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Full text of "Florula cestrica : an essay towards a catalogue of the phænogamous plants, native and naturalized, growing in the vicinity of the borough of West-Chester, in Chester County, Pennsylvania ; to which is subjoined an appendix of the useful cultivated plants of the same district"

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UNIVERSITY  OF   PITTSBURGH 


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A9    ESSAT   T0Wi.BD9 

A  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  PHiENOGAMOUS  PLANTS^ 

NATIVE  ANB  JJ-ATTJllALIZED, 
GROWING    IN    THP.    VlfilNITY    OF    THE 

BOROUGH  OF  WESTCHESTER, 

IN  CHESTER  COUNTY,  PENNSYLVANIA; 

"^  ^ITH  BRIEF  NOTICES  OF  THEIR   PROPERTIES,   AND  USES,  IN  MEDICINE,  j 

RURAL,  ECONOMY,   AND  THE  ARTS, 

TO    WHICH    IS    SUBJOINED 

OF  THE  SAME  DISTRICT 


37  WZLLIAM:  DAHLXNaTON,  M.  D. 


Ore  trahit  quodcunqice  potest,  atque  addit  acervo.     Hor. 


WEST-CHESTER,  PENN. 

FRINTED  TOR  THE  AUTHOR,   BY  SIMEON  SIEGFRIED, 
1826. 


ALSO  INSCRIBED, 


AS    A    TRIBUTE    OF    AFFECTION^, 
TO  THE  MEMORY  OF  MY  EARLY  AND  ESTIMABLE  FRIEND; 

I-ATE  SURGEON  IN  THE  NAVY   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  : 

A  MAN  IN  WHOJI    THE    LOVE   OF    SCIENCE 

WAS  EQUALLED  ONLY   BY   HIS   BENEVOLENCE   TOWARDS  HIS  FELLOW  CREATURES. 

WHO,    TO   A  MOST   AMIABLE  SIMPLICITY  OF  CHARACTER, 

UNITED   A  RARE   SAGACITY,  AND  AN  INDEFATIGABLE  ACTIVITY. 

IN  THE  PROSECUTION  OF  BOTANICAL  KNOWLEDGE. 

HIS  ARDOR  IN  THE  PURSUIT, 

VZD  HIM  TO  UNDERTAKE  AN  EXPEDITION  TO  WHICH  HIS  DECLINING  HEALTH 
WAS  TOTALLY   INADEQUATE  : 

AND,  ON  THE  BANKS  OF  THE  MISSOURI, 

FAR  FROM  THE   BOSOM  OF  HIS  FAMILY, 

AND  THE   CIRCLE  OF  HIS   ANXIOUS  FRIENDS, 

HE  FOUND  AN  UNTIMELY  GRAVE; 


'•  Manibus  date  Liiia  plenis; 


Purpureos  spargam  flores,  animamque  Jlmici 
His  saltern  accumulem  donis,  et  funnar  inanj 

Mnncrc." 

W.  D, 


PREFACE. 


THE  followins  Catalogue  was  undertaken  a  number  of  years  a^o— at  a  time  when  the  works  which 
prcft'ssed  to  treat  of  the  plants  of  this  country  were  few  in  number,  and  those  few  far  from  being  complete. 

Having  experienced  much  difficulty  from  the  want  of  satisfactory  aids,  when  I  began  to  investigate  our 
native  vegetables,  it  very  early  occurred  to  me,  that  if  the  lovers  of  Botany  throughout  the  United  States 
were  to  prepare  and  publish  local  Floras^  or  Catalogues  of  the  plants  of  their  respective  neighborhoods, — 
carefully  describing  such  as  were  little  known,  or  had  been  entirely  overlooked,— it  would  be  the  readiest 
mode  of  obtaining  the  materials  for  that  great  desideratum,  a  complete  American  Flora.  It  was  under 
this  impression  that  I  began  to  collect  the  plants  of  this  vicinity— with  the  intention  of  publishing  a  list  of 
them,  in  a  form  that  should    exhibit  the  views  which  I  entertained  respecting  such  local  contributions. 

In  pursuance  of  this  plan,  I  v/as  actually  preparing  the  present  catalogue  for  the  press,  when  the  appear- 
ance of  Mr.  Pursh's  valuable  Flora  induced  me  to  pause,  and  revise  my  humble  performance.  The  subse- 
quent publication  of  Mr.  Nuttall's  e.xceilent  work  on  the  North  American  Genera,  and,  more  especially, 
of  Dr.  Barton's  Flora  Philadelphica,— which  comprised  the  greater  portion  of  the  plants  of  this  district,— 
seemed  to  supersede  the  utility  of  my  project;  and  I  relinquished,  for  a  time,  all  idea  of  printing.  My  at- 
tention, however,  to  the  subject  of  a  local  Flora,  was  not  remitted;  but,  on  the  contrary,  avaihng  myself  of 
the  assistance  afforded  by  those  recent  works,  (as  well  as  by  the  admirable  Sketch,  of  Mr.  Elliott,)  I  pro- 
secuted my  investigations  with  renewed  diligence.  I  had,  moreover,  the  pleasure  to  communicate  a  taste 
for  botanical  studies  to  several  intelligent  gentlemen  of  the  vicinity,  who  materially  aided  me  in  my  re- 
searches,—and  who  have  since  embarked,  with  a  laudable  zeal,  in  a  more  extensive  exploration  of  the 
Natural  History  of  this  region.  At  the  instance  of  those  gentlemen— and  with  a  hope  that  it  might  be 
found  somewhat  useful,  as  a  sort  of  Index  to  the  Botany  of  tiie  district,— and  perhaps  be  instrumental  in 
inciting  the  youth  of  the  County  to  prosecute  such  researches— I  finally  resolved  to  print  a  few  copies.  I 
was  the  more  readily  induced  to  do  so,  from  having  on  iny  hands  the  accompanying  engravings,  which  I 
had  procured  for  the  work  several  years  before. 

Such  is,  briefly,  the  history  of  the  present  catalogue.  It  has  no  pretensions  to  any  thing  more  than  a 
faithful  endeavor  to  present  a  view  of  the  character  and  distribution  of  the  phaenogamous  plants  of  this  vicin- 
ity. Nevertheless,  local  and  circumscribed  as  it  is,  and  imperfect  as  I  am  sensible  it  must  be,— I  am  wil- 
ling to  flatter  myself  that  when  its  original  design  is  considered,  the  cultivators  of  Botany,  in  the  United 
States,  will  be  disposed  to  regard  it  with  indulgent  liberality.  To  them  it  is  submitted  as  a  mere  coup 
d'essai,— ihe  first  offering  of  an  ardent  admirer  of  the  science,  who  would  be  happy  to  contribute  his  mite, 
in  any  way,  towards  promoting  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  American  Plants. 

The  plan  of  the  work  is  that  which  I  had  originally  adopted;  e.xcept  that  I  finally  determined  to  annex  to 
the  authority,  cited  for  each  genus  and  species,  a  very  brief  description,  drawn  from  the  best  sources  with- 
in my  reach,— and  carefully  compared,  as  far  as  practicable,  with  specimens  before  me.  In  this  way  I 
thought  I  could  render  the  catalogue  more  satisfactory,  by  giving  the  reader  some  clue  to  the  characters  of 
the  plants  enumerated— and  perhaps  enable  him  to  comprehend  more  distinctly  what  it  was  I  intended, 
where  I  have  been  mistaken.  I  have  given  a  number  of  the  %/io)ii/ms  of  late  writers  on  American  Plants, 
with  a  view  to  the  same  object.  I  regret  exceedingly  that  I  did  not  possess  the  first  volume  of  Dr.  Tor- 
rey 's  excellent  Flora,  until  it  was  too  late  to  avail  myself  of  the  instruction  it  affords.  In  my  estimation,  it 
gives  the  most  clear  and  satisfactory  account  of  the  plants  of  this  region,  that  has  yet  appeared,  and  had  I 
been  so  fortunate  as  to  have  obtained  it  in  time>  I  should  certainly  have  adopted,  to  a  very  great  extent, 
both  its  arrangement  and  nomenclature.  Taken  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Elliott's  sketch  of  the  Botany  of 
the  South,  it  will,  when  completed;  laave  but  little  to  desire,  as  to  the  descriptions  of  the  known  plant';  of 
the  United  States 

52 


vi  PREFACE. 

I  have  takeii  some  pains  to  collect  tlie  various  Common  Names  by  which  the  plants  are  designated,  in  this 
part  of  the  country;  for  it  seems  to  me  that  the  very  uncertainty  which  attends  them,  renders  it  important 
that  they  should  be  carefully  enumerated.  The  same  plants  are  known  by  different  names,  in  different 
neighborhoods,— and  the  same  names  are  often  applied  to  very  different  plants.  Indeed  there  is  scarcely 
any  tning  more  vague  and  confused,  than  the  vulgar  botanical  nomenclature, — a  circumstance  which  some- 
times leads  to  serious  mistakes,  in  relation  to  plants  possessed  of  active  properties:  and  I  apprehend  there 
is  no  mode  so  likely  to  obviate  the  difficulty— if  not  to  correct  the  evil — as  a  complete  list  of  those  local 
appellations. 

The  time  ^f  flowering,  given  in  this  catalogue,  is  intended  to  designate  the  period  when  the  flowers  begin 
to  open.  From  the  observations  of  twenty  years,  I  find  the  range  in  the  date  of  their  appearance, —especial- 
ly in  our  spring  flowers, — is  about  ten  days:  and  I  have  accordingly  noted  the  beginning,  7nsiZf?/c,  and  latter 
end  of  each  month,  with  reference  to  such  range.  Under  the  impression  that  it  would  be  infcresting,  and 
indeed  of  practic-il  utility  to  the  cultivators  of  plants,  I  have  annexed  to  the  time  of  flowerinp:,  the  time  at 
which  Ihe  fruit  is  matured,  so  farasi  have  had  occasion  to  observe  the  fact:  leaving  a  blank  where  the 
date  has  escaped  notice,  to  be  filled  by  future  observations. 

In  givinj^the  habitat,  my  object  was  first  to  mention  the  general  character  of  the  soil,  or  situation;  and 
then  to  refer  to  some  particular  locality,  in  which  I  had  found  the  plant— unless  it  were  so  common  as  to 
render  such  reference  superfluous.  To  these  I  have  subjoined  the  usual  size,  or  height  of  the  plant,  with 
us;  and  also  the  prevailing  color  of  its  flowers. 

As  the  knowledge  of  natural  objects  is  chiefly  desirable  on  account  of  ibe'ir  properties,— vrhether  useful 
or  pernicious, — I  have  briefly  noticed  such  of  our  plants  as  are  endowed  with  either  character; — more  par- 
ticularly those  which  are  known)  or  reputed,  to  possess  valuable  properties>  in  medicine,  rural  economy, 
and  the  arts. 

To  the  catalogue  of  our  native  and  naturalized  plants,  I  have  added  an  vl;)p«wfJ(r,  containing  a  list  of 
thpse  which  are  cultivated,  in  this  vicinity,  for  the  sake  of  some  useful  property.  My  object  in  this  was, 
in  the  first  place,  to  afford  an  idea  of  the  number  and  character  of  those  plants  which  engage  the  attention 
of  our  practical  farmers,  and  gardeners,  at  the  present  day,  as  articles  of  utility.  It  seemed  to  me,  that  by 
throwing  them  into  a  distinct  groupe,  it  would  exhibit  a  somewhat  interesting  view  of  the  actual  extent  of 
our  vegetable  culture,  as  well  as  indicate  the  plants  which  are  now  deemed  most  valuable,  or  best  adapted 
to  our  soil  and  climate.  In  the  next  place,  I  thought  it  might  be  gratifying  to  some  of  our  young  Agricul- 
turists, who  are  attending  to  Natural  Science,  to  have  the  objects  of  their  annual  care  and  labor  presented 
to  them  in  a  botanical  point  of  view;  and  that  it  might  possibly  induce  them  to  acquire  sucli  additional 
knowledge  of  those  objects  as  would  lead  to  beneficial  results,  in  practice.  I  am  i)articularly  desirous  that 
our  young  Farmers  should  blend  a  portion  of  scientific  research  and  observation  with  the  labors  of  the 
field.  So  far  from  its  being  idle,  or  unprofitable,  1  sincerely  believe  it  would  promote  their  most  substan- 
tial interestsp—wliilst  I  am  very  sure  it  would  add  to  their  stock  of  rational  pleasures,  and  elevate  the  char- 
acter of  their  profession. 

Having  said  thus  much  in  relation  to  the  origin  and  general  design  of  this  Catalogue,  it  remains  to  add  a 
few  words  touching  a  circumstance  which  will  probably  subject  me  to  the  charge  of  temerity,  if  not  cl 
presumption.  I  allude  to  the  change  that  I  have  ventured  to  suggest,  in  the  name  and  position  of  the  Lin- 
nsean  Class,  Icosandria.  I  am  by  no  means  friendly  to  idle  or  wanton  innovations  in  scientific  arrange- 
ments, or  language:  nor  would  I  have  risked  the  imputation,  in  this  instance,  if  I  had  been  engaged  in  an3- 
thing  of  more  consequence  than  a  mere  local  Catalogue.  But  while  it  still  remains  in  some  degree  uncer- 
tain how  the  Classes  of  the  Sexual  System  will  be  finally  settled,  I  thought  there  could  be  no  great  harm  in 
suggesting,  in  such  a  performance  as  this,  an  alteration  which  seemed  to  me  to  be  an  improvement. 

The  Class  Icosandria  is  unquestionably  a  highly  natural  one — of  which  the  name,  given  by  LinnEEU?, 
conveys  no  accurate  idea:  and  yet  his  attention  to  the  jjojuc,  evidently  led  him  to  exclude  from  it  some 
plants  which,  in  my  opinion,  ought  to  belong  to  it.  It  is  called  Icosandria,  because  the  greater  number  of 
the  Cenera  belonging  to  it  have  about  twenty  stamina.  But  this  is  by  no  mean*  the  essential  character  of 
the  Class;  for  Linnspus  himself  says,  "Pro  characters  tamen  non  assumendus  est  numerus,  cum  omnes 
]iolyandri  staminibus  parieli  interno  calycis  inse7-tis  (non  vero  reccptaculo)  htic  amandcndi  s?nf ."  It  is 
the  insertion  of  the  staMna  upon  the  calyx  which  marks  the  true  character  of  the  Class:  and  I  humbly  con- 
ceive that  all  hermaphrodite  plants  thus  characterized  ought  to  be  referred  to  the  same  Class,  without 
regard  to  the  number  of  the  stamina.  Hence  I  can  perceive  no  good  reason  why  the  genus  Ribes,  which  has 
but  yJtie  stamina,  may  not  be  introduced  into  this  natural  assemblage,  as  well  as  £ugenia,  Rosa,  and  some 
others,  in  which  the  stamina  are  very  numerous.  Neither  of  those  Genera  have  any  pretension  to  the 
ua7ne  Icosandria,  strictly  speaking:  j-et  they  perlainly  ail  sgrce  in  the  essential  characteristic  of  the 


PREFA.CE.  vu 

Class.  The  same  remark  mny  be  ir.aJe  in  velation  to  some  other  genera,  whicb  the  later  Botanists  have  al- 
ready transferred  thither,— although  they  have  fewer  than  twenty  stamina,— such  as  Agrimonia,  Cuphca, 
&c.  and  it  might  probably  be  extended  with  propriety  still  further;  so  as  to  comprehend  JVleZastoma,  and 
indeed  every  other  genus  in  which  the  stamina  (and  the  petals,  when  present,)  are  inserted  regularly  upon 
the  inner  edge,  or  rim,  of  a  concave  monophyllous  perianth.  It  was  from  this  view  of  the  subject,  that  I 
was  induced  to  propose  the  name  of  Calyca!VDRIA,  as  being  more  appropriate,  and  correct.  This  term 
is  expressive  of  the  true  character  of  the  Class;  and  is  sustained  by  analogy  in  the  Linnjean  name, 
Gynandria. 

Every  Botanist  will  at  once  perceive  the  nature  of  the  suggestion,— and  will  form  his  own  cpinioa 
whether  or  not  it  is  worthy  to  be  entertained,  or  considered.  Very  probably  the  old  name,  having  been 
imposed  by  the  great  founder  of  the  Sexual  System,  and  consecrated  by  long  usage,  will  centinue  to  be 
preferred— although,  like  the  name  October  for  the  Tsnth  month,  it  does  not  express  what  it  means.  Certain 
it  is,  however,  that  a  veneration  for  high  authority  has  not  deterred  the  Moderns  from  a&o/js/iiwg  whole 
Linncnan  Classes,  whatever  eflect  it  may  have  in  preventing  the  modification  of  Linnaan  Names!  But 
let  the  decision,  in  this  in.stance,  be  what  it  may,  it  is  deemed  unnecessary  to  enlarge  upon  a  proposition  so 
obvious  in  its  character.  I  shall  content  myself  with  having  respectfully  submitted  the  idea;  and  will  dis- 
miss the  subject  without  further  remark, — ex'cept  merely  to  observe,  that  I  have  placed  this  Class  after 
Polyandria,  for  the  sake  of  keeping  in  an  uninterrupted  series  all  the  Classes  which  are  founded  upon  thfc 
number  of  the  stamina. 

I  cannot  in  justice  conclude  without  acknowledging  the  obligations  I  am  under  to  a  few  botanical  friends 
for  their  kind  and  liberal  aid,  during  the  progress  of  this  Essay.  To  the  Rev.  Mr.  Schweijtitz,  in  par- 
ticular, I  am  indebted  for  information,  which  was  of  the  greatest  advantage  to  me  in  determining  many  of 
our  plants.  That  gentleman  was  so  obliging  as  to  examine  the  greater  portion  of  my  doubtful  specimens; 
and  to  favor  me  wiih  his  opinions, — and  many  interesting  remarks,— of  which  I  have  been  careful  to  avail 
mj'self. 

My  lamented  friend,  the  late  Doctor  "Wij.i.ia:m  Baldwix,  (who  was  born  and  educated  in  this  vicin- 
ity,) afforded  me  much  important  assistance  during  the  earlier  period  of  my  researches;  and  indicated  the 
localities  of  a  number  of  our  rarer  plants.  Had  his  valuable  life  been  longer  spared,  my  catalogue  would 
doubtless  have  been  less  imperfect— »rot  to  say  more  worthy  of  the  notice  of  the  cultivators  of  American 
Botany.  To  him  I  submitted  my  suggestion,  relative  to  changing  the  name,  and  location,  of  the  Linnasan 
Class,  Icosandria;  and  it  was  his  decided  approbation  of  the  proposition,  which  emboldened  me  to  present 
it  to  the  votaries  of  the  Science. 

To  my  friends  Zaccheus  Com.it^s,  Esquire,  and  Mr.  D.  Steinhauer,  of  Philadelphia,  I  am  also 
under  many  obligations,  for  their  kindness  and  attention,  in  examining  specimens,  and  otherwise  aiding  me 
in  my  investigations. 

After  this  catalogue  went  to  press,  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  commence  an  occasional  correspondence 
with  that  distinguished  Naturalist,  Professor  Totirey,  of  West  Point;  which  correspondence  has,  to 
me,  been  a  source  of  instruction  and  pleasure— alloyed  only  by  a  regret  that  I  had  not  earlier  enjoyed  that 
advantage.  For  the  information,  and  speciivians,  received  from  him,  I  beg  leave  here  to  offer  my  sincere 
and  grateful  acknowledgments. 

'^  "  It  may  he  satisfactory  to  those  at  a  distance,  who  may  honor  this  catalogue  with  a  glance  at  its 
content?,  to  state,  that  the  Borough  of  JVesl-Chestir,— in  nnd  around  which  the  enumerated  plants  were 
collected, — is  the  County  Town,  and  Seat  of  Justice  of  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  about 
two  miles  East  of  the  Eastern  branch  of  Brandy  wine  Creek,— and  about  three  miles.  North  Easterly,  from 
the  junction  of  the  two  main  branches  of  that  stream;  five  miles  South  of  the  great  Limestone  Valley, 
which  extends  from  the  Schuylkill  to  the  Susquehanna;  sixteen  miles  North  AVesterly  from  Wilmington, 
Delaware;  and  twenty  three  miles  West  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia.  The  ground,  on  which  the  Village 
stands,  is  high,— being,  in  fact,  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters  of  the  Brandy  wine,  and  Chester  Creek; 
and  the  face  of  the  adjacent  country  is  somewhat  hilly,  and  irregular.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  stiff  loam — 
sometimes  quite  clayey— and  generally  in  a  highly  improved  state  of  culture.  About  two  miles  North  of 
West-Chester,  there  is  an  elevated  slaty  district, or  stripe  of  land,  from  two  to  three  miles  wide,  which 
runs  South  of,  and  parallel  with,  the  Great  Valley, — extending  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W. — known  by  the 
name  of  "  the  Barrens."  Immediately  South  of  the  Slaty  Barrens,  is  a  vein  of  Serpentine  Rock,  which 
occasionally  rises  in  rugged,  broken  spurs,  that  are  extremely  sterile;  and  upon  which  are  to  be  found  some 
plants  that  seem  to  be  peculiar  to  that  kind  of  soil — such  as  the  Talinum,  Scleria,  Atheropogon,  Arenaria 
atricta,  &c.— One  of  the  largest  of  those  Serpentine  banks,  or  ridges,  called  "  the  Barren  Ridge,''  occurs 
about  a  mile  N.  E.  of  the  Borough. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  REFERENCES. 


Bart.  Fl.  Phil,  or  Fl.  Phil.— Barton's  Flora  Philadelphica. 

Big.  ot  Big.  Fl.  £osi.— Bigelow'sFlorula  Bostoniensis. 

^oer/j. —Hermanni  Boerhaave,  Historia  Plantarum  in  Horto  Academico  Lugduni-Batavorum- 

Cat. — Calyx.     Ca^s.  Capsule,  or  Capsules.     Cor.  Corolla. 

Cyclop,  or  Sm.  C^d.— Smith,  in  Rees's  Cyclopaedia. 
De  T/teis. — Glossaire  de  Botanique. 
£at.  or  Eaton — Manual  of  Botany. 

£/;.— Elliott's  Sketch  of  the  Botany  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

Fil.  or  Fj/am.— Filaments.    Fl.— Floret;  puts  forth  flowers.    Fr.  maf .— Fractasmaturus;  fruit  mature- 
Gen.  P/.— Linnaei  Genera  Plantarum,  curante  Schrebero. 
/?■«&.— Habitat,  or  Habitatio:  the  natural  or  visual  place  of  growth. 
Sort.  A'cw.— Alton's  Hortus  Kewensis. 

Juss.  Ocn.  PZ.— Antonii  Laurentii  De  Jussieu  Genera  Plantarum. 
Marsh-  or  Mil. — Marshall's  Arbustum  Americanum. 
Mx. — Michaux's  Flora  Boreali- Americana. 

Mx.  Arb. — Michaux's  Arbres  Forestiers  de  L'Amerique  Septentrionale. 
Jiluhl — Muhlenberg's  Catalogue;  and  Graminum  Descriptio. 
H'ect. — Nectary,  or  Nectaries. 

JVutt.  Gen-  or  iV««.— Nuttall's  Genera  of  North  American  Plants 
P«r«oon.— Persoon's  Synopsis  Plantarum. 
PA.— Pursh's  Flora  America;  Septentrionalis. 
.Reccpf.— Receptacle. 

iScAflJp/.— Schoepf's  Materia  Medica  Americana. 
Schw. — Schweinitz;  Monographs  of  Viola  and  Carer. 
Sm.  or  Sm.  Fl.  Brii.— Smith's  Flora  Britannica. 
iSiam.— Stamen,  or  Stamens.     Stig.  Stigma,  or  Stigmas. 
Synon. — Synonyms;  other  names  for  the  same  plants. 
Tor.— Torrey's  Flora  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States. 
fFg.- Withering's  Arrangement  of  British  Plants. 
Willd. — Willdenow's  Species  Plantarum. 

SCF"  With  a  view  to  gratify  a  curiosity,  in  others,  which  I  always  felt  myself,  I  have  attempted  to  give  the 
Etymology,  or  derivation  of  the  Generic  Names,  so  far  as  I  could  ascertain  the  same.  My  authorities  are 
chiefly  De  Theis,  Boerhaave,  and  Rees's  Cyclopadia.  Not  having  Greek  types  at  hand,  I  have  used  the 
Italic  Y  to  represent  the  Greek  Upsilon,  in  all  cases  where  it  is  rendered  by  the  letter  Y,  in  the  formalioa 
of  the  derivative  name. 

I  have  also,  at  the  particular  request  of  some  of  the  young  cultivators  of  Botany  in  this  vicinity,  annexecl 
a  Glossakv,  containing  a  brief  explanation  of  the  principal  descriptive  terms  used  iu  the  Catalogue. 


It^BBMVM 


OF    THE    PRIXCIPAL    BOTANICAL    TERMS    USED    IN    THE    DESCRIPTIOXS. 
I.V    THIS    CATALOGUE. 


Abortive.    Not  perfecting  the  fruit.  '  Biternate.    When  the  petiole  is  ternate,  and  each 

Jicerose    _L,eat.     rveedle-form;   or  linenr,  acute,  and        divisioa  bearing  three  leaflets. 
ArZ^'^'^l""  V?f,  "'  ^^^T^"'  Z^''-  ,  t.  I  ^"'ir  "J  ^  <-'orolla .     The  spreading  brim  of  a  Co- 

^cine.  ^  i.oe^lutle  globule  ot  a  compound  berry.        |       rolla  of  more  than  one  petal. 

?  prickles  which  are  affixed  to  the  ,  Bracldate.     Branches    nearly  horizontal,  opposite. 


Aculeate.    H 

bark  only,  and  not  to  the  wood 
Acamiiiati>.     Ending  in  a  suddenly  tapering  point. 
Acute.     Terminating  in  an  angle;  not  rounded. 
Adnute.     Adhfrring,  flxed  or  growing  to. 

Aggregate.     Collected  on  the  same  receptacle:  or 
embraced  by  a  common  calyx - 

Alate.     Winged;  having  a  membranous  border- 

Ament      P'lower-bearing  scales  arranged  on  a  tden- 
der  receptacle. 

Amphxic'iul-     Embracing  or  clasping  the  stem. 

Ancipitul.    Somewhat    flatted,  with   two  opposite 
edges. 

Andrcgynous.     Having    male   and   female  flowers 
distinct,  but  on  the  same  plant,  or  spike. 

Anther.    The  knob,  or  capsule,  containing  the  pol- 
len: usually  supported  on  a  filament. 

Apetalo7t9.     Not  having  a  corolla,  or  petals. 

Aprx.     Tiie  tin,  summit,  or  end. 

Appressed.     Pressed  to,  or  squeezed  close. 

Approximate.     Growing  near  each  other. 

ArUlatc.     Applied   to    seeds  which    have 
outer  coat,  {or  arillus,)  that  falls 
ously. 

Aristate.    Awned:  having  awns. 

Armed.     Having  thorns,  or  prickles. 

Ascending.    Rising  gradually  between  a  horizontal 
and  vertical  position. 

Asturgent.    Risiag  in   a  curve    from    a  declined 
base. 

Attenuate.    Tapering  gradually  till  it  becomes  slen- 
der. 

Auriculate.     Having    rounded    appendages    at  the 
base,  like  ears. 

Awn.    Aslenderprocess,  issuing  from  the  chaff,  in 
grassps. 

Ari/.     The  angle  formed  by  a  branch  with  the  stem, 
or  by  a  leaf  with  the  branch. 

ArVhiry.     Proceeding  from,  or  growing  in,  the  axil. 

Banner.    The  upper  petal  in  a  papilionaceous  flow- 
er. 

Barb.    A  straight  process  armed  with  one  or  more 
teeth,  pointing  backwards. 


and  decussate. 

Bracie.  Floral  leaf.  A  leaf  nearer  among  the  flow- 
ers, and  diiFerent  from  the  other  leaves. 

Bracteate.     Furnished  with  bractes. 

Branchlet.  A  little  branch:  a  sub-division  of  a 
branch. 

Bristles.    Very  stiff  hairs;  simple  or  hooked 

Bulb.  The  winter  receptacle  of  certain  plants,  pla- 
ced for  the  most  part  immediately  on  the  root.  It 
is  either  solid,  scaly,  coated,  or  "iointed. 

Bulb-bearing.    Producing  bulbs  above  ground. 

Caducous.     Falling  off  quickly. 

Calcarnte.  Spurred:  having  a  process  resembling 
a  horn,  or  cock's  spur. 

Calceifortn.    Shaped  like  a  shoe,  or  slipper. 

Cahjcandrous.     Bearing  the  stamens  on  the  calyx. 

Calyculate.     Having  a  calyx.     A  calyculate  calyx, 

IS  a  calyx  having  acalycle,  or  little  additional  ca- 

ly.\  at  its  base. 

I  Calyx.    The  cup  or  outer  covering  of  a  flower; 

loose  I      mo.stly  green,  or  in  botanical  language,  not  colored' 


spontane- 


Campanulatc.     In  the  form  of  abeL 
Canaliculate.     Channelled,  or  grooved. 
Caneicent.    Hoary;  covered  with  a  white  pubes- 
cence. 
Capillaceous,  and  Capillary.    Long  and  fine,  like  a 

hair. 
Capitate.    Head-form:  growing  in  a  head. 
Capsule.     A  dry,  membranous,  hollow  seedvessel, 
mostly  opening  by  valves,  in  some  determinate 
manner. 
Carinate.     Keeled:  having  a  ridge  resembling  the 

keel  of  a  boat. 
Carnose.     Fleshy:  more  firm  than  pulp. 
Cartilaginous.    Hard  and  somewhat  flexible:  like 
i      gristle. 

;  Cauda.    A  tail.     Caudate.    Having  a  tail. 
,  Cauline     Belonging  to,  or  growing  on  the    maia 
;      stem. 

!  Cernuous.     Drooping,  or  nodding. 
I  Cespitosa.    Many  stems  growing    from  the    same 
root;  forming  a  turt,  or  tussock. 


i"*-   T  ^'^[.^'"^"ng  by  a  process  m  the  form  ol ,  Chaff.     A  thin^  dry  membrane:   mostly  applied  to 
a  birUs  bill.  I      the  glumes,  or  seed  covers  of  the  grasses. 

Beard.     Parrallel  hairs.  \  Chr,ffy.     Bearing  chaff;  or  re.sembling  chaff 

;!i!;?':„u./"JiT.P^"'^*''P  ^'^^°"t  valves,  contain-  |  C!iannelk(l.     Haying  longitudinal  grooves 


ing  naked  seeds 
Bibracteate.    Having  twobractes. 
Bllentate.     Having  two  teeth. 
Bifid     Two  cleft,  or  split  into  two  segments. 
Bifurcitc.    Forked:  dividing  by  pairs. 
Bilabicte.    Having  two  lips. 
Bilocvlar.     Having  two  cells 


Ciliate.     Fringed;    edged  wilh  parallel    hairs,  re- 
sembling eye-lashes. 
Cirrhose.     Terminating  in  a  tendril. 
Circumseisscd.     Cut  round;  or  opening  horizontal- 
ly, like  a  snuff-bo.\". 
Class.     The  highest  or  primary  division  of  plants, 
_..„.„...,.     ,.„,... a  i..^  ^^tii^.  or  other  natural  objects,  in  a  sy.«tem 

bipinnate.     The  common  petiole  having    pmnate  1  Clavate.     Club-shaped;  growing  larger  towards  the 
leaves  on  each  side  of  It.  end.  r     '=  o       t  luc 

Bipinnntifid.    Thp  common  petiole  having  pinnati-    Clam.    The  lower  narrow    part  of  a  petal    in    a 
silf-wr  °K!tiS."tw^  hP.t.  polypetalous  corolla,  by  which   it  is  fi.xed '  to  the 

mrosivatc-    Havmg  two  beaks  receptacle,  or  calyx. 


GLOSSxVRY. 


Cleft.    Split  down  in  a  Jtrsi^ht  line  towards    the    DcchnalB.    Curved  downwards,  archwise. 

base;  but  not  so  de  ep  as  whni  it  is  Xtrm^d  parted.    Decompound   Leaf     When  the  petiole  is  divided, 
Clvpeate.     Resembling  a  shield,  or  tai get.  1      and  each  division  bearing  a  compound  leat. 

Voadunate.  Joined  together,  or  united  at  base.  Decawhant.     When  the  oase  is  erect,  and  the  re- 

Coated.  Co^si^ting  of  concentric  layers,  or  skins,—        main.ier  procumbent. 

as  the  bulb  of  an  onion,  ,       Decurrent  Le^af.     When  its  two  edges  are   contin- 

Coa^taneous.    Appearing  at  the  same  time  with  the  |      ued  down  the  stem,  on  which  it  '^.'f  e-'led- 

leaves  i-i  »  Decussate.     Giowing    in    pairs,    which  alternately 

Cochleaie.    Coiled  spirally,  like  a  snail-shell.  LT'!  ^'"''\?"'f;  m.  ■ 

Colored.     Any  other  color  than  green,  \  Deflected     Bent  down  archWise.  .   ^     .   „„ 

Cohimdla.    The  central  pillar  ma  capsule,  to  which    -^^f^Jf^n^    Opening;  the  natural  opening  ot    cap. 

the  seeds  are  affixed. 
Common.    Including    or    sustaining    several    parts 


similar  among  themselves. 
Compact.     Condensed,  or  pressed  together. 
Complete  Flower.     Having  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
Compound    Flower.     Con^isling  ot    several  synge- 
nesious  florets,  in  a  common  calyx,    and   sealed 
on  a  common  receptacle. 
Ccympound  Leaf.    When  several  leaflets  grow  on  a 

common  petiole.  ,        ,        ,      r 

Compound  Umbel.     When  each  peduncle  ot  an  urn-  | 

bel  bears  an  umbellule,  or  partial  umbel. 
Compressed.     Flattened,  as  if  ^quepzed  or  pressed. 
Condup/icate  Leaf.    Shut  or    folded  together  like 

the  leaves  of  a  book. 
Cone.    An  anient  with  woody  scales;  as  in  the  pine: 
Also  used  for  the  fruit  of  the  hop,  &c.  and  ConiC, 
or  Conoid,  indicates  the  fitiure  ot  a  cone. 
Conglomerate.     Clustered,  or  heaped  together. 
Connate.     Growing  together  at  base. 
Connivent.  Meeting  or  bending  towards  each  other. 
Contorted.     Twisted:  or  obliquely  overlapping. 
Contrary.     Apiilied    to   partitions,    in    a    pericarp, 

which  are  not  parral'el  with  the  valves. 
Convolute.    Rolled  into  a  cyluidnc  form. 
Coralloid.     Resembling  coral,  in  figure. 
Cordate.     Shaped  like  a  heart.    It  is  also  compound- 
ed with  other  words  to  designate  forms— as 
Cordate-oblong.     Oblong  , with  a  cordate  base. 
Cordate-ovate.    Ovate,    with  the    base  somewhat 

cordate. 
Coriaceous.     Leathery,  or  parchment-hke. 
Corolla.     The  delicate  covering,  or  portion   ot  the 
flower,  standing  next  to  the  stamens,  and  mostiy 
colored:  often  called  the  Blossom. 
Corollule.    A  little  corolla ;  in  a  compound  flower. 
Corymb.     A  mode  of  flowering  resembling  an  Um- 
bel, nearly  level   at  top,  but   with   the  peduncles 
of  different  lengths;  as  y»rrr>\v,  &c. 
Corymbose.     After  the  manner  ot  a  corymb. 
Coti'led.     The  edges  meeting  below,  and  expanding 

above:  like  a  hood  thrown  back. 
Creeping.     Running  along  the  ground  and  putting 

forth  small  roots. 
Crenaie.     Notched  on  the  edge,  with  the  segments 
circular,  and  not  inclining  towards  either  extremity. 
Crenulaie.    Very  finely  crenate. 
Crested. Having  an  >.,,-.  1 1  ■:--   ik  ■  i  cr3st,o.-  tutt. 
C.ri$p.  Curled;  or  wavy  at  the  edges. 
Crowded     Thick-set:  standing  in  close  order. 
Croion.    The  pappuf^,  or  other  appendage,  on  ihe 

top  of  some  seeds. 
Cacullate.     Cowled:  which  see.     _ 
Culm.    The  hollow  .jointed  stem  ol  the  grasses,  and 

grain-bearing  plants.     .  . 
Culmiferoiis.     Having  a  jomted  stem,  or  culm. 
Cuneate,  andCutiW/ow..    Wedge    shaped;  narrow 

downwards,  or  towards  the  base.  , 

Cuf^'-idate.     Having  the  end  sharp  like  tne  pomt  ot 

a  ipcnr— or,  termin.iting  in  a  bristly  point. 
Cuaihiform.     Cup-^baped;  widening  iipwards. 
C'(/'.i<'.     A  mode  of  flowering  where  the  peduncles 
'rise  from  the  same  centre,  but  the  subdivisons  ot 
them  are  irregular. 
■C'^mose.    Having  the  flowers  m  cymes. 
l}ei:a-'ulrons.  _H:.viug  J_en  stamen 


sule 
Deltoid.    Triangular;  like  the  Greek  Delta. 
Dense.     Close,  or  compact. 
Dentate.    Having  piojecting  teeth,  of  ilsownsub- 

stance. 
Denticulate.    Having  very  small  teeth. 
Depressed.     Fi.'>ttened  vertically. 
Diadelphaiis.    Having  the  filaments  united  in  two 

parcels,  with  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 
Diandroiis.     Having  two  stamens. 
Dichotomous.    Continually  and  regularly    dividing 
I      by  pairs. 

I  Didimamous.    Having  two  short,  and  two  long,sta- 
j      mins. 
Diffuse.    Spreading  in  a  loose  open  manner. 
I  Digitate  Leaf.    When   a  simple  petiole  connects 
I      several  distinct  leaflets  at  the  end  of  it. 
1  Digynous.     Having  two  styles. 
I  i>totcoi(5 .    The  male  antl  female  flowers  on  distinct 
I      plants. 
Discoid  Flower.    Having  a  disk  without  rays. 
Disk.     The  wliole  surface  of  a  leaf:  or  the  laces  or 

central  part,  of  a  compound  flower. 
Dissepiment.    The  partition  between  the  cells   oS 

seed  vessels. 
Distichous.  Two-rowed;  flowers  or  leaves  on  op- 
posite sides  of  a  peduncle  or  stem. 
Divaricate.     Branches  spreading  so  as  to  form  more 

than  a  right  angle  with  the  stem  above. 
Divergent.    Branches  making  a  right  angle  with  the 

stem,  or  nearly  so. 
Dorsal.     Fixed  to  the  back. 
Dorsully    compressed.     Compressed  or  flatted  on 

the  back. 
Drupe.    A  pulpy  pericarp  without  valvesj  contain- 
ing a  nut,  or  stone 
Ecaudate.     Destitute  of  a  Cauda,  or  fail. 
Echinate.     Prickly;  like  a  hedge-hog. 
Elliptic    Longer  than  wide,  and   roDndcd  at  both 

ends. 
Emarginate.    Notched  at  the  end. 
Enncandrous.     Having  nine  stamens. 
Ensiform  Leaf.    Sword-shaped:  two  edged  and  ta- 
pering from  base  to  point. 
Entire  Leaf.    Undivided;  without  cleft,  notch,  or 

tooth,  on  its  margin. 
Equal.    Similar  parts  equal  among  themselves,— as 

the  segments  of  a  calyx,  &c. 
Erase.     Irregularly  notched:  as  if  gnawed. 
Exsert  Stamens.    Protruding  out  of  the  corolla. 
Falcate.    Sabre-form;  or  Scythe-form. 
Fasciculate.    Growing  in  bundles,  or  bunches,  trom 
the  same  point.  ,       ,  .       r    ,,   , 

Fasiigiate.      Lerel-topped:    the     summit   of    the 

branches  ri.sing  to  the  same  height. 
Filament.    That  part  ol  the  stamen  which  supports 

th^i  Anther. 
Filiform.    Slender  and  round  like  a  thread. 
Fimbriate.  Fringed  by  narrow  segments  of  its  OWR 

substance.  .  . 

riarcid.    Too  limber  to  support  its  own  weight.       | 
rl'-mose.     Changing  its  direction  in  a  curve. 
Floret.    A  little  flower:  one  of  the  number  in 

gregate,  or  compound  flowers. 
Fo'ioreous.    Resembling  a  leaf:  also  leafy,  or  lur- 
nished  with  leaves. 


Deciduous.    Faiiing'off^aVthcusual  time  for  such    Faiicie.    A  laatlct,  or  partial  lea?, 
parts  to  fall :  as  leaves,  SiC 


GLOSS  AliY 


FoUich.    A  seed-ves-';:el   of  one  valve,  Ofening  on 

one  side  longitudinally:  as  in  Asclepias,  &c. 
Fructification.   A  term  comprising  both  flower  and 

fruit. 
Frutescent.    SliruM'j:  stems  woody. 

Funiculus.  The  little  eoni,  or  medium,  by  which 
seeds  are  connected  with  the  seed  vessel,  or  recep- 
tacle. 

Funnel-form.  Corolla  monopetalous,  and  tubular 
below,  resembling  a  funnel. 

Fusiform  Root.  Spindle-shaped;  tapering  down- 
wards:—as  carrot,  par^nep,  ice.  '< 

Galea.     A  helmet:  the  upper  lip  of  a  ringent  corolla. 

Galeate.    Helmet  like:  resembling  a  casque,  or  hel- ; 
met-  ' 

Geniculate-  Forming;  an  obtuse  angle  at  the  joints, 
like  the  knee  moderately  bent. 

Genus.  A  family,  or  number  of  plants  which  agree 
with  one  another  in  the  structure  of  the  flower  and 
fruit-  The  third  branch,  or  bubdivision,  in  a  sys- 
tematic arrangement. 

Germ  That  part  of  the  pistil  wliich  afterwards 
becomes  the  fruit. 

Gibbous-  Hump-backed;  hunched,  or  swelled  out, 
on  one  or  both  sides.  j 

Glabrous.  Smooth  and  naked:  without  any  pubes- I 
cenee,  or  roughness.  i 

Gland.    A    round,  or  roundish  appendage,  which  ' 

most'y  secri'tes  a  moisture.  j 

Glandular.     Having    glands.      Glamlular-piloie. —  j 

Having  hairs  with  little  gland.s  on  them.  j 

Glaucous.  Silverv;  or  greenish  grey:  covered  with  ; 
a  sea-green  mealiness.  I 

Globose.     Spherical:  round  on  all  sides.  1 

Glomerate.  Having  flowers  or  spikelets  variously  i 
heaped  togethf^r;  as  in  Orchard  grass,  &c.  ! 

Glomeruhs.  Smil!  heads,  or  clusters.  j 

Gluniarenns.     R -•;emhling  glumes  ! 

Glume.  Chaff  or  husk.  The  calyx  or  corolla  of  grasses,  j 

Glumose-     Having  glumes.  i 

Granifprons.  Rpnring  a  grain,  or  grains. 

Gynandrniifi.  Having  the  stamens,  or  anthers  in- 
serted on  the  style. 

Habit  of  Plants"  Their  geneial  external  appear- 
ance and  mode  of  growth. 

Habitat,  or  Habitaiio-  The  native  place  of  growth 
of  plants.  I 

Halved.  One-sided;  as  if  one  half  had  been  taken  off.  ; 

Hast  lie.  Halbert-shaped;  triangular,  wi'h  process- 
es on  each  side,  near  the  base. 

Hfptandrous      Having  seven  stamens, 

Herb:tc"ous.    Not  woody. 

Herbarvim.     Ago! 'notion  of  dried  plants. 

Hcrmapltro'Hte.  Having  both  stamen  and  piitii 
perft  et  in  the  «anis  flower. 

Hex^ndrous     Having  six  stamens. 

Hir.t><tp.  Rough-haired.  Covered  with  stiffish  | 
hairs,  but  less  stifl"  than  bristles  [tl.s.       i 

Hispid.  Bristly:  beset  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  or  bris- 

Ifoary.  Covpred  with  a  white  pubescence. 

IToni.     Sep  Spur. 

Hybrid.  A  mule:  a  plant  produced  by  the  mi.vture 
of  two  dilT^^renf  species.  | 

Lnhrir.ntc.  ficales  lying  over  each  other,  like  .shin-  j 
gles.  or  tilfs.  on  a  roof.  | 

I'r'perfcct  I'lower.  Wanting  ei'her  s'^iinen  or  pi'=til.  j 

Inrifed.  Cut  in.  like  a  g;)sh  with  a  knife;  but  not  so 
deep  as  to  be  term-d  c'rft.  I 

I'^Hnnte.  or  Inclined.  Bent  towards  each  other;  or  I 
towards  somf  thing  difff'rent.  I 

Ineh'drd.  Shut  in,  or  concealed;  as  stamens  in  the 
corolla:  onposed  toexsprt.  1 

fnroriiplete  flo.^er      Wanting  either  ealvT  ornoroMa.  [ 

Incra^siite  Peduncle.  Enlarged  or  thicker  toward.- 
thp  flower,  or  fi  nit.  i 

Incumbent.     Tjeaping  upon,  or  resting  against,  i 

/HCrrr-rf.     Bent,  or  curverj  inwrrds.  | 

Indii:e-"oHs:  Growing;  naturally  or  orijiinally  in  a 
couiitrv.  "  '  ' 


Inferior  Caly:c.     Below  the  genn,  and  inclosing  it. 
Inferior  Germ.     Below  the  cal3'x.     .Yn  inferior  ca- 

ly.x  implies  a  superior  germ;  and  vice  versa. 
Inflated-    As  if  swelled,  or  blown  up,  with  wind. 
Ihfl  cted,  or  Inflexcd.     Bent  suddenly  inwards. 
liijlorescente.     Mode  of  bearing  flowers;  as  Raceme, 

Panicle,  Spike,  Umbel,  &c. 
Intcrnode.     The  space  between  knots,  or  joints. 
Interrvptcdfi\'i]ie.    Having  intervals,  either  of  small- 
er flowers,  or  leaves,  or  naked. 
Interruptedlij-Pinnate-     Having  smallerlleafletsfbc- 

tween  each  pair  of  larger  ones. 
Involucel.     A  small,  or  partial  Involucre;  particular- 
ly applied  to  the  Involucre  of  a  partial  umbel, or 

subdivision  of  an  umbel. 
Involucellute.     Having  Involucels. 
luvolucrate.    H-iving  Involucres. 
Involv.crc.     A  sort  of  calyx  remote  from  the  flowers- 

generally  at  the  base  of  umbels,  and  aggregated 

flowers. 
Involule.     Rolled  inwards. 
Irreguliir-     Ditrering  in  figure,  size,  or  proportion  of 

parts  among  themselv  es. 
Keel.     The  lower  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  flower; 

inclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil. 
Keeled.     Having  a  ridge  resembling  the   keel  of  i 

boat. 
Kernel.     Seed  which  is  contained  in  a  Nut. 
Knot.     A  swelling  joint;  particularly  in  the  stem  of 

the  grasses. 
Labiate.     A  calyx  or  corolla  divided  at  the  top  so 

as  to  resemble  lips. 
Lactrate.      Divided   into  irregular  segments,  as  if 

torn. 
Laciniate.    Jagged:  irregularly  divided  and  subdi- 
vided, as  if  cut  or  torn. 
Lunate.    AVoolly:  covered  with  curly,  close,  thick 

j'ubescence. 
Lanceolate.     Much  longer  than  wide,  and  gradually 

tapering,  from  near  the  base  to  the  apex,  like  the 

head  of  an  ancient  Lance. 
Lance-ovjte,  L-jncc-lincur.  &iC.     Partaking  of  both 

forms,  but  more  of  the  latter:  which  is  the  rule  in 

construing  compound  terms. 
Lanuginous.     Downy;  or  clothed  with  soft  hairs. 
Lateral.    On  one  side. 
Laterally  compressed.    Compressed,  or  flatted  on 

the  sides. 
Latticed.     Crossing  each  other,  like  net-v.'ork. 
Imx.     Loose,  or  limber. 

f.e.iflets.    The  small  leaves  in  a  compound  leaf. 
Leaf-like.     Resembling  a  leaf. 
Le  tfy .     Furnished,  or  abounding,  with  leaves. 
Lef.':inne.  A  seed  vessel  of  two  valves,  with  the  seeds 

atfived  to  one  suture  only. 
/./','"/('.     The  stipule  of  the  grasses:  at  the  throat,  or 

base  of  the  leaves. 
Li^nlate.     Stia['-shaped;  fl.U  and  linear:  p  li^nlatc 

corolla  eonsists  of  a  single  strap-like   petal,  which 
_  is  tu!.'u!ar  at  b:-se  only, — as  in  t!ie  Dandelion. 
t/nn').     The  upper  spreadiii.^  part  of  a  mono]  etalous 

corolla. 
Linear.     Of  the  same  breadth  thrfc.ighout,  except  at 

the  very  eMreniities. 
Lireir-hin'jcoh'ie..     Laneeol^tc.  inclining  to  linear. 
Lini^u'  >ie.     Like  a  little  tongup. 
Lip.     The  division,  either  upper  or  lower,  of  a  lal  i- 

ate  corolla,  or  calyx 
Lohe.     The  segment  of  a  deeply  divided  simple  leaf; 

frecuentlv  rounded. 
Lob, lie.     Divided  infolnhes. 
Low  if .     .\  jointed  pod:  or  legume  with  transverse 

partitions, 
Lnn.ilite.     Crescent-shaped:  resembling  the  form  of 

a  lie  V  moon, 
Lyrite.      Pinnatifid.  witli   the   laigest  yegments  a: 

the.  apex. 
.^fi!''  F'owor.     FpTving  stampp.s  onlv. 
M-i.^l-fc-l.V  Ofriiany  purls,  ov  eiiitpii,';;  one  anctlier 


GLOSSAKY. 


Marccscent.  Shrivelling,  or  withering,  ■without  fall- 
ing off. 

Margin.    The  circumference,  or  edge. 

Margiiiate.  Having  a  margin  different  in  some  mea- 
sure from  tile  disis. 

3Ielliferous.    Producing  or  containing  honey. 

Membranaceous.  Skinny;  like  parchment.  With- 
out pulp. 

Midrib.  The  main  nerve,  or  middle  rib,  running 
from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

31onadelphous .  Having  the  filaments  all  united  in 
one  set. 

Moniliform.     Resembling  a  string  of  beads. 

Monogynous.    Having  but  one  pistil. 

Monoico'is-  Having  the  male  and  female  flowers 
distinct,  on  the  same  plant. 

Monopetulous.     Consisting  of  one  petal. 

Monophyllous.     Consisting  of  one  leaf. 

Miicronate.  Having  a  dagger-point;  vi^hich  in  leaves, 
seems  to  bo  an  elongation  of  the  midrib. 

MiMifid.     Many  cleft:  cleft  into  many  segments. 

Muricate.  Having  subulate  points  scattered  over  it: 
or  armed  with  prickles. 

Mutic.     Awnless:  having  no  awn. 

Nakid.  Without  the  usual  covering,  or  appendage: 
as  a  stem  without  leaves— leaves  without  pubes- 
cence— a  corolla  vvitiiout  a  calyx,  or  crown,— 
seeds  without  a  pericarp— a  receptacle  without 
chaff,  hairs.  &c.  a  verticil  without  leaves— or  an 
umbel  without  an  involucre. 

Nectary.  Tne  honey-bearing  appendage  of  a  flow- 
er; of  various  forms— as  a  horn,  spur,  cup.  scale, 
gland,  &c.  Any  appendage  to  a  flower,  whicii  is 
neither  calyx,  corolla,  stamen,  nor  pistil,  is  called 
a  Nectary. 

Nerves  of  a  leaf,  &c.  Rib  like  fibres  running  from 
the  base  towards  the  apex. 

Neutral  Flower.     Having  neither  stamen  nor  pistil. 

Ob-.  In  the  composition  of  terms,  means  inversely, 
or  reversed:  as 

Obconic.     Conic,  with  the  apex  downwards. 

Ohcordate.  Heart-form,  with  the  apex  next  to  the 
place  of  insertion. 

Ohianceolate.    Inversely  lanceolate. 

Oblique.  A  position  between  horizontal  and  verti- 
cal. Also  applied  to  leaves.  &c.  which  are  as  it 
were  cut  obliquely— or  whose  bases  are  shorter  on 
one  side. 

Oblong.  More  than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  with 
nearly  parallel  sides,  and  rounded  at  both  ends. 

Obovate.     Ovate,  with  the  broadest  end  outwards. 

Obsoletely.     Obscurely;  as  if  worn  out. 

Obtuse.  Ending  bluntly,  or  with  a  rounded  apex, 
but  within  the  segme.-it  of  a  circle. 

Octandrous.     Having  eight  stamens. 

Opake.  or  Opaqite.     Neither  transparent  nor  shining. 

Orbicular.     Circular;  the  length  and  breadth  equal, 

and  the  circuuiference  an  even  circular  line. 
Order.    The  second  division,  or  branch,  in  asystem- 
atic  arrangement. 

Oval.  Longer  than  broad,  with  the  two  ends  of  equal 
breadth,  and  curvature;  and  the  sides  cu.^vmg  from 
end  to  end. 

Ovate.     Kgg-shaped:  the  form  of  a  longitudinal  sec- 
tion of  an  egg. 
Ouate-tanccolate.    Lanceolate,  inclining  to  ovate. 
Ovnte-oblung.     The  ovate  form  lengthened  out. 
Palate-     A  prominence  in  the  lower  lip  of  a  labiate 

corolla,  which  tends  to  close  the  throat. 
Palmnte  Leaf     A  simple  b^af  deeply  divided,  and 
the  lobes  spreading  so  as  to  resemble  a  hand  with 
the  lin,p;prs  spread. 
Pandurrcform      Guitar-form,  or  Fiddle-form.     Ob- 
long, with  sides  contracted,  and  broadish  at  the 

.  ends. 

Panicle.     A  species  of  inflorescence  in  which  the 
flowers  are  scattered  on  peduncles  variously  and 
irree;uhrly  subdividi^d:  as  Oats,  &e. 
Paniculate.    Disposed  in  the  form  of  a  panicle. 


Papilionaceous  Flower.    Eutterfly-shaped;  or  Pea- 
bJossom:  when  complete,  consisting  of  four  i)etals 
—the  broad  upper  one  called  the  banner— the  two 
side  ones  called  the  wings— and  the  lower  one, 
called  the  keel. 
Papillate,  or  Pappillose.    Having  the  sMrface  co- 
vered with  fleshy  dots,  or  points;  like  little  teats. 
Pappus.    The  crown  on  the  top  of  some  seeds,  by 
which  they  are  dispersed;  usually  hairy,  or  feath- 
ery—sometimes chaffy. 
Paraaitic.   Growing  on,  or  drawing  sustenance  from, 

another  plant. 
Parted.    Deeply  divided,  almost  to  the  base. 
Partial.     Applied   to  an   entire  part  of   a  general 
whole:  as  a  partiallnvolucre,  Umbel,  &c.   which, 
however,  arc  also  expressed  by  the  words  Involu-    ' 
eel,  Umbellule,  &c.  ; 

Partition.     A  wall,  or  membrane,  separating  a  per- 
icarp internally  into  ceils. 
Pectinate.     Finely  pinnate,  or  pinnatifid.so  as  to  re- 
semble the  teeth  of  a  comb. 
PcdateLeaf.     When  the  segments  are  narrow,  and 
divided  almost  to  the  petiole;  resembling  a  bird's 
foot. 
Pedicel.     A  partial  peduncle,  the  ultimate  division, 

next  to  Xh:-  flower,  or  fruit. 
Pedicellate.     Having  a  pedicel. 
Peduncle.    The  footstalk,  or  stem,  which  bears  the 
flower  and  fruit,  when  it  docs  not  proceed  direct- 
ly from  the  root  of  the  plant. 
Pedunculate.     Having  a  peduncle. 
Peltate  Leaf.    Like  a  shield:  having  the  petiole  in- 
serted into  the  disk,  instead  oi  the  edge. 
Pencil-form.  Resembling  a  hair  pencil,  or  paintbrush. 
Peniagynous.     Having  5  styles 
Pentandrous.    Having  5  stamens. 
Pentapctalous.     Having  5  petals. 
Perennial.     Continuing  more  than  2  3'ears. 
Perfect  Flower.      Having  both  stamen  and  pistil; 

or,  at  least,  anther  and  stigma. 
Perfoliate  Leaf,  or  rather  Stem.     Having  the  stem 

running  through  the  leaf. 
Perianth.     A  flower  cup:  a  species  of  calyx,  em- 
bracing, or  contiguous  to,  the  other  parts  of  the 
fructification. 
Peric.rp.    Tiie  seed  vessel:  the  case  or  substance, 

which  encloses  or  covers  the  seeds. 
Persistent.     Remaining  on:  as  a  ca/i/x  that  remains 
on  the  fruit  after  the  corolla  falls  oH'—aiipules  that 
remain  .nfter  the  leaves  have  fallen— or  leaves  that 
continue  after  the  season  is  over. 
Petal.    The  delicate  flower-leaf.    In  flowers  of  one 
petal,  the  corolla  and  petal  are  the  same .     In  flow- 
ers of  more  than  one  petal,  the  corolla  is  the  whole, 
and  the  petals  are  the  parts. 
Petal-form.   Petal-like,  or    Petaloid,   resembling  a 

petal:  as  the  stigmas  of  the  Iris. 
Petiolatc-     Having  a  petiole. 

Petiole-     The  footstalk,  or  stem  which  bears  the  leaf. 
Phcenogamous-     Having  the  stamens  and  pistils  suf- 
ficiently apparent  for   classification.     Applied  to 
all  plants  not  included  in  the  Class  Cryptognmia. 
Pilose.       Hairy:  having  distinct  straighiish  liai'-s:  or 
when  applied  to  a  pappus,  it  means  composed  of 
such 
Pinnate  Leaf.     Having  distinct  leaflets  on  opposite 

sidpsof  a  simple  petiole. 
Pinnatifid  Leaf.     Cleft  so  as  to  resemble  a  pinnate 
leaf;  but  the  divisions  do  not  reach  to  the  mid-iib 
—  beins:  segments,  and  not  le.iflets. 
Pistil.     The  centra!  portion  of  a  fertile  flower:  con- 
.sisting  c^fthe  gerra,  style,  nni]  stigma,  when  com- 
plete.    Sonretimes  the  style  is  wanting. 
Plicit".  Plaited:  foLlad,  or  crimped,  like  a  fan,  when 

nearly  full  spread 
Plumose.     Ffalhered;  or  after  tlie  manner  of  a  fea- 
ther.    A  plumose  pappus  h  w]icn  a  hair  has  other 
hairs  arranged  on   opposite  sides  of  it:  as  in  the 
genus  Cnicus,  itc. 


GLOSSARY, 


Pod.  A  seedrvessel  of  two  valves,  with  the  s^^ecls 
attached  to  one  or  botli  sutures-  It  is  applied  to 
either  a  Legume,  or  a  Silique. 

Pollen.    The  I'arina,  or  feriiizing  dust  of  ths  Anth'?r. 

Polliiiia.  Masses  of  Poiiec ;  as  in  gynandrous  plants, 
&c. 

Polyadelphous.  Having  the  stainens  united  below, 
in  three  or  more  sets,  or  parcels. 

Polyandrous.  Havinp;  more  than  ten  stamens,  in- 
serted on  the  receptacle. 

Polygamous.  Having  some  flowers  perfect,  and  oth- 
ers either  male,  f  iiiale,  or  neuter. 

Polymorphous.     Assuminp;  many  different  forms. 

Poiite.  A  pi'lpy,  or  fleshy  pericarp  without  valves, 
containing  a  capsule;  as  the  apple,  &c. 

Porous.    Full  of  holes,  cen.<s.  or  tubular  opening:s. 

Prirmorse.  End-bitten.  Ending  blunt  as  if  bitten 
off. 

Prickle.  A  sharp  process  fixed  to  the  bark:  only; 
and  not  originating  in  the  wood. 

Pris7nalic.    Linear,  with  several  Hat  sides- 

Procumbent.  Lying  on  the  ground,  without  putting 
ojt  roots. 

Proliferous.  Putting  forth  branches  or  flowers  from 
the  centre  of  tlie  top  of  a  preceding  one. 

Prostrate.  Ijying  Hat, or  close  en  the  ground:  near- 
ly the  same  as  procumbent. 

Pruinose  Covered  with  a  mealy  substance,  like  a 
plum 

Pseudo-pinnate.  Falsely  pinnate:  the  leaflets  con- 
fluent, or  not  disti.ictly  artiralated  at  base. 

Pahtscence.  All  sorts  of  hairy,  bristiy,  wooly,  or 
velvety  covering  of  a  plant. 

Pubescent-  Having  some  sort  of  pubescence,  or 
hairy  covering. 

Pulp.    A  soft  fleshy,  or  juicy  mass. 

Pulverulent.     Powdery,  or  dusty. 

Punctaie.     Dotted,  or  sprinkled  "with  colored  specks. 

Puijgrnt.     Sharf!  pointed,  or  prickly. 

Pyramidal.     Tapering  upwards. 

Qundrifarioiis.  In  4  directions:  facing,  or  pointing 
4  ways. 

^UDiate.     Having  5  leaflets;  or  growing  in  fives. 

Raceme.  A  mode  of  flowering  in  which  tlie  pedun- 
cle has  short  lateral  p«dicels;  as  the  grape,  &c 

Racemose.  Having  the  flowers  in  racemes;  or  ap- 
proaching that  mode. 

Rachis-  The  receptacle  which  collects  florets  lon- 
gitudinally in  a  spike;  as  in  wheat,  &c. 

Radiate.  Having  rays.  Applied  to  compound  flow- 
ers which  have  spreading  marginal  florets. 

Radical.     Proceeding  from  the  root;  as  leaves,  &c. 

Radicnnt,  or  Radicating.  Sending  out  roots,  or 
striking  root. 

Radicle.    The  little  fibrous  branch  of  a  root. 

Ramose.     Branching. 

Rays.  The  spreading  florets  round  the  mnr;^-in  of  a 
compound  flower.  Also  the  marginal  florets  of  an 
umbel. 

Receptacle.  The  hasp  which  connpcts  and  supports 
the  other  pnrts  of  the  fructification- 

Recurved.     Curved  downwards. 

Reflexcd.  Bent  back  so  as  nearly  or  quite  to  touch 
the  stem  or  [)eduncle 

R'gnlar.  Having  similar  parts  equal  among  them- 
selves. 

Remote.     Seated  or  growing  at  a  distanc°. 

Reniform-  Shaped  like  a  kidney:  roundisli  and  hol- 
low at  base,  without  angles. 

Uepnnd  Leaf.  Having  an  angular  margin,  with  sh.il- 
low  sinuses  between,  as  if  cut  out  by  segments  of 
circles. 

Ri'supincite     Turned  as  it  were  upsi  'e  down. 

Reticulate.  Npttfd:  having  veins  crossing  each  oth- 
er like  nnt- work. 

Retro-aculeate.  Having  prickles  pointing  back- 
wards. 

flch'orsfhj.    Pointing  backwards. 


Refuse.    Ending  in  a  blunt,  or  shallow  sinus. 
Revolvte.     Rollu  '.  backwards,  or  outwjrls 
Rhombed  Leaf.    Having  4  equal  siiies,  but  the  an- 
gles not  right  angles. 
Rhomboid.     Having  opposite  sides    equal,  and  the 

angles  not  right  one*. 
Rho'idb-oiHi.te-    Ovate,  inclining  to  a  rhomb. 
Rib.    The  continuation  of  the  petiole  along  the  mid- 
dle of  the  leaf. 
Rigid.    Stiff,  inflexible,  or  not  pliable. 
Ringent.    Gaping;  the  lips  open. 
Rostrate,     f^psked:  hiving  a  process  resembling  the 

beak  of  a  bird. 
B.Gtjtei'oro\]A.    Wheel  shaped-  monopetaloiit,  and 
spreading  almost  fiat,  without  any,  or  a  very  short, 
tube. 
Rotund.    Roundish,  or  orbicular;  without  angles. 
Rough.    Covered  with  dots  which  are  harsh  to  the 

touch. 
Round     See  orbicular,  and  terete. 
Rugose.     Wrinkled. 
Runciuate.     Pinnntifid,  with  the  segments  pointing 

backwards;  like  the  teeth  of  a  mill  saw. 
Rurii^er.     A  shoot  producing  roots  and  leaves  at  the 
end  only;    nd  from  that  jilace  giving  rise  to  ano- 
tlier  plant. 
Sagittate.     Shaped  like  the  head  of  an  arrow:  some- 
what cordnte,  with  the  side-lobes  acute. 
Salver-form  Corolla       Monc-ctalous,  rismg  from  a 

tube,  with  a  flat  limb,  or  margin. 
Samara.    A  winged  pericarp  not  opening  by  valves; 

as  in  Maple.  Ash,&c. 
Scabrous.     Rough. 

Scandent.    Climbing;  mostly  by  means  of  tendrils. 
Scape.    A  peduncle  proceeding  directly   from  the 

root;  and  mostly  le.'ifless. 
Scariose.     Dry  and  skinny,  generally  transparent. 
Scattered.     Standing  without  any  regular  order. 
Seutellatc.     Shaped  like  a  saucer. 
Srcund.     One  ranked:  all  turned  towards  one  side. 
SegnLcnts.     The  parts  into  which  a  calyx,  corolla, 

leaf,  &c.  is  cut,  or  divided. 
S'em.i-    Half. 

Semper virent.      living  through  the  Vi^inter  and  re- 
taining its  verduie- 
Sericeous.     Silky:  covered  with   very  soft    close- 
pressed  hairs. 
Serrate.    Sawed:  having  shrrp  notches  in  the  mar- 
gin, pointing  towards  the  apex.    Doubly-serrate, 
}ia\ing  small  serratures  on  the  large  ones. 
Ser<atures.    Teeth  resembling  those  of  a  saw. 
Serrxdate.    Finely  serrate;  v/ith  very  small  notches.^ 

orteeth. 
Sessile.     Sitting  flose;  without  any  footstalk. 
Sttacfous,  or  Seiiform.    Bristle  form;  or  resembling 

a  bristle  in  size  and  figure. 
Setose.    Bristly :  having  the  surface  set  with  bristles, 

or  stiff,  straight  hairs. 
Sheath.    The  prolongation  of  a  leaf  down  the  stem, 

which  it  embraces;  as  in  the  grasses,  &:c. 
Sheathed.     Knving  a  sheath. 
Shining.     Glossy,  bright. 
Shrub.     A  small  woody  plant,  branching  near  tlie 

ground. 
Silicic.    A  little  Silique;  whose  length  and  breadth 

are  nearlj'  equal. 
Slliq'de.    An  oblong,  membranaceous,  two  valved 
(lericarp.  having  the  seeds  fixed  along  both  sutures 
S:mple.    Undivided:  not  branched. 
.^inimte.     Having  rounded  incisions,  or  large  curved^ 
breaks  in  the  margin;  as  in  the  leaves  of  many  ot 
the  Oaks. 
Sinuate-serrate.    Having  serratures  hollowed  out 
Sinus.     A  bay:  a  rounded  incision. 
Slehdcr.     Thin,  or  narrow;  or  both. 
Solitary.     Standing  alone;  one  in  a  place. 
Spadi.r.    A  stem-like  receptacle  proceeding  from  £ 
spathc. 


sir 


GLOSSARY. 


SpatJiaocom.    Having;  a  spathe. 

Spathe-  Asheatli:  a  kind  of  calyx  which  first  en- 
closes the  flower,  and  after  it  expands,  is  often  left 
a  distance  below  it.  Sometimes  it  retains  the  spa- 
dix  in  its  cavity;  as  in  Synijilocarpus. 

Spat'iulate,  or  Spatulate-  Like  a  tpatula:  roundish 
above,  with  a  Ion?;,  narrow,  linear  base. 

Species.  The  fourth,  or  lowest  permanent  division 
of  natural  objects  in  a  systematic  arrangement. 

Specific.     Belonging  to,  or  distinguishinj?  the  species. 

Spike.  A  mode  of  flowering,  in  which  sessile  flow- 
ers are  arranger!  along  a  common,  simple  peduncle. 

Spikelet.  A  little  spike;  or  one  of  the  subdivisions 
of  a  spike. 

Spine.  A  Thorn:  a  sharp  process  proceeding  from 
the  wood. 

Spinescent.  Becoming  thorny;  or  inclining  to  be 
thorny. 

Spinose,  or  Spinous.     Thorny;  armed  with  thorns. 

Spur.  The  hinder  part  of  the  nectary  in  some  flow- 
ers; resembling  a  Cocks'  spur,  or  a  horn. 

Spurred.     Having  a  spur. 

Squamoie.     Covered  more  or  less  with  scales. 

Squarrose.  Havin;;  scales  with  the  points  widely 
divaricating,  or  spreading  every  way. 

Stamen.  The  organ  of  a  flower  which  prepares  the 
pollen;  asually  standing  next  to  the  germ,  withm 
the  corolla. 

Staminiferotis.    Beari.ig,  or  supporting  the  stamens. 

Stigma-     The  top  of  the  pistil. 

Stipe.  The  little  stem  which  supports  the  pappus, 
in  some  plants— sometimes  also  the  fruit,  as  inCau- 
lophyllum. 

Stipiiute.    Having  a  stipe. 

Stipxde.  A  leaflet,  membrane,  or  scale,  at  the  base 
of  a  petiole,  or  leaf. 

Stipular.     Belonging  to  the  stipules. 

Stoloniferous      Putfting  forth  suckers. 

Striate.  Marked  or  scored  with  lines,  or  very  su- 
perficial grooves. 

Strict.     Both  stiff  and  straight. 

Strigose.  Armed  with  small,  rigid  bristles,  tapering 
to  the  point.  , 

Strobile,  or  Strohihis.  An  ament  with  woody  scaies. 

Style.  That  portion  of  the  pistil  which  is  between 
the  germ  and  stigma:  sometimes  wanting. 

Sub-  Much  used  in  composition  as  a  diminutive;  in 
lieu  of  somewhat,  or  approaching  <o— -as  sub-cor- 
date,  for  somewhat  cordate,  &c. 

Suberose.     Resembling  Cork. 

Subulate.  Awl-form:  linear  below,  but  tapering 
above  to  a  sharp  point,  and  often  a  little  curved- 

Succuleiit.    Juicy,  full  of  juice. 

Sucker.     A  shoot  from  the  root. 

Silicate.    Furrowed,  or  grooved. 

Sunradecomvound.     More  ihan  decompounu. 

Sup-rior  Ca'lyx,  or  Corolla.  Seated  above,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  the  upper  part  of.  the  germ. 

Suture.  A  seam-like  junction  of  two  parts;  as  the 
valves  of  a  pod.  . 

Sijngenesious.  Having  the  anthers  united;  with  the 
flowers  compound. 

Sipionyms.     Dift-erent  names  for  the  same  thing.      _ 

Tmdril  A  filiform  spiral  band,  by  which  a  plant  is 
fastened  to  another  body. 

Terete.     Round,  or  columnar;  like  a  cyhnder. 

Terminal.    Proceeding  from,  or  occupying  the  end . 

Ternate.  Three  fold.  In  threes.  I'hree  leaflets  on 
one  petiole,  as  in  clover,  &c. 

Tetradynamous.  Having  two  short,  and  four  long, 
stamens. 

Tetragonoii.i.    Having  four  angles,  or  corners. 

TetrandroHS.    Having  four  stamens. 

Tetrnpetalous.     Having  four  petals. 

Thorn.  A  sharp  process  from  the  woody  part  of  a 
plant.  . 

Throat.   The  orifice  of  the  tnbp.  in  a  nngent  corolla. 

Thyrsus.  A  mod.'  of  flowe'  ing.  consisting  of  a  Pan- 
icle contiL'.ctiid  into  an  ovate  form. 


T'jmentose.  Covered  with  a  fine  downy  or  cottony 
pubescence,  matted  together. 

Toothed.     See  dentate. 

Torose.    .Swelling  out  in  riclges,  or  knobs. 

Torulose.     Swelling  a  little  in  ridges. 

Triandrous.    Having  three  stamens. 

Triangular.    Having  three  corners,  or  points. 

Tribracteate-    Having  three  bractes,  or  floral  leaves- 

Tricuspidate.     Having  three  points. 

Trifariovs.    Facing,  or  pointing,  three  ways. 

Trifid.    Three-clett. 

Trifoliate.  Having  three  leaves,  or  the  leaves  arran* 
ged  in  threes. 

Trigonou.s.    Three  cornered. 

Trigynous.     Having  three  styles. 

Trilobate.    Having  three  lobes. 

Tripttalled.     Having  three  petals. 

Tiipinnate  Leaf.  When  a  petiole  has  bipinnate 
leaves  ranged  on  each  side  of  it. 

Tripinnutif.d.  A  pinnatifid  leaf  with  the  segments- 
twice  pinnatifid. 

Triqttctrous.    Three-sided;  having  three  flat  side.*. 

Tritcrnaie.  When  a  petiole  is  biternate,  and  each 
branch  bearing  ternate  leaves. 

Truncate.   The  end  appearing  as  if  cut  ofF. 

Tube.  A  hollow  pipe;  the  lower  hollow  cylinder 
of  a  monopetalous  corolla. 

Tuber.  A  knob  in  roots,  solid,  with  the  component 
particles  all  similar 

Tubercle.     A  little  rough  point,  or  pimple. 

Tuberculate.    Having  rough  points,  or  tubercles. 

Tuberose,  or  Tuberous.  Consisting  of,  or  produ» 
cing  tubers. 

Tubular.  Having  a  tube,  or  being  in  the  form  of 
a  tube. 

Ti'ft.    Growing  in  a  bunch. 

Tunicate.  Coated:  consisting  of  concentric  coats, 
la3'ers,  or  nripmbranes. 

Turbinate.  Top-shaped.  A  cone  with  the  point 
downwards. 

Turgid.     Swelled;  but  not  inflated. 

Turion.  The  tender  shoot  of  a  plant,  in  the  spring; 
as  Asparagus,  Hop,  &c. 

Twin-    Two  connected,  or  growing  together. 

Tunning.     Ascending  spirally. 

Two-ranked.     See  distichous. 

Umbd.  A  mode  of  flowering,  where  severpl  flow- 
er stems  diverge  from  one  place,  like  the  braces 
of  an  umbrella 

TImbelUferouf.     Bearing  the  flowers  in  umbels. 

Umhellules.  Partial  umbels:  the  sub-divisions  of  a 
compound   umbel. 

Umbilicate-  Having  a  kind  of  central  hollow;  re- 
sembling n  navel. 

Unarmed.     Having  no  thorns  nor  prickles. 

Uncinate.    Hooked  at  the  end. 

Undaiate.-     Wavy:  rising  and  falling  like  wave.'!. 

Unequal.  The  parts  not  corresponding  in  size,  form, 
and  duration. 

Unequally  pinnate.  Having  an  odd,  terminal  leaf- 
let. 

Unguiculate  Petal.  Having  a  narrow  ba.<^e,  or  claw. 

ifnilat^ral.     Growing  on  one  side  of  a  »tcm. 

Urceolate.     Shaped  like  a  pitcher. 

Utriculus-     A  little  bladder,  or  sac- 

Valves-  The  several  pieces  of  a  pericarp,  which 
separate  n.nturally  on  ripening.  Also  the  leaflets 
composing  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  the  grasses: 
and  the  scales  which  close  the  tube,  iu  some  co- 
rollas. 

Variety-  A  plant  changed  by  some  accidental 
cause;  as  soil,  culture,  climate,  &c.  but  not  spe- 
cifically distinct. 

Vaulted.     Arched  like  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

Veined.  Having  the  vessels  variously  branching 
over  the  surface. 

Vi-ntrirotc.     Bellied:  swellingoul  in  the  middle. 

Verriirnsc.  Warty;  covered  with  waxt-like  excres- 
cences. 


GLOSS  \IIY.  XV 

VeriicH.    A  whorl.    Flowers,  or  leaves,  surround-  I     naling  on  the  plant,  instead  of  falling  off,  as  usual. 

ins  the  Mem  in  a  rinR.  Voluble.    Twining  or  ascending  gpiralJy. 

Veriicillate.    Grov/ing  in  verticils,  or  whorls.  \  Wavy .     See  Undulate. 

VWo^e,  or  Villous,    covered   with  fine  soft  hairs;     TVhorl.    S'>e  Verticil. 

like  velvet.  !  IVings.      The  two  'ide-petals  of  a  papilion.Tceous 

Vircscent.     Inclining  to  green.  1      flower.     Also  the  membranes  afhxet!  to  ioriie  per- 

Virp:aie.     Like  a  wand,  or  slender  rod. 
Vixci'ii.     Covered  with  a  tenacious  juice. 
Viviparous.     Producing    its  offspring  alive, — either 

by  bulbs  instead  of  seeds;  or  by  the  seeds  germi- 


icsrps,  and  on  the  sides  of  some  petioles. 
Woolly.     Clothed  with  a  pubescence    resembling 
wool. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  CORRECTIONS,  &c.     See  pages  139-140. 

Anxious  to  rectify  as  m^ny  of  my  oversights  as  possible,  while  opportunity  is  afforded.  I  avail  myseU" 
bf  a  vacant  space  in  this,  the  last  sheet  in  the  printing,  to  make  a  few  additional  corrections.  There  are 
doubtless  a  number  more  to  be  made,  which  have  hitherto  escaped  my  notice— notwithstanding  consid- 
erable care  was  taken  with  the  proofs.  The  disadvantages  under  which  I  have  labored,  in  getting  this  little 
work  through  the  press,  can  only  be  duly  appreciated  by  those  who  know  to  what  unlucky  interruptions  a 
Country  Physician  is  perpetually  subjected. 

Next  after  Leersia  Okyzoides,  fage  10,  insert  the  reference  to  ,1Iu/J.— or  rather  Torrey;  which  is 
still  better. 

FtsTUCA  FLUiTAxs.  p.  13.  Tliis  is  the  Poa  fluitans,  of  iT/a'o/r;  and  the  GL-iCE:aiA  fluitaxs,  of 
Toricy. 

CAULCPHYLLuai.  p.  39.  I  have  just  had  an  opportunity  to  observe  the  entire  correctness  of  the  ac- 
count of  tne  fruit  of  this  jjiant,  as  given  by  L)r.  Torrey,  from  K.  Brown.  The  process,  soon  after  the  flow- 
er talis  oif,  is  very  remarkable.  The  young  fruit  seems  to  i  e  a  kiod  of  short,  membranous  silique,  or  cap- 
sule, beaked  obliquely  with  the  style,  and  containing  two  globular  seeds— one  of  which  is  generally  abor- 
tive. The  cipsule  opens  laterally,  and  is  pushed  to  one  side  by  the  enlarging,  drupe-like  seed,  which  is 
liupijorted  on  the  erect,  clavate  funiculus  la  a  ievv  instances,  I  observe  botli  seeds  perfect,  at  least  while 
young,  and  protruded  side  by  side,  iu  the  manner  statei;. 

Heloxias  pioica.  p.  -13.    Next  line  after  the  Synon.  insert 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  May,  and  alter.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Crataegus  coccinea-  p.  C2.  This  is  said  to  be  Pcntagynous;  but  I  observe  that  it  has  frequently 
only  three  styles,— and  sometimes  only  iico.  Indeed,  the  number  of  styles  seems  to  be  variable  in  all 
this  genus.    This  species  is  known  here  by  the  name  of  HLiie  Thorn. 

C  glatvdulosaI  p.  62.  I  have,  I  think,  found  the  real  C.  glandulosa,  this  season  (1826).  The  stipule?, 
petioles,  and  calices,  are  remarkably  glandular,  and  somewhat  viscid.  The  segments  of  the  calyx  are  ser- 
rate, with  glands  on  the  serratures.  The  atyles  are  moaliy  'Aret— sometimes  only  tico.  The  leaves  are 
ovate,  sub-Iobate,  and  serrate,  smooth  and  shining — resembling  those  of  C.  coccinea,  more  than  any  others 
I  have  observed.  The  shiub  grows  in  low  grounds— on  Jesse  Good's  land,  &c.— 4  to  6',. or  H  feet  high — 
and  flowers  about  the  middle  of  May.    It  s  called,  here.  Black  Thorns  and  is  not  common. 

We  have  also,  along  Brandy  wine,  what  appears  to  be  the  C.  punctata,  of  Elliott,  and  Torrey ;— with 
obovate-cuneate,  sub-plicate  leaves— pubescent  corymbs— and  the  calyx  with  subulate,  entire  segments. 
The  styles  are  generally  i/iree— sometimes  tivo.    It  flowers  the  middle  of  May. 

CvPRiPEnuM  nuMiLE.  p.  95.  I  have  recently  found  this  plant  on  the  Brandywine  bills,  just  above 
Downingtovvn:  and  Dr.  W.  Worthington  informs  me  he  has  seen  it  on  the  Valiey  hills,  North  of  the  Ship 
Tavern. 

MoRus  ALBA-  p.  101.    This  species  seems  to  be  dioiccus,  in  some  instances. 

Fagus  sYLVATicA.  p.  105.  In  the  first  line  of  the  Ohs.  for  "correct,"  read  incorrect-  I  have  examin- 
ed many  trees  of  t!is  species;  and  find  them  r.Il  Tnonci-.-cus.  It  mny..  however,  hs  dioiccut  in  some  ia- 
stances. 


wmmmwmM  (isssma©^^ 


CLASS  I.  MONANDRIA. 


L.  CALLITRICHE.    jVuU.  Am.  Gen.  5. 
[Faiicii''uIIy  derived  from  tlie  Gveek,Kallos,  beauty,  and  Thrix,  hair;  in  reference  to  the  floating  tufts  of  leaves  ] 

Calyx  inferior,  2  leaved.  Corolla  0.  Seeds  4,  naked,  compressed. 

C.  HETEROPHYLLA.  P/V.  Upper  leaves  spathulate-obovate;  lower  ones  linear,  obtuse;  emarginate. 
Synonym.  C.  verna:  cf  C  autumnalis?  TVilld.     Fu/go— Water  Starwcrt. '  Star  Chickweed. 
JYorci?— Last  of  April  till  September.  Fi^ucius  maiurus— 

Jfaii'tai— Standing  water  of  springs  and  rivulets:  frequent:  6  to  iS  inches  long, 

Obs.  Plerbaceous:  continuas  green  through  the  winter.  This  plant  varies  in  size  and  features,  according 
to  the  depth  of  wp,ter  in  which  it  grows,  and  other  circumstances:  and  I  entirely  concur  with  Dr.  W.  P.  C; 
Barton  {Flor.  Pliilad.)  in  the  opinion,  that  the  C.  linearis,  of  Pursh,  is  nothing  more  than  a  variety. 

2.  CINNA.    Nutt.  Gen.  69. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name,  from /ie»j,  to  heat;  a  supposed  quality  of  the  original  plant.  De  T/ict*.] 

Cal.  2  valved,  1  flowered,  compressed,  nearly  equal.  Cor.  2  valved,  linear,  naked  at  base,  shortly  stipitatc 
C  AiiuNDi>rACEA.  Muhl.  Glabrous;  panicle  large,  weak;  dorsal  valve  sub-av/ned  below  tlie  apex. 
Synon.  Agrostis  Cinna.  Ph.  FttZg-o— Reed  like  Cinna. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  ir.at.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Moist,  rich  woodlands:  Patton's  woods;  Brandywine:  frequent.  ' 

06s.  A  tall  grass,  2  to  -5  feet  high.  Notwithstanding  the  suggestions  of  such  high  authority  as  Jussieu, 
Schreber,  and  Pursh,  I  incline  to  agree  with  Mr.  Tsuttall,  in  keeping  this  plant  distinct  from  Agrostis;  and, 
with  a  view  to  one  of  the  chief  advantages  of  the  Sexual  System,  in  the  study  of  ir^otanyj  I  unite  with  Dr, 
Muhlenberg  in  placing  it  where  that  system  would  lead  the  student  to  look  for  it;  viz.  in  the  class  Moaandria- 

CLASS   IL  DIANDSIA. 


Jk,    Flowers  inferior,    a.  Corolla  monopetalous,  regxdar. 

3.  LIGUSTRUM.    Gen.-  PI.  23. 
[Supposed  to  be  from  the  Lat.  ligare,  to  tie,  or  bind;  from  the  use  made  of  the  branches  3 

Cal.  4  toothed.    Cor.  4  parted;  divisions  ovate.    Eers.y2  celled,  4  seeded, 

L-  VULGARE.  P/i.    Leaves  lanceolate,  acute;  panicle  crowded. 

FM/g:o— Privet,  or  Privy-bush.    Prim. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Light,  sandy  soils:  along  fences,  and  road-sides:  frequent. 

(5&».  A  shrub,  4.  to  6  or  8  feet  high:  flowers  white,  berries  black.  Native  of  Europe,  but  has  become 
natiu-alized  here.  It  was  formerly  tried  for  heds^ing;  but  does  not  answer  the  purpo.s3.  The  leaves  are  stim- 
ulant, and  are  often  chewed,  or  used  in  gargles,  as  a  popular  remedv  for  ulcers  in  the  mouth  and  throat, 
.Vhcepf  says  the  berries  alTord  a  purple  or  black  pigment.    Mr.  Nuttall  has  omitted  this  plant. 

^  *  I  have  not  met  with  any  plant,  in  this  vicinitv,  belonging  to  the  order  iTfonog-'/n««  of  this  class:  though 
Jt  IS  possible,  notwithstanding  numerous  and  diligent  searches,  that  the  Hiimuri's  may  have  escaped  my 
notice.  i^  J  * 

B 


2  DIANDIlfA.  MONOGYNIA. 

4.  CHIONANTHUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  9.  1 

[Frbm  the  Gr.  Chion,  snow,  and  Anthos,  a  flower;  from  its  snow-white  petals.]  a 

Cal.  4  cleft.    Cor.  deeply  4  parted;  divisions  long,  linear.    Drupe  1  seeded.  iV^tif  striated. 

C  viRGiNiCA.  Marshall.    Peduncles  mostly  trifid,  three  flowered;  leaves  oval,  entire. 

Vulgo— Fringe  tree.    Snow-drop  tree.    White  ash. 

Ft.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Hilly  woodlands:  Banks  of  the  Brandy  wine,  near  Worth's  mill :  rare. 

Obs.  A  small,  branching  tree,  12  to  20  feet  high:  much  admired  for  its  white,  fringe-like  flowers.  This  1 
appears  to  be  the  ftroad/M^ed  variety,  of  Alton;  or  ?rto?!i«nMs,  of  Puish.  Marshall  says  (Arbust.  Ameri-  9 
can.)  the  bark  of  the  root  bruised,  and  applied  to  fresh  wounds,  was  accounted  by  the  aborigines  a  specific,  1^ 
ill  curing  them  without  suppuration:  but  such  specifics  are  pretty  much  discarded,  in  modern  surgery. 

b.     Corolla  monopetalous,  irregular:  Fruit  capsular. 

5.    VEHONICA.     Nutt.  Gen.  11. 
[Etymology  obscure:  Boerhaave  says,  "  Nomen  habet  a  Veronice  Principe  fremina  inventrice."] 
Cal.  4  parted.    Cor.  rotate,  4  lobed;  lower  segment  narrowest.    Caps.  2  celled,  obcordate. 
§1.    Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme. 
V.  serpyllifolia.  Sm.  Cyclopad.  Raceme  somewhat  spiked;  leaves  ovate,  shghtly  crenate,  smooth. 
■FmZ§:o— Smooth  Speedwell.    Paul's  Betony.    Thyme-leaved  Veronica. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Fields  and  joadsides:  common.    2  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  pale  blue,  striped. 

§2.    Flowers  in  lateral  racemes. 

V  OFFICINALIS.  Sm.  Cycl.  Racemes  pedunculate;  leaves  obovate,  hairy;'  stem  procumbent,  rough-haired- 
Vidgo — Common,  or  Male  Speedwell. 

Fl.  Last  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July,  and  after. 

Hab.  Di-y,  sandy  banks:  woodlands,  and  roadsides:  common.  About  1  foot  long:  flowers  pale  blue,  veined. 
Obs.    Linnaeus  and  Schcepf  say  it  is  vulnerary  and  tonic;  but  it  is  probably  little  worth,  as  a  medicine. 
V.  ANAGALLis.  Sm.  Cycl.  Racemes  opposite,  long,  loose;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate;  stem  erect,  smooth- 
Vulgo — Long-leaved  Brooklime.    Pimpernel.    Water  Speedwell. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Begjinning  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Ditches  and  rivulets:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  blue. 

V.  BECCABUNGA.  Sm.  Cycl  Plant  smooth,  lucid  green;  leaves  oval,  fiat,  crenate;  stem  creeping. 
F«?g-o— Brooklime.    Wallink. 

FL  Last  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July,  and  after. 

Hab.  Spring  headsj  and  rivulets:  frequent.    9  to  18  inches  long:  flowers  blue. 

Obs.  Continnes  green  through  the  winter;  and  is  closely  alhed,  in  habit,  with  the  foregoing.  The  ex- 
firessed  juice  is  a  popular  remedy  for  croup,  or  cynanche  trachealis:  and  certain  Empirics,  among  the 
Germans,  prescribe  the  herb,  (under  the  name  of  JVallink,)  in  cachectic  cases — to  be  taken  in  infusion- 
Its  virtues,  however,  are  believed  to  be  very  trifling,  if  any. 

§  3 .    Floicers  solitary. 
V.  AGRESTis.'  Pilose;  branches  assurgent;  stem  leaves  ovate,  crenate;  floral  leaves  lanceolate,  entire. 
Fl:  Beginning  of  May.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Hab.  Fields,  roadsides,  and  exsiccated  swamps:  frequent.    2  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  pale  blue,  caducous. 

Obs.  I  have  been  a  good  deal  puzzled  with  this  species.  Dr.  Baldwin  and  Mr.  Schweinitz  both  pro- 
nounced it  V.  agrestis;  otherwise  I  should  unhesitatingly  have  set  it  down  as  the  V.  arvensis  of  Smith,  and 
Elliott.  The  lower,  or  stem  leaves  are  opposite,  ovate-cordate,  incised-crenate;  the  floral  leaves  are  sub- 
sessile,  alternate,  lanceolate,  entire,  or  sometimes  incised  near  the  base;  flowers  on  short  peduncles,  not  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  leaves  (See  Smith);  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  (See  £11.)  and  remarkably  cadu- 
cous: capsule  ciliate.    There  is  some  confusion  and  difficulty  in  the  case,  which  I  am  unable  to  elucidate. 

V.  PEREGRiNA.  Sm.  Cycl.  Flowers  sessile;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  entire,  smooth;  stem  erect. 

Vulgo — Knot-grass-leaved,  or  Purslane^leaved  Speedwell.    Neckwfeed. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Hab-  Gardens,  and  other  cultivated  grounds:  common.    4  to  8  inches  high:  flowers  white,  small. 

Obs.  This  species  is  said  to  have  been  found  useful  in  some  scrophulous  aff'ections;  and  hence  the  name, 
"Neckweed."  See  Barton's  Med-  and  Pliys.  Journal,  Vol.  3, part  1.  p.  24.  A!!  the  species  here  enume- 
rated have  been  supposed  to  be  naturalized  foreignars;  (See  JVatt.  &  Elliott.)  thoughDl"-  J:?i«lth  {Oyclopced.} 
notes  them  all,  except  V.  agrestisj  as  natives  of  ou;  country, 


DIANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  3 

6.    LEPTANDRA.    Nutt.  Gen.  12. 
[From  the  Gr.  Lcptos,  slender,  and  Ancr,'andi^os,  male;  in  reference  to  the  fructification.] 
Cal.  5  parted.    Cor.  tubular- campanulate;  border  4  lobed,  unequal.    Caps,  ovate,  acuminate/, 
L.  viRGimCA.    Bart.  Fl.  Phil.     Stem  erect;  leaves  verticillate;  spikes  terminal,  long. 
Sunon.  Veronica  virginiea.  Auctorum.     Vulgo— Till  Veronica.    Virginian  Speedwell. 
FL  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hub.  Low  grounds,  and  borders  of  woodlands:  frequent.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs     Mr  Nuttall,  who  separated  this  from  the  foregoing  genus,  remarks  that  the  leaves  are  "  nev0  sim- 
ply opposite,  or  ternate;"  but  I  have  several  specimens  with  the  leaves  altogether  ternate. 

7.    GRATIOLA.    Nutt.  Gen.  14. 
[Lat.  Gratia,  grace,  or  favor;  on  account  of  its  supposed  medical  virtues.] 

Cal.  5  parted.  Cor.  tubular,  resupinate.  Slam.  4, 2  sterile.  Caps,  dissepiment  contrary  to  the  valves; 
G.  viRGiNiCA.  Ell.  Stem  assurgent,  mostly  terete;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  toothedv 
FL  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June,  and  after. 

Hub.  Low,  muddy  places;  ponds,  &c.  frequent.  4,  to  10  or  12  inches  high:  flowers  yellow,  or  dirty  white. 
Obs.  There  is  considerable  variety  in  the  appearance  of  this  plant;  and,  I  think,  some  confusion  and 
obsnuritv  in  the  descriptions  of  it.  I  submitted  my  specimens  to  Mr.  Schwemitz,  who  thmks  they  are  all, 
probably,  mere  varieties  of  G.  virginiea;  although  the  stems,  in  some  mstances  are  subtetragonous,  and  the 
peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves.  One  specimen  from  the  forks  of  Brandy  wme,  flowenng  as  late  as 
October,  {tube  yellow,  limb  white,  with  a  linge  of  red,)  Mr.  S.  thmks  is  the  G.  carolmtana,  of  Le  Conte, 
but  in  its  general  features  it  resembles  the  others. 

S.    LINDERNIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  15. 
[So  named  in  honor  of  F.  B.  von  Lindern,  a  German  Botanist.] 

Cal.  5  parted.    Cor.  tubular,  bilabiate.    Stam.  4, 2  longer  sterile.    Caps-  dissep.  parallel  with  the  valves. 
L   DiL^TA-T  V?  EH.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  subamplexicaul;  peduncles  square,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
&W.  L^pyxidaria?  P/i.  Gratiolaaaugallidca?  Jfx.       Fu^go-Pimpernel. 
/?    Middle  of  July  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Hub.  Low,  swampy  grounds:  Patton's  ;  Brandy  wine :  frequent.     4  to  8  inches  high:  flowers  pale  blue. 
nh.    This  plant  closely  resembles  Gratiola,  in  habit.    The  capsules    in  my  specimens  are  gm/e  as  long 
?h    P.lrl  ■  f  See  Parsh  )  and  in  no  instance  is  the  peduncle  "  longer  than  the  leaves."  (bee  Elltott.)    Yet 
I  have  the  auOiority  of  Mr.  Schweinitz  for  the  above  designation. 

9.    CATALPA.    Nutt.  Gen.  16. 
[A  name  said  to  have  been  derived  from  our  Southern  Indians.] 
Cal.  2  parted.    Cor.  5  parted,  ventricose.    Stam.  2,  with  2  or  3  sterile  filaments.    Caps,  long,  cylindricaT. 
r    roRDiFOLiA.  Ell.  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate;  flowers  in  panicles. 
^,non    C    syrt^g^foha.  Pk.  Bignonia  catalpa.  JViUd.  S.c.     Val,o-C^^.     Bean  tree. 
J?.  Latter  eld  of  June.  ^>-  -«*•  ^''^'"'^  ^^  <^^°^-- 

Hab.  Gravelly  soil:  Jos.  Taylor's;  Great-valley  hills:  not  common. 

nh.  A  branching  ornamental  tree,  12  to  20  feet  high:  flowers  variegated,  yellowish  white,  dotted  witk 
.n?ni;-  deeantiy  hgurelTn  .V^  Arbres  Forestiers  de  L'A^nerique.  It  ,s  rarely  to  be  met  wih  except 
??St  old  sftUementsrwhere  it  has  evidently  been  introduced^  I  have  observed  it,  occasionally,  to  be  com- 
pletely  Didijnamous. 

10.    UTRICULARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  19. 
[So  named  from  the  Utriculi,  or  little  bladders,  attaclwH  to  its  leaves.] 
Cal.  2 leaved.    Cor.  ringent,  spurred.    Caps,  globular,  1  celled,  many  seeded. 
U.  VULGARIS.  Bart.  FL  PhiL  Nectary  conical;  upper  lip  reflexcd  at  the  sides:  scape  upright. 
FttZgo— Bladder  wort.    Hooded  milfoil. 

•  Fl  liatter  end  of  June.  ^''-  '"«*• 

•  Hab.  Pond,  near  the  forks  of  Erandywine:  rareJ     Flowers  yellow. 

Obs  Voout  20  years  ^-o,  I  found  another  species  in  this  vicinity,  which  the  btc  Professor  Barton  pv*- 
nouneed  to  be  U.  setacea;  but  I  have  not  met  with  it  since. 


i    '  blANDRIA.MONOGYNrA. 

c.  Corolla  msnopttalous:  Flowers  mostly  labiate:  Foitrnaked  seeds. 

11.  LYCOPUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  21. 

{^t.LyJios,  a  wolf,  and  Fous,  a  foot; ''  quia  veteres  credebant  hujus  plantce  folia  pedes  Lupi  referre."  Boerh-  J 

Cal.  5  toothecL    Cor.  4  lobed;  upper  segment  broader,  and  emarginate.    Seeds  4,  retuse. 
h-  viRGiOTCUs.  Ell  Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  at  base;  calyx  acute,  shorter  than  the  seeds. 
Vut go— W&ier  Horehou'nd. 

P/.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  J'r.  mai.  Middle  of  October. 

ilab.  gvvamps,  and  moist  woodlands:  common.  12  to  13  mches  high:  flowers  white;  in  whorls. 
J  Ohs.  The  variety  which  Pursh  calls  qvercifolius  (if,  indeed,  it  be  not  a  distinct  species,)  is  also  ccrrmon 
jn  this  vicHiity.  It  IS  said  to  be  a  principal  medicine  with  certain  noted  Empirics,  known  here  by  the  name 
a\  ••  Lnir.jfdT  Docfors,''  who  prescribe  the  infasion  as  a  soverei.2.-n  reruedy  for  what  they  call  a  ''Diy 
■^,  •'  ^"'"'  ''-'-  -  •  o'-b:--  rill  lice  dignus !)  an  infirmity  which,  they  allege,  afflicts  a  large  proportion  of  those  cred- 
'Uvm  pei'Bcus  Wjio  resort  thither^ — or  send  their  urine. 

12.  CUNILA.    A^iitt.  Gen.  22. 

[A  name  borrowed  frCm  the  ancient  Roman  naturalists;  etymology  uncertain.] 
Cal.  cylindrical,  5  toothed.    Cor.  ringent;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  emarginate.  Slam.  4,  2  sterile. 

C.  MARIAWA.  Ell.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  slightly  serrate,  dotted;  corymbs  axillary  and  terminal. 
Ffi.'go— Dittany.  ,    ,' 

Pi.  Last  of  July  till  October.  '  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  aft*-. 

Mab.  Dry  hills  and  woodlands:  Barrens,  abundant.    About  1  foot  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

bbs.     A  pleasant  aromatic  herb.    The  infusion  is  popular,  and  deservedly  so,  as  an  ap-reeable  febrifuec^ 
or  diaphoretic  draught.  °  ■* 

13.  HEDEOMA.    Nutt.  Gen.  23. 

[Perhaps  from  the  Gr.  Hedys,  hedeos,  sweet,  or  pleasant ;   on  account  of  its  fragrance.] 
Cal.  bilabiate,  gibbous  at  base  ;  dentures  subulate.    Cor.  ringent.    &'iam.  4,  2  sterile- 
H.  PtTi^EGioiDEs.  Ell.  Leaves  oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers  axillary,  verticillate. 
Smon.  Cunila  pulegioides.  lUuhl.  Mx.   Willd.  &c-   Rf/g-o— Pennyroyal. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Mab.  Dry.  gravelly  soils  :  Field.s,  roadsides,  &c.  common.    4  to  10  inches  high  :  fio%vers  pale  blue. 

Obs.     A  grateful  and  warmly  aromatic  herb.     It  is  a  diaphoretic  and  carminative  •.  and  is  also  popular 
as  an  emnicriagcgue.  -  i   s       - 

14.  MONARDA.    Nutt.  Gen.  24. 

[So  named  in  honor  of  Nicholas  Monardts,  a  Spanish  Botanist.]  .    . 

Cal.  5  toothed,  cylindric.  Cor.  ringent;  tube  long;  upper  lip  linear,  enclosing  the  filaments. 
M.  xroTLis.  Ph.  Hoary-pubescent;  exterior  bractes  cordate-ovate;  corolla  hairy;  apex  of  the  galea  bearded. 
■^tr--        vl-ailoploln.  Mx.  M.  oblongata.'  Muhl.  Fw/g-o— Horse  mint.    Wild  Burgamot. 
F/.  I,aUerenrlor.;a'y.  -Fr.  me?.  Middle  oif  September. 

iiub.  Sar.dy  ;r  -ks,  end  ience-rows;  along  Brandywine:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

06s.  A  species  embracing  numerous  varieties;  as  Michaux  has  justly  remarked. 
M    FisTULOSA.  Ph.  Sparsely  hirsute;  heads  prolif*  rous;  exterior  bractes  oblong,  acute;  petioles  ciliate. 
.tl.  ?.'.K.ule  ot  July.  p,,.  ,.,,,^.  Beginning  of  September. 

Hub.  I<ence-rows,  &c.  along  Brandywine:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  .white. 
EiSi^Jt^'^Thf  J\?  ^^'■fi'"'"-'  a^i^  indiscriminately  known  by  the  common  names  of  Horsemint,  and  Wild 
f;^r  ,H.^^1\  vV„^i     •    ,     r'  "  "^•'"  ^"\"«'0-i,'  'n  some  cases  of  gravel,  with  apparent  benetit;  and  are  quite 
popuiai  as  a  ,  emedy  m  tnat  con-plamt-though  I  believe  the  relief  afforded  is  rarely  durable.  ^ 

15.    SALVIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  25. 
[From  the  Lat.  sahare,  to  save;  from  its  supposed  medical  powers.] 
Cal.  tubular,  bilabiate.  Cor.  ringent.  Stam.  2  fertile;  the  filaments  transversely  pedicellate. 
B.  LiHATA.  i://.  Radical  leaves  lyrate;  stem  nearly  leafless,  retrorsely  pubescent. 
{■«/-o— Meadow  S^ge.     "'vYiia  Siige.     Cancer  weed. 

ifl.  Latter  end  of  May,  and  alter.  pr.  r.iat.  Beginning  of  July.  ) 

Mab.  bteriie  meadow  banks,  and  woodlands:  frequent.    12  to  is"  inches  liigh:  flowers  blue. 
^U.  fiJr.  Elliott  says  the  fresh  radical  leaves  bruised  and  applied  to  warts,  will  generally  remove  them. 


i)IANDPJA.  MONOGYNIA.  5 

16.    COLLINSONIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  26. 

[la  honor  of  Pctei^  Colliiison,oi  London;  a  patron  of  botanical  science.] 

Cal.  bilabiate;  upper  lip  3  toothed,  lower  bifid.     Cor.  unequally  5  lobed;  lower  lobe  fiinged. 

C.  CAivADEivsis.  Ph.  Leaves  broad,  ovate,  smooth^  panicle  compound,  terminal. 
r»','^o— Knot- root.    Hor.seweed.     Horsebslm.    Richweed. 

FL  Middle  of  July  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  Beginuing  of  October. 

Huh.  Borders  of  rich  woodland.s:  common.    1  to  3  feet  high:  fiower.s  yellow. 

Obs.  It  rarely  Derfects  more  than  one  seed,  which  is  !ar?,'e  and  globular.  Schospf  enumerates  several  dis- 
ease.s  in  which  tliis  plant  in  useful;  but  it  is  not  much  employed.  The  large  soft  leaves  are  sometimes  used 
in  dressing  blisters. 

IB.  Flowers  superior,     a.  Complete. 

17.    CIRC^A.    Natl.  Gen.  27. 
[Fancifully  named,  from  Circe,  the  fabled  enchantress  of  antiquity.] 
Cal.  2  leaved.     Cor.  2  petalled.     Caps,  ovate,  hispid,  2  celled,  not  opening. 
C.  CAXASEXsis.  3Iuhl.  Stem  erect;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  toothed,  opake,  somewhat  glabrous. 
'Synon.  C.  lu.tetiana.-  TPIM.  &cr.  l-ii<'»o— Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

FL  Beginning  of  July.  Fi\  mat.  Latter  end  of  Augu.st. 

Hub.  Moist  woodlands,  and  shaded  places:  common.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  reddish  white. 

Obs.  Schcepf,  who  seems  to  have  found  medical  virtues  in  a  great  number  of  our  plants,  says  the  leaves 
of  this  make  a  good  cataplasm  for  hceinorrhoidal  tumors. 

b.    Floivcrs  incomplete- 

13.    FRAXINUS.    mat.  Gen.  781. 

[The  Latin  name  of  the  Ash  tree:  Etymology  obscure.] 

Pohj^cmoiis:  Cal.  0,  or  4  parted.    Cor.  0,  or  4  petalled.    Samara  1  seeded;  w"ing  lanceolate. 

F.  Americaxa.  Mx.  Arb.  Folio'espetiolate,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  toothed,  glaucous  beneath. 

Synon.  F.  discolor.  3tuhl.     F.  alba.  Marshall.  F.  acuminata.  Ph.  Vutgo—Wb'iie  Ash. 

Pi.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub.  Woodlands;  low  meadow  grounds;  fence  rows,  fijc.  dommon.  40,  to  60  or  SO  feet  higlj. 

06s.  Tlie  leaves  in  Michaux's  plate  (Arhrcs  Forest.)  do  not  exact!}'-  correspond  with  my  specimens. 
This  tree  is  very  valuable  for  its  timber;  which  is  much  used  by  wheelwrights,  coach-makers,  &c. 

F.  sAMBUCiFOLiA.  Mx.Arb.  Folioles  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  at  base;  branches  dotied- 
Synon.  F.  nigra.  Marshall.  FwZgo— Black  ash.     Eklerleaved  ash.    Water  asli. 

Fl.  Last  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hob.  Wet,  low  grounds;  rivulet'and  creek  sides:  not  so  common.    20  to  40  feet  hi.^h. 
Oi's.  This  species  is  neither  so  larg-e  nor  so  valuable  as  the  foregoing. 


ID.    ANTHOXANTHUM.    NvM.  Gen.  7i. 

[Gr.  Anthos,  a  flower,  and  Xanthos,  yellow:  the  spikes  of  flowers  inchning  to  that  color.] 

L'al.  2  valved,  1  flowered.    Cor.  2  valved,  acuminate,  awned  from  near  the  base.  Stain,  much  exserted. 

A.  ODORATUM.    Ell.  Spike  oblong,  ovate;  flow^srs  i^ub-pedunculate,  longer  th?.n  the  awn. 
Fw/go— Sweet-scented  vernal  grass. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after. 

//(i&.  Meadows,  and  borders  of  woodlands;  common.    12  to  18  inches  hi?h. 

Obs.  This  grags  emits  a  very  grateful  odor,  when  cut,  and  partly  dry.  It  is  a  native  of  Europe :  but  has 
become  extensively  naturalized  here.  In  all  botanical  works,  arranged  a(;cording  to  the  Sexual  Siiste.m,  I 
think  this  plant  ought  to  be  placed  in  the  class  Diav.dria;  for  it  is  there,  undoubtedlv,  the  student  wcuhK 
first  look  lor  it. 


CLASS  III.  TRIANDRIA. 

ORBER,  MONOGYNXA. 

A-    Flowers  superior,    a.  Complete. 

20.    FEDIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  30. 
[Meaning  obscure:  supposed  to  be  from  Fedus,  an  ancient  Latin  word  for  Ilcedus,  a  kid.] 

Cal.  3  or  4  toothed.    Cor.  5  cleft.     Caps,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx,  3  celled. 
P.  radiata.    Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Dichotomous;  leaves  spathulate-oblong,  opposite;  flowers  terminal. 
Sijnon.  Valeriana  olitoria.   Willd.  Fw/g-o— Lamb's  lettuce.    Corn  sallad. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Meadow  bank,  at  Brinton  Darlington's:  rare,    4  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  blueish  white. 

