taste, and poisonous aspect.—
Grows in swamps and dark woods. — May, June. — Perennial.
Another plant which is commonly considered a variety of
Actaea spicata, but which appears to me undoubtedly a distinct
species ; has smaller berries, white, tipped with red, on large,
17
130 Class XIII. Order I.
incrassated pedicels, of nearly the size of the common pedun-
cle.
158. CISTUS.
CISTUS CANADENSIS. L. Canadian Cistus.
Herbaceous, without stipules ; leaves alternate,
lanceolate, stem ascending. L.
Syn. HELIANYHEMUM CAHADENSE. Mich.
Stem slender, downy, hardly a foot high. Leaves small,
nearly sessile, lanceolate, obtuse, downy, white underneath.
Flowers lateral, solitary, yellow. Stamens inclined to the up-
per side. Petals very tender and deciduous ; after they have
fallen, the plant has the appearance of Lechea major, for which
it has been mistaken. — Sandy pastures and hills. — June.— Pe-
•
renmal.
159. SARRACENIA.
SARHACENIA PURPUREA. L. Sidesaddle flower.
Leaves decumbent, shorter than the scape, in-
flated ; ventral wing arched ; appendix broad heart
shaped, waved.
The whole of this genus are plants of very singular struc-
ture. The Sarracenia purpurea is the only one which endures
our climate. The leaves, which are all radical, are formed by
a large hollow tube, swelling in the middle, curved and dimin-
ishing downward, till it ends in a stem, contracted at the mouth,
furnished with a large, spreading, heart shaped appendage at
top, which is hairy within ; and a broad, wavy wing extending
the whole length on the -inside. The full grown leaves will
contain a wine glass of water, and are rarely found empty. The
scape is long, smooth, and cylindrical, supporting a large, nod-
ding flower. Exterior calyx of hree small leaves ; interior of*
five oval, obtuse leaves, inclining to purple. Petals five, large>
Class XIII. Order I. 131
oval, purple. Germ nearly globular, surrounded by the broad,
spreading stigma, expanded like an umbrella, and divided at
its margin into five lobes alternating with the petals.— Swamps
and meadows. — 'June. — Perennial.
160. TILIA.
TILIA AMERICANA. L. Lime tree or Bass wood.
Leaves roundish-heart shaped, abruptly acu-
minate, sharply serrate, smooth; petals truncated
at top ; nut ovate. Mich. f.
A tree of the middle size, remarkable for the neatness of
its foliage, and the regularity of its form. The leaves are large,
roundish, heart-shaped at base, finely serrated. The footstalk
supporting a bunch of flowers, proceeds from the centre of an
oblong, pale, floral leaf or bracte, as in the others of the genus.
Flowers greenish white, succeeded by small, hard, greyish cap-
sules. The wood of this tree is white, smooth, and soft. It is
used in the manufacture of certain kinds of furniture, and of
the pannels of carriages. The bark is fibrous, strong, and flex-
ible, and makes tolerable ropes.— July.
161. SANGUINARIA.
SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS. L. Blood root. Puccoon.
One of the earliest spring flowers. Leaves radical, somc-
Avhat heart-shaped, parted into numerous lobes. The first leaf
which appears, is rolled round the stalk and flower, which it
seems to embrace and protect. Flowers single, erect, with two
deciduous calyx leaves, and eight beautiful spreading white pe-
tals. The leaves increase greatly in size after the flowers have
fallen. The root is fleshy and abrupt, and abounds with a bright
orange coloured juice. It possesses active, medicinal proper-
ties.— Grows in thickets at South Boston, Cambridge, Sec. —
April, May. — Perennial.
138 Class XIII. Order I.
162. PODOPHYLLUM.
PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM. L. May apple.
Leaves peltate, lobed. L.
This plant has an upright stem, supporting two large,
spreading leaves, with a flower in their fork. The leaves are
peltate, though the petiole is very near to one edge. They are
divided in a palmate manner, into six or eight large lobes, which
are again cut or lobed at the top. Flower large, white, on a
short axillary peduncle. The fruit is as large as a pigeons
egg, and not unpleasant to the taste. The root is medicinal,
answering as a substitute for jalap. — It is found native at Med-
way, twenty five miles from Boston. — May. — Perennial.
163. NYMPH.EA.
NYMPH.EA ADVENA. Jlit. Yellow water lily.
Leaves heart shaped, entire, lohes divaricate ;
calyx six leaved, longer than the petals. Ait.
The floating leaves of this and the subsequent species are
well known to anglers under the name of "lily pads." In this
species they are heart shaped, with rounded lobes, commonly
floating, but in shallow water erect. .Petioles half round. Flow-
ers yellow, the calyx leaves roundish, concave, shaded with
dull purple within. Petals somewhat wedge shaped. Stigma
radiate and toothed.— Rivers and ponds. — June. — Perennial.
NYMPH JEA ODORATA. Ait. Fragrant water lily.
Leaves heart-shaped, entire, emarginate, the
lobes divaricate with a blunt point 5 calyx four
leaved. Jlit.
Few plants possess a more exquisite fragrance than the
common white water lily. It is found only in deep water,
where i^s large per ennial roots are secure from the frost in
Class Xni. Order VI. 133
winter. The leaves are nearly orbicular, divided behind, the
fissure or sinus furnished with an angle or tooth on each side.
Calyx of four leaves, green without, white within. Petals nu-
merous, white. Stamens yellow. The flowers expand in the
morning, giving the surface of the water a magnificent appear-
ance ; but are closed in the afternoon. — June. — July.
164. AQUILEGIA.
AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS. L. Wild columbine.
Nectaries straight ; stamens longer than the
corolla* L.
This early flower is more delicate in its habit and colours
than the common garden species. Stem erect, branching.
Leaves once or twice ternate, lobed. Flowers on the ends of
the branches, pendulous, scarlet without, and yellow within.
The nectaries resemble straight horns, alternating with the
petals, which are oval and acute. Stamens numerous, yellow,
projecting. After flowering the fruit becomes erect. — Dry
hills, rocks, and pastures. — April, May. — Perennial.
POLYGYNM.
165. CLEMATIS.
CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA. L. Traveller's joy, Virgin's boiver.
Leaves trifoliate ; leafets heart-shaped, sublo-
bate-angular, climbing ; flowers dioecious. L.
A climbing, hardy vine. The stem gives off at intervals i:
pair of opposite petioles, which twine round objects of support,
serving the purpose of tendrils ; each bears three heart-shapcr!
leafets, which are variously toothed and lobccl. Peduncles ax-
illary, bearing cymes of white flowers, which arc dioecious, the
131 Class XIII. Order VI.
fertile flowers having imperfect anthers. The most remark-
able appearance of this plant is when in fruit ; the long feath-
ery tails of the seeds appearing like tufts of wool. Grows in
low ground. — Very abundant on the banks of the Neponset
river, Milton. — August.
167. HELLEBORUS.
HELLEBORUS TRIFOLIUS. L. Gold thread.
. Scape oue flowered ; leaves ternate. L.
A small delicate plant found among the leaves and moss in
pine swamps, Sec. The roots creep extensively, and are of a
bright yellow colour. Leafets in threes, evergreen, roundish,
lobed and crcnate, acute at base. Scape bearing one small,
starry, white flower. Nectaries within the petals, cup shaped.
Stamens white. Pistils on footstalks which afterward form an
umbel supporting the capsules. — Flowers in April and May.—
Perennial.
The root is a very pure bitter, but nearly destitute of astrinr
gency. It is a popular remedy for aphthous affections of the
mouth, and great quantities are sold in the shops.
168. CALTHA.
CALTHA PALUSTRIS. L. Marsh Marigold. Meadow cowslip.
Stem erect; leaves round heart shaped.
Forster.
Brought to market in the spring under the name of Cow-
slifis. At that season its bright yellow blossoms are very com-
mon and conspicuous in meadows and wet situations. Stem
upright, furrowed. Leaves smooth, heart or kidney shaped,
crenate, the radical ones on petioles, those of the stem nearly
sessile. Flowers on axillary stalks, with large, roundish, glos-
sy petals of a bright yellow, as are the stamens. The young
buds are sometimes substituted for capers.—- Perennial.
Class. XIII. Order VI. 135
169. HYDROPELTIS.
HYDRQPELTIS PURPUREA. Mich. Water target,
Syn. IXODIA pADUsfRis. Solander.
JBRASENIA HTDROPELVIS. Muhl.
An aquatic plant, the only species of its genus. Its leaves
whcih can hardly be mistaken for any thing else, are perfectly
elliptical, with the leaf stalk inserted exactly in their centre,
forming a centro-peltate leaf. Their upper surface is smooth
and shining, like those of the water lilies, among which they
float. Flowers dark purple ; petals six, the three outermost
shortest. Stamens numerous. The immersed portions of the
plant, particularly the stalks and young leaves are cloathed
with a thick gelatinous substance, transparent, and insipid to
the taste. — In Fresh pond, and other stagnant waters.— July. —
Perennial.
170. ANEMONE.
ANEMONE HEPATICA. L. Early Anemone.
Leaves three lobed, entire. L.
It is a circumstance not a little perplexing to students, tha'
the first plant in a genus without a calyx, should have a calyx
of three leaves. Linnaeus in associating this plant with the an-
emonies, considered the calyx from its remoteness, to be an in-
volucrum and not a perianth. Leaves radical, on hairy petioles,
with three broad oval lobes. Peduncles and involucre hairy. Pe-
tals red. This elegant little plant is one of the earliest visitors
in spring, flowering in sunny spots before the snow has left the
g-round. — Woods, Cambridge, Roxbury. — April. — Perennial.
ANEMONE NEMOROSA. Mich, Wood Anemone.
Seeds pointed ; leaves three : leafets lolied ;
stem on& flowered,
18ft Class XIII. Order VI.
This species and the next are among the earliest flowers oi
spring, appearing in April, and continuing through the month
of May. In this the root is creeping. Stem erect, supporting
a single flower on its summit, and three compound leaves given
off in a whorl below. Leafets toothed and lobed, paler under-
neath. Flower of six petals^ which are white, shaded with
purple on the outside. The whole plant is acrimonious to the
taste. — In woods and about fences, very common. — Perennial.
ANEMONE TH-ALICTROIDES. L. Rue leaved Anemone*
Flowers nmbelled, stein leaves simple, whorl-
ed ; root leaves twice ternate. L*.
Syn. THALICTRUM ANEMONOIDES. Mich.
Readily distinguished from the last, by its number of flow-
ers. Root tuberous. Stem upright, simple, divided at top in-
to a sort of umbel, of several flowers accompanied by a number
of simple heart shaped, three lobed leaves. The leaves which
proceed from the root are compound, usually three times ter-
nate. Flowers white, petals varying in number ; the largest
flowers having eight or ten.—- Woods and pastures. — April,
Mary. — Perennial.
ANEMONE VIRGINIANA. L. Tall Anemone.
Stem branched ; petioles three leaved, leafets
cut-lobed, serrate; flower stalks wand -like; seeds
in an oblong ovate head, woolly. Mich.
A tall, very straight plant, unlike in its habit to those de-
scribed. Leaves ternate, lobed, paler underneath. Peduncles
very long, straight, erect, parallel. Flowers terminal, green,
solitary. Petals ovate, acute, covered outside with silken down.
The seeds form an oblong cylindrical head. Found in dry
woods, road sides, &c. — June, July.— Perennial.
Class XIII. Order VI. 137
171. RANUNCULUS.
RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS. L. Small flowered crowfoot.
Radical leaves heart-shaped, crenate ; stem
leaves ternate, angular ; stem about three flowered.
L.
This species is easily distinguished by its small flowers, and
undivided, radical leaves. The leaves which grow from the
root are heart or kidney shaped, crenate, the longest ones some-
times lobed. Stem leaves in threes, at the base of each pedun-
cle, nearly sessile, the upper ones lanceolate. Stems erect,
smooth, few flowered. Flowers small, yellow. — Woods. — May,
June. — Perennial.
RANUNCULUS SCELEHATUS. L. Celery leaved crowfoot.
Lower leaves palmate ; uppermost in finger like
divisions ; fruit oblong.
A smooth, branching plant, with small flowers. Stem thick,
round and hollow. Lower leaves divided deeply, but not so
far as the petiole, the segments toothed and lobed. Upper
leaves sessile, divided to the bottom. Flowers numerous, on
petioles of unequal length. Calyx pubescent, somewhat de-
flected. Petals small, concave, yellow. Seeds small, in a close,
cylindrical head.-— Grows in watery places. — June, July. — Per-
ennial. It is vepy acrid, when fresh, and may be made to pro-
duce blisters.
RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS. Muhl. Early crowfoot.
Leaves ternate, subpinnate ; root fascicled.
An inhabitant of dry, rocky hills, flowering in April and
May. The root consists of numerous fasciculated, fleshy divi-
sions. The leaves are pubescent, but have a smooth appearance.
Those of the root grow on long stalks, and are ternate. Leafets
18
138 Class XIII. Order VI.
three lobed, remote, the terminal one deeply cleft, appearing
like three distinct leafets, so that the leaf has a pinnate form.
Peduncles a little angular. Calyx spreading, hairy underneath.
Petals longer than the calyx, transparent at base. Nectary obo-
vate. — Perennial.
RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS. L. Bulbous crowfoot. Buttercups.
Calyx reflexed ; flower stalks furrowed ; stem
upright, many flowered ; leaves compound. L.
Very frequent among the grass in pastures, road sides, Sec.
The root is solid and fleshy, acrimonious and almost caustic.
Stems erect, furnished with leaves, somewhat hairy. Leaves
hairy, in three or five principal divisions, variously toothed and
cut. Flower stalks upright and furrowed. Flowers of a bright,
glossy yellow ; calyx leaves bent downward against the flower
stalk, hairy. Fruit in globular heads. — May and after. — Peren-
nial.
RANUNCULUS ACRIS. L. Tall crowfoot.
Calyx spreading ; flower stalks round and
even ; leaves in three divisions with many seg-
ments, the upper ones linear.
Distinguished by its superior height, being usually about
two feet high. Root fleshy, resembling the last, but smaller in
proportion to the plant. 'Root leaves large, hairy, divided into
three or five diverging lobes, which are again repeatedly sub-
divided, ending in acute segments and teeth. Petioles hairy,
especially at their ends. Uppermost leaves in three entire,
linear segments. Stem erect, branching. Flower stalks round,
not furrowed. Calyx spreading under the petals, not reflexed.
Petals large, shining, yellow. Seeds in globular heads. This
plant spreads rapidly, and is exceedingly troublesome in mea-
dows and mowing ground. Being cut with hay, it would no
doubt be pernicious to cattle, were not its acrimony lost by
drying. It flowers all summer.— Perennial.
Class XIII. Order VI. 130
RANUNCULUS REPENS. L. Creeping crowfoot.
Calyx spreading ; flower stalks furrowed ; sci-
ons creeping ; leaves compound. L.
'
The flowers of this and the two last are very similar, and
confounded under the common name of Butter cups. An at-
tention to the calyx and flower stalks readily distinguishes them.
In this the leaves are mostly ternate, lobed and toothed, often
marked with a light spot at their sinuses. The plant sends out
long, prostrate stems or runners, which sufficiently distinguish
it from the others. Flower stalks furrowed as in Ranunculus
bulbosus, calyx spreading as in Ranunculus acris. Petals
bright yellow, often emarginate. — Shady places. — Flowering aii
summer. — Perennial .
RANUNCULUS FLUVIATILIS. River crowfoot.
Leaves all dichotoraous, capillary ; stem float,
ing. Willd.
Syn. RANUNCULUS FLU IVANS. Poir.
This is undoubtedly a distinct species from Ranunculus
aquatihs, having its leaves all capillary in the stillest water.
Its flowers are yellow. Stem long, smooth, furnished at regu-
lar intervals with nearly sessile leaves, divided by regular forks
into innumerable capillary segments. The flowers only
emerge from the water, Peduncles smooth, furrowed. Calyx
leaves fleshy, concave. Petals smaller than in Ranunculus bul-
bosus. Nectaries tubular. Fruit in ovate heads, the seeds
ending in a long, sharp point. — In a pond on Brighton road and
elsewhere in deep water. — June.
•
172. MAGNOLIA.
MAGNOLIA GLAUCA. L. Beaver tree.
Leaves elliptic, obtuse, glaucous underneath ;
petals obovate.
140 Class XIII. Order VI.
The only species of this superb genus, that has been found
native in our climate. It attains the height of a dozen feet, but
is sometimes killed down to the roots by severe winters.
Leaves perfectly oval, glaucous or ash coloured underneath.
Flowers large, white, solitary on the ends of the branches, fra-
grant. Petals concave, inversely ovate. Fruit ovate, some-
what conical. The bark is highly aromatic, and possesses me-
dicinal properties. It grows plentifully in a sheltered swamp
at Gloucester, Cape Ann, twenty five miles from Boston,
which is perhaps its most northern boundary. — June, July.
Class XIV. Order I. 14*1
Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Four stamens,
two long and two short.
Order I. GYMNOSPERMM. Seeds naked.
A. Calyxes mostly Jive deft.
173. GLECHOMA. Anthers approaching each
other in pairs, each pair forming a cross.
174. MENTHA. Corolla nearly equal, four
cleft ; the broadest segment notched ; stamens
straight, distant.
175. TEUCRIUM. Corolla without any upper
lip ; stamens projecting through a fissure in the
upper side of the tube ; sides of the fissure divari-
cate.
176. LEONURUS. Corolla with the upper lip
erect, concave, undivided, hairy ; lower lip three
parted, with the middle segment undivided ; sta-
mens longer than the orifice.
177. STACHYS. Corolla with the lateral seg-
ments of the lower lip reflected at the side ; sta-
mens when old bent outwards.
178. NEPETA. Corolla with the lower lip ere-
nate ; the orifice with a reflected margin ; stamens
approximate.
179. BRACHYSTEMUM. Tube of the corolla as
long as the calyx ; orifice without hairs ; stamens
nearly equal, very short, included in the corolla.
180. PYCNANTHEMUM. Tube of the corolla as
Class XIV. Order II.
long as the calyx ; upper lip mostly entire ; sta-
mens distant, two as long as the upper lip, two short-
er ; heads with many bractes.
181. VERBENA. Calyx with one tooth trun-
cated ; corolla nearly equal, curved ; stamens two
or four ; seeds two or four.
B. Calyxes tivo lifijied.
182. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx furnished with
a lid, which closes after flowering.
183. PRUNELLA. Filaments forked ; one point
of the fork bearing the anther ; stigma cloven.
184. TRICHOSTEMA. Corolla with the upper
lip falcated ; stamens very long.
Order II. &NGIOSPERMM. Seeds in a vessel.
185. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx four cleft; corol-
la personate, compressed at top ; capsule two cell-
ed ; seeds double, gibbous, smooth.
186. SCROPHULARIA. Calyx five cleft ; corol-
la some\vhat globular, reversed ; the middle seg-
ment of the lip placed internally ; capsule two
celled.
187. ANTIRRHINUM. Calyx five parted, corol-
la personate, with a prominent nectary underneath ;
capsule two celled.
188. PEDICULARIS. Calyx five cleft ; corolla
with the upper lip compressed and emarginate ;
capsule two celled, oblique, pointed ; seeds few.
189. GERARDIA. Calyx five leaved ; corolla
somewhat salver-shaped, two lipped ; lower lip
Class XIV. Order II.
three lobed, lobes emarginate, middle one two
parted ; capsule two celled, bursting at base.
190. MIMULUS. Calyx prismatic ; corolla with
the upper lip reflected at the sides ; capsule two
celled, many seeded.
191. CHELONE. Calyx five leaved, corolla in-
flated, the lips closed ; rudiment of a fifth glabrous,
filament between the upper stamens.
Class XIV. Order L
DIDYNAMIA.
G YMNOSPERMM.
173. GLECHOMA.
GLECHOMA HEDERACEA. L. Ground Ivy. Grill.
Leaves reniform, crenate.
A creeping plant, usually found about fences or in shady
places. Stems square, procumbent. Leaves opposite, petiol-
ed, heart or kidney shaped, crenate, hairy. Flowers in whorls,
a few together. Calyx striated, ending in five unequal, pointed
segments. Corolla blue, the upper lip straight, the lower ex-
panded, three lobed, the middle lobe emarginate. Each pair of
anthers meet, forming a cross. Ground ivy has a peculiar
strong taste and smell, and possesses some medicinal reputa-
tion.— May, June.— Perennial.
174. MENTHA.
MENTHA BOREALIS. Mich. Horse-mint,
Ascending, low, pubescent; leaves petioled,
oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends ; flowers in
whorls, stamens projecting. Mich.
Inhabits the banks of rivulets and ditches. Stem square,
downy. Leaves opposite, on downy petioles, oval, acute, ser-
rate, the upper ones lanceolate. Flowers in regular, axillary
whorls, on short peduncles. Stamens somewhat longer than
the corolla. — June, July. — Perennial. The taste and proper-
ties resemble those of Pennyroyal.
MENTHA VIRIDIS. L. Spear-mint.
Spikes interrupted ; leaves sessile, lanceolate,
Class XIV. Order I. 145
acute, naked ; bractes setaceous, and, with the
calyx teeth, somewhat hairy. Sm.
This well known mint spreads rapidly by its creeping roots
in moist places. Stems erect, smooth, acute-angled. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate, acute, serrate, smooth. Spikes long, acute,
consisting of distinct, remote whorls. Pedicels glabrous.
Flowers purple. The whole plant has a pleasant, aromatic
flavor, well known. — Flowers in August. — Perennial.
175. TEUCRIUM.
TEUCRIUM CANADENSE. L. Wild Germander.
Stem herbaceous, erect ; leaves lanceolate, ser-
rate, whitish underneath ; spike crowded, many
flowered, long. Mich.
Stem erect, square, downy, a foot or more in height.
Leaves opposite, soft with fine down, lanceolate, acute, serrate.
Spike formed of small whorls of flowers, furnished with short
bractes. Calyx downy, its segments rather blunt. Corolla
pale red, the stamens issuing from a fissure in the upper side.
— Road side, Cambridgeport. — July. — Perennial.
J76. LEONURUS.
LEONURUS CARDIACA. L. Motherwort.
Upper leaves lanceolate, three lobed or entire.
Sm.
A common plant among rubbish and about walls. Stem
two or three feet high, large, square, downy. Lower leaves
lobed and broad, the upper ones narrower, the highest of these
lanceolate, entire ; all of them spreading or bent downwards,
downy underneath. Flowers in many whorls. Calyx teeth
rigid and prickly ; corolla hairy without, variegated with white
and red within. The herb has a strong, pungent odour, and is
a popular remedy in considerable request. — July. — Perennial.
19
146 Class XIV. Order I.
177. STACHYS.
STACIIYS ASPERA. Mich. Hedge nettle. Woundwori,
Stem erect, hairy backward ; leaves somewhat
petioled, lanceolate, sharply serrate ; spike of
whorls about six flowered ; calyx with firm pric-
kles. Mich.
Stem square, a foot high, the angles furnished with reflexcd
hairs. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, somewhat heart shaped at
base, the upper surface and nerves underneath covered with
hairs. Flowers in whorls, constituting a leafy, terminal spike,
red. Calyx teeth prickly. Stamens in the old flowers bent out-
ward, forming an angle over the edge of the corolla. — Road
sides, Chelsea-, Brighton. — June, July. — Perennial.
178. NEPETA.
NEPETA c ATARI A. L. Catmint or Catnep.
Flowers spiked ; the whorls slightly peduncu-
lated. Leaves on footstalks, heart-shaped, tooth
serrated. Sm.
This well known plant grows every where in dry soils,
about fences and buildings. Its name is derived from the great
partiality of cats for the odour of the plant. Stem two or three
feet high, square and downy. Leaves long-heart shaped, ser-
rate, pale underneath, covered with soft down. Calyx ribbed.
Corolla tubular, upper lip straight, lower lip with the middle
lobe spreading, crenate, elegantly dotted. — July. — Perennial.
179. BRACHYSTEMUM.
BRACHYSTEMUM VIRGINICUM. Mich. Virginia thyme.
Stem erect, somewhat pubescent ; leaves lan-
ceolate or linear, entire, smooth ; heads somewhat
fascicled. Mich. abr.
Sy.n. THTMUS VIRGINICUS. L.
Class XIV. Order I.
An erect plant with fastigiate branches. Stem square, dow-
ny at the angles. Leaves opposite, rigid, very narrow, round-
ed at base, and tapering to a long, acute point. Under a magni-
fier they appear covered with fine, black dots. Flowers in nu-
merous small heads, mostly terminal. Taste like pennyroyal.
—By fences and woods. — July, August. — Perennial.
*•
180. PYCNANTHEMUM.
PYCNANTHEMUM INOANUM. Mich. Wild Basil.
