THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
A SELECTION OF BOOKS ON BOTANY,
GARDENING, ETC.
ALPINE FLORA : for Tourists and Amateur Botanists. With Text
descriptive of the most widely distributed and attractive Alpine plants.
By Dr. JULIUS HOFFMANN. Translated by E. S. BARTON (Mrs. A.
GEPP). With 40 Plates containing 250 Coloured Figures from
water-colour sketches by HERMANN FRIESE. 8vo, js. 6d. net.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF PLANT PRO-
DUCTS. By PAUL HAAS, D.Sc., Ph.D., Demonstrator in Organic
and Applied Chemistry and in Chemical Physiology at the University
College, London ; and T. G. HILL, A.R.C.S., F.L.S., Reader in
Vegetable Physiology in the University of London, University Col-
lege. With Diagrams. 8vo, 75. 6d. net.
TEXT-BOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. By DANIEL TREMBLY
MACDOUGALL, Ph.D. With 159 Illustrations. 8vo, ;j. 6d. net.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS.
By Dr. PAUL SORAUER. Translated by F. E. WEISS, B.Sc., F.L.S.
With 33 Illustrations. 8vo, gj. net.
DISEASES OF PLANTS INDUCED BY CRYPTOGAM 1C PARA-
SITES, Introduction to the Study of Pathogenic Fungi, Slime Fungi,
Bacteria and Algae. By Dr. KARL FREIHERR VON TUBEUF,
Privatdocent in the University of Munich. English Edition by
WILLIAM G. SMITH, B.Sc., Ph.D., Lecturer on Plant Physiology,
University of Edinburgh. With 330 Illustrations. Royal 8vo, 1 8s. net.
A PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY :
Flowering Plants. By ]. BRETLAND FARMER, D.Sc., Professor of
Botany in the Royal College of Science, London. With 121 Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d.
A SCHOOL FLORA. For the Use of Elementary Botanical Classes.
By W. MARSHALL WATTS, D.Sc. Lond. With 174 Illustrations.
Crown 8vo, 3^. 6d.
SOUTH AFRICAN FLOWERING PLANTS : For the use of Be-
ginners, Students and Teachers. By the Rev. Professor G. HENSLOW,
M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc. With 112 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 5-$-.
PLANTS AND THEIR WAYS IN SOUTH AFRICA. By BERTHA
STONEMAN, Huguenot College, Wellington, South Africa. With 275
Illustrations. Crown 8vo, y. 6d.
AN INTERMEDIATE TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY. By ERNEST
EVANS, Natural Science Master, Technical Institute, Burnley. With
303 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s.
A YEAR'S BOTANY. Adapted to Home and School Use. By
FRANCES A. KITCHENER. With 195 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 55.
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London ;
New York, Bombay and Calcutta.
A SELECTION OF BOOKS ON BOTANY, GARDENING,
ETC. — continued.
ROYAL GARDENS. By CYRIL WARD, B.A., Member of the Royal
Cambrian Academy of Art, Manchester Academy of Fine Arts, and
New Society of Water-Colour Painters. Illustrated with 32 full-page
colour reproductions from original water colours and 5 pen drawings
by the author.
Royal 8vo, i6s. net.
Large Paper Edition restricted to 250 copies. Royal 4to, 42$. net.
HOME AND GARDEN : Notes and Thoughts. Practical and Critical,
of a Worker in both. By GERTRUDE JEKYLL. With 53 Illustrations.
8vo, 6s. net.
WOOD AND GARDEN : Notes and Thoughts. Practical and Critical,
of a Working Amateur. By GERTRUDE JEKYLL. With 71 Illus-
trations. 8vo, 6s. net.
ITALIAN GARDENS. After drawings by GEORGE S. ELGOOD, R.I.
With Notes by the Artist, and 52 Plates in Colour. Royal 4to, 42^.
net.
SOME ENGLISH GARDENS. After Drawings by GEORGE S. ELGOOD,
R.I., with Notes by GERTRUDE JEKYLL, and 50 Plates in Colour.
Royal 4to, 42*. net.
THE AMATEUR GARDENER'S ROSE BOOK. By Dr. JULIUS
HOFFMANN. Translated from the German by JOHN WEATHERS,
F.R.H.S., N.R.S. With 20 Coloured Plates from Drawings by
HERMANN FRIESE and 16 Woodcuts. 8vo, 75. 6d. net.
ROSES, THEIR HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND CULTI-
VATION. By the REV. JOSEPH H. PEMBERTON, Past President of
the National Rose Society. With a Frontispiece in Colour, 9 Litho-
graphic Plates and other Illustrations in the Text. 8vo, IDS. 6d. net.
THE PROFITABLE CULTURE OF VEGETABLES FOR MARKET
GARDENERS, SMALL HOLDERS, AND OTHERS. By THOMAS
SMITH, F.R.H.S., Manager of the Fels Fruit Farm and Mayland
French Garden. With numerous Illustrations. 8vo, 6s. net.
A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GARDEN PLANTS. By JOHN
WEATHERS, F.R.H.S. With 163 Diagrams. 8vo, 2is. net.
A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO SCHOOL, COTTAGE, AND ALLOT-
MENT GARDENING. With 66 Illustrations and Examination
Questions on Cottage Gardening. By JOHN WEATHERS, F.R.H.S.
Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. net.
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London;
New York, Bombay and Calcutta.
FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
ALPINE FLORA:
FOR TOURISTS AND AMATEUR BOTANISTS.
With Text Descriptive of the most widely distributed
and attractive Alpine Plants.
BY DR. JULIUS HOFFMANN.
Translated by E. S. BARTON (Mrs. A. GEPP).
With 40 Plates, containing 250 Coloured Figures from
Water-Colour Sketches by HERMANN FRIESE.
8vo, 75. dd. net.
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.,
LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA.
PLATE I.
1. Anemone palmata.
3. Papaver pinnatitidum.
2. Papaver setigerum.
4. Xigella damascena.
FLOWERING PLANTS
OF THE RIVIERA
A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF 1800 OF THE MORE
INTERESTING SPECIES
BY
H. STUART THOMPSON, F.L.S.
AUTHOR OF "ALPINE PLANTS OF EUROPE," "SUB-ALPINE PLANTS," ETC.
WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON RIVIERA VEGETATION
BY
A. G. TANSLEY, M.A.
UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN BOTANY, CAMBRIDGE
EDITOR OF "TYPES OF BRITISH VF.GETATION," ETC.
24 COLOURED PLATES (112 FIGURES), AFTER WATER-COLOUR
DRA WINGS, BY CLARENCE BICKNELL, AND REPRODUCTIONS
OF 16 PHOTOGRAPHS OF VEGETATION BY THE AUTHOR
LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK, BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA
1914
; mi >r>IW() I !
AM>I1
IT VIO
313
3)3
T373C
\X^» '
PREFACE.
BOTANISTS, and indeed many other visitors to the French and Italian
Riviera, have long wanted a portable book descriptive of the numerous
Flowering Plants to be found on those coasts and the adjoining hills ;
and it is believed that an illustrated work with short descriptions of
about 1 800 of the commoner and of the more interesting plants will
be found useful. We are unaware of the existence of any book
descriptive of a large proportion of the Riviera plants alone. Several
books of a more or less popular nature have been published during
recent years, but they have dealt with other features besides the
flowers. The best of these is the beautifully illustrated and extremely
readable " Riviera Nature Notes," by the modest " C. C.". The late
Professor Strasburger's "Rambles on the Riviera" should also be
mentioned.
Ardoino's " Flore Analytique du Dept. des Alpes-Maritimes,"
published in 1867, is a useful account of the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of that department ; very frequent reference has been made to
it, but, as " C. C." remarked, it has been found to contain many
errors. The splendid work of M. Emile Burnat (" Flore des Alpes-
Maritimes "), 1892-1906, does not make the progress we should like
to see : four volumes (to Umbelliferae only) have hitherto appeared ;
and though so elaborate it is not primarily descriptive, nor is it illus-
trated. For the adjoining Department of the Var the " Catalogue
des Plantes Vasculaires " was published in 1908 by the late Abel
Albert and M. Emile Jahandiez. This useful work is still less a
descriptive " Flora," though it contains some interesting notes and
photographs. I am indebted to these two French botanists for much
information in regard to the habitats, times of flowering and localities
of many of the species. I have also to thank M. Jahandiez for kind
help in his Library and Herbarium at Carqueiranne.
I have found Mr. Clarence Bicknell's large illustrated volume
(now out of print), entitled " Flowering Plants and Ferns of the
Riviera and Adjoining Mountains" (1885), very helpful, though it
contains descriptions and figures of not mofe than 220 plants. The
same writer's "Flora of Bordighera and San Remo" (1896) is a
catalogue of the wild plants of that neighbourhood, which contains
many original notes of great value. Moggridge's " Contributions to
the Flora of Mentone and to a Winter Flora of the Riviera" (1866-
71) is a costly work somewhat similar to Mr. Bicknell's larger volume.
485633
AC"
vi FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
It contains ninety-seven beautifully coloured plates on which some
138 species are figured. It has long been out of print.
The present work, intended chiefly for tourists, is an attempt to
give short descriptions of about 1800 of the Flowering Plants grow-
ing wild on the French Riviera, as far as San Remo in Italy, and the
hill country to 1000 metres, or about 3300 feet, is included. It was
impossible to make a book of this size include characters of the
plants of the higher mountains, or indeed all the species of the plains
and hills. However, brief allusion is made to many other plants of
the district, including some characteristic introductions which form
such salient features in the landscape, and comparatively few species
which occur within the area treated are not mentioned at least by
name. A list of the Ferns is also given. The flora is so rich that
in the Department of the Var alone there are not less than 2140
species (excluding the Ferns), besides many sub-species which are
given specific rank by some botanists.
For several reasons, and particularly because I have spent more
time in the Var, that Department is dealt with more fully than the
Department of les Alpes-Maritimes. Moreover, there is a far greater
area of unspoiled littoral in the Var. The word " littoral " is used
in the text in a general way, not for the coast only but to include the
stretch of comparatively low land within reasonable distance of the
seaboard. Much of it comprises low hills covered with Pines, Oaks
of several kinds, and maquis.
Very little attention has been paid here to some of the large
" critical " genera, such as Rubus, Rosa, Hieracium and Salix ; nor
is there space for a full rendering of the Sedges and Grasses, though
some eighty-five of the Grasses are briefly characterized. For the
same reason comparatively few varieties are mentioned, and such a
family as Umbelliferse and some of the Apetalous families, such as
Polygonaceae and Chenopodiaceae, are somewhat summarily treated.
Many of these plants are not only inconspicuous weeds, some of them
well-known in the British Isles, but they flower in the late summer
when few visitors are in the South.
The nomenclature does not follow rigidly the Vienna Rules of
1905 ; and in some cases a well-known name is purposely left, even
though it may not be the earliest name. Sometimes a synonym is
added. English names are given to most of the plants which appear
in Great Britain, but it was not thought desirable to coin many other
English names.
An effort has been made to compile tables or keys to all the
genera occurring in the area. These have been based upon the
arrangement in Hooker's " Student's Flora of the British Isles," and
supplemented by reference to Coste's " Flore de la France," Arcan-
geli's " Flora Italiana," Bentham's " Handbook of the British Flora,"
Babington's " Manual of British Botany," and other works. Owing
to there being no writer on western Mediterranean plants but Arcan-
geli who had adopted Hooker's tabular system of genera, great diffi-
PRKFACK vii
culty was often experienced in making such generic keys uniform. I
hope, however, that the result may be found useful to those students
who are accustomed to work with keys, which at their best are not
always reliable.
The synopsis of the Families is chiefly based upon the arrange-
ment of Bentham and Hooker, which adhered closely to that of de
Jussieu as modified by de Candolle. Dr. Rendle's " Classification of
Flowering Plants " (Vol. I, Gymnosperms and Monocotyledons) has
also been consulted ; and the author has kindly given me advice.
I am greatly indebted to Mr. Clarence Bicknell, of Bordighera,
for kindly lending me a number of his water-colour drawings of
flowers for reproduction in the work. Though the reproductions
are necessarily smaller than one could wish, they will greatly add
to the value of the book. The little half-tone vegetation scenes are
selected from a large number of photographs taken by me in 1912
and 1913. I have also to thank my friend Mr. A. G. Tansley, M.A.,
of Cambridge, not only for help and encouragement but for his
kindness in writing an Introduction on Riviera Vegetation; and
my friends Messrs. H. W. Pugsley, B.A., and C. E. Salmon,
F.L.S., for revising the genera Fumaria and Statice respectively.
To Mr. J. F. Duthie, B.A., I am indebted also for some help last
spring on the Riviera ; while Mr. Raine of Hyeres has in the past
supplied me with specimens and shown me where interesting or rare
plants grow in his neighbourhood. Lastly, Dr. B. Daydon Jackson,
General Secretary of the Linnean Society, has always been ready
to give prompt assistance from his vast store of knowledge.
The author of the charming "Riviera Nature Notes" (Mr.
Comerford-Casey) said he did riot confine himself to remarks about
the structure and affinities of the different species ; " for many
of the plants which surround us here have an interest other than
botanical. They are connected with history, with mythology and
with the outward symbolism of religion : they are enshrined in the
literature of Rome and Greece and Palestine, and associated with the
progress of mankind. To lose sight of this would be to do scanty justice
to the subject." Because it was impossible to lengthen the present
work to include many such interesting things, makes me rejoice all
the more that this aspect was treated so admirably by "C. C."
Many useful notes on the properties of some of the plants are to be
found in Professor Penzig's little " Flore coloriee de poche du Littoral
Mediterraneen," a book which deserves to be better illustrated.
That there may be errors in a work of this description goes
without saying, for, as M. Favre says, " il n'y a que ceux qui ne font
rien qui ne se trompent pas " ; but it is hoped they are of no
great seriousness. However, the author will gladly avail himself of
any suggestions for a future edition, if they are kindly sent to him
through the publishers.
H. S. THOMPSON
12 January, 1914.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE
I. Anemone palmuta, Papaver setigerum, Papaver pinnatifdinn,
Nigella damascena Frontispiece
PAGE
II. Fig. i. Forest of Pinus Pinaster and Quercus Suber (Cork--| be-
Oak), etc., on siliceous soil near Hyeres . j-tween
Fig. 2. Mixed wood on Triassic soil near Carqueiranne . J 8 & 9
III. Fig. i. Umbrella or Stone Pines (Pinus Pinea) . \ be.
Fig. 2. Aleppo Pines (P. halepensis), jfitniperus phoenicea, I tween
Arundo Donax, and bank of Sea-wrack at Beau- J g & n
Rivage (Var) J
IV. Clematis Flammula, Adonis autumnalis, Anemone stellata,
Anemone coronaria var. phcenicea . . . . . .21
V. Moricandia arvensis, Diplotaxis erucoides, Alyssum maritimum,
Hypecoum procumbens, Fumaria spicata .... 28
VI. Cistus salvi&folius, Helianthemum Tubcraria, Dianthus longi-
caulis, Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus albidus 44
VII. Fig. i. The three common species of Cistus in winter . ^
Fig. 2. The common tall Spurge with dark purple glands > 46
(Euphorbia Characias) J
VIII. Linum narbonense, Silene sericea, S. muscipula, Hypericum Corrs,
Linum maritimum . . . . . . . .51
IX. Cneonim tricoccum, Pistacia Lentiscus, Ceratonia Siliqua, Rutu
angustifolia, Oxalis cernua 62
X. Spartium junceum, Genista argentea, Calycotome spinosa, Cytisus
trifiorus 71
XI. Anthyllis tetraphylla, Tetragonolobus siliquosus, Medicago
scutellata, Medicago marina, Trifolium angustifolium . . 74
XII. Bonjeania recta, Coronilla Emerus, Scorpiurus subvillosa, Lotus
edulis 85
XIII. Onobrychis caput-galli, Psoralea bituminosa, Lathyrus Cly-
menum, Lathyrus latifolius var. angustifolius ... 92
XIV. Lathyrus annuus, Lathyrus angulatus, Vicia hybrida, Vicia
atropurpurea 97
XV. Fig. i. Prickly-pears (Opuntia grandis) and Olives near Hyeres,"!
Fig. 2. Common Prickly-pear (Opuntia Ficus Indica) at Les j
Ameniers near Toulon in April }
XVI. Ecbalium Elaterium, Orlaya grandiftora, Tamarix africana,
Crucianella maritima, Lonicera implexa . . . .112
XVII. Scabiosa maritima, Bellis silvestris, Calendula arvensis, Senecio
Cineraria . . . . . . • • • 115
FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
XVIII. Catananche carulea, Echinops Kitro, Carlina corymbosa, Scoly-
mus hispanicus . . . . . . . . .126
XIX. Atractylis cancellata, Leuzea conifera, Galactites tomentosa,
Crupina Crupinastrum, Xanthium strumarium . . . 128
XX. Specularia falcata, Campanula bononiensis, Coris mon$peliensis,
Arbutus Unedo, Primula marginata 145
XXI. Nerium Oleander, Olea europaea, Vinca acutiflora, Phillyrea
angustifolia, jasminum/rut'icans . . . . . .151
XXII. Hyoscyamus albus, Cerinthe aspera, Anchusa italica, Lithosper-
mum purpureo-ccsruleum ....... 154
XXIII. Orobanche cruenta, Scrophularia canina, Vitex Agnus-Castus,
Stachys heraclea, Veronica Teucrium, Prunella hyssopifolia . 177
XXIV. Daphne Gnidium, Aristolochia Pistolnchia, Euphorbia dendroides,
Smilax aspera, Gladiolus segetum ...... 192
XXV. Fig. i. Cork-Oaks in January near Hyeres. Maquis of
Calycotome, Quercus coccifera, Cistus albidus,
Rosemary, etc. ......
Fig. 2. Cork-Oaks and Tree Heath on Triassic soil near
Carqueiranne in March
XXVI. Fig. i. Maquis of Lentisque, Quercus coccifera, Cistus, etc.,
beneath small Aleppo Pines on limestone near
Carqueiranne
Fig. 2. Maquis of Tree Heath (Erica arborea), Arbutus,
Calycotome, etc., in wood of Pinus Pinaster on
siliceous soil near Cap de Le"oube .
XXVII. Allium roseum, Simethis bicolor, Scilla hyacinthoides, Lilium
pomponium, Asphodelus fistulosus
XXVIII. Sternbergia lutea, Crocus versicolor, Narcissus italicus, Pancra-
tium maritimum, Arisarum vulgar e .....
XXIX. Serapias cordigcra, S. longipetala, Orchis palmtris, Limodorum
abortiorum, Orchis laxiflora, Orchis coriophora
XXX. Ophrys Bertolonii, Ophrys fusca, Orchis provincialis, Cephalan-
thera rubra .........
XXXI. Fig. i. Agave americana in fruit, at Beau-Rivage, Var, in^
winter ........
Fig. 2. Arundo Donax in flower in November: the tall reeds j
used for basket-making, fencing, etc. . . j
XXXII. Fig. i. Phcenix canariensis (Canary Palm) at Hyeres in"|
November ....... I
Fig. 2. Pritchardia filamentosa (Washingtonia robusta) at j
Hyeres J
be-
tween
192
and
193
199
215
231
234
ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS.1
A FEW hints on how to collect plants and dry and mount them for an herbarium
may be useful to some readers, particularly as the subject is discussed either
very briefly or not at all in most botanical books.
Plants can be collected and preserved on the Riviera, in the Alps, or any extra-
tropical country, much in the same way as in the British Isles. Specimens are
usually put into a japanned or painted tin, commonly called a vasculum ; while
an ordinary large sponge-bag would in the mountains be found a useful adjunct
or alternative, for it can easily be carried in the ruck-sack when on mountain
expeditions, and is more convenient than a tin. Sponge-bags are light and
fairly waterproof, and for many small fleshy plants, such as Saxifrages and
Sempervivums, they are both convenient and handy. Some botanists, however,
prefer to take into the field a light portfolio, furnished with leather straps and
sheets of drying-paper, so that the plants and particularly the more delicate
ones, and those, like Veronicas, whose blossoms drop easily, can be put straight
into paper, and sorted and rearranged in a proper press on returning to the
house. We do not, however, much recommend the use of such a portable
press, especially as it wastes time and is quite useless in wet or windy weather.
Many of the tins carried by young botanists are bought ready-made, and are
too short. For ordinary purposes the tin should be about sixteen inches long, seven
or eight inches wide, and about two and a half or three inches deep. It should
have rounded edges, and the opening, which is on the broad side, should be
large enough to admit average specimens without difficulty or needless doubling.
The cover to the opening is attached by a couple of hinges, and it fastens at
the side by a sliding wire bolt. If this should work loose and there be danger
of the lid falling open when carried, the bolt can be bent the least bit out of the
straight and it will then hold firmly. The plant-tin is most conveniently carried
from the shoulders by a leather strap ; but sometimes it has a thick wire handle
at the top, which is convenient on occasion. On hot days the vasculum should
be kept as much as possible out of the sun, for the metal gets very hot if
exposed to brilliant sunshine. To combat this difficulty, or rather to prevent its
consequences, the writer often lays the first delicate specimens in a bed of fresh
green leaves placed in the tin. If necessary these can be removed as the tin
gets too full.
When a sponge-bag is not carried, it is often an advantage to have a
smaller tin, such as is sometimes called a sandwich-tin, which will go within the
coat-pocket. Small and delicate specimens can thus be carried, or it can be
used for wet or dirty roots which might damage delicate flowers in the larger box.
1 Reprinted, with slight alterations, from the author's "Sub- Alpine Plants,"
by permission of Messrs. George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.
xii FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
A perfect specimen should have root, stem, leaves, flowers and fruit — both
young and mature if possible. If, as is often the case, the fruit cannot be ob-
tained on the same plant with the flowers, it should be gathered separately from
another. It is most important to get the fruit, and in a more or less developed
state, for in some families, such as Cruciferce, Legtiminosce , and Umbellijercr, it
is at times impossible to determine a plant correctly without it. Good typical
specimens should be selected, not necessarily the largest, but the most perfect
and convenient in size. When possible a root-leaf or two should be collected
as well as stem-leaves, but, of course, in many small plants most of the leaves
will be root-leaves.
The sheets of paper upon which the specimens are finally mounted should
not be less than about 15 x 10 inches, which is the size most cartridge paper
cuts into, but 16 x 10 is still better, and this is the size adopted in the Kew
Herbarium, and quite large enough for ordinary purposes, though exceeded in
several of the other great public herbaria.
When plants are not more than about fifteen inches long it is better to put
them into the tin and the press whole — not cut or doubled. When, however, a
tall plant or shrub is dealt with, a good flowering branch should be cut off with
several of the lower stem-leaves, and the root-leaves, if any, should be added
separately, so as to give the complete habit as much as possible.
A notebook should always be taken into the field, in which the names, when
known, of all the rarer and more interesting plants should be entered, together
with date, habitat, locality, and anything of special interest worth recording.
These notebooks form the basis of both the temporary and permanent labels
referred to later. When in a foreign country it is sometimes desirable for
botanists to enter the names of all the interesting species they come across in
their walks, whether they keep^ dry specimens or not, for such notes are some-
times useful long afterwards, and it is astonishing how quickly such things are
forgotten if not noted down.
A press is very simply made from two stout boards, about r.6£ x io£ inches,
and of sufficient thickness not to warp. The boards are best with cross-pieces
tenoned at the ends, in the manner that drawing-boards are made ; and they
are either furnished with strong leather straps — screws are not advisable — or
the pressure can be obtained by placing glazed bricks, boxes of pebbles, or
heavy iron weights on top. Such automatic pressure is best, for it adjusts itself
to the diminishing thickness of the contents of the press as the specimens dry.
A press of this kind, or a pair of them, can be taken to the Continent without
much trouble ; but if a few plants only are to be collected, it would suffice
to take a couple of pieces of thick mill-board with either leather straps or
thinner straps made of a kind of braid, or of the cloth that saddlers use, with
buckles attached. Elastic bands are not recommended, for they break easily
and cannot be adjusted like straps.
To separate half-dried specimens from fresh ones, and to keep the whole mass
fairly level, and generally to hasten the process of drying, we have found a few
thin wooden " ventilators " or frames the size of the press, made of cross-pieces
of wood half an inch wide and one-eighth inch thick, very useful. Sometimes
strong wirework frames or lattices can be bought, which answer the same
purpose, or they could be used instead of the wooden boards to form an actual
drying-press.
Common blotting-paper should never be used for drying plants in ; it is too
tender, it does not last, costs too much, and the plants often stick to it. Any
ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS xiii
coarse, stout, and unsized paper will do, and even old newspapers may be used
as a last resource. It is not necessary to buy the specially made grey, absorbent
paper, though as it lasts a lifetime it is not expensive in the end. Such drying-
paper is supplied in four sizes by Messrs. West, Newman, & Co., of 54, Hatton
Garden, London, at is. id. per quire or 155. a ream for the smallest size, which
measures 16 x 10 inches when folded. The orthodox paper cannot always be
bought when travelling, and in that case it is better to ask the stationer for some
of his ordinary rough wrapping-paper. In Italy and France the tough, yellow or
grey paper frequently used in grocers' shops will also form quite a good drying-
paper.