Obs.  I  have  seen  this  plant  in  great  abundance,  and  of  a  la^er  size,  near  Strasburg,  in  Lancaster  county; 
but  it  is  very  rare  here.  I  cannot  think,  with  Dr.  W.  P.  C.  Barton,  that  it  is  indigenous,— at  least  in  this 
neighborhood.  The  radical  leaves  are  used  as  a  sallad,  in  Europe,  and  in  some  of  our  cities.  It  has  been  sup- 
posed USefulin  cases  of  renal  calcuH:  and  Boerhaave,  according  to  Schoepf,  says,  "HypochondriaCorum 
^umraum  est  solatium."    Certainly  a  comfort  of  easy  acquisition. 

b.    Flowers  incomplete. 

21.    IRIS,    Nutt.  Gen.  34. 
[From  the  hues  of  the  flower  resembling  those  of  the  Rainbow.'S 
Caii.  spathe,  2  valved.    Cor.  6  parted;  alternate  segments  reflexed.    Stigmas  petal-form. 
I.  viRGmiCA.  Ph-  Flowers  beardless;  stem  ancipital,  longer  than  the  leaves;  capsules  oblong,  angles  sulcate. 
Synon.  I.  versicolor.  Torrey;  not  of  Ph.  nor  of  the  South,  secund.  Schweinitz.        Fw/go— Wild  Flag. 
Fl.  Latter  endof  May  *     Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Low,  wet  places:  Dungeon  bottom:  rather  scarce.    2  to  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  A  handsome  plant;  flowers  blueish  purple,  somewhat  variegated— -with  the  base  of  the  outer  petals 
yellow. 

3>    Flowers  inferior,    a.  Corolla  monopetalous. 

22.    HETERANTHERA.    Beauvois,  in  Act.  Philad.  4.  p.  173. 
[Gr.  Heteros,  different,  and  Anthera,  an  anther;  the  anthers  in  tlie  same  flower  being  dissimilar.] 
Cal,.  spaWie,  2  to  4  flowered.  Cor.  tubular;  limb  6  parted.  Anthers,  2  linear,  1  triangular-  Caps.  3  celled- 
H.  RE^-iFORMis.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.    Leaves  roundish,  reniform;  spathe  3  or  4  flowered. 
Synon.  H.  acuta.  Ph.    Leptanthus  reniformis.  Mx.  Nutt.  Gen.  40. 
Fl.  Last  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Mob.  Swamps,  and  muddy  rivulets:  Chester  creeTi;  Brandy  wine:  frequent 

Obs.  A  creeping,  herbaceous  plant,  4,  to  6  or  8  inches  long;  flowers  while.  On  opening  the  side  of  the 
full  grown  capsule,  longitudinally,  the  columella,  or  receptacle  of  the  seeds,  splits  into  three  parti,  so  as  te 
present  tile  appearance  of  three  receptacles,  to  which  the  seeds  are  attached  by  pedicels. 

23.    SCHOLLERA.    Schreh.  Gen.  PL  1711. 
[In  honor  of  Fred.  Adam  Scholler,  a  German  Botanist.] 

Cal.  spathe,  1  or  2  flowered.  Cor.  tube  slender,  very  long;  limb  6  parted.  Caps.  1  celled. 
S.  GRAMiNEA.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Stem  slender,  floating  or  creeping;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  grass-like. 
Synon.  Leptanthus  gramineus.  Mx.  Heteranthera  giaminea.  Ph. 
Fl.  Middle  of  July.  fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Shallow  waters:  Brandy  wine-    6  to  18  inches  long:  flowers  bright  yellow. 

Obs.  The  Scholler?,  of  Schreber,  seemed  to  be  lost  for  a  time,  until  Dr.  Muhlenberg  restored  it.  f  (See 
Bees'  Cyclop.  ..4r?.  Schollera.)  Michaux  appears  not  to  have  been  aware  that  his  Leptanthus  gramme- 
iis  was  the  same  plant.  It  is  pretty  abuiidant  in  the  Brandy  wuic;  in  some  seasons  flowering  extcnsiveJy- 
in  either?,  the  flower.';  rarely  ts  be  gee^.. 


TRIANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  f 

b-    Corolla  tripetalous. 

24.  XYRIS.    Nutt  Gen.  43. 

[From  the  Gr.  Xyros,  pointed,  or  sharp;  its  leaves  terminating  in  a  sharp  point.] 

Cal.  glumaceoLis,  3  valv'd,  unequal,  the  outer  coriaceous.  Cor.  petals  equal,  crenate.  Caps.  1  celled,  3  valv  'd. 

X.  FLEXUOSA.  Ell.  Heads  closely  imbricate,  ovate;  calyx  shorter  than  the  bractes;  leaves  twisted. 

Synon.  X.  jupicai.  Mx.  X.  caroliniana.  Ph.     Fw/g-o— Yellow-flowering  Rush. 

Fi.  Middle  of  Au-ust.  Fr  mat. 

Hob.  Wet,  gravelly  places:  rivulet,  near  Cyrus  Barnard's:  rare.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  yellow'. 

C  Flowers  glumaceous.    a.  Carolla  0. 

25.  SCIRPUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  47. 

[An  ancient  Latin  name  for  the  Bullrush;  which  belongs  to  this  family.] 
Cal.  Chaffy  scales,  imbricated  on  all  sides  in  a  spike.    Style  filiform,  deciduous. 

§  1.     Spike  solitary,  terminal. 

S.  TRiCHODEs.'  Mahl.  Stem  setaceous,  slightly  furrowed,  purple  at  base,  cespitose;  ^ike  ovate- 

Synon.  S.  capillaceus.  Mx.    S.  pusillus.  Ph. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hah.  Barrens,  near  George  Vernon's:  rare.    1  to  3  inches  high. 

Ohs.  A  diminutive  and  remarkable  species,  which  Mr.  Schweinitz  thought  new  to  him;  but  I  am  inclined 
to  believe  it  is  the  plant  above  referred  to. 

S.  TENUIS.  Miihl.  Stem  4  angled;  Sheath  purple,  truncate,  submucronate;  spike  elliptic;  root  horizontal. 
FL  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

//aft.  Wet  places:  meadows,  &c. — frequent.    About  a  span  high. 

S.  cAPiTATrs.  Muhl.  Stem  compressed,  cespitose;  spike  ovate;  glumes  brown,  with  white  margin. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after-  Fr-  mat. 

Hah.  Swamps,  and  wet  places:  J-  H--Brinton's:  frequent.    6  to  12  inches  high. 

Ohs.  Dr.  Baldwin  agreed  with  Dr.  Muhl.  in  thinking  this,  and  the  S.  ovatus  of  Willd.  to  be  the  same;  byt 
he  assured  me  it  was  very  distinct  from  S.  tuberculosus,  of  Mx.    See  Muhl.  Gram,  descript. 

§  2.  Spikes  nvmerons,  terminal,  t  Without  leaves. 

S.  L-ictrsTnis.  Muhl.  Stem  round,  tapering;  umbels  decompound;  spikes  ovate;  scales  mucronate; 

r«;g-o— Common  Bull-rush.     Tall  club  rush. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hah.  Swampy  meadows:  Joseph  Taylor's:  somewhat  rare.    4  to  5  feet  high. 

06.5.  Dr.  Withering  says  this  species  is  used,  in  England,  in  making  the  seats  of  rush-bottomed  chairs,  he 
but  in  this  country  it  is  not  esteemed  for  that  purpose;  the  S.  triqaeter,  or  americamis,  being  much  prefer* 
able.     This  latter  grows  in  the  tide-water  marshes  along  the  Delaware;  but  not  in  this  vicinity. 

§  3.  Spikes  numei'ous,  lateral:  without  leaves, 

S.  BEBiLis.  Muhl.  Stemstriate,  cespitose,  base  sheathed,  point  strict;  spikes  ovate,  sessile-conglomerate. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  IVIiddle  of  September. 

Hab.  Wet,  gravelly  places:  rivulet,  near  Cyrus  Barnard's:  not  common.    12  to  IS  inches  high, 

§  4.  Spikes  numerous,  subterminal.     ft  Leaf  if  at  base  only. 

S-  ciLiATiFOLrtrs.  Ell.  Stemstriate,  setiform;  leaves  Iinear)Channelled,ciliate;  spikes  ovate-lauccolate'. 

Synon.  S.  capillaris.  Muhl. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Arid  hills:  Righter's  field,  west  of  the  Barren  spur:  rare.    2  to  6  inches  high. 

06s.  I  am  pretty  well  satisfied  that  my  specimen  is  the  S.  capillaris  of  Muhl.  Gram,  descript.  ubej: 
S.  FERRUGiNEusl  Muhl.  Stem  compressedj  striate;  leaves  nearly  flat,  striate;  spikes  ovate,  acurajnate* " 
Synon.  S.  puberulus.  BIx?  It  does  not,  however,  exactly  correspond. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab'  Moist  places  on  the  Barren  ridge:  frequent,    3to9inche»hi§^h- 


■&  TRIANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA. 

§  5.  Spikes  numerous,  terminal.    1 1 1  Stem  leafy. 

S.  ATROVIR,E^^"<.  Muhl.  Stem  3  angled;  leaves  laiiceolate,  keeled;  pamcle  proliferous:  spikelets  glomerate 
jF/.  Beginning  of  July.  iPV.  m«f.  Middle  of  August. 

Hah.  Qwamps,  and  wet  places:  South  of  Barren  ridgp :  frequent.    3  to4  feet  high. 

26.  RHYNCHOSPORA.    Nutt.  Gen.  49. 
[Gr.  ii/t!/nc/iOS,  a  beak,  and  iSjJora,  seed:  descriptive  of  the  generic  character.] 

Cal.  Scales  collected  into  a  spike.    Seed  beaked  with  the  persistent  style,  &  beset  with  bristles  at  the  base, 

R.  GLOMERATA.  Ph.  Spikes  corymbose-fasciculate,  distant,  by  pairs;  stem  obtusely  3  angled;  leaves  linear. 

Synon-  Schffinus  glomeratus.  Muhl.  and  IVilld.       Vulgo — Brown  Bog-rush. 

Fl.  Last  of  June,  and  after.  Fr:  mat.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after. 

Hah.  Swampy  ineadows:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high :  glumes  chesnut  brown. 

Ohs.  Mr.  Le  Contp,  of  Georgia,  stated  to  me  that  this  was  undoubtedly  the  R.  fasciculai^is  of  the 
.southern  Botanists.    Perhaps  they  are  reallj'  not  distinct. 

27.    CYPERUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  52. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  uncertain  etymology.] 

Cal.  Scales  imbricated  in  two  rows,  in  compressed  spikelets.    Style  decidnous. 

C  FLAVESCENs.  Muhl.  Stem  3  angled;  involucre 3  leaved;  umbels  compound;  spikelets  crowded,  lanceolate. 
F«/g-o— Yellow  cyperus.    Galingale. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mnt.  Middle  of  September. 

Hah.  Moist,  low  grounds:  common.    6  to  9  inches  high:  glumes  fuscous. 
Obs.  The  glumes,  in  my  speciitiens,  are  not  remarkably  acute-  See  Elliott. 

C- sTRiGosrs.  Ell.  Spikes  oblong,  loose;  spikelets  subulate,  expanding;  involucre  very  long. 

Fti/go— Bristle-spiked  Galingale. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Meadows,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

28.    DULICHIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  53. 

[  3 

Cax,.  scales  subulate,  distichally  sheathing.  St^'Ie  long,  bifid.  Ir.volucellate  setm  long,  retror.<!ely  scabrous, 

D.  SPATHACEUM.  Ell.  Stem  round;  leaves  pointing  in  3  directions;  spikelets  in  axillary  racemes. 
Synon.  Cyperi^s  spathaceus.  3Iuhl.  Scirpus  spathaceus.  3Ix.     Fit/g-o— Sheathed  Galingale. 
Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Swamps,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

29.    TRICHOPHORUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  54. 
[Gr.  Thrix,  trichos,  hair,  and  Phero,  to  bear;  the  seeds  being  surrounded  with  long  hairs.] 

Cal.  scales  imbricated  in  sub-ovate  spikelets.    Seed  beset  with  hairs,  mostly  6,  long,  slightly  curled . 

T.  CYPERiiv"UM.  Ell.  Stem  obtusely  3  angled,  leafj';  panicle  supradecompound,  somewhat  pendulous. 
Synon.  Scirpus  eriophorum.  Mx.  Eriophorum  cyperinum .  JVilld.   P'lt/g-o— Brown  Cotton-grass. 
FL  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

ira&.  Swamps,  and  wet  places:  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  genus,  if  it  really  deserve  the  distinctioM,  seemrs  to  be  the  connecting  link  between  Scirpus.- 
r.nd  Eriophorura;  but,  if  rejected,  I  should  incline,  with  Willdenow,  to  place  it  among  the  species  of 
Eriophorum. 

30.    ERIOPHORUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  55. 
[Gr.  Erion,  wool,  and  Phero,  to  bear;  the  seeds  being  girted  with  tufts  of  long  wopl.] 

Cal,.  scales  imbricated  on  all  sides.    Seed  in  a  long,  dense,  woolly  involucrum. 

.K  Ais'GUSTiFOLnJM.  Muhl-  Stem  3  angled,  leafy  jleaves  3  sided,  channelled;  spikelets  briefly  pedunculate. 

Vulgo — Cotton-grass. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hub.  Wet  meadow  grounds:  Hayes' bridge,  on  the  Street  road:  rare.  1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  Remarkable  for  its  white,  woolly  heads,  v^hen  in  seed.    In  my  specimens  the  culms  are  distincth' 
M°onoiis.    See  Pursh,  and  J3art.  Fl.  PhiUul. 


TRIANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  9 

b.     Corolla  chaffy. 

SI.    MARISCUS.    Nutt.  Gm.  51. 
[Supposed  from  the  Lat.  Mare,  the  sea;  near  which  some  species  naturally  grow.] 

Cal.  2  valved;  3,  to  6  or  S  flowered.    Cor.  1  valved.    Style  trifid.    Spikelets  aggregated  in  heads. 

M.  GLOMERATUs.'  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Stem  triquetrous;  head  terminal;  spikelets terete;  involucre  3 or  4  leaved- 
Synon.  M.  umbeliatus.  PA?  Scirpus  cyperiformis.  Muhl.  &S.  lupulinus.  Sj)renget.  secund.  Baldwin. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub.  Sterile  "fields:  Barrens:  frequent.    6  to  12  inches  high. 

Obs.  Mr.  Schweinitz  says  he  always  considered  this  to  be  the  Cyperus  kyllingceoides,  of  Pursh  :  and 
the  opinions  of  two  such  accurate  botanical  observers,  as  he  and  Dr.  Baldwin,  induce  me  to  believe  that 
all  these  names  are  intended  for  the  same  plant. 

GRASSES. 
A.    Hermaphrodite,    a.  Calyx  I  floweired.  ■\  Flowen  scattered. 

32.    MUHLENBERGIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  64. 

£Iii  honor  of  the  late  Rev.  Henry  Muhlenberg,  D.  D.  of  Lancaster,  Penn.;  one  of  the  most  accomplished 

Botanists  our  country  has  produced.] 

Cal-  2  valved,  unequal,  very  minute.    Cor.  2  valved,  hairy  at  base,  exterior  valve  awned  at  the  apex. 

M.  DIFFUSA.  Ell.  Stem  decumbent;  leaves  linear;  panicle  slender,  appressed;  awn  as  long  as  the  glume. 

Synon.  Dilepyrum  minuliflorum.     Mx.*  Fit/go — Drop-seed  grass. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  and  pastures:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high. 

M  ERECTA.  Ell.  Stem  erect;  leaves  lanceolate;  raceme  terminal;  awa  twice  as  long  as  the  glume . 

Synon.  M.  aristata.  Persoon.  Dilepyrum  aristosum.  3Ix. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  near  the  Brandy  wine:  not  so  common  as  the  other.    2  to  3  feet  high, 

33.    TRICHODIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  65. 

[Gr.  Thrixy  fricAos,  hair,  and  £ta'os,  form;  in  reference  to  its  hairlike  inflorescence.] 

Cal.  2  valved,  equal,  acute.    Cor.  1  valved,  awnless,  shorter  than  the  calyx.    Panicies  capillary. 

T.  scABHUM.'  Muhl.  Stem  decumbent,  branches  erect;  sheath  smooth;  panicle  oblong,  lax;  flowers  racemose. 
Synon.  T.  decumbens.  Mx.  T.  perennans.     Walt,  in  Ell.  Agrostis  scabra.   IVilld? 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.mat. 

Hub.  Fields,  and  v*'ood!ands:  frequent,    1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  I  have  no  doubt  that  my  specimen  is  the  T.  perennans,  described  by  Elliott;  and  T  think  it  is  the  T. 
scabrum,  of  Mulil.  It  is  usually  about  a  foot  and  a  half  high  isesquipedalis)— and  not  a  "  half  fool,"  as  it  is 
inad  vertenily  rendered,  in  this,  and  some  other  instances,  in  Fior.  Philad.  I  am  not  certain  tlial  I  have  met 
with  ths  T.  la-iiflorum,  of  Michaux. 

34.    LEERSIA.     Nutt.  Gen.  66. 

[In  honor  of  John  Daniel  Leers;  a  German  Botanist] 

Cal,.  0.  Cor.  2  valvedj  closed;  valves  compressed,  boat  shaped,  awnless. 

*  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  Michaux  gave  the  above  name  to  this  plant  without  the  knowledge  that  it  had 
been  formally  dedicated  to  Dr.  .Muhlenberg,  by  Schreber.  Certain  it  is,  however,  ihat^  Schreber's  eiiition 
of  the  Genera  Plantarum  had  been  published  at  least  a  dozen  years  before  Michaux's  Flora  appeared;  and 
yet  the  n.ime  of  .Mahlenber?,ia  is  not  noticed,  evema  a  Synonym.  Th«  editor  (Michaux  the  younger.) 
inercly  remarks,  in  his  preface,  that  he  has  Aeord  some  of  the  plants,  enumerated  in  the  Flora  Bovf^ah- 
Americana,  had  recently  been  given  to  the  public  under  different  names.  A  like  injustice  occurs  m  the 
same  work,  in  relation  to  our  worthy  countryman,  Marshall;  in  the  appropriation  of  the  genus  MAKsHAU.i.i. 
to  Dr.  Persoon.  But  Persoon  had  in  the  mean  time  been  complimented  \vith  another  family  of  j  lants 
which,  it  seems,  he  preferred:  and  so,  when  he  published  his  Synopsis,  instead  of  restoring  our  Mai shal- 
lia  to  its  rightful  owner,  he  reiterated  the  offence  in  a  still  more  glaring  manner,  by  tiaiisterrmg  the  genus 
to  a  German  nf  the  name  of  Trattiiinick— notwithstanding  jnctn  hei-r  Tratiinnick  ii!<d  already  been  provi- 
ded for,  by  Willd^now!  It  has  bnrn  too  much  the  praf-tice,  in  Europe,  to  evince  such  disrespect  toward* 
scientific  Americans:  but  it  is  gratifying  to  perceive  a  rising  disposition  in  our  Country  to  resist,  and  to  rec- 
tify such  proceedings,— and  that  even  tiie  Literati  of  tiie  olu  world  have  at  last  vouchsafed  to  rtcosnue 
some  of  out  claims  to  justice. 


10  TRIANDRIA.  DIGYNIA. 

I..  vmoiNiCA.  Ell.  Panicle  lax,  branches  sparse?  keel  of  the  glumes  spariugly  ciliate. 
Vulgo — White  grass. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hub.  Woodlands,  and  moist  places :  WoUerton's  woods:  frequent.     1^  to  2  feet  high. 
L.  ORYzoiDEs.  Panicle  diffuse,  large;  leaves  lanceolate;  keel  of  the  glumes  conspicuously  ciliate. 
Vidgo—C-di  grass.    Wild  Rice. 

jP/.  Latter  end  of  August.  JPr.  ma^  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Sluggish  rivalets,  and  wet  places:  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high. 
Obi.  This  is  a  remarkably  rough  grass;  somewhat  resembling  rice  in  its  habit,  as  the  specific  name  imports. 

35.     AGROSTIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  68. 
.  [Gr.  Agros,  a  field;  being  eminently  an  occupant  of  fields  and  pastures.] 
Cal.  2  valved,  valves  acute.  Cor.  2valved.  S^hVnias  longitudinally  hispid,  or  plumose. 

§1.  Awned. 
A.  sTRiCTA.  MiM.  Panicle  long,  upright;  awn  at  the  base  of  the  petal,  twisted,  longer  than  the  flower. 
Ft.  Middle  of  Way.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub-  Sterile  spots:  Barrens,  at  R.  gtrode's:  frequent.    About  a  foot  high* 

§  2.  Without  awns. 
A.  VULGARIS.  MuU.  Panicle  long,  finally  diffuse,  purplish;  branchlets  scabrous. 
Valgo — Herd's  grass,    lied  top. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hah.  Fields  and  pastures;  Patton's  fields;   frequent.    1  to  3  feet  high. 
A.  Ai^BA.  MtM.  Stem  geniculate,  assurgent;  panicle  lax:  ligula  white,  4  parted. 
Fit/go— Herd's  grass. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  Fields,  and  low  meadow  grounds:  frequeat.     1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  Both  this  and  the  foregoing  vary  considerably  in  appearance,  especially  in  the  color  of  the  P&r^jcley, 
and  I  thnik  are  confounded,  by  our  farmers,  under  the  conrmon  names  of  Herd  s  grass,  and  Ked  top.  1  hey 
have  been  cultivated  occasionally,  but  are  not  much  esteemed;  except  m  swampy  grounds,  with  a  view  to 
render  them  liroi.  This  species  is  said  to  ai&rd  good  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  imitation  Leghorn 
bonnets. 

A.  LATERIFLORA.  Mr.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  compact;  glumes  all  acuminate ;  ligula  lacerate,  obtuse. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hub.  Woodlands;  and  borders  of  fields:  frequent.    1  to  2'feet  high. 

Obs.  Thisseem's  tobe'the  A.  mexicana,  of  Muhlenberg. 
A.  vlRGiNicv.  MM.  Panicle  spike-form;  leaves  subulate,  involute,  rigid;  mouth  of  the  sheaths  pilose. 
SijnOn.  A.  pungens.    Ph.  i 

Fl-  Middle  of  x\ugust.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September.  A 

Hub-  Dry,  sterile  hills:  near  the  Grove  tavern:  frequent.    About  a  foot  high.  | 

T!!.    CALAMAGROSTIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  70. 
■rCompounded  of  Calamus,  a  reed,  and  Agrostis;  embracing  plants  allied  to  those.] 

Cal.  2  valved,  acuminate.  Cor.  2  valved,  ^^  ith  a  h:iiry,  or  woolly  involucellum  at  base. 
V    riNNoroES.  Bart  Fl  Phil-  Panicle  oblong,  appressed;  valve  of  the  corolla  awned  on  the  back. 
Synon.  C.  canadensis.  Nutt.  Arundo  cinnoides.  MM.  A.  canadensis.'  Mx.     P^u/ffO-Reed-grass. 
Fl.  Begianing  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

jrab   Borders  of  rivulets,  on  the  Barrens:  rather  scarce.    2  to  3  feet  high. 

0?,s.  Compare  this  with  the  Jgrostis  glauca,  of  Muhlenberg.     I  am  strongly  inclined  to  the  'opini( 
that  they  are  really  not  distiiict. 

^  ■^.    ARISTIDA.    Nutt.  Gen,  85. 

[Lat.  Arista,  an  awn,  or  beard,  characteristic  of  the  genus.] 
C  4L  2.  valved.    CoR.  2  valved;  interior  valve  very  small;  exterior  with  3  terminal  awns. 
A.  OTCHOTOMA.  Ell.  Stem  setaceous  erect,  branching;  lateral  awns  short,  middle  one  contorted. 
Kii/ffo— P  overt  v-grass.    Beard-grass. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat^  Last  of  September. 

Hah.  Sterile,  sandy  banks,  and  roadsides:  common.    6  to  18  mches  higb. 

Obs   The  name,  dlchotoma,  as  Mr.  Elliott  suggests,  is  not  strictly  appropriate. 


TRIANDRIA.  DIGY^SflA.  11 

tt  Flowers  in  spilces. 
Ct5-  For  PHLErM,  or  Timothy,  see  Appendix  of  cultivated  plants. 

38.  DIGITARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  82. 

[Lat.  Digitus,  a  finger;  the  spikes  being  digitate,  or  fin'^er  like;] 
Cal.  2  or  3  valved,  unequal.    Cor.  2  valved,  oblong-ovate,  terete,  awnless.  Styles  long; 
D.  sAWGUiNALis.  Ml-  Spikes  expanding;  spikelets  2  flowered,  one  sessile;  stem  decumbent. 
Synon.  Panicum  sanguinale.   IVilld.  I 'it/g:o— Crab-grass.    Finger-grass: 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Fields,  roadsides,  &c.  common.    12  to  18  inches  long;  of  a  purple  color. 
D-  FiLiFORMis.  Ell-  Spikes  erect,  filiform;  spikelets  3  flovpered,  all  pedicellate;  stem  erect. 
Synon.  Panicum  filiforme.   IVitld. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October.. 

Mab.  Sandy  banks,  and  roadsides:  frequent.    1,  to  2  and  3  feet  high;  slender. 

39.  PASPALUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  84. 

[Paspalos,  an  ancient  Gr.  name  for  millet;  which  this  plant  resembles,  in  its  seeds.] 

Cal.  2  valved,  equal,  orbicular.    Cor.  2  valved,  same  size  and  figure.    iSfig-mas  plumose. 
p.  PTJBESCENS-  Mahl.  Leaves  and  sheaths  villous;  spike  mostly  solitary,  terminal,  on  a  long  peduncle.  _ 
Synon.  P.  setaceum.  3Ix.  Ell.  Ph.  &c, 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Fields,  roadsides,  &c.  common.    1  to  2feet  high;  slender. 

Obs.  I  incline  to  prefer  Muhlenberg's  specific  name,  as  most  appropriate. 

P.  LiEvE.  Ph.  Glabrous;  spikesseveral,  2  to  6,  alternate;  sheaths  compressed;  ligula  ciliaie. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Grassy  banks,  along  the  Brandy  wine:  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  Dr.  Baldwin  thoug;ht  this  was  the  P.  vir^atum,  o(  Walter.  The  description,  however)  of  th* 
p.  Itcve,  as  given  in  Pursh,  fits  my  specimen  exactly. 

b.  Calyx  2  valved,  2  or  ^  flowered:  floioers  scattered. 

40.  TRISETUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  89. 

[A  name  literally  meaning  three  bristles,  or  awns;  characteristic  of  the  genus.] 

Cal.  acuminate,  and  carinate.  Cor.    outer  valve  setaceously  bifid;  with  1  longer  straight  doreal  awa. 

T.  prateivse.  Ph.  Panicle  somewhat  contracted;  glumes  siiining;  sheathslong,  striate,  smooth. 

iS'i/fton.  Avena  fiavescens.   IVilld.  Fu/go— Three  awned  Oat  grass. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Low  meadow  grounds;  near  Jos.  Taylor's  mill  dam:  rather  scarce.    About  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  Although  I  have  followed  Mr.  Nuttall^in  retainins:  this  genus,  I  cannot  help  feeling  the  force  of  Dr. 
Smith's  doubts  on  the  subject.  (See.  Eel's'  Cyclop,  art. 'A'f*>sF.rvM.)  The  awns,  so  called,  which  termi- 
nate the  outer  valve  of  the  corolla,  scarcely  deserve  tliat  name:  and  the  dorsal  awn,  in  my  specimens, 
ai>pears  to  be  slightly  contorted.    To  say  liie  least,  the  generic  character  rests  on  a  slender  foundation. 

41,    AIR  A.    Nutt.  Gen.  90. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name;  etymology  obscure.} 

Cat.,  shining-.    Cor.  2  valved,  awnless,  or  awned  from  the  base. 
A-  FALLENS.  Muhl.  Panicle  contracted,  slender,  branches  4 or  5;  leaves  linear-lanceolate;  ligula  lacerate. 
Synon.  Avcaa  palustris?  Mr.  Ph.  Nutt.  Sic.     Fit^g-o— Hair-grass. 
Fl.  Last  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Ilab.  Woodlands:  Patton's  woods:  rare.    A  very  slender  grass,  about  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  My  specimens  are  entirely  awnless;  as  remarked  by  Dr.  Muhlenberg  to  be  the  case  with  thosw 
which  grow  in  woodlands. 

A.  CESPiTOSA.  Muhl.    Panicle  finally  ditTuse,  pyramidal;  leaves  setaceous,  nerved,  scabrous. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Sterile,  moist  places:  Barrens,  north  of    E-  Worthington's:  frequent.    2  to  3  feel  high. 
Obi.  A  fii-m,  wiry  grass,  growing  in  a  kind  of  tussock,  or  turf,— as  the  specific  aame  inn)ort». 


1Z  TRIANDRIA.  DIGYNIA. 

A.  ARisTVLATA.  Tor.  Leaves  subulate;  calyx  short?  outer  corolla  glume  truncate,  tricuspidate.. 
Synon.  A.  purpurea.  Muhl  Uralepsis  aristulata.  Niitt. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab-  Low  meadow  grounds:  Jos.  Taylor's  meadow:  frequent.     1  to  2  feet  high.  — 

c.     Calyx  2  valved,  many-flowered,     t  Flowers  in  scattered  Spikelets. 
42.    POA.    Nutt.  Gen.  96. 
[Gr.  Poa,  herbage,  or  pasture;  a  name  given,  by  way  of  eminence,  to  this  valuable  family  of  grasses.! 

Cor.  2  valved;  valves  somewhat  acute;  margins  scariose.  Spikelets  ovate,  awnless. 
P.  PRATENsis,  Ph.  Panicle  spreading;  spikelets 4  flowered;  glumes 5  nerved;  ligula  short,  obtuse. 
Valgo — Spear-grass.     Smooth  stalked  Meadow-^rass. 
Fl.  Beginnin?;  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Fields,  and  pasture  lots,  about  West  Chester:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obn.  nds  peems  to  be  nearly  allied  to  P.  viridis.    It  is  believed  to  be  a  naturalized  foreigner;  and  affords. 

j\.  valuable  pasture. 

P.  VIRIDIS.  3Iuhl.  Spikelets  acuminate;  glumes  compressed,  3  nerved;  leaves  long,  linear,  abruptly  acute. 

Fw/go— Green-grass.    Green  Meadow-grass. 

FL  Last  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after. 

Mah.  Meadows;  borders  of  rich  fields,  and  woodlands:  common.    2  to  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  is  esteemed  by  our  farmers  as  among  the  best  species  of  pasture.  It  delights  in  strong  soils, 
CBpeciahy  those  which  are  calcareous;  and,  although  rarely  propagated  by  art,  with  us,  it  naturally  obtains 
m  our  ncntields,  when  they  are  not  too  frequently  broken  un  by  culture.  This  grass  ha<5  also,  latterly, 
acquired  considerable  nnportance,  by  its  culms  alibrding  the  material  for  the  manufacture  of  imitation- 
J^egliorn  hats,  and  bonnets- 

p.  NEAJORALis.  PL  Panicle,  &  leaves  attenuate;  spikelets  about  3  flowered;  branches  slender,  verticillate. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Woodlands;  T-  Gibbons's  woods,  along  the  Brandy  wine:  somewhat  rare.    12  to  18  inches  high. 

Obs-  A  weak  stemmed,  straggling,  or  decumbent  grass,  of  a  bright  yellowish-green  color.  It  is  well 
described  m  .Smith  s  Flora  Britannica,  with  the  exception  of  "  siipula  brevissima  erenata."  In  my  spe- 
cimens, the  stipula,  or  ligula,  is  quite  conspicuous,  intire,  and  acute. 

P.  ANWUA.  Ell.  Stems  procumbent,  compressed,  leafy;  panicle  divaricate ;  .spikelets  obtuse,  about  5  flowered. 
Fl.  Middle  of  April,  till  October-  Fr.  mat.  June,  and  after. 

//a6.  Gardens,  fielda,  and  woodlands:  common.    3  to  8  inches  long.    Introduced. 

P.  coMPRESSA.  Muhl.  Panicle  condensed,  somewhat  second:  stem  ascending,  much  compressed. 

FuZgo— Blue-grass.    Wire  -grass. 

F..  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat  Latt€rendof  July. 

Hab.  Fields,  roadsides,  &c.  comm.on.    About  1  foot  high. 

Ohs.  This  well  known  grass  affords  a  good  food  for  cattle,  but  is  not  so  much  esteemed  as  the  P.  viridisi 
and  is  sometimes  rather  troublesome,  in  the  rotation  of  crops,  by  its  tenacity  of  life. 

p.  NERVATA  Muhl.  Stem  round,  striate;  panicle  branched;  leaves  lanceolate;  corolla  valves  nerved. 
Synon.  P   striata.  3Ix. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Lsst  of  July. 

Ilab.  Low  wet  places:  below  the  Bath:  not  common.    About  3  feet  high.  ( 

Obs.  Rather  a  coarse,  harsh  grass;  though  Dr.  Muhlenberg  says  ''  bonum  pabulum."  I 

P-  cuspiDATA.  B.Fl.  Phil.  Stem  leaves  short,  erect,  pointed;  spikelets  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Syno7i.  P.  pungens.  Natt.    P.  autumnalis.  Ell.    P.  flexuosa.'  Muhl. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  May. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  along  the  Brandywine,  abundant.    12  to  18 inches  high. 

p.  CAPiLLARis-  Muhl.  Stem  much  branched;  panicle  loose,  capillary,  spreading;  leaves  and  sheaths  nerved. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  ftliddle  of  September. 

Hab.  Light.  »andy  soils:  near  the  Foot  tavern;  frequent.    6  to  18  inches  high. 

Obs.  A  variable  species,  as  Dr.  Muhlonberg  remnrks.  In  my  small  specimens,  the  spikelets  are  mostly 
8  flowered;  and  in  the  large  ones  5  flowered.    In  none  of  them  are  the  ''  leaves  hairy." 

P.  HfRsuTA.  Mx.  Panicle  expanded;  spikelets  on  long  pedicels,  5  to  7  flowered,  leaves  long;  sheaths  hirsute. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Dry,  sandy  grounds:  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

Ohs.  A  showy,  purple-panicled  grass,  of  no  value;  having,  as  Michaux  observes,  much  of  the  habit  of 
Panic  nm  capillaie. 


TRIANDRTA.  DIGYNIA.  13 

p.  piLOSA.  Muhl.  Stem  oblique ;spikelets  linear,  S  to  10  flowered;  axils,  and  throat  of  the  shesth?,  pilose. 
Synon.  P.  pectinacea.  Mx.  "Rachi  deflorata  valvulis  flosculorum  interioribus  persistenfibus  pec/ iiiaYj." 
Fl-  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr    mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hab.  Uplands,  and  roadsides:  near  the  Friends  M.  H.  West  Chester:  frequent.    4  to9  inches  Ion- 
p.  OBTUsA.  MM.  Stem  erect,  striate;  panicle  dense ;  spikelets  crowded,  3  to  5  flowered;  glimies  otiusc? 
Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  -mat. 

Hab.  Grassy  banks:  Race  bank  at  Mill  town:  freqi'.ent.     12  to  20  inches  high. 
Obs.  The  name,  obtusa,  does  not  appear  to  be  happily  selected. 
43.    BRIZA.     Gen.  PI.  115. 
[Gr.  Brizo.  to  nod;  in  reference  to  the  nodding,  or  waving  spikelets.] 
Spikelets  distichous.    Cor.  valves  ventricose,  cordate,  obtuse;  interior  valve  minute. 
B.  ERAGRosTis.  Miihl.  Stem  decumbcnt,  geniculate;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  pedicellate. 
Synon.  Poa  raegastachya.  Nutt.  F^^Zg•o— Quake-grass. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Jtab.  Gardens,  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  in  length. 

Obs.  A  foreigner?    Spikelets  of  a  leaden,  or  blueish  green  color;  as  Dr.  Barton  has  well  remarked. 
44.    WINDSORLl.    Nutt.  Gen.  99. 
[Dedicated  by  Mr.  Nuttall  to  his  friend  Jahn  Windsor;  an  English  Botanist.] 
Cal.  valves  keeled,  cuspidate.     Cor.  dorsal  valve  5  toothed.    Seed  calcelform,  corrugate. 
W.  P0.5*0RMis.  Nutt.  Stem  erect;  panicle  large,  expanding;   spikelets  oblong,  5  flowered. 
Synon.     Poa  sesleroides.  Mx-  &  Muhl.  Poa  quinquefida.  Ph.  &  Ell.     Vulgo—Red  top. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Hilly  old  tields,  and  roadsides:  Barrens:  frequent.    3  to  5 feet  high:  panicle  purple. 

Obs.  Pursh  speaks  of  this  p:rass  as  being  very  valuable,  and  productive:  but  its  culms  appear  to  me  to 
be  too  much  like  those  of  Andropogon  (with  which  it  associates,)  to  be  of  much  value. 

45.    DANTHONLV.    Nutt.  Gen.  100. 

[  "J 

Cal.  valves  as  long  as  tiie  spikelet.  Cor.  outer  valve  setaceously  bifid,  with  a  central  awn,  contorted  at  base. 

D.  spiCATA.  Nutt.  Flowers  racemose;  spikelets  alternate,  pedunculate,  6  or7  flowered;  leaves  subulate. 
Synon.  A\ena.syi\c?X?i.  IVilld.  Muhl.  &!.  Ph.    A.  glumosa.  Mx?     Fu/g-o— Oat-grass.    WUd-oats. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Dry,  sandy  banks;  woodlands  and  roadsides:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high. 
46.    FESTUCA.    Nutt.  Gen.  101. 
[A  Latin  name  for  the  shoot.,  or  stalk  of  a  tree,  or  herb;  applied  to  this  genus.] 
SptA-eZeZs  oblong,  distichous;  glumes  acuminate.    Cor.  outer  valve  entire,  sometimes  awned, 

F.  TENELLA.  Ell.  Panicle  simple,  rather  secund;  spikelets  6  to  8  flowered,  awned;  leaves  linear-setaceout. 

Synon.  F.  bromoides.  Mx.  Smith,  Flor.  Brit?     Fw/g-o— Barren  Fescue-grass. 

Fl.  Last  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hab.  Dry  woodlands:  Parker's  woods;  Barrens:  frequent.    A  slender,  brown  grass:  6  to  12  inches  high. 

F.  ELATioR.  3Tahl.  Panicle  branched;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  4  to  8  flow€red,  awnless,  glabrous-. 

Vulgo—TaW  l<"e^cue-grass 

/Y.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Fields,  and  meadows:  common.    2  to  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  grass,  which  is  believed  to  be  a  foreigner,  affords  excellent  food  for  cattle;  and  might,  perhaps, 
be  cultivated  to  advantage — though  it  is  alleged,  (See  IVii tiering,)  tliat  "  in  a  cultivated  state,  it  is  nearly 
incapable  of  producing  perfect  seeds;"  and  is  therefore  suspected  of  being  a  hybrid. 

F.  FLUiTAivs.  Slidil  Panicle  long,  loose;  spikelets  appressed;  outer  glumes  awnless,  nerved,  subcrenate. 

Vulgo— River  Fescue-.<;rass. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr  mat.  Last  of  June. 

Hib.  Ponds,  and  wet  places:  Brandywine;  Dungeon  bottom:  frequent.    4  to  5  feet  high. 

F.  NUTANS.  Muhl   Panicle  diffuse,  slender;  k>wer  branches  in  pairs,  upper  ones  single;  spikelets  awnless, 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June.  [3  to  5  flowered . 

Hab,  Woodlands,  along  Br.\ndy>vine:  not  very  commen.    About  2feethish. 


14  TRIANDIUA.     DIGYNIA. 

47.    BROMUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  102. 
[Gr.  Broma,  food;  an  ancient  name  of  a  species  of  wild  oats,  applied  to  this  genus-l 

Splkehts  oblong,  distichous,  tumid.    Con.  outer  valve  bifid,  awned  below  the  apex;  inner  reflexed,  ciliatc 

B.  sECALTNTTs.  MuhL  Panicle  nodding;  spikelets  ovate,  8  to  10  flowered;  awns,  when  present,  flexuose. 

Vulgo— Client.     Chess.    Rye  Biome-grass.     Drank. 

JFl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  July. 

Ilab.  Wheat,  and  Rye  fields;  pastures,  &,c.  frequent.    3  to  4  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  foreign  grass  is  an  unwelcome  intruder  among  our  winter  grain.  Some  few  of  our  farmers  still 
entertain  the  old,  absurd  notion,  brought  hither  by  our  ancestors,  concerning  the  transformation  of  plantsr 
and  contend  that  this  grass  is,  in  reahty,  nothing  but  corrupt,  or  degenerate  tt'heat— the  change  being  effect- 
ed, as  they  allege,  by  unfavorable  seasons,  or  soils;  excessive  portions  of  certain  manures;  or  being  closely 
eaten  down  by  cattle;  and  other  accidental  causes.  It  is  a  curious  circumstance,  in  the  history  of  this  vulgar 
error,  that  in  former  times,  the  benighted  peasantry  of  Europe  Imagined  Wheat  was  converted  into  Cheae; 
in  poor  soils,  by  regular  gradations:  that  the  first  change  was  into  Rye,  then  from  Rye  to  Barley,  from 
}>arley  to  Lolium,  and  from  LoiJum  to  Bromus,  or  Cheat.  They  even  thought  it  descended  one  step  low- 
er, by  passin.'j  from  Bromus  to  Avena,  or  oats!  It  was  also  supposed,  that  by'the  agency  of  a  fertile  soil  it 
could  be  brought  gradually  back  again  toits  pristine  state.  In  this  Country,  however,  the  disciples  of  the 
tloctrme  have  spiritedly  abridged  it,  by  discarding  all  those  intermediate  stages  of  transmutation,  as  mere 
Eurjiilasager  They  insist  that  the  change,  from  wheat  to  bromus,  is  etfected  directly  and  at  once.  So  prev- 
alent was  this  strange  conceit  prior  to  the  time  of  Linnaeus,  that  a  serious  Essay  was  written  under  the  aus- 
pices of  that  great  man,  and  published  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  Amcenitates  Acadcmica:.  for  the  express 
purpose  of  exploding  the  absurdity.  At  the  present  day,  the  prejudice  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to 
the  illiterate,  and  blindly  credulous;  who  are  exceedingly  prone  to  adopt  opinions,  in  such  matters,  without 
dii^  examination,— and  to  maintain  tiiem  with  an  obstinacy  admirably  proportioned  to  the  lack  of  rational 
evidence. 

B.  ciLiATUs.  Mahl.  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  5  to  10  flowered;  glumes  ciliate,  and  hirsute;  awns  straight- 
B.  canadensis.  Mx"?  Fu/g-o— Fringed  Brome-grass. 

Fl  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.   mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Slab.  Woodlands;  near  tl>e  Bath:  frequent.    About  3  feet  high. 

B.  puBEscENs.'  Muhl.  Spikelets  oval-lanceolate,  8  to  10  flowered;  glumes  pubescent,  scariose  at  margin. 

FL  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

JIah.  Woodlands,  and  low  grounds  along  Brandy  wine:  frequent.    3  to  4  feet  high. 

It  Flowerx  in  Spikes. 
gc^  For  Dactylis,  or  Orchard-grass,  see  Appendix  of  cultivated  plants. 
48.    LOLIUM.    Natt.  Gen.  122. 
PAn  ancient  Latin  name,  used  by  Virgil.  &c.     Boerhaave  says,  "  Lolium  vocatur  quasi  dolion,  (Gr.)  adv^ 
terinum,  quia  ha-c  planta  dicitur  nasci  ex  Hordeo  vel  Tritico  corrupto."] 

Ca.i>.  1  valved,  subulate,  fixed  to  the  rachis.  iSpi/fe  simple;  soi^eZefs  distichousiy  imbricated. 

T,.  PKRENNE.  Mahl.  Spike  awnless;  spikelets  alternate,  longer  than  the  calyx:  terminal  calyx  2  valved. 

Fti','40— Ray-grass.    Rye-grass.    Darnel. 

JUah.  Meadows,  and  grass  lots:    Job  Darlington's:  not  common.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

Ohf.  This  grass  affords  a  tolerably  good  pasture;  and  makes  a  handsome  sward  for  yards  and  lawns. 
Thou;;h  cultivntf^d  to  a  considerable  extent,  in  Europe,  it  has  been,  as  yet,  but  little  attended  to  in  this 
co'jntry;  rn  1  not  at  all,  I  bnli'?ve.  in  this  vicinity.  Timothy  and  Orchard-grass  seem  calculated  to  com- 
luaiid  a  prefere:ice,  under  our  mode  of  farming. 

49.    ELEUSINE.    Nutt.  Gen.  107. 
[From  Eleiisis,  where  Ceres,  the  goddess  of  Harvests,  was  worshipped:  A  far-fetched  name.] 

Cal.  2.  valved,  carinate;  dorsal  valve  larger.    Spi,t£s  digitate:  sjjiAc/efs  lateral,  awnless- 

E  indica.  E!l.  Spikes  straight,  linear;  spikelets  lanceolate,.  4  to  6  flowered;  stem  compressed,  decumbent. 
Sijnon.  Cynosurusindicus.   JVilld.  Vulgo — Dog's-tail-grass.    Wire-grass.    Crab-grass. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hah.  Streets,  lanes,  and  roadsides;  common.    G  to  12  inches  long. 

OJ-s.  Tl;is  spreading  grass  seems  to  delight  in  growing  where  it  can  be  trodden  on;  and  makes  a  good"] 
'■oroeiing  in  muddy  times,  for  lanes,  woodyards,  and  foot  paths.  Cattle  and  hogs  are  fond  of  it;andMr<.' 
E.;iott  speaks  highly  of  it,  for  hay.    Is  it  a  native  ? 


TRIANDRiA.  DIGYNIA.  15 

50.    ELYMUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  118. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Cal.  lateral,  2  valved,9etiform;  in  pairs,  like  a  4  leafed  involucre.  Cor.  2  valved;  outer  valve   awned. 

E.  viRGiNicus.  Muhl.  Spike  erect;  spikelets  3  flowered,  awned,  by  pairs;  calyx  as  long  as  the  spikelets, 
Fl.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  Septen-.ber. 

Hub.  Moist  situations;  Forks  of  Brandywine:  frequent.    3  to  4  feet  high. 

Ohs.  The  spikes  of  this  grass  resemble  heads  of  Barlpy,  at  a  little  distance.    Tlie  spikelets,  in  iny  speci- 
mens, are  hispid,  and  not  glabrous,  as  described  in  EU.  Ph.  &c.    In  all  other  respects,  it  agrees  perfectly. 

E.  HYSTRix.  Muhl.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  divergent,  glabrous,  3  flowered;  involucre  0,  or  2  leaved;  awns  long. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hab.  Rich,  moist  woodlands:  Bath;  Dungeon  bottom:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high. 
Obs.  The  bristly  spike  of  this  remarkable  species  somewhat  resembles  an  Apothecary's  bottle-washer. 

S.    PoLYGAjrous.    a.  Calyx  1  flowered. 

51.    ANDROPCGON.     JVutt.  Gen.  88. 

[Gr.  literally  Man's  beard;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  hairs  of  the  involucres.] 

Flowers  in  pairs: /nj)o/i(cr-f,  a  fasciculate  villus.     Male,  orNEUT.  awnlcss,  pedicellate. 
Hermaph.  sessile.     Cul.  2  valved,  awnless.     Cor.  2  or  3  valved;  awned  at  base,  or  at  summit. 

§1.  Panicle  terminal. 

A.  avenacetts.  Bart-  JFl.  Phil.  Glabrous;  panicle  pyramidal-oblong;  corolla  ciliate;  awn  contorted 
Synon.  A.  ciliatus.    Ell.  A.  nutans.  3Iuhl.        ru/g-o— Wood-grass.    Indian-grass. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mitt.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Old,  neglected  fields:  Barrens  &c.  common.    3  to  5  feet  high. 

§2.  Spikes  conjugate,  or  fasciculate. 

A.  scoPARius.  Ell.  Leaves  and  sheaths  pilose;  spikes  simple,  pedunculate,  by  pairs,  lateral  and  terminal" 
Synon.  A.  purjjurascens.  Muhl.  and  IVilld.         I  w/g-o— Purple  Wood-grass. 
Fl.  Latter  en.l  of   August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab-  Sterile,  sandy  grounds:  old  fields  &c.  common.    About  3  feet  high. 

A.  MACROURUs.  Muhl.  Monandrous;  spikes  terminal,  fastigiate:  stem  leaves  crowded,  subulate. 

Synon.  Cinna  glomerata.   Walter.  Fm/^o— Cluster  flowered  Wood-grass. 

FL  Beginning  of  September.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Ha,h.  Sterile,  wet  meadows:  Barrens;  near  the  Paoli:  not  very  common.    2  to  3  feet  high. 

A.  FURCATUs.  Ell.  Spikesdigitate,  generally  by  fours;  leaves  lanceolate;  sheaths  glabrous- 
Fl.  .Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  Septembei . 

Hab.  Barren  ridge:  near  the  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    About  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  We  have,  perhaps,  some  other  species  which  I  have  not  been  able  clearly  to  ascertain.  Thpy  are  all 
known  by  the  common  n^smes  of  fFoorf-grass,  and  i«dt«?i-g-rasi;  and  are,  by  their  presence,  indicative  of 
either  a  sterile  soil,  or  bad  farming— or  both. 

b.     Calyx  2  flowered,    t  Flowers  mostly  scattered. 

52.    HOLCUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  93. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name:  Etymology  obscure.] 

Flowers  paniculate:  Male,  pedicellate.     Cal.  2  valved.     Cor.  0,  or  2  valved. 

Hermaph.  sessile.     Cal.  2  valved.     Cor.  smaller,  2  valved;  outer  valve  awned  below  the  ape  v. 

H.  LANATUS.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Panicle  contracted;  glumes  ciliate;  leaves  lanceolate,  soft,  woolly. 

FuZjo— Feather-Grass.    White  Timothy.    Salem-Grass. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July 

Hab.  Meadows,  woodlands,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high. 

Obs.  The  plant  has  a  hoary  appearance:  the  panicle  often  purple.  It  is  believed  to  be  a  foreigner;  an^ 
although  Dr.  JNIuhlenbers  speaks  of  it  as  beins  good  fodder,  it  is  not  highly  esteemed,  here. 


16  .  TRIANDRIA.  DIGYNIA. 

53.    PANICUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  79. 
[Lnt.  Panfcu/a,  a  mode  of  flowering;  or  Pants,  bread;  from  the  use  made  of  seme  species.] 

Flowers  loosely  or  densely  paniculate:  Male,  or  Neut.  sessile;  valves  unequal,  often  but  1,  minute. 
Hekjiaph.  Cal.  2  valved;  outer  -/alve  very  small.    Cor.  2  valved,  cartilaginous,  persistent. 

§  1.    Flowers   loosely  paniculate. 

P.  CAPiLLARE.  Mx.  Panicle  capillary,  much  branched;  flowers  pedicellate;  leaves  and  sheaths  hirsute. 
Fl.  Eeginning  of  August.  Ft-  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Ilab.  Dry,  sandy  grounds;  pastures,  cornfields,  &c.  common.     1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  In  the  fall  of  the  year,  the  dry  culms  break  off,  and  the  panicles  are  rolled  over  the  fields  in  great  , 
numbers,  by  the  winds.  .'' 

P.  LATiFOLiUM.  Ell.  Lateral  racemes  simple;  leaves  ovnte-lanceolate;  sheaths  hairy  at  throat. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August  and  after. 

JIab.  Meadows,  ditch  banks,  roadsides,  &c.  common.    9  to  18  inches  high. 

P.  NERVOSUM.  Muhl.  Panicle-branches  flexuose;  glumes  nerved;  leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate  at  base. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

JIab.  Dry  hills,  and  woodlands:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

P.  ciUATUM.  EIL  Panicle  few  flowered;  leaves  short,  lanceolate,  and,  with  the  sheaths,  handsomely  ciliate, 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginnmg  of  July. 

Eab.  Woodlands,  &c.  frequent.    8  to  15  inches  high. 

P.  PAXTCiFLORUM ?  Ell.  Paniclc  few  flowered;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate;  sheaths  short,  bearded  at  thraoaf 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  June  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

JIab.  Woodlands:  Lovell'sSO  acre  woods:  frequent.    12  to  IS  inches  high. 

Obs.  This  is  a  very  slender  species,  somewhat  resembling  P.  ciliatum  in  habit;  but  much  less  hairy,  with' 
narrower  leaves,  and  the  sheaths  scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  joints. 

P.  DiCHOTOMUM.  Ell.  Stem  dichotomous  above;  branches  fasciculate;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  divaricate 

Syiion.  p.  ramulosum?  J\lx. 

Fl.  flliddle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hub.  Barren  ridge,  in  the  borders  of  the  woods;  abundant.    1  to  2,  and  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  olant  varies  very  much  in  size  and  appearance;  and  when  large,  is  procumbent.  I  have  no 
doubt  it  is  the  P.  dichotomum  of  Ell.  Pursh,  and  IMuhl.— and  probably  the  P.  ramulosum  ol  Mx.— though 
Mr.  Elliott,  I  observe,  supposes  otherwise. 

p.  sTRiCTUM.  Ph.  Panicle  solitar}-,  short;  glumes  obovate,  turgid;  leaves  crowded,  erect,  pungent. 

Synov.  P.  setaceum.  Muhl. 

Fl.  Lattprend  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

JIab.  Sterile  spots:  R.  Strodes;  Barrens:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high- 

P.  iMPAUPERATUM.  JMuhl.  Stem  simple:  Upper  leaf  elongated;  sheath  pilose;  calyx  valvcs  ncrTcd. 

Fl.  Beiiip.ning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

JJab.  Barren  ridge,  North  of  E.  Wovthington's;  abundant.    About  a  foot  high. 

^2.  Flowers  in  dense  panicles,  racemes,  or  spikes. 

p.  AGRosToiriES.  Mahl,  Stem  compressed;  leaves  lanceolate,    keeled;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral. 

jP/.  Beginning  of  August.  i'V.  7Maf.- Middle  of  September. 

Jfab.   Moist,  low  grounds:  Bath;  Patton's  low  grounds:  freqaent.    About  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  Dr.  Baldwin  thought  this  would  prove  to  be  nothing  more  than  a  variety  of  P.  rosiratum;  though, 
I  confess,  to  me  it  seems  pretty  distinct. 

P.  RosTRATXTM.  3Iuhl.  Stem  ancipita! ;  leaves  long;  panicle  erect;  flowers  racemose;  glumes  rostrate. 

Synon.  P.  anceps.  M:v.  Ell.  and  Ph. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Ilab.  Fields,  and  meadows:  common.    3  to  4  feet  high. 

P.  CRrs  GALLi.  Pk.  Spikes  alternate,  and  by  pairs;  glumes  hispid,  awned;  rachis  5  angled- 

i^/.  Middle  of  August.  f',-.  wwi-  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Wet,  low  grounds,  and  meadows;  drains  of  Barnyrtrds,&c.  common;    2  to  5  feet  high. 

Obs  We  have  al!  the  varieties  notu-.ed  by  Pursh.  This  is  a  coarse,  rank  grass,  and  very  worthless. 
Indeed,  none  of  the  foregoing  species  are  considered  of  any  value,  m  an  agricultural  pomt  ol  view. 
CtC|»  For  P.  Mu.iACEL'M,  or  Millet,  see  appendix  of  cultivated  plant*. 


IIMC  I. 


H.ZTOneILde.1. 


TRIANDRIA.  BIGYNIA,  17 

tt  Flowers  in  Spikes- 

54.    PENNISETUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  &). 
[Lat.  Pcnna,  a  feather,  and  Seta,  a  bristle;  the  bristly  involucre  being  plumose,  in  soine  species.l 

JriTO^acreofmanybristleis:  Florets  sessile.    Male,  Crarely  JVeut.)     Coj-.  valves  scaviose.    ' 
Hermaph.  Cal.  2  valved,  unequal.   Cor.  valves  cartilaginous. 

P.  GJ.AUCUM.  B.  Fl.  Phil.  Spike  terete;  involucels  bristly-fasciculate;  corolla  valves  transversely  rugose. 
Synon.  Panicum  glaucum.  Mx.  Mahl.  &c.         Fu/go— Fox-tail-grass.    Bottle-grass. 
FL  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Hub.  Stubble  fields,  meadows,  orchards,  &c.  very  common.    Is  to  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  well  known  grass  is  more  abundant  than  welcome  in  our  cultivated  grounds;  as  cattle  are  not 
very  fond  of  it.  Poultry,  ho-.vever,  feed  upon  the  ripe  see Js.  Is  it  a  native? — Dr.  Smith  (See  Cyclop, 
ari  Pa'vicum)  decidedly  objects  to  the  grounds  on  which  this  genus  is  erected;  and  I  am  by  no  means 
sure  tliat  he  is  not  correct. 

55.    ATHEROPOGON.    Nntf.  Gen.  110. 
[Gr.  Ather,  or  Aither,  a  bristle,  or  awn,  and  Pogon,  beard;  the  beards  being  bristle-like.] 

Spikelets  alternate,  in  a  raceme.  Cal.  2  valved;  inner  setiform.  Neitt.  Cor.  1  valved,  with  3  exserted  awns. 
Heiimaph.  Cor.  2  valved;  exterior  tridentate;  interior  bidentate.     Seed  naked,  oblong. 

A.  APLUDOiDES.  Muhl.  Spikelets  numerous,  reflexed,  secund,  each  4  to  10  glumes;  leaves  lanceolate; 
Synon.  Chloris  curtipendula.    Jilx.  Cynosurus  secundus.'    Ph.  Sappl. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Hab   Barren  ridge,  north  of  E.  Worthington's,  abundant.    1  to  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  handsome  and  remarkable  grass,  is  quite  local  and  circumscribed  in  its  habitat;  being  only  to 
be  seen  on  the  most  sterile  parts  of  thii  Barren  ridge,  (in  company  with  Talinum,  Arenaria  stricta,  &c.) 
where  it  grows  in  great  abundance.  The  anthers  are  of  a  beautiful  cinnabar,  or  light  vermillion-color;  and 
are  quite  showy  when  the  plant  is  in  bloom.  The  accompanying  plate,  iVorna  drawing  by  an  ingenious, 
self-iaught  youth,  will  atibrd  a  tolerably  correct  idea  of  the  habit  of  the  jjlant;  although  the  artist  had'not  the 
advantage  of  a  botanical  eye.  The  florets  composing  each  spikelet,  are  arranged  in  pairs  on  the  under 
side  of  a  flat,  reflected  rachis,  which  looks  as  if  it  mignt  have  been  shaved  dovvn  from  the  stalk:  and  the 
spikelets,  (10  to  40  in  number,)  although  their  footstalks  proceed  from  opposite  sides  of  the  stem,  or  common 
rachis,  and  appear  at  first  in  two  ranks,— yet  they  are  finally  all  turned  to  one  side,  making  the  raceme  se- 
cund, or  one  ranked.  Pursh,  who  did  not  see  this  grass,  makes  Michaux's  Chloris  curtipendula  a  distinct 
flant;  as  lilcewise  does  Willdenow.  They  are  undoubtedly  the  same:  and  the  Cynosurus  sscundus,  of 
'ursh,  is  probably  nothing  else.  Cattle  are  pretty  fond  of  it  whilst  it  is  young;  but  ft  becomes  rather  hard 
and  wiry,  when  old . 

56.    MOI^LUGO.    Nutt.  Gen.  125. 
[Obscure;  supposed  to  be  from  the  Lat.  JMollis,  soft;  because  of  its  soft  leaves.] 
Cal.  5  leaved,  colored  inside.    Cor.  0.     Caps.  3  celled,  3  valved.    Seeds  nujnerous,  reciform 
M.  VERTiciLLATA.  Ell.  Stem  prostrate,  branching;  leaves  verticillate,  cuneiform;  peduncles  1  flowered- 
l'«/°-o— Carpet-weed.    Indian  Chickweed. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August,  end  after. 

Hab.  Gardens,  fields,  &c.  common.     Branches  3,  lotior  S  inches  long,  in  every  direction. 

Obs.  Some  of  the  seeds  are  ripe  before  the  plant  has  put  forth  all  its  flowers.  I  have  observed  it  occa- 
sionally to  be  Tetrandraiis,  in  gardens,  and  other  rich  soils. 

.57.    QTjERIA.    Nuii.  Gen.  234. 

[In  honor  of  Don  Jose  Qiier  y  Ulaj^tinez;  a  Spanish  Botanist.] 

Cal.  -5  parted,  connivent,  Cor.  0.    Stam.  3,  rarely  3.  Caps,  utricular,  not  opening.  Seed  1,  sitb-renifoiin  . 

Q.  CANADENSIS.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Stem  dichotomously  branched;  leaves  cuneate-oblong,  giabroi'.?. 
Syywn.  Anychia  dichotoma.  Mx.  znd  Ph.    A.  canadensis.  FU.        Fr/go— Foiked  Chickv.'eed. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  Aug-."rt,  and  after. 

Hab.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands:  common,    4  to  12  inches  high. 

Obs.  I  have  met  with  some  remarkable  vcirkties  of  this  plant;  with  very  small  leaves  and  iarge  ttipiil-;?. 

D 


IS  TRIANDRIA.  THIGYNIA. 

5S.    LECHEA.    Natt.  Gen.  126. 
flu  honor  of  John  Leche;  a  Swedish  Botanist.l 
Cal.  3  leave-J.    CoH.  petals 3,  linear.    Caps.  3 celled,  3  valved,  with  3  inner  valves.    Seecs  1  in  each  c«li. 
L.  MAJOR.  Bart.  FL  Phil.  Stem  erect,  viilous;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  mucronate,  hairy;  flowers  clustereci 
Sitnon.  L.  villosa.  Elliott.  Fw/g-o— Pin-weed. 

Fl.  Latter  enJ  of  .lulv-  Pr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

■Hub.  Dry,  sterile!  tanks:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2feet  high;  semi-frutescent:  flowers  brown. 

L   Mi?.-0R.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Stem  assurgent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  flowers  diffused,  pedicellate. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Mab.  Dry,  sandy  banks:  borders  of  woodlands;  Barrens:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  floweribrowR. 

•CLASS  IV.  TETRANDRIA^ 

J^.    Flowers  StrPERioR.    a.    Corolla  monopdalouu  ■] 

59.    CEPHALANTHUS.    Natt.  Gen.  12!).  j 

[Gr.  Kephale,  a  head,  and  Anthos,  a  flower;  the  flowers  being  collected  in  heads,  or  globes.]  '^ 
Cal.  4  cleft,  small,  angular.    Cor.  4  cleft,  tubular,  slender.    Receptacle  globose,  hairy. 

C-  OCCIDENT  ALTS.  £11.  Stem  jointed;  branches  opposite;  leaves  opposite  or  ternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  entire..! 
Vulgo— Button  Bu.'ih.    American  Button-wood.    Pond  dog-wood.  '■i 

JIab.  Banks  of  creeks  and  rivuleis:  Brandy  wine,  Pokopsin,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  8  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  shrub  is  usually  small,  and  slender;  but  there  is  one  by  a  rivulet  in  the  SO  acre  woods,  near 
Wm.  Hawley '.s,  wliich  is  about  iO  feet  high,  and  21  inches  in  circumference,  at  the  base.  Mr.  Elliott  says 
the  inner  bark  of  the  root  is  u red  as  a  remedy  in  obstinate  coughs:  and  as  it  is  moderately  bitter,  it  may 
probably  be  useful  in  certain  cases. 

60.    DIPSACUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  130. 
[Fancifully  derived  from  the  Gr.  Dipsao,  to  be  thirsty;  the  stem  leaves  holding  water  at  their  junction.] 

Flowers  in  an  ovate  head:  inoolacre  many-leaved.  Cal.  Heaved.  Cor.  4  lobed.  Recept.  chaify;  chaff  rigid. 

D.  sYLVESTRis.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Aculeate;  leaves  opposite,  connate;  chaff  straight,  longer  than  the  flowers. 

Vulgo— WM  Teasel. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

iiu&.  Brandywiue;  Jefferis' ford;  Marshall's  mill;  Downingtown,  &c.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Obs.  A  foreigner;  but.becoming  naturalized.  I  am  informed  by  Dr.  A.  Baily  that  it  was  introduced  in t« 
this  neighborhood  by  the  late  Humphry  Marshall. 

61.     GALIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  131. 
[Said  to  be  from  the  Gr.  Gala,  milk;  from  its  property  of  curdling  that  fluid.] 

Cal.  4  toothed,  small.  Cor  .rotate,  4 cleft,  (rarely  3  cleft,  &  then  3-androus.)  Cerm  twin.  Seeds  2,  roundish. 

§1.     Fruit    smooth. 

G.  TiNCTOj^.ii'M.  Ph.  Stems  diffuse,  smooihish;  leaves  linear,  in  6's  and  4's;  peduncles  2  or  3  flowered. 

Vulgo— By er'»  Goose-grass.     Wild  Madder. 

7*7.  MJ'l'lle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  -.nat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hnb.  Moi.'.t  woodlands,  and  low  grounds;  Patton's;  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high;    flowers  white. 

Obs.  The  ripe  berries  contain  a  purple  juice;  and  Pursh  informs  us  that  the  Indians  use  this  plant,  (but 
v.'hat  r?-rt  lie  does  not  say,)  to  dye  their  feathers,  porcupine  quills,  and  other  ornaments,  of  a  beautiful  red. 

C.  AsPRELi.Uj/r.  Ph.  Stem  retro-aculeate;  leaves  lanceolate,  in  6's  and  4's;  flower-branches  divaricate. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  INIiddle  of  September. 

Ilab.  Swampy  thickets;  frequent:  often  climbing  over  bushes,  several  feet;  flowers  white,  small. 

G.  TRiFiDirM:.  Ph.  Procumbent;  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  in  fives  and  fours;  corolla  mostly  triM 

Sijnon.  G.  Claytoni.  Mx.  Fu/g-o— Ladies'  bed-straw. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September; 

Mab.  Low  srouiuig,  and  mciit  places:  Bath;  Barrens:  fre^iuent.    1  to  5 feet  long:  flowers  ■white. 


TETRANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  19 

§2.  Fruit  hisjnd. 
e.  APARiNB.  Ph.  Stems  flaccid,  retro-scabrous;  leaves  long,  linear-oblanceolate,  mucrontite,  mostly  in  3"«. 
|-/-„/g.o_Common  Cleavers,  or  Clivers.    Goose-grass.    Catch-weed.    Robin-run-the-Hedse. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hub.  Fence-rows,  and  ricli,  shaded  places;  often  extending  6  or  8  feet:  flowers  white. 
G.  PILOSXJM.  Ell.  Stem  roughish,  erect,  or  assurgent;  leaves  in  4's,  oval,  ciliate;  peduncles  dichotomous. 
Synon.  G.  puncticulosum.  IMx? 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  'mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hub-  Dry,  iterile  banks,  among  bushes,  &c.  R.  Strode's:  li  to  2  feet  high;  flowers  reddish  brown. 

G-  LAVCEOLATCJM.  Tor.  secuncl.  Scliiv.  Stem  erect,  smooth;  leaves  in  fours,  ovate-lanceolate. 

Fl-  Last  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Patton's;  frequent.  12  to  18  inches  high;  flowers  brownish  purple,  sometimes  whitish. 

Obs.  This  approaches  near  to  G.  triflorum,  of  Mx.  The  leaves  are  finely  ciliate  a.t  margin;  but  are  pretty 
constantly  in  fours,  and  not  mucronate.  The  whole  plant  smoothish  and  erect;  the  flowar-branches  mostly 
terminal,  long,  and  divaricate. 

G.  cu.^piDATUM.  Ell.  Stem  flaccid,  smoothish;  leaves  in  6's,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate;  peduncles  trifid. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hub.  Woodlands,  and  moist,  shaded  grounds:  Bath;  Bramlywine;  frequent:  flowers  white. 

G.  BRACHiATUM.  Ph.  Stem  roughish;  leaves  in  6's,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  margins  &  ribs  bristly-ciliate. 

FL  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Mab.  Woods,  and  meadows:  Joseph  Taylor's  meadow,  &c.  frequent:  flowers  yellowish,  or  dirty  white. 

Obs.  This  approaches  the  foregoing;  butis»  perhaps,  sufficiently  distinct. 
G.  ciRCJEZANS.  Mr.  Stem  erect,  smooth;  leaves  in  fours,  ovate;  peduncles  divaricate;  fruit  nodding. 
Syyion.  G.  brachiatum.  Miihl.  not  of  Pursh. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Bath;  Patton's,  &c.  frequent-    12  to  18  incises  high:  flowers  purplish. 

Obs.  This  species  may  be  readily  known  by  the  fact,  (first  mentioned  to  me  by  Dr.  Baldwin,)  that  th« 
leaves,  when  chewed,  are  remarkably  swee^— resembling  the  taste  of  liquorice  root 

62.    SPERMACOCE.,    Nutt.  Gen.  133. 
[Gr.  Sperma,  seed,  and  Akoke,  a  sharp  point;  the  fruit  being  beaked,  or  pointed.] 
Cal.  4  toothed,    Cor.  funnel-form,  4  cleft.    Capsules  2,  connate,  each  2  horned. 
S.  movisA.  Ell.  Hirsute;  leave*  liaear-laiiceolate;  stipules  long-brist!ed,  flowers  opposite,  axillary,  sessile, 
Vulgo — Button  weed. 
.  Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Dry,  sandy  banks:  roadside,  from  Strode's  mill  to  Brandy  wine.    4  to  12  inches  high:  branching. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  very  abundant  along  the  Street-road,  towards  Londongrove;  but  rather  scarce  in  thiit 
immediate  vicinity,  except  along  the  road  from  Strode's  Mill  to  Wistar's  Badge,  where  U  is  plentiful  1  he 
flowers,  with  us,  are  uniformly  pale  red;  and  not  u^'kite,  as  Pursh  has  it.  I  h-ivc  little  doubt  but  it  is  the  «. 
injsiojii folia,  of  Rees'  Cyclopaedia;  as  the  Editor  of  that  work  seems  inclined  to  suspect. 

63.  HOUSTONIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  136. 

[In  honor  of  Dr.  JVilliam  Hbrufotm;  an  English  Botanist.] 
Cal.  4  toothed.  Cor.  funnel-form,  4  cleft.    Caps.  2  celled,  half  superior,  opening  transversely. 
H.  ciERULEA.  Ph.  Stem  erect,  setaceous,  dichotomous;  radical  leaves  spaUiuIats;  peduncles  long,  1  flowered- 
Fa/go— Dwarf  Pink.    Bluets-    Innocence. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April,  till  autumn.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  June,  and  after. 

Hab.  Meadows,  thia  woods,  and  old  fields:  common.    2  to  4  inches  high:  flowers  blue;  sometimes  white. 

64.  I^^TCHELLA.    Nutt.  Gen.  138. 

[In  honor  of  Dr.  John  Mitchell;  a  Botanist  of  Virginia.] 
Cal.  4  toothed.    Cor.  in  pairs  on  the  same  germ,  funnel-form,  4  parted.     Berry  twin,  4  seeded. 
M.  REPEXS.  Ell.  Stem  prostrate;  leaves  opposite,  peliolate,  cordate-ovate;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary. 
j^jj/go—Pai-tridge-berry.    Tutkey-berry.    Chequer-berry.    Ground  Ivy. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September 

Hab.  Moist  woodlands:  Patton's  and  Matlack's  woods,  abundant-    6  to  12  inches  long:  flowers  ^  hit.. 

Obs.  This  beautiful  little  evergreen  often  retains  its  red  berries  t^ntil  the  fl«\^,^;,%«f  ']'f„ff^f,^f;|,rii 
hare  appeared.  It  thrives  well  when  removed  with  a  sod;  ajid  makes  a  luiudsome  covenn&  lor  tlie  earifl,  i« 
pots,  or  bo:iieSj  coataining  green-house  shrubbery- 


20  TETRANDRIA.  MONOGINIA, 

b.    Corolla  tetrapetalous;  or  none. 
65.    LUDWIGIA.    Nuit  Gen.  141. 
[In  honor  of  Christian  Gottlieb  Ludwig;  a  German  Botanist.] 

Cal.  4  parteJ,  persistent.    Cor.  4  petalled,  or  0.    Caps.  4  angled,  4  celled,  many  seeded. 
li.  MACROCARPA-  ill-c.  Stem  crect,  branching;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate;  flowers  4  petalled. 
Synon.  L.  alternifolia.       JVilld.  Ell.  and  Mu/il.        FuZg-o— Bastard  Loose-strife. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Swampy  meadows,  and  along  rivulets;  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 
Li.  palustris.  Ell.  Stem  creeping;  leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base;  flowers  apetalous, 
Synon.  L.  nitida.  Mx.  and  Ph.    Isnardia  palustris.    IVilld.  Nutt.  Muhl.  &c. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Low,  muddy  grounds,  ditches,  &c.  frequent.    4  to  10  inches  long:  smooth  and  succulent. 
Obs.  I  am  satisfied  that  this  plant  is  a  true  Ludwigia- 

6G.    CORNUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  143. 
[Lat.  Cornu,  horn;  in  allusion  to  the  horny  tougliness  of  its  wood.] 

Cal.  small,  4  toothed.    Cor.  petals  small,  broader  at  the  base.    Drupe  containing  a  2  celled  nut. 

§1.    Flowers  involucrate:  in  Heads. 

C.  FLORIDA.  Fll.  Arborescent;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  involucre  large,  obcordate;  drupes  ovate. 

F«'/g:o— Dog-wood.    Large  flowered  Cornel.    Male  Virginian  Dog-wood. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.   mat.  Last  of  September. 

Ilcib.  Woodlands;  everywhere  common.    10  to  20,  and  sometimes,  though  rarely,  30  or  40  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  well-known  small  tree,  (so  much  admired,  when  in  flower,  for  its  showy  white  involucres,) 
possesses  some  valuable  properties.  The  bark  is  an  excellent  tonic;  approaching  the  Cinchona  in  etScacy. 
See  Dr-  Walker's  Inaugural  Thesis,  1808.  Philad.  The  straight  stems  of  the  young  trees  atiord  hoop-poles 
for  the  coopers;  and  the  slender,  regularly-disposed  branches,  distafis  for  spinsters.  The  wood  is  very  firm, 
and  is  used  by  wood-choj^pers,  for  making  wooden  wedges.  We  might  even  quote  classical  authority  for 
its  fitness  for  warlike  implements;  as  Virgil  says  "  bona,  bello  cornus" — though  he  certainly  had  refer- 
ence to  another,  and  probably  totally  distinct  plant.  Our  observing  Farmers  say,  that  the  proper  time  tO' 
plant  Indi(j,n  corn,  (Zea  mays)  is  when  the  involucres  of  the  Dog-wood  make  their  appearance.  I  have 
never  seen  the  other  American  involucrate  species  (C.  canadensis,)  on  this  side  of  the  Pokono  raoun- 
tain,  in  this  state;  and  believe  it  is  exclusively  confined  to  such  regions. 

§  2.    Flowers  naked:  in  Cymes. 

C  SERicEA.  FU.  Leaves  oval,  acuminate,  silky  beneath,  with  a  russet  pubescence  on  the  ribs. 

Synon.  C.  lanuginosa.  Mx.    C.  sanguinea .' JV/ars/ia//.     Fw/go— Red-rod.  Red-willow.  Swamp  Dog-wood'. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Ilab.  Swamps,  springheads,  and  rivulets:  Brandywine:  frequent.    5  to  S  feet  high:  flowers  white, 

Obs.  This  shrub  also  possesses  tonic  virtues.  Sec  as  above.  The  young  branches  are  of  a  handsome  red 
color;  and  the  ripe  berries  a  brigit  blue. 

C    ALTERNA.  Mar.  Leaves  ovrte,  often  obovate,  acuminate,  hoary  beneath;  cymes  depressed,  expanding,. 
Synon.  C.  alternifolia.  Fh.  Ell.  &;c.         I- a/g-o— Alternate  branched,  or  Female  Virginian  Dog-wood. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Pr.  mat.  Last  of  July. 

Hab.  Fence-rows,  and  thickets:  frequent.    10  to  15  feet  high:  flowers  white:  berries  globose,  dark  blue. 

Obs.  The  name  alternifolia,  latterly  applied  to  this  species,  is  by  no  means  a  happy  one.  Marshall's 
jname,  m  reference  to  the  branches,  is  perhaps  better. 

C.  PANICULATA.  Ph.  Branches  erect;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  hoary  beneath;  cymes  paniculate. 
Synon.  C  candidissima.  Marshall.        F«/go— White  Dog-wood.    Swamp  American  Dog-wood. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hub.  Flat,  moist  grounds:  Roadside,  west  of  Strode's  Mill:  rare.    4,  to  6*or  S  feet  high:  flowers  white. 
_  Obs.  This  appears  to  be  the  variety,  marked  albida,  of  Pursh.    I  have  only  met  with  it  in  the  abovemen- 
tioned  place,  a  lew  rods  west  of  Joseph  Strode's  Mill.    The  ripe  berries  are  white,  and. globose. 

!B.    Flowers  Interior,    a.     Corolla  monopetaloxis- 

67.    PLANTAGQ.    Nutt.  Gen.  145. 

[Etymology  obscure:  Bocrhaave  suggests,  "  quiaplantis  pedum  juxta  vias  conculcatur.''] 

Flowers  on  spiked  scapes.    Cal.  4  clef  t.   Cos.  4  cleft.  iSfam.  very  long.  Caps.  2  celled,  circumscissed"- 


riate 


"i 


KlfamJl   del 


TETRANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  21 

p.  MAJOR.  Ell-  Leaves  ovp.te,sraoothish;  scape  tereto;  spike  long, -with  the  flowers  imbricated. 
Fm/jo— Common,  or  Great  Plantain.    Way-bread. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June  till  autumn.  Fr.  mat.  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Moist,  rich  grounds;  along  foot  paths,  and  about  houses;  very  common.  Scapes  6  to  IS  inches  high. 
Obs.  A  naturalized  foreigner.  The  scape  frequently  bears  one  or  two  leaves,  near  the  spike  of  flow- 
er":, and  is  then  flattened,  or  dilated.  The  leaves  are  often  used  for  dressing  blisters  ami  oth.;r  sores.  It  is 
said  ournative  India.is  call  this  plant  "  f/ie  w/Wfe  ?n./«'s /oof,  "—from  the  circumstance  of  its  dolightmg  to 
grow  in  travelled  pathways,  and  advancing  into  the  country  pai-i  passu  with  the  whites. 

P.  LANCEOLATA.  Ell.  Lcaves  lanceolate,  hairy;  spike  cylindric,  or  subovate,  naked;  scape  angled,  hairy. 

Fw/go— English  Plantain.    Ripple-grass.     Ribwort.    Buck-horn  Plantain. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Meadows,  fields,  and  grass  lots:  common.    Scapes  1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  species  is  also  a  naturalized  foreigner.  It  is  not  much  esteemed  by  the  farmers  of  this  vicinity 
—though  in  some  nei;?-hborhoods  it  has  been  occasionally  cuhivated;  and  horses,  horned-  cattle,  and  shee>fl 
are  all  fond  of  it.  Ithas  become  so  common,  that  it  is  difficult  to  procure  the  seed  of  red  clover  entirely 
clear  of  it;  and  it  bids  fair  to  prevail  still  more  extensively. 

P.  viRGixroA.  Ph.  Covered  with  whitish  pubescence;  leaves  oval-oblanceolate;  flowers  rather  remote. 

Fii/g-o— White  Plantain.    Virginian  Plantaiu. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  June,  and  after, 

Hab.  Sterile  old  fields,  and  stony  hills:  frequent.    Scapes  3  to  8  inches  high. 

68.    ANDREWSIA.    Bart.  Fl.  Philad.  82. 
[Dedicated  by  Sprengel  to  Mr.  Andrews,  an  English  Florist;  author  of  a  work  on  Roses.] 

Cal.  4  parted,  appressed.  Cor.  subcampanulate,  4  parted.  S'h'g-Tna thick,  sub-bihd.  Caps.  1  celled,  2  valved. 
A.  paniculata.  Fl.  Phil.  Stem  somewhat  branched:  peduncles  opposite;  corolla  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Synon.  Bartonia  paniculata.  3Iuhl.  Sagina  virginica.   TVilld.  Ceiitaurella  paniculata.  Mx.  Nutt.^'-  Ell. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Sterilclields,  and  woodlands;  Barren  ridge;  Geo.  Darlington's:  rather  scarce.    3  to  9  inches  high. 

Obs.  I  have  adopted  the  above  name,  in  the  hope  thai  it  may  prove  more  fortunate  than  its  numerous 
predecessors;  though,  I  confess,  I  always  thought  Muhlenberg's  name?  Bartonia,  altogether  unexcep- 
tionable, until  it  was  superseded  by  the  Bartonia  of  Nuttall  and  Pursh. 

69.  OBOLARIA.    JVuft.  Gen.  152. 

[Gr.   Obolosi  a  small  Athenian  coin;  which  the  leaves  of  this  plant  are  supposed  to  resemble.] 

Cal.  0,  but  2  bractes.    Cor.  campanulate,  4  cleft;  bearing  a  Stc:mm  m  each  cleft.    Caps,  ovate,  1  celled. 

O.  VIRGINICA.  Nutt.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  cuneiform,  and  sub-rhomboid;  flowers  axillary,  sessile. 

Vulgo — Penny- wort.    Money- wort. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  Bath;  Forks  of  Brandywine:  frequent.    3  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  pale'.blue 

0&.5.  This  is  an  interesting  little  plant,  but  apt  to  be  overlooked  by  all  but  botanical  observers, — as  it  is 
usually  pretty  much  buried  among  the  dead  leaves,  which  cover  the  gvounr!  in  rich  woodlands,  where  it 
grows.  The  whole  plant  is  of  a  fleshy  texture,  the  root  somewhat  coralloid;  tre  stem  4  angled,  inclining  to 
be  wavy,  or  flexuose,  occasionally  branched,  with  two  or  three  remote  pairs  of  small,  opposite,  scale-like 
leaves  upon  the  lower  part;  the  upper  leaves  are  also  opposite,  rather  crow 'ed.  cuneiform,  or  oblong-truu- 
cate,  and  often  nearly  rhomboidal,  sessile,  and  slightly  decurrent.  The  flowers  are  axillary,  and  sessile  in 
the  bosom  of  the  bractes;  the  latter  standing  cross-wise  with  the  leaves.  From  the  upper  pair  of  leave* 
proceed  </^r^e  flowers,  the  central  one  terminating  the  stem.  Both  leaves  and  bractes,  are  of  a  greenish 
purple,  or  dingy  copper  color;  and  the  flowers  vary  from  whitish,  to  pale  blue,  or  purple.  The  seeds  are 
nurnerous,  very  minute,  of  a  pale  straw  color,  shining  and  diaphanous.  Te.e  accmipanying  plate  gives  a  tol- 
erable representation  of  the  outlines  of  the  plant,  from  a  medium  specimen-*  Wlien  I  flrst  met  with  it,  I 
was  convinced  it  w?s  strictly  Tcfrf/MfZcous,  and  so  stated  my  opinion  to  the  hte  Professor  Barton;  but  he 
received  the  suggestion  with  his  wonted  caution,  and  expressed  his  doubts.  I  however  ventured  to  arrange 
It  in  my  catalogue  according  to  my  own  opinion;  and  when  I  learnt  that  INIr.  Nuttall  was  about  preparing 
for  the  press  his  excellent  work  on  the  American  Genera,  I  took  the  liberty  of  communicating  to  him  my 
viev.'s  on  the  subject, — which  I  was  gratified  lo  find,  on  the  appearance  of  his  book,  were  contirmed  by  that 
able  and  accurate  Botanist. 


It  may  be  proper  here  to  remark,  that  this  plate  (together  with  the  others)  was  engraved  several  yev 
ago,— prior  to  the  commencement  of  Dr.  W.  P.  C.  Barton's  American  Flora,  wiiich  coataias  a  li  jure  ( 
this  plant— othervrise  I  should  not  have  taken  the  .superfluous  trouble  to  procure  it. 


22  TETRANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.. 

70.    SANGUISORBA.    Nidt.  Gen.  161. 

[Lat.  Slanguis,  blood,  and  sorbeo,  to  absorb;  from  its  supposed  efficacy  in  stanching  li^morrhage. J 

Cal.  inferior,  2  leaved,  resembling  bractes.     Cor.  superior,  rotate,  4  cleft.     Caps.  4  angled,  2  celled. 

S.  CANABEivsis.  Ell.  Spilccs  cjlindric,  long;  stamens  very  long;  leaves  unequally  pinnate;  leaflets  serrate. 
Viilgo—Bumet  Saxifrage. 

JR.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Low,  wet  meadows:  Chester  creek;  Brandywine:  not  common.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  white. 
05s.  I  am  not  fully  satisfied  of  the  propriety  of  removing  this  genus  into  the  order  Bigynia,  as  has  beeS' 
done  by  Mx.  Pursh,  Nuttall,  &c.— and  have  therefore  followed  Mr.  Elliott, in  retaining  it  here. 

b.     Corolla  none. 

71.    STMPLOCARPUS.    Nntt.  Gen.  157. 

[Gr.  Sympl»ke,  connexion,  and  A^cr^jos,  fruit;  descriptive  of  that  portion  of  the  fructification-] 

'  Spathe  cucullate.  Spadix  covered  with  flowers.  Cal-  deeply  4  parted,  persistent,  becoming  thick  &  spongy. 

S.  FcETiDA.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Leaves  ovate-cordate,  enlarging;  spadix  pedunculate,  oblong-oval. 

Synon.  Dracontium  fcstidum.     IVilld.  Pothos  fcetida.  Mx.  k.  Ph.     Vulgo — Swamp-cabbage.  Skunk-weed. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  March.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Ilab.  Swamps;  shaded  springs,  and  rivulets;  common.    No  stem:  full  grown  leaves  near  2  feet  high. 

Ohs.  This  plant  is  notorious  for  the  pole-cat-like  odor  which  it  emits,  when  wounded.  The  fleshy  root, 
when  chewed,  causes  a  severe  tingling,  or  pricking  sensation,  in  the  tongue  and  lips.  It  is  a  curious  circum- 
stance that  this  plant,  which  seems  so  obviously  Tetrandrous,  should  have  been  arranged  by  Willdenow 
ia  Heptandria;  by  Michaux  in  Alonwcia;  and  by  Pursh  in  Polyandria. 


72.    HAMAMELIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  160. 
[The  derivation  of  this  name  is  obscure,  and  unsatisfactory.    See  De  Theis.^ 

Invob'xre  3  leaved.    Cal.  4  cleft,  persistent.    Cor.  petals  4,  long,  Unear.    Aru<  2  horned,  2'celled- 
S.  viRGiNicA.  Bart.  Fl-  Phil.  Leaves  obovate  and  oval,  rather  unequal  at  base,  sinuate-dentate. 
Vulgo — Witch-Haale. 

Fl.  JNiiddie  of  October,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  September,  the  succeeding  year! 

Hab.  Borders  of  moist  woodlands;  banks  of  rivulets,  &c.  frequent-  8  to  12  feet  high:  flowers  greenigh  yellovr. 

Obs.  The  flowers  of  this  singular  shrub  appear  after  it  has  shed  its  leaves  in  autumn;  and  continue 
through  the  greater  part  of  winter,  apparently  unaffected  by  the  cold.  Possibly  this  anomaly  may  have 
givim  rise  to  some  of  the  absurd  notions,  respecting:  its  magical  virtues,  which  still  infest  a  few  of  the  cred- 
aioiis. 

§5>  For  CubCUTA>  or  dodder,— See  class  Pentandvia. 

73.    ILEX.    Nutt.  Gen.  163. 
fEtymo'io^y  obscure:  Boerhaave  says,  "a  voce  hebraica,  Elon,  quod  significat  quercum.^-] 

Po.'!/g-amoMs:  Cal.  minute,  4  or  5  toothed.   Con.  rotate,  4  parted.  Style  0.    Stigmas  i.    Berry  4  ecedeal. 

I.  OFACA.  JM:i.\  Arb.  Leaves  oval,  with  rigid,  spreading,  spinous  teeth;  fruit  ovate,  bright  red. 

Synon.  I.  aquifolium.  Marshall.  Vulgo — American  Holly. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Mub.  Woodlands:  Barrens;  Forks  of  Brandywine:  rare.    10  to 20  feet  high:  flowers  whitish. 

Obs.  This  handsome  evergreen  tree  is  of  small  growth  with  us,  very  rare,  and  v.'hen  found,  is  usually 
transpl.inted  about  houses,  as  an  ornament.  It  is  said  that  Birdlime  may  b§  extracted  from  the  bark;  for  tiie 
mode  of  preparing  whlcii,  See  3'Ix.  arbns.  forest,  vol.  2,  ^j.  193. 

74.    POTAMOGETON.    Nutt.  Gen.  166. 
[Gr.  Polamos,  rivers  and  Gciton,  neighbor;  from  its  usual  place  of  growth.] 

Cal.  4  leaved.    Cor.  0.    Slyle  0.    Stigmas  4.    Seeds  4,  naked. 

P.  xArATvs.  Mr.  Leaves  sublanceolate-oval,  floating,  on  Ici-o"  petioles:  spikes  assurgeat. 
F«7;fo— Floating  Pond-weed. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hub.  Ponds,  creeks,  and  rivulets:  common.    9  to  IS  inches  long:  flowers  dull  green. 
Obs.  Like  matt  aquatics,  it  accomiajedateu  itself  to  the  depth  of  water  in  Tvliich  it  grows. 


TETRANDRIA.  TETilAGYNIA.  zs 

P.  LUCENS.  Mr.  Leaves  Ions-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a, petiole  at  base;  spikes  Imj,  cylindrical.- 

Synon.  P.  ocuminatum,  of  the  German  Botanists,  according  to  Mr.  Sciweinitz. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub.  Rapid  waters  of  the  Brandy  wine;  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  long:  flowers  greenish  brown. 

P.  CRISPUM.'  Ph.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  sub-amplexicaiil,  oblong-ovate,  undulate;  spikes  faw-flowered. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  iV.  mat. 

Hab.  Hapid  waters  of  the  Brandywine:  frequent-     1  to  3  feet  long:  flowers  reddish  brown. 

Obs.  This  species  s»ems  to  lie  on  the  bottom,  totally  submersed  in  swift  runnln:;  %vater.  The  leaves  are 
very  obscurf  ly  if  at  all  serrate,  but  are  undulate  and  curled;  and  the  spikes  are'mostly  lateral.  I  at  first 
siippoi-ed  It  to  be  P.  perfoliatum,  of  .-!fr.  and  PA.— but  Mr.  Schweinitz  pronounces  it.  with  more  probabil'tv 
y.  crisjmm.    It  certainly,  however,  does  not  well  suit  the  description  of  ei<Aer,  in  Pursh. 

CLASS    V.    PENTANDPJA. 

OHDER,    MOSfOCS-rifSA. 
A,.     Flowers  Inferior,    a.     Corolla  monopctaloua.    f  Seeds  nahed. 

75.  PULMONARIA.    Natt.  Gen.  173. 

[Lat.  pKtao.plur.  Pulmones,  the  Lungs;  from  its  supposed  virtue  in  pu!monary  diseases.] 
Cal.  5  toothed,  prismatic-pentagonal.    Cor.  funnel-form,  somewhat  5  lobed;  orifice  open. 

P.  viRGiNiCA.  Ell.  Glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate,  and  oval;  flowers  fasciculate,  terminal;  corolla  long, 

'F«/g-o— Virginian  Cowslip.     Lung-wort. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Hab.  Rich,  moist,  low  grounds:  along  Brandywine:  frequent.    About2  feet  high:  flowers  purplish  blue. 

Obs.  Rather  a  handsome  plant,  and  often  introduced  into  our  gardens.  The  leaves  finally  become  a 
broad  oval,  in  form;  and  some  of  lliem  ahnost  orbicular. 

76.  LITHOSPERMUM.    Nult.  Gen.   170. 

[Gr.  Litkos,  a  stone,  and  Sperma,  seed;  from  the  stony  hardness  of  its  seeds.] 

Cal.  5  parted;  divisions  subulate.    Cor.  funnel-form,  5Iobsd;  orifice  open, naked.  Stignmhind. 

L.  ARVENSE.  Ph.  Plant  hispi<I;  seeds  rugose;  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx;  leaves  lingulata. 
Pw/g-o— Stone-weed.    Corn  Gromwell. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  IMay.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Hab.  Grain  and  pasture  fields:  frequent.     12  to  ISinches  high:  Rowers  milk-white. 
Obs.  This  rigid,  flinty-skinned  plant,  is  beheved  to  be  a  foreigner. 

77.    CYNOGLOSSUM.    mat.  Gen.  172. 
[Gr.  Kyon,  kynos,  a  dog,  and  Ghssa,  a  tongue;  from  a  fancied  resemblauce  i:i  iis  leave*.] 

Cal.  5  parted.  Cor.  funnel-form;  orifice  closed  by  5  connivent  processes.  Seeps  nin.Ted  to  the  sty!*- 
C  OFFiciiVALE.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Covered  with  soft  pubescence;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile;  racemes  paniculate 
Fu/g-o— Common  Hound's-tongue. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  Roadsides,  and  about  houses:  Cheyney  Jefferis's;  Jno.  Taylor's  mill:  rather  scarce.  About  2  feet  high- 
Obs.  A  foreigner,  but  becoming  naturalized.  The  flowers  are  usually  reddi.^h  brown;  but  T found  specinen-^ 
at  John  Taylor  s  mill,  with  milk  white  flowers,  as  noticed  by  fVilld.  The  fresh  plant  has  a  peculiarly  di^-' 
agreeable  smell  resembling  that  of  mice-nests;  remarked  by  Dr.  Smith— who  says,  "tota  planta  odor/  mn- 
rino  tetens.  1  he  circumstance  of  this  odor  may  have  given  rise  to  an  opinion,  ('which  I  believe  i«  unfotind- 
ed,)  that  the  plant  will  expel  rats.  It  dissipates  as  the  phmt  dri.es.  The  medical  virtues  of  this  s'n-ries  ar^ 
'i)eiievedtobe  very  trifling;  though  it  has  been  reconmieuded  in  scrophulous  ulcers,  to  be  u«ed  in  the  fonr 
«1  cataplasm.  "' 

C.  ABiPLEXicAULE.  BIx-  Hirsute;  leaves  oval-cblor,;r,  upper  ones  amplexicau!:  corymb  tprminal,  leafless, 
Synon.  C.  virginicum.  IVilld.  and  Ell.  f  w/go— Wild  Comfrey.    Virginian  Hounds-tongue" 

F/.  Last  of  May.  Fr.  wa!.  Beginning  of    August. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  very  common.    13  inches  t.T  2  feet  high:  flowers  bluish  wiiitf;. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  species  is  mucilaginous;  and  is  somewhat  rocuiar  as  a  r<ectora' modioi^e.  itfe 
sometimes,  also,  used  in  cataplasms,  tor  sprains..  &c. 


S4  FENTANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA. 

78.    MYOSOTIS.    Nntt.  Gen.  169. 

[Gr.  M'js,  myos,  a  mouse,  and  Oiis,  otos,  an  ear;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  its  leave*.] 

Cal.  5  cleft.  Cos.  Salver-fonr,  tube  short;  borJei  51obedj  emarginate;  orifice  closed  with  5  convex  scales," 

M.  PALUSTRis.  Ph.  Seeds  smooth;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate;  racemes  without  bractes. 
Sfynon.  M.  scorpioides.   Willd.  Muhl.  &c.  Vuigo — Marsh  Scorpion-grass. 

Fl.  Last  of  May  till  October.  Fr-  mat.  August,  and  after. 

ilab.  Sprin.ss,  swamps,  rivulets,  &c.  common.    6  to  24  inches  high:  flowers  sky  blue. 

Obs.  Perennial;  the  radical  leaves  continuing  vigorously  green  through  the  winter,— especially  about 
swampy  springs.    Some  of  the  seeds  ripen  long  before  it  has  done  flowering. 

5M.  viRGirriAN-A.Pft.  Hairy;  seeds  barb-prickled;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;  racemes  divaricate. 

Ft(/go—  Virginian  Scorpion-grass. 

n.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

jllah.  Woodlands,  and  fence-rows:  common.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  bluish  white. 

Obs.  Tills  obnoxious  weed  is  well  known  to  our  farmers,  in  consequence  of  its  racemes  of  bur  like 
seeds  entangling  and  matiing  themaaes  of  their  horses,  and  fleeces  of  their  sheep. 

1 1  Seeds  covered. 

ITO.    HYDROPHYLLUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  178. 
[Gr.  Hydor,  hydros,  water,  and  Phyllon,  leaf;  the  cavities  of  the  leaves  holding  water.    De  Theis— or,  ac- 
cordmg  to  Botrhaave,  ''  Hydor,  aqua,  et  Fkilos,  amicus;  quia  ad  aquub  ciescere  amat." 

Cal.  5  parted.  Cor.  campanulate,  5  cleft;  5  longitudinal  grooves  within.     Caps.  1  celled,  2  valved. 

H.  viiiGuncvM.  Ph.  Smoothish;  leaves  pinnatifid,  and  pinnate;  segments  oval-lanceolate,  incised-serrata 

Vulgo — Virginian  V»''ater-leaf. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat   Middle  of  June. 

Hub.  Brandywine:  John  Taylor's:  Wistar's  bridge:  frequent.  About  1  foot  high;  flowers  white,  or  purplish. 

SO.    ANAGALLIS.    laitt.  Gen.  183. 
[Gr.  Anagelao,  to  laugh;  from  its  supposed  exhilarating  virtues.] 

Cal   5  cleft.  Cors.  rotate,  5  lobed.    Filaments  hirsute.     Caps,  g-lobular,  circumscLssed,  many  seeded. 

A.  AEVENSis.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Stem  procumbent,  4  angied;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  entire,  dotted  beneath. 

VvJgo — Red  Ciackweed.     Scarlet  Pimpernel. 

FL  Liitter  end  of  June  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  Beginntng  of  August,  and  after. 

Tiab.  Field^,  and  roadsides;  Wilmington  roaa,  frequent.    4  to  12  inches  long:  flowers  orange-scarlet. 

Obs.  This  noted  little  foreigner  is  becoming  naturalized  in  this  vicinity.  A  few  years  ago,  it  was  not  to 
be  seen  nearer  than  about  the  Deluware  state  line,  towards  Wilmington;  but  ithas  been  gradually  and  stead- 
ily working  its  way  up  country,  and  is  now  frequently  to  be  met  with  around  the  Borough.  The  idle  sto- 
ries concerning  its  etlicacy  in  curing  Ilydrcphobia,  though  occasionally  revived  by  ignorant  or  designing 
Empirics,  are  now  pretty  correctly  appreciated  by  the  public.^  About  twenty  years  since,  the  pretended 
remedy  was  disclosed  to  the  Ijegiblatirre  of  thi*;  State,  by  way  of  special  favor,  as  though  it  were  a  great  se- 
cmt,  and  a  nf.f  and  importr nt  discovery:  yet  Boerhaaoe  in  his  Historia  Plaiitarum,  publislred  as  long-  ago 
as  1731,  says  ■*•  morsiu  canis  rahidi  subvenire  anonnullis  dicitur." 

81.    LYSIMACHIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  1S7. 
[Said  to  be  so  named  after  Lysimachus,  a  King  of  Sicily.     Literally  Loose-strife.    See  Be  Thcis.^ 

Cal.  5  cleft.    Cor.  rotate,  5  cleft.    Cats-  globular,  mucronate,  5  or  10  valved,  few  or  many  seeded. 
L.  "QTrADRiFOLiA.  Fh.  Leavcs  subsessilc,  in  4's and  o's;  peduncles  in  4's;  corolla-segments  oval,  entire. 
Synon.  L.  hirsuta.  Mx.  Ftt/g-o— Loose-strife. 

JF7.  Be:,inningof  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Ilab.  y/oodlands,  and  low  grounds:  common:    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow; 

Obs.  Some  Empirics  highly  recomniend  the  infusion  of  this  plant  in  Hcsniorrhoids,  or  piles;  but  its  virtvre)S> 
if  ar.y,  are  unknown  to  me. 

L.  ciLiATA.  Ph.  Leaves  petiolata.  opposite;  petioles  ciliate;  corolla-segments  acuminate,  creliate. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Kiib.  Sr>rder5  of  wocdlanus  and  tiuckete;  Bath:  freqiieat.    2  to  Sleet  ]:i^h:  flowers  yellow. 


PENTANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  25 

82.  SABBATIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  206. 
[Dedicated  to  two  Italian  Botanists,  of  the  name  of  Sabbati.} 

Gal.  5  to  12  parted.    Cor.  5  to  12  parted.    Stigmas  2,  spn&l.    ^jifAcrs finally  revolute.    Caps.  1  celled. 

S.  ANGULARis.  Bait.  Fl.  Phil.  Stem  4  angled,  winged ;  leaves  ovate,  amplexicaul;  flowers  corymbose. 

Synon.  Chironia  angularis.  Mukl.  Mx.  IVilld.  Fu/gfo— Centaury. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hah.  Sterile  old  fields;  Barrens:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high :  flowers  palish  red;  often  Hcxandrous. 

Obs.  This  handsome  herb  is  an  intense  bitter;  and  deservedly  popular  as  a  tonic  medicine.  It  is  niuoh 
more  abundant  some  years  than  others.  Dr.  Smith  {in  Cyclop.)  does  not  approve  of  this  genus;  but  hav- 
ing received  the  sanction  of  such  Botmists  as  Pursli,  Elliott,  and  Nuttall,  I  have  thought  ii  best  to  retain  ii. 

83.  DATURA.    Nutt.  Gen.  200, 

[Obscure;  supposed  to  be  from  Datora  {ox  tatorah,)  the  Arabic  name  of  the  plant.     De  Theis.] 

Cal.  tubular, angular,  deciduous.  Cor.  funnel-form,  plicate.    Caps.  1  celled,  4  valved,  spiiiose,  or  smooth. 

D.  straiviontum.  Ell.  Peiicarps  spinose,  erect,  ovate;  leaves  ovate,  sinuate,  glabrous. 

rw/g'o— James-town  (or  corruptlj',  Jimson,)  weed.    Thorn-apple.    French  Chesnut. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July  till  September.  />.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Ilah.  About  houses;  lanes,  barn-yards,  roadsides,  he.  common.  2  to  5  feet  high;  flowers  pale  purple. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  America;  but  it  has  every  appearance  of  having  been  introtUi- 
ced,  and  merely  naturalized,  in  this  region.  It  possesses  powerful  medical  propeilies;  for  an  account  of 
which  see  Dr.  S.  Cooper's  Inaugural  Thesis,  1797— and  some  later  works.  The  root,  smoked  like  tobac- 
co, is  a  popular  remedy  for  asthmatic  affections,  in  this  neighborhood;  and  I  have  never  known  any  mis- 
chievous consequences  to  result  from  it— though  Mr.  Elliott  states  that  bad  effects  have  en.sued  the  practice. 
It  certamly  is  a  plant  possessed  of  such  active  properties  as  to  require  prudence  and  .skill  in  the  use  of  it. 
Boerhaave,  in  his  ^isiorta  P/ania?-M?n,  gives  the  following  account  of  it — ''hacutuntur  nieretrices  Javan.- 
enses,  dum  a  primariis  sunt  conduct*,  turn  banc  plantam  maritissuis  dant  et  delirii  species  subseiiuitur, 
itnde  coram  maritis  lascivia  utuutur,  et  si  haec  planta  in  majori  copia  detur;  stupidi  maaent,  langaeut  et  tan- 
•emmoriuntur." 

84.    VERBASCUM.    Nitft.  Gen.  203. 

IQu&si  Barbascum;  from  the  Lat.  Barba,  beard— on  account  of  its  bearded,  hajry,  or  woolly  leaves.] 
Cal.  5  parted.     Cor.  rotate,  3  lobed,  unequal.     Stam.  declined,  bearded.  Caps.  2  celled;  valves  inflected. 
V,  THAPsus.  Ell.  Whole  plant  very  tomentose;  leaves  lanceolate,  decurrent;  stem  simplet 
Vulgo — Common  IMullein. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Fields,  and  roadsides;  every  where  common.    3  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  Native  of  Europe;  but  superabundantly  naturalized.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  somewhat  pop- 
Ular  as  a  remedy  in  Dysentery,  but  is  probably  little  worth.  Piirsh  says  this  plant  sometimes  makes  its  ap- 
pearance, in  a  sudden  and  mysterious  manner,  in  remote  parts  of  the  country,  where  the  grounds  have  been 
newiy  cleared  and  burnt:  but  similar  mysteries  attend  the  propagation  of  several  other  plaiU3,-and  mo-;t 
orve  et' t        ^^^  solved  by  a  little  more  attention  to,  and  a  better  acquaintance  with,  the  economy 

y .  BLATTARiA.  Ell.  Lcavcs  amplexicaul,  oblong,  serrate,  glabrous;  peduncles  1  flowered,  solitary. 

Vulgo— Moth  Mullein. 

.H.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  F,-.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Mab.  Pasture  fields,  and  fence-rows;   frequent.    1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  whitish,  with  tinges  of  red. 

We 'ohtifv.^^'^^'^K^''" ,  ^^^  ■'■^"^'y  "^'"^  2''^''""  ^o^^^^  -^as  not  yet  been  seen  iu  this  vicinitv;  though  I 
fta\  e  ob»er\  ed  it  m  abundance  on  the  vacant  lots  in  Philadelphia.  -  >         6 

85.    CONVOLVULUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  190. 
[Lat.  Convolve,  to  wrap,  intwine,  or  wind  about:  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
Cal.  5  parted.    Cor.  campanulate,  plicate.    Stigmas  2,  oblong,  or  globose.    Caps.  2  or  3  celled. 

C.  PANDURATUs.  Ell.  Stem  voluble,  often  prostrate;  leaves  cordate,  entire  or  lobed,  aud  panduntform. 

FM/g:o— Bind-weed.    Wild  Potato-vine. 

h.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  IMiddle  of  September. 

ILib.  Old  fields,  feuce-rows,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  C  feel  long:  flowers  white,  olten  red  at  the  bottom. 

Obs.  This  species  embraces  several  txiricijfs,  or  else  the  descriptions  are  much  confused.  I  have  also 
specimens  with  leaves  uniformly  cordate,  and  acumisate;  peduncles  shortfr  than  tlie  ]ietiolf^,  flow.-is 
White,  and  biigmas  globose;  marked  by  Mr.  Schweinitz  "C.  Si2>iiun  amerka!Uua."-UK/!ii>[bh  a  vafiety 
of  C.  revais,  uescnbed  by  Mr.  Elliott.  i         j  j 


26  PENTANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA. 

C.  spiTHAMiEUs.  Ell.  Erect;  leaves  oval,  pubescent;  peduncles  1  flowered,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

Syiion.  C.  stans?  Mx.  Calystegia  tomentosa.  Phi  and  yet  the  stigmas  are  o&/ongr ! 

11.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Ilab.  Woodlands:  Eachus's,  and  Parker's  woods:  frequent.    9  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  A  number  of  years  ago,  I  found  this  plant  in  Parker's  woods,  whence  I  transplanted  it  into  my 
garden;  where  it  grew  luxuriantly,  and  threatened  to  become  a  nuisance.  In  the  course  of  three  or  four 
years  it  totally  disappeared,  and  I  could  not  find  it  in  all  the  neighborhood.  It  however  made  its  appear- 
ance ae;ain  in  three  or  four  years  more,  in  considerable  quantities;  not  only  in  the  woodlands,— but  also  ia 
the  garden  where  it  had  formerly  grovyn,  so  as  to  be  quite  troublesome. 

85.    PHLOX.    Nult.  Gen.  193. 
[Gr.  Phlox,  &Te,  or  flame;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  flowers.] 

Cai..  5  cleft,  prismatic.  Cor.  salverform;  tube  curved,  Pitonejifs  unequal.  StigmairiM.  Cats.  3  celled. 
P.  MACTJLATA.  Ph.  Stem  rough,  spotted;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  panicle  oblong;  flowers  crowded. 
Vulgo—YiM  Sweet-William.    Spotted-stalked  Lychnidea. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Eeginnin-  of  A\jgust. 

Mab.  Meadows,  low  grounds,  and  borders  of  rivulets:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high :  flowers  bright  purple- 
Obs.  A  beautiful,  showy  plant;  worthy  to  be  introduced  into  flower  gardens- 

P.  PiLOSA.  JEll.  Pubescent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate:  corymbs  subfastigiate;  calyx  teeth  long,  subulate. 