Stein pubescent ; leaves petioled, oval, acumi-
nate, serrate, white-downy ; heads compound, ter-
minal and lateral ; bractes setaceous. Mich. abr.
Syn. CLIXOPODIUM INCANUM. L.
.
A white looking plant, covered with soft down. Stem one
or two feet high, covered with soft down, especially toward tlte
top. Leaves oval, pointed, with a few remote serratures on the
sides, soft and velvet-like, white underneath. Flowers on white,
branching footstalks, in lateral and terminal whorls or heads.
Bractes numerous, white, the inner ones setaceous. Corollas
projecting, pale, spotted with purple. — Woods and mountains.
— July, August.-— Perennial.
PYCNANTHEMUM ARISTATUM. Mich. Wild Basil.
Whitish ; leaves lance-oval, somewhat serrate,
on short petioles ; whorls and terminal head ses-
sile; bractes linear, awned. Mich. abr.
Syn. NEPEfA VlRGINlCA. L.
Stem erect, a foot or more in height, downy. Leaves op-
posite, ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, dotted under a mag-
nifier, the upper ones hoary with white down. Each branch
has one or two downy, sessile whorls, and a terminal head.
Bractes acuminated with a sort of awn. Flowers small. Both
148 Class XIV. Order I.
these species have a strong, pungent taste, much like penny-
royal.—Chelsea, road side. — July, August. — Perennial.
181. VERBENA.
VERBENA HASTATA. L. Common blue Vervain.
Leaves lanceolate, senate, acuminate, the low-
er ones lobed ; spikes erect, filiform, panicled ; sta-
mens four.
A tall, shewy plant, common by road sides in low ground,
Stem three or four feet high. Leaves opposite, rough, sharply
serrate, tapering to a long point ; the lower ones broader, with
commonly a lobe on each side at base, giving them somewhat
a hastate form. Spikes numerous, erect, slender. The flow-
ering commences at their base, and is long in reaching their
summit. Flowers close, of a dark purplish hue, with four sta-
mens.— July, September. — Perennial.
VERBENA URTICIFOHA. L. Nettle leaved Vervain.
Leaves oval, serrate, acute, petioled ; spikes
divergent, filiform, panicled ; stamens four.
Common among rubbish, about fences and buildings. Stem
erect, two or three feet in height. Leaves broad, oval or ovate,
rough, undivided. Panicles of long, very slender, flexiJe
spikes, diverging or divaricated, with distinct, somewhat re-
mote flowers, not imbricate like the last. Flowers small,
white. A weed of no beauty. — July, August. — Perennial
182. SCUTELLARIA.
SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA. L. Side flowering Scullcap.
Leaves smooth, rough on the keel ; racemes la.
teral, leafy. L.
Stem square, branching. Leaves on petioles of consider-
able length, ovate, acute, toothed, mostly smooth. Racemes
Class XIV. Order I. 149
on long, axillary stalks. Flowers small, blue, numerous, inter-
spersed with small leaves. The singularity of this genus con-
sists in the form of the calyx, which is furnished with a ridge on
the upper side, the part beyond this serving as a lid. After
the corolla falls, this lid shuts down against the opposite side,
so as perfectly to inclose the seeds. By lateral pressure the lid
opens, discovering the four seeds within. — Meadows. — July. —
Perennial.
183. PRUNELLA.
PRUNELLA PENNSYLVANIA. Willd. Self heal.
Leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; up-
per lip of the calyx truncated, three awned ; stem
ascending.
A handsome plant, native of meadows and moist pas-
tures. Stem nine or ten inches in height, hairy. Leaves oppo-
site, broad-lanceolate, slightly toothed, their nerves and pe-
tioles hairy, the upper pair close to the spike and sessile.
Spike short, ovate. Bractes reniform, ciliate. Flowers rin-
gent, purplish. Calyx two lipped, the upper lip broad and
abrupt, with three straight, short bristles or awns ; the lower
lip ending in two acute teeth. — July. — Perennial.
184. TRICHOSTEMA.
TRICHOSTEMA DICHOTOMA. L. Trichostema.
Stamens very long, exserted. L.
An annual plant, remarkable for its long, arching stamens.
Stem round, somewhat four sided, hairy. Branches opposite,
subdivided in a brachiate manner, their last divisions common-
ly, though not always, dichotomous. Leaves oval-lanceolate,
obtuse, entire. Flowers numerous, terminal. Calyx swelling,
its upper lip of two short, acute teeth ; lower lip twice as long,
three toothed. Corolla purple, with two long, slender stamens
150 Class XIV. Order II.
projecting from one side and arching- over to meet the other.
Seeds with an indented surface. In sandy pastures and hills. —
August. — Annual.
JINGIOSPERMM.
185. MELAMPYRUM.
ME t AMP Y RUM AMERICANUM. JWicli. Cow-ivlieal.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, the uppermost with a
few setaceous teeth at base; flowers axillary.
Pretty common in woods- Stem erect, smooth, branching,
less than a foot in height. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, smooth,
entire, with a long, obtuse point, the upper ones furnished with
several bristle-like teeth at base. Flowers axillary, whitish,
slender. Capsules flat, acute, pointing downward, containing
four seeds. — June, July. — Annual.
186. SCROPHULARIA.
SOROPHULARIA MARILANDICA. L" FigWOrt.
Leaves cordate, serrate, acute, rounded at base ;
stem obtuse- angled. L.
A tall, erect plant with flowers resembling capsules. Stem
square with blunt corners, smooth except at the joints, where
there is a slight pubescence between the petioles. Leaves op-
posite, oblong, obtuse at base, tapering to an acute point, ser-
rate. Panicle erect, with opposite branches. Flowers small,
somewhat globular. Calyx teeth obtuse. Corolla reversed, of
a dark, brownish colour, the lip with an internal prominence,
which may be mistaken for a fifth stamen. Capsule globular,
tipped with the style. — Lynn beach island.— -August.— Peren-
nial.
Class XIV. Order II. 151
•
187. ANTIRRHINUM.
ANTIRRHINUM LINARIA. L. Toad flax,
Leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded; stem erect;
spikes terminal, sessile ; flowers imbricate. L.
The yellow spikes of this plant are very common by road-
sides, though it is not probable, that the species is indigenous.
Stem one or two feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves numerous,
narrow, and pointed, smooth. Branches numerous, axillary,
bearing tufts of leaves. Spike long, crowded with yellow flow-
ers, the corolla furnished with a long, hollow spur below. The
mouth is closed with a protuberant palate from the under lip,
and gapes open upon lateral pressure, a character which has
given the genus the name of Snaji dragon.-— July, August. —
Perennial.
ANTIRRHINUM CANADENSE. L. Canada Snap dragon.
Leaves alternate, linear, remote, glabrous ;
flowers racemed ; stem simple, scions procumbent.
Willd.
A slender, annual plant, seldom exceeding a foot in height.
Stem erect, smooth. Leaves small, scattered, erect, linear, ob-
tuse. Flowers in a loose, terminal raceme, small, blue. Up-
per lip of the corolla reflexed, the lower much larger, spread-
ing. Spur filiform, acute. Some leafy, procumbent scions
occasionally proceed from the root. — Road sides. — July, Au-
gust.
188. PEDICULARIS.
PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS. L. Louse-ivort.
Stem simple, spike somewhat leafy ; helmet of
the corolla with two setaceous teeth ; calyx trim
eated downward. L.
Class XIV. Order II.
Stem erect, under a foot in height, downy at top. Leaves
dark green, lanceolate, with crenate lobes, obtuse, smooth.
Spike terminal, short, crowded, leafy. Calyx cut off in an ob-
lique direction downward. Corolla yellowish, the upper lip
forming a long helmet, its point square, with a small acute tooth
on each side ; lower lip three lobed. — Pastures.— May?— Peren-
nial.
189. GERARDIA.
GERARDIA FLAVA. L. l"ellow Gerardia.
Leaves lanceolate, pinnate- dentate ; stem sim-
ple. L.
One of the most showy of our wild wood flowers. Stem
erect, one or two feet in height, pubescent. Leaves opposite,
the lower ones more or less pinnatifid and cut, the upper ones
lanceolate, entire or serrate, obtusely pointed. Spike terminal,
few flowered. Flowers opposite, trumpet shaped, large, yel-
low. Peduncles short, downy. Stamens somewhat woolly ;
anthers with two points at the base. The whole plant turns
black in drying. — Woods. — August. — Perennial.
GERARDIA PEDICULARIA. Lt Bushy Gerardia.
Leaves oblong, twice serrate ; stem panicled,
calyxes crenate. L.
A tall, bushy plant, which would be one of the most orna-
mental, were not its flowers very perishable, and deciduous.
Stem erect, with numerous opposite branches. Leaves pinnat-
ifid, with serrate lobes. Peduncles hairy. The structure of
the flowers is very elegant. The calyx ends in five spreading
leafets, indented on their margin. Corolla yellow, downy with-
out, trumpet shaped, with spreading lobes. The leaves and
flowers turn black in drying. — Dry woods. — Very common at
Sweet Auburn, Cambridge. — August.— Perennial.
Class XIV. Order II. 153
GERARDIA PURPUREA. L. Purple Gerardia.
Stem with many opposite branches ; leaves
narrow-linear; flowers scattered, purple, sub-ses-
sile. Mich.
An annual species, much smaller than the preceding. Stem
erect, smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, linear, entire, curl-
ing when the plant droops. Flowers purple, frequently oppo-
site, on short, peduncles. Calyx teeth acute. — Common in pas-
tures and road sides in moist ground.— August. — Annual.
190. MIMULUS.
MIMULUS RINGENS. L. Monkey flowzr.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, sessile;
peduncles longer than the flower. Willd.
A handsome plant, fond of wet soils, where it attains the
height of two feet and upward. Stem erect, smooth. Leaves
opposite, closely sessile, serrate, tapering to an obtuse point.
Peduncles axillary, curving upwards. Calyx tubular, with five
acute angles, and as many pointed teeth. Corolla much longer
than the calyx, blue, contracted at the mouth, with spreading
segments. — July, August.— Perennial.
191. CHELONE.
CHELONE GLABRA. L. Snake-head.
Glabrous ; leaves oval or lanceolate, unequally ^ • .
serrate ; flowers spiked. Mich. * "' e
Found in brooks and wet ground, where it forms bunches,
and rises two or three feet. Stem smooth, bluntly foui corner-
ed. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, dark green and
polished above. Flowers in a terminal spike, a few only ex-
panding at once. Calyx nearly sessile, with five short rounded
20
Class XIV. Order II.
segments. Corolla large, white, inflated, contracted at the
mouth, not unlike the head of a serpent ; the lower lip in three
small segments, with two woolly stripes within. Filaments hairy
below. The rudiment of a fifth filament appears to be wanting
in this species. — Roxbury, Cambridge. — August, September. —
Perennial.
Class XV. Order II.
Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA. Six stamens,
four long and two short.
Order I. ' SILICULOSJ. Seeds in a silicle.
193. LEPIDIUM. Silicle elliptic, emarginate,
the valves carinate but not margined.
193. THLASPI. Silicle inversely heart shaped,
ihe valves carinate and margined.
194. BUNIAS. Silicle deciduous without open-
ing, somewhat four sided, two of its angles more
acute.
Order II. SILIQUOSA. Seeds in a silique.
195. RAPHANUS. Silique cylindrical, swelling
at the seeds, somewhat jointed.
196. CARDAMINE. Silique bursting elastically,
the valves revolute, and equal to the partition.
197. SISYMBRIUM. Silique cylindrical, open-
ing with nearly straight valves 5 valves equalling
the partition.
198. ERYSIMUM. Calyx closed; stigma capi-
tate; silique columnar, square.
199. SINAPIS. Calyx spreading; silique cy-
lindrical, with the partition longer than the valves.
156 Class XV. Order L
TETRAD YNAMIA.
SILICULOSA.
192. LEPIDIUM.
LEPIDIUM VIRGINICUM. Jr. Wild cress or peppergrass,
Radical leaves pinnatifid ; stem leaves linear-
lanceolate, serrate ; flowers with four petals and
two stamens ; silicle lenticular. Mich. abr.
Syn. THLASPI VIRGINIANUM. Pair.
Frequent by road sides, flowering during most of the sum-
mer and autumn. Stem woody and branching, round, smooth.
Branches numerous, alternate. Leaves of the root pinnatifid, of
the stem lanceolate, glabrous, furnished with a remote tooth or
two. Racemes terminal, long, naked. Pedicels capillary.
Flowers very small, diandrous, white. Silicles flat, orbicular,
with a deep notch in the end. Taste like common Garden
cress or peppergrass.
193. THLASPI.
THLASPI BURSA PASTORIS. L. Common Shepherd's purse.
Hairy, silicle inversely heart shaped, somewhat
triangular ; radical leaves pinnatifid. Sm.
Equally common with the last, in pastures and road sides,
continuing to flower during most of the vegetating season. Stem
branching, round. Root leaves numerous, spreading, pinnatifid,
toothed, somewhat hairy. Stem leaves oblong, toothed, arrow
shaped at base, closely sessile. Flowers small, white. Silicic
smooth, inversely heart shaped, crowned with the short style. —
Annual.
Class XV. Order II. 157
194. BUNIAS.
BUNIAS EDENTULA. (mihi.J American sea rocket.
Bunias foliis obovatis, sinuatis ; siliculis gla-
bris, articulis binis, monospermis, edentulis.
Leaves obovate, sinuate ; silicles with two
smooth, one seeded, toothless joints.
A fleshy, maritime plant, found on various parts of the sea
coast. Stem glabrous, flexuous, deeply, and irregularly fur-
rowed, very much branched. Leaves fleshy, smooth, obovate,
toothed and sinuated, caducous. Branches axillary, leafy-
Spikes or racemes terminal. Flowers on short, fleshy pedun-
cles. Calyx of four erect, fleshy segments. Petals spreading,
rounded at the end. Stamens nearly equal, longer than the ca-
lyx. Stigma concave. Silicles smooth, roundish, consisting of
two one seeded joints, the lower one somewhat globular, with-
out teeth or prominences, marked on each side with a longitud-
inal, depressed line, sometimes abortive. Upper joint ovate,
round, marked on each side with an elevated line, terminating.
in a flat, emarginate, or three toothed beak. Seeds facing dif-
ferent ways. The silicle is drupaceous, and in drying becomes
quadrangular. The plant is succulent and heavy. — Grows
abundantly at Cape Ann. Found also at South Boston. — July
—Annual.
siLiquosj.
195. RAPHANUS.
RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM. L. Wild radish,
Pods round, jointed, smooth, of one cell. L.
A hardy weed, frequent in the gravel by road sides, but
most troublesome in cultivated fields. Stem branching, round,
bristly, glaucous. Leaves rough, lower ones lyrate, upper ones
toothed. Calyx bristly. Petals spreading, yellow, turning
white as they grow old, not unfrequently of a light blue. Pods
158 Class XV. Order 11.
erect, knobbed, tapering, smooth, ending in along beak. When
dry, they are striated, and abruptly contracted between the cells,
which are hard and somewhat bony. On cutting the pod across
between the seeds, it appears two celled. The seeds however
are contained between the laminae of the apparent partition.
196. CARDAMINE.
GARDAMINE PENNSYLVANIA. Muhl. American Water Cress.
Leaves pinnate , leafets angular-toothed, obtuse.
Willd.
Found in brooks and ponds, growing under water, except
its upper leaves and flowers. Leaves alternate, smooth, pin-
nate ; leafets oblong, rounded at the end, with a few large teeth
on each side, the terminal leafet much exceeding the rest in
size. The leafets in the upper leaves are entire. Flowers
small, white. Pods narrow, erect, an inch or more in length.—-
Brighton.— May.
197. SISYMBRIUM.
SISYMBRIUM NASTURTIUM. L. European Water Cress.
Pods declining ; leaves pinnate, leafets round*,
ish heart shaped. Sm.
Found in clear, fresh water, in brooks and ponds. Stems
spreading or floating in the water, angular, branched, rooting
at base. Leaves mostly immersed or floating, pinnate, the leaf-
ets rounded, with a few obtuse lobes or teeth. Flowers white.
Pods shortish, on spreading footstalks. The taste is pungent
and pleasant. — In small ponds, Roxbury, Cambridge. — June.
198. ERYSIMUM.
ERYSIMUM- OFFICINALE. L. Hedge, mustard,
"IS
Pods pressed close to the main stalk : leaves
nmcinate. L.
Class XV. Order II. 159
The whole plant is more or less hairy, and attains the height
of about two feet. Stem round ; branches given off at a large
angle, and curving. Leaves lyrate-runcinate. The fruitful
branches are long and slender, covered with close, sessile pods,
and ending in yellow flowers. — About rubbish and cultivated
ground. — All summer. — Annual.
199. SINAPIS.
SINAPIS NIGRA. L. Common mustard,
Pods smooth, four cornered, pressed close to
the raceme ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire,
smooth. Sm.
Very common in cultivated and waste grounds ; usually re-
garded as a weed, though its seeds furnish the common table
mustard. Stem round, striated, smooth, three or four feet high,
branching. Leaves variously lobed and toothed, the lower ones
rough, upper ones smooth, deflexed, the highest narrow, small,
entire. Flowers numerous and showy. Calyx and corolla yel-
low. Pods erect, close to the stalk, quadrangular, ending in a
short beak.-"-June, July. — Annual.
160 Class XVI. Order VIIL
Class XVI. MONADELPHIA. Stamens
united by their filaments into one parcel.
Order I. TRMNDRM. Three stamens.
200. SISYRINCHIUM. Spathe two leaved ; pe-
tals six, nearly equal ; capsule inferior, three cell-
ed.
Order V. DECANDRM. Ten stamens.
201. GERANIUM. Calyx five leaved 5 petals
five, regular ; nectary five glands on the base of the
longer filaments ; fruit beaked, separating into five
one seeded capsules.
202. OXALIS. Calyx five leaved ; petals five,
connected at base ; capsule superior, five celled,
five angled, opening at the angles.
Order Vlllf POLYANDRM. Many stamens.
203. MALVA. Calyx double, the outermost
two or three leaved : capsules numerous, one seed-
ed, disposed in a flat ring.
204. ALTH.EA. Calyx double, the outermost
from six to nine cleft; capsules numerous, one
seeded, in a flat ring.
205. HIBISCUS. Calyx double, the outermost
many leaved ; capsule five celled, many seeded.
Class XVI, Order V. 161
MONADELPHIA.
TRLAJVDEU*.
200. SISYRINCHIUM.
SlSYRINOHIUM ANCEPS. BlllB eyed grttSS..
Stein two edged, spatlie longer than the flow-
ers, petals mucronated, germs glabrous.
Syn. SlSTRlNCHIUM GRAM1NEUM. Curt.
The small, delicate, blue flowers of this plant are not unfre-
quent among the grass in moist ground. Stem two edged, the
edges extending into a wide margin ; smooth, with one or two
branches, often a foot high. Leaves linear, grass like, sheath-
ing at base. Spathe of two unequal leaves, swelling, pointed,
with from one to six flowers. Peduncles filiform. Flowers
shorter than the spathe, blue. Germs smooth. Petals six,
spreading, terminated by a point.— June, July. — Perennial.
DECANDRM.
201. GERANIUM.
GERANIUM MAOULATUM. L. Spotted geranium or Cranes-
bill.
Peduncles two flowered ; stem forked, erect ;
leaves five parted and cut, the upper ones sessile.
L.
No family of plants is more extensively cultivated for orna-
ment than the Linnaean genus Geranium, since divided by L'He-
ritier into three genera, Erodium, Pelargonium, and Gerani-
um. It must be confessed that a great number of exotic spe-
cies are carefully propagated in green houses and parlours.
16S Class XVI. Order V.
which are altogether inferior to the present very beautiful na-
tive. It is very common about fences and the edges of woods,
preferring a soil that is somewhat moist. Stems erect, hairy,
dividing by forks, or more numerous branches, one or two feet
high. Leaves large, spreading, hairy, divided in a palmate
•manner into five or seven lobes, which are variously cut and
toothed at their extremities, the lower ones petioled, the upper
ones nearly sessile. As the leaves grow old, they are usually
marked with pale spots about the sinuses. Peduncles long,
hairy, supporting about two flowers. Calyx five leaved, those
edges, which are outermost in the bud, hairy. Petals rounded,
blue. Fruit ending in a long beak, containing five awns, which
spring out and scatter the seeds when ripe. The root is peren-
nial, very astringent, and useful for its medicinal properties. —
May, June. — Perennial.
GERANIUM ROBERTIANUM. L. Herb Robert.
Peduncles two flowered; leaves somewhat ped-
ate, pinnatifid, five angled ; calyx tea angled, cap-
sules rugged. Sm.
A branching plant, much smaller in its flowers and leaves
than the preceding. Stem spreading, fragile, commonly of a
reddish cast. Leaves somewhat hairy, petioled, ternate or
quinate, the divisions mostly pinnatifid. Peduncles long,
somewhat hairy, with two terminal flowers. Calyx hairy. Pe-
tals rounded, pale purple. The whole plant has a peculiar,
strong smell. — Road sides, Maiden. — Flowering most of the
summer and autumn. — Annual.
202. OXALIS.
OX.VLIS STRICTA. L. Upright Wood Sorrel*
Peduncles umbelliferous ; stem branching, e-
rect. L.
This plant is pretty common about the borders of fields and
Class XVI. Order VOL. 163
cultivated grounds. Stem erect, varying greatly in height, ac-
cording to the soil in which the plant grows. Leaves ternatej
inversely heart shaped, very thin and delicate ; their common
petiole long and slender, without stipules. Peduncles axillary,
generally longer than the petioles, (in which respect the plant
differs from that of Willcienow,) supporting small, terminal
umbels of yellow flowers. Fruit beaked, erect.— Flowers all
summer.
POLYANDRU.
203. MALVA. x
MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA. L. Round leaved Mallow.
Stem prostrate ; leaves roundish, heart shaped,
obtusely five lobed. Fruit stalks bent downward.
L.
Root fusiform. Stems lying upon the ground, branching.
Leaves roundish, somewhat reniform, crcnate, with five or sev-
en imperfect lobes. Petioles long, hairy. Stipules lanceolate,
ciliate. Flower stalks axillary, shorter than the petioles, sev-
eral together, hairy. Outer leaves of the calyx linear, inner ones
ovate. Petals purplish white, deeply emarginate. Fruit flat,
with numerous capsules forming its circumferei.ee, the stalks
commonly deflexed.— In cultivated ground, about houses and
side walks. — All summer.
204. ALTHAEA.
ALTHAEA OFFICINAHS. L. Marsh Mallow.
Leaves downy, oblong, ovate, obtusely three
lobed, toothed. Willd.
This plant grows spontaneously on the marshes at South
Boston, and is said to be found at other places on the sea coast.
It is probably not originally native, but imported from Europe.
Root perennial, long, white. Stem erect, firm, covered with
164 Class XVI. Order VIII.
thick, woolly down. Leaves alternate, ovate, with three ov
more imperfect lobes, toothed, exceedingly downy and velvet-
like to the touch. Flowers large, axillary and terminal. Calyx
downy. Petals light, purple, inversely heart shaped. The
whole plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage, and is
much used as a demulcent remedy. — August, September,—
Perennial.
105. HIBISCUS.
HIBISCUS PALUSTRIS. L. Marsh Hibiscus.
Stem herbaceous, simple ; leaves ovate, some-
what three lobed, downy underneath ; flowers ax-,
illary. Willd.
A tall, handsome plant. Stem erect, somewhat downy.
Leaves ovate or three lobed, green above, whitish and soft with
down underneath, serrate, acuminate. Flowers nearly as large
as the hollyhock, on axillary stalks. Calyx downy, its outer
segments linear. Corolla pale purple.— Found in Newton near
the banks of Charles river. — August. — Perennial.
Class XVII. Order IV.
Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Stamens united
in two distinct sets.
Order III. OCTJlNDRM. Eight stamens.
i
206. POLYGALA. Calyx five leaved, two of the
leaves wing shaped and coloured ; corolla with a
cylindrical banner ; legume inversely heart shaped.,
two celled.
Order IV. DECJINDRM. Ten stamens.
207. GENISTA. Calyx with the upper lip two
toothed, the lower three toothed ; banner oblong,
reflected back by the pistil and stamens ; stigma
involute ; stamens all united.
208. LUPINUS. Stamens all united ; anthers
alternately rounded and oblong ; legume coria-
ceous, swelling at the seeds.
209. LATHYRUS. Style flat, villous above,
broader upward ; two upper segments of the calyx
shorter.
210. TRIFOLIUM. Legume hardly longer than
the calyx, falling off entire ; flowers more or less in
heads.
211. HEDYSARUM. Calyx five cleft; keel of
the corolla obtuse ; loment jointed, the joints com-
pressed and one seeded.
212. GLYCINE. Calyx two lipped ; keel of the
corolla turning back the banner at the tip ; legume
one celled, many seetled.