Before the specimens are placed in the press they should be examined, and
any superfluous branches, leaves, or buds removed, if a fairly flat object cannot
be otherwise attained. Roots should have soil or sand shaken from them, and
they should be washed if necessary, and dried in a duster. The plant is then laid
out as naturally as possible on a sheet of drying-paper, and others are placed by
it until the sheet is fairly covered. Several sheets of paper should be placed
between this lot and the next, according to the nature of the plants and the thick-
ness of the paper ; but the great idea in pressing plants is to dry them quickly,
and thus preserve the colour as naturally as possible. The more paper used and
the oftener it is changed and dried the better. At first the papers should be dried
every day, in the sun or by the fire ; afterwards less often. If the paper is hot,
all the better, and a hot iron is often a useful adjunct. The pressure should be
light at first, and increased after the first day, but the flowers and delicate leaves
of some plants will shrivel if the pressure is not even and adequate. However,
many a youthful collector is apt to forget that drying is the chief thing, and that
the pressure can be easily overdone. At the first changing of papers the speci-
mens can be rearranged while pliable, and superabundant parts removed with
scissors. Any stems with broken or ragged ends should also be cut clean.
When quite fresh many specimens do not so easily yield to necessary treatment
as now.
Generally it is better to leave plants in the tin, rather than put them in water,
if it is inconvenient to press them within one or two days ; while many small kinds
would remain fresh a week in the tin if in a cool place, though both leaves and
flowers might lose some colour during that time. Most of the very thick or fleshy
portions of plants, such as the head of a Thistle, the bulb of a Daffodil, or the
stem of an Orobanche, should be cut in two before being dried. In fact, the
whole of a thick Orobanche or of a plant like the common Mullein had better be
split in two from top to bottom. Usually both halves are worth preserving.
Woody stems also are better split in two, or at any rate thinned.
In order to aid the drying of any such thick or fleshy plants, or portions of
plants, it is well to make pads of cotton-wool and place them both above and
below the specimens. Cotton-wool can be bought in long sheets and easily cut
with scissors the size of the drying-paper. It is better that the plants should not
touch the cotton-wool itself; but useful and more or less permanent pads can
be made very quickly by loosely stitching together with a needle and thread a
pair of folded sheets of drying-paper with the wool inside.
Many succulent plants, such as Orchids, Lilies, Sedums, and Sempervivums
can be dried with the help of these pads, but it is best first to dip them in boiling
water up to the base of the flowers. This kills the plant at once, and enables it
to be dried more quickly, and with much less loss of colour. Thick Orchids
should always be killed in this way, and their tubers and stems might first be
xiv FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
pricked with the point of a knife to hasten the process of scalding, for the final
result, particularly in regard to the green colour of the leaves, makes it well worth
the trouble. Dipping in boiling water is also recommended in the case of Heaths,
which shed their leaves while being dried.
With the help of the notebook or diary already referred to, it is well to write
on a rough, temporary label the name of the plant, if known, the place where it
came from, date, and 'approximate altitude if in the mountains. It is interesting
sometimes to add the kind of soil or geological formation. These labels should
be placed with the specimens they refer to, and afterwards copied when the plants
are mounted. If a series of one species or variety, especially when belonging to
a critical genus, be collected, every example should have a little label or ticket
with the same number, while one label only need have the full particulars.
When the specimens are quite dry and stiff they can be packed close together,
with only a single sheet of paper between each layer, and this paper need not be
absorbent, but if it is un glazed the specimens will keep in position better when
travelling, and not slip about so readily if the parcel is not quite tight.
In hot countries it is desirable to poison collections of dried plants by painting
them over with a solution of mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate, to protect
them against insects. This is done at Kew Herbarium, and also by a few
amateur botanists in this country ; but in England it is not really necessary, if
camphor or naphthaline be freely used, as is the case in the National Herbarium
at South Kensington. In addition to spoiling some specimens, and to the sub-
sequent peculiar blackening of the mounting paper in many cases, and to the
offensive fumes which in hot weather sometimes rise from specimens treated with
corrosive sublimate, the solution is, of course, a most deadly poison, and must
be handled with great care.
The preservative solution used at Kew is as follows : —
£ oz. corrosive sublimate,
^ oz. carbolic acid,
i pint methylated spirit.
It is better that the specimens should be quite dry before they are poisoned.
It is usually done with a large camel-hair brush, but there should be no metal
mountings about it, and all steel instruments such as knives, scissors, or forceps
must be kept away from the solution or it will quickly corrode them. If the
solution contains too much chloride of mercury a white crystalline deposit will be
left on the specimens. But we say again emphatically that in this country " the
game is not worth the candle ". If further proof be needed it may be mentioned
that the writer has in his own herbarium many hundreds of perfect specimens
collected eighty or more years ago which were never " poisoned," but which have
suffered nothing from the attacks of insects, and are to-day as complete and in as
good condition as ever.
It has been customary in this country to mount dried plants on paper by
means of paste, good gum, or liquid glue. When frequently handled this may
have its advantages, and especially if little envelopes containing loose portions
of the flower and fruit are attached for careful examination or dissection ; but
many amateur botanists attach their specimens to the paper with narrow strips
of gummed paper, so that they can be examined on both sides, and altogether
removed if desired. The little rolls of transparent adhesive paper sold by
stationers for repairing torn music, books, etc., cannot be improved upon for this
purpose. Another method sometimes adopted on the Continent is to attach the
ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS xv
thin portions of stem, etc., to the paper by means of ordinary pins, of course
placed horizontally. If gum be used it is best made of a mixture of gum Acacia
(gum Arabic) and gum Tragacanth, it being both clean to use and very adhesive.
In rare instances collections of plants are not mounted at all, but simply left
loose in folded sheets of paper. However, they are better more or less mounted,
and the paper should be a thick, white cartridge or some similar paper, which
will remain rigid and flat when one end is held in the hand.
After the plants are mounted they should be labelled. The labels should be
about 3^ x 2 inches in size, of rather thin but good white paper so that they can
easily be gummed or pasted in a corner of the mount. In British collections it
is usual to have the name of the owner neatly printed at the head of the label
after the contracted word " Herb." (before which " Ex." can be written when
specimens are exchanged or given away). A broad space is then leit for the
name of the plant, and usually there are linee for the habitat and locality, and
half-lines for the Vice-County, collector's name, date, and number in the last
edition of the " London Catalogue of British Plants ". But for European her-
baria a simpler label is usually adopted, with the same simple line border, and
either with the heading, " Herbarium Europaeum, A.B.C. ," or " Flora oi
Switzerland," " Plants of Norway," or something of that sort. It saves time
when many specimens have been collected by the same person to have the
collector's name, preceded by " Coll." or " Legit," printed in small type at the
base of the label.
It should have been mentioned that in mounting many specimens which do
not fill a sheet, it is important not to place them always in the centre, but rather
at one side if narrow, or in one corner if very small. This will not only tend to
keep the bundles of sheets fairly level, but allow several examples of the same
species from other districts or from other countries to be added later. The label
should, of course, be placed near the plant, and it is sometimes well to rule off
with a pencil line one specimen from another from a different district. In this
way it is quite easy to have four or five gatherings of the smallest plants with
different labels mounted on the same sheet. In starting a continental collection
young botanists are tempted to economize in paper and space by mounting
different species on the same sheet. This is greatly to be discouraged, for, apart
from the want of systematic order, the space may be needed on future occasions
for plants of the same species or variety.
As previously suggested, it is an excellent plan to have a series of very small
envelopes, which can be home-made, in which to keep seeds, fruits, and some-
times individual specimens of the flowers or even some leaves, so that they can
be easily examined either with an ordinary pocket-lens or under the microscope.
Such envelopes should be gummed at the back to the sheet of mounting-paper,
preferably with the name of the plant and its collection number, if any. These
field numbers are quoted, and save much trouble and needless explanation in the
event of any subsequent correspondence on the specimens they refer to. In
collecting obscure forms and little-known varieties and all plants such as Hawk-
weeds, Willows, Roses, Sedges, etc., in any quantity, all of one gathering should
bear the same numeral. This is particularly the custom with collectors of sets
of rare plants in new or little-known countries, and these numbers are referred to
and quoted afterwards in books written on the flora of those countries. In work-
ing at any special genus or at the plants of one country, whether it be at Peters-
burg, Vienna, London, or New York, it is a great help to find a collector's
specimens all uniformly numbered thus.
I
xvi FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
The arrangement of the specimens in genus covers, and of the herbarium
generally in a cabinet, must depend upon the individual taste of the botanist and
upon the size of his collection. But except in very small collections when several
genera can be placed together in one cover, with their names and those of the
various genera neatly written outside, it is better to place the species of one genus
only in a cover. These genus covers should be made of stout brown paper folded
to a slightly larger size than the mounting-paper. The name of the genus should
be written on the end of the cover so that it can be readily found when packed in
the cabinet. As the collection grows it may be necessary to have more than one
cover for many of the larger genera.
Cabinets should be made of well-seasoned wood — what is called American
white-wood is a very good and inexpensive material. The usual form is a tall,
upright cupboard, divided perpendicularly into two equal parts, and with two
closely fitting doors opening in the middle (two doors are very much better than
one). The shelves should be made very carefully of thin wood which will not
warp, and they should slide easily in shallow grooves cut in the framework of the
cupboard. They are better supported in this way than on narrow strips of wood
nailed to the sides, for such strips interfere with the papers when the shelves are
very full.
It is to be hoped that not only collectors of herbarium specimens and of
roots, but all who gather flowers will set a good example by not taking more
than they really need.
A SHORT GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.
ACHENE, a dry, indehiscent, i-seeded fruit, such as the single " seed " of a
Ranunculus.
ACICDLAR, applied to linear leaves which are stiff and needle-like, such as those
of Pine.
ACUMINATE, narrowed at the top and then prolonged into a point.
ACUTE, tapering to a point ; sharp.
ADHESION, the union of dissimilar parts of a flower, such as the petals and sepals ;
cf. Cohesion.
ADNATE, attached throughout their whole length.
ADPRESSED, pressed close to anything.
ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS, those which appear as outgrowths from the stem or leaves.
ESTIVATION, the arrangement of the petals in the unexpanded bud.
ALBUMEN, nutritious matter in the seed to feed the young plant.
ALTERNATE, applied to leaves which are not arranged opposite to one another on
the stem.
AMPLEXICAUL, when a leaf, bract, or stipule more or less embraces the stem.
ANASTOMISING, veins combining with each other at their ends.
ANDRCECIUM, the male organs or stamens, considered as a whole.
ANGIOSPERM, a Flowering Plant whose ovules are enclosed in ovaries ; cf. Gym-
nosperm.
ANNUAL, applied to plants which pass through their life-history in one year and
then die.
ANTHER, the upper portion of a stamen containing pollen.
APETALOUS, without petals, or with very small rudimentary ones.
APEX, the end furthest from the point of attachment.
APICULATE, with a very small hard point at the end, often formed by the tip of
the midrib.
AQUATIC, growing actually in water.
ARILLUS, a fleshy covering of some seeds.
ARISTATE, when the point of a leaf is fine like a hair.
ARTICULATE, jointed, applied to organs which can be separated (without tearing)
into several similar parts, e.g. an articulated capsule.
ASCENDING, applied to stems which are first prostrate and then rise more or less
vertically.
ASEXUAL, applied to the reproduction by organs other than the stamens and
carpels.
ASSOCIATION, a colony or community of plants living together.
AURICLES, appendages at the base of the leaves.
AWN, a thread-like extension of a seed or other organ, such as in Barley.
AXIL, the angle formed, for example, at the attachment of a leaf to a stem.
AXILLARY, placed in an axil.
Axis, usually applied to the stem.
BEAK, sometimes applied to the curved and pointed extremity of a fruit ; or
the hooded portion of a corolla.
BERRY, a pulpy fruit containing several seeds.
BIENNIAL, requiring two years to complete its life-history, after which the plant
dies.
b * xvii
xviii FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
BIFID, 2-cleft.
BIPINNATE, twice-pinnate ; i.e. when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves
pinnate; e.g. the leaflets of Osmunda.
BIPINNATIFID, applied to pinnate leaves whose segments are doubly cut or
lobed ; e.g. Matricaria.
BITERNATE, when the divisions of a ternate leaf are themselves ternate.
BRACT, a small leaf at the base of a flower-stalk ; or the divisions of an
involucre.
BRACTEOLE, the last minute bracts under each flower.
BUD, the unopened leaf or flower.
BULB, a modified stem, usually subterranean, consisting of a series of succulent
leaves, containing reserve material, such as an onion.
BULBIL, a bud which falls from certain flowers or leaves and is capable oi
reproducing the plant, as in some Alliums and Lilies.
C^SPITOSE, growing in tufts from the roots.
CALCICOLE, applied to plants which thrive best on calcareous, or limestone,
soils.
CALCIFUGE, applied to plants which avoid calcareous soils.
CALYX, the sepals considered as a whole.
CAMPANULATE, in the form of a bell.
CAPILLARY, hair-like ; very fine, but hollow.
CAPITATE, growing in heads or close clusters.
CAPITULUM or HEAD, an inflorescence in which the flowers are stemless, and
arranged on a terminal expansion of the axis; e.g. many Composite?.
CAPSULE, a dry seed-vessel containing many seeds and composed of two or
more carpels.
CARPEL, the divisions of the ovary or capsule.
CARPOPHORE, a small support to the capsules of certain plants, as in many
Silenes.
CARTILAGINOUS, of the consistence and colour of cartilage ; e.g. the border of
many Saxifrage leaves.
CATKIN, a dense spike of unisexual apetalous flowers, which are shed as a
whole.
CAULINE, growing from the stem, not radical.
CELLS, the units of which plant or animal tissue is built up.
CELLULAR, composed of cells.
CHLOROPHYLL, the green colouring-matter of plants.
CILIATE, fringed with longish hairs or cilia.
CIRCINATE, curled up from the top towards the base.
CLAVATE, club-shaped.
CLAW, the narrowed base of a petal.
CLEISTOGAMOUS flowers are those which never open and are self- fertilised.
CLUB-SHAPED, cylindrical, but becoming larger towards the apex.
COHESION, the union of similar parts of a flower ; cf. ADHESION.
COMPRESSED, flattened laterally.
CONE, the scaly fruit of the Conifera or Pine family.
CONICAL, cone-shaped.
CONIFEROUS, applied to the Pine and Fir family, which bear cones.
CONNATE, when two similar parts, as leaves, are slightly connected round the
stem.
CONNIVENT, converging.
CONVOLUTE, rolled together.
CORDATE, heart-shaped ; ovate, acute with two rounded lobes at the base.
CORIACEOUS, firm and tough like leather.
CORM, a bulb-shaped, modified and swollen underground stem, in which
reserve material is stored ; e.g. a Crocus corm.
COROLLA, the petals of a flower considered as a whole.
CORONA, a circular rim within the corolla or perianth, such as the " trumpet" of
a Daffodil.
A SHORT GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS xix
CORYMB, a raceme with the peduncles becoming gradually shorter as they
approach the top, so that all the flowers are about on a level.
COTYLEDONS, the first pair of seed-leaves.
CRENATE, applied to leaves with obtuse, rounded teeth, such as those of Violet
and Ground Ivy.
CRENULATE, minutely crenate.
CRYPTOGAMIC, plants reproduced by spores, like Ferns and Mosses, in which
the stamens and pistils are wanting.
CUNEATE or CUNEIFORM, wedge-shaped ; i.e. broadest above the middle and
tapering toward the base.
CUSPIDATE, imperceptibly lengthened into a sharp point.
CUTICLE, the outer skin of an animal or plant.
CYME, an inflorescence in which the flowers are produced in successive, lateral
axis; e.g. Myosotis, Lychnis.
CYLINDRICAL, more or less in the form of a cylinder.
DECIDUOUS, applied to plants, and especially trees, whose leaves are shed each
autumn.
DECURRENT, applied to leaves which run down the stem.
DEHISCENT, applied to fruits which open at one or more points to allow the
seed to escape.
DENTATE, with short triangular teeth.
DENTICULATE, finely dentate.
DICHOTOMOUS, applied to a stem, branch, panicle, or cyme which is forked
again and again.
DICOTYLEDON, a plant having two seed-leaves ; cf. Monocotyledon.
DIFFUSE, widely spreading.
DIGITATE leaves are those whose lobes are disposed like the fingers of the hand.
but from one centre, as in Lupine.
DICECIOUS plants are those having stamens and pistils in separate flowers on
different plants.
Disc or DISK, the central part of a capitulum of Composites ; also the glandular
space above the receptacle of some flowers.
DIVARICATE, spreading at an obtuse angle.
DRUPE, a fleshy, indehiscent fruit containing a stone in which the seed is
enclosed ; e.g. a cherry.
EBRACTEATE. without bracts.
ECOLOGY, the study of plants in relation to their environment.
ELLIPTICAL, in the form of an oval with both ends tapering alike.
EMARGINATE, notched ; usually applied to petals.
ENDEMIC, peculiar to a district or country.
ENDOSPERM, the store ot food outside the embryo in certain seeds, and absorbed
by it in germination.
ENTIRE, applied to leaves which are not cut or toothed.
EPICALYX, the outer portion of a double calyx ; e.g. in Potentilla.
EPIGYNOUS, apparently seated upon the ovary.
EPIPETALOUS, applied to stamens borne upon petals.
EPIPHYTE, a plant which grows upon another, but not as a parasite. Lichens
and many Orchids are epiphytes.
EQUALLING, when the ends of organs ris-e to the same height though their relative
lengths may be different.
EVERGREEN, applied to plants with green foliage all the year, and to leaves which
last more than one season.
EXALBUMINOUS seeds have no endosperm, and the embryo occupies the whole
cavity.
EXSERTED, projecting beyond that which surrounds its base.
EXSTIPULATE, having no stipules.
FALCATE, sickle-shaped.
FAMILY — Natural Order ; a group of genera of greater or less affinity.
xx FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
FASCICLED, or fasciculate, in bundles or tufts.
FELTED, tomentose.
FILAMENT, the slender stalk of a stamen.
FILIFORM, long and slender or thread-like.
FISTULAR, cylindrical and hollow, like many umbelliferous stems.
FLACCID, limp or weak.
FLEXUOSE, bent more or less in a zigzag.
FLOCCOSE, with little tufts like wool.
FOLLICLE, a carpel or seed capsule dehiscing longitudinally at the inner suture ;
e.g. Hellebore, Paeony.
FREE, not united.
FRUIT, the seed or group of seeds with its whole covering.
FRUTICOSE, shrubby.
FUGACIOUS, soon falling off.
FUSIFORM, spindle-shaped, thick, tapering to each end.
GALL, a growth caused by an insect or fungus; e.g. an " Oak apple".
GAMOPETALOUS flowers have the petals all united, as opposed to polypetalous.
GENUS (plural genera), a group of species of greater or less affinity.
GERMEN, the ovary.
GIBBOUS, swollen at the side.
GLABROUS, without hairs.
GLAND, an organ of secretion.
GLANDULAR HAIRS are those with enlarged apices containing a secretion, as in
Drosera or Inula viscosa.
GLAUCOUS, covered with a pale bluish-green bloom.
GLOBOSE, spherical.
GLUME, the scale or bract which encloses the spikelet in Grasses and Sedges.
GLUMELLA or GLUMULE, the bract which forms the exterior covering of each
flower of a spikelet in Grasses.
GRANULAR, covered with minute projecting points.
GYMNOSPERM, a flowering plant whose ovules are not enclosed in carpels. The
ConifercB are the chief Gymnosperms.
GYNOSCIUM, the carpels or female organs of a flower considered as a whole.
HABIT, the outward form, shape, or build of a plant.
HABITAT, the kind of locality in which a plant grows. Not the locality itself,
which may be called a station.
HASTATE, halbert-shaped, enlarged at base into two lobes directed nearly
horizontally.
HERBACEOUS, not woody.
HERMAPHRODITE, or bisexual flowers, have both stamens and pistils present.
HISPID, bristly, thickly covered with stiff hairs.
HOARY, with greyish-white down.
HONEY, the nectar secreted by many flowers to attract insects.
HUMUS, organic matter in the soil, more or less decomposed.
HYBRID, a cross between two species.
HYPOGYNOUS flowers have the calyx and corolla borne on the receptacle, and the
ovary is superior.
IMBRICATE, overlapping like the tiles of a roof, such as the leaves of Gentiana
imbricata, or involucral bracts of a Centaurea.
IMPARIPINNATE, pinnate with a single terminal leaflet.
INCISE, deeply cut.
INDEHISCENT fruits are those which do not open to allow the seed to escape.
INDIGENOUS, native, not introduced.
INFERIOR, applied to the ovaries of flowers whose calyx-tube encloses the ovary ;
cf. Superior.
INFLORESCENCE, the manner in which flowers are arranged on the main stem or
on lateral branches.
A SHORT GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS xxi
INSECTIVOROUS plants are those which absorb nutriment from flies and other
insects.
INTERNODE, the portion of a stem between the attachment of two alternate
leaves.
INVOLUCEL, the involucre of a partial umbel.
INVOLUCRE, the whorl of bracts below an inflorescence or below a single flower.
INVOLUTE, rolled from the back of anything, as towards the upper side of
a leaf.
IRREGULAR, unequally divided.
KEEL, the two lower united petals of Leguminous flowers ; keeled is also applied
as an adjective to certain leaves.
LABELLUM or LABEL, the lower lip of Orchids, Labiates, etc.
LACINIATE, when leaf-lobes are narrow and very irregular.
LAMINA, the blade or broad part of a leaf.
LANCEOLATE, tapering at both ends, but more so at the upper end ; a somewhat
comprehensive term applied to leaves, etc., which are about three or more
times as long as broad.
LEAFLETS, the subdivisions of compound leaves.
LEGUME, a one-celled and two-valved seed-vessel with the seeds along the inner
angle, as a Pea-pod.
LIGULATE, strap-shaped ; not very narrow nor long.
LIGULE, a small membranous bract embracing the stem of grasses and forming
part of the sheath.
LIMB, the broader part of a petal or leaf.
LINEAR, very narrow and long, and with parallel edges.
LOBES, the division, of a leaf, calyx, or corolla in a broad sense.
LYRATE, applied to a pinnatifid leaf with a rounded terminal lobe and smaller
divisions towards the base, as in Geum silvaticum.
MEMBRANOUS, thin and transparent like a membrane.
MIDRIB, the principal vein of a leaf.
MONOCOTYLEDON, a plant having only one seed-leaf. Grasses, Sedges, Lilies,
and many bulbous and tuberous plants are Monocotyledons.
MONCECIOUS plants are those which have the stamens and pistil in separate
flowers, but on the same plant.
MUCRONATE, suddenly terminated by a short and stiff point or needle, called a
mucro. In leaves it is the prolongation of the midrib.
MULTIFID, divided into many parts.
NATURALISED, of foreign origin, but established and growing naturally in a
country.
NECTARY, an organ secreting nectar or honey.
NITROGENOUS, containing nitrogen.
NODE, the point of insertion of a leaf on a stem.
NUT, a dry fruit with a hard, woody shell or pericarp.
OB, in conjunction with terms means inverted, e.g. obovate.
OBCORDATE, inversely heart-shaped.
OBLONG, long, oval, equally broad at each end.
OBOVATE, inversely egg-shaped, with the attachment at the narrow end.
OBTUSE, more or less rounded at the top.
OFFSET, the bud at the end ol a runner or stolon.
OPPOSITE, applied to leaves which are in pairs at the same level on the stem ;
cf. Alternate,
ORBICULAR, round, spherical.
OVARY, a carpel enclosing one or more ovules.
OVATE, egg-shaped.
OVULE, the embryo seed enclosed in the ovary.
xxii FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
PALATE, part of the base of the lower lip which closes the mouth of a ringent
corolla.
PALEACEOUS, chaffy.
PALE^E, or CHAFF, the inner bracts or scales in Composita, Graminece, etc.
PALMATE, divided like a hand into several lobes.
PANICLE, a branched raceme.
PAPILIONACEOUS, like the flower of a Pea.
PAPILLAE, small elongated protuberances.
PAPPUS, a feathery appendage of the seed of many Composite.
PARASITE, a plant living on or in another (the host) from which it derives part
of its food ; e.g. Orobanche. SemUparasites include such plants as Rhin-
anthus, Euphrasia, etc.
PARIETAL, on the inner surface of an ovary.
PATENT, spreading, open.
PECTINATE, finely divided like the teeth of a comb.
PEDICEL, the stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence.
PEDUNCLE, the stalk of an inflorescence, or of a solitary flower.
PELTATE, applied to leaves which are more or less round, with the stalk on the
face, not at the edge, e.g. Hydrocotyle.
PERENNIAL, lasting more than two years.
PERFOLIATE, when the stem passes through a pair of leaves, as in Chlora
perfoliata.
PERIANTH, the floral envelope replacing the calyx and corolla in the Mono-
chlamydeae and Monocotyledons ; e.g. the flower of a Crocus.
PERICARP, the wall of the developed ovary as seen in the fruit.
PERIGYNOUS, when the corolla and stamens are borne on the calyx but free from
the ovary.
PERSISTENT, not soon falling off.