FL  Latter  end  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Mab.  Borders  of  woodlands;  Bath  woods:  frequent.    10  to  20  inches  high:  flowers  pale  red. 

P.  suBULATA.  Ell.  Procumbent;  hirsute;  leaves  subulate,  ciliate;  corymbs  few  flowered. 

Fm/?o— Mountain  Pink.    Ground  Pink. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Barren  Ridge;  very  abundant.    6  to  12  inches  long:  flowers  bright  purple. 

06s.  This  handsome  little  species  is  exclusively  confined  to  the  most  sterile  parts  of  tire  Barren  Ridge; 
larg.;  tracts  of  which  are  covered,  and  highly  ornamented  by  its  flame-colored  flowers,  about  the  last  ot 
April. 

87.    POLEMONIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  W5. 
IBoerh.  says  "  s.  Poly,  (Gr.)  multum,  &  ?nonon,  solum,  quasi  multa  folia  unicum  folium  componentia."} 

Cai..  5  cleft.  CoR.  5  lobed;  tube  short,  closed  at  base  by  5  staminifei'ous  valves.  Stig.  trifid.  Caps.  3  celled' 

p.   REPTAivs.  Fll.  Stem  weak;  leavespinnate,  by  7's,9's,  and  ll's;  flowers  terminal,  nodding. 

F«/,To— Jacob's  Ladder.    Greek  Valerian. 

F/.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.    Beginning  of  June. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds;  meadaws,  and  woodlands:  frequent.    12  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  sky  blue- 

83.    AZALEA.    Nutt.  Gen-  207. 
[Gr.  -<4««?cos,  arid,  or  dry;  because  it  usually  grows  in  dry  soils.    De  Thcis.'i 

Cat..  5  parted.  Cor.  funnel-form,  or  campanulate,  5  cleft,  unequal.  Stam.  &  Style  declined.  Caps.  5  ciellet?. 

A.  m.Tmyi,oRA.  Ell.  Flowers  rather  naked;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong;  stamens  much  exserted. 

Synon.  A.  pericjymenoides.  Mx.  and  Ph.  Vulgo—WM  Honeysuckle-    Rosebay. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Nab.  Woodlands:  very  common.    2  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  mostly  red,— sometimes  nearly  white, 

Obs.  The  vmiitira  of  this  beautiful  flowering  shrub,  are  very  numerous  here;  but  I  am  not  certain  that 
I  have  met  with  any  distinct  species. 

89.    SOLANUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  196.  „ 

,  [Obscure:  perhaps  from  the  Lat.  Solar i,  to  solace,  or  assuage;  from  its  .supposed  medical  virtues.7 
Cal.  5  c'f-ft.    CoR.  sub-rotate,  phcate.    ^?ii/i«rs  partly  united,  opening  at  point  by  double  psres. 

S-  NJGRUJvi.  Ell.  Stem  unarmed,  herbaceous;  leaves  ovate,  angled;  flowers  in  umbels,  nodding. 

fH?,£:o— Night-shade. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Mab.  About  houses  j  gardens;  and  among  rubbish:  frequent.    13  to  20  inches  high:  floveers  white. 


PENTANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  27 

S.  CAROLINENSE.  Ell  Stem  aculeate,  annual;  leaves  hastate-angled,  prickly  on  both  sides;  racemes  loose 
Tm/^o— Horse  Nettle.    Carohna  Nightshade.  =>  ^^^^c. 

Ft.  Middle  of  July.  JV.  ^„^ 

Hub.  Roadside,  near  Marshalton;  near  Squire  Graves's  barn:  rare.    1  to  2  feethigh:  flowers  bluish  white 

90.    PHYSALIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  19S. 
[Gr.  Physa,  an  inflated  bladder,  or  bag;  in  allusion  to  the  bladdery  calyx,  enclosing  the  fruit.l 
Cor.  campanulate-rotate.    Stamens  connivent.    Berry  2  celled,  inclosed  in  the  inflated  Calyx- 
^.  viscosA.  Ell?  Leaves  subcordate,  repand;  stem  paniculate  above;  fruit-bearing  calyx  pubescent 
Vulgo-  Clammy  Ground-Cherry. 

ri.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Fence-rows,  roadsides  &c.  common.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

lhA^^n;Z*^t/''"'S°*^J^'^  ^P^'^'-'^? '^  ^'^'"■'''''y  ?'""-"'^"*-  If 't  be  the  same  described  by  Mr  Elliott  unde^-- 
that  name.  It  rarely  if  ever,  with  us,  attains  the  height  he  mentions;  viz.  2  to  3  feet.  -C^'HO",  unaes 

P.  PENXsYLVAmcA.  Ell.  Lcaves  ovate,  sub-rcpand;  pedunclcs  solitary,  hairy,  as  long  as  the  petioles 

Fu^go— Esculent  Ground-Cherry. 

FL  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    About  1  foot  high:  flowers  yellow. 

^S^^'J^^^^T^-  "^  l^'^  species  is  considerably  more  pulpy  than  the  preceding,  and  when  fully  ripe  is 

rorJAtuo\X'.^^^ 

p.  OBscuRA.  Tor?  Divaricately  branched;  leaves  cordate-suborbiculate,  acuminate,  unequa]!/ dentate. 

i>ynon.  F.  pruinosa.?  Ell. 

Ft.  Middle  of  July.  p^^  ,^^_ 

Hab.  Stony  banks:  near  Wm.  Hawley's:  not  common.    9  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow. 

^?it'-:  ,^'-,.fch"'einitz,  who  examined  my  specimen,  thinks  it  is  the  P.  obscura.of  Torrev  but  savs  it  is 
materially  diflerent  from  the  P.  obscura,  as  found  at  Salem,  N.  Carolina.  i-orrey,  out  sajsit  is 

b.     Corolla  mostly  pentapetalous. 

91.    CEANOTHUS.    A^utt.  Gen.  229. 
[A  name  derived  from  the  ancient  Greek  writers,  and  applied  to  tliis  genus.] 
Cal.  turbinate,  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals  squamiform;  claws  long.    Caps.  3  angled,  3  celled,  3  seeded. 
G.  AMERiCANus.  Ell.  Leavcs  ovate,  acuminatc,  sciratc;  panicles  axillary,  on  long  peduncles. 
Fw^g-o— New  Jersey  Tea.    Red-root. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  borders  of  thickets,  &c.  common.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

M?sLlSsl!hffiKvTff^  bark  of  its  roots;  and  may  be  useful,  .3 

ivjarsnaii  anu  ftcnoept  say  it  is,  in  g;onorrh=eas,  and  other  cases  where  astr  ngents  are  indicated      It  is  sairi  th^ 

fe'^'f  7h'/Frr  ^l,r'^.'7.5?^%^^^'S^'  ^""\e  '^«  American  Revolution,  as  a  substitute  '^  the  poscribed 
Tea  of  the  Eng  ish  East-fndia  Company:  which  circumstance  alone,  judging  from  the  seusib  e  cronertCs  of 
tlie  plant,  might  be  taken  as  pretty  good  evidence  of  their  zeal  in  the  caule !  properties  oi 

92.    CELASTRUS.  Nutt.  Gen.  231. 
[A  name  borrowed  from  the  ancient  Greek  writers.} 
Cal.  5  lobed.  Style  thick,  perforate.  Caps.  3  valved;  valves  septiferous  in  the  centre.  Skeds  semi-arillate 

C.  scandens.  Marshall.  Unarmed;  leaves  oblong,  and  obovate,  acuminate,  serrate;  racemes  terminal 

Fu/g-o— Climbing  Staff-tree.    Wax-work. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  and  fence-rows;  Bath,  &c.  frequent-    10  to  15  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow. 

&P^tfn'^»'  climbing,  shrubby  vine,  though  frequently  to  be  met  witi),  of  a  small  size,  along  feace^-OT, 
«c.  is  nyw  very  rarely  found  i^roducing  fruit,  yr  flowers.  j        h  «' 


28  PENTANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA. 

93.     EUONYMUS.    Nutt.   Gen.  230. 
[Gr.  literally  good  name;  by  way  of  antiphrasis;  the  plant  being  reputed  infamous  for  its  properties.] 
Cal,.  4  or  5  cleft,  with  a  flat  peltate  disk  at  base,  within.    Caps.  3  to  5  angled,  3  to  5  valved,  colored. 

E.  ATROPURPURKUs.  Ph.  licaves  petiolate,  oblong-laHceolate;  pedunclcs  divaricatej  fruit  smoothv 

Fu/g-o— Spindle-tree.    Wild  Burning-bush. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hub.  Puch  woodlands:  forks  of  Brandy  wine:  rare.  6  to  8  feet  high:  flowers  dark,  or  brownish  purpl«; 
Obs.  I  have  only  met  with  this  shrub  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Brandy  wine,  just  below  the  forks;  where 

it  is  pretty  abundant.    It  is  constantly  Tetrandraas,  and  tetrapetalous,  with  the  calyx  4  cleit,  and  capsule 

mosdy  4  angled. 

94.  VITIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  219. 

[Obscure:  Boerh.  says,  "a  rieo,  flecto,  quia  vitiscapreoli  apprehendunt  plantasvicinas."] 

Polygamous:  Cor.  petals  cohering  above,  coming  off  at  base.    Berry  mostly  5  seeded,  globose. 

V.  LABRTTsCA.  Ph.  Leaves  broad-cordate,  hoary-tomentose  beneath^  fertile  racemes  small;  fruit  large. 

Synon.  V.  vulpiiia.  Bartram,  and  Marshall.  Vnlgo— Fox  Grape. 

FL  Middle  of  June.  Fr.   mat.  Begmning  of  September. 

Hub.  Rich,  moist  thickets;  banks  of  creeks  and  rivulets;  frequent.  15  to  25  feet  long;  berries  mostly  black. 

Obs.  There  are  several  varieties  o(  this  well  known  grape;  some  with  berries  reddish,  or  purple,  and 
others  producint;  a  fiuit  nearly  white,  which  is  rather  scarce  here.  Pursh  considers  the  valuable  Bland's 
grape  as  a  variety  of  this;  though  Bartram  with  more  probability,  I  think,  supposes  it  to  be  a  hybrid.  Tha 
Schuylkill  grape,  (called  also  Alexa.nder's,!<nd  Tusker's  grape,)  is  likewise  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid,  allied  j 
to  this  species.  For  an  interesting  notice  of  some  American  Vines,  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  Bartrami  see  Med. 
Repository,  Hexade2,vol.l.  p.  20. 

V.  ^sTivALTs.  Ph.  LeavesS  to  5  lobed,  dentate,  russet  tomentumbeneathjracemes  oblong;  fruit  small. 
Synon.  Y.  sylvestris,  &  occidentalis.  Bartr.  V.  intermedia.  MuhU  Fttigo— Little  Grape.  Summer  Grape. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat-  Last  of  September: 

JIah.  ThicketSj  fence-rows,  and  woodlands;  common.    20,  to  60  or  80  feet  high;  berries  dark  blue. 

Obs.   There  are  a"Iso  many,  and  valuable  varieties  of  this  species.    That  marked  sjmtate,  by  Pursh,  ^ 
frequent  here.    In  some  instances,  in  rich  woodlands,  this  species  ascends  to  the  top  of  the  loftiest  trees, —   j 
4he  naked  vines  extending  from  tlie  ground  to  the  upper  limbs,  somewhat  resembling  the  halyards  of  a   1 
maintopgallant  sail.    It  is  believed  that  the  better  sorts  of  this  grape  will  be  found  well  worthy  of  culture,  ih 
this  country,  for  the  purpose  of  making  wine     A  complete  description  of  our  native  Vines  is  quite  a  de- 
sideratum at  this  time,  when  tlie  spirit  of  planting  vineyards  isbecomiag  so  prevalent. 

V.  coRDiFOLiA.  Ph.  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  incised-dentate,  glabrous;  racemes  loose;  fruit  small. 
Synon.  V.  vulpina.  Willd.  sec.  Sm.  Cyclop.  V.  serotina?  jBarir.  Vnlgo — Chicken  Grape.  Winter  Grape. 
/7.  Middle  of  June.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hah.  Fencs-rows,  and  borders  of  woods:  frequent.    10  to  20  feet  long:  berries  am  jer  color- 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  species  is  very  acerb,  and  scarcely  eatable,  even  when  frosted.  A  large  proportion  >; 
of  the  American  vines  are  Males,  (or  at  least  have  abortive  germs,)  and  are  consequently  sterile.  This  is  ' 
particularly  the  case  with  V.  jestivalis. 

95.  CISSUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  220. 

[From  the  Greek,  Kissos,  ivy;  applied  to  this  genus,  from  its  resemblance  to  that  plant.] 
fC'oR.  petals  unconnected  above,  spreading.    ATecf.  girding  the  germ.    Berry  2  celled,  1  to  4  seeded. 
C  HEDERACEA.  Ph-  Stem  radicant,  climbing;  leaves  quinate-digitate;  racemes  cymose,  dichotomous.  | 

Synon.  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia.  JIx.  Vitis  hederacea.  TVilld.     Fm/jJo— Virginian  Creeper.  American  Ivy.  1 
FL  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Mab.  Woodlands,  fence-rows,  and  hedges:  common.    10,  to  30  or  40  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  green. 

Ob.i.  This  shrubby  vine  is  sometimes  cultivated  as  a  covering  to  the  walls  of  bouses,  to  which  it  readily 
attaches  itself;  but  the  leaves  being  deciduous,  it  is  not  very  ornam.ental  in  wiater,  and  is  somewhat  injuri- 
ous to  the  wall.  The  berries  are  black,  when  ripe— at  which  time  the  peduncles  are  a  pretty  bright  red. 
I.>r.  femith  (Cyclopad.)  insists  that  this  plant  is  a  real  Vitis,  ana  consequently  disapproves  of  its  arrangement 
here.    I  have,  however,  concluded  to  follow  the  late  writers  on  American  Botany. 

93.    IMPATIENS.    Nutt.  Gen.  224. 
[A  metaphorical  name;  given  on  account  of  the  Impatience,  or  elasticity  of  the  seed-vessels,  v/hen  touched-} 

Cal.  2  leaved.    Cor.  irregular,  spurred.    ^jifAers  at  first  cohering.    Caps.  1  celled,  5  valved,  elastic. 
I.  PALLIDA.  Nutt.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  rather  acute;  nectary  obtusely  conic,  shorter  than  the  petals. 
Synon.  I.  nolitangere.     IVilld.  Ph.  EU.  &c.  Fu/j^o— Snap-weed.    Touch-me-not. 

FL  Beginning  of  July  till  October.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Iia,b.  Moist,  shaded   grounds;  thickets  &c.  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  palish  yelloiv. 


PENTANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  29 

r.  FiTLVA.  Xult.  Leavesrhombic-ovate,  obtuse;  nectary  acutely  conic,  longer  than  tlie  petals. 

Synon.  I  biflora.  P$.  and  Ell.  Fu/g-o— Snap-weed.    Night-shade.    Touch-me-not. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June  till  October.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after. 

Jfab.  Wet,  low  grounds;  rivulets,  fence-rows,  &c.  common.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flovrers  deep  yellow,  spotted. 

Obs-  These  two  species,  if  they  be  really  such,  closely  resemble  each  other  in  general  appearance;  and 
are  more  readily  distinguishable  by  their  flowers,  than  any  thing  else.  Their  succulent,  and  almost  pellucid 
stems,  are  sometimes  bruised  and  applied  externally,  as  refrigerant  cataplasms,  in  cases  of  phlegmons,  Lc. 

97.    VIOLA.     IVutt.  Gen.  225. 

[A  latin  name  of  obscure  derivation.    See  De  Thels.'\ 

Cai..  5  leaved.  Cor.  irregular;  lower  petal  cornute  behind.  Anthers  connivent.  Caps.  1  ceiled,  3  valved, 

§1.     Without   Stems. 
V   PED  VTA    Schweinifz.  Leaves  pedate,  about  7  parted;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  dentate. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  F^-  ^^at.  Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Slaty,  barren  hills;  north  of  West-Chester:  frequent:  flowers  handsome  blue. 

O&.t.  For  a  highly  interesting  monography  of  this  family  of  plants,  by  the  Rev.  L.  D.  v.  Schweinitz, 
See  SiUiman's  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  5.  p.  48. 

V.  PALMATA.  Schw.  Leaves  cordate,  or  hastate-lobed,  and  palmate;  lobes  polymorphous,  crcnate -dentate, 
Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  ^r.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hab.  Woods,  and  low  grounds:  Patton^s  woods:  frequent:  flowers  blue. 

Obs.  There  is  an  almost  endless  variety  in  the  forms  of  the  leaves  of  this  species.  I'laj^Jf  ,™?"^' 
however,  very  regularly  digitate,  ^vhich  Mr.  Schwemitz  says  he  has  latterly  begun  to  consider  a  distmct 
species;  and  may  be  called  V.  digitata. 

V.  ASARiFOLiA.  Schw.  Leaves  dilated-reniform,  acute,  crenate-dentate;  petioles  densely  pilose;  scape  short. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  June. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  Batli  woods:  frequent:  flowers  bluish  purple. 

V.  sAGiTTATA.  Schw .  Lcavcs  oblong,  cordate-sagittate,  and  incised  at  base;  scapes  as  long  as  the  leaves- 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Hab.  Dry,  sterile  hills r  Barren  ridge:  frequent:  flowers  pale  blue. 

V.  OVATA.  Schw.  Leavesovate,subcGrdate,crenate;petiolesmarginate;  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Synon.  V.  ciliata.  rtluhl.  V.  primulifolia.  Ph.  not  of  Ell.  nor  IVilld. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.    mat. 

Hub.  Dry  sterile  hills:  north  of  Joseph  Taylor's:  frequent:  flowers  bright  blue. 

V.  cucrLLATA.  Schw.  Leaves  cordate,  cowled,  veined;  scape  terete;  lower  petal  rounded,  bearded. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Along  rivulets,  and  shaded  low  grounds:  frequent:  flowers  blue. 

V.  OBLIQUA.  Schio.  Leaves  cordate,  acute,  smooth;  scape  channelled,  long;  lower  petal  acute,  beardleSg, 

Fl-  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Moist,  shaded  grounds;  swampy  springs,  &c.  Bath  woods:  frequent:  flowers  deep  blue: 

V.  PRIMULIFOLIA.  Schw.  Lcavcs  erect,  mostly  oblong,  obtuse,  and  abruptly  decurrent  on  the  petioles. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  M?y.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Moist  woodlands,  and  low  grounds;  Patton's  woods:  frequent:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  Some  of  the  younger  leaves  of  this  species  are  completely  orbicular;  others  ovate,  or  cordate,  an* 
acute. 

V.  BLAXDA.  Schi!}.  Leaves  flat,  broad-cordate, of  ten  rather  acute,  sometimes  orbicular;  sinus  nearly  closed, 
F/.  Latter  end  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Swamps,  borders  of  shaded  rivulets,  &c.    frequent:  flowers  small,  white,  or  cream-colored. 

§2.    Producing  Stems. 
V.  OCHEOLEUCA.  Scho.  Stem  erect;  leaves  cordate;  stipules  ciliate-dentate;  lateral  petalsdensely  bearded, 
Synon.  V.  striata.  Nutt.  Persoon.  Ph?  tVilldl  not  of  Muhl 
Fl.  Beginning  of  IVIay.  Fr.  mat. 

Oab.  Biandywjne,  below  Wistar's bridge;  rare.  5  to  10  iaches  high:  flowers  }ars.e,  ochre,  or  cream-colored. 


so  PENTAx^[DEIA.  MONOGYNIA. 

V.  BEfiiLts.  Schw.  Stem  decumbent;  leaves  reniform-cordates  and  suborbicular,   crcnate;  peduacles  lon«^. 

Eifnon-  V.  striata.  Muhl.  and  Elll 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Nab.  Woodlands;  WoIIertoa's  and  Patton's:  frequent.    3  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  pale  blue,  or  purplish, 

V.  piTBEscENs.  Schtv.  Villous-pubescent;  stem  ercct,  leafy  abovc;  leaves  broad-cordate,  acuminate. 
Synon.  V.  pennsjivanica.    Mx. 

I'l.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Borders  of  Woodlands:  Bath:  frequent,    6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  yellow- 
Obs.  The  variety,  eriocarpon,  of  Nuttall,  is  also  frequent  here;  more  common,  I  think,  than  the  other. 

v.  scABRirscULA.  ScJiio.  Stem  dccumbcnt,  leafy ;  leaves  reniform-cordate,  acute;  stipules  large,  ciliate. 

Syno7i.  V.  eriocarpa.  Schw-  in  Sill.  Jour.  Vol.  5.  p.  75.    V.  nondescripta.  secund.  Le  Conte. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Moist  low  grounds:  forks  of  Brandywine:  frequent.    3  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  Mr.  Schweinitz  pronounced  this  to  be  his  V.  eriocarpa,  described  in  Silliman's  Journal;  and  re- 
Jnarked  that  he  wished  to  abandon  that  name,  and  restore  the  one  he  first  gave  it;  viz.  V.  scabriuscula.  Mr. 
Le  Coiite,  to  whom  I  showed  a  specimen  in  1817,  called  it  V.  non  descripta. 

I  have  never  been  so  fortunate  as  to  meet  with  V.  concoZor,  iij  this  vicinity;  though  I  have  always  sup- 
posed it  must  occur  along  the  Brandywine. 

98.  CLAYTONIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  226. 

[In  honor  of  John  Clayton;  an  eminent  Botanist  of  Virginia.] 

Cal.  2  leaved.  Stigma  trifld.  Caps.  1  celled,  3  valved,  3  to  5  seeded.  Seeds  sub-reniform,  smooth,  shining. 

C.  viEGiNicA.  Ell.  Leaves  two,  mostly  opposite,  linear-lanceolate;  raceme  simple;   root  tuberous. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  May. 

Bab.  Meadows,  and  low  grounds:  common.    6  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  pale  red,  striped. 

S.     Flowers  Supekior:    Carolla  monopetalous. 

95.    CAMPANULA.    Nutt.  Gen.  209. 
[Lat.  Campanula,  a  litde  bell;  the  flowers  being  bell-shaped.] 
Cor.  closed  at  bottom  with  5  staminiferous  valves.  Caps.  3,  rarely  5  celled,  opening  by  lateral  poresJ 
C  AivcEHiCANA.  Ph.  Branching;  leaves  cordate,  and  lanceolate,  serrate;  style  longer  than  the  corolla. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Shaded  grounds;  Forks  of  Brandywine:  not  common.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  blue. 
C-  APARiNoiDEs.  Ph.  Retro-acuIeatc;   slender:  leaves  linear-lanceolate;  peduncles  filiform,  1  flowered . 
Synon.  C.  erinoides.  Ell.  Willd. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Swamps,  and  margins  of  rivulets:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

C.  AMPLEXicAULis.  Ell  Stem  simple,  erect;  leaves  amplesicaul;  flowers  axillary,  sessile,  glomerate- 
Syrton.  C.  perfoliata.   Willd.  Muhl.  and  Ph. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  p,..  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

M.%b.  Cultivated  grounds,  particularly  wheat-fields:    common.    About  1  foot  high:  flowers  purpl 

100.    DIERVILLA.    Natt.  Gen.  215. 
[Dedicated  to  Jil.  I/ierville;  a  French  Surgeon,  who  first  introduced  it  into  Europe.] 
Cal.  oblong,  5  deft,  bracteate  at  base.    Cok.  long,  funnel-form,  5  cleft.    Caps,  oblong,  acute,  4  celled. 

D.  CAjvADEKSis.  Ell.  Peduncles  axillary,  and  terminal,  dichotomous;  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  acuminate. 
.Synon.  D.  lutea.  Ph.  D.  Tournefortii.  Mx.    Lonicera  Diervilla.   fVilld. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hal/.  Patton's  woodi;  Brandy v/ine,  near  Worth's  Mill:  rare.    1^  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  yellow. 

101.    TRIOSTEUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  216. 
[Gr.  Trcis,  three,  and  Osteon,  a  bone;  in  reference  to  its  three  bony  seeds.] 

Cax..  t>  cleft,  persistent;  segnaeats  long,  linear,  acute.    GoR.  tubular,  5  lobsd.  Berry  3  celled,  3  seede'S. 


PENTANDRIA.  MONOGYiNIA.  51 

T.  PERFOLIATUM.  Ell  Leaves  oval,  acuminate,   abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  co!iaat«;  flowers  axiliary- 
Synoh.  .T-  majus.  Mr-  Fii/g-o— Gentian .    Horse-Gentian.    Dr.  Tinker's  weed.    Wild  Coffee. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fi\  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

JIab.  Rich,  hilly  grounds;  along:  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  dark  purple. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  reputed  medicinal,  as  an  emetic,  and  cathartic;  and,  in  small  do'=;es,  ns  a  toui.--  It 
was  a  favorite  medicine  with  the  Aborigines  of  this  part  of  the  country.  I  well  recollect  the  la:-t  Li(li:iii 
Doctress,  of  the  Delaware  tribe,  in  this  vifinity,— who  seemed  to  consider  it  as  a  sort  of  Panacea,  and 
prescribed  it  in  all  cases  of  disease,  without  distinction.  Mc'.srs.  Pursh  and  Elliott  speak  of  the  Berry  as 
beins  dark  purple;  but  I  have  always  found  it,  when  ripe,  to  be  of  a  bright  orange  colo-r.  The  llower^ 
considerably  resemble  those  of  the  Calycanthus,  or  sweet-scented  shrub,  in  appearance. 

C.     Flowers  Incomplete. 
315*  For  QuERiA,  See  class  Triandria. 

102.    NYSSA.    Nutt.   Gen.  7SS. 
[Obscure:  Linnitus  says  he  so  named  it,  "because  it  grows  in  the  waters.'"] 

Polygamous:  Male— Stamens  5,  sometimes  8, 10,  and  12,  seated  around  a  peltate  gland. 
Hermaph.  Cal.  5  parted.     Cor.  0.    Drupe  inferior.    Nut  1  seeded. 

N.  SYLVATICA.  Marshall.  Leaves  obovate,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends;  petioles,  mid-rib.';,  &  margins  villous. 

Sgnon.  N    villosa.     3Ix.  Ph.  &c.  Fu^S:o— Gum.    Sour  Gum.    Black  Gum. 

FL  LaUar  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September- 

Hab.  Woodlands  generally — especially  in  low, moist  grounds:  common.  30  to  60  feet  higli:  flowers  greenisiJ, 

Ob.t.  The  woody  fibres  of  this  tree  are  remarkably  interlocked,  so  as  to  render  it  very  difficult  to  be 
split;  on  which  account  it  is  much  used  in  making  naves,  (or  /i??6s,  as  they  are  termed,)  for  carriage- 
wheels,  and  also  hatter's  blocks.  The  younger  trees  afibrd  a  fine  shade,  when  growing  solitary;  and,  ia 
the  fall  of  the  year,  the  leaves  add  much  to  the  picturesque  appearance  of  tlie  country,  by  changing  to  a 
bright  crimson  color. 

ORDER,    DIGYNXA. 

A.     Flowers  Ijvierior.    a.  Corolla  monopctalous. 

103.  APOCYNUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  23S. 

[Gr.  Apo,  far  from,  or  distant,  and  Kyoi^,  Kynos,  a  dog;  it  being  thought  destructive  of  that  anirnal.J 

Cal.  5  cleft.    Cor.   half  5  cleft.    .^nf/i«rs  cohering  to  the  stigma.    FcZ/ic/es  2,  Ion?,  linear.  .Seeds  comose> 

A.  ANDROsiEMiFOLUTM.  Ph.  Leavesovate;  cymes  mostly  terminal;  limb  of  the  corolla  spreading. 

ru/go— Dog's-bane.    Tutson-leaved  Dog's-bane. 

Fl.  Latter  end  ot  June,  -Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woods,  fields,  and  meadows:  frequent.      2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  pale  red,  striped. 

A.  CANNABiNUM.  Ph.  Leavcs  oblong-oval,  acute  at  each  end;  cymes  paniculate;  limb  of  the  corolla  erecl- 

Sxjnon.  A.  pubescens.'  Ell.  r«/g-o— Indian  Hemp. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woods;  Barrens:  somewhat  rare.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white. 

Obs.  There  is  some  variety  in  the  leaves  of  my  specimens;  some  being  oblong-oval,  and  others  lanceo- 
late and  tapering  at  base:  or,  possibly,  I  may  have  blended  the  two  -species  (A.  cannabinuin,  and  A.  pu- 
bescens,)  which  Mr.  Elliott  remarks  have  hitherto  been  confounded.  But  if  they  be  really  distinct,  they 
closely  resemble  each  other  in  liabit.    The  pubescence  is  but  slig^ht  in  any  of  those  which  1  possess. 

104.  ASCLEPIAS.    Nutt.  GeP.  213. 

[The  Greek  name  of  JEsculapius;  to  whom  this  genus  is  dedicated.] 

Cor.  mostly  reflected-  Nectary  5  parted;  segments  ovate,  cucullate,  a\  ith  a  little  horn  projecting  from  eacli 

§  1.  Leaves  opposite. 

A.  SYRiAfA.  Ph.  Stem  simple;  leaves  lanceolate-oblonj,  tomentose  beneath;  umbels  somewhat  noddiiig. 

l?-M;go_Silk-weed.    Wild  Cotton.    Milk-weed.    Swailow-wort. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr-  mat:  Beginning  of  September. 

Hab-  Fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  dingy  purple;  follicles  muricate. 

06s.  Schoepf  says  the  young  shoots,  cooked  like  asparagus,  may  be  eaten  without  injury;  and  that  the 
Canadians  prepare  a  brown  sugar  from  the  expressed  juice  of  the  flowers,  which  is  not  ungrateful  to  tiic 
taste. 


32  PENTANDRIA.  DIGYNLV 

A.  PHYTOLACcoiDKs.  Ell.  Leaves  broad-lanceoIate,subacuininate;  umbels  lateral,  on  long  peduacleSc 

Synon.  A.  exaltata  (acuminata.)  Muhl. .  Vulgo — Poke-leaved  Swallow- wort. 

Ft.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat- 

Hah.  Borders  of  shaded  rivulets:  Ed.  Darlington's:  rare.    About  4  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white. 

Ohs.  This  is  not  a  common  species  here,  and  is  still  more  rarely  to  be  found  flowering.  I  have,  howev- 
er, some  very  fine  specimens,  collected  in  full  bloom,  in  1823,  the  flowers  of  which  agree  better  with  the 
description  given  by  Nuttall,  than  with  that  of  Elliott,  and  Pursh.  The  petals  are  pcde  green,  and  the  nec- 
taries whitish,  tinged  withpurple  at  base;  nearly  scentless.  The  leaves  are  very  large,  somewhat  acuminate, 
and  remarkably  resembling  those  of  Phytolacca.    I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to  observe  the  fruit. 

A.  iNCARNATA.  Ell.  Branching  above;  tomcntosc;  Icavcs  lanceolate;  umbels  in  pairs;  horns  exserted. 
Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr,  mat.  Last  of  September,  and  after. 

Jiab.  Low,  Swampy  grounds;  common.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  flesh  colored;  follicles  smooth. 
Obs.   The  more  hairy  variety,  marked  pulchra,  by  Pursh,  is  also  frequent  here. 

A.  PURPURAscENS.  Ph.  Stem  Simple;  leaves  ovate,  villous  beneath;  umbels  erect;  nectaries  lesupinate- 

Fl.  Last  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Roadside,  below  Cheyney  Jefieris's:  rare.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  dingy  purple. 

A.  vARiEGATA.  Ell.  Leaves  broad-oval,  glaucous  beneath;  umbels  terminal;  peduncles  tomentose. 

Synon.  A.  hybrida.  Mx. 

FL  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Dry  hills,  and  woodlands:  Barrens  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  white,  purple  within. 

Ohs.  Thfe  leaves  of  this  handsome  species  vary  considerably  in  form.  They  are  mostly  a  broad  oval; 
but  sometimes  ovate,  obovate,  and  not  unfrequently  almost  orbicular. 

A.  OBTTJsiFOLiA.  Mx.  Leavcs  sessile,  obtuse,  waved,  glabrous; umbel  terminal,  on  a  long  peduncle. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Ilab.  Dry  hills:  Barrens,  &c.  not  common.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  purple;  follicles  smooth. 

A.  QUADRiFOLiA.  Ph.  Lcavcs  ovate-acuminate,  in  4's  on  the  middle  of  the  stem;  umbels  terminal. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hah.  Rich  woodlands,  and  fence -rows:  frequent.    Ij  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  white;  follicles  smooth. 

§  2.    Leaves   vertleillate,  or  scattered. 
A.  VERTiciLLATA.  Mx.  Stem  simple,  pubescent  in  lines:  leaves  narrow-linear?  upright,  mostly  verticillate. 
FL  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

JTab.  Sterile  hills:  Barren  ridge:  frequent,    li  to2feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white;  follicles  smooth. 

Obs.  This  species  is  almost  exclusively  confined  to  the  sterile  banks  of  serpentine  rock;  where  it  grows 
plentifully  along  with  Talinum,  and  some  other  plants  equally  local  in  their  habitat. 

A-  TUBEROSA.  Ph.  Hirsute;  divaricately  branching  above;  leaves  oblong-lanceolaje;  umbels  corymbose. 

Fu/g:o— Pleurisy-root.    Flux-root.    Butterfly -weed. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Fence-rows,  and  old  fields:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  bright  orange  color. 

(yhs.  The  A.  decumbens,  of  Wilid.  which  Pursh  has  very  properly;  I  think,  reduced  to  a  variety  of  this, 
is  also  frequent  here.  The  stem  is  decumbent,  and  more  hirsute;  the  leaves  sublinear;  and  the  flow- 
ers of  a  rather  deeper  orange  than  the  other.  The  common  names  of  this  species  indicate  medicinal  pro- 
ptnties;  and  it  has  het-n  very  popular,  as  a  remedy  in  Dysentery,  Pleurisy,  &c.  It  is,  however,  but  little  at- 
tended to  of  late;  though  the  root  is  known  to  possess  some  cathartic  powers,— and  the  powder  is  said  to  be 
escharotic.  See  B-!rton''s  collections  for  a  MlU.  Med.  U.  S.  Some  species  of  this  genus  afford  a  kind  of 
Flax,  (from  the  fibrous  coating  of  the  stem.)  of  a  very  soft,  silky  texture;  of  which  I  have  seen  beautiful 
samples,  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Whitlow,  the  popular  Lecturer  on  Botany. 

105.    GENTIAN  A.    Nutt.  Gen.  248. 
[So  named  after  Gentius,  a  king  of  lUyria;  who  is  said  to  have  first  used  it  as  a  medicine-  ] 
Cal.  half  5,  or  4  cleft.    Oor.  base  tubular,  without  pores.    Stam.  5,  or  4.     Caps.  1  celled,  2valved. 
G.  CRiNiTA.  Ph.  Tetrandrous;  branches  elongated,!  flowered;  corolla  4  cleft,  segments  fimbriate. 
I 'it/^'o— Fringed  Gentian. 

Ft.  I^ast  of  September,  and  after.  Fr.mat.  Middle  of  November. 

Hab-  Hilly  woodlands,  and  old  fields:  frequent.     1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  sky-blue. 

Ohs.  This  elogant  plant  seems  to  be  in  the  rear  of  Flora's  train — being,  in  many  instances,  overtaken  by 
the  iVosl,  and  destroyed,  hfrlore  it  ripens  its  seeds.  It  diflers  from  its  congeners  in  several  respects,  and  pre- 
s-'^nts  one  of  those  irregularities  which  embarrass  the  student  of  the  Sexual  System.  It  is  consjtantly  Tei- 
3  «;i(iro«s;  the,  calyx  is  4  cleft,  4  angled,  the  angles  alated;  and  the  seeds,  as  remarked  by  that  accurate  ob- 
.,tterver,  Wr.  NuUall,  are  curiously  echinate,  or  hispid.  Dr.  Baldwin  was  of  opinion  that  it  ought  to  be 
M:parated  from  Geniiana;  and  Jussieu  asks  "an  genus  dividendum?"  But  as  there  are  other  irregular  spe- 
tics,,  and  cUf  i'ai.nly,  on  the  whole,  seems  lo  be  a  pretty  natiiral  ono- 1  have  thought  it  best  to  retain  it  here. 


PENTANDRIA.  DIGYNIA.  S3 

G.  SA?0VAH1A.  £11.  Flowers  fasciculate,  sessile,  terminal  and  axillary;  corolla  ventricose,  border  connivent. 

Vulgo — Soap-wort  Gentian. 

Fl.  Middle  of  Septenaber.  Fr.  mat  Beginning  of  November. 

Hab.  Low  grounds;  borders  of  swampy  rivulets:  Pattsn's:  frequent.  1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  blue. 

Obs.  This  is  also  a  hands»me  plant;  the  large  blue  flowers  being  clustered  together  at  the  top,— and 
sometimes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.    The  root  is  pretty  bitter;  and  is  occasionally  used  as  a  tonic. 

106.    CUSCUTA.    Nutt.  Gen.  Append. 
[A  name  of  obscure  derivation,  and  uncertain  meaning.] 
Cal.  5  or  4  ckft;  fleshy  at  base.    Cor.  5  or  4  cleft.    Caps-  2  celled,  circumcissed  near  the  base. 

C  AMERicAXA.  Ell.  Flowcrs  pcduuculate,  5  clcft,  Ift  alternate  and  remote  clusters. 
Fu/g-o— Love-vine.    Dodder. 

F/.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr-  ?na?.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds:  along  rivulets,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  6  feet  long-:  flowers  yellowish  white. 

Obs.  This  remarkable  plant  is  a  slender,  twining,  leafless,  fleshy,  orange-colored  vine;  not  very  unlike 
brass,  or  copper  wire,  in  appearance.  It  soon  becomes  parasitic,— losing  its  connection  with  the  c-artli,  and 
deriving  its  support  from  the  vegetables  to  which  it  attaches  itself.  Although  it  embraces  variouis  pkiUs, 
its  favorites  seem  to  be  the  Mentha  viridis,  and  our  two  species  of  Impatiens. 

C.  Euiiop.aEA.  Sm.  Cycl.  Flowers  subsessilcj  often  4  cleft,  and  tetrandrous;  stigmas  acute. 

F«/g-o— Flax-vine.    Dodder.    Devil's  guts. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hub.  Cultivated  grounds,  chiefly  among  Flax:  frequent.  2  to  4  feet  long:  flowers  yellowish  white. 

Oba.  Resembles  the  foregoing,  but  smaller.  It  is  a  foreigner;  and  a  very  pernicious  plant  among  flax, — 
often  entangling  and  spoiling  whole  lots  of  it  Tlie  Farmers  know  it  by  the  name  oi  "  f/je  vine,'"  in  the 
fiar.    The  German  name  is  "  Flachsaeide,"  or  flax-silk. 

b.  Corolla  pentapetalous. 
107.    IIEUCHERA.    Nutt.  Gen.  252. 
[Tn  honor  of  John  Henry  Heucher;  a  German  Botanist.] 
Cal.  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals  inserted  on  the  calyx.    Caps,  birostrate,  bilocular,  many-seeded. 

II.  AMERICANA.  Ell.  Viucid  &  pubescent;  scapes  naked,  thyrsus  elongated;  leaves  radical,  on  long  petioles. 

Synon.  H.  cortusa.  Mx.    H.  viscida.  Ph.  Fw/go— Alum  root.    American  Sanicle. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

//a6.  Rich  woodlands,  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    Scapes  2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  dusky  red. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  is  highly  astringent;  and  is  one  of  the  Indian  remedies  which  have  enjoyed  some 
repute  in  the  cure  of  ill  conditioned  ulcers.  It  is  applied  in  the  form  of  powder.  There  is  no  doubt  but  it 
Kiay  be  uteful  in  some  cases.    See  Barton^s  collections  for  a  Mat.  Med.  U.  S. 

S>  Flowers  Superior:  umbellate.     Corolla  pentapetaloui.    Seeds  mostly  2. 

a.    Jnvolucrate.    t  fnvolucellate . 

lOS.    SANICULA.    Nutt.  Gen.  253. 

[Lat.    sanare,  to  heal;  from  its  supposed  vulnerary  qualities.] 

Umbels  subcapitate.    Flowers  of  the  disk  abortive.  Fruit  muricate,  with  uncinate  setae. 

S.  MARiLANDicA.    Ell.  Leaves  digitate;  leaflets  oblong,  incised:  fertile  flowers  sessile,  sterile  pedicellate. 

Fw/go— Maryland  Sanicle.    Black  Snakeroot. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Mab.  Woodlands:  every  where  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white. 

109.    DAUCUS.    Nult.  Gen.  2-59. 
[Etymology  obscure:  perhaps  from  the  Gr.  daro^   to  afford  a  meal,  or  food;  being  esculent.] 
/nvoZuc?-e  pinnatifid.     Umbels  many-rayed.    jPnni  oblong,  ribbed;  ribs  ciliate  with  barbed  bristles. 
D-  CA-ROTA.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Fruit  hispid;  petioles  nerved  beneath;  umbels  concave,  when  in  seed. 
Vulgo— WM  Carrot 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Pastures  and  roadsides;  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

06s.  This  naturalized  foreigner  is  extending  rapidly  through  the  country,  and  threatf^ns  to  become  a  seri- 
ous nuisance  to  our  farmers.  Being  a  biennial,  however,  itmay  be  subdued,  by  vigilance  and  perseverance 
'Pheesctdcnt  carrot,  of  the  gardens,  is  believed  to  the  same  plant,  improved  by  culture.  The  wild  carrot 
is  said  to  be  actively  divrdic;  and  is  quite  popular  as  a  remedy  in  calculouB  complaints.  An  infuiicm  of  the 
scrds  isprffcvred;  but  wh?n  they  cannot  be  had,  the  root  is  used. 


^  TENTANBRIA.  DIGYNIA. 

110.  SIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  271. 

[An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  and  uncertain  etymology.    See  De  Theh!^ 
Involucre  and  invoZtice^s  many-leaved.    Petals  cordately  inflected.    Fruit  subovate,  laterally  compiriEsaed. 

iS.  LATiFOLiuM.  Sm.  Stem  angular,  sulcate;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  equally  serrate. 
Fii/go— Broad-leaved  Water  Parsnep. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

IJab.  Borders  of  creeks,  and  swamps:  along  Brandywine:  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  white.- 

Obs.  We  have  two  distinct  varieties  of  this:  one  of  which,  Mr.  Schweinitz  says,  approaches  near  the 
European  p!»«t.  The  other,  and  more  common  variety,  is  larger, — the  stem  more  strongly  channelled, 
tlie  leaves  composed  of  larger  and  more  numerous  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  often  incised,  and  sometimes 
thrte  lobed,  or  rather  tricuspidate.  Mr.  S.  calls  this  variety  S.  \AxUo\i\im  americanvm.  The  name  {suU 
catam.)  suggested  by  Dr.  Pcrsoon,  seems  to  me  to  be  belter  adapted  to  the  species,  than  that  of  latifoliuBU 

S.  LOXGiFOLiUM.  Phi  Umbels  nearly  naked;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  often  falcate,  mostly  entire. 
Fi.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

JIab.  Low, moist  grounds:  near  Hiester'sTannery:  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

(.^'s.  There  seems  to  be  some  little  confusion  respecting  this  species.  Mr.  Schweinitz  informs  me  it  is 
*'  the  plant  so  variously  named,— by  Nuttall,  (Enanthe  ambigua;  by  Torrey,  Pastinaca  ambigua;  and  by 
PitrsA,  Siumlongifoiium."  If  so,  Mr.  Nuttall  must  be  in  error,  with  respect  to  his  S.  lineare.  The  stem, 
in  my  specimensyis  striate,  and  not  grooved.  Both  this  and  the  foregoing  are  said  to  be  poisonous,— espe-c 
cialiy  to  horned  cattle. 

111.  CONIUM.    Niiit.  Gen.  261. 
[Etymology  obscure :  See  Reea'  Cyclopcedia.    Art.  Conktm.] 

fTit'o/ucf/s  halved,  mostly  3  leaved.  Cal.  entire.  Frai;  ovate,  gibbous.  5efds  5  ribbed;  intervals  flat. 
C.  MACULATL'M.  Cyclop.  Stem  muchbranched,  grooved,  smooth,  spotted;  leaves  supradecompound. 
i'ulgo — Common  Hemlock. 

Fi.  Last  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mai.  Beginning  of  September. 

Hab.  Rich,  shaded  grounds:  H.  Fawcett's,  &c.  not  common.    2  to  4  feet  high:  ilowers  white: 

Obs.  This  is  a  foreigner;  and  only  to  be  met  with  about  old  settlements.  It  is  an  active  poison;  and  al- 
though  nauseous  to  the  taste,  is  not  altogether  a  safe  plant  to  have  about  houses.  Its  reputation,  as  a  med- 
icine, is  well  known  to  Physicians.  The  green  herb  is  sometimes  employed,  in  popular  practice,  in  the 
form  of  cataplasnijfor  painful,  ill  conditioned  ulcers. 

tt  Involucels  0:     Umbels  simple. 

112.    HYDROCOTYLE.    Nutt.  Gen.  2.55. 

JGr.  Hydor,  water,  and  Kotyle,  a  cup,  or  cavity;  in  allusion,  perhaps,  to  the  fijrm  of  its  leaves.] 

Cal.  0.  Petals  entire,  spreading.    Fruit  sub-orbicular,  or  reniform,  laterally  compressed. 

TI.  AAiERiGAwA.  Ell.  Lcaves  reniform-orbicular,  slightly  7  lobed,  crenate;  umbels  few  flowered,  sessik. 

7'!//g-o— American  Marsh-Penny-wort. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Mab.  Swamps,  a.nd  moist,  shaded  grounds:  frequent.    6  to  12  inches  long:  flowers  greenish  white- 

113.    PANAX.    Nutt.  Gen.  254. 
[Gr.  Pan,  all,  and  .JAos  a  remedy;  an  imaginary  Panacco,  or  universal  medicine.] 

Polygamov.a.-  t'/ube/ pedunculate,  globose.    Malk,  C«/.  turbinate,  entire,  colored. 
Hermaph.  Cal.  5  toothed,  small,  persistent.    Berry  reniform-cordate,  sometimes  3  seeded. 

p.  TRiFOLiuM.  PA.  Root  round-tuberous;  leaves  in  threes,  t^rnate  and  quinate ;  leaflets  oblon§,-lanceolat« . 

Vvli^o — Dwarf  Ginseng. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  May. 

Hub.  Moist,  low,  shaded  grounds;  along  rivulets:  frequent.    6  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Ohs-  This  delicate  little  snecies  is  frenerally,  if  "ot  constantly,  Dioicovs;  and  therefore  apt  to  puzzle 
young  Botanists.    The  fruit  is  triangular-ovate,  and  crowned  with  three  spreading,  persistent  styles. 

p.  QuiA'QUEFoiiujM.  Ph-  Root  fusiform;  leaves  in  threes,  quinate;  leaflets  oboval,  acuminate, petiolate. 

Vrdiro — Ginseng. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab-  Rich  woodlands:  "Forks  of  Brandywine;  Great  Vallej':  rare.  1  to2feethigh:  flowers  greenish  white. 

Oh».  Tn  some  of  my  Inrger,  rank  specimens,  the  leaves  are  in  fours,  with  folioles  by  sevens;  the  latter 
rfi!itfd.  so  as  to  he  r.Imostrhomhoicial.  The  fruit  of  this  species,  when  ripe,  is  a  handsome,  smooth,  bright 
red  berry.    It  in  described  as  being  cordate;  but  the  perfect  onesj  so  fax  as  I  have  observed,  are  exactly 


rENTAlSDRIA.  DIGYNIA.  35 

r«m^m,—resemblmg;  a  red  kidney-bean  attached  transversely  to  the  pedicels.  The  root  i^  freouentlv 
forked  The  celebnty  of  this  plant,  and  the  extensive  commerce  which  was  formerly  earned  on  with  it* 
root,  show  how  much  more  depends  upon  prejudice  and  fashion,  in  such  matters,  than  upon  intHn^ic  wor  h 
Its  virtues  of  any  kind,  are  certainly  very  triv.ul-though  it  is  slightly  stimulant,  and  not  unpleasantly  art' 
maOc  to  the  taste.  Some  years  ago,  this  species  occurred  frequently  in  the  rich  woodlands  about  the  fo.Ts 
of  Brandywme,  and  m  the  Great  Va  ley ;  but  itis  now  becoming  rather  scarce,~and,  together  wih  some  o? 
©ill-  other  coy  native  vegetables^  will  doubtless  ere  long  totally  disappear  from  this  vkiniiy 

b.    Involucre  mostly  0.    -f  Involucellate. 

114.    HERACLEUM.    Mitt.  Gen.  264. 

[Dedicated  to  Hercules;  who  is  said  to  have  added  a  knowledge  of  Botany  to  his  other  exploits.] 

Petals  emarginately  inflected.    Fruit  dcrsally  compressed,  flat,  striaj  3;  margin  membranaceous- 

H.  LA^ATUM.  Mx.  Villous;  leaves  trifoliate;  folioles  petiolate,  large,  subpalmate-lobed;  seeds  orbicular 

Valgo — Cow  Parsnep. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May:  Fr.  mat.  Last  ot  July. 

Jlab-  Bottom  lands,  along  creeks:  Brandywine:  frequent.    4,  to  6  or  8  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  is  rather  the  largest  of  our  umbelliferous  plants;  though  the  Angelica  atropurpurea  closely  ap- 
proaches it,  in  magnitude.  The  common  petioles  (as  occurs  also  in  Angelica,  Ligusticuni,  and  some  othersA 
are  connected,  at  bases  with  reauirkabiy  large,  membranaceous,  ventricose  stipules. 

115.    ANGELICA.     Nutt.  Gen.  270, 

[Lat.  "ab  ang«/ica  virtute;"  from  its  supposed  extraordinary  virtues.] 

Fruit  elliptic,  dorsally  compressed;  ridges  3,  dorsal  acute;  intervals  grooved;  marg-in  alated, 

A.  ATROPURPUREA.  JFi7Zd  Leaflets  sublobed,  subsessile,  outmost  pair  coadunate;  terminal  often 3  lobed.. 

Synon.  A- triquinata.  Big.  Fl.  Bost?  Vulgo—Commoa  Angelica. 

Fl-  Latrer  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab-  Rich,  low  grounds:  Forks  of  Brandywine:  frequent.    4  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white. 

Obs.  A  powerfully  aromatic  plant;  with  very  large  decompound  leaves,  and  large  globose  umbels.  The 
iiollow  stem  is  often  nearly  the  size  of  a  man's  arm,  at  base.    Schajpf  speaks  of  the  root  as  bein^  poisonous. 

A.  TRIQUINATA.  Nutt.  Lateral  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  sharply  serrate;  terminal  subrhomboid,  subsessile. 
Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  J^atter  end   of  September. 

Sab.  Rich  woodlands;  and  low  meadow  grounds:  frequent.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  is  undoubtedly  Mr-  Nuttall's  A.  triquinata;  and  as  certainly,  I  think,  Jioi  Dr.  Rigelow's 
Whether  it  be  Michaux's  plant  of  that  name,— or  the  Ferula  villosa,  of  Pursh,  (which  the  Editors  of  th^ 
New  York  catalogue  suppose  to  be  synonymous,)  I  am  unable  to  determine.  It  is  usuaily'^aboiit  three 
feet  high— sometimes  four  or  live;  the  stem  rather  slender,  and  villous  above,— as  are  the  peduncles  and 
umbels.  The  terminal  leaflets  can  scarcely  be  called  rhomboidal;  but  are  rather  oval,  aad  tapering  at  baser 
and  often  petiolate- 

116.    CICUTA.    Nutt.  Gen.  276. 
[A  Latin  name  for  the  hollow  stem,  or  internode  of  plants;  applied  to  this  Genus.] 

F;-uit  subovate,  laterally  compressed,  scored  with  5  obtuse  ridges,  and  4  intermediate  tuberculate  grooves. 

C.  MACUi,ATA.  Nutt.  Petioles  membranaceous,  2  lobedattop;  leaflets  lanceolate;  serratures  mucronatej ' 
Vulgo-—WM  Parsnep.    Spotted  Cow-baije.    Water  Hemlock. 
Fl-  Last  of  June,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

ffab.  Low  meadow  grounds,  and  bordersof  rivulets:  frequent.    4  to&feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  The  whole  plant,  in  open  grounds,  is  purplish  and  spotted;  not  so  much  so  in  the  shade:  the  ripi* 
seeds  are  highly  aromatic.  It  is  an  active  poison;  and  children  have  been  destiov^^d  by  eating  the  root,  ft 
Hiistake,  for  that  of  Uraspermum,  or  Sweet  Cicely. 

117.    MYRRHIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  277. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name;  perhaps  from  .''/i/JTAa,  an  odoriferous  gum.] 

J>-uit  sublinear,  solid  and  angular;  ridges  rather  acute;  apex  attenuated,  or  crowned  witk  the  styla 
M.  CANADENSIS.  Nutt.  Leaves  ternate;  leaflets  ovate,  incisely  and  doubly  serrate;  peduncle?  by  pj. 
Synon.  Sison  Canadense.  Aluhl.  Mx:  Willd-     Chaerophyllum  canadense.  Vh.  fy  Ell.    Tu/go— Hone-w 
Fl.  Last  of  May,  til!  October.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  Scjitember,  and  after 

Mab.  Woodlands;  and  shaded  spots  about  houses:  common.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  while. 
Obs-  The  coromoB  petioles  are  channelled;  the  chanasls  scariosely  marginate. 


36  PENTANDRIA.  DIGYNIA. 

118.    URASPERMUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  278. 
[Gr.  Dura,  a  tail,  and  Sperma,  seed;  the  seeds  being  caudate.] 
Fruit  sublinear,  solid,  acutely  angular,  caudate,  and  without  striae;  angles  hispid;  style  subulate,  persistent. 
IJ.  CLAYTONi.  Nutt.  Pubescent;  leaves  mostly  biternate;  terminal  leaflets  rhomboidal,  acute. 
Synmi.  Scandix  dulcis.  Muhl.  Myrrhis  claytoni.  Mr.  Chsrophyllum  claytoni.  Ph.  ^  Ell.  V.  Sweet  Cicely. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  Bath;  Forks  of  Brandywine,  abundanU    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Ohs.  This  is  a  remarkably  aromatic  plant,  of  a  sweet,  anisate  odor;  and,  while  young:,  thickly  covered  with, 
soft  canescent  liairs.  Children  are  fond  of  collecting  the  roots  to  chew,  and  sometimes  commit  serious 
mistakes,  by  ^erting  those  of  Cicuta,  and  perhaps  some  other  poisonous  plants,  m  lieu  ot  them.  1  have 
followed  Mr.  Nuttall,  in  separating  this  from  the  preceding;  but,  in  my  opinion,  they  are  almost  too  cloaeiy 
allied  to  constitute  distinct  genera. 

tt  Involucels  fnosMy  G;  or  incomplete. 

119.  SMYRNIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  281. 

[Gr.  Smyrna,  myrrh;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  qualities  of  the  plant.] 
Petals  acuminate,  incurved.    Fruit  oblong,  gibbous,  angularly  ribbed,  subcompressed  laterally. 
S  coRDATUM.P/i.Root-leaveson  long  petioles,  roundish-cordate,  crenate;stem-leaves.31obed,  or  trifoliata.- 
Synon.  S.  trifoliatum.  Muhl  and  Nutt.    Thapsia  trifohata.  IVilld.     FuZgo-HearHeaved  Alexanders. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  f"'-  «»a^ 

Hab.  Woodlands:  every  where  common.    About  1  foot  high:  fiowers  yellow. 

S.  AtTRELTM.  Ph.  Leaves  biternate;  leafiets  oval-lanceolate,  incised  serrate;  intermediate  one  mostly  Slobed^ 
Synon.  Thaspium  aureum.  Nuti.  Vulgo-Goldea  Alexanders. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Sab.  Woodlands,  and  meadows:  Bath  woods:  frequent,    li  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  deep  ye.lovT. 
Obs.  I  cannot  perceive  the  necessity  of  separatins  this  from  the  preceding  species. 

C     Flowers  Incomplete. 

120.  CHENOPODIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  2S4. 

[Gr.  Chen,  cJisnon,  a  Goose,. and  Pous,  podos,  a  foot;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  iti  the  form  of  its  leaves,] 

Cal.  inferior,  5  parted,  5  angled-  Cor.  0.  Seed  1,  lenticular,  covered  by  the  closing  calyx- 
C.  ALBUM.  Ell.  Leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  erose,.entire  at  base;  upper  ones  lanceolate-oblong,  eatire. 
Fit^gfo— Lamb's  Quarters.    Goose-foot. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

JIa&.  About  houses,  gardens,  and  heaps  of  rubbish:  common.    3  to  5  feet  high.  ^ 

Obs.  A  naturalized  foreigner;  and  ralher  a  trwblesome  weed  in  our  L\^f«J»„V,„  T\f;;f,*|f/^^^^^^^^ 
viride.   Mukl.)  with  deeper  green  leaves;  but  not  specitically  distinct.    The  young  plants  are  bometimes 
boiled  and  eatpa  as  ''  greens,"  &o  called. 

121.    ULMUS.    Natt.  Gen.  287. 
[An  old  Latin  name,  of  obscure  Etymology  ■] 
Cal.  4  or  5  cleft.    Cor.  0.    Sfom .  sometimes  4,  and  8.   S^anmra  compressed,  membranaceously  alated. 
IJ    AMERICAN  '     Ux   Arb.  Leaves  unequal  at  base;  serratures  uncinate-acuminate:  flowers  pedicellate. 
Synon.  V.moWmi^.  Marshall.       F«/ffo-Vv^hite  Elm.  American  soft-leaved  Elm.    Weeping  Elm. 
JP/.  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  ^_ 

Hab.  Low  grounds,  along  Brandywinc:  John  Taylor's:  not  common.    40  to  .0  feet  high. 

O&s.  I  have  rarely  met  with  this  stately  and  handsome  tree,  except  on  the  moist  flat  lands  near  Joha, 
Taylor's   Mill,  on  Brandywine. 

U  FULVA.  Mc.  Leaves  M.beqv.il  at  base,  very  scabrous  above,  with  a  long  acumination:  flowers  subsessile. 
Synon.  U-  rubra-  Mx.  Arb.  U-  aspera.  Muhl.  U.  americana.  Marshall.  Vulgo-SMvpery  Elm.  Red  Elm. 
H.  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Rich,  low  grounds:  fence-rows;  Brandywine:  Irequent.    20  to  40  feet  higti. 

Ob^.  A  more  branching  species  than  the  foregoing;  and  readily  distinguished  by  the  roughness  on  flie  up- 
Tier  surface  of  the  leaves  The  inner  bark  of  this  contains  a  large  portion  of  mucilage,  which  has  been  oc- 
lllMrSed\nT^^^^  and  i.«  probably  as  good  as  any  other  mucilage      During  the  late 

walTi^said  thrmtlkLy  on  the  fi-onticr  found  it  to  be  a  .nutritious  and  grateful  food  tor  their  hordes,  m. 
tisies  of  scarcity  of  forage^ 


PENTANDRIA.  TRIGYNIA.  S7 

OBDER,    TRXaYNZA. 

122.    VIBURNUM.    JSFutt.  Gm.  290. 
[A  name  borrowed  from  the  Latin  classics:  eitymology  obscure.] 

Ca-l.  Eupevior,  small,  5  parted.    Cor.  campanulate,  5  cleft.    Drupe  1  seeded. 
V.  pRtTNiFOLiLTM.  AIll.  Leaves  roimdisli-oval,  acute,  serrulate;  cymes  4  parted;  fruit  oblong, compressed. 
Ftt^g-o— Black  Haw.    Sloe, 

Fi.  Middle  of  May-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

J£ab.  Fence-rows,  and  thickets:  frequent.    S,  to  12  or  15  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  bluish  black. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  shrub  becomes  esculent  by  the  action  of  frost.    If  the  V.  pyrifolhm  grows  in  thii 
vicinity,  I  have  not  been  fortunate  enough  to  distinguish  it  from  the  above. 

V.  DEiVTATUM-  Marshall.  Leaves  roundish-ovate,  acute,  dentate-serrate,  plicate;  fnilt  subglobose. 

Vulgo — Arrow-wood . 

Fl-  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds;  along  rivulets:  frequent.    8  to  12  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  dark  blue. 

V.  ACERiFOLiUM.  Marshall.  Leaves  3  lobed,  acuminate;  cymes  sub-umbellate;  fruit  oval,  compressed, 

I/it/g-o— Arrow-wood.    Maple-leaved  Viburnum. 

Fl-  Last  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September, 

ffab.  Woodlands,  every  where  common.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  black. 

Obs.  The  stems  of  this  slender  shrub,  when  the  pith  is  removed,  afford  good  fuse-sticks,  for  blowing- 
roeks;  and  are  much  used  for  tliat  purpose. 

123.    SAMBUCUS.    JVutt.  Gen.  291.. 
[Gr.  Sambuke,  an  ancient  instrument  of  music;  supposed  to  have  been  made  of  this  shrub.] 

Cal.  superior,  small,  5  cleft.    Cor.  rotate-concave,  5  lobed.    Berry  roundish,  3  seeded. 

S.  CANADENSIS.  Ell.  Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  oval,  acuminate,  sliarply  serrate;  cymes  S  parted. 

Sy 71071.  S.  nigra.  Marshall.  Fw/g-o— Elder-bush. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  Juae.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Mab.  Fence-rows,  thickets,  &c  .  common.    6  to  10  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  dark  purple?  or  black. 

06s.  The  flowers  are  frequently  6  and  7-androus.  The  inner  bark  of  this  shrub  is  much  used  by  the  peo- 
'  pie,  as  an  ingredient  in  making  ointments  for  dressing  ulcers.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  also  considered 
efficacious  in  expelling  insects  from  cucumber,  and  other  vines;  and  in  destroying  skippers  in  bacon.  &c- — 
how  correctly  I  am  unable  to  say.  It  is  rather  a  troublesome  plant  on  our  farms;  the  roots  being  very  te- 
nacious of  life,  and  spreading  rapidly  along  fence-rows,— unless  extirpated  with  great  care  and  vigi- 
lance. 

124.    RHUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  292. 
[Supposed  from  the  Gr.  Rhaos,  or  rAoj<s,— originally  from  the  Celtic,  Rhudd,  red;  in  reference  to  the  color 
of  the  fruit.  Be  Theis.    "Seu  Rheo  (.Gr.)  fluo,  quia  fluxus  alvi  dysentericos  et  muliebres  sistat."  Boerh.'H 

Cal- inferior,  5  parted.    Cor.  petals  5.    Berry  small,  with  1  nuciform  seed. 

§  L    Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

R.  GtABRUM.  Marsh.  Glabrous;  leaflets  8  to  10  pairs,  lanceolate-oblong,  serrate,  glaucous  beneath, 

FiJgo— Common  Sumach.    Smooth  Sumach.    Shumake- 

Fl.  Last  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September, 

Jiab.  Sterile  old  fields,  fence-rows,  &c.  common.    3  to  10  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  green;  fruit  red, 

Obs.  Mr.  Elliott  says  the  flowers  are  "aK  fertile;"  and  Michaux  and  others  describe  them'as  being  "  dioi- 
cous" — but  so  far  as  1  have  observed,  Marshall  is  more  correct  in  saying  "the  flowers  are  hermaphrodits 
and  female  on  separate  plants."  The  hermaphrodite  flowers,  however,  as  Marshall  correctly  adds.  ar& 
barren;  .although,  when  they  first  open,  they  appear  to  have  perfect  germs.  The  thyrsus  of  female  flow- 
ers is  smaller  and  more  compact  than  that  of  the  infertile  plant.  This  is  a  very  lactescent  species;  the  ripe 
berries  are  covered  with  a  grey  pounce,  which  is  highly  acid.  The  branches  are  extensively  used  in  tan- 
ning morocco  leather. 

R.  coPALLTNiTM.  Marsh.  Dioicous;  leaflets  4  to  6  pairs,  nearly  entire;  common  petiole  winged,  jointea. 

Fu/go— Mountain  Sumach.    Lentiscus-leaved  Sumacli. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July:  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October- 

ilub.  Baxv^^oh-  weBt  (?f  the  Grove  tavern:  frequent.    3  to 8  feet  hish:  flowers  yellowish  greexv 


S8  PENTANDRIA.  TRTGYNIA. 

R.  vEUTcix.  Ph.  Dioicous;  very  glabrous;  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  oA:al»  entire,  abruptly  acuminate. 
%HO)i.  Jl-  toxicodendron  vernix.  3Tarsh-     Vulgo—Pohon  Sumacli.    Swamp  Sumach.    Poison  Asb» 
J't.  Bpf inning  of  June.  Fr.  viat. 

Hab.  Along  rivulets:  Barrens:  not  common,    8  to  15  feet  high:  flo%vers  greenish;  fruit  white,  smooth. 

Ofi.s.  This  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  true  Varnish-tree,  of  .Japan;  but  its  identity  with  that  is  doubt- 
ed, at  pre»ent  It  is  reputed  poisonous— though  I  have  often  handled  it  freely,  and  always  with  impunity. 
I  may,  however,  make  the  same  remark  relative  to  the  R.  radicans;  which  is  notoriously  poisonous  to 
some  persons. 

§2.    Leaves  ternate. 

R.  radicans;  Ell-  Dioicous;  leaflets  petiolate,  ovate,  glabrous,  entire,  or  tooth-angled;  stem radicant. 

Etjnon.  R.  toxicodendron.  Var-  a.  Mx.  Var.  vulgare.  Ph.    Fu?go— Poison-vine.    Poison-oak. 

Fl  Beginning'  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  and  old  fence-rows:  frequent.    Climbing  10  to  40  feet  high:  flowers  greenish;  fruit  brown. 

Obs.  This  is  very  poisonous  to  some  persons;  but  not  generally.  For  an  account  of  its  effects,  and  med  - 
ical  properties,  See  Barton's  collections.  Dr.  W".  P.  C.  Barton,  in  i'7.  Phil,  gives  the  R.  toxicodendron, 
of  Ell.  as  growing  common  near  the  City:  but  Dr.  Baldwin  expressed  the  opinion  to  me  that  it  was  not  ta 
be  found  in  Pennsylvania. 

125.    STAPHYLEA.    Nutt.  Gen.  293. 

[Gr.  Staphyie,  a  bunch,  or  cluster:  alluding  to  the  manner  of  growth  of  the  fruit.] 

Cal.  inferior,  5  parted.  Cor.  5  petalled.    Caps.  2  or  3,  inflatedj  connate.    Nuts  mostly  2,  globose.. 

S.  TRiFOLiA.  EIL  Leaves  trifoliate;  racem.es  penjiulous;  petals  cihate  below. 

Fu/go— Bladder-nut. 

FL  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands;  Plance's,  near  Brandy  wine:  not  common.    5  to  12  feet  high:  flowers  wiiUe.. 

126.    SAROTHRA.    Nutt.  Gen.  295. 

[•Gr.  Sarofkron,  a  broom,  or  besom;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  habit  of  this  plant.] 

Cal.  5  parted,  connivent.    Cor.  petals  5,  linear-oblong.    Caps,  oblong,  acute,  colored,  1  celled,  3  valvecii. 

S.  HYPfiRicoiDE?.  Nutt.  Branches  setaceous,  erect,  subtrichotomous;  leaves  acerose,  minute,  appressed. 
Synon.  S.  gentianoides.  IVilld.  Muhl.  and  Eli.  Hypericum  sarothra.  ilfx.  and  P/j.  Fw/g-o— Ground  Pine .. 
J7.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Dry,  sandy  fields,  and  roadsides:  Barrens:  common.    4  to  8  inches  high:  flowers  yellow., 
Obs.  The  number  «f  stamina  is  not  constant  in  this  plant;  varying  from  5  to  6,  8,  or  10. 

127.    ARALL\.    Nutt.  Gen.  297. 
[A  name  of  URcertain  derivation;  supposed,  by  Ue  Theis,  to  be  of  Canadian  origin.] 
I/mbellulate,  with  involucels :  Cal.    superior,  5  toothed.    Cor.  5  petalled.    Berry  5  celled,  5  seeded.., 

A.  NtrricAULis.  P/t.  Nearly  stemless,  one-leafed;  leaf  triquinate;  scape  naked,  about  3  umbelled. 

Vidgo—WM  Spikenard.    Sarsaparilla . 

17.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

}Iab.  Rich,  rocky  woodlands:  Bath;  Brandywine:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  whitet 

Of)?.  The  root  of  this  is  a  popular  medicine;  used  as  a  detergent,  in  diet-drinks,  &c.— but  it  is  questiona- 
ble whether  it  really  possess  much  virtue. 

A.  KACEMCSA-  Ph.  Divaricately  branching;  leaves  decompound;  peduncles  axillary,  branching,  umbellate^ 

F-^u/g-o— Spikenard.    Wild  Liquorice. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

JIab.  Rich  woodlands:  along  the  Brandywine:  not  common.    3  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white. 

05s.  This  appears  to  be  native  in  our  woods;  but  is  not  common.  It  is  cultivated,  in  gardens,  for  the 
'Sake  of  the  root  and  berries— which  are  often  used  in  tincture  as  a  stomachic:  but  the  principal  »irfwe  of 
the  medicine  probably  lies  in  the  alcohol ! 

128.    LINUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  299. 

[Gr.  Linon,  or  Celtic  Llin;  the  name  for  flax,  or  thread,  in  those  languages.] 

Cal.  5  parted,  persistent.    Cor.  petals  5,  unguiculate.    Caps,  globose,  10  valved,  10  celled.  Seeds  solitary. 

X*-  vnHGiNJAPfUM.  IVilld.  Panicle  filiform;  llo\vers  remote;  leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  radical  ones  ovai. 


PENTANDRIA.  PENTAGINIA.  $^ 

^i^mn-  L-  virginicum.  Ph.  Vulgo— Wild  Flax.  Virginian  Elax. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hub.  Old  fields,  and  thin  woodlands:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yeliovr, 


GLASS  VI.  HEXANDRIA. 

dflL.  Flowers  calyculate- 

129.  FLOERKEA.    iVm«.  Gen.  337. 
[Dedicated  to  a  German  Botanist,  of  the  name  of  Floerke.} 
Gal.  3  leaved.  Cor.  petals  3,  small.    Style  bifid.     Uti-iculus  mostly  twin,  roundish,  verrucose, 
F.  tTLiGiNOSA.  Muhl.  Leaves  alternate,  pseudo-pinnate;  peduncles  axillary,  long,  1  flowered. 
Sy7}on.  F.  palustris.  Nutt.  F.  lacustris.  P«rsoow.  F.  proserpinacoides.   Willd.  Nectris  pinnata.  Ph. 
FL  Beginning  of  May.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Hab.  Miry,  shaded  places;  Forks  of  Brandy  wine:  frequent.    8  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

.^  .^i^.-f^^lf  l^  %  '^fy  ^e"'?^'''  succulent  plant,  and  disappears  early  in  the  season.  By  the  latter  end  of  June 
,t  IS  difficult  to  find  a  vestige  of  ,t  When  I  first  detected  it  (May,  1818,)  I  made  out  a  pretty  full  descrj! 
tion  of  it,-as  I  co«ld  find  none  that  was  satisfactory  in  my  books.  Mr.  Nuttall,  however,  soon  afterwards 
iurnished  a  very  good  one;  which  supersedes  the  necessity  of  giving  mine.  There  was.  al=o  abo-it  that 
ti«?e,  a  tolerable  account  of  it  (thoug-h  couched  in  a  strange  jargon,)  published  by  M.  Raiine'sque,  in  the 
first  volume  of  Silhman's  Journal  of  Science.  i  c,  m  uic 

130.    TRADESCANTIA.     Nutt.  Gen.  303. 
[In  honor  of  two  English  Botanists,  Father  and  Son,  nsiXned  John  Tradescant.^ 

Cal.  3  leaved.    Cor.  3  petalled.    .Fi/amenfs  villous,  with  jointed  hair.    Caps.  3  ceHed,  S  valved. 
T,  viRGiNiCA.  Ell.  Erect;  leaves  long,  lanceolate,  channelled;  flowers  terminal,  umbellate-clustered. 
Fu/go— Virginian  Spider-wort. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds;  meadows,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  purplish  blue. 

Obs.  A  succulent  plant,  and  full  of  slimy  mucilage:  probably  worthy  of  notice,  as  an  emollient.  After 
flowering,  the  pedicels  are  cunous^ly  parted  into  two  ranks,  and  deflected,  or  recurved  on  each  side,  over 
the  base  of  the  two  involucres.    It  appears  frequently  to  fail  in  perfecting  its  fruit. 

131.    CAULOPHYLLUM.    JVutt.  Oen.  305. 
[Gr.  ITaulos,  a  stem,  and  Phyllon,  a  leaf;  the  stem  resembling-  a  petiole,  or  leaf-stalk.] 
Cat..  3  to  6  leaved.  Cor.  6  petalled;  with  a  sub-reniforra  Nectary  on  each  claw.  Drupe  stipitate,  1  seede.1. 
C.  THAiJCTRoiDEs    Mx.  Glabrous;  leaves  supradecompound;  leaflets  oval,  terminal  one  3  lobed 
^jnon.  Leontice  thalictroides.   mild.  Valso-B\uo  Cohosh.    Pappoose-root.  ' 

W.  Last  of  April.  j,,..  „^„,_  ^jj^jj^  ^^  ^^^^^^ 

Hab.  Ogden  s  woods,  near  Ezra  Cope's:  rare.  1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  green;  fruit  deep  bli- 
i^t^'^'^^S^P^  butllookedin  vam 

132.    PRINOS.    Nutt.  Gen.  308. 
[Supposed  to  be  from  the  Gr.  prio,  to  saw;  in  allusion  to  its  serrated  leaves  ] 
Ca..  mostly  6  deft.    Cor.  monopetalous,  sub-rotate,  mostly  6  parted.    Bekrv  6  seeded;  seed,  nuciform- 
P.  vKRTTCiLi,ATUs.  Ph.  Polygamous;  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  serrate;  flowers  axillary,  aggregated 
.V.o«.  P.  Gronovii.  M..  T./^o-Elack  Alder     Winter-berry.   "    '        ' 

F/.  Latter  end  of  June.  jr,,  „,„,.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Low,  swampy  grounds:  thickets,  &c.  frequent.    6  to  8  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white;  berries  red 


40  HEXANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA. 

corolla  corresponding.  The  bark  of  this  plant  is  a  celebratpcl  popular  remedy  for  ulcers,  &c.  used  in  de- 
coction, externally  and  intenialiy.  I  cannot,  however,  help  questioning  much  of  its  reputed  excellence ; 
though  it  may,  occasionally,  be  found  useful. 

B.    Flowers  spathaceous. 

13,5.    ALLIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  312. 
[Etymology  obscure:  Be  TJieis  says,  from  the  Celtic,  J//,— which  signifies  hot,  acrid,  burning.] 

Spathe  many-flowered.     Umbel  clustered.  Cor.  6  parted,  spreading.    Caps,  superior,  3  celled,  3  valved. 

A.  viNEALE-  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Stem  with  round  leaves,  bulbiferous;  stamens  tricuspidate. 

Ffiij^o— Common  Garlic.    Wild  Garlic.    Field  Garlic.     Crow-Garlic. 

FL  Latter  end  of  June.        ^  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hah.  Grain-fields,  pastures,  &c.  common.     2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Ohs.  The  umbels  are  often  proliferous.    This  is  a  naturalized  foreigner;  and  was  formerly  so  abundant  in  : 
this  vicinity  as  to  be  quite  a  nuisance.    It  not  only  spoiled  the  taste  of  our  milk,  butter,  cheese,  &c.  but 
seriously  injured  our  flour,  and  rendered  the  manufacture  of  it  difficult.    Our  best  farmers,  however,have  ■ 
now  nearly  subdued  it,  by  the  improvement  cf  their  land,  and  a  judicious  rotation  of  crops. 

A.  CANADENSE.  Willd.  Scapc  uaked,  terete;  leaves  flat,  linear;  head  bearing  bulbs- 

FwZg-o— Meadow  Garlic. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Moist  meadows;  woodlands:  frequent.    About  1  foot  high;  flowers  pale  red. 

134.  HYPOXIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  314. 

[Gr.  Hiipo,  underneath,  and  Oxys,  sharp;  the  base  of  the  capsule  being  pointed.] 

SpafAe,  2  valved.    Cor.  superior,  6  parted.    Caps,  long,  narrowed  at  base,  3  celled.    SeetZs  roundish. 

H.  ERECTA.  Ell.  Hairy;  scape  1  to  4  flowered,  shorter  than  the  grass-like,  subulate  leaves;  root  bulbous. 
Synon.  H.  carolinensis.  Mx.    H.  graminea?  PA.        Fw/go— Upright  Star  of  Bethlehem. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May  till  October.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  j 

Hah.  Open,  grassy  woodlands:  very  common.    4  to  8,  or  10  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Ohs.  Pursh  has  probably  made  two  species  out  of  the  varieties  of  this  plant ;  and  has  noticed  a  medical' 
virtue  in  the  root,  which  had  even  escaped  the  credulous  industry  of  Schojpf. 

O-     Flowers   naked;   Inferior. 

135.  ORNITHOGALUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  323. 

[Gr.  Ornis,  ornithos,  a  bird,  and  Gala,  milk;  an  ancient,  whimsical  name.]  j 

Cor.  6  petalled,  persistent.    Filaments  dilated  at  base.    Caps,  roundish,  angled,  3  celled. 

O.  UMBELLATUM.  Ph.  Corymb  few  flowered;  peduncles  longer  than  the  bractes;  filaments  subulate.' 
f 'jj/go_Ten-o'clock.    Twelve-o'clock.    Star  of  Bethlehem.    Dajne  d'onze  hcurcs,  of  the  French. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Ilab.  Cultivated  grounds:  Green-tree  Farm,  &c.  frequent.    Scapes  6  or  Sincheshigh:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  forei;;ner  has  escaped  from  our  Gardens,  and  has  become  a  grievous  nuisance  on  some  farms. 
The  Green-tree  farm,  in  this  Borough,~that  at  West-town  School,— and  several  around  Bnminghara 
Meeting;  house,  are  much  iniured  by  Jit.  It  is  wonderfully  tenacious  of  life ;  and  although  it  perfects  but 
few  see'ds,  the  bulbous  roots  propaj^ate  laterally  with  great  rapidity.  In  many  places  it  seems  to  have  ex- 
clusive possession  of  the  soil,  during  the  spring  season— though  the  leaves  die  in  the  latter  end  ot  June,  and 
a  crop  of  grass  will  then  succeed  it.  Some  farmers  sow  salt  on  it,  to  induce  cattle  to  eat  it;  but  they  are  not 
fond  of  it.  Others  have  ploughed  up  the  bulbs,  in  autumn,  and  turned  sheep  on  them,  to  eat  them,  diiring- 
th.e  winter.  But  all  these  remedies  fall  short  of  their  object.  The  plant  continues  to  increase  and  multiply. 
Trench  ploughing  has  been  proposed,  I  think,  by  that  venerable  agriculturist,  Judge  Peters;  but  I  know  not  ■ 
whether  it  has  yet  been  tried.  An  effectual  and  practicable  mode  of  extirpating  this  pest,  is  certainly  a 
great  dssideratuia,  and  will  entitle  the  discoverer  to  the  gratitude  ot  the  tarming  community. 

13«.    LILIUM.    Niflt.  Gen.  324. 
[Celtic  ii,  white.  JDe  Theis.    Seu  "  a  I.dos  (Gr.)  IjEvis  k  politus,  quia  ejus  folia  sunt  polita."    Boerh.] 

CcR.  campanulate;  petals  6,  with  a  longitudinal  nectariferous  line.  Caps,  valves  connected  by  latticed  hair- 

I-  PHiLArKLyHTCUM.  Ph.  Leaves  verticillate,  lanceolate-linear;  flowers  erect;  petals  unguiculate, 

J'.;/ff.7--\yild  Lily.    Philadelphia  Lily. 

i'7.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub.  Woodlands,  and  borders  of  t'nickets;  Bath:  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  reddish  orans*^- 


HEXANDlllA.  MONOGY^IA.  41 

L.  CANADENSE.  Ph.  Leaves  remotely  verticillatc;   peduncles  long;  flowejs  nodding;  petals  lanceolate. 

Vulgo— Wild  Lily.    Canadian  Lily. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hob.  Woodlands  and  meadows:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowe-.s  yellowish  orange. 

Ohs.  This  is  a  handsome  species;  the  flowers  are  generally  by  two's  or  three's;  but  I  have  seen  as  many 
as  seven  on -a  single  plant. 

L.  sirPERBUM-  Ph.  Glabrous;  lower  leaves  verticillate,  the  rest  scattered;  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  raceme* 

r^/g-o— Superb  Lily.    Turk's  Cap. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Moist  clay  grounds:  Wilmington  road.    3  to  5  feet  hig-h:  flowers  orange-scarlet. 

Obs.  This  truly  Superb  Lily  is  not  strictly  a  plant  of  this  immediate  vicinity;  as  I  have  not  met  with  it 
nearer  than  the  alluvial  land,  towards  Wihnington,— about  10  or  13  miles  south  of  West-Chester.  It  would 
be  very  desirable  to  have  this  splendid  plant  introduced  into  our  gardens;  but  it  is  said  to  dwindle  into  com- 
parative insignificance,  when  removed  into  an  ungenial  soil. 

137.     ERYTHRONIUM.    IVutt.  Gen.  326. 
[Gr.  Erythros,  red;  in  allusion  to  the  purple  stains,  or  spots,  on  the  leaves.] 
Cor.  campanulate;  petals  6,   the  3  inner  ones  with  a  callous  denture  on  each  side,  near  the  base. 

E.  AMEUiCANUM.  Ell-  Style  clavRte,  3  angled;  leaves  2,  oblong-lanceolate,  spotted,  involute  at  point. 
Synon.  E.  lanceolatum.  Ph.    E.  Dens  canis.  Mx.     Fu/^o— Do-s-tooth  Violet.    Adder's  tongue. 
fl.  Middle  of  April.  Pr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  May. 

Hab.  Meadows,  and  low  shaded  grounds:  frequent.    6  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  yellow- 

Ohs.  The  seeds  are  ovate,  and  acuminate;  but  are  incurved,  so  as  to  appear  somewhat /um'./a««.  This 
plant  IS  a  frequent  companion  ot  the  Panax  trifolmm,  in  shaded  places. 

138.  UVULARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  327. 

[Lat.  l7ou/a,  diminutive  of  Uoa,  a  grape;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  inflorescence.     De  Theis.J 
Cor.  petals  6,  erect,  a  cavity  iii  the  claw  of  each.  Fil-  short.  Stig.  3,  long.    Caps.  3  angled,  3  celled. 

U.  perfoliata.  Ell.  Leavespeifoliate,  elliptic,  acute;  petals  tuberculate  within;  anthers  awned. 

Vulgo — Perfoliate  Eell-wort . 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  and  meadov.'s:  common.    9  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  pale  yellow. 

Obg.  The  leaves,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  are  acute;  and  not  o&tuse,  as  stated  by  Pursh,  &  otliers 
Capsule  turbinate,  trigonous,  truncate,  the  angles  sulcate. 

U-  sEssiLiFOLiA.  Ell.  Leaves  sessile,  lanccolate-ova!, glaucous  beneath;  capsule  oval,  sub-stipitate. 

Vulgo — Sessile-leaved  Bell-wort. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  frequent.    About  I  foot  high:  flowers  pale  yellow. 

Obs.  The  stem  of  this  species  is  pretty  constantly  bifid  at  summit— one  of  the  branches  bearing  one  flow- 
er, and  the  other  none;  as  is  well  remark-jd  by  Michaux  and  Elliott.  Can^isle  oval,  tn.^uetjous,  acute  at 
«achend;  angles  prominent  and  shai p. 

139.  SMII-ACTNA.    Nutt.  Gen.  330. 

[Fabricated  i:rom  the  generic  name,  &,nilax;  and  decidedly  condemned  by  Dr.   Smith,  Ciichpcecl.] 

CoR.  (i  parted,  spreading.    FUam.  divergent,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla-segments.    Berry  globose, 

S.  R.\CEAiosA.  Ell.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong-oval,  acuminate;  flowers  in  a  terminal  racemose  p.^nicle 
Synon.  Convallaria  raceniosa.   mUd.  Muhl.  Mx.  Sic.  T'a/g-o— Wild  Spikenard. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  uiat.  Middle  of  September. 

Jlah.  Fence-rows,  meadow  bar.k=.  wooillands.icc.  fiequr^nt.     J  to  2  feet  high:  ilowtrs  Tellowish  white. 
Ohs.  Ti\t  berries  arc  handsomely  speckled  with  red,  when  ripe;  and  are  not  urigratufal  to  tlie  taste, 

S.  eAX.A.DENSis.  Ph.  Tatrandrous;  leaves  2,  rarely  !'.,  toidi.te- oblong,  subsessile;  raceme  simple,  terminal- 

flynnn.  Convallaria  bifoiia.   tViUd.  Muhl.  M.c.  ice. 

^Y.  Latter  end  ci  Maj'.  Fr.  r,iat. 

ITab.  Along  a  shaded  rivulet  >y.  W.  of  Geo.  Vernon".s;  rare.    4  toG  inchesLi^h:  flowers  wl.!tc. 

OJ.5.  This  liule  plant  grow^  plnUiiully  along  a  rivr.Iet  bf  low  George  Vernon's  mfadow,  on  the  Bairpns— 
Where  !t  was  dete.'.tpd  by  tbf*  laie  Dr.  V.-rnon,  whilst  »  student  with  me:  but  1  have  n..-ver  met  with  u  clse- 
WlK-rc ,  ill  nH  tl'i*  region  ni  Penns'lvinia. 


4-2  HEXANJDRIA.  MONOGYNfA. 

140.    POLYGONATUM.    Nuit.  Gen.  SSI. 
iGu  Poly,  much,  and  Gojiu,  a  joint;  in  reference  to  the  numerous  joints,  or  knots,  of  the  root.l 
Cor.  6  cleft,  cylintliic.    Filam.  inserted  near  the  summit  of  the  tube.    Berry  3  celled;  cells  2  seeded. 
P.  BTFi.oRUM.  Ell  Lfiavesalternate,  sessile,  elliptic-lanceolate;  peduncles  mostly  2  flowered. 
Siinon.  P.  an-ustifolium.  Fh.  f'liZg-o— Two-flowered  Solomon's  Seal. 

ri.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Rich  woodlands:  Bath.  Sec.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  white. 

Ohs.  The  name,  Solomon's  seul,  has  been  given  to  tiiis,  and  the  other  species,  in  allusion  to  the  scars  oa 
the  roots,  (left  by  the  stems  of  successive  years,)  which  somewhat  resemble  the  impressions  of  a  seal. 

P.  MUi,riFL0RUM.  Ell.  Leaves  alternate,  amplexir.aul,  oblong-oval;  peduncles  many  flowered. 
.V!/no)i.,Cunvallaria  multiflora.   Willd.       Fu/g-o— Many-flowered  Solomon's  Seal.    Wild  Asparagus. 
Fl^  Bepiinning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hah-  Rich  fence-ro'.vs,  and  ditch  banks:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  whhe. 

Ofi.t.  T  have  no  doubt  this  is  specifically  distinct  from  the  foregoing.    See  Elliott.    The  young  shoots 
are  said  to  be  a  tolerable  substitute  for  Asparagus. 

D.    Flowers  l3fcoi,i?iiETE. 

141.    ORO?^"TIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  333. 
[An  ancient  name;  supposed,  by  Be  Theis,  to  be  derived  from  the  rivev  Orontes.'] 
Spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  florets.    Cor.  6  petalled,  naked.  Style  0.   Utriculus  globose,  1  seeded. 
a.  AQUATicuM.  Ell.  Leavesradical,lanceolate-ovate,  very  entire;  spadix  on  a  long  scape. 
Viil^o—GoUen  club.    Never-wet.    Floating  Arum- 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July. 

Hal.  Pond,  near  the  Forks  of  Brandy  wine :  rare.    12  to  20  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

142.    ACORUS.    Nuit.  Gen.  334. 
IGr.  a,  privative,  and  Kore,  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  being  once  supposed  good  for  diseased  6yes.j 
&i>adix  subcylindric,  covered  with  florets.    Cor.  6  petalled,  naked.     Style  0.    Caps.  3  celled. 
A.  CALAMUS.  Ell.  The  spadix  seated  laterally  on  a  long,  en'jiform,  leaf-like  scape. 
Vulgo~CnliMn\us.    Sweet  Flag. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.   mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

JIab.  Swamps,  and  wet  places,  in  meadows:  frequent.     About  3  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow. 

06s.  The  whole  plant,  but  especially  ^^e  root  Js  an  aromatic  stimulant-popular  as  a  r^^^ 
&c.  and  deservedly  so.     i  am  convinced  it  is  not  mdigenou^  in  this  vicmity;  whatever  it  may  be  m  otHei 
parts  of  the  United  States. 

143.    JUNCUS.    Nuti.  Gen.  335. 
[Lat.  iungo,  to  join;  from  ils  use  in  tying, lor  binding  things  together.] 
Cal.  inferior,  6  parted,  equal,  persistent.    CoR-  0.  Stig-  3.    Caps.  I  celled,3  valved.  Seed. numerous . 

§  1.     Stevi  naJicd. 
J   y.^^^,,,,,    EH.  Cesnitose;  stem  upright,  terete;  panicle  lateral,  efTused;  flowers  oblong;  triandrous. 
V'u/go-Oommon  Rush.    Rush  grass.     Soft  Rush.    Small  Bog,  or  Bull-Rush. 
FL  MKldle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

JJab.  Swamps;  and  moist,  low  grounds:  common-    2  to  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  Rather  a  troublesome  plan^forming  numerous  f«ssocAs  in  all  our  low  moist  grounds,  if  neglecteri 
for  a  few  years. 

§2.     Stem  leafy. 
J  TEXu:s.  Ell.  Leaves  linear-subulate,  channelled;  corymb  terminal,  dichotomous,  shorter  than  the  bractes- 
Simon.  J.  b;coniis.    Mx.  and  P/i .  , 

Fl.  Bcdnnnn:  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  Ju,y. 

Hab.  Low  grounds,  around  ponds;  Wollerton's,  &c.  frequent.    About  1  foot  high. 

Ohs.  I  have  specimens,  from  the  Barrens,  apparently  of  this  species,  of  small  gi-owth,  in  which  the 
:g\\%  brttctes  are  wanting 


HEXAJsDRfA.  MONOGYNIA.  4S 

J.  DiCKOTOMtis.  Ell.  Leaves  i5ub-terete,  channelled  inside;  panicle  dichotomous;  flowers  sesiife. 

Synon.  J.  bufonius.  Mx^ 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after,  Fr.  mat. 

Hub.  Moist,  low  grounds;  along  pathways,  &c.  frequent.     12  to  18  inches  higl>. 

Obs.  This  approaches  the  foregoing,  in  habit;  but  is  clearly  distinct. 
J.  BUFONIUS.  Ell.  Stem  dichotomous;  leaves  angled)  subulate;  flowers  solitary>  sessile. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Low  grounds:  around  Wollerton's  pond:  frequent.    2  to  6  inches  high. 
J.  sYLVATicus.  Muhl.  Leavcs  with  knot-ljke  joints;  panicle  decompound;  flowers  triandious. 
Synon.  J.  acuminatus.  Mx.  and  EU? 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Meadows,  and  moist,  low  grounds:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  species  seems  to  be  subiect  to  a  sort  of  monstrosity  in  the  fructification,  which  gives  it  the 
appearance  of  being  viviparous.     Perhaps  it  is  really  so. 

J.  MARGiNATUs.  j\[uhl.  Stem  compressed;  leaves  flat;  corymb  longer  than  the  bractes;  triandious. 

Synon.  J.  aristulatus.'  Mx. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab^  Moist,  shaded  grounds:  Patton's  woods:  frequent.     1^  to  2  feet  high. 

J.  BULBOstrs.  Muhl.  Stem  undivided;  leaves  linear,  channelled;  corymb  shorter  than  the  bractes. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hab.  Dry,  sterile  hills;  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high- 

J.  CAMPEsTRis.  Ell.  Leaves  gras.s-Iike,  hairy;  spikelets  pedunculate,  intermediate  one  sessile, 

F«/go— Field  Rush. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  June. 

Nab-  Open,  dry  woodlands,  and  fields:  common-     fi  to  12,  or  13  iuchea  high. 

144.    MELANTHIUM.    Mitt.  Gen.  343. 

[Gr.  Mclas,  black,  and  u4«i/jos,  a  flower;  the  flowers  being  dark  colored.] 

Polygamous:  Cal.  0.     Cor.  rotate;  petals  6,  unguiculate.     Caps.  3  celled,  trifid.     Seeds  flat,  wir.get^, 

M.  viRGiNicuM.  Ell.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate;  panicle  pyramidal;  petals  oval,  subbastate,  flat. 
Fl.  JMiddle  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Borders  of  swamps;  Bath  woods:  frequent.    3  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  white,  finally  dark. 
Vbs.  The  lower  flowers  are  mostly  males,  with  abortive  germs;  the  upper  ones  hermaphrodite, 

145.  VERATRUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  345. 

[•■Quasi  Vei-e  airum;  quia  habet  radicem  nigram,  vel  quia  humorem  atrum  oxpiirgat."     Bocrli.] 
Polygamous:  Cal.  0.     Cor.  deeply  6  parted,  spreading;  segments  sessile.    Caps.  3,  united. 
V.  viRiDE.  Ell.  Leaves  broaJ-oval,  plicale;  racemes  paniculate;  corolla-segments  oval,  acute. 
S y von.  Y .  A\h\\m.  Mx..  Fu/g-o— Hellebore.    White  Hellebore.    Indian  Poke 

17.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab-  Swamps,  and  lov/ grounds:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  g-rcen. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  sometimes  used,  in  infusion,  as  a  w.ixh  foi-  cutaneous  affections;  and  is  considered  to  be 
otlifirwi.se  medicinal— but  1  am  unacquainted  with  its  virtues.  The  fresh  root  has  been  recommended  for 
destroying  cockroacliLS. 

146.  IIELONL\S.    Nutt.  Gen.  S4G. 

[Etymolojy  obscure:  Da  Theis  supposes  from  the  Gr.  iit/os,  a  rxwrsh;  where  some  species  grow.] 
Cal.  0.    Con.  petals  6,  sessile,  flat.     Caps-  3  horned,  3  celied;  cells.few-seeded. 
H.  dioica.  Ell.  Rootpra^morse;  leaves  lanceolate,  radical  ones  spathulate;  raceme  spiked,  dioicoiis. 
Synon.  Veratrum  luteum.   JVilhl.  Muhl-  Nutt.  ViJ-o-Ehzms  Star.     Devil's  bit. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands,  and  meadows:  frequent.    1  to  2,  (Females  6  or4)  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  I  have  occasionally  found  perfectly  J/ermaplirodite  flowers  on  the  male  racemes-     Indeed,  I  aaK 
pretty  well  satisiied  from  my  observations,  that  thtre  W-  a  constant  eftbrt.  or  tendency  m  the  flowers  of  a 
.^an  a,  wliich  arc  not  heimaphrcdite,  to  bccuxae  so.    The  :ooi  of  ibis  is  considerably  bitter;  and  is  a  pop 


44  HEXANDRIA.  TRIGYNIA. 

I-I.  ASTfirsTiFouA.  Eil  Leavcs  Ipfigj  linear?  acutc;  raceme  oblong,  lax;  capsules  oblong;  seeds  linear. 

Fl.  Beginning;  of  Ai!g.u?t:  F^-.  mat. 

Hah.  Dry  hills:  Buck  Run:  rsrc.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  gi-eenish  white. 

Obs-  I  have  not  met  with  this  species  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  West-Chester-  I  am  indebted  for  mj 
specimen  to  Dr.  Seal,  who  collected  it  on  a  dry,  laurel  hill,  near  Abishai  CJlark's— about  ten  miles  from 
this  place. 

147.    GYROMIA.    NuU.  Gen.  S51. 
[Gr.  Gyros,  a  circle;  in  reference  to  its  verticillate  Iea%'es.] 

Cat,.  0,  Cor.  deeply  6parted,  revolute.  Stig.  3,  sessile,  long,  recurved.  Berry  3  celkd;  cells  5  or  6  seeded. 

G.  viRGTNifA.  Nxitt.  Leav-es  in  a  verticil  on  the  stem,  5  to  9;  at  summ.it  mostly  in  S's;  flowers  terminal. 
Synon.  Jledeola  virginica.  IVilld.  Mx-  MvJil.  Ell.  &c.  Fu/go— Cucumber  root.  Indian  Cucumber. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  F>.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Ilab.  Shndec',  moist  grounds:  frequent.     1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow;  berries  dark  purple. 

Obs.  The  root  is  a  delicate,  white,  oblong  tuber,  somewhat  resembling  the  cuenmber,  in  flavor;  and  said 
to  be  diureiic  in  its  properties.    The  flowers  are  nodding;  but  when  in  fruit,  the  peduncles  become  erect. 

14S.    TRILLIUM.    Ntiit.  Gen.  332. 
[Lat.  Trilix,  triple;  alluding  to  the  prevalence  of  the  number  ihree,  in  the  leaves,  and  other  parts.] 

Cal.  3  leaved,  spreading.    Cor.  3  petalled.    S'fig-jnas  3,  sessile,  recurved    Berry  3 celled. 
T.  PENDULtTM.  Niitt.  Leaves  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  subsessile;  flower  pendulous;  petals  flat,  ovata. 
Synon.  T.  cernuum.  Ph.  Bigelow.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  &c.        FuZgo— Three-leaved  Night-shade. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hab-  Moist,  shaded  grounds;  Bath,  Stc.  frequent.    About  1  foot  high:  flowerswhite;  berries pnrple- 

Obs.  Our  northern  botanists  seem  to  have  been  led  into  a  mistake,  relative  to  this  plant,  by  adopting 
Pursh's  error:  and  even  IVIr.  Elliott  has  not  altogether  escaped  its  influence— as  appears  by  the  following 
Bote  of  my  lamented  friend,  Dr.  Baldwin;  wliich  note  he  left  in  ray  copy  of  Elliott's  Sketch,  during  hi» 
last  visit  to  me,  in  1818. 

"  The  Trillium  ccrnuvm,  of  Pursh.  and  other  modern  botanists,  is  entirely  distinct  from  Catesby's  plant; 
which  has  only  been  found  in  the  Southern  Stales.  The  Pennsylvanian  plant  is  the  T.  pendulum,  of  the 
late  Dr.  Muhlenberg.  That  sagacious  botanist  had  never  seen  the  true  cerjiuMm,  until  sent  to  him  by  me, 
jn  1S12.  Mr.  Elliott  has,  unfortunately,  by  copying  the  error  of  Pursh,  rendered  confusion  worse  confound- 
ed. The  cerw.um  of  Pursh,  is  the  pendulum,  oi  Elliott, — wliich,  I  suspect,  is  not  found  in  the  southern 
states,  at  all.  The  cernuum,  of  Elliott,  is  probably  a  new  species;  (or  it  may  be  a  variety  of  the  pendulum, 
("xtending  toCafolina— compare  the  fruit,  &c.)  while  he  has  unfortunately  given  the  name  of  Catesbai  to. 
the  true  one.    Mr.  Tvuttall  appears  to  be  correct. " 

149.    RUMEX.    NuU.  Gen.  353. 
[I^?.t.  Rw.Fx,  a  pike,  or  spear;  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves  of  some  species.] 

Cal.  3  leaved.    Cor.  3  petalled,  conniTcnt,  persistent.    iS/igmas  raultifid.    5efd  1,  tiiqiielrous. 
R.  CRI.SPI-IS.  Ell.  Petals  entire,  all  dorsally  granifcrous;  leaves  lanceolate,  curled,,  acute. 
FK'go— Sour  Dock.    C-iricd  Dock. 

Fl   Latter  end  of  IMay,  and  after.  Fr-  mat-  .Tuly,  and  after. 

Mab.  Pastures,  and  meadows;  common.    2  to  T.  feet  high:  flowers  green. 

Ohs.  A  naturalized  foreigner:  and  a  troublesome  plant,  in  our  meadows,  &c.  The  radical  leaves  are  often 
collected,  in  the  sprinf;  of  the  year,  and  boiled  for  "  greens;"  aflfordini;  a  wholesome  vegetable  dish  for  the 
tnlile.  The  root  is  sr.id  to  have  "been  found  an  useful  application  to  cancerous  sores;  but  I  have  no  knowledge 
of  its  eflicacy. 

K    oETUsiFOLir." .  Sm.  Fl.  Brif-  Outer  petal  chiefly  dentate,  and  graniferous;  radical  leaves  cordate,  obtuse. 
Vulgo — Commfi  broad-leaved  Dock.     Bitter  Dock. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  end  after.  Fr.  mat.  Aus;".';!,  and  after. 

Hab.  Gra-ss  lots,  gardens,  and  meadows:  frequent.    2  to  feet  4  high. 
Obs.  An  obnoxious  and  troublesome  foreign  weed;  but  not  so  common  as  R.  crispus. 

R.  ACKT05ELI..A.  EH.  Dioicous;  petals  not  graniierous;  leaves  lanceolate-hastate. 

Vulgo — Sheep  Sorrel.    Field  Sorrel. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after;  Fr.  mat.  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Sandy,  sterile  fields;  about  old  stim^ps,  ^vc.  common.    6  to  12  inciies  high:  flowers  yellowish  green. 

Obs.  The  raccmff.  after  flowering,  often  as?un^o  a  red  color.  The  whole  plant  is  highly  acid;  and  may 
be  uscfulj  as  is  taidj  in  scurvy,  and  Boniu  oihev  forms  of  distate. 


IIEXANDRIA.  I'OLYGYNIA.  #5 

150.    ALISMA.    Nuit.  Gen.  356. 
[Etj-mology  obscure:  De  T/iets  says,  from  the  Celtic  ^/is,  water;  its  usual  place  of  growth.] 
Cai..  3  leaved.    Con.  3  petalled.  Caps,  numerous.  1  seeded,  not  opening. 
A.  PLANT  AGO-  Big.  Leaves  oval,  subcordatc,  abruptly  Ecuminate;  flowers  in  verticillate  panicles. 
Synon.  A  parviflora.  Ph.  and  Ell.  Viilgo — Water  Plantain. 

Fl-  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Muddy  rivulets,  and  miry  grounds:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  while. 

Ohs.  I  have  no  doubt  this  is  the  A.  plantago,  of  Muhlenberg,  and  Bigelow;  and  probebly  of  Michaus,  and 
the  Flora  Philadelphica:  yet  it  is  unquestionably,  I  think,  the  plant  described  in  Pursh,  and  Elliott,  under' 
the  name  of  A.  parviflora.  A  few  years  ago,  there  was  much  idle  gossiping,  in  the  newspapers,  about  iis 
virtues  as  a  cure  for  hydrophobia;  but  it  soou  experienced  the  fate  of  all  such  pretended  remedies. 


CLASS  VII.     HEPTANDRIA. 


i5L    TRIENTALIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  357. 
[Lat.  T/-i£ns^  the  third  part  of  any  thing;  being  about  the  third  of  a  foot  in  height-  Be  Tlieis.l 
Cal.  7  leaved.  Cor.  7  parted,  equal,  flat    Sta^n.  sometimes  5,  6,  or  8.  Berry  1  celled,  dry.  Seeds  md.ny- 
T.  AMERICANA.  Ph.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  5  to  10,  in  a  tuft  at  summit. 
Synon.  T.  europxa.  Muhl.  Mx.  &cy  Fu/ffo— Chick  weed   Winter-greeo. 

Hab-  Moist,  shaded  places;  George  Vernon's:  rare.    4  to  8  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  is  the  only  plant,  of  this  class,  indigenous  here;  and  is  verv  scarce.  It  v^as  first  detected '  by 
the  late  IJr.  yernon,  on  his  father's  farm,  about  three  miles  north  of  West  Chester.  I  have  not  met  with- 
it  eisewhere,  m  this  vicinity. 

*t*A^.S  V^II.     OCTANDRIA. 

OHSIER,    M02TOGYNIA, 

JL.    Flowers  Superior. 

152.    RHEXIA.    JVatt.  Gen.  359. 

[Gr.  Rhexis,  arupture;  from  r-Acsso,  to  break,  or  burst— being  supposed  remedialin  that  disorder.  J* 

Cal.  urceolate,  4  or  5  cleft.  Cor.  petals  4,  inse/tedon  the  calyx.  Caps.  4  celled,  in  the  ventricose  calyr. 

R.  viRGiNiCA.  Ell.  Stem  4  angled,  winged;  leaves  sessile,  bristly-dentate;  corymbs  dichotomous. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Wet,  low  grounds:  Barrens,  at  George  Vernon's:  rare.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  purple,  large 
Ohs.  This  is  one  of  our  plants  which  is  annually  becoming  more  rare. 

1.53.     EPILORIUM.     Natt.  Ccn.  26?,. 
[Gr.  Epi  h>bou  ion,— a.  violet  on  apod;  in  reference  to  the  fructification.] 
Cal.  4  cleft,  tubular.    Cor  .  4  petalled.    Caps,  very  long,  linear,  1  celled,  4  vaived.    Sce<ls  comoic. 
K.  squaaiatum.  A\ft.  Root  squamose;  leaves  linear,  entire,  margins  revolute:  peduncles  long. 
Stinon.  E.  lineare.  Muhl.    E.  rosmariiiifolium.  PA.    E.  oliganthum.  M.c.     fu/g-o— Kerb  Willow. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  -mat.  Reginpirg  cf  October. 

Hub.  Low,  swampy  grounds;  Fatten 'i,  &.c.  frequent.     1  to 2  feet  high:  fiower.s  v/L:C?,  or  pale  red. 
E.  COLORATTXM.  Pa.  Loaves  lanceolate, scrrnlatc,  petiolatc,  with  red  veins. 
Fl.  Last  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Moist,  lc>v  grou.iis:  along  dilclicr,  f;c,.  .0-oqucnt.    About  2.f-ct  h^;.,.  n>',Te:-s.niic  otvi^e 


46  OCTANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA. 

E.  pAi.-jrTRE.  Ph.  Leaves  lanceolate,  denticulate,  subsesslle;  stig-ma  undivided. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

JLib.  Low  grounds;  along  rivulets,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  pale  red. 

Ob?.  This  species  (whi<-h  Mr.  Schweinitz  remarks  "  is  unaccountably  omitted  bj'  Torrey,")  seexns  to? 
Gcmprize  several  pretty  striking  varieties. 

154.    (i:?."OTHERA.    JS^ti.  Gen.  360. 
iGr.  Olnos.  wine,  ann  Thcr.,  a  wild  beabt,  or  thera,  catching— meaning  obscure.  See  De  Theis,  ^-  Cydop.\ 
Cal.  tubular,  4  cleft;  segments  deflected.    Con.  4  petalled.    Slisma  1  cleft.     Caps.  4  celled,  4  valved. 
§  1.    Fruit  elongated;  scssik. 

CE.  BTEN-?«-is .  Pk  Stem  villous,  scabrous;  leaves  ovate-Ianccolate ,  dentate ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

Tti-'so— Evening  Tree  Primrose.     Night  Willow-herb. 

Ft.  Last  of  June  till  September.  F?--  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

JIab.  Fieldi-,  fence-rowts,  and  open  woodlands:  frequent.    3  to  6  feet  high,  flowers  pale  yellow. 

Ohs  Pursh  informs  u?,  that  in  a  dark  night  the  flowers  have  "  a  bright  white  appearance"— which  he 
ascribes  to  phosohoric  properties.  It  is  a  beautiful  and  interesting  sight,  to  witness  the  suddea  expaasion  ci 
-<he  tlowers,  abo"ui  suBset,  in  tiiis  spejiies;  and  also  in  the  CE.  grandiSora. 

iE.  MimiCATA.  Ph.  Stem  purplish,  muricate;  leaves  lanceolate;  stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
FL  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

JIab.  Fence-rows,  fields,  &c.  near  the  Bath:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

§  2.     Fruit  vcntricose,  angular;  mostly  pcdteellate. 
CE.  FRT.TTIC0SA.  Ell.  Pubescent;  branching  from  the  base;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  subdcntate,  acute ._ 
Fii/g-o— Shrubby  Oenothera.    Sun-dropv. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after. 