§13. MEDICAGO. Legume spiral, compressed,
pushing the keel from the banner.
Class XV II. Order ILL
DIADBLPHIA.
OCTANDRIA.
206. POLYGALA.
POLYGALA SANGUINEA. Zr. CttduCOUS
Stem branching at top ; leaves alternate, line-
ar ; spikes headed ; flowers beardless. Mich. abr.
The purple, or rose coloured heads of this plant are very ob-
servable in moist ground, during the months of August and
September. Stem erect, angular, its branches exceeding the
main stem in height. Leaves alternate, smooth, linear-lanceo-
late. Flowers in terminal, cylindrical heads. As these heads
increase at their summit, the lower flowers fall off, leaving a
ragged or squarrous peduncle, on which Linnaeus founded his
specific character.
POLYGALA PAUCIFOLIA. MuhL Few leaved Polygala.
Flowers crested, terminal, three ; stem simple,
erect ; naked below ; leaves ovate. Willd.
An exceedingly delicate, purple flowering plant. Stem up-
right or ascending, four or five inches high, smooth. The low-
er part is naked, with the exception of some small, remote, ovai
scales or leafets. The leaves are four or five in number, at the
top of the stem, ovate, acute, entire. Flowers usually two or
three at the end of the stem, crested. — Found at Brooklyn,—
May. — Perennial
Class XVII. Order IV. 167
DECANDRU.
207. GENISTA.
GENISTA TINCTORIA. L. Wood waxen. Dyers' weed.
Leaves lanceolate, smooth ; branches round,
striate, erect, unarmed. Sm.
Root woody, tough, creeping extensively. Stems or branch-
es numerous, erect or ascending, round, furrowed, smooth
Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate, acute. Flowers on the up-
per part of the branches, axillary, solitary, nearly sessile, bright
yellow. This plant has overrun the hills on the south side of
Salem, so as to give them, in the month of July, an uniformly
yellow appearance at a distance. It was probably imported
originally from Europe. The whole plant is said to dye a fine
yellow colour.
208. LUPINUS.
LUPINUS PERENNIS. L, Common lupine.
Calyxes alternate without appendages, upper
lip emarginate, lower entire. L.
This common garden flower grows wild very plentifully in
the woods at Watertown. Stems erect, somewhat hairy.
Leaves digitate, consisting of about eight or ten lanceolate-
wedge shaped leaves, arranged like rays around the end of the
petiole. They are somewhat hairy and pale underneath. Flow-
ers blue, in a terminal spike or raceme. — Perennial.
209. LATHYRUS.
LATHYRUS VENOSUS. Muhl. Veiny Lathyrus.
Peduncles many flowered ; tendrils many leav-
ed ; leafets ovate, obtuse 5 stipules half arrow shap-
ed, obtuse, Willd,
Class XVII. Order IV.
Stem angular, flexous. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the peti-
ole ending in a three-cleft tendril. Leafets ovate, obtuse, mu-
cronated, smooth, veiny. Stipules broad, half arrow shaped,
acuminate. Racemes on axillary stalks, consisting of large, el-
egant, purple floAvers. — Found about the borders of marshes,
flowering in June. — Perennial.
210. TRIFOLIUM.
TRIFOLIUM ARVENSK. L. Field trefoil.
Heads very hairy, cylindrical ; teeth of the ca-
lyx bristle shaped, longer than the corolla ; leafets
narrow-obovate. Sm.
This annual species of trefoil is exceedingly common in
loads and dry fields, flourishing in the most barren and gravel-
ly soils. Stem erect, round, hairy, branching. Leaves on
short footstalks, consisting of three narrow, inversely ovate,
hairy leafets. The flowers grow in long, cylindrical heads, or
spikes ; the calyx teeth ending in feathery hairs, which project
"beyond the corolla, give the heads a downy and grayish appear-
anec. Pod very small, one seeded. — July, August.
TRIFOLIUM REPENS. L. White clover.
Heads like umbels ; legumes four seeded ;
stems creeping. L.
Common in pastures, flowering from May to September.
Root perennial. Stems spreading, leafy, smooth. Leaves on
long petioles ; leafets roundish, acute at their base, finely ser-
rate, commonly marked with a white, semicircular spot. Flow-
ers white, in a dense umbel, resembling a head ; corollas per-
sistent, enclosing the pod, which contains three or four seeJs. — -
White clover increases rapidly, and resists drought. Cattle are
very fond of it, and it forms one of the best materials for feed in
pastures.
Class XVII. Order IV. 169
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE. L. Red clover. Honeysuckle.
Spikes dense ; steins ascending ; corollas une-
qual ; four of the calyx teeth equal 5 stipules awn-
ed. Sm.
Stem oblique, somewhat branching, hairy toward the top.
Leafets ovate, with usually a white spot on the upper side,
somewhat hairy underneath. Stipules broad, membranous, rib-
bed, ending in a point or awn. Flowers red, in large ovate
spikes resembling heads, somewhat sweet scented. Calyx of
five segments, the lowest longest. Banner of the corolla long-
er than the wings and keel. The excellence of red clover for
hay is well known. It is extensively cultivated here alone, or in
combination with herds grass, (Phleum pratense.) In its wild
state it grows every where, and flowers from May to Septenv
ber. — Perennial.
TRIFOHUM OFFICINAI.E. L. Melilot.
Legumes in racemes, naked, two seeded, wrink-
led, acute, stem erect. L.
Stem upright, furrowed, two feet high. Leafets oblong or
iance-obovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes axillary and terminal,
on footstalks, many flowered. Flowers nodding, mostly to one
side, yellow. Calyx and pedicels hairy. Pods pendulous,
oval, tapering at both ends, hairy. This trefoil in drying ex-
hales an agreeable scent, similar to the sweet scented vernal
grass. Horses are said to be very fond of it. — June, July. —
It grows in great plenty on the borders of the marsh at South
Boston, Avhere it was probably introduced from Europe.
211. HEDYSARUM.
HEDYSARUM FRUTESCENS. L. Shrubby Hedysarum.
Leaves ternate, lance-oblong, obtuse, silky be-
neath ; stipules subulate ; racemes axillary, oya te,
170 Class XVII. Order IV.
shorter than the leaves; lomcnts of one joint, hairy,
shorter than the calyx. Willd.
Syn. LESPEDEZA CAPITATA. Mich.
A slender, whitish, woody plant, found in dry woods at
Brighton and elsewhere. Stems erect, covered wtih soft hair,
very leafy. Leaves on very short petioles ; leafets oblong,
blunt, mucronated, their upper surface smooth, under surface
covered with silken down, especially the edges and midrib. Ra-
cemes ovate, hardly so long as the leaves, but projecting be-
yond them on axillary footstalks. Calyx leaves long, lanceo-
late, pointed, hairy enclosing the pods.— September,
HEDYSARUM HIRTUM. L. Hairy Hedysarutn.
Leaves temate, round- elliptic ; stipules subu-
late ; racemes axillary, oblong, longer than the
leaves ; loments of one joint, hairy. Willd.
Syn. LESPEDEZA PQLYSYACHYA. Mich.
More frequent in woods than the last ; resembling it in col-
our and habit. Stems simple, shrub like, whitish, hairy, two or
three feet high. Leaves on very short, scattered stalks ; leafets
oval, obtuse, whitish and hairy underneath. Racemes ovate,
exceeding the leaves, on hairy stalks which considerably exceed
their own length. Calyx shorter than in the last species, about
equal to the corolla, or to the pods, which are ovate, hairy, and
pointed. — September.
f
HEDYSARUM RETICULATUM. Muhl. Reticulated Hedysarum.
Leaves ternate, linear, hairy underneath-; ra-
cemes axillary ; loments of one joint, ovate, reticu-
lated, longer than the calyx. Willd.
Syn. JL.E-SPF.DEZA SESSILIFLORA. Mich.
Stem erect, slightly pubescent. Petioles slender, some-
Class XVII. Order IV. 171
what hairy. Leafets small, oblong, obtuse at both ends, mu-
cronated, pubescent unoerneath. Flowers small, violet colour-
ed, in axillary bunches.— Woods. — August.
HEDYSARUM VIOLAOEUM. L. Violet Hedysarum.
Leaves ternate, elliptical, obtuse ; racemes um-
belled, as long as the petiole ; flowers in pairs ; lo-
ments of one joint, rhomboidal, reticulated, gla-
brous. Willd.
Stem erect. Leafets small, oval, mucronated, nearly smooth.
Flowers numerous, violet coloured, growing mostly in pairs,
forming racemes which are somewhat umbelled. Pods one
seeded, flat, smooth, rhomboidal.— Woods. — Brighton. — Au-
gust.
HEDYSARUM DIVERGENS. Muhl. Spreading Hedysarum.
Leaves ternate, oblong, obtuse ; racemes longer
than the petiole ; flowers in pairs ; loments of one
joint, ovate, reticulated, glabrous. Willd.
Stem erect, nearly smooth. Lc-afets, narrow, oblong, obtuse
at both ends. Flowers violet coloured, in axillary racemes, the
uppermost of which are somewhat longer than the petioles of
the leaves, the lower ones short, and few flowered. The plant
has many axillary branches with small leaves and flowers. Pods
oval, acute, flat, one seeded.— Woods.— August.
HEDYSARUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Mich. Round leaved
Stem prostrate, hairy ; petioles hairy ; stipules
round- heart shaped, reflexed; leaves ternate, or-
bicular, hairy on both sides ; racemes few flower-
ed 5 joints of the loment subrhomboidal. Mich.
Stem trailing, moderately^ hairy. Leaves on hairy stalks,
17» Class XVII. Order IV.
leafets round, pale underneath, ciliate at the lower edge, with a
few fine hairs on both surfaces, from one to two inches in diam-
eter. Stipules of the leafets small, lanceolate ; of the leaves
ovate, acuminate, bent backward ; both hairy. Racemes axil-
lary and terminal, few flowered. Peduncles longer than the
petioles, nearly smooth. Flowers purple. Corolla twice as
long as the calyx. — Woods.— -Waltham.— August.
HEDYSARUM NUDIFLORVM. L. Naked flowering Iledysarum.
Leaves ternale, roundish-ovate, acuminate ;
scape panicled, smooth, radical ; joints of the lo-
meiit roundish-triangular, somewhat smooth. WillA.
This is a remarkable species, The flower stalk stands by
itself, and seems to constitute a distinct, leafless plant. On
pulling it out of the ground, the root is found to be connected
with a leafy stem, which is frequently at some distance from the
scape. Leaves at the top of the stem on long stalks, nearly
smooth, whitish underneath, ovate, with a short point. Scape
smooth, slender, longer than the stem. Flowers purple, in a
panicle or raceme, on capillary stalks. — Woods.— -August.
HEDYSAKUM AUUMIMATLM. Mich. Pointed Hedysarum*
Erect, simple, leafy at top ; leaves tern ate,
oval, long-acuminate, the odd one round-rhomboid-
al ; panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle.
Mich.
A larger plant than the last, which it resembles in habit.
Leaves on long stalks from the top of the stem, green above,
paler underneath ; the side leafets ovate, the terminal one larg«
er, broad, roundish, three inches in diameter ; all ending in a
long point. Panicle very long, proceeding from the top of the
stem above the leaves. Peduncles nearly glabrous, with slen-
der, remote branches. Flowers purple. Loments of two or
three slightly connected joints. These are large, triangular,
Class XVII. Order IV. 173
rounded in front, and hollowed out at top, their two posterior
angles very acute, the anterior obtuse. — On the Concord turn-
pike, near Fresh Pond. — July, August.
HEDYSARUM CANADENSE. L. Canadian Hedysarum.
Leaves ternate, oblong-lanceolate ; stipules fili-
form ; flowers racemed ; joints of the loment ob-
tusely triangular, hispid. Willd.
A tall, handsome species, flowering in July. Stem erect,
striate, hairy. Leaves ternate. Leafets long and narrow,
broadest at base, gradually tapering to the point, which is not
very acute. Racemes from the top of the stem and axils of the
upper leaves. Pods hairy, consisting of four or five joints,
which are imperfectly triangular, their sides curved, and their
angles obtuse.— Woods. — Perennial.
212. GLYCINE.
GLYCINE MONOICA. L. Pea vine.
Leaves ternate, naked ; stems hairy ; fertile
flowers without petals. L.
A very delicate wood vine, twining upon the bushes, and
flowering in July and August. Stem slender, covered with
minute hairs pointing backward. Leaves in threes, ovate,
acute, smooth, and very thin. Flowers monoecious, the barren
ones in small, axillary, pendulous racemes, with the calyx and
corolla nearly white. Legumes short, flattish, pointed. — Annu-
al.
GLYCINE APIOS. L, Tuberous Glycine. Ground nul.
Leaves pinnate, with seven ovate-lanceolate
leafets ; racemes shorter than the leaves 5 stem her-
jbaceous, twining. Willd.
Not unfrequent in moist woods and thickets. Root tuber-
17* Close XVII. Order IV.
ous, consisting of fleshy, oval knobs, tapering at the ends, ar-
ranged at certain distances, like beads, on a principal running
root. Stems round, twining. Leaves pinnate, consisting of
five or seven ovate, acuminate, smooth leafets. Flowers in ax-
illary racemes, blackish purple, crowded, and not inelegant in
their appearance.— July, August. — Perennial.
213. MEDICAGO.
MEDICAGO LUPULINA. L. Nonesuch.
Spikes ovate ; pods kidney shaped, veiny, rug-
ged, single seeded, stems procumbent. Sm.
Occurs frequently by road sides, in pastures, Sec. Stems
spreading, angular, leafy. Leaves resembling clover, but
smaller. Leafets obovate, finely toothed. Spikes or heads
ovate, of yellow flowers. The pods are black and rugged, with
an evident spiral or cockle like structure, which characterizes
the genus. When cultivated it is said to form a valuable grass,
especially for sheep. In its wild state however its size is rath*
er insignificant. — Flowers all summer. — Biennial.
Class XVIII. Order IV. 175
Class XVIII, POLYADELPHIA. Stamens
united in more than two sets.
Order IV. POLYJNDRM. Many stamens.
214. HYPERICUM. Calyx five parted, inferi-
or ; petals five ; styles one, three, or five ; capsules
many seeded.
176 Class XVIII. Order IV.
POLYADELPHIA.
POLYANDRM.
214. HYPERICUM.
HYPERICUM PERFORATUM. L. Common St. John's wort.
Flowers with three styles ; stem two edged ;
leaves obtuse, with pellucid dots ; calyx leaves lan-
ceolate. Sm.
A hardy and very common weed in pastures and dry soils.
Stems numerous, erect, round, with a slight, prominent line on
each side, brachiate. Leaves opposite, oblong-oval, entire, pal-
er beneath, covered with small, transparent dots, which when
held against the light appear like perforations. Flowers nu-
merous, terminal, bright yellow. Petals oval ; stamens nume-
rous ; styles three.— July, August.— Perennial.
HYPERICUM CANADENSE. L. Canada St. John's wort.
Flowers with three styles, axillary, peduncu-
lated, solitary ; leaves sessile, linear, narrowed at
base ; stem herbaceous, square, dichotomous above.
Wittd.
A small species, generally frequenting a soil which is some-
what moist. Stem round, with four prominent lines, formed by
the decurrent base of the leaves. Lower branches opposite,
upper ones in forks. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with transparent
dots. Flowers axillary and terminal, small, yellow, on short
pedicels. Capsules of a brownish colour, twice as long as the
calyx. — July, August. — Annual.
Class XVIII. Order IV. 177
HYPERICUM VIHGINICUM. L. Virginian St. John's wort.
Flowers with three styles, enneandrous, ter-
minal; leaves elliptical, obtuse, somewhat heart-
shaped, clasping ; stem herbaceous, compressed,
Willd.
This plant has much larger leaves than the preceding spe-
cies. They are opposite, oblong, smooth, entire, heart-shaped
at base, closely sessile or clasping, very obtuse, paler on the
under side. Flowers in terminal bunches, their colour partak-
ing of a mixture of yellow and purple. Stamens nine, united
in three parcels. — In low ground. — August. — Perennial.
178 Class XIX. Order I.
Class XIX. SYtfGENESIA. Anthers united
into a cylinder ; flowers compound.
Order I. JK Q UALIS. All the florets with sta-
mens and pistiis, and all fertile.
A. Semijloscular, all the florets ligulate.
315. CICHORIUM. Receptacle chaffy; calyx
invested with scales ; seeds surrounded with nu-
merous short teeth.
316. APARGIA. Receptacle naked ; calyx im-
bricate ; down feathery, sessile.
317- LEONTODOX. Receptacle naked; calyx
imbricate, with flaccid ' scales ; down simple, pedi-
celled.
318. PRENANTHES. Receptacle naked ; down
simple ; calyx invested with scales ; florets few, in
one row.
319. LACTUCA. Receptacle naked ; down
simple, pedicelled ; calyx imbricate, cylindrical,
scarious at the margin.
330. HIERACIUM. Receptacle naked, dotted ;
down simple, sessile ; calyx imbricate, ovate.
331. SOXCHUS. Receptacle naked ; down
simple, sessile ; calyx imbricate, swelling at the
base.
B. Flowers in heads,
^23. ARCTIUM. Receptacle chaffy j down
'-
' \
Class XIX. Order II. 479
bristly and chaffy ; corolla floscular ; calyx globu-
lar with hooks on the top of the scales.
223. CNICUS. Receptacle villous ; down feath-
ery ; corolla floscular ; calyx swelling, with spinous
scales.
224. ONOPORDON. Receptacle cellular ; down
capillary ; corolla floscular ; calyx swelling with
spinous scales.
225. VERNONIA. Receptacle naked ; down
double., the outer chaffy, inner capillary ; corolla
floscular ; calyx ovate, imbricate.
. ji *-
A lAsfa-S .
C. Florets tubular.
226. BIDENS. Receptacle chaffy, flat; seeds
angular ; down consisting of awns prickly back-
ward ; calyx nearly equal, invested with leaves.
227. MIKANIA. Receptacle naked ; down
simple ; calyx four or six leaved, and four or six
flowered.
228. EUPATORIUM. Receptacle naked ; down
simple or rough ; calyx imbricate, oblong ; style
longer than the corolla, cloven half way down.
Order II. SUPERFLUA. Florets of the disc
with stamens and pistils, those of the ray with 2)istils only ; all
fertile.
229. CONYZA. Receptacle naked ; down sim-
ple or rough ; calyx imbricate, roundish ; florets of
the margin three cleft.
230. GRAPHALIUM. Receptacle naked ; down
feathery or rough ; calyx with scarious. coloured
scales ; florets of the margin subulate.
180 Class XIX. Order III.
D. Flowers radiate.
231. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle naked ;
down none ; calyx hemispherical, imbricate, with
the scales dilated, and membranous at the margin.
%32. ERIGERON. Receptacle naked ; down
simple ; florets of the margin very numerous and
narrow, linear.
233. SOLIDAGO. Receptacle naked, pitted ;
down simple ; florets of the margin from five to ten,
remote ; calyx imbricate, closed.
234. SENECIO. Receptacle naked ; down sim-
ple ; calyx invested with scales, many leaved,
equal ; the scales dead at their tips.
235. ASTER. Receptacle naked; down sim-
ple ; calyx imbricate, with the lower scales spread-
ing ; florets of the margin commonly more than ten.
236. ANTHEMIS, Receptacle chaffy ; seeds
crowned with a slight border ; calyx hemispheric-
al ; florets of the ray more than five, oblong.
237- ACHILLEA. Receptacle chaffy ; down
none ; calyx ovate, imbricate, unequal ; florets of
the ray from five to ten, inversely heart-shaped or
roundish.
Order III. FRUSTRJHVEJ. Florets of the centre
with stamens and pistils, fertile ; those of the ray udth pistils
only, barren.
238. HELIANTHUS. Receptacle chaffy ; seeds
crowned with two lanceolate, chaffy scales ; calyx
imbricate, somewhat squarrous.
239. COREOPSIS. Receptacle chaffy: seeds
Class XIX. Order IV. 181
compressed, emarginate, with two unarmed awns ;
calyx double, each many leaved.
Order IV. NECESSABM. Florets of the centre
with stamens and pistils, barren; those of the ray with pistils
only, fertile.
240. IVA. Receptacle hairy ; seeds naked,
obtuse ; down none ; calyx three leaved ; florets of
the ray five.
Class XIX. Order 1.
SYNGENESIA.
215. CICHORIUM.
CICHOIUUM INTYBUS. L. Succory.
Flowers in pairs, sessile ; leaves runcinate.
The large, blue flowers of this elegant plant are extremely
common in pastures and road sides every where in the vicinity
of Boston. Stem two or three feet high, strong, angular, brist-
ly. Leaves roughish, the radical ones runcinate, those of the
stem heart-shaped, acuminate, and sessile. Flowers mostly in
pairs, sessile upon the sides of the stem. Calyx leaves erect,
rough on the back, reflexed as they grow old. Florets of the
corolla ligulate, ending in about five minute teeth. — From July
to September. — Perennial.
216. APARGIA.
APARGIA AUTUMNALIS. Willd. Autumnal Hawkiveed.
Scape branching, peduncles scaly ; leaves lan-
ceolate, tooth-pinnatifid, smoothisli. L.
Syn. LEONTODON AUTUM^ALE. L..
HEDTPXOIS AufuMNALi.s Sm.
This plant, probably an emigrant from Europe, has over-
run the vicinity of this place, and grows in almost every kind of
soil. It begins flowering in June and July, and is nearly the
test plant that yields to the frosts of November. Root abrupt.
Leaves all radical, spreading, lanceolate, more or less toothed
and pinnatifid, according to the soil in which they grow, usual-
ly curving to one side. Scape spreading, bending upwards,
Class XIX. Order I. 183
furrowed, branching into a few peduncles, which are furnished
with scattered, remote scales, and are hollow, like many others
of the class, with a minute tuft, like cotton or cobweb, at the base
of their cavity within. Flowers yellow, resembling those of the
dandelion. The scales on the stalks and calyx are less numer-
ous than in the European variety.
217. LEONTODON,
LEONTODON TARAXACUM. L. Dandelion.
Outer scales of the'calyx reflexed ; leaves run-
cinate, toothed, smooth.
The leaves of this very common plant are usually cited as
examples of the mncinate form. The supposed resemblance
to a lion's teeth will appear sufficiently obvious, to those who
are fond of tracing etymologies, in any of its names, leonto-
don, dens leonis, dent de lion, dandelion. The stalks or scapes
are simple, hollow, smooth, and round. Flowers single, of a
bright yellow. Calyx leaves entire, the outermost bent back-
wards. Florets ligulate, numerous. Down of the seeds on a
pedicel. — Perennial.
«,
218. PRENANTHES.
PHENANTHES ALBA. L. White flowering I'renanthes.
Calyxes many flowered ; leaves angular-has-
tate, toothed ; flowers nodding ; racemes panicled.
Willd.
A tall, lactescent plant, flowering in August and September.
The large, radical leaves are conspicuous much earlier in tin
season. They are more or less triangular or halberd shaped,
and toothed or lobed. The leaves of the stem are more regu-
larly ovate and toothed, the upper ones lanceolate. The stem
is commonly of a dark reddish colour, three or four feet high.
Flowers panicled, drooping ; calyx white, containing ten or ;•
184? Class XIX. Order I.
dozen florets, surrounded with a dull reddish down.— Woods,
low land, kc.— Perennial.
219. LACTUCA.
LACTUCA ELOXGATA. Miild. Tall Lettuce. Fire weed.
Leaves smooth, the lower ones rimcinate, clasp-
ing ; the upper ones lanceolate, sessile ; flowers
panicled.
This plant, I am informed, is sure to appear in great abun-
dance on grounds which are newly burnt over, and on this account
it has received the name of Fire weed in the interior. The
whole plant is lactescent. Stem erect, four or five feet high.
Lower leaves long, spreading, runcinate, clasping the stem.
Upper leaves sessile. The stem terminates in a large, spread-
ing panicle of yellow flowers, which remain expanded but a
short time. — July. — August.
220. HIERACIUM.
HIERACIUM VENOSUM. L. Veiny leaved Hawlciveed.
Scape naked, branching ; calyx smooth ; leaves
ohovate, somewhat acute, entire, ciliate, their veins
coloured. Willd.
A singular and beautiful plant, found upon dry hills and
pastures. Leaves radical, spreading on the ground, narrow-
obovate, elegantly variegated with dark red veins and dots,
downy underneath, somewhat ciliate, tapering into a short, hairy
petiole. Scape erect, slender, one or two feet high, of a dark
brown colour, smooth, commonly naked, but sometimes furnish-
ed with a Small leaf or two. Flowers panicled, on very slender
stalks, yellow. — June, July. — Perennial.
Class XIX. Order L 180
HIEUACIUM KALMII. L. Halm's Hawkweed.
Stem erect, many flowered ; leaves lanceolate,
toothed ; peduncles downy. L.