PETAL, a unit of the corolla.
PETALOID, in the colour or form of a petal.
PETIOLATE, having a leaf-stalk or petiole.
PETIOLE, a leaf-stalk.
PHANEROGAM, a flowering plant.
PILOSE, sparsely covered with rather long hairs.
PINNATE, when several segments succeed each other on each side of a stalk.
PINNAE, the segments of a pinnate leaf.
PINNATIFID, pinnately cleft.
PINNATISECT, pinnately divided down to the rachis.
PISTIL, the portion of the flower comprising the ovary, style, and stigma.
PITH, a column of cellular tissue in the centre of the stem of many plants.
PITTED, covered with small depressed spots.
PLACENTA, the portion of the ovary to which the ovules are attached.
PLUMULE, the ascending leafy part of the embryo.
POD, a one-celled and two-valved seed-vessel with the seeds along the inner
angle.
POLLEN, fertilising powder contained in the anthers.
POLLINATION, the act of dusting the stigma with pollen.
POLLINIUM, the pollen-mass of an Orchid.
POLYGAMOUS, bearing hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers at the same time.
POLYMORPHIC, variable in shape or form.
POLYPETALOUS, flowers having many separate petals.
PREMORSE, bitten off.
PRICKLE, a sharply-pointed but not woody excrescence on a branch or leaf, etc.
PTERIDOPHYTES, Fern plants.
PUBERULENT, feebly pubescent.
PUBESCENT, downy, furnished with fine, soft, short hairs.
PULVERULENT, covered with fine powdery matter.
RACEME, an inflorescence in which stalked flowers are borne on a central stem,
the lowest flowers opening first.
A SHORT GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS xxiii
RACHILLA, a secondary axis in the inflorescence of grasses.
RACHIS, the stalk of a compound leaf; the primary axis of certain kinds of
inflorescence.
RADICAL, springing from the root.
RADICLE, the embryo root.
RAY FLORETS, the outer flowers of the Composites ; cf. Disk Florets.
RECEPTACLE, the top portion of the axis of a flower which bears the flora
envelope and the male and female organs ; also the axis bearing the florets
in Composites.
RECURVED, bent back moderately.
REFLEXED, bent back considerably.
REGULAR, divided equally.
RENIFORM, kidney-shaped or bean-shaped.
RETICULATED, like a network.
RETRORSE, directed backward or downward.
RETUSE, very obtuse or truncate and slightly indented.
REVOLUTE, rolled back, as towards the underside of a leaf.
RHIZOME, a creeping, prostrate underground stem, bearing erect or sometimes
prostrate shoots.
RHOMBOIDAL, approaching a quadrangular, not square.
RINGENT, strongly 2-lipped and gaping.
ROOT-STOCK, a thick short rhizome ; or the crown of the root.
ROSETTE, a somewhat circular group of leaves arranged in a close and spreading
manner, often flat on the ground.
ROSTRATE, beaked.
ROTATE, a monopetalous corolla with short tube and very spreading limb.
RUGOSE, wrinkled.
RUNCINATE, pinnatifid, with the lobes pointing backwards ; e.g. a Dandelion
leaf.
RUNNER, a slender, prostrate, and generally rooting stem-branch.
SAGITTATE, arrow-shaped, the auricles or lobes pointing backwards.
SCABROUS, rough to the touch.
SCALE, a thin, disk-like growth on the exposed surface of some leaves and stems.
SCAPE, a naked flower stem springing direct from the root and bearing a single
flower.
SCARIOUS, thin and more or less transparent and not green, but scaly and dry.
SECUND, all turned towards one side.
SEED, a fertilised ovule.
SEPAL, one of the divisions of the calyx.
SERRATE, edged like a saw.
SERRULATE, with very small saw-like teeth.
SESSILE, stemless.
SETA, a bristle, or a slender straight prickle.
SETACEOUS, like a bristle.
SHEATH, the lower part of a leaf or its petiole, which forms a sort of tube sur-
rounding the stem.
SHRUB, a woody perennial plant without a main trunk.
SILICULE, a short seed-pod in Cruciferous plants, such as Draba ; adj. Siliculose.
SILIQUA, a linear seed-pod in Cruciferous plants, such as Wallflower ; adj.
Siliquose.
SINUOUS or SINUATE, wavy ; when teeth on the margin of a leaf are broad and
irregular lobes or notches.
SPADIX, a fleshy spike, as in Arum maculatum.
SPATHE, a sheath-like leaf enveloping a flower, as in Arum.
SPATHULATE, broadened in the short upper half and narrowly contracted below.
SPECIES, a unit of a genus of greater or less affinity.
SPERMATOPHYTES, seed-plants.
SPIKE, a simple inflorescence of sessile flowers attached to a simple axis.
xxiv FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
SPIKELET, the small cluster of flowers in grasses enclosed within one or more
glumes.
SPINE, a stiff, sharp, woody, persistent thorn.
SPORES, the powdery grains of Mosses, Ferns, etc., which correspond to the
" seeds " in flowering plants.
SPUR, a prolonged portion of a flower, usually somewhat tubular.
STAMEN, the male organ of a flower considered as a whole.
STANDARD, the large upper petal of a Leguminous flower.
STELLATE, star-shaped ; often applied to certain hairs, radiating from a centre.
STERILE, having stamens, but no pistils ; barren.
STIGMA, the receptive upper portion of a pistil, where the pollen is dusted. The
adj. stigmatic means sticky (applied to the disk).
STIPULATE, possessing stipules.
STIPULES, leaf-like appendages, often in pairs and winged at the junction of
leaves with the stem.
STOLON, a horizontal runner or stem-branch. Adj. Stoloniferous.
STOMATA, the minute pores in the epidermis of a leaf, especially on the underside ;
sing. STOMA.
STRAP-SHAPED, not very narrow nor long, but with nearly parallel sides.
STRIDE, very slight furrows or ridges.
STRIATE, marked with parallel longitudinal lines or furrows.
STYLE, the central portion of the pistil which bears the stigma.
SUB in composition means a near approach to.
SUBULATE, awl-shaped.
SUCKER, a stem produced at the end of an underground shoot.
SUPERIOR, applied to an ovary which is free from and not enclosed by the floral
envelope.
SUTURE, the line of junction of similar organs cohering.
SYNCARPOUS, fruit composed of cohering carpels.
TAP-ROOT, the main descending root.
TEETH, small pointed lobes on the margins of leaves, etc.
TENDRIL, a thread-like organ used for climbing.
TERETE, long and cylindrical, with a nearly round transverse section.
TERNATE, in threes.
TESTA, the outer coat of seeds.
TETRAGONOUS, with four angles and four convex faces.
THALAMUS, the receptacle.
THALLUS, a vegetative body not differentiated into stem and leaf.
THORN, a sharply pointed extremity of a branch or stalk having a woody centre ;
a spine.
THROAT, the upper part of a corolla-tube.
THYRSOID, applied to a narrow, pyramidal panicle of cymes which are usually
opposite.
TOMENTOSE, covered with tomentum, or dense, white hair.
TOMENTUM, a thick coating of short, cottony hairs, usually whitish or grey ; e.g.
Cineraria maritima, Medicago marina.
TORULOSE, uneven, alternately elevated and depressed like a knotted cord.
TRANSPIRATION, the act of giving off water from the leaves of a plant, through
the stomata.
TRICHOTOMOUS, in forks of three prongs.
TRIFID, 3-cleft, about half way down.
TRIGONOUS, with three angles and three convex faces.
TRIQUETROUS, with three angles and three concave faces.
TRUNCATE, ending abruptly, as if cut off square.
TUBER, a short, thick underground stem containing food material, such as an
Artichoke.
TUBERCLES, little round knobs.
TUBERCULATE, covered with small obtuse, wart-like excrescences.
TURBINATE, top-shaped.
A SHORT GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS xxv
UMBEL, an inflorescence in which the flower-stalks radiate from a common point
and are nearly of the same length ; e.g. Carrot.
UNCINATK, hooked.
UNILATERAL, turned to one side.
UNISEXUAL FLOWERS are those which contain either male or female organs,
but not both.
URCEOLATE, pitcher-shaped, or urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth.
UTRICLE, the envelope of the nut of a Carex ; an achene with a membranous
pericarp.
VALVATE, having valves or parts of an organ opening like little doors ; or organs
touching only along their edges.
VASCULAR, built up of vessels.
VENTRICOSE, swelling on one side.
VERMICULAR or VERMIFORM, worm-like.
VERNATION, the state ol leaves in bud.
VERRUCOSE, warty.
VERSATILE anthers are those which are balanced on the filament.
VERTICILLATE, whorled.
VESICLE, a bladder.
VILLOUS, or VILLOSE, shaggy.
Viscous, sticky, clammy.
VITT^E, linear receptacles of oil in the fruits of Umbellifers ; stripes.
VIVIPAROUS, applied to the production of young plants (not seeds) attached to
the parent plant.
WEDGE-SHAPED, like a wedge but attached by its point.
WHORL, three or more leaves or flowers arranged around the stem on the same
level ; e.g. Galium.
WING, a prolongation of a fruit or seed or of a stem ; the side petal of a Legu-
minous flower.
WOOLLY, when the hairs are long and loose, like wool.
When two terms are combined, as ovate-lanceolate, it means that the form
is compounded of the two, or lies between them.
OB in conjunction with terms means inverted, as obovate.
SUB in composition means a near approach to, as sub- Alpine, sub-erect.
ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES.
A. Br. = Alexander Braun
Adans. = Adanson
A. DC. = Alphonse de Candolle
Ait. = Aiton
All. = Allioni
Anders. = Anderson
Anderss. = Andersson
Ard. = Ardoino
A. T. or Arv. T. = Arvet-Touvet
Asch. = Ascherson
A. et Graeb. = Ascherson et Graebner
Bab. = Babington
Bad. = Badarro
Balb. = Balbis
Bart, or Bartl. = Battling
Bast. = Bastard
Batt. et Trabb. - Battandier et Trabut
Baumg. = Baumgarten
Bell. = Bellardi
Benth. = Bentham
Berg. = Bergeret
Bernh. = Bernhardi
Bert. = Bertolini
Bess. = Besser
Bieb. = Marschall von Bieberstein
Boiss. = Boissier
Boiss. et Reut. = Boissier et Reuter
Bor. = Boreau
Briq. = Briquet
Brot. = Brotero
R. Br. = Robert Brown
Burn. = Burnat
Burn, et Grem. = Burnat et Gremli
Cass. = Cassini
Chab. = Chabert
Clairv. = Clairville
Chev. = Chevallier
Clus. = Clusius
Coss. e» G. = Cosson et Germain
Cre'p. = Crepin
Curt. = Curtis
Cuss. = Cusson
Cyr. = Cyrillo
DC. = de Candolle (A.P.)
Degl. = Degland
De Not. = De Notaris
Desf. = Desfontaines
Desr. = Desrousseaux
Desv. = Desvaux
Dum. = Dumortier
Dun. = Dunal
Ehrh. = Ehrhart
Endl. = Endlicher
Engel. = Engelmann
Fenz. = Fen/1
Fisch. = Fischer
Forsk. = Forskal
Fouc. = Foucaud
Fouc. et R. = Foucaud et Rouy
Fr. = Fries
Froel. = Froelich
Gaertn. = Gaertner
Gaud. = Gaudin
Gaut. = G. Gautier
Genev. = Genevier
G. G. or Gren. et Godr. = Grenier et
Godron
Gilib. = Gilibert
Gmel. = Gmelin
Godr. = Godron
Good. = Goodenough
Gren. = Grenier
Griseb. = Grisebach
Guss. = Gussone
Hack. = Hackel
Hall. = Haller
Hartm. = Hartmann
Hausm. = Hausmann
Heg. = Hegetschweiler
Heldr. = Heldreich (de)
Hevnh. = Heynhold
Hoff. or Hofi'm. = Hoffmann
Hoffm. etLk. = Hoffmannsegget Link.
Hook. = Hooker
Huds. = Hudson
Huss. = Hussenot
Jacq. = Jacquin
Jord. = Jordan
Juss. = Jussieu (A. L. de)
K. = Koch
Kalt. = Kaltenbach
Kern. = Kerner
Kit. = Kitaibel
K. et S. = Koch et Sender
Kiitz. = Kiitzing
L. or Linn. = Linnaeus (Linn6)
L. fil. = Linne" fils
Lach. = Lachenal
xxvii
xxviii
FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Lag. = Lagasca
Lagg. = Lagger
Lam. or Lamk. = Lamarck (de)
Lamb. = Lambert
Lapeyr. = Lapeyrouse
Lej. = Lejeune
Less. = Lessing
Leyss. = Leysser
L'Herit. = L'H^ritier
Lightf. = Lightfoot
Lindl. = Lindley
Lk. = Link
Loefl. = Loefling
Lois, or Loisel. = Loiseleur
M. B. or M. Bieb. = Marschall von
Bieberstein
Medic. = Medicus
Merc. = Mercier
C. A. Mey. = Carl Anton Meyer
E. Mey. = Ernst Meyer
Michx. = Michaux
Mich. = Micheli
Mill. = Miller
P. J. M. = P. J. Miiller
Mert. et K. = Mertens et Koch
M. et K. = Mertens et Koch
Mor. = Moretti
Murr. = Murray
Neck.<= Necker
Not. = Notaris (de)
Nym. = Nyman
Panz. = Panzer
Parl. = Parlatore
P. Br. = Patrick Browne
P. B. or P. Beauv. = Palisot de Beau-
vois
Perr. et Song. = Perrier et Songer
Pers. = Persoon
Peterm. = Petermann
Poir. = Poiret
Poll. = Pollich
Pourr. = Pourret
R. Br. = Robert Brown.
Rchb. or Reichb. = Reichenbach
Req. = Requien
Retz. = Retzius
Reut. = Reuter
Reyn. = Reynier
Rich. = Richard
Rottb. = Rottboell
R. et Fouc. = Rouy ct Foucaud
R. et S. = Roemer et Schultes
Salisb. = Salisbury
Schimp. = Schimper
F. Schulz. == Friedr. Schultz
Schk. = Schkuhr
Schleich. = Schleicher
Schleid. = Schleider
Schult. = Schultz
Scop. = Scopoli
Seb. et Maur. = Sebastiani et Mauri
Ser. = Seringe
Shuttle. = Shuttleworth
Sibth. = Sibthorp
Sieb. = Sieber
Sm. = Smith
Spr. or Spreng. = Sprengel
Steph. = Stephani
Sternbg. = Sternberg
Steud. = Steudel
Stev. = Steven
Sw. = Swartz
Ten. = Tenore
Thorn. = Thomas
Thuill. = Thuiller
Thunbg. = Thunberg
Tim. = Timbal-Lagrave
Tin. = Tineo
Tourn. = Tournefort
Trin. = Trinius
Urv. = d'Urville
Vail. = Vaillant
Vauch. = Vaucher
Vig. = Viguier
Vill. = Villars
Vis. = Visiani
Viv. = Viviani
Wahl. or Wahlen. = Wahlenberg
Wallr. = Wallroth
Weigl. = Weigel
Wettst. = de Wettstein
Willd. = Willdenow
Willk. = Willkomm
Willk. et Lge. = Willkomme et Lange
W. et K., W. et Kit., Waldst. et Kit. =
Waldstein et Kitaibel
W. et N. = Weihe et Nees
With. = Withering
Wulf. = Wulfen
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT. •
I I I I
12345 cms- = 5° rnms.
i Metre = 3'28i English feet
10 Centimetres = 4 inches (almost)
30 „ =i foot
2-5 cm. = 25 mm. = i inch
100 feet = 30^ metres (about)
1,000 „ = 305 „ „
2,000 „ = 610 „ ,,
3,000 „ = 915
4,000 „ = 1220 „ ,,
N.B. — When not otherwise stated in the text, every species is believed to be
perennial.
Alpes-Marit. (or A.M.) = the French department of les Alpes-Maritimes.
Marit. Alps = the mountains known as the Maritime Alps, partly in France and
partly in Italy.
INTRODUCTION.
RIVIERA VEGETATION.
By A. G. TANSLEY, M.A.
THE fascination which the shores of the Mediterranean exert on
visitors from northern Europe is due to several factors. First and
foremost and dominating all others is the Mediterranean climate.
The mild sunny winter and spring, with their dry air, comparatively
few overcast days and practically no fog or mist is a most welcome
change from the damp, raw, sunless winters of north-western Europe.
It is true that within the last decade or two the dry cold of alpine
Switzerland with its winter sports has drawn away many of the
lovers of strenuous open-air exercise from the milder charms of the
Riviera. But to those who like to enjoy beautiful and varied
scenery not cloaked beneath a thick layer of snow, the Mediterranean
coast, particularly the stretch of it protected from the north by the
great bulwark of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, will always retain in
winter and spring its pre-eminent charm. Here the natural out-
door life of the country itself, the life of the people and of the
vegetation, not merely the artificial hotel life of invaders from the
north, continues actively throughout the winter.
The effect of the characteristic Mediterranean climate is of course
seen above all in Mediterranean vegetation. The rarity and slight-
ness of frosts and the continuously sunny weather with moderate rain-
fall enable a great variety of plants to be cultivated which will not
stand the northern winter. The olive, the orange, and the lemon
are some of the most conspicuous among the useful species, while
the great variety of palms and acacias (commonly called " mimosa ")
that adorn the gardens of the Riviera, together with such trees as the
" Californian Pepper " (Schinus molle), are the most conspicuous of
the purely ornamental cultivated plants. Next to these come the
fields of flowers — violets, carnations, narcissus, roses — which form
an important industry especially in the neighbourhood of Hyeres
and of Grasse, cultivated both for export to the great northern markets
and for the distillation of perfumes. The variety of trees and
flowers from all parts of the world which can be and are cultivated
in the Riviera gardens is immense, as may be realized most vividly
by a visit to the famous garden founded by the late Sir Thomas
i
2 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Hanbury at La Mortola near Menton. Given proper water supply,
and careful shading and protection in the case of the most delicate
species, there are very few plants, with the exception perhaps of those
which require the continuous damp heat of the intertropical belt
and the more highly adapted northern and alpine forms, which can-
not be successfully grown under the climatic conditions of the
Riviera.
But this book is concerned mainly with the wild plants of the
Riviera, and to these we must now turn. The visitor who spends most
of his time on the boulevards and in the gardens of Nice, Monte
Carlo, or Menton will get an impression of palms and oranges
and of showy flower-beds and well-kept turf. But he will scarcely
see anything of the native vegetation beyond glimpses from the
window of his " Rapide " of the dark green pine-woods of the Esterel,
backed by the splendid red of the porphyritic rocks and the deep
blue of the sea ; or of the dwarfer pine-woods and sparser evergreen
scrub of the sunbaked limestones between Marseilles and Toulon. To
see the native vegetation one has of course to get away from the im-
mediate neighbourhood of the larger towns. But it is astonishing how
easy it is to get into the midstof the extremely beautiful and characteris-
tic wild vegetation by simply taking train to any small station not in
the alluvial plains, which are nearly all cultivated. The coast itself
is now largely spoiled for the lover of wild vegetation and scenery —
at least along the most frequented parts of the Riviera from St.
Raphael to Bordighera. The last remaining considerable stretches
of wild coastland within this region — the Cap d'Antibes and the
Esterel — have been mostly enclosed within the last few years. A few
wild and accessible bits remain, but not many. Along the coast of
the Montagnes des Maures, however, from Hyeres to St. Raphael,
which has only just begun to be "developed," there is much un-
spoiled scenery — though scarcely so fine as that of the Esterel. A
little away from the actual coast, up among the hills, whether the
Maures, the Esterel, or behind Menton and Bordighera, it is easy
to walk for a day among the pine woods and flowering shrubs with
no let or hindrance, and without meeting any one but an occasional
peasant.
The wild vegetation of the Riviera is seen at its best in late
spring. That is the season, as in more northern climates, when
most of the shrubs flower, and when numerous plants, hidden under-
ground during the winter, spring up and unfold their leaves and
flowers. But the great characteristic of Mediterranean vegetation,
distinguishing it from that of central and north-western Europe, is
the evergreen nature of the trees and shrubs which, with few ex-
ceptions, retain their leaves throughout the winter ; and it is this
fact which makes the vegetation so attractive even in mid-winter.
The mild winter enables the leaves to carry on their active work for
the plant — the work of making fresh organic food from water and
INTRODUCTION 3
the carbonic acid of the air by the aid of light — uninterruptedly
during the whole year. At the same time the very dry, hot summer
makes it necessary for the leaves to be protected from too great loss
of water by evaporation, and therefore they have a thicker watertight
covering than is usual in the leaves of the northern deciduous trees
and shrubs. In many cases, too, they are covered either on the
lower or on both surfaces by a thick felting of hairs. Also the leaves
are thicker and their texture is generally much closer — another means
of checking loss of water by evaporation — so that they are less trans-
lucent and of a dark, duller green than is the case with our native
trees and shrubs. Finally, the leaves of the Mediterranean woody
plants are on the whole much smaller and frequently narrower than
is the case with more northern types.
All these points can be readily verified in five minutes' examina-
tion of the trees and shrubs of the woods or scrub on any of the
rocky hillsides of the Riviera. Compare for instance the leaves of
the evergreen oaks with those of our own oak or beech, or the leaves
of any of the shrubs with those of the English hazel, and the differ-
ence can be seen at once. It is probable that the leaf of a typical
Mediterranean shrub is able to do much less work for the plant than
that of a typical English shrub during the same period, but this is
compensated for by the fact that it is able to work during the whole
year instead of being limited to a life of about five months.
Besides the ordinary flat kind of leaf, plants with long needle-
shaped leaves, i.e. with much reduced surface and therefore with even
more limited evaporation of water, are very common in the Mediter-
ranean region. Conspicuous among these are the pines, of which
most of the Mediterranean woods are mainly composed, the tree
heath, exceedingly common in many places, and such shrubs as the
rosemary. It is true that pines and heaths — though not, in general,
the same species — also grow in England, but only on special kinds
of soil, where they cannot obtain much water. Thus we see that the
Mediterranean trees and shrubs are quite distinctive and very well
adapted to the climate in which they live.
There are three kinds of pine which grow wild on the Riviera —
the maritime pine (Finns Pinaster or maritima), the Aleppo pine
(Pinus halepensis] and the stone pine (Pinus Pined). Each of these
is characteristic of a separate kind of situation or habitat, and forms
in its own habitat nearly pure woods, though mixtures of the species
do occur in certain places.
WOODS OF MARITIME PINE AND CORK-OAK.
The maritime pine is a tall, handsome tree with very long and stiff
sharp-pointed dark green needles. Sometimes these needles reach
a length of eight inches, but that is exceptional ; a length of five
inches is, however, quite common. The cones are also very large and
have a rich brown " lacquered " surface.
4 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
The maritime pine forms pure woods on the great masses of silic-
eous rock, i.e. rock with a very small proportion of lime in its com-
position, which form the mountain groups of the Maures and the
Esterel. These pine- woods are largely owned by the state and regularly
forested. When the trees grow close together and are of some size they
cast a moderately deep shade and but few shrubs can grow beneath
them. In more open woods there is a rich undergrowth of characteristic
Mediterranean evergreen shrubs such as the tree heath (Erica arborea],
the strawberry tree (Arbutus Unedo], and two kinds of cistus (Ctstus
salviifolius and C. monspeliensis).
Alternating with the woods of maritime pine, especially in the
Montagnes des Maures, are extensive woods of cork-oak (Quercus
Suber), an evergreen oak with very thick bark composed of pure
cork. These cork-oak woods are very valuable, and every tree over
a certain age is regularly stripped of its outer bark at intervals of several
years. The sheets of cork thus obtained are taken to the small
towns, such as La Garde Freinet and Collobrieres, in the Montagnes
des Maures, softened by boiling, pressed flat, and then cut into bottle
corks. A visit to one of the small cork- making establishments in these
towns is very interesting, and permission to see the various processes
of cutting the cork for different purposes is readily granted. The
leaves of the cork-oak are of the same general type as those of the
holm-oak (Quercus Ilex) but are generally shorter and broader and
with sharp points or prickles on the edges. The undergrowth of the
cork-oak woods is much the same as that of the maritime pine-
woods. The cork-oak is confined to siliceous soils : it will not grow
on limestones.
MAQUIS.
If the woods of maritime pine are completely felled the shrubs of
the undergrowth increase in number and frequently form dense
thickets, three or four feet high. Such thickets are particularly well
developed in Corsica where they cover extensive tracts and often reach
a height of six feet or more. They are known to the Italians as macchie,
and have long been famous as the refuge of the Corsican outlaw
who, having killed a man in the course of a vendetta, takes to the
macchia and often lives there for years, defying all efforts at capture.
Typical macchie (maquis in the French form) are developed only
on siliceous soil, to which some of the most characteristic shrubs
(e.g. Arbutus and Erica arbored), as well as the cork-oak and to a
large extent the maritime pine, are almost confined. Many other
common shrubs of the maquis, however, such as the cistuses, mainly
C. monspeliensis and C. salviifolius, the lentisc (Pistacia Lentiscus) and
the yellow flowered spiny Calycotome spinosa are found equally on
limestone soils. The common heather or ling (Calluna vulgaris),
though much more typical of the heaths and moors of north-west
Europe, is found abundantly in many places in the Riviera maquis.