JIab.  Pastures,  fence-rows,  fiic.  Bath  woods:  frequent.     1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 
(E.  AMBiGUA.  Nutt.  Pilose:  stem  simple;  leaves  lance-ovate,  denticulate:  fruit  subsessile- 
Jl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after. .  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

IJab.  Fields,  and  dry  open  woodlands:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  Allied  to  the  foregoing;  but  supposed  by  Messrs.  Nuttall  and  Barton  to  be  sufficiently  distinct. 
(E.  KYERiDA.  Ell.  Stem  villous;  leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides,  oblong-lanceolate,^ob''scurely  denticulate.  | 
Fl.  Middle  of  J(me,  and  after.  Fr.  siai.  Middle  of  Sep^^es. 

Bab.  Stcjileold  fields:  Barrens:  frequent.    9  to  IS  inches  high-tflowers  pale  yellow. 

Oh.'s.  Most  of  th?  species  of  (Enothrra  vary  considerably  in  size,  and  appearance,  so  as  often  lo  make  it, 
ditficu.it  loueteirijine  them  ^satisfactorily. 

153.    OXYCOCCUS.    Null.  Gen.  3R4. 
[Gr.  Onjs,  sharp,  or  acid,  and  Kolkos,  a  berry;  from  its  highly  acid  fruit] 

Ca.l.  4  toothed.  CoK.  4iiartcd;  segments  Eub;ir.ear,revolute.    Filaments  connivcnt.  Berry  many  seeded. 

G.  BfACKocAitrrrs.  Nutt.  Repent;  stems  assurgent;  leaves  oval-oblong,  entire,  glaucous  beneath. 
S'jiwn.  Vacciniiim  macrocarpon.  IVilld.  &  Mulil.Y.  oxycoccu.s,  y«r.  oblongifolius.  Mx.  Vulgo — Cranberry. 
Fl.  Lnttf-r  end  of  Mny.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

'I{ab.  Low  .swampy  groa.ius:  nenr  Unionvillf :  rare.  I  to  2  feet  long:  flowers  white;  fruit  red,  large. 
Ct,f.  This  slender  little  vine-like  tbrub,  the  fruit  of  '.vhich  is  so  well  known  and  so  valuable,  is  very  rara 
in  tliis  vicinil.y.  It  grows  ]n  n  swjiuip  S.  K.  of,  rmd  near  to,  trie  village  of  Unionville.  In  1823,  a  speci- 
men was  brought  to  me  v.-hicti  was  found  iii  William  Bennett's  meadow,  in  this  Borough;  but  whether  it 
ijnd  been  plannd  there,  or  was  indigenous  I  could  not  learn.  David  Townsend  Esqr.  informs  me  tliat  it 
grows  pretty  abundantly  in  vome  pl.ices  Jiear  Pughtown,  on  the  north  side  of  this  county.  It  is  well  worthy 
Ci  culture:  if  suitable  spots  for  its  introduction  were  selected. 

3.     Flowers  iNr^iiiop.. 

I'l.    DIOSPYROS.    Xutt.  Gen.  797. 
CPerhaps  from  tlie  Gr.  Dls,  dloa,  J  upiter,  and  Pyros,  grain,  or  fruit;  meaning  obscure.  See  De  Thds.J 

Polygamous:  Mai.e,  Cal-  4  cleft,  small.    Cw.  urceolate,  4  cleft.    Stmn.  sometimes  16,  or  more. 
IlERiMAPn.   Cal.  4  clei't,  large.     Cor.  urceolate,  4  cleft.  Sli-j,m'ds -i,  ox  5.  Berry  globose,  S  to  12  seeded." 

D.  viRGiNiA-vA.  A'x.  Arh.  Leaves  ovate-obLj:!^;  acunilnatO;  e.'itirf,  glabrous:  petioles  pubescent. 
Fa/£-o— Periimuiou.    Virgiiiian  La'.e  Plr.m. 


OCTANDRIA.  MONOGYNiA  47 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  November, 

Hab.  Bottom  laads:  N.  II-  Sharples's;  Erandyvvine :  frequent.    20  to  10  feet  high:  flowers  yollowish  white- 

Obs-  The  ripe  fruit  is  sweet  and  luscious,  and  rather  af!:reeable  to  eat,  after  it  has  been  subjected  to  the 
action  of  frost;  but  remarkably  harsh  and  astringent,  while  green,  l^'or  rm  interesting  account  of  the  pro- 
perties of  the  tree,  and  its  fruit,  see  the  Inaugural  Thesis  of  the  late  Prottssor  Woodhouse,  of  tlie  Uiiivev- 
sity  of  Pennsylvania. 

157.    ACER.    Nutt.  Gen.  GOG. 
[A  Latin  name,  signifying  hard,  or  sharp;  pikes  and  lances  having  been  made  of  the  wood.] 
Polijgammis:  Male,  Cal-  about  5  cleft,  colored.     Cor.  petals  5,  or  0.     Stam.  sometimes  5,  or  6. 
Hermaph.  Cal.  Cor.  and  Stam.  as  in  the  Male.     Samara:  mostly  two,  alated,  united  at  base. 

A.  RUBRUM.  Mx- Arb.  Leaves  mostly  3  lobed,  acute, serrate,  glaucous  beneath;  flowers  in  umbels,  erect- 

Vulgo — Red  Maple.    Swamp  Maple. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  Fj\  mat.  Latter  end  of  September 

Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds:  swampy  woodlands:  common.    30  to  60  feet  high :  flowers  red,  ci- yellowish. 

'<3bs.  The  variety,  with  ydlotvhh  flowers,  noticed  by  Marshall,  is  very  frequent  here.  The  wood  b 
much  used  by  Chairmakers,  Cabinetmakers?  &c. 

A.  sAccHAKiNUM.  Mx.  Arb-  Leaves  palmate-5  lobed,  acuminate;  flowers  pedunculate,  pendulous. 

Fu/go— Sugar  Maple. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  Jno.  Taylor's,  Brandywine :  rare.    SO  to  CO,  or  70  feet  high:  flowers  pale  yellow. 

Obs-  This  handsome  and  valuable  tree  occurs  pretty  frequently  along  the  Brandywine.  from  Jno.  Tay- 
lor's islands  down  to  the  fork  of  that  stream;  but  is  rare  elsewhere.  It  is  often  transplanted  about  houses, 
for  tfee  sake  of  its  shade;  but  it  does  not  exist  in  sufficient  quantity  here  to  induce  the  attempt  to  obtaia 
Sugar  from  it. 

A.  NEGUNDO.  Mx.  Arb.  Dioicous:  leaves  ternate,  or  pinnate  by  5's;  flowers  in  pendulous  racemes. 

Vulga — Ash-leaved  Maple.    Box  Elder. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Low  grounds,  along  Brandywine,  frequent.     15  to  30  feet  high:  flowers  pale  green. 

06s.  This  species  is  pretty  abundant  along  Brandywine;  but  I  have  rarely  seen  it  elsewhere.  It  is  rather 
a  small,  branching  tree,  here;  and  the  leaves  are  frequently  trifoliate. 


158.    DIRCA.    Nult.  Gen.  367. 
[Gr.  Dirha,  a  fountain,  or  wet  place;  from  its  usual  place  of  growth-] 

Cal.  0.    CoR-  tubular,  border  obsolete.    Sfam- unequal)  exserted-    Sfy/e  filiform.    Berry  1  seeded- 
D.  pALUSTRis-  Ell.  Slender  and  branching;  leaves  alternate,  oblong-oval;  buds  tomentose. 
Vulgo — Leather-wood. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub-  Wet,  low  grounds:  Brandywine:  rare-    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow. 

Obs.  This  little  shrub  has  become  very  rare,  here;  but  the  late  Dr-  M.  Marshall  informed  me  he  hai^ 
found  it  growing  along  the  Brandy  wiae.  It  also  grew,  formerly,  on  the  farms  of  Brinton  Darlington,  and 
Jonathan  Parke. 

ORDER,    BSGYNIA. 

JS9.    CHRYSOSPLENIUI^.I.    Nutt.  Gen.  369. 
[Gr-  Chrxjsos,  gold,  and  .S^p/en,  the  spleen;  figuratively,  a  golden  remedy  for  the  Spleen-    Dc  Thcis-} 
Cal.  i?uperior,4  or  5  cleft,  colored.    Cor.  0.    Caps,  birostrate,  1  celled,  many  seeded- 

C-  opposiTiFOLiuM-  Ell.  Leavesopposite.subrotund,  tapering  to  a  petiole  at  base,  slightly  crenate- 

Vtil go— Golden  Saxifrage.    Water  Carpet. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Shaded  springs,  and  rivulets:  Bath:  frequent-    610  12  inches  long:  anthers  orange-colored- 

Obs.  This  prostrate,  succulent  herb,  is  often  gathered  and  used  throuj^h  mistake,  as  I  have  observed,  in- 
stead of  Brooklime  (Veronica  beccahttnga.^  in  rn:<-^  (.'  CvnanrWo  tracHpaH^.;  b'!' I  presum-;  they-.are  aboiit 
fqurlhj  pfticaciou*;  aj  me'JicinfK 


48  OCTANDRU.  TRIGIISIA. 

160.    POLYGONUil.    Nuit.  Gen.  370. 
Itjrr.  Polij,  Eaucb,  and  Genu,  akaee,  or  joint;  the  stem  being  much  jointed.] 

Cal   0.    Cor.  5  or  1  parted,  persistent.    S^eed  1,  mostly  3  angled^  covered.    Stam.  &.  .Sf^te  variable. 

§  1.     Flowers  axillary. 

P.  Avictu..iRE.  Ell-  Procumbent;  flowers  subaessile;  leaves  small, lance-oblong;  stipules  short,  lacerate- 

T''«/go— Kr.ot-^rass. 

Fl-  Last  of  June  till  October.  Fr.  mat.  September,  and  after- 

Jlctb-  About  houses,  gardens,  footways,  &c.  common.    6  to  12  inches  long:  flowers  green  and  white- 

p.  EPECTUM.  Mahl.  IMostly  erect;  flowers  5-androus;  leaves  broad-oval,  rather  acute. 

Si/non.  p.  avicuiare.w/r-  latifolium.  Mx.  Fwig-o— Upright  Knot-grass. 

Fl.  lja.il  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hub.  About  hous:cs,  yards,  gardens,  &c.  common.    1  to  2,  and  3  feet  high:  flowers  greenish- 

Obs.  I  am  clearly  of  opinion  that  Dr.  Muhlenberg  was  correct,  in  making  this  a  distinct  species  frOBJ 
the  foregoing;  and  have  therefore  followed  him- 

P-  TKTJUE-  Ell.  Stem  erect,  angular,  fiexuose;  leaves  linear,  strict;  flowers  alternate,  remote. 

Siinon.  P.  linifolium.  3Iu!d.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil- 

Fl.  Beginning-  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hub.  Dry,  sterile  soils:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    9  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  white,  small. 

§  2.    Flowers  in  terminal  spilies- 

P.  riRGiNiAis'UJi-  Ell.  Spike  virgate;  flowers  5-androus,  2-gynous;  seed  rostrate;  leaves  lance-ovatc. 
Fl.  Last  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab    Rich  woodlands:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  white,  small. 

P.  PtJNCTATU.M.  Ell.  Spike  slender,  subnutant;  style  3  parted;  leaves  lanceolate,  pellucid-punctate. 
Synon.  hydropiper.  Mukl.  and  Mx.  P.  hydropiperoides.  Ph.  Fi</go— Arse-smart.  Water  pepper. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hub.  Barnyards,  lanes,  along  ditches,  &c.  common.     12  to  IS  inches  high;  flowers  green  and  white. 

Obs.  Thisisa  very  hot,  acrid  species;  and  sometimes  causes  obstinate,  painful  ulcerative  inflammation, 
when  applied  to  th«  skin. 

P.  MITE.  Ph.  Style  3 cleft;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate;  .stipules  hirsute,  long-ciliate- 
Sijnon.  p.  hydropiperoides.  Mx. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Moist,  sterile  soils:  Barrens,  &;c.  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

p.  PERsicAFiA-  Ph.  Flowers  6-androus,  style  2  cleft;  spikes  oblong;  leaves  lanceolate;  stipules  ciliate- 
Fl-  IMiddle  of  Aupust,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hub.  Gardens,  yards,  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  rose-red- 

Obs.  The  leaves  are  genernlly  marked,  in  the  centre,  with  dark  lunate,  or  heart-shaped  spots-    The  seeds 
of  this  species,  though  generally  triquetrous,  are  sometimes  ovate,  and  compressed. 

p.  PENTvsYLVANicuir.  Pk.  Flowers  crowdsd ;  style2  cleft;  peduncles  hispid;  stipules  truncate. 
Fl.  Last  of  July,  ar.d  after.  Fr.  m.it-  Beginning  of  October. 

Sab.  Moist,  low  giounds:  frequent-    2  to  3  feet  hijih:  flowers  rose-red,  large- 

Obs.  The  seeds  of  this  species  are  ovate,  compressed,  and  briefly  acuminate;  the  flowers  often  6-androUE. 
§  3.    Flowers  suh-raccined:  leaves  sagittate,  cordate,  or  hastate. 
P-  sAGiTTATiTit.  Ell-  Flowers  subcapitate;  style  3  cleft;  stem  flaccid,  retrorsely  aculeate;  leaves  sagittate- 
Vulgo — Arrow-ieaved  Tear- thumb. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  nfler-  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October- 

Hab.  Swaniny  thickets,  and  wet,  shaded  grounds:  common.    2  to  4  feet  long:  flowers  pale  red. 

p.  ARiFOLiUM.  Eil.  FIowersdistinct,G-:iudr<jua,  Style  2  cleft;  stem  retrorsely  aculeate;  leaves  hastate, 
Vul^o — Halbert-leavcd  Tear-thumb- 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after-  7^/-  mat.     ?vliddle  of  October. 

Hab-  Swampy  meadows;  along  rivulet«,  oic  common.    3  to  i3  feet  long:  flowers  pale  red.  s 

Ohs.  The  seed*  are  large,  roundish,  or  ovate,  and  somewhat  coruprcssod-     I  tliink  ha.iiaium  would  have 
been  a  more  £>[ ri'-'i-::''!'"  «l  ecific  m»tte- 


OCTANDRIA.  TIIIGTI^IA.  49 

p.  scA]N"DEN3-  Ph.  Leaves  broad-conlate;  racemes  axillary,  erect;  seeJ-cover  3-vvingcd. 
Fa/go— American  climbing  Buck-wlieat. 

Fl-  Last  of  August,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hub.  Tliickets,fenpe-rows,  and  moist  places:  frequent.    8  to  12  feet  long:  flowers  white. 

p.  coNvoLVXTLUs.  Ph.  Leaves  oblons;;,  hastate-cordate;  stem  roughish;  seed-cover  without  wings. 

Vulgo—W'iid  Buck -wheat.    Black  Bind- weed. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Hah.  Cultivated  grounds;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    4  to  G  feet  long:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  is  believed  to  be  a  foreigner.  It  often  occurs  in  wheat  fields,  twining  round  the  stalks  of 
wheat.  Although  this  and  the  foregoing  species  have  cojisideiable  resemblance  to  each  other,  yet  they  a^e 
readily  distinguished  by  comparing  the  fruit,  and  leaves. 


CLASS  IX.     ENNEANDRIA. 


161.     LAURUS.     Nutt.  Gen.  374. 
tThe  ancient  Latin  name  for  the  Bay  tree:  origin  obscure] 

Trreguiarlg  polygamous:  C'al.  0.     Cok.  4  to  6  parted.    Nectaries  d,  each  a  2  bristled  or  2  lohed  gland, 
surrounding  the  germ.     Slam,  variable,  3  to  14.    Drupe  1  seeded. 

L.  BEXZOiN.  Ell-  Leaves  cuneate-oboval;  flowers  in  clustered  umbels,  on  the  leafless    branches. 
Synon.  L.  pseudo-benzoin.  Mx.        Vulgo-Spke-v/ood.    Wild  Allspice.  Fever  Bush.    Benjauiui  tree. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Shaded  rivulets,  and  fence-rows:  frequent.    G  to  8  feet  high:  flovi-ers  greenish  yellow;  fruit  red. 

06.9.  An  aromatic  stimulant .  A  decoction  of  the  branches  of  this  shrub  is  much  used,  as  a  medicinal 
drmk  lor  cattle,  &c.  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 

L.  SASSAFRAS.  Mx.  Arh.  Mostly  dioicous;  leaves,  some  oval  and  entire,  others  2  or  Slobed. 

Fn?g-o— Sas.s3fras.    Sassufrack. 

Fl.  Last  of  April.  />.  mat.  Last  of  August.  / 

Hab.  Woodlands,  fence-rows, &c.  common.     15,  to  30  or  48  feet  high:  flowers  yellow;  fruit  blue. 

Oh^.  This  a  powerful,  aromatic  stimulant,  and  possesses  valuable  medical  properties:  for  an  accopnt  o<" 
which  as  well  as  those  ot  the  foregoing  species,  >■?&  Dr.  Brockenbrovgh's  Inaugural  Thesis^  1604. 
Philad.  Also,  Barton's  Collections  for  a  Mat.  Med-  U.  S. 


CLASS  X.     DECANDRL\. 

JH,    Flowers  Monopetalous. 

102.    GAULTIIEPJA.    N-.M.  Gm.  37S. 
[In  honor  of  M.  Gaulthier;  a  PVench  Physician  and  Botanist,  of  Quebec,  in  Canada.] 

Cal.  5  cleft,  bibracteate  at  base.    Cor.  ovate.     Caps,  superior,  5  celled,  invested  by  the  hcrrkd  calyx. 
G.  PRocrTviBENs.  Ell.  Leaves  crowded  at  .summit,  oboval,  cilipte-denticulate;  flowers  terminal,  nodding. 
Fm//xo— Tea-berry.    Mountain  tea.    Ginger-berry.    Spicy  Winter-green.    Farlridge-berry. 
Ft.  Middle  of  July.  /,>.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hah.  Woodlands:  Patton's:  rare.    4  to  6  inches  high:  flov/ers  white;  fruit  red. 

Ohs.  This  spicy  little  evergreen  i3  very  rare  in  this  vicinitv.  I  have  only  met  with  it  in  one  spot,  near  lh» 
>vesiern  border  of  Patton's  v.oods.  Dr.  Baldwin  informed  me  it  grew  on  the  Braiulywine  h.ills,  near 
J.»oxyni'igtown;  and  I  ujidorrland  it  has  also  bseu  found  in  the  hilly  woodlands  south  of  George  Darling- 


fO  DECAKDRIA.  MONOGYISIA. 

163.    VACCINIUM.    Niitt.  Gen.  379. 
tAn  ancient,  classical  name;  of  obscure  etymology.] 

Cal.  superior,  5  toothed.  Cor.  iirceolate,  or  campanulate,  5  cleft.  Berry  4  or  5  celled,  many  seeded. 

V.  ALBUM.  Ph.  Leaves  oval,  acute,  entire;  flowers  campanulate,  axillary,  nodding;  anthers  exsert,  awned. 

Tuigo— Deer-berry.    Squaw  Whortleberry. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

JIab.  Woodlands:  Patton's:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  white:  fruit  bluish  green. 

Gbs.  This  is  a  showy  species,  when  in  flower;  and  bears  large  globose  berries,  which  generally  continue 
of  a  greenish  color  until  ripe,  and  are  not  eatable.  The  V.  sfa?»uHf!tfli,  of  Pursh,  and  other  Botanists,  ap- 
pears to  be  only  a  variety  of  this.  Indeed  the  whole  genus,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  seems  to  be  highly  po- 
I  vmorphous,  and  ditficult  to  define  satisfactorily-    I  have  seen  flowers  of  this  species  which  had  20  stamina. 

V.  REsiNOsuM.  Ph.  Leaves  oblong-oval,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots  beneath;  corolla  ovate-conjc 

Fh//.;o— Black  Whortleberry.    Huckleberry. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July. 

JJab.  Sterile  woodlands;  Barrens,  &c.  frequent,    l^  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  reddish;  fruit  black, 

Obs.  The  fruit  is  pleasant,  but  not  so  much  esteemed  as  the  following,  on  account  of  its  larger  seeds. 
V.  FRONDOsuM-  Ell.  Leavcs  oval-lanceolate,  sub-glaucous  and  pubescent ;  corolla  globose-campanulate- 
Synon.  V.  glaucum.  Mx.  Fu/g-o— Blue  Huckleberry.    Blue-tangle.s. 

n.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

jJab.  Low,  moist  grounds:  Matlack's,  &c.  not  common.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  bUiish  black- 

Obs.  This  species  produces  the  most  agreeable  fruit;  and  is  more  rare,  here,  than  the  others, 
y.  coRYMBOSUM.  Fll.  Lcavcs  lanccoIatc,  ficute,  joung  oncs  silky-pubesccnt;  corolla  oblong. 
iiynon.  V.  disomorphum.  JiLc.  Vulgo— Swamp  Whortleberry.    Bilberry. 

PI.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Wet  places,  near  Geo.  Vernon's,  &c.  not  common.    5  to  12  feet  high:  flowers  reddish;  fruit  black. 

Obs  We  hav3,  probably,  some  varieties  of  this  species.  Although  I  have  consulted  several  distinguish- 
ed botanical  friends,  respecting  our  Vacciniums,  I  am  by  no  means  satisfied  that  my  list  is  either  complete, 
or  entirely  to  be  relied  on .  My  difficulties  have  been  enhanced,  also,  by  the  apparent  discrepancy  among 
ihe  authors  whom  1  have  consulted. 

164.    ATN'DROMEDA.    Nutt.  Gen-  3S0-1. 
[A  poetical  name;  borrowed  from  the  ancieilt  Classics] 

Cai.-  inferior,  5  parted.    Cor.  ovate,  or  subcylindric;  border  5  cleft,  reflected-    Caps.  5  celled,  5  valved. 

A.  LiGCETRiNA.  Ell-  Leavcs  obovate-lanceolate,  acutc;  panicles  terminal,  naked;  corolla  globose. 

Sijnon.  A.  paniculata.  Ph.  IiLr.  Marshall.    Lyonia  paniculata.  Nutt. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October- 

JIab.  Low,  moist  woodlands:  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high;  flowers  white,  small. 

05s.  This,  though  subject  to  some  varieties,  is,  I  think,  the  only  species  of  Andromeda  which  I  have  ob- 
served in  this  vicinity. 

165.    KALINIIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  332. 
[In  honor  of  Peter  Kalm;  a  Swedish  Botanibt] 

Cal-  5  parted.  Cor-  salverform;  10  horns  beneath,  and  10  cavities  within,  for  the  anthers.  Caps.  5  celled. 

K-  LATiFOLiA.  Mc  Arb-  Leaves  oval,  entire,  coriaceous,  smooth;  corymbs  terminal,  viscid. 

f'i(/go--Laurel.    Calico-bush.    Ivy-bush. 

Fi.  'Letter  end  of  May.  .  Jf-V.  mat.  Beginning  of  October- 

Hab   Shaded,  rocky  hills:  Brandywine:  frequent.    3  to  8  feethigh:  flowers  rose-red;  sometimes  white. 

Obs.  A  highly  ornamental  evergreen,  when  in  flower;  and,  if  it  were  more  rare,  would  doubtless  be  nincli 
t-oueht  after.  It  possesses  active  medicinal  properties;  (for  an  account  of  which.  See  Barton's  Col- 
lections, and  Dr.  G.  G.  Thomas's  Inaugural  Thesis,  1802,  Philad.)  but  I  believe  it  has  seldom  been 
employed.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  and  is  often  used  in  making  handles  for  knives,  and  other  small  imnle- 
ments- 

{trf-  The  E-  angnstifolia  has  not  been  found  in  this  vicinity-  I  have  not  seen  it  nearer  than  the  Octoia- 
\o  Creek;  wliich  divides  this  county  from  Lancabter- 


DECANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA,  5i 

166;    EPIG^A.    Nutt.  Oen.  385. 
fGr.  Epi,  upon,  and  Ge.the  earth;  from  its  prostrate  habit-] 

Cal.  Spartedjtiibracteateat  base.    Cor.  salverform.     Caps.  5  celled:  Recept:ich  5  parted, 

E.  REFEXs.  Ell.  Hirsute;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire,  reticulate;  corolla  cylindrical. 

P'u/g-o— Ground  Laurel.    Trailing  Arbutus- 

Fl.  Middle  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub.  Hilly  woodlands,  of  r.orthern  exposure:  frequent.    «  to  12  inchas  long:  flowers  pale  red;  fragrant. 

Obs.  This  prostrate  little  evergreen  has  been  supposed,  lately,  lo  be  injurior.s  to  cattle,  when  eaten  by 
them:  (See  American  Farmer,  Vol.  7.  p.  lo9.)  but  further  observation  will  probably  be  requisite  to  de- 
termine the  lact.  ^ 

OCf-  The  Rhododexdron  maximum,  or  Mountain  Laurel,  grows  along  the  Schuylkill,  on  the  north- 
eastern boundary  of  this  county;  but,  I  believe,  not  nearer  to  this  place. 

5.     Flovvers  Polypetalous.    a.    Regular-. 

167.    PYROLA.    Nutt.  Gen.  3S9. 
[A  diminutive  of  Pyrus,  a  Pear;  the  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  pear-tree.]' 
Cal.  5  parted.    Cor.  5  petalled.     Style  exserted.    Caps.  5  celled,  opening  at  the  angles. 
p.  rotundifolia.  JSTuft.  Leaves  orbicular,  obsoletely  crenulate;  bractes  ovate,  acute;  pistil  declined 
FuZgo— Round-leaved  Winter-green.    Shin-leaf. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August, 

ifofe.  Woodlands:  common.    5  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

P-  ELLIPTIC  a.  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  plicately  crenate:  bractes  linear,  subulate- 
Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  J^atter  end  of  August- 

Hub.  Woodlands:  common.    4  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Ohs.  Very  nearly  allied  to,  and  easily  confounded  with,  the  preceding;  but  perhaps  sufficiently  distinct. 

p.  SECUNDA.  Ph.  Leaves  roundish-ovate,  acute,  serrulate;  flowers  secund;  pistil  straight- 

FL  Last  of  Jul3'.  Pr.  mat. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Wollerton's:  rare.    4  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  white- 

Obs-  The  root  of  this  species  is  stoloniferous,  long,  and  slender,— often  reaching  two  feet  or  more.  It 
is  very  rare  in  this  immediate  vicinity;  but  I  have  seen  it  in  abundance,  in  John  Jackson's  woodlands,  ia 
Londongrove  township,  about  15  miles  from  West-Chester- 

16S-    CHIMAPHILA.-    Nutt.  Gen.  390. 

[Gr-  C//ema,- "Winter,  and  Philos,  a  Friend,  or  liOver;  from  its  sempervirent  character;] 

i^AL-  5  parted-    Cor-  5  petalled-    Stigma  sessile,  orbicular.    Cape.  5  celled,  opening  from  the  summit: 

C.  MACULATA.  Ph-  Lcaves  ovate-lanceolate>  incisely  serrate,  discolored;  peduncle  2  or  3  flowered. 
<S'^)io?i-  Pyrola  maculata-  IVitld.  Mx.  &c-  FM/°-o—.Si)Otted  Winter-green. 

Fl.  liatter  end  of  June-  Fr.  nutt.  I jast  of  September. 

Huh.  Woodlands:  frequent.    About  6  inches  high:  flowers  wlnlc 

Obs.  Dr-  Smith  (.Cjclopo'd.)  condenms  the  establishment  of  this  Genus;  but  as  it  has  received  the  sanc- 
tion of  several  of  our  most  eminent  Botanists,  I  have  thought  it  expedient  to  adopt  it-  This  species  is  con- 
sidered poisonous  by  many  per-^ons;  but  it  is  a  mere  prejudice,  arising  probably  from  tlie  circumstance  of 
its  having  spotted  loaves-  Its  medical  virtues,  however,  are  inferior  lo  those  of  the  following;  and'  Sohcepf 
and  Pursh  are  undoubtedly  mistaken  in  saying  that  thi.^i  is  the  jilant  called  Pipsti>suwu,  among  the  Nativei. 
Ttiat  name,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  is  exclusively  applied  to  the  subsequent  species. 

C.  UMBELLATA    Nutt.  lieavcs  cuneate-lanceolate,.serrate,  of  one  color;  peduncle  corymbed- 
Synon-  C-  corymbosa-  Ph.    Pyrola  umbellata-     Ifilld.  Mx.  &c.     Fu/go— Pipsissawa. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab-  Hilly  woodlands:  common.    6  to8  inrheshigh:  flowers  reddish  white- 

05s.  This  is  the  little  evergreen  so  noted,  as  an  IndiiUi  medicine,  under  the  name  of  Pipnisxawa,  or  Pldp- 
sessawa-  It  has  been  much  e.Molied,  in  the  Ga/fttcs,  as  a  nniedy  lor  malignant  fevers,  and  cancerous  sores 
It  is  moderately  bitter  and  astrini^eut;  and  is,  doubiK^^s,  wonhv'of  notice:  but  I  am  convinced,  from,  many 
liiitls  of  i':,  that  its  virtues  (as  is  usual  iu  such  ca^es,)  have  been  greatly  overrated. 

1C9.    MONOTROPA-    Nnlt.  Gen.  383- 
[Gr.  Monos,  one,  and  trepo,  to  turn;  iis  flowers  tuining  chiefly  to  one  side  ] 
Cal.  0.  CoR.  pseudo-poly petalous,  persistent;  5  exterior  gibbous  at  base-  Cap.-.  5  valved-  S'scc/s  numerous- 
M-  XJyiFUQRX   Ni.t!-  Stems  mcsl^r  c!'.'.stereJ,l  flcwered:  flower  nodding,  fmrdly  erect 


62  DECANDRIA.  MONOGYNiA. 

Vulgo—JVird-s  neft-    Indian  pipe. 

Fi.  Last  of  June,  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July,  anci  after- 

Hub-  Woodlands:  frequent.    4  to  3  iaches  liigh:  whole  plant  white,  succulent. 
M.  LANUGINOSA.  3lc.  Octandrons;  stem  Epike-flowercd;  flowers  and  scales  pubescent.  - 
<S'/;?7j:.t.  Hypopithj-s  lanuginosa.  Nutt.  Fa/go— Pine-sap.    False  Beech-drops, 

FL  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  F7\  mat.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Woodland.^:  Patton's:  not  common.    3  to  6  inches  high:  whole  plant  reddish  orange. 

Of'.'.  T':ese  two  plants  seem  so  nearly  a'lied  that  I  have  concluded  to  keep  them  together:  T)ut  if  the  ge- 
nus Hypopithys  should  finally  be  re-established,  it  ought  probably  to  be  transferred  to  the.class  Ootandria. 

b.    Flov-iers  h-regtilar. 

170.    CASSIA.    Nutt.  Gen .  59S. 
[An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  etyKology.] 
C»-L.  5  leaved-  Con-  petals  5.  Anthers,  3  lowest  rostrate,  on  longer  filaments.    Legume  membvanaceous. 
C.  MABii.ANDiCA-  rh-  Leaflets  in  about  3  pairs,  lance-oblong;  racemes  manyflowered;  legumes  curved. 
J^iilgo— Wild  Senna. 

FL  Latter  end  of  July.  -  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Jiab.  Low  grounds:  Brandywine,  &c.  frequent.     About  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  The  leaves  are  said  to  be  a  tolerable  substitute  for  the  Senna  of  the  shops.  Previous  to  flowering 
itis  often  mistaken  for  a  young  locust  tree,  by  careless  observers. 

C.  NICTITAN3.  Ph.  Leaflets  in  many  pairs,  linear;  peduncles  clustered,  few-flowered;  flowers  pentandrous 
Fi/?g-o— Wild  Sensitive  plant. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  Auj;ust,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Ilab-  Dry,  sandy  banks:  roadsides,  &c.  very  common.    6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

0&'.  The  leaves  of  this  species  are  somewhat  irritable,  like  those  of  the  Mimosa,  or  sensitive  plant.  The 
C  chamcscrisici  grows  about  Wilmnigton,  Del.  but  I  have  not  met  with  it  nearer  to  this  place,  except  in 
gardens. 

.       fTl.    BAPTI81A.    Nuft.  Gen.  400. 
C  3 

Cal.  half  4  or  .5  cleft,  bilabiate.    Cor.  papilionaceous.    Stam.  caducous.  Legume  ventricose,  pedicellate 

S.  t:wctcria.  FH.  Ghbrous;  leaves  fernate;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  sub-sessile;  racemes  terminal- 

S>jnon.  Podalyria  tinctoria.   IVUld-  Ttlx.  Ph.  &c-       Fu/'go— Wild  Indigo. 

FL  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  ]Middle  of  September. 

Uab.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands:  very  commcn.    About  2  feet  hijih,  very  bushy,  or  branching:  flowers  yellov/- 

172.  SAXIFRAGA.     Nxdt.  Gen.  405. 

[Lat-  Saxum.  a  rock,  and  frangot  to  break;  from  its  often  growing  in  clefts  of  rocks-] 

Ca.t..  5  parted,  persistent.    Cor..  5  petalled.     Caps,  birostrate,  opening  between  the  beaks,  many  seeded; 

S.  viHGimCA.  FL  PhU.  Leaves  spathulate,  crenate;  panicle  corymbose;  flowers  subsessile,  crowded. 

£'j(!it'i!.  S.  nivalis.   WUld.MvM.  S.  virginiensis.  Mx.  Ph.  EU.  S.  vernalis,  Big.     Fu/go— Early  Saxifrage. 

Fi-  Middi-?  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  May. 

Kerb.  Dry,  stony  banks;  woodlands  &c.  frequent.    4  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

►S.  PENXSYLVANiCA.  PA.  Leaves  oblong-lanceclate,  denticulate;  peduncles  alternate,  corymbose-capitate. 

Vvlgo — Large  Saxifrage.    Pennsylvanian  Saxifrage. 

FL  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning-  of  July. 

Hub.  Swamps,  and  low  ground.":-:  frequent.    1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  green. 

Ohs.  This  species  is  usually  about  2  feet  high;  but  I  have  occasionally  met  with  it  upwards  of  5  feet  high. 

173.  ftllTF.LLA.    Nnft.  Gen.  407. 

[Lat,  diminutive  of  Mitra,  a  cap;  the  ripe  seedvessel  resembling  a  cap,  or  little  mitre-l 
f^'AT..  5  cleft,  persistent.    CoR.  petals  5,  pinnatifid,  inserted  on  the  calyx.    Caps.  1  celled ,  semibivalved. 
LI.  DiPHYLLA.   Willd.  Leaves  cordate,  sub-lobate,  acute,  dentate;  scape  2  leaved,  leaves  opposite. 
Fu/fro— Bishop's  cap.    Bast.ird  American  Sanicle.    Currant-leaf. 
Fl.  Lattc-vend  of  April,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning-  of  June. 

Jiuh.  Rich,  moist  woo Jlands:  Brandywine:  frequent.    1  to2feethi:h:  tiowcrs  white,  delicate. 


DECANDRIA.  DIGYNIA.  53 

174.    SAPONARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  403. 
[Lat.  Sapo,  soap;  hs  mucilage  affording  a  sort  of  substitute  for  that  article.] 

Cal.  tubular,  5  toothed,  naked  at  base.    Cor.  petals  5,  unguiculate.    Caps,  superior,  1  ceiled. 
S-  OFFICINALIS.  Ell  Calyx  cylindrical;  leaves  opposite,  subconnate,  ovate-lanceolate,  entire. 
Fif/.jfj— Soap-wort.    Bruise-vyort.     Bouncini;-  Bet. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

■Mub.  Gardens,  and  among,-  rubbish.-  frequent.     12  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  reddish  white. 

Ohs.  This  is  a  foreigner,  and  rather  troublesome  in  our  gardens.  Dr.  Withering  snys  that  when  "  bruispa 
and  agitated  with  water,  it  raises  a  lather  like  soap,  which  washes  greasy  spots  out  of  clothes.  A  decoc- 
tion of  it,  applied  externally,  cures  the  itch."  Ke  also  notices  othermedica!  properties  (See  his  Systema- 
tic Arrangement  of  Brifish  Plaids,  fifiu  Edition,  Vol-  2.  p.  503)  :     liut  I  iucliiie  to  doubt  them. 

17o.    CUCUBALUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  411. 

[Altered  from  Cacobole—Gr.  Kakos,  evil,  and  Bole,  shoot,  or  plant;  from  its  supposed  character.  De  TJicis-l 

Cal.  inflated,  5  toothed.    Con.  petals  5,  unguiculate,  not  crowned  at  throat.  Caps.  3  celled. 

C-  STELLATUS.  EH.  Leaves  verticillate  by  4'S;  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate;  petals  fimbriate. 
'  Fu/gfo— Four-leaved  Campion. 

Fl-  Be<;inni!ig  of  July,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Hal'.  Woodlands:  E.Uh,  &c.  frequent.    ?.  to  4feethi-h:  flowers  white. 

176.    SILENE.    Andf.  Gen.  412. 

[Supposed  from  the  Gr.  S/ii?on..  saliva;  in  allusion  to  the  frothy,  viscid  moisture  on  the  stalks.] 

Cal-  cylindric,  or  conic.     Cor.  petals  5,  unguiculate,  mostly  crowned  at  throat.     Caps.  3  celled- 

S.  ANTiRRir»N'.\.  Eil-  Leaves  narrow-lanceoiate;  peduncles  dichotomons.  or  trifid;  capsules  inflated- 

!Ftt/g-o— Catch-fly. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat-  Middle  of  July. 

jHizt.  Wheat  lields,  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent,    li  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  v^hite,  small. 

Ohi.  Remarkable  for  having  portions  of  the  stem,  and  peduncles,  covered  v>'ith  a  dark  red  viscid  matter, 
very  adhesive. 

177.    STELLARIA.    Nuff.  Gen.  41.:^. 

[Ij;it.  S/t/Zft,  a  star;  the  corolla,  of  bifid  petals,  reserr.bling  a  star.] 

Cal.  5  leaved,  spreading.     Cor.,  petals  5,  deeply  2  cleft.    Caps,  ovate,  1  celled,  many  seeded- 

S.  MEDIA.  Ph.  Stems  procumbent,  with  an  alternating,  lateral,  hairy  line;  leaves  ovate,  smooth. 

Viilgo — Common  Chickweed. 

Fl.  All  summer.  Fr.  mat.  May,  and  after. 

Mab.  Gardens,  and  cultivated  grounds:  very  common.    About  1  foot  long:  flowers  white. 

Ohs.  Probably  a  foreigner.  The  stamens  vary,  in  number,  from  3  to  5,  or  10.  Sometimes  it  continues 
green  tlwoughout  the  winter;  and  I  have  seen  it  in  flower  in  the  mo;ith  of  Februaij'. 

S.  LA.NCEOLATA.  Tor?  Glabrous;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  ciliate  at  base;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Synon.  S.  uliginosa.  Bart.  Fl.  P/iil?    Ivlicropetalam  lanceolatum.  Ph?  Spergulastrum  lanceolatum.  3Lr' 
Fl.  Middle  of  Ma}',  and  after.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  July,  and  after. 

Hah.  Swampy  springs,  on  the  Barrens:  frequent.    0  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white,  delicate- 

Obs.  I  have  some  doubts  respecting  t'.iis  species.  On  the  authority  of  Mr.  Schweinitz,  I  have  referred 
'it  to  the  S.  lauceolata.  of  Torrey.  It  is  a  .smooth,  succulent  plant,  with  flaccid  4  cornered  stems;  leaves 
opposite,  sub-amplexicaul,  oval-lanceolate,  narrow  at  base,  and  slightly  ciliate;  flowers  sub-paniculate. 

S.  LONCiFOLiA.  Tor.  Leaves  opposite,  lance-linear,  entire,  .smooth:  panicle  terminal:  caly.x  3  nerved. 
Synon.  S.  graminca.  Bi^.  St.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  3IicropctaIum  gramineum.  Ph.  Spergulastrum  gramineuui.  3Ir. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.    '  Fr.  mat.  Eoftinning  of  Jnly. 

Hab.  Swampy  ground.?:  Bath,  ficc  frequent.    22  to  20  inches  high:  flowcis  while. 

Ohs.  Stem  sub-decumbent,  slender,  acutely  1  angler*,  or  sub-alate;  theiuimbc:- cT  stvles  varvi.igficm  3, 
to  -1  '>r  -5. 


54  DECANDRIA.  TRIGYN!A» 

178.    ARENARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  414. 
[Lat.  Arena,  sand;  in  reference  to  the  favorite  soil  of  some  species.] 
Cal.  5  leaved,  spreading.    Cor.  petals 5,  ovate,  entire.    Caps,  ovate,  1  celled,  many  seedecT. 
A.  LATEHiFLORA.  Ph?  Stem  fiUform;  pedicels  lateral,  long,  2  or  3  cleft,  1  bibracteate  in  the  middle. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  June  ,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July,  and  after. 

Kab.  Barrens:  shaded  rivulet,  above  S.  Stringfellow's:  rare.    9  to  IS  inches  long:  flowers  white,  small. 

Chs.  Mr.  Schweiiiitz,  to  whom  I  submitted  this  plant,  says  "  there  is  no  doubt  that  this  is  A.  lateriflora:^ 
anrl  yet  it  doe.s  not  well  accord  with  the  description  given  by  Willdenow  and  Pursh.  The  leaves  are  lan- 
ceolate-oval, and  aciitc:  the  petals  are  shorter  than  the  calyx,— and,  what  is  more  remarkable,  are  deeply 
two-ncirted !  In  other  respects,  however,  it  seems  to  suit  the  description.  Can  it  be,  that  the  plant  intend- 
ed by  Pursh,  &c.  isreally  a  SW/arml  My  specimens  certainly,  iu  my  view,  have  more  of  the  habit,  and 
locality  of  a  Stellaria,  than  of  an  Arenaria. 

A.  sERpyLLiFcxTA.  Ell.  Stem  dichotomous^  diffuse;  leaves  ovate,  acute:  calyx  longer  than  the  petals- 

Fu/5-o— Thrme-leaved  Sand-wort. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June,  and  after. 

Il'jb.  Dry,  sandy  fields;  gardens,  &c.  frequent.     3  to  1)  inches  long:  flowers  white,  small. 

A.  STRiCTA.  EH.  Stems  aumerous;  leaves  subulate-linear,  erect;  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  petals. 

Fl.  Last  of  May,  till  August.  -fV.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after. 

Hcb.  Barren  ridge,  north  of  West-Chester:  not  common.    4  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Ob^.  Thisplant  is  remarkably  local  in  its  habitat.  It  abounds  among  the  perpentine  rocks,  on  the  most 
sterile  parts  of  the  Barren  ridge:  but  I  have  never  met  with  it  elsewhere.  Tiie  capsule  is  about  the  length 
of  the  calyx.    Ste  Elliott. 


173.    CERASTIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  417. 

[Gr.  A'i'raiion,  a  little  horn;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  capsules.] 

Cai..  5  leaved.    Cor.  petals  5,  bifid,  or  emarginate.     Caps.  1  celled,  opening  at  the  10  toothed  summit. 

C.  VUI.GATTJM.  Ph.  Cespitose;  hirsute;  leaves  ovate;  petals  oblong,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Vtilgo — Mouse-ear  Chickwccd.    JMouse-ear. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  af»r.  Fr-  mat-  June,  and  after. 

J/a&.  Pastures,  and  open  wcodlanJs:  frequent.    6  to  iO  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

C  viscosriiT.  Ph.  Diffuse;  hirsute;  viscous;  leaves  lance-oblcng;  petals  obovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx- 

Vulgo — Clammy  Mouse-ear. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  June,  and  after. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  &c.  near  Hatch's  factory:  fyequent.    4  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

C-  SEMiDECAfJDRtTM.  Ph.  Pentandrous;  decunfibcnt;  leaves  ovate,  acute;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx - 

F!.  Beginning  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  June,  and  after. 

Hab.  Pastures,  &.c.  Green  tree  farm:  frequent.    6  to  12  inches  long:  flowerswhite. 

Obs.  My  specimens  seern  to Lp  a  V3)i>?w,— being  somewhat  glabrous;  the  leaves  strictly  ovate,  loAver 
ones  petiolate.     This  and  the  two  preceding  species  are  supposed  to  be  foreigners. 

C.  LONGEPEDiJ?:c:uLATLrM.  Fl.  Phil.  Viscid-pubescent;  leaves  oblong-linear, acute;  peduncles  long. 

Synon.  C  glutinosura.  Nutt.     C  nutans.   Torrey. 

Fl.  Eegiimjng  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat-  Lastof  May,  and  after- 

Hah.  Woodlands;  shaded  rivulets,  Sic.  freq>ae;it.    G  to  12  inches  high:  flowerswhite. 

C.  HiRsuTUM?  Ell.  Hirsute;  leaves  ovai-lanceolate,  connate,  rather  obtuse;  flowers  clustered,  large. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.   La^t  of  May,  and  after. 

Hab.  Stony  banks:  Barrens;  Strode's  Mill:  frequent.    4  to  8  inches  long:  flowers  white. 

Obi.  Mr.  Schweinitz,  in  a  note  to  me.  says  "this  exactly  resernhles  C  hirmtmn,  Ell.  and  Muhl-  as 
communicated  to  me  by  Mr.  Elliott."  Indeed  Mr.  Elliott's  description  suits  it  very  well,  except  that  bomc 
of  the  leaves,  above,  are  rather  lanceolate,  and  somewhat  acute- 

C.  oELONGiFOi.iUM?  Tor.  Tomentose;  dichotomous;  leaves  lance-ohlong,  narrow;  peduncles  by  3's. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after. 

Hab-  Barren  Ridge,  frequent:  rare  clsewliere.    6  to  12  inches  high:  flcv/ers  white. 

Obs  Of  this  species  Mr.  SchweinitT:  remarks,  that  it  '' comes  nearest  to  the  C.  obloitf;ifolium,TorT^ji 
but  at  the  same  time  is  a  very  remarkable  one.— which  perhaps  on  closer  examination,  and  comparison,  may 
|>rove  new-"  Dr-  Muhlenberg  was  most  probably  acquainted  with  it;  and  I  am  ineimed  to  think  it  must ^ 
be  the  C.  dichutoiriU!:^  of  his  catalogue.      - 


DECANDRIA.  PENTAGYNIA.  55 

180.  AGROSTEMMA.    Nutt.  Gen.  41S. 

[Gr.  Agros,  a  field,  and  Stemma,  a  crown,  or  garland;  from  the  beauty  of  some  of  tl.e  species.] 
CAL.  1  leaved,  coriaceous,  tubular,  summit  5  cleft.  Cor.  petals  5,  unguiculate;  limb  obtuse.  Caps-  1  celled. 

A.  GiTKAGo.  Ph.  Hirsute;  calyx-teeth  linear-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  corolla;  petals  entire,  naked. 

Vulgo—Cockle.    Corn  Cockle. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

ffab.  Grain  fields;  chiefly  among  wheat  and  rye:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Obs.  This  unwelcome  foreigner  is  diligently  rooted  out  of  our  grain  fields  every  year-  but  it  still 
maintains  its  ground.    When  abundant  among  wheat,  its  black  seeds  injure  the  quality  of  the  'fiour. 

181.  PENTHORUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  421. 

[Gr.  Pente,  five,  and  Ot^os,  a  column;  alluding  to  the  five  conic  beaks  of  the  capsule.] 

Cal.  5  to  10  cleft.    CoR.  petals  5, or  0.     Caps.  5-cuspiJate,  5  celled.     Seeds  numerous,  minute. 

p.  SEDOiDEs.  Ell.  Stem  branching,  angled;  leaves  lanceolate,  subsessile,  serrate;  spikes  secund, 

lu/g-o— Virginian  Stone-crop.    Virginian  Orpine. 

FL  'Lnst  of  July  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

2Jab.  Swampy  rivulets,  ditches,  kc  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high;  flowers  yellowish  green. 

ORDER,    DECAGYNIA. 

182.  PHYTOLACCA.    Nutt.  Gen.  421. 

£Gr.  Phyion,  a  plant,  and  Lacca,  a  barbarous  word  meaning  lakej  a  substance  the  color  of  its  berries.  1 
Cal.  0.    Cor.  petals  5,  calycine-    Berry  superior,  10  celled,  10  seeded. 

p.  DECATSTDRA.  EH.  Branching;  glabrous;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end- 
F((/g-o— Poke.    Poke-berry  bush.    Pigeon-berry. 

Fl.  I^ast  of  June  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hub.  Rich  banks;  by  fences,  rotten  logs,  &c.  common.  4  to  6feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  dark  purple. 
Obs.  The  young  shoots  are  much  use  1,  in  tlie  spring,  as  a  substitute  for  asparagus.  The  root  is  endo^-ed 
with  active  medical  properties;  but  is  seldom  employed,  here.  See  Barton's  Collections^  Bi-e'oiirs  Mer' 
ieal  Botany,  kc.  The  ripe  berries  artord  a  handsome  purple  coloring  matter;  and  have  been  ^  ■-•'•c'  n''inr 
ture,  as  a  remedy  in  chronic  rheumatism.  ""'■  "      ' 

CLASS  XL     POLYANDEIA. 

ORDBR,    M02fOa*^HIA. 

Flowers  mostly  Interior. 

183.    TILIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  454. 
fEtymology  obscure:  fortasse  "a  <c/am,  quia  ejus  lignum  telis  faciendis  inservit.''  Bocrh.'[ 
Cal.  5  parted,  deciduous.    Cor.  petals  5.    Caps,  globose,  coriaceous,  or  horny,  1  seeded,  opening  at  base  . 

T.  GLABRA.  Ell.  Leaves  roundish-cordate,  acutely  serrate,  abruptly  acuminate,  glabrous-  nut  ova!. 
Hymn.  T.  americana.  IVilld.  Ms.  Arb.  T.  canadensis.  Mx.  Fl.  Am.  J  a/go— Linn,  or  Linden.  Eass  wocl 
r/.  Latter  end  of  Jimc.  i>.  ma^  Beginning  of  October. 

Bab.  Along  Brandywinc,  frequent:  rare  daewhere.  40,  to  GO  and  SO  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  white. 
Oi^.  The  Tiliainay  be  easily  reco.n.ized  by  its  singular  mode  of  inflorescence,-the  peduncle  beinj: 
^ODlewhat  gemculatdy  attaciied  to  the  m.Mle  ot  an  oblong,  membranaceous  bracte;  and  tlu  r.re  toir-  La«<^ 
apparently  adnate  to  or  lailicr  con.stitutm?-.  the  Kuddle  rib  of  the  same.  Tlie  leaves  of  thi. 'species  are 
olten  obhq.iely  truncate  at  base.  It  IS  a  ha.uUome,stuidy  tree,  and  much  sought  after  to  plant  in  front  of 
hmises.-especially  m  towiis^  1  he  wood  is  white  und  soU,  and  is  oft-n  wrought  into  ludles,  snoons,  and 
other  utensils.  Mic  h.ux  (A,h.  Forest.)  infouns  us  th.a  the  iibrous  bark  of  "the  trunk,  wh.n 'mace  .rt" 
and  p  ep.ued,  is  used  in  .^ome  part.s  of  the  IT  S.  ,n  making  a  coarse  cordage  for  domestic  rurr.oses.  The 
^aHs     teT,  r'^rnSr^'V-/^^^^^  '^^^^'  Avaler,'lor'  burns  Ld 


53  POLYANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA. 

ISi.   HELIANTHExMUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  455. 
[Gr.  Hdios,  the  siiiij  and  Anthemon,  a  flower;  the  flowers  opening,  as  is  said,  only  in  the  sunshine.] 

Cal.  5  leaveil,  the  two  exteriornarrower.    Cos..  petals  5.    Caps.  1   celled,  3  valved,  opening  at  top. 

ii-  CArfADENSE.  FJl.  Leaves  oblong-lanc^olate,  flat;  racemes  terminal,  few-flowered;  stumens  inclined. 

Synon.  Cistus  canadensis.     IVilld.  Big-  Lc.  F-'ii/(,-o— Frost  weed.    Sock  rose. 

F(.  Middift  of  Jane.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

JIab.  Sterile  lii!!.?:  Barrens:  rare  elsewhere.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  yellow,  large. 

IT.   R4.MTTLiFi.o7it-M.  3fe.  Leaves  laace-oval,  margins  revolute;  flowers  crowded  on  short  branches. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beg;inn!ng  of  August,  and  after. 

Hub-  Barren  ridge,  frequent:  rare  elsewhere.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow,  inconspicuous. 

Ohf-  This  species  has  much  of  the  habit  of  Lechea  major,  except  that  the  fruit  is  larger,  and  in  more 
crowded  glomerules. 

185.    TALINUM.    Nuit.  Gen.  458. 
[Perhaps  from  the  Gr.  iAaWo,  to  be  green;  alluding  to  the  verdant  habit  of  the  genusv] 

C'AL-  2  leaved.    Cor.  petals  5,  spreading.    Caps.  1  celled, 3  valved,  many  seeded..  Re cept-  globose. 

T.  TERETiFOLiuM.  Nutt.  Leaves  terete,  subulate,  carnose;  peduncles  elongatedj  naked,  cymose. 

I'l.  Latter  end  of  June  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  September,  and  October- 

JIab.  Serpentine  rocks,  exclusively:  Barren  ridge,  abundant.    4  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  reddish  purple. 

Obs.  Tills  handsome  little  plant  is  remarkably  circumscribed  in  its  habitat.    I  have  never  met  with   it 
except  where  the  Serpentine  rock  rises  to  the  surface  of  the  earth;  and  even  there  it  is  confined  to  the 
most  naked  and  sterile  sjiOts.    In  such  places,  however,  it  may  almost  invariably  be  found  in  great   abun-' 
daiice.     The  root  is  perennial,  and  hardy,— of  a  firm,  fleshy  consi.stence  ;  generally  much  exposed,  and  of 
a  reddish  brown  color,  externally.    The  leaves  are  cylindrical,  mostly  incurved,  and  acute,  one  to  tv.'o  in- 
ches in  length,  and  about  a  line  in  diameter,  rather  crowded,  and  often  patting  forth  in  fascicles  from  the 
root.     The  pedtmcks  (for  they  are  not  strictly  seape^, — being  generally  inserted  on  short,  fleshy  stems.) 
are  .slender,  naked,  elongated,  and  cjmosely  branched  above;  the  pedicels  clavate,  somewhat  resembling 
(he  htjpeti  of  the  Caulophyllum,— and  subtended  by  small  membranaceous  bractes,  mostly  opposite, — often,, 
in  threes  at  the  branches,  forming  a  sort  of  involucre.    The  flowers  appear  in  succession,  opening  in  the?.) 
mfddle  of  the  day.  and  closing  in  the  evenmg,  not  to  expand  agaia;  the  petals,  shriveliiug,  and  apparently!;, 
twisting  together,  remain  a  considerable  time  on  the  germ.     The  style   is  the  length  of   the  stamens;   thef 
stigma  triftd,  spreading,  and  minutely  pubescent.     The  capsule  is  triangular-ovate, — or  often  trigonous-tur-:'^ 
l,ji,j'ate— of  three  valves,  v.-iih  a  little  ridge  in  the  middle  of  each  vaive,  within,  like  the  rudiment  of  a  dis- " 
Sicpiir.rnt.     The  seeds  are  sub-reniform,  or  rather  somewhat  cochleate;  and  not  arillatc, — therefore  not 
exactly  agreeing  with  the  generic  character,  as  given  by  Nutlall,  and  Willdenow.    The  annexed  plate 
will  afford  a  pretty  good  idea  of  the  habit  of  the  plant. 

ISa.    PORTULACA.    Nutt.  Gen.  467. 
[An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  etymology.] 

Cal.  half  superior,  Lilid,  compressed,  persistent.    Cor.  petals  5.  Caps,  circumscissed,  many  seeded. 

P.  oleracea.  E!l.  Stem  prostrate,  branching,  terete,  glabrous;  leaves  cuneiform-obovate;  flowers  sessilC' 

FcZ^o— Purslane.    Garden  Purslane. 

17.  Last  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Ilah.  Gardens,  and  cultivated  lots:  common.    6  to  15  inches  long:  flowers  yellow. 

'O&s.  The  seeds  are  punc.tately  indented;  and,  in  figure,  somewhat  resemble  those  of  Talinum._  Although 
a  common  piaiitj  t  doubt  its  beiu--  a  native  here.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb:  but  is  not  much 
esteemed. 

1S7.    CHELIDONIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  459. 
[Gr.  Chdidon,  a  swallow;  fiov/ering  about  the  time  that  bird  makes  its  appearance.] 

Cat..  2  leaved,  caducous.    Cor.  petals  4.     -St/iqufi  linear,  2  valved,  1  celled.     Si^tZs  crested, numerous- 

C    MAjrs.  Sm.  Fl.  Brii.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  lobed,  lobes  crenate;  umbels  axillary,  pedunculate. 

T';:' ',0— Oelandine. 

Fl.  Begianiug  of  '-vlay.  Fr.  inat.  M\M]c  of  July. 

liab.  Fence-rows;  among  rubbish,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  j'cilow. 

OJ:s.  Tills  foveisiiier  has  pscaj>ed  from  our  gardens,  and  is  bpcovning  extensively  naturalized.  The  deep 
yeilov,- jtuce  of  this  phiit  U  a  well  known 'popular  cure  for  warts,  tetters,  &c.  but  is  scarcely  worthy  of 


Flute  3. 


Fuac-  56. 


^yf^r////// ///  .  y< , ////r//// 


POLYANDRIA.  MONOGYNIA.  57 

188.    ARGEMONE.    Nutt.  Gen.  462. 

[Gr.  ^/-g-^jna,  a  disease  of  the  eye;  supposed  to  be  cured  by  the  plant.] 

Cal.  3  leaved,  caducous.    Cor.  petals  6.     Stigma  sessilcj  capitate,  lobed-    Cap.'s.  semi-valveu. 

A.  MEXicANA.  Ell.  Leaves  pinnatifid-lobate,  spinose;  flowers  axillary;  capsules  5  valved. 
f^u/g-o— Prickly  Poppy.    Horned  Poppy. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Gardens,  and  cultivated  lots:  not  common.     1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow,  large. 

Obs.  This  is  a  stranger  here  j  but  is  becoming  gradually  naturalized,  although  some  pains  are  taken  to 
root  it  out. 

189.     SANGUINARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  464. 
[Lat.  Sanguis,  blood;  alluding  to  the  color  of  the  juice  of  the  plant.] 
Cal-  2  leaved,  caducous.  Cor.  petals  about  8.  Stig.  sessile,  2  grooved.  Caps,  oblong,  tapering  at  each  end, 

S.  canadensis.  Ell.  Leaves  subreniform,  sinuate-lobed,  glaucous  beneath;  scape  1  flowered. 

Fu/gfo— Red-root.    Blood-root.    Turmeric.    Puccoon.    Indian  Paint.     Blood-wort. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  June. 

Bab.  Rich  woodlands;  meadows,  &c.  very  common.    6  to  10  inches  high:    flowers  white. 

Obs.  The  capsules  burst  and  disappear  suddenly,  when  the  seeds  are  ripe.  The  root  is  emetic,  and 
otherwise  medicinal.    See  Dr.  Doioney's  Inaugural  Thesis,  1S03,   Philad.    Barton's  Collections,  &c. 

IDO.    PODOPHYLLUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  4S5. 
[Gr.  Pons,  podos,  a  foot,  and  P/ti//Zo7i,aleaf;  its  leaf  resembling  the  web-foot  of  a  duck.] 

Cal.  3  leaved.  Cor.  petals  about  9.   Stig.  sessile,  plicate,  crenate.  Berry  oval,  1  celled,  many  seeded. 

P.  PELTATUM.     Ell.  I..eaves  peltate-palmate,  single,  or  two  on  a  forked  stem;  flower  solitary. 

f'^u/go— Hog-apple.     May-apple.    Wild  Mandrake.     Duck's-foot 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands;  meadow  banks,  in  patches:  common.    12  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  The  stem  is  often  simple,  bearing  but  one  leaf,— and  then  produces  no  flower.  The  flower  is  only 
to  be  found  on  the  two  leavr.i  planXs,  situated  in  the  fork,  on  a  short,  slightly  curved  peduncle.  The  fruit 
is  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  Lime;  and  when  ripe,  is  esculent— but  is  not  esteemed.  The  root  affords 
a  good  substitute  for  Jalap,  as  a  cathartic— (expertus  loquor— )  and  not  " as  Ipecacuanha,''— as  Pursh 
erroneously  states. 

191-    ISUPHAR.    Nutt.  Gen.  468. 
[Gr.  Nouphar;  a  name  of  obscure  meaning.] 

Cal.  5  or6  leaved.  Cor.  petals  numerous;  dorsally  nectariferous.  Stig.  sessile,  radiated.  Caps,  carnosc 

N.  ADVENA.  Ph.  Leaves  erect,  cordate,  lobes  divaricate;  calyx  6  leaved;  stigma  13  rayed;  capsule  sulcate  . 
Synon.  Nymphaja  advena.  Willd-Mx.  Muhl.  Fu/g-o- Spatter-dock,  or  Splatter-dock.  Yellow  Pond-lily. 
Fl  Middle  of  May  till  October.  Fr.  mat.  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Ponds,  and  still  waters;  Brandywine:  frequent      1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  The  root  is  creeping— the  old  ones  sometimes  very  large— with  numerous  radicles  on  the  under  side, 
and  bearing  the  marks  of  the  petioles  of  former  years  on  the  upper  side. 

192.    ASARUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  724, 

["Vocatur  ab  a  (Gr.)  privative,  et  sau-o,  orno;  quasi  planta  nulli  ornamento  isserviens."    Boerh.'i 

Cal.  S  or  4  cleft, superior,  persistent.  Cor.  0.  -dsfficrsadnate  to  the  sides  of  the  filaments.   Caps.  6  cel'eu. 

A.  canadense.  Ell.  Leaves  broad-reniform,  in  pairs;  calyx  woolly,  deeply  3 parted,  reflexed. 

Vvlgo— Wild  Ginger.    Colt's-foot.     Asarabacca.    White  Snake-root. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  F:  mat.  Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  frequent.    8  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  dmgy  purple. 

06s.  The  flower  is  solitary,  on  a  short  peduncle  in  the  fork  of  the  leaves;  and  usually  buried  under  old 
decayed  leaves,  &c.  so  as  to  escape  common  observation.  The  root  is  strongly  aromatic,  and  may  perhaps 
possess  medical  virtues.  Professor  Barton,  in  his  Coilecdons  for  a  Materia  Mcdicn,  says  "the  expressed 
.iuice  of  the  fresh  leaves  is  a  powerful  emetic." — I  cannot  see  the  propriety  of  transferring  this  genus  to  th» 
i'liss  Gitnandria,  as  Messrs.  Pursh  and  Nultall  have  done.  It  is  so  distinct  in  habit  from  plants  of  thu"; 
rlass.  that  I  am  confident  a  student  would  never  think  of  lookins  for  it  there. 

1 


58  POLYANDRIA.    DI-PENTAGYNIA. 

193.    CIMICIFUGA.    Nutt.  Gen.  474. 
[Lat.   Cimer,  a  bug,  and  fugio,  to  expel;  from  its  supposed  virtues  ] 

Cal.  4  or  5  leaved.    Cor.  petals  4.    Caps.  1  to  5,  oblong,  opening  along  a  lateral  suture,  many  seeded 

C.  RACEMosA-  Ell.  Monogynous;  leaves  decompound;  racemes  virgateJy  paniculate;  capsule  ovate. 
Synon.  C.  serpentaria.  Ph.    Actea  racemosa.    IVilld.  Muhl.  Mr.       F«Zgo— Black  Snake-root. 
11.  Latter  end  of  June-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

ifa6.  Rich  woodlands:  common.    4  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Ohs.  The  root  is  sorne^yllat  mucilaginous  and  astringent;  and  is  a  very  popular  medicine,  both  for  man 
and  beast.  It  is  used,  in  infusion,  or  decoction,  chiefly  as  a  pectoral  medicine:  and  it  is  said  to  have  beeC 
found  useful  in  the  disease  of  cattle,  called  the  murrain.  Its  virtues,  however,  are  probably  over-rated— as 
is  usually  the  case  with  popular  remedies,  from  the  want  of  a  due  degree  of  discrimination,  as  lo  their, 
effects,  and  the  diseases  in  which  they  are  employed. 

194.  AQUILEGIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  473. 

[Lat.  Aquila,  an  Eagle;  its  nectaries  having  a  fancied  resemblance  to  eagle's  claws.] 

Cal-  0.    CoR.  petals  5.    A'iecfaHes  5,  corniculate,  situate  between  the  petals.     Caps.  5>  distinct 

A.  CANADENSIS.  EH.  Spurs  Straight ;  stamens  exscrted;  leaves  biternate,  and  lernate,  glaucous  beneath^ 

Viilgo — Wild  Columbine. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr-  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hob-  Rocky  banks,  along  Brandywine:  frequent.    12  to  13  inches  high;  flowers  red,  tinged  with  yellow. 

195.  HYPERICUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  476. 

[A  name  of  obscure  meaning:  Boerh.  says,  "  Hypereikon,  (Gr.)  quasi  herba,cujus  imago  eminet."1 

Cai,.  5  parted,  equal.  CoR.  petals  5.  Filam.  slightly  united  at  base.  Caps,  ovate,  as  many  cells  as  styles. 

Flowers  Trigynous. 

H.  PERFORATiTM.  Ph.  Stem  ancipital;  leaves  oblong,  pellucid-punctate;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
F?//go— Saint  John's  wort. 

Fl'  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September- 

Mab.  Fields,  and  pastures;  common.    1  to 3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  This  is  a  foreigner,  and  a  pernicious  weed  in  our  pastures:  often  prod'jcing  troublesome  scabby  sores 
upon  horses  and  horned  cattle,  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  them — especially  those  which  are  whiter  or 
have  white  feet  and  noses.  It  would  seem  that  the  dew  which  collects  on  the  plant,  becomes  active  in  this 
way.  I  have  seen  the  backs  of  white  cows  covered  with  sores,  wherever  the  bushy  ends  of  their  tails 
had  been  applied,  after  draggling  through  the  St.  John's  wort. — The  tincture  of  the  flowers  and  upper 
leaves  is  said  to  be  useful  in  some  complaints  »f  the  stomach  and  bowels.  See  Barton's  Med-  and  Phys. 
Journal,  Vol.  1.  part  2.  p.  54. 

IJ.  coRYMBosuM.  Pk.  Stem  terete,  black-punctate;  leaves  amplexicaul,  oblong-oval,  obtuse. 

Synon.  H.  maculatum.  Ell.  Mx. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Jiiab-  Woodlands,  and  fields:  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    1^  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow,  smallish. 

H.  PARViFi.oRUM.  Ell.  Stem  4  angled;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sub-cordate ;petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Synon.   H.  quinquenervium-  M.v.    H.  mutilum?  WiUd. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hah.  Wet,  low  grounds;  along  rivulets:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

H.  CANABENSE.  r/7.  Stem  4  angled;  leaves  linear,  tapering  at  base;  flowers  solitary;  capsules  long,  conic 

Fl-  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

JIab.  Moist,  gravelly  places:  Thomas  Hoopcs's:  frequent.    9  to  18  high:  flowers  yellow,  capsules  red. 


19G.    LTRIODENDRON.    Nutt.  Gen.  480. 
[Gr.   Lc'irion,  a  lily,  and  Dendron,  a  tree;  the  flowers  resembling  the  lily,  in  form. 3 

Cal.  3  leaved.   CoR- petals  mostly  0".    5'fi!7??arfc  sublanceolate,   1  or  2  seeded,  imbricated  in  a  cejis 


POLYANDRIA.   POLYGYNIA.  59 

Iv.  TCLiPiFERA.  Mx.  arh.  Leaves  4  lobed;  or  angularly  truncate  at  the  end,  with  nro  side  lobes. 

Fu/g-o— Poplar.    Tulip  poplar,  or  Tulip  tree.    AVhite  wood.    Canoe  wood. 

Fl.  Last  of  May.  p,,,  ^^t  Last  of  Ociober. 

Hub-  Rich  woodlands,  &:c.  common.    80  to  120  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow,  tinged  with  red. 

Obs.  This  magnificent  tiee  is  justly  considered  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  of  o'Jr  North  American 
forests.  The  s-peeies  comprises  two  vanelie.s,  called  yrlloii',  and  lohite  poplar;  which  are  scarcely  fo  be 
distmguished  by  any  external  marks-the  difference  bein;-  chiefly  in  the  color  and  texture  ot  the  wood. 
Ihe  i/c//o!o  poplar  is  deemed  the  more  valuable  of  the  two,  for  most  purposes,— keiiit;  more  mellow 
to  work,  and  also  more  durable,  when  exposed  to  the  weather.  The  wood  of  both  is  extensively  wrought, 
by  cabinet-makers,  and  others;  and  is  converted  to  a  variety  of  uses— though  its  hygrometrical  proper- 
ties render  it  rather  inconvenient,  m  many  instances,  during  damp  weather-  The  bark  of  this  tree  is  a 
valuaole  tonic:  for  an  account  of  which.  See  Ur.  P.  K.  Rogers'  Inaugural  Thesis,  Philad.  lS02,-ana 
the  Mat«rm  Medtca  of  the  Bartons.  The  leaves,  also,  are  said  to  atFord  relief,  when  applied  externalh-, 
meases  01  gout  and  rheumatism.  See  Barton's  Med.  and  Phys.  Jownal  Vol.  1.  part  1.  v.  S2.— I  have 
fulT bloom  ''■^'^  °  ^yild  Stiawbenj  {Frasarlavirsiniana,)  is  always  ripe  when  this  tree  is1k 

1?7.     CLEMATIS.     Xatt.  Gen.  4S3. 
[Gr.  Klema,  a  twig  ,or  runner;  from  its  pliant,  climbing  .stem.] 
Cal.  0.    CoR.  petals  mostly  4.    Seeds  compressed,  caudate;  cauda  mostly  plumose- 
€.  viRGixiANA.  Ell.  Dioicous;  climbing;  leaves  ternate;  leaflets  ovate,  incisad-dentate,  aruminate- 
5^no«.  C.  virginica.    Ph.  .\ut:.  K»/go-Virgin's  Bower.    Traveller's  Joy. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

JIab.  Fence-rows;  and  thickets,  in  low  grounds:  frequent.     10  to  15  feet  long:  male  flowers  white, 
cr^wnthefrurt'"''^^  ^'^'"^^^  ^""^  remarkable  for  the  silken  appearance  of  the  long,  plumose  styles,  which 

198.     ANEMONE.    A^nit.  Gen.  484. 

fGr-  Anemos,  wind;  the  flower  being  supposed  to  open  only  when  the  wind  blows.] 

Cai..  0.     Cor.  petals  5  to  9,  or  more.    Seeds  numerous,  mucronate,  rarely  caudate. 

A.- NEMOROSA.^//.  Stem  I  flowered;  stem  leaves  biternate;    leaflets  cuneate,  incised-lobate,  dentate. 

Ku/^'o— Wind-flower.     Wood  Anemone. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April,  and  after.  j.y.  mat  Latter  end  of  JNIav. 

Hub.  Moist  woodlands;  about  roots  of  trees:  frequent.    6  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  reddish  white. 
pS  Wfte'r  Willd'tn.^'  ^.?')'^M-^hr','^''^  '^^  '^'■'?'""^  leaflets  deeply  two  parted;  which  Barton,  (in  Flor. 

A.  THALiCTROiDES.  Ph.  Umbel  involucrate;  involucre  6  leaved;  radical  leaves  biternate. 
Synon.  Thalictrum  anemonoides.  Mx.  Ell.  Tu/g-o— Hue  Anemone. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  p,.,  ^nat.  Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  very  common.    6  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

^vhJ'thJ}ilu°l'l'^}''^^  character  of  this  plant  is  so  equivocal,  that  our  best  botanists  are  divided  in  ot.inion 
wnether  it  ought  to  be  ranked  with  Anemone,  or  Thalictrum. 

A  viRGi.-vrAXA.  Ell.  Dichotomous;  leaves  biternate,  upper  ones  opposite;  peduncles  virgate,  1  flowered. 
^/.Latter  end  ol  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hob    i'ence-rows,  and  roadsides;  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white;  seeds  woolly. 

199.    TPLILICTRUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  435. 

[Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Gr.  thallo,  to  be  green;  alluding  to  its  verdant  habit.] 

Mostly  DiqiQous:    Cal.  0.  Cor.  petals  4  or  5.    .SVawejis  long.    Seeds  ecaudate,  striate,  terete. 

T.  DioictJivr.  Ph.  Leaves  supra-decompound;  leaflets  roundish-cordate,  obtuse-lobate,  glaucous  beneath 

Synon.  T.  hpvigatum.  Mx.  r»/-o-Meadow  Rue. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April,  and  after,  Fr.  mal. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Bath  woods:  frequent.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

^o?!n'  ^  ^'r?i7^  experienced  all  the  dilTtculties  remarked  by  Michaux,  in  determining  the  species  of  Tha- 
..ictrum.  This.  I  have  little  doubt  is  his  T.  lavigatum;  and  yet  it  agrees,  in  some  respects,  so  well  witli  th-? 
A-  purparasc.ns,  ot  Pursh,  that  I  atone  time  supposed  it  to  be  that  species. 

T.  RUGOsur.1?  Ph.  Stem  striate;  leaflets  veined,  sub-trilobate,  or  entire,  cuneate,  and  oval, 
FL  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

•fc'*-    "-V'-odla.id',  anuswrvmps:  Bath:  frequent.    3  lo  of^cl  hi-h:  flowers  white. 


60  POLYANDRIA.    POLYGYNIA. 

T.  PUBESCENS?  Ph.  Stem  Striate;  leaflets  ovate,  or  subcordate,  mostly  3  lobed ;  lobes  raucronate. 
Synon.  T.  polygamuml  Muhl.    T.  revolutum?  Ell- 

FL  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Hah-  Swamps,  and  shaded  rivulets:  Wollerton's:  frequent.    4to  6  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  resembles  the   preceding;  but  the  leaflets  are  more  regularly  three  lobed,  and  the  lobes,  Of 
segments,  are  mucronate,— or  rather  terminate  in  a  small,  abrupt  acuminatiofi- 

200.    CALTHA.    Nutt.  Gen.  487. 
[Gr.  Kalathos,  a  basket;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  corolla  to  a  golden  basket.] 
Cal.  0.     CoR   petals  5  to  9.    Nectary  0.     Capsules  several,  many  seeded. 
C.  PALUSTRis.  Ph.  Erect;  corymbose;  leaves  cordate-reniform,  acutely  crenate,  lobes  spreading 
Fm/^o— Marsh  Marygold.     Colt's-foot.    Meadow  Cowslip. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Hob.  Wet  meadows,  swampy  springs,  &c.  frequent-     5  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  deep  yellow. 

Ohs.  I  have  specimens,  from  Patten's  low  grounds,  in  this  Borough,  which  appear  to  be  the  C_m<«g_fT^ 
rima    of  Pursh^-with  leaves  entire,  or  obsoletely  crenate,  and  the  smus  closed;  but  I  doubt  their  bemg 

'"itSp?!>"ept^"dTrrhifprant,  i^a  popular  remedy  for  coughs;  but  I  am  uaacquainted  with  it, 

virtues. 

201.    HEPATICA.    Nutt.  Gen.  490. 
[Gr.  Hepar,  the  liver;  the  lobes  of  its  leaves  being  supposed  to  resemble  those  of  the  liver.] 
Cal.  3  leaved,  somewhat  involucre-like,    Cor-  petals  6  to 9.    Seeds  naked. 
H.  TRILOBA.  Ell.  Leaves  3  lobed,  lobes  roundish,  entire;  scapes  1  flowered,  often  clustered. 
Synon.  Anemone  hepatica.  Willd-  sp.  pi.  Mx.  &c.     FuZgro— Liver-wort.    Liver-leaf. 
Fl-  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  very  common.    About  6  inches  high:  flowers  blue,— sometimes  purple,  or  white. 

202.    RANUNCULUS,    Nutt.  Gen.  491. 
[Lat.  diminutive  of  Rana,  a  frog;  a  name,  says  Dr.  Smith,  whose  origin  is  as  obvious  as  its  sense  is  obscure- 3 
Cal.  5  leaved.  Cor.  petals  5,  each  with  a  melliferous  scale,  or  pore,  on  the  claw.  Seeds  naked,  numerous.^ 

R.  flammula.  Ph.  Glabrous;  declinate;  lower  leaves  petiolate,  oval-lanceolate;  upper  lance. linear. 

Fw/g-o— Spear-wort. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hah.  Wet,  miry  places:  forks  of  Brandy  wine:  not  common.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow,  small. 

Oha.  This  plant  does  not  precisely  agree  with  the  descriptions  of  the  European  species;  but  perhaps  it 
is  not  specifically  distinct.  It  is  remarkably  acrid,when  chewed,  and  probably  worthy  of  notice,  in  a 
medical  point  of  view.  Dr.  Withering  asserts,  from  his  own  experience,  that  the  distilled  water  of  the 
European  plant  is  preferable  to  any  other  medicine  yet  known  in  cases  where  instantaneous  vomiting  is 
desirable,— as  where  poisons  have  "been  swallowed,  &c 

R.  abortivus.  Ell.  Glabrous;  radical  leaves  cordate-reniform,  crenate;  cauline  cleft  into  linear  lobes. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  July,  and  after. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  and  moist  grounds:  frequent.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowersyellow,  petals  minute. 

R.  SCELER.A.TUS   Ell.  Glabrous;  radical  leaves  palmate-lobed;  cauline  3  parted,  segments  cuneate 

Vu/gro— Celery-leaved  Crow-foot. 

Ft.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Moist  places;  along  rivulets,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high;  flowers  yello\y. 

R.  PENNSYLVANicus?  Ell   Hirsute;  radical  leaves  lernate,  trifid,  incised;  cauline  lanceolate. 

PZ.  Latter  end  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Evb.  Woodlands:  Patton's;  Bath,  &e.  frequent.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowersyellow. 

065.  I  have  several  specimens  which  approach  the  descriptions  given  of  this  species,  and  yet  none  of 
them  exactly  accord. 

R.  BULBosus.  Ph.  Hirsute;  leaves  compound,  ternate,  trifid,  incised;  calyx  reflexed;  root  bulbous. 
Fa/^o— 3  itier-cup.    Bulbous  Crow-foot. 

Fl  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat  Beginni:ig  of  July. 

Hab    Pastures;  N.  H.  Sharples's;  Brandywine;  frequent.    12  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  deep  yelloi?. 

Obs.  This  13  a  foreigner.    The  root  is  highly  acrid,  and  has  been  recommended  ac  a  rubefacient. 


POLYANDRIA.    POLYGYNIA,  61 

E-  HisPiDUs.  Eli.  Very  hirsute;  leaves  deeply  3  parted,  segments  acutely  lobed;  calyx  appressed. 

JFV.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Jfab.  Creek  banks:  near  Hatch's  factory:  frequent.    1  foot  high;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  small. 

R.  FLUvrATiLis.  Big.  Fl.  Bost.  Leaves  all  dichotomously  capillaceous;  stem  swimming. 

Synon.  R.  pantothrix.  Ell  Fw/go— River  Crow-foot. 

Fl-  Middle  of  June  till  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Sab.  Running  waters;  Brandywine:  frequent.    About  1  foot  long:  flowers  yellowish  white : 


CLxiSS  XIL     CALYCANDRIA.  * 

203.    RIBES.    Nutt.  Gen.  217. 
[An  ancient  Arabian  name,  of  uncertain  meaning] 

Cal.  superior,  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals  5,  small.    Stam.  5.    Style  bifid-    Berry  many  seeded. 
B-  FLORiDUM.  Ph.  Leaves  punctate  both  sides;  racemes  pendulous;  bractes  longer  than  the  pedicels. 
Fw/g'o— Pennsylvania  Black  Currant. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  May.  F?.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Ilab.  Roadsides:  near  Job  Darlington's:  not  common.  2  to4  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow;  fruit  black 

Ohs.  As  the  genus  Ribes  accords  with  the  essential  characto- of  this  class,  I  have  taken  the  liberty  to 
transfer  it  hither,  from  Pentandria.  T  cannot  help  thinking  that  this  is  the  natural  and  proper  location  of  the 
genus,  in  the  Se.vual  System;  and  that  nothing  but  the  name,  Icosandria,  prevented  Linnaius  himself  from 
arranging  it  in  that  class,  with  its  kindred  genera.  I  am  strengthened  in  this  opinion  by  the  circumstance,  that 
he  did  place  the  genus  in  his  natural  orda'  of  Pomacea;, — which  consists  exclusively  of  calycandi  ous  plants. 
Names,  undoubtedly,  have  considerable  influence  on  the  mind:  and  when  their  obvious  meaning  not  only 
tends  to  mislead,  but  produces  an  actual  violation  of  fundamental  principles,  in  the  arrangement  of  ob- 
jects, the  interests  of  science  would  seem  to  justify  an  attempt  to  introduce  a  more  appropriate  nomen- 
clature. 

201.  CERASUS.    Juss.  Gen.  PI  p.  340. 
[Lat .  CerasuS}  a  Cherry;  the  name  of  a  town  of  Natolia,  whence  that  fruit  was  derived.  ] 

Cal-  inferior,  5  cleft,  deciduous.    Cor.  petals 5.    Drupe  globose.    Nut  roundish,  smooth. 

C.  viRGiNiANA.  Mr-  Arb.  Leaves  oval-oblong,  acuminate,  serrate;  racemes  elongated,  erect 

Synon.  Prunus  virginiana.    Nutt-  Willd.  Ph.  Ell.  &c.     Fu^g-o— Wild  Cherry. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  jFr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hab.  Fence-rows;  Creek  banks,  &c,  frequent.    30  to  60  feet  high;  flowers  white,  fruit  purplish  black- 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  handsomcj  and  is  much  used  by  C;tbinet  makers,  in  the  manufacture  of 
household  furniture.  An  infusion  of  the  bark  is  a  valuable  tonic— especiiiHy  in  those  cases  of  debility 
which  often  succeed  catarrhal  affections — as  I  have  abundantl}-  experienced,  in  my  practice.  Although 
but  few  botani.sts  have  followed  Jussieu,  in  making  a  generic  dislmction  between  the  Cherry  and  Plum, 
I  incline  to  think  there  is  quite  as  much  ground  for  it,  in  nature,  as  there  is  for  separating  the  Hickory  from 
the  Walnut,  Chimaphila  from  Pyrola,  Castanea  from  Fagus,  and  many  other  instances.  The  most  super- 
ficial observer  cannot  fail  to  be  struck  with  the  natural  grouping,  and  family  difference,  of  the  Plum  and 
Cherry  tribes. 

205.     PRUNUS.    Nntt.  Gen.  431. 

[The  latin  name  for  a  Plum;  very  ancient,  and  of  unknown  origin.] 

Cal.  inferior,  5  cleft,  deciduous-  Cor.  petals5.  Drupe  mostly  oval,  large.  Nut  ovate, subcompressed,  acute. 

P.  AMERICANA.  Marsh.  Leaves  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  veined;  umbels  2  to  4  flowered. 

.St/non.  P.  nigra.'  M(f/i?.  Ft(/g:o— Red  Plum.    Yellow  Plum.    Brandywine  Plum- 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hab.  Creek  banks,  and  fence-rows:  frequent.    8  to  13  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  reddish  yellow. 

Ohs.  This  is  a  rugged,  branching  little  tree.  In  its  wild  state,  it  is  frequently  sterile,  and  when  it  does 
bear,  the  fruit  is  rather  small  and  acerb.     But  under  proper  culture,  the  fruit  islarge  and  lu.scious— though 

*  ^j°r^  Kalyx,  the  flower  cup,  and  Jjier,  andros,  male;  Stamens  inserted  on  the  Caly-r.—a  name  sug- 
gested for  this  cfass,  (IcosAWDRiA,  it«!i.)  which  seems  properly  to  comprise  all  plants  with  hermaphro- 
dite flowers,  ia  which  the  calyx  is  a  one-leavGd  staminiferous  perianth.    See  the  Preface  to  this  c'a'.alogae. 


62  CALYCANDRIA.    MONOGYNIA. 

coated  with  a  thick  coriaceous  skin.  I  have  never  met  with  the  tree  out  of  this  vicinity;  and  have  beea, 
under  the  impression  that  it  was  not  described  by  any  one,  except  Marshall  I  certainly  should  not  have 
expected  to  fand  it  under  the  specific  name  nigra,  if  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  catalogue  had  not  directed  my 
attention  to  that  species,  by  the  subjoined  English  name,  "-yellow  plum-"  I  still  think  it  cannot  be  thV, 
p.  nigra,  of  Aiton,  Willdencw,  Persoon,  &,c.  for  they  seem  evidently  to  refer  to  a  species  of  Cherry, 
properly  so  called.  This  species,  though  clearly  distiact,  approaches  nearer  to  the  C/ucasa  vlum,  than 
to  any  other  which  I  have  seen- 

206.    CUPHEA.    Nutt.  Gen.  434. 
[Gr.  Kuphos,  crooked,  or  gibbous:  in  reference  to  the  capsule.] 

Cal.  tubular-ventricose.  Cor.  petals  6.  Caps.  1  celled,  opening  lengthwise  with  the  calyx.  Seeds  lenticular, 
C   viscosissiMA.  Ell.  Viscid;  leaves  opposite,  petiolate,  ovate-oblong;  peduncles  short:  calyx  striate. 
Ft.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Nab.  Gravelly  soils:  frequent:  abundant  near  Paoli  Monument.    9  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  deep  purple. 
Obs.  The  whole  plant  is  remarkably  clammy.     The  seeds  burst  out  before  maturity,  through  a  longitu- 
Qinal  opening  in  the  cajisuie  and  calyx,  and  stand  exposed  on  a  columnar  receptacle,  on  short  pedicels,— 
where  the  early  ones  ripen  before  the  plant  has  done  flowering. 

207.    COMANDRA.  Nutt.  Gen.  233. 
[Gr.  J^ome,  a  head  of  hair,  and  -dner,  male ;  alluding  to  the  structure  of  the  anthers.] 
Cal.  tubular-campanulate.    Cor.  petals  5,  calycine,  persistent.    Stam.  5.    Caps,  valveless,  1  seeded. 
C  umbei.lata.  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong;  umbels  axillary,  3  to  5  flowered;  common  peduncles  long. 
Synmi.  Thesium  umbellatum.   Willd.  Ph.  Ell.  &c.     Fi//go— Bastard  Toad-flax. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hah-  Sterile  banks:  E.  Strodes;  Barrens:  not  common:  9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  It  will  readily  he  perceived  that  the  principle  assumed,  relative  to  this  class,  has  induced  the 
transfer  of  this  genus  hither,  from  Pentandria.  It  is  done  with  much  diffidence :  though  I  confess  it  seems 
HO  me  to  nave  as  tnuch  claim  to  be  arranged  here,  as  the  genus  Cuphea. 

ORDER,    DI-PENTAGYNIA. 

208.    AGRIMONIA.  Nutt.  Gen.  436. 
[Etymology  obscure:  supposed  to  be  corrupted  from  ^rg:e??Jo>ie— which  see.] 

Cal.  inferior,  5  cleft,  calyculate.    Cor.  petals  5.    Styles  2.    Seeds  2, enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  calys. 

A.  EUPATORiA.  Ell.  Hirsute;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  terminal  leaflet  petiolate;  spike  virgate, 

Vulgo — A  gri  mony . 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat  Last  of  September. 

Mab.  Borders  of  woods;  and  moist,  low  grounds:  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow,  small. 

209.    CRAT^GUS..    Nutt.  Gen.  437. 
[Gr.  Kratos,  strength:  from  the  strength,  or  firmness  of  the  wood.    De  Theis.} 
Cal.  superior,  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals  5.    Styles  1  to  5.    Berry  farinaceous.    Seeds  1  to  5,  bony. 

C  oxvACANTHA.  IVg.  Leavc's  obtuse,  incised-lobate,  or  trifid,  and  cuneate;  lobes  serrate;  calyxhairy. 
Synon.  Mespilus  oxyacantha.   Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Fu/go— Haw-thorn-    Quick-set.    English  Thorn. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  October. 

Hab.  Roadside,  1  mile  below  Dilworth-town :  rare.    10  to  15  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  red,  small. 

Obs.  This  is  a  foreigner;  and  is  rare  in  this  vicinity.  Those  specimens  which  I  have  examined,  are  the 
monogynoiis  variety,  noticed  by  Dr.  Withering.  This  thorn  is  preferred  in  England,  for  hedging;  but 
has  rarely  been  used  for  that  purpose,  in  our  country,— or,  at  least,  in  this  part  of  it.  Our  farmers  generai- 
iy  prefer  the  C-  pcpulifolia,  or  Washington  Thorn;  and  the  C  crxis  galH—the  Cock  spur,  or  New 
C-astle  Thorn.    All  the  species  here  enumerated,  are  spi7iose. 

C  cocciXEA.  Ell.  Pentagyncus;  leaves  ovate,  lobed,  acutely  serrate;  petioles  and  calyx  glandular. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Pr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

JIab.  Moist  woodlands,  and  thickets:  Bath:  frequent.    C  to  8  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  red,  large. 

C-  GLANDULOsA?  PA.  Sub  3-gynous;  leaves  obovate-cuneiform,  serrate,  shining;  calyx  glandular- 

i^ijnon.  Mespilus  cuneiformis?  3Iarshall. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  F,-.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

JIab.  Br^ndyvvine,  below  Wistar's  Bridge;  frequent.    10  to  15  feet  high;  Howert  \vhite;  :rultre^> 


CALYCANDRIA.   DI-PENTAGYNIA.  C-3 

C.  cntis  GALLT.  Ph.  Sub  2-gynous;  leaves  oblong-cuneate,  serrate,  subsessile.stining,  coriaceous. 
Synon.  Mespilus  crus  galli.  Marshall  FA(/go— Cock-spur  Thorn.    New-Castle  Thorn. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hub-  Fence-rovTs,  &c.  R.  Strodeu:  frequent.    10  to  15  feel  high:  flowers -(vhite;  fruit  reddish  brown. 

Obs.  I  find  this  species  often  monogynous.  It  is  extensively  used,  in  New-Castle  county,  (Del.)  for 
hedging;  and,  when  properly  managed,  makes  a  very  substantial  hedge.  In  this  immediate  vicinity,  how- 
ever, the  C-  populifolia  is  most  generally  used.  I  think  it  probable  we  have  some  other  species  ov 
Crataegus  indigenous  here;  but  I  have  not  ascertained  them  salisfactorilj'. 

(tCf^For  C.  POPULIFOLIA,  or  Washington  Thorn,— See  appendix  of  cultivated  plants 

210.    ARONIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  410. 
t  J 

Cal.  superior,  5  toothed.    Cor.  petals 5.    Berry  5  to  10  celled;  cells  1  or  2  seeded.    Seeds  cariUaginovis. 
A.  ARBUTiFOLiA.  £11.  Lcaves  obovate,  crenate-dentate,  midrib  glandular  above;  flowers  corymbose- 
Synon.  Pyrusarbutifolia.     IVilld.  Ph.     Mespilus  arbutifolia.    Mx.        Vidgo—Choke-heny. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  Moist  woodlands:  Patton's:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  reddish  white;  fruit  dark  red, 
A.  BOTRYAPiUM.  Ell.   Leaves  subcordate-oval,  cuspidate;  racemes  lax,  elongated;  petals  linear-oblon-, 
Synon.  Pyrus  botryapium.  fnild.  Ph.    Mespilus  canadensis.  3[x.     Vulgo—Seixice  berry.     Shad  bush*^^ 
17.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hab.  Rich,  moist  woodlands:  frequent.    8  to  15,  or  20  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruitdark  purple. 
Obs.  This  plant  has  had  many  diflFerent  names  imposed  upon  it,  by  the  Botanists.     The  vulvar  nanle  «'' 
^^  Shad  bush,     arose  from  the  circumstance  of  its  being  always  in  flower,  at  the  season  of  taking  that 
fish.    It  IS  a  showy  little  tree,  when  in  bloom;  and  the  truit  is  esteemed  by  some. 

A.  ovALis.  Fll.  Leaves  oblong-ova],  acute;  racemes  erect;  petals  obovate;  calyx-segments  pubescen^ 
Synon.  Pyrus  ovalis.   IVilld.  Ph.  Tii/go— Medlar-bush. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  nwf.  Middle  of  July. 

J£ab.  Fence-rows,  &c.  Seth  Evenson's:  not  common.    2  to  4feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  dark  purple: 
Obs.  Michaux  makes  this  a  variety  of  the  preceding  (var.  obovalis);  but  it  seems  to  be  specifical.V 

211.    MALUS.    Jttss    Gen.  PL  p.  ^134. 

[The  Latin  name  for  an  apple  tree] 

Cal.  superior,  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals  5.    Styles  connate  at  base.    Pome  spheroid,  umbilicate  at  each  end. 

M.  coronaria.  Mx.  arh.     Leaves  broad-oval,  rounded  at  base,  sub-angled;  peduncles  corymbot". 

Synon.   Pyrus  Coronaria.    Nutt.    IVUld.   Ph.    Ell.   &.c.         r«,'g-o— Crab  Apple. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Fence-rows;  borders  of  thickets,  &c.  frequent.     10  to  15  feet  high:  flowers  pale  rose  red. 

Obs.  The  flowers,  and  ripe  fruit,  are  remarkably  fragrant.  The  fruit  is  frequentiv  collected,  and  used  bv 
our  house-wives,  m  making prf^rr.s.  There  seems  to  me  to  be  a  sufficient  distinction  between  ihV 
Apple,  and  Pear,  to  warrant  their  separation.  °^"  "^' 

212.    SPIR^A.    Kutt.  Gen.  442. 

[Supposed  to  be  from  the  Gr.  Speira,  a  cord;  in  allusion  toils  flexible  branches.] 

Cal.  inferior,  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals  5,  roundish,  equal.    Slam.  e-xstxi^Ci.    Caps.  3  tol2,2-vaIved,l  cellcc 

S.  saltcifolia.  Ph.  Leavesovate-oblong,  or  obovate,  sharply  serrate;  racemes  paniculate  termiiia- 
Synon.  S.  tomentosa  alba.  Marshall-  S.  alba.  l\Inhl.     Fk/^o— Pipe-shank.    Meadow  Sweet. 
FL  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hah.  Moist  thickets,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    4  to  S  feet  high:  flowers  pale  red,  or  reddish  white. 
OJn.  This  is  the  variety,  latifoUa,  of  Pursh.    The  leaves  have  but  a  remote  reseuiblance  to  tho«.->  of  }^r 

S.  OPULIFOLIA.  Ph-  Trigynous;  leaves  subovate,  lobate;  corymbs  crowded;  capsules  inflated. 

r(«?fi:o— Nine-bark.    Snow-ball  leaved  Spira;a.    Hard-hack. 

FL  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mv.i.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hab.  Biandjwine:  Amos  Brioton's  dam;  rare-    "  to."-  'V^thigh:  flowers  reddish  white 


64  CALYCANDRIA.    DI-PENTAGYNIA. 

213.    GILLENIA.    Xutt.  Gen.  443. 

Gal.  5  toothed.  Cor.  petals  5,  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base.  Stam.  few,  included.  Caps-  5,  connate; 
G.  TRiFOLiATA.  Ell.  Leaves  temate,  lanceolate,  serrate;  stipules  linear,  entire;  panicles  loose,  terminal. 
Synon.  Spira;a  trifoliata.   Willd.  Mx-  Ph.  &c.  Fw/g-o— Indian  Physic    Bowman's  root.    Ipecac. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  ot  August. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Patton's;  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  4feethigh:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  plant  has  considerable  reputation  for  its  medical  properties, — particularly  as  an  emetic.  It  is 
also  said  to  be  cathartic,  and  Ionic,  according  to  the  dose,  or  mode  of  exhibition.  See  Schcepf,\.he  Bartons, 
and  other  writers  on  American  Materia  Medica. 

214.  ROSA.    Nutt.  Gen.  441. 
[Supposed  to  be  from  the  Celtic,  Rhos,  or  rhudd,  red;  the  prevailing  color  of  the  flowers.  See  De  Theis.'i 

Cal.  urceolate;  neck  contracted;  border  5  cleft.  Cor.  petals  5.    Seeds  hispid, lodged  in  the  berried  calyx. 

R.  pARviFLORA.  EIL  Germs  and  peduncles  hispid;  stipular  prickles  straight;  flowers  mostly  in  pairs. 

Synon.  R.  humilis.  Marsh-    R.  careliniana.  Mx.  Fu/g-o-Dwarf  Wild  Rose. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  ^r.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woods;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.     1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  red;  fruit  globose. 

R.  coRYMBOSA.  Fl.  Phil.  Germs  &  peduncles  subhispid;  stipular  prickles subuncinate;  flowers  corymbose 

Synon.  R.  Carolina.    TVilld.  Ph.  Ell.    R.  pennsylvanica.  Mx.     Fw/go-Swamp  Rose. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September- 

Hab.  Low,  swampy  grounds,  and  thickets:  frequent,    4  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  red;  fruit  globose. 

Obs  The  stipular  prickles,  in  this  species,  are  slightly  hooked,  and  not  "near  an  inch  long,"— as  ren- 
dered in  F/or-  Philad.  There  appear  to  be  some  varieties  of  both  the  forpgomg  species,  in  this  vicinity— 
and  possibly  there  may  be  otiier  native  species;  but  I  have  not  ascertained  any,  to  satisfaction. 

R   STJAVEOLENS.  Ell  Germs,  pcduncles  aiid  petioles  glandular-hispid;  prickles  recurved;  leaflets  elliptif, 
Synon.  R.  rubiginosa.  Willd.  Mahl.  Nutt.  R.  suavifolia.  Lightf.     Fw/go-Sweet  Briar.     Eglantine. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June.  -^''-  ^^^-  Last  of  September. 

Mab.  Sandy  banks;  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.    5  to  S  feet  high:  flowers  pale  red;  fruit  ovate. 

Ob^  This  well  known  rose,  so  much  admired  for  its  fragrant  leaves,  is  pretty  frequent  here;  though 
Mr  Nuttall  says  it  is  "  certainly  not  native."  It  usually  attains  the  height  above  mentioned;  but  where 
pains  are  taken  to  train  its  slender  stems,  it  often  reaches  to  twice  or  thrice  that  height. 

215.    RUBUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  445. 
[Lat.  jR«6er,— or  Celtic,  i;u&,  red;  from  the  color  of  the  fruit,  or  branches  of  the  plant.] 
Cal.  inferior,  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals  5.    Berry  compound;  acines  mostly  juicy,  1  seeded. 
E.  viLLOsrs.  Ell.  Stemangkd;  leaves  digitate,  in  3'sor5's;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  hairy  both  sides. 
Synon.  R.  fruticosus.  3Iarsh.  Vulgo-Common  Black-berry  bush.    Briar. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Old  fields,  fence-rows,  &f.  common      4  to  8  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  black. 

Obs.  The  root  is  somewhat  astringent;  and  the  infusion  is  a  popular  remedy  in  diarrhsas,  and  mild 
dv^ent-riev.  The  berries  afford  a  pleasant  jam,  which  is  also  considered  sautary,  in  such  cas2s.  The 
plant' is  rather  troublesome  on  our  farms,  and  is  diligently  rooted  out  of  tne  fields,  by  neat  farmers. 

R. OCCIDENT  alts.  Ell.  Stem  terete,  glaucous;  leaves  ternate,  hoaiy-tomentose  beneath;  racemes  terminal. 

FwZgo-American  Raspberry.     Black  Raspberry.    Thimble-berry. 

FL  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr-  mai.  Middle  of  July.  _     ,    , 

JIab.  Fence-rows;  borders  of  woo.'.s,  kc  frequent.    4 to  8  feet  long;  flowers  white;  fruit  dark  purple. 

Obs.  The  slender  stems  are  often  so  much  curved,  that  the  top  descends  to  the  earth,  and  takes  root.    Thft 
fruit  of  this  species,  though  not  very  sprightly,  has  a  pleasant  flavor,  and  is  generally  admired. 
R  TRiviiLis   Ell.  Procumbent;  prickles  recurved;  leaves  mostly  ternate;  nedicels  solitary,  axillary,  long- 
Sijnon.  R.  procumbens.  Muhl.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.         Fu/go-Dew-Eerry.    Running  Briar. 
i.7.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  77ia<.  Latter  end  of  .July. 

Hab.  Sterile,  neglected  fields,  &c.  frequent.    4  to  6,  or  8  feet  long:   flowers  white;  fiuU  black,  large. 

Obs.  The  stiDules,  in  my  specimens,  are  lanceolate,  and  not "  subulate."  There  are,  however,  probably 
some  «arirJsof  thi^  sprceis"^  The  fruit  is  very  fine.  The  root  of  this  ?s  also  a.trmgent:  and  is  often  used 
in  sjmilarcases  with  !hif,  of  R.  v)l!''.'?'-'S- 


CALYCANDRTA.    POLYGYNIA.  65 

B.  FLAGELLAras.  Ph.  Procumbent;  leavesternate;  middle  one  cuneale  at  base;  flowers  terminal. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  JTuly. 

ffab-  Woodlands;  and  along  shaded  rivulets;  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  long:  flowers  white;  fruit  black. 

Obf.  This  is  made  a  variety  of  the  foregoing,  by  some  botanists;  but  it  seems  to  be  pretty  distinct.  The 
T7hole  plant  is  more  delicate,  and  rather  more  glabrous.  The  ripe  berries,  as  remarked  by  Dr.  W  P  C 
Barton,  are  rarely  perfect— a  few  only  of  the  acines  arriving  at  maturity.  It  is  possible,  however,  that 
all  thisdiflference  may  re.sult  fioin  its  growing  in  the  woods— where  I  have  most  commonly  observed  it. 

H.  OBovALis.!'  Ph.  Procumbent;  stem  very  hispid;  leaves  tcrnate,  obovate,  ovate,  and  rhomboidal. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  jnat. 

ffab.  Woodlands:  Barrens,  above  S.  Stringfellow's:  not  common.    2  to  4  feet  long:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  I  was  inclined  to  refer  this  to  the  R.  hispidus,  of  Willd.  and  Pursh;  but  Mr.  Schweinit?,  to  whom 
Isubmitted  my  specimen,  supposed  it  to  be  II.  obovalis.     Perhaps  they  are  really  not  distinct. 

{)Cf=  The  R.  oDORATUs,  I  have  not  found  giowing  native  in  this  vicinity;  but  Dr.  Bajdwin  informed 
He  he  had  seen  it  on  the  Brandy  wine,  near  the  factories  of  the  Messrs-  Dupontfi. 

216'.    GEUM.     Nutt.  Gen.  448. 
[Gr.  gaio,  to  be  splendid;  or  gcwo,  to  relish,  ar  give  a  good  taste;  from  its  appearance,  or  properties.] 

Cal-  inferior,  10  cleft,  alternate  segments  smaller.    Cor.  petals  5.   Seeds  awned;  awns  mostly  geniculate. 

G.  ALBLTM.  Ell.  Radical  leaves  pinnate;  cauline  3  lobcd;  stipules  incised;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Vulgo — Avens.    Herb  Bennet  (a  corruption  of  the  French,  herb"  benite). 
Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September- 

Hab.  Rich  Woodlands;  thickets,  &,c-  frequent.     About  two  feet  high:  flowers  white. 
Obs.  The  three-lobed  stem-leares  considerably  resemble  those  of  the  currant  bush. 

G    viRGiKiANUM.^  £//.  Radical  and  lower  leaves  ternate,  upper  lanceolate;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Roadsides;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flov.'ers  white,  or  yelloiv. 

Obs.  Some  of  my  specimens  are  quite  hirsute,— the  radical  leaves  often  quinate— the  flowers  small,  and 
yelloif:  nossibly  only  varieties. 

fK'  T  have  otht^r  specimens,  (both  hirsute,  and  nearly  glabrous,)  with  the  leaves  all  ternate,  except  the 
sm'ili  upper  ones.- the  yietals  as  long  as  the  calyx,  and  white.  Mr.  Schweinitz,  who  examined  them,  be- 
Jiev-sthem  to  be  "a  n^w  species,  not  a«  all  described,"  which  "might  .tustly  be  called  G-  ternatitm.'/ 
They  seem  to  be  intermediate  between  the  two  foregoing;  but  not  suiting  the  descriptions  of  either. 

217.    POTENTILLA.     Natt.  Gen.  449. 
[Lat.  Potentia,  power;  from  its  imaginary  medical  powers.] 
Cai..  inferior,  10  cleft,  spreading.     Cor.  petals  5.    Seeds  roundi^^h,  naked,  attached  to  a  dry  receptacle. 

P.  N-onwEGiCA.  Ell.  Hirsute;  erect;  dichotomously  branching;  leaves  ternate;  peduncles  axillary. 
Ft.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Pasture  fields;  along  Brandywine:  frequent.     About  two  feet  high:  flowers  yeliow. 

06s.  I  should  judge  this  to  be  a  stranger  here.  It  may  have  strayed  hither  from  Canada,— where  Will- 
denow  says  it  is  a  native. 

p.  CANADENSIS.  Ell.  prccumbent;  silky;  leaves  quinate,  cun-^ate-obovate,  incised-dentale. 
Vulgo — Common  Cinque-foil. 

Fl.  Last  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after. 

Jfab.  Old  fields;  and  sterile  pastures:  very  comnjon.    6  to  12  inches  long:  flowers  yellow. 

P-  SIMPLEX-  Ell.  Erect;  hirsute;  leaves  quinate,  upper  ones  sessile;  leaflets  oblong-oval,  coarsely  serrate. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June,  and  after. 

Hab.  Woodlands;  roadsides,  &c.  common-    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

06s.  This  spe_cies,  when  it  first  flowers,  is  usually  about  a  foot  high;  but  it  often  extends,  afterwards,  to 
.:^  or  3  tect,  and  becomes  almost  procumbent. 

213.     FRAGARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  431. 
[Lat.  fragrans,  smelling  sweetly;  in  reference  to  its  fragrant  fruit.] 

Cal-  inferior,  10  cleft.    Cor.  petals  5.    Receptacle  of  the  seed  ovate,  berried,  deciduous. 
F.  viRGiNiANA.  Ell.  Calyx  of  the  fruit  spreading;  hairs  on  the  petioles  erect,  ojithe  peduncles  a^regsed.. 
Fi(/go— V/ild  Strawberry. 

Ff.  J/ttterendof  April.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  May- 

liab    Neglected  old  fields;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent-    6  to  12  inches  long:  flowers  white;  fruit  red. 

0;V?.  Improved  agriculture,  and  ihe  rotation  r.f  crops,  have  cuused  thi*  Jcliciouif.'ujt  to  be  more  rare  it! 
our  fields  than  it  was  former)  v. 


66 


CLASS  XIII.     DIDYNAMIA, 


a.    Calyx  nearly  equally  5  cleft. 

'    219.    TEUCRIUM.    Niitt.  Gen.  495. 
[Said  to  be  dedicated  to  Teucer;  a  Trojan  Prince,  who  first  introduced  the  plant  to  notice.] 
Cor.  upper  lip  none;  or  deeply  cleft,  with  the  Stamens  in  the  fissure:  lower  lip  trifid. 
T.  CANADENSE-  Ell.  Leaves  lancc-ovate,  serrate;  Spike  terminal, crowded;  bractes  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
J^«/o^o— Nettle-leaved  Germander.    "Wood  Sage. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Ilab.  Fence  rows;  and  along  Brandywiue:  frequent.     1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

Obs.  I  have  specimens  which  fit  the  descriptions  given  of  both  T.  canadensc,  fend  T.  inrginicwn;  except 
that  the  bractes  are,  in  all  of  them,  about  as  lojig  as  the  calyx:  but  I  incline  to  think  they  are  nothing 
more  than  varieties.  That  which  answers  to  T.  virginicum,  grows  on  the  rich,  moist  grounds  along 
Brandy  wine,  near  John  Taylor's  Mill;  and  is  often  3  feet  high,  or  more. 

220.    VERBENA.    Nutt.  Gen.  521. 
[From  the  Celtics /er/ac'rt,  meaning  to  remove,  or  cure  the  stone;  one  of  its  supposed  virtues.   De  Tkeis.} 

CoR.  funnel-form;  tube  incurved;  limb51obed,  unequal.    Seeds  4  or  2,  finally  naked. 
V.  HAST  AT  A.  Ell.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  incised-serrate,  rarely  hastate;  spikes  paniculate. 
Ft.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Mab.   j^wampy  meadows;  and  creek  sides:  Brandywine:  frequent.    3  to  5ieet  high:  flowers  bluish  purple! 