Stem erect, tall, nearly smooth, downy at top. Leaves al-
ternate, subsessile, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, with acute, di-
verging teeth. Flower stalks axillary and terminal, round, cov-
ered with whitish down. Flowers erect, yellow. Calyx some-
what downy. — Borders of fields. — August. — Perennial.
221. SONCHUS.
SONOHUS OLERAOEUS. L. Common Saw-thistle.
Peduncles downy ; calyx smooth ; leaves run-
einate, toothed. Sm.
Appears late in the season, in every species of waste ground
and rubbish. Stem erect, three feet high, round, smooth, brit-
tle, hollow. Leaves smooth, toothed and lobed in a runcinate
manner, clasping the stem, their lobes bordered with teeth or
spines. Peduncles axillary and terminal, covered with a white,
fine, deciduous down. Calyx smooth, swelling out at base.
Corolla yellow. Flowers about half the size of the dandelion.
Down fine and smooth.— September. — Annual.
222. ARCTIUM.
ARCTIUM LAPPA. L. Burdock,
Leaves heart- shaped, unarmed, petioled. L.
No plant is better known than this. Its very large, heart-
shaped, wavy leaves cover the ground for some extent around
it. The stem, which rises three or four feet, is branching,
round, furrowed, and rough. Flowers numerous, terminal,
purple. This plant intrudes itself on every one's acquaintance
by the sharp, firm hooks at the end of the calyx scales, which
attach themselves to the clothes, and serve as a remarkable me-
186 Class XIX. Order I.
chanism for dispersing the seeds. — Common in waste and cul-
tivated ground, — July, August. — Perennial.
223. CNICUS.
CNICUS ARVENSIS. Willd. Canada Thistle,
Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, spinous ; stem pan-
icled ; calyx ovate, its spines minute ; down feath-
ery, Sm.
Syn. CARDUUS ARVENSIS. Sm.
SERRAfULA ARVENSIS. L.
This species is easily distinguished from the rest of our
thistles by its small flowers, and its thornless calyx scales. It
commonly forms beds by its perennial, creeping roots, and is
exceedingly difficult to extirpate. The stems are two or three
feet high, smooth, many flowered. Leaves alternate, sessile,
pinnatifid, with numerous lobes, and very thorny. Flowers ter-
minal, purple ; the scales of the calyx ending in a short, ^yeak
bristle, rather than a spine. This plant seems to have come to
us from the westward, where it is exceedingly troublesome.
The name of Cursed thistle has been given it in England. — Ju-
iy.
CNICUS LANCEOLATUS. Willd. Spear Thistle,
Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid ; the seg-
ments divaricate ; calyx ovate, villous ; stem hairy,
Sm.
Syn. CARDUUS LANCEOLATUS. L.
Very common by road sides and in waste ground, usually
three or four feet in height. Stem upright, furrowe;!, hairy,
and winged by the decurrent base of the leaves. Leaves white
and woolly underneath, pinnatifid, half the lobes divaricated, tipt
with long and very acute spines. Flowers terminal, purple,
numerous, above the middle size. Calyx ovate, contracted to
Class XIX. Order L 187
a small neck, its scales tipt with sharp, ascending spines, and
connected with a downy web. Receptacle hairy. Seed down
feathery.— Flowers from June to September.— Biennial.
224. ONOPORDON.
ONOPORDOH ACANTHIUM. L. Cotton Thistle.
Calyx scales spreading every way, awl shap-
ed ; leaves ovate-oblong, sinuated, woolly on both
sides.
Frequent in waste grounds, and readily distinguished from
the other thistles by its white appearance and the large size of
its leaves. Stem erect, tall, winged by the decurrent base of
the leaves. Leaves oblong, broad, sinuated, toothed, and spi-
nous, covered on both sides with a loose, white, cottony sub-
stance. Flowers purple. Calyx globose, wider than it is long,
with lanceolate, spreading, cottony, spinous scales. Recepta-
cle cellular, like a honey comb. Down rough, short. The
Cotton thistle was probably introduced from Europe.— It flow-
ers in July and August.
225. VERNONIA.
VERNONIA NOVEBORACENSIS. TPilld. Vernonia.
Leaves lanceolate, rough, serrulate ; corymb
fastigiate ; scales of the calyx filiform at top.
Willd.
Syn. SERRATULA NOVEBORACENSIS. L.
A tall plant, bearing a multitude of dark purple flowers,
which turn nearly black in decay. Stem about four feet high,
furrowed, purplish, branching at top. Leaves peduncled, lan-
ceolate, finely serrate, acuminate, paler underneath. Flowers
terminating the stem and branches, in a compound, flat topped
corymb. Scales of the calyx ending in a fine slender awn.—
^ (ci • ^ ount* 'm m°ist situations.— September.— Perennial.
4
ff
188 Class XIX. Order I.
226. BIDENS.
BIDEKS FRONDOSA. L. Burn marygold,
Flowers discoid ; outer calyx six times as long
as the flower, its leaves ciliate at base ; lower
leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, ser-
rate. Willd.
A frequent and troublesome weed in corn fields, especially
where the soil is moist. Stem smooth, three or four feet high.
Lower leaves five-pinnate, sometimes ternate, leafets lanceo-
late, serrate. Flowers terminal, erect, flosculous, surrounded
by a large, leafy involucrum or outer calyx. Florets small,
yellow. Seeds oblong, flat, tipt with two barbed awns, by
which they adhere to the clothes, and to the coats of animals.—
August, September. — Annual.
BIDENS CRYSANTHEMOIDES. Mich. Large flowered Bidens.
Flowers erect, radiate ; outer calyx waved,
much shorter than the rav ; leaves lanceolate, ser-
V • '
rate, connate.
The large, golden flowers of this plant are very conspicu*
ous in wet situations in autumn. Its tops are usually eaten off
when accessible to cattle, who appear fond of it. Stem erect,
round, smooth. Leaves glabrous, lanceolate, slightly toothed,
tapering at both ends, slightly connate at base. Flowers erect.
Leaves of the outer calyx oblong, obtuse, waved up and down
on the margin ; those of the inner calyx shorter, oval, acute.
Ray very large, spreading, yellow. Seeds with commonly four
awns, in which circumstance our plant seems to differ from that
of Michaux. — September, October. — Annual.
227, MIKANIA.
MIKANIA SCANDENS. Willd. Climbing Mil-aiiiy.
Stem climbing, glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped,.
Class XIX. Order I. 189
repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate,, un-
equal ; flowers corymbed. Willd.
Syn. EUPATOKIUM SCANDENS. Mich.
Stem twining;, smooth. Leaves opposite, on long petioles,
glabrous, somewhat triangular or halberd shaped, their lower
half toothed, the upper tapering into a long, even, and very
acute point. Branches opposite, axillary, bearing small, ter-
minal, corymbs. Flowers purplish white. Calyx with aboul
four leaves, and as many florets. — Wet places.— August, Sep-
tember.— Perennial.
228. EUPATORIUM.
EUPATORIUM SESSILIFOHUM. L. Sessile leaved Eupatorium.
Leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, ovate-lanceo-
late, rounded at base, serrate, smooth ; stem smooth.
Willd.
An erect plant with corymbed flowers, as are all the subse-
quent species. Stem slender, smooth. Leaves opposite, close-
ly sessile, circular at base, tapering to a very long, acute point,
furnished with small teeth or serratures, and paler underneath.
Peduncles downy. Flowers white, in a terminal corymb
Calyx containing about five florets. — Found in the woods at
Roxbury. — August. — Perennial.
EUPATORIUM YERBEN^EFOLIUM. ,Mlch. Vervain leaved En-
patorinm.
Leaves sessile, lance-oval, acute, obtusely cut-
toothed, pubescent ; calyxes pubescent, awnless,
five flowered. Mich.
The name is taken from the resemblance of the leaves to the
upper ones of the officinal Vervain. Stem round, downy at top.
Leaves opposite, closely sessile, pointing upward, rounded at
190 Class XIX. Order I.
base, acute, but not acuminate like the last, the sides cut into
very large, and rather blunt teeth. Corymb compound, ter-
minal, pubescent. Flowers white j — Grows at Cambridgport
and elsewhere, in low ground. — August, September,— Peren-
nial.
EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM. L. Tlioroughwort. Bomset.
Leaves connato-perfoliate, downy* L.
Syn. EUFAfORIUM CONNAfUM. Mich.
This species is readily known from the rest by its long,
acute leaves, alternately crossing, and perforated by the stem.
The plant is usually from two to four or five feet in height.
Stem erect, hairy or woolly, branching only at top. Leaves
connate, tapering to an acute point, serrate, wrinkled, whitish
and woolly underneath. The upper leaves are often found dis-
tinct at their base, not connate. Flowers white, in a large co-
rymb, with woolly peduncles. Calyx containing ten or more
florets. Grows in moist land and flowers in August and Sep-
tember. This plant has acquired great medicinal reputation,
and is considerably employed as a tonic, sudorific, and emetic.
—Perennial.
EUPATORIUM FURPUREUM. L. Trumpet weed.
Leaves petioled, four or five in a whorl, ovate-
lanceolate, serrate, wrinkled and veiny, somewhat
rough ; stem fistulous. Willd.
A tall plant, growing about the borders of thickets in wet
land. Stem five or six feet in height, straight, round, purplish,
hollow throughout its whole length, its tube not being interrupt-
ed by joints. Leaves in whorls of four, five, or six ; ovate, rug-
ged with veins, acute. Flowers purple, in a large, branching,
terminal corymb. Calyx containing about eight florets, with
very long styles. — August, September.— Perennial.
Class XIX. Order II. 191
EUPATORIUM VERTICILLATUM. MM. Whorled Eupotorium*
Leaves petioled, in whorls of three or four,
ovate-lanceolate, wedge-shaped at base, unequally
serrate, smoothish ; stem solid, smooth. Willd.
Syn. EuPAfORIUM PURPUREUM. Mich.
A very tall species, much resembling the last -in habiu
Stem smooth, round. Leaves about four in a whorl, large and
spreading, serrate, the lower part entire, and tapering to the
petiole. Flowers in a large, terminal corymb. Flowering
branches also proceed from the axils of the upper leaves.
Calyx whitish. Corollas purplish.— Wet thickets.— August,
September. — Perennial.
SUPERFLUA.
229. CONYZA.
CONYZA OAMPHORATA. Mukl. Spicy ConyzU.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent,
acute, serrate, serratures mucronate ; flowers in
crowded corymbs.
Syn. ERIGERON CAMPHORATUM. L.
CONTZA MARILANDICA. Mich.
An erect, rather succulent plant, of low stature. Stem
thick, fleshy, pubescent. Leaves alternate, sessile, ovate.
Branches axillary, leafy, bearing close corymbs of oblong, pur-
ple flowers. The plant when bruised exhales a strong, spicy,
but rather disagreeable odour. — Salt Marshes. — Cambridge-
port. — August.
230. GNAPHALIUM.
CTNAPHAHUM MARGARITACEUM. Common Life everlasting,
Herbaceous ; leaves linear lanceolate, acumin-
193 Class XIX. Order H.
ate, alternate ; stem branched at top ; corymbs
fastigiate. L.
No object in the fields is better known than the. dry, pearly,
and almost incorruptible heads of the Life everlasting. The
whole plant has a white appearance derived from its downy
covering. Stem erect, round, from one to two feet high, wool-
ly. Leaves numerous, sessile, growing without order round
the stem, green above, white with very thick down, or wool, un-
derneath. Branches forming a flat topped corymb of crowded
flowers. Calyx hemispherical, its scales of a clear white.
Florets five cleft, yellow. The plant has a peculiar and rather
pleasant odour. — August. — Perennial.
GNAPHALIUM FLANTAGINEUM. L. Jlfouse ear.
Shoots procumbent ; stem simple ; radical
leaves oval, obtuse, mucronated, three nerved;
flowers dioecious.
This species flowers early, and is pretty common in pastures
und dry hills. The whole plant is at first covered with white,
cotton-like down. The root sends out a number of runners
furnished with oval leaves, exceeding the rest considerably in
size, rounded at the end, and tapering into a footstalk. Their
upper surface is at first downy, but becomes nearly glabrous,
and of a dark brown colour. Stem leaves oblong, woolly, ses-
sile. Stem undivided, terminating in a simple corymb of white,
woolly flowers. — April, May. — Perennial.
GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM. L. Cudweed.
Stem herbaceous, branching, diffuse, woolly ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
downy ; flowers terminal, crowded. Willd.
» A small, branching, whitish plant. Stems spreading, sub-
divided, covered with white, woplly down. Leaves alternate,
Class XIX. Order II. 193
linear-lanceolate, less woolly than the stem. Flowers in dense,
terminal corymbs or heads. Scales of the calyx yellowish.
Road sides. — August. — Annual.
231. CHRYSANTHEMUM.
CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUOANTHKMUM. L. White weed.
Leaves clasping, oblong, blunt, cut, pinnatifid
at base ; the radical ones on footstalks, obovate.
Sm.
This plant, which has come to us, no doubt, from Europe,
is exceedingly frequent and troublesome in pastures and mow-
ing land. Stems about two feet high, round, furrowed. Lower
leaves petiolcd, inversely ovate, serrate, and cut ; upper ones
sessile, irregularly pinnatifid and toothed. Flowers terminal,
solitary, large, and flat. Calyx closely imbricated. Disc yel-
low ; ray white, consisting of many oval, oblong ligules, ending
in three teeth. — June, July.— Perennial.
232. ERIGERON.
EUIGERON CANADENSE. L. Annual Flea-bane.
Stem hairy ; flowers panicled ; leaves lanceo-
late, lower ones serrate. Sm.
One of the most hardy and common annual weeds. It prop-
agates itself rapidly, and since the discovery of America, has
been introduced, and spread through most countries in Europe.
Stem erect, furrowed, very hairy, branching. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, edges rough and ciliate. Flowers small, of no
beauty, very numerous, arranged in a sort of racemes on the
branches. Calyxes cylindrical, longer than they are wide,
somewhat imbricate. Ray very short and obscure, white,
crowded, erect. In pastures, road sides, and cultivated
grounds, varying in height from one to four feet, according to
the soil.— August.
Class XIX. Order II.
ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUM. L. Philadelphia Flea-bane,
Stem many flowered ; leaves lanceolate, sub-
serrate, those of the stem half clasping; florets of
the ray capillary, as long as the disc. L.
Stem erect, two or three feet high, much branched at top,
the branches somewhat downy. Leaves lanceolate or oblong,
sessile and partly clasping, the lower ones somewhat toothed.
Flowers numerous, panicled, erect. Calyx flattened or hemis-
pherical. Florets of the margin very numerous and fine, white
with a purplish cast. — Common by road sides, flowering in Ju-
ly and August. — Perennial.
i
233. SOLIDAGO,
SotiDAGo LANCEOLATA. L. Spear leaved Golden rod,
Stem glabrous, branching ; leaves lance-linear,
entire, three nerved, glabrous ; corymbs terminal ;
ligules as high as the disc. Ait.
This species of golden rod is distinguished from the suc-
ceeding, by its inflorescence. Stem tall, leafy, branching.
Leaves numerous, long, and narrow, marked for their whole
length with three distinct nerves, very rough on the edge.
Flowers yellow, in large, flat topped corymbs, composed of
small heads. Ray very short and obsure. The whole plant is
pleasantly aromatic. — Woods and road sides, in low ground.—
August, September. — Perennial.
SOLIDAGO ALTISSIMA. L. Tall Golden rod.
Stem erect, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, the lower
ones deeply serrate, rough, wrinkled; panicle lean-
ins; to one side. Willd.
«_/
The varieties of this tall, well known weed, are pretty fre-
quent about the borders of fields. Stem erect, stiff, rough, and
Class XIX. Order II. 195
hairy, branching at top. Leaves numerous, sessile, lanceolate,
rough, irregularly veined, serrate or toothed, the serratures di-
vergent. Panicle consisting of many recurved branches, with
the flowers tending upward ; the whole inclining to one side.
Flowers numerous, yellow. — September. — Perennial.
SOLIDAGO C^ESIA. Ait. Blue stemmed Golden rod.
Stem glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, glabrous, paler underneath ; racemes axil-
lary.
An elegant species, remarkable for the brightness and vari-
ety of its colours. Stem slender, smooth, of a dark bluish col-
our, someAvhat flexuous. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, tapering
to a long point, smooth, green above, pale, and somewhat glau-
cous underneath. Racemes numerous, situated, one in the ax-
il of each leaf, for a great length upon the stem. Flowers of a
very bright and durable yellow.— Woods. — September. — Per-
ennial.
SOLIDAGO L^EVIGATA. Mt. JIursh Golden rod.
Stem erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, fleshy,
entire, smooth in all parts ; racemes panicled,
erect ; peduncles scaly, villous ; ligules elongated.
Mi.
A tall, rank inhabitant of the borders of salt marshes, where
its large, yellow tops are very conspicuous in September. Stem
thick, round, smooth, leafy, from four to six feet high. Leaves
thick, fleshy, perfectly smooth, and without serratures. Ra-
cemes numerous, crowded, somewhat recurved. Flowers
large, yellow, the ligules of the ray nearly as long as the disc.—
Perennial.
SOLIDAGO BICOLOR. L. White, Golden rod.
Stem and leaves hairy ; leaves elliptical. HIP
196 Class XIX. Order II.
lower ones serrate ; branches bearing leafets ; ra-
cemes erect ; calyx leaves obtuse. JLit.
This species differs considerably in its aspect from the pre-
ceding. Stem erect, nearly simple, pubescent, especially to-
ward the top. Leaves sessile, lance-oval, rough, somewhat
hairy. Racemes axillary, crowded, numerous. Flowers small,
without beauty. Disc yellow. Ray very short, obscure, white.
—Dry woods. — Cambridge. — Perennial.
234. SENECIO.
SENKOIO VULGAKIS. L. Common Groundsel.
Flowers without ray, scattered ; leaves piunate-
sinuate, clasping, toothed. Sm.
A weed about houses, rubbish, and cultivated grounds,
Stem erect, branching, leafy, smooth. Leaves alternate, pinnat-
ifid, and toothed, those of the stem clasping. Flowers termin-
al} scattered, yellow. Calyx somewhat cylindrical, calyculated,
scaly, the scales acute and black at the tip. Flowers floscular,
Down sessile, white. — All summer. — Annual.
SENEOIO HIERACIFOHUS. Mich. Hawkweed Groundsel.
Flowers without ray ; leaves clasping, oblong,
acute, unequally torn and serrated ; calyxes oblong,
smooth, bristly at base.
A rank, tall, annual plant. Stem three feet high, fleshy,
succulent, branching at top. Leaves large, clasping the stem,
deeply and irregularly divided, and acutely toothed. Flowers
terminal, erect, crowded. Calyx cylindrical, its base swelling,
and invested with many small leaves or bristles. "Florets small,
pale, gradually filling the calyx. The whole plant has a strong,
nauseous odour. — Road sides. — August, September. — Annual.
Class XIX. Order II. 197
SENECIO AUREUS. ,L. Golden Senecio,
Flowers radiate ; leaves crenate, the lower ones
heart- shaped, petioled ; the upper ones pinnatifid,
lyrate. L.
This is a handsome species, and makes a fine appearance in
meadows, in May and June. Stem upright, simple, smooth,
from one to three feet high. Leaves of the root on slender foot-
stalks, heart-shaped, rounded, crenate, smooth ; middle leaves
of the stem lyrate and crenate ; upper ones pinnatifid. Co-
rymb terminal, somewhat umbelled, the flower stalks thicken-
ing upward. Calyx smooth, dark, often striped. Flowers yel-
low. Ligules oblong, spreading. — Perennial.
235. ASTER.
ASTER SOLIDAGINEUS. Mich. Jfliite topped Jlster.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, obso-
letely three nerved, rough on the margin ; corymb
iastigiate ; flowers sessile, aggregate, five rayed.
Syn. CoNrzA LINIFOLIA. L.
An early species, with white flowers. Stem simple, smooth.
Leaves oblong, narrow, obtuse at the end, tapering at base,
glabrous, with the margin rough. Flowers in a flat topped co-
rymb, collected in sessile tufts. Calyx oblong, imbricated, thi;
scales obtuse, whitish, with green tips. Ligules of the ray ob-
iong, white, five in number, by which circumstance the planl
varies from its genus. — Woods.' — July.— -Perennial.
ASTER LINARIIFOLIUS. L. Savoury leaved Jlster.
Leaves linear, entire, inucronated, rough, cari-
nated ; peduncles leafy. L.
A rough, woody plant, growing in bunches, about a foot
high. Stems decumbent, rigid, purplish, covered with white
198 Class XIX. Order II,
down. Leaves numerous, linear, obtuse, with a small point,
very rough and rigid, upright, but reflexed as the plant grows
old, without nerves or dots. Peduncles few, near the ' top, al-
ternate, short, furnished with small leaves, one flowered. Flow-
ers purple. — Woods and dry hills. — August, September. — Per-
ennial.
ASTER SUBULATUS ? Mich. &ea side Aster.
Leaves linear-subulate, entire, glabrous ; stem
glabrous, paniclcd, many flowered ; calyxes cylin-
drical, ligules of the ray minute.
A native of the salt marshes. Stem erect, round, very
smooth, with numerous large, alternate branches. Stem leaves
long, linear, smooth, tapering to an acute point. Branches ax-
illary, somewhat clichotomous, many flowered. At the base of
each principal branch, between it and the leaf, is commonly a
smaller branch with two or three flowers. Calyx smooth, ob-
long. Ray pale and short.— September. — Perennial.
ASTER SALICIFOLIUS. Ait. Willow leaned Aster*
Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous ; ca-
lyxes imbricated, lax ; stem smooth. Jlit.
A very tall, slender species. Stem five feet high, smooth,
somewhat flexuous. Leaves long, linear, acute, entire, sessile,
smooth, with a rough edge. Branches alternate, slender,
smooth. Flowers on short stalks, blue. — Found in the woods
on Concord'turnpike, Cambridge. — September. — Perennial.
ASTER CYANEUS. C. Muhl. Blue flowered Aster.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, clasping, cordate,
serrate ; stem panicled, glabrous ; scales of the ca-
lyx lanceolate, closely imbricate. Willd. sub. syn,
Syn. ASTER AMPLEXICAVLIS. Willd.
Class XIX. Order II. 199
This is one of the most common and beautiful species,
Stem erect, perfectly smooth. Leaves oblong, tapering to an
acute point, smooth, and even, with a rough edge, slightly ser-
rate about the middle, clasping, the lower ones contracted at
base. Branches of the panicle furnished with a few small leaf-
ets. Flowers on distinct peduncles, blue. — Borders of woods
and fields. — August. — Perennial.
ASTER UMBELLATUS. Ait. Ifnibelled Aster.
Leaves lanceolate, entire, narrowed at base,
acuminate, rough on the margin ; stem simple, co-
rymbed at top ; calyx scales lanceolate, lax.
Willd.
Sy?i. ASTER AMTGDALINUS. Mich.
A very tall, erect species, with white flowers. Stem four
or five feet high, furrowed, smooth, sometimes rough at top,
leafy. Leaves numerous, large, lanceolate, rough at the edge,
paler underneath. Stem branching at top into a large, com-
pound, flat topped corymb. Calyx scales lanceolate, obtuse.
Ray of a middle size, white. — In low grounds. — August, Sep-
tember.-—Perennial.
ASTER Nov^ ANGLIC. L. JVeiy England Aster.
Leaves lanceolate, clasping, entire, appendaged
at base ; stem hairy, straight ; flowers terminal,
crowded ; calyx scales loose, coloured, lanceolate,
longer than the disc. Willd.
A tall, and very beautiful plant. Stem three feet high,
brown, very hairy. Leaves very numerous, lineai'-lanceolate,
entire, acute, continued at base into a pair of small, rounded
lobes, clasping the stem. Flowers large, on short stalks, crowd-
ed at the top of the stem. Calyx scales linear-lanceolate, of a
dark brown on the inside. Ray of a deep purple, crowded.—
WO Class XIX. Order II.
Road sides, South Boston, Brooklyn, 8cc.— September — Per-
ennial.
ASTER DIFFUSUS. Jiit. Spreading Jlster.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ;
branches spreading ; calyxes imbricate, stem pu-
bescent. Ait.
A common, bushy Aster, with a profusion of white flowers.
Stem branching, slightly pubescent. Branches numerous, long,
and slender, spreading, leafy, many flowered. Leaves lanceo-
late, rough at the edge, slightly serrate in the middle ; those of
the branches small, entire. Flowers small, very numerous,
somewhat racemed, white. — Woods and road sides.— -August,
September. — Perennial.
ASTER PUNICEUS. L. Red stalked Aster.
Leaves clasping, lanceolate, serrate, rough ;
branches panicled ; calyx lax, longer than the
disc; stem hispid. tS.it. abr.