INTRODUCTION 5
This is one of the comparatively few species — apart from weeds and
sandy seashore plants — common in the British Isles and also occur-
ring among the wild vegetation of the Riviera. In both regions it is
almost though not quite confined to siliceous soils.
The maquis are in fact rather closely allied to our English heaths.
The "landes" of south-western France are intermediate between
the two, possessing many of the same species as the Mediterranean
maquis, side by side with others which occur in Brittany and in the
British Isles. The leading difference between maquis and heath is
the formation of a thin layer of surface peat on the soil of the heath.
This peat formation is owing to the cool moist " oceanic " climate in
which heaths are developed, and is seen in a much more extreme
form in the case of the moors of the western and northern portions
of the British Isles, where the peat is much deeper than on heaths.
In the warm, dry climate of the Mediterranean peat formation cannot
occur to any great extent, because there is not enough water to form
peat from the dead plant remains.
Many other species of the maquis are described in this book.
Among the most widespread and abundant are the cistuses with
their beautiful white flowers, opening in April, and superficially
somewhat like the white wild roses of English woods and thickets ; the
shrubs Rhamnus Alaternus and Phillyrea media, the pinnate-leaved
lentisc (Pistacia Lentiscus\ the two characteristic climbers of the maquis
— the leathery leaved honeysuckle (Lonicera implexd] and the liliaceous
Smilax aspera, with small greenish flowers, and clusters of red berries
in winter — all five typical and abundant Mediterranean species with
close-textured evergreen leaves : the spiny yellow- flowered Calycotome,
species of Genista and Cytisus, and the broom-like " switch-plant "
Spartium junce um, all members of the Papilionaceae. None of these
last is evergreen — the leaves are put out in the spring like those of
an English shrub, and are thin and soft in texture, but Spartium and
Calycotome have green stems which do the work of leaves during the
winter.
ALEPPO PINE- WOODS.
While the maritime pine is found chiefly on siliceous soil the
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) forms the characteristic pinewoods of
the limestones, though it is not confined to these soils. Though
closely allied to the maritime pine the Aleppo pine is easily dis-
tinguishable and is usually a smaller tree with much shorter and
weaker needles of a lighter green, and much smaller cones with less
prominent bosses on the cone scales, which are of a duller brown and
not " lacquered ".
The shrubby undergrowth of the Aleppo pine- woods on limestone
contains many of the same shrubs that are found in the maritime
pine- woods and maquis. Cork-oak, arbutus, tree-heath and ling are,
however, absent, while rosemary (Rosmarinus offidnalis), the cistus
6 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
with white felted leaves and pink flowers (Cistus albidus) are much
more abundant though they occur also in maquis. Certain herbs, too,
such as the thyme (Thymus vulgaris), the rue (Ruia angustifolia), and
the grass Brachypodium ramosum are specially abundant. Various
orchids, particularly several beautiful species of Ophrys, are also
characteristic of these woods, especially after they have been thinned.
GARIGUES.
When the Aleppo pine-wood is felled, the shrubs increase and
often form thickets which are, however, typically not so high nor so
dense as the rnaquis. In rocky places where the pines are not well
developed or are absent altogether the limestone scrub is very open,
and there is much bare rock between the shrubs. This type of
vegetation is called garigue, and bears somewhat the same relation to
Aleppo pine-wood as maquis bears to maritime pine-wood or cork-
oak-wood. In the garigues of Western Provence, for instance be-
tween Marseilles, Toulon, and Aix-en-Provence, the dwarf evergreen
oak (Quercus coccifera}, with leaves very much like holly leaves, is
specially abundant and often covers the ground of the open Aleppo
pine-woods, and especially the limestone slopes where the trees have
been felled, in continuous sheets which are exceedingly prickly to
walk through. Another abundant shrub of this region is the small-
flowered gorse ( Ulex parviflorus) which covers many of the hillsides
with sheets of gold from January to March.
Garigue has on the whole a drier soil than maquis and the plants
show many adaptations to drought.
STONE PINE- WOODS.
The stone pine (Pinus Pinea), or "pin parasol,'' is a tree of very
different habit from the other two species of pine, which are pyra-
midal in shape unless the leading shoot is destroyed or bent by the
wind. From the very first the branches of the seedling stone pine
grow in such a manner as to produce a spherical habit. This is main-
tained for a considerable time, and then as the tree increases in
height the lower branches die off and the crown of the tree takes the
characteristic umbrella shape so familiar in Turner's Italian pictures.
The umbrella-shaped crown of the stone pine casts a very dense shade,
and the thick woods of this tree which occur in places along the
Riviera coast are almost bare of undergrowth. The needles of the
stone pine are not so long and stout as those of the maritime pine,
but they are of a peculiarly rich deep green colour, and a stone pine-
wood seen against the blue Mediterranean sky is strikingly beautiful in
colour, form, and texture. The cones of the stone pine are much
larger than those of the Aleppo pine, but shorter and much more
rounded at the top than those of the maritime pine. The seeds are
edible and are sometimes served as dessert in the Riviera hotels or
stuck into eating chocolate and biscuits.
INTRODUCTION 7
The stone pine forms characteristic woods on the sandy shores
of the western Riviera. The finest stone pine-woods of the French
Riviera are on the sandy shore at La Plage d'Hyeres, and extend
along the isthmus connecting the peninsula of Giens and the main-
land. Other examples occur at Le Foux near St. Tropez, and at La
Bocca near Cannes. Here the Cannes golf links are intersected with
strips of woodland formed of this Beautiful tree. Stone pine-woods
occur again on the Italian coast, and the species is very often planted
singly as an ornamental tree. The finest example in Southern France
is the Pin de Bertaud near St. Tropez. The tree is also abundant
on the low-lying marls of the Argens Valley behind St. Raphael and
Frejus.
Associated with the stone pine-woods on the isthmus mentioned
above is a very luxuriant scrub, consisting for the most part of the
evergreen shrubs of the maquis, among which a kind of juniper
( Juniper u s phxnicea), the lentisc (Pistacia Lentiscus], and the broom-
like Spnrtium junceum are particularly fine and abundant. The
maritime and Aleppo pines also occur on the isthmus though in
much less quantity than the stone pine.
SANDY SHORE VEGETATION.
On the sandy shore of the Rade d'Hyeres, in front of the stone
pine- woods, there is a vegetation closely resembling that of the sandy
shores of north-west Europe and including many of the same species ;
for instance the sea-rocket (Cakile maritima), a very fleshy cruci-
ferous plant with pink flowers, the sea spurge {Euphorbia Paralias),
and the sea holly (Eryngium mart it muni). The low dunes are held
together by various plants including the marram grass (Ammophila
arenaria), which is the same plant that binds our northern dunes.
Among these widely distributed species are others which are purely-
Mediterranean, such as Matthiola tricuspidata^ Silene nicceensis, Cru-
cianella maritima, Euphorbia Pithyusa and the tall flesh-coloured
Asphodelus microcarpus with tuberous roots.
Partly owing to the wide distribution given to shore plants by
ocean currents, partly because of the similarity of the conditions of
life on all sea coasts, it is very usual to find the same littoral species
extending over great ranges of latitude and longitude.
At the back of the marram grass dunes juniper and pine seedlings
may be found growing in the shelter of the marram tufts, and in this
way the scrub and woodland is constantly endeavouring to extend
its range, so far as the wind — very severe on the middle of this
Giens isthmus — will allow it.
Most of the Riviera coast is, however, rocky, and where rocks come
down steeply into the sea there is little characteristic shore vegeta-
tion to be found. The maritime or the Aleppo pines, often stunted
by the wind and sometimes transformed (as at Carqueiranne and the
islands of Porquerolles and St. Honorat) into the strangest growth
8 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
forms with prostrate branches, and many of the characteristic Medi-
terranean shrubs, come down to within a few feet of the waves. The
wild Cineraria (C. mantima — Senecio Cineraria] with a thick cover-
ing of cottony hairs on the lower surfaces of the leaves, often occurs
in such situations, as does the white felted Anthyllis barba-Jovis.
Both of these, however, are sometimes seen on the rocks of hills many
miles from the coast.
VEGETATION OF SHADED RAVINES.
In the most shaded ravines of the coastal hills, and particularly
those facing north, where the ground is sheltered from the full glare
of the southern summer sun and a good water supply is obtainable, a
very interesting collection of trees and shrubs is often met with. In
the first place the holm-oak (Quercus Ilex), often regarded as the
Mediterranean treeflar excellence, particularly affects these ravines,
where it often forms dense luxuriant groves. This species does not
form woods on the open hillsides, though individual trees are scattered
here and there. A number of other shrubs which do not occur
on the open hillsides are frequently to be found in such places —
shrubs with shining evergreen leaves larger than those of the typical
Mediterranean forms. Such are the holly (Ilex Aquifolium), the
laurustinus (Viburnum Tinus), and the laurel (Laurus nobilis).
These are members of the laurel-wood vegetation — richly developed
in warm but oceanic climates such as those of the Canary Islands,
Madeira, and Portugal. They require pretty constantly damp air and
will not stand, at least in the Mediterranean, exposure to very hot sun on
dry hillsides with a south exposure. They all flourish in the British
Isles (of which the holly of course is a native) and particularly in the
moister climate of the west. Associated with the laurel-leaved shrubs
of the shady ravines moisture-loving plants occur — several species of
ferns, Selagtnella denticulata, and various liverworts. The oleander
(Nerium Oleander) is also found along the stream sides of more open
rocky valleys. This shrub requires a constant water supply for its roots,
but its leaves, which are very efficiently protected from too rapid
evaporation, can withstand dry air very well, since the plant occurs in
the beds of rocky ravines even in the North African desert.
MONTANE AND SUB-ALPINE VEGETATION.
Typical Mediterranean vegetation extends for a varying distance
inland — much further on the sunny slopes of the broad valleys than
on the higher hills. On the latter, even fairly close to the coast,
some of the characteristic Mediterranean shrubs disappear above a
certain altitude and other species replace them.
As one passes to a distance of several miles from the coast and
the general level of the country rises towards the Maritime Alps a
change gradually comes over the vegetation, and deciduous trees
begin to replace the pines. The hoary oak, Quercus lanuginosa
PLATE II
Forest of Pinus Pinaster and Quercus Suber (Cork-Oak) on siliceous soil near
Hyeres. Mt. Fenouillet beyond. Calycotome spinosa, Arbutus, and other shrubs
beneath ; also Quercus pubescens in foreground. Pinus halepensis occurs, but is
not seen in the photograph
Mixed wood on Triassic soil near Carqueiranne, the limestone area being close at
hand. Pinus halepensis dominant, associated with Quercus Ilex. Undergrowth
of Quercus coccifera, three kinds of Cistus, Erica arborea, Juniperus Oxycedrus,
Lavandula Stoechas, Calycotome, Phillyrea, Rosemary, Myrtle, etc.
PLATE III
Umbrella or Stone Pines (Finns Pinea) at mouth of R. Rubaud near La Plage
d'Hyeres, in January
M
Aleppo Pines (P. halepensis), Juniperus phcenicea, large specimen with trunk
3 ft. in circum., Lavatera arborea and Arundo Donax at Beau-Rivage, Carqueir-
anne, Jan. 22. A bank 01 washed-up sea- wrack (Posidonia oceanica) in foreground
INTRODUCTION 9
or pubescens (a deciduous oak closely allied to our English oaks,
but with the leaves and young shoots thickly covered with felted hairs),
occurs here and there on the coast itself, but inland it increases in
importance and begins to form pure woods, while the Aleppo pine
diminishes in numbers. The hop- hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia), too,
a tree whose leaves and male catkins are almost indistinguishable from
those of the central and west European hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus)
but whose female catkins closely resemble hops, appears in considerable
numbers on sheltered northern slopes, from which the Aleppo pine
is practically absent. The undergrowth of these woods still consists
of typical Mediterranean shrubs, and on slopes with a southern ex-
posure Aleppo pine-woods still occur. This can be well seen on the
line of the " Sud de la France " railway between Vence and Grasse.
Much of this country, however, has been completely denuded of forest.
Further inland still and at a higher altitude, the Mediterranean pines
disappear altogether, and on northern slopes the Scots pine (Pinus
sylvestris) and the beech (Fagus sylvatica) begin to appear, along
with many deciduous central and west- European shrubs such as
hazel, roses, hawthorn, blackthorn, and flowers like our northern
violets, cowslip, dog's mercury, and so on ; while the Mediterranean
plants have nearly disappeared.
We are now in the " montane region " with its markedly cooler
and damper climate, where snow lies in winter for long periods so as
to interrupt the active life of the vegetation. Even at this distance
from the coast, however, directly we descend into a broad valley
running east and west, such as those of the Esteron or of the Var, we
find the typical Mediterranean vegetation occupying the side facing
south, where it is both sheltered and warmed, while the northern ex-
posure is covered with woods of the Scots pine, often mixed with
deciduous oak and beech. The conditions favouring the develop-
ment of the Aleppo pine and the Scots pine are mutually exclusive,
so that the two trees very rarely exist side by side. The appearance
of the one species is the signal, so to speak, for the disappearance of
the other.
Further north and at higher altitudes still, as we approach closer
to the main range of the Maritime Alps, spruce and larch woods
appear on the northern faces of the hills and the Scots pine shifts
round to the southern faces, for instance in the neighbourhood of
St. Martin Vesubie, behind Nice. We are now in the region of the
" subalpine woods " extending up to the limit of trees, and above this
limit we come into the region of true Alpine vegetation, and eventu-
ally of glaciers and snow-fields.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES.
Based on the system of Bentham and Hooker, which adhered closely to that of
Jussieu as modified by de Candolle. The position of the Gymnosperms has, however,
been altered in accordance with modern knowledge.
Adapted to the French (and British} genera.
Sub-Kingdom I. Phanerogamic or Flowering Plants. Plants provided
with stamens, and ovules which after fertilization by pollen from the stamens
become seeds containing an embryo.
Phylum I. Angiospermae. Seeds enclosed in ovaries.
Class I. Dicotyledons. When perennial the stem increases in diameter
annually by a layer of wood added to the outside of the old wood, and another
of bark added to the inside of the old bark. Leaves with usually netted veins.
Flowers with the organs mostly in fours or fives. Embryo almost always with
two cotyledons.
DIVISION I. Polypetalas.
Flowers usually with both calyx and corolla. Petals free.
Sub-division I. Thalamiflora-. Stamens inserted on the receptacle (hypo-
gynous), free from the calyx, or on a disk that terminates the pedicel. Ovary
superior. (There are, however, some exceptions.)
Ranunculace<£. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens indefinite ;
anthers basifixed, opening by slits. Seeds albuminous. Herbs with alternate
leaves (except Clematis).
Berberidaceas. Flowers regular, 3-merous. Stamens definite, opposite
the petals ; anthers basifixed, opening by recurved valves. Seeds albuminous.
Shrubs with alternate leaves.
Nymphaeaceae. Flowers regular. Stamens indefinite ; anthers basifixed.
Ovary many celled. Stigmas sessile. Seeds albuminous. Aquatic plants with
showy flowers.
Papaveraceae. Flowers regular, 2-merous. Stamens indefinite ; anthers
basifixed. Ovules usually parietal. Style i, or stigmas sessile. Seeds albumin-
ous. Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and usually showy flowers.
Fumariaceae. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 6 in 2
bundles. Ovary i-celled ; ovules many, parietal, or i basal. Style i or o.
Seeds albuminous. Weak herbs with exstipulate, alternate leaves ; flowers
usually small.
Cruciferas. Flowers usually regular. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens
usually 6, 4 longer than the others. Ovary 1-2 celled, of 2 carpels ; ovules
parietal. Style i or o. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs with exstipulate, alternate
leaves. Flowers usually small.
10
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES it
Capparidaceae. Flowers regular. Petals and sepals usually 4. Stamens
many. Ovary sessile or stalked, i celled; ovules many, on 2-5 parietal pla-
centas. Fruit capsular or a berry. Endosperm o. Trees, shrubs or herbs,
with alternate simple or compound leaves. Stipules spinescent in Capparis.
Resedaceae. Flowers irregular. Sepals and petals 4-7 each. Stamens
indefinite. Ovary i celled, of 2-6 carpels ; ovules parietal ; stigma sessile.
Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs with alternate leaves and small greenish white
flowers.
Cistaceae. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-5. Petals 5. Stamens indefinite.
Ovary i celled, of 3 carpels; ovules parietal; styles 3. Seeds albuminous.
Shrubs, with usually stipulate leaves, showy flowers and fugaceous petals.
Violaceae. Flowers irregular. Sepals, petals and stamens 5 each. Ovary
i celled; ovules parietal ; style i. Capsule 3 valved, loculicidal. Seeds albu-
minous. Herbs with alternate, stipulate leaves.
Polygalaceae. Flowers irregular. Inner sepals petaloid. Petals adnate
to the staminal sheath. Stamens 8 ; anthers i celled. Ovary 2 celled, 2 ovuled ;
style i. Leaves alternate or subopposite, exstipulate. Flowers small, often
blue.
Frankeniacea;. Flowers regular, small. Sepals, petals and stamens 4-6
each. Ovary i celled, of 2-5 carpels; ovules parietal; style i. Littoral herbs
with small opposite exstipulate leaves.
Caryophyllaceas. Flowers regular, often small, white or pink. Sepals
and petals 4 or 5 each. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovules many. Styles 2-5. Seeds
albuminous ; embryo curved. Leaves opposite, stipulate or not.
Portulacaceae. Flowers regular, small. Sepals 2. Petals 4 or more.
Stamens 3 or more. Ovules 2 or more. Style i, 2-3 fid. Seeds albumin-
ous ; embryo curved. Leaves entire.
Tamaricaceai. Flowers regular, very small. Sepals and petals 4-5 each.
Stamens 4 or more. Ovules 2 or more. Styles 3-4. Shrubs with minute
exstipulate leaves.
Hypericaceae. Flowers regular, often showy, yellow. Sepals and petals
5 each. Stamens many, united in bundles. Ovary more or less completely
3-5 celled, cells many ovuled. Styles 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or
shrubs with opposite exstipulate leaves, often gland-dotted.
Malvaceae. Flowers regular, often showy. Sepals 5, valvate, persistent.
Petals 5, twisted in bud. Stamens monadelphous, anthers i celled. Ovary
many celled. Albumen scanty or o. Embryo crumpled. Herbs or shrubs with
alternate stipulate leaves.
Tiliaceae. Flowers regular. Sepals 5, valvate, deciduous. Petals 5,
stamens indefinite ; anthers 2 celled. Ovary 2-10 celled, cells 2 ovuled, style i.
Seeds albuminous. Trees with alternate, stipulate leaves.
Sub-division II. Disciflorae. Stamens usually definite, inserted upon or
inside or outside of a development of the floral axis which forms a ring at the base
of the ovary, or is broken up into glands. Ovary superior.
Linacese. Flowers regular, usually showy. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4-5,
convolute in bud. Stamens usually 4-5. Ovules 1-2. Styles 3-5. Seeds al-
buminous. Herbs with narrow, entire, exstipulate leaves.
(jeraniaceas. Flowers regular or not, often showy. Sepals 3-5. Petals
3-5, imbricate in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary 3-5 lobed and celled. Styles i or
more. Albumen scanty or o. Cotyledons plaited or convolute. Herbs with op-
posite or alternate leaves.
12 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Zygophyllaceze. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, regular. Stamens 10,
separate. Ovary of 5 cells, splitting in the fruit into as many carpels. Styles
united. Small herbs with opposite leaves.
Rutaceae. Flowers 2 or i sexual. Sepals 4-5 imbricate. Petals 4-5, dis-
tinct, imbricate or valvate. Disk large or small. Stamens usually definite.
Carpels 4-5, free or connate; ovules 1-2 or many in each cell. Fruit various.
Shrubs (in Europe). Leaves simple or compound.
Ampelidea?. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth. Petals 4 or 5,
valvular, inserted with the stamens on a glandular disc. Ovary with 4 ovules,
becoming a large berry. Climbing shrubs with large leaves and very small, green
flowers.
Aquifoliaceae. Flowers small, regular. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, often
connate, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 3-5 celled, cells 1-2 ovuled.
Seeds albuminous. Shrubs with evergreen, alternate, exstipulate leaves.
Celastracea;. Flowers regular. Calyx and petals 4-5 lobed, both im-
bricate in bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the disk. Ovary 3-5 celled. Seed
arillate. Trees or shrubs with small flowers and leaves various.
Rhamnaceae. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5 lobed, valvate in bud. Petals
4-5, minute. Stamens i opposite each petal, inserted on calyx tube at edge of disk.
Ovary 3 celled, i ovule erect in each cell. Shrubs with small, inconspicuous
flowers and small stipules.
Sapindaceae. Flowers regular Calyx 4-9 lobed, petals 4-9, both imbricate
in bud. Stamens 8-12, inserted on disk. Ovary 2 lobed and 2 celled, cells
2 ovuled. Fruit a samara. Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves and small
green flowers.
Fraxinaceae. Flowers regular, very small. Sepals and 'petals 4. Stamens
2. Fruit much compressed and prolonged into an indehiscent samara. Trees
with imparipinnate, exstipulate leaves.
Coriariacea;. Flowers small, regular, 2 sexual. Sepals 5, imbricate, per-
sistent. Petals 5, keeled within. Stamens 10 free (usually). Disk o. Carpels
5 distinct, i celled, whorled, on a fleshy receptacle ; ovules i in each cell, pen-
dulous. Fruit of 5 distinct i-celled, i-seeded nuts. Glabrous shrubs with 4-
angular branches and opposite leaves. A family of doubtful affinity, and only i
genus.
Simarubacece. Flowers usually regular I or 2 sexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5,
imbricate or valvate. Stamens 10, distinct, inserted at base of disk. Ovary
free, lobed or entire, 1-5 celled, cells i ovuled. Fruit of 1-5 one seeded winged
carpels, or a i-seeded drupe. Trees or shrubs with alternate stipulate, usually
pinnate leaves.
Anacardiaceee. Flowers i or 2 sexual. Calyx 3-5 part. Petals free, 3-5.
Disk annular. Ovary of 5 distinct, i ovuled carpels. Drupe with a i celled
i seeded stone. Embryo large, endosperm o. Trees or shrubs with alternate
simple or compound exstipulate leaves.
Sub-division III. Calyciflora;. Petals usually distinct, stamens perigyn-
ous or epigynous (i.e. inserted on the calyx or disk). Ovary often more or less
enclosed by the development of the floral axis, sometimes inferior.
* Petals and Stamens mostly perigynous.
Leguminosae. Flowers irregular, papilionaceous. Stamens 10, sub-
hypogynous or inserted on the calyx tube, all or 9 of them combined. Ovary of
i carpel. Fruit a legume. Albumen o. Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves usually
alternate compound and stipulate.
Rosaceae. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5 (rarely 8-9) lobed, imbricate or valvate
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES 13
in bud. Petals 4-5 (rarely 8-g or o), imbricate in bud. Stamens usually indefinite,
inserted on calyx tube or disk, incurved in bud. Ovary of i or more free or
connate carpels. Fruit various. Albumen o. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with
usually alternate, stipulate leaves and showy flowers.
Myrtace«e. Flowers regular, 2 sexual. Calyx superior ; limb short, 4-5
lobed. Petals 4 or 5, free or united in a capsule. Stamens many, epigynous.
Ovary 2-4 celled, cells many ovuled, style simple. Fruit indehiscent, i -many-
seeded ; endosperm o. Trees or shrubs with simple, usually gland-dotted leaves.
Onagraceas. Flowers usually regular, often showy. Calyx lobes 2 or 4,
valvate in bud. Petals 2 or 4, twisted in bud. Stamens epigynous, definite. Ovary
inferior, 1-4 celled. Seeds many, exalbuminous. Herbs with exstipulate leaves.
Lythraceae. Flowers regular. Calyx lobes 3-6, valvate in bud. Petals 3-6,
crumpled in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary 2-6 celled. Capsule many seeded.
Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs with opposite or whorled entire, exstipulate leaves.
Cucurbitaceae. Flowers regular, i sexual. Calyx 5 toothed. Corolla 5
lobed. Stamens 3, epigynous. Ovary inferior, 3 celled, many ovuled. Fruit a
large berry. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs with tendrils and alternate leaves.
Crassulaceae. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-12 lobed. Petals 4-12. Stamens
twice as many as petals (except in Tillaa). Carpels follicular, usually 5,
separate. Succulent herbs with small flowers and exstipulate leaves.
Saxifragaceas. Flowers regular. Calyx 4-5 lobed. Petals 4-5, rarely o,
imbricate in bud. Stamens definite. Ovary syncarpous at base. Carpels
usually 2, connate; placentas usually axile. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs with rather small flowers and varied leaves.
Ribesiaceae. Shrubs. Flowers regular. Stamens definite. Ovary inferior.
Placentas parietal. One style. Fruit a berry.
Haloragacete. Flowers usually apetalous and i sexual. Calyx lobes 2-
4, valvate in bud or o. Stamens epigynous, i or more, definite. Ovary inferior,
1-4 celled. Seeds albuminous. Usually aquatic or marsh herbs with alternate
or whorled leaves and very inconspicuous flowers.