Obs.  I  suspect  our  plant  is  the  variety,  oblongifolia,  of  Nuttall.  I  have  preferred  placing  this  genus  iig 
Gymnospermia,  because  the  evanescent  capsule,  or  tunic  of  the  seeds,  which  is  spoken  of,  is  rarely  to  be 
observed:  and  therefore  the  student  will  be  most  likely  to  look  for  it  in  this  order. 

V.  URTICJEFOLTA.  Ell.  Leavcs  ovate,  acute,  serrate;  spikes  filiform,  terminal  and  axillary ;  flowers  distinct. 

FitZg-o— Common,  or  Nettle-leaved  Vervain. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Pastures  and  roadsides:  not  common.    2  to4  feet  high:  flowers  white,  small. 

Obs.  This  species  is  pretty  abundant  in  our  pasture  fields;  and,  towards  autumn,  becomes  covered  with 
a  bluish  pulverulent  matter,  resembling  mould.  SchcEpf  says,  the  decoction  of  the  root,  together  with  the 
inner  bark  of  white  oak,  in  milk  and  water,  has  been  used  with  happy  success  in  cases  of  poisonous  erup- 
tion caused  by  the  poison  Sumach.  The  virtues  of  the  remedy,  probably,  were  derived  from  the  oak 
b^rk. 

223.    MENTHA.    Nutt  Gen.  496. 
IMinthe,  a  daughter  of  Cocytus;  fabled  to  have  been  changed  into  this  herb,  by  Proserpine.] 
Cor.  4  cleft,  subequal;  the  broadest  segment  emarginate.    Stamens  erect,  distant. 
M-  BOREALis.  Ph.  Pubescent;  leaves petiolate,  lance-oval,  acute  at  each  end;  flowers  verticillate. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Along  Brandy  wine :  Jefferis'  ford,  &c.  frequent.    9  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  purplish  white, 

M.  ARVENsis.  Fl-  Brit.  Hairy;  branching;  leaves  ovate;  flowers  verticillate;  calj'x  campanulate. 

Vulgo— Corn  Mint.    Field  Mint. 

J'/.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Roadside,  near  Jos.  Townsend's  farmhouse:  rare.    About  1  foot  high:  flowers  bluish  purple. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  rare  here;  and  has  probably  escaped  from  the  gardens,  or  been  accidentally  in- 
troduced. The  plant,  when  bruised,  has  a  remarkable  odor;  not  unaptly  compared,  by  Withering,  to 
that  of  mouldy  cheese. 

M.  viRiDis.  Fl.  Brit.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile;  spikes  elongated,  interrupted;  stamens  long. 

Vulgo — Spear  Mint.     Common  Mint. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September- 

Hab.  About  houses:  along  rivulets,&c.  frequent.     1  to  2feet  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

Obs.  A  forcignnr.but  becoming  extensively  naturalized.  It  is  well  known  for  its  warm,  aromatic  quali' 
ties;  and  its  much  employed  iu  domestic  medicine,  in  cases  of  nauseaj  &c 


DIDYNAMIA.    GYMNOSPERMIA.  67 

M.  PIPERITA.  Fl.  Brit.  Leaves  subovate,petiolate;  spikes  obtuse,  interrupted  below;  stamens  included. 

Fjt/g^o— Pepper  Mint. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hitb.  Along  rivulets:  low  moist  grounds:  frequent.    About  two  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Obs.  This,  also,  is  a  foreigner;  but  is  gradually  becoming  naturalized.  It  is  too  well  known,  for  its 
grateful  and  valuable  properties,  to  require  a  specification  of  them  here.  I  may  remark,  however,  that 
tiie  infusion  of  this,  and  also  of  the  preceding  species,  administered  cold,  in  small  portions,— say  a  table 
spoonful  at  a  time,— is  admirably  adapted  to  relieve  distressing  nausea,  and  vomiting. 

222.     HYSSOPUS.    Nutt.  Oen.  498. 

[A  very  ancient  name, adopted  for  this  genus:  "  a  voce  hebraica  Ezob.^'    Boerh-1 

CoR.  lower  lip  3  parted;  mtermediate  segment  subcrenate.    Stamens  straight,  distant. 

H.  NEPETOiDEs.  Pk.  Stem  acutely  4  angled,  sub- alate:  leaves  ovate,  acutely  dentate;  petioles  smooth 
Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hub.  Fence-rows;  borders  of  woods,  &c.  frequent.    4  to  6  feet  high:  Howers  pale,  or  greenish  yellow- 
Obs-  The  styles  are  often  longer  than  the  corolla,  in  this  species,  as  well  as  in  the  following. 

H.  scROPHULARiFOLius.  Ph.  Stem  obtusely  4  angled;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  obtusely  dentate;  petioles 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October,     [ciliate-pubescent- 

Hab.  Fence-rows;  thickets,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers,  and  stalks,  purple. 

223.    NEPETA.    Nutt.  Gen.  499. 

[Etymology  obscure:  supposed  from  Nepete,  a  city  of  Etruria;  near  which  it  was  originally  found  ] 

Cal.  arid,  striate.     Cor-  lower  lip  crenate;  margin  of  the  throat  reflected.     Stam.  approximate. 

N.  CAT  ARIA.  Ell.  Hoary-pubescent;  leaves  cordate,  petiolate,  dentate-serrate;  flowers  in  whorled  spikes. 

Fw/g-o— Cat-mint.    Cat-nep. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab    About  houses,  gardens,  fence-rows,  &c.  common.    2  to  3  feethigh:  flowers  reddish  white. 

Obs.  A  naturalized  foreigner.  The  infusion  of  the  herb  is  highly  popular,  as  a  remedy  for  irregularities 
of  the  catamenia;  and  is  probably  useful. 

224.    STACHTS.    Nutt.  Gen.  503. 

[Gr.  Stachys,  a  spike;  in  reference  to  its  mode  of  flowering.] 

Cor.  upper  lip  vaulted;  lower  lip  reflected  at  the  sides,  middle  segment  largCs  emarginate. 

S.  ASPERA  ?  Mx.  Stem  square,  angles  retrorsely  hispid;  leaves  lance-oblong,  obtusely  serrate,  subpetiolate-. 

Synon.  S.  hispidal  Ell.  F«/go— Hedge-nettle.    Clown-heal. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Erandywine:  Jno.  Taylor's;  Wistar's  Bridge:  rare.    1  to  2  feethigh:  flowers  pale  reddish  purple. 

OhK.  I  take  this  to  be  the  S.  aspera,  of  Michaux;  and  yef  it  agrees  temarkahlj^.  in  several  respects,  with 
theS.  /!i«pitZ«,  of  Pursh  and  Elliott.  The  calyx,  however,  is  hispidly  pilose,  in  my  specimens.  I  am  sat- 
isfied it  is  not  the  S.  aspera,  of  Mr.  Elliott. 

225.    LEONURUS.     Nutt.  Gen.  504. 
[Gr.  Leon,  a  lion,  and  Oura,  a  tail;  from  a  strangely  fancied  resemblance.] 

Cor.  upperlip  villous,  flat,  entire;  lower  lip  3  parted,  middle  segment  undivided. 
L.  CARDTACA.  Ell.  Lcavcs  3  lobcd,  dentate,  cuneate  at  base;  corolla  longer  than  the  pungent  calyx. 
Vulgo — Mother-wort. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Jlab.  About  houses;  farm-yards;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

Obs.  An  unwelcome  foreign  weed,  now  completely  naturalized. 
L.  MARRUBiASTnuM.    JViUd.  Lcaves  lancc-ovate,  dentate ;  corolla  as  long  as  the  subpungent  calyx.' 
Ft.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Fence-rows,  &c.  about  Marshallton:  rare.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  pale  red. 

Obs.  This  foreign  plant  was  introduced  by  the  late  Humphry  Marshall,  into  his  botanic  garden,— whcnc'j 
it  has  spread  around  the  neighborhood,  and  bids  fair  to  become  extersively  naturalized:  though  it  %Till  n^« 
be  any  more  welcome  than  the  preceding 


68  DIDYNAMIA.  GYMNOSPERMIA. 

226.     MARRUBIU.u.    Nutt.  Gen-  507. 

t"  A  voce  hebraioa  Mar  rob,  quod  amaruni  succum  significat  "    Boerh-1 

Cal.    salverform,  10  striate,  rigid.    Cor.  upper  lip  bifid,  linear,  straight. 

M.  VL'LGARE.  EU.  Leaves  roundish-ovate, crenate-dentate,  rugose-veined;  calyx  teeth  setaceous,  undnatdi« 
J-^u/g-o— Hoar-hound. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  August^  and  after. 

Uab-  Dry,  stony  banks,  about  houses.  Sec.  frequent.    9  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  Tliis  foreign  plant,  though  naturalized  in  many  localities,  does  not  seem  to  extend  itself  very  fast. 
It  IS  a  well  icnown,  and  deservedly  esteemed  tonic;  and  when  preoared  in  the  form  of  a  syrup,  is  an  ex- 
cellent pectoral  medicine.  ^ 

227.    LAMIUM.    NulL  Gen.  500. 
[Obscure:  BocrJi.  says,  "  a  Lamia  pisce,  quia  hujus  piscis  horrendum  vultum  refert."] 
Cor.  upper  lip  entire,  vaulted;  loWer  lip  2  lobed;  margin  of  the  throat  toothed  on  each  side- 
L.  AMn.ExiCAtTLE.   U'g.  Lower  leaves  petiolatc;  floralleavessessilcj  amplexicaul,  obtuse. 
Fu/g-o— Dead-nettle.    Hen-bit.    Archangel. 

.Fl.  Middle  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  June,  and  aftef. 

Jlab-  Gardens;  grain  fields,  &c.  common.    9  to  15  inches  long:  flowers  purple. 

Obs-  This  is  a  naturalized  foreigner;  and  often  continues  green  through  our  wintel-?-  I  have  observed 
the  small  flowers,  mentioned  in  Withering,  putting  forth  in  the  month  of  February. 

22S.  GLECHOMA.  Nutt.  Gen.  506. 
CAn  ancient  name,  perhaps  from  the  Gr-  Gkikus,  sweet,  or  pleasant;  in  reference  to  its  odor.  See  De  Theis"] 

Cor.  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  trifid,  middle  segment  emarginate:  each  pair  of  ^?iZ/j«-s  forming  a  cross. 
G.  HEDERACEA.  IVg.  Stem  procumbent,  radicating;  leaves  cordate-reniform,  crenste- 
Fit/g-o— Ground  Ivy.     Ale-hoof.     Gill. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Uab.  Fence-rows;  orchards,  and  shaded  places:  frequent.    6"  to  18  inches  long:  flowers  mostly  blue. 

063.  Mr.  JSTuttall  supposes  it  to  be  indigenous,  along  the  Ohio,  Potomac,  &c.  but  it  is  evidently  OKlv 
naturahzeci  in  this  vicmity .  Withering  says  it  was  generally  used  to  clarify,  and  give  ajlavor  to  Ale,  till 
thereignol  Henry  the  iuighth;  about  which  peiiod  Hops  were  substituted.  The  plant  is  reputed  to  pos- 
sess tonic,  and  other  medical  properties.    See  tVithering,  Scliapf,  &c. 

229.    PYCNANTHEMUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  509. 
[Gr.  Pijknos:,  dense,  and  Antkemon,  a  flower;  the  flor/ers  being  collected  in  dense  heads] 

Heads  with  many-leaved,  bract-like  involucres.    Cor.  upper  lip  subentire,  lower  trifid.    Stam.  distant. 
§  1.    Stamens  exserted. 
P.  LiNiFOLiUM.  Natt.  Glabrous;  branches  fastigiate;  leaves  linear,  acute;  bractes  subulate-aristate 
Gynon.  Thymus  virginicus.     IVilld.    Brachystemum  virginicum.  Mx.     fw/g-o— Virginian  Thyme. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Ilab.  Sterile  banks:  exsicated  swamps:  Barrens,  &c.   frequent.     1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  A  pleasant,  aromatic  herb;  and  reputed  medicinal,  ii^fevers,  &c.  by  someof  our  dealers  insirnpks 

P.  LANCEOLATUM.P/j.  Stem  hairy-pubescent;  branches  erect;  leaves  lance-linear;  calyx-teeth  villous. 

>Synon.  P.  virginicum.    A\tt.  Ell.    Brachystcmon  lanceolatus.     JMuhl. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  vmt.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds:  Patton's:  not  common.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  the  foregoing,  and  was  confounded  with  it  by  Michaux,  &c- 
but  it  13  readily  distinguished  on  comparing  them.    It  is  much  less  common  here,  than  the  other  speciej. 

§  2.     Stamens  included. 

p.  MtJTiCL'M.  Ell.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  sparingly  toothed;  bractes  lanceolate,  acute;  calyx  teeth  ciliate 

Synon.  Brachystemum  inuticum.    Mx.  Fu/go— Mountain  Mint. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr-  mat. 

/lab.  Dry  banks;  borders  of  woods:  Wm.  Brinton's:  rare.    About  2fecthigh:  flowers  pale  reddish  white. 

Oi?.  This  plant  is  pretty  well  figured  in  Michaux's   Flora  Boreali- Americana  {tab.  32.).    It  has  a  £r.9 

arcniatje  odyr,  und  vrarm  taste, 


DIDYNAMIA.    GYMNOSPERMIA.  69 

b.    Calyx  bilabiate. 

230.    CLINOPODIUM.    A'-idt.  Gen.  510. 

IQt.  Kline,  a  bed,  and  Pons,  podos,  a  foot;  the  verticils  resembling:  the  feet,  or  wheels,  of  a  truckle  bed.] 

Verticils  with  bract-like,  setaceous  involucres.    Cor.  upper  lip  flat,  obcordate,  straight. 

C.  vuLG.\RE.  Ph.  Heads  verticillate;  bractes  setaceous,  divaricately  hispid;  leaves  remotely  dentate 

F((/g-o— Wild  Basil.    Field  Thyme. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

i/aZ».  Dry,  sandy  banks;  borders  of  woods;  roadsides,  Sic  frequent.     12  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  purple, 

^  OaiG  AiNf  cjM  vuLGARE  grows  ou  the  roadside  towards  Philadelphia,  between  the  6  and  7  mile  stones- 
out  1  have  not  seen  it  nearer  to  this  place.  oiuucd, 

231.    PRUNELLA.    Nutt.  Gen.  515. 

[Altered  from  Brunella,  and  derived  from  the  German,  die  Breune;  a  disease,  said  to  be  cured  by  it.] 
Cal.  upper  lip  flat,  dilated.    i'''i7a;nmis  bifurcate;  one  point  antheriferous.    StigmahiM. 
P.  VULGARIS.  Ell.  Leaves  petiolate,  oblong-ovate;  lips  of  the  calyx  unequal,  upper  one  truncate,  3  awned. 
Synon.  P.  Pcnnsylvanica?  J.Iahl.  i^«/sro— Heal-all,  or  All-heal.    Self-heal. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July  till  November.  Fr.  mat.  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  "Woodlands;  roadsides,  &c.  very  common.    6 to  12  inches  high:  flowers  violet  purple,  rarely  whit«, 

06s.  Mr.  Nuttall  says  this  is  "certainly  an  introduced  plant."  It  appears  to  be  subject  to  «ome  twiV- 
Ues;  but  it  may  be  doubted  whether  we  have  more  than  one  species.  The  plant  is  mucilaginous  and  w^ 
lormerly  a  popular  ingredient  in  ointments,  kc.  as  the  common  name  indicates:  but  it  is  wholly  neelected 
at  present.    Lven  Scha-pf  says,    '' exoleta,  supcrflua."  v  "<^S'CLi,t.u 

232.    SCUTELLARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  516. 
ILat.  SciUella,  a  small  dish;  or  Scutelhm,  a  little  shield;  from  the  shape  of  the  appendage  of  the  calyx.] 

Cal.  margin  entire,  after  flovrering  closed  with  a  galeate  lid.    Cor.  tube  elongated. 
S.  LATERIFLORA.  Ell.  Branching;  gl.ibrous;  leaves  ovate,  dentate,  petioles  long;  racemes  lateral    leafy. 
Tu/go— Mad-dog  Scull-cap.    Side-flowering  Scull-cap.     Hood-wort.  ' 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.   mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds:  along  ditches,  &c.  frequent.     1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  purplish  blue,  small. 

Obs.  This  is  the  plant  which  has  recently  made  so  much  noise,  among  Newspaper  b'o<;sips,  as  a  remedy 
fov  Hydrophobia.  The  absurd  tales,  however,  which  were  propagated  with  so  much  yea  and  indltv 
Zu^  'f't  "„^''"'°"^^^^  -t  length  become  rather  .tale,  even'for  the  medical  deparrmetit  of  fo^z  ttj^ 
and  the  lately  vaunted  specific  is  now  very  properly  permitted  to  repose  in  peace  with  its  kindred  medil 
raments,  Anag.dhs  and  Ahsma.  For  a  sensible  and  judicious  exposition  of  this  matter,  by  Dr  W  PC 
Barton,  see  the  first  volume  of  Chapman's  Medical  and  Physical  Journal.  ^  vv .  r.  C, 

S   iNTEGRiFOLiA.  Ell.  Pubescent;  leaves  subsessile,  oblong,  entire,  tapering  at  base;  racemes  loose- 

Fu/o-o— -Large-flowered  Scull-cap. 

Ft.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  p,..  mat.  Last  of  July,  and  after. 

Hab.  Woodlands;   and  meadows:  frequent.     1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  blue,  large. 

«n^i'.  h^^  ^'  fl}'^'°P'f ?!''''  '"''th  linear  leaves,  which  Pursh  considers  as  only  a  variety  of  this  is  frenuent 


S.  PiLOSA.  -C//   Hairy;  leaves  distant,  oval,  crenate,  petiolate;  racemes  terminal,  loose;  calyx  hispid- 
Syncn.S   ovalifolia.  Muhl.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil,  probably  not  of  P.rsvon.     FW.o-Common  Scull-cap. 

^  .    w     .f    7''  '.   u'^f  •  ^'-  '"""■  ^'^Sinn.ng  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Woodlands;  and  thickets:  common.     12  to  20  inches  high:  flowers  bluish  purple. 

n»?c';.'^''^''^'^^T^°^'''°"'?'!"'^'^°"*"'"^'°"  respecting  this  common  species:  and  the  riant  if-elf  an- 
Ederablvtroader  tT  ^,"'^''-~b-i=^S  -""eh  less  hairy  in  some  insta^nces  than  o£sS  the  ieav^. 
conMaerabJy  broader,  &c.    It  is,  however,  pretty  well  described  by  Mr.  Elliott. 

2S3.     THYMUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  517. 
[Perhaps  from  the  Gr.  Thymes,  courage;  in  allusion  to  its  cordial  qualities.] 
Cal.  subcampanulate,  orifice  closed  with  villous  hairs.    Cor.  upper  lip  flat,  eroarginatc. 

T-  SERPYLLUM.  IFg.  Stem  Creeping;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  entire,  ciliate  at  base;  flowers  in  head" 
Fti^g-o— Thyme.    IMother  of  Thyme. 

Fl.  Last  of  June  till  October.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Sandy  banks:  Roadside  S.  of  Birmingham  M.  H.  rare.    4  to  6  inches  long:  flowers  purple: 
Oii.  This  delightful  little,  aromatic  herb  oeciir?  occas'oRallr :  bv,t  it  is  believed  to  be  only  nat-iralise'i     T^i 


TD  DIDYNAMIA.    GYMNOSPERMIA 

USPS  ill  domestic  economy,  &c.  are  well  known,  It  was  one  o!  the  vulgar  notions  of  the  age  gone  by, 
thatt^spl^ntspranrupsp^^^  spots  where  human  blood  had  been  spilled  by  any  casualty,  or 

violence. 

234.    TRICHOSTEMA.    Nutt.  Gen.  519. 
[Gr.  Thrix,  triclios,  a  hair,  and  Simc,  a  stamen;  alluding  to  its  long,  hair-like  stamens.] 
Cal.  re^upinate.    Cor.  upper  lip  falcate.    Stamens  very  long,  incurved. 
T.  DiCHOTOMA.  Ell.  Leaves  rhomboid-lanceolate,  pubescent;  flowers  in  dichotomous  panicles. 
F«/go— Bastard  Pennyroyal.     Blue  Curls. 

Fl  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat  I^ast  of  September. 

Ilab.  Sandy  grounds;  old  fields,  &c.  frequent.    8  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  bright  blue. 

Ohs.  This  plant,  when  slightly  bruised,  emits  an  odor  remarkably  similar  to  that  of  the  ripe  kernels  of 
the  Juglans  nigra,  or  black  walnut. 

OUBSa,    ANGIOSFBIIMIA. 

a.    Calyx  mostly  S-clcft. 

235.    PHRYMA.    Nutt.  Gen.  520. 
tA  Linniean  name;  whose  origin,  orderivation,  has  not  even  been  conjectured.] 

Cal.  cylindric;  upper  lip  longer,  trifid;  lower  bidentate.  Cor.  upper  lip  emarginate;  lower  large.  Seed  1 
T  leptostachya  Ell.  Leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate:  spikes  slender;  flowers  opposite;  fruit  reflexe^ 
Fl.  Beginning  of  July-  Fr.  mat.  Mddle  of  September- 

Hab.  Borders  of  woodlands;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  purple,  small. 

Ohs    The  thin  membranaceous  Capsule,  is  liable  to  be  overlooked  by  the  student;  and,  indeed,  the  plani 
h^Theen  %ce!-mGymno..permia  by  very  able  botanists   who  have  only  seen  dried  specimens:  but  tbef 
geed-vessel  is  quite  obvious  in  the  fresh  plant-especially  before  the  fruit  is  fully  mature. 

236.    SCROPBULARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  528. 
[Said  to  have  been  so  named,  from  its  supposed  virtues  in  curing  Scrophula.^ 
Cor.  sub-globose,  resupinate,  middle  segment  of  the  lower  lip  reflexed.    Caps.  2  celled. 
S.  KARiLANDicA.  Ell.  Stem  square:  leaves  ovate,  doubly  serrate;  panicle  terminal,  compound,  loose 
Fit/g-o— Carpenter's  Square.    Maryland  Fig-wort. 

Fl.  Last  of  May  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  August,  and  after. 

Hah.  Fence-rows;  woodlands,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  dingy  greenish  purple- 

Ohs.  This  plant  may  be  readily  reco?;nized  by  "  a  small  spathulate  purple  appendage  attached  to  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  just  below  the  base  of  the  upper  segment."  The  root,  bruised,  is  a  popular  application  to 
phlegmons,  &c.  with  a  view  to  promote  suppuration.  What  the  real  virtues  of  the  plant  are,  I  am  unable 
to  say. 

237.    BUCHNERA.    Nutt.  Gen.  531. 
[In  honor  of  Jo/jrt  Gottfried  Buchner;  a  German  Botanist.] 

Cor.  tube  slender, long,  border  5  lobed,  lobes  nearly  equal,  obcordate.    Stam.  short.    Caps.  5  celled, 
B.  AMERICANA.  Ell.  Scabrous;  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  opposite,  sessile;  spike  remote-flowered. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Wet  meadow,  at  Hayes'  bridge.  Street  road:  rare.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  puj-ple- 

06s.  I  have  only  met  with  this  in  the  above  mentioned  locality.  The  flowers,  at  first  view,  considerably 
resemble  those  of  Phlox- 

238.    ANTIRRHINUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  532. 
[Gr.  Anti,  equal,  or  like,  and  Rhin,  a  nose;  the  flowers  resembling  the  snout  of  some  animals.] 

CoR.  spurred,  or  gibbous  at  base;  ringent,  throat  closed  by  the  prominent  palate.    Caps,  ovate,  2  valved- 

A.  LIN  ARIA.  Ph.  Glabrous;  leaves  scattered,  lance-linear;  spike  terminal,  dense-flowered;  spur  long; 

F«/go— Toad-flax.    Ransted  weed.     Devil's  flax.    Wild  Snap-dragon. 

Fl.  Last  of  May  till  October.  Fr.  mat.  A'lgust,  and  after. 

Hab.  Fence-rows:  fields,  &.c.  common.     1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

06s.  This  is  a  foreigner,  but  very  extensively  naturalized;  and  a  most  unwelcome  intruder  upon  our 
farm-?;— being  utterly  worthless,  and  monopolizing  much  ground. 


BIDYNAMIA.    ANGIOSPERMIA.  H 

239.    GERARDIA.    Nutt.  Om.  bU 
[In  honor  of  7oAn  Gerarrf;  an  English  Herbalist  of  some  celebrity  in  his  day.] 

Cor.  subcampanulate,  unequally  5  lobed,  lobes  mostly  rounded.    Caps.  2  celled,  opening  at  top. 

G.  PURPUREA.  Ell.  Stem  branched,  scabrouB;  leaves  linear,  scabrous;  peduncles  short;  Sowers  large, 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  F>-.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Moist  woodlands:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  purple. 

G.  TENUiFoi.iA.  Ell  Stem  branched,  smoothish,  4  angled ;  leaves  linear,  smoothish;  peduncles  long,  slender. 

Fl.  Latter  end  ot  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

JIab.  Dry,  sterile  soils:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  purple- 

Obs.  This  resembles  the  foregoing  species,  but  is  more  delicate;  and  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  its 
long  peduncles. 

G.  AURicuLATA.  Mr-  Rough;  leaves  lance-ovate,  entire,  auriculate,  sessile;  flowers  axillary,  sessile. 

Sijnon.  Erinus  africanus?  Muhl. 

Fl.  Tiatter  end  of  August.  Fr.    mat. 

Hab.    Patton's  low  grounds:  very  rare.    6  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  purple. 

Obs.  A  han  Isome  specimen  of  this  plant  was  brought  to  me,  in  1S16,  by  Joel  C.  Eaily,  Esqr.  who 
found  it  in  the  above  localitv:  but  I  have  sought  in  vain  for  it  ever  since.  The  solitary  occurrence  of 
thespecies,  in  this  place,  is  somewhat  remarkable:  though  Mr.  Schweinitz  informs  me,  that  the  same 
plant  suddenly  made  its  appearanoe  in  great  abundance,  in  1823,  near  Nazareth,  Penn.  where  it  had 
never  been  seen  before. 

G.  FI.AVA.  Ph.  Pubescent;  leaves  subsessile,  lanceolate!  flowers  axillary,  opposite,  subsessile. 
Fl-  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Hilly  woodlands:  common.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow,  large. 

G.  QUERCiFOLTA.  Ph.  Glabrous;  branching;  leaves  petiolate,  pinnati.fid;  flowers  on  short  peduncles. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beg:inning  of  October. 

Hab-  Rich  woodlands:  below  Wm.  Bennett's;  Brandywine:  not  common-  3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  yellow- 

G.  PKDicrji,ARiA.  Ell.  Villous;  branching;  leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid,  lobes  serrate;  calyxsegmeuts  leaflike 
Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Dry,  slaty  woodlands:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

240.    PEDICULARIS.    JVutt.  Gen.  535- 
[Lati  Pediculus,  a  Louse;  but  the  reason  of  the  name  is  undetermined.] 

CoR.  ringeut,  upper  lip  emarginate,  compressed.  Caps.  2  celled,  oblique,  mucronate.  Seeds  coated- 
p.  PALLIDA.  Ph.  Branching;  leaves  opposite, lanceolate,  crenate-dentate;  spike  leafy,  glabrous;  galea  obtuse 
Synon.  P.  sceptrum?  (serotina).  Muhl  FuZgo— Late-flowering  Louse-wort. 

Fl  Beginning  of  September.  Fr   mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Low  grounds,  and  thickets:  Patton's:  frequent-    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow- 
P-  GLADiATA-  P;j.  Simple;  leavcs  lanceolatc,  pinnatifid;  flowers  alternate;  capsules  ensiform-mucronate. 
J'/-  Beginning  of  May-  Fr.  mat    Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Grassy  banks,  in  swamps,  &c-  Amos  Darlington's:  rare.  9  to  15  inches  high,  flowers  brownish  yellow. 

P.  CANADENSIS.  Ell  Leaves  pinnatifid;  heads  ieafy  at  base,  hirsute;  galea  with  two  bristly  teeth. 

Vulgo — Wood  Betony.    Louse-wort. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Jjatter  end  of  June. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  thickets,  and  sandy  banks:  frequent.    6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  The  stems  of  this  species  are  often  somewhat  procumbent:  and  when  it  grows  on  sterile  banks, 
exposed  to  the  sun,  the  flowers  are  apt  to  be  of  a  reddish  brown  color"-  The  prepii  hr-ibis  one  of  the 
Vi(iany  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  poultices,  for  phlegmons,  Sic.  in  popular  practice. 

241.    MIMULUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  537. 
[Lat.  Mimus,  a  masked  actor;  from  a  supposed  resemblance  of  the  flower  to  a  mask.] 
Cal.  prismatic.    CoR.  ringent;  sides  of  the  upper  lip  reflected,  palate  of  the  lower  prominent- 
M.  RiNGENs.  Ell  Leaves  sessile;  peduncles  longer  than  the  flowers;  calyx  teeth  oblong,  acuminata. 
r»i'^o— Monkey -flower. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  T>ast  of  September- 

flab.  Meadows;  and  lev  moi=:t  gra-Jads-  common.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  bluisb  purpk 


7SL  DID  YN  AMI  A.  ANGIOF^PERMIA. 

M-  ALATUS.  Ell.  Stem  alatc; leaves  petiolate,  lance-ovate ;  peduncles  short;  calyx  teeth  round,  vnucronate> 
Fl-  Last  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Iiab.  Low  grounds;  borders  of  rivulets:  frequent     1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  bluish  purple. 

242.    CHELONE.    Nutt.  Gen.  538. 
[Gr.  Chclone,  a  tortoise;  the  flower  resembling  the  head  of  that  animal.] 

Cal.  tribracteate.     Cor.  ringent,  ventricose.    Sterile  filament  short.    Anthers  vroolly.    5'eeds  marginate' 

C.  GLABRA.  Ell.  Leavesopposite,  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  serrate;  spike  terminal,  dense-flowered. 

F«/go— Snake-head.     Shell-flower. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  afcer.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October- 

Hub.  Borders  of  Swamps,  and  rivulets:  frequent    2  to  3  fset  hign:  floweis  white. 

Oi5=  Pentstemon  pubescens    grows  in  the  northern  part  of  this  county,  near  the  Schuylkill;  but  I 
have  not  found  it  in  this  immediate  vicinity. 

243.    EPIPHEGUS.     Nutt.  Gen.  549. 
[Gr.  Epi,  upon,  and  PAeg-os,  abeech;  alluding  to  its  parasitic  connection  with  that  tree.] 

Polygamous:  Sterile  flowers  above:    Cor.  ring;ent,  compressed,  4  cleft,  lower  lip  flat. 

Ferti/e  flowers  below:    CoR.  minute,  4  toothed,  caducous.    Caps,  rounaish,  oblique,  gibbous,  1  celled, ( 


E.  AMERiCAiTOs.  Nutt.  Branching;  naked;  flowcrs  alternate,  distant,  bracteate;  root  tuberous, squamose.( 
Synon.  Orobanche  virginiana.  Auctorum.  Fw?g:o-Beech-drops.    Cancer  root.    Squaw-root. 

ri.  Beginning  of  September.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  exclusively  under  Beech  trecz:  frequent.  6  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  yellowish  purple. 

Ob$.  This  singular  plant,— which,  in  the  words  of  Michaux,  is  always  to  be  found  "in  radice  Faot, 
mc  alicp  plantce,"— possesses  considerable  astringency;  and  has  been  reputed  a  remedy  m  cancerous 
aflfections,  dysentery,  &c.    See  Barton's  collectiom. 

244.  OROBANCHE,    Nutt.  Gen.  548. 

[Gr.  Orohos,  a  vetch,  and  anchein,  to  strangle;  being  supposed  injurious  to  leguminous  plants.] 
Cor.  eubringent,  tube  recurved.    Germ  with  a  gland  at  the  base.    Caps,  ovate,  acute,  1  celled,  2  valved, 
O-  BiFLORA-  Natt.  Stems  very  short, squamose, often  clustered;  peduncles  2,  or  3,  scapeform,  1  flowered, 
•Synon.  O.  uniflora.  TVilld.  Ph.  Ell.  &c.  Fu/g-o-Broom-rape. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Pr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Hilly  woodlands:  along  Brandywine:  frequent.    3  to  6  inches  high:  flowers  purplish  white. 

Obs  The  whole  of  this  delicate  little  plant  is  of  a  yellowish  dirty  white,  or  pale  tan  color;  and  irt  it? 
habit,  or  manner  of  growth,  somewhat  resembles  the  Monotropa,- except  that  the  scape-hke  peduncles  are 
plender  and  naked. 

b.    Calyx  i-clcft:  rarely  bifid. 

245.  MELAMPYRUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  547. 

[Gr.  JVfe/cs,  black,  and  Pi/ros,  wheit;  its  dark  seeds  somewhat  resembling  grains  of  wheat.] 

Cor.  upper  lip  compressed,  margin  folded  back;  lower  grooved,  trifid.  Caps  2  celled,  oblique.  Seeds  oblong, 

M.  LiNEARE.  Ell.  Lower  leaves  linear,  entire;  upper  ones  lancfolate,  toothed  at  base;  flowers  axillary. 

Synon.  M.  americanum.    Mx.  Fw/go— Cow-wheat. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

JIab.  Barrens:  abundant.    6  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow,  tingec]  with  purple. 

Obs.  This  plant  seemtto  be  entirely  restricted,  in  its  habitat,  to  our  slaty  barrens,— where  it  is  very  abuB 
dant. 

246.    EUCHROMA.    Nutt.  Gen.  54? 
[Gr.  Eu,  ^rell,  or  handsomely,  and  CAroma,  color;  in  allusion  to  its  showy,  scarlet  bractes.] 

Cal.  spatheform,  bifid,  or  4  cleft.  Cor.  upper  lip  long,  linear;  lower  short,  trifid.    Anthers  linear,  coherin 

E.  cocciNEA.  Ell.  Stemleaveslinear.incised-pinnatifid,  segments  linear;  bractes  trifid;  calyx  bifid. 

Synon.  Bartsia  coccinea.  Auctorum.  F'^tf/g-o— Painted  Cup.    Red  Robin. 

Fl.  Last  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  v.ct.  Last  of  June,  and  cfier. 

Hah-  Old  meadows:  borders  of  a>y&mps:  frequent,  9  to  18  inchee  high;  flowers  yellowish  green;  bractes  red. 


7$ 


CLASS  XIV.     TETRADYNAMIA, 


ORDER;    S1Im1CTJ1,OBA. 

a.  Siiicles  mostly  entire. 

247.    DRABA.    Nittt.  Gen     551. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name;  of  uncertain  meaning.] 

S'dicle  oval-oblong;  valves  flaftish,  parallel  with  the  dissepiment.    Style  scarcely  any. 
D.  VERN-A.  Ph.  Leaves  oblong,  acute,  subserrate,  rough-haired;  scape  naked;  petals  bifid;  stigma  sessile. 
Synon.  D.  hispidula.'  Mx-  Fii/g-'o— "Whitlow-grass.   April  flower.  Shad  blossom. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  ^r.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

JIab.  Sandy  banks:  roadsides,  &c.  common.     1  to  4  inches  hi-h:  flowers  white. 
Obs.  This  delicate  little  plant,  in  mild  seasons,  often  blooms  in  February  and  March. 

248.    ALYSSUM.    JVutt.  Gen.  552. 
[Gr.  c,  privative,  and  Lyssa,  madness;  being  supposed  to  cure  that  malady.] 
Siltde  subentire,  marginate,  mucronate  with  the  style;  valves  concave.  Filam.  2  shortest  sometimes  toothed. 
A.  SATIVUM.  JVg.  Leaveslanceolate,  sagittate,  amplexicaul;  siiicles  obovate,  inflated. 
Syiwn.  Myagrum  sativum.  Willd.  Sac.  Camelina  saliva.  Persooi}.     F«/g-o— Wild  Flax'.  Mad-wort. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  vwt.  Beginning  of  July. 

Jlab.  Cultivated  grounds:  chiefly  among  Flax,  sometimes  Wheat:  frequent.  2  to  3  feet  high:  flowersyellow. 
06s  This  foreigner  is  an  unwelcome  intruder  in  our  Flax  crops;  where  it  is  sometimes  pretty  abundant. 
Some  few  of  our  farmers  are  so  deplorably  ignorant  of  the  botanical  branch  of  their  profes.4n  as  to  believV 
that  this  plant  is  a  sort  of  degenerate  Flax;  and  that  the  melnmorphosis  is  the  result  of  sowing  ilax-«eed  iii 
a  burnt  soil-as  where  brush-heaps,  &c.  have  been  burnt!  This  is  worse,  if  possible,  than  the  transforma- 
tion of  wheat  into  cheat.  But,  happily  lor  the  dignity  of  the  agricultural  character,  the  extension  of  natural 
^lence  among  our  young  farmers  is  rapidly  exploding  all  such  disreputable  ab^urditie'^ 
^▼hichfts'seedJ  JffSd*°°*'  ''"'^  ^'^"^^""2'  ^^at  this  plant  is  cultivated,  in  Germany,  for  the  sake  of  the  oil 

b.  Siiicles  emarginate. 

249.    LEPIDIU.M.    Nidt.   Gen.  554. 

[Supposed  from  the  Or.  Lepis,  lepidos,  a  scale,  or  shell;  from  the  form  of  the  seed-vessels.] 

Silicle  orbicular,  2  celled;  cells  1  seeded;  valves  keeled;  dissepiment  contrary. 

L.  viRGiNicuM.  EU.  Sub-diandrous;  t&dical  leaves  pinnatifld;  cauline  lance-linear,  sub-incised-serratc 

Vulgo— Wild  Pepper-grass. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July,  and  after. 

Hab.  Lanes,  fields,  and  roadsides:  common.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white,  minute. 

250.    THLASPI.    Nutt-.-Gen.  55-5. 

[An  ancient  Greek  pame:  "  a  thlao,  comprimo,  quia* ejus  siliqua  est  valde  compressa."  Bocrh.l 

SilicU  obcordate,  2  celled;  seeds  numerous;  valves  boat-form,  with  the  keels  outward. 

T.  BURSA  PASTORis.  Ell.  Hairy;  radical  leaves  pinnalind,  cauline  lanceolate;  pods  deltoid-obcordate. 

f«/g-o— Shepherd's  Purse. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June,  snd  aft-r. 

Hab.  Gardens,  fields,  and  roadsides:  very  common.    C  to  20  inches  high:  flowers  white,  smnll- 

Ob«.  This  foreign  weed  has  become  so  extensively  naturalize  1  as  to  be  rather  troublesome  in  our  gardens 
and  grain  fields  It  is  subject  to  many  rarieti>s.  psfticubrly  in  itsrsdiml  leaver:  somo  h»in-  nonrlv  rnlirp- 
ana  oiheTspseudo-pinnat*-. 


j^4  TETSADYNAMIA.    SILIQUOSA, 

a.  Calyx  closed;  Uajlds  longitudinally  conniving. 

251.    ERYSIMUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  561. 
[Gi.  '■'  ab  cr'jo,  cxtralia,  quiaob  suam  calliditatem  habet  vim  eruendi  extra  corpus  quid  latet."  BQerh.} 
Siliquc  straight,  linear,  exactly  4  sided.     Stigina  capitate- 
}:.  oFFicNAJ.E.  lOU.  Lower  leaves  ruiicinate,  upper  ones  sub-hastate;  pods  appressed  to  the  stem. 
Kfi/c-o— Hedge  Mustard.  ,  ^  ■,  ,  ,    r 

Fl.  Last  of  Mpy  till  autumn.  />■  '"«'•  L3.t  of  July,  and  after. 

JIab.  About  houses;  gardens,  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.  1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow,  small. 

0'„  A  naturalized  foreigner.  Like  the  generality  of  Tetradynareous  plants,  it  is  w-arm  and  acrid  to  the 
»^i  and  aSinStoV^n^^  i"  W.tl>erin|,  the  j.uTc  has  been  found  "beyond  any  lungmu'f"?  f  '^^ 
liTroat.-when  aSice  of  Doctors  and  Surgeon,  availed  nothing."    I  am  unacquainted  with  its  virtues- 

252.    BARBAREA.    Nult.  Gen.  559. 

[  ^ 

,%-ilique  -Isided-ancipital;  sccd.^  in  a  single  series.  C«Z.  erect.  GVands  between  the  short  stamens  and  germ. 
B  VULG4.RIS  Nutt.  Radical  leaves  lyrale-pinnatifid,  terminal  lobe  large,  rounded;  caulineobovate,  dentate. 
Siinon  Erysimum  barbarea.  JVilld.  Muhl.  he  FtJffo-Scurvy  grass.  Winter  Cress.  Yellow  Rocket. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August. 

Hah.  Low,  muddy  shores  of  the  BrandywiOe;  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Of,,  It  seems  to  be  doubted  whether  this  is  a  native.  It  is,  however,  pretty  common  in  the  low  grounds 
.nlong  our  creeks.  The  radical  leaves  are  frequently  collected,  early  in  the  spring,  and  eaten  as  a  sallad, 
unde'r  the  name  of  "Seurvy  grass." 

253.     ARABIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  561. 
[An  ancient  greek  name  of  a  plant;  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  Arabia.'} 
Suique  linear,  compressed,  crowned  with  the  stigma.    Glands  4,  squamiform,  1  within  each  calyx-leaflet. 
A   LYRATA.  Nutt.  Radical  leaves  lyrate,  pilose;  cauline  linear,  glabrous;  pedicels  spreading,  pods  erect. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  May,  and  after- 

tiab.  Sterile,  stony  hills;  Barren  ridge:  frequent.    6  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white,  conspicuous. 
\    F  ^LC.VT  A.  Ms.  Leaves  lanceolate,  narrow  at  each  end,  obsoletely  dentate;  pods  pendulous,  falcate 
&ynon.  A.  canadensis.    Willd.  Ell.  Nutt.  Fw/g;o— Sickle-pod .  Turkey-pod.  Wall-cress. 

Fl  Beginning  of  June .  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hah.  Hilly  woodlands;  along  Brandy  wine:  frequent.  About  2  feet  high:  flowers  white,  smallish. 

Obs.  The  seeds  of  this  species  are  encircled  by  a  membranaceous  border,  the  margins  overlapping. 
A.  rvHOMBOiDEA.  Ell.  Root  tuberous;  leaves  glabrous,  sub-rhomboid,  repand-dentate,  lower  ones  roundish. 
.^1/7! wi.  A.  bulbosa.  Mv.hl.  A.  tuberosa?  and  rhomboidea.  Persoon.     F?(/g-d— Spring  cress. 
Fl.  Middle  of  April,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after. 

Hub.  Springs,  and  along  muddy  rivulets:  common.  9  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  white,  large. 

Obs  The  fleshy  root  of  this  species  is  quite  pungent  to  the  taste;  and  Pursh  thought  it  worthy  to  be  intrd- 
duced  into  garden^s,  to  be  used  as  cresses.'  Dr.  ivfuhlenberg  seemed  to  doubt  whether  tl^ns  was  not  the 
Cardamine  rotundifolia,  of  Michr,ux,-and  his  dbnbt  has  been  adopted  by  ISlessrs.  ^  "ttall  W.  RC  Bar  on, 
and  Elliott:  but  I  am  satistied  that  tlie  plants  are  clearly  distinct,— as  1  have  lound  both,  in  this  vicinity. 
iS'ce  Cardamine  rotundifolia. 

2.54.  DENTARIA.    Nutt.  Ge7i.  5-57. 
[Lat.  J)en::,  dcniis,  a  tooth;  from  the  tooth-like  processes  of  the  root.] 

Siliq\(c  opening  ela.stically;  valves  nerveless,  revolute.  Dissepiment  sub-fungose.    Stigma  emarginate. 
D.  LACirviATA.  Ell.  Leaves  in  3's,ternate;  leaflets  linear-oblonu;,  incised-dentate;  root  moniliford. 
Sipwn.  D.  concntenata.  Mr.  Fw^-o-Toolli-wort. 

FL  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Hib   Rich  TTooulan  Is:  frequent-    9  to  1.'  inches  high;  flowers  r^rplish  wnite. 


TETRADYNAMIA.  SILIQUOSA.  75 

b.     Catyx  gaping;  Icajlcts  distant  above. 

255.    CARD  AMINE.    JVutt.  Gen.  55S. 

[Gr.  '"■  a  Aa?'j  (vel  Kear,)  cor,  et  damao,  domo,  quasi  planta  cordis  deficientes  vires  restaurans."  JBoerh-} 

Silique  ojjening  elasticallj';  valves  mostly  revolute,  same  length  as  the  dissepiment.  Stigma  entire 

C  ROTUNDiFOLiA.  J^/x.  Branching;  slender; glabroiis;  leavcs simple,  suborbicular,pet!olate; pods Spreading. 

'  Fi.  Middle  of  May.  /•>.  victt.  Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Shaded,  swampy  spring,  at  the  Brandy  wine:  rare.  9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white,  smalli.sh. 

Obs-  I  have  met  with  this  plant  in  one  spot  only,— in  a  shaded,  muddy  spring,  ct  the  foot  of  the  hill,  on  the 
•west  side  of  Brandy  wine,  nearly  opposite  Jolm  Taylor's  Mill — whure  it  is  pretty  abundant.  It  would 
appear  that  Dr.  Muhlenberg  had  never  seen  it;  as  he  seemed  to  think  Michau:c'i  description  was  intended 
for  tlie  Arabis  rhomboidea.  But  they  are  undoubtediy  distinct  plants.  The  roots  of  the  Cardamine  are 
constantly  tibrous;  tiie  stems  mostly  branching,  somewhat  procumbent,  branches  slender  and  weak;  the 
leaves  are  all  petiolate,  and  nearly  orbicular;  the  lower  ones  often  two  inches  in  diameter,  and  on  pretty 
long  petioles,  the  upper  ones  gradually  diminish  in  size,  as  they  asx^end,  the  top  ones  not  being  more  than 
one  third,  or  one  half  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  petioles  becoming  shorter  in  the  same  in;umer.  The 
peduncles  are  spreading,  almost  divaricate;  the  petals  are  not  more  than  half  the  size  of  those  of  A-  rhom- 
boidea;  the  stigma  is  simple,  and  very  small,  on  a  tapering  stjie  nearly  aline  in  length.  The  plant  is  not 
so  acrid  as  the  Arabis;  but  is  rather  bitter  to  the  taste.  In  tine,  I  am  well  satisfied  that  this  is  Michaux's 
C  rotundifolia;  in  which  opinion  I  am  fortified  by  Dr.  Torrey,  to  whom  I  sent  specimens. 

C-  PE]VNSYi.vANiCA.  Ell-  Glabrous;  leaves  pscudo-pinnate,  segmentsroundish-oblong,  obtuse;  pods  erect- 
Synon.  C.  virginica.'  Mx.  ru/g-o—A.-nerican  Water-cress.  Lady's  smock. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Jlab-  Spring  heads,  rivulets,  swamps,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs-  The  silique  is  terminated  by  a  short  tapering  style,  or  beak,  as  in  the  fore!?:oing;  and,  when  matur'O, 
the  valves  burst  open  with  great  elasticity,  and  roll  up  spirally.  The  leaves  of  the  young  plants  are  often 
gathered,  m  the  spring,  and  eaten,  under  the  common  name  of  ''  water  cresses." 


CLASS  XV.   MONADELPHIA. 


ORDER,  TRIANDPcSA. 

256.  SISYRINCHIU.M.    Nntt.  Gen.  26. 
[Gr.  Stjs,  a  hog,  and  Rhynchos,  a  snout;  hogs  being  supposed  to  be  fond  of  rooting  it  up.  J 

Cal.  spathe,  2  leaved.  Cor.  superior,  6  cleft,  tube  short.  Caps.  3  celled,  pedicellate  beyond  the  spath.  . 
S.  MUCRONATUM.  Ell.  Stem  simple,  setaccous;  leavesnarrow;  spathe  colored;  outer  valve  loug-mucronatc, 
F"'oO~Sword-pointed  Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Last  of  June,  and  after- 

Hub.  Low  grounds,  and  meadows :  frequent.    9  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  blue. 

S.  BERMUDiANU.M.  Ell  Stem  ancipital,  alate,  leafy;  leaves  grass-like;  spathe  shorter  than  the  flowers. 
Synon.  S.  anceps.'PA.  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  &c.  Fit/go— Blue-eyed  grass. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hub.  Woodlands;  thickets,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  blue- 

Obs.  I  can  perceive  no  sufficient  reason  to  remove  this  genus  into  the  Class  Triandria,  so  long  as  that  o! 
Monadelphia  shali  be  deemed  xyortby  of  a  place  in  the  Sexual  Syslc:.;. 


257.    LOBELIA.     Nutt.  Gen.  .168. 
llnhonoToi  Matthias  de.  Label;  a  Flemish  Botanist.  J 
Cal.  5  cleft.  Cor.  1  petalled,  irregular,  upper  side  deeply  clef'.  Anthers  cohering.  C.ii's.  2  or  2  celle J 

L.  ci.AYTONiANA.  Ph.  Simple;  pubescent;  leavcs  oblong,  obtuse;  raceme  virgate;  bracfes  subulate- 

il.  Beginning  of  June  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after. 

Hak:  Ficlds.nxeadows.  and  woodlands;  frequent.  1  tn  3  fy-et  high,  slf-nd^r:  flowers  pale  blue;  small 


76  MONADELPHIA.  PENTANDRIA. 

Jj.  INFI.ATA.  EU.  Branching;  hirsute;  leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate;  racemes  leaf j;  capsules  inflated. 

Fu/go— Eye-bright.  Indian  Tobacco.  Puke-weed. 

Fl-  Middle  of  July  till  October.  Fr.  mat.  September,  and  after. 

Jlab-  Pastures;  roadsides,  &c.  common.    12  to  16  inches  high:  flowers  palfe  blue,  smajl- 

Ohs.  The  lactescent  juice  of  this  species  is  highly  acrid;  and  the  plant  is  said  to  possess  very  active  pro- 
perties— being  cathartic?  emetic,  and  narcotic,  according  to  the  dose.  The  tincture  of  the  leaves  has  been 
found  servicenble  in  cases  of  asthma,  &c.  in  the  northern  States;  but  I  believe  it  has  rarely  been  used  in  this 
part  of  the  country . 

Li.  syphilitica.  Ell  Simple;  sub-hirsute;  leaves  lance-oval,  serrulate;  calyx  hispid, sinuses  reflexcd. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hob.  Swamps,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    1  to4  feet  high:  flowers  bnt;ht  blue,  large. 

Ohs.  A  handsome,  showy  species; — the  flowers  are  sometimes  tinged  with  purple,  and  occasionally, 
though  rarely,  are  milk  white.  This  plant  was  one  of  the  Indian  nostrums,  which  formerly  attracted  so  much 
notice;  and  was  reputed  to  be  a  remedy  for  syphilis — whence  its  specific  name:— but,  like  most  of  the  In- 
dian remedies,  it  lost  its  character  as  soon  as  reason  and  observation  were  substituted  for  blind  faith. 

Li.  caedinalis.  Ell.  Simple;  leaves  lanceolate,  denticulate;  raceme  lub-secund;  stamens  long. 

FuZg-o— Cardinal  flower. 

Fl.  Last  of  July  till  October.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hub.  Low  grounds:  along  rivulets,  &c.  frequent.    1^  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  bright  crimson- 

Obs.  This  truly  superb  plant  would  doubtless  be  cultivated  in  our  flower  gardens  with  great  care,  if  it 
■were  less  common.  It  is  said  to  be  endued  with  vermifuge  properties;  but  I  believe  it  is  only  on  Indian 
authority. 

The  genus  Lobelia  does  not  exactlj'  accord  with  the  prevailing  character  of  the  Class  Monadelphia;  but 
it  is,  perhaps,  arranged  here  with  as  much  propriety  as  it  could  be  in  any  othey  class. 

OBBEH,  DECANDI^IA. 

258.    GERANIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  574. 
[Gr.  Geranos,  a  crane;  the  persistent  style  resembling  the  beak  of  that  bird-] 

Cal.  5  leaved.    Cor.  petals  5,  regular.    Stigmas  5.    Ai^ils  5, 1  seeded,  mucronate. 

Q.  maculatum.  Ell.  Erect;  leaves  5  parted,  segments  cuneate-obovate;  petals  twice  aslong  as  the  calj'x. 

Fw/go— Crow-''oot.    Spotted  Crane's-bill.    Wild  Geranium.    Alum-roct. 

J=7.  Beginning  of  May,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  June,  and  after. 

Hab-  Woodlands;  field-sides,  Sac  common.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  reddish  purple,  large. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  plant  is  a  pretty  valuable  astringent;  and  has  been  much  used  in  diarrhoeas,  hemor- 
rhage, &c.    See  Barton's  Collections;  Coxe's  Medical  Musemn,  &c. 

G.  cakolinianum.  EU.  Diffuse;  leaves  7  parted;  peduncles  sub  fascicled;  petals  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June. 

Hab.  Brandy  wine;  west  side,  above  Painter's  bridge:  rare-  12  to  IS  inches  long:  flowers  white,  small. 

05s.  This  species  is  very  rare,  and  apparently  a  stranger,  jn  this  vicinity.  The  variety  with  red-veined 
flowers,  grows  in  great  abundance  about  Danville,  Columbia  county.    I  have  not  seen  \t  here. 

Ocj^  G.  DiSKECTtTM,  P/i.  (G-  PUsitLUM,  Muhl  ?)  is  abundant  along  the  Susquehansa,  near  M'Call'sferrj; 
but  has  not  been  found  hereabouts  8c|=Pursh  is  mistaken  in  saying  that  the  G.  robertianx^m,  of  this 
country,  does  notposseFS  the  heavy  scent  which  belonss  to  the  European  plant.  I  observed  that  peculiar 
odor  in  a  very  high  dtgree,  in  specimens  which  I  collected  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.  I  have  not  met  with  the 
plant  in  this  State. 

259.     OXALIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  420. 
[Gr.  Oxysi  sharp,  cr  sour;  in  reference  to  the  acid  quality  of  the  plant.] 
Oal.  5  leaved.    CoH.  petals  5,  claws  connected.    .Sfam.  alternately  shorter.  Caps.  5  celled,  5  angled. 

O.  viOLACEA.  Ell.  Rootbulbous;  scape  umbelliferous;  flowers  nodding;  styles  shorter  than  the  stapiens| 

Fu/ffo— Violet  Wood  Sorrel. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Rich,  shaded  grounds:  woodlands:  frequent.    5  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  purple. 

O.  C0RN1CUI.ATA.  Ell-  Pubcscent;  stems  sub'-procumbent,  radicating;  umbels  the  length  of  the  petioles. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  June,  and  after. 

Hab.  Fields;  and  woodlands:  common.    3  to  6  inches  long:  flowers  yellow. 

O;  sTUiCTA.  Ell.  Hairy;  stem  erect,  branching;  umbels  longer  than  the  petioles, 
Fu/sTP— Common  Wood  Sorrr !. 


MONADELPHIA.  POLYANDRIA.  77 

Fl-  Middle  of  June  till  September.  Fa  mat   August,  and  after. 

Hah-  Borders  of  woods;  fields,  &c.  common.    6  to  13  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

06.?.  I  have  some  small,  erect  specimens,  with  hirsute  stems,  and  umbels  longer  than  the  leaves,— which 
Mr.  Schweinitz  thought  might  be  the  O  DiUcnii,  of  Pursh  (O.  furcatal  Elliott) .  Mr.  Nuttall,  however, 
Beems  to  consider  that  species  scarcely  distinct  from  the  O.  strlcta. 

I  have  followed  Michaux,  in  arranging  thiagpnusin  Monadelphia;  to  which  place  it  appears  to  havequite 
as  much  pretension,  at  least,  as  the  genus  Lobelia. 


ORDEH,  POLYANDRIA. 

260.    SIDA.    Ntdt.  Gen.  577. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name;  of  uncertain  etymology.] 

Cal.  simple,  an&ular,  6  cleft.  Cor.  petals  5.  S-^i/Ze  many  parted.  Caps,  many;  each  1  or  3 seeded. 

S-  spmosA.  Ell.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  or  sub-cordate,  dentate-serrate;  axils  subspinose;  capsules 2  horned. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hub.  Dry  banks;  roadsides,  Sec.  frequent-    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  Spmosa  is  not  a  good  name;  as  there  are,  in  fact,  no  re  al  spines,— but  mere  minute  points,  or  pro- 
tuberances, ju.st  below  the  axils,  which  can  scarcely  be  considered  as  even  the  rudiments  of  spines.  Is  the 
plant  really  spinosem  its  native  regions.?  It  is  a  stranger  here:  and  was  somewhat  rare  when  this  catalogue 
was  commenced,  in  1813— but  it  is  now  (1825)  becoming  quite  common. 

S.  ABUTiLOTf.  Ell.  Silky-tomentcse;leavesround-cordate,  acuminate ;  capsules  2  awned,  truncate. 
FuZg-o— Indian  I\I.»llow.     De  Witt  weed.    Velvet-leaf. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July  till  October-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Hub.  Gardens,  lanes,  fields,  &c.  common.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  A  naturalized  foreigner;  and  becoming  troublesome  in  our  cultivated  grounds. 

261.    MALVA.    Nutt.  Gen.  578. 

[An  ancient  Latin  name;  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Cal.  double;  outer  one  Sleaved,  inner  5  cleft.  Con.  petalso.  Caps,  many,  1  seeded, arranged  orbicularly. 

M.  ROTUXDiroLiA.  Ell.  Stem  prostrate;  leaves  cordate-oibicular;  peduncles  of  the  fruit  declinate. 

Vulgo—Runn'ins:  Mallows.    Low  Mallows. 

Fl.    Middle  of  May  till  October .  Fr.  mat.  August,  and  after- 

Hah.    Gardens,  yards,  and  grass-lots:  common-    12  to  20  inches  long:  flowers  reddish  white. 

Obs.  A  naturalized  foreigner;  and  rather  troublesome  in  plardens,  &;c.  It  contains  considerable  mucil- 
age; and  is  much  used,  in  popular  practice,  as  an  ingredient  in  emollient  cataplasms— also  in  infusion,  as  ii 

ISI.  MoscHATA.  IVg.  Erect;  radical  leaves  reniform,  incised;  cauline  5 parted,  segments  pinnatifid. 

Vulgo—Mosk  Mallows. 

Fl.     Middle  of  June,  and  after-  Fr.  mat. 

Uab.  Brandywine,  near  John  Taylor's  mill:  rare-    About  2  feet  high;  flowers  pale  red,  or  nearly  white. 

se?b*y  iS musky  odor^"'^'""^''  ^"'^  ^^^'"'' '°  ^''^'^  escaped  from  the  garden-:.    It  may  be  readily  recogni^ 

sefcuocaHtkr'^''^^  ^^^  ^'^'^  e.'stended  itself  beyond  our  gardens,  and  is  becoming  almost  naturalized  in 

262.    HIBISCUS.    Nuft.  Gen.  580. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name;  of  unknown  derivation.] 

Cal.  double;  outer  one  many  leaved,  inner  5  cleft.  Cor.  petals  5.  Stig.  5.  Caps.  5  ceiled,  many  seeded . 

H.  TRioxuM.    JVilld.  Upper  leaves  ternate,  or  3  parted,  dentate,  middle  lobe  long;  inner  calyx  inflated. 
Fu/;;,'o— Bladder  Ketmia.     Flower  of  an  hour. 

/v.  IMiddle  of  July,  and  alter.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hah.  Gardens;  Indian  torn-fields,  &c.  not  common.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  white. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  frequent  about  our  gardens;  and  is  bsgianing  to  extend  itself  into  cultivated  fields, 
it  appears  to  be  the  variety  B   (.ternatus.)  of  Willdenow-. 


rs 


CLASS  XVL     DIADELPHIA. 

OHSER,    KEXANDHXA. 

2eS.    CORYDALIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  587. 
[Gr.  Korydalos,  a  lark;  Larkspurj— in  reference  to  the  calcarate  nectaries. J 

Cal.  2  leaved.  Cou.  ringent.  Fi/.  2,  membranaceous,  each  with  3  aniAcrs.  Caps,  siliquose,  many  seeded. 
C.  cucuLLARiA.  Ph.  Root  bulbous;  scape  naked;  raceme  simple,  sub-secund;  spurs  2,  divaricate. 
jS^non.  Fumaria  cucullaria.  Willd.  Mx.  he-  Valgo — Dutchman's  Breechea.    Breeches  flower. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Low  grounds,  along  Brandywine:  not  common.    6  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  white,  mouth  yellow. 

Ohs.  This  curious  little  plant  occurs  in  a  few  places,  along  the  margm  of  the  Brandywine,  near  the  forks; 
but  I  incline  to  doi^bt  its  being  native  there. 

ORDER,    OCTANDRZA. 

264.    POLYGALA.    Nutt.  Gen.  589. 
[Gr.  Poly,  much,  and  Gala,  milk;  from  its  supposed  influence  on  the  secretion'of  milk.] 
Cal.  5  leaved,  2  of  them  larger,  wing-like,  colored-  Cor.  irregular.  Caps,  obcordate,  2  celled,  2  valved. 
p.  SENEGA.  Ell.  Stem  simple,  weak,  leafy ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  subsessile;  spike  terminal,  filiform. 
FuZffo— Seneka  Snake-root.    Milk-wort.    Mountain  Flax. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  f'r-  ^nat. 

Hah.  Hilly  woodlands:  Bath;  Brandywine:  frequent.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Ohs.   The  active  medical  properties  of  the  root  of  this  plant  are  extensively  known.    It  is  particular]^ 
valuable  as  a  stimulating  expectorant. 

p.  PURPLTREA.  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong-linear;  spikes  cylindric,  obtuse;  calyx  wings  twice  as  long  as  the  cap- 

^ynon.  P.  sanguinea.  Ph.  Mx.  Muhll  [sule. 

Fl.  Last  of  July,  till  October.  Fr.  mat. 

JIah.  Sterile,  low  ;jrounds;  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    5  to  10  inches  high:  flowers  purple. 

p.  VERTICII.LATA.  Nutt.  Leaves  linear,  verticillate  and  scattered;  calyx  wings  shorter  than  the  capsulej 

Ft.  Middle  of  July,  and  alter.  Fr.  mat^ 

Hah.  Woods,  old  fields,  &c.  frequent.     6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  white,  sometimes  purpli 

p.  4.5rBiGUA.  Ndtt.  First  leaves  verticillate,  the  rest  alternate;  calyx  wings  equal  with  the  capsule. 

JV.  Middle  of  August, and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Sterile  soils:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent-    9  to  15  inches:  flowers  purple  and  white. 

06t    This  and  the  preceding  species  are  nearly  allied  to  each  qther.    They  are  both  .^lender  plants,  most" 
'y  br*nching!^with  filiform  spikes  of  small  flowers;  buc  the  flowers  aje  rather  larger  m  this  than  in  the  J 
foregoing,  and  the  spikes  supported  on  longer  peduncles.  j 

ORDER,    DSGANDRXA, 

A.     Filaments  mostly  all  united:  or  Monad elphous, 
265.    LUPINUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  592. 
[Derivation  obscure:  supposed  from  the  Lat.  Lvpus,  a  wolf;  because  it  was  thought  to  injure  the  soil,  j 
Cal.  bilabiate.  Anthers  5  oblong,  and  5  roundish.    Legume  coriaceous,  torulose. 
L   PERENm".  Ell.  Smoothish;  flowers  subverticillate;calyxnotappendr.ged;  banner  emarginate. 
Ju..a-Wild  Lupin^    Perennial  Lupin.  ^^    ^^^    ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^_^^ 

1^5   £3^-11:  Valleyhills:  not  common.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  purpli.h  blue,  or  violet. 

Ohs.  This  ornamental  plant  is  --ewhat  rare  in  this  vi^^^^^^^  m  the  field. 

-Bcar  the  Boot  tavern;  but  H  is  more  frequent  en  the  Great  ^  alley  hil ,. 


DIADELPHIA.   DECANDRIA;  n 

*  266.    CROTALARIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  593. 

IGi-  Krotalon,  a  rattle;  alluding  to  the  ripe  seeds  which  become  loose,  aad  rattle  in  the  pods.] 
Cor.  banner  obcordate,  large;  keel  acuminate.  Filaments  with  a  dorsal  fissure.  Legume  pedicellate,  turgid. 

C.  sAGiTTALis.  Ell-  Hirsute;  erect;  leaves  lance-oblong;  stipules  sagittatCj  acuminate,  decurrent- 
Fit/g-o— Rattle-box. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Hub-  Sterile,  sandy  soils:  N.  of  Dilworthtown:  not  common.    4  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Ohs.  In  1818,  I  observed  this  plant  to  be  quite  abundant  in  a  small  old  field,  of  Jacob  Bennett,  onthe  bigb 
ground  b.  L.  of  Birmingham  meeting-house:  but  have  rarely  met  with  it  since. 

267.  TEPHROSIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  622. 

[Gr.  Tepliros,  ash-colored;  alluding  to  the  cinereous,  or  hoary  aspect  of  the  plant.] 
Cal.  5  cleft;  segments  subulate,  nearly  equal.    Legume  compressed,  subcoriaceous. 
T.  viRGiNiANA.  Ell.  Hoary-villous;  leaflets  oval-oblong,  mucronatc;  raceme  terminal,  subsessile. 
Synon.  Galega  virginiana.  IVilld-  Mahl.  Mx.     Fu/g-o— Cat-gut.    Goats-Rue. 
Ft.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Barrens;  and  Valley  hilis:  frequent.  About  1  foot  high:  flowers  yellowish  white,  tinged  with  purple. 
Obs.  This  plant  is  almost  exclusively  confined  to  our  slatv,  barren  woodlands,  and  the  Gr^^at  Valley  hills 
—where  it  is  pretty  frequent,  growing  in  bunchps,or  clusters.  The  flowers  are  large,  and  handsome  The 
filaments  are  sub-monadclphous—one  being  partially  separated  from  the  others,  near  the  base-  An  inf"- 
51011  of  the  long  slender  roots  is  a  popular  remedy  for  worms,  in  children. 

B.     Filaments  m  2  sets:  mostly  9  together,  and  I  separated. 
a.  Legume  ma^iy-sccded.    f  Stigma  pubescnit. 

268.  PHASEOLUS.    Nntt.  Gen.  612. 

[Lat.  Phaselus,  a  boat;  in  reference  to  the  figure  of  the  le:;ume.] 
CoR.  keel,  with  the  stamens  and  style,  spirally  twisted.    Legume  compressed,  falcate-    Seeds  renifortt;. 
p.  peren-nis.  Ell.  Voluble;  leaves  ternate,  ovate,3  nerved;  racemes  in  pairs,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Synon.  P.  paniculatus.  M.t.  F'//g-o— Wild  Kidney  Bean. 

F/.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latier  end  of  September. 

Uab.   Rocky  vi-oodland,  South  of  JlilUown:  rare.    4,  toG  or  8  feet  long:  flowers  purple. 

Obs.  The  leaves  are  remarkably  tenacious,  on  the  under  surface,  by  means  of  hooked  hairs.  I  have  only 
met  with  this  on  the  side  of  the  road  leading  from  Milltowa  to  West-town  School. 

239.    ROEINLi.    Nutt.  Gen.  620. 

[Dedicated  to  Joh7i  and  Vespasian  Robin,  father  and  son;  French  Botanist?.] 

Cal.  small,  4  cleft;  upper  segment  2  parted.  Cor.  banner  large,  reflexed,  roundish.  Legume  compressed, 

R.  PSEUDACACiA.  Ell.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  stipules  spinescent;  racemes  pendulous;  legumes  smooth. 

Fu/g:o— Locust  tree.    False  Acacia. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

H&b-  Meadows;  fence-row.s,  &.c.  frequent.    20  to  50  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  A  handsome  and  valuable  tree,  celebrated  for  the  durability  of  its  wood.  The  culture  of  it  has 
been  much  recommended,  for  posts  of  post*and-iaii  iences,  in  preference  to  live  hedrres;  but  this  is  stiil  a 
moot  point  among  some  of  our  best  farmers.  (See  Memoirs  Ptnn.  A'^ric.  Societij.)  For  inv  own 
part,I  incline  to  prefer  hedges —Although  this  tree  is  quite  frequent  here,  it  has  never  appeared  to  me 
to  be  decidedly  mdigeuous  to  this  vicinity. 

i^  Stigma  u'iihotit  puhesccna. 

270.    AFiOS.    Nuit.  Gen.  614. 
tGr.  Apios,  a  pear-tree;  its  tuberous  root  resembling  the  fruit  of  that  tree.] 
Cal.  upper  lip  truncate,  lower  1  toothed.    Cor.  keel  falcate,  reflecting  the  banner.    Legume  sub-teiete= 
A.  TUBERosA    Ell.  Voluble;  leaves  unequally  pinnate;  leaflets  ovate-lanceol.ite;  root  tuberous. 
Synon.  Glycine  apios.   IFmd.  3Ix.  .Miihl.  Vulgo-Giomi  nut.    Wild  Bean. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  p,..  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  and  thickets:  Patton's:  not  common.    5  to  Sfeet  Ion?:  flowers  purplish  brown. 
Ohs.  The  tuberous  root  of  this  plant,  it  is  sv.-S,  formed  an  article  of  food  t©  tVr  Vjo;--'n?5  of  this  couiUry.' 


80  DiADELPHIA.  DECANDRIA. 

271.  AMPHICARPA.    Nutt.  Gen.  615. 

[Gr .  Antphi,  both,  or  about,  and  Karpos,  fruit;  producing  fruit  both  above  and  at  the  surface  of  the  earth.] 

Cal.  4  toothed.  Cor.  petals  oblong,  equal ;  banner  with  the  sides  appressed.  Legume  compressed,  stipitate. 
A.  MowoicA.  Ell  Racemes  of  the  stem  clustered,  mostly  sterile;  peduncles  below  apetalous,  fertile. 
Synon.  Glycine  mouoica.   Willd.  Mx-  Muhl  Ph.  Vulgo— Wild  Bean-vine. 

Fl-  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Woods,  thickets,  fence-rows,  &c-  common.    4,  to  6  or  8  feet  long:  flowers  white,  or  pale  purple. 

Obs.  This  slender  vineis  mostly  found  twinin?;  round  shrubs:  the  racemes  of  the  stem  in  pendulous  clus- 
ters, and  generally  sterile— though  I  have  several  specimens  bearing  short  falcate  pods,  about  an  inch  longy 
and  each  for  the  most  part  containing  three  dark  purple,  or  nearly  black,  compressed,  subreniform  seeds. 
The  fruit,  produced  at  the  surface  of  the  earth,  I  have  not  satisfactorily  examined. 

A.  sARMETiTOSA?  Ell.  Leaves  rhomb-ovate;  racemes  sub-terminal,  filiform;  flowers  few,  incomplete- 

Synon.  Glycine  sarmentosa?  fVilld.  Muhl.  Ph. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  viat. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  along  Brandywine;  C.  Brinton's,  jr:  rare.    2  to4  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  I  have  met  with  this  plant  but  once,  in  the  ^yoods  above  Brinton's  ford,  near  the  forks  of  the  Bran- 
dywine. The  whole  plant  is  pilose — the  leaves  sprinkled  with  hairs  on  both  sides,  and  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gms,— rhomboid- ovate  in  figure,  and  acute.  The  racemes  filiform,  subterminal,  and  few  flowered,  (3  to  6) 
— the  flowers  small  and  incomplete,  there  being  no  carina; — but  there  is  a  partial  corolla — viz.  banner  and 
wings, — which  are  spreading  and  white.    The  germ  is  villous— the  mature  fruit  I  have  not  seen. 

b.    Legume  mostly  1  seeded. 

272.  TRIFOLIUM.     Nutt.  Gen.  604. 

[Lat.  literally  meaning  three  leaves;  a  feature  characteristic  of  the  genus.] 

Flowers  sub-capitate:  Legume  valveless,  included  in  the  calyx,  1  to 4  seeded- 

T.  REPENS.  Ell.  Creeping;  leaflets  obovate,  emarginate,  serrulate;  heads  sub-globose;  pods  3  or  4  seeded- 

FwZgo— White  Clover.    Dutch  Clover.    Shamrock,  of  the  Irish. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  July,  and  after. 

Hab.  Pastures:  woodlands,  &c.  common.    6  to  12  inches  long;  flowers  white. 

Obs.  It  has  been  doubted,  by  some,  whether  this  species  of  clover  is  a  native.  If  not,  it  is  certainly  most 
comoletely  naturalized.  Mr.  Pursh,  who  by  the  way  seem?!  to  have  been  tinctured  with  the  doctrine  of 
equivocal  generation,  remarks  that  this  is  one  of  the  plants  "whose  dissemination  is  really  problematical:" 
-— meanin"-,  that  it  often  makes  its  appearance  in  situations,  and  under  circumstances,  which  he  could  not 
explain— for  Want  of  facts  and  observation  !  Mr.  Elliott  says  it  is  eaten  but  sparingly  by  stock  of  any  kind; 
and  often  produces  salivation.  In  this  region,  however,  it  is  esteemed  as  excellent  pasture.  It  if  rarely,  if 
ever  cultivated  artificially;  but  comes  in,  as  the  farmers  term  it,  in  good  soils  which  are  permitted  to  repose 
a  few  years.    Honey-bees  are  remarkably  fond  of  extracting  the  nectar  from  its  flowers. 

T   ARVENSE.  Ell.  Erect;  villous;  leaflets  linear-oblanceolate;  heads  cylindric;  calyx  teeth  long,  plumosely 
Fu/°-o— Stone  Clover.    Welsh  Clover.    Hare's  foot  Trefoil.    Rabbit  foot-  [villous. 

Fl.  Last  of  June,  till  September.  Fr.  mat.   Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Sterile,  gravelly  old  fields,  and  roadsides:  frequent.    6  to  12 inches  high:  flowers  white,  small. 

Obs.  A  worthless  species;  generally  indicative  of  poor  land,  and  bad  farming. 
T.  PROCUMBENS.  Ph.  Stems  difi"use,  hairy,  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  emarginate:  heads  oval,  imbricate- . 
Vulg:o—Ye\\o\v  Clover.    Small  Hop  Trefoil    Hop  clover. 

jF/.  Last  of  May,  and  after  Fr.  mat.  „      ,.     ^     , 

JIab.  Gravelly  soil:  Wilmington  road, 4  miles  below  Dilworthtown:  rare.  3to6mcheslong:  flowersyellow. 

Obs  This  humb'e  species  is  believed  to  be  a  foreigner;  and  has  not  yet  extended  itself  into  this  immedi- 
ate  vfcinity  ■  though  it  is  gradually  approaching.  Mr.  Schweinite,  m  a  note  to  me,  remarks  that  "  it  ought 
to  b^ noticed  m  your  publication,  on  account  of  the  curious  steadmess;^of  Us  peregnna  ions.  I  have  been 
assured  by  the  fa?e  Rev.  S.  Kramsch,  that  when  he  came  to  Salem,  N.  C  about  ITOO,  no  trace  of  it  was 
^P^n  there  It  is  at  this  dav  (1825,)  by  far  the  most  common  plant  in  all  old  fields  &c.  I  myself  noticed 
Us  r4''^''^dvJnces  deeper  into  the  western  country,  for  10  years.  Here,  at  Bethlehem,  I  have  nolob- 
fservedit."  ,.      ,,      ,..,,, 

gcF-For  T.  PRATENSE,or  Red  Clover,  See  Appendix  of  cultivated  plants. 

273.    STYLOSANTKES.    Nv.tt.  Gen.  605. 
[Gr.  Stylos,  a  column,  and  Anihos,  a  flower;  the  corolla  being  supported  on  a  pillar  in  the  calyx.] 
Cal.  tubular,  long,  bearing  the  corolla  above  the  germ.    Pod  1  or  2  jointed,  hooked  at  the  apex. 

S.  EL4.TI0R.  Ell.  Stem  erect,  pubescent  on  one  side;  leaflets  lanceolate;  bracte-:.  ciliate  with loivgbristle?- 

Synon..  S.  hispida,t-ar.  erecta-  Ph.  Mx.  r.(?so-Pencil  flower 


DIADELPHIA.  DECANDRLi.  81 

Pi.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hob-  North  hills  of  the  Great  Valley;  rare  elsewhere.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

274.    LESPEDEZA.    Nidi-  Gen.  607. 
[In  honor  of  GovernoT  Lespedez,  of  Florida;  '' erga  me  peregrinatorem  officiosissimus."  Mr] 

Cal.  bibracteate,  5  parted,  segments  subequal.    Cor.  keel  transversely  obtuse.    Pod  lenticular,  unarmed. 

Li.  sEssiLirLORA.  Ell.  Erect;  leaflets  oblong-oval;  fascicles  of  flowers  subsessile;  pods  mucronate. 

Synon.  Hedysarum  reticulatum.   IVilld.  Muhl-        Fd/g-o— Bush  Clover. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hub.  Dry, hilly  woodlands:  Barrens&c  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  purple. 

L.  vioi.ACEA.  Ell.  Leaflets  elliptic;  racemes  subumbellate,  as  long  as  the  petioles;  pods  rhomboid,  hairy. 

Synon.  Hedysarum  violaceum.     IVilld.  Muhl. 

Fl.  Last  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  Octsber. 

Huh.  Borders  of  woodlands:  frequent.     1  to 2  feet  high:  flowers  violet  purple. 

L.  DivERGENS.  Ph.  Branching;  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse;  racemes  longer  than  the  petioles;  pods  ovate. 

Synon.  Hedysarum  divergens.     IVilld-  Muhl. 

Fl-  Last  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hah.  Dry  woodlands:  Barrens,  near  G.  Vernon's:  not  common.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Ohs.  Nearly  allied  to  the  preceding;  but,  as  Mr.  Elliott  remarko,  it  is  more  diffusely  branching;  the 
leaflets  are  longer  and  larger— the  inflorescence  more  racemose— and  the  pods  less  hairy. 

L.  ANGtrsTiFOLtA..'  Ell.  Branching;  leaflets  linear-oblong,  pubescent  beneath;  racemes  capitate. 

Synon.  L.  capitata.    var-  angustifolia-  P/t? 

Fl.  Last  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Sandy  bank,  near  Ed.  Darlington's:  not  common.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

Obs.  Mr.  Schweinitz  pronounced  this  to  be  L.  angustifolia,  Ell.  and  in  some  respects  it  answers  pretty 
well;  but  not  entirely  to  my  saiisfaciion.  I  have  never  seen  it  half  the  size  mentioned  by  Mr.  Elliott— the 
pod  protrudes  considerably  beyond  thecalyx— is  rhomboid-ovaiej  acuminate,  prominently  veined,  or  ner- 
ved, and  nearly  glabrous. 

L.  STUVEi.  Nutt.  Erect;  villous;  leaflets  oval;  racemes  on  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves- 

Fl.  Last  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

hab.  Woodlands:  Barrens:  not  common.    2to  Sfeethigh:  flowers  purple. 

L.  HiRTA.  Ell.  Erect;  branching;  very  villous;  leaflets  roundish-oval;  spikes  on  long  peduncles. 

Synon.  L.  polystachya.  Mx.  Ph.  Autt.  &c.    Hedysarum  hirtum.    IVilld.  Muhl. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hub.  Woodlands:  Barrens:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  white. 

L.  PROcuMBE^js.  Ell.  Procumbent;  slender;  leaflets  oval;  peduncles  long;  pods  orbicular,  pubescent. 

Synon.  Hedysarum  prostratum.     Willd-  Muhl. 

FL  Middle  ot  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Sandy  bank,  near  Ed.  Darlington's;  rare.     1  to  2  feet  long,  flowers  bright  purple. 

Obs.  I  am  inclined  to  think  the  L.  prottrata,  of  Pursh,  is  the  same  plant—although  I  perceive  Mr 
Elliott  continues  it  as  a  distinct  species. 

c.  Legumes  jointed;  or  inlomcnts. 

275.    HEDYSARUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  608, 
[Gr.  Hedys,  sweet,  and  Aroma,  perfume;  in  reference  to  the  flowers  of  some  of  the  species.] 
Cal.  4  or  5  cleft.  Cor.  keel  transversely  obtuse.   Loment  truncately  jointed,  compressed,  mostly  hispid. 
H.  NtrpiFLORUM.  Ell.  Leaflets  broad-oval,  acuminate;  scape  naked,  paniculate,  taller  than  the  leaf-stem. 
Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September, 

iiafi.  Woodlands:  common.    Leaf-stem  abouil  foot,— scape  Ij^  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

06s.  Ihavespecimens  which  closely  resemble  this,  and  yet  the  scape  has  three  leaflets,  or  one  ternate 
leaf,  just  below  the  panicle.    Can  they  be  the  H.  glutinosim,  of  WiUdenow,  and  Pursh? 
H.AcuMiNATUM.  £//.  Leaves crowdcd at sutnmit; leaflets  round-ovafe,  acuminate; pcdunclc  terminal,  Ion£. 
/•'/.  Beginning  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hah.  Rich  woodlands:  common.    1  to2feet  high:  flowers  purple;  pod2to4  jointed. 

Ohs.  This  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  H.  glutinosum,  of  WilUenow;  but  It  by  no  means  accord*  witt\ 
his  description,  with  respect  to  the  scape. 

M 


83  DIADELPHIA.  DECANDRIA: 

H.  PANICULATUM.  Ell  Leaflets  Imear-bnceolate,  smoothish,  margins  revolute;  lower  calyx  segment  long: 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Open  woodlands:  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  purple;  pod  2  to  4  jointed,  tenacious. 

Obs.  With  great  defeience  to  Mr-  Elliott's  judgment,  I  think  thia  is  Willdeiiow's  H.  paniculatum.  See 
Ell.  Vol.  2.  p.  211.  tnH.  glabellum. 

H.  OBTUSUM  ?  £'/Z.  Leaflets  ovate,  obtuse,  lateral  ones  subcordate;  joints  of  the  pod  suborbicular,  reticulate. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

iJiib.  Dry  woodlands:  Barrens:  not  common.    1  to  2  feethigh:  flowers  violet;  pod  about  2  jointed. 

i^bs.  Mr.  Schweinitz  thought  this  was  the  H.  glabellum,  oi  MichAux,  and  Elliott;  but  on  a  careful re- 
examination,  lincline  to  believe  it  is  the  H-  obtusum— and  such  was  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Baldwin,  who  saw 
my  specimens. 

H.  BRACTEOsuM.  Ell.  Glabrousf;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate  and  acute;  bractes  large,  ovate,  acuminate,    ji 

Synon.  H.  cuspidatum.     JVilld.  Muhl. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hub.  "Woodlands,  below  the  Bath:  not  common.    4  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  purple;  pod  about  6  jointed. 

H.  CANADENSE.  Ell  Stem  angular-striate;  leaflets  lance-ovate,  rather  obtuse;  racemes  axillary  &  terminal. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  near  Job  Darhngton's,  Stc.  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  flowers  purple;  pod  4  jointed." 

H.  viRiDiFLORUM.  Ph.  Pubescent;  leaflets  ovate,  sub-acute,  scabrous  beneath;  racemes  very  hairy. 

Fl.  Last  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  ThickeTs:  T-  Bennett's:  not  common.    3  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  purple;  pod  3  to  5  jointed. 

Obs.  This  appears  to  be  distinct  from  Mr.  Elliott's  H.  viridiflorum;  the  leaves  being  remarkably  scab- 
rous and  tenacious  on  the  under  surface.  The  flowers,  on  shrivelling,  become  greeni^h,  and  often  of  ac 
indigo  blue.    The  peduncles  are  frequently  quite  viscid,  as  remarked  by  Mr.  Elliott  of  his  plant. 

H.  ROTUNDTFOLimi.  Ell.  Stem  prostrate, hirsute;  leaflets  orbicular;  stipules  cordate,  acuminate. 

Synon.  H.  canescens?    IVilld. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Rocky  woodlands:  near  Ed.  Darlington'*:  not  common.    2  to  4  feet  long:  flowers  bright  purple. 

Obs.  The  flowers  of  this  are  showy  and  handsome— always  of  a  deep,  bright  purple,  so  far  as  I  have  ob- 
served—the  pod  3  to  5  jointed. 

It  is  very  probnble  there  may  be  other  species  of  this  difficult  genus,  in  this  vicinity;  but  the 
foregoing  are  all  that  I  have  been  able  to  determine  with  any  degree  of  satisfaction. 

CLASS  XVII.     SYNGENESIA. 

OI&DSS,    FOLYeAMIA  AEQUAI.ZS. 
jj^.    Florets  all  ligulate  :   Receptacle  mostly  naked. 

276.    LEONTODON.    Nutt.  Gen-  627. 
[Gr.  Leon,  /eonios,  a  lion,  &  Odous,  odontos,  a  tooth;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  teeth  of  the  leaves.] 

Cal.  oblong,  double;  outer  one  loose.    Pappus  stipitate,  pilose,  radiate.    Recept.  punctate. 
L-  TARAXACUM.  EX  Outer  calyx  reflexed;  scapes  1  flowered;  leaves  runcinate,  dentate. 
Vulgo — Dandelion) — from  the  French,  Dent  de  lion. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April  till  autumn.  Fr.  mat-  June,  and  after. 

Hab   Pastures;  meadows,  &c.  very  common.    Scapes  6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  This  well-known  plant  is  a  foreigner;  but  completely  naturahzed,  and  rather  moie  common  tban*^; 
welcome,  in  our  fields  and  gardens.     It  is  said  to  be  esteemed  as  a  salad,  by  some;  and  to  possess  diuretic 
properties,— as  one  of  its  vulgar  names  would  indicate. 

I 
277.    KRIGIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  633.  | 

[In  honor  of  David  Krieg;  a  German  Physician  and  Botanist.] 

Cal.  simple,  many  leaved.  Pappus  double;  the  outer  5  membranaceous  scales,  the  inner  5  bristles. 
K.  viRGiNic.A.  Ell.  Glaucous:  early  leaves  roundish-spathulate,  later  ones  lyrate;  scapes  finally  lODff. 
Synon-  Hyoseris  virginica.  Mx.  Ftt/ffo— Dwarf  Dandelion. 


SYNGRNESTA.  ^QUALIS.  83 

Fl.  Midd'e  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after- 

Mab.  Sandy,  old  fields;  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.    Scapes  3  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Ohs  The  K-  dichotoma,  of  Nuttall,  is  frequent  here;  though  I  incline  to  think,  with  Dr.  W.  P.  C.  Bar- 
ton, that  it  is  scarcely  more  than  a  variety.  This  seems  to  be  a  polymorphous  plant,  varymg  considerably 
in  habit  during  its  progress  to  maturity. 

278.    PRENANTHES.    Nutt.  Qen.  628. 

[Gr.  Prenes,  drooping,  or  nodding,  and  Anthos,  a  flower;  in  reference  to  its  nodding  flowers.] 

Florets  5  to  20,  in  a  simple  series:  Cal.  cylindric,  calyculate.    Pappus  subsessile,  pilose. 

p.  ALTissiMA?  Ell.  Leaves  3  lobed,  angled,  denticulate,-upper  ones  lance-ovate,  acute;  racemes  axillary 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hub.  Open  woodlands,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  purplish  yellow. 

Ohs.  Nothing  is  more  easy  than  to  recognise  the  genus  Prenanthes;  but  the  leaves  assume  such  a  vari- 
ety of  shapes  that  it  is  by  no  means  an  easy  matter  to  determme  the  species,  satisfactorily.  This  comes- 
nearertotiie  description  of  P.  altissima,  in  Elliott's  Sketch,  than  to  any  other;  but  the  upper  leaves  are 
lance-ovate,  and  attenuated  at  base— which  circumstance  he  does  not  mention. 

p.  coRDATA.  Ell.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,denticulate,ciliate,  upper  ones  lanceolate;  panicle  loose. 

Fl.  Last  of  August.  Fr-  mat.  Beginnmg  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    U  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  pale  yellow. 

p.  DELTOiDEA.  Ell.  Leavcs  denticulate,  lower  ones  deltoid,  upper  lance-ovate;  racemes  axillary,  small. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hub.  Woodlands:  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  purplish  white. 

p.  •EXPENTARiA?  Ph.  Lower  leaves  palmate  and  pinnatifid,  decurrent  on  the  petioles;  panicles  terminal. 

FuZ;,'0-Rattle-snake  root.     Lion's  foot.    Dr.  Witt's  S.nake  root. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Borders  of  moist  woodlands;  thickets,  &c.  frequent.     3  to  5  feat  high:  flowers  yellowish  purple. 

Obs  Thi';  a  pretty  stout,  vigorous  species,  with  purple  stems  and  calyces-the  lowest  leaves  mostly  pin- 
nahfi  i  the  uSpermosrianceolate,  and  the  intermediate  sub-palmate-lobed.  It  agrees  partly  with  the 
deSt.onsgivenbothof  P.  serpentaria,  and  F._alba._  If  they  are , really^ distmct,, I  am  unable  to  dete_^r^^ 
mine  to  which  this  belon 
by  Pursh,  and  Schaspf,  ,_._  ., 
enough  of  such  vaunted  remedies  to  iaduce  me  to  receive  reports  ^ 


de^cript^ns  given  bom^i:'.^.^na.^«    -^ -.—;„-„--  ^^ {^(.i^ii;:'^^^^^:^  announced 
r?  rs"   and'sch^rf  ort^Xth?^^^^^^^^^  the  sa^me  plant,)  I  know  nothing:  but  I  know 

.LIk"/  r.h  v^nntPd  ;^me.dies  to  induce  me  to  receive  reports  of  that  description  with  caution. 


2T9.     LACTUCA.    Nutt.  Gen.  629. 
[Lat.  Lac,  lactis,  milk;  in  reference  to  the  milky  juice  of  the  plant] 
Cal.  cylindric,  imbricate,  margins  membranaceous.     Pappus  stipitate,  pilose.     Seed  compressed. 
L.  ELONGATA.  Ell.  Glabrous;  lower  leaves  runcinate,  upper  long-lanceolate;  panicle  corymbose. 
Synon.  L.  longifolia.  Mx.  r'«/go-WiId  Lettuce. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after 

Hab.  Fence-rows;  cultivated  grounds,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 
Obs.  The  leaves  of  this  plant  are  subject  to  much  variety  in  their  form 

280.    SONCHUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  6,W. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name;  of  obscure  meaning.] 
Cal.  ventricose,  acuminate,  imbricate.     Pappus  sessile,  pilose.    Sent  somewhat  oblong 
S.  OLERACEUs.  Ell.  Leaves  amplexicaul,  sinuate-dentate,  and  pinnatifid;  flowers  in  umbels. 
Fu/g:o— Common  Sow-thistle. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August-  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Gardens,  and  cultivated  lots:  frequent.    2  to  3 feet  high,  flowers  palish  yellow. 

Obs.  A  foreigner;  and  rather  an  unwelcome  intruder  in  our  gardens,  and  other  cultivated  grounds.    Ths 
flowers  are  about  half  the  size  of  those  of  the  Dandelion. 

S.  LEUCOPH  Eus.  Ph.  Leaves  runcinate, acuminate;  panicle  virgate;  flowers  racemose;  peduncles squamose. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September  and  alter- 

mi-  Fence-r«ws,  and  tluckets:  frequent .    3  to  5  feet  high-  flowers  pale  blue.  «ma!h»h. 


84  SYNGENESIA.  iEQUAI.TS. 

S.  FLORiDANus.  £IL  Lcaves  lyrate-runcinate,  petiolate;  flowers  paniculate;  peduncles  sub-squamosc- 
JFl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hub.  Fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.     S  to  6  feet  high;  flowers  blue,  larger  than  the  preceding. 

Ohs.  This  is  another  of  the  plants,  which,  according  to  Pursh,  is  reputed  to  cure  the  bite  of  the  Rattle- 
snake. He  says  it  is  known  by  the  name  of  Gall  of  the  Earth:  but  Mr.  Elliott  refers  that  name  to 
the  Prenanthes  alba— the  root  of  which  he  says  is  excessively  bitter. 

I  have  specimens,  also,  which  agree  pretty  well  with  the  S.  acuminatus,  of  Willdenow.  and  Elliott;  with 
the  pappus  certainly  sessile.    See-  Elliott- 


281.    HIERACIUM.    Nutt.  Oen.  631. 
[Gr.  flttrax,  a  hawk ;  from  an  ancient  notion,  that  hawks  sharpened  their  sight  with  its  juice.  The  absurd- 
ity of  the  idea,  says  Dr.  Smith,  proves  the  venerable  antiquity  of  the  name.] 

Cal.  ovate,  imbricate-    Pajipus  sessile,  pilose.  iJece^i.  nearly  naked.    .Seerf  oblong,  sulcate. 

H.  VENOSUM.  Ell-  Leaves  lance-obovate,  ciliate,  vpins  purple;  scape  naked,  corymbose-paniculate. 
Vulgo — Veiny-leaved  Hawk-weed.    Adder's  tongue.    Poor  Robin's  Plantain. 
Fl-  Latter  end  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June,  and  after. 

J£ab.  Dry,  open  woodlands:  commop.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

H.  scABRUM.  Ph.  Hirsute;  leaves  elliptic-obovate, sessile;  panicle  compact;  pedicels  divaricate. 

Synon.  H.  marianum.   Willd.  Muhl-  Ell- 

Fl-  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  map  Latter  end  of  Septen^ber. 

Hab-  Woodlands:  Patton's  &;c.  frequent.     I  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

H.  GRONOvii.  Ell.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  long-haired;  stem  naked  above;  peduncles  glandular-pilose- 
Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands;  and  sterile  meadow  banks:  frequent.    Ig  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

H-  PANICULA.TUM.  ZJ^/.^Glabrous;  stems  leafy,  paniculate;  pedicels  slender;  leaves  lanceolate,  denticulate.- 
J'V.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  /V.  ma?.  Last  of  September. 

Hab-  Woodlands, and  old  meadows:  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow,  smallish. 


B.     Florets  all  tubular,    a.  Flowers  capitate. 

282.    LIATRIS.    Nxdt.  Gen.  639. 
['A  name  of  uncertain  origin.] 

Cal.  oblong,  imbricate.    Papjiuspersistent,  plumose,  colored.    iSfcd  pubescent,  obconic.    Becepf.  naked. 
L.  spicata.  eh.  Leaves  lance-linear,  acute;  spike  long;  flowers  sessile;  calyx  scales  oblong,  obtuse. 
Synon.  L.  macrostachya.  Mx-  Ph.  Vulgo— B\\ie  Blazing  Star.    Button  Snake-root. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Borders  of  moist  woodlands:  Bath,  &c- frequent.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Ohs.  This  handsome  plant  is  a  popular  medicine;  the  infusion  and  tincture,  of  the  root,  being  often  used 
sa  cases  of  chronic  debility,  rheumatism,  &c.    How  efficacious  it  may  be,  I  know  not. 


283.    VERNQNIA.    Nutt,  Gen.  640. 
[In  honor  of  IVilliam  Vernon;  an  English  Botaijist.] 
Cal.  cvate,  imbricate.    Papjjus  double;  the  outer  chaffy,  short,  the  inner  pilose.    Ilecept.  subcellular 
V.  NOVEBORACENsis.  Ell.  Leaves  long-lanceolatc,  ticabrous;  calyx  scales  filiform  at  apex. 
FM?g-o— Iron  weed. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Meadows,  and  low  grounds:  common.    3  to6  feet  high:  flowers  deep  purple. 

Obs-  A  well  known,  obnoxious  weed  in  our  meadows;  which  neat  farmers  are  careful  to  eradicate. 

v.  PR^ALTA.  Ph.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath;  calyx  scales  ovate,  acuminate. 

Fl-  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after.  \ 

Hab-  Woodlands,  thickets,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    4  to  7  feet  high:  flowers  deep  purple. 

Obs-  This  so  closely  resembles  the  preceding,  that  I  am  .'sometimes  ready  to  doubt  wbctlier  they  are  spe- 
eifically  distinct.  ...... 


SYNGENESIA.  .^QUALIS.  85 

284.    ARCTIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  686. 
[Gr.  Ai-ktos,  a  bear;  its  bristly  burs  resembling  the  rough  hairs  of  a  bearskin.  De  T/ieJs] 

Cal.  globose;  scales  hooked  inwards  at  the  points.     Pappus  bristly,  scabrous.     Recept.  chaffy. 

A.  LAPPA.  Fl.Brit.  Leaves  oblong-cordate,  petiolate;  flowers panjculats;  calyxsmooth, 
Kit/ffo— Bur-dock. 

Fl-  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Huh.  About  houses,  gardens,  fence-rpws,  &c.  common.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Obs-  A  naturalized  foreigner,  known  to  every  body;  and  an  unwelcome  intruder.  Its  burs  are  particu- 
larly  troublesome  in  tfie  fleeces  of  sheep,  horses'  manes,  &c.  and  neat  farmers  are  careful  to  keep  the  plant 
in  subjection.  It  is,  however,  a  popular  article  in  domestic  medicine.  The  root  and  seeds  are  often  usedj 
in  infusion,  in  cases  of  cholic;  and  the  leaves  are  a  favorite  external  application  in  fevers,  head -aches,  &c. 

285.    CNICUS.    mtt.  Gen.  638, 
[An  ancient  Greek  name,  from  knizo,  to  sting;  alluding  to  its  prickles.] 

Cal.  ventricose;  scales  mostly  spinose.    Pappus  sessile,  plumose.    Recept.  villous. 
5  1.     Leaves  all  pinnatifid. 
C.  LAN'CEOLATUS.  Pk-  Leaves  decurrent,  hispid;  calyx  ovate;  scales  lanceolate,  spreading. 
Synon.  Carduus  lanceolatus.  /'.'-  Brit  .&c.  Fu/g-o— Common  Thistle. 

Fl.  Last  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July,  and  after. 

Hab.  Rich  pastures;  fence-rows,  &c.  common.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Obs.  This  is  believed  to  be  a  foreigner;  and  an  obnoxious  v/eed  it  is.:— but  being  biennial,  it  may  be  kept 
tinder,  by  means  of  vigilance,  and  industry. 

C.  DISCOLOR.  Ell.  Leaves  sessile,  hoary-tomentose  beneath;  calyx  globose;  scales  ovate>  appressed. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  afcer.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

0.  ODORATUS.  Muhl.  Woolly;  leaves  sub-arnplexicaul;  calyx  sub-globose;  scales  lanceolate,  appressed. 
Synon.  C.  pumilus.  Nutt.  Vulgo— Sweet  scented  Thistle. 

Fl-  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  MiJddle  of  August. 

Hub.  Old  fields:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    1^  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  reddish  purple,  large. 

Obs.  In  my  specimens  the  stems,  and  ribs  of  the  leaves,  are  densely  covered  with  long  lanuginous  hairs- 
tie  segments  of  the  leaves  armed  with  very  long  spines— auJ  the  calyx  frequently  subtended  by  puinatifid, 
spinose  bractes. 

C  MUTicus.  Ell.  Branching;  leaves  woolly  beneath,  segments  spinulous;  calyx  globose:  scales  unarmed' 

Synon.  Cirsium  muticum.  3I.c. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  viat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab  Low  grounds,  and  borders  of  swamps:  common.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  deep  purple. 

Obs.  The  calyx  scales  of  this  species  are  lanuginous,  and  usually  viscid.  It  is  rather  a  troublesome 
plant  in  our  low  meadow  grounds. 

§  2.     Radical  leaves  only  pinnatifid. 

C  ALTissiMVs.  Ell  Stem  leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong,  scabrous  above,  downy  beneath;  calyx  ovate,  brae 
Fi.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  vuit.  Last  of  September.  [teate. 

Hab.  Sandy  banks,  along  fences;  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    4  to  8  feet  high:  flowers  pale  purple. 

06s.  I  have  frequently  met  with  a  plant  much  resembling  this,  but  of  smaller  .size,  (2  to  3  feet  high,)  an3 
7ione  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid.  I  have  always  supposed  it  to  be  a  mere  variety :— but  it  may  po.?sibly  be  the 
C.  virgimahus,  of  Elliott,— if,  indeed,  that  be  a  distinct  species,- which  1  perceive  Mr.  Eaton  does  not 
admit.     See  Eaton's  Manual,  p.  265. 

-/•P^The  C.  HORRiDULUs,  I  have  not  seen  on  this  side  of  New  Jersey:  and  the  C-  arvensis,  or'Canada 
lUistle,  happily  tor  us,  has  not  yet  made  its  appearance  in  this  region. 

\).    Floivers  discoid:  Receptacle  naked. 

28(>.    MIKANIA.     Xutt.  Gen.  643. 
[In  honor  of  Joseph  Mikan;  a  Botanist  of  Prague.] 
Cal.  4  or  C  leaved,  equal,  4  or  6  flowered.    Style  long,  bifid.    Pappus  pilose- 
M.  8CANDENS.  Ell.  Stem  twining,  glabrous;  leaves  opposite,  petiolate,  sub-hastate-cordate,  acuminate 
Synon.  Eupatorium  scandens.    AIx. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Swamps;  along  rivulets,  kc  rare.    8  to  5  feet  long:  flowers  white,  or  bluish  white. 

Vo?in*;,  ^t '''^•^  not  yet  found  this  plant  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  West-Chester;  but  I  have  seen  it  at  thk 
Yellow  .vprmgs,  10  miles  north:  and  at  Mr  -Wm.  Jack.on's,  in  Londongrove. 


86  SYNGENESIA.  iEQUALIS. 

287.    EUPATORIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  642; 
[Dedicated  to  Eupator,  king  of  Pontus;  who,  it  is  alleged,  first  used  it  as  a  medicine.] 

Cal.  oblong>  mostly  imbricate.    Style  ]on^,h\M.    Pc^pws pilose,  scabrous.  jScerf 5-8triate, or  angkd. 
§  1.     Calyx  with  not  jnore  than  5  florets. 
E.  sEssiLiFOLiUM.  Ell-  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  serrate,  glabrous. 
jF/.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woodlands:  Bath.  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feel  high:  flowers  white. 

E.  MELissoiDEs.  Ph.  Leavcs  pctiolate,  ovatCj  rather  obtusc,  obtuselj  Serrate,  Veined,  sub-glabrous. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr-  mat.  Last  of  September- 

Uab.  Dry,  sterile  soils;  R.  Strode's:  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

§2.     Calyx  with  more  than  5  florets. 
E.  PERFOLiATrM.  Ell.  Leaves  connate-perfoliate,  rugose,  tomentose  beneath;  stem  villous. 
Synon.  E.  connatum.  Mx.  Fw/gro-Thorough-stem.  Thorough-wort.  Indian  Sage.  Bone-set 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab-  Low,  swampy  grounds:  common.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs  This  plant  is  well  known  as  possessing  valuable  medical  properties.  The  cold  infusion  of  the  flowers 
and  leaves  is  an  excellent  tonic,  in  proper  doses;  and  may  often  be  given  when  peruvian  bark  is  madmissi- 
ble  When  administered  warm,  it  is  diaphoretic;  and,  in  large  quantities,  is  actively  emetic  and  cathar- 
tic-   I  have  used  it  extensively,  and  with  much  satisfaction . 

E.  AGERAToiDEs.  Ell.  Glabrous;  leaves  pctiolatc,  lance-ovate,  acuminatc,  coarsely  serrate;  ^calyx  scales 
Synon.  E.  urticsefolium.  Mx.  [equal. 

Fl.  Last  of  August,  and  after-  Er.  mat.  Last  of  September, 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Brandywine,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  Sfeethigh:  flowers  very  white. 
E.  AROMATicuM.  Ell.  Leavcs  petiolate,  cordate,  obtusely  serrate;  flowers  corymbose,  branches  oppositev 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  R.  Strode's,  &c.  frequent.    1^  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  white,  fragrant. 

§3.  Calyx  scales  scariose:  Leaves  mostly  verticillatc 
E.  THiFOLTATUM.  Ph.  Stem  solid;  leaves  petiolate,  mostly  in  threes,  ovate,  tapering  at  each  end,  serrate. 
Synon.  E.  ternifolium?  Ell. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr-  mat  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  pale  reddjsh  purple. 

Obs  Mv  specimens  agree  pretty  well  with  Mr.  Elliott's  E.  ternifolium,  except  in  the  leaves,— which  arg 
disVinctly  attenuate  at  each  end.  The  upper  leaves  are  frequently  opposite.  I  have  the  authority  of  Mr, 
gchweinitz  for  my  plant. 

E   PURPUREUM.  Ell.  Stem  hollow,  purple;  leaves  petiolate,  in  3's,4's  or  5's,  lance-oval,  rugose-veined 
Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Low  meadows,  and  swampy  grounds:  frequent.    3  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  deep  purple. 
E   verticillatum;  Ph.  Stem  solid;  leaves  petiolate,  in  3's  or  4's,  lance-ovate,  cuneate  at  base,  serrate- 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    4  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  purple. 

Obs  Thi'^  is  certainlv  nearly  allied  to  E.  trifoliatum,  above  mentioned.  1  have  several  other  specimens 
ofihAdilM  frmU?,  which^I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  satistactor.ly,  from  the  books,-although 
they  are  doubtless  all  comprised  in  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  catalogue- 

288.    C  AC  ALIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  645. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name;  etymology  obscure.] 
Cal.  oblong,  cylindric,  squamose,  or  sub-calyculate  at  base.    Pappus  pilose. 
C   ATRiPLTCiroLiA.  Ell.  Herbaccous; Icavcs  petiolate,  glaucous  beneath;  cauline  rhomboid,  sinuate-lobed. 
Fu/ffo-Indian  Plantain.    Heal-all.    Orach-kaved  Caraway  ,  ^  ,  ,    , 

„,  %    ,.  ^  .f  T,,,^  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

S;»Woodb;;d°   and  low,  shaded  grounJ.:  frequent.    3,«5  tee.Mtl.:  flowe,. sreenbh whUe. 

hend  the  medical  virtues  are  very  tnfimg- 


SYNGENESIA.  SUFERFLUA.  W 

ORBER,  POLYGAMIA  SUPERrtUA. 

A.    Flowers  discoid:  i?ec<'j3fac/«  mostly  naked. 

2S9.    GNAPHALIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  656. 
[Gr.  Gnaphalon,  soft  down,  or  wool;  alluding  to  the  prevailing  habit  of  the  genus.] 
Cal.  imbricate;  marginal  scales  rounded,  scariose,  shining,  colored-    Pappus  pilose,  scabrous. 
G.  poLYCEPHALUM.  Ell.  Stem  paniculate,  woolly;  leaves  lance-linear,  woolly  beneath;  corymbs  terminal, 
Si/non.  G.  obtusifolium.   Willd.  FtJgo— Sweet  scented  Life-everlasting.    Cud-weed. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Thin  soils:  old  fields,  and  pastures:  common.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  white,  odorous. 

Obs.  The  infusion  of  this  is  a  popular  medicine  in  dysenteries;  but  probably  not  very  valuable.  I  strong:- 
ly  suspect  that  this  is  the  plant  referred  to  by  Barton,  in  Flor.  Philad.  under  G-  margaritaceum,  as  bem^ 
"  every  where  abundant"  in  old  fields,  &c-  It  is,  however,  certainly  distinct  from  G-  margaritaceum,  as  I 
have  received  it,  from  New  England. 

G.  PLANTAGi?rEUM-  Ell-  Dioicous;  shoots  procumbent;  radicaljeaves  spathulate;  corymb  clustered- 
Ftt/q-o— White  Plantain-    Mouse-ear.    Early  Life-everlasting.     Plaintain -leaved  Cud-weed. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April-  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  May. 

Hab.  Sterile  meadow  banks;  woodlands,  &c.  common.  6  to  12  inches  high:  whole  plant  b'.uish  white. 
G-  PURPUREUM.  Ell.  Stem  simple;  leaves  linear-spathulate;  flowers  glomerate,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hab.  Dry,  sandy  banks:  frequent.    4  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  dingy  purple. 
G.  GERMAfsricuM.  PA.  Stem  dichotomous  above;  leaves  lance-linear;  flowers  globose-capitate. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woodlands:  Jas.  Huey's  old  farm:  not  common.    5  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  straw-coloredi 
G.  ULiGiNOsuM-  Ph.  Diffusely  branched;  leaves  lance-linearj narrow  at  each  end;  flowers  crowded. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July-  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hab.  Low  grounds:  exsiccated  ponds,  &c-  frequent.    4  to  6,  or  8  inches  high:  flowers  yellowish  brown. 

290.    TANACETUAL    JVutt.  Gen.  652. 
[Altered  from  the  Gr  Alhanasia;  a,  not,  and  27ianaios,  death;  because  its  flowers  do  not  decay.  De  Thds.'] 