A tall, handsome plant. Stem rigid, angular, flexuous, cov-
ered with stiff hairs, often, but not always red, three feet high.
Leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, tapering at both ends,
acuminate, furnished with large serratures in the middle, rough
on the margin and upper surface. Branches panicled, with
blue flowers, rather above the middle size. Calyx leaves uni-
form.— On the Dedham turnpike, Roxbury, and elsewhere.—
September. — Perennial.
ASTER AMPLEXIOAULIS. Jffich. Clasping rfster.
Leaves clasping, nearly perfoliate, oblong-heart
shaped, not contracted below, entire ; panicle lax.
few flowered. Mich.
Stem erect or ascending, a little downy and rough. Leaves
numerous, alternate, rough, somewhat waved on the edge, ob-
Class XIX. Order II. 201
long, tapering to a bluntish point, broad a"t base, and clasping
quite round the stem. Branches few, near the top, slender,
furnished with several minute, clasping leafets. Flowers erect,
somewhat remote, blue. — Woods, Brighton. — •September.—
Perennial.
ASTER DIVERSIFOLIUS. Mich. Various leaved Aster.
Leaves downy, slightly serrate and waved, the
lower ones oblong-heart shaped, with winged pe-
tioles, upper ones oval-lanceolate, clasping ; stem
hispid, panicled ; branchlets leafy, one flowered,
tending to one side.
Syn. AsfER utJDULAfus. Ail.
This species is remarkable for the gradation of its leaves
from one distinct form to another. Stem pubescent, rough.
Lower leaves oblong-heart shaped, pointed, serrate, downy un-
derneath, supported on long petioles, which are winged or di-
lated at the base. Middle leaves panduriform, clasping. Up-
per leaves ovate or lanceolate, nearly entire, clasping. Panicle
lax, with slender branches, covered with small leaves. Pedun-
cles inclining one way. Flowers blue.— August, September.—
Perennial.
ASTER CORNIFOLIUS. Muhl. Cornel leaved Aster.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, entire, petiol-
ed, smooth, rough on the edge ; stem smooth, pan-
icle few flowered ; calyxes somewhat imbricated.
WilU.
A pretty early species. Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves on
very short petioles, narrow-oval, acute at base, acuminated at
point, nearly smooth, the margin rough, and slightly ciliated,
the under surface pale. Panicle few flowered. Flowers white-
--Found in woods. — July, August. — Perennial.
Class XIX. Order II.
ASTER CORDIFOLIUS. L. Heart leaved Aster*
Leaves heart-shaped, hairy beneath, sharply
serrate ; petioles winged ; stem panicled, hairy ;
calyxes loosely imbricate. Willd.
Stem erect, somewhat flexuous, in some plants a Ihtle hairy,
in others quite smooth. Leaves heart-shaped, with a deep si-
nus, acutely serrate, acuminate, downy underneath, the lower
ones very large. Petioles with a membranous edge. Pan-
icle terminal, many flowered. Flowers small, purplish white.
— Woods. — September. — Perennial.
ASTER CORYMBOSUS. Jilt. Corymbed Aster.
Leaves ovate, sharply serrate, acuminate, the
lower ones heart-shaped, petioledy naked ; stem
ending in a fastigiate corymb ; branches hairy ; ca-
lyxes oblong, imbricate, its scales closely pressed.
Willd.
A pretty large, white flowering plant. Stem smooth, fre-
quently of a dark reddish colour. Lower leaves heart-shaped,
petioled, smooth, toothed ; upper ones ovate, acuminate, sub-
sessile. Flowers white, in a large, flat topped corymb, the
branches of which are slightly pubescent. — Woods and shades,
Roxbury, Brooklyn. — August. — Perennial,
236. ANTHEMIS.
ANTHEMIS COTULA. L. May weed.
Receptacle conical, its scales bristle shaped ;
seeds without any border ; leaves doubly pinnati-
fid, smoothish. Sm.
The road sides are full of the white blossoms of this com-
mon, annual weed, from midsummer to the end of autumn.
Stem upright, smooth, much branched. Leaves alternate, ses-
Class XIX. Order III. 203
sile, nearly smooth, divided and subdivided into linear segments.
Flower stalks solitary, striated. Calyx scales narrow, slightly
margined. Florets of the ray white, spreading, a dozen or more
in number. Disc yellow, convex. Receptacle nearly cylin-
drical. The plant has a strong, peculiar smell, and reputed
medicinal virtues.
237. ACHILLEA.
ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM. L. Common FfllTOlC.
Leaves bipinnatifid, hairy, their divisions lin-
ear, toothed, mucrouate ; stems furrowed. Sm.
Common Yarrow is a frequent inhabitant of dry pastures
and fields. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy, branched at top.
Leaves alternate, cut into a multitude of very small, linear sub-
divisions. Flowers white, forming a large, flat topped, crowd-
ed corymb. Calyx ovate. Disc convex. Florets of the ray
four or five. The plant has a strong, penetrating taste and
smell, and is used medicinally. — July, August. — Perennial.
238. HELIANTHUS.
HELIANTHUS DIVARICATUS. L. Small, rough Sunflower.
Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong, three
nerved ; panicle dichotomous. L.
A shewy plant, not uncommon in woods and thickets, flow-
ering in August and September. Stem erect, round, smooth,
generally covered with glaucous powder. Leaves opposite,
narrow-ovate, rounded at base, tapering to a long point, slightly
serrate, three nerved, and very rough. Flowers yellow, in the
wild plant but few in number, in the cultivated one numerous.
Branches of the panicle either forked or three parted. — Percrt-
nial.
This plant has an agreeable, somewhat spicy odour.
204 Class XIX. Order IV.
239. COREOPSIS.
COREOPSIS TRICHOSPERMA. Mich. Tickseed Sunflower.
Leaves mostly five pinnate, leafets lanceolate,
remotely cut-serrate ; leafets of the outer calyx cil-
iate ; ray entire ; seeds wedge form. Mich. abr.
Stem about two feet high, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, pin-
nate. Leafets five or seven, distant, linear-lanceolate, ending iij
a long, slender point, furnished with a few deep serraturcs or
segments, the larger ones pinnatifid. The branches and leaves
are opposite, the upper ones alternate. Flowers large, erect, yel-
low. Outer calyx leaves about eight, oblong, rounded at the
end and fringed with setaceous teeth at the edge. Florets of
the ray large, entire. — On the east side of Fresh Pond. — Sep-
tember.
NECESSARM.
240. IVA.
IVA FRUTESCENS. L. High Water shrub.
Leaves lanceolate, rough, with dots, deeply ser-
rate ; stem shrubby. Willd.
A fleshy shrub, about the borders of salt marshes. Annual
shoots erect, furrowed. Branches axillary, or a little above the
leaves. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, three nerved, some-
what rough, upper ones entire. Flowers in a sort of leafy ra=
cemes, small, drooping, green, without beauty.
Class XX. Order II. 205
Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stoercs
ated on the pistil.
Order I. MONJ1NDRM. One stamen.
241. ORCHIS. Corolla five petalled, the upper
petal arched ; lip with a spur from its base ; an-
ther terminal, parallel and affixed to the style.
243. NEOTTIA. Corolla five petalled ; base ot
the lip swelling, with the external petals joining
round it ; anther parallel to the style and affixed to
it behind.
243. ARETHUSA. Corolla five petalled, some-
what ringent 5 lip without a spur ; anther resem-
bling a lid, persistent.
244. CYMBIDIUM. Corolla five petalled, erect
or spreading ; lip concave at base, without a spur,
anther resembling a lid, deciduous.
Order II. DMNDRM. Two stamens.
245. CYPRIPEDIUM. Corolla four petalled,
spreading ; lip inflated, hollow : capsule three
valvedj one celled, many seeded.
U, <3
/?)&* *sf-if .
o «
^ /&, esTZ/tZt-*^ esu. ed*. fr- s 'y-
»
300 Class XX. Order I.
CTNANDRIA.
MONANDRIJl,
241. ORCHIS.
ORCHIS PSYCODES. Willd. Rugged Orchis.
Lip three parted, capillary, many cleft ; petals
obtuse ; spur filiform-club shaped, as long as the
germ. Willd.
Sijn. ORCHIS LACERA. Mich.
This is our most common species. Stem two feet high.,
smooth. Leaves oblong, smooth, tapering to a point. Flowers
numerous, of a faint yellow, in a large, terminal spike. Germs
appearing like flower stalks, very long and slender. Petals
five, the three outer ones ovate, the two inner ones oblong. Lip
of the nectary reflexcd, divided into three narrow, wedge shap-
ed segments, fringed at the end. Spur as long as the germ,
curving upward. — Pastures and meadows. — July. — Perennial.
ORCHIS FIMBRIATA. Ait. Fimbriated Orchis.
Lip three parted, its segments wedge shaped,
ciliate-fimbriate ; side petals ovate, toothed ; spur
filiform, longer than the club shaped germ. Willd.
A very beautiful plant. Stem two feet high, with several
broad-lanceolate, smooth leaves, and ending in a large spike of
purple flowers. Germs incurved, thickened in the middle.
Petals five, spreading. Lip of the nectary somewhat exceed-
ing the petals, divided into three segments, which are wedge
shaped, wider than in the last species, spreading like a fan, and
fringed at the edge. Spur considerably longer than the gernru
— Meadows.— July. — Perennial.
Class XXL Order I. 207
242. NEOTTIA.
NEOTTIA CERNUA. Willd. Drooping Neottia. Ladies
Leaves lanceolate, three nerved ; stem sheath-
ed; flowers recurved- drooping; lip oblong, entire,
acute. Willd.
Syn. OpHRrs CERNUA. L,
This plant is distinguished, like several others of its genust
by the spiral arrangement of its flowers. Lower leaves very
long, linear-lanceolate, nerved. Stem round, somewhat fleshy,
invested with short, alternate, leafy sheaths ; pubescent at top.
Spike den"se, oblong. Flowers curving downward, of a dull
white colour. Germs ovate. Lip of the nectary entire, acute.
— In moist ground. — 'August. — September. — Perennial.
NEOTTIA PUBESCENS. Willd. Veined Neottia,. Rattle-
snake plantain.
Radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulated >
scape sheathed, scape and flowers pubescent ; lip
ovate, acuminate ; petals ovate. Willd.
Syn. SA fTRIUM REPEtfS. Mich.
A singular plant, remarkable for its dark leaves, reticulated
en their upper surface with white veins. They proceed from
the root or base of the scape on short petioles, are ovate, acute,
entire, and generally endure the winter. Stem or scape erect,
invested with a number of acute sheaths, distinctly pubescent.
Spike oblong, downy. Flowers white, from all sides of the
stem,— Woods. — July, August. — Perennial.
308 Class XX. Order L
243. ARETHUSA.
AREU HUSA BULBOSA. L. Bulbous Arethusa,
Root globular ; scape sheathed ; spathe two
leaved. L.
The root of this beautiful plant is a tuber or solid bulb, with
the stem ascending from one side. In small plants the stem
appears perfectly leafless, and only invested with a few alter-
nate sheaths. In large plants the upper sheath expands into
a short lanceolate leaf. The stem is erect, smooth, and bears
a single flower, invested at base with a minute, two leaved
spathe. Petals blue, all of them bent to one side, in the form
of a hood. Lip of the nectary spreading, deflexed, somewhat
crenate, bearded inside. Style large, broad, incurved like the
petals, supporting the anther near its end. — Meadows.— May. —
June.
ARETHUSA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES. L. Adders' tongue Jlrethusa.
Root fibrous ; scape furnished with an oval leaf,
and a lanceolate spathe-like leafet. L.
The root has no appearance of a bulb. Stem erect, with
two remote leaves, one about midway of the stem, oval and
sheathing at base ; the other near the flower, ovate-lanceolate,
much smaller. Flower pale blue, nodding, its petals spread-
ing more than in the last species. Lip of the nectary spreading,
fringed at the edge. Pistil bearing the anther near its end, and
shorter than in the foregoing. — Meadows. — June.
244. CYMBIDIUM.
CYMBIDIUM PULCHELLUM. Sw. Tuberous Cymbidium.
Leaves radical, ensiform, nerved ; scape few
flowered; lip erect, narrowed at base, with an ex-
panded border, and a concave hairy disc. Sw.
Syn. LnioDORUM TUBEROSUM. L.
Class XX. Order II. 209
Tliis fine plant is found in meadows at Cambridge, and else-
where, flowering in July. Root bulbous. Stem one or two
feet high, sheathed at base. The plant has only one, long, grass
like, sheathing leaf. The spike contains several alternate, pur-
ple flowers. Petals five, spreading. Lip of the nectary erect,
increasing in width upward, and furnished toward the top with
yellow, glandular hairs. Style opposite to this, concave, dilat-
ed, supporting a terminal anther. — Perennial,
DUNDRIJl.
245. CYPRIPEDIUM.
CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE. »2i£. Ladies'1 slipper,
Scape leafless, one flowered ; root leaves two,
oblong, obtuse ; lobe of the style round -rhomboid-
al, acuminate, deflexed ; petals lanceolate ; lip
longer than the petals, cleft before. Willd. sub
syn.
Syn. CrPKlPEDiUM HUMILE. Siv. Salisb. Willd.
This singular genus are readily known by their large, in-
flated nectary. The present species differs from the rest in
having no stem leaves. The leaves are two, springing from
the root, large, oval-lanceolate, plaited, downy. Flower com-
monly single, terminal, nodding. Petals four, spreading, the
two lateral ones narrower, and somewhat waved or twisted.
Nectary a large, purple, inflated bag, veined, villous, and long-
er than the petals. Style over the base of the nectary, support-
ing two lateral anthers on the inside, and ending in a broad,
roundish, deflexed, acute lobe, carinated on the inside. — Woods.
•—May., June.— Perennial.
•210 Class XXI. Order IH.
Class XXI. MONCECIA. Staminiferous
and pistiliferous, or barren and fertile flowers
on the same plant.
Order II. DMNDRM. Two stamens.
248. LEMNA. Calyx one leafed ; corolla none;
iftyle one ; capsule many seeded.
Order III. TRIANDRM. Three stamens.
217- ERIOCAULON. General calyx an imbri-
cate head ; corollas three petalled ; seed one,
crowned with the corolla.
S48. CAREX. Spike imbricate ; calyx glume
one valved ; corolla none ; stigmas two or three ;
seeds covered with a swelling tunic.
. SPARGANIXJM. Ament roundish ; calyx
three leaved ; corolla none ; stigma cloven ; drupe
dry, one seeded.
S50. TYPHA. Ament of barren flowers cylin-
drical, hairy ; anthers about three on each filament.
Ament of fertile flowers cylindrical ; seed one, on
a feathery pedicel.
251. COMPTONIA. Aments imbricated; in the
barren flowers, calyx two leaved ; corolla none ;
anther two parted. In the fertile flowers, calyx six
leaved; corolla none ; styles two; nut ovate. '
Class XXI. Order VIII.
Order IV. TETRJNDRM. Four stamens.
%5%. URTICA. Barren flowers, calyx four leav-
ed ; corolla none ; nectary central, cup shaped.
Fertile flowers, calyx two leaved ; corolla none ;
seed one, superior, shining.
S53. ALNUS. Barren flowers, ament composed
of wedge shaped, three flowered receptacles ; co-
rolla four parted. Fertile flowers, scales of the,
ament two flowered ; corolla none ; styles two ;
seed compressed, ovate.
Order V. PEJYTANDRM.
25tt. XANTHIUM. Barren flowers, calyx com-
mon, imbricate ; florets funnel form, live cleft ; re-
ceptacle chaffy. Fertile flowers, calyx twro leaved,
two flowered ; corolla none ; drupe dry, prickly,
cloven ; nucleus two celled.
255. AMBROSIA. Barren flowers, calyx com-
mon, one leafed ; florets fun nel form, three cleft ;
receptacle naked. Fertile flowrers, calyx one leaf-
ed, one flowered ; corolla none ; nut toothed, one
seeded.
256. AMARANTHUS. Barren flowers, calyx
three leaved ; corolla none ; stamens three or five.
Fertile flowers, calyx three leaved ; corolla none ;
styles three ; capsules one celled, opening trans-
versely ; seed one.
Order VIII. POLYANDRLL Eight or mure sta-
mens.
%57. SAGITTARIA. Calyx three leaved : co
Class XXI. Order VIII.
rolla three petalled. Barren flowers with about
s
twenty four stamens. Fertile ones with numerous
pistils ; capsules many, swelling, one seeded.
258. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Calyx four leaved, co-
rolla four petalled. Barren flowers with eight sta-
mens. Fertile ones with four stigmas ; seeds four,
coated.
259. ARUM. Spathe one leafed; spadix cy-
lindrical, naked at top, with stamens in the middle
and germs at the base ; berries one celled.
260. CALLA. Spathe ovate ; spadix covered
with flowers ; corolla none ; berry many seeded.
261. FAGUS. Barren flowers, calyx campanu-
late, five or six cleft ; corolla none, stamens from
eight to twelve. Fertile flowers, calyx from four
to six toothed, hairy ; corolla none ; germs two ;
nuts two, contained in the coriaceous, four cleft,
prickly calyx.
262. CASTANEA. Barren flowers, ament nak-
ed ; calyx none ; corolla five or six petalled ; sta-
mens from five to twenty. Fertile flowers, calyx
five or six leaved, muricated ; corolla none ; germs
three ; styles six ; stigma pencil form ; nuts three,
contained in the prickly calyx.
263. QUERCUS. Barren flowers, ament naked ;
calyx four or five cleft ; corolla none ; stamens from
four to ten. Fertile flowers, calyx commonly six
toothed ; corolla none ; styles from one to five ; nut
coriaceous, surrounded at base by the persistent ca-
Ivx,
Class XXI. Order IX. 313
264*. JUGLANS. Barren flowers, ainent imbri-
cate ; calyx seals form ; corolla six parted ;
filaments about eighteen. Fertile flowers, calyx
four cleft, superior j corolla four parted ; styles
two ; drupe coriaceous, with a grooved nut.
%G5. BETULA. Barren flowers, anieut imbri-
cate, scales peltate, three flowered ; calyx a scale ;
corolla none ; stamens from ten to twelve. Fertile
flowers, ament imbricate ; calyx scale two flower-
ed ; corolla none ; seed one, winged.
266. CORYLUS. Barren flowers, calyx a scale
of the ament, three cleft ; corolla none ; stamens
eight. Fertile flowers, calyx two cleft, lacerated ;
styles two ; nut ovate, smooth, surrounded with the
persistent calyx.
267. OSTRYA, Barren flowers, ament imbri-
cate ; calyx a scale ; corolla none ; filaments branch-
ed* Fertile flowers, ament naked ; calyx none ;
corolla none ; capsules inflated, imbricated, one
seeded at base.
&68. PLATANUS. Aments globular. Barren
flowers, corolla hardly visible ; anthers growing
round the filament. Fertile flowers, corolla many
parted ; stigma recurved ; seeds roundish, with a
capillary down at the base.
Order IX. MONiWELPHM. Stamens united.
269. PINUS. Barren flowers, calyx four leav-
ed, corolla none ; stamens many. Fertile flowers,
ament a cone ; calyx scale two flowered ; corolla
none ; pistils two ; nuts two, winged
314 Class XXL Order IX,
270- CUPRESSUS. Barren flowers, ament im-
bricate ; calyx a scale ; corolla none ; anthers four,
without filaments. Fertile flowers, ament a cone ;
calyx scale one flowered ; corolla none ; stigmas
two ; nut angular.
271. ACALYPHA. Barren flowers, calyx three
or four leaved ; corolla none ; stamens about twelve.
Fertile flowers, calyx three leaved ; corolla none ;
capsules three grained, three celled ; seeds solita?
(Mass XXI. Order III.
MONCECIA.
BMftDRIJl.
246, LEMNA,
LEMNA MINOR. L. Duck meat,
Leaves sessile, nearly flat on both sides ; root
solitary. L.
This minuce plant, resembling a small floating scale, multi-
plies extensively in stagnant ponds and ditches, frequently giv-
ing a green appearance to their whole surface. The leaves,
which constitute most of the plant, cohere two or three togeth-
er, are small, ovate, entire, smooth, and slightly convex under-
neath. Root long, solitary, undivided, terminating in a small
sheath, Flowers minute, proceeding from a marginal fissure.
TRUNDRIA.
247. ERIOCAULON.
KRIOCAULON PELLUCIDUM. Mich. Transparent Pipewort*
Glabrous ; leaves subulate, channelled, pellu-
cid, five nerved ; stem solitary ; head somewhat
apple-shaped; involucre hardly distinct, with oh
tuse scales. Mich. abr.
Sijn. ERIOCAULON sEpfANGULARE? S?n.
Found in ponds, growing under water, a part of the stem
only projecting above the surface, and supporting a small, flat,
head of obscure flowers. The whole plant appears made up ol'
a mass of cells, whose reticulated appearance is very obvious,
particularly in the root. The leaves grow in a tuft at the bot-
tom. They are one or two inches long, narrow, tapering to a
Class XXI. Order III.
point, transparent at base, like the root. Stem erect, furnished
with a sheath at base, simple, with six and sometimes seven an-
gles, terminating in a small, hemispherical head of close flow-
ers.— August.
248. CAREX.
CAREX SCOFARIA. Willd. Broom Sedge grass.
Spike androgynous, compound ; spikclets
about five, alternate, oval, obtuse, approximated,
barren below ; stigmas two ; fruit ovate-lanceolate,
margined, two pointed ; bractes oblong, mucronat-
ed. Willd.
Pretty common in moist land. Leaves sheathing, rough on
the edge. Culm triangular, the angles rough. Spikelets
small, oval, sessile, containing barren and fertile flowers. — June.
— Perennial.
CARBX STIPATA. Muhl. Close spiked Sedge.
Spike androgynous, compound; spikelets about
five, oblong, barren above, aggregate ; stigmas
two ; fruit spreading, ovate, acuminate, two point-
ed, flat and convex, nerved ; culm triangular, very
rough. Willd.
A larger species than the last. The culm ends in an irreg-
ular, interrupted spike of barren and fertile flowers, composed
by five or six crowded spikelets. Fruit diverging, ovate, with
a long point, flat on the inside, convex on the outside. — Mead-
ows.— May. — Perennial.
CAREX VARIA. Muhl Variable Sedge.
Barren spike solitary ; fertile ones about three,
somewhat approximated, sessile, roundish; stig-
mas three ; fruit roundisli-tlire,e cornered, beaked,
Class XXI. Order III. S17
two toothed, pubescent, shorter than their oblong
scale ; culm erect. Willd.
Culm slender, triangular, rough at top, smooth below. Bar-
ren spike cylindrical. Fertile spikes very short. Capsules
globular, with three prominent lines, and a short beak. Scales
white at the edge. — May. — Perennial.
CAREX VESTITA. Willd. Hairy beaked Sedge.
Barren spike solitary, lanceolate ; fertile ones
two, ovate, sessile, approximated ; stigmas three ;
fruit ovate, beaked, with its mouth oblique, pubes-
cent, nearly equalling its ovate; acute scale. Willd.
Culm triangular, somewhat rough. Barren spike an inch
or more in length. Fertile ones shorter, sessile, each furnished
with a leafy bracte of considerable size at its base. Stigmas
long, giving the outside of the spikes a hairy appearance. —
June. — Perennial.
CAREX LUPULINA. Muhl. Hop Sedge.
Barren spike solitary ; fertile ones three, on in-
closed footstalks, oblong, approximated ; bractes
very long, leafy ; stigmas three ; fruit ovate, inflat-
ed, nerved, with a long, conical, two pointed beak,
many times longer than their ovate, mucronate scale.
Willd.
Very observable in meadows for its large, inflated spikes.
Culm triangular, nearly smooth. Fertile spikes nearly sessile,
supported at base by very broad, leafy bractes. Fruit crowded,
swollen, terminating in a slender beak. — June, July. — Perenni-
al.
CAREX FOLLIOULATA. L. Round spiked Sedge.
Barren spike solitary ; fertile one mostly soli-
28
318 Class XXI. Order III.
tary, about six flowered, with a visible footstalk 5
stigmas three 5 fruit ovate, inflated, nerved, its beak
with a two parted mouth ; scale ovate, shorter than
the fruit. Willd,
This species resembles the last in its turgid, inflated cap-
sules, but differs in the number and size of its spikes. Culm
acutely triangular. Floral leaves very large and long. Fertile
spike commonly single, shortly petioled, few flowered. Fruit
very large, swelling, beaked, divergent. — June. — Perennial.
CAREX CRINITA. Willd. Chaffy Sedge.
Barren spikes two ; fertile spikes four, distant,
pedunculate d, pendulous, cylindrical ; stigmas two ;
fruit round-oval, swelling, with a short beak entire
at the mouth, shorter than the oblong, awiied scale.
Willd.