Cactaceae. Flowers regular, showy. Sepals in many series, gradually
passing into petals. Stamens numerous, inserted on a disk which covers the
top of the germen. Style i. Stigmas many. Fruit fleshy, of i cell. Plants
shrubby and fleshy, with jointed stems.
Ficoideae. Flowers regular, showy, usually 2 sexual. Sepals 5, inferior.
Petals o. Stamens perigynous or hypogynous. Ovary 2-5 celled, or of 5 free
i-ovuled carpels. Fruit a capsule, or of 5 free indehiscent carpels. Seeds
reniform ; embryo curved round mealy endosperm. Fleshy herbs with simple
opposite or whorled leaves.
** Petals and Stamens epigynous.
Umbelliferae. Flowers usually regular, umbelled, small. Calyx lobes 5 or o.
Petals 5. Stamens 5, incurved in bud. Ovary 2 celled. Styles 2. Fruit of
2 separable indehiscent dry carpels. Seeds albuminous. Herbs with alternate
leaves often much divided.
Araliacete. Flowers of Umbelliferee, but shrubs or trees. Ovary often of
more than 2 carpels. Fruit of inseparable usually fleshy carpels. Leaves
alternate. Flowers usually green.
Cornaceze. Flowers regular, small. Calyx lobes 4-5 or o. Petals 4-5.
Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2 celled, cells i ovuled. Style simple. Drupe 1-2 seeded.
Seeds albuminous. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves.
I4 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
DIVISION II. Gamopetalse or Monopetalee.
Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Petals more or less connate into a 2-
or more-lobed corolla. (Exceptions in Ericaceae and Plumbaginaceas.)
Series i. Ovary inferior. Stamens as many as corolla lobes.
Caprifoliaceae. Flowers regular or not. Corolla lobes valvate or imbricate
in bud. Ovary 1-5 celled. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs, or rarely herbs with
opposite, exstipulate leaves and usually showy flowers.
Rubiaceas. Flowers regular, small. Corolla lobes valvate in bud. Ovary
2 celled ; cells i ovuled. Seeds albuminous. Herbs (in Europe) with whorled or
opposite, exstipulate leaves.
Valerianaceae. Flowers irregular. Corolla lobes imbricate. Stamens 1-3
or 5 free. Ovary 1-3 celled, ovule pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs with
opposite leaves and small flowers.
Dipsaceas. Flowers regular or not, small, in involucrate heads. Corolla
lobes imbricate. Stamens 4. Ovary i celled ; ovule i, pendulous. Seeds al-
buminous. Herbs with opposite, exstipulate leaves.
Composite. Flowers in involucrate heads, small or minute. Corolla lobes
valvate. Stamens 4-5, anthers usually connate. Ovary i celled; ovule i,
erect. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or rarely shrubs with various exstipulate
leaves.
Lobeliacea;. Flowers irregular, of i petal inserted on the calyx. Stamens
5, growing on the ovary. Stigma surrounded by a membranous cup or fringe.
Campanulaceas. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens 5, separate or
connate. Stigma not surrounded by a membrane. Ovary 2-8 celled. Herbs with
alternate, exstipulate leaves and usually showy flowers.
Series 2. Ovary generally superior. Carpels more than 2.
Vaccinieae. Flowers regular. Stamens 8 or 10, epigynous. Ovary 4-5
celled, inferior. Small shrubs with alternate, exstipulate leaves.
Ericaceae. Flowers regular, 4-5 cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 on an hypogynous
disk, and not attached to corolla. Anthers 2 celled, opening by pores and
sometimes awned. Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, with small linear leaves.
Monotropacese. Leafless parasitic herbs, the leaves reduced to scales of the
same colour as the stem.
Primulaceae. Corolla regular. Stamens 4-5, opposite corolla lobes. Ovary
1 celled. Style i. Stigma capitate. Capsule 5-10 valved, many seeded. Herbs,
flowers often showy.
Styracaceae. Flowers 2 sexual, regular. Calyx superior; limb small, 5
lobed, imbricate. Petals 5, free or slightly connate at base, imbricate. Stamens
many and in several series at base of corolla. Ovary 2-3 celled ; ovules 2, pendul-
ous in each cell, style simple. Drupe 1-3 seeded. Endosperm copious. Trees
or shrubs with alternate leaves.
Series 3. Ovary generally superior. Carpels usually 2.
Oleaceas. Corolla regular. Stamens 2, alternate with corolla-lobes. Ovary
2 celled. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs with opposite, exstipulate leaves.
Apocynaceae. Corolla regular, often showy. Stamens 4-5, alternate with
corolla lobes ; anthers basifixed. Carpels 2, free below. Fruit of 2 follicles.
Shrubs or creeping herbs with opposite entire leaves.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES 15
Asclepiadaceae. Calyx inferior ; lobes 5, imbricate. Corolla tube often
with a ring of scales in throat ; lobes 5, valvate or contorted. Stamens 5, on
base of corolla, fil. usually connate in a fleshy tube ; anthers adnate by a broad
connective to stigma, 2-celled. Carpels 2, distinct, inclosed in stamen-tube,
many ovuled ; styles 2, stigma i, adnate to anther. Follicles 2. Seeds many,
crowned with a long tuft of hairs. Herbs or shrubs, usually twining. Leaves
opposite, exstipulate, entire.
(ientianaceze. Corolla regular, 4-8 lobed, twisted in bud. Stamens 4-8,
anthers versatile. Ovary i celled ; ovules many, parietal. Fruit usually cap-
sular. Herbs with entire, opposite leaves and often showy flowers.
Convolvulaceae. Sepals 5. Corolla usually regular, often showy, 5 lobed,
plaited and twisted in bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 celled, cells 2 ovuled. Stigmas
2 fid. or styles 2. Herbs with alternate, simple leaves, (o in Cuscuta.)
Boraginacese. Calyx 5 lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla regular, 5 lobed,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 5 alternate with corolla lobes. Ovary of two 2 lobed,
2 celled, 2 ovuled carpels. Fruit of 4 nutlets. Hispid or scabrid herbs with
alternate, entire, exstipulate leaves.
Solanacese. Calyx 5 fid. Corolla 5 lobed, imbricate, plaited or valvate in
bud. Stamens 5, often cohering. Ovary 2 celled, ovules many, axile. Fruit a
capsule or berry. Herbs with alternate leaves or in pairs, exstipulate.
Verbascacese. Calyx 5 fid. Corolla 5 lobed, slightly irregular, rotate.
Inflorescence centripetal. Stamens 5, declinate unequal. Erect showy herbs
with alternate leaves and flowers in simple or compound racemes. Often placed
with Scrophulariaceas and formerly with Solanaceae.
OrobanchaceEe. Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla irregular, gaping. Stamens 4,
didynamous. Ovary i celled. Parasitic herbs with alternate scales instead of
leaves. Flowers rather large, often brownish.
Scrophulariaceae. Calyx 4-5-merous. Corolla irregular, often 2 lipped,
4-5 lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely 2 or 5. Ovary 2 celled, ovules many,
axile. Herbs with various leaves.
Lentibulariacea?. Calyx 2-5-partite. Corolla irregular, 2 lipped. Stamens
2. Capsule 2 valved, many seeded. Water or marsh plants.
Acanthacese. Calyx 4-5-partite. Corolla 2 lipped ; lobes imbricate or con-
torted. Stamens 4 or 2 ; anthers 2 or i celled. Ovary 2 celled ; ovules i or more,
superposed. Style usually bifid. Capsules loculicidal. Seeds usually com-
pres&ed and often hairs. Herbs or shrubs with opposite simple leaves. Flowers
often with conspicuous bracts.
Verbenacese. Calyx cleft or toothed. Corolla irregular, tubular, often 2
lipped. Stamens 4. Ovary not lobed, 2-4 celled. Fruit a drupe, berry, or of 1-4
nutlets. Flowers usually small.
Labiatae. Calyx 5 cleft or 2 lipped. Corolla usually 2 lipped. Stamens
2 or 4, didynamous. Ovary of two 2 lobed, 2 celled, 2 ovuled carpels. Fruit of
1-4 i seeded nutlets. Flowers in opposite cymes forming false whorls. Herbs
or shrubs with opposite leaves, often square stems.
The next 3 Families are somewhat anomalous and difficult to place.
Plumbaginaceae. Corolla regular.' Stamens 4-5. Styles or style arms 5.
Utricle i seeded. Flowers small. Chiefly maritime, scape-bearing herbs.
Plantaginaceee. Sepals 4. Corolla scarious, 4 lobed, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 4; anthers pendulous. Ovary 2-4 celled, style and stigma filiform. Capsule
1-4 celled. Herbs with alternate or radicle leaves and inconspicuous flowers.
Globular iaceae. Calyx 5 cleft, imbricate in bud. Corolla 5 cleft. Stamens
4. Ovary of i cell and i pendulous seed. Small shrubby or herbaceous plants
with blue flowers in compact heads.
16 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
DIVISION III. Incomplete.
Corolla and often calyx absent or united into a single perianth.
* Perianth single, inferior.
Phytolaccaceze. Perianth inferior, 4-5 partite, imbricate in bud. Stamens
inserted on its base. Ovary i-io celled. Styles as many as there are cells to
ovary. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Fruit a berry.
Amarantaceas. Perianth 3-5 partite, scariose, persistent. Stamens 3 or 5
inferior. Ovary of i cell. Leaves without sheaths or stipules.
Chenopodiaceae. Flowers 1-2 sexual. Calyx 3-5 lobed, herbaceous per-
sistent round the fruit. Stamens 1-5, opposite sepals. Ovary i celled. Utricle
i seeded, indehiscent. Albumen floury or fleshy. Herbs with exstipulate
leaves or stems leafless and jointed, and green, inconspicuous flowers.
Polygonacese. Flowers usually 2 sexual. Sepals 3-6, green or coloured.
Stamens 5-8, perigynous or hypogynous. Fruit usually enclosed in sepals.
Ovules erect. Albumen floury, embryo curved. Herbs with alternate leaves,
sheathing stipules and small flowers.
Thymelasaceae. Flowers 2 sexual. Calyx tubular, 4-5 lobed, stamens
definite, inserted in the tube. Ovules pendulous. Albumen o or scanty ;
embryo straight. Shrubs with entire leathery leaves, tenacious bark, and sweet
scented flowers.
Lauracese. Flowers i sexual. Perianth inferior, usually 6 cleft. Stamens
usually g, in 3 rows ; fils. flattened, 2 glandular at the base. Anthers usually 4
celled, opening by valves. Ovary superior, i celled, i ovuled, ovule pendulous.
Fruit indehiscent. Endosperm. Trees or shrubs, with alternate or whorled,
rarely opposite, entire leaves.
Elseagnaceae. Calyx in <$ flowers 3-4 sepalous ; in ? 2 sexual, flowers
tubular. Stamens 4-8 at base of sepals in <£ flowers, ovule erect. Albumen
o or scanty ; embryo straight. Shrubs with silvery scales, entire, exstipulate
leaves and inconspicuous flowers.
** Perianth single, superior.
Loranthaceee. Calyx 4 cleft, valvate in bud. Stamens one, adnate to each
calyx lobe. Ovary i celled; ovule i, adnate to ovary. Seed erect, radicle su-
perior, albumen fleshy. Parasitic shrubs, with entire, exstipulate leaves and incon-
spicuous flowers.
Santalaceae. Calyx 3-5 lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens i, adnate to each
calyx lobe. Ovary i celled ; ovules several, pendulous from a free central pla-
centa. Albumen fleshy. Shrubs or herbs, often root parasites ; leaves usually
alternate, entire, exstipulate. Flowers inconspicuous.
Cytinaceas. Flowers monoecious. Perianth superior, 4-5 lobed. Stamens 8
or more, on a central column. Ovary of i cell with many seeds on parietal pla-
centa. Parasitic plants with no leaves.
Aristolochiaceae. Calyx 3 lobed, or 1-2 lipped, valvate in bud. Stamens
6-12, epigynous or gynandrous. Ovary 4-6 celled; ovules many. Embryo
minute. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, exstipulate leaves.
Euphorbiaceze. Flowers i sexual. Calyx o or sepals 2 or more. Sta-
mens i or more, anthers didymous. Ovary 2-3 lobed, i celled ; ovules 1-2 in
each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Styles 2-3. Albumen copious, fleshy. Herbs
or shrubs with various leaves. Inflorescence often of many stamens and i pistil in
a small calyx-like involucre. Perianth often o.
Urticaceae. Flowers 1-2 sexual. Male perianth 3-8 lobed, female tubular
or 3-5 cleft or a scale. Stamens opposite the perianth lobes. Ovary i celled.
Ovule solitary, pendulous or erect. Herbs or shrubs with various stipulate leaves
and minute green flowers.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES 17
Celtiacea?. Flowers green, 1-2 sexual. Perianth persistent. Fruit a
globular drupe, black when ripe. The only French species is a tree with
nettle-like leaves.
Ulmaceas. Flowers usually 2-sexual, reddish, in clusters. Perianth per-
sistent, of 4-8 equal lobes. Stamens 4-8, opposite the lobes of perianth. Fruit a
samara. Trees with alternate, exstipulate leaves.
Ceratophyllaceae. Flowers i-sexual. Perianth 8-i2-partite, Stamens
many, sessile. Ovary superior, i-celled. Style i, persistent. Ovule i, pen-
dulous. Submerged plants with minute flowers and multifid leaves.
Callltrichaceae. Flowers i-sexual, minute. Perianth o. Stamens i,
filament long. Ovary 4-angled, 4-celled. Styles 2. Fruit of 4, i-seeded, inde-
hiscent carpels. Small green aquatic plants.
Artocarpaceae. Flowers monoecious. $ flowers have a calyx of 2-4 divisions
and i stamen. ? flowers have a tubular receptacle very concave. Ovary 2-3
celled.
*** Male flowers in catkins, females in spikes or short catkins.
Cupuliferae. Flowers mono-dioecious. Males in catkins. Sepals o or 5
or more. Stamens 5-20. Females sessile in an involucre of bracts. Calyx
superior, 5-6 toothed or o. Ovary 2-3 celled. Styles 2-3 ; cells 1-2 ovuled. Fruit
i celled, i seeded, dry, indehiscent. Trees or shrubs with alternate, stipulate
leaves and small green flowers.
Juglandaceae. Flowers monoecious. & flowers in catkins. 9 flowers solitary
and sessile on a 3 lobed bract, stigmas 2. Perianth of 3-6 scales, adnate to a 3
lobed stipulate bract. Stamens 4-12, on the perianth. Fruit a small globose
nut, endocarp 2 valved. Trees, with alternate, pinnate leaves.
Salicaceae. Flowers dioecious, without perianth, both sexes in catkins.
Stamens i or more. Ovary i celled. Stigmas 2. Ovules many, parietal.
Capsule 2 valved. Albumen o. Trees or shrubs with alternate, stipulate leaves.
An anomalous family not closely allied to any other.
Class II. Monocotyledons. Stem with the wood forming longitudinal
bundles irregularly disposed, not in concentric layers, and having no defined
central pith. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Flowers with organs mostly in
threes or fours, never in fives. Embryo with a single cotyledon; first-formed
leaves alternate ; radicle not branching, but throwing out adventitious roots.
Alismaceae. Flowers' usually 2 sexual. Perianth 6- partite, inner segments
or all petaloid. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels many. Fruit of many achenes ;
albumen o ; radicle very large. Ovary superior. Aquatic or marsh herbs with
sometimes conspicuous flowers.
Hydrocharidaceae. Flowers regular, i sexual. Perianth 6-partite, outer
segments herbaceous, inner usually petaloid. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary i or
3-6 celled, inferior. Fruit a berry. Water plants with floating or erect leaves
and usually conspicuous flowers.
* Perianth o or rudimentary. Ovary superiorly near pous or monocarpellary .
Typhaceae. Flowers monoecious in catkins or heads. Perianth o or of
scales or hairs. Stamens many, anthers basifixed. Ovary 1-2 celled ; style per-
sistent ; ovule i, pendulous. Fruit a drupe or utricle. Erect marsh or water
plants, with linear leaves and small or minute flowers in conspicuous spiked
heads.
Araceae. Flowers sessile on a spadix, enclosed in a spathe when young,
1-2 sexual. Perianth o or of scale-like sepals. Stamens few or many. Ovary
i or more celled. Berry few or many seeded. Herbs with often broad net-
veined leaves and flowers with conspicuous spathes or spadixes.
2
i8 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Lemnacete. Minute floating cellular green fronds. Flowers in slits or
cavities of the frond, most minute and rare, 1-3 in a spathe. Stamens 1-2.
Ovary i celled, 1-7 ovuled. Fronds covering ponds.
Naiadaceae. Flowers 1-2 sexual. Perianth of 4 valvate sepals or imper-
fect, or o. Stamens as many as sepals or fewer. Carpels 1-4, i ovuled.
Radicle very large. Marsh or water plants with inconspicuous green flowers.
** Perianth 2 seriate, usually coloured. Ovary superior, syncarpous.
Liliacese. Flowers usually 2 sexual, and showy. Perianth usually 6
cleft or of 6 segments, petaloid. Stamens 6, opposite perianth segments. Ovary
3 celled. Fruit various. Herbs, except Ruscus, of various habit.
Juncaceae. Flowers 2 sexual. Perianth of 6 green or brown segments.
Stamens usually 6. Ovary 1-3 celled with 3 basilar, or many parietal or axile
ovules. Capsule 3-valved. Rushy herbs with very narrow leaves and small
brownish-green flowers.
*** Perianth 2 seriate, coloured (except Dioscoreacece). Ovary inferior, syncarpous,
3 celled. Seeds large, albuminous.
Dioscoreaceae. Flowers i sexual. Perianth small, 6 partite, herbaceous.
Stamens 6; anthers bursting inwards. Ovary 3 celled. Berry few seeded.
Climbing herbs, with broad leaves with netted veins and inconspicuous flowers.
Iridacese. Flowers 2 sexual. Perianth 6 partite, petaloid. Stamens 3,
separate ; anthers bursting outwards. Ovary 3 celled. Capsule 3 valved. Herbs
with tuberous root, or creeping root-stock, narrow leaves and usually handsome
flowers.
Amaryllidacese. Flowers 2 sexual. Perianth 6 partite, petaloid. Stamens
6, separate ; anthers bursting inwards. Ovary 3 celled. Capsule 3 valved.
Herbs with narrow leaves and usually handsome flowers.
**** Trees with unbranched stem, and numerous flowers enveloped in a spathe.
Palmaceze. Flowers mostly i sexual. Perianth inferior, 6 partite or lobed in
2 series. Stamens usually 6, on base of perianth ; anthers versatile. Ovary 1-3
celled, or of 3 distinct or connate carpels, cells 1-2 ovuled. Shrubs or trees, armed
or not. Stem erect, scandent or decumbent. Leaves alternate, variously compound.
Inflorescences at first enclosed in a woody or coriaceous spathe. Flowers usually
small, green or yellowish.
***** Perianth 2 seriate, coloured. Ovary inferior, syncarpous, i celled.
Orchidaceae. Flowers irregular, 2 sexual. Perianth 2 seriate, coloured.
Ovary inferior, syncarpous, i celled. Stamens i or 2, adnate to the style. Fruit
capsular. Herbs of various habit.
****** Perianth oor of bristles or minute scales. Ovary i celled, i ovuled; styles
or stigmas 2-3. Flowers spicale, solitary in the axils of imbricating
bracts or glumes (Glumaceas).
Cyperacete. Flowers 1-2 sexual. Perianth o or of bristles, rarely of scales.
Stamens 1-3 ; anthers basifixed. Ovary i celled, style i, stigmas 2-3, papillose,
ovule i, erect. Fruit compressed or 3-gonous. Stem usually solid and 3-
gonous ; leaves often grass-like but with entire sheaths.
Gramineae. Flowers usually 2 sexual. Perianth usually of 2 very minute
scales. Stamens usually 3; anthers versatile. Ovary i celled, stigmas 1-2,
hairy or feathery. Fruit terete or grooved on one side. Stem cylindrical, usually
hollow except at the joints ; leaves with sheaths split often to the base.
Phylum II. Gymnospermae. Trees and shrubs with (mostly) needle-shaped
or scale-like leaves. Seeds naked, generally borne on the scales of cones.
Conifers. Perianth o, flowers in cones. Male with 2-8 celled anthers>
usually forming a small yellow-brown deciduous cone. Female cones large>
often woody, with one or more naked ovules on the scales, or of a solitary ovule
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES 19
surrounded by a fleshy cup or aril (Taxus). Albumen fleshy; embryo straight.
Trees or shrubs with numerous small alternate, opposite or fascicled leaves and
very inconspicuous flowers.
Sub- Kingdom II. Cryptogamic or Flowerless Plants. Plants not provided
with stamens and ovules as in Phanerogams. Reproductive organs are minute
spores contained in sporangia ; no seeds formed.
Phylum III. Pteridophyta (Fern-like plants). Plants with true leaves, roots,
and vascular tissue as in Flowering Plants.
Filices. Ferns. Plants usually with underground stems (creeping or short
ck root-stocks). Leai
angia on the under side.
thick root-stocks). Leaves (fronds) large, usually compound, bearing the spor-
undei
Equisetaceae. Horse-tails. Main stems deep underground, sending up
aerial shoots either bearing whorls of green branches with minute scale-like
whorled leaves, or simple, colourless and terminated by a cone of whorled scales
bearing several sporangia on their lower surfaces.
Lycopodiaceas. Clubmosses. Leaves small, but larger than in horse-tails,
spirally arranged or scattered, not whorled. Sporangia singly on the upper
sides of the cone scales.
Selaginellaceae. Shoots flat ; leaves generally in two sets, dorsal, small,
adpressed to stem, ventral outstanding. Cones like those of Lycopodiaceae.
Spores of 2 kinds, megaspores and microspores, in separate sporangia.
NOTE.
It should be borne in mind by students that many plants are very variable,
and that sometimes the commonest form in Britain is not typical of the plant as
known on the Continent ; and especially is this the case in the Mediterranean
region, where physical conditions are so different. Moreover, it is well known
that the habitats of certain species are by no means the same in every country
where they grow, though in most cases there is a general similarity. Many of
the British plants mentioned in this book are described from French specimens.
We may, however, find that several plants known by the same name in England
and on the Continent of Europe are in reality different species.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.
Division I. POLYPETALS.
Sub- Division I. THALAM [FLORAE.
RANUNCULACE^S.
Tribe I. CLEMATIDE^E. Sepals valvate. Shrubs with opposite leaves.
Petals o. Sepals petaloid CLEMATIS.
Tribe II. ANEMONES. Sepals imbricate. Achenes with i pendulous seed.
Involucre o. Sepals 4-5, petaloid. Petals o THALICTRUM.
Involucre of 3 leaves. Sepals 4-20, petaloid. Petals o ANEMONE.
Involucre o. Sepals 5-8, petaloid. Petals 5-16, conspicuous ADONIS.
Tribe III.RANUNCULES. Sepals imbricate. Achenes with i ascending seed.
Beak of carpel 5-6 times its length CERATOCKPHALUS.
Beak of carpel not longer than it _ RANUNCULUS.
Tribe IV. HELLEBORES. Sepals imbricate. Follicles many seeded except
in Actaea.
* Flowers regular.
Sepals petaloid. Petals o CALTHA.
Sepals petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, entire TROLLIUS.
Sepals petaloid, persistent. Petals small, 2 lipped HELLEBORUS.
Sepals petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, 2 lipped ERANTHIS.
Sepals herbaceous. Petals large, red P^ONEA.
Sepals petaloid, deciduous, pink. Petals small, 2 lipped GARIDELLA.
Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, 2 lipped NIGELLA.
Sepals 5-6, petaloid. Petals large, spurred AQUILEGIA.
** Flowers irregular.
Sepals many, the dorsal one spurred DELPHINIUM.
Sepals many, the dorsal one arched and hooded ACONITUM.
*** Flowers nearly regular. Fruit a berry ACTJEA.
CLEMATIS L.
C, Vitalba L. Old Man's Beard. Stem climbing, angular. Leaves pinnate ;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly cordate at base, incisodentate.
Flowers greenish-white. Awns feathery, i inch long.
Hedges and thickets, common. June, July.
C. Flammula L. (Plate IV). Stem climbing. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets
almost linear, entire. Sepals glabrous within, tomentose at borders. Flowers
white, in a loose panicle, scented. Awns feathery, short. A variable plant.
Hedges, thickets, and waste places on the littoral, and on some of the hills
to over 800 m. June-August.
THALICTRUM L. MEADOW-RUE.
T. minus L. A most variable species with 8 or 9 subspecies and varieties
in the Var. The sub-species are T. majus, Jacq. ; T. expansum, Jord. ; T.
montanum, Wallr. ; T. silvaticum, K., and T. ambigens, Jord. Stems
20
1. Clematis Flammula.
3. Anemone stellata.
PLATE IV.
2. Adonis autumnalis.
4. Anemone coronaria van phoenicea.
RANUNCULACEJE 21
stoloniferous, from i to 3 feet high, flexuous, furrowed. Leaves large, biternate ;
leaflets rather large, glaucous below. Flowers yellow, pendent, in branched leafy
panicles. Carpels oval, with longitudinal ribs.