Cal.  hemispherical,  imbricate,  scales  acuminate.    Cor.  rays  obsolete,  tnfid.     Pajipus  sub-margiuate- 

T.  vuLGARE.  Fl.  Brit.  Leaves  bipinnatifid.incised-serrate,  naked;  corymbs  terminal. 
Vulgo — Tansey. 

Fl-  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Gardens;  fence-rows;  roadsides,  &c- frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  deep  yellow. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  gradually  becoming  naturalized.  The  infusion  is  highly  popular  among  the  good 
ladies,  as  an  emmenagoguc;  and  it  certainly  possesses  some  tonic  virtues,— combined  with  pretty  strong  arc- 
malic  properties. 

B.     Flowers  mostly  radiate,    a.  Receptacle  naked. 

291.    CHRYSANTHEMUM.    Kutt.  Gen.  671. 
[Gr-  Chrysos,  gold,  and  Anthemon,  flower;  from  the  golden  color  of  the  disk.] 
Cal.  hemispherical,  imbricate;  inner  scales  scariose.    Pappus  0,  ormarginate. 

C-  leucanthemum-  Ell.  Erect,  sparingly  branched;  leaves  amplexicaul,  oblong,  incised-dentate- 

Vulgo-— Daisy.    Ox-eye  Daisy.  White  weed.    Richardson's  Clover. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June,  and  after. 

Hab.  Fields,  meadows,  and  borders  of  woods:  frequent.     12  to  20  inches  high:  rays  white,  disk  yellow. 

Obt.  This  foreigner  is  perhaps  the  vilest  weed  which  has  yet  invaded  our  farms;  and  is  spreading  itself 
in  a  manner  calculated  to  excite  the  serious  concern  of  reflecting  Agriculturists.  It  is  a  plant  which  cattle 
generally  refuse  to  eat:  it  takes  almost  exclusive  possession  of  the  soil,— is  difficult  to  eradicate,  complete- 
ly'—and  produces  seeds  in  great  abundance.  It  has  not,  as  yet,  become  so  prevalent  in  this  immediate 
vicinity,  as  it  is  in  several  other  districts,— especially  to  the  northward  and  eastward  of  us;  but  there  can  be 
little  doubt  tliat  it  will  speedily  pervade  every  part  of  our  country, — unless  resisted  by  the  vigilant  and  ac- 
tive co-operation  of  the  whole  agricultural  community.  It  i?  in  vain  for  one,  or  a  ie'w,  to  contend  agains; 
suchapest,  whilst  Others  supiaely  or  nesligently  permit  itto  flgurish on  their  premises. 


«S  SYNGENESIA.  SUPERFLUA. 

292.  SENECIO.    Nutt.  Gen.  664. 

[Lat.  Senex,  an  old  man;  from  its  pappus  resembling  a  grey  beard,— or  its  receptacle  a  bald  head.] 

Cal.  cylindric,  stib-calyculate;  scales  sphacelate  at  point.    Pappus  pilose,  copious. 

§  1 .     Rays  none- 

S.  HiER AciFOLius.  Ell-  Stem  virgaie-paniculate;  leaves  oblong,  amplexicaul,  acute,  dentate;  calyx  smooth. 
Ftt/g-o— Fire-weed.    Hawk-weed.    Groundsel. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after- 

Hob.  Newly  cleared  grounds;  and  moist  places:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  florets  white. 

Obs.  The  name,  "fire.weed,"  by  which  this  plant  is  usually  known,  originated  from  the  circumstance  of 
its  generally  making  its  appearance  on  spots  \vh(  re  fire  has  recently  been.  It  is,  however,  always  abundant 
in  new  clearings  of  rich  woodland,  whether  there  has  been  fire  or  not.  I  know  not  why  it  should  haVo 
been  called  hieracifolius;  for,  in  its  general  aspect,  it  resembles  a  Sonchus,  more  than  a  Hieracium- 

§  2.    Radiate. 
S.  BALSAMiTJE.  Ell-  Radical  Icavcs  oblong,  crenate;  cauHne  lyrate-pinnatifid;  flowers  sub-umbellate. 
Fw/g-o— Balsam  Groundsel. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat   Middle  of  June,  and  after. 

Hub.  Meado^Vs,  fields,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  I  have  specimens  with  radical  leaves  orbicular,  obovate,  and  spathulate;  but  there  is  such  a  close 
general  resemblance  among  them,  that  I  am  not  certain  of  having  other  species.  I  have  the  authority  both 
of  Mr.  Schweinitz,  and  Dr.  Torrey,  for  this. 

293.  INULA.    Nutt.  Gen.  658. 

[Etymology  obscure:  supposed  to  be  corrupted  from  Helenium—whlch  see.1 
Cal.  squatrose,  or  imbricate.    Cor.  rays  numerous,  linear.     Anthers  bisetose  at  base.    Pappus  pilose. 

I.  HEJ.ENIUM.  Fl.  Brit.  Leaves  amplexicaul,  ovate,  rugose,  woolly  beneath;  calyx  scales  ovate. 

Pu/g-o— Elecampane. 

F/.  Middle  of  July.  F?-.  mat  Latter  end  of  August 

Hub.  About  houses,  gardens,  fence-rovrs,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high-  flowers  yellow. 

06s.  This  foreigner  has  strayed  from  the  gardens,  and  is  becoming  naturalized.  The  root  is  mucilaglA- 
ou«!,  and  is  a  very  popular  ingredient  in  the  preparation  ot  pectoral  syrups.  It  is  also  said  to  have  been  a 
principle  article  in  the  composition  of  a  specific,  whilom  of  some  notoriety  among  the  credulous,  for  the 
prevention  and  cure  of  hiidrophobia.  The  nostrum  is  still,  probably,  manufactured  and  sold  for  the  benefit 
of  the  proprietor,  if  not  of  the  public,— and  is,  doubtless,  about  as  efficacious  as  Scull-cap,  Water  plantain, 
Or  Chick-weed. 

294.    ERIGERON.    Nutt.  Gen.  657. 
[Gr.  Er,  spring,  and  Geron,  an  old  man;  the  plant  being  hoary  in  the  spring.] 
Cal.  imbricate.    Cor.  rays  linear,  narrow.    Pappus  mostly  double;  outer  chaffy,  minute;  inner  pilose. 
E.  BELLiDiFOLiuM.  Ell-  Hirsute;  radical  Icaves  spathulate-obovatc,  dentate;  cauline  lanceolate,  entire. 
fi>jnbn.  E.  pulchellum.  3fx.  Vulgo—Foor  Robert's  Plantain. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after-  -PV-  mat.  Last  of  June,  and  after. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woods,  &c.  frequent.  12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  about 3,  rays  pale  purple,  long. 

06s.  This  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  Indian  remedies,  for  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake.  It  is  rarely,  if 
ever,  used  as  a  medicine,  in  this  vicinity. 

E.  PHiLADEj.PHrcuM?  Plh  Pubescent;  leaves  cuneate-oblong,  cauline  semi-amplexicaul;  rays  capillary. 
j^;.  Beginning  of  June.  Pr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  along  Brandywine :  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high :  rays  pale  purple. 

Obs   I  have  always  taken  this  for  the  E.  philadelphicum:  and  yet  on  a  careful  re-examination,  it  agrees 

in  seveial  characteristics  with  the  E.  purpureuw,  of  Willdenow,  and  Pursh.  The  upper  leaves  are  entire, 
-the  peduncles  are  considerably  thickene^d,  or  enlarged,  next  the  calyx,  and  the  lower  ones  elongated. 
Not  havinr«een  both  species,' I   cannot  determine  to  which  ours  belongs.     I  think  however,  i   «  the    E. 

phtladelphfcur^  of  Mr.  Elliott's  Sketch;  and  am  pretty  confident  it  » that  of  Barton's  Flora  Ph.ladelphjca, 

E.  sTRiGosiTM.  Ph.  Strigose-pilose;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  coarsely  dentate,  or  entire. 
Fw/go— Flea-bane.     Daisey. 

FL  Latter  end  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July,  and  after. 

Hab.  Pastures,  and  upland  meadows,  &c.  very  common.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  smallish.  ray«  w.ite- 
Ois.  This  weed  is  so  abundant  as  to  be  rather  a  nu:sance  on  our  farms. 


SYNGENESIA.  SUPERFLUA.  89 

S-.  KETEROPHYLLiTM.  Ph.  radical  leaves  round-ovate,  deeply  toothed,  petiolate;  cauline  lanceolatej  acute- 
]Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after-  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after. 

Hal).  Pastures,  &c.  Patton's:  frequent.    About  3  feet  high:  rays  pale  purple,  or  white. 

-E.  CANADENSE.  Ell.  Stem  hispid,  paniculate;  leaves  lance-linear,  ciliate;  c.ilyx  cylindric. 
F((/gro— Horse-weed-     Bulter-weed.     Hog-weed.    Piide-weed-    Canadian  Flea-bane. 
.Fl.  Beginning  of  Angust,  and  after.  Fr   mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Hah-  Fields,  &c.  every  where  common.    6  inches,  to4feethigh:  flowers  white,  small,  numerous. 

Obs.  This  troublesome  weed  is  reputed  to  possess  medical  virtues;  as,  indeed,  are  all  th;  preceding,— 
except  perhaps  E-  strigosum.  This  species  is  often  bruised,  and  applied  to  fresh  incised  wounds,  in  pop- 
ular practice— when  a  simple  bandage,  of  clean  rag,  v.'ould  probably  be  quite  as  beneficial. 

295.    SOLIDAGO.    Nutt.  Gen.  660. 
[Lat.  solido,  to  make  firm,  or  to  heal;  from  its  supposed  vulnerary  properties.] 
Cal-  imbricate;  scales  appressed.    Radial  florets  about  5.    Pappus  simple,  pilose-    Reccpt.  punctate. 
§  1.    Racemes  secund,  recurved. 

S.  RUGOSA?  Ell.  Stem  hispid;  leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous,  rugose,  serrate;  panicle  spreading. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

JIab.  Low  grounds:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  There  seems  to  be  two  or  three  varieties  of  this  species. 
S.  scABRA-  Ph.  Stemsulcate;  leaves  oblong,  tapering  at  each  end,  glabrous  ahove,  scabrous  beneath, 
Fl-  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Borders  of  thickets;  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 
S-  PYRAMiDATAl  Ell-  Stem  subterete,  striate;  leaves  lance-oblong,  subenlire,  margin  ciliate. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Sterile  old  fields,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

06s-  I  have  the  authority  of  Mr.  Schweinitz  for  this  species;  but  IVom  its  prevalence  here,  I  incline  to 
think  it  must  have  been  known  to  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  and  other  botanists,  under  another  name. 

S.  NEMOHAi.T=.  Ell.  Stem  tomentose;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  lower  ones  subcuneate. 
Fl.  Middle  of  September.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Low  grounds:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flo  .vers  yellow. 

S.  ULMiFOLiA.  Ell.  Stem  villous;  leaves  lance-oval,  serrate,  hairy  beneath;  peduncles  villous. 

FJ-  Middle  of  September.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Swamps,  and  low  woodlands:  Patton's:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

§  2.    Racemes  erect. 

S-  BicoLOR.  Ell-  Hairy-pubescent;  leaves  elliptic,  acute,  tapering  at  base,  lower  ones  serrate. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  August-  Fr.  mat-  Last  of  Septem-bcr. 

Hab-  Woodlands,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    1  to  3  feet  high :  flowers  yellowish  white. 

S.  ERECTA?  Ell.  Stem  and  peduncles  roughish-pubescent;  leaves  lance-oval,  acute  at  each  end- 
Fl-  Latter  end  of  August-  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Bath,  &c-  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  yellow. 

Obs.  Mr.  Schweinitz  pronounced  tiiis  to  be  S-  erecta.  Some  of  the  lower  leaves  are  a  very  broad 
Ov«l,  tapering  abruptly,  at  base,  to  a  marginate  petiole.   To  me  it  seems  to  approach  the  preceding,  in  habit. 

S-  LANCE0L.4.TA.  Pk.  Stem  branching;  leaves  lance-linear,  entire;  corymbs  terminal,  fastigiate- 

Synon.  S-  graminifolia.    Ell.     Euthamia  graminifolia.     Nutt. 

Fl-  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

bab.  Low  grounds;  borders  of  woods,  &c-  frequent.     2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

S-  ciEsiA-  Ph-  Stem  smooth,  glaucous;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate;  racemes  axillary. 

Pw/g-o— Golden  rod- 

Fl.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle   of  October. 

J^ab.  Woodlands:  common.    1  to  3 feet  high:  llowers  yellow. 

Obs-  All  the  species  are  known  by  the  common  name  of  Golden  rod;  but  this  one  is  so  called  by  way  of 
eminence,  in  this  vicinity.  It  is  reputed  rnedicin.Tl,  by  some  dealers  in  simples,  who  allege  that  it  is  a  rem- 
edy tor  the  bite  of  snakes,  &c.  but  I  apprehend  its  virtues  are  unimportant. 

We  have,  doubtless,  other  species  of  this  difficult  genus;  but  the  foregoing  are  all  that  I  have  been  able,  r.s 
yef,  td  determine  with  any  degree  of  satisfaction,— even  with  the  assistance  of  my  botanical  friends- 


90  SYNGENESIA.  SUPERFLUA. 

29s.    ASTER.    Xutt.  Gen.  659. 

[Gr.  AsUr,  a  Star;  from  the  appearance  of  its  radiated  flowers.} 

Cal-  imbricate,  lower  scales  spreading.    Radial  florets  generally  more  than  10.    Pappus  pilose. 

§1.    Leaves  entire- 

A.  LiNAHiiFOLius.  EN-  Leaves  numerous,  linear,  snucronate,  margiiw  scabrous;  corymb  umbellate. 

Synon.  Chrysopsis  linariifolia.  Nutt. 

Fl  Middle  of  September.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hah.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    9  to  18  inches  high:  rays  purple,  disk  yellow. 

A.  TENiriFOLius .'  Ell.  Much  branched;  leaves  lance-linear;  flowers  racemose  on  the  main  branches. 
Fl-  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September., 

Hab.  Old  fields;  roadsides,  &c-  very  common.    1  to  3  feet  high:  flowerssmall;  ray.s  white. 

Obs.  This  is  a  very  abundant,  and  rather  troublesome  weed,  in  all  our  old  fields,  and  pastures.  The  flow- 
ers  are  about  the  size  of  a  half  dime,  very  numerous,  and  wliite.  I  have  other  specunens,  which  approacli 
it  very  nearly,  with  pale  purple  rays.  Indeed,  I  think  we  have  what  might  be  enumerated  as  the  A.  encoi- 
des,  A.  multijlorus,  and  A-  dumosus,  of  the  books;  but  not  being  able  to  determine  them  satisfactorily,  I 
shall  pass  them  over  for  the  present. 

A.  HUMiLis.  Ell.  Leaves  lance-oval,  acuminate  at  each  end,  margins  hispid;  corymb  sub-dichotomous 
Synon.  A.  cornifolius.   IVilld.  Muhl.  A.  iiifirmus.  Mx-  Chrysopsis  humilis.  Nntt. 
Fl-  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Ilab-  Woodlands:  Patton's;  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high;  flowers  large;  rays  white. 
A.  sALiCiFOLius?  Ph.  Stemsimple,corymbose  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  at  base. 
Fl-  Beginning  of  September.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Moist  woodlands:  Patton's  &c.  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  rays  white,  rarely  purplish. 

Obs.  Mr.  Schweinilz  considered  this  the  A.  salicifolius;  but  it  fits  the  description  of  A.  amyf^dalinus 
80  well  that  I  cannot  help  entertaining  some  doubts  on  ihe  subject.  The  margins  of  the  leaves  ore  scab- 
rous; the  stem  coiymbose  at  summit;  and  the  flowers  mostly  with  long,  narrow,  white  rays— rarely  of  a 
pale  blush  color. 

A.  PHLOGiFOLius.  Ph-  Leaves  lance-oblong,  base  cordate,amplexicaul;  panicle  lax,  few-flowcved , 
Synon.  A.  amplexicauhs.  3Ix-  A-  undulatus?  Ell- 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat-  Last  of  September. 

Hob-  Woodlands:  Bath;  Patton's,  Stc  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  rays  violet-purple. 

§2.    Leaves  serrate:  cordate,  and  ovate. 
A.  DivERSiFOLius.  Ell  Lowcr  leaves  with  winged  petioles,  upper  sessile;  panicle  lax,  branches  racemose. 
Synon.  A.  undulatus.  Willd-  Ph. 

Fl-  Middle  of  September.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab-  Woodlands,  and  fence-rows:  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  rays  pale  blue,  or  violet- 

A.  coRDiFOLius.  Ell.  Lower  leaves  cordate,  acute,  upper  spathulate-ovate;  petioles  winged ,  hairy. 
Fl-  Middle  of  September-  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Ilab-  Woodlands:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  rays  pale  purple,  long. 

A.  coRYMBOsus.  Ell-  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  petioles  naked;  corymb  sub-fastigiate. 
Fl-  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woodlands;  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.    1  to2feethigh;  rays  white. 

A.  MACROPHTLLrs.  Ph.  Lower  leaves  petiolate,  oblong-cordate,  serrate,  large,  upper  ones  sessile, ovate. 
Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high :  rays  white,  sometimes  pale  blue. 

§  3.    Leaves  lanceolate,  and  ovate :  lower  ones  serrate. 
A.  s^JEviGATVa?  Ell.  Branching;  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-amplexicaul,  upper  ones  nearly  entire. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  September.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hub-  Woodlands:  Bath,  Sec.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  rays  reddish  blue,  long. 

Oft.-!-  Mr.  Schweinitz  called  this  A.  Isvigatus;  but  if  the  A.  lavis,  of  Willdenow,  is  really  a  distinct  spe- 
cies, I  should  incline  to  refer  my  specimens  to  the  latter. 

A.  VERSICDI.OR?  Ell.  Much  branched;  leaves  sub-amplexicaul,  broad-lanceolate,  upper  ones  entire'. 

Fl-  ISIiddle  of  September.  Fr-  mat-  Middle  of  October. 

//a&.  Hilly  fields,  and  uplands:  frequent-    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  small,  numerous,  rays  white. 

Obs.  The  branches  are  'crowded  with  flowers,  and  thickly  5et  wilh  small,  oval,  entire  leaves. 


SYNGENESIA.  SUPERFLUA.  8i 

A.  cowciNNUS.  Pk.  Stem  simple  J  paniculate  at  summit;  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-amplexicau!,  glabrous. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  October-  '  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  near  Wm.  Brinton's  Lime  quarry:  rare-    1  to 2  feet  high:  rays  pale  purple,  long. 
A.  PuviCEUs.  Ph.  Stem  hispid;  leaves  amplexicaulj  lanceolate,  serrate,  rough;  branches  paniculate 
Fl.  Middle  of  September.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Borders  of  swamps;  thickets,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  rays  blue,  long,  disk  yellow. 
A-  sEROTiTrtTs?  Ph.  Glabrous;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, sessile;  branches  corymbose. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  October.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  November. 

Hah.  Moist,  shaded  grounds:  forks  of  Brandywine:  not  common.  3  to  5  feet  high:  rays  pale  purple,  long, 
Obi.  This  agrees  pretty  well  with  the  A.  serotinus,  of  Willdenow,  and  Puvsh,— except  that  the  rays  of 
the  flowers  are  often  nearly  white,  or  very  slightly  tinged  with  reddish  purple. 

A.  coNYZoiDEs-  Ell.  Leaves  lance-oval,  lower  ones  tapering  at  base  to  a  petiole,  upper  ones  sessile, 

Synon.  A.  marilandicus.  Mx. 

Fl.  Last  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Patten's;  Barrens,  &;c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  rays  white- 

A.  LANCEOLATUs.'  JVilld.  Glabrous;  lower  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate,  upper  lanceolate,  sessile. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands;  Wm.  Osborn's:  not  common-    About  2  feet  high:  rays  white,  large. 

Obs.  I  nm  by  no  means  confident  of  this  species.  The  lower  stem-leaves  are  ovate-lanceolate,  serrulate, 
sub-cordate  at  base,  on  marginate  petioles  about  2  inches  in  length;  the  upper  leaves  are  narrow-lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  and  nearly  entire.  The  flowers  are  beautifully  white;  and  crowded  on  the  branches,  ia 
somewhat  racemose  panicles. 

I  have  several  other  specimens  of  this  formidable  genus,  which  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  deteimine 
sufficiently,  to  warrant  the  attempt  to  enumerate  them;  and  I  have  no  doubt  there  may  be  a  number  more, 
in  this  vicinity,  which  have  hitherto  escaped  my  notice.  I  fully  concur,  however,  with  Mr.  Nuttall,  [in  the 
opinion,  that  many  species  have  been  created  out  of  our  numerous  polymorphous  varietia. 

b.    Receptacle  mostly  chaffy. 

29rf    HELENIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  684. 
[An  ancient  name;  said  to  have  been  derived  from  Helen,  the  Greek  beauty.  See  De  Theit.} 
Cal.  simple,  many  parted.    Cor.  rai/s  semi-trifid.    Pap;;us  chaffy,  5  leaved,  awned.    iJccepi.  globose 
H   AUTUMN^ALE.  Ell.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Serrate,  sub-decurrcnt;  flowers  corymbose;  rays  flat,  reflextd- 
Vulgo — False  Sun-flower.    Sneeze-weed. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Creek  banks:  Brandywine,  abundant.    2to  5  feet  high:  flowers  yellow- 
Obs.  The  powdered  receptacle,  and  calyx,  possess  active  errhine  properties- 

298.    ANTHEMIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  679. 
[Gr.  Anthemon,  a  flower;  from  the  great  number  which  it  produces-] 

Cal.  hemispherical,  sub-equal.    Cor.  rfl?/s  more  than  5.    Piv/ijjhsO,  or  a  membranaceous  margin. 
A-  ARVEi^sis.  IVg.  Receptacle  conic;  chafTlanceoIate;  seed  crowned  with  a  margin. 
Vulgo—Fidd  Chamomile-    Corn  Chamomile. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  June.  Fr-  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds;  and  pastures:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    About  1  foot  high;  rnys  white. 

Ob».  A  foreigner;  but  becoming  naturalized.    This  species  is  htodormts. 
A-  COTULA.  Ell.  Receptacle  conic;  chaff  setaceous;  seed  naked;  leaflets  subulate,  Sparted- 
Fu/g-o— May  weed.    Slinking  Chamomile.    Richardson's  Pink.    Dog's  Fennell. 
Fl.  Last  of  June  till  autumn.  Fr-  viat.  August,  and  after- 

Hab.  Roadsides;  farmyards,  &c.  common.    6  to  B  inches  high:  rayswiiite. 

Obs.  A  disagreeable,  fetid  little  foreign  weed;  which  has  become  extensively  naturalized. 

293.    ACHILLEA.    Nutt.  Gen.  680. 
[In  honor  of  Achilli's,  adis,ciple  of  Chiron;  who  first  introduced  it  to  notice] 
Cai..  ovate,  imbricate.    Con.  rays  5  to  10,  roundish.    Pappus  0. 
A.  MILLEFOLIUM.  Ell-  Stemsulcate;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  hairy,  segments  linear,  dentate,  mucronate. 
Fu/go— Yarrow.    Milfoil-    Nose-bleed.     Sneeze-Wort. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June  till  September.  Fr.  mat  August,  and  after. 

Hab-  Fence-rows;  pastures,  &c.  common.    2  to  3  feet  liigb:  flowers  wlufe- 
Obs   A  naturalized  foreigner     It  is  a  pleasant;  aromatic  bitter;  and  popular  as  atonic— used  in  infusion 


92  SYNGENESIA.  FRUSTRANEA, 

I.  Receptacle  chaffy. 

300.    RUDBECKIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  690. 
[In  honor  of  Olaus  Budbeck,  Father  and  ISon;  Swedish  Eotasists.] 

Cal-  sub-equal;  scales  in  a  double  series-     Paj3j)«5  a  4  toothed  margin.    Recept.  conic. 

B-  lACiNiATA.  Ph.  Stem  glabrous;  lower  leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  3  lobed,  upper  ones  ovate;  pappus  crcnale= 

J^w/go^Cone-flower.     Cone-disk  Sunflower. 

JFl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab-  Moist,  low  grounds:  Brandywine:  frequent.    4,  to  6  or  8  feet  high:  rays  yellow,  large,  drooping 

R    HiRTA.  Ell.  Hirsute;  stem  virgate,  sub-ramose;  peduncles  naked;  leaves  lance-ovate. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Thicket,  below  B.  Ogden's:  not  common.    3  to  5  feet  high :  rays  yellow,  disk  dark  purple 

301.    HELIANTHUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  689. 
[Gr.  Helios,  the  sun,  and  Antkos,  a  flower;  from  the  resemblance  of  its  flower.] 

Cal-  imbricate,  sub-squarrose,  foliaceous.     Pappus  chaffy,  2  leaved,  caducous.    Recept.  flat. 
§1.    Leaves  opposite. 
H.  DivARiCATUS?  Ell.  Stem  glabrous,  branching ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  scabrous  above,  sessile. 
Fl-  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fi-.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

JIab.  Borders  of  woods;  and  thickets:  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

H.  FRONDOSus?  Ph.    Leaves  ovate,  sharply  serrate,  petiolate;  peduncles  scabrous- 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Dry  woodlands;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

H.  MOLLIS.  Ell.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  scabrous  above,  hoary -pubescent  and  soft  beneath. 
FL  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

i/a6.  Woodlands:  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  In  my  specimens  the  leaves  are  all  opposite,  and  tapering  at  base  to  short  petioles.  I  li.^ve  not  been 
able  fully  to  satisfy  myself,  from  the  books,  relative  to  the  foregoing  species  of  Helianthus;  though  I  have 
but  little  doubt  as  to  this  last. 

§2.    Leaves  alternate. 
H.  GiGANTSUs.   JVilld.  Scabrous;  branching;  leaves  lanceolate,  obsoletely  serrate,  subsessile 
Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Borders  of  thickets,  &c.  frequent.     5  to  8  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

302.    BIDENS-     Nutt.  Gen.  691. 
[Lat.  Bidcns,  ha.\ing  two  teeth;  alluding  to  the  awns,  or  teeth,  crowning  the  seeds.] 

Cal.  sub-equal,  calyculate.    Cor-  rays  often  wanting .    Pappus  2,  or  4  scabrous  awns.    Seed  4  sidea- 
B.  CERNUA.  Ph.  Flowers  sub-radiate,  shorter  than  the  outer  calyx;  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-connate. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Ditches;  and  low  swampy  grounds:  frequent.    1^  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow;  awns  2. 

Obs.  Pursh  was  certainly  safe  in  asserting,  of  the  gpecies  of  thjs  genus,  that "  the  most  of  them  are  either 
without  or  with  raya^'.' 

B.  CHRYSANTHEMOiDEs.  Ph.  Flowers  radiate,  rays  long;  leaves  oblong,  tapering  at  each  end,  connate. 

Fl-  Last  of  August,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

ffab.  Along  rivulets;  swamps,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  yellow,  showy;  awns  2. 

06s.  There  ssems  to  be  some  varieties  of  this;  or  perhaps,  as  Mr.  Elliott  suggests,  there  may  be  distinct 
species  passing  under  this  name. 

B.  FRoxEosA.  Ell.  Flowers  discoid;  outer  cj^lyx  very  long;  lower  leaves  pinnate,  upper  ones  ternate. 

Vulgo— Bur  Marygold.     Beggar-ticks. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Gardens;  fence-rows.  &c.  common.    2  to  4  feet  high:  floaers  yellowish,  inconspicuous;  awns  2. 

Obs.  This  is  an  obnoxiou:^-  weed  in  our  gardens,  and  cultivated  lots — especially  Tvhea  i;i  seed;  as  these 
stdhere  by  their  awns,  to  cjotbing,  &c.  in  great  pumbers. 


SYNGENESIA.     FRTJSTRANEA.  9S 

B.  BIPINNATA.  Ell.  Flowers  subradiate;  leaves  bipinnate;  leaflets  lanceolate, pinnatifid, 
Fw/g-o— Spanish  Needles.    Hemlock  Beggar-ticks. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

ffab.  Gardens;  fields,  &c.  common.    2  to  4  feethigh:  flowers  yellow;  seed  long;  awns  3,  or  4. 
Obs.  This,  also,  is  a  well  known,  troublesome  weed,  in  the  fall  of  the  year. 

303.    POLYMNIA.    Niitt.  Gen.  G97. 

[Supposed  to  be  dedicated  to  one  of  the  Alusf.s;  on  account  of  its  beauty.] 

Cai..  double;  outer  4  or  5  leaved,  inner  10  leaved;  leaflets  concave.    Pappus  0.    Reccpt.  chaffy 

P.  CANADENSIS.  EJl.  Viscid;  villous;  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  3  lobed,  or  entire. 

Fl-  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub-  Brandy  wine,  near  M.  Batten's:  very  rare.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  yellow. 

Obs.  I  have  not  met  with  this  plant  growing  wild,  myself;  but  my  amiable  and  venerable  friend,  the  late 
Mr.  John  Jackson,  who  was  an  excellent  practical  botanist,  and  paid  much  attention  to  the  plants 
of  this  region,  informed  me  he  had  seen  it  growing  native  in  the  above  locality. 


CLASS  XVIII.     GYNANDRIA. 


304.    ORCHIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  706. 
[A  whimsical  Greek  name;  and  more  tolerable  in  Greek  than  English.] 

L'oR.  ringcnt,  upper  leaflet  vaulted.    Lip  dilated,  base  spurred  beneath.    Pollinia  2,  terminal,  adnate. 

O.  ciLiARis.  Ell.  Lip  lance-oblong,  pinnate-ciliate;  spur  longer  than  the  germ. 

Ft.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub.  Low,  moist  grounds:  rare.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  deep  yellow. 

Oba.  This  species  grows  in  the  alluvial  district  towards  Wilmington,  Del.— also  in  the  Great  Valley,  ani 
on  the  farm  of  Mr.  John  D.  Steele,  in  West-Bradford:  but  has  not  yet  been  found  in  this  immediaVe 
vicinity. 

O.  LACEHA.  3T.C.  Lip  long,  3  parted,  segments  capillaceous-multifid;  spur  the  length  of  the  germ. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr-  mat. 

Hab.  Moist  woodlands:  Jesse  Good's:  rare.    1  to2  feethigh:  flowers  greenish  white. 

Obs  The  O.  psycodes,  of  Pur.ih,  Willdenow,  &c.  is  probably  distinct  from  this;  as  they  speak  of  the 
flowers  being  yelloio.     In  other  respects,  however,  it  seems  to  approach  it. 

O.  TRIDENT  ATA.  IVilld.  Lip  lanceolate,  3  toothed  at  apex;  spur  filiform  at  apex,  longer  than  the  germ- 

Synon.  O.  clavellata.'    i>/x.  Ell.  iV'uK.  &.c. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat- 

Hab.  Moist  thickets:  Geo.  Vernon's:  not  common.    6  to  12inches  high:  flowers  pale  green: 

O.  sPECTABiLis.  Ell.  Lip  obovate,  crenate;  spur  clavate,  shorter  than  the  germ;  biactes  lajge . 

%no;i.  O.  humilis.    ZIx.  Fo^g^o— Priest  in  the  Pulpit. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr-  mat. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    G  to  9 inches  high:  flov/ers  purple  and  wliite, 

O.  HER3i0L.\.  Ph.  Lip  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  at  base  on  each  side;  palate  1  toothed;  spur  shorter  than  tho 

Synon.  Habenaria  herbicla.  Brown  in  Ait.  Kew.  ed.'l.  secund-  Ph-  [germ. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mot. 

Hab.  Moist  thickets:  onmyiarm:  rare.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  3'e;iowish  green. 

Obs.  The  existence  of  this  rare  species  seems  to  have  been  doubted  by  our  later  wviters  on  American 
plants;  as  it  is  not  noticed,  either  by  Muhlenber.;-.  Nuttall,  or  Elliott.  Even  Pursh  himself  did  not  see  it. 
But  the  description  given  in  his  Supplement,  p.  743,  tits  my  plant  precisely,  so  f.ir  as  it  goes;  and  1  am  fur- 
ilier  confirmed,  as  to  the  species,  by  Dr.  Torrey,  to  whom  1  sent  a  specimen-  The  stem  is  angular,  flexu- 
ose,  leafy;  leaves  3,  or  4,  oblong-lanceolate,"acute,  1  to  2  inches  wir'r.  rvnd  4  to  6  inches  long;  bractes 
lanceolate,  twice  as  long  a«  the  flowers;  root  fasciculate. 


34  GYNANDRIA.  MONANDRIA. 

O.  FiMBRiATA.  IVilld.  Lip  3  parted,  segments  cuneate.ciliate-fimbriate;  spur  longer  than  the  gertt. 

JF7.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Wet.low  grounds:  Bath;  Ed.  Darlington's:  rare.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  purple,  showy. 

Oht-  This  is  a  rare,  and  very  beautiful  plant.    I  have  only  found  two  or  three  specimens  in  all  this  vicinity. 

305.  GOODYERA.    Nutt.  Gen.  708. 

E  ] 

CoR.  ringent;  the  2  lower  petals  placed  under  the  gibbous,  undivided  lip.     Style  free.    Pollen  angular. 
G.  ptfBEscENS.  Ell.  Leaves  radical,  ovate,  petiolate.reticulately  veined;  scape  and  flowers  pubescent. 
-&i/non. Satyrium  repens.  Mx.   Neottia  pubescens.  Willd.  Muhl.  Ph.  Fw/go— Rattle  Snake  Plantain. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hah-  Woodlands:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  white. 

306.  NEOTTIA.    Nutt.  Gtn.  709. 

[Gr.  Neottia,  a  bird's  nest;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  its  fibrous  roots.  1 

Cor.  ringent;  the  2  lower  petals  placed  under  the  beardless  lip.    Style  apterous.    Pollen  farinaceous 

N.  TORTiLis.  Ell.  Radical  leaves  linear;  flowers  spirally  secund;  lip  trifid,  crisped,  crenulate. 
Synon.  Ophrys  ffistivalis.  Mx.  Kw/g-o— Ladies  traces,  or  tresses. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Borders  of  fields;  meadows,  &c.  frequent.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

N.  CERNUA.  Ell.  Leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  in  a  dense  spike,  recur ve-nodding;  lip  oblong,  entire,  acute. 
Synon.  Ophrys  cernua.    Mx. 

J!'l.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab-  Moist  thickets:  Patton's;  Barrens.  &c.  frequent.    6  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  white. 
Obs.  Ihavespecimens  which  vary  somewhat  in  appearance;  but  perhaps  are  not  specifically  distinct. 

307.    POGONL\.    Nutt.  Gen.  712. 
[Gr.  Pogon,  a  beard;  the  lip  of  the  flower  being  crested,  or  bearded.] 

Petals  5,  distinct,  without  glands,    i?^  sessile?  cucullate,  internally  crested.    Po//en  farinaceous. 

p.  vERTiciLLATA.  Ell.  Lcavcs  5,  verticillate,  lancc-oval;  stem  1  flowered;  outer  petals  very  long,  linear. 

Synon.  Arethusa  verticillata.     IVilld.  Muhl.  Ph. 

Fl-  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Ilab.  Moist  woodlands:  Patton's,&c.  frequent.    9  to  15  inches  high.-  flowers  brownish  purple. 

Ohs.  The  whorled  leaves  of  this  plant  give  it  much  of  the  habit  of  Gyromia.    The  long  outer  petals 
somewhat  resemble  the  beards  of  a  Cat-fish. 

308.    TRIPHORA.    Nutt.  Gen.  713. 
[Abbreviated  from  the  Gr.  Trianthophoros;  literally,  bearing  3  flowers.] 

Petals  5)  distinct,  equal,  connivent.    Lip  unguiculate,  cucuUate.  Style  spathulate?  apteroul. 
T.  PENDULA.  £//.  Root  tuberous;  stem  leafy;  leaves  ovate;  flowers  1  to  3,  pedunculate. 
Synon.  Arethusa  parviflora.  Mx.    A-  pendula.  Willd.  Muhl.  Ph. 
Ft-  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  Ed.  Darlington's:  not  common.    4  to  6 inches  high:  flowers  pnle  purple. 

Obs.  This  delicate  little  plant  is  remarkable  for  the  oblong,  fleshy  tubers,  connected  with  its  roots,  after 
the  manner  of  potatoes. 

309.    MALAXIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  719. 
[Gr.  3Ialaxis,  softness;  in  reference  to  the  delicate  texture  of  the  plant.] 

Petals  5,  narrow,  spreading.    7<tj)  flattened,  undivided.    Style  extended.  Po//tnia  4,  affixed  to  the  stignia. 

M.  LiLiiFOLiA.  Ell.  Leaves  2,  oval;  scape  triquetrous;  inner  petals  filiform,  reflexed;  lip  obovate. 

F«?g:o— Tway-blade . 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hcib.  Moist  woodlands:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    4to6  inches  high:  flowers  yellowish  brown. 


GYNANDRIA.  MONANDRlA.  9d 

SIO.    MICROSTYLIS.    Nutt.  Gen.  719. 
[Gr.  JMici'03  Bm&ll,  and  Stylos,  a  style;  in  reference  to  the  minute  column,  or  style •] 

Petals  5,  1  deflected^  2  inner  ones  filiform-    Z.ip  concave,  erect,  truncate,  bidentate.    S^^^e  minute 
M.  oPHioGLOssoiDES.  Nutt.  Leaf  One,  ovate,  amplexicaul;  scape  angled,  sulcate;  flowers  small. 
Synon-  Maiaxis  unifolia.  Mx.    M.  ophioglossoides.  Willd.  Ell.  &c.        Vulgo — Adder's  tongue. 
Fl.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Wet,  low  grounds:  Wollerton's:  not  common.    6  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  white: 

311.    CORALLORHIZA.    Nutt.  Gen.  720. 

[Gr.  Korallion,   coral,  and  i?Ai.:a,  a  root;  the  roots  resembling  coral,  inform.] 

Petals  equal,  connivent.    Lip  mostly  produced  at  base.    Siylt  free.    Pollinia  4,  oblique. 

C.  oDONTORHizA?  Elh  Root  branched;  scape  sheathed,  leafless;  flowers  pedicellate;  capsule  obovate. 

Synon.  Cynibidium  odontorhizon.'  IVilld.  Ph.    Ophrys  corallorbiza.'  Mx. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hah.  Woodlands:  Wollerton's,  &c.  frequent.     9  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  brownish. 

Obs.  I  have  not  examined  the  recent  plant  lately,  and  am  unable  to  determine,  from  my  specimens, 
whether  this  is  the  C  odontorluza,  or  C-  innata. 

C?  HYEMALis.  Ell.  Leaf  one,  radical,  lance-oval,  many  nerved;  lip  3  cleft,  not  produced  at  base. 

6'i/iion.  Cymbidium hyemale.  Wilid.  Muhl  Ph.  F«/g-o— Adam  and  Eve.    Winter  Green. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hah.  Rich  woodlands:  along  Brandywine:  not  common.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  greenish  brown. 

Obs.  I  think  it  may  well  be  doubted  whether  this  plant  properly  belongs  to  this  genus.  Pursh  says  the 
root  affords  a  cement  for  broken  china,  &c.  which  is  "exceedingly  durable;"  but  from  the  trials  which 
I  have  made  of  it,  I  cannot  confirm  his  statement. 


312.    CYPRIPEDIUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  722. 
[Gr.  Kypris,  venus,  and  Podio«,  a  shoe;  the  inflated  nectary,  or  lip,  resembling  a  slipper.] 
Petals  4,  spreading,  under  one  bifid.    Lip  ventricose,  inflated.    Style  terminating  in  a  petaloid  lobe. 

C-  PCBESCENs.  Ell.  Stem  leafy;  outer  petals  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  inner  ones  long,  linear,  contorted. 

Synon.  C-  calceolus.'  31x.  Vulgo — Noah's  Ark.    Yellow  Mocasin  flower. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  petals  purplish  green,  lip  yellow. 

C.  HiTMiLE.  Ell  Leaves  radical,  in  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse;  scape  1  flov/ered ,  with  1  bracteal  leaf. 

Synon.  C  acaule.  Mx.  Fw.'g-o— Purple  Mocasin  flower.    Lady's  Slippex. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Great  Valley  hills:  rare.    9  to  12  inches  high:  lip  deep  purple,  large. 

Obs.  I  have  not  found  this  species  in  this  immedi-ite  vicinity;  but  some  very  fine  specimens  we?e 
brought  to  me,  in  May  last,  (1825)  by  D.  Meconkey,  Esqr.  who  collected  them  near  the  Diamond  Eock 
io  Tredyflfrin  township;  about  2  miles  north  of  the  Paoli.  ' 

©aDER,    HEXiiHBHXA. 

313     ARISTOLOCHIA.     Nutt.  Gen.  723. 
£A  Greek  name;  given  on  account  of  the  medicinal  virtues  of  the  piaut-J 

Gal-  0.    Cor.  superior,  1  petalled,  tubular;  base  ventricose;  border  dilated,  Ungulate.    Caps.  6  celletl. 
A-  sERPE-VTARiA-  Ell-  Stemflexuose;  leaves  cordate-oblong,  acuminate;  peduncles  radical. 
Vulgo— Virginia.  Snake-root.    Little  Snake-root.    Birth-wort. 
Fl-  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July. 

Hab.  Rich  woodlands:  frequent.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  purpliah  brown. 

Ohs.    The  valuable  medicinal  properties  of  the  root  of  this  plant  are  well  known. 

Mr.  Wm.  Jackson  sent  me  specimens  from  Londongrove  township,  in  this  county,  which  appear  to  be 
the  A.  m^ittata,  of  Muhlenberg,  or  A.  hastata,  of  Nuttall,  and  Elliott.  The  ieavM  are  sublanceolate, 
acute,  auriculatc  at  base,  and  oubescent.  ' 


96 


CLASS  XIX.     MONOECIA, 


ORDER,    BZANDRZA. 

S14.    LEMNA.    Nuit.  Gen.  2S. 
[Supposed  from  the  Gr.  ichina,  or  Lemma,  a  husk,  shell,  or  skin;  from  the  form  of  its  leaves  1 

Male,  Cal.  1  leavedi  roundish,  entire,  openmg  on  one  side-     Cor.  0. 
Female,  Cal.  as  in  the  male.     Cor.  0.    Style  1.     Utriculus  1  or  2  seeded. 

L.  MINOR.  Ell.  Fronds  elliptic,  or  subovate,  flat,  cohering  at  base;  roots  solitary. 

Fn/g:o— Duck-meat. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June?  J^r-  mat. 

Hob-  Stagnant  waters:  along  Brandywine:  frequent.    Very  minute;  floating  on  the  surface. 

Ohs.  I  have  but  rarely  detected  th"  flov^ers  on  this  diminutive  plant;  and  am  unable  to  determine,  to  my 
own  satisfaction,  whether  it  properly  belongs  to  this  class,  ornot:  though  I  observe  Mr.  Elliott  retains  it 
here. 

ORBER,    TRSAlfBRSA. 

315.    CAREX.    Nutt.  Gen.  733. 
[Supposed  from  the  Lat.  carere,  to  lack,  or  want;  because  the  male  spikes  are  destitute  of  fruit.] 

Flowers  glumaceous,  imbricated  in  an  Ament:    Male,  Cal.  a  single  scale.     Cor.  0. 

Fem.  Cu/.  a  scale.    Cor.  1  glumed,  ventricose,  inclosing  the  triquetrous  Secrf     Stigmas  2  ox  ^ 

§  1.    Spikes  all  androgynous. 

a.  Spike  inostly  solitary.     Male  flowers  at  base.    Stigmas  3. 

C.  s«iTTARROsA.  Schw.  Spike  Simple,  oblong-oval;  fruit  imbricate,  horizontal,  beaked. 
Synon.  C.  typhina.  Mx.    C.  cephalophora .'  Eatmi.  Fu/go— Sedge.    Sedge-grass. 

JFl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hab.  Low,  wet  woodlands:  frequent.    1  to2  feet  high:  spikes  rarely  2,  or  3. 

Obs  For  an  excellent  account  of  the  North  American  Carices,  see  the  Monograph  of  Mr.  Schweiriitzi, 
edited  by  Dr.  Torrey,  in  the  1st  Volitme  of  the  Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  of  New  York. 

b.  Spikelets  several,  aggregated  into  a  head-    Male  flowers  at  summit. 

C-  CEPHALOPHORA.  Schw.  Splkelcts  crowded  111  an  elliptic  head;  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  marginate. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  Hilly  woodlands:  Jos.  Osborne's,  &c.  frequent.    About  2  feet  high:  spikelets 3  to  6,  clustered, 

c.  Spikelets  distinct.    Stigmas  2.    t  Male  flowers  at  summit. 
C   BROMOiDES.  Schw.  Spikelets  linear- oblong,  alternate,  remote,  erect;  fruit  oblong,  beaked. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr   mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Swamp*.,  forming  tuisocJts:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  spikelets  about  4. 
r    ROSEA   Schw  Spikelets  remote,  few  flowered,  a  long  bracteatthe  base  of  the  lower  one;  fruit  ovate 
CT  "R    ""    ■      of  Mav  ^'"'  ■"*"*■  ^'^'^'*'  ^^  '^"'y- 

Hab.  Moist  woodlands:  Bath,&c.  frequent.    9  to  IS  inches  high:  spikelets  3  to  6,  small.    ' 

C.  MuHLENBERGii.  Schw.  Spikelets  ovate,  alternate,  approximate,  bracteate  at  base;  fruit  ovate,  marginate 


Fl.  Middle  of  May. 


Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 


Hab.  Dry, stony  hills:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  spik.-leU  about  5. 

05...  In  genera)  appearance  this  resembles  C  cephalophora;  and  might  be  readily  confounded  with  it.  by 
a  careless  observer. 


MONOECIA.  TRIANDRIA.  97 

C.  STiPATA.  Sclno.  Spikeoblong,  compound,  aggregate;  fruit  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading. 

Sijnon.  C.  viilpinoidea.  jMx- 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hub.  Swamps;  and  moist,  low  grounds:  frequent.    H  to  3  feet  high:  spikelets  10  to  20. 

C.  MULTiFLORA.  Scliio.  Spike  oblong,  dccompound ;  spikelets  conglomerate,  ovate-oblong,  bracteate. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Swamps;  and  low  grounds:  common.    1  to  2  feet  high:  spikelets  numerous,  in  clusters. 

1 1  Female  floivers  at  summit. 

C.  scoPARiA.  Schio.  Spikelets  ovate,  sessile,  aggregate;  fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  marginate- 

Synon.  C  leporina.  Mx. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

JIab.  Swamps;  and  wet  meadows:  common.    1  to  2  feet  high:  spikelets  5  to  7,  tawney  when  mature. 

C.  FESTUCACEA.  Scliw.  Spikelets  obovate,  sub-approximate ;  fruit  roundish-ovate,  rostrate,  alate. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  Low  grounds;  woodlands,  &c.  frequent.     About  2  feet  high:  spikelets  5  to  S,  greenish. 
Obs-  This  species  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  the  preceding. 

§2.    Spikes,  some  only  androgynol-s. 

Terminal  spike  only  androgynous-     Stigmas  3. 

C.  viREScENS.  Schti".  Spikelets  oblong,  erect;  terminal  one  male  below,  pedunculate;  fruit  ovate,  obtuse. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  -F>-  ^nat.  Beginning  of  August. 

Hal.  Killy  woodlands:  barrens,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high:  spikelets  3,  rarely  4,  greenish. 

C.  hirsuta.  Schiv.  Spikelets  ovate-oblong;  terminal  one  on  a  short  peduncle;  fruit  roundish-ovate. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  -F''--  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab-  Low  grounds;  woodlands:  common.    12  to  18  inches  high:  spikelets  mostly  3. 

Obs.  This  approaches  the  preceding  very  nearly,  and  may  readily  be  confounded  with  it. 
C.  DIGITALIS.  Schiv.  Spikelets  linear,  slender,  distant,  pedunculate;  fruit  oblong,  sub-triquetrous. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  ^'--  '««^-  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  AVoodlands:  Bath;  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  spikelets  mostly  4,  rarely  5. 

§3.    Spikes,  Male  and  Female  distinct. 
a.  Male  spike  mostly  solitary.    Stigmas  3.    t  Female  spikes  sessile;  or  the  peduncles  inclosed- 
C.  VARTA.  Schio.  Female  spikelets  ovate,  subapproximate,  few-flowered,  sessile;  male  oblong,  subsessile. 
Fl.  Middle  of  April.  ^>-  mat.  Middle  of  June. 

Hab.  Dry,  stony  banks;  woodlands,  &c.  frequent.    5to  8  inches  high:  female  spikelets  about  3. 

Obs.  I'have  specimens  much  resembling  this,  with  long,  creeping  roots,  which  Mr    Schweinitz  marked 
C  stolonifera.  Perhaps  they  are  not  specifically  distinct;  as  Dr.  Muhlenberg  says  of  this,  '  radtx  repens. 
I  think  it  quite  probable  we  have  also  C.  marginata,  here;  but  I  do  not  find  any,  m  my  collection,  which 
exactly  suit  the  description. 

C   puBEscENs.  Scktu.  Female  spikekts  oblong,  lowest  on  a  short  peduncle;  culm  and  leaves  pubescent. 
J'/.  Beginning  of  May.  i-^r.  maf.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  forks  of  Brandy  wine:  frequent.     12  to  18  inches  high:  female  spikelets  about  3. 
C.  TENTACULATA.  Schw.  Female  spikes  ovate-cylindric,  sessile;  fruit  ovate,  ventricose,  long-beaked. 
Synon.  C  rostrata.  Mx. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  xMay.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August. 

Hab.  Swamps;  and  wet  places;  very  common.    12  to  IS  inches  high:  female  spikes  2,  or  3. 
Obs.  This  is  perhaps  our  most  common  species:  the  whole  plant  yellowfsh  green. 

C.  LTJPULiNA.  Schto.  Female  spikes  ovate-oblong,  approximate;  fruit  ovate,  ventricose,  long-beaked. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June.  -f>-  mat.  Latter  end  of  August.    ^ 

Hab.  Wet,  low  grounds;  Jos  TBylovV;  Brandywir.e;  frequent.  2  to  3  feet  high;  female  mxes  2  to  5. 

O 


98  M0N6ECIA.  TRIANDRIA. 

Gi  FOLLictTLATA.  Schw.  Female  spikes  roundish,  few-flowered:  fruit  inflated,  acuminafe . 
Fl-  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

TIab.  Low,  swampy  grounds:  frequent.  Ijto  2  feethigb:  female  spikes  2,  often  but  1. 

1 1  Female  spikes  on  exsert  peduncles,  partly  sheathed  at  base. 

e.  XAWTIIOPHVSA.  Schw.  Female  spikes  ovate,  remote,  pedunculate;  fruit  oblong-conoid,  beaked- 

JY.  Middle  of  June.  /">-.  maf.  Last  of  August. 

Ilab.  Wet,  low  grounds:  Patton's;  Brandywine:  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  female  spikes  2  to  4. 

Obs.  Mr.  Schweinitz  remirked  to  me  that  this  was  no<  the  C.  xanthophysa,  ol  Muhlenberf;;  the  latter 
plant  being  the  C  striata,  of  Mr.  S.  This  species  seems  to  resemble  C-  lujiulina  more  than  C  folliculata; 
but  ;i  readily  distinguished  by  its  distant,  pedunculate  female  spikes. 

C.  ANCEPS.  Schii\  Female  spikes  cylrndric,  remote,  lax- flowered;  leaves  broad,  striate,  glaucous. 

Synon.  C.  plantaginea.  Muhl.   IVilld?  Mx.  Ph^  Ell- 

Fl.  Last  of  April.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Jlab-  Woodlands:  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    9  to  15  inches  high:  female  spikes  2  to4. 

06s.  The  broad  radical  leaves  continue  green  through  the  winter;  and  Dr.  Muhlenberg  says  the  youn- 
ger ones  afford  good  food  for  cattle,— which  is  not  usually  ihe  case  with  this  genus. 

C.  scABRATA.  Schio.  Female  spikes  cylindric,  lower  one  on  a  long  peduncle;  fruit  ovate,  scabrous. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hab.  Wet  places:  Ed.  Darlington's  meadow:  not  common.    1  to  2  feet  high:  female  spikes  3  to  5. 

Obs.  The  leaves,  and  indeed  the  whole  plant,  remarkably  scabrous.  Mr.  Schweinitz  observed  that  this 
was  "a  very  rare  species"  to  him. 

C.  CONOIDEA.  Schw.  Female  spikes  sLender,  loose-flowered;  lower  peduncle  long;  fruit  oblong-conic 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Bath,  &c.  frequent.    6  to  12  inches  high:  female  spikes  mostly  2. 

C.  LAxiFLORA.  Schw-  Female  spikes  oblong,  the  lowcst  remote;  fruit  ovate-oblong,  ventricose,  obtuse. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Low  grounds:  Patton's;  Brandywine:  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  female  spikes  3  or4. 

C  FLEXtJosA.  Schic.  Female  spikes  filiform,  distant,  pendulous;  fruit  alternate,  oblong,  beaked. 

Synon.  C.  debilis.  Mr. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.     12  to  18  inches  high,  slender:  female  spikes  about  4. 

ttt    Female  spikes  on  long  peduncles,  nearly  naked. 

P,.  MiLiACEA.  Schiv.  Female  spikes  filiform,  upper  peduncle  short;  fruit  ovate,  triquetj-ous. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Low  grounds:  Patton's,  Sec  frequent.    1  to  2  feet  high,  slender;  female  spikes  about  a. 

b.    Male  spikes  several.    Stigmas  2. 

C.  cRimTA.  Schw.  Female  spikes  cylindric,  long,  pendulous;  calyx  linear,  long,  margins  hispid. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Jlab.  Wet  places:  Bath,  &c.  common.    2  to  3  feet  high:  female  spikes2  to  4;  male  about  3. 
Obs.  The  terminal  spikes  of  this  species  are  often  androgynous. 

C.  ^CUTV.  Schw.  Female  spikes  cylindric,  subnutant,  subpedunculate,  remote;  fruit  oblong,  beak  short 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Swamps:  frequent.    U  to  2  fee*  high:  female  spikes2,  or  3;  male  1  to  3. 

Ob^  Thi«  and  some  of  the  other  species  grow  in  large  turfy  bunches  ''\«"'«mP^ -^o''")'"?  ^„^?*  ^""^  ^f " 
mers  call  r,mo<-'«.  In  reclaiming  those  swamps,  it  has  been  found  that  the  best  mode  of  disposing  of  th« 
roots  of  he  Carices,  is  to  cut  them'^ut.  and.  when  dry,  put  them  n  heaps,  and  burn  them.  The  burnt  earth 
and  ashes  of  the  roots,  are  nearlv  as  valuable  as  an  equal  bulk  of  barnyard  manure.  .,,„.„:„<,  „,  - 

'  We  have  doubtless  several  oth.r  species  of  this  numerous  ^"'l^difhcult  family ;  but  ♦h«£^^^°'"gj^7 
all  that  I  have  vet  collected,  in  this  vicinity.  They  arc  all  sanctioned  by  the  hisU  authority  oi  jyir. 
Schweinitz,  and"  Dr.  Torrey. 


MONOECIA.  TRIANDRIA.  J9S 

316.    SCLERIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  734. 
[Gr.  Skleros,  hard;  in  reference  to  its  hard,  polished  seeds.] 

Male,  C'al.  2  to  6  valved,  many  flowered.     Cor.  glumes  awnless. 

Fem.  Cal.  2  to  6  valved,  1  flowered.     Cor.  0.     Stigmas  1  to  3.    Nut  colored,  subglobose. 

S.  TRiGLOMERATA.  Ell.  Stem  acutely  triquetrous;  leaves  lance-linear;  nut  smooth. 
F«/g-o— Whip-grass. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Pr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hab.  Barren  ridge,  frequent:  rare  elsewhere.    2  to  3  feet  high.    Nut  white. 

Obs.  This  is  not  the  S.  triglomerata,  of  Pursh.    I  have  a  specimen  from  Georgia,  which  seems  to  b«  iden- 
tical with  ours. 

S.  PAUCiFLORA.  Ell.  Stem  triquetrous;  leaves  linear;  nut  rugose,  or  papillate. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Barren  ridge,  abundant:  rare  elsewhere.    About  1  foot  high.    Nut  white, small- 

06s.  Dr.  Torrey,  to  whom  I  sent  specimens,  avers  that  this  is  not  the  S.  pauciflora,  of  Pursh. 

317.    SPARGANIUM.    iXutt.  Gen.  731. 
[Gr.  Sparg-anoji,  a  fillet,  or  bandage;  from  its  riband-like  leaves.] 

Male,  ^/noU  globose.     Ca/.  3  to  6  leaved.     Cor.  0. 

Fem.  Jmcnt  globose.     Ca/.  3  to  Cleaved.     Cor.  0.     (Sfigwia  simple,  or  bifid.    Drt(;?e  dry,  1  seede'd 

S.  americanum.'  IVutt.  Lower  leaves  carinate  at  base,  as  long  as  the  stem;  stigma  simple,  oblique. 
Synon.  S.   simplex. ^   IVWd.  Ph.  Mahl-  Vulgo—Bm-reed. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September,  and  after. 

Hub-  Sluggish  rivulets,  ditches,  &c.  frequent.    12  to  18  inches  high:  heads  yellowish  green. 

318.    TYPHA.    Nutt.  Gen.  730. 
[Gr.  Tiphos,  a  bog,  or  marsh;  from  its  usual  place  of  growth.] 

^?ne)2i  cylindric,  dense.     Male,  above.     Ca?.  obsolete,  3  leaved.     Cor.  0. 

Fem.  Cal.  0.  Cor.  0.     .S'eed  1,  pedicellate,  surrounded  with  a  hsiiry  pappus,  at  base 

T.  latifolia.  Ell.  Leaves  linear,  flat;  male  and  female  aments  approximate. 

Ft(/g-o— Cat-tail.    Reed-mace.    Cooper's  Reed. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Hab.  Pools,  swampy  springs,  &c.  frequent.    4  to  5  feet  high;  aments  brown. 

Obs.  The  leaves  .ire  used  by  coopers  to  secure  the  joints  of  caf^ks,  &c.  from  leaking.  Poor  people 
sometimes  collect  the  pappus,  or  hairy  involucols  of  the  miUirt"  aments,  for  the  purpose  of  filling  beds; 
but,  as  Dr.  W.  P.  C.  B.Trton  justly  remarks,  it  is  bodi  unhealtliy  and  unpleasant— and  much  inferior  to 
^t^aw,  or  even  to  clean  oats  chalf. 

T.  ANGUSTiFOLiA.  Ph.  Leaves  linear.  Canaliculate ;  male  and  femfde  aments  remote. 
Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

lictb.  Ponds,  and  wet  places:  Unionville:  rare.    3  to  5  feet  high:  aments  brown. 

Obs.  This  species  is  very  rare  in  this  vicinity.  I  am  indebted  for  my  Pennsylvania  specimenp  to  Dr. 
Seah— who  collected  it  in  a  pond  near  Unionville,  about  S  miles  t'lom  West-Chester.  I  have  seen  it  fre- 
quently in  New  Jersey. 

319.    Ce]MPT0NL4.    Nntl.  Gen.  735. 
[Dedicated  to  ife?iri/  Coviplon,  Bisliop  of  London;  who  was  a  collector  of  Plants] 

Male,  amoi*  cylindrio.     Cal.  a  scale.     Cor.  2petal!ed.'    Filaments  3  or  4,  bifurcate? 
Fem.  amcjif  ovate.     Cal.  a  scale.     Cor.  6  petalled.    Styles  2.    Nut  oval. 

C  ASPLENiFOLiA .  £//.  Leaves  lance-linear-oblong,  irregularly  crenate-pinnatifid. 
Sijnon.  Liquidambar  asplenifolia.  JMurshall.  I'l/go— Sweet  Fern. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September, 

llab.  Slaty  hills:  Barrens,  abundant.     About  2  feet  high;  bushy. 

Obs.  An  aromatic  little  shrub,  emitting  a  resinous  odor  when  bruised.  It  is  reputed  astringent,  and  prob- 
ably possesses  some  medicinal  properties.  Th'.;  infusion  is  occasionally  used,  in  popular  practice;  in  mild 
dysenteric  cases,  and  as  a  diet  drink. 


lOOi  MONOECIA.  TETRANDIA. 


©RDEH,    TETBANBIA. 

320.    BOEHMERIA.    Nutt.  Gen.    740. 
[In  honor  of  George  Rudolph  Boehmer;  a  German  Botanist.] 

Male.  Cal.  4  parted.    Cor.  0.    Nectary  0. 

Fem.  Cal-  0.     Cor-  0.     Style  1.     Seed  1,  roundish,  compressed,  margiaate. 

E.  CYLiNDRicA.  EIL  Sub-dioicous;  leaves  opposite;  male  spikes  glomerate,  interrupted;  female  cylindric. 
Synon-  Urtica  cylindrica.  Mr.  Fu/g-o— False  Nettle. 

■  Fl-  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  i^eptember. 

Hab    Moist,  shaded  grounds;  Brandywine:  frequent.    About  2  feet  high. 

B.  LATBRiFLORA?  Ell.  Leaves  alternate,  on  long  petioles;  flowers  glomerate, lateral. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Woodlands,  along  Brandywine:  not  common.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

321.    URTICA.    JVutt.  Gen.  741. 
[Lat.  ttro,  to  burn,  or  sting,  and  tactus,  ihe  touch;  from  the  effect  of  the  plant,  when  touched.  D«  Theis.'} 

Male,  Cal.  4  leaved.     Cor.  0.     Nectary  central,  mostly  cyathiform. 

Fem.  Cal.  2  valved,  persistent.     Cor.  0.    Seed  I,  ovate,  shining. 
U-  PUMiLA.  Ell.  Triandrous,  stem  shining,  siib-peJIucid;  leaves  opposite;  corymbs  short. 
Fu/g-o— Rich-weed.     Smooth   Nettle. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Moist,  shaded  spots:  about  houses;  rivulets,  &;c.  common.    9  lo  18  inches  high. 

U.  cioiCA.  Ell-  Dioicous.'  hispid;  leaves  opposite,  lance-cordate,  coarsely  serrate:  spikes  clustered, long. 

Ftt/g-o— Common  Stinging  Nettle. 

Fl-  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  About  houses;  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.     U  lo  3  feet  high. 

Ohs.  A  naturalized  foreigner;  well  known  to  all  who  have  ever  handled  it.  It  is  so  abundant  about  some 
houses  as  to  be  very  troublesome. 

U-  PROCEEA?  Ell.  Dioicous;  leaves  opposite,  lance -ovate,  serrate;  petioles  ciliate;  spikes  subramose. 
/";.  Beginning  of  August.     '  Fr.  j?iaf.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab-  Low,  moist  grounds:  Patton's:  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high:  somewhat  glabrous. 

U.  DivARicATA.  Ell.  Leaves  alternate,  ovatc,  sub-glabrous;  panicles  axillary,  divaricately  branched. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Moist,  shaded  grounds:  along  rivulets,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  3  feet  high. 

Obs.  Nearly  allied  to  the  following;  but  smaller,  and  not  so  hispid. 
U.  CANADENSIS.  Ell.  Hispid;  leaves  alternate,  cordate-ovate;  panicles  divaricately  branched. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August,  awd  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Miry,  shaded  grounds:  forks  of  Brandywine,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  6  feet  high. 

Obs.  I  have  not  yet  made  myself  sufficiently  familiar  with  this  repulsive  genus,  to  he  confident  that  I 
have  enumerated  all  our  species,— or  that  I  have  determined  them  all  correctly:  but  I  incline  to  think  the 
foregoing  may  be  relied  upon. 

S22.    ALNUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  737. 
[Obscure:  See  Be  Tkeis.    "  Vocatur  ab^lmne,  quiain  fluminealitur."  Boerh.'] 

Male,  Ament  with  receptacles  cuneiform,  truncate,  3  flowered.     Cal.  a  scale.     Cor.  4  parted. 
Fem.  -<4ment  sub-ovate.     Cai.  scales  2  flowered.     Cor.  0.    5'eed  compressed,  ovate,  naked. 

A.  SEKRULATA.  Mx.  Arb.  Leaves obovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrulate;  stipules  oval,  obtuse.' 
Siynon.  Betuja  serrulata.  Mx.  Fl  Am.  Fw/g-o— Common  Alder.    Candle  Alder- 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  March.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hah.  Swamps;  and  along  rivulets:  common,    6  to  10  feet  high. 

Oba.  This  is  one  of  our  earliest  flowering  shrubs.  The  male  aments  are  formed  during  the  preceding  au- 
tnmn,  and  a  few  warm  days  in  Marcli  are  sufficient  to  develope  them.  This  is  sometimes  called  Black  Al- 
der:, but  that  name  properly  belongs  to  the  Prinos  verticillatus. 


MONOECIA.  TETRANDRIA.  101 

323.    MORUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  743. 
[Gr.  Amauros,  dark;  or  from  the  Celtic,  Mor,  black;  the  color  of  the  fruit-    De  Tlteis.] 

Sometimes  Dioicous:  MAi,r.,  Ament  loose.     Ca/.  4  parted.     Cor.  0. 

FsM-  Ament  deme.     Ca/.  4  leaved,  becoming  a  6erry.     Cor.  0.    Styks2.    Seed  1. 
M.  RUBRA.  ALc.  Arb.  Dioicous;  leaves  cordate,  or  lobate,  scabrous;  female  ament  cylindric. 
Vufgo—Red  Mulberry. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hab-  Rich  woodlands:  fence  rows,  &c.  frequent.    1.5,  to  20  or  30  feet  high:  fruit  dark  purple. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  well  known  tree  is  much  admired  by  some;  though  it  is  rarely  cultivated  for  that 
object.    The  wood  is  remarkably  durable,  and  valuable  for  posts,  &c. 

M.  ALBA.  Ell.  Monoicous;  leaves  cordate,  oblique  at  base,  ovate,  or  lobate,  glabrous. 
J'M/g-o— White  Mulberry, 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hab.  Fence-rows:  Jos.  Townsend's  farm:  not  common.     15  to  20  feet  high:  fruit  white. 

Obs.  This  foreign  tree  occurs  about  some  old  settlements,  where  it  was  formerly  introduced,  with  a  view 
to  raise  Silk-worms:  but  the  business  has  been  abandoned  for  many  j'ears,  in  this  vicinity.  I  have  speci- 
mens, from  near  Birmingham  Meeting-house,  which  fit  Willdenow's  description  of  M.  tatarica  precisely; 
which  species,  however,  he  seems  to  think  is  only  a  variety  of  the  M-  alba. 


324.    XANTHIUM.    Nidi.  Gen.  704. 
[Gr.  Xanthos,  yellow;  a  color  said  to  be  produced  by  the  unripe  fruit  of  the  plant.] 
Male,  Cal.  many  leaved,  imbricate.     Cor-  5  cleft,  funnel-form.    Recept.  chaffy. 
Fem.  /nuo/itcrc  2  leaved,  1  flowered.     Cor.  0.    Z>rM;je  dry,  muricate,  bifid.    i\"t/f  2  celled. 
X.  STRUMARiUM.  Ell.  Stem  branched,  Unarmed;  leaves  cordate,  rough;  fruit  elliptic,  bristles  hooked. 
r((/g-o— Clot-bur.     Clot-weed.     Lesser  Burdock.     Cockle-bur. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hah.  Farm  yards,  lanes,  roadsides,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  greenish. 

Obs.  This  is  an  obnoxious  weed— the  burs  often  matting,  and  injuring  the  fleeces  of  sheep,  &c.  Mr. 
Xuttall  says  it  is  "indigenous  to  the  remotest  parts  of  upper  Louisiana:"  but  it  has  very  much  the  appear- 
.-ince  of  a  naturalized  stranger  here.  The  X.  fpinosum,  a  still  viler  weed,  has  not  reached  this  region  yet. 
1  hn\  e  not  met  with  it  nearer  than  the  District  of  Columbia. 

With  great  deference  to  the  superior  judgment  of  those  able  botanists  who  have  removed  this,  and  the 
following  genus,  to  Si/ngenesia,  I  cannot  help  thinking  that  Monoecia  is  the  proper  class  for  them. 

325.    AMBROSIA.     JVutt.  Gen.  703. 
[A  poetical  ii::me:  the  food  of  the  Gods;  but  certainly  indiilerent  food  for  vwrtals.1 
M  ALE,  in  spikes.     C.;/.  1  leaved,  many  flowered.     Cor.  1  petalled,  funnel-form,  5  cleft.    Recept.  naked. 
Fem.  clustered.    Cal.  1  leaved,  entire,  belly  5  toothed.    Cor.  0.    A'ni  from  the  indurated  calyx,  1  seeded, 
A-  TRiFiDA.  Ell.  Hirsute;  scabrous;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  deeply  3  lobed,  serrate;  fruit  6  toothed, 
F/.  Middle  of  August.  Fr   wai:.  Beginning  of  October- 

Hab.  Fence-rows;  thickets,  &c.  frequent.    3,  to  C  or  S  feet  high:  male  spikes  greenish  yellow. 

A.  ARTEMISIFOLIA-'  Ell.  Stempilosc;  leaves bipinnatifid,  upper  ones  pinnatifid;  racemes  in  3's,  terminal. 
.S'vdon.  A.  absynthifolia.'  M.v.  Ftt/g:o— Bitter-weed.  Rag-weed.  Wild  Wormwood.  Hog-weed. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab-  Pastures;  stubble  fields,  &c.  very  common.     1,  to  3  or  4  feet  high- 

Obx.  This  abundant,  and  worthless  weed,  I  take  to  be  t!i.-  A.  artemisifolia  of  the  books;  and  yet  the  peti- 
oles are  conspicuously  ciliate.     If  we  have  the  A.  tlalior,  I  have  not  yet  distinguished  it  from  this. 

326.    AMARANTHUS.    Ahtlt.  Gen.  746. 
[Gr.  a,  not,  maraino,  to  wither,  and  Anthos,  a  flower;  the  flowers  remaining  unchanged,  in  drying] 
Male,  Cal.  3  or  5  leaved,  persistent,  mostly  colored.     Cor.  0.     Stamens  5,  or  3. 
Fem.  Cal.  as  in  the  male.    Co*-.  0.    Styles  about  3.     Caps.  1  celled,  circumsci.ssed.    Seed  1. 

A.  Ai^Bus.  Ph.  Glomerules  axillary,  triandrous:  Ieave=  obovate,  reiusp,  with  a  small  bristle  in  the  sinus- 
ri(/go~Wliite  Amaranth.     Careless. 


102  MONOECIA.  PENTANDRIA. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hah.  Gardens;  barn-yards;  Indian  cornfields,  &c:  common.    1  to  3  feet  high:  plant  pale  green. 

Ohs.  I  have  never  had  any  doubts  of  this  species;  and  yet  our  plant  is  usually  very  much  branched-  Th'e 
stems  break  off  near  the  ground  in  the  beginning  of  winter,  and  the  plants  roll  about  before  the  winds. 

A.  HYBRiDus.  EIL  Racemes  pentandrous,  decompound,  clustered,  erect;  leaves  lance  ovate. 
Fl-  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Gardens;  cultivated  lots,  &c.  common.    2,  to  4  or  5  feet  high. 

Ohs-  A  homely,  unwelcome  weed,  in  our  gardens,  &c.— I  think  it  probable  we  have  some  other  species 
of  this  geni^,  which  are  not  cultivated — though  I  have  not  ascertained  them. 


ORBlSIl,    KSXANDRZA. 

327.    ZIZANIA.    Niitt.  Gen-  747. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  etymology.] 

Male,  Cah  0.    Cor.  glume  2  valved,  awnless;  sometimes  intermixed  with  the  female  flowers. 

Fem.  Cal.  0.     Coj-.  glume  2  valved,  cucullate,  awned.     &7i//£  2  parted.    .Setd  1,  invested  by  the  corolla. 

Z.  AQUATiCA.  Ell-  Panicle  pyramidal;  male  flowers  below,  spreading;  female  above,  spiked;  awns  long. 
Synon.  Z-   clavulosa.  Mx.  Vulgo—WM  Rice.    Indian  Rice.    Water  Oats.    Reed. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr-  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Jfab-  Rivulet,  near  Marshall's  Mill,  on  Brandywine:  rare.    4  to  6  feet  high. 

Ohs-  The  male  flov/ers,  and  fruit,  caducous:  the  pedicels  of  the  female  flowers  enlarged,  or  clavate. 
I  have  only  met  with  this  plant  in  one  spot,  a  few  rods  west  of  Marshall's  Mill,  south  side  of  Brandywine 


328.    SAGITTARIA.    Nutt.  Gen-  750. 
[Lat.  Sagitta,  an  arrow;  the  leaves  resembling  the  head  of  an  arrow.] 
Male,  CaZ.  3  leaved.    Cor.  3  petalled-     iSiamens  numerous,  20  to  30. 
F£M.  Cal.  3  leaved.    Cor.  3  petalled.    Capsules  many,  aggregate,  1  seeded. 

S,  sAGiTTiFOLiA.  Ell-  Leavcs  ovate,  sagittate,  lobes  lance-ovate;  bractes  acuminate,  glabrous. 

Synon.  S-  latifolia.  JFllld-  Ftt^ffo— Arrow-head. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat-  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Swamps;  and  spring  heads:  frequent.    Scape  9  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  This  is  a  large-leaved,  glabrous  species;  and,  I  think,  quite  distinct  from  the  following.  1  have 
foun.d  a  number  of  fleshy  tubers  attached  to  the  roots,— some  of  them  the  size  of  a  goose-egg,— which  were 
mild  to  the  taste,  and  I  have  no  doubt  would  be  esculent,  and  nutritious,  if  properly  cooked.  Hogs  are 
v$ry  iond  of  rooting  after  those  tubers,  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 

S.  PUBEscEvs.  Ell-  Leaves  lance-oblong,  lobes  lanceolate;  bractes  ovate,  obtuse,  pubescent. 
Fl-  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat-  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hub.  Swamps;  ditches,  &c.  frequent.    Scape  6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  white. 

Obs.  Mr.  NTuttall  thinks  this  is  nothing  more  than  a  variety  of  the  preceding:  if  so,  it  is  certainly  a 
•jfrongly  marked  one.  The  plant  is  constantly  smaller,— the  leaves  narrower,  with  long,  narrow,  lanceo- 
late lobes— the  bractes  roundish-ovate,  and,  with  the  scape,  quite  pubescent;  whereas  thq  bractes  ot  the 
other  have  a  long  acumination,  and  are  glabrous. 

329.    EUPHORBIA.    Nutt- Gen.  IIZ. 
[Dedicated  to  £M2)/jor6t(s;  an  ancient  Greek  Physician.] 

Involucre  caliciform,  segments  often  petaloid:  Male  florets  attached  to  the  involucre. 
Fem.  central,  solitary,  pedicellate.    Cal.  0.    Cor-  0.     Styles  3,  bifid.     Caps-  3  grained. 

E.  HVPERiciFOLTA.  Ell  Glabrous;  divaricately  branching;  leaves  oval-oblong,  serrate,  sub-falcate. 

Fti/^o— Eye-bright.    Spurge. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr-  mat-  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab-  Fields;  roadsides,  &c.  common.    9  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  %vhite,  small. 

Obs-  It  seems  difficult  to  determine  to  M'hichC/ass  and  Orrf«r,  of  the  Sexual  System,  this  genus  jno.-Jt 
appropriately  belongs,    I  have,  however,  concluded  to  arrange  it  here,  tor  the  present. 


MONOECIA.  POLYANDRIA.  103 

E-  DEPRESS  A.  Ell-    Stem  prostrate,  brandling,  hairy;  leaves  oval,  serrulate,  base  uuequal- 

Synon.  E.  Ihymifolia?  Ph.     E-  maculata.  FL  Phil.  Fu/go- Spotted  Spurge. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Indian  Corn-fields;  pastures,  &c.  frequent.    G  to  12  inches  long:  flowers  white,  minute. 

E.  coROLLATA.  Ell.  Erect;  leaves  alternate,  oblong,  obtuse;  umbel  5  cleft,  3  cleft,  and  dichotomous. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Ilab.  Fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  white,  conspicuous- 

Obs.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  I  have  some  specimens  which  I  cellected  in  the  beginning  of  July, 
1819  along  a  shaded  rivulet,  on  the  barrens,  N  W.  of  S.  Stringfellow's;  and  which,  m  the  opmion  of 
Dr.  Torrey,  come  nearer  to  the  E.  sijlvatiaa,  of  Europe,  than  to  any  other.  It  is  possible  they  may  have 
strayed  from  a  garden,— although  found  in  a  very  retired  spot  I  have  only  met  rt'ith  the  plant  in  that 
place.  It  is  from  2  to  3  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous,  leaves  scattered,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  about 
1  inch  Wide,  and  4  inches  iu  length— the  involucels  diphyllous,  subcordate,  large. 

330.     ARUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  7G2. 
[An  ancient  name;  of  obscure  etymology.] 

Spai/je  cucullate.     S^Jat^i'x  naked  at  summit.    Male,  above.    S'fajn.  naked,  crowded. 

Fem.  below,  on  the  same  spadix.    Cat.  0.    Cor.  0.    Berry  1  or  many  seeded. 

A.  DRACONTiuM.  Ell  SteiTiIcss;  leaves  pedate;  spadix  subulate,  longer  than  the  spathe. 

Valgo— Green  Dragon.    Dragon-root. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Rich,  moist  woodlands:  Brandywine:  frequent.     12  to  18  inches  high. 

A.  TRiPHYLTXTM.  Ell-  Often  dioicous;  sub-caulescent;  leaves  ternate;  spadix  clavate. 

Fu/g-o— Indian  Turnip.    Wake-robin. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August. 

Hab.  Rich,  shaded  grounds:  fence-rows,  &c.  common.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  The  tuberous  root,  which  is  considerably  acrid,  is  a  popular  remedy  in  coughs,,  and  pulmonary 
complaints.  It  is  prepared  by  boiling  it  in  milk.  A  species  of  Sago  has  been  obtained  from  it,  as  we  leain 
from  Barton's  Journal,  Vol.  2.  part  1.  p.  84. 

331.    QUERCUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  751. 
[Etymology  obscure;  De  T/jeis  says,  from  the  Celtic,  Qtter,  handsome,  and  Cuci,  tree.] 

Male,  Ament  naked,  linear.    Cal.  slightly  5  cleft.     Cor.  0.     Stamens  4  to  10. 
Fem.  Cal.  1  leaved,  entire,  scabrous.    Cor.  0.    Nut.  coriaceous,  seated  in  the  calyx. 

a.     Leaves  lobed.    t  Lobes  setaceously  mucronate. 
O   TiNCTORiA    Mx    ^r&.  Leaves  obovate,  pubescent  beneath;  cup  scutellate;  nut  depressed-globose. 
Svuon.Cl.m%r^.  Marsh.  F,//^o-Black  Oak.     Dyer's  Oak.    Quercitron. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Rich,  upland  woods:  very  common.    60  to  90  feet  high. 

Obs.  Though  the  ivood  of  tliis  is  not  so  durable  as  some  other  species,  if  is  a  very  valuable  tree.  Besides 
rails  fuel  &c  it  is  much  used  for  making  shingles.  The  bark\'i  used  in  tanning;  and  forms  an  article  of 
extensive'commerce,  for  the  purpose  of  dying  yellow,  under  the  name  of  quercitron.  It  is  sometimes  em- 
ployed for  medical  purposes,  as  an  astringent,  and  tonic. 

Q   RUBRA    Mx.  Arb.  Leaves  obtusely  sinuate,  lobes  often  uilid,  cup  soutellate;  nut  subovate. 
Synon.  Q.  rubra  montana.  Marsh.  Tu/go-Upland  Red  Oak.     Spanish  Oak. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Hilly  woodlands:  frequent.    50  to  70  feet  high. 

Oh,  The  bark  of  this  species  is  much  e.steemed  for  tanning.  The  U'ood  is  not  very  valuable.-being  fr^.. 
qu?ntly  unsound  at  heart.^l  is  distinct  from  the  true  Spanish  Oak;  but  is  generally  known  here  by  that 
name. 

O    PALUSTRT"    Mr.  Arb.  Leavesdeeply  sinuate,  glabrous;  cup  scutellate;  nut  subglobose, 
Synon.  Q.  rubra  ramosissima-   Marsh.  Ku/ffo-Pin  Oak.    Water  Oak. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  F'-  '"«'•  ^f  ^^  <^^  O'""'^" 

Hab.  Wet,  low  grounds:  along  rivulets:  frequent.    40  to  60  feet  high. 

Obs.  Th«  wood  of  this  i.9  very  firm;  and  is  much  used  by  mechanics. 


104  MONOECIA.  POLYANDRIA. 

Q.  BANisTERi-  Mx.  ArJ).  Leaves  obovate-cuneiform,  SorSlobed:  cup  sub-turbinate;  nut  sub-globose. 
Synon.  Q.  ilicifolia.  Ell.  Eaton,  &c.  T'^w/g-o- Black  Scrub  Oak.  Bear  Oak.  Barren  Oak. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hob.  Dry,  sterile  hills:  Barrens:  frequent.    4  to  6  feet  high,  much  branched. 
Obs.  A  worthless  little  species;  which  I  take  to  be  the  Q.  nigra  pumila,  of  Marshall. 
1 1  Lobes  not  mucronaie. 

Q.  0BTUSIL0I3A.  Mx.  Arb .  Leaves  cuneate  at  base,  lobes  obtuse,  dilated;  cup  hemispheric;  nut  oval. 
Syno-n.  Q.  alba  minor.  Marsh.  Q.  stellata.  Eaton.         Fwigo— Barren  White  Oak.    Post  Oak. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Sterile  hills:  Barren  ridge:  frequent.    20  to  40  feet  high. 

Obs-  The  wood  of  this  is  very  durable  ;  and  is  much  valued  for  posts,  &c.    It  is  also  esteemed  for  fuel. 

Q.  ALBA.  .Mx.  Arb.  Leaves  pinnatifid-sinuate,  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  cup  craterate;  nut  ovate. 

Fm/°-o— White  Oak. 

Ft.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  every  where  common.    60  to  100  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  is  one  of  our  finest,  and  most  valuable  forest  trees;  and  often  grovi^s  to  an  immense  size. 
The  timber  is  firm  and  durable — serving  for  many  important  purposes  in  the  mechanic  arts.  The  keels  of 
some  of  our  largest  national  ships  were  procured  from  trees  of  this  species,  in  this  vicinity.  The  bark  is 
astringent,  and  tonic;  and  is  frequently  employed  in  the  treatment  of  diseases.  The  acorns  afford  a  nutri- 
tious food  for  hogs. 

b.  Leaves  coarsely  dentate— not  lobed. 

Q.  BicoLOR.  Ph-  Leaves  oblong-obovate,  white-tomentose  beneath;  cup  hemispheric;  nut  oblong-ovate. 
Sy7wn.   Q-  prinus  discolor.  Mx.  Arb.  Vulgo — Swamp  White  Oak. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Uab.  Low  grounds:  along  creeks:  frequent.    40  to  60  feet  high. 

Obs.  There  are,  apparently,  some  varieties  of  this  tree.  It  is  not  held  in  such  high  estimation  as  some  of 
the  other  species- 

Q.  montAjVA.  Ph.  Leaves  broad-obovate,  downy  beneath;  cup  turbinate;  nut  oblong. 
Sft/non.  Q-  prinus  monticola.  M.r.  ^ir&.  Fy/g-o— Chesnut  Oak.    Rock  Chesnut  Oak. 

Fl-  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Hilly,  rocky  woodlands:  frequent.    50  to  70  feet  high. 
Obs.  The  timber  and  bark  of  this  species  are  much  esteemed. 

Q.  CHINQUAPIN.  Ph.  Leaves  obovate,  and  oblong,  glabrous;  cup  hemispheric;  nut  ovate. 
Syncn.  Q.  prinus  chincapin.  Mi:  Arb.  Q.  prinoides.  Willd.  Eaton.     Fw/gfo— Dwarf  Chesnut  Oak. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Dry,  sterile  hills:  Barrens:  frequent.    2  to  6  feet  high. 

Obs.  I  am  sensible  that  my  catalogue  of  our  Oaks  cannot  be  complete;  but  the  foregoing  are  all  that  I 
have  ascertained  with  any  degree  of  satisfaction. 

{^The  Q.  PHELLOs  I  have  not  found  nearer  to  this  place  than  the  alluvial  lands,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  river  Delaware.    Indeed,  I  have  never  observed  it,  growing  native,  in  any  other  kind  of  soil. 

332.    JUGLANS.    Nutt.  Gen.  760. 
[Lat.  formed  iroraJovis  Glans,  the  nut  of  Jove;  on  account  of  its  excellence.] 
Male,  jflment  imbricate.     Ca/.  a  scale.    Cor.  5  or  6  parted.     S^amfji.s  18  to  36. 
Fem.  Cat.  superior,  4  cleft.    Cor.  4  parted.     Styles  1  or  2.    Drupe  coriaceous,  or  spongy.    Nut  rugose 

J.  NIGRA.  Mx.  Arb.  Leaflets  lance-ovate,  serrate,  narrowed  above;  fruit  globose,  scabrous-punctate- 

Fu/g-o— Black  Walnut- 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Jiab.  Rich  woodlands;  fence-rows,  fcc.  common.    30  to  60  feet  high. 

Obs.  The  woodo'i  this  tree  is  valuable,  and  much  used  by  cabinet  makers,  &c.  The  fruit  is  esteemed; 
and  the  spongy  pericarp  is  often  employed  as  a  domestic  dye  atuif-  The  tree  exevts  an  unfriendly  influence 
upon  many  other  plants,  growing  in  its  immediate  vicinity. 

J.  ciN£REA.  Ell.  Leaflets  lanceolate,  serrulate,  pubescent;  petioles  villous;  fruit  oblong-ovate- 
iSynon.  J.  cathartica.  Mx.  Arb-  Fj</so~White  Walnut.    Butter-nut. 


MONOECIA.  POLYANDRIA.  105 

Fl-  Beginning  of  May,  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Rich,  bottom  lands:  Brandywine:  frequent.    15  to  30  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  is  generally  a  small,  branching  tree,  and  the  wood  is  not  highly  valued.  The  extract  of  the 
bark,  used  in  the  form  of  pills,  is  a  convenient  and  deservedly  popular  cathartic.  The  young  /r«t<,  which  is 
viscid  and  villous,  is  prepared,  by  our  housewives,  as  a  condiment,  or  pickle,  which  is  much  esteemed.  It  ie 
in  the  proper  state  for  this  purpose,  about  the  last  of  June,  or  beginning  of  July.  The  kernel  of  the  ripe 
fruit  is  rarely  eaten,— being  very  oily  and  rancid. 

333.    CARTA.    Nutt.  Gen.  761. 
[Gr.    KaryOj  the  ancient  name  of  the  Juglans  regia,  or  Walnut  tree-    Nutt-] 

Male,  -i47neM«  imbricate,  compound.     CaA  a  scale,  3  parted.     Cor.  0.    Stavicns  i  to  S. 

Fem.  Ca/.  superior,  4  cleft.     Cor.  0.     Style  0.    S'tigma  4  lobed.  Pericarp  4  valved.  A^iit  4  angled,  smooth 

C.  SULCATA.  Ell-  Leaflets  about  9,  oblanceolate;  fruit  4  angled;  nut  long-mucronate. 

Synon.  Juglans  laciniosa.  Mx-  arb.    J.  mucronata.  Mx.  Fl.  Am-     Fit/g-o— Thick  Shell-bark  Hickory. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

4Iab.  Rich  woodlands:  frequent.     60  to  80  feet  high. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  most  of  the  species  of  Hickory  is  highly  valuable  for  fuel,— though  not  very  durable 
Tvhen  exposed  to  the  weather,  and  much  subject  to  be  worm-eaten  The  whole  genus  is  believed  to  be  pe- 
culiar to  this  continent. 

C.  SQUAMOSA.  Eat.  Leaflets  about  5,  long-petiolate,  lance-oblong;  fruit  depressed-globose;  nut  compressed- 
Synon.  C.  alba.  Ell-    Juglans  squamosa-    Mx.  arb.        Fu/g:o— Shell -bark   Hickory, 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Rich  bottom  land;  creek  banks,  kc  frequent.    60  to  80  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  tree  is  well  known,  on  account  of  its  nuts,  which  are  so  highly  esteemed  for  the  table.  They 
are  much  superior  to  those  of  any  other  species,  in  this  region . 

C.  TOMENTOSA.  Ell  Leaflets  about  9,  oblanceolate;  aments  tomentose;  nut  thick-shelled,  hard. 
Synon.  Juglans  tomentosa.    Mx.  Arb-    J.  alba.  IVilld-  Muhl-         Fu/g-o— White-heart  Hickory- 
FL  Middle  of  May.  Ft.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  common.    60  to  80  feet  high, 

Obs-  The  white  hickory  is  considered  as  aflfording  the  best  fuel;  as  well  as  being  the  toughest,  and  most 
suitable  for  axe-hanules,  &c. 

C.  AM.VRA.  Ell.  Leaflets  about  9,  lance-oblong,  glabrous;  fruit  subglobose ;  nut  mucronate. 
Syno7i   Juglans  amara.  Mx.  Arb-  FM/g-o-BitterNut.    Swamp  Hickory. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  f  r-  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands;  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    40  tobOfept  high. 
Obs.  The  nufs  of  this  species  are  bitter  and  astringent. 

C.  poRciNA.  Ell-  Leaflets  about  7,  lanceolate,  glabrous;  fruit  pyriform,  or  globose. 

Synon.  Juglans  porcina.    Mr.  Arb.  Vulgo— Broom  Hickory.    Pig-nut  Hickory. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands:  frequent.    40  to  CO  feet  high. 

Obs.  The  young  saplings  of  this  species  were  much  used,  formerly,  for  making  splint-brooms,— the  wood 
being  very  tough. 

334.    FAGUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  753. 
[Lat.— originally  from  the  Gr-  phago,  to  eat;  the  fruit  being  esculent.] 

Male,  .<4fflenf  roundish.    CaZ.  5  cleft,  campanulate.    Cor.  0.    Stamens  Sihout  12. 

Fem.  Cal.  4  toothed,  setose.     Cor.  0.    Nuts  2,  triquetrous,  included  in  the  muricate,  4  cleft  calyx 

F.  SYLVATiCA.  Ell.  Leaveslance-ovaI,acuminate,  slightly  dentate,  glabrous,  margin  ciliate. 

Synon.  F.  sylvestris,  Mx.  Arb.    F.  sylvatica  atro-punicea.    Marsh.   Vulgo— Beech  tree.     White  Beech. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds:  woodlands:  common.    80  to  50  feethigh. 

Obs.  As  far  as  I  have  observed,  I  think  Mr.  Nuttall  is  correct  in  the  suggestion  that  this  epecies  is 
dimcous.  The  leaves  in  3Iichaux's  plate  do  not  exactly  correspond  with  our  pLint.  With  us,  the  leaves, 
though  tapering,  are  not  acute,  at  base,— but  are  somewhat  oblique,  and  slightly  cordate;  and  on  jjetioles 
scarcely  one  fourth  of  an  inch  long.  In  other  respects  they  accord  witii  the  plate.  The  ?Pood  is  very 
close-grained;  and  ranch  used  for  making  plane-stocks,  shoemaker's  lasts,  &c.    The  nuts  afford  food  to.- 


106  MONOECIA   POLYANDRIA. 

335.    CASTANEA.    Nutt.  Gen.  754. 
[Castanea,  a  city  of  Thessaly;  where  the  tree  grew  in  great  abundance.] 
Male,  ^mc72/ naked,  linear,  Ions,  interruptedly  glomerate.     Cal.  0.     Cor.  5  or  6  parted-     Stam-  5  to  20 
Fem-  Cal.  5  or  6  leave<?,  muricate.     Cor.  0.     Stigmas  pencil-foriA.    Nuts  3,  in  the  echinate  calyx. 

C.  VESCA    Mr.  Arb-   Leaves  glabrous,  lance-oblong,  sinuate-serrate;  serratures  mucronate. 
Sijnon.  Fagus-Castanea  dentata.  Marsh.  F«/g-o— Chesnut  tree. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Mab.  Hilly,  gravelly  lands;  woodlands:  common.     60  to  90  feet  high. 

Obx.  Our  A.nsrican  Chesnut  is  generally  considered  to  be  only  a  variety  oi  the  European,— though  it 
is  made   a  distinct  species,  under  the  name  of    C  americana,  by   some  botanists.     It  setms  to  flourish 
most  naturally  in  a  dry,  gravelly,  or  slaty,  and  thin  soil.    The  irood  is  very  durable,  and  highly  valued  for 
making-  fences.      It  is  also  extensively  convertfd  into  charcoal,  by  our  blacksmiths;  but  i.s  not  esteemed  . 
for  onllnary  fuel.    The  treat  which  the  nuts  afford,  for  our  tables,  is  familiarly  known  to  every  one. 

ft^  The  C.  puMii^A,  or  Chinqiiapin,  grows  in  the  South  Western  extremity  of  this  County, — and  is 
very  abundant  in  the  neighboring  districts,  still  further  to  the  South  and  West;  but  I  believe  it  is  not  to  be 
found,  native,  vvithm  15  or  20  miles  of  this  Borough. 

336.    BETULA.    Nutt.  Gen.  755. 
[Etymology  obscure:  Boerh-  says,  "a.batuendo,  id    est,  csdendo,  ex  hac    arbore  fasces    conficiebant 
Romani  qui  Magiscratibus  solebant  prseferri."] 

Male,  Ament  imbricate,  scales  peltate,  3  flowered.     C«/.  a  scale.     Cor.  0.  Stam.  10  to  12. 

Fem.  ^mcnf  imbricate.     Ca/.  a  scale,  2  flowered.     Cor-O.     Seerfl,  alate. 

B.  RUBRA.  Mx.  Arb.  Leaves  subrhomboid-ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate,  base  entire. 

Synon.  B.  nigra    Willd.  Ph.  Ell-  &c.    B.  lanulosa.  Mx.  Fl.  Am.     Vulgo—Red  Birch.    Black  Birch. 

Fl.  MidJ  e  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Low  grounds:  Black  Horse  Run,  Strasburgh  road:  rare.    40  to  60  feet  high. 

Obs.  Tiiis  tree  is  remarkable  for  its  outer  bark  peeling  off  spontaneously  in  large,  thin,  smooth  scales,  er 
laminae.     I  have  not  observed  it  any  where  in  this  vicinity,  except  in  the  above  locality. 

B.  i.ENTA.  Mx.  Arb.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate. 

jStjnon.  B.  Carpinifolia.    3Ix.  Fl   Am.        Vulgo— Sweet  Birch.    Cherry  Bjrch.    Mahogany  Birch. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Barrens:  rivulet  below  Geo.  Vernon's,  rare.    30  to  GO  feet  high. 

Obs-  The  bark  and  young  twigs,  are  pleasantly  aromatic, — somewhat  resembling,  in  taste,  the  Gaulthe- 
ria  procumbens — and  are  sometimes  added  as  an  ingredient  indomestic  brewings  of  beer,  indiet  drinks, 
&c. 

337.    CARPINUS.    Nutt.   Gen.  756. 
[Celtic.  Car,  wood,  and  pin, head;  i.e.  wood  suitable  for  making  yokes  for  cattle.    De  Tftcjs.] 

Male,  Ament  irpbricate.     Cal.  a  scale,  ciliate.    Cor.  0.    Stamens  about  10. 

Fem.  Ament  lax,  finally  racemose.     Cal.  a  scale,  2  flowered.     Cor.  trifid.    Nut  ovate,  nerved. 

C  AMERTCANA.  3Tx.  Arb.  Leaves  oblong-ovate;  scales  of  the  female  ament  enlarging,  foliaceous. 

^ynon.  C.  betulus  virginiana.  Marsh.  Vvlgo— Common  Hornbeam.    Water  Beech, 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Banks  of  rivulets;  low  grounds,  &c.  common.    10  to  20  feet  high. 

338.    OSTRYA.    Nutt.  Gen.  757. 
[An  ancient  Gr.  name:  Ostreon,A  shell,  or  scale;  from  the  resemblance  of  its  capsules,    De  Theis.} 
Male,  ^wer.*  imbricate.     Cal.  a  scale.      Cor.  0.    Filaments  branching. 
Fem.  Ament  naked.     Cal   0.     Cor.  0.    Capsules  inflated,  imbricate,  1  seeded. 

O.  viEGiNiCA.  Ell.  Leaves  ovate-oblong;  cones  oblong-ovate;  capsules  hairy  at  base. 
Synon-  Carpinus  ostrya.    Mx.  Arb-  Marsh,  fyc.  Kw/go— Hop  Hornbeam.    Iron  wood. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Woodlands;  forks  of  Brandy  wine:  not  common.    20  to  40  feet  high. 

Ob^.  This  tree  is  pretty  frequent  in  the  woodlands  near  the  forks  of  Brandywine;  but  I  have  rarely  met 
■with  if  elsewhere.  The  mature  cones  liave  a  striking  resemblance  to  those  of  the  common /iop.  They 
f)ri;  (Irsi-ribed  by  Pursli,  Elliott,  and  others,  as  being  erect,  and  generally  in  pairs;  but  in  all  my  specimens 
fand  I  have  a  number,)  they  are  constantly  soliiary,  and  rather  pendulous— nearly  as  represented  in 

,Iblicl.?ux'B  platf. 


MONOECIA.    POLYANDRIA.  XQ7 

339.    CORYLUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  752. 
[Gr.  ITorys,  a  helmet,  or  cap;  the  fruit  being  invested  by  the  calyx.  Be  Thds.'i 

Male,  Ament  imbricate-    Cal.  a  scale.    Cor.  0.    Stamens  about  8. 

Feu.  Cal.  2  parted,  lacerate.     Cor   0.    Styles  2.    A^'ut  ovate,  embraced  by  the  persistent  calyx. 
C.  AMERICANA.  EU-  Lcavcs  corchte,  apuminate;  calyx  of  the  fruit  large,  border  dilated,  many  cleft. 
Fu/g-o— Hazel-nut. 

Ft.  Last  of  March.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

ilab.  Borders  of  thickets:  11.  Strodes;  Barren  ridge,  &c.  frequent.    4  to  (3  feet  high. 
Obs.  This  jhrub  is  well  known  for  its  agreeable  fruit. 

310.    PI.ATANUS.    Xutt.  Gen.  75S. 
[Gr.  P/afys,  broad;  in  reference  (o  its  broad  leaves,— or  wide  spreading  brrnche.<».] 

Male,  Anient  globose.     Cal.  0.    Co;-,  scarcely  manifest     Anthers  growing  round  the  filament. 
Fem.  -4m£n«  globose.     Cn/.  many  leaved.     Cor.  0.    Cajis.  1  seeded,  mutronate,  pappose  at  base. 

P.  occipentalis.  Mx.  Arb.  Tipaves  roundi.>-h,  angular,  sublobate,  dentate;  branches  whitish. 

Fm/^o— Button-wood.    Sycamore.    Plane  tree. 

Fl.  Last  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  October. 

Ilab.  Creek  bankft:  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    COto  100  feet  high. 

Ob.^.  Thisstately  tree  is  ensily  recognized;  yet  the  botanical  characters  of  the  fnictificnfion  arc  vrry 
obscure.  The  timber  is  often  sawed  into  scantling,  and  used  for  various  purposes,— but  it  is  mt  duvabje 
when  exposed  to  the  wenther.  The  spreading  branches  afford  a  fine  shade*  in  summer,  and  the  tree  is 
often  planted  in  front  of  farm-houses,  for  that  object. 

341.    LIQUID  AMD  A  R.     Nutt.  Gen.  759. 
[A  name  given  on  account  of  the  aromatic  gum  which  distils  from  this  tree.] 

IMale,  Ament  conic,  with  a  4  leaved  involucre.    Cal.  0.     Cor.  0.     Stamens  numerous. 

Fem.  Anient  globose,  involucre  4  leaved.    Cal.  1  leaved,  urceolate.  Cor- 0.  Ca|)s.  1  celled,  many  seeded. 

L.  STYRACiFLUA.  Mx.  Arb.  Leaves  palmate-Iobed;  lobes  acuminate,  serrate. 

Fa/g:o— Sweet  Gum.    Bilsted. 

Fl   Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub.  Low,  clay  grounds:  Wilmington  road:  not  common.    40  to60  feet  high. 

Obs.  The  leaves  when  slightly  bruised  are  remarkably  fragrant.  This  tree  is  not  strictly  a  plnnt  of  ^this 
immediate  vicinity.  It  grows  pretty  abundantly  near  the  Wilmington  road,  10  or  12  miles  south  of  Wes-t- 
Cliester,— and  may  be  f^een  also  along  the  Philadelphia  road,  near  the  3  mile  stone;  but  I  have  never  met 
with  it  hereabouts.  Indeed,  as  far  as  I  have  observed,  it  is  exclusively  limited  lo  that  tract  of  the  middle 
states  which  is  marked  as  alluvial  depositc,  in  Mr.  Maclure's  Geolog'ical  map  of  the  United  States.  In 
the  lower  parts  of  New-Jersey,  it  is  very  abundant-  V/hetherit  is  as  much  circumsciibed,in  its  range,  ia 
other  poi  lionis  of  the  Union,  as  it  seems  to  be  in  this  region,  I  am  not  informed. 

342.     PINUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  7C5. 
[An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Male,  Cal.  4  leaved.     Cor.  0.    Stamens  numerous;  anthers  naked. 

Fem.  Cu/.  a  strobilus,  or  cone;  scales  2  flowered.    Cor.  0.    Pisiill.    Nut  ahte. 

§1.     Leaves  soUtai~y,  distinct  at  base. 
P.  c.4.NADEifSis.  Ell.  Leaves  flat,  denticulate,  sub'distichous;  cones  ovate,  terminal, small. 
Synon.  Abies  canadensis.  BIx.  Arb.  Vulgo— Spruce  Pine.     Hemlock  Spruce. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  /•>.  mat. 

Ilab.  Rocky  hills,  along  Brandy  wine:  not  common.    30  to  50  feet  high. 

Ohs.  I  have  only  met  with  this  along  the  Brandywine,  at  .los.  Painlpr'.«i  and  from  Sugar's  ford  to  Down- 
ingtown.  The  timber  is  not  valuable  —although  frequentlj-  found  in  lumber  yards,  in  form  of  boarils,  and 
scantling.  The  bark  is  said  to  answer  for  tanning  leather;  and  Marshall  informs  us  that  the  Aborigines  used 
it  to  dye  their  splints,  for  baskets,  of  a  red  color. 

§2.    Leaves  in^'s,  thebases  bound  foseihcr  by  sheaths. 
P.  RIGID.*.-  Mi:  Arb.  Sheaths  of  the  leaves  short;  cones  ovate;  spines  of  the  scal.'s  ref^e^p-i. 
r'«/g:o— Pitch  Pine.    Yellow  Pine. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Kab.  Brandywine  hi!'?--,  near  T'^'-.  Hawlcv's-  nn*  eoT'.Tron.    20  to  40  r?'^'  high. 


10^  MONOECiA.  MONADELPHIA. 

§3,    Leaves  in  5's,  the  bales  bound  together  by  sheaths. 

P.  sTJioars.  J^Jj:.  Arb.  Leaves  slender;  sheaths  sliort;  cones  pendant,  cylindric,  scales  las. 
F(i/go— White  Pine    Weymouth  Pine.    New  England  Pine. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  i-V.  mat. 

Hah.  Woodlands:  fields,  &c.  rare.    30  to 60  feet  high. 

Ohs.  This  is  a  handsome  tree;  and,  when  met  witli,  is  generally  transjilanted  about  houses,  as  an  erfia' 
mont.    The  value  of  its  timber,  in  supplying  uh  with  boards,  &c.  is  well  known. 

1 1  is  po.ss.ib'e  tliat  (htie  may  be  one  or  two  other  species,  which  I  have  overlooked;  but  the  Pines  of  this 
V!':inity  are  few  in  number,  and  of  very  moderate  growth. 

313.    AGALYPJIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  768. 
[Gr.  a,  not,  E'uloc,  handsome,  or  agreeable,  and  Jpke,  touch;  disagreeable  to  handle.    De  Theis'l 

Male,    CaZ.  3  or  4  leaved.     Cor.  0.     Stamens  8  lo  16. 

Fjbm.  Cat.  3  leaved.    Cor.  0.  Styles  d,  bifid.    Caps.  3  celled,  3  seeded. 

A.  vihginica.  Ell.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  remotely  and  obtusely  serrate,  petioles  short. 
Fii/g-o— Three-seeded  Mercury. 

FL  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Pastures;  fence-rows,  £ic.  frequent.    6  to  19  inches  high. 

A.  CAROL.INIANA.  Ph.  Leaves  rhomb-ovate,  serrate,  entire  at  base,  petioles  long. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Na'j.  Gardens;  fields;  woods,  &.c.  common.    9  to  18  inches  high. 


CLASS   XX.    DIOECIA. 


ORDER,   BZAHBRZA. 

344.    VALLISNERIA.    Nutt.  Gen.  7l9. 
[In  honor  of -4nt/iony  Vallisneri;  an  Italian  Botanist. 1 
aVIale,  Spnf/ic  ovate,  2  parted.     5i/)arZi.t  covered  with  florets.     Ca/.  3  parted.     Siflwi.  2and6. 
Febi.  Sputhch'Ad,  1  flowered,  t'u/.  superior,  3  parted.  Cor.  3  petalled.  Ca^s.  valveless.  Seeds  numerotts. 
V.  AMEnicANA.    Nutt.  Leaves  radical,  linear,  obtuse;  male  peduncles  very  short,  female  long. 
Fu/go— Eel-grass.    Tape-grass.    Duck-grass.    Channel-weed. 
Fl.  IBcsinniiiK  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Hah.  Slow  flowing  waters,  submersed:  Brandy  wine:  frequent.    Flowers  whitish. 

Ohs.  I  have  not  yet  detected  the  male  flowers-  The  peduncles  of  the  female  are  from  1  to  2  feet  long, 
'-^lender,  and,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  rather^cTUOse  than  spiral.  The  leaves  with  us,  are  from  1  to  2  teet 
ionr,  and  numerous.-affording  retreats  for  Eels.-whence  one  of  its  common  names.  It  is  said  that  this 
plant  (the  .SCM/.V.?)  constitutes  the  principal  food  of  the  celebrated  canfass-ftacA  Duck;  and  is  suppose u  to 
impart  to  the  flesh  of  that  bird  its  peculiarly  delicate  flavor. 

345.     SALIX.    Nutt.  Oen.  780. 

[Celtic,  Sal,  near,  and  Lis,  water;  from  its  place  of  growth.  J)e  Theis.    Or  from  the  Lat.  salio,  to  leap,  Or 

spring  up—'"  quia  ha;c  arbor  quasi  saltando,  id  est,  tain  cito  crescit.     Boerh.\ 

Male,  Ament  cylindric.    Cal.  n  sf ale.    Cor.  0.    Stam.  1  to  6,  with  nectariferous  glands  at  base. 
Fem.  ^meni  cylindric    Ca/.  a  scale.     Cor.  0.    StyleUM.     Caps.  1  celled,  2  valved.    Seeds  woolly. 

§1.    Leaves  entire,  or  obsoletdy  serrate. 
S.  MunLFtfJiERniATJA?  mihl  Leaves  lanceolate,  acutish,  hoary-pubescent,  rugose-veined  beneath. 
Simon.  R.  tristis.>  MuhL  S.  incana?  Mr.  F-^ti^.-o-Dwarf  Willow.    Speckled  Willow. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  May. 

Hab.  Bordeis  of  thickets:  Patton's;  R-  Sirodes,  &c.  frequent.    3  to  5  feet  high. 

0?)s.  The  leaves,  in  my  sppcimen."'.  are  rather  obinnceolate.  I  have  others  which  approach  this  species, 
n-ith  the  !"nYf  s  brcudor,  .ind  hinve-obfvate.  -  r  ol!nc".pd  near  the  Bath  • 


DIOECIA.    mANDRU;  1§9 

§2.    Leaves  atutely  serrate- 

S.  GRisEA.  IJ^iltd.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  glabrous  above,  silky  beneath. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  May. 

Hab.  Low  grounds,  in  thickets:  Patton's,  &c.  frequent.    5  to  8  feet  high. 