A tall, elegant grass, remarkable for its long, pendulous,
bristly spikes. Culm triangular, three feet high. Leaves and
bractes rough, very long. Fertile spikes cylindrical, nodding,
or pendulous, acquiring a bristly appearance from the bearded
awns of the scales. — Wet ground near Fresh Pond. — June.— >
Perennial.
249. SPARGANIUM.
SPARGANIUM RAMOSUM. 8m. Burr reed,
Leaves triangular at the base, their sides con-
cave ; common flower stalk branched ; stigma lin-
ear. Sm.
Readily distinguished from other Reeds and Flags, by the
round burrs or heads of flowers on its branches. The radical
leaves are three sided at base, erect, at length becoming sword
shaped, with rather obtuse points. Stem leaves concave, anrl
Class XXL Order III.
sheathing. The stem is erect, round, and smooth, with sever-
al branches. Heads of flowers alternate, sessile ; the lower-
most fertile, the uppermost barren, smaller, and more numer-
ous. — In ditches at Cambridgeport, and elsewhere.— July. —
Perennial.
250. TYPHA.
TYPHA LATIFOLIA. Z/. Water flag. Reed mace.
Leaves somewhat ensiform ; barren and fertile
spikes approximated. L.
The Typha latifolia is an inhabitant of a great variety of
climates and countries. It is common in deep waters, about
the margin of rivers and ponds. Leaves erect, linear-sword
shaped and very long. Stem five or six feet high, round,
straight, and smooth. The fertile flowers form a large, very
compact, cylindrical spike or ament, over and adjoining which
is a spike of barren flowers. The leaves of this plant are much
used in the manufacture of chairs. — July. — Perennial.
251. COMPTONIA.
CoMPTONIA ASPLENIFOLIA. Jilt. Sweet fern.
. LlQUIDAMBAR ASPLEXIFOLIUM. L.
This handsome shrub possesses a peculiar, and somewhat
spicy scent. It is pretty common on hills and in dry woods, at-
taining to the height of about two or three feet. Leaves alter-
nate, linear-lanceolate, the sides deeply indented or crenate,
with alternate segments. The barren flowers grow in cylindric-
al aments. The fertile floAvers produce small, smooth, ovate
nuts, invested with the permanent corolla, at first sight resem°
bling a burr. — May.
Class XXI. Order
TETRAWDR1A.
252. URTICA.
URTICA DIOICA. L. Large stinging Nettle*
Leaves opposite, heart-shaped • clusters much
branched, in pairs, mostly dioecious. Sm.
The sensible qualities of this plant are so convincing, that
a botanical description would hardly be necessary to identify it,
did not some others of the genus possess similar properties.
Its power of stinging resides in its minute, tubular hairs or
prickles, which transmit a poisonous fluid. It grows common-
ly in bunches about the road sides. Stem erect, obtusely quad-
rangular. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, toothed. Racemes
axillary, in pairs, spreading, branched. Flowers small, obscure,
green. — July, August. — Perennial.
URTICA PUMILA. L. Richweed.
Leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, three nerv-
ed, serrate; lower petioles as long as the leaf;
flowers monoecious, triandrous, in corymbed heads,
shorter than the petioles, l^illd,
A weed about houses, distinguished by its stem, which is
fleshy and almost transparent. Leaves smooth and shining;,
regularly toothed or serrate, very distinctly three nerved, with
long petioles. Flowers in short axillary racemes or heads, re-
peatedly forked and recurved. — August, September. — Annual.
253. ALNUS,
AI/NUS SERRULATA. Willd. Common Alder.
Leaves ohovate, acuminate, the veins and their
axils hairy underneath ; stipules elliptical; obtuse,
Willd.
Syn. BEfULA SERRULAfA. Ait.
Class XXL Order V.
The Alder grows in wet grounds, and forms large thickets
jn swamps and about the edges of streams and ponds. Consid-
ered as a tree it ranks with those of the smallest size. Its
leaves are oval or inversely ovate, serrate, acute, or slightly
acuminate, furnished underneath with prominent, parallel,
hairy veins. Barren aments pendulous. Fertile ones short,
rigid, forming a persistent cone. — March, April.
PENTJ1NDRIJ}.
254. XANTHIUM.
XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM. L. Sea Burdock.
Stem unarmed ; leaves heart-shaped, three
nerved. L.
A very rough plant, growing at the edges of beaches, Sec.
near the salt water. Stem erect, spotted, bristly. Leaves hard
and rough like a file, heart-shaped, serrate, on long petioles.
The fruit is an oval burr, or nut of two cells, covered with siifV
thorns, and ending in a pair of strong points, like horns.— Au-
gust.
255. AMBROSIA.
AMBROSIA ELATIOR. L. Tall Jlmlrosia. Roman Worm-
wood.
Leaves twice pinnatifid,, smoothish, petioles cil-
iated ; racemes terminal, panicle d , stem wand like.
Willd.
A troublesome weed in cultivated grounds, hardly entitled
to the character, which its name might imply. Stem erect,
branching, from one to three feet high. Leaves bipinnat-
ifid, the upper ones pinnatifid, with parallel segments gradual-
ly decreasing in length toward the point. Barren flowers nod-
ding, small, in terminal racemes. Fertile flowers lower down,
Class XXI. Order VIII.
sessile about the axils of the upper leaves.— August, Septem-
ber.— Annual.
256. AMARANTHUS.
AMARANTHUS HYBRIDUS. L. Hybrid Amaranth.
Racemes pentandrous, decompound, crowded,
erect ; leaves ovate-lanceolate. Willd.
This is a common weed in waste and cultivated grounds.
Stem erect, furrowed, somewhat hairy. Leaves alternate, on
long petioles, green, ovate, mostly entire, mucronatcd, the low-
er ones retuse at the end. The flowers are crowded, small, and
obscure, forming large, green clusters, axillary and terminal,
which turn to a dull red as the plant grows old. — Annual.
POLYANDRU.
257. SAGITTARIA.
SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA. L. Jlrrow heads
Leaves sagittate, acute. L.
Common in meadows, by the sides of brooks and ditches,
putting out its white flowers in July and August. The root is
fleshy, and has been used as food in times of scarcity. The-
leaves are radical, large, smooth, and entire, very distinctly ar-
row shaped, with an acute point and lobes. Scape somewhat
triangular, bearing whorls of three flowers each, on simple foot-
stalks. Petals three, roundish, very thin and deciduous, and
difficult to preserve. Stamens in the upper flowers ; pistils in
the lower. Fruit in globular heads.— Perennial.
258. MYRIOPHYLLUM.
MYRIOPHYLLUM SPIOATUM. L. Spiked water •MillfoiL
Leaves all pinnate, capillary , spike terminal,
whorled, jinked. Willd,
Class XXI. Order VIII. 833
This plant grows in deep ponds and rivers, where it is fre-
quently drawn up by the lines of anglers. Stems long, slender,
floating. Leaves in whorls of four together, finely divided op
pectinate, always under water.- The flowering spikes, which
are the only part that emerges, are] solitary, bearing their flow-
ers in small whorls. Petals caducous, or sometimes wanting,
according to the observation of different writers. — July, Au-
gust.-—Perennial.
259. ARUM.
ARUM TRIPHYLLUM. L. Dragon root. Indian turnip.
Stemless ; leaves trifoliate ; leafets oval, entire,
Mich.
A singular, and not inelegant plant, native of our swamps
and wet woods. Scape round, smooth, sheathed at base by the
leafstalks. Leaves ternate, smooth, the leafets oval, acumin-
ate^- entire. The scape supports a large, ovate, acuminate
spathe, forming a tube at bottom, but flattened and bent over at
tpp like a hood, sometimes green, and sometimes elegantly
striped within. Spadix club shaped, rounded at the end, green
or purplish black, shorter than the spathe, abruptly contracted
and surrounded by the germs at base. The root is globular
and flattened, its upper half tunicated, its lower and larger half
tuberous and fleshy, giving off its radicles in a circle from the
edge. To the taste it is violently acrid and almost caustic.
The acrimony however is lost by drying or boiling, and is not
communicated to water or spirit. The remainder of the root is
a mild, fai-inaceous substance, from which a sort of sago or a1^
row root has been prepared,— May.
Class XXI. Order VIII.
260. CALL A.
CALLA VIRGINICA. -*¥ic/t. Virginian Calta.
Leaves sagittate-hastate, with ohtuse lobes ;
spathe elongated, incurved. Mich.
Sijn. ARUM VIRGIXICUM. L.
The leaves of this plant may be mistaken at sight for those
of Sagittaria, from which they differ in their shorter and more
obtuse lobes, and the different distribution of their nerves. They
are radical, numerous, large, and smooth. Spathe erect, green,
fleshy, cylindrical, acuminate, and waved at its edge. Spadix
shorter than the spathe, tapering to a point, and covered with
flowers. — Borders of ponds. — June, July.
261. FAGUS.
FAGUS FERRUGINEA. Ait. Beech tree.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, downy underneath,
with large teeth, ciliate at the margin. Willd.
The Beech tree is known in winter by its smooth bark, its
narrow, acute buds, and marcescent leaves. The leaves are
ovate, fringed with fine hairs at the edge, furnished with paral-
lel veins like those of the Chesnut, and with indentations of mod-
crate depth at the edge. Calyx investing the fruit somewhat
ovate, muricated, with soft, short prickles. Nut triangular.
The wood of the beech is not accounted very durable.
Avhcn exposed to the vicissitudes of weather.
262. CASTANEA.
CASTANEA VESCA. Willd. Chesnut tree.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucro-
nate-serratc, naked underneath. Willd.
A very large and majestic tree. The bark of the trunk is
Class XXI. Order VIII.
Coarsely divided by longitudinal fissures. Leaves half a foot
long, lanceolate, smooth on both sides, with simple, prominent,
parallel veins ending in large, pointed teeth at the margin,
which are separated by obtuse indentations. Aments'as long as
the leaves, yellowish. The calyx investing the fruit forms a
large, globular burr, with acute, compound, crowded spines,
Nuts two or three, their upper part villous.
The American Chesnut tree is generally considered a A^ari-
ety of the European. Its wood is coarse grained, but light and
durable. It is principally employed in fencing, for which use it
furnishes one of the best materials.
263. QUERCUS.
QU.ERCUS ALBA. L. White oak.
Leaves somewhat equally pinnatificl, their seg-
ments oblong, obtuse, mostly entire ; cup bowl-
shaped, rough with tubercles ; acorn ovate. Mich,
abr.
The white oak has long been recognized among us as one
of the most valuable productions of our forests. Its name is
derived from the whiteness of the bark, a character by which it
may be distinguished at any season of the year. The leaves are
divided at their sides into a number of oblong, rounded lobes,
which are perfectly obtuse or entire, not terminating in points
or bristles. They are acute at base, their under side pale or
glaucous, and, when young, pubescent. The acorns are pretty
large, ovate, contained in the enlarged calyx, which forms a cup
of a hemispherical form, scaly and uneven on the outside.
The wood of the white oak is superior to any species in the
northern states for strength and durability. Its timber is much
used in ship building, in frames, in mills, in waggons, ploughs,
&c. and for the staves and hoops of casks. The great con-
sumption of it for these purposes, has rendered it comparative-
29
Class XXI. Order VJIT.
ly scarce, so that poorer species are often substituted, in the
work shops of mechanics.
QUERCUS BICOLOR. Willd. Swamp white oak*
Leaves oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath,
largely toothed, entire at base, . the teeth unequal
and dilated ; fruit on long peduncles. Mich. f. sub
syn.
XI/H. QUERCUS PRJNUS fOMEJTfOSA. Midi.
QUERCUS PXINUS DISCOLOR. Mich.f.
This species grows exclusively in swamps and low grounds.
It is often brought to market as fuel, and is easily distinguished
by its bark, which separates into large, flat scales or plates. The
leaves are inversely ovate or wedge shaped, not sinuated, but
bordered with a serpentine line, producing large, obtuse teeth.
They are smooth above, but white and downy underneath. The
acorns grow in pairs or single, on long stalks. They are large,
oval, with a rather small, hemispherical cup.
The wood of the swamp oak is strong, heavy, and flexible,
easy to split, and in point of durability approaches the white
oak.
l-*t iillCUS TINCTORIA. Bcti'll'lDil. Blade OttJc.
Leaves slightly iobed, the lobes angular ; cup
somewhat saucer shaped, acorn depressed-globular.
•Midi, snl) v. anstulosa.
c_>
The black oak grows to a large s;/e, and is uniformly char-
acterized by the rough, and very dark coloured outer bark of its
trunk. The leaves have their sides divided into a number of
large, broad, but rather short lobes, furnished with a few mu-
cronated teeth and angles. Their base is obtuse, and their un-
der surface, while young, is slightly pubescent, or glandular.
The cup of the fruit is thick, somewhat turbinated and not deep.
Acovn short and round, with its summit depressed.
Class XXI. Order VIII.
The bark of this oak furnishes the Quercitron used in dyeing.
It is also one of the best species used in the tanning of leather.
The wood is much inferior to that of the white oak, but is often
used as a cheaper substitute.
QUERCUS OOCCINEA. Wang. Scarlet oak
Leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate,
glabrous, the lobes toothed, acute ; cup very scaly ;
acorn short, ovate. Mich.f.
A large species of oak. The leaves are divided into long,
acute lobes, by very deep and large sinuses ; the lobes ending
in narrow teeth, which are mucronated with long, bristle shap-
ed^ points. Both sides of the leaves are of a bright, shining
green. The acorn is short and ovate, contained in a cup with
prominent scales, and tapering at base. The wood of this spe-
cies, as well as of the next, is more open and porous, also less
durable, than that of the white oak.
QUERCUS RUBRA. L. Red oak-,
Leaves on long petioles, glabrous, obtusely sin-
uate ; cup saucer shaped, nearly smooth ; acorn
nearly ovate. Mich.f.
The red oak is one of the largest of its genus. Its leaves
are smooth and shining on both sides, divided into narrow lobes,
which end in mucronated teeth, and are separated by wide and
rounded sinuses. The acorns are very large, and contained in
a remarkably flat, superficial cup, the scales of which arc so
compact as to produce a comparatively smooth surface,
The foregoing speecies constitute a considerable portion of
the growth in the common woodlands of this vicinity. Their
bark is the chief material used in tanning, and is occasionally
applied in medicine to the purposes of an astringent and anti-
septic. Next to walnut, their wood is esteemed the best fuel,
and large quantities are consumed in town, brought from the
south shore, the Middlesex canal, and the adjacent country.
Class XXI. Order VIII.
QUERCUS ILIOIFOLIA. Wilhl. Shrub oak or Scrub oak.
Leaves on long petioles, with five acute lobes,
entire at the margin, ash coloured on the under-
side ; cup somewhat top shaped ; acorn roundish,
Midi. f. sub syn.
Syn. QUERCUS BAKIS¥ERI. Mich, et f.
The leaves of the shrub oak are small, commonly divided
into five, and sometimes three acute lobes terminated by a bris-
tle. They are of a pale colour underneath, and downy on the
same side when young. The acorns are small, short, dark col=
cured and striated.
The shrub oak grows on dry hills and barren plains, and is
commonly considered an indication of a sterile soil. On ac-
count of its small size, it is rarely appropriated to any important
use,
264. JUGLANS.
JUGLANS ALBA. Willd. White walnut. Common hickory.
Lr ls seven, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, pubescent and rough underneath, the odd
one sessile ; fruit somewhat four angled, smooth,
Willd,
Sijn. JUGLANS foMENfosJ. Mich, et f.
The trunk of this walnut, in young- trees, is covered with a,
smooth bark, in old trees the bark becomes cracked, rugged,
and thick, but never scaly. The buds in winter are large, hard,
and of a greyish white. The leaves are pinnate, with seven or
nine large Icafets, which are serrate and acuminate, nearly ses=
sile, their under side and common stalk hairy. The barren
flowers are in long, pendulous, downy aments, connected three
together j the fertile ones at the ends of the young shoots. The
nut is hard, thick shelled, commonly with four prominent an-
Glass XXI. Order VIII.
gles, the kernel tolerably good, the green shell rather thick,
opening two thirds of its length in autumn, when the fruit is
ripe.
JUGLANS GLABRA. Mllhl. Pig Hilt. 'Hog nut.
Leafets seven, ovate, acuminate, serrate, gla-
brous on both sides, with resinous dots underneath,
the odd one sessile ; fruit and nut oblong or obcor-
date. Ex Willd, sub hac et obcordata.
Syn, JUGLANS PORCINA. Mich.f.
This species of walnut has its young twigs in winter, ac-
cording to the observation of Michaux, of a brown colour, and
smaller by half than those of the white walnut and shagbark.
The buds are also small. The leaves arc pinnate, with seven,
sometimes five, nearly sessile, serrate, acuminate Icafets, smooth
on both sides, not hairy. Aments in threes, long, and pedulous.
Nut small, thick shelled, hard, smooth ; the outer, green shell
thin, frequently pear shaped or tapering at base, its quarters sep-
arating half way down when the fruit is ripe.
JUGLANS SQUAMOSA. Michf. Shdlbark. Shagbark.
Leafets five, on long petioles, ovate-acuminate,
serrate, villous underneath, the odd one sessile ;
aments of barren flowers compound, glabrous, fili-
form ; fruit globular, depressed ; nut compressed,
Mich.f. abr,
Syn. JUGLANS COMPRESSA. Gcsrt. Willd.
The bark of this tree separates into long, flat scales or
plates, with loose, detached ends, giving its trunk a rugged ap°
pearance at a distance. Michaux observes that the buds are
distinguished by the shortness of the two outer scales, which
extend but half their length. The leaves are pinnate ; leafets
five or seven, large, oblong, acuminate, pubescent and soft un?
230 Class XXI. Order VUI.
derneath. The fruit is large, roundish, depressed at top, the
green shell exceedingly thick, and separating completely into
quarters. The nut, Avhich constitutes but a small part of the
•\yhole fruit, is white, angular, flattened, thin shelled, its kernel
greatly superior to eithei of the preceding, and in considerable
request.
The wood of the thvfee foregoing species of walnut posses-
ses similar properties. It is hard, compact, heavy, and of very
great strength. At the same time it is liable to warp and de-
cay, especially if exposed to the weather. It is principally
used for purposes where strength is required, as in hoops,
bows, the handles of tools, &c. It furnishes one of the best
kinds of fuel known, and commands a higher price in our mark-
ets than any other species of wood
diiGLANs CINEREA. L. Butter nut. Oil nut.
Leafets numerous, oblong-lanceolate, serrate,
pubescent and soft underneath, petioles viscid, fruit
oblong-ovate. Willd.
Syn. JUGLANS CAfHA RflCA. Cutler. JMidl.f.
This tree differs from the hickories already described, in its
wood, flowers, and fruit. The leaves consist of about fifteen
leafets, which are lanceolate, rounded at base, serrate, and some-
what pubescent. The amcnts are single, not united three to-
gether, as in the foregoing species. The fruit is large, oblong,
somewhat pointed, with a viscid, adhesive surface. The nut
is oblong, acuminated, very rough, with deep, irregular depres-
sions, the kernel containing a great quantity of oil.
The wood is lighter and weaker than that of the preceding
kinds, but is said to be durable. An extract made from the
bark is in great estimation for its medicinal qualities, being one
of the most useful laxatives. According to an experiment pub-
lished in the Massachusetts Agricultural Journal, the sap of the
butternut tree is capable of producing as much sugar as that of
Class XXI. Order VIIL 231
the maple. Four of the trees yielded in one day nine quarts of
sap, which produced one and a quarter pounds of sugar.
265. BETULA.
BETULA POPULIFOHA, Ait. Common white Birch.
Leaves extensively acuminate, unequally ser-
rate, glabrous. Jllich.f.
The name of white birch is indiscriminately applied to this
species, and to Betula papyracea, a species common in the Dis-
trict of Maine, and which furnishes a considerable part of the
eastern wood consumed in this town. The present species is
common here in swamps, and multiplies very fast in moist
lands that are not properly cleared. Like the paper birch, its
trunk is covered with a white, smooth, outer bark, separable in-
to thin layers, and very inflammable. Its young twigs are flex-
ible, of a dark brown, spotted with white. The leaves arc
heart-shaped, tapering to a long point, glutinous, smooth on
both sides. The flowers, both barren and fertile, are in lon^-,
pendulous aments. The wood is white, -soft, and very perisha-
ble, decaying sooner than the bark.
BETULA LENTA. L. Slack Birch. Mahogany Birch.
Leaves heart-ovate, acutely serrate, acuminate,
glabrous. Mich. f.
Syn. BEfuLA CARPIXIFOLIA. Mii/i.
This fine tree, sometimes also denominated Sweet birch,
and Cherry birch, is well known for its fragrant and aromatic
bark. Its young twigs arc dark coloured, and spotted with
white. Its leaves are smooth, ovate, heart-shaped at base, end-
ing in a long point, with very acute, double serratures at tlu:
edge, and distinct, parallel veins underneath. The barren
aments are pendulous, the fertile ones straight.
The wood of the black birch possesses many valuable qual-
ities. It is compact, smooth, of a reddish colour, very strong-.
Class XXI. Order VIII.
and not liable to warp and crack. It is considerably used in
cabinet work, particularly for bedsteads.
266. CORYLUS.
CORYLUS AMERICANA. Walt. Common HazeL
Calyx of the fruit rounded and bell shaped,
larger than the nut, its border dilated, tooth- ser-
rate ; leaves roundish, heart- shaped, acuminate.
Willd.
The common hazel nut is a slender shrub, usually growing
in bunches about the borders of fields. The barren flowers
grow in long, pendulous aments ; the fertile ones in a sort of
buds, on a different part of the branch. The nuts, which are
nearly equal in quality to the European, grow in large bunches,
each one invested with a large, hairy calyx extending consider-
ably beyond the nut. — April.
267. OSTRYA.
OSTRYA VIROINICA. Hop Hornbeam. Iron wood.
Cones oblong-ovate ; leaves oblong-ovate, acu-
minate ; buds acute.
This tree is generally of small size, and remarkable for the
fine division of the outer bark of its trunk. The leaves are al-
ternate, ovate, a little hearted at base, finely and acutely serrate,
acuminate. Barren flowers in pendulous aments. Fertile ones
enlarging into a sort of oblong cone, in its structure resembling
the common hop. This fruit is composed of vesicles, or in*
flated capsules, lying over each other, and containing each a
seed at its base.
The wood is hard, close grained, and heavy. In some parts
of the country it has acquired the name of Lever wood, from
the use to which it is applied.
Class XXI. Order IX. 333
268. PLATANUS.
PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS, L. Plane tree. Button wood.
Sycamore.
Leaves lob ed- angular; branches whitish. Mich.
This tree, commonly known by the name of Button wood,
attains to an extraordinary size. Trees are said to be found in
the western states, whose trunks measure from forty to fifty
feet in circumference. With us it is one of the largest native
trees. The leaves are broad and lobed, with many acute seg-
ments. When young they are downy at the veins underneath.
On breaking off the petiole, the next year's bud is found con-
cealed within its base. The flowers grow in balls or globular
aments, and are succeeded by long seeds, furnished with a fine
reddish down at base. The receptacle of the seeds, constituting
the nucleus of the ball, is hard and woody, and closely enveloped
by a regular net work, which may be easily detached. The
balls art retained all winter on the trees by their tough, fibrous
stalks. Each year the outer bark of the branches scales off to a
determinate extent, leaving a white surface beneath it, This cir-
cumstance distinguishes the tree at sight from all others around
it.
The wood is fine grained, and is susceptible of a good pol-
ish. It is however said to be liable to warp, and by no means
durable when exposed to the weather.
MOJMDELPIIM.
•269. PINUS.
PINUS RIGIDA. L. Pitch Pine.
Leaves in threes ; cones ovate, clustered ;
spines of the scales reflexed ; sheaths of the leaves
short. Lamb.
The Pitch Pine is a very common inhabitant of barren, sandv
30
Class XXI. Order IX.
tracts of land. Its bark is very thick, and rough with deep, ir-
regular clefts. The leaves are of moderate length, needle shap-
ed, and united three together in a common sheath. The cones
arc ovate or pyramidal, the scales rigid, each one armed with a
short, acute, reflexed spine.
The wood abounds in turpentine, and contains a large por-
tion of alburnum or sap. It is occasionally employed in build-
ing, but is chiefly used as a light fuel, under the form of u split
pine."
PINUS srnoBus. L. White Pine.
Leaves in fives ; cones cylindrical, longer than
the leaves, loose. Ait.
This noble and very useful tree rises with a straight trunk
to an uncommon height. Its bark is comparatively smooth,
and in young trees it is without fissures. The branches are
given off in whorls or circles. The leaves are much finer and
more delicate than in the last species. They grow in fascicles
of five together, with hardly any sheaths. The cones are very
long, cylindrical, curved, and pendulous ; composed of large,
smooth, loose scales.