Mountain woods and rocky places in the hills, but more especially in the
sub-Alpine region. May-July.
T. mediterraneum Jord. = T. flavum var. angustifolium G. G. Stem
about 3 feet high, hollow. Leaves tripinnate, slightly glandular ; upper ones
with linear, entire leaflets, lower leaflets oblong, pale green below. Auricles
narrower than the sheath. Flowers in a rather dense yellow panicle. Carpels
sessile, suborbicular.
Damp meadows and sides of ditches in the littoral. May, June.
T. aquilegifolium L. grows in shady places in the mountain and chest-
nut region of les Alpes-Marit. The flowers are pink.
ANEMONE L.
A. nemorosa L. Wood Anemone. Rhizome horizontal, nearly black, with
2 or 3 biternate leaves at the extremity and a single flower-stalk 3 to 9 inches
high, with involucral leaves at about two-thirds of its height. Sepals 6, white,
often pinkish or bluish outside. Carpels downy, long pointed but not feathery.
The flowers soon fade.
Recorded by Ardoino from mountain woods in the Maritime Alps, April, but
doubted by Burnat. It has, however, been seen a few times above San Remo.
A. ranunculoides L. with yellow flowers, is rarely found below 1000 m.
in the Maritime Alps.
A. trifolia L. Radical leaves usually wanting at time of flowering. In-
volucral bracts 3, petioled, with broadly lanceolate, serrated segments. Flowers
solitary. Sepals usually 6, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous beneath, white. Anthers
nearly white.
Mountain woods, pastures, and chestnut groves in Liguria ; abundant in
the mountain region behind Bordighera, formerly descending the banks of the
Nervia almost to the sea. According to Moggridge it replaces A . nemorosa on
the littoral from San Remo to Genoa. March-May.
A. coronaria L. (Plate IV). Leaves tripinnate, with narrow segments ; in-
volucral leaflets sessile, laciniate. Flowers solitary, large and handsome, with
5 or 6 oval sepals. Carpels woolly.
Frequent in vineyards and olive groves on the littoral from Toulon to San
Remo, and occasionally reaching 400 m. February- April.
There are several varieties in both Departments, of which the following are
the chief:—
Var. a cyanea Ard. = A. cyanea Risso = A. coronarioides Hanry,
with light blue flowers.
Var. /8 coccinea Bwm. = A. coccinea Jord. = \. cononaria var. phoe-
nicia Ard., with scarlet flowers (Plate IV).
Var. y rosea Hanry, with pink flowers.
Var. 8 ventreana Hanry, with yellowish-white flowers, streaked with
red at the base of the sepals.
Var. e purpurea Ard. with purple flowers.
A. stellata Law*. (Plate IV), A. hortensis L. var. stellata G. G.
Leaves palmate, with toothed and serrated cuneiform lobes. Involucral
leaflets sessile, either entire or slightly cut. Carpels woolly. Flowers solitary,
2 in. across red-purple, deep pink, mauve or rarely white, often bluish beneath,
star-shaped, and composed of 12-15 narrow sepals.
Woods, fields, under olives and in broken ground, very common along the
French Riviera. February-April. In 1913 the first blossoms near Hyeres
appeared the second week in January.
22 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
A. pavonina De Not. = \. hortensis var. pavonina Ard. = vars> fulgens
and pavonina Gren. et Godr. Flowers large, with 5-15 brilliant red sepals, with
a yellow centre, but more commonly the flowers are double with an indefinite
number of sepals, the outer ones being greenish.
On terraces and cultivated ground on the littoral. Possibly an artificial
hybrid only. February-April.
A. palmata L. (Plate I). Leaves palmate, suborbicular, with 3-5 obtuse
lobes, not deeply cut but toothed, often purplish beneath. Involucral bracts
sessile, with 3-5 linear-lanceolate lobes. Flowers yellow, the size and colour of
the Lesser Celandine, solitary, with 8-12 obtuse sepals. Carpels woolly with
glabrous beak.
Borders of dry woods and clearings, rare. March-April. In a few places
near Hyeres, La Londe and Bormes.
A. Hepatica L. = Hepatica triloba Chaix. Leaves leathery, with 3
entire rounded lobes, often purplish beneath, on long petioles. Involucre im-
mediately below the flower, of 3 entire, sessile bracts resembling a calyx. Flower
solitary, blue, more rarely rose or white.
Woods and shady places in the mountain and sub-Alpine regions.
February-June, according to situation. It grows on limestone woods at Mont-
rieux above Toulon, and elsewhere in the Var ; it descends also to shady places
near Nice, Menton, Ventimiglia, etc., and extends to at least 1600 m. in the
Maritime and Ligurian Alps.
ADONIS L. (PHEASANT'S EYE).
A. autumnalis L. (Plate IV). Annual. Stem erect, branched, very leafy.
Leaves decompound ; segments small, linear ; sepals spreading. Petals deep
scarlet with a black spot at base, rather longer than the dark purple sepals.
Head of reticulated achenes somewhat elongated.
Cultivated fields and waste places. April-June.
A. aestivalis L. Annual. Differs from the last chiefly in the lighter red or
rarely yellow flowers with 5-10 petals, yellow glabrous calyx, and the achenes
with a sharp tooth on the rim and in the obliquely ascending beak.
In crops near Menton, Gourdon, etc. May-June.
A. f lammea Jacq. Annual. Flowers bright scarlet. Petals 3-6. Sepals
pubescent, greenish. Fruiting spike, rather loose, elongated. Achenes with
straight blackish beak and blunt tooth close to the beak.
Crops and cultivated fields, but not on the littoral itself. May-July.
CERATOCEPHALUS Maench.
C. falcatus Persoon = Ranunculus falcatus L. A small bushy annual
2-4 in. high. Leaves radical, digitate, divided into linear segments, on long
stalks. Sepals and upper part of peduncles covered with long silky hairs. Petals
pale yellow, nearly twice length of sepals. Carpels with 2 protuberances at
base, ending in a long beak curved like a horn, and arranged in an oval spike.
Cultivated fields. March-May.
RANUNCULUS L.
SECTION i. Batrachium. Marsh or aquatic plants. Flowers white, with
yellow basal glands, proterandrous. Leaves often submerged and multifid.
Peduncles usually leaf-opposed, i-fid. Achenes transversely wrinkled.
R. heterophyllus Fries. Segments of submerged leaves spreading in all
directions; peduncles barely exceeding the leaves. Floating leaves i in. in
diameter, from orbicular to reniform, 3-5 lobed. Flowers J-i in. diameter;
petals obovate, longer than sepals. Stamens numerous. Achenes very variable
in pubescence and sometimes glabrous.
Ditches and stagnant water. April -July.
RANUNCULACE^E 23
The following varieties or forms are recorded from Frejus in the Var : —
Var. submersus G.G. = R. aquatilis var. capillaceus Coss. et G. ;
R. peltatus Schrank = R. aquatilis var. heterophyllus Bor.
R. trichophyllus Chaix = R. aquatilis L. part. Submerged leaves
usually subsessile, black and rigid ; peduncles stout, shorter than leaves ; floating
leaves (if any) 3 lobed, 2-3-chotomously multifid, stipules large, rounded. Pedun-
cles of floating leaves shorter than the others.
Ponds, marshes, and streams. April-May. Mr. Bicknell records R. tricho-
phyllus from the Roja Valley near Ventimiglia, and Ardoino did so from the
R. Var.
The following varieties are recorded from the Var by Albert and Jahandiex : —
R. Godroni Gren. Hyeres.
R. Drouetii F. Schultz. Hyeres, Toulon, La Garde.
R. britannicus R. et Fouc. Hyeres.
R. lutulentus Perr. et Song. Roquebrune.
R. circinatus Sibth. — R. divaricatus Schrank. No floating leaves.
Submerged leaves small, sessile, segments in one plane, rigid ; peduncles much
longer than the leaves; flowers fin. diameter; petals obovate, twice length
of sepals. Receptacle hispid. Achenes compressed. The most distinct and uni-
form species of this section, growing in pools and streams and flowering in May
and June, but very little known in the South. Albert recorded it from
Chateaudouble in the Var.
SECTION 2. Ficaria DC. Leaves chiefly radical, entire. Sepals 3-5. Petals
8-12, yellow. Achenes small, not beaked.
R. Ficaria L. - Ficaria ranunculoides Roth. Lesser Celandine. Root-
fibres stout, cylindric ; leaves cordate, obtusely angled or crenate, shining ;
petiole thick, with dilated base. Peduncles stout, i flowered. Flowers bright
yellow, glazed, about i in. in diameter. Head of achenes globose.
Damp, shady, waste places from the coast to the mountains. January-May.
Var. calthrefolia Burn. = Ficaria grandiflora Robert, which has larger
flowers and leaves with overlapping lobes, is common near the coast.
Var. bulbifera Albert.
This variety has the leaves furnished with bulbils at their axils ; and was
found by the late Mons. Albert at Rues near Ampus (Var) in fields flooded in
winter.
SECTION 3. Mostly terrestrial plants. Leaves radical or cauline. Flowers
yellow.
* Leaves entire, sometimes slightly toothed.
R. ophioglossifolius Vill. Lower leaves cordate-ovate, long petioled ;
upper ones oblong-lanceolate. Stem hollow, 6-18 in. high, erect, branched.
Flowers small, pale yellow, on long peduncles. Sepals glabrous. Carpels
20-30, compressed, finely granulate; beak very short. Annual.
Ditches and marshes on the littoral. May, June.
R. gramineus L. Roots with thick fleshy fibres. Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, with many nerves, which when dead form a sort of matting at base of the
stems. Petals yellow, large, obovate. Carpels ovate, reticulate, with very
short beak. Plant 6-12 in. high.
Grassy hills and fields in both Departments ; e.g. above Grasse, Ampus,
Chateaudouble. May, June.
R. Lingua L. Great Spear-wort. Stem 3-4 ft., hollow, erect. Leaves
sessile, half amplexicaul, lanceolate, entire or toothed, 6-10 in. long. Flowers
2 in. diameter, handsome.
Marshes and ditches, very rare, June-July. At Tourves in the Var.
24 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
** Leaves divided ; sepals reflexed.
R. monspeliacus L. Plant 2-3 ft. high, covered with soft hairs. Root
leaves with long stems, tripartite, with obtuse, dentate crenate lobes. Stem
leaves with linear or lanceolate lobes. Sepals finally reflexed and hairy. Petals
pale yellow, large, loose. Carpels, smooth, round, with long beak rather deflexed.
Rocky ground and borders of fields in the hill region. May.
R. bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup. Stem swollen at base, without run-
ners, erect, hairy. Leaves tripartite, with lobed segments, variable. Peduncles
furrowed. Sepals reflexed. Achenes compressed, margined, glabrous, with
short hooked beak.
Meadows, woods, and cultivated places. April-June.
R. velutinus Ten. Plant 1-3 ft. high, hairy below. Leaves tripartite.with
broad lobes. Peduncles glabrous. Sepals reflexed. Achenes compressed,
strongly margined, glabrous, with very short straight beak. Flowers rather small.
Damp meadows, marshes, and shady places under olives; local. May, June.
R. macrophyllus Desf. = R. palustris G.G. Stem 1-2 ft. high, hollow,
branching, hairy below like the petioles. Leaves hairy, lower ones large, 5-
partite, orbicular. Flowers rather large. Sepals reflexed and then spreading.
Carpels compressed, keeled with short, almost straight beak.
Damp places. May, June. Ditches of the ramparts at Toulon and near La
Crau (Var).
R. Sardous Crantz = R. philanotis Retz. Stem erect, 9-18 in.
Leaves tripartite. Peduncles furrowed. Flowers small. Sepals reflexed.
Achenes tubercled. An annual.
Damp fields, May-July. Common and variable in the Var. R. trilobus
Desf. is a sub-species found at Hyeres, La Seyne, Ampus, etc.
R. paryiflorus L. Small-flowered Buttercup. Stem spreading, decumbent.
Leaves orbicular or reniform, 3 lobed, segments toothed; lowest leaves often
entire; upper with linear lobes. Peduncles furrowed. Flowers pale yellow,
very small. Achenes small. An annual.
Damp shady places and banks. April, June.
R. sceleratus L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Annual, erect. Stem 1-2 ft.,
hollow. Leaves glabrous, 3 lobed, segments of lower lobes obtuse, of upper
linear subentire. Sepals reflexed, hairy. Head of small glabrous achenes,
oblong. Flowers J in. diameter.
Recorded by Ardoino from ditches and marshes by the R. Var near Nice.
Rare in the South of France. May-August.
*** Leaves divided; sepals spreading.
R. repens L. Creeping Buttercup. Stem hairy, decumbent below with
long runners. Leaves petioled, tripartite with cuneate, lobed, and toothed seg-
ments. Peduncles furrowed. Sepals spreading, hairy. Achenes compressed,
glabrous ; beak hooked. Flowers i in. in diameter.
Damp places and borders of ditches, common. April-June.
R. acris L. Upright Buttercup. Stem hairy, erect, without runners, 1-3 ft.
Leaves usually all petioled, 3-7-partite, 5 angled in outline, uppermost sessile.
Peduncles not furrowed. Sepals spreading, pubescent. Achenes compressed,
style hooked. Flowers i in. diameter.
Meadows, etc., common. May-July.
R. montanus Willd. Grows in the mountain and sub-Alpine region of
Alpes-Marit. Stem short, nearly simple ; leaves palmatipartite.
R. lanuginosus L. The size of R. acris. Stems hollow, branched,
densely woolly. Leaves hairy beneath; lower ones 5-partite with broadly
obovate lobes, toothed ; the upper ones tripartite with lanceolate lobes. Peduncles
not furrowed. Sepals spreading, hairy. Receptacle glabrous. Carpels glabrous,
with hooked beak nearly half length of carpel.
RANUNCULACE^ 25
Shady places in the Var, in the forests of the Maures, Ste. Baume, etc.
June, July.
R. flabellatus Desf. = A. chierophyllos DC. Root with fibrous tuber-
cles. Leaves mostly radical, silky, tripartite with narrow segments. Peduncles
glabrous. Stem erect, usually simple, bearing one or two large bright yellow
flowers. Sepals spreading, pubescent. Carpels compressed, distinctly margined,
with straight beak about half their length. A very variable species, especially in
the Var.
Dry hills and sandy places. April-May.
R. millefoliatus Vahl. Root-stock similar to the last. Stem 6-12 in.,
thick, erect, pubescent. Leaves hairy, mostly radical tripinnate, with short lobes,
narrow and acute. Peduncles thick. Flowers 1-2, large. Sepals spreading,
glabrous. Carpels numerous, compressed, margined, with much-hooked beak.
Dry uncultivated places, rare.
Plateau de Pouraques near Valloury above Sollies-Toucas in the Var.
April-May. This is the only known station in France. In 1893 it was found
on olive terraces above Bordighera.
R. garganicus Ten. (R. Canuti Coss.). Root-stock similar to the 2 last.
Stem 6-12 in., slender, erect, pubescent. Leaves mostly radical, pubescent,
irregularly bipinnate with linear obtuse lobes. Peduncles slender. Flowers
1-2, rather large. Carpels keeled, with almost straight beak, half the length of
the carpel.
Dry uncultivated fields. Col du Braus and Valley of Peille in the Alpes-
Marit., rare. April-June.
R. muricatus L. Annual. Stem 6-12 in. high, branched, glabrous,
hollow. Leaves glabrous, with 3-5 crenate lobes, the upper leaves obovate.
Peduncles furrowed. Carpels 6-15, large, broadly keeled, covered with spiny
tubercles, and having a broad recurved beak. Flowers small, yellow. Sepals
spreading, hairy.
Damp and cultivated places in the littoral region. April-June.
R. arvensis L. Corn Crowfoot. Annual. Stem about i ft. high, branched.
Leaves ternate, the upper ones with linear segments. Peduncles glabrous.
Carpels 4-8, large, bristly with hooked spines. Flowers small, pale yellow.
In the crops. Common on the littoral. May-June.
CALTHA L.
C. palustris L. Marsh Marigold. Leaves orbicular-reniform crenate,
glabrous, shining, longly petioled, fleshy. Stipules very large, membranous,
entire in bud and enclosing the young leaf. Flowers large, bright yellow, hand-
some. Sepals 5 or more, petaloid. Petals o. Carpels numerous, many seeded.
Mountain and sub-Alpine district of the Maritime Alps. April-May.
TROLLIUS L.
T. europasus L. Globe-flower. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed ;
root leaves petioled, suborbicular, 5-partite, segments cuneate lobed ; stem leaves
smaller, sessile. Flowers, rather pale yellow, large, globular in form. Sepals
5-15 petaloid, orbicular. Petals 5-15, small, narrow, claw very short. Stamens
short. Follicles transversely wrinkled, keeled, beaked. Seeds black, dotted.
Pastures in the sub-Alpine and montane region of the Maritime and Ligurian
Alps. June-July.
HELLEBORUS L.
H. niger L. Christmas rose. Leaves all radical, glabrous, large, leathery,
stalked, pedate, 7-9 cleft; divisions undivided or 2-3 cleft, toothed. Flowers
nodding, handsome, white or rose-tinted, ultimately pale green. Petals and
stamens yellow. Sepals petaloid. Follicle with long beak.
Recorded by Ardoino from mountain woods, very rare, at Bajardo above San
Remo, January-March, but excluded by Burnat and Bicknell,
26 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
H. viridis L. Green Hellebore. Plant 1-2 ft. high. Radical leaves large,
on long stalks, divided into 7-11 oblong, acute, toothed segments 3-4 in. long,
the central ones free, the lateral ones connected at the base. Flowers 2-4, droop-
ing, greenish.
Mountain woods in the Maritime Alps, local. Tenda district, Monte Ceppo,
etc. March, April.
H. fcetidus L. Stinking Hellebore. Plant at least 2 ft. high, robust,
with perennial leafy stems. Lower leaves not all radical, and forming a larger
and thicker tuft than in the last species. Segments narrower, less toothed and
more shining. Flowers in a close panicle, drooping, pale green tinged with purple.
Stony places, borders of woods, etc., in the mountain region, descending to
the littoral in both Departments. February, March.
ERANTHIS Salisb.
E. hiemalis Salisb. Winter Aconite. Leaves radical, glabrous, shining,
longly petioled, orbicular but deeply cut into segments, appearing after the
flowers. Flowers yellow, regular ; sepals petaloid, deciduous, 5-8. Petals
small, 2 lipped. Follicles 5-8, free divergent, with a beak half their length.
Damp woods ; very rare. February, March. Recorded by Ardoino from
north of Nice and Castellane, but doubted by Burnat in " Fl. des Alpes Marit."
P/CONIA L.
P. peregrina Mill. Stem 1-2 ft. high. Leaves biternate, green above,
glaucous and pubescent below. Petals rose coloured, very large. Flowers
regular, handsome. Follicles 2-3, spreading at maturity.
Mountain pastures from 800 to 1300 m. ; above Mentone, Nice, Grasse, St.
Auban, etc., and rather higher in the Ligurian Alps, e.g. Monte Toraggio. May.
In the Var it is represented by the variety P. paradoxa Anders., which is
found in mountain woods, near Ampus, Ve"rignon, etc., from April to June.
QARIDELLA L.
Q. Nigellastrum L. = NigellaGaridella Bail/on. Annual stem about a
foot high, slender, angular. Leaves multifid, with very narrow segments.
Flowers small, white or reddish, solitary, long peduncled. Follicles 2-3, united
in their lower half, beak short.
Hilly fields, among the olives, etc. ; rare. May, June. Formerly at Nice and
Cannes, but excluded by Burnat; Toulon, Cap Brun, Carqueiranne, Seillans.
NIG ELLA L. LOVE-IN-A-MIST.
N. Damascena L. (Plate I). Annual. Stem a foot or more high, erect,
angular. Leaves multifid with linear acute segments. Involucre like the
leaves. Flowers blue. Sepals ovate lanceolate, petaloid deciduous. Follicles
5, glabrous, united at the summit and forming a globular capsule.
Fields and dry hills, common. May-June.
AQUILEGIA L. COLUMBINE.
A. vulgaris L. Common Columbine. Stem 1-3 ft. high, pubescent,
branched above. Leaves biternate, whose incisions don't reach the middle ;
lower leaves with long petioles and broad lobes; upper leaves sessile. Flowers
irregular, bluish purple, rose, white, or dark violet (A. atrata). Stamens longer
than petals.
Sub-Alpine and mountain region. June-July.
A. Retlteri Boiss. Stem 1-2 ft. high, with 1-5 flowers, viscous. Leaves
small, biternate ; leaflets deeply incised ; upper leaves with 3-7 linear lobes or
entire. Flowers bright blue. Spur strongly curved in. Follicles small.
Woods and rocky places in the mountains, rare. June, July. Aiguines, in
the Marges escarpments, above Menton, Val Casterino near Tenda, Roubion,
St. Martin Lantosque. Not uncommon on mountains behind Bordighera as on
Testa d'Alpe. Usually above 1000 m.
RANUNCULACE^E 27
DELPHINIUM L. LARKSPUR.
* One ovary ; petals united.
D. Consolida L. Annual. Almost glabrous. Stem slender, 8-18 in.,
with spreading branches. Leaves multifid, with linear segments; bracts
simple and entire, linear. Spike short, few-flowered. Flowers deep blue, with
long spur. Follicles glabrous. Seeds black.
Crops and fields. May-July. Occasional in both Departments.
D. pubescens. DC. Annual, pubescent. Leaves multifid, with linear
segments. Bracts simple, 4 times shorter than the peduncle. Spike loose.
Flowers pale blue. Follicles obtuse, pubescent. Seeds greyish.
Among crops. June, July. Near Lantosque, Frejus, Bandol, etc.
D. Ajacis L. Annual, pubescent. Stem 10-18 in., slender. Leaves
multifid, lobes linear. Upper leaves sessile, lower petioled. Flowers blue,
white, or pink. Petals 2. Follicles acute, pubescent.
In the crops. May-July.
** 3-5 ovaries ; petals free.
D. peregrinum L. Annual, finely pubescent. Lower leaves multifid,
with linear segments, upper ones entire. Follicles 3. Petals free, glabrous.
Flowers blue or white.
Fields and hills; rare. June-July. Toulon, Saint Cyr. Ardoino's record from
Nice is excluded by Burnat.
D. fissum Waldst. et Kit. Glabrous or hairy, 2-3 ft. high, robust. Leaves
cut into 5-7 linear lobes, trifid. Petioles dilated into a sheath at the base.
Flowers bright blue, at first often greenish, in long spikes, spur long and pointed.
Petals bifid, the 2 inferior downy at the base. Follicles 3-5.
Rocky and shrubby places in the mountains ; rare. June, July. San Dal-
mazzo di Tenda, La Sainte Baume, Aiguines.
D. Requienii DC. Annual, reaching a yard high. Leaves palmate, with
5-9 incised lobes. Bracts inserted below the middle of the erect pedicels.
Flowers blue, in long pubescent spikes. Follicles 3-5. Spur acute,
curved.
Rocks and thickets, very rare. May-June. Only in France in the Isle of
Porquerolles, where it grows on the Medes rocks, and also rarely in woody places.
Also found in Corsica, Sardinia, and Balearic Isles.
D. Staphisagfia L. Annual, pubescent in all its parts. Stem reaching a
yard high. Leaves palmate, with 5-9 broad incised lobes, or entire in the upper
leaves. Flowers blue, large, in long spikes, pubescent. Spur very short, obtuse,
bifid.
Borders of fields and waste places in the Var. May, June. Very local.
Hyeres, north of Mont Condon near Toulon, La Farlede, Bormes, etc.
ACONITUM L.
A. Lycoctonum L. Stem attaining 3 ft., pubescent, branched. Leaves
deeply palmately cut, with 5-7 broadly wedge-shaped segments. Flowers pale
yellow, in dense oval, elongated spikes. Sepals pubescent, soon falling. Hood
much higher than broad. Follicles 3 ; seeds striated on all sides.
Mountain and sub-Alpine woods in the Maritime Alps and on Monte Ceppo.
June, July.
L. Napellus L. Monkshood. Tubers turnip-like, covered with fibres. Stem
erect, 2-5 ft. high, densely leafy above. Leaves shiny, dark green, palmate, 5-7
cleft. Flowers dark violet, in a dense long spike. Follicles glabrous, parallel
(not spreading) when ripe.
Woods in the sub- Alpine and mountain regions of the Maritime Alps. July.
These 2 species scarcely come within our district.
28 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
ACTVEA L.
A. spicata L. Baneberry. Stem 1-2 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves large, thin,
2-3-lernate, with oval segments, incised-dentate. Flowers white, small, in a
short terminal raceme. Corolla regular, with 4 petaloid sepals easily falling.
Petals 4, almost invisible. Berries ovoid, green and finally black and shining in
clusters.
Sub- Alpine woods and stony places in the Maritime and Ligurian Alps. May-
July. Mt. Mulace above Menton, Tenda, etc., but scarcely within the limits
of this book.
BERBERIDACE/E.
BERBERISL. BARBERRY.