S.  FALCATA.  Ph.  Leaves  long,  lance-linear,  subfalcate,  acute  at  base,  glabrous- 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams:  Strode 's  dam,  &c.  frequent.    8  to  15  feet  high:  branches  slender. 

S.  NIGRA.     IVilld.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  petioles  pubescent;  germs  pedicellate. 

Vulgo-Bhck  Willow. 

Ft.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Banks  of  creeks:  Rrandywine:  frequent.    15  to  20  feet  high:  branches  brittle  at  base. 

Obs.  I  am  sensible  that  tiiere  must  probab^^  be  some  other  native  species  of  Willow  in  this  vicinitr-  bo* 
I  have  not  yet  ascertamed  their  character  sufficiently  to  insert  them-  '     • 


ORDER;   TETRANDRXA. 

346.    VISCUM.    Niitt.  Gen.  786. 
[An  ancient  Latin  name:  so  called,  says  Boerh.  "quia  ejus  fructus  glutine  estplenus."] 
Male,  Cal.  4  parted.    Cor.  0.    lilaments  0.    Anthers  adnate  to  the  calyx. 
Fem.  Ca/.  superior,  4  leaved.    Cor.O.    Style  0.    Berry  Iseed&d.    Seed  cordate 

V.  vERTiciLLATUM.  E!h  Branches  Opposite;  leavcs  cuneate-obovate, 3  nervcd;  spikes  axillary. 

SynoH'  "V.  flavescens.  Ph.  V.  album?  Muhl.  Fitigo— Misscltoe. 

FL  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Parasitic,  chiefly  on  the  Sour  Gum  (  Nyssa) :  very  rare.     Stem  9  to  18  inches  high;  berries  white. 

Obs.  This  singular  little  evergreen  was  formerly  to  be  met  with  in  several  places,  in  this  vicinity;  but  t 
do  not  now  know  of  one.  The  last  one  within  my  knowledge,  was  procured  by  some  credulous  persons 
as  a  sort  of  amulet,  or  remedy  against  Epilepsy-  My  specimens  are  from  Maryland,  and  New  Jersey, — 
where  I  have  seen  U  in  great  abundance, — and  invariably  upon  the  Sour  Gum  (Nyssa  sylvatica,  of  this  Cat" 
alogue).  I  have  not  met  with  the  plant  in  flower;  but  collected  it  in  fruit,  in  the  month  of  January. 


ORDER,  PENTANDRXA. 

i3ci*  For  HuMULTTs  lupulus,  or  Hop,  which  belongs  to  this  Order,— and  is  undoubtedly  indigenous  along 
the  Brandywine,— See  Appendix  of  Cultivated  Plants. 


347.    SMIL  AX.    Nutt.  Gen.  793. 
[Gr.  Smile,  a  scraper,  or  scratcher;  in  reference  to  its  prickles.    De  Theis.} 
Male,  Ca/.  6  leaved.    Cor.O.    Jnffters  adnate  to  the  filaments. 

Fem.  CoZ- 6  leaved.    Co;-.  0.    Style  ininule.    Stigmas  o.    2?err»/ 3  celled,  1,2,  or  3  seeded. 
§1.     Stem  shrubby,  terete,  and  prickly. 

S.  ROTUNTtFOLiA.  Ell-  Leavcs  round-ovatc,  briefly  acuminate,  slightly  cordate,  5  nerved. 

Vulc^o— Green  Briar.    Hough  Bind-Weed. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June-  Fr-  mat.  Mi  idle  of  October. 

Hab.  Moist  thickets;  and  woodlands:  common.    10  to  50  or  more  feel  high:  berries  .lark  blue. 

•   *'^:'-'^'^'sslen'ler,  but  rugged  bramble,  sometimes  climbs  to  a  great  height  among  the  branches  of  tr^C? 
in  thickets;  and  is  very  annoying  to  wood-men,  when  at  work  in  such  places. 

S.  CADUCA.  Ell.  Leavesovate,mucronate,  5  nerved;  prickles  few  on  the  branches. 
Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Be-inningof  October 

Hab-  Thickets:  Barrens,  &c.  frequent.    C  to  10  feethish:  berries  dark  blue 


110  DIOECIA.  HEXANDRIA. 

§2.     Stem  herbaceous,  unarmed. 
g.  HERBACEA.  Ell.  Stem  angular, erect,  simple;  leaves  cordate-ovate;  umbelson  long  pedunciea 
FM'g-o— Carrion  flower      Stinking  Bind-weed. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woods;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    2  to  4  feet  high:  berries  black. 

Obs  This  plant  is  noted  for  the  abominable  foetor  of  its  flowers,— resembling  that  of  carrion  so  strongly 
as  to  attract  the  flies.  The  oflfensive  odor,  however,  is  completely  dissipated  as  the  flower  dries  in  an  Her- 
barium. 

348.  DIOSCOREA.    Mdt.  Gen.  794. 
[Dedicated  to  the  ancient  Greek  Naturalist,  Dioscorides.^ 

Male,  Cal.  6  parted,  segments  lanceolate,  spreading.    Cor.  0. 

Fem    Car  6 parted.    Cor.  0.    StylesS.    Caj>s  3  celled,  3  angled,  compressed-    SeetZs  marginate. 

D.  VILLOSA.  Ell.  Leavescordate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath;  male  flowers  paniculate,  female  racemose. 

Suno7i.  D.  paniculata    Mx-  Fti/g:o-Wild  Yam. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab.  Feace-rows;  thickets.  &c.  frequent.    Climbing,  6  to  10,  or  12  feet:  capsules  winged. 

OnBEH,  0€JTA2?3JRIA. 

349.  POPULUS.    Niitt.  Gen.  79G. 

[Lat.  Populus,  the  people-Tree  of  the  people;  the  public  walks,  in  Rome,  being  shaded  by  it.  De  Theis-l 
Male   ^w-enicylindric.     Ca/.  a  lacerate  scale.    Cor.  turbinate,  oblique,  entire. 
Fem. Vower  as  in  the  male.    Stigma  4  or  6  lobed.     Caps.  2  celled.     Seeds  beset  with  long  woo!- 
p.  TREMULOiDEs.  Mx.  Arb.  Leaves  suborbicukr,  abruptly  acuminate,  dentate-serfulate,  glabrous. 
Synon.  P.  trepida.  iVilld.  Ph.  Fu/^o-Quaking  Asp.    American  Aspen. 

F/.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  ^^r    »vi 

Hab.  Low  grounds:  Ed  Darlington's;  Jas.  Gibbons's:  not  common.    20  to  40  feet  high. 

Obs.  A  handsome  tree.    The  bark  is  a  popular  and  pretty  valuable  tonic. 
P   GR  4.1VDIDENTATA.  Mx.  Arb.  Leaves  round-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  sinuately  dentate. 
Synon.  P.  trepida,  grandidentata.  Muhl.  F«/g:o-Large  Aspen.    Black  Poplar. 

Fl  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab    Woodlands:  roadside.  North  of  Wm.  Hawley's:  rare.     30  to  40  feet  high 

Hawley's. 

P.  HETEROPHYLLA.'  Ph.  Leaves  ovate,  slightly  cordatc,  rather  obtuse,  uncinate-dentate. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  ^'•-  '»°'-  ,„  ^     _ .  .      ... 

Hab.  Woods,  west  of  Brandy  wine,  near  the  Red  Lion  Tavern:  rare.    30  to  50  feet  high. 

Obs   1  have  the  anthoritv  of  Dr  Baldwin  for  this  species;  but  it  does  not  exactly  agree  with  any  plate.. 


These  are  all  tiie  native  poplars  that  I  have  met  with. 


ORBEB.,  POLYAN3SS12A. 


350.    MENISPERMUM.    Nutt.  Gen.  804. 
[Gr   Mene,  the  moon,  and  Sperma,  seed;  from  the  lunate,  or  crescent  form  of  Us  seeds.] 

-      -       ■  Stam.  12  to  24 


Male    C«;  sub-bibracteate,  about  6  leaved,  caducous.    Cor.  petals  6  to  9,  minute.     Stam- V. 
Fem   Flower  as  in  the  male.     Germs  and  Styles  3  to  6.    Drupes  like  berries,  lunate,!  seeded . 
M.  CANADENSE.  EH.  Scaudcut;  leaves  subcordate,anglfed,  peltate,  petiole  inserted  near  the  base 
Vulgo— Moon  seed. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  F'-  »'«*'         ^  ■  i.      ii    ^ 

Hab.  Rich  woodland.;  and  thickets:  fr^iueut.    8  to  15  feet  long:  flowers  gretn«hye!lo^^. 


DIOECIA.  MONADELPHIA.  Ill 


ORDIiR;    MONABELPHZA. 

351.    JUNIPERUS.    Nutt.  Gen.  806. 
iCeliic,  Jeneprus,  rough,  or  harsh.  De  T/(cis:— Or,  according  to  .Boer/i.  "  a  junior  et|)ano,  quia  haec  arbor 
novos  fruclus  parit,  duin  alix  bacci;  maturescunt."] 

M.\LEi  Ament  ovale.     Cal.  a  scale.    Co?-.  0.    Stamens  3. 

Fem.  Cal.  3  parted,  adnata  to  the  germ.    Cor.  petals  3.'    Styles  3.     Berry  tuberculate,  1  or  2  seeded. 

J.  viRGiNiANA.  Mx.  Arb.  Leaves  ternate,  or  opposite  and  decussate,  spreading, or  appressed  and  imbricate- 

Fit/iro— Cedar  tree.     Red  Cudar. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hab.  Fence-rows;  woodlands,  &c.  frequent.    15  to  30  feet  high:  berries  dark  blue. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  much  esteemed  for  its  durability;  but  it  is  not  often  to  be  met  with,  at  pre- 
sent, of  a  size  to  give  it  any  ^reat  value.  It  is  said  to  be  pernicious  to  young  Thorn  hedges,  when 
growing  in  their  immediate  vicinity. 

Mr.  Elliott's  description  of  the  leaves  does  not  agree  with  that  of  Willdenow,  and  others.  He  says  the 
younger  leaves  are exjianded,  and  the  old  ones  appressed, and  imbricate;— whereas  Willdenow  describes 
the  younger  ones  as  being  imbricate,  and  the  old  ones  expanded.  As  far  as  I  have  observed,  I  think  the 
truth  has  betioeen  them.  The  leaves  of  one  year  old  are  mostly  appressed  and  imbricate;  but  those  which 
are  older,  and  those  upon  the  young  growing  shoots,  I  find  to  be  spreading.  There  is  a  pretty  distinct 
variety  oi  this  tree,  noticed  by  Michaux  the  elder,  in  which  a// the  leaves  are  expanding,  long,  and  very 
acute.  They  are  also  frequently  tfrnatc  in  this  variety:  but  in  the  other  and  most  common  sort,  they  ap- 
pear to  be  quadri furiously  arranged— or  rather,  they  are  opposite,  and  decussating.  This  is  particularly  the 
case  in  the  small  branches  of  one  year  old;  which  are  rendered  distinctly  4  angled,  by  the  short,  appressed, 
imbricate  leaves. 


APPENDIX. 


WHICH  ARE  CULTIVATED 

JN  THE  VICINITY  OF  WEST-CHESTER,  PENN, 

ON  ACCOUNT  OF  THEIR  USEFUL  PROPERTIES. 


CLASS  II.     DIANDRIA.^ 


1.    SALVIA.     Genera  Plantarim.    50. 
[Lat.  salvare,  to  save;  from  its  supposed  medical  powers.] 
Cal.  tubular,  bilabiate.     Cor.  ringent.    Sfant.  2  fertile;  the  filaments  transversely  pedicellate. 
IS-  OFFICINALIS.  IViild.  Leaveslance-ovatCjCrenulate;  verticils  few  flowered;  calyx  mucronate. 
F«/go— Sagfe.    Garden  Sage. 

Fl-  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July. 

jHa6.  Gardens.    Perennial.     1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  blue.     iVaiiuc  of  Southern  Europe. 

Ohs.  Used  as  a  condiment,  in  domestic  economy.  The  infusion  makes  a  good  gargle,  and  is  otherwise 
moderately  medicinal;  but  the  plant  is  by  no  means  entitled  to  the  character  which,  it  would  appear  by  the 
following  lines,  it  once  possessed — 

«'  Cur  moriatur  homo,  cui  Salvia  crescit  in  horto? 

Contra  vim  mortis,  non  est  inedicamen  in  hortis. 

Salvia  salvatrix,  natural  conciliatiix. 

Salvia  cum  Ruta  faciunt  tibi  pocula  tuta." 


CLASS  III.  TRIANDRIA. 

OJlSEa,  SISYNIA. 

C!i3"  For  Agrostis,  or  Herd's  Gr^ss,— which  is  not  much  esteemed  by  our  farmers,  and  very  little  tu!- 
livatedj  here— See  jsoge  10,  of  this  Catalogue:  and  for  a  good  description,  See  Torrey's  Flora. 

JL.     Hermaphrodite,    a.  Calyx  1  flotoercd.    Flowers  in  Spikes, 

2.    PHLEUM.     Gen.  PI.  109. 
[An  ancient  name,  derived  from  the  Greek:  meaning  obscure.] 

Cal.  2  valved;  valves  sessile,  compressed,  linear,  carinate,  truncate,  mucronate.    Con.  includci!. 

*  I  propose,  in  this  Appendix,  to  omit  all  plants  which  are  merely  ornamental,  or  objects  of  t.iste.— and 
to  notice  those  only  which  are  cultivated  amongst  us,  at  the  present  day,  for  the  sake  of  some  valuable  jto- 
perty;— either  affording  ar'icles  of  food,  or  raiment,— or  otherwise  coi  ducing  to  health  and  comfort.  Of 
these,  there  are  none;  within  my  knowledge,  belonging  to  the  class  Monanski  a.. 


114  .  APPENDIX. 

P.  pRATE?;sE.  Muhl.  Culm  terete,  erect;  spike  cylindric,  very  long;  calyx  dorsally  ciliate. 
Fu/g-o— Timothy,    Timothy  Grass.    Cat's-tail  Grass. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Ilab.  Fields  J  and  me»dow».    Perennial.    2  to  4  feet  high.    iVat.  Europe. 

Obs.  This  valuable  grass  has  become  extensively  naturalized;  but  it  is  also  a  primary  object  of  culture; 
with  our  best  farmers.  Mixed  with  red  clover,  (Trifolium  pratense,)  it  constitutes,  perhaps,  the  most  sub- 
stantial hay  we  have.  It  is  considered  severe  and  exhausting  to  the  soil,  where  it  predominates.  Th« 
seed  is  usually  sown  in  autumn,  among,  and  immediately  after,  wheat  and  rye — though  it  answers  very  well 
when  sown  in  the  spring. 

3.    HORDEUM.    Gen.  PI.  129. 
[An  ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Cal.  lateral,  2  valved;  florets  in  3's,  the  lateral  ones  often  sterile.    Cor.  2  valved,  outer  one  awned. 

H.  VULGAHE.   IVUld.  Florets  all  perfect?  awned,  arranged  in  double  rows,  erect. 
Fjf/go— Common  Barley.    Four-rowed  Barley. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June. 

H:tb.  Fields.    Annual.    2  to  3  feet  high.    Nat.  Sicily. 

05s.  This  is  extensively  cultivated  in  this  vicinii}',  and  almost  exclusively  for  the  purpose  of  maki.r;s 
Beer;— being  rarely  used  for  bread,  or  even  fed  to  stock.     The  seed  is  sown  tbe  latter  end  of  March. 

There  is  a  variett/  of  this,  (H.  caleste,)  called  Naked  Barley,  which  has  been  occasionally  tried,  by  some 
of  our  larmers;  but  it  does  not  succeed  well,  in  this  region. 

H.  DisTiCHON.   Willd-  Lateral  florets  imperfect,  awnless;  seeds  angular,  imbricate  ; 
F;(.'g-o— Two-rowed  Barley. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Eah.  P'ields.    Annual.    2  to  3  feet  higli.    Nat.  Tartary. 

Ohs.  It  is  doubted  by  some  whether  this  is  more  than  a  varietv  of  the  preceding:.  It  is  pretty  extensive- 
ly cuhivated  of  late,  on  accotmt  of  its  standing  better  than  the  otlier,  and  being  later  in  ripening.  The  grain, 
also,  is  heavier,  and  commands  a  better  price.  It  is  preferred  for  hulling,  and  making  Pearl  Barley.  Seed 
sown  the  latter  end  of  March,  or  beginning  of  April. 

h.  Calyx,2or  SJloivertd.    Flowers  in  Spikes. 

4.    SECALE.     Gen.  PI.  127. 

(Etymology  obscure:  Boerh.  says  "  a  secare,  quia  seminibus  maturis  hsec  planta  secatur."] 

Cal.  2  valved;  valves  opposite,  linear, small.     Cor.  2  valved,  outer  one  ending  in  a  long  awn« 

S.  CEREALE-  TVilld.  Glumes  scabrous-ciliate;  awns  retrorsely  scabrous. 

Vulgo-Hje. 

Fl    Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

ifa&.  Fields.    Annual.    4  to  6  feet  high.    iVaf.  Crete. 

Obs.  Cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent;  but  not  so  much  as  Wheat,  in  this  vicinity — being:  far  inferior 
for  bread.  Large  quantities  of  the  grain  are  used  in  distillation,— and  where  the  process  is  conducted  with 
intpgrity,  and  competent  skill,  a  spirit  of  good  quality  may  be  obtained:  But,  unfortunately,  the  country  is 
inundated  with  a  vile,  fetid  liquor,  under  the  name  of  Whiskey,  procured  from  a  mixture  of  Rye  and  Indian 
Corn,  or  Buckwheat,  and  these  frequently  in  a  damaged  state; — which  poisonous  liquor,  by  reason  of  its 
cheapness,  and  intoxicating  character,  has  become  the  cause  of  more  evil  to  the  community  than  any  other 
agent.    The  seed  of  Rye  is  sown  in  all  the  month  of  October. 

5.    TRITICUM.     Gen.  PI.  130. 
[liat-  Tritum^  rubbed,  or  ground;  its  grain  being  so  prepared,  for  food.] 
Cal.  2  valved,  about  3  flowered.    Cor.  outer  valve  obtuse,  with  a  point;  inner  flat. 

T.  HYBERNUM.  IVllld.  Calyx-glumes  4  flowered,  ventricose,  smooth,  imbricate,  submutic. 

Kit/g-o— Wheat.    Winter  Wheat. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Hub   Fields.    Annual.    2  to  4,  or  5  feet  high.    A'afire  country  uncertain. 

Obs.  Several  varietie.^  of  this  most  valuable  plant  are  cultivated  here,  both  awned,  and  awnless.  The 
»/i,';j7f.  awnless  variety,  is  preferred  by  some,  as  making  superior  flour,  and  resisting  the  ravages  of  the  Hes- 
tian  Fbj  most  effectually:  ndiilst  others  ^ive  the  preference  to  an  awned  variety,  called  Red-chaff  Beard- 
ed wheat.  The  seed  is  sown  from  the  latter  end  of  SeiJtember  till  the  middle  of  October,  Late  sowing 
has  been  found  to  obviate,  in  .some  degree,  the  depredations  of  the  Fly. 

T-  fZiivMm,  Summer  Wheat,  or  Spring  Wheat,  is  rarely  cultivated  here. 


APPENDIX.  -  115 

C.  Calyx  many  floioered.    t  floivers  in  'oost  Panicles. 

6.    AVENA.    Geii.  PI-  122. 
tLat.  av^Oj  to  desire :  "quia  eqiii  quaiido  avenam  sentiunt,  illam  comedera  desiderant."  Boerh.} 

C AL.  2  valved,  mtoibrauaceous.    Cor.  outer  valve  with  a  dorsal,  contorted,  awn. 

A.  sATivA.  Willd.  Calyx  2  seeded;  seeds  smooth,  one  of  them  awned. 
Vulgo—Osits.     Common  0»ts. 

Fl-  Middle  of  July.  Fi-.  mat.  Beginning  of  August. 

Uab    Fields-    Annual.    2  to  4  feet  high.     _Va{.  Island  of  Juan  Fernandez. 

Ofcj  This  grain  is  cultivated  chiefly  as  food  for  horses.  It  succeeds  better  than  Barley  in  a  poor  loil; 
an'  is  there  i'oie  frequently  sown  when  the  faimer  would  have  preferred  Barley,  had  his  land  been  good. 
The  »eed  is  usualiy  aown  tlie  latter  end  of  April. 

tt  Flotcert  in  clustered  Panicles;  or  Spikes. 

7.    DACTYLIS.     Gen.  PI.  117. 
'  [Gr.  Dakty'iOS,  a  finger;  in  reference  to  the  form  of  its  spikes.] 

Cal.  2  valved,  compressed,  carinate,  subawned,  one  smaller.     Cor.  2  valved,  awnless. 

D.  GLOMER.VTA.  Muhl.  f  cabrous;  leaves  lanceolatc,  glaucous ,  panicle  secund,  glomerate, 
F'/cro— Orchard  Grass.    Cock's-foot  Grass. 

Fl    Beginning  of  June.  /■..■.  w«/.  Peginning  of  July. 

JTa&    Field?;  Orchards,  &c.    Perennial.    2  to  8  feet  high.     A^a^  Europe. 

Ohs.  Our  farmers  are  much  divided  in  otiinion  on  the  merits  of  this  grass.  Some  condemn  it  as  unworthy 
of  cnllurfi,  either  for  pasture  or  hay;  whilst  others  set  a  high  value  on  it,  for  both.  I  think,  myself,  it  is  in- 
ferior to  Timothv,  (ox  hay;  yet  it  has  the  advant.ige  of  the  latter,  in  b.-ing  mature  at  the  same  time  the 
Clover  is.  with  which  th»:-v  generally  grow.  It  is  also  less  exhausting  to  the  soil.  But  its  great  value  is  as  » 
pasture,  when  sown  suScientlv  thick,— which  it  rarely  is.  It  is  of  quick  growth,  and  is  speedily  reprodu- 
ced after  being  cut,  or  eaten  down— so  much  so,  that  we  may  almost  literally  apply  to  it  the  words  of 
Virsil- 

"  Et  qunntum  longis  csrpent  armenta  diebus 

Exigua  tantum  gelidus  ros  nocte  ref>oBet."— Gforg-.  lib-  2.  201. 

This  grass  also  possesses  the  additional  advantage  of  thriving  well  in  the  shade;  and  answerp  a  very  good 
purpose  in  orchards,  &c.    The  seed  is  usually  sown  in  autumn,  immediately  after  Wheat,  or  Rye. 

B.     Polygamous,    a .  Calyx  1  flowered.     Flowers  mostly  in  Panicles. 

8     SORGHUM.    CyclopfPd. 
[An  ancient, barbarous  name;  borrowed  from  the  East.] 
Flowers  by  pairs:  Male,  or  Neut.  pedicellate,  smaller.     Cal  2  valved.     Cor.  2  valved,  awnleis, 
Herjiaph.  sessile-     Cal.  2  valved.     Cor.  2  valved,  inner  valve  cleft,  and  awned.     Nect.  villous. 
S.  sacciiaratum.  Cyclop.  Panicle  erect, subverticillate,  spreading;  seeds  oval;  glumes  hairy. 
Syrwn.  Holcus  saccharatus.   Willd.  Vulgo-Biooxn  Corn. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August.  ^''-  '"^'^-  IJeginning  of  October. 

j^a6.  Fields;  and  gardens.    Annual.    6  to  8  feet  high:  fiov/ers  greenish,  seeds  yellowish.    Nat.  India. 

Obs.  This  is  cultivated  chietly  for  the  sake  of  its  panicles;  which  are  made  into  brooms.  Some  person* 
carry  on  the  business  extensively. 

S   rERm-rtTM.  Cyclop.  Panicle  compact,  oval,  finally  nodding;  seeds  globose;  glumes  villous. 
Synori.  HoIcuB  cernuus.   mild.  I'ti/gro-Guinea  Corn.     Indian  Millet. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  October. 

J?«&.  Fields;  and  gardens.    Annu«l.    5  to  7  feet  high:  seeds  white.    iVa«.  India.' 

Ohs    This  is  but  rsrelv  cultivated  here— and  chiefly  as  feed  for  poultry.  . 

S  BicoLOR  commonly  called  C/ioco?aff-forn,  is  somciimes  cultivated,  as  a  matter  of  curmsitj',  and  has 
been  used  as  a  sort  of  substitute  for  chocolate,-which,  like  rye-coffee,  may  answer  for  those  who  cannot 
nht-»in  hpl'pr-  but  it  i«!  not  likely  to  come  into  general  use.  ,      ., 

£\var\;tvof  he  HoLCCS^sPiCATUs,of  Willd.  iP.nnisetumtyphoiJctm,  Persoon  known  by  the 
common  name  of  F'rvplian  Millet,  ^v^s  introduced  into  tins  neighborhood  lately,  through  the  i>olitenes6  of 
jXnS  Skinner  Eiquire,  the  intell  gent  and  patriotic  Editor  of  th.  American  Farmrr :-bui  our  seasons 
pSved 'too  short'  for^the  plant  to  mnture  its  se.ds-oth.rwi.e  it  promi.^.d  to  be  an  mtcrestmg  acqu,s.t:on. 
l'3  a  f/w  plantsof  it,  which  produced  spikes  i  cr  5  inches  in  ci^cainlercnce.and  nearly  2 feet  m  length. 
For  a  good  account  of  it,  See  American  Farmer,  Vol.6,  p.  IIQ—Ill 


116  APPENDIX- 

b.     Calyx  2  flowered.      Flowers  in  SpUtes. 

9.    SETARIA.     Torrey.  Flora.  I.  p.  152. 

[Lat.  Seta,  a  bristle;  in  reference  to  its  bristly  involucels.] 

/rn'ofecc/ of  2  or  more  biistlps:  florets  sessile.    Male,  or  Neut-    Cor.  valves  scariose- 
Hermaph-  Cat  2valved,  unequal.     Cor.  2  valved,  valves  cartilaginous. 

S.  GERMANiCA.  Spike  compound,  compact;  spikelets  fflomeraie;  rachis  hirsute;  bristles  shorf- 
Syr.on.  Panicum  germanicum.  JVilld.  Muhl.  &c.  Fw/go— Common  Millet.  Bengal  Grass. 
M.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Mab.  Fields.    Annual.    2  to  4  feet  high.    Nat.  Southern  Europe. 

Oha.  This  plant  was  introduced  here  a  few  years  ago,  and  attracted  considerable  notice,  as  a  grass  likely 
to  be  vslusblf,  in  affording  a  .=upply  of  hay,  in  seasons  of  scarcity.  In  this  point  of  view  it  is,  doubt- 
less, wo'-thv  of  notice,  as  it  makes  good  hav,  if  secured  in  good  order:  but  it  takes  damage  very  readily, 
in  dull  we.^ther.  The  grain  is  not  considered  ot  much  importance,  by  our  farmers;  and  the  culture  of  the 
plant  is  rather  neglected,  at  present.  The  seed  is  usually  sown  about  the  middle  of  May.  This  is  suppo- 
sed, by  some,  to  be  only  »  variety  of  either  S.  italica,  or   S.  tiridis. 

CLASS  IV.    TE  i  RANDRiA. 

10.    DIPSACUS.     Gen.  PI.  148. 
[Gr.  Dlpsao,  to  be  thirsty;  the  stem  leaves  holding  water  at  their  junction.] 

Flowers  in  an  ovate  head:  involucre  msinj  leaved.  Cal.  1  leaved.  CoR.  41obed.  Recept.  chaffy;  chaff  rigid. 

I)    c'-Luo   vM-  Sm.  FL  Brit.  Aculeate:  stem  leaves  connate,  serrate;  chaff  recurved. 
Vulgo-Teasel     Fuller's  Teasel. 

Fi    v'iddle  of  July  Pr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

i?,i6.  Small  Lots.     Biennial.    3  to  5  feet  high:    flowers  pale  purple.    A^af.  Southern   Europe. 

Obs.  This  has  been  occasionally  cultivated  by  some  of  our  Cloth  Manufacturers;  and  I  believe  succeeded 
very  well. 

11.    RUBIA-     Gen.  Pi  163. 
[Lat.  Ruber,  red;  the  color  produced  by  its  roots,] 
Cal.  4  toothed.     Cor   monopetalous,  campanulate,  4  or  5  cleft.     Berries  twin,  smootk. 
R.  TiNCTORUM.  JVilld.  Stem  weak,  angled,  aculeate;  leaves  mostly  in  6's,  lanceolate. 
Fii/g-o— Madder.    Dyer's  Madder. 

n.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Gr.rdfns,  chUfQj.    Perennial.    2 to 3  feet  long;  flowers  yellowish.    iVaf.  Italy,  &c. 

Ohs.  Thefiowers  are  often  5  and  6-androus.  This  plant  is  cultivated,  on  a  small  scale,  by  some  familieSj 
as  a  domestic  dye-siufi;  and  appears  to  succeed  very  well,  where  proper  care  is  taken. 


CLASS  V.     PENTANDRIA. 

OHBEH,  MONOGYNSA 

Flowers  ixferior.    a.  Corolla  monopetalous.  t    Seeds  naked. 
12.    SYMPHYTUM.  Gen.  PL  24-5. 
[Gr.  Symphysis, -amon;  from  its  supposed  virtues  in  uniting,  or  healing  wounds.] 

Cal.  5  parted.    Cor.  tube  short,  limh  tubular-ventricose,  throat  closed  with  subulate  rays. 

S.  OFFici>.-ALE,  JVilld.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  decurrent,  rugose;  racemes  hispid. 
T'«(fc"j— Comfrey      Garden  Comfrey. 

Fl.  Bfginning  of  June,  till  September.  Fr.  mat.  August,  and  after. 

Hah-  Gardens,  &c.  Perrenial.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  white.    Nat.  Europe. 
Obs-  The  root  is  mucilaginoug,  and  esteemed,  in  popular  practice,  as  a  pectoral  medicine 


APPENDIX.  117 

tt  Seeds  covered- 

13.    SPIGELIA.     Gen.  PI.    272. 
[In  honor  of  Adrian  Spinel,  or  Spigelius;  a  Botanist  of  Brussels.] 
Cal.  5  parted.  Cor.    funnel-form,  border  equally  5  cleft.    Caps,  twin,  2  celled,  4  valved,  many  seeded 
S.  MARiLANDiCA    IVilld.  Stem  4  angled;  leavcs all  Opposite,  sessilc,  lance-ovate,  entire. 
Fu/go— Carolina  Fn-.k.    Pink-root. 

Fl.  flatter  end  of  June.  'r.  mat. 

i/ii6.  Gardens.     Perennial.    9  to  18  inches  high:  flowers  red.     iVa«.  Maryland,  S:c. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  ornamental  plant  is  deservedly  popular,  as  a  vermifuge;  and  is  occasionallj  culti- 
vated tor  that  object,  by  some  of  our  more  curious  gardeners. 

11.    CONVOLVULUS.    Gen.  PL  287. 
[Lat.  convolvo.  to  wrap,  intwine,  or  wind  about;  descriptive  of  the  genus-] 

Cal.  5  parted.    Cor-  campanulate,  plicate.     Sfignias  2,  oblong,  or  globose.     Caps.  2  or  3  celled. 
C.  BATATAS.   IVilld.  Root  tuberous;  stem  creeping;  leaves  hastate-cordate,  5  nerved. 
FdZ^o— Sweet  Potato.    Carolina  Potato. 
j<7.  Fr.  mat. 

iTaft.  Gardens,  and  lots.     Perennial.    4  to  S,  or  10  feet  long     A"a<.  Both  Indies. 

Ohs.  This  favorite  vegetable  is  pi etty  extensively  cultivated  here,  and  succeeds  we!!,— though  I  think 
the  roots,  raised  here,  are  r;it!ier  inferior  in  qualily.  to  thos^^  raised  in  the  sandy  soil  of  New-Jer.sey.  It 
is  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  roots*;  which  are  planted  the  beginning  of  May,  It  never  flowers,  m  this 
region,  so  far  as  I  can  learn. 

15.    NICOTIAN  A.     Gen.  PI.  334. 
[Dedicated  to  John  Nicot,  a  French  Ambassador;  who  first  brought  it  into  France.] 

Cal.  urceolate,  5  cleft.     CoR.  funnel-form,  limb  plicate,  5  cleft.     5';«?n.  inclined.     Caps.  2  celled. 

N.  tabacum.  IVilld   Leaves  lance-ovate,  sessile,  decurrent;  corolla-segments  acute. 

Fii7^o— Tobacco-    Common  Tobacco- 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hub.  Gardens,  and  lots.    Annual.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  pale  reddish  purple.     JVat.  America. 

Ohs.  This  plant  is  occasionally  cultivated,  on  a  .small  scale,  by  some  tobacco-chewing  farmers.  It 
possesses  powerful  medical  properties:  but,  unfortunately,  it  may  be  remar'  ed.  .Timost  without  a  fi»ure. 
in  relation  to  many  of  our  people,  that  what  r)Ui;ht  (o  be  "  th.'ir  extreme  medicine,  is  become  their  daily 
bread"!  The  seed  is  sown  about  the  middle  of  April,  in  beds;  and  the  young  plants  subsequently  remo- 
ved into  distinct  hills. 

16.    SOLANUM.    Gen.  PL    C37. 
[Perhaps  from  the  Lat.  solari,  to  solace,  or  assuage;  from  the  properties  of  some  species-] 
Cal.  5  cleft.    Cor.  sub-rotate,  plicate.    Anthers  partly  united,  opening  at  point  by  double  pores. 

S-  TUBEROSUM-   JVilld.  Roots  with  tubers;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnnte,  leaflets  entire. 

J  «/^o— Potato.    Round  Potato.    Irish  Potato. 

Fl.  Latter  <im\  of  June,  and^after-  Fr-  mnt.  Last  of  August 

ilaft.  Gardens,  and  fields.    Perennial-'    2  to  3  feet  high:  dosvers  bluish  white.    i".^ai.  Soutli  America. 

Obs.  This  most  important  plant  is  cultiv.ited  e\tpn.'-.ivclv:  as  it  well  deserves  to  be.  It  is  usually  propa- 
gated by  cuttings  of  the  tubers;  but  they  are  liable  to  degenerate,  by  long  con*in  ird  culture^in  the  'ome 
eoil— and  ought  then  to  be  replaced  by  seedlinirs,  cnrt^fulty  .solpcted.  The  roots  are  planted  in  all  the 
months  of  April,  May  and  June  My  friend,  tho  late  Dr.  Baldwin  informed  me  he  saw  this  idant  grow- 
ing native,  near  Monte  video,  on  the  river  La  Plata,  in  the  year  1813. 

S.  LYCOPERsiCUM.   Willd.  Leavcs  pseudo-pinnate,  incised;  fruit  glabrous,  torulose. 
Fii/S'o— Tomata,  or  Tomatoes.    Love-apple. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  Augu.st,  and  after. 

7/(iJ;.  Gardens.     Annual.    2  to  3  feet  higli;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  red-     Au/-  South  America. 
^  Ohs.  We  have  a  variety,  with  the  fruit  smaller,  and  not  torulose.     Tiiis  plant  is  cultivat-  H  for  the  sake  of 
ihcmaturofruit,  which  is  of  a  sprightly  acid  taste,— and  much  admired  by  many,  as  a  sauce,  with  meats. 


118  APPENDIX. 

S.  MELONGENA.  IVilld.  Lcavcs  ovatc,  wavT,  tomentose;  calyx  mostlj  Unarmed;  flowert  noddisg. 

Vulgo—Ess  Plant. 

H.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

jtfaft.  Gardens.    Annual.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  purpli>h.    A'af.  America,  Asia,  Africa. 

Obs.  Thte  is  sometimes  cultivated  for  its  large  fruit,  which  is  seived  up  at  table  with  various  dressing*. 
The  plant  i»  rather  delicate  for  our  climate,  and  is  not  much  attended  to. 

17.    CAPSICUM.    Gen.  PL  338. 
[Gr.  A«/)fo,  to  bite, — or  Lat.  Capsa,  a  box;  from  the  properties,  or  structure,  of  the  fruit.] 

Gal.  5  cleft.    Cor.  rotate,  5  cleft.    Anthe7's  conmvent.    Berry  without  pulp,  inflated. 
C.  ANNUUM.  IVilld.  Stem  herbaceous;  peduncles  solitary. 
Fu/go— Red  Pepper.     Cayenne  Pepper. 

Ft.  liStter  end  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

lfa&.  Gardens.    Annual.     12  to  IS  inches  high:  flowers  white,  fruit  red.    iVaf.  South  America. 

Obs.  There  are  severe]  varieties  of  this  plant  cultivated  here.  The  mature  fruit  is  a  powerful  stimulus — 
used  as  a  condiment  with  food,  and  as  a  rubefacient,  &c.  in  medicine.  The  green  fruit  oi  the  thick-rind 
varieties  makes  aa  excellent  pickle. 

b.    Corolla  pentapetalous. 

18.    VITIS.    Gen.  PI.  396. 
[Obscure:  Boerh.  says,  "  a  vt'eo, flecto,  quia  vitis  capreoli  apprehendunt  plantas  vicinas."] 

Cax.  5  toothed,  minute.    Cor.  petals  cohering  at  apex,  coming  oSf  below.    Berry  globose,  5  seeded. 

V.  vmiriRA.    mild.  Leaves sinuate-lobed,  naked,  or  tomentose. 

Vulgo—Wme  Grape.    English  Grape,  &c. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Hub.  Gardens,  &c.    Perennial.  10  to  50  feetlong:  flowers  yellowish  green.     Nat.  Europe,  Asia.  Africa. 

Obs.  There  are  several  sorts  of  foreign  grape  cultivated  here,  on  a  small  scale— the  fruit  differing  materi- 
ally in  color  and  taste,— which  are  supposed,  by  the  Botanists,  to  be  nothing  more  than  varieties  of  this  one 
species,  produced  by  long  culture,  &c. 

In  addition  to  these,  we  cultivate  some  native  varieties,  or  hybrids,  of  this  delicious  fruit,  which  are 
highly  esteemed:  such  ss  the  J5/and  Grape,  Schuylldil  Grape,  &c.  The  public  attention  has  latter!}' been 
much  turned  to  this  subject;  and  we  may  hope,  ere  long,  to  see  some  flourishing  Vineyards  in  this  vicinity. 
I  am  incHued  to  think  the  south  sides  of  our  slaty  hills,  north  of  West-Chester,  if  properly  prepared, 
-would  be  well  adapted  to  this  culture;  and  my  opinion  is  fortified  by  the  fact  of  the  iu.vuriant  growth 
of  our  native  vines,  in  that  soil. 


J^.     Flowers  superior:  Umbellate,    a.  Involucratc,  and  JnvohiceUate. 
Bavcvs  carota.    Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Fw/g-o— Carrot.    Garden  Carrot. 

0C5=  For  a  notice  of  this  plant,  which  is  believed  to  be  only  a  vai'iefi/  of  our  in/fi'  Carrot,— Seepage 
S3,  of  this  catalogue.  It  is  very  little  cultivated  in  this  vicinity:— perhaps  not  so  much  as  it  deserves  to 
be,— as  the  root  is  "known  to  afford  a  valuable  food  for  Stock.    It  is  not  generally  esteemed  at  table,  with  us. 

19.    LIGUSTICUM.     Gen.  PI  478 
[go  named,  from  Liguria;  the  native  Country  of  the  plant.] 
Involucre  and  Involucels  many  leaved.    Cor.  petals  involute,  entire     Fruit  oblong,  ribs  5,  acute. 

L.  LEvisTicuM.  JVllld.  Leaves  many  fold;  leaflets  cuneate  at  base,  incised  above. 

Vxdgo—'Lovnge. 

Ft.  Middle  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August- 

ifo&.  Gardens.    Perennial.    4  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish.    iVa<.  Appenines  of  Liguria- 

Obs.  This  strong-scented  plant  is  .o  be  found  occasionally  in  the  gardens— being  esteemed  somewhat 
medicinal  in  relieving  flatulencies,  &c.  but  it  is  very  little  attended  to. 

20.    CORIANDRUM.     Gen.  PI.  4^8. 
fGr.  Foris,  a  bug;  the  bruised  leaves  having  the  odor  of  a  bed-bug.] 
Involucre  1  leaved.    Involucels  halved.    CoR.  petals  inflex-emarginate.    Fruit  sub-glftboie. 
C.  SATIVUM.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Glabrous;  leaves  compound:  seeds  hemispherical. 
r«?g'o— Coriander. 


APPENDIX.  119 

P2.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August, 

Hab-  Gardens.    Annual.    lto2  feet  high:  flowers  white.    Nat.  Italy. 
Obt.  Cultivated  for  the  aromatic  seeds;  which  are  used  in  domestic  economy- 

b.    Involucre  and  Involucds,  mostly  0. 

21.    PASTINACA.    Gm.  PI.  494. 
[Supposed  from  the  Lat.  pasco,  to  feed;  in  reference  to  its  nourishing  qualities.] 

Fruit  oval,  apex  emarginate,  dorsally  and  flatly  compressed,  marginate. 
P.  sATivA.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Root  fusiform;  leaves  simply  pinnate,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  beneath. 
}^K/go— Parsnep.    Garden  Parsnep. 

FL  Last  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

/faS.  Gardens,  and  lots.    Biennial.    4  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  yellow.    A'af.  Southern  Europe. 

Obs.  Cultivated  for  its  highly  nutritious,  and  agreeable  root.    This  plant  has  strayed  from  the  gardens,  ia 
many  places,  and  almost  become  naturalized.    Seeds  planted  the  beginning  of  April. 

22.    ANETHUM.    Gen.  PI.  496. 
[Gr.  ano  thein,to  run  up;  alluding  to  its  quick,  or  straight  growth.] 
Fruit  ovate,  subcompressed,  5  ribbed,  or  striate.     Petals  involute,  entire. 
A.  T(ssjcm.VM.  Sm.  Fl.  Brit.  Fruit  gibbous;  leaves  tripinnate,  leaflets  setaceous,  long. 
Ku/g-o— Fennel.     Garden  Fennel. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

/Ja6.  Gardens.    Perennial.    4  to 5  feet  high:  flowers  yellow.    A^^if.  Europe. 

Ob».  The  whole  plant  is  highly  aromatic.     Cultivated  chiefly  for  its  seeds:  which  are  used  ia  domestic 
economy,— and  sometimes  svwked,  like  tobacco,  as  a  remedy  for  colic. 

23.    APIUM.    Gen.  PL  499. 

[EtymoI.5?:v  obscure:  perhaps  from  the  Lat.  Jpps,  bees;  those  insects  being  fond  of  it:    "  vel  ab  Apice, 
quia  veteres  inde  coronas  ccniiciebant  ad  caput  ornandum."  Eoerh.} 

Fruit  o\'a\e;  ribs  5,  small,  a  little  prominent.    Pffa/s  equal,  inflexed.    Jni'o/ucrc  1  leaved,  or  0. 

A.  PETRosELiNUii.  IVilld.  Stem  Striate;  stem  leaves  linear;  involucre  minute. 
Vulgo — Parsley. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

/Za6.  Gardens.    Biennial.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  white.    A'of.  Sardinia. 
Obs.  The  leavti  are  used,  chiefly  as  a  pot-herb,in  soups,  5cc.    The  root  is  a  popular  diuretic, 

A.  GRAVEOLENs.  JFUld.  Stem  channelled ;  stem  leaves  cuneiform. 

Fw/^o— Celery. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Hab.  Gardens.    Biennial.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  white.    Nat.  Europe. 

06s.  Much  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  the  long,  succulent,  spicy  petioles  of  the  lower  leaves;  which  are 
rendered  white,  and  tender,  by  covering  them  with  earth,  while  the  plant  is  growing. 

3.     Flowers  incomplete. 

24.    CHENOPODIUM.     Gen.  PL  435. 
[Gr.  Chen,  chenoi,  a  goose,  and  P9us,podos,  a  foot;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  its  l«ayes.3 
Cal.  inferior,  5  parted, 5  angled-    Cor.  0.    Seed  1,  lenticular,  covered  by  the  closing  calvx. 

C.  ANTHELMiNTicuM.  Ell.  Lcaves  lance-obloas,  sinuatc-dentate;  racemes  long,  leafless 
Fu/g-o— Worm-seed.    Jerusalem  Oak. 

Fi  Last  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October, 

.Ha&.  Gardens.    Perennial.    3  to  5  feet  high.    Nat.  Ameiica.! 

Obs.  An  active  vermifuge;  and  cultivated  by  some  persons  for  that  object. 

25.    BETA.    Gen.  PL  436. 
[Celtic,  Belt,  red.  De  Theis.    Or  from  its  fruit  resembling  the  Greek  letter  B  (.Beta>.\ 

Cal.  5kaYed.    Cor.  0.    *«cZ  1,  reniform,  withia  the  carnose  base  of  the  calvx. 


120  APPENDlIt. 

B.  VULGARIS.  Wilhl.  Lower  leaves  ovate;  flovfcrs  clustered;  calyx  leaves  dentate  at  base; 

Vidgo—Beet.    Garden  Beet.     Red  Beet. 

Fl-  Middle  cf  July.  F'r.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

Hub-  Gardens,  and  lots.    Biennial.    2  to  4  feet  hish.    Nat.  Maritime  parts  of  Southern  Europe. 

Obs.  Very  generally  cultivated,  for  its  fine  esculent  root,  of  which  there  are  several  varieties.    The  seeds      ' 
are  planted  "the  beginning  of  April.— and  later  for  winter  use. 

B.  ciCLA.  TVilld.  Radical  leaves  petiolate,  cauline  sessile;  flowers  in  threes;  lateral  spikes  long. 
Vulgo— Mangel  wurtzel.    Scarcity  root.    White  Beet. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr-  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hub.  Gardens,  and  fields.     Biennial.    3  to  5  feet  high.    Nat.  Portugal. 

Obs-  This  large-rooted  species  is  but  partially  cultivated,  here;  and  not  much  esteemed  for  the  table, 
though  it  is  unquestionably  a  valuable  article  of  food  for  stock— especiolly  milk  cows— in  the  winter  season; 
and  is  very  productive,— as  has  been  signally  demonstrated  by  that  intelligent  and  indefatigable  promoter  of 
the  interests  of  Agriculture,  John  Hare  Poivel,  Esquire.  See  Memoirs  of  the  Penn.  AgiHc.  Society.  Our 
farmers,  however,  will  not  generally  attend  to  the  culture  oi  Boots,  to  any  great  e>  tent,  while  they  can 
raise  good  crops  of  that  admirable  grain,  the  Indian  Corn  {Zea  7nayE).  The  seeds  of  this  Beet  are  planted 
in  the  beginning  of  May. 


©HBER,  PEHTAGYNIA. 

26.    LINUxM.     Gen.  PL  528. 
[Gr.  IJnon,— or  Celtic,  Llin;  the  name  for  flax,  or  thread,  in  those  languages.] 
Cal.  5  parted,  persistent.    Cor.  petals  5,  unguiculate.  Caps,  globose,  10  valved,10  celled.  Seeds  solitary. 
li.  usiTATissjMUM.  fViUd.  Stem  subsolitary;  leaves  lanceolate;  petals  crenate;  capsule  mucronate. 
Ku/g-o- Common  Flax. 

FL  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

Ifab-  Fields.    Annual.    2  to  3  feet  high,  flowers  blue.    A'atiuc  country  uncertain. 

Obs.  The  seed  of  this  most  important  plant  is  usually  sown  the  last  of  March,  or  beginning  iJsApril.  It 
is  not  extensively  cultivated  here,  of  late  years.  Our  farmers  think  it  a  crop  which  i»  not  very  piofUable, 
and  that  it  impoverishes  the  soil:  they  therefore  prefer  to  raise  other  plants,  and  to  purchase  fabrics  of  Cot- 
ton with  the  produce.    It  appears  that  in  the  time  of  Virgil  it  was  deemed  injurious  to  land, — as  he  says, 

"Urit  enim  Lini  campumseges,  urit  avense." — Georg.  1.  71. 

The  seeds,  in  addition  to  their  value  in  yielding  oil,  afford  one  of  the  best  mucilaginous  drinks,  for 
coughs,  and  pectoral  affections. 


CLASS  VI.  HEXANDRIA. 


OB.BSH,  aSOKCSTSriA. 

a.  Flowers  spathaceciis- 

27.    ALLIUM.     Gen.  PL  557. 
[Obscure:  Dc  Theis  says,  from  the  Celtic,-^//,— which  signifies  hot, acrid,  burning.] 

Spaihe  many  Row ered.     r/m6e/ clustered.    Cor.  6  parted,  spreading.    Caps,  superior,  3  celled,  3  valved- 

A.  PORRUM.   fVilld.  Stem  with  fiat  leaves;  umbel  capsule-bearing;  stamens  tricuspidate. 

Ftt/g-o— Leek. 

FL  Middle  of  July.  Fr-  mat.  Last  of  August. 

//afc.  Gardens.    Perennial.    A^af.  Switzerland.    A  kitchen  herb, but  little  cultivated  here. 

A.  SATIVUM.  JVilld.  Stem  flat-leaved,  bulb-bearing;  bulb  compound;  stamens  tricuspidate. 
Vulgo—  English  Garlic. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat    Beginning  of  September. 

/:fa6.  Gardens.    Perennial.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  whitish.    A'a^    Sicily. 

Obs.  Esteemed  medicinal,  as  a  vermifuge,  &c.  and  cultivated  chiefly  for  that  object. 


APPENDIX.  151 

A.  CEPA.  IVilld.  Scape  naked,  ventricose  below,  longer  than  the  terete  leaves: 
Vulgo—Omon.    Garden  Onion. 

Fl-  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Hab.  Gardens.    Perennial.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  purplish.    iVah'i-e  country  uncertain. 

0'.s.  Extensively  cultivated  as  an  article  of  diet.    The  expressed  juice  is  a  popular  remedy  for  cynanche 
trachealis,  or  croup. 

A.  scHCEfropRAsuM.   IVilld.  Scape  naked,  equalling  the  terete,  filiform  leaves. 
Tw/g-o— Chives,  or  Gives. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

ITaft.  Gardens.    Perennial.    6  to  9  inches  high:  flowers  purple.    A'af.  Siberia,  &c. 

Obs.  Cultivated  as  a  kitchen  herb;  and  often  cut  up,  and  fed  to  young  poultry,  especially  turkies,— un- 
der the  impression  that  it  is  a  salutary,  medicinal  kind  of  diet. 

b.     Flowers  naked. 

28.    ASPARAGUS      Gen.  PI.  573. 
[Gr.  Asparagos,  a  tution,  or  young  shoot;  characteristic  of  the  plant.] 
CoR.  inferior.  6  parted,  erect;  the  3  inner  segments  reflexed  at  apex.    Berry  3  celled,  many  seeded. 
A.  OFFiciN'ALis.   IVilld.  Stem  herbaceous,  terete,  unarmed, paniculate;  leaves  setaceous,  soft. 
F'lt/g-o— Common  Asparagus.     Sparrow-gi'ass. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Ha&.  Gardens.    Perennial.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  yellow.    iVaf.  Europe. 

06»,  The  youns  shoots  aff"ord  a  favorite  vegetable  dish,  in  the  spring  of  the  year.    A  strong  and  peculiar 
oioT  is  imparted  to  the  urinary  secretion, by  eating  them. 


CLASS  VII.  HEPTANDRIA. 


ORDER;  MONOGYHIA. 

29.    ^SCULUS.     Gen.  PI.  628.  "' 

fLat.  Esca,  food;  a  name  not  very  appropriate  to  this  genus.] 
Cal.  1  leaved,  ventricose.    Cor.  petals 4  or  5,  unequal,  pubescent.  Caps  3  celled.    Seeds  large, 
^,  HippocASTANUM.   Willd.  Leaves  digitate,  in  7's;  corolla  5  petalled;  pailicle  pyramidal. 
Kw/g-o— Horse  Chesnut. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr-  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

Hab.  Yards,  in  front  of  houses,  &c.    20  to  30  feet  high:  flowers  white.     Nat.  Northern  Asia. 

Obs.  This  ornamental  tree  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  the  comfortable  shade  which  it  af- 
fords, in  summer. 


CLASS  VIII.  OCTANDRIA. 

ORDER,    MONOGYIfEA. 

30.    TROP.^OLUM.     Gen-  PL  634. 
[Lat.  Tropaiim,  a  trophy;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  its  flower  to  a  banner.] 
Cal.  1  leaved,  4  or  5  cleft,  colored,  calcarate.     Cor.  petals  4  or  5,  unequal.    Nuts  coriaceous, Bulcat?. 
T.  MAJUs.   IVilld.  Leaves  peltate,  subrepand;  petals  obtuse,  some  of  them  ciliate  below. 
Fti/jo— Nasturtium,  or  Nasturtion.    Indian  Cress.     Sturtion. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September, 

ifaft.  Gardens.    Annual.    4  to  6 or  8  feet  long:  flowers  reddish  orange,  large.     iVaf.  Peru. 

Obs.  An  ornamental  plant;  cultivated  chiefly  for  the  young  /rtnY,— which,  when  duly  prepared,  is  much 
esteemed  as  a  condiment. 


IM  APPEiSTDlX. 

Si.    polygonum.     Gm.  PI.  677. 
tGr.  Poly, much,  and  GonUi  a  knee,  or  joint;  the  stem  being  much  jointed.] 

Cal.  0.    Cor.    5  or  4  parted,  persiste.it.    Seed  1,  mostly  3  angled,  covered.     Stain,  and  Styles  variable. 

1*.  fagoPyrum    Willd.  Stem  erect,  unarmed;  leaves  cordate -sagittate;  angles  of  the  seeds  equal. 

Fii/g-o— Commoii  Buck-Wheat. 

fl-  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  fr-  mat.  Beginning  of  October, 

Hab    Fields.    Annual.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  white,  with  tinges  of  red.    Nat.  Asia. 

Obs.  The  grain  of  this  plant  affords  a  very  favorite  article  of  food,  under  the  name  of  Buckwheat  Calfs, 
-— and  it  is  extensively  cultivated  in  some  neighborhoods:  But  our  best  farmers,  who  possess  first  rate  land, 
are  not  fond  of  sowing  it.  It  is  considered  a  severe  crop  upon  the  soil,  an<i  not  very  profitable.  It  is  most 
cultivated  in  ro'igb,  hillj'  districts;  and  is  generally  employed  to  subdue  Wild  lands,— for  which  it  is  admira- 
bly adijpled.  The  flowers  have  8  small,  shining,  nectariferous  glands,  at  the  base  of  the  filaments,— on  the 
product  of  which  the  honey-bees  delight  to  revel.    The  seed  is  usually  sown  about  the  middle  of  July. 

CLASS  IX.  ENNEANDRTA. 

ORDERj  THIGYNIA. 

32.    RHEUM.      Gen.  PI.  692. 

[Qr.  rheo,  to  fiow;  from  its  medicinal  properties:  or  from  the  river  Rha,  its  plate  of  growth.   JDe  Theis-'} 

Cal.  0.    Cor.  6  cleft,  persistent.    Seed  1,  triquetrous. 

R.  RHAPoNTicuM.  TVUld.  Leavcs  cordate,  obtuse,  glabrous;  petioles  sulcate  above,  margins  rounded. 

Fu/g:o— Rhubarb.    Pie  Rhubarb. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  July. 

J7a&.  Gardens.    Perennial.    3  to  4  feet  high:  f!ov(rers  white.    iVaf.  Thrace,  Scythia,  &c. 

Ohs.  Is  not  Mr.  Eaton  in  error,  with  respect  to  this  plant,  in  calling  it  R.  tartarinim?  See  Smith,  in 
Jlees'  Cyclopaedia,  on  both  species.  This  is  cultivated  by  some,  rather  as  a  curiosity,  than  for  purposes  of 
litility ;  but  its  succulent,  acid  petioles,  are  sometimes  used  for  making  tarts, — which  are  quite  palatable. 

CLASS  X.  DECANDRIA. 


33.    RUTA.    Gen.  PI.  725. 
[A  name  of  obscure  and  uncertain  derivation.] 

VjXIi.  5  or  4  parted.  Cor.  petals  5,  or  4,  concave.  Recept.  surrounded  by  10  nectariferous  dots.  Ca?s.  lobatc 

it.   iRAVEOLENs.  WiUd.  Leaves  supradecompound;  leaflets  oblong,  terminal  ones  obovate. 

FM/go— Rue.    Garden  Rue. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  Gardens.    Perennial.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow.    Nat.  Southern  Europe. 

Obs.  This  is  occasionally  to  be  met  with  in  our  gardens  on  account  of  its  bitter,  medicinal  qualities;  birJ 
i".  is  not  much  attended  to. 

CLASS  XL   POLYANDRIA. 

3-1.    CITRUS.     Gen.  PL  1218. 
[A  name  of  unknown  derivation.] 

llAiiSekfi    fJo"R.  pets-Is  5.    FJ/.  dilated,  connate  in  parcels.    Beery  PJcelled,  coat  carnoee 


APPENDIX.  129 

&.  MEDicA.  IVilld.  Petioles  linear,  without  wings;  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  subserrate. 

Vulf;o— Lemon  tree- 

Fl.  Last  of  March,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

JIab.  Greenhouses,  and  Parlours,  &c.    4  to  10  feet  high:  flowers  purplish  white.    Nat  Asia. 

Obs.  This  tender  shrub  is  cultivated  with  considerable  success,  by  some  curious  persons,-sO  as  to  pro- 
duce fine  fruit.  It  is  usually  inoculated  upon  an  orange  stock.  It  appears  to  flower  at  different  seasons, 
even  when  full  of  fruit,-which  latter  is  a  long  time  in  arriving  at  maturity.  Many  of  the  flowers  are 
abortive,  having  the  style  short,  and  the  stigma  imperfect.  The  Lime,  so  much  used  in  making  punch,  is 
considered  a  variety  of  this. 

C.  AURAN'TiuM.  JVilld-  Petioles  winged;  leaves  oval,  acuffiinate,  obsoletely  serrulate. 
Fu/g-o— Orange  tree. 

Fl.  At  various  seasons.  Pr.  mat. 

Hab.  Greenhouses,  and  Parlours,  &c.    5  to  S  or  more  feet  high:  flowers  white.    Nat.  India,  &c. 

Obs.  This  does  not  succeed  so  well  as  the  preceding;  and  is  consequently  not  «« ^^^^"^"^'^"^"P!^^^^ 
The  two  species  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  petioles,  and  not  eas,  y  by  any  other  maik,  w..en  noi  lu 
fruit.    In  both,  the  leaf  is  connected  with  the  peiiule  by  a  sort  of  articulation- 

ORSER,  PEHTAGYNIA. 

35.    NIG  ELLA.    Gen.  PI.  935. 
[Lat.  Niger,  black;  in  reference  to  the  color  of  the  seeds.] 
Cal.  0.    Cor.  petals  5.    Nectaries  5,  3  cleft,  within  the  corolla.    Caps.  5,  connected. 
N.  6ATIVA.  fF/ȣi.  Leaves  pinnatifid,subpiIose;  capsules  muricate,  roundish. 
Fdt'^o— Nutmeg-phnt.     Small  Fennel-flower. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  August,  and  after. 

^(i6.  Gardens.    Annual.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  bluish  white.    iVaJ.  Egypt,  &c: 

06s.  Occasionally  cultivated  for  its  spicy,  aromatic  seeds;  the  flavor  of  which  bears  some  resemblance 
to  that  of  the  Nutmeg- 


CLASS  XIL  CALYCANDRIA. 


ORDER,  mOlf  OGYNIA. 

36.    RISES-     Gen.  PL  390. 
[An  ancient  Arabian  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.] 

Cal.  superior,  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals -5,  small.    Stam.  5.    Stylehm.    Berry  many  seeded. 
R.  RUBRUM.  n'illd.  Leaves  obtusely  5  lobed;  racemes  glabrous,  nodding;  flowers  flat. 
Vulgo — Red  Currant. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  F>'.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

Hab.  Gardens.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  green;  fruit  red.    Nat.  North  of  Sweden. 

Ohs  This  slender  shrub  is  to  be  found  in  almost  every  garden:  and  every  good  housewife  knows  how  to 
make  tarts  and  domestic  wine,  and  also  to  pre;,ave  a  line  jelly,  from  its  fruit.  I  have  also,  occasionally,  aeea 
the  loMte  variety,— "/rttctw  marganlis  siimii." 

R.  NIGRUM.  IVilld.  Leaves  punctate  beneath;  flowers  oblong;  bractes  shojter  than  the  pedicels. 

Vulgo— Black  Currant. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  Fr  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Ifab.  Gardens.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  green;  fruit  black.    Nat.  Sweden,  &c. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  is  not  highly  esteemed,  and  the  plant  is  but  rarely  cultivated. 

f^-^The  R.  AvnKUM,  Nitt.  and  P/i.  or  Missouri  Currant,  as  it  is  called.-which  is  chiefly  adrasre(5 
for Tiie  beauty,  and  spicy  fragrance  of  its  flovvers.-proauces  a  dark  purple  fruity  but  httle  mterjor  to  the 
laaimon black  «urrant,  in  quality,  and  larger  i.a  s!?-e. 


124  APPENDIX. 

B.  GROSSULARIA..  PFUld.  Branches  prickly;  petioles  hairy;  bractes  2  leaved;  berry  hirsute,  or  glabroun. 
FwZg-o— Goose-berry.     English  Goose-berry. 

JT/-  Middle  of  April.  -Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  Gardens.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  green;  fruit  pearly,  or  amber  color.     Nat.  Europe. 

Obs  This  delicious  fruit  does  not  succeed  very  well  in  this  vicinity— perhaps  for  want  of  skill  in  the  cul- 
ture. The  bushes  grow  very  luxuriantly;  but  the  berries  are  apt  to  be  covered  with  a  kind  of  russet  mould, 
■which  causes  them  to  blight. 

Calijx  inferior,  5  cleft.     Corolla  5petalled: 

37.  CERASUS.    Juss.  Gen.  PI.  p.  340. 

[Lat.  Cerasus,  a  Cherry;  the  name  of  a  town  of  Natolia,  whence  that  fruit  was  derived.] 

Drupe  succulent,  globose,  glabrous.    Nut  roundish,  smooth,  one  side  slightly  sulcate. 

G.  vtTLGATiis   Umbels  subpedunculate;  leaves  lance-ovate,  glabrous,  conduplicate. 

iSyrjon.  Prunus  cerasus.  JVilld.&.c.  Fw/g-o— Sour  Cherry.    Common  Cherry. 

J7.  Middle  of  April,  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab-  About  houses,  &c.  15  to  20  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  mostly  red.    Nat.  Europe. 

Obs.  This  fine  fruit  is  very  generally  cultivated.  There  are  several  sorts  propagated  by  those  who 
are  attentive  to  such  matters, — which  are  believed  to  be  mere  varieties,  aflfected  by  long  culture,  &c.  and 
nepd  not  be  enumerated  here. 

It  mav,  however,  be  worth  while  to  mention,  that  the  trees  which  produce  the  valuable  variety,  called  the 
3IoreUo  cherry,  beg:an  about  16  or  18  years  ago,  in  this  vicinitv,  to  be  affected  with  a  singular  disease  of  the 
branches,  producing  rough,  cellular  protuberances,  or  enlargements,  which  have  been  gradually  multiply- 
ing unti'  the  trees  have  ceased  to  bear,  and  are  now  totally  disfigured,  and  ruined.  It  has  been  (supposed  to  be 
th^  work  of  an  Insect;  butthe  cause  is  not  satisfactorily  ascertained.  The  disease,  hitherto,  has  been  almost 
exclusivelv  confined  to  the  Morello;  but  of  late  I  observe  something  like  it  appearing  occasionally  in  the 
common  sour  cherry  trees.  For  some  interesting  papers  on  this  subject,  see  the  7th  volume  of  the  Ameri- 
ca    Farmer.— A  work  which  is  replete  with  valuable  information  in  every  department  of  Agriculture. 

C.  AVIUM.  Umbels  sessile;  leaves  lance-ovate,  pubescent  beneath,  conduplicate. 

Synon.  Prunus  avium.   IVilld.  &c.  Ku/g-o— English  cherry     Bird  cherry. 

Fl-  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

Hab.  About  houses,  &c.    30  to  60  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  black,  or  red.    Nat.  Northern  Europe 

Obs.  We  have  also  several  varieties  of  this  species,-— and  soitip  which  appear  as  if  they  might  be  hybrids, 
partaking  of  the  characters  of  both  this  and  the  preceding,— such  as  the  May-duke,  Bleeding-heart,  &c. 

38.  PRUNUS.    Juss.  Gen.  PL  p.  341. 
[The  Latin  name  for  the  Plum;  origin  unknown.] 

Drupe  carnose,  mostly  oval,  glabrous.    Nut  ovate,  subcompressed,  acute. 

32-  DOME^TicA.  JVilld.  Peduncles  subsolitary;  leaves  lance-ovate,  convolute;  branches  thornless. 

Fu/gr)— Black  Plum.    Common  Plum.    Damascene  Plum. 

f/.  Midd'Hof  A 'ril-  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hab.  Gardens,  &c.    10  to  15  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  bluish  black.    Nat.  Southern  Europe. 

Obs  Thpre  are  many  varieties  of  this,  and  some  valuable  ones  cultivated  here;  but  our  farmers  and  gai- 
deners  have  not  yet  taken  sufficient  care  to  introduce  the  best  sorts,  extensively. 

P.  CHicASA.  EH.  Flowers  fasciculate;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  sen ulate;  branches  spinose. 
Synon.  P.  angustifolia-  Marsh.  Fa/g-o— Chicasaw  Plum.    Mountain  Cherry. 

Fl-  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hab.  Gardens.    10  to  15  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  yellowish  red.    Nat.  Southern  States. 

Obs.  This  pleasant  fruit  has  been  introduced  in  a  few  instances;  but  it  is  not  common.  The  drupe  is  glo- 
bose; whence  it  has  acquired  the  name  of  mountain  cherry. 

39.    ARMENIACA.    Juss.  Gen.  PI.  p.  341. 
[Di^rived  from  Armenia,  the  native  country  of  the  fruit.] 

Drupe  carnose,  mostly  oval,  pubescent.    Nut  one  margin  acute,  the  other  obtuse,  sulcate  both  sides. 

A.  vuLiGARis    Eaton.  Leaves  sub-cordate,  dentate;  stipules  palmate;  fruit  sub-compressed. 
Synon.  Prunus  armeniaca.   IVilld.  Fu/go— Common  Apricot. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat    Latter  end  of  July. 

Hab.  Gard^ms,  &c.    10  to  15  feet  high;  flowers  white;  fruit  yellowish.    Nat.  of  the  East. 
06s.  There  are  several  varieties  •£  this  cultivated  under  different  nanaes;  such  as  Moor-par/;,  Brussels,  &c 


APPENDIX.  125 

A.  DASYOA.RPA.  Eaton.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate;  drupe  sub-globose,  pubescent. 

Synon.  Prunus  dasycarpa.   JVilid.  Fu/ffo-BIack  Apricot. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  August? 

Hab.  Gardens,  &c.    10  to  15  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  iVa(.  of  the  Cast? 

Obs.  This  has  more  of  the  habit  of  a  pltim  tree,  than  the  preceding.  Neither  of  them  have  been  mi>ch  at- 
tended to,  in  this  vicinity,  hitherto;  and  those  which  have  be-n  introduced,  have  not  born^-  wei!  1  nf  Iruit 
is  generally  destroyed,  while  young,  by  the  puncture  of  a  Curculio—aa  evil,  the  prevention  ot  which  is  ■  a 
consummalicu  devoutly  to  be  wished." 

40.    AMYGDALUS.     Gen.  PI-  843. 
{Amijgditlon,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Almond;  which  belongs  to  this  genus.] 
Drupe  roundish-oval,  tomentose.     Nut  ovate,  acute,  reticulately  sulcate,  and  porous. 
A.  PERSIC  A.  TVilld.  Serratures  of  the  leaves  all  acute;  flowers  sessile,  sohtary;  drupe  carnose. 
Fit/go— Peach.    Peach  tree. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Gardens,  Orchards,  &c.    8  to  12  feet  high:  flowers  reddish  purple,  or  pale  red.    Nat.  Persia. 

Obs    This  most  delicious  of  all  our  fruit  is  pretty  extensively  cultivated  here--though  few  take  sufficient   - 
nains  to  procure  and  propagate  the  best  varieties.     The  tree,  unfortunately,  is  short  lived,-ch!efly  in  con- 
ienuence  of  the  ravages  of  a  worm  at  its  roots,  against  which  every  device,  hitherto  essayed,  seenij  to  be 
iimvailino-      There  is,  perhaps,  no  certain  preservative,  but  a  frequent  and  careful  mspection  of  the  roots, 
and  a  removal  of  the  insect-a  more  correct  knowledge  of  the  habits  ot  which  is  very  desivable. 

It  is  proper,  however,  to  mention,  that  an  ingenious  expedient  was  suggested  about  three  years  ago,  by 
David  Tovvnsend  E«qr.  of  tins  Borough,  which  is  now  in  process  oi  trial,  and  bids  fair  to  answer  a  valuable 
nurnose  The  attempt  has  been  repeatedly  made  to  insert  the  peach  on  a  plum  stock,  on  account  of  the 
rno  s  of' the  latter  being  less  subject  to  the  ravages  of  the  worm:  but  the  two  trees  are  so  dissimilar  that  the 
neach  does  not  thrive  well  on  a  plum  stock.  It  occurred  t.  Mr  Townsend,  that  as  tne  Apricot  appeared 
to  be  more  nearly  related  to  the  peach,  it  would  prob.jbly  atford  a  more  cxingenial  stock.  Accordingly, 
he  inoculated  plum  stocks  with  apricot  buds,  (which  take  very  readily.)  and  as  soon  as  the  iaiior  had 
e-rown  sufficiently-say  the  succeeding  year,— he  inserted  peach  buds  on  the  apricot  branches;  thus  making 
a  sort  of  three-story,  or  trii^le  tree.  The  result  has,  so  far,  been  equal  to  his  most  sanguine  e.\pectations.  The 
nf^ach  branches  are  flourishing  vigorously;  and  there  is  every  prospect  of  the  experiment  succeeding  com- 
ijietclv  '^  very  few  vears  will  test  it  fully:  and  if  it  sinould  answer  present  expectation,  it  will  prove  to 
be  a  very  important  discovery.  It  would,  perhaps,  answer  the  same  purpose,  to  raise  Apricot  stocks 
at  once  in  which  to  insert  the  peach  buds:  but  as  plum  stocks  are  eveiy  where  aounuant,  it  was  lound  more 
convenient,  and  expeditious,  to  resort  to  th"  foregoing  method. 

rig=The  Nectarine.— a  delicate  urtWeii/ of  the  Peach,  with  smoother  fruit,— is  very  little  known,  as 
yetTin  this  vicinity;  though  it  has  latterly  been  introduced. 

Calyx  superior,  5  cleft-   Corolla  5  petallcd. 

41.     CRAT.^GUS.     Gen.  PI.  S54. 
[Gr.  A'raios,  strength;  from  the  strength,  or  firmness  of  the  wood.    De  Theis.j 

Styles  1  to  5.    Berry,  or  Pome,  spheiical,  farinaceous.    Seeds  1  to  5,  bony. 
O.  POPULIFOLIA.  Pit.  Spinose;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  incise-angled,  and  lobate;  styles  a. 
Synon.  C.  cordata.   JVilld.  Miihl-  Ell.  Fu/g-o— Washington  Thorn.    Virginia  Thorn , 

Fl.  Middle  of  June.  t'r.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

J{ab.  Hedgei.    15  to  20  feet  high:  flowers  white;  berries  red,  small.    Nat.  Virginia,  &c. 

Obs  This  thorn  was  introduced  into  this  vicinity  about  2^  years  ago,  for  the  purpose  of  hedging;  and  is 
now  prottv  extensively  cultivated  lor  that  object.  The  plant  is  readily  propagated  by  the  seeds,— which  it 
produces  in  abundance.-and  grows  rapidly.  When  proper  care  is  taken,  (and  it  is  worse  than  useless  to 
undertake  it  without  proper  care,)  a  good  liedge  can  be  obtained  in  about  ten  years  troin  ihe  tinie  of  plant- 
in  -  the  seeds.  It  has  been  objected  to  this  thorn,  that  as  it  is  oi  sucU  rapid  gr9wth,  it  will  piobably  be  short 
lived  This  objection  will  have  some  weight,  if  it  shall  prove  to  be  well  tounded:  but,  as  Dr.  1'  ranklin 
remarked,  in  relation  to  the  longevity  of  the  Anglo- Americans,— we  cannot  yet  determine  that  question;  for 
those  wliich  were  first  planted  are  still  living,  and  flourishing  in  full  vigor,  home  very  respectable  far- 
mers condemn  hedges  altogether,  and  recommend  fences  m  preference:  but  it  is  in  vain  to  recommend  fen- 
ces to  those  who  have  no  timt>er— and  he  wlio  will  inspect  a  perfect  hedge— sucU  as  mny  be  seen  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Mr.  Caleb  Kirk's  factory,  oa  the  Brandy  wme,— will  reqjine  nuarisument  to  convince  hiin 
of  Us  eligibility,  and  value- 


m  APPENDIX, 

42.  PYRUS.    Juss.  Gen.  PI.  p.  335, 
[The  Laiin  name  for  the  Pear.] 

Styles  distinct  at  base,  villous.    Pome  turbinates  umbilicate  at  apex  only,  produced  on  the  peduncle. 
P.  COMMUNIS.  IVilld.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate,  smooth  above;  peduncles  corymbose. 
Vulgo—Ve&T-     Pear  tree. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Gardens,  &c.    15  to  25  feet  high:  flowers  white.    Nat.  Europe. 

Obs.  Many  varieties  of  this  favorite  fruit  are  cultivated  here.  The  branches  of  the  trees,  in  many  ia- 
stances,  are  very  subject  to  blight,  from  some  cause  not  yet  ascertained. 

p.  CYDONiA.  TVilld.  Leaves  ovate,  entire;  flowfers  solitary;  fruit  tomentose,  sub-turbinate. 

Fu^g-o— Quince  tree. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  F^-.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Jlab.  Gardens,  &c.  8to  12  feet  high,  flowers  reddish  white.    Nat-  Shores  of  the  Danube,  &c. 

06s.  Generally  introduced.  The  fruit  is  chiefly  used  by  notable  house-wives  in  making  presfrtifis,  and 
domestic  wine.    It  is  apt  to  be  much  injured,  by  inBccts,  during  its  progress  to  maturity. 

JuKsieu.in  ins  Gciitra,  has  separated  the  Quince,  as  well  as  the  Apple,  from  the  Pear,^-and  it  is  certainly 
pretty  distinct;  but  not,  perhaps,  sutijciently  so,  m  a.  botanical  point  ol  view. 

43.  MALUS.    Juss.    Gen.  PI.  334. 
[The  Latin  name  for  the  Apple  tree.] 

Styles  connate  at  base,  hirsute.    Pome  spheroid,  glabrous,  umbilicate  at  each  end. 
Jvl.  COMMUNIS.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  serrate;  flowers  in  sessile  umbels. 
Synon-  Pyrus  malus.  IVilld.  &c.  Ftt/g-o— Common  Apple.    Apple  tree. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  August  till  November. 

JIab.    Orchards,  Sec.    15  to  30  feet  high:    flowers  reddish  white.    iVa^  Europe. 

ObS'  Almost  numberless ««He«tes  of  this  hiehly  valuable  fruit  are  cultivated  here— though  too  many 
worthless  ones  are  often  permitted  to  occupy  the  ground,  to  the  exclusion  of  better,— for  want  of  a  little 
taste, or  attention,  on  the  part  of  the  proprietors.  For  an  excellent  account  of  the  most  approved  varieties 
of  this,  and  other  fruit,  and  the  modes  of  culture,  see  the  Treatise  on  Fruit  Trees,  by  \\  m.  Coxe,  Esqr. 
gome  of  our  more  intelligent  farmers  have  acquired  the  art  of  preparing  eider,  from  the  frujt,  in  great 
perfection. 

44.    RUBUS.    Gm.  PI.  864. 
[Lat.  Ruber, —ox  Celtic,  rub,  red;  from  the  color  of  the  fruit,  or  branches  of  the  plant.] 

Cal.  inferior,  5,  cleft.  Cor.  petals  5.  Berry  compound;  acines mostly  juicy,  1  seeded. 
Jl.  iDiEiTs.  IVilld.  Stem  prickly;  leaves  quinate-pinnate,  andternate;  petioles  channelled, 
fM/go— Garden  Raspberry.    Antwerp  Raspberry,  &c. 

r/.   Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  ma^  Latter  end  of  July. 

ilab.  Gardens.    3  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  white;  fruit  red,  or  yellowish.    Nat.  Europe. 
Ohs.  Some  varjeftes  of  this  pleasant  fruit  are  cultivated  here;  but  not  extensively. 

45.    FRAGARIA.    Gen.  PI.  865. 
[Lat. /mg-j-ans,  smelling  sweetly:  in  reference  to  its  fragrant  fruit.] 
Cal.  inferior,  10  cleft-    CoR.  petals  5.    Receptacle  of  the  seeds  ovate,  berried,  deciduous. 
F.  VESCA.  IVilld.  Galyx  of  the  fruit  reflexed;  hairs  on  the  petioles  spreading,  on  the  peduncles  appressed. 
^,',„'go— Strawberry.     English  Strawberry.    Garden  Strawberry. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  April.  Pr.  mat.  Beginning  of  June. 

Bab.  Gardens.    Perennial.    1  to  2  feet  long:  flowers  white;  fruit  red,  or  yellowish  white.    Nat-  Europe. 

Obs.  This  exquisitely  fine  fruit  is  frequently  cultivated,  here— but  not  extensively,  nor  always  with  com- 
plete success,— for  want,  probably,  of  a  due  knowledge  of  the  management  required.  Some  of  the  varie- 
ties, or  perhaps  species,  are  said  to  be  ZffoicoKs,— and  our  gardeners  profess  to  be  familiar  with  the  charac- 
ters of  the  Male  and  fi'emale  plants.  There  m«i/ be  species  Vv^hich  are  truly  dioicoas,  but  all  which  have 
been  shown  to  me  as  such,  had  every  appearance  of  being  abortive,  or  imperfect,  from  some  accident  ot 
soil,  climate,  or  other  cause- 

The  Haut-boy,  and  Chili  Strawberries,  are  considered,  by  late  writers,  as  distinct  species  from  the  fore- 
coin?;— under  th'e  names  of  F.  elatior,  and  F.  chihensiS)  respectively:— for  a  good  account  of  which 
gee  iiees's  CT^clopadia,  Art.  Fragaria. 


APPENDIX.  127 

CLASS  XTII.     DIDYNAMIA. 

a.    Calyx  nearly  equally  5  deft. 
46.    LAVANDULA.    Gen.  PI.  965. 
[Lat.  lavando:.  from  lavare.  to  wash;  being  anciently  used  in  the  baths,  as  a  perfume.] 
Cal.  ovate,  sub-dentate,  supported  by  a  bracte     Cor.  resupinate.    Stam.  within  the  tube. 
L.  SPICA.   Willd.  Leaves  sessile,  lance-linear,  margin  rev olute;  spike  naked,  interrupted, 
l^u/ffo— Lavender.    Spike. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  F^.  r,iat.  Middle  of  September. 

iTa6.  Gardens.    Perennial.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  purplish  blue.    iVaf.  Southern  Europe. 

Obs.  This  pleasant  and  warmly  aromatic  herb  h  much  used  in  tincture,  a*  a  co[,'?f  J'  "f.^er  th^  "^"^^^^^ 
Laccndrr  compound.  The  pungent  fragrance  of  Cologne  water  ]s  derived  from  this  plant,  and  the  genuine 
Oil  of  Spike  is  obtained  from  the  broad-leaved  variety. 

47.    HYSSOPUS.     Gen.  PL  963. 
[An  ancient  name,  adopted  for  this  genus:  "  a  voce  hebraica  £206."  JJoer/i.] 
Cor.  lower  lip  3  parted;  middle  segment  obcordate,  subcrenate.    Stamens  straight,  distant. 
a.  OFFICINALIS.  Willd-  Leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  verticillate,  racemose,  secucd. 
Fit/g-o— Hyssop.    Garden  Hyssop. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat-  Middle  of  September. 

Jia&.  Gardens.    Perennial.    I i  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  blue.    iVTaf.  Austria,  &c. 

06s.  Chiefly  used  in  making  s  pleasant  tea,  in  fevers,  &c.  and  occasionally  to  be  met  Within  the  gardeni 
of  those  who  are  fond  of  simples,  in  medicine. 

48.    SATUREJA.    Gen.  PL  9(51. 
[Gr.  Satyras,a  satyr;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  qualities— "quia  satyriasmum  inducit."  Boerh] 

Cal-  tubular,  striate.    Cor.  segments  nearly  equal.    .Siawiens  distant. 
S    HORTENSis.  JVilld.  Stem  brachiate;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire;  peduncles  axillary,  subcymose. 
j^w/o-o— Summer  Savory. 

FL  Resinning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

ja'a&.  Gardens.     Annual.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  pale  blue.    A'ctf.  Greece,  &c. 
Obs.  Cultivated  for  culinary  purposes,  as  a  condiment. 

b.     Ctlyx  bilabiate. 

49.  MELISSA.     Gen.  PL  9S3. 

[Gr.  Melissa,  a  bee;  from  that  insect,  as  is  alleged,  frequenting  the  flowers.] 
Cal.  dry,  flaitish  above,  upper  lip  subfastigiate.    Cor.  upper  lip  somewhat  vaulted,  2  cleft. 
M.  OFFICINALIS.  Willd-   Leavesovate,  acute,  serrate;  verticils  halved;  bractes  oblong,  pedicellate. 
Tit/g-o— Balm.    Common  Balm- 

FL  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

iJaft.  Gardens.    Perennial.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  white.    iVkit-  Geneva,  Italy,  &c. 

Obs-  The  infusion  is  a  pleasant  and  popular  beverage,  in  fevers,  &c.  for  which  object  it  is  much  cultivj" 
ted.     In  some  instances  it  has  strayed  into  the  woodlands,  and  become  almost  naturalized. 

50.  OCIMUM.     Gen.  PL  986. 

[Gf.  OAi/s,  quick, or  swift;  in  allusion  to  its  quick  vegetation,  or  rapid  growth] 
Cal.  upper  lip  orbicular,  lower  4  cleft.    Cor.  resupinate.    Filam.  outer  ones  with  a  process  at  base 

O.  BAsiLicuM.  Willd.  Leavesovate,  glabrous;  calyx  ciliate. 

Fu/ JO— Basil.    Sweet  Basil. 

FL  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr-  mat.  Last  of  September. 

Hab.  Gardens.     Annual.    6  to  12  Inches  high;  flowers  bluiih.    Nat.  India  and  Persia- 
Obs.  Cultivated  for  culinary  purposes,  as  a  condiment. 

51.    ORIGANUM.    Gen.  PL  981. 
[Gr.  Ores,  a  mountain,  and  Ganos,  joy;  alluding  to  its  fragrance,  and  place  of  growth.] 

Fl.&y^ers  in  »  dense,  4  angled  spike.    Cor.  upper  lip  erect,  flat;  lower  3  parted,  segments  nearly  equal- 


1S8  APPENDIX. 

O.  MAJORAWA.   Willd-  Leaves  petiolate,  oval,  obtuse;  spikes  roundish,  ternate,  pedunculate. 
Vulfto— Sweet  Marjoram. 

Fl-  Last  of  July,  arid  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  Septeinber. 

Hab-  Gardens     Annual.    6  to  12  inches  high:  flowers  white.    Nat.  Portugal,  Palestine,  &c. 
Obs.  Cultivated  for  culinary  purposes,  as  a  condiment. 

C!r==  For  Thymus  serpylltim.  or  Thyme,  see  pag:e  69  of  this  catalogue.  A  larger  variety  is  cultivated 
ingarden-i,  as  a  condiment)— which  is  probably  the  T.  lanugiiiosus,  oi  Willdenovv;  but  which  Dr.  Smith, 
in  Cyclopted.  thinks  is  not  specifically  distinct. 

52.    DIGITALIS.     Gen.  PI.  1017. 
[Lat.  Digitate,  a  thimble,  finger-stall,  or  finger  of  a  glove;  from  the  form  of  the  flower.] 
Cal.  5  parted.    Cor.  campanulate,  5  cleft,  ventricose.    Caps,  ovate,  2  celled,  many  seeded. 
D.  pxjRprjREA.  IVilld.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  rugose;  calyx  segments  ovate,  acute;  corolla  obtuse. 
FitZgo— Fox-glove.    Purple  Fox-glove. 

Fl.  Last  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Gardens.    Biennial.    1^  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  purple,  or  white.    Nat.  Southern  Europe. 

Obs.  Both  varieties  of  this  ornamental  plant  the  purple,  and  white  flowered,  "«  «"fj°"f"y ''"l*j^5:^„^-'! 
on  account  of  the  medicinal  properties  wh.ch  •»  possesses-  I  have  used  n  several  tni^es^m  my  pract^^^^^^ 
but  have  not  been  so  fortunate  as  to  find  it  endowed  with  half  the  virtues  ascr.b.d  to  |' ^^^^f 'f  S-' 
and  others -though  I  have  reason  to  believe  it  is  far  trom  being  an  inert  plant.  Dr.  Hamor,  ot  ueia 
ware  county,  informs  me  he  has  found  it  highly  useful,  in  cases  of  pneumonia. 

53.  SESAMUM.     Gen.  PI.  1048. 

[A  name  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Arabic  language.] 
Cal.  5  parted.    Cor.  campanulate,  5  cleft.    Stam.  rudiment  of  a  5th.    Caps,  obtusely  4  angled,  4  celled. 
S.  iNDicuM.  IVilld.  Leaveslance-ovate,  lower  ones  3  lobed,  upper  ones  undivided,  serrate. 
Fu^go— Bene,  or  Benni.    Oily-grain. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fr.  mat. 

Ha?>.  Gardens.     Annual.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  reddish  white-    iVai.  India. 

Ob^.  This  plant  has  been  introduced  here  within  a  year  or  two,  and  cultivated  on  account  of  the  muci- 
Zan-ewhinh  its  leaves  afford,  when  macerated  in  water,  and  which  has  been  found  beneficial  in  the  bowel 
corni'laints  of  children:  but  our  .summers  are  too  short  to  mature  the  seeds,— and  the  culture  can  only  L»e 
kept  up  by  a  supply  of  leeds  from  the  Southern  States. 

CLASS  XIV.     TETRADYNAMIA. 

OB.DER,  SILICULOSA. 

54.  LEPIDIUM.     Ge«.  PL  1077. 

[Supposed  from  the  Gr.  Lepis,  lepidos,  a  scale,  or  shell;  from  the  form  of  the  seed-vessels.] 
Si/ic/e orbicular,  emarginate,  2  celled:  cells  1  seeded;  valves  carinate; dissepiment  contrary. 

Ij.  sativum.  Willd.  Leaves  oblong,  many  cleft. 

Fu^go— Pepper-grass.    Garden  Cress.    Tongue-grass. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat  Beginning  of  August. 

Ilab.  Gardens.    Annual.    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white.    Native  country  uncertain. 

Obs.  The  young  herb  is  pun-ent  and  antiscorbutic,  like  the  majority  of  the  plants  of  this  Class.  It  is  used 
i$S  a  salad,  or  cress;  and  frequently  cultivated. 

55.    COCHLEARIA.    Gen.  PL  1079. 
[Lat.  Cochleare,  a  spoon;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  leaves  of  the  plant.] 
Silicle  emarginate,  turgid,  scabrous;  valves  gibbous,  obtuse. 
C.  OITICINALts.  IVilld.  Radical  leaves  roundish-cordate,  cauline  oblong,  sub-sinuate. 
Fu/go— Scurvy-grass.    Garden  Scurvy-grass. 

JV.  Latter  end  of  June.  i^r.  ?«a(.  Last  of  July. 

J^rti.  Gardens.     Biennial?    9  to  15  inches  high:  flowers  white.    A af.  Northern  Europfi. 
Ohs.  Used  as  the  foregoing;  but  not  much  cultivated  here- 


APPENDIX.  1S9 

C.  ARMORACiA.  Willd.  Radical  Icaves  large,  lanceolate,  crenate,  or  puinatifid;  cauline  inciscd. 
Vnlgo—yiovse  Radish. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  June,  and  after, 

//aft.  Gardens,  &c.    Perennial,    li  to  3  fett  high:  flowers  white.    iVat.  Europe. 

Obs.  The  pungent  root  of  this  plant  is  in  general  use  at  table,  in  the  spring  of  the  year;  and  is  sometimes 
used  externally,  in  medicine,  as  a  rubefacient.    It  thrives  best  in  moist  situations. 


Floivu's  with  glands  between  the  short  stamens  and  pistil,  and  between  the  long  stamens  and  calyx. 

56.     BRASSICA.     Gen.  PI.  1096. 
[A  name  of  disputed,  and  consequently  of  doubtful,  derivation.  See  Be  Theis,  ^-c] 
Cal.  erect,  connivent.    Silique  with  the  dissepiment  longer  than  the  valves.     Seeds  globose. 
B.  RAPA.   JFilld.  Root  orbicular,  depressed,  carnose;  radical  leaves  rough,  cauJine  smooth. 
Vulgo — Turnip.     Common  Turnip. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

iia6.  Fields,  &c.     Biennial.     2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellow.    iVaf.  England,  &.c. 

Obs.  This  fine  esculent  root  is  generally  cultivated  here  for  the  table.  It  is  not  much  esteemed  for  stock, 
—especially  milk  cows,-but  is  often  given  to  sheep.  The  seed  is  usually  sown  the  latler  end  of  July  or 
beginning  of  August,— on  good,  and  new  ground,  if  it  can  be  had.  Several  varieties  occur;  white,  yellow,  &c. 

B.  OLERACEA.  JVilld.  Root  mostly  terete,  carnose;  leaves  all  glabrous,  glaucous,  repand,  or  lobate. 
Fu/go— Garden  Cabbage.     Cauliflower.    Broccoli.    Ruta  baga,  or  Swedish  Turnip. 
Fl.  Latter  end  of  May.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July 

/Ja6.  Gardens,  &;c.    Biennial.    2  to  4  feet  high:  flowers  yellow.    iVaf.  England. 

06s.  Many  varieties  of  this  valuable  plant  are  cultivated,  under  equally  numerous  appellations.  In  ad- 
dition to  several,  which  are  evidently  nearly  allied  to  the  common  cabbage,  are  some  which  would  seem  to 
be  almost  specifically  distinct— such,  tor  instance,  are  the  Cauliflower,  (var.  bolrytis,)  and  the  Ruta  baga, 
Swedish  Turnip,  or  Turnip-rooted  Cabbage  (var.  Napo-brassica).  They  are  all,  however,  considered  by 
Botanists  as  nothing  more  than  varieties  of  the  B.  oleracea.  The  Ruta  baga  has  been  tried  to  some  extent, 
by  several  of  our  farmers;  but,  as  remarked  in  another  place,  the  culture  ot  roots  will  not  become  a  prima- 
ry object,  while  we  can  raise  good  crops  of  Indian  Corn.  The  Cauliflower  is  not  much  cultivated  here. 
The  variety  called  Broccoli  succeeds  best,  in  our  gardens. 

57.    SINAPIS.     Gen.  PL  1097. 
[An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Cal.  spreading.    Cor.  claws  straight.    Siliqus  with  the  dissepiment  often  twice  as  long  as  the  valvei . 
S.  nigra.   JVilld.  Siliques  glabrous,  appressed  to  the  raceme,  apex  4  angled. 
Kji/g-o— Mustard.    Black  Mustard. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  July.  Fr.  mat-  Middle  of  August, 

//ai.  About  houses,  &c.     Annual.    3  to  6  feet  high:  flowers  yellow.    iVat.  Northern  Europe. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  almost  naturalized  about  some  old  settlements—where  the  ripe  seeds  are  collected  for 
use.  It  is  rarely  cultivated  regularly.  The  seeds  are  a  powerful  stimulus;  the  use  of  which,  at  table,  is  fa- 
ujiliarly  known.    They  aie  also  much  employed  in  medicine,  as  a  rubefacient,  &c. 

5S.    RAPHANUS.     Gen.  PI.  1098. 
[Gr.  Ra,  easily,  or  quickly,  and  phainomai,  to  appear;  alluding  to  its  speedy  germination.] 
Cal.  closed.     Silique  torose,  sub-articulate,  terete,  not  opening  by  valves,  1  or  2  celled. 
R.  sATivus.   n^ilhl.  Leaveslyrate:sihquesterete,  torose,  2  celled. 
I'uZgo— Radi.'ih.    Garden  Radish. 

Fl.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  July,  and  after. 

i/a&.  Gardens,  &c.    Annual.    2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  white.    A^a(.  China. 

Obs  This  favorite  root,  of  which  there  are  two  or  three  varieties,  is  almost  universally  cultivated,  for  th« 
table.    Theiseeds  may  be  planted  at  any  time  from  early  spring  till  autumn,  to  fiiruish  a  succession  ot 


a  so  APPENDIX. 


CLASS  XV.  MONADELPHIA. 


ORDER,  F0I.YAlf252l2A. 

59.    AI.TH^A.     Gen.  PI.  1132. 

[Gr.  alihanein,tQ  heal;  from  its  reputed  medical  virtues.] 

Cau.  double;  cuter  G  or  9  cleft,  inner  5  cleft.     Cor.  petals  5.     Caps,  man}',  1  seeded,  arranged  orLicuiarly.- 

A.  OFFICINALIS.  JVilld.  Leaves  tomentose,  oblong  ovate,  obsoletely  S,  or  5  lobed,  acute,  plicate,  serfate. 
Fi/Zg-o— Marsh  Mallows.     Althea. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  i^r   mat.  Beginning  of  September,  and  after. 

Jfa6.  Gardens.    Perennial.     2  to  4  feet  high  ;  flowers  purple.     iVai.  Europe. 
€bs.  Esteemed  medicinal,  for  its  mucilage;  but  it  is  rarely  cultivated,  and  little  attended  to,  here. 

CO.    GOSSYPIUM.    Gen.  PI   1138. 

[A  name  supposed  to  be  of  Egyptian  origin:  etymology  obscure.] 

Cal.  double;  outer  3  cleft,  flattish,  larger.  Cor.  petals  5.  Caps.  3  or  4  celled.  S'ecds  involved  in  long  wool. 

G.  HERB.iCEUM.  IVUlil.  Leaves  mostly  5  lobed,  mucronate,  one  glaild  beneath  on  the  midrib. 

Fu/gro— Cotton. 

Fl.  Middle  of  August,  and  after.  Fi-.  mat. 

iia&.  Gardens,  &c.     Annual.     2  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  yellow  and  purple.    iVoi.  Indiai  Africa,  &c. 

Obs.  The  large,  compressed,  outer  calyx  is  usually  laciniate  on  the  margin,  or  cleft  into  numerous,  long, 
narrow  segments. 

This,  plant,  which  contributes  so  largely  towards  the  clothing  of  mankind,  and  constitutes  so  important  r-a 
article  in  the  commerce  of  our  country,  has  not  yet  been  cultivated  to  any  e.xtcnt  in  this  vicinity.  I'he 
summers  are  generally  too  short  to  mature  the  fruit.  But,  from  some  attempts  which  have  been  recently 
made,  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  plant  might  be  gradually  acclimated  here.  Whether  it  would  be 
advisable  for  our  farmers  to  turn  their  attention  to  an  object  so  much  better  adapted  to  the  Southern  States, 
'is  another  question, — which  time  and  circumstances  must  solve. 

61.    HIBISCUS.     Gm.  PI.  1139. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name;  of  unknown  derivation.] 

Cal.  double;  outer  many  leaved,  inner  5  cleft.    Cor.  petals  5.    Stig.  5.    Caps.  5  celled,  many  seeded. 

H.  EscuLENTUs    IVilld.  Leavescordate,51obed,  rather  obtuse;  inner  calyx  bursting  lengthwise 
Vtilgo — Okra.    Eatable  Hibiscus. 

Fl    Beginning  of  August.  Jr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

if/a&.  Gardens.    Annual.    U  to  3 feet  high:  flowers  yellowish  white.    iV"a^  West  Indies. 
Ols.  Occasionally  cultivated  as  a  pot-herb;  but  not  much  attended  to. 


CLASS  XVI.  DTADELPHIA. 

j^.     Filaments  all  united;  or  Monadelphous 

62.    ARACHIS.      Gen.  PI.  1177. 
[A  name  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Cal.  bilabiate.    Cor.  resupinate.    Legume  gibbous,  torulose,  veined,  coriaceous 
A.  itYPOG-^A.  Cyclopred.  Stem  pi-ocuinbent,  pilose;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  2  pairs,  obovatg. 
Fi(/g^o— Ground-nut.    Earth-nut.    Pea-nut. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September. 

JEfc6.  Gardens.    Annual.    8  Jo  IS  inches  long ;  floirers  yellow    iW- South  Ampiici 


APPENDIX.  131 

Obs.  This  cunou<:  little  plant  is  sometimes,  though  but  rarely,  cultivated  here.  The  soil  seems  not  to  be 
very  coii-enial,  atvl  thp  summers  too  iliort-  The  vast  quantities  ot  the  fruit  which  are  consumed  hero,  are 
brc'n-'ht  from  the  South.  Though  I  have  sometimes  raised  the  plant,  I  have  not  had  occasion  to  notice  us 
ecnn^iaiy.  It  is  stated,  in  Rees's  Cyclopsedia,  that  "  as  sooq  as  the  flower  begins  to  decay,  the  germ 
thrusts  itself  under  ground,  and  the  pod  is  formed  and  ripened." 

B.     Filaments  in  2  sets:  mostly  9  together, and  1  separated. 

a.     Legume  many  seeded.     Stigma  pubescent. 

63.     PISUM.     Gen.  PL  1184. 

["A  Pese,  vel  Pe.sen,  (Gr.)  cecidit,— quia  si  Pisum  non  susiineatur,  caditin  terram  "  J5o«7i.3 

Cai,.  jegments  leaflike,  the  2  upper  shorter.     Style  triangular,  carinate  above. 

P.  SATIVUM.   Willd-  Petioles  terete;  stipules  round  and  crenate  at  base;  peduncles  many  flowered. 

Fu/-o-Pea.    Garden  Pea. 

Fi.  Beginning  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July. 

Hah   Gardens.     Annual.    2  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  white,  and  purplish.    iVai.  Europe. 

Obs.  Several  varieties  of  ibis  favorite  vegetable  are  cultivated  for  the  table;  but  rarely  for  My  other  ob- 
ject. Seeds  planted  beginning  of  April,— and  after,  to  atTord  a  succession.  This  is  a  hardy  plant,— not  easi- 
ly injured  by  frost. 

64.    VICIA.     Gen.  PI.  1187. 
[An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation.  See  De  Theis."] 

Cal.  2  upper  teeth  shorter,  connivent.    Stigma  transversely  bearded  on  the  lower  side. 
V.  FABA.   JVilld.  Stem  erect;  leaflets  ovate,  entire;  petioles  without  tendrils;  legumes  subsessile,  torulose. 
Fu/ifo— Big  Ri-an.    Horse  Bean.     Windsor  Bean. 

FI.  Middle  of  June,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Ifay.  Gardens.    Annual.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  white,  with  a  black  spot.    iVui.  Persia. 

Obs.  This  bean  i*  frequently  cultivated;  but  not  very  generally  admired,— having  a  strong,  and  rather  Uri-. 
pleasant  taste,  to  many  persons.    Seeds  planted  in  April  and  May. 

65.    PHASEOLUS.    Gen.  PL  1180. 
[Lat    Pkaselus,  a  boat;  in  reference  to  the  figure  of  the  legume.] 

CoR.  keel,  with  the  stamens  and  style,  spirally  twisted.    IjKgume  compressed,  falcate.    Seeds  renifarm 

p.  VULGARIS.  IVilld.  Voluble;  racemes  solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  peduncles  in  pairs;  pods  pendulous- 

Vulgo— Common  Pole-Bean.     Kidney  Eean. 

FL  Beginning  of  July,  and  after  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August- 

ifai    Gardens,  &.C.     Annual.    5  to  8  feet  high:  flowers  white,  or  purplish.    Nat.   ii.asl  Indie?. 

Obs.  Generally  cultivated  for  the  table:  when  young,  the  legume  and  seeds  are  both  used.  Seeds  plant/ 
ed  latter  end  of  April,  and  after. 

P.  LUNATUs.  fVilld   Voluble;  legumes  scymitar-form,  sublunate,  smooth;  seeds  compressed, 

Fii/g-o— Carolina  Bean.    Lima  Bean. 

Jfa6.  Gardens.    Annua!.    6  to8  feet  high:  flowers  greenish  white.    iVaf.  Bengal. 

Obs.  Frequently  cultivated;  but  not  so  generally  as  tiie  preceding.  The  seeds  chiefly  are  used,— though 
the  young  legumes  are,  occasionally.  Tiie  Lima,  and  Carolina  beans,  so  called,  are  believed  to  be  only 
varieties  oi  ihs  i>j.me  species.    They  are  planted  the  beginning  of  May. 

p.  NANUS.   IVilld.  Stem  erect,  smooth;  legumes  pendulous,  compressed,  rugose. 
l''«/g:o— Bunch  Bean.    Bush  Bean.    String-Bean. 

FI.  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  August. 

Jlab.  Gardens,  &c.     Annual.    12  to  18  inches:  flowers  white.    Nat.  India. 

Obs.  Very  generally  cultivated:  the  j'oung  legumes  are  cooked  with  the  seeds,  and  constitute  a  favorite 
vegetable  dish.  This  seem.s  toapproach  near  to  P-  vulgaris;  and,  I  believe,  has  been  considered  only  as  a 
variety  of  it,  by  some  botanists.  .Speeds  jilanted  the  btter  end  of  April,  and  alter.  The  young  plants  aro 
:!elicate,  and  easily  affected  by  frost. 

b.    Legume  f*w  seeded. 

C6.     MEDICAGO      Gen.  PL  1214. 

[So  named  from  having  been  introduced  by  the  Medes  into  Greece.] 

Cor.  keel  deflected  from  the  banner.     JjEtiuMK  compregsed,  cochleate. 


132  APPENDIX. 

M-  iJbTivA.  fVilld.  Leaflets  oblong,  dentate;  peduncles  racemose;  legumes  smooth;  stipules  entire.  i 

Vulgo  -Lucerne-grass-    Medick. 

jT/.    matter  end  of  June.  F?-.  ma(.  Middle  of  August. 

Hab.  Small  lots.    Perennial.    1  to  2  feet  high:  flowers  pale  bluish  purple.     iVaf.  Spain,  &c. 

Ohg.  This  plant  has  been  occasionally  introduced,  on  a  small  scale,  as  a  substitute  for  clover;  and  is  said  i 
o  ansvrer  well  for  soiling— \.  e.  to  be  cut,  and  fed  to  stock  that  are  confined  in  enclosures:  but  it  does  not  * 
ak«  the  attention  of  our  farmers,  and  is  very  little  cultivated  here. 

c.    Legume  mostly  1  seeded. 

67.     TRIFOLIUM.     Gen.  PI.  1211. 
fLat.  Literally  meaning  three  leaves;  a  feature  characteristic  of  the  grenus.] 
Flowers  sub-capitate.  Legume  valveless,  included  in  the  calyx,  1  to  4  seeded. 

T  PRATBNiE.  H^t//rf.  Ascendmg;  leaflets  oval,  subentire;  stipules  awned;  spikes  dense,  ovate.  | 

Vulgo— Red  Clover.    Purple  Trefoil.    Honeysuckle  Clover.  I 

Fi.  Latter  end  of  May,  and  after.                                     Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  July.  '    I 

JEfa6.  Fields,  meadows,  &c.     Perennial.    1  to  3  feet  high:  flowers  purple,  rarely  white.    A^af.  Europe.  j 

Obs  Tnis  plant,  so  higiily  and  justly  esteemed  by  our  Agriculturists,  has  become  completely  naturali- 
zed The  culture  oi  it  began  to  prevail,  here,  about  35  years  ago;  and  it  is  now  sedulously  pursued  by  ev- 
ery good  farmer.  It  ameliorates  the  soil,  affords  good  pasture,  and,  when  mixed  with  Timothy,  Orchard- 
g-r'ijis,  caJ  some  of  the  other  culmiferous  plants,  makes  first-rate  hay.  The  mtroduction  of  clover,  with 
the  us.-  of  gypsum,  has  put  an  entirely  new  face  upon  this  district  of  country,  within  the  period  above  men- 
tione  J.  Tae  seed  is  usually  sown  in  the  month  of  March,  among  green  wheat,  and  rye;  and  it  has  been  re- 
nii:-ked  tl.at  It  generally  succeeds  best  among  the  latter.  It  is  the  seccmrf  growth,  or  crop,  of  the  clover, 
froff.  whit'h  ihe  seed  is  obtained,  for  sowing;  and  it  is  ripe  in  the  beginning  ot  September.  The  universal 
prevalence  of  this  plant,  here,  has  been  sadly  unprophious  to  the  labors  of  the  Honey  J5ec,— inasmuch  as  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  is  so  long  that  the  little  insect  is  not  able  to  reach  the  nectar  with  its  proboscis. 


CLASS  XVII.     SYNGENESIA. 


^.     Florets  all  ligulate:    Receptacle  naked. 

68.    TRAGOPOGON.    Gen.  PI.  122!). 
[Gr.  Tragos,  a  goat,  and  Pogon  a  beard;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  its  long  pappus.] 
Cal.  simple, many  leaved.    Pappus  stipitate, plumose.     5'eed  oblong,  angled. 

T.  poRRiFOLitTs.  IVind.  Galyx  longer  than  the  rays;  coroUules  narrow,  truncate;  peduncles  incrasiate. 

Fu/go— Oyster-plant.    Salsafy.    Purple  Goat's-beard. 

Fl-  Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  July. 

i/oft.  Gardi'.is.    Biennial.    3  to  5  feet  high:  flowers  violet  purple.    Nat.    Switzerland,  &c. 

Oh::.  Thi- IS  sf>r>,<-t:i-.es,  though  not  extensively,  cultivated  here,  for  the  sake  of  the  root,-— which  ama- 
teurs fancy  to  resemble  the  oyster,  in  flavor,  when  properly  cooked. 

69.    LACTUCA     Gen.  PL  1234. 

[Lat.  Lac,lactis,m\[k;  in  reference  to  the  milky  juice  of  the  plant.] 

Cal  cylindric>  imbricate,  margins  membranaceous.    Pappus  stipitate,  pilose.    6'ccd  compressed 

Jj   sat:'.  A..   IV'.U'.  Stem  corymbose;  lower  leaves  rounded,  cauhne  cordate. 

Vugo — warden  Li  ttuce.    Garden  Saladi 

jfZ.  lYiiddle  of  July.  Fr.  mat    Middle  of  August. 

Jf'dfi.  tri:uens.        nnual     2  to  4  feet  Itigh:  flowers  yellow.     iVaJtue  country  uncertain. 

'/}»   Tiiis  favorite  salad,  of  which  there  are  several  uariciif  J,  is  generally  cultivated,    The  seed  sown 
earij'  ifl  March,  and  alter. 


APPENDIX.  135 

B,    Florets    all  tubular:    Flower$  capitate. 

70.    CARTHAMUS.    Gen.  PL  1261. 
tA  name  of  uncertain  derivation.    See  Be  Theis.} 

Cal.  imbilcate,  scales  subovale-foliaceous  at  apei.     Pappus  chaff-hairy,  or  0.     Recept.  chaff-bristly. 

C.  TiNCTORius.   IVilld.  Stem  smooth;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  spinose-dentate;  seedsnaked. 
Fu'g-o— Saffron.     Bastard  Saffron.    Safflower. 

F!-  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  of  September. 

H«6.  Gard-ns.     Annual.     1  to  2  feet  high;  flowers  orange  color.     .Vaf.  Egypt,  &c. 

Obs.  This  is  occasionally  cultivated.  The  flowers  are  used  as  a  domestic  dye-stuff;  and  the  infusion  of 
the-T)  is  a  hi^iily  popular  medicine,  in  the  diseases  of  children.  The  Snfron  tea  of  the  good  Ladi.  s,  is 
considered  "the  sovereign'st  thing  on  earth"  to  relieve  internal  distress,  and  drive  peccant  humors  to  the 
surface! 

a.     Flo2ve7S  discoid. 