The trunk possesses very little resin, and its portion of sap
wood is comparatively small. The texture of the wood is fine
and soft. No tree is more extensively employed in building,
or for the ordinary purposes of carpenters' and joiners' work.
The large trees are particularly in request for the masts of
ships, and vast quantities of the wood have been annually ex-
ported from the eastern coast in the form of timber and boards.
I'INUS NIGRA. Jiit. Black or double Spruce.
Leaves solitary, four cornered, erect, straight;
cones ovate, scales elliptical, waved at the. edge,
erect. Lamb.
tiyn. dBiES NIGRA. Mich.
Class XXL Order IX. §35
The branches of the double Spruce are thickly covered on
all sides with short, dark coloured, linear leaves, inserted later-
ally and singly. The cones are small, oval, pendulous, compos-
ed of thin scales, which are waved and crenate, or partially cleft
on the edge.
This tree is not very common, unless cultivated, in the en-
virons of Boston. At the eastward it is frequent. Its wood is
light, strong, and elastic, and much used for the smaller spars
of vessels.
PINUS CANADENSIS. L'. Hemlock Spruce.
Leaves solitary, flat, denticulate, nearly in two
rows ; cones ovate, terminal, hardly longer than the
leaves. Lamb.
Syn. ABIES CANADENSIS. Mich.
The Hemlock occurs pretty frequently in woods in the vi-
cinity of Bostin. It is a straight tree, remarkable for the hori-
zontal arrangement of its branches and leaves. The leaves are
jn two rows, close, linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly flat beneath, a
little convex above. When examined with a glass, they are
found ec'ged with minute teeth. Cones ovate-oblong, very
smaU.
The wood of the Hemlock is occasionally substituted fov
Pine, to which it is inferior, in building. The bark possesses
the tanning principle in great perfection, and is used in the pre-
paration of leather, as a substitute for, or in combination with
the bark of the oaks.
PINUS MICROCARPA. Lamb. Red Larch, Hacmutack.
Leaves fascicled, deciduous ; cones roundish,
few flowered, with inflected scales ; bractes ellip-
tic, obtusely acuminate. Lamb.
Syn. LARIX AMERICANA, Mlcfi.
336 Class XXI. Order IX.
The Larch is a fine tree, differing remarkably from the
Pines, already mentioned, in its leaves, which fall at the ap-
proach of winter. They grow in tufts or fascicles, on the sides
of the branches, which are mostly horizontal. The tree flow-
ers with small aments, the barren ones containing two anthers
under each scale, and the fertile ones two germs. These last
are succeeded by small cones, with soft scales, inflected at the
edge. Seeds small, winged. This tree attains the height of
eighty or ninety feet. Its wood is strong and durable, and is
used in ship building. It frequents a low, moist soil.
270. CUPRESSUS.
CUPRESSUS THUYOIDES. L. White Cedar.
Brauclilets compressed ; leaves in four rows,
imbricated, ovate, tuberculated at base. Willd.
The YV hite Cedar grows naturally in wet situations, some-
times occupying considerable tracts of marshy land, known by
the name of Cedar swamps. The small branches are finely
subdivided, .th-iir last divisions compressed, and covered by four
rows of short, minute leaves, the two lateral rows longest. Each
leaf is furnished with a minute tubercle or gland on t'ne back,
near its base. Cones extremely small, angular, and somewhat
spherical*
The wood is light, soft, and very durable. It is used for
shingles, for wooden vessels, also for fencing and other purpos-
es where durability is required. This tree and the last are
found occasionally, but not frequently, in the neighbourhood of
Boston.
271. ACALYPHA.
ACALYPHA VIRGINICA. L. Three seeded Mercury.
Pubescent, leaves on short petioles, lance-ob-
long, serrate ; involucres subsessile, axillary, nerv-
ed, cut into acute, crested segments, Mich, abr,
Class XXL Order IX. 237
An annual plant of ordinary appearance. Branches pubes-
cent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with a rather obtuse point, re-
motely serrate or crenate at the edge, somewhat three nerved.
Involucres of the fruit axillary, hairy, on short stalks, their
edge cut into a number of long, acute, ciliated segments or
teeth.— Woeds, Cambridge. — August.
338 Class XXII. Order XIII.
Class XXII. DICECIA. Barren and fer-
tile flowers on different plants.
Order II. DMNDRM. Two stamens.
2. SALIX. Calyx scale of an ament ; corol-
la none. In the barren flowers, from one to five
stamens, with a nectariferous gland at the base.
In the fertile flowers, two stigmas ; capsule one
celled, two valved ; seeds downy.
Order IV. TETRANDRM. Four stamens.
« MYRICA. Calyx a concave scale of tlie
ament ; corolla none ; styles two ; berry one seed-
ed.
Order VI. HEXANDRM. Six stamens.
274<. SMILAX. Calyx six leaved ; corolla
none ; styles three ; berry three celled ; seeds two.
Order XII. POLYANDR1A. Many stamens.
. POPULUS. Calyx a lacerated scale of the
ament ; corolla turbinate, oblique, entire. In the
fertile flowers, stigma four cleft ; capsules two cell-
ed, many seeded.
Order XIII. MONJlUELPHM. Stamens united.
276. JUNIPERUS. Barren flowers, calyx the
scales of an ament ; corolla none ; stamens three.
Fertile flowers, calyx scales of an ament, fewer,
three parted, becoming fleshy, united into a three
seeded berry,
Glass XXII. Order IV. 239
DIGECIA.
DUNDRIJl.
272. SALIX.
SALIX ERIOCEPHALA. Mich. Swamp Willow.
Diandrous ; twigs downy ; leaves oblong-oval.,
somewhat retuse at base, serrulate ; aments oval,
exceedingly villous. Mich.
A small tree, common in low, moist grounds, where its
woolly aments expand during the month of March, and are usu-
ally in flower the first week in April. The scales of both the
barren and fertile aments are covered with very long, even,
smooth, silken hairs, which at a distance give them a woolly
appearance. In the barren aments each scale produces two
long, yellow anthers ; in the fertile ones, which exceed the last
in length, they support an oblong, tapering, downy germ.
Leaves oval-oblong, nearly entire, green above, glaucous and
somewhat downy beneath.
TETRJ1NDRM.
273. MYRICA.
MYRICA GALE. L. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle.
Leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly serrate above ;
barren anients imbricate, the scales ciliate ; fruit in
scaly heads. Mich.
A branching shrub, about four or five feet in height. Leaves
alternate, lanceolate-wedge shaped, (their termination much
more obtuse than in the European variety,) serrated and nearly
smooth. Aments alternate, from the axils of the last year's
Class XXII. Order VI.
leaves, short, oblong-ovate. The fruit has a strong, penetrat-
ing, spicy scent. — About the edges of Fresh Pond. — April.
MYRICA CERIFERA. L. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.
Leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly serrate above ;
barren, aments loose ; fruit spherical, naked, dis-
tinct. Mich.
The Bayberry grows in every kind of soil, and varies con-
siderably in size. The shrubs which grow in the moist woods
at Cambridgeport, are usually six or seven feet in height.
Leaves oblong-oval, entire, or furnished with a few remote
teeth. Flowers in short aments on the sides of the last year's
shoots. They have a peculiar, somewhat spicy taste. In au-
tumn the fertile twigs are surrounded with bunches of small,
crowded, greyish berries, which remain after the leaves have
fallen. The surface of these berries is covered with wax,
which is obtained by boiling them in water, until the wax sep-
arates and floats upon the surface. In the interior where these
shrubs are frequent, the wax is collected in considerable quan-
tities, and used for candles, an ingredient in ointments, and oth-
er purposes.
HEXANDRU.
274. SMILAX.
SMII/AX ROTUXDIFOLIA. L. Green Briar*
Stem prickly, round; leaves unarmed, heart-
shaped, pointed, five or seven nerved.
A hardy and very troublesome vine, climbing upon trees
and bushes, and forming, with its thorny branches, almost im-
passable thickets. Stem smooth, woody, strong, armed with
short, straight, rigid thorns, proceeding from the wood. Leaves
large, smooth, roundish-heart shaped, ending in a short point,
commonly five nerved. Tendrils very strong, from the top of
Class XXII. Order XII.
the stipules. Umbels of flowers small, on short, axillary stalks.
Berries small. — Moist woods.— -Jxine.
SMILAX PEDUNOULARIS. Muhl. Long stalked Smilnx.
Stem round, unarmed ; leaves roundish-ovate,
acuminate, nine nerved, peduncle of the fertile um-
bel longer than the leaves.
A rank, herbaceous, climbing plant. Stem round, smooth,
attaching itself to other plants by its stipular tendrils. Leaves
of the stem large, heart-shaped, with a short point, petioled,
smooth, with about nine nerves. Flowers small, greenish, with
an offensive odour, in simple umbels, on very long, axillary pe-
duncles. The fertile ones are succeeded by large bunches of
rounded, compressed, crowded, bluish berries. The axils of
many of the leaves give rise to short, barren branches, support-
ing half a dozen ovate, five nerved leafets. — June. — Perennial.
POLYAWDRM.
275. POPULUS.
POPULJJS TREMULOIDES. Mich. American Jlspen.
Leaves roundish, abruptly acuminate, serrulate,
pubescent at the edge. J^lich.f.
The small, tremulous leaves of this Poplar have great af-
finity to those of the European Aspen, whose quivering foliage
has long been proverbial. The tree hardly attains to the mid-
dle size. The flowers appear in April, long before the leaves, in
pendulous, silken aments. The leaves are small, compared
with other species, light, roundish, scarcely hearted at base.
The bark is smooth, and the wood light, fine, soft, and perisha-
ble.
POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA. J\Iich. Large Jlspen or Poplar.
Petioles compressed; leaves round-oval, smooth
31
Class XXII. Order XIII.
both sides, unequally sinuate, with large teeth, the
younger ones villous. Micli.f.
Sljll. POPULUS f REP ID A. Mulll.
This tree is occasionally met with in our woods, but is much
less common than the preceding species. It is easily distin-
guished from the various cultivated poplars by the large, une-
qual indentations on the margin of the leaves. The leaves, as
Michaux observes, are covered when young with a white down,
which disappears as they grow older. In many instances they
are furnished with a pair of glands at base. The aments,
which are two or three inches long, appear in May. Wood much
like the last. — Cambridge, Milton.
MONADELPHU.
276. JUNIPERUS.
JUNIPERUS VlRGINIANA. lied Cedar.
Leaves ternate, adnate at base ; the younger
ones imbricate, the older ones spreading.
The Red Cedar is a common tenant of rocky and barren
hills, in a dry and gravelly soil. Its foliage is hard, firm, and
evergreen. The leaves vary in length, but are mostly short,
resembling small, acute scales, closely sessile at base, and ly-
ing over each other. They surround the stem in threes, the
younger ones frequently opposite. The scales of the ament
give rise to a small roundish berry, covered when ripe with a
blue powder. The wood of the Red Cedar is light and very
durable. It constitutes an excellent material for posts, to
which use it is commonly appropriated with us. The leaves
resemble Savin in their medicinal properties, and are particu-
larly used as a topical stimulant
Class XXIII. Order I.
Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Perfect flowers
together with barren., or fertile,, or bothy on the
same or distinct plants.
Order I. MONCECM. Barren, fertile, and
perfect flowers, found on one plant.
ANDROPOGON. In the perfect flowers ca-
lyx, glume one flowered ; corolla, glume awned at
the base ; stamens three ; styles three ; seed one.
In the barren flowers, calyx awnless ; stamens
three.
278. HOLCUS. Perfect flowers, calyx glume
one or two flowered ; corolla, glume awned ; sta-
mens three ; styles two ; seed one. Barren flow-
ers, calyx two valved ; corolla none ; stamens
three.
379. ATRIPLEX. Perfect flowers, calyx five
parted ; corolla none ; stamens five ; style two
parted ; seed one depressed. Fertile flowers, ca-
lyx two leaved ; corolla none ; style two parted ;
seed one compressed.
280. VERATRUM. Calyx none ; corolla six
parted ; stamens six. Perfect flowers, pistils three ;
capsules three ; many seeded. Barren flowers con-
taining the rudiment of a pistil.
281. ACER. Calyx five cleft ; corolla five pe-
talled ; stamens eight ; capsules two or three, one
seeded, terminated by a wing. Barren flowers
without germ or style.
244 Class XXIII. Order I.
282. NYSSA. Perfect flowers, calyx five part-
ed ; corolla none : stamens five ; pistil one ; drupe
inferior. Barren flowers, stamens ten.
283. FRAXINUS. Perfect flowers, calyx none
or four parted ; corolla none or four petalled ; sta-
mens two ; pistils one ; capsule flattened ; seeds
mostly solitary, pendulous. Fertile flowers, pistil
one, lanceolate.
Class XXHL Order I.
POLYGAMIA.
MONCECM.
277. ANDROPOGON.
ANDROPOGON NUTANS. L. Beard grass.
&
Panicle nodding, awns twisted, polished ;
glumes of the calyx rough -haired.
Syn. ANDROPOGON A VEXACEUS. Mich. "**•
A tall, handsome grass. Culm and sheaths smooth. Leaves
rough. Panicle very long and slender, somewhat nodding. Pe-
duncles smooth, some of the partial ones a little hairy. Valves
of the calyx hairy ; those of the corolla mostly smooth, and of a
bright chesnut colour. The fertile flowers have a long, bright
awn, twisted in its lower half, and bent at an angle about its
middle. — Borders of woods. — September. — Perennial.
278. HOLCUS.
HOLCUS ODORATUS. L. Seneca grass.
Glumes three flowered, awnless, pointed ; the
perfect flower with two stamens.
An erect, early grass, with a small panicle of short flowers.
Stem, sheaths and leaves glabrous ; the leaves of the stem very
short. Panicle erect, with a few horizontal or divaricated
branches. Calyx of two smooth, thin, transparent, swelling
valves, rounded at the base, and acute at the point. Florets
three in each calyx, the two lateral ones barren, their outer
valve ciliate ; the middle one fertile, and furnished with only-
two stamens. Styles two. — Meadows, Cambridge, Brighton. —
May. — Perennial.
Among our indigenous grasses this is one, which appears
Class XXIII. Order I.
particularly entitled to the attention of agriculturalists. It is a
thriving, and early grass, being usually in flower by the mid-
dle of May. It is sweet and tender, and in drying exhales a
fragrant odour, not interior to that of the sweet scented Vernal
grass. Its native place of growth is in wet, boggy meadows,
Avhcre it might be usefully substituted for the coarse and ordin-
ary grasses usually obtained from those soils.
279. ATRIPLEX.
ATRIPI.EX TATULA. L. Spreading Crache.
Stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves deltoid-
lanceolate, somewhat hastate ; calyx of the seed
somewhat muricate on the disc. 8m.
Stem spreading, very much branched. Leaves powdery
underneath, the lower ones mostly hastate, the upper ones lan-
ceolate. Racemes axillary and terminal. The seed is enclos-
ed between two large, triangular valves, furnished on their back
with an irregular number of short, conical points. — Salt marsh^
cs. — August. — Annual.
280. VERATRUM.
VERATKUM VIRIDE. Mt. Poke root. Swamp Hellebore.
Racemes panicled ; bractes of the branches ob"
long-lanceolate ; peduncles pubescent, shorter than
the partial bractes,
A large, green, leafy plant, not unfrequent in meadows and
swamps. Stem erect, straight, often three or four feet high.
Leaves numerous, large, oval or lanceolate, acuminate, entire,
plaited and finely nerved, sheathing the stem with their base.
Flowers in a large panicle, with pubescent branches, each
branch and flower stalk supported by a narrow bracte. Corolla
of six greenish, oblong, acute petals, thickened on each side at
base. Capsules three. — June, — Perenniah
Class XXIII. Order L
The root of this plant, when taken internally, produces vio-
lent effects, and is dangerous in considerable quantities. It is
chiefly used in the country as an external application in cutane-
ous affections. From its great affinity in habit to the Veratrum
album, an European species, which has lately acquired consid-
erable celebrity as a remedy in gout ; the American plant is
particularly entitled to the attention of phsiycians.
281. ACER.
ACER RUBRUJI. L. Sivamp Maple. Heel Maple.
Leaves palmate-live lobed, unequally toothed,
pubescent, and at length glaucous underneath, the
sinuses acute ; fertile flowers aggregate, with rath-
er long stalks. Mich.
This maple grows plentifully in our swamps and low woods.
The flowers, which appear early in May, are small, numerous,
of a deep red, and collected in little fascicles or sessile umbels.
The fertile ones are succeeded by a red fruit, known by the
name of maple keys, consisting of a pair of small capsules, each
terminated by a long, membranous appendage, resembling the
wing of an insect. The leaves are opposite, rounded, or
hearted at base, and divided into three or five principal lobes,
separated by a large, acute notch. They are irregularly tooth-
ed, and glaucous underneath.
The wood of this species is close grained, smooth, and hard,
It is much used in the manufacture of tables, chairs, and other
kinds of furniture. A variety denominated Curled Maple, oc-
casioned by the serpentine course of the fibres in some old
trees, has a beautiful, shaded appearance in cabinet work, and
is also used for gun stocks, on account of its solidity and tough-
ness.
ACER SACCHARIUM. L. Rock Maple. Sugar Maple,
leaves five parted-palmate, glabrous, entire n!
Class XXIII. Orter I.
the margin, glaucous underneath; flowers pedim
ciliated, pendent. Mich. f.
The Rock Maple, though common in the interior, is rarely
met with in the vicinity of Boston. Some young trees occur in
the woods at Roxbury. The flowers of this species are yellow-
ish, small, and supported by slender, drooping footstalks. The
fruit is larger than in the Red Maple, and of a light greenish col-
our. The leaves have three or five principal lobes, separated
by a sinus or notch, which is rounded, not angular, at bottom.
They are pale, and sometimes downy on the under side.
The wood is hard, compact, and smooth. It is much used
in cabinet work, particularly a beautiful variety denominated
Bird's eye Maple, and a curled variety like that in the last spe-
cies. It makes good fuel, though inferior to walnut and oak ;
and, with the Betula papyracea, it constitutes a greater portion
of our eastern wood.
But the peculiar value of this tree consists in the sugar,
which is obtained from its sap. A tree of the ordinary size will
yield from twenty to thirty gallons of sap in a season. This
sap is collected by boring holes in the trees, and affixing to
them small troughs, which convey it into reservoirs prepared
for its reception. It is then put into large kettles and boiled
down, until it is sufficiently inspissated to chrystallize or grain.
It thus forms the raw sugar, which may be purified in the usu-
al way.
282. NYSSA.
NYSSA. VILLOSA. Mich. Tupelo tree. Swamp Hornbeam.
Leaves oval, entire, the petiole, middle nerve,
and margin villous ; fertile stalks about three flow-
ered ; nut short-obovate, obtusely striate. Mich.
This tree grows in swamps, and is frequently of a pyramid-
al form, with horizontal branches. The leaves are oval, entire,
acute, tough and firm, paler on the under side, slightly pubes-
Class XXIII. Order I.
cent on the margin and petiole, two or three inches in length.
The flowers are small, obscure, of a green colour, collected on
the end of a long peduncle. Each fertile peduncle produces
two or three small, oblong drupes, of a deep blue colour, each
containing an exceedingly hard, striated stone.
The wood of this tree is white, and moderately hard. Its
fibres are closely interwoven, so as to render it extremely tough
and difficult to split. In Massachusetts it is generally called
Hornbeam, a name properly belonging to the genus Carpinus.
283. FRAXINUS.
FUAXINUS AMERICANA. Mich.f. White Ash.
Leafets elliptic, acuminate, slightly toothed, pe=
tioled, glaucous underneath.
Syn. FRAXINUS DISCOLOR. Muhl.
This very valuable tree grows to the height of seventy or
eighty feet. Its branches are opposite, and covered with bark
of a very light colour. Leaves pinnate, consisting of about
seven oval, acuminated leafets, whitish underneath, more or less
toothed on their margin. The flowers grow in loose, com-
pound racemes, and are succeeded by winged capsules. These
are cylindrical at base, but dilated at their end into a long, flat
appendage, somewhat lanceolate in form, but blunt or emargin-
atc at the end. The wood of the common Ash is exceedingly
durable, firm, and elastic, with a tolerable degree of lightness.
It is the principal material used in the manufacture of carriage
frames, of light agricultural implements, of oars, blocks, box-
es, Sec. — May.
32
250 Class XXIV. Order L
Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. Fructifica-
tion anomalous or concealed.
Order 1. FILICE8. Ferns.
S81. POLYPODIUM. Fructification in roundish,
scattered dots, not marginal ; involucre none.
285. ASPIDIUM. Fructification in roundish,
scattered dots ; involucre umbilicate, opening near-
ly all round.
/
286. DlCKBONiA. Fructification in roundish,
distinct, marginal dots ; involucre double, one su-
perficial, opening outward ; the other from the in-
flexed margin of the frond, opening inward,
287- ASPLENIUM. Fructification in scattered,
straight lines ; involucre lateral, opening inward.
288. ADIANTUM. Fructification in distant dots
or lines upon the margin of the frond ; involucres
membrauacequs, from the indexed margin of the
frond, opening inward.
389. PTERIS. Fructification in a continued,
marginal line ; involucre from the indexed margin
of the frond, opening inward.
290. ONOCLEA. Fructification crowded, occu-
pying the whole back of a separate frond ; involu-
cres from the margin of the frond, opening inward.
S91. OSMUND A. Fructification crowded, some-
what globular, pedicelled, disposed on the back of
ihe frond, or in separate racemes.
Class XXIV. Order I.
292. LYCOPODIUM. Capsules sessile, solitary,
axillary, reniform, two valved, opening elastically.
293. EQUISETUM. Anient composed of pel-
tate scales, flowering on the inside ; seeds numer-
ous; enfolded by four pollen-bearing filaments.
Class XXIV. Otder L
CRYPTOGAMIA.
FILICES.
284. POLYPODIUM.
POLYPODIUM VULGARE. L. Common Polypodij.
Frond pinnatificl ; segments linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, slightly serrate.
A handsome fern, not uncommon on the sides of rock^s and
steep shady hills, forming beds by means of its creeping roots.
The stalk or stipe is perfectly smooth, grooved on the upper
side. Fronds about half a foot long, divided in a pinnate man-
ner almost to the stalk or midrib, by sinuses which are more
acute than in the European variety. Segments of the frond ob-
long, parallel, rounded at the end, very slightly serrate, furnish-
ed on the back with a double row of large, round, yellowish,
granular, naked dots of fructification. — Perennial.
285. ASPIDIUM.
ASPIDIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. MM. Terminal Shield fern.
Stipe chaffy ; frond long, pinnate, its divisions
alternate, subsessile, auriculated on one side at
base, slightly serrate, ciliate ; only the upper ones
fruitful. Mich, sub syn.
Syn. J\"EPHRODIUM AcRosficnoiDES. Mich.
Remarkable for the difference between its lower and upper
leaves. The stipe is covered with loose, membranous, chaffy
scales. The leaves or pinnae are numerous, oblong, somewhat
acute, edged with small, mucronate serratures, furnished with
an angular lobe on their upper side at base. The lower leaves
Class XXIV. Order I. 253
are without fruit ; the upper ones much smaller, covered with
clots of fructification, which unite, so as to overrun the whole
under surface. — Rocks and hills. — Roxbury. — Perennial.
•
ASPIDIUM THELYPTERIS. Sm. Meadow Shield fern.
Frond pinnate, its divisions pinnatifid, subcre-
nate, distinct at base, decussating ; dots of fructifi-
cation confluent. Sm.
Common in low, moist grounds, about the edges of meadows
and swamps. Stipe glabrous. Divisions of the frond long and
slender, the lower pairs frequently decussating, or crossing each
other ; a circumstance which Dr. Smith has noticed in his spe-
cific character. They are pinnatifid, or deeply cut into oblong,
roundish segments, which are slightly crenate at the edge, and
revolute when in fruit. The first segments of each division are
at a little distance from the stipe, and seem to form a parallel
line on each side of it, running through the whole length of the
frond, a character well represented in the figure of Plukenet.
The fruit commences in small dots, and finally overruns the
whole under surface of the frond. — Perennial.
ASPIDIUM MARGIN ALE. Sw. Marginal Shield fern.
Frond pinnate, its divisions subpinnate, glab-
rous, with oblong, entire lobes, sinuate-repaud at
the base ; dots marginal.
Syn. POLTPODIUM MARGINALE. L.
NEPHRODIUM MARGINALE. Mich.
A larger fern than either of the preceding. Stipe chaffy.
Divisions of the frond nearly pinnate. Subdivisions or seg-
ments distinct, oblong, obtuse, crenate, contracted at base, af-
terward decurrent, so that their common stalk becomes slight-
ly winged, or the division pinnatifid. Dots of fructification dis-
tinct, round, close to the margin. Their umbilicated involucre
is very obvious. — Woods. — Roxbury. — Perennial.
Class XXIV. Order I.