Spiny shrubs, wood yellow. Leaves spinous-toothed. Flowers racemed,
regular, solitary or fascicled. Sepals 8-9. Petals 6, in 2 series with 2 basal honey
glands. Stamens 6. Berry 1-2 seeded.
B. Vlllgaris L. Common Barberry. Shrub, 4-8 ft. high, furnished with
spreading spines. Leaves obovate, spinous-serrate, shortly petioled on the woody
snoots ; or reduced to 3-7 forked spines jointed on a short sheath, with fascicles of
leaves in their axils. Flowers pale yellow in hanging racemes. Stamens irritable,
springing forward when touched at the base. Berry acid, £ in. long, oblong, com-
pressed, orange, and then bright red.
Hedges, etc. April-May. Rare on the littoral, commoner on the mountains.
NYMPH/CA L.
Flowers white (in European species). Sepals 4, adnate to the babe of the
disk.
N. albaL. = Castalia alba Greene. White Water-lily. Leaves floating,
orbicular, with cordate base, entire ; petiole very long. Sepals linear-oblong,
green outside. Petals oblong, obtuse. Fruit globose, with 15-20 stigmatic rays.
Deep stagnant water, rare. June-August.
NUPHAR Sibtk. et Smith.
Flowers yellow, globose. Sepals 5-6, concave. Petals many, small. Carpels
many, forming a many-celled ovary. Stigma peltate, rayed.
N. luteum Sibth. et Smith = Nymphsea lutea L. Yellow water-lily.
Leaves orbicular, with deeply 2-lobed base ; lobes usually contiguous. Submerged
leaves membranous ; floating leaves leathery. Flowers fragrant, yellow. Petals
18-20, thickly coriaceous. Stigma 10-30 rayed. Berry beaked.
Stagnant water and slow rivers. June-September. Le Pradet and R. Caramy
near Cabasse in the Var.
PAPAVERACE,E.
* Capsule dehiscing by pores.
Stigmas 4 or more, subsessile, forming a radiating disk ........ .' ..................... PAPAVER.
** Capsule dehiscing nearly to the base by valves.
Ovary more or less 2 celled. Flower yellow ................................................. GLAUCIUM.
Ovary i celled. Seeds not crested. Flower violet. .................................... ROEMERIA.
Ovary i celled. Seeds crested. Flower yellow .................................... CHELIDONIUM.
Corolla irregular. Ovary divided transversely into numerous i seeded parti-
tions .................. ............................................................................................................ HYPECOUM.
PAPAVER L. POPPY (all annual).
P. setigerum DC. (Plate I). This is a hispid variety of P. somniferum
L., the Opium Poppy, which is cultivated and subspontaneous here and there.
PLATE V.
1. Moricandia arvensis. 2. Diplotaxis erucoides.
3. Alyssum maritimum. 4. Hypecoum procumbens. 5. Fumaria spicata.
PAPAVERACE/E 29
Leaves simply toothed or incised, glaucous, hispid. Capsule obovate, glabrous.
Flowers large, pale mauve or white.
Frequent in waste places on the littoral. May-June.
P. Rhceas L. Common Poppy. Leaves 1-2 pinnatilid. Peduncles with
spreading or adpressed hairs. Capsule subglobose, glabrous; stigma with 8-12
rays. Flowers large, scarlet.
Common in cultivated fields. May- June.
P. dubium L. Long smooth-headed Poppy. Leaves 1-2 pinnatifid. Hairs
of peduncles adpressed. Pairs of petals unequal. Capsule sessile, oblong,
glabrous. Stigma 6- 12 rayed. Anthers dull violet. Flowers red.
Cultivated fields, common. May-June.
P. plnnatifidum Moris. (Plate I). Differs from the last by its simply
incised leaves, yellow anthers, and longer narrower capsule.
It grows with P. dubium at Menton, Nice, etc., and flowers in May.
P. hybridum L. = P. hispidum Lam. Round prickly-headed Poppy.
Leaves 2-3 pinnatifid with acute lobes, sparingly hispid, except beneath where
the segments and prominent rib of the petiole is clothed with bristly hairs.
Capsule globose, sessile, bristly ; stigma convex, rays 4-8. Flowers rather small
pals purplish red or wine coloured with black disk. Petals broadly ovate 18-20 mm.
long. The anthers are pale blue before the flower opens and turn slaty.
Cultivated fields. April-May.
See notes on the colour of this plant by H. S. T. and G. C. Druce in " Journal
of Botany," 1913, pp. 172-225.
P. Argemone L. Long prickly-headed Poppy. Leaves 2 pinnatifid.
Capsules narrow oblong, contracted at base, usually hispid ; stigma convex, rays
4-6. Habit of the last but weaker ; flowers redder and petals narrower, and
capsule clavate.
Cultivated fields on the littoral of the Var, but chiefly in the mountain region
of Alpes-Marit. April-June.
QLAUCIUM Gaertn.
Q. flavum Crantz = Q. luteum Scop. Yellow horned poppy. Leaves
glaucous, lyrate-pinnatifid, rather thick, rough with stout hairs, peduncles
glabrous, short. Flowers very large, golden yellow. Pod curved, sometimes a
foot long, glabrous. A bienniaL
Sea sands and stony places on the littoral. May-August.
Q. corniculatum Curt. An annual hispid species. Flowers smaller,
brilliant red or rarely orange-red; capsule hispid, straight. Leaves profoundly
bipinnatifid, lyrate.
Cultivated fields and waste places in the Var as at Six Fours, Carqueiranne,
etc. April-June.
ROEMERIA DC.
R. violacea Medic. An annual plant with yellow sap. Leaves 2-3 pin-
natifid, with almost linear divisions, ending in a mucro. Flowers dark violet,
large, solitary, shortly peduncled. Petals crinkled in the bud. Capsule linear,
hispid, i celled, but 2-4 valved.
Fields and hillocks in the Var ; occasional. May, June.
CHELIDONIUM L.
C. majus L. Greater Celandine. Leaves 1-2 pinnate, glaucous below,
segments ovate, toothed, lobed, or laciniate. Stem 1-2 ft. high, brittle, hairy,
leafy. Juice yellow. Flowers yellow, i in. in diameter, in loose umbels.
Capsule readily dehiscing, valves torulose.
Hedges, waste-places, etc. April-August.
30 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
HYPECOUM L.
H. procumhens L. (Plate V). Leaves bipinnatlfid, with linear segments.
Flowers small, yellow, irregular, in a cyme, 2 petals being smaller than the
others; stem naked, more or less prostrate. Capsule sickle-shaped, divided
transversely into many i-seeded parts.
Fields and sandy places on the littoral. April, May.
FUMARIACE^E.
Fruit sub-globose, i seeded, indehiscent FUMARIA.
Fruit oval, i seeded, flattened, with thick rim, indehiscent PLATYCAPNOS.
Fruit a 2-valved capsule, many seeded, dehiscent CORYDALIS.
FUMARIA L. FUMITORY (all annual).
(Kindly revised by Mr. H. W. Pugsley, B.A.)
F. major Bad. Leaves 2-3 pinnatisect, with oblong segments ; sepals
about a quarter the length of corolla. Corolla large, pink or red, dark crimson
at tip, upper petal broadly winged, lower petal with broad, spreading margins.
Fruit large, subrotund-obovate, shortly apiculate, coarsely rugose when dry.
Somewhat variable, but not rampant.
Fields and waste places on the littoral. February-May. Common about
Hyeres and Carqueiranne.
Mr. Pugsley tells me that fresh Spanish specimens of F. agraria Lag.
(formerly considered more or less synonymous) are " not in the least like
F. major — much less so than when both are dry. The fruit of F. agraria
is much more compressed and distinctly beaked."
F. capreolata L. Ramping Fumitory. Plant climbing by the twisting
petioles. Leaf segments broad, flat. Sepals large, oval, about half as long
as the corolla. Corolla large, white or dorsally purplish, dark crimson at tip,
narrowly winged, lower petal with narrow erect margins. Fruit small, very
obtuse, smooth when dry, borne on reflexed pedicels. Very variable and having
several named varieties of which £. speciosa Hamtnar (= F. speciosa yard.)
has the corolla becoming entirely crimson and less laterally compressed than in
the type.
Cultivated ground and waste places on the littoral. February- June.
F. Bastard! Bar. Rarely rampant, with oblong leaf segments. Sepals
less than a third length of corolla. Corolla rather smaller than in capreolata,
pink, inner petals only tipped with purple, except in var. tiussoiiei ; lower petal
with very narrow spreading margins. Fruit of moderate size, more or less obtuse,
rugose when dry.
Cultivated fields and waste places on the littoral. February-May.
F. vagans Jord., with small, subacute fruits, and F. Gussonei Boiss., with
dark tipped corolla, are varieties also found in the Var.
A plant first found at the He St. Marguerite (Lerins), off Cannes, by the late
Mr. Townsend and described as F. Loiseleurii Clav. £. leronensis by Mons.
Burnat in " Fl. des Alpes-Marit." is thought by Mr. Pugsley to be a distinct
species. It has rather large pink flowers, with inner petals only tipped with
purple, very small sepals and 'bracts, and pointed fruits which become black-
spotted.
F. Kraliki Jord. = F. anatolica Boiss. This Eastern species, easily
known by its small purplish flowers with very large sepals, and small fruits on
reflexed pedicels, was found subspontaneous in the crops at Hyeres by Shuttle-
worth. It has since been seen in similar conditions near Antibes and Marseilles.
F. micrantha Lag. = F. densiflora DC. Erect or diffuse, almost
glaucous. Leaf segments narrow, nearly linear. Flowers rose or pinkish white
with purplish tip, small, in dense heads ; lower petal dilated at the apex. Sepals
large, broader than corolla and half as long. Fruit of moderate size, nearly
globose, with round top, rugose when dry.
CRUCIFER^E 31
Arable fields. April-June. Rare on the Riviera, as at Toulon and Chateau-
double.
F. officitialis L. Common Fumitory. Diffuse. Leaf segments narrowly
oblong, flat. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, one-third length of corolla. Corolla
rather small, reddish or rose, with purplish tip, lower petal abruptly dilated at
apex. Fruit usually broader than long, depressed, rugose when dry.
Cultivated fields, gardens, and waste places, common. March-July.
F. Vaillantii Lois. An erect, slender, glaucous much-branched species.
Leaf segments distant, narrow, almost linear, flat. Flowers very small, pink,
with purplish tip ; lower petal abruptly dilated at apex. Sepals minute. Fruit
small, nearly globose, rounded-obtuse above, rugose when dry. Bracts shorter
than the pedicels (they are about as long in parviflora).
Arable fields, rare in the Var, as at Sollies-Toucas and La Farlede. Occa-
sional in the mountain region behind Bordighera and San Remo. April-June.
The var. Chavini R. et Fouc. (p. Chavini Reut.), more robust, with
more compound leaves and longer racemes of brighter flowers, has also been
found.
F. parviflora Lamk. Diffuse. Leaf segments very narrow, linear,
channelled, glaucous. Sepals minute. Corolla very small, broadly winged,
white or pale rose, partially tipped with dark purple ; lower petal apically
abruptly dilated. Fruit small, subacute or apiculate, rugose when dry.
Sandy places and cultivated fields, common. March-May.
Those who require a detailed description of the plants of this perplexing
genus should consult Mr. Pugsley's careful work on "The Genus Fumaria in
Britain," originally published as a supplement to the "Journal of Botany," 1912.
We understand he is now engaged in revising the whole genus.
PLATYCAPNOS Bernh.
P. spicatus Bernh. = Fumaria spicata L. (Plate V). A very distinct
Fumitory ; erect, often with many stems springing from the root. Leaf seg-
ments short, linear, glaucous. Flowers very small, bright pink except the green
apex, in short oval, dense heads. Sepals lanceolate-acute, one-third length of
corolla. Fruit oval, flattened, with thick rim.
Arable fields, local. March-June. Ardoino's record from Nice is excluded by
Burnat. Locally common in the Var about Toulon, Carqueiranne, La Garde,
La Farlede, Hyeres, Frejus, etc.
A variety with white and green corolla (var. alhoviridis Reyn.) is found
between La Seyne and Sanary.
CORYDALIS DC.
C. solida Swartz = C. bulbosa DC. Bulb solid. Stem simple, bearing
2-4 leafy bracts. Leaves twice tripinnate ; segments wedge-shaped. Bracts
herbaceous, digitate, rarely entire. Flowers purple, sometimes white, in terminal
erect heads which are elongated after flowering. Spur elongated. Pedicels as
long as the capsule.
Shady places in the lower mountains. April, May. La Sainte Baume,
Foret de Marges, Ampus, and probably in most of the woods in the north of the
Var. Mountains above Menton, Grasse, etc.
CRUCIFER^;.
A. Pods elongate (except sometimes in Nasturtium), dehiscing throughout
their length, flat or turgid.
Tribe I. ARABIDE^). Seeds usually i seriate; radicle accumbent. Flowers
white, yellow, or lilac.
* Stigmas erect or decurrent on the style MATTHIOLA.
** Stigmas small, simple, terminal.
Lateral sepals saccate. Hairs forked CHEIRANTHUS.
Pods terete, valves turgid. Seeds minute, 2 seriate NASTURTIUM
32 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Pods 4 angled. Seeds oblong BARBAREA.
Pods flat, valves not elastic, i nerved ARABIS.
Pods flat, valves elastic. Funicle filiform CARDAMINE.
Pods flat, valves elastic. Funicle dilated DENTARIA.
Tribe II. SISYMBRIE^. Seeds usually i seriate ; radicle incumbent, straight.
Flowers white, yellow, or lilac.
Stigma obtuse. Glabrous or with spreading hairs SISYMBRIUM.
Stigma obtuse. Hairs adpressed, 2-3 furcate ERYSIMUM.
Stigma decurrent on the style. Hairs spreading HESPERIS.
Stigma conical. Leaves entire MALCOMIA.
Tribe III. BRASSICE^E. Seeds 1-2 seriate ; radicle incumbent, longitudin-
ally folded or very concave. Flowers yellow, or white, or purple.
Pods terete or angled. Seeds i seriate BRASSICA.
Pods compressed. Seeds 2 seriate, compressed DIPLOTAXIS.
Pods nearly cylindrical, slightly beaked. Seeds i- seriate SINAPIS.
Pods terete. Seeds 2 seriate. Calyx spreading ERUCA.
Pods 4 angled. Seeds 2 seriate, winged. Calyx erect. Flowers violet
MORICANDIA.
B. Pods short (except sometimes in Draba), dehiscing throughout their length,
broad, flat, or turgid, not compressed at right angles to the septum. Flowers
white or yellow.
Tribe IV. ALYSSINE/E. Seeds 2 seriate ; radicle accumbent.
Petals entire. Pods oblong, flat, many seeded DRABA.
Petals 2 cleft. Pods oblong, flat, or turgid EROPHILA.
Petals entire. Pods circular, few seeded ALYSSUM.
Petals white. Pods obovate, 6 seeded. Style very short KERNERA.
Petals yellow. Pods obovate, several seeded. Style short CAMELINA.
Petals purple, entire. Pods very large, flat, strongly rimmed LUNARIA.
Petals yellow. Pods with flat margin, i celled, i seeded CLYPEOLA.
Tribe V. CAMELINE^. Seeds 2 seriate ; radicle incumbent.
Tall herbs, stem-leaves sessile, auricled. Pods obovate CAMELINA.
C. Pods short, dehiscing throughout their length (except in Coronopus), com-
pressed at right angles to the septum, which is hence very narrow.
Tribe VI. LEPIDINE^E. Cotyledons straight, incurved, or longitudinally
folded, radicle incumbent. Flowers white.
Pods dehiscent, many seeded CAPSELLA.
Pods didymous, indehiscent, 2 seeded CORONOPUS.
Pods dehiscent, 2-4 seeded LEPIDIUM.
Pods oval, notched, keeled and broadly winged. Flowers mauve, in a corymb
AETHIONEMA.
Tribe VII. THLASPIDE7E. Cotyledons straight, radicle accumbent. Pods on
horizontal pedicels. Flowers white, yellow, or mauve.
Pods notched. Petals equal. Filaments without scales THLASPI.
Pods notched. Petals very unequal. Filaments without scales IBERIS.
Pods oblong. Petals unequal. Filaments with basal scales TEESDALIA.
Pods oblong. Petals equal. Filaments without scales HUTCHINSIA.
Pods of 2 round lobes, or disks, each with i seed. Flowers yellow
BlSCUTELLA.
D. Pods indehiscent, or with very short valves which cover a few of the
seeds only.
Tribe VIII. ISATIDE^E. Pods indehiscent, i celled, i seeded.
Pods tongue-shaped, compressed, bordered, pendulous ISATIS.
Pods nearly globose. Radicle incumbent NESLIA.
Pods turgid, leathery. The 4 longer filaments winged CALEPINA.
Pods tetragonous, crested. Cells 4, in pairs. Cotyledons spiral BUNIAS.
Pods nearly triangular, with 2 empty cells above a fertile one.
Cotyledons channelled. Seed pendulous MYAGRUM.
CRUCIFER/E 33
Tribe IX. CAKILINE^). Pods transversely 2 jointed, lower joint indehiscent,
seedless or not, or 2 valved and 2 or more seeded; upper joint indehiscent,
1-2 celled.
Lower joint 2 edged, i celled ; upper ensiform, i seeded CAKILE.
Both joints with i seed. Seeds as in Cakile, Cotyledons folded RAPISTRUM.
Tribe X. RAPHANE/E. Pods elongate, i celled, many seeded, or inde-
hiscent, or jointed, the i-seeded joints being indehiscent RAPHANUS.
MATTHIOLA R. Br. STOCK.
M. incana R. Br. Common Stock. Shrubby, erect, hoary, 1-2$ ft.;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or obscurely toothed. Flowers purple, violet,
or white. Pods 2-4 in. long, seeds orbicular, winged. Peduncle equalling the
sepals.
Maritime rocks and old walls. April-May. Menton, Monaco, He Ste.
Marguerite, Frejus, lie de Port-Cros and Porquerolles, Forte Ste. Marguerite
near La Garde ; presqu'ile de Giens, etc. Several specimens with fasciated
stems 2-2§ in. wide appeared on the cliff at Beau Rivage, Var, in the spring of
I9I3-
M. annua Sweet. = Cheiranthus annuus L. " Stem herbaceous, erect,
branched. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, hoary. Pods cylindrical, without glands.
Petals obovate." Perhaps only an annual form of M. incana.
Maritime banks. May, June. Rocks at the BriSgancon fort near Bormes;
He de Port-Cros.
M. sinuata R. Br. Herbaceous, diffuse, woolly or downy, 1-2 ft.
Leaves linear-oblong, lower sinuate-toothed, petioled. Pods 3-4 in. muricate,
glandular. Flowers smaller, pale lilac. Peduncle much shorter than sepals. A
biennial.
Sea sands. April-June. Menton, Cannes, Lavandou, lies d'Hyeres, Plage de
Giens, Plage d'Hyeres, etc.
M. tristis R. Br. Herbaceous stem ; 6-12 in., leafy below. Leaves
linear, or with 1-2 small spreading lobes ; peduncle much shorter than sepals.
Pods not glandular. Flowers rusty, livid, or reddish.
Rocks and stony places ; very local. May, June. Ferrion mountain above
Nice, Aiguines, Grand Plan de Canjues, Villehaute near Ampus.
M. tricuspidata R. Br. Annual, 6-12 in. high, stem herbaceous,
branched. Leaves sinuate or pinnatifid, lobes rounded, oval. Flowers mauve
or lilac, rarely white. Sepals much longer than the pedicel. Stigma ending in
3 points. Pods spreading.
Maritime sands ; rare. May-June. Hyeres, Plage de Giens, and Isthmus
des Pesquiers.
CHEIRANTHUS L.
C. Cheiri L. Wallflower. Shrubby, 1-2 ft. Leaves lanceolate, acute,
entire, rather fleshy. Flowers fragrant, orange yellow or yellow. Plant covered
with short adpressed hairs. Pods 1-2 in. long, 4 angled.
Walls, rocks, and ruins. March-May. Originally from Greece, but long
naturalized here and there in both Departments.
NASTURTIUM R. Br.
N. officinale R. Br. = Radicula officinalis Groves. Watercress. Leaves
pinnate, rather thick, often bronze-green ; leaflets rounded, sinuate-toothed.
Peduncles shorter than the short linear pods. Flowers white. Stem decumbent,
rooting.
Streams, ditches, and springs. Common. May-August.
N. asperum Cosson. Leaves pinnatifid, with oblong lobes, obtuse.
Peduncles shorter than the linear pods, which are rough-tubercled and spread-
ing. Flowers small, yellow.
3
34 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Damp places and fields flooded in winter ; rare. May-June. Le Luc, Ampus,
Plan d' Aups, la Faye de Mas near St. Auban.
N. silvestre R. Br. — Radicula pinnata Mcench. Creeping yellow-cress.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, very variable ; leaflets many, lanceolate, more or less
cut, nearly equal. Petals bright yellow, twice as long as sepals. Pods linear,
curved, pedicel very slender, about equal in length to the pod.
Damp places, sandy beds of rivers, etc. May-July. Toulon, Frejus, Hyeres,
La Crau, Gapeau River, Antibes, Grasse.
N. amphibium R. Br. Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnatifid when sub-
merged. Petals yellow, twice as long as sepals. Pods oblong, shorter than
their pedicels. Flowers J in. diameter. Pods J in. long. Pedicels spreading or
deflexed. Style slender. A stout plant.
Rivers and ditches, rare. June-July. St. Martin du Var, Toulon, Le Muy.
The hybrid x N. anceps DC. = N. silvestre x amphibium is recorded
from Toulon and Hyeres, growing with the parents. N. palustre DC. is re-
corded from Gonfaron (Var.)
BARBAREA R. Br. WINTER-CRESS.
B. vulgar is R. Br. Yellow Rocket or Winter-green. Leaves toothed or
pinnatifid at base, shining. Lower leaves pinnate, rarely pinnatifid, terminal
leaflet largest, cordate; upper leaves sub-entire with amplexicaul auricled bases.
Stem erect, rigid. Flowers small, bright yellow. Pods i in. long, broader than
their slender pedicel. Very variable.
Road-sides and sides of streams, local. May, June.
B. prjecox R. Br. Early Winter-green. Leaves shining, pinnatifid, seg-
ments narrow, root-leaves lyrate, with numerous lateral lobes, the terminal ones
oval ; stem-leaves amplexicaul and auricled. Petals three times as long as the
sepals, pods long and distant, scarcely thicker than their short stout pedicels.
Cultivated fields and damp places. April, May. Very local. Bormes.
Hyeres, Roches de St. Jean, La Garde, Toulon, St. Raphael, Frejus, Menton,
Nice, Cannes.
ARABIS L. ROCK-CRESS.
* Stem-leaves auricled at the base.
A. brassicteformis Wallr. Root and stem-leaves glabrous and glau-
cous, leathery, entire. 1^-3 ft. high. Pedicel equalling the calyx. Root-
leaves oval, long petioled ; stem-leaves lanceolate, erect, auricled. Flowers
white. Pods long and spreading. Plant extending to a yard in height.
Alpine and mountain woods and rocky places. May-July. Saint Baume,
Mont de la Chens, Aiguines, Ampus, Val Casterino di Tenda, Saorgio, St. Grat,
mountains above Grasse, etc.
A. perfoliata Lamk. = Turritis glabra L. Glabrous Rock-cress. Annual
or biennial, glaucous. Root leaves downy, obovate, sinuate or lobed ; stem-leaves
glabrous, entire, auricled. Pedicel equalling the calyx. Petals erect, pale
yellow. Pods many, crowded, slender, erect, 1-2 in. long, usually curved, on
slender pedicles. Stem 2-3 ft. high.
Woods and dry rocky places, very local. May-July. Pignans (N.D. des
Anges), Valley of St. Andre near Nice, Sospel, St. Sauveur, etc.
A. alpina L. Alpine Rock-cress. Stem 3-12 in. high, covered with forked
hairs like the leaves. Leaves coarsely toothed, often with a wavy margin. Root-
leaves wedge-shaped ; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, auricled. Petals white,
rather large. Pods spreading, flat, about an inch long. Plant very variable.
Shady rocks in sub-Alpine region and mountain woods. May-July. Ste.
Baume, north side of Mont de la Chens, Foret de Brouis ; common in Mari-
time Alps down to the mountains above Menton and Grasse.
CRUCIFER^ 35
A. Turrita L. Tower-cress. A tall, erect biennial, rough and hoary with
stellate or forked hairs. Root-leaves spreading and stalked ; stem-leaves oblong-
lanceolate, sessile, with rounded auricles, all slightly toothed. Flowers small,
dirty yellowish-white. Pods 3 in. long, on short, erect pedicels, all curved down-
wards in a dense, unilateral, nodding raceme.
Mountain rocks and shady places. May, June. Mdounes, Montrieux,
Ste. Baume, Aiguines, Valley of St. Andre near Nice, le Chaudron, etc.
A. auriculata Lamk. Leaves dentate, rough and whitish with branched
hairs ; lower oval, attenuate into a stalk ; stem-leaves acutely cordate-auricular.