71.    ARTEMISIA.     Gm.  PL  1281. 
[Supposed  to  be  dedicated  to  Artemisia,  w  ife  of  Mausolus  ] 

Cal    imbricate, scales  rounded,  conni vent.     Pappus  0     iJ.c«;)f.  subvillose,  ornaked, 

A.  ABROTANUM.   JVilld.  Stem  Strict;  lower  leaves  bipinnate,  upper  ones  capillaceous-pinnale. 

r«;.s-o— Southern-wood.    Old  man.    Mug-wort. 

FL  Middle  of  August  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  September- 

.ffa6.  Gardens.    Perennial.    2  to  H  feet  high.     A'af.  Syria,  &.c. 

Obs.  This  bitter,  and  somewhat  fragrant  shrub,  is  to  be  found  in  most  gardens.  It  is  frequently  used  ia 
fomentations,  in  pojjular  practice- 

A.  ABSINTHIUM.   IVilld-  Leaves  hoary,  compound,  multifiJ;  flowers  pedunculate,  nodding. 
Fa/^o— Worm- wood. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr-  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

//tt6.  Gardens.    Perennial.    2  to  4  feet  high.     Aaf.  Europe. 

Obs.  Tiiis  plant,  proverbial  for  its  bitterness,  is  also  to  be  met  with  in  every  garden;  and  possesses  valua- 
ble medical  properties,  as  a  tonic,  vermifuge,  kc. 

b.    Flowers  radiate:  Receptacle  chaffy. 

72.    ANTHEMIS.    Gen.  PL  1312. 

[Gr.  Anthemont  a  flower;  from  the  great  number  which  it  produces.] 

Cal.  hemispherical,  sub-equal.     Cor.  rays  more  than  5.     Puuj^its  0,  or  a  membranaceous  margin, 

A.  NOBiLis.   IVilld.  Stem  branching  at  base;  leaflets  3  parted,  linear-subulate,  subvillous. 
ru?go— Chamomile.    Garden  Chamomile. 

FL  L-Aterend  of  June.  -fV.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

i/a&.  Gardens.    Perennial.    4  to  9  inches  long:  rays  white.    A'ui.  Southern  Europe. 

Ohs.  This  fragrant,  bitter  herb,  is  deservedly  popular  as  a  tonic;  and  is  generally  introduced  into  our 
gardens.    The  flowers  produced  in  this  country  are  rarely  so  large  and  fine  as  those  which  are  imported. 


73.    HELIANTIIIT.S.     Gen.  PL  1322. 
[Gr.  Hdio.'i,  the  sun,  and  Antlios,  a  flower;  from  the  resemblance  of  its  flower,] 

Cal.  imbricate,  subsquarrose,  foliaceous.    Pappus  chaffy  >  2  leaved,  caducous.    Recept.  flat,  chaffy. 
II.  TUBEROsus.  IVilld.  Leaves  3  nerved,  scabrous;  lower  ones  cordate-ovate, upper  ovate;  petioles  ciliate. 
F«/^o— Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

FL  Latter  end  of  August.  Fr.  mat. 

Ilab.  Gardens.    Perennial.    4  to  6  feet  high:  rnys  yellow.    Nat.  Brasil. 

Obs.  This  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  the  tuberous  ?-oof,— which  is  pickled,  and  brought  to  table  under 
the  name  of  Artichoke. 
f^  There  is  no  plant  belonging  to  the  Class  G'ix.v?."r.iii.\.  cultivated  here,  except  as  matter  of  cariosity. 


^4  APPENDIX. 

CLASS  XIX.  MONOECIA. 

OHDBH,    THIANDRIA. 

74.    ZEA.    Gen.  PI.  1403. 
[Gt.  zao,  to  live;  the  seeds  contributing  eminently  to  the  support  of  life"] 
3Tale,  in  terminal  spikes.  Cat.  glume  2  valvetU  2  flowered,  awnless.     Cor.  2  valved,  awiiless. 
Fem-  in  dense  lateral  spikes.  Cal.  2  valved.  Cor.  4  valved.  Style  1,  very  long.  Seed  solitary.  Recfpt.  oblorig         ; 

Z-  MAYS.  Sin.  Cyclop.  Stem  erect;  leaves  lanceolate,  concave,  carinate,  acute,  entire. 
Fit/g-o— Indian  Corn. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July-  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Ilab.  Fields-  Annual.    4  to  8  feet  high.    Nat-  America,  but  the  region  unknown. 

Ohs  The  terminal,  aggregated  spikes  of  male  flowers  are  denominated,  in  common  parlance,  the  Tassd 
of  the  Corn.  The  female  flowers  are  below,  in  a  simple  cylindrical  spike,  or  spadix,  emerging  from  the 
sheaths  of  the  leaves  (usually  one  or  two,  sometimes  three,  or  more,  female  spikes  on  each  plant).  This 
spilie  is  closely  enveloped  by  a  foliaceous  invalucre,  of  many  leaves,— known  by  the  name  of  the  Husk; 
from  the  end  of  which  protrudes  the  bundle  of  long,  filiform  styles,  called  the  Silk  The  common  recep- 
tacle of  the  seeds  jk  called,  by  the  farmers,  the  Cob. 

Although  the  bread  prepared  from  the  Indian  Corn  alone,  is  not,  in  general,  esteemed  equal  to  that  made 
from  wheat— yet,  considered  in  every  point  of  view,  this  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  important  and  valuable 
plants  which  we  cultivate.  It  is  highly  nutiitious,  and  contributes  largely  towards  the  sustenance  of  our 
people.  It  is  particularly  excellent  for  feeding  every  kind  of  Stock:  and  it  has  been  well  remarked,  that  if 
the  Agriculturists  of  Europe  could  avail  themselves  of  our  Indian  Corn,  we  should  not  hear  so  much 
from  them  on  the  importance  of  their  root  crops.  When  the  grain  is  in  the  milky  state,— which  is  from  the 
irsiddle  to  the  last  of  August, — it  atfords  a  repast  (under  the  appellation  of  boiling,  or  roasting  ears.)  of 
■which  the  Epicures  of  the  old  world  have  no  adequate  conception.  The  plant  is  usually  gathered  about 
Ihe  middle  of  September,  by  cutting  it  off  near  the  ground,  and  securing  it  in  upright  bundles,  or_  Shocks. 
The  ears  are  taken  from  the  husks  in  the  beginnmg  of  October:  and  the  residue  of  the  plant  atfords  ex- 
cellent fodder  for  cattle.  The  grain  of  this  plant,  as  well  as  of  Rye,  is  much  used — or  rather  abused — in 
distilling  that  mischievous  liquor,  called  Whiskey. 

The  seeds  are  planted  in  the  beginning  of  May.— 

I  have  often  observed  the  male  spike  to  contain  some  fterwtajjArof/iVc  flowers,  and  to  produce  tolerably 
perfect  seeds:  which  circumstance  may  perhaps  countenance  an  opinion  expressed  at  the  foot  of  i^age  43, 
of  this  catalogue. 

75.    COIX.     Gen.  PL  1405. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name;  of  obscure  etymology.] 

Male,  spikes  remote:  Cal.  glume  2  valved,  2  flowered,  awnless.     Cor.  2  valved,  awnless. 

Fem.  Cal.  glume  2  flowered.  Cor.  glume  awnless  Style  2  parted.  Seed  1,  covered  with  the  ossified  c?lyx. 

C.  LACHRYMA.  IVilld.  Culm  semiterete  above;  flowers  naked;  fruit  ovate. 

Vulgo — Job's  tear. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  September. 

Jlab.  Gardens.    Annual.'    12  to  18  inches  high.    Nat.  East  Indies. 

Obs.  Some  persons  cultivate  this  for  the  purpose  of  making  beads,  of  the  smooth,  bony  fruit,  to'put  rouixd 
the  necks  of  children,  to  prevent  chafing,  or  galling  of  the  skin. 

OR33I2R,    POIYAITDRIA 

76.     JUGLANS.     Gen.  PL  1438. 
[Formed  from  the  Lat.  Jovis  Glans,  the  nut  of  Jove;  on  account  of  its  excellence-] 

1,Tai.t:,  .^??jenf  imbricate.     Ca2.  a  scale.     Cor.  5  or  6  parted.     S'fawt.  about  IS. 

Fem.  Cal'  superior,  4  cleft.     Cor.  4 parted.    Sytleis  I  or  2.    Drupe  coriaceous,  or  spongy.    Nut  rugose. 

J.  REGiA.  TViild.  LeafletsaboutD,  oval,  glabrous,  subserrate,  siibequal;  fruit  globose. 

Fw/g-o— English  Walnut.    Madeira  Nut. 

Fl.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

i/fflfc.  Yards,  &;c.    15  to  20  feet  high.    iVa<.  Persia. 

Ohs.  This  tree  is  occaMonally  cultivated  for  its  fruit,— chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  making  pickles  of  it,  in 
Its  sreen  state,— but  our  >*.titers  o.re  uthor  lO'-.  .sever-'  for  it;  and  it  rarely  succeeds  an  this  vicinity. 


Appendix.  iss 

ORDER,    mOUAB£I.PniA 

77.     RICINUS.     Gen.  PI.  1464. 
[Lat.  Ricinus,  a  tick,  or  bug;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  seeds] 
Male,  Cat.  5  parted;  segments  ovate,  concave.     Cor.  0.    Stamens  numeious. 
Fem.  C(z/-  3  parted.     Cor.  0.    StylesS,b'iM      Caps,  echinate,  3  celledi  cells  1  seeded. 
tl.  COMMUNIS.   IVilld.  Leaves  peltate,  palmate,  lobes  lanceolate;  stem  pruinost;. 
f'ii/gro— Castor-oil  Bean.    Palma  Chrisli. 

Fl   Last  of  July,  and  after.  fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

i/a&.  Gardens,  &c.    Annual.    4  to  6  feet  high.    A^af.  East  Indies. 

Obs.  This  plant,— though  cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent,  in  New-Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  oLtai.ning 
the  oil  from  the  seetls,-— IS  chiefly  regarded,  here,  as  .1  mere  curiosity.  Whether  it  would  bf;  a  proiit.ibie 
object  of  cuhure,  in  our  soil  and  climate,  1  am  unable  to  say;  but  I  observe  a  large  portion  of  the  fruit  is 
prevented  from  arriving  at  maturity  by  the  autumnal  frosts. 

78.    MOMORDICA.     Gen.  PI.  1477. 
[Supposed  from  the  I.iat.  mordco,  to  bite;  the  seeds  appeari.ng  as  if  bitlenj  or  chewed.] 
Male,  C'al-  5  cleft.     Cor.  5  parted.     Filaments  3. 
Fem.  Cat.  superior,  5  cleft.     Cor-  6  parted.    StyleS  cleft.    Pome  bursting  clastically. 

M.  BALSAMiNA.   'fVilld.  Lsaves  pahijate-j  lobcd,  jjlabrous;  fruit  angled,  tuberculate. 
Vulgo—Bahum  Apjile. 

/•'/   Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.   Middle  of  September. 

.Wcfi.  Gardens.     Annual.    3  to  5  feet  long;  flowers  yellow,  fruit  reddish  orange-    iVai.  India. 
Obs.  Occasionally  cultivated  for  the  fruit;  which  is  reputed  balsamic,  and  vulnerarj*. 

7D.    CUCURBITA.     Gen.  PL  1478. 
[Etymology  obscure:  perhaps  Lat.  quasi  curya^tt;  the  fruit  being  often  curved.] 
Male,  Cal.  5  toothed.     Cor.  5  parted.     Filaments  3. 

Fem.  Ca/.  superior,  5  tocthed.     Cor.  5  parted.     <S«(//e  3  cleft.    Peine  3  celled.     -Scca's  tumid  at  margin. 
C  LAREivARiA.   Willd.  Leaves  cordale,  round-obtuse,  pubesccnt;  pome  clavate,  woody. 
Fu^g-o— Common  Gourd.    Calabash.    Eottle  Gourd. 

tl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hah.  Gardens,  &c.    Annual.     10  to  15  feet  long:  flowers  white.    Nat.  Both  Indies. 

Obs.  Cultivated  for  the  woody  shell  of  the  fiuit,  which  aflbrds  many  conveniences.  Willdenow  says  it 
serves  for  flagons,  ladles,  funnels,  caj)*,  and  innumerable  other  utensils.    Seeds  planted  in  Apnl. 

C  oviFERA.   IVilld.  Leaves  cordate,  angular  5-lobed;  pome  obovate,  striped  lengthwise. 
F«/g:o— Bitter-bash.    Egg  Squash.     Egg  Gourd. 

Fl.   Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab   Gardens.     Annual.    4  to  6  feet  long;  flowers  yellow.     Nat.  Astracan. 

06s.  Sometimes  cultivated,  and  cups  made  of  the  fruit.    Seeds  jilanted  early  in  Ma}- 

C.  "VERRUCOSA.  Willd.  Leavcs  Cordate,  deeply  5  lobed ;  pome  elliptic,  or  clavate,  verruco«e. 
Fw^g-a— Squash.     Warted  Squash.     Long  Squash. 

Ft-  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October. 

Hab-  Gardens,  &c     Annual.     10  to  15  feet  long:  flowers  yellow.     Nat- 

Obs.  Numerous  varieties  of  this  are  cultivated  for  the  table.  When  planted  in  the  neighborhood  of 
pumpkins,  {C.  pepo,)  I  have  observed  the  cinp  of  the  latter  to  be  much  iniared  by  the  production  of 
hybrids.    Seeds  planted  early  in  May,  as  are  those  of  all  the  following  species. 

C.  MELOPEPO.   IVilld.  Leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  3ub-5  angled;  pome  clypeate,  margin  tumid. 
Fif^fTo— Bound  Squash.    Cymling. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after-  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October, 

i^uo.  Gardens,  &,c.    Annual-    8  to  12  feet  Ion;;:  flowers  yellow-    Nat. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  is  considered  superior  to  that  of  the  preceding,  for  the  table. 

C-  PF.po.  IVUhl.  Leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  sub  5  lobad;  pome  roundish,  or  oblong,  smooth, 
Fji.'go— Pumpkin. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Beginning  of  October, 

flat.  Fields,  &c.     Annual-     10  to  20 feet  long:  flowers  yellow.     iVaf.  Asia. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  is  valuable  for  feeding  stock;  and  is  extensively  cultivated.  It  also  aftbnls  the  Cf-^- 
febrated  Pumpkin  Pie,  of  New  England—vyhich  is  not  without  admirers  in  Pennsylvania.  There  are  nii- 
nierciis  varieties  cuUivftted,— some  of  them  enormously  large,  but  not  so  much  esteemed  as  the  smallor  ones' 


136  APPENt)lX. 

C.  ciTRrtLUs.  JVilld.  Leaves  5  lobed,  lobes  sinuate-pinnatifid, obtuse;  pome  elliptic,  sttiootii. 
Vnlr,o — Water  Melon. 

Fl    Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr-  mat.  Middle  of  August,  and  after. 

J/a&   Gardens,  &c.     Annua)     8  to  13  feet  long:  flowers  greenish  yellow.    A"a<.  Sicily,  &c. 

Obs  This  is  frequently  cultivated  for  its  delicious  fruit;  but  our  principal  supply  comes  from  New  Jer- 
sey,— where  it  is  produced  more  abundantly,  and  in  greater  perfection.  There  is  a  variety,  withj  small 
seeds,  called  the  Apple-seeded  Water  Melon. 

80.    CUCUMIS.     Gen.  Pi.  147a 
[A  name  of  obscure  derivation.    See  Be  Theis.'i 
Male.  Cat.  5  toothed.     Cor.  5  parted.    Filaments  3. 
Fem.  Ca/.  superior,  5  toothed.     Cor.  5  parted.    S^?*  3  cleft.     Powie  3  celled.    Seeds  Sicuie. 
G.  ANGURi.v.   IVilld.  Leaves  palmate-sinuate;  pome  globose,  or  elliptic,  echinate. 
Ftt/g-o— Prickly  Cucumber.    Jerusalem  Cucumber. 

Fl.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  -Fr.  moi.  Latter  end  of  September. 

i/a6.  Gardens,  Sic     Annual.     3  to  5  feet  long:  flowers  greenish  yellow.    iVat  Jamaica. 
06s.  The  green  fruit  is  used  (or  pickles;  for  which  object  the  plant  is  sometimes  cultivated. 

C.  MELO.   JVilld.  Angles  of  the  leave§  rounded;  pome  torulcse. 

Vv.lgo—'^lusk  Melon.    Cantaleupe,  or  Cantalope. 

Fl.  Latterendof  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

Hah.  Gardens,  &c.    Annual.    5  to  10  feet  long:  flowers  yellow     Nat.  Tartaryl 

Ohs.  Thf!  fruil  of  this  is  much  esteemed, — for  which  it  is  occasionally  cultivated;  but,  like  the  water  tat^ 
Ion,  our  chief  supply  isbrouRht  from  New  Jersey.  There  are  several  varieties, — passing  under  the  names  of 
Nutme?..  Melons)    Canialevpes,  Rlusk  Melons,  &c. 

C.  sATivus    JVilld.  Leaves  right-angled;  pome  oblong,  scabrous. 

l^u/g:o— Cucumber.     Common  Cucumber.     Cowcumher. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Last  of  August,  and  after. 

Hab.  Gardens,  &c.     Annual.     6  to  12  feet  long:  flowers  yellow.     Nat.  India,  Tartary,  &c. 

Obs.  Cultivated  by  every  body:  the  fruit,  while  young,  is  used  for  pickles) — and  when  nearly  full  grown. 
is  cut  into  thin  transverse  slices,  with  seasoning  which  renders  it  a  favorite  dish, — though  not  a  very  saluta- 
ry one  to  indulge  in.  Culture  has  produced  several  varieties  o(  this,  as  well  as  of  most  other  plants  that  have 
been  long  under  the  cai-e  of  man.    The  seeds  of  all  the  species  are  planted  early  in  May. 


CLASS  XX.  DIOECIA. 

81.    SALIX.     Gen.  PI.  14C3. 
[Supposed  from  the  Lat.  saiio,  to  leap,  or  spring  up;  alluding  to  its  quick  growth.] 
Male  ^Hienf  cylindric.     Ca?.  a  scale.     Cor.  0.    5'ton.  1  to  6,  with  nectariferous  glands  at  base. 
Fem.  -47/K'nt  cylindric.     Ca/.  a  scale.     Cor.  0.     StijleViM.     Caps.  1  celled,  2  valved.     Seeds  vfooUy. 

Leaves  serrate:  Aments  coataveous. 
S-  VITELL1.VA.   JVilld.  Leaveslanceolatc,  acute,  glabrous,  silky  white  beneath,  serratures  cartilaginous. 
Fw/g-o— Yellow  Willow.    G»Iden  Osier. 

Fl.  Middle  of  April.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  June. 

JIab.  About  houses,  &c.    20,  to  30  or  40  feet  highe  branches  yellow.    Nat-  Europe. 

Obs.  Formerly  much  planted  in  front  of  houses,  for  shade:  not  so  commonly  at  present.    It  has  become 
pretty  much  naturalized. 

S.  BABYLONiCA.  JVilld.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acumlnate ;  germs  ovate,  sessile,  glabrous ; 

Fu/g-o— Weeping  V/illow.    Drooping  Willow. 

Fl.  Beginning  of  April.  Pr.  mat. 

Hab.  About  houses,  &c.    30  to  50  feet  high:  branches  slender,  pendant.    iVaf.  of  the  East. 

Obs-  This  handsome  tree  is  frequently  planted  before  houses  for  the  s«ke  of  its  comfortable  shade.    It  is 
believed  there  ar?  none  but  femrJcs,  of  thii»  species,  in  our  country. 


APPENDIX.  13? 

ORDSR,  TmA^rBnzA. 

S2.     FICUS.     Gen.  PL  1613. 
[An  ancient  name;  of  obscure  origin.] 
.Rccepfac/e  turbinate,  carnose,  enclosins  the  florets;  Male,  Ca/.  3  parted.     Cor.  0.    Stam.  3, 
Fem.  Ca^  5  parted.     Cor.  0.     Style  1.     Seed  1,  covered  with  the  persistent,  and  sub-caraose  calyx, 

F.  CARICA.  IVilld-  Leaves  cordate,  3  or  5  lobed,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath. 

Valgo — Fig  tree. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  July.  Fr-  mat. 

Hab    Gardens.     5  to  S  feet  high.    iVaf.  Southern  Europe,  and  Asia. 

Obs.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  cultivate  this  remarkable  plant,  here;  but  itistoo  delicate  to  endure 
our  winters.    I  have  known  no  instance  where  the  fruit  has  been  perfected,  out  of  a  stove  room. 


83.    BROUSSONETIA.     Willd.  1777. 
[In  honor  of  P.  N-  V.  Bronssonet;  a  French  Naturahst.j 
Male,  Ament  cyliodric.     Cal-  4  parted.     Cor.  0. 
Fem.  ^me»ii  globose,  compound.    Cw/.  3  or  4  toothed.    Style  latere].    -Sged  1,  covered  with  the  calyx. 

B.  PAPYRiFEHA.   TVilld.  Leaves  subcordate,  lobed,  or  undivided. 

Synon.  Morus  pa'pyrifera.  Hart.  Keiv-  Fttfeo— Paper  Mulberry.    Italian  Mulberry. 

ri.  Middle  of  May.  Fr.  mat. 

Hab.  About  houses,  &c.    15  to  30  feet  high     Nat.  Japan,  and  South  Sea  Islands. 

Obs.  This  tree  is  a  good  deal  cultivated  in  this  vicinity,  for  the  sake  of  shade;  but  it  is  rather  troublesomQ 
on  account  of  the  numerous  suckers  which  sprmg  from  its  roots.    We  have  only  the  IMak  here, 

OUSEH,    PSNTAKBRIA. 

S4.    SPINA  CIA.     Gen.  PI.  1520. 
[Lat.  Spina,  a  thorn;  from  the  prickly,  or  spinose  integument  of  the  fruit.] 

Male,  CaZ.  5  parted;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  concave.     Cor-  0. 

Fem.  Cal.  4  cleft.     Cor.  0.     Styles  4.     Seed  1,  within  the  indurated  calyx. 

S.  oleracea.  Sm.  Cyclop.  Stem  branched,  hollow;  leaves  hastate  sagittate;  fruit  sessile. 
Fu/go— Spinach.    Garden  .Spinach.     Spinage. 

Fl-  Middle  of  June,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  oi  August,  and  after, 

i/a6.  Gardens.     Annual.     1  to  2  feet  high.    iVafiw  country  unknown. 
Obs.  Occasionally  cultivated,  for  culinary  purposes;  but  not  common. 

85.    CATS'NABIS.    Gen.  PI.  1522. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name;  etymology  obscure.  See  J9e  Tficis.Ji 

Male,  Cal.  5  parted;  segments  oblong,  acuminately  obtuse,  concave.     Cor.  0. 

Fem.  CW.  1  leaved,  entire,  gaping  laterally.     Cor.  0.    Styles  2.    xVwi  2  valved,  in  the  closed  calyi-, 

C.  sATivA.  Cyclop.  Leaves  petiolale,  digitate;  leaflets  5  or  7,  lanceolate,  serrate. 
Vidgo — Common  Hemp.     Neck-weed. 

Fl.  Latter  end  of  June.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  August. 

i/;t6.  Fields,  ^c.    Annual.    5  to  10  feet  high .    iVaf.  Persia,  and  North  America.' 

Obs  This  plant,  beside  being  an  auxiliary  of  some  consequence  in  the  penal  systems  of  vindictive  law- 
givers,  IS  one  ot  immense  importance  in  the  concerns  of  all  commercial  and  civilized  nations.  In  addition 
to  many  articles  of  clothing,  the  canvass  ami  cordage  of  their  .shipping  are  chiefly  derived  from  ihis  plant. 
We  are  moreover  indebted  to  it,  in  a  great  degree,  for  the  ve.Kicle  by  which  useful  knowledge  is  diffused 
throughout  the  world,— by  which  the  elegant  productions  of  genius  are  pre.served,  and  the  fruits  of  scien- 
tific research  transmitted,  with  accumulating  benefit,  from  generation  to  generation.  This  important  plani, 
however,  is  but  rarely  cultivated  in  this  vicinity.  It  requires  a  strong  soil;  and  has  not  been  found,  by  our 
fanners,  to  be  the  most  profitable  crop.  In  f  ome  portions  of  the  adjoining  ccmtv  of  Lancaster,  it  is  railed 
10  a  considerable  extent.    Tlio  seed  is  sown  tlje  latter  tnJ  of  March- 


Y^Q  APPENDIX. 

sa.    HUMULUS.    Gen.  PL  1523. 
[Perli&ps  from  the  Lat.  Humus,  moist  earth;  in  reference  to  its  place  of  growth-l 
Maip    Cal   5  leaved;  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse,  concave.     Cor.  0. 

ta.^ncL.sCaU  leaved,  e:uire,  obliquely^  Cor.  0.    Styles  2.    Sc.cZ  1,  wUhm  the  caly.. 

M.  LUPULtTs.  Cijcloj}-  Stem  voluble,  twining  with  the  sun;  leaves  lobed,  scabrous. 
VuIeo— Hop.     Common  Hop.  ,    ,^  . 

F/.  Middle  of  July.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

ifa6.  Gardens,  &c.    Perennial.    12  to  20  feet  higli.    i\7/f.  Europe  and  America. 

frequently  found  it,  both  male  and 

-       •     ■      '        ■    ''^■'    for 

tion. 

ne  and 

.opor,fic:-;heTnfu;ion  t'onic-andthVcones,  prepared  in  cataplasms,  arehighly  antiseptic,  itis  me  Female 

plant  only  that  is  cultivated.  .  ,„i-,b,p,^ 

It  is  curious  to  ohservo  the  determined  natural  bias  which  this  plant  has  *«  tvvine  «n/ft  the  Sun-  wherea„ 

the  climbing  species  of  Bean,  {Phaseolus,)  as  constantly  iwme  in  the  opposite  direction. 

87.    POPULUS.     Gon.  PL  1531.  . 

CLat.  Popuhis,  the  people- Tr.e  of  the  People;  the  public  walks,in  Rome, being  shaded  by  it.  De  TJ,eis.i 
Male    Jmf««  cylindric     Ca/.  a  lacerate  scale.     Cor.  turbinate,  oblique,  entire. 
FEMFrowelasinthemale.    S^^„n«  4  or6  lobed.    C«^s-.  2  celled,    ^eeds  beset  with  long  wool 
p.  GRiECA.  JVilld.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  obsoletely  serrate,  petioles  compressed. 
Ftt/po— Athenian  Poplar. 
Safe^AbouUiousfsl'&c.    20  to  40  feet  high;  branches  spreading.    Nat.  Islands  of  the  Archipelago. 

Obs.  Introduced  into  this  neighborhood  about  fifteen  years  ago,  for  the  -kef^ts  shade      We^h^^^^  only 
the  Female  here:  and  the  woo/,  or  white  down,  which  is  shedfiom  the  capsules,  ^U.en  tney  oursi, 
abundant  as  to  render  the  tree  rather  objectionable,  m  the  immediate  Vicinity  of  houses. 
p.  DiLATATA.  WUld.  Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  on  both  sides. 
FtiZg-o-Lombardy  Poplar.    Italian  Poplar. 
FL  Beginning  of  April.  -?''-•  '"«'■ 


Fl.  Keginning  oi  Apru.  -  -.r  *   t.  i 

Jlab.  About  houses,  &c.    40  to  SO  feet  high:  branches  very  erect.     Nat.  Italy. 

of  that  work. 


8S.    JUNIPERUS.    Gen.  PL  1552. 
[Etymology  obscure.    See  page  111  of  this  catalogue.] 

Male,  Jmcnt  ovate.    Cal  a  scale.    Cor.  0.    Stamens  3.  ,        ,      c       ,   , 

Fem.  CaL  3  parted,  adnata  to  the  germ.     Cor.  petals  3?    Styles^.    iJm-i/ tuberculate,  1  to  3  seeded. 

J.  COMMUNIS.  JFilld-  Leaves  ternate,  spreading,  mucronate,  longer  than  the  berry. 

IA(?^^o— Juniper.    Juniper-bush. 

M.  Latter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Ilab.  Gardens,  &c.  4  toS  feet  high.     Nat.  Northern  Europe. 

Obs  Thi-i  shrub  hss  become  almost  naturalized  in  many  places  along  the  Brandywine.  It  is  cultivated 
in  some  wardens  for  t!ie  terrift.f,— which  possess  pretty  valuable  medici'.ial  properties--especial_ly  the  o if 
■'/.'hicl.  they  afiord.  Spirits,  when  impregnated  with  this  oil,  are  known  by  the  name  ot  Om,  Geneva,  or 
Juniper  lOater^ 

(iCJ-The  J.  sABiNA,  or  Sarin,  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  its  medicinal  virtues,  in  some  parts  of  the 
Coufttry;  but  \  have  not  observed  it  in  this  inimu('.iate  vicinity. 


139 


CORRECTIONS  AND  ADDITIONS. 


Oc^  I  was  not  so  fortunate  ns  to  possess  the  excellent  Flora  of  Doctor  Torroy,  untU  nfter  that  ror  on  of 
,he  Catalogue,  which  is  comprised  in  his  first  Volume,  was  pnato.l,-otherw,se  T  m|,.t  have  ""  'oved  n  y 
of  6V0.;...,  and  profited  very  n^aterially  by  the  li.ht  wh.ch  the  Doctor  has  thrown  u,.,n  the  ho  ay 
of  this  region.  I  shall  not,  however,  swell  these  notes  bv  an  attempt  at  a  general  -v.s.on  he  e^bu  w.U 
content  myself  with  a  few  remarks  and  corrections.  Those  errors  which  are  merely  typog.aphical,  and 
do  not  aflfect  the  sense,  will  be  left  to  the  correction  of  the  reader. 

C01.1.1NSONIA  CANADENSIS,  page  5 .  The  flowers  of  this  plant  possess  the  odor  of  Ho^s,\n^  remark.^ 
ble  degree. 

Heteuanthera.  p.  6.  The  name  given  to  this  plant,  by  Beauvois,  m  the  Transactions  of  the  Ameri. 
can  Philosophical  Society,  is  Heterandra,  and  not  Heteranthera.  The  names,  however,  are  strictly 
synonymous.  I  had  not  the  Transactions  at  hand,  when  this  part  of  the  Catalogue  went  to  press,  in  tbe 
generic  description  of  the  plant,  for  ^^  Anthers,  2  linear,  1  tnangular"-read  Anthers  2  roundish,  1  oblong. 

Mariscus  GLOMERATUsl  p.  9.  I  am  now  perfectly  satisfied  that  this  plant  is  the  Cypcru.s  JLtriscci- 
dcs,  of  Elliott  and  Torrey. 

PoA  NEavATA.  p.  12.  I  observed  last  season  (1825)  that  this  grass  is  very  abundar.t  inrdlourlow, 
swampy  grounds. 

Panicum  CII.IATUM,  and  P.  paucifmritm?  p.  IS.  I  am  now  pretty  well  satisfied  that  these  are 
nothing  mora  than  varieties  of  Doctor  Torrey's  P.  niiidum. 

For  P.  mil.aceum.  p.  16,  last  line,-read  P.  GERMAmcuM:  or  ratlier  Setaria  germanica.  Setaria 
is  the  generic  name  adopted  by  Dr.  Torrey,  from  Beauvois,  for  this  section  of  thePanicums;wh!ch  1  con- 
sider preferable  to  Penmsetum.    The  name  Setaria,  however,  appears  to  have  been  also  appropriatea 
genus  in  Cryptogamia. 

Galium  circ,t.zans.  p.  19.  The  sweet  taste  of  this  species,  I  observe,  is, noticed  by  ^  Eatm\n 
his  excellent  Manual  of  Botany  :  a  work  which  i  did  not  possess  antU  after  a  considerable  portion  oi  this 
Catalogue  was  printed. 

OCT  In  June  1S23,  I  found  the  Galium  boreale  in  this  county,  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  at  a 
place  called  Black  Rock,  near  the  Phcenix  Iron  works,  li  was  in  considerable  quantities  there;  and  cs 
actly  resembles  a  specimen,  in  my  possession,  from  the  North  of  Europe. 

CoRNUs.  p  20.  In  noticing  the  fruit  of  the  different  species,  the  word  "  berries"  is  inadvertently  used 
instead  of  drapes.    The  mature  drupes  of  Cflorida  are  red. 

P  ^N  A.-:  QUixQUEFOLiuM.  p.  34.  The  word  "  obovai"  occurs  in  the  description  of  this  plant,-and  also 
in  a  few  other  inslances,-for  which  read  obovate.  Obovai  is  an  incorrect  term;  although  sanctiouca  T 
some  respectable  authorities. 

The  following  plant  was  found  since  the  catalogue  went  to  press,  and  belongs  iopage  35:— 
Myrrhis  procumbens.  Tor.  Leaves  decompound,  pinnatifid,  sheaths  hairy;  umbels  few  flowered.  ^^^^ 
Synon.  Chasrophyllum  propumbens-  Ph.  Ell.  Nuii-  Scandix  piocunibens.  IVilld.  JMulU.      Vidgo 
Fl.  L.itter  end  of  April.  Fr.  mat. 

Hub-  Moist,  shaded  grounds:  Brandy  wine:  frequent.    3  to  9  in  lies  high:  flowers  white,  ir.mute. 

Ohs.  This  plant  is  described  as  procumhmf.  but  the  stems  were  upright,  in  the  pP?'^V''"r,'i?o7w^st^ar's 
have  seen.     It  grows  in  abundance  on  the  bank  of  the  Braudywine,  just  below  the  Eatt  ena  oi 
Bridge;  but  it  had  escaped  my  notice  until  the  present  season. 

Sarothra  hypericoides.  p.  3S.    The  term  "  acfrose"  is  strictly  applied  to  crcrf rwi  hnear,  neei  .e 
shaped  leaves,  such  as  the  Juniper,  &c.  and  therefore  incorrectly  used  in  the  description  of  this  plant. 
Aralia  racemosa.  p.  38.    For  "  umbtlLnte,"  read  umbellulate. 

Caut^ophtllum.  p.  39.  After  that  portion  of  the  catalogue  w.is  strvck  off,  I  f<''''i'l.«""f  ^'''"^^'Jl",";:" 
litic.  of  the  plant  in  a  small  spot  in  the  woods,  on  tiie  we.si  Mdt-  of  Brandy  wine,  o,.pusite  the  uppti  eml  o 
of  John  Taylor's  Islands.  F  or  a  corrected  account  of  the  fruit  of  Uiis  plant,  See  Torreij  s  Lloia,  i  o..  ., 
H'lscs  o3.5--6. 


140  CORRECTIONS  AND  ADDITIONS. 

HEXANDRIA.  TETRAGYNIA.  p.  44^45, 

SAURURUS.   Nutt.  Gen.  354. 
fGr.  Saura,  a  lizard,  and  Owra,  a  tail;  in  reference  to  its  spike  of  flowers.] 

Ji'Iowers  in  an  Artent,  or  Spike.    5cate  1  flowered.    Cor.  0.     Caps.  4,  1  or  2  seeded,  not  opening. 
&.  CERNUUs.  Tor.  Stem  angular,  sulcate;  leaves  alternate,  oblong-cordate,  acuminate. 
Ftt/g-o— Lizard's  Tail.    Breast-weed     Swamp  Lily.     Water  Lilies. 
Fl.  Beginning  of  August.  Fr.  mat.  Latter  end  of  September. 

jHab.  Wetplaces:  Forks  of  Brandy  wine:  rare.    1  to  2  feet  high. 

Obs.  This  plant  I  never  met  vrith,  hereabouts,  until  after  that  portion  of  the  catalogue  to  which  itbelonscs 
■was  struck  off.  It  grows  luxuriantly,  in  a  small  patch,  on  ihe  south  side  of  the  west  branch  of  Brandy  wine!  3 
few  rods  above  the  tork.  I  found  it  was  known  to  the  neighbors  by  the  name  of  Breast-treed— thp.v  bf  ing 
in  the  practice  of  collecting  its  porous  roots,  and  applying  them,  bruised,  in  form  of  cataplasm,  to  inflamed 
breasts.  Mr.  Elliott  notices  a  similar  practice.  The  leaves  have  much  resemblance  to  those  of  Aristo- 
lochia  serpentana,— except  that  they  are  larger,  and  somewhat  more  cordate. 

Arenaria  LATERIFLORA  .'p.  54. 1  have  recently  received,  from  Dr.  Torrey,  specimens  of  Arenaria  lat- 
eriflora, which  satisfy  me  that  my  friend  Mr.  Schweinitz  was  rather  hasty  in  pronouncing  upon  my  plant; 
I  am  pretty  well  convinced  it  is  nothing  more  than  the  Stellaria  lanceolata,  of  Torrey.  It  is  remarkable, 
however,  that  the  slender  pedicels  are  frequently  bibractcate,  after  the  manner  of  Arenaria  lateriflora. 

Verbena  URTiciEFOLiA.  p.  66.  By  a  typographical  error,  this  species  is  stated  to  be  "noi  common." 
It  is  very  common. 

Carex  xanthophysa.  p.  98.  It  is  stated  in  the  observation  annexed  to  this  species,  that  the  C  xan- 
thophy  a,  of  Muhlenberg,  is  a  distinct  plant— being  the  C  striata,  of  Mr.  Schweinitz.  In  a  letter  lately 
j-eceiv  from  Mr.  S.  he  informs  me,  that  on  further  examination  he  has  been  induced  to  drop  his  C  striata; 
believing  it,  and  of  course  Dr.  Muhlenberg's,  to  be  identical  with  our  plant. 

Phasecliis  LTTNATtTs.  ^.  131.    Ncxt  to  the  common  names,  insert 
J^l.  Middle  of  July,  and  after.  Fr.  mat.  Middle  cf  September 


INDEX 

TO   THE 

GENERA  AND  SPECIES. 


|C7=  Synonyms  are  printed  in  lialk.  dZit 


ABIES 

car,ade7isis 
ACALYPHA 

caroliniana 

vireinica 
ACER 

negundo 

rubrum 

saccharinvTin 
ACHILLEA 

millefolium 
ACORUS 

calamus 
ACTEA 

rncsmos  a 
^SCULUS 

hippocastanura, 
AGRLMONIA 

eupatoria 
AGROSTEMMA 

githago 
AGROSTIS 

alba 

cinna 

lateriflora 


stricta 

virgiaica 

vulgaris 
AIRA 

aristulata 

cespitosa 

pallens 

purpurea         v 
ALISMA 

parviflora 

plantaKO 
ALLIUM 

canadense 

cepa 

porrum 

sativum 

schocnoprasum 

\-ineale 
ALNLIS 

serrulata 
ALTH/EA 

officinalis 
ALYSSUM 

sativum 
AMARANTHUS 

albus 

hyhridus 
AMBROSIA 

ahxijntlufolia? 

artemisifolia 

wifida 


Papp 

PaseARABIS 

107 

AMP  FLOP  SIS 

281    falcata 

— 

qinnquefo/ia 

lyrata 

108 

AMPHICARPA 

80 

rhomboidea 

— 

monoica 

. 

tuberosa ? 

— 

sarraentOisa? 



ARACHIS 

47 

AMYGDALUS 

125 

hvpogifia 

— 

persica 



ARALIA 

— 

ANAGALLIS 

24 

nudicaulis 

— 

arvensis 



raccmosa 

91 

ANDRE  WSIA 

21 

ARCTIUM 

— 

paniculata 



lappn 
A  REN  ARIA 

42 

ANDROMEDA 

50 

— 

ligustrina 



lateriflora? 

58 

paniculata 
ANDROPUGON 

15 

serpyllitblia 
stricta 

121 

avenaceus 

— 

ARETIIUSA 

62 

ciliatus 
fnrcatus 

— 

parviflora 
pendula 

— 

macrourus 

— 

verlicillata 

55 

vntans 

— 

ARGEMONE 

— 

purpurascens 

— 

mpxicana 

10 

scoparius 

— 

ARISTIDA 

— 

ANEMONE 

59 

dic.hotona 

1 

10 

hepatic  a 

«0 

ARISTOLOCIiLV 

nemoiosa 

59 

serpentaria 

~9 
10 

quinqnefolia 
thalictroides 
virginiana 

— 

AR.MENIACA 

— 

dasycarpa 

— 

ANETHLM 

119 

ARONIA 

— 

foDninulum 



arbutifolia 

11 
12 

ANGELICA 

atropurp'.irea 

35 

botryapium 
cvalis 

11 

triqninata 
ANTHEMIS 

91 

ARTEMISIA 

abrotanum 

12 

arvensis 

— 

absinthium 

45 

cotuta 



ARUiM 

40 

nobilis 
ANTHOXANTHUiM 

odoratiini 

133 
5 

dracontinm 
ti'iphyilum 
ARUNDO 

121 

120 

ANTIRRHINUM 

70 

canadensis? 

linaria 
Am-CHTA 

17 

cimwides 
ASARUM 

121 

40 

ccmadcnsis 
(Uchotoma 
APIOS 

79 

canadense 
ASCLEPIA^ 
exaltata 

lot 

33( 

tubprosa 
APIUM 

graveolens 

119 

hybrida 

incarnata 

obtusifolia 

73 

101 

I'o'v 
101 

petroselinum 
APOCYNUM 
androsa^mifolium 

31 

phytolaccoides 

purpurascens 

quadrilolia 

cannabiiium 

pubcsccns? 
AQUILEGIA 

canadensis 
ARABIS 

bulbona 

58 
74 

syriaca 
tuberosa 
variezata 
verlicillata 
ASPARAGUS 
oflieinalis 

""■ 

canadensis 

-_ 

ASTER 

PaK« 

74 


130 


53 

10 

95 

124 
125 
124 


133 

103 

10 

57 
31 


121 

90 


143 


INDEX. 


ASTER 

amplexicaulis 

concinnus 

conyzoides 

cordifolius 

cornifolivLS 

corymbosus 

diversifolius 

humilis 

infirmus 

lajvigatus? 

lanceolatus? 

linariii'olius 

jnarrophyllus 

marilandicus 

phlogifolius 

punkeus 

ssalicifolius' 

serotinus? 

tenuifolius 

undukitiis 

versicolor? 
ATHEROPOGON 

apludoides 
AVENA 

Jlavescens 

glinnosa? 

palustris  ? 

sativa 

spicata 
AZALEA 

nudiflora 

peticlymenoides 
BAPTISIA 

tinctoria 
BARBAREA 

vulgaris 
BARTONIA 

pa  If  i"  III  at  a, 
B'ARTSIA 
coccinea 
BETA 

cicla 

vulaaris 
BETULA 

carpinifolia 

lanulosa 

lenta 

rubra 

st'7-rulala 
BIDSNS 

bipinnata 

cernua  . 

chrysanthemoides 

fronHosa 
BIGNONIA 

cata'pa 
BOEHMERIA 

cyUiidrica 

lateriflora? 
BRACHYSTEMUM 

lanccolatum 

BRASSICA 

oleracea 

rana 
BRiZA 

era^rostis 
BROMUS 

ca7\adensis? 

ciliatus 

pubescens? 

eecalinus 
BROUSSONETIA 

papyrifpra 
BUCHNERA 


PaseiBUCHNERA 
90      americana 

Page' 
70 

CARYA 
sulcata 

"M, 

91  CACALIA 

86 

toinentosa 

..-, 

—      atriplicifolia 

...' 

CASSIA 

52 

90  CALAM AGROSTIS 

10 

marilandica 

— 

— j     canadensis 

nictitans 

-.- 

—      cinnoides 

— i 

CASTANEA 

106 

-  CALLITRICHE 

1 

vesca 

— 

—      autumnalis? 

- CATALPA 

3 

—      heterophylla 

— 

corditoha 

.— 

—      vcrna 
91CALTKA 

60 

syringafolia 
CAULOPHYLLUM 

39 

90      palustris 

—1 

thaiiclroides 

.. - 

-  CALYSTEGIA 

26 

CEANOTHUS 

27 

91      tomentosa? 

" 

americanus 

... 

90  CAMELINA 

73| 

CELASTRUS 

27 

91      sativa 

scandens 

90  CAMPANULA 

30 

CENTAURELLA 

21 

91      americana 
90      amnlexicaulis 

z 

paniculata 
CEPHALANTHUS 

18 

apariiioides 

erhi  aides 

— 

occidentalis 

... 



— 

CERASTIUM 

54 

17     pcrfoliata 

— 

ghitinosum 
hirsutum  ? 

— 

—  f;ANNABIS 

137 

■~ 

115 

sativa 

... 

longepedunculatum 

... 

11 

CAPSICUM 

lis 

nutans 

-r- 

13 

annuuni 

— 

obloniiifolium? 

--r 

11 

CARDAMINE 

75 

semidecandrum 

... 

115 

pennsyhanica 

— 

vigcosum 

— . 

13 

rotundifolia 

— 

vul^atum 

--- 

26 

■vir%inicu? 

— 

CERASUS 

61 

CARDUUS 

85 

avium 

124 

61 

124 

— 

lanceolatus 

— 

virginiana 

52 

CAREX 
acuta 

96 

98 

vulgaris 
CH.EROPHYLLUM 

V'i 

anceps 
bromoides 

— 

canadense 

— 

96 

Claytoni 

36 

21 

cepbalophora? 
cephalophora 

__ 

procvv^bens 
CHELIDONIUM 

133 

56 

T2 

conoidea 
crinita 

98 

mnjus 
CHELONE 

72 

119 

debilis 

— 

glabra 

... 

120 

digitalis 

97 

CHENOPODIUM 

36 

... 

festucacea 

— 

album 

— 

106 

fl^xuosa 

98 

anthclminlicum 

119 

foliici-Jata 

— 

CHIMAPHILA 

51 



hirsuta 

97 

coi-ymbosa 

... 

... 

laxiflora 

98 

maculata 

. — 

~ 

hporina, 
lupulina 

97 

umbellata 
CHIONANTHUS 

~2 

100 
92 

mil  acea 
Muhlenbergii 

98 
96 

virginica 
CHIRONIA 

25 

93 

inultiflojra 

97 

angular  is 

... 

92 

plantnginea 

pubescens 

rosea 

98 

CHLORIS 

17 

97 

96 

CHRYSANTHEMUM 

87 

"s 

rostrata 

97 

leucanthemum 

— 

scabrata 

98 

CHRYSOPSIS 

90 

100 

seoparia 

squarrosa 

stipata 

97 
96 
97 

humilis 
linarii  folia 
CHRY80SPLENIUM 

47 

68 

tentaculata 

— 

oppo'itifolium 

typhina 

varia 

virescens 

9f 
97 

niCUTA 

maculata 
CIMICIFUGA 

35 

58 

129 

vulpinoidea 

— 

racemosa 

... 



xanthiiphysa 

— 

serptntaria 

i 

... 

CARPINUS 

198 

CINNA 

H 

americana 

06 

arundinacea 

15 
5 

... 

betulus  vifginiana 

— 

glomerata 

1-1 

oslrnn 

— 

CIWCMA 

.. 

CARTHAMUS 

13:^ 

canadensis 

... 

tinctorius 

— 

Ivtetin.na 

... 

.. 

CAKYA 

105 

CIRSIUM 

85 

.. 

afha 

— 

■muticum 

•  — 

137 

amara 

— 

CISSUS 

28 

V^ 

porcina 

suuamcsa 

-~ 

hederacea 

asTUs 

56 

INDEXa 


143 


CtSTUS 

canadensis 

Page  CUCURBITA 
56      pepo 

Page  EPILOBIUM 
135      coloratum 

Page 

45 

CITRUS 

122 

verrucosa 

iineare 

" 

aurantium 

123  CUNILA 

4 

oliganthum 

46 

45  ■ 

73 

medica 

niariana 

palustre 

CLAYTONIA 

vir?,inica 
CLEMATIS 

30     pulfKioidcs 
.-  CUPHEA 
59     viscosissima 

rosmarimjolium 
62      squaraaturn 
-  EPIPHEGUS 

virsiniana 
CLINOPODIUM 

viilg;are 

—  CUSCUTA 

69      americana 
eurojxTa 

33 

-- 

americanus 
ERIGERON 

bellidifolium 

is 

89 

CNICUS 

S5  CYMBIDIUM 

95 

canadense 

altissimu9 

hvemale 

— 

heterophyllum 

83 

discolor 

odontorhizon? 

— 

philadelphicunU 

ianceolatus 

...  CYNOGLOSSUM 

23 

pulclielluvi 

— 

niuticus 

—     amplexicaule 

stris;osum 

71 

odoratus 

—     officinale 

--  EIUI\US? 

pnmitus 
COCHLEARIA 

—      virginicum 
128  CYNOSURUS 

africamts? 
14  ERIOPHORUIM 

S 

arinoiacia 

129     indicus 

--      angusiifolium 

— 

offi'^inalis 

12S!     srcundvs? 

17      cypp.rlnum 

"" 

COIX 

1341 

CYPERUS 

8  ERYSIMUM,! 

7i 

lachrvma 

... 

fiavescens 

barbarea 

" 

COLLIN  SONIA 

5 

mariscoidcs 

139      officinale 

-' 

canadensis 

spathaceus 

81 ER  YTHRONIUM 

41 

COMANDRA 

152 

stris;osus 

— 

amencanum 

umbellata 

—  CYPlllPEDIUM 

95 

dens  cams 

— 

COMPTONIA 

99 

acaule 

lar.ceoltttvm 

-" 

asplsnifolia 

calccnlutsl 

" 

EUCHROr.IA 

72 

CONIUM 

34 

humile 

„ 

coccinea 

— 

niaculatum 

... 

pube«cens 

EUONYxMUS 

2S 

CONVALLARIA 

41 

D  ACT  Y  LIS 

115 

atropurpureus 

— 

bifolia 

gloiiierata 

EUPATORIUM 

86 

multij'oru 

42 

DANTHONIA 

13 

ageraloides 

-' 

racemoxa 

41 

spicata 

-- 

aromaticum 

"• 

CONVOLVULUS 

23 

DATURA 

25 

connatarri 

— 

batatas 

117 

stramonium 

— 

melissoides 

... 

panduratus 

2.-> 

DAUCUS 

38 

pert'oliatuni 

... 

spit!iai-na?us 

2o 

carota 

purpureuin 

— 

st-tna? 

DENT  ARIA 

74 

scandens 

83 

iomeniosa 



concatniata 

- 

sessilifolium 

86 

CORALLORHIZA 

95 

laciniata 

tcrni folium  / 

-• 

hyemalis 

DIERVILLA 

30 

trifoJiatum 

— 

odontorhixa? 



canadensis 

- 

urticctfolivin 

— 

CORIANDllUM 

318 

httca 

verticillatum 

sativum 



Tournrfortv. 

- 

EUPHORBIA 

102 

CORNTJS 

20 

DIGITALIS 

12.« 

corollata 

103 

alteina 

— 

purpurea 
DIGITARIA 

depressa 

alternifolia 

1] 

hypericifolia 

102 

candidissi7na 

filiformis 

- 

maculat'j, 

lOo 

florida 

„ 

sanguinalis 

sylvatica? 

--- 

lanuginosa 

DILEPYRL31 

ii 

thymifolia  ? 

-- 

paniculata 

.. 

aristosnm 

. 

EUTHAMJA 

89 

sani^itinca? 

.. 

mivutifloi-nm 

. 

grimini folia 

— 

sericea 

DIOSCOREA 

IK 

FAGUS 

105 

CORYDALIS 

75: 

paniculata 

- 

Cnstanea  dcntata 

106 

cnciiUaria 

villosa 

sylvatica 

105 

CORYLUS                , 

lo'" 

DIOSPYROS 

4f 

>      sylvatica  atro-vunicea 

-" 

americana                  ' 

. 

virsiniana 

- 

s"iilvestris 

.~ 

CRATAEGUS 

C: 

DIPSACUS 

IJ 

i  FEDIA 

6 

cocciiiea 

. 

ful'.onum 

llti'i     radiata 

~ 

corilata 

12. 

)     sylvestris 
i  DI^cCA 

ISJFESTUCA 

13 

Ci-usRalli 

C 

4 

7      bromoidcs^ 

glanihilosa? 

6 

I      paiiistris 

- 

elatior 

,» 

oxyacantha 

-DRARA 

7 

J     fluitans 

— 

popiilil'oiia 

12' 

5      hispidula? 

- 

nutans 

-- 

CROTALARIA 

7; 

)      verna 

. 

-      tenella 

— 

saeitt.ilis 

. 

-  DRACO NTIUM 

2 

2  FICUS 

137 

CUCUBALUS 

5 

i     frtidum 

carica 

stpllnlus 

. 

.  DULICPIIUM 

8  FLOERKEA 

39 

CUCUMIS 

13 

3      spathacPLim 

-      laciistris 

— 

angiuria 

-  ELEUSINE 

14     palusfri.'! 

— 

melo 

- 

-      indica 

—     prn-arpinacoidci 

-~ 

sativus 

. 

-  ELYMUS 

15      uliiinosa 

-- 

CUCURBITA 

13 

5     hvstrix 

- FRAGARIA 

fir, 

citrullus 

13 

'1      vireinicus 

vesca 

126 

lasrenaria 

i35;EPir;.«A 

51      virciniana 

C5 

melopepG 

--I     repens 

-  FRAXINUS 

5 

ovifera 

- 

-lEPILOBIUM 

4 

51    acuminata 

-• 

144 


INDEX. 


FRAXINUS 

Pagef 

Page 

Page 

alba 

5 

UAMAMELIS 

22 

HYDROCOTYLE 

34 

americana 
discolor 
nigra 
sambucifolia 

virerinica 
MEDEOMA 

4 

americana 
HYDROPilYLLUM 

24 

pulegioides 

~ 

virginicum 

FUMARIA 

78 

HEDYSARUM 

81 

IIYOSERIS 

82 

cncidlaria 

acuniinatum 

. — 

vbginica 

G'lLEGA 

79 

bracteosiim 

82 

HYPERICUM 

.     58 

tiivsj-iniana 

canadense 

canadense 

GALIUM 

IS 

canescens? 

corymbosura 

aparine 

19 

cuspidaium 

macidatwn 

... 

asprellum 

18 

divergeiis 

si 

mutilum? 

... 

brachiatiim 

19 

hirtum 

parviflorum 

... 

hrachiatum 

niidiflorura 

perforatum 

... 

Claytonl 

18 

obtusum? 

82 

qidnqvenerviiim 

circxzans 

19 

paniculatum 

saratl.ra 

38 

cuspidatum 

prustratum 

81 

HYPOtJTIlYS 

52 

lanceolatum 

— 

retlcidatum 

laitvq-hiosa 

pllosum 

__ 

roiuiidifoimm 

82 

HYPOXIS 

40 

piinciiculosiim? 

_ 

TMolaceiim 

81 

carolaicnsts 

unctorium 

18 

viridifloium 

82 

electa 

... 

trifiduni 

HELENIUM 

91 

graminea? 

... 

GAULTiiERIA 

49 

autun.nale 

HYSSOPUS 

67 

procumbens 

IlELIANTllEMUM 

56 

'■fficnalis 

127 

GENl'IANA 

32 

canadense 

... 

nepetoides 

67 

ci'inita 

„ 

lamiiiiflorum 

scrophijlarifollus 

... 

saponaria 

33 

HELIANIKUS 

92 

ILKX 

22 

GEKANIUM 

76 

divai'icatus? 

aqu  folium 

carolinianutn 

frondosus? 

opaca 

... 

tnaciilatum 

_ 

giganteus 

IMPATIENS 

28 

GEKARDIA 

71 

nioihs 

bijiora 

-      29 

auricukita 

^ 

tuberosus 

133 

fulva 

. 

Sava 



FlELOIs'lAS 

43 

uoUtangerc 

28 

pediciilaria 



aiigusuf'oUa 

44 

pallida 

.. 

purpurea 
querci  folia 



dioica 

43 

INULA 

88 



HEPATICA 

60 

helenium 

teuuitolia 



triloba 

IRIS 

6 

GZUM 

6j 

HERACLEUM    ' 

So 

versicolor 

album 



ianaiiim 

virginica 

-V       .. 

ternatum? 

_ 

HE'IERANTHERA 

6 

ISjXARDM 

20 

virprinianutn? 



acuta 

pahistris 

.,. 

GILLENiA 

64 

graminea 

JUGLANS 

104 

trifoliata 

__ 

reoitormis 

cdba 

105 

GLECHOMA 

68 

KEUCHERA 

33 

amara 

... 

hedeiv.cea 

__ 

americana 

catUartica 

104 

GLYCLVE 

79 

cortusa 

cineica 

apios 
tnanoica 



viscida 

laciniosa 

105 

80 

HIBISCUS 

77 

mucronata 

... 

sar'ueniosa? 

— 

esculentus 

130 

nigra 

104 

GNAPHALIUM 

87 

U'ioiuim 

poicina 

105 

germanicum 

~ 

HIEHACIUM 

'! 

regia 

134 

abtusifolium 

— 

Groiiovii 

squamosa 

105 

plantagineum 
polycephalum 

— 

mavuiini'n 

... 

tomeiitosa 

... 

— 

paiiiculalum 

... 

J UNCUS 

42 

purpurea  in 

__ 

scab  rum 

acuminaitis 

43 

ulip-inosum 



venobum 

aristulahis 

... 

GOODY 2RA 

94 

HOLCUS 

15 

bico'-nis 

42 

pubesceiis 

ceimiijis 

115 

biifonius? 

43 

GOSSYPIUM 

130 

lanaius 

15 

buibniiis 

herbaceimi 



saccharntns 

115 

buibosus 

... 

GRATIOLA      ' 

3 

HORDEUM 

114 

campestris 

... 

anagahdea? 

— 

disiichon 

dichotonuis 

... 

virgiriica 

_ 

vulgare 

ed'usus 

42 

GYROMIA 

44 

HOUbTOxNIA 

19 

margmatus 

43 

virgii'ica 



CKrulea 

syivaticus 

JIABEJVARLl 

93 

HUMULUS 

138 

Tenuis 

42 

herbiola 

— 

lupulua 

.,. 

JUNIPERUS 

111 

INDEX, 


145 


JUNIPERUS 

communis 

viisiniana 
KALMIA 

latifolia 
KRIGIA 

vir^inica 
LACTUCA 

elongata 

lov^ifolia 

sativa 
LAVHU'4 

aiTnilexicaule 

benzoin 

lav'^Indula 

Ll^ii'-HSA 


LEEHSIA 
oryzoiiks 
.  vir;;!ni!.'a 
LEMNA 

minor 
LEONTICE 
thaliciroidcs 
1.  EONTODON 

tarax-ifum 
LEON  UR  US 
cardiaca 
marrubiastrum 
LEPTANDRA 

vir^inica 
LEPTANTHUS 
gramineus 
rpuiformis 
LESPEDRZA 
angustifoHa? 
capitata? 
divergens 
liirta 

polystachya 
prociinibens 
sessiliflora 
Stuvei 
violacea 
LIATRLS 
macrostitchxja 
spicata 
LIGUSTICUM 

levistirum 
IJGUSTRUM 

vul^are 
LILIUM 
canadetise 
philadelphicum 
superbum 
LINDERNIA 
dilatata? 
»!/.'•  uhi'ia? 
LINUM 
usitatijsimum 
viiiinianum 
LIQUIDAMBAR 
axplemfoli'j, 
styraciflua 
LIRIODENDRON 

liiliriifera 
LITHOSPERMUAI 

arvense 
LO 13  ELI  A 
cardiaalis 
Claytoniana 
inflat.-x 


Pat^e 

lil 

LOBELLi 

138 

.syphilitica 

111 

L(JLIUI>I 

50 

pen^ane 

LONIVKRA 

82 

nUrmila 

LUDWIGIA 

83 

alt  erni folia 

— 

macrocarua 

— 

nitida 

132 

paiu.Ktris 

6S 

LUPIN  US 

1 

perennis 

49 

LYCOPUS 

. 

viia;inicus 

— 

/.F0A7.-1 

— 

panicvlata 
LYSIMACHIA 

127 

ciliata 

IS 

hirsiita 

— 

quadiifolia  ; 



MALAXIS 



liliifolia 

9 

ophiQiilossoides 

10 

unifolia 

— 

MALUS 

96 

communis    ~ 

— 

coronaria 

39 

MALVA 



moschata 

82 

rotundifolia 

MARISCUST 

67 

glomsratus? 

_ 

umbellatns? 

- 

MARRUBIUAI 

3 

vulsare 

- 

MEDEOLA 

6 

virgin'u-fi 

- 

MEDICAGO 

- 

sativa 

81 

MELAMPYRUM 

— 

amcricanum 

- 

lineare 

- 

MELANTHIUM 

- 

virginicum 

- 

MELISSA 

_ 

officinalis 

- 

M  ENISPERMUM 

- 

1     caiia'jense 

- 

!  MENTHA 

34     arvensis 

borealis 

- 

pipeiila 

118 

viridis 

MESPILU.y 

1 

arhutifolLt 

- 

canadensis 

4( 

crus  gain 

41 

cur.tjiformis? 

41 

oryacantha 

41 

JilWRU  PET  ALUM 

s 

giamineum 

- 

laiiriolcttum 

- 

MICROSTYLIS 

oi 

ophioclossoide* 

I2C 

MIKANIA 

35 

.scandens 

lo: 

MIMULUS 

9f 

alatus 

lo- 

vinc:,_'ns 

st 

^MITCHELLA 

5« 

)      rept-ns 

21 

SMITKLLA 

- 

-      diphyila 

7. 

) MOLLUGO 

7( 

)      vciiicilhita 

7. 

)  MOMORDICA 

7( 

i     balsamina 

Paerel 


MONARDA 

allophylla 
fistulosa 
mollis 
oblongata? 
MUNOTROPA 
20      lanuginosa 

-  luiiflora 

-Imorus 

-1     alba 

-  papyrifera 

7S]     rul-ra 

muhlenbergia 

ari^tata 

diffusa 

erecta 
MVAGRUM 

itivum 
AIYOSOTIS 

pakistris 

scorpioides 

virgmiana 

myrrhis 

canadensis 

Clayioni 

procLinibens 
126  NECTRIS 
63;     pinnata 
NEOTTIA 

cernua 

pahescens 

tortilis 
iNEPETA 

calaria 
NICOTIANA 

tabacum 
NIGELLA 

sativa 


C3 


127 


NUPHAR 

ad vena 
NYMPHjEA 

advena 
NYSSA 

-sylvatica 

villosu 
OBOLARIA 


llOOCIMUxM 
-  basilicmn 
m  (JEN  ANT  [IE 

amhiii:ua 
CENGTHERA 

amb!,a,ua 

biennis 

frutieofia 

hybrida 

mmicata 
OPiikVS 

astivnlis 

cernua 

roruUorhizat 
ORCHIS 


cilians 

rlavt'llata? 

fimbriata 

herbiola 

humilis 

lacera 

Sfectabilis 

trilc-nlata 


71 

72 
71 
19  ORIGANUM 


Page 
4 


51 
52 
51 

101 


139 
39 


67 
117 
123 

57 
57 

sl 

21 

127 
3{ 
40 


94 


127 

12S 

4() 


OROBANCHE 

bi  flora 
uniflura 


H§ 


INDEX. 


Page 

Paare! 

^% 

ORONTIUM 

42 

PLANTAGO 

20POTENT1LLA 

aquaticum 

— 

major 

21      canadensis 

OSTRYA 

106 

virginica 

-     norwegica 



virginica 

— 

PLATANUS 

107      simplex 



OXAUS 

76 

occidentaliv 

--  POTHOS 

22 

coniiculata 



POA 

12    fatida 

stricta 

— 

annua 

-PRENANTHES 

83 

violacea 

— 

autumnalis 

altissima? 

OXYCOCCUS 

46 

capillaris     • 

"1 

cordata 



macrocarpus 

— 

compressa 

— 

deltoidea 

-_ 

PANAX 

34 

cuspidata 

serpentaria? 
PRINOS 



quinquefolium 

— 

flexuosaf 

„' 

39 

trifolium 



hirsuta 

_. 

Gronovii 

panicum: 

16 

megastachya 

J3 

verticillatus 



agrostoides 

— 

nemoralia 

12 

PRUNELLA 

69 

anceps 

__. 

nervata 

-. 

pcnnsylvanica : 



capiilare 
ciliatum 



obtusa 
pectinacea 

13 

vulgaris 
PJIUNUS 

61 

crus  gain 

— 

pilosa 

.. 

americana 



depauperatuTO 

— 

pratensis 

12 

anguatifoiia 

124 

dichotomuni 

— 

pungens 

— 

nrme-niaca 

JUi forme 

11 

quinqncfida 

13 

avium 

— 

germanicum 

il6 

sesleroides 

.. 

cerasus 



glaucum 
Jatifolium 

]7 

striata 

12 

chicasa 



16 

viridis 

.. 

dusycarpa 

125 

ijiervosum 

— 

PODALYRIA 

52 

doniestica 

124 

pauciflorum  ? 

..- 

Unctoria 

„ 

nigral 

61 

ramulosum? 

— 

PODOPHYLLUINI 

57 

virginiana 

— 

rostratum 

— 

peltaturn 
POGONIA 

PULMONARIA 

23 

sanguinaie 

11 

9"4 

virginica 
P-YCNANTHEMUM 

— 

setaeeum 

16 

verticillata 

.. 

68 

striclnm 



POLEMONIUM 

26 

lanceolatum 



baspalum 

11 

reptans 

linifolium 

— 

Iffiv-e 

— 

POLYGALA 

78 

muticum 



pubescens 

— 

ambigua 

virginicum 

— 

setaeeum 

— 

purpurea 

.. 

PYROLA 

51 

pastinaca 

319 

sanguinea 

— 

elliptica 

— 

ambigua 

34 

Senega 

— 

maculata 

— 

sativa 

319 

verticillata 

— 

rotundifolia 

— 

pedicularis, 

71 

P0LYGONATUM 

42 

secunda 

— 

canadensis 

— 

angustifuUuiin 
biflorum 

— 

umheUata 

-,- 

gladiata 

— 

— 

PYRUS 

126 

pallida 

— 

multiflorum 



arbuti folia 

63 

r^ceptrvm? 
PENNISETUM 

— 

POLYGONUM 

48 

botryapium 

— 

17 

aritblium 

— 

communis 

126 

glaucum 

— 

aviculare 

— 

coro7iaria 

63 

typhoidpunt) 
PENTHOHUM 

115 

aviciilare 

— 

cydonia 

126 

55 

convolvulus 

49 

7nulus 

— 

spdoides 

-- 

erectum 

48 

oralis 

63 

PHASEOLUS 

79 

fagopyrum 

122 

QUERCUS 

103 

lunatus 

131 

/lydropiper 

48 

alba 

104 

nanus 

.. 

hydropiperoides 

— 

alba  minor 

— 

paniculatus 

79 

linifolium 

— 

Banisteri 

— 

perennis 

— 

mite 

— 

bicolor 

— 

vulgaris 

131 

penpsylvanicum 

— 

chinquapin     • 

— - 

PHLEUM 

113 

persicaria 

— 

ilicifolia 

— 

pratense 

114 

punctalutn 

— 

montana 

— 

PHLOX 

26 

saeittatutn 

— 

nigra 

103 

maculata 

_. 

scandens 

49 

obiusiloba 

104 

pilosa 

— 

tenue 

48 

palustris 

103 

subulata 

.. 

virg:inianum 

— 

prinoides 

104 

PHRYMA 

70 

POLYMNIA 

93 

prinus   chincapiti 

— 

lertostacliva 

„ 

canadensis 

— 

primis  discolor 

— 

PHYSALIS 

27 

POPULUS 

110 

prinus  monticola 

— 

obscura? 

— 

dilatata 

138 

rubra 

103 

pcnnsylvanica 

.. 

grraeca 

— 

rubra  montana 

— 

pritinosa? 

.. 

girandidentata 

110 

rubra  ramosissima 

— 

•.  i?co=a 

heterophylla? 

— 

stellata 

104 

PHYTOLACCA 

55 

tremuloides 

— 

tinctoria 

103 

-^^Tandra 

— 

trepida 

-QUERIA 

17 

PIN  US 

107 

trepidn,  grandidcntata 

— 

canadensis 

-^— 

canadensis 

.. 

PORTULACCA 

5fi 

RANUNCULUS 

60 

risrida 

.. 

oleracea 

— 

abortivus 

— 

Firohus 

1«8 

POTAMOGETON 

2? 

bulbosus 

-- 

PISUM 

131 

acuminatum 

23 

flammula 

r- 

sativum 

.. 

crit:puni  ? 

— 

fluvifitiiis   ■ 

61 

PLANTAGO 

» 

lucens 

— 

hispidus 

— 

lanceolata 

?1 

natar<£ 

-n 

,    pantolkrvr 

*■'• 

N 


INDEX. 


147 


Page! 

RANUNCULUS 

«0  SAMBUCUS 

pennsyKanicus? 

--      canadensis 

sceleratus 

niera 

RAPHANUS 

129  SANGUINARIA 

sntivus 

canadensis 

RHEUM 

122  SANGUISORBA 

rhaponticum 

canadensis 

RHEXIA 

45  SAXICULA 

vir^inica 

maniandica 

RHUS 

37 

saponaria 

copallinum 

officinalis 

glaliium 

sahothra 

radicans 

38 

gcntianoidcs 

toxicoJendron 

— ! 

hypericoides 

satureja 

toxicodendron  vernix 

— 

vernix 

" 

hortensis 

RHYNCHOSPORA 

8' 

SATYRIUM 

gloinerata 

— 

re  pins 

RIBi^S 

(il 

saururus 

fioridum 

— 

cernuus 

giossularia 

124' 

saxifraga 

nigrum 

123! 

nivalis 

rubrum 

—  1 

nennsvlvanica 

RICINUS 

135      vernaiis 

communis 

"i     virginica 

ROBIN  lA 

virginiensis 

pseud-acacia 

SCANDIX 

RO>A 

64 

dulcis 

Carolina 

- 

procumbens 

caroliniana 

" 

SCHCENUS' 

corynibosa 

... 

slomtrutus 

humilis 

■  - 

SCHOLLERA 

parviflora 

' 

graminea 

pennsyloanica 

., 

SCIRPUS 

rubiginosa 

atiovirens 

suavf-olrns 

capilluceui 

saiPtfolia 

— 

capiilaris 

RUHiA 

116 

capitatus 

tinotoium 

cilialifolius 

RUBUS 

C4 

cyperiformis 

flagellaris 

()5 

debilis 

fruticosus 

64 

eriophorvm 

idajus 

12G 

ferrugineubl 

obovalis? 

65 

lacustris 

occidentalis 

64 

lupidinus 

procumbens 

— 

puberulus  ? 

trivialis 

... 

pusillas 

villosus 

.. 

spathaccus. 

RUDBECKIA 

92 

tenuis 

hiita 

— 

trichodes? 

laciniata 

— 

scleria 

RUMEX 

44 

pauciflora 

acetosella 

.. 

triKlomerata 

crispus 

— 

SCROPHULARIA 

obtusitblius 

marilandica 

RUTA 

122 

SCUTELLARIA 

graveolens 

integnfolia 

SABBATIA 

25 

lateriflora 

arijiularis 

-. 

ovulifolia 

SAGI.YA 

21 

pilosa 
SECALE 

vir°inica 

.. 

SAGITTARIA 

102 

cereale 

latifolia 

— 

SENECIO 

puhescens 

1    BalsamitcE 

sas.itlifolia 

.. 

1    hicracifolius 

SALIX 

108 

SESAMUM 

babylonica 

136]     indicum 

I'alcata 

109^SETARIA 

iiiisea 

jjermanica 

incana? 

108|SIDA 

Muhlenbergiana' 

abutilon 

ni^ra 

109 

spinosu 

irislis? 

l(t.« 

SILENK 

vilellina 

1J( 

antirrhina 

SALVIA 

4 

SINAPIS 

lyrata 

nisra 

officinalis 

ir 

SISON 

§a:vibucus 

€('.:!}i\iUnn, 

Page 

37  SISYRINCHIUM 

— I     anceps^ 

—  bermu(Manum 
57     niucronatum 

--  SIUM 
22     latilolium 

loneirolium.'' 
33SMILACINA 

—  i     canadensis 
53     racemosa 

-SMIL  AX 
38!     caduca 
-[     herbacea 
--;     rolundifolia 
127jSMYRNIUM 

—  aureum 
94     cortlatum 

—I     trifuiiatiim 
140SOLANUM 
-1     carolinezis^e 
52|     lycopersicum 

—  I     melongena 
--',    nigrum 

tuberosum 
SOLIDAGO 
bicolor 
cassia 
erecta? 
J39     graminifoUct, 
S      lanceolata 
nemoralis 
pyrainidata? 
rufjosa  ? 

7  scabra 

8  ulmifolia 
VISONCHUS 

floridanus 

leucopha?.u? 

oleraceus 

SORGHUM 

7  cernuum 

8  saccharatum 

7  SPARGANIUM 
amencanum? 
aimplexl 

SPERQULASTRUM? 
— 'l     i^ramineum 

8  laiiceolatnm? 
^ISPERMACOCE 
--,     diodina 

£>3;    hyssopi folia 
"JSP'IGELIA 

—  I     marilandica 
70JSPINACIA 

"I     oleracea 
69SP1R/EA 

—  i    o|Milifolia 
--'     salicifolia 

—  ]     tomentosa  alba 

—  '■     trifoliata 
114STACHYS 

— !  aspera.' 
88;  liispidti? 
-STAPHYL^A 

—  I     trit'olia 
riSSTELLARIA 

—  i     graminea 
116      Ian  eolata 

-|     lonp;ifolia 
771     media 

ulicrinosrt? 
STYLOSANTIIES 
53      eiatioi' 
hispida 
129  SYMPHYTUM 
oiFicinale 
^JfiYMPLOCARPUS 
I     ffj'tida 


Page 

76 


109 


110 

109> 


26 

27 
117 
118 

26 
117 

89 


84 
83 

m 
sh 
if) 

117 
137 


148 


INDEX. 


TALINUM 

teretifoJium 
TANACETUM 

vulgare 
TEPHROSIA 

virginiana 
TEUCRIUiM 

canadense 
THALICTRUM 
dioicum 
IcRvigatinn 
polygamam? 
pubescens? 
rivolutum? 
rugosum? 
THAPSIA 
trifoliata 
THASPIUM 

aureum 
THESIUM 
v/mbdlatum 
THLASPI 

Bursa  Pastoris 
THYMUS 
serpyllum 
virginicus 
TILIA 
americana 
canadensis 
elabra 
TRADESCANTIA 

vi'sinica 
TRAGOPOGON 

poirifolius 
TRICHODIUM 
decumbens 
pe7\':nans 
sea  !  11  in  ? 
TRICTIOPHORUM 

cvi^rinuin 
TRiCHOSTEMA 

dichotoma 
TRIENTALIS 
americana 
europtea 
TRIFOLIUM 
arvense 
pratense 
procumbens 
repens 
TRILLIUM 
ccrnuvm 
pendulum 
TRIOSTEUM 
mcjits 
perfoliatum 
TillPHORA 

pendula 
TRISETUM 

pratense 
TRITICUM 

liybevnum 
TROP^OLUai 
3aaj.us 


Page 
56 


TYPHA 

angustifolia 
latilolia 
ULMUS 
americana 
americana 
aspera 
fulva 
moUifolia 
rubra 
URALEPSIS 
aristulatn 
--UR  ASP  ERMUM 
Claytoni 
URTiCA 
canadensis 
cylindfica 
dioica 
divaricp.ta 
procera? 
puniila 
UTRICULARIA 

vulgaris 
UVULAE  I A 
perloiiata 
sessilifolia 
VACCINIUM 
album 

corymbosum 
disomorphum 
frondosum 
glaucum 
macrocarpon 
oxycoccus 
resinosum 
VALERIANA 
— 1    olitoria 
--IVALLISNERL^ 
8      americaiia 
- VERATRUM 
70,     album 
•  -:    lutcum 
45:     viride 
-{VERBASCUM 
--      blattaria 
^"1     thapsus 
,.<{^  YERliENA 
hast  at  a 
urticsfolia 
VERNONIA 
noveboracensis 
prseaha 
VERONICiV 
agrestis? 
anagallis 
beccabunga 
officinalis 
peregrina 
serpyllifolia 
virghiica 
VIBURNUM 


Page, 

Page 

99  VIBURNUM 

37 

"I 

aceriu'l.iim 

... 

--I 

dentaium 

36 

priinifolium 

::  viciA 

131 

., 

Faba 

__i 

S^IOLA 

29 

--1 

asarifolia 

13 

bla-.ida 

... 

ci/iata 

36 

ciicuUata 

... 

dPbilis 

39 

100 

eriocarpa 

-- 

obliqua 

20 

-" 

ochiuleuca 

ovata 

... 

,. 

palmata 

.. 

pedata 

... 

3 

pennsiflvantca 

30 

41 

prinuiljei'olia 

pi-!in?i!:fo',a 

29 

" 

pubescens 

GO 

ao 

sagittal  a 

29 

scabriuscula 

50 

" 

slriala 

29 

striata 

30 

" 

VISCUM 

109 

46 

albmn? 

.. 

Jlavescens 

50 

verticillatum 

6 

VITIS 

"I't 

108 

jestivalis 

cordifolia 

43 

hederacea 

c. 

intermedia 
labruHca 

'- 

occidentalis 

., 

25 

serotina? 

sylnestris 

•• 

vinifera 

in 

66 

vulpina 
vvlpina 
WINDSORIA 

2i 

l: 

8^ 

^      pcaeformis 
XANTHIUM        ' 
struniariiim 

10 

'■ 

XYRIS 

carolinima 

flexuosa 

jiipicai 

5 

'• 

ZEA 

li 

■■ 

mays 

. 

ZIZANIA 

10 

G? 

aquatica 

clcivuhsa 

l^tx^tx  to  t!je  ^ommmi  M^mt^. 


A  few  naiacs  are  printed  in  Ilallc,  to  indicate  a  prevailing  cormpt  pronunciation. 


Page 

ACACIA.    False  "''^ 

Ada.ii  an.]  Eve  95 

Adder's  tont;ue   (Erythronium)  41 

Adder's  toague    (Hieraciuni)    84 

Adder's  lojigue    (iVlicrostylis)  95 

Agrimony 

Alder.     Black 

Alder.     Caudle,  Common 

Ale-hoof 

Ale.vanders.     Golden 

Alexanders.     Heart-leaved 

All-heal 

All-spice.    Wild 

Ahhca 

Alum-root    (Geranium) 

Aluin-root    (Heuchera) 

Amaranth.    White 

Aaenione.    Rue,  and  Wood 

Angelica.     Common 

Apple.    Balsam 

Apple.     Common 

Apple.     Crab 

Apple-    HoR,  Jlay 

Apple.    Love 

A|)ple  tree 

Apricot.    Black 

Apricot.     Common 

April-iiower 

Arbutus.    Trailing 

Archangel 

Arrow-head 

Arrow-wood 

Arse-smavt 

Artichoke     Jerusalem 

Arum.    Floating 

Asarabacca 

Ash.    Black,  Elder-leaved 

Ash-     Poison 

Ash.     Wliite    (Chionanthus) 

Ash.    White    (r'raxinus) 

Asp.    Quaking 

Aspara-us.     Common 

Asparagus.     Wild 

As[)ea.    Large 

Avens 

Balm.    Common 

Balm.     Horso 

Balsam-Ai'ple 

Bnrley.     Common,  1  rowed 

B  irlev.     2-rowed 

Bisil."    Sweet 

Basil.    Wild 

B.iss-wood 


rap;ei 

jQg  Button-Bush 
j(j5  Button-weed 
J20  Biuton-wood 
ii()  Bulion-wood.    American 

rt2  CABBAGE.    Garden 

y3  Cabbage.     Swamp 

J I    Cabbage.    Turnip-rooted 
12j^  Calabash 

49;  Calamus 

4()(  Calico-bush 

40'  Campion.     Four-leaved 
2'  Cancer-root 

7]^'  Cancer-weed 

gy!  Canoe-wood 
jyyi  (Jantaleupe,  or  Cantalope 

4'jl  Caraway.     Oracli-leavtd 

25!  Cardinal  flower 
j()i)!  Careless 
]Qgi  Carpenter's  square 
lOgj  Carpel-weed 

5.>!  Carrion  flower 


Beech.    Water 
Bee.h.     White 
Beet.     Garden,  Red 
Beet.    While 
Beggar-licks 
Beggar-ticks.    Hemlock 
Beilvvorl 
Bene ,  or  Eenni 
Benjamin  tree 
Betlilehem.     Star  of 
Bethlehem-     Upright  Star  of 
Betony.     Paul's 
Betony.     Wood 
Bilberry 
Bilsted 

Bind- weed.    Black 
Bind-weed    (Convolvulus) 
Bind-weed    (Snii!a.\) 
Birch.     Black,  Ked 
Birch.     Sweet,  INIahogany 
Bird's  Nest 

Birth- wort  95 

Bishop's  cap  52 

Bitter-bash  135 

Bitter-weed  lOl 

Black-berry  bush.     Common     b4 
Bladder  Keiinia  77 

Bladder-nut  S8 

Bladder-wort  3 

Blazing  Star  43 

Blazing  Star.    Blue  84 

Blood-root.     Elood-wort  57 

Blue  Curls  7vJ 

Bluets  19 

Blue-eyed  Grass  75 

Blue-tangles  50| 

Bog-rush.    Brown  H 

Bone-set  &() 

Bouncing  Bet  53 

Bowman's  root  fi4 

Breast-weed  140 

Breeches.     Dutchman's  78 

Breeches  flower  78,.,, 

Briar.     Cor.imon,  and  Running  (i4  ^  ^e'ry.    G. 
^(W  Cherry.     Aj 


Red  Cedar 


B«a 


;an. 


Bunch,  Bush,  String 
Carolina,  Lima 
Castor  Oil 

Big,  Hors'',  Windsor 
Kidney,  Pole 
Wild  (Apios) 


Bean, 

Bean 

Bean 

Bean 

Bean 

Bean-vine.     Wild 

Bedstraw.     Lady's 

Beech-drops 

Beech-dro()s.    False 

Eeech  tree 


mo, 
Briar.    Green 
Briar.     Svvtet 
Broccoli 

Brome-grnsa. 


109 


C^arrot.     Garden 
Carrot.    V/Ud 
(Jastor-oil  Bean 
Catawba 
Catch-fly 
Catch-weed 
Cat -gut 

Cat-mint.    Cat-nep 
Cat-tail 
Cauliflower 
Cedar-tree. 
Celandine 
Celery 
Centaury 

Chamomile.     Corn,  Field 
Chamomile.     Garden 
Chamomile.     Stiakiag 
Channel-weed 
Cheat 

Chequer-berry 
Cherry.    Bird,  Ei>gl;sh 
Cherry.     Common,  .'sVur 
~round 
y.     iviounlain 


64  Cherry.    Wild 


Brookliiue 

Bioom-corn 

Broom-nipe 

Bruise  ivort 

Buck-wheat. 

Buck-wheat 


Fringed 
Rye 


129 


Chervil 


Chesnut.    French 
4  Chesnut.     Horse 
2I  Chesnut  tree 
215!  Chess 
72'  Chick-weed.     Common 
531  C'hickweed.     Forked 

tllimbing,  Wild  49!  ^['!'^[^-^''^'^^-    !"'''«" 
Common  122|  ^-hick-weed.     Mouse-ca 


Bull-rush.     ConuuoU 

Bur-dock 

Burdock.    I^esser 

Hurgamot.     Wild 

Burning  Bush-     Wild 

Bur-reed 

Butter-cup 

Butterflv-wecd 

Butter-nut 

Biittcr-wted 

Vf 


7]  Chick-weed .    Red 
gg;  Chick-weed.    Star 
jQ]l  Chives,  or  Cives 
'  ChAe-boriy 
Cicely     Sweet 
Cinna     Reed-iike 
Cin'.jue-loil.     Common 
Cleavers,  or  ('livers.    Common  1^ 
Clol-bur.     Clot-weed  ](tl 

Clover.    Bush  81 

Clover.    Dutch,  Wlute  80. 


19 

107 
IS 

12» 
22 

12i> 

135 
42 
50 
53 
72 
4 
59 

13S 
8S 
7G 

101 
70 
17 

110 

lis 

33 

135 

3 

53 

19 

79 

67 

99 

129 

111 

56 

1J9 

2.'> 

92 

13.:; 
91 

lOS 
14 
39 

124 

124 
27 

124 
61 

1.39 
25 

121 

105 
14 
63 
17 
17 
54 
24 
1 

121 
63 
36 
1 
64 


150 


INDEX  TO  THE  COMMON  NAMES. 


Paprei 
Clover.    Honey-suckle,  Red    132 


Clover.    Hop,  Yellow 
Clover.     Richardson's 
Clover     Stone,  Welsh 
Clown-heal 
Clubrush.    Tall 
Cockle-bur 
Cockle.     Corn 
Coffee.    Wild 
Cohosh.    Blue 
Colt's-foot  (Asarum) 
Colt's-foot  (Caltha) 
Columbine.    Wild 
Comfrey.     Garden 
Comfrey .    Wild 
Cone-flower 
Coriander 
Corn.    Broom 
Corn.     Guinea 
Corn.     Indian 
Cornel.    Large-flowered 
Cotton 

Cotton.    Wild 
Cotton-grass-    Brown 
Cow-bane.    Spotted 
Coivcumbcr 
Cow-slip.    Meadow 
Cow-slip.    Virginian 
Cow-wheat 
Crab-apple 
Cranberry 

Crane's-bill.    Spotted 
Creeper.     Virginian 
Cress.    Garden 

Indian 

Spring 

Wall 

Water 

V/inter 
Crow-foot  (Geranium) 
Crow-foot  (Ranunculus) 
Crow-foot.    River 
Cucumber.     Common 
Cucumber.    Indian 


Cress. 
Cress. 
Cress. 
Cress. 
Cress. 


SO 

87 

80 

67 

7 

101 

53 

SI 

39 

57 

60 

58 

116 

2:3 

92 

118 

115 

115 

134! 

20' 

130! 

31 

8 

55 

136 

23 

72, 
63 
46; 
76 

128: 

121 

74 
74 
75 
74 
76 
60 
61 
136 
44 


Duck-grass 

Duck-meat 

Dutch-man's  Breeches 

EARTH-NUT 

Eel-grass 

Egg  Plant 

Eglantine 

Elder.    Bos 

Elder-bush  "^ 

Elecampane 

Elm.     Red-  Slippery 

Elm.     Weeping,  White 

Eye-bright  (Euphorbia) 

Eye-bright  (Lobelia) 

FENNEL     Dog's 

Fennel.     Garden 

Fennel-flower.     Small 

Fern.     Sweet 

Fever-bush 

Fig-tree 

Fig-wort.    Maryland 

Fire-weed 


Sv,?eet 

Wild 

Common 

Devil's,  Toad 

Mountain 

Virginiaa,  Wild 

Wild  [Alyssum] 


Cucumber.  Prickly,  Jerusalem  136 


Cucumber-root 

Cud-weed 

Currant.     Black 

Currant.    Penna.  Black 

Currant.     Red 

Currant-leaf 

Cymling 

DAISY  (Erigeron) 

Daisy.     Ox-eye 

Dandelion 

Dandelion.    Dwarf 

Darnel 

Date  Plum.    Virginian 

Dead-nettle 

Deer-berry 

Devil's-bit 

Devil's  guts 

Dew-berry 

De  Witt  weed 

Dittany 

Dock.    Eittfr,  Broad-leaved 

Dock.    Curled,  Sour 

Dock.    Spatter,  or  Splatter 

Dodder 

Dog's-bane 

Dog-wood 

Dog-wood.    Pond 

Dog-wood.    Swamp 

l5og-wood.     White 

Dragon.    Green 

Dr.agon-root 

Drank 

Duck"s-foot 


Flag. 

Flag. 

Flax 

Flax. 

Flax. 

Flax. 

Flax. 

Flax-vine 

Flea-bane 

Flea-bane.    Canadian 

Flower  of  an  hour 

Flux- root 

F'ox-glove    Purple 

Fringe  tree 

Frost-weed 


Page 
108 
96 
78 
130 
108 
118 
64 
47 
37 
88 
36 
36 
102 
76 
91 
119 
123 
99 
49 
137 
''O 
88 
42 
3 
120 
70 
78 
39 
73 
33 
88 
89 
77 
32 
128 


56 


Page 

Grass.  Feather  15 

Grass.  Fescue  13 

Grass.  Finger  11 

Grass.  Foxtail  17 

Grass.  Green  12 

Grass.  Hair  11 

Grass.  Herd's  10 

Grass.  Indian  15 

Grass.  Meadow  12 

Grass-  Oat              ^  13 

Grass   Three-awned  Oat  H 

Grass.   Orchard  115 

Grass-  Poverty  10 

Grass.  Quake  13 

Grass.  Ray,  Rye  14 

Grass-  Reed  10 

Grass,  Salem  15 

Grass-  Spear  12 
Grass.  Sweet-scented  vernal        5 

Grass-  Timothy  114 

Grass.  Whip  99 

(?rass.  White  10 

Grass.  Wire  (Eleusine)  14 

Grass    Wire  (Poa)  12 

Grass.  Wood  15 

Gromwell-  Corn  23 

Ground-nut  (Apios)  79 

Ground-nut  [Arachis]  130 

Groundsel  88 

Groundsel.  Balsam  88 

Gum.  Black,  Sour  31 

Gum.  Swept  107 

HARD-HACK  63 

Haw.  Black  37 

Hawk-weed  'Hieracium]  84 

Hawk-weed  [Senecio]  88 

Haw-thorn  62 


GALINGALE.  Bristle-spiked   8  Hazel.  Witch 


Galingale.  Sheathed 

Garlic.  Common,  Crow,  Field 

Garlic.  English 

Garlic.  Meadow 

Gentian.  Fringed 

Gentian.  Horse 

Gentian.  Soap-wort 

Geranium.  Wild 

Germander.  Nettle-leaved 

Gill 

Ginger.  Wild 

Ginger-berry  ' 

Ginseng 

Ginseng-  Dwarf 

Goat's-beard-  purple 

Golded  club 

Golden  rod 

Goose-berry 

Goose-foot 

(5oose-grass 

Goose-grass.  Dyer's 

Gourd.  Bottle,  Common 

Gourd.  Egg 

Grape-  Chicken,  Winter 

Grape.  English,  Wine 

Grape.  Fox 

Grape.  Summer,  Wild 

Grass.   Beard 

Grass.  Bengal 

Grass.  Blue 

Grass.  Blue-eyed 

Grass.  Bottle 

Grass.  Brome 

Grass.  Cat's-tail 

Grass.  Cock's-foot 

Grass.  Crab  (Digitaria) 

Grass-  Crab  (Eleusine) 

Grass.  Cut 

Grass.  Dog's-tail 

Grass.  Drop-seed 


Hazel-nut 

40  Heal-all  [Cacalia] 
120  Heal-all  [Prunella] 

40  Hellebore.  White 

32  Hemlock.  Common 

31  Hemlock.  Water 

33,  Hemp.  Common 

76  Hemp.  Indian 

66  Hen-bit 

68'  Herb  Bennet 

57|  Herb  Willow 

49  Hibiscus.  Eatable 

34  Hickory.  Broom 

34  Hickory.  Pig-nut 
132  Hickory.  Shell-bark 

42  Hickory-  Thick  Shellbark 

89  Hickory.  Swamp 
124  Hickory.  White-heart 

3G  Hoar-hound 

19  Hoar-hound.  Water 

18  Hog-weed  [Ambrosia] 
135  Hog-weed  [Erigeron] 
135  Holly-  American 

28   Hone-wort 
118  Honey-suckle-  Wild 

28   Hood-v/ort 

28  Hop    Common 

16  Horn-beam.  Common 
116  Horn-beam.  Hop 

12   Horse-weed  [Collinsonia] 
75  Horse-weed.  [Erigeron] 

17  Hound '.'i-tongue.  Common 
14  Hound's-tongue.  Virginian 

114  Hiickle-Berry 

115  Hvssop-  Garden 
11  INDIGO-  Wild  ; 
14  Innocence 

10  Ipecac 
14   Iron-weed 
9  Iron  wood 


22 

107 


34 
35 
137 
31 

68 
65 
45 


68 
4 
101 
89 
22 
35 


138 

106 

106 

5 


23 
5o 

127 
52 
19 
64 
84 

106' 


INDEX  TO  THE  COMMON  NAMES. 


151 


Ivy.  American 

Ivy.  Ground  [Glechoma] 

Ivy.  (Trouiid  [Mitcliella] 

Ivy-hush 

JACOB'S  LADDER 

Jamestown,  or  Jimson,  weed 

Job's  tear 

Joy.  Traveller's 

Juniper-bush 

KIDNEY-BEAN.  Garden 

Kidney-bean.  Wild 

Knot-grass 

Knot-root 

LADY'S  .SLIPPER 

Lady's  smock 

Lady's  traces,  or  tresses 

Jjamb's  quarters 

Laurel 

Jjaurel.  Ground 

Lavender 

Leather-wood 

Leek 

Lemon  tree 

Lettuce    Garden 

Lettuce.  Lamb's 

Jjettuce.  Wild 

Liie-everlasting 

Ijilies.  Water 

Lily.  Canadian 

Lily.  P'nilaJelphia 

Lily.  Superb 

Jjily.  Swamp 

Lily.  Yellow  Pond 

Linden,  or  Linn 

Lion's  foot 

Liquorice.  Wild 

Liver-leaf.  Liver-wort 

.Lizard's-tail 

Locust  tree 

Loose-strife 

Loose-strife.  Bastard 

Louse-wort 

Lovaje 

Love-apple 

Love-vine 

Lucerne-p,rass 

Lua|;-wort 

Lupin.  Perennial,  Wild 

Lvchnidea.  Spotted- stalked 

MADDER.  Dyer's 

Madder.  Wild 

Madeira  nut 

Mad-wort 

Mallow.  Indian 

Mallows.  Low,  Running 

Mallows.  Marsh 

Mallows.  Musk 

Mandrake.  Wild 

Manjvel-wurtzel 

Maple.  Ash  leaved 

Maple.  Red,  Swamp 

IMaple.  Sufnar 

Majoram.  Sweet 

Marypinld.  Bur 

IMarygokl.  Marsh 

May-weed 

Meadow  sweet 

Medick 

Medlar-bush 

Melon.    Musk 

Melon.  Water 

Mercury.  Three-seeded 

Milfoil 

Milfoil.  Hooded 

Milk-weed 

Milk-wort 

Millet.  C/'ommon 

Millet.  Indian 


Page 

Page 

Page 

23 

Mint.'  Cat 

67 

Penny-royal 

4 

Us 

Mint.  Common,  Spear 

66 

Penny-royal.  Bastard 

70 

19 

Mint.  Corn,  Field 

66 

Penny-wort.  Marsh 

34 

50 

Mint.  Korse 

4 

Penny -wort  (Obolaria) 

21 

26 

Mint.  Mountain 

68 

Pepper.  Cayenne,  Red 

118 

25 

Mint.  Pepper 

«)7 

Pepper.  Water 

,   48 

13-1 

Misseltoe 

lt)9 

Pepper-grass 

128 

59 

Mocasin  flower 

95 

j  Pepper-grass.  Wild 

73 

138 

Monkey  flower 

71 

Persimmon 

46 

131 

Money- wort 

21 

'  Piiysic.  Indian 

ti% 

79 

Moon-seed 

110 

Pigeon-berry 

55 

48 

Mother-v\ort 

67 

Pimpernel    (  Anagallis) 

24 

6 

Mouse-ear  [Cerastium] 

54 

Pim[)ernel  (Lindernia) 

3 

95 

Mouse-ear  (Gnaphalium) 

87 

Pimpernel  [Veronica] 

2. 

75 

Mug-wort 

133 

Pin-weed 

18 

94 

Mulberry.  Italian,  Paper 

137 

Pine,  Ground 

S8 

36 

Mulberry.  Red 

101 

Pine.  Sinuce 

107 

50 

Mulberry.  White 

101 

Pine.  Weymouth,  White 

108 

51 

Mullein.  Common 

25 

Pine.  Yellow,  Pitch 

107 

127 

Mullein.  Moth 

25 

Pine-sap 

52 

47 

Mustard.  Black,  Common 

12-* 

Pink    Carolina  Pink-root 

117 

120 

Mustard.  Hedge 

74 

Pink.  Dwart 

19 

l2;i 

NASTURTIUM 

121 

Pink.  Ground,  Mountain 

26 

132 

Neck-weed  [Cannabis] 

137 

Pink.  Richardson's 

91 

6 

Neck-weed  (Veronica) 

2 

Pipe.  Indian 

62 

83 

Nettle.  Dead 

68 

Pipe-shank 

63 

87 

Nettle.  False 

100 

Pipsissawa 

51 

140 

Nettle.  Hedge 

67 

Plane  tree 

107 

41 

Nettle.  Horse 

27 

Plantam.  Buck-horn,  English 

21 

40 

Nettle.  Smooth 

100 

Plantain.  Common,  Great 

21 

41 

Nettle.  Stinging 

101) 

Plantain.   Indian 

86 

140 

Never-wet 

42 

Plantain.  Poor  Robert's 

88 

57 

Night-shade      Impatiens 

29 

Plantain.  Poor  Robin's 

84 

55 

Night-shade      Solarium 

26 

Plantain.  Rattle-snake 

94 

83 

Night-shade.   Enchanter's 

5 

Plantain.  Water 

45 

3S 

Night-shade.  Three-leaved 

44 

Plantain.  White,  Virginian 

21 

60 

Nine-bark 

63 

Plantam,  White    Gnaphalium    87 

140 

Noah's  Ark 

95 

Pleurisy-root 

32 

79 

Nose-bleed 

91 

Plum,     Black,   Common,  E 

ama- 

24 

Nutmeg  plant 

123 

1  scene 

124 

20 

OAK.  Barren,  Rear,  Scrub 

104 

Plum,  Brandywine,Red,  Yellow  61 

71 

Oak.  Black,  Dyers 

103 

Plum.  Chicasaw 

124 

118 

Oak    Chesnut,  Rock 

104 

Plum.  Virginian  Date 

46 

117 

Oak.  Dwarf  Chesnut 

104 

Poison  Vine 

3S 

33 

Oak.  Jerusalem 

119 

Poke.  Poke-berry  bush 

55 

132 

Oak.  Pin,  Water 

103 

Poke.  Indian 

43 

23 

Oak.  Poison 

38 

Pond-weed.  Floating 

22 

78 

Oak.  Post,  Barren  white 

104 

Poplar.  Athenian 

138 

26 

Oak.  Spanish,  Upland  Red 

103 

Poplar.  Black 

110 

lie 

Oak.  Swamp  white 

104 

Poplar.  Italian,  Lombardy 

13S 

IS 

Oak.  White 

104 

Poplar.  Tulip 

f>9 

134 

Oats.  Common 

115 

Poppy.  Horned,  Prickly 

57 

73 

Oats.  Water 

102 

Potato.  Carolina,  Sweet 

117 

Oats.  Wild 

13 

Potato.  Irish,  RoJnd 

117 

77 

Oily-grain 

12S 

Potato-vine.    Wild 

25 

130 

Okra 

130 

Pride-weed 

89 

77 

Old  man 

13:s 

Priest  in  the  Pulpit 

9:? 

57 

Onion.  Garden 

121 

Prim.     Privet,  or  Privybush 

1 

120 

Orange  tree 

123 

Puccoon 

57 

47 

Orpine.  Virginian 

65 

Puke-weed 

7i> 

47 

Osier.  Golden 

136 

Pumr>kin 

135 

47 

Oyster  plant 

132 

Purslane.     Garden 

iiO 

128 

PAINT.  Indian 

57 

QUERCITRON 

103 

92 

Painted  cup 

72 

Quick-set 

63 

60 

Palma  Chnsti 

in5 

Quince  tree 

126 

91 

Pappoose-root 

39 

RABBIT-FOOT 

80 

63 

Parsley 

119 

Radish.     Garden 

129 

136 

Parsne'p.  Cow 

35 

Radi.sh.     Horse 

]2i) 

63 

Parsnep.  Garden 

119 

Rag-weed 

lOJ 

13fi 

Parsnep.  Water 

.■}4 

Rausted-weed 

70 

I3fi 

Parsnep.  Wild 

35 

Ras[»-berry.     American,  Elac 

k  64 

lOB 

Partridge-berry      Gaultheria 

49 

Raspberry.   Antwerp,  Garden 

mi 

91 

Partridge-berry      !Milchel!a 

19 

Rnttle-box 

7'J 

3 

Pea.  Garden 

131 

Red  Robin 

7-1 

31 

Pea-nut 

13a 

Red-rod 

2(> 

78 

Peach  tree 

125 

Red- root  [Ccanothns] 

■2J 

iii^; 

Pear  tree 

m 

l?ed-root  [SanKuinariu] 

•  ■'i' 

115. 

Pencil  flower 

so 

Red  t^>p  [Agroati*] 

v> 

15^ 


INDEX -TO  THE  COMMON  NAMESV 


Page  I 

13  Snake-root. 


Red  top  [Winclsoria] 

Heed  [Zizania]  102  SnaKe-root 

Kced.    Coojier's.  Reed-mace    yj'  Snake-ioot. 

Rnubarb.    Pie 

Rib  wort 

Rife.     Indian,  Wild 

Rice.     WM  [Leer&ia] 

Rich-weed  [Collinbonia] 

Rich- weed  [Urtica] 


Page 

Dr.  Witt's,  Rattle  83 
7S 
95 

57 
70 

2S 


R  ij' pie-grass 

Robin. rua-the  Hedge 

Rocket     YeiJow 

Rose.     Dwarf,  Wild 

Rose.    RocJi 

Rose.    Swamp 

Rose-bay 

Rue.     Garden 

Rue.    Goat's 

Rue.    Meadow 

Rush.     Common,  Soft 

Rush.     J'ield 

Rush.    YeJlovv-flowering 

Ruta-baga 

Rye 

iSAF-FLOWER 

SSatfron.    Eastard 

Sage.    Gaiden 

Sage.     Indian 

•Sage.     Meadow,  Wild 

Sage.     Wood 

.Saint- John's  Wort 

»Salad.     Corn 

JSalad.    Garden 

iSand-wort.    Thyme-leaved 

Sanicle.     American 

Saniclc.     Rastard  American 

Sanicle.    Maryland 

Sarsaparilla 

iSassafras-     Sassafrack. 

Savory.    Summer 

Saxifrage.    Btirnet 

Saxifrage.     Early 

Saxifrage.    Golden 

Saxifrage.    Large,  Penna- 

Scarcity  root 

Scorpion-grass.    Marsh 

Scorpion-grass.    Virginian 

Scull-cap.     Common. 

Scull-eap.    Large  flowered 

Scull-cup.    Mad-dog 

Scurvy-grass  [Barbarea] 

Scurvy-grass  [Cochlearia] 

Sedge.    Sedge-grass 

Self-heal 

Senna.    Wild 

Sensitive  plant.    Wild 

8ervice-berry 

Shad-blossom 

Shad-bush 

Shamrock 

Shell-flow  er 

Shepherd's  Purse 

Shin-leaf 

iainmake 

Sickle-pod 

Silk-weed 

Skunk- weed 

Sloe 

Snake-head 

Snakf!-root.  P.Iac'k  [Cimi.'iru°;a]  ;5S,  Thorn, 

f-iiiake-root.  Black  [fciajiicula]      'X]  Thorn, 


Seneka 

Virgmia,  Little 
122  Snake-root.    White 

iil I  Snap-dragon.     Wild 
102   fenap-v»-fed 

10  Siietze-weed  [Helenium] 
5;  Snceze-vvort  [Acniliea] 
100   Snovv-diop  tree 

21  Scap-wort 

ly,  Solomon's  Seal 

'/4  SorreJ.    Field,  Sheep 

64  feonel.     Wood 

5t>  Soulhern-wood 

i}i  fciovv-tliibtle.     Coiumcn 

2'j  tfpaiiisli  needles 
1^2  Spurroiu- grass 

79   Spatter-dock 

59  Spear-wort 

42  Speedwell.     Common,  Malg 

43  Speedwell.     Purslane-leaved 
7  Speedwell.    Smooth 

129  Speedwell.    Tall,  Virginian 
114  Speedwell.     Water 
133  Spicc-vvcod 
133  Spider-wort.    Virginian 
113  Spike 
t'6  Spikenard 
4  S|iikenard.    Wild  [Aralia] 


til)  Spikenard.    Wild  |.Smilacina]  41 

5S,  Spinach.    Spinage  137 

(>  Spindle-tree  28 

132  Spruce.    Hemlock  107 

132  Spurge  102 

54  Spurge.    Spotted  103 

33  Squash,     Egg  135 

52  Squash.     Long,   Wartcd  135 

33|  Squash.     Round  135 

38  Squaw-root  72 

49  Statr-tree.     Climbing  27 

127  Siar-wort.    Water  1 

22 1  Stone-crop.    Virginian  55 

52  j  Stone-weed  23 
47 1  Strawberry.     English,  Garden  126 

52 1  Strawberry.    Wild  65 

120 j  Sturtion  121 

24'  Sumach.  Common,  Smooth  37 
24 


Suake-root.    Button 


Sumach.    Mountain  37 

Sumach.    Poison,  Swamp  38 

Sun-drops  46 

Sun-flower.    Cone-disk  92 

Sun-flower.    False  91 

Swallow-wort  31 

Swallow-wort.    Poke-leaved  32 

69]  Sweet-William.     Wild  26 

52  Sycamore  l07 

521 TANSEY  87 

63j  Tape-grass  108 

73;  Tea.    Mountain  49 

63'  Tea.    IVew-Jersey                 -  27 

SO,  Tea-berry  49 

72  i  Tear-thumb.    Arrow-leaved  48 

73:  Tear-thurnb.    Halbert-leaved  48l 

51 1  Teasel.    Fuller's  116' 

37 i  Tease!.    Wild  18i 

74j  Ten  O'clock.  Twelve  O'clock  40l 

3!' Thimble-berry  64 

2.^:  Thistle.    Common  85 

37;  Thistle.     Sweet-scented  P5 

2   Thorn.     Cockspur,  ISewcastle  63 

English  62, 

"V'iri^inio,  Wabhington  125 


Thorn-apple  .  2(t^ 

Thorough-stem.  Thorough-wort  Sb 

Thyme.     Field  6i> 

Thy  trie.     Mother  of 

Thyine.    Virginian 

Timothy 

Tiniothy.    WJiite 

Tinker's  weed.    Dr. 

Toad-flax 

Toad-flax.    Bastard 

Tohacco.     ('orainon 

Tobacco.    Indian 

Tornata  ,  or  luKiatoes 

Tongue-grasa 

'iooth-wort 

Touch-me-not 

Traveller's  Joy 

Tree-Primrose.    Evening 

Trefoil.     Kaie's-foot 

Trefoil.    Hop 

Treloil.     Purple 

Tuliii  tree 

Turk's  cap 

Turkey-berry 

Turkey-pod 

Turmeric 

Tuinip.    Common 

Turnip.     Indian 

Turnip.     Swedish 

Tway-blade 

VALERIAN.    Greek 

Velvet-leaf 

Vervain.    Comm  on 

Violet 

Violet.    Dog's-tooth 

Virgin's  Bower 

WAKE-RUKIi^ 

Wall-ink 

Walnut.    Black 

Walnut.     PJnglish 

Walnut.     Wriite 

Water-tJarpe? 

Water-Cress.    American 

Water-leaf.    Virginian 

Wax-work 

Way-bread 

Wheat.    Cow 

Wheat.    Winter 

Whip-grass 

White-weed 

White-wood 

Whitlow  grass 

Whortle-berry 

Willow.    Black 

Willow.    Drooping,  Weeping  136 

Willow.     Dwarf,  Speckled      108 

Willow     Red 

Willow.    Yellow 

Wiilow-!ierb.    Night 

Wind-flower 

Winter-berry 

Winter-green  [Chimaphila] 

W'inter-green  [Corallorhiza] 

Winter-green  (Pyrola) 

Winter-green.    Chickweed 

Winter-green.    Spicy  45* 

Witch-hazle  22 

Worm-seed  119 

AVorm-wood  133 

Worm.wood.     Wild  101 

YAM.     Wild  110 

Yarrow-  91- 


69 
68 

114 
15 
31 
70 
62 

117 
76 

117 

128 
74 
28 
59 
46 
80 
80 

i;>2 

59 
41 
19 
74 

57 
129 
103 
129 
94 
26 
77 
60 
29 
41 
59 
103 

Q 

104 
134 
104 
47 
75 
24 
27 
21 
72 
114 
99 
87 
59 
73^ 
50 
109 


8-11 


S^-