ASPIDIUM ASPLENIOIDES. Muhl. Dark Shield fern.
Stipe glabrous ; frond twice pinnate ; segments
oblong, cut-toothed ; dots reniform, arranged near
the nerve.
This is a large, smooth, brittle fern. Divisions of the frond
pinnate ; the segments oblong, acute, with distinct teeth, separ-
ated by deep indentations. The teeth are again denticulate,
and the lower ones somewhat obtuse. Fructification with re-
niform or lunulate involucres, at first resembling lines, as in
Asplenium, afterwards extending over the whole under surface
of the frond, giving it a brownish appearance. — Moist woods.
286. DICKSONIA.
DICKSONIA PILOSIUSCULA. IFilld. Small fruit ed Dlcksonia.
Frond twice pinnate ; divisions pinnatifid ; seg-
ments toothed ; stipe somewhat hairy.
Sijn. NEPHRODIUM puxcriLOBULUM. Mich.
A pretty large, thin, and very delicate fern. The common
stalk is smooth, with the exception of a few fine, short hairs,
which also invest its divisions. The divisions of the frond are
pinnate or pinnatifid, the segments decurrent, oval-oblong,
deeply cut or pinnatifid, the partial segments again toothed up-
on their edge. Dots of fructification minute, near the margin.
—Road sides and pastures. — Perennial.
287. ASPLENIUM.
ASPI.EXIUM MELANOCAULON. Muhl. Dwarf Splcenwort.
Frond pinnate : divisions roundish., crenate.,
wedge shaped at base.
Syn. AsPLEyiUM TRICHOMAtfES. Mich.
An extremely small arid delicate fern. Frond pinnate.
Class XXIV. Order I. 255
Stipe smooth, of a shining black colour. Divisions or leafets
sessile, nearly round, crenate upon their outer edge, entire and
acute at base. Fructification in about five or six linear, di-
verging dots, which become roundish when old, — Found among
high, shady rocks in Roxbury. — Perennial.
AsPLENIUM EBENEUM. Jilt. EboillJ Sple&llWOTt.
Frond pinnate ; divisions lanceolate, somewhat
falcate, serrate, anricled at base ; stem quite smooth.
Syn. ASPLENIUM YRICHOMANOIDES. Mich.
Considerably larger than the last. Stipe slender, of a
smooth, polished, jet black. Divisions or leafets sessile, ob-
long, tapering to a point, sometimes a little curved, somewhat
serrate, furnished with an acute lobe on each side at base, which
gives them a sort of hastate form. Fructification in short, di-
verging lines, arranged in a double row on the back of the di-
visions.— Dry woods and hills — Perennial.
ASPLENIUM TIJELYPTEROIDES. Mich. Silvery Spleemvort.
Frond pinnate ; divisions pinnatifid ; segments
oval, round-obtuse, slightly denticulate ; fructifi-
cation in short, equal, oblique, parallel lines. Mich.
abr.
This most beautiful fern grows to a pretty large size. Stipe
smooth, pale. The divisions of the frond are long and pinnati-
fid. Segments oblong, close, even, parallel, rounded at the end
and nearly entire. Fructification in two rows of short, oblique,
close, parallel lines, the opposite pairs forming nearly a right
angle. The involucres, when young, have a bright, silvery ap-r
pearance. — Found by a brook in Roxbury. — Perennial-
356 Class XXIV. Order L
288. ADIANTUM.
ADIANTUM PBDATUM. L. Maidenhair. Mowhuir.
Frond pedate ; divisions pinnate ; segments
rhoinboid-oblong, somewhat lunate, cut-lobed.
Few vegetables possess a greater delicacy of structure than
is exhibited by the glossy stems, and fine, regular leaves of the
Maidenhair. The stipe, which is of a shining, jet black, di-
vides by a large fork into two principal branches, each df which
gives off several successive branches from its upper side ; so
that the whole frond has the appearance of a pedate leaf with-
out its middle division. The segments or leafets are alternate,
oblong, entire on the lower edge, cut and toothed on the upper.
The fruit grows in semicircular points at the margin of the leaf,
covered by the folding back of its edge. — Found in moist, rocky
woods. — Perennial.
289. PTERIS.
PTERIS AQUILINA. L. Common Brake.
Frond more than decompound ; divisions pin-
nate ; segments oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones
pinnatifid, upper ones entire and smaller.
Very common in woods, and about the borders of fields and
pastures. Stipe erect, smooth, dividing by large, opposite
branches, which are again subdivided. Segments or leafets
sessile, oblong, tapering to an obtuse point, the lower ones larg-
est, their edge divided into large, obtuse teeth, by a sort of ser-
pentine line ; upper ones entire, obtuse. The fructification
grows in a continued, narrow line at the edges of the frond, and
is covered by its reflexed margin.— Perennial.
Class XXIV. Order I. 257
390. ONOCLEA.
ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS. L. Sensitive fern,
Barren fronds pinnate ; segments cut, the upper
ones united ; fertile fronds doubly pinnate, with re-
curved, globular subdivisions.
A great difference, in appearance, exists between the bar-
ren, and fertile fronds of this plant. The barren frond is com-
posed of large, broad, oblong, sinuated leaves or divisions, the
lower ones distinct, the upper ones connected by their base.
The fertile frond is much narrower, its divisions short, its seg-
ments nearly globular, enclosing the fruit, and forming a sort of
raceme. — Low grounds. — Perennial.
291. OSMUNDA
OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA. L. Tall Osmunda.
Barren fronds pinnate ; divisions elongated,
pinnatifid ; segments nearly oval and entire ; fertile
fronds with opposite racemes. Jllicli.
This noble fern grows in large bunches in damp woods and
low grounds, sometimes attaining to the length of a man. The
greatest part of the plant is composed by the barren fronds,
which are pinnate, their divisions cut into oblong, tapering,
rounded, and somewhat acute segments. The fruit grows on
a small, separate frond, resembling a cluster of minute, brown-
ish seeds. Its stipe is invested with loose, reddish wool, its
divisions opposite, and completely covered with small, two-
valved, globular capsules. — Perennial.
O'SMUNDA INTERRUPTA. Mich. Interrupted fern,
Fronds pinnate ; divisions opposite, pinnatifid ;
segments nearly oval and entire ; some of the inter-
mediate divisions fruitful. Mich. abi\
Class XXIV. Order I.
A pretty large, smooth I'crn, in habit resembling the last.
The divisions of the frond arc principally opposite, or nearly so,
and subdivided into segments, much like the last species. Only
a few pairs of the divisions, occupying a central part of the
frond, become fruitful. These are much shorter than the rest
when full grown, they resemble compound, pyramidal racemes,
and are covered on all sides with minute, brownish capsules. —
Low grounds. — Perennial. ,
OSMUNDA HEOALIS. L. Osmund royal. Flowering fern.
Froiid twice pinnate, terminating in a compound
cluster of fructification.
A handsome, branching fern, found in meadows and moisV
grounds. Stipe smooth. Divisions pinnate. Leafets or seg-
ments perfectly distinct and remote, oblong, very slightly ser-
rated, the lower half of base longest. Capsules small, globular,
two-valvcd, like the preceding species, arranged in a large,
compound raceme at the top of the stipe. — Perennial.
292. LYCOPODIUM.
LTOOFODIUM COMPLANATUM. L. Flat club moss.
Leaves two rowed, united, superficial ones sol-
itary ; spikes in pairs, pedunculated.
A common, trailing evergreen. The stems, which creep
on the ground for a considerable distance, are furnished with
distinct, somewhat remote scales or leaves. Branches spread-
ing, subdivided by regular forks, flattened, two edged. Leaves
very short and acute. Peduncles elongated, forked at top, and
usually supporting four erect, cylindrical spikes. Bractes-
closely imbricated, heart-shaped, acuminate. — Woods and pas-
tures. — Perennial.
LYCOPODIUM OESCURUM. L. Radiated club moss.
Leaves scattered, six rowed ; shoots erect ;
'ja&Ci i n--?n i tfa&vlsvH Astn AV**** _ fc a/^ er-Ci*~ c~, £ td-v r
' ' a - , * •
/ , f/i fiC ; -'•> *• * t <9 j &&-v^J "•<-"> ! ?„-•*->•/;**& ^ f '»->-£. 4. £>&*ic 7 &
hde.
h^i-; . c.
/ '
Class XXIV. Order I. 259
branches radiately forked ; spikes nearly sessile,
cylindrical.
The shoots of this species are erect, ascending at base, cov-
ered with small, imbricated, lanceolate leaves. Branches al-
ternate, dividing by successive forks, the branchlets diverging
like rays from a centre. Leaves in six rows, those of the later-
al rows longest. Spikes terminal, solitary, sessile, cylindrical.
Like others of the genus, they give out, when ripe, a great
quantity of minute seeds, resembling a fine, yellow powder, and
very inflammable. — Woods. — Perennial.
294. EQUISETUM.
EquisETUM HYEMALE. L. Rough Horsetail. Scouring
Rush.
Stem naked, very rough, mostly branched at
base ; sheaths whitish, black at the base and sum-
mit.
Found in moist woods at Lynn, and elsewhere. Stems
erect, without branches, except at base, hollow, naked, furrow-
ed, the ridges rough with minute teeth, which arc hardly visi-
ble without a glass. The joints of the stem are surrounded
with short sheaths, coloured with black and white rings, and
toothed at the top. The fruit grows in an ovate, terminal
ament) composed of peltate, six sided scales, bearing the seeds
inside.
The whole surface of the stem is rough, like a file, and is
used in scouring and polishing metallic vessels. Its cuticle,
according to Mr. Davy, contains a considerable portion of sili-
ceous earth.— Perennial.
EquisETUM ARVENSE. L. Field Horsetail.
Fertile scape naked ; barren frond with whoii-
ed branches, decumbent. Z.
260 Class XXIV. Order I.
The fruitful stems of this plant appear in April, and soon
decay. They are erect, smooth, furrowed, and without branch-
es, their joints surrounded with large, swelling sheaths, which
end in long, blackish teeth. Spike terminal, oblong-ovate, with
a membranous border below it. The barren stems are taller and
more durable ; they are erect, or ascending at base, roughish,
their joints furnished with sheaths and large whorls of simple,
ascending branches. These branches are three or four cor-
nered, with sheaths at their joints, ending in the same number
of teeth. — Moist ground, South Boston — Perennial.
BQUISETUM STLVATICUM. L. Wood HorsetaiL
Branches compound, curving downward, rough.
The fertile stems are erect, round, furrowed, jointed. Joints
invested with large, loose sheaths, which divide into a number
of broad teeth at top. Branches very slender, in a whorl pro-
ceeding from the upper joint, immediately below the sheath,
divaricated and curving downward. The second joint from the
top is furnished with a whorl of shorter branches, and some-
times also the third. Ament ovate, terminal, composed like
the rest, of peltate, hexagonal scales. The barren stems are
smaller and higher, their joints all furnished with whorls of
branches, which are much longer, and considerably subdivided
—Low grounds, Roxbury, Cambridge. — Perennial.
INDEX OF THE GENERA,
WITH ACCENTS.
A.
Acalypha
A'cer
Achillea
A'corus
Actaea
Acliantum
Agrimonia
Agrostis
Alisma
A'inus
Alopecurus
Althaea
Amaranthus
Ambrosia
Anagallis
Andromeda
Andropogon
Anemone*
Angelica
Anthemis
Anthoxanthum
Antirrhinum
Apargia
Apocynum
Aquilegia
Aralia
A'rbutus
A'rctium
Arenaria
Arethusa
A'rum
Arxindo
Asclepias
Aspklium
Asplenium
pag.
236
9
A'ster
247
203
A'triplex
Azalea
83
J29
B.
256
Berberis
114
Betula
21
Bidens
87
»220
Brachystemum
Briza
20
Bromus
163
Bunias
222
221
C.
48
Calla
102
Callitrichc
245
Caltha
135
68
Campanula
Cardamine
202
Cai'ex
8
Cassia
151
Castanet
183
Ceanothus
61
Celastrus
133
Centaurella
74
101
Cephalanthus
Cerastium -
185
Chelidonium
108
ClK;lone
208
223
26
Chenopodium
Chrysanthemum
Cichorium
62
Cicuta
252
Circaea
254
Cistus
197
246
52
78
231
188
146
25
26
157
224
2
134
54
158
216
104
224
57
57
34
33
in
129
153
65
193
182
7Q
8
130
The usual English pronunciation is Anemone.
262
INDEX I.
Clematis
Clethra
Cnicus
Collinsonia
Comarum
Comptonia
Conium
Convallaria
Convolvulus
Conyza
Coreopsis
Cornus
Corylus
Crataegus
Cucubalus
Cunila
Cupressus
Cu scuta
Cymbidium
Cynoglossum
Cyperus
Cypripedium
D.
Diictylis
Datura
Dianthus
Dicksonia
Diervilla
Droscra
E'chiuni
E'lymus
Epigaca
Epilobium
Equisetum
Erigeron
Eriocaulon
Erysimum
Erythronium
Eupatorium
Euphorbia
Fagus
Festuca
133
105
Fragaria
Fraxinus
186
7
G.
123
Galium
219
Gaultheria
68
Genista
80
Gentiana
50
Geranium
191
Gerardia
1J04
Geum
37
Glechoma
238
118
110
Glycine
Gnaphalium
Gratiola
7
236
11.
64
Hamamelis
208
47
Hedysarum
Helianthus
14
Helleborus
209
Heracleum
Hibiscus
Hieracium
23
Holcus
51
Hordeum
108
Houstonia
254
56
75
i7
Hydrocotyle
Hyclropeltis
Hyoscyamus
Hypericum
Hypoxis
28
I.
101
Ilex
90
259
Impatiens
I'ris
193
Isnardia
215
I'va
158
82
J.
189
115
Juglans
Jiincus
Juniperus
224
25
K.
Kalmia
123
249
36
101
167
64
161
152
12*5
144
173
191
6
40
169
203
.134
67
164
184
245
28
35
67
135
52
176
80
41
58
12
40
204
228
83
242
103
IXDEX I.
263
L.
Lacuica
Lathyrus
Laurus
Lechea
Leersia
Lernna
Leontodon
Leonurus
Lepidium
Ligustrum
Liiium
Lobelia <
Lolium
Lupinus
Lycopodium
Lycopus
Lysimachia
Lythrum
M.
Magnolia
Malva
Medeola
Medicago
Melampyrum
Mentha
Menyanthes
Mikania
Mimvilus
Mitchella
Mollugo
Monarda
Monotropa
Myosotis
Myrica
Myriophyllum
N.
'Neottia
Nepeta
Nymphaea
Nyssa
CElnothera
Onorlc"?
O.
Onopordon
187
184
O'rchis
206
167
Osmunda
257
97
O'strya
232
29
O'xalis
162
22
215
P.
183
Panicum
18
145
Pedicularis
151
156
Penthorum
111
5
Phleum
21
82
Phytolacca
112
55
Pinus
233
27
Plantago
33
167
Platanus
233
258
Poa
24-
6
Podalyria
104
48
Podophyllura
132
114
Polygala
166
Polygonum
93
Polypodium
252
139
Pontecleria
79
163
Populus
241
85
Portuhlca
114
174
Potamogeton
41
150
Potentilla
124
144
Puthos
39
50
Prenanthes
183
188
Prinus
79
153
Proscrpiniica
30
34
Prunella
149
29
Prunus
118
7
Pteris
256
roe
Pycnanthernum
147
47
Pyrola
105
239
Pyrus
11<9
222
Q-
Quercus
225
2.07
R.
146
Ranunculus
136
132
Raphanus
157
248
Rhexia
91
Rhododendron
102
Rhodora
104
90
Rhus
71
237
Rosa
121
264
I.
Rubus
Rumcx
Sagittaria
Salicornia
Salix
Salsola
Sambiicus
Sahguinaria
Sanicula
Sarothra
Sarracenia
Saxifraga
Schoenus
Scirpus
Sclerunthus
Scrophularia
Scutellaria
Scnecio
Silene
Sinapi
Sison
Sisymbrium
Sisyrinchium
Sium
Smilax
Solanum
Solidago
Sonchus
Sorbus
Spargunium
Spartina
Spergula
Spirata
Stachys
Staticc
121
Stelhirici
86
T.
Teucrium
Thesium
222
Thlaspi
2
Tilia
239
Trichodium
65
Trichostema
71
Trientalis
131
Trifolium
67
Triglochin
73~
Trillium
130
Triostcum
107
Triticum
13
Typha
14
ior
U.
150
U'lmus
148
Uniola
196
U'rtica
110
Utricularia
159
Uvularia
69
158
V.
161
Vaccinium
69
Veratrum
.MO
Verb a scum
53
Verbena
194
Vernonia
185
Veronica
119
Viburnum
218
\"iola
16
Vitis
111
120
X.
146
Xanthium
75
Xyris
IOSI
145
61
156
131
22
149
88
85
85
56
27
219
66
23
220
6
81
92
246
52
148
187
5
70
59
58
221
ERRATA.
Pag-e 9, line 18, for " wool) ," read woolly.
— 12, — 17, for " bisulcis," read bis sulcalis.
— 52, — 22, for " decumbent," read decurrent.
— 179, — 3 from bottom, for" graphiJhmi," reud gnaplialium.
ENGLISH INDEX.
Agrimony
Alder
Amaranth
Angelica
Apple Peru
Arrow grass
Arrow head
Arrow wood
Ash
Aspen
Avens
Baneberries
Barberry
Basil
Bass wood
Bayberry
Beard grass
Bearberry
Beaver tree
Bedstraw
Beech
Bellflower
Bellwort
Bent grass
Bethlehem star
Bilberry
Bindweed
Birch
Birdsnest
Bitter sweet
Black alder
Blackberry
Bladderwort
Bloodroot
Blue eyed grass
Blue grass
Bog rush
Brake
Brome grass
34
114
Buck bean
50
2 2O
Bugloss
47
222
Bulrush
15, 83
68
Burdock
185
51
Burr marygold
188
85
Burr reed
218
222
Butter cups
138
70
Butterfly weed
63
249
Butternut
230
241
Button bush
33
125
Button wood
233
129
Campion
110
78
Cardinal flower
55
147
Carpet weed
29
131
Catchfly
110
240
Catmint
146
245
Catnep
146
101
Cat's tail grass
21
139
Cedar red
242
36
Cedar white
236
224
Celandine
129
54
Chequer berry
34
81
Cherrytree
118
21
Chesnut
224
8
Chickweed
109
92
Chickweed winter-
50
green
88
231
Chokeberry
119
106
Cinquefoil
124
53
Cleavers
31
79
Clivers
36
122
Clover
169
6
Club moss
258
131
Club rush
14
161
Cocum
112
24
Columbine
133
12
Cornel
37
251
Cotton grass
16
26
Couch grass
27
•
266
INDEX II.
Cow parsnep
Cowslip
Cow wheat
Cranberry
Cranesbill
Creeper
Crowfoot
Cucumber root
Cud weed
Cut grass
Dandelion
Darnel
Dewberry
Ditch grass
Dock
Dodder
Dog's bane
Dog's tooth violet
Dogwood
Dragon root
Duck meat
Dutch myrtle
Dyer's weed
Elder
Elm tree
Enchanter's night
Fescue grass
Fever bush
Feverwort
Figwort
Fire weed
Flag
Flag blue
Flag sweet
Flea bane
Flower de luce
Flowering fern
Fox-tail grass
Gentian
Geranium
Germander
Gill
Glasswort
Goldenrod
Goldthread
Goosefoot
Grape
97
GRASS.
134
Arrow grass
85
150
Beard — —
245
92
Bent
21
161
Blue
24
58
Blue eyed — —
161
137
Brome — r-
26
85
Catstail
21
192
Cotton
16
22
Couch
27
183
Cut
,2?.
27
Darnel » >
27
122
Ditch
17
17
Fescue — —
25
86
Foxtail — —
20
64
Herds
21
61
Knot
93
82
Lyme
28
38, 72
Orchard — — i
23
223
Panic ••
18
215
Rattlesnake
25
239
Ray
27
167
Red top
21
71
Reed
26
66
Rough
16
shade 8
Spear — —
24
25
Spike •
23
97
Sedge — —
216
56
Scratch
94
150
Seneca — — —
245
184
Squirrel tail — — -
28
219
Timothy
21
12
Yellow eyed •• •
13
83
Grass poly
114
193
Green briar
240
12
Ground ivy
144
258
Ground laurel
101
20
Groundnut
173
64
Groundsel
196
161
Hacmatack
235
145
Hardhack .
120
144
Hawkweed
182, 184
2
Hazelnut
232
194
Hedge hyssop
6
134
Hedge mustard
158
65
Hedge nettle
146
58
Hemlock
68
Hemlock spvuce
235
INDEX II.
267
Henbane
Herb Robert
Herd's grass
Hickory
Highwater shrub
Hogweed
Honewort
Honeysuckle
Horehound water*
Hornbeam
Horsetail
Horseweed
Indian tobacco
Indigo wild
Ivy
June berry
Knot grass
Knawel
Ladies' slipper
Ladies' traces
Larch
Laurel
Lettuce
Life everlasting
Lily
Lime tree
Loose strife
Louse wort
Lupine
Lyme grass
Maiden hair
Mallow
Maple tree
Marsh rnarygold
Marsh mallow
Marsh rosemary
May apple
Meadow sweet
Melilot
Milk weed
Mint
Monkey flower
Mother wort
Mountain ash
Mullein
Mustard
Nettle
New-Jersey tea
52 Nightshade enchanter's 8
162 Nightshade black 53
21 Nightshade woody 5,3
228 Nonesuch 174
204 Oak 225
65 Orache 246
69 Orchard grass 24
52, 169 Panic grass 18
6 Partridge berry 10!
232,2-48 Pea vine 173
259 Pennywort 6?
Pennyroyal 7
55 Petty morel 74
104 Pickerel weed 79
73 Pigeon's foot 2
.120 Pimpernel 48
93 Pine 233
107 Pine weed 78
209 Pin weed 29
207 Pink 108
235 Pipe wort
102 Plane tree 233
184 Plantain 33
192 Pleurisy root 63
82, 132 Poke root 246
131 Poke weed H2
48 Polypody 252
1 5 1 Pond weed 4 1
167 Poplar 2n41
28 Prim 5
256 Privet 5
1 63 Puccoon 1 3 1
247 Purslane 114
134 Radish 157
163 Raspberry 121
75 Rattlesnake grass 25
1 32 Rattlesnake plantain 207
120 Ray grass 27
169 Redtop 21
62 Reed grass 26
144 Reed mace 219
153 Rib wort 34
145 Rich weed 228
119 River bush 33
52 Roman wormwood 221
159 Rose 121
220 Rose bay 102
57 Rough gra'ss 16
268
INDEX 11.
Rush 83
Salt wort 65
Samphire 2
Sandwort 108
Sanicle 67
Sarsaparilla 74
Sassafras 97
Saxifrage J07
Scabish 91
Scorpion grass 47
Scouring rush 2.59
Scratch grass 94
Scullcap 148
Sea burdock 221
Sea rocket 157
Sedge 216
Self heal 148
Seneca grass 245
Sensitive fern 257
Shagbark 229
Shield fern 252
Shepherd's purse 156
Side-saddle flower 1 30
Silk weed 62
Silver weed 124
Skunk cabbage 39
Snake head 153
Snake weed 70
Snap dragon 1 5 1
Solomon's seal 80
Sorrel 87
Sow thistle 185
Spear grass 24
Speedwell 5
Spice wood 97
Spike grass 23
Spikenard 74
Spleenwort 254
Spruce 234
Spurge 115
Spurrey 111
Squirrel-tail grass 28
Staff tree 57
Stitchwort 110
St. John's wort 177
Strawberry 123
Succory 182
Sumach 71
Sundew 75
Sunflower 203
Swamp pink 52
Sweet fern 2 1 9
Sweet flag 83
Sweet gale 239
Thin grass x 22
Thistle 186
Thorn apple 5 1
Thorn bush 118
Thoroughwort 190
Touch me not 50
Tickseed sunflower 204
Toadflax 151
Tree primrose 90
Trefoil 168
Trumpet weed 190
Tupelo tree 248
Vernal grass 8
Vervain 148
Vine 58
Violet 59
Viper's bu gloss 47
Virgin's bower 133
Walnut 228
Watercress 158
Water flag 219
Water lily 122
Water millfoil 222
Water parsnep 69
Water pepper 93
Water plantain 87
Water starwort
Water target 135
Waxwork 57
White weed 193
Whortleberry 92
Wild indigo 1 04
Willow 239
Willow herb 90
Winterberry 79
Wintergreen 105
Witchhazel 40
Wood sorrel 1 62
Wood waxen 167
Woody nightshade 5"
Yarrow 203
Yellow eyed grass 1 3
f-i'.' \-J •'- , ' *'•'-•• lV'*-'-'''f}^ '••'.''.;''^':';' ''• •"
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11