Pedicels hardly longer than calyx. Pods remote, spreading. Seeds bordered by
a dark line. Flowers white, small.
Limestone hills and mountains. April, May. Le Luc, St. Maximin, Ampus,
Chateaudouble, Sollies-Toucas, Tenda, St. Martin Vesubie, etc.
A. hirsuta Scop. Hairy Rock-cress. Stem, branches, and pods erect ;
stems leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough with branched hairs ; root-leaves
attenuate into a short stalk. Stem-leaves rarely without auricles and then
truncate at base. Flowers small, dirty white. Pods 1^-2 in., numerous, very
narrow, in a long dense spike. Pedicels as long as calyx. This includes A.
sagittata DC., which is the commoner variety in the Var.
Stony and shady places, walls, etc., common. May-June.
** Stem-leaves sessile or ample xicaul, but not auricled.
A. muralis Bert. Wall Rock-cress. Plant less erect than the last, but
also covered with branched hairs. Root-leaves spathulate, obtusely dentate ;
stem-leaves ovate, acutely toothed, slightly amplexicaul. Raceme straight ;
flowers white. Pedicels finally longer than calyx. Pods adpressed.
Walls and mountain rocks. April-July. Le Luc, Ste. Baume, Carqueiranne,
Sollies-Toucas. Fairly common on rocks above Nice, Menton, etc.
A. verna R. Br. Annual ; stem 4-9 in. high with spreading branches.
Root leaves in a rosette, obovate, attenuate. Leaves rough with stellate hairs.
Pedicels shorter than calyx. Raceme about 6 flowered. Flowers small, mauve.
Pods linear, spreading.
Dry sandy or rocky places, rare. April. St. Agnes above Menton.
CARDAMINE L. BITTER-CRESS.
* Leaves all undivided.
C. asarifolia L. A stout, glabrous bright green plant i-ij ft. high, with
scaly stoloniferous root-stock. Leaves cordate-orbicular, sinuate-dentate,
stalked, thick, shining. Flowers white, large. Anthers violet. Pods almost
erect, twice as long as the pedicels.
Damp, shady, and stony places in the sub-Alpine region of the Maritime
Alps, e.g. Val Casterino, Breuil, etc.
** All leaves pinnate or pinnatipartite.
C. amara L. Large Bitter-cress. Leaves pinnate, of 5-9 segments ; leaflets
of root-leaves roundly ovate, of stem-leaves incised-dentate. Petals large, white,
anthers purple. Root stoloniferous.
Springs and rivulets in the mountain region, very local and not in the Var.
May. Near Pigna, La Giandola, Fontan.
C. pratensis L. Cuckoo-flower, Lady's smock. Glabrous, about a foot
high. Lower leaves lyrate, with rounded leaflets ; upper pinnate with narrow
lanceolate entire leaflets. Flowers lilac, rarely white, large ; anthers yellow.
Damp meadows, by streams, etc. April-May. Le Luc, Toulon. Not re-
corded by Ardoino for A.M.
C. impatiens L. Narrow-leaved Bitter-cress. Leaves pinnate with num-
erous lobed segments. Petioles auricled at base. Flowers very small, white, petals
with narrow limb, often abortive, scarcely longer than in the sepals. Biennial.
Damp woods in the mountain region. May, June.
3 *
36 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
C. silvatica Lk. = C. flexuosa Wilh. Wood Bitter-cress. Very similar
to the last, but with flexuose, angular stem. Leaflets broader and less deeply
toothed. Petals oblong, about twice length of calyx. Pods rather spreading.
Damp, shady places. April-June. Aiguines in the Var.
C. hirsuta L. Hairy Bitter-cress. Leaves pinnate, with 5-9 segments,
leaflets of lower leaves often rounded, of upper leaves narrow, almost linear,
usually entire. Petioles not auricled. Petals small, narrow, white. Notwith-
standing the name, the plant is more often glabrous than hirsute.
Cultivated and waste ground, and damp, sandy places. Common. February-
May.
DENTARIA L. TOOTH-CRESS.
Often now placed with Cardamine, from which it seems to differ chiefly in
the funicle being dilated instead of filiform.
D. bulbif era L. = Cardamine bulbifera Crantz. Coral-root. Root-stock
scaly, whitish. Stem 1-2 ft. high, with several leaves, often with a small bulbil
at their axil ; lower leaves pinnate, with 5 or 7 segments, upper ones with
fewer segments or entire ; segments lanceolate, entire or toothed. Flowers few,
large, bright lilac, rarely white. Pod seldom formed, and the plant is propagated
by the bulbils falling to the ground.
Woods and shady places in the Maritime Alps. April-May. Col de Tenda,
Val de Pesio.
D. digitata Lamk. = C. pentaphylla R. Br. A smaller plant with no
bulbils. Leaves digitate and divided into 3-5 leaflets, which are oblong-lanceo-
late and toothed irregularly. Flowers rose or lilac. Pod erect, spreading.
Root-stock scaly, fleshy. Calyx often reddish.
Mountain woods in the Maritime Alps, fairly common. June-August.
D. pinnata Lamk. = C. pinnata R. Br. Root-stock scaly, obtuse. Stem
stout, i£-2 ft. Leaves pinnate, with 5-9 leaflets, which are lanceolate and ir-
regularly toothed. No bulbils. Flowers large, lilac, rose, or white. Petals 3
times longer than the green calyx. Pods and pedicels erect, spreading.
Mountain woods, especially of beech. May-June. Very rare in the Var
(Aiguines, north of Marges) ; commoner in Alpes-Marit. as at Mont Mulac£
above Menton, and valley of Cairos. Hills above Bordighera.
SISYMBRIUM L.
* Flowers yellow.
S. officinale Scop. Hedge-mustard. Lower leaves runcinate, upper ones
hastate ; sepals erect. Pods short, very pointed, adpressed against the stem.
Flowers small, pale yellow, solitary in the leaf axils. Annual, hairy, 1-3 ft. high.
Cultivated and waste places, common. May-July.
S. polyceratium L. Lower leaves runcinate, upper ones hastate, smaller
than in the last. Pods short, pointed, inflated. Flowers small, pale yellow, 2 or
3 in the axils of the leaves. An annual or biennial, almost glabrous, about a foot
high, very leafy.
Old walls, ruins, and rubbish heaps in the Var. May-July. Excluded by
Burnat from les Alpes-Marit.
S. Columns; Jacq. A biennial, rather hoary plant, 1-2 ft. high. Lower
leaves petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid, the upper lobe hastate ; upper leaves linear
entire, peduncles equalling the erect sepals. Pods very long, not inflated.
Borders of roads and waste places. May-June.
S. austriacum Jacq., with runcinate pinnatifid leaves, grows in the moun-
tain region, usually above 1000 m.
S. Sophia L. Flixweed. Leaves 2-3 pinnatifid, segments narrowly linear,
spreading. Flowers very small, ^ in. in diameter, pale yellow. Pods slender,
terete, ascending, curved ; pedicels very slender. Stem 1-3 ft. branched above.
Waste places near houses, etc. May-July. Annual.
CRUCIFER^; 37
S. Irio L. London Rocket. Leaves runcinate toothed or pinnatifid, glabrous.
Radical leaves petioled ; terminal lobe often hastate. Flowers very small, ^ in.
in diameter. Pods terete, slender, erect, glabrous, very numerous. Annual or
biennial, 1-2 ft. high.
Waste places and borders of fields. March-June.
** Flowers white.
S. Thalianum Gay = Arabis Thaliana L. Thale-cress. Leaves lanceo-
late, toothed, pubescent, lower leaves petioled. Stem leaves narrow, sessile.
Stem 6-12 in. high, slender, branched, glabrous. Flowers very small, \ in.
diameter on slender pedicels.
Fields and waste places. March-May.
S. Alliaria Scop. = \lliariaofticina\isAndrz. Jack-by-the-hedge, Garlic-
mustard. Leaves all petioled, usually glabrous, deltoid or reniform-cordate,
coarsely toothed or crenate, often 3 in. across. Flowers pure white, J in.
diameter. Pods 2^ in. linear, rigid. Plant 2-3 ft. high, usually annual.
Hedges, banks, and shady places in woods. April-June. Commoner in the
hill region of both Departments than in the plain.
ERYSIMUM L.
E. orientate R. Br. = E. perfoliatum Crantz. Hare's-ear. Leaves
oblong, entire, glabrous and glaucous, auricled. Flowers white or pale yellowish-
white. Siliqua spreading, valves i-nerved, glabrous like the whole plant.
Fields and waste places, uncommon. May-June.
E. australe Gay. Stem angular, erect, 6-18 in. high. Leaves linear or
linear-lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed. Calyx twice the length of the
peduncles, which are spreading. Flowers large, pale yellow. Pedicels and sili-
qua somewhat whitish. Seeds winged at top.
Stony places in the hills and lower mountains. May, June. Above Menton,
Nice, Grasse, etc., Le Luc, Mont Faron, Ampus, etc.
HESPERIS L.
H. laciniata All. Stem erect, branched, 1-2 ft. high. Lower leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, petiolate, pinnate at the base ; upper ones sessile, ovate or lanceo-
late toothed. Flowers greenish-yellow, shaded with red, in long racemes. Calyx
twice length of pedicels. Siliqua pubescent. Whole plant somewhat viscous, and
upper part glandular.
Steep rocks. May, June. Mont Mulac6 above Menton, Gourdon, Sospello,
La Giandola, etc. In the Var, the variety, purpurascens Jord., grows near
Bormes, Lavandou, Ollioules, etc.
MALCOMIA R. Br.
M. parviflora DC. Stem-leaves linear, entire, or covered with a greenish
down ; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, usually sinuate-toothed. Flowers very small,
pale mauve. Plant about 6 in. high.
Maritime sands. April, May. Commoner in the Var than in Alpes-Marit.
(Golfe Jouan, Cannes).
BRASSICA L.
B. Robertiana Gay. Wild Cabbage. A stout glabrous or glaucous plant
sometimes a yard high, almost woody at the base. Leaves large, fleshy, the
lower ones lyrate, the upper ones lanceolate sessile, not auricled. Sepals erect.
Stamens almost equal. Flowers large, pale yellow. Allied to B. oleracea.
Limestone rocks and cliffs on the littoral. Rare. April-June. Mt. Faron,
Coudon, Gorges d'Ollioules, Monaco, Villefranche, etc.
B. Napus L. Cole-seed. An annual or biennial attaining 3 ft. in height,
herbaceous, glabrous and glaucous. Lower leaves lyrate, pinnatipartite, upper
ones embracing the stem and auricled. Sepals spreading. Siliqua spreading.
Flowers yellow. Subspontaneous in cultivated places. March-May.
38 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
B. Erucastrum L. = Diplotaxis Erucastrum G.G. Leaves all pinnati-
partite, with oval, toothed segments, the two lower ones embracing the stem.
Sepals widely spreading. Flowers bright yellow. Stern rough, rather leafy.
Pods and pedicels spreading.
Mountain region. June, July. Esterel, Grasse, Entraunes.
DIPLOTAXIS DC.
D. erucoides DC. White Rocket (Plate V). Annual, pubescent or al-
most glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft. high, branched from the base, leafy. Lower
leaves lyrate or sinuate-crenate and petioled ; stem-leaves sessile, oblong,
dentate. Pedicels rather longer than the loose and hairy sepals. Flowers large,
white, turning lilac as they fade. Siliqua 2-3 times length of pedicel.
Cultivated ground. Very common, flowering all the year round, especially in
winter and early spring. Fields are often white with it, and though a pernicious
weed it is quite a pretty plant.
D. tenuifolia DC. Fine-leaved Wall Mustard. A glabrous rather glaucous
plant 1-2 ft. high, liqueous at the base, very leafy. Lower leaves pinnatifid ;
upper ones entire or nearly so. Pedicels 2-3 times longer than the calyx, and
nearly as long as the pod. Flowers large, lemon-yellow. When rubbed the
plant emits a disagreeable smell.
Old walls, ruins, and waste places, common. April, August.
D. muralis DC. Sand Mustard. Annual or biennial, greener than the last
and slightly hairy. Stem almost naked, 6- 1 8 in. high. Leaves mostly radical,
petioled, pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate. Pedicels rather longer than the calyx
and a third length of pod. Flowers rather small, bright yellow.
Fields and waste sandy places. April-August. Never seen by the writer in
any country on walls, as its name would imply.
D. viminea DC. Annual, glabrous, green. Stems slender, almost naked.
Leaves mostly radical ; pinnatifid or sinuate. Pedicels equalling the glabrous
erect sepals, and about quarter length of pod. Flowers quite small, bright
yellow.
Fields and waste places. April-July. Much less common than the
others.
SINAPIS L. MUSTARD.
S. Cheiranthus Koch. Annual or biennial,' bristly below. Stem 1-3 ft.
high, branched. Leaves petioled, pinnatifid, the upper ones with linear-lanceo-
late lobes. Flowers yellow, large. Sepals slightly longer than the pedicels.
Pods long, spreading, each valve with 3 strong nerves, glabrous. Beak long.
Rocky hills and by-paths. May-July.
S. arvensls L. Charlock. Annual plant, 1-2 ft. high, branched, hispid.
Lower leaves lyrate, upper ones oval or oblong, sinuate-dentate, sessile. Sepals
spreading. Flowers small, yellow. Pedicels thick, short. Pods spreading,
with hispid torulose valves, which are 3 ribbed.
Common in arable fields. April-June.
S. alba L. White Mustard. Plant annual, hispid with reflexed hairs,
1-2 ft. Upper leaves pinnatifid, all lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnate, segments
cut and lobed. Pods short, beaded, few seeded, valves scarcely equalling the
long broad beak, strongly 3 ribbed, concave. Flowers yellow.
Fields and cultivated places, uncommon. April-June. Excluded by Burnat
as native for les Alpes-Marit.
S. nigra L. Black Mustard. Plant annual, green, hispid at the base, 2-3
ft. high. Stem rigid, branched. Lower leaves lyrate, with large terminal lobe ;
stem-leaves linear lanceolate, entire or toothed, glabrous. Flowers small,
bright yellow. Pods subulate, 4 angled, glabrous, erect ; valves keeled, torulose,
i nerved. Beak slender and short.
Fields and waste places. May-July.
CRUCIFER^E 39
S. incana L. - - Brassica adpressa Boiss. Plant biennial, hispid, greyish-
green. Lower leaves lyrate, petioled, upper ones lanceolate, entire. Flowers
small, yellow. Pedicels short, thick, appressed to the stem. Pods short,
cylindric, erect, torulose, valve i nerved. Beak 8 ribbed, swollen.
Waste and cultivated places. May-July.
ERUCA DC.
E. sativa Lam. = Brassica Eruca L. Plant annual, hispid at the base,
£-2 ft. high. Leaves thick, lyrate, dentate with large terminal lobe. Flowers
white or yellowish-white, veined with violet, large. Pods erect, short, terete,
valves convex, i nerved ; beak half length of siliqua, compressed. Very dwarf
specimens were in flower on February 28, 1913, on the low sea cliff east of Beau
Rivage (Var).
Fields and waste places, rather rare. April, May.
MORICANDIA DC.
Moricandia arvensis DC. (Plate V). Plant biennial, glabrous and glau-
cous. Stems woody at base, erect, branched, about a foot high. Leaves rather
fleshy, entire or sinuate; lower ones obovate, petiolate, upper ones oblong,
sessile, auricled. Flowers violet, veined, large. Siliqua linear, with short beak ;
valves i nerved.
Banks, walls, and road-sides ; very rare. Flowers nearly all the year but
chiefly from April to June. Abundant about Ventimiglia, towards La Mortola and
on railway banks near Bordighera.
DRAB A L.
D. verna L. = Erophila vulgaris DC. Whitlow-grass. A small annual
plant, more or less hairy and very variable. Stem naked, 1-6 in. high.
Leaves in a radical rosette, lanceolate-spathulate. Flowers white, very small.
Pods oval or oblong, glabrous, many seeded.
Dry, sandy places, very common. February-May. Numerous varieties a nd
sub-species have been named.
D. muralis L. Wall Draba. Plant annual, hairy, 6-12 in. high. Stem
usually simple or slightly branched, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong, entire or
toothed, the root-leaves in a rosette, the stem-leaves sessile, auricled, embracing
the stem. Flowers white, very small. Fruiting spike elongated, loose ; pedicels
spreading, t%vice as long as the oval pods.
Old walls, banks, and shady places ; local. April-June.
D. aizoides L. Leaves in small radical rosettes, leathery, linear, entire,
edged with stiff cilia. Stem naked, erect 1-3 in. high. Flowers bright
yellow. Mountains and sub-alpine rocks. April-June. Frequent in the Mari-
time Alps and at the summit of the Marges and Mt. de la Chens in the Var, but
perhaps not within our altitudinal limits.
ALYSSUM L.
A. halimifolium L. Plant woody at the base, shrubby, silvery white.
Leaves oblong, obtuse. Flowers white, rather large, in a dense corymb. Pods
orbicular, glabrous, 3 times length of style. Seeds broadly winged.
Rocky places in the lower mountains of eastern Var (Haut-Esclapon) and
Alpes-Marit., e.g. above Menton, Sospel, Saorgio, etc. On limestone by the
road towards S. Dalmazzo di Tenda. April-May.
A. spinosum L. is a small spiny shrub found on Mts. Coudon and Faron,
and Mont Caoume". April-June.
A. maritimum Latnk. (Plate V). Sweet Alyssum. Plant hardly shrubby,
but ligneous at the base. Leaves linear, greyish, small. Flowers white or pale
rose, scented, small, in a long corymb when developed. Pods elliptic, convex,
pubescent ; seeds slightly winged.
Sandy and rocky places, extremely common near the sea throughout the
littoral, flowering almost through the year.
40 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
A. calycinum L. Plant annual, greyish -green, branching at the base.
Leaves oblong or spathulate. Flowers pale yellow, turning white, very small.
Calyx persistent. Fruiting spike long, with spreading pedicels. Pods small,
orbicular, indented, with adpressed hairs and hardly any style.
Sandy and stony places, common. May, June.
A. campestre L. Plant annual, greyish-green, differing from the last
chiefly in its falling sepals ; pods not indented, with spreading hairs and short
style a quarter the length of the silicule.
Sandy and stony places, less common. April, May.
A. montanum L. Plant woody at base. Lower leaves obovate-oblong ;
upper ones lanceolate or linear, all covered with stellate hairs. Flowers small,
yellow, in loose racemes. Petals emarginate. Silicules oval orbicular, slightly
emarginate, covered with stellate hairs.
Limestone rocks in the montane region of Alpes-Marit. May, June.
Rather rare.
A. incanum L. = Farsetia incana R. Br. A biennial, 18 in. high,
covered with greyish-green down. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or slightly
sinuate. Flowers very small, white, in long, erect racemes, petals bifid. Pods
large, elliptic, half the length of the pedicels, not bordered.
Dry, sandy places in the hills of Alpes-Marit. Rare. June- August.
KERNERA Medic.
K. saxatilis Reich. Grows on sub-alpine rocks above our limit ; rare.
LUNARIA L.
L. rediviva L. Is found in mountain woods in the Maritime Alps. The
large silicules are elliptical. All leaves petioled. Flowers violet, as in honesty.
CLYPEOLA L.
C. Jonthlaspi L. Leaves small, oblong, entire, silvery grey. Flowers in a
dense spike, very small, yellow, becoming white. Pods flat, orbicular, winged,
relatively large. Plant 2-6 in. high, spreading.
Sandy or stony places on the littoral. March-May. Sainte-Baume, Ollioules,
Sollies-Toucas, Cap Martin, Nice, Antibes.
C. microcarpa Moris. A rather smaller and more slender plant with
oboval-spathulate leaves, smaller, slightly convex pods ; and with narrower border,
the seed occupying at least half the cell.
Sandy places near Sollies-Toucas in the Var. April, May.
CAME LIN A Grant z.
C. sativa Crantz. Plant erect, 2 ft. high, yellowish-green. Leaves lanceo-
late, entire, or toothed, auricled. Flowers yellow, on long spreading pedicels
forming an elongated raceme. Silicules oboval, twice as long as broad.
Adventitious near Menton, Nice, and Monaco. June.
C. silyestris Wallr. Plant greyish-green. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse,
nearly entire. Flowers pale yellow, small, on a long erect spike. Silicules pear-
shaped, slightly longer than broad.
In crops about Hyeres, Sollies-Toucas, etc. May, July.
CAPSELLA Vent.
C. Bursa-pastoris Medic. Shepherd's purse.
Common in the fields and crops, and very variable. March-October.
CORONOPUS Gaertn.
C. procumbens Gilib. Wart-cress.
Rarely on road-sides. June-August.
CRUCIFER/E 41
LEPIDIUM L.
L. latifolium L. Broad-leaved Pepperwort. A stout glabrous and slightly
glaucous plant 2-3 ft. high, much branched. Stem-leaves broadly lanceolate,
entire, petioled ; the topmost sessile ; root-leaves very large oval, serrated, long
petioled. Flowers small, white. Pod emarginate, valves not winged.
Damp places and sides of ditches, uncommon. June, July.
L. Draba L. = Cardaria Draba Desv. Hoary Pepperwort. Stem very
leafy, i ft. high. Stem-leaves oval-lanceolate, auricled, lower leaves petioled,
glaucous, pubescent. Racemes panicled, short. Flowers small, white. Pods
deltoid-cordate, valves not winged, style distinct.
Fields, railways, and waste places, common. March-June.
L. hirtum DC. Hairy Pepperwort. Plant very hairy, 6-12 in. high, grey-
green. Stems numerous, spreading or ascendant. Root-leaves oboval, entire or
sinuate ; stem-leaves oblong, embracing the stem, toothed. Flowers white,
rather small. Pods hispid, winged, deeply emarginate.
Waste and rocky places. May, June.
L. campestre R. Br. Field Pepperwort, is rather rare on the littoral.
It grows in fields and waste places. May-June.
L. graminifolium L. Plant glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 ft. high, with strong
odour, much branched. Lower leaves toothed, or lyrato-pinnatifid ; stem-leaves
linear, entire. Pods small, neither winged nor emarginate. Flowers small,
white. Sepals often lilac.
Dry waste places and borders of roads. May-November.
L. ruderale L. Narrow-leaved Pepperwort, is recorded from les Alpes-
Marit. as rare. The leaves are pinnatifid with narrow lobes, the upper ones
entire and linear. Flowers very small, greenish.
/ETHIONEMA R. Br.
A. saxatile R. Br. Stems woody at the base, ascending. Plant glabrous
and glaucous. Leaves entire, thick, lower ones obovate, upper lanceolate.
Flowers small, pink. Petals twice length of calyx, two of the sepals saccate.
Silicule deeply emarginate, striped, with entire or crenate margin.
Rocks and stony places in the hills. April-June. About Grasse, Nice,
Castillon, Vence, Gourdon, Bagnols, Chateaudouble, St. Maximin, Le Revest,
etc.
THLASPI L. PENNY-CRESS.
T. arvense L. Field Penny-cress. Plant annual, glabrous, bright green,
about a foot high, sometimes smelling of garlic. Root-leaves spathulate, stem-
leaves oblong, sinuate-dentate, with short-pointed auricles. Flowers white,
small. Silicules very large, orbicular, flat, broadly winged all round, deeply and
narrowly emarginate.
Fields and waste places. April-June. Rare in both Departments.
T. perfoliatum L. Perfoliate Penny-cress. Plant annual, glabrous and
glaucous, about 6-9 in. high. Leaves entire or slightly toothed, the root-leaves
ovate, orbicular, the stem-leaves oblong, obtusely auricled. Flowers small,
white. Silicules smaller and less broadly winged and with broader notch than
in the last.
Fields and other cultivated places. March- May.
T. alliaceum L. Plant biennial, bright green, strongly smelling of garlic,
1-2 ft. high, reddish and pubescent at the base. Root-leaves spathulate,
deeply sinuate-toothed, stem-leaves oblong, toothed, with sharp auricles.
Silicules obovate, narrowly winged. Flowers white, minute.
Meadows and grassy fields, rare. April-June. Frejus, Draguignan, near
Grasse, etc.
42 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
IBERIS L. CANDYTUFT.
I. pinnata L. Plant annual, pubescent, g in. high, erect, branched at top.
Leaves pinnatifid, divided into 2-5 linear, obtuse lobes. Flowers white or lilac,
rather large, forming a short, dense corymb or umbel. Silicules winged,
emarginate, almost square, with obtuse divergent lobes. Style exceeding the
lobes.
In the crops and fields, especially in the hills. Occasional. May-July.
I. linifolia L. Plant biennial, glabrous. Stem often 2 ft. high, branched,
wiry. Root-leaves linear lanceolate, almost entire, stem-leaves linear, entire.
Flowers pink or lilac or nearly white, rather small. Silicule small, suborbicular,
winged only at the tops, slightly emarginate, the lobes small, acute, and diver-
gent. Style far exceeding the lobes.
Woods on the hills. July-October and sometimes throughout the winter, as
in 1912-13.
I. umbellata L. Plant annual, glabrous, i to 2 ft. high, robust. Lower
leaves oblong or lanceolate, toothed, upper ones linear-lanceolate, entire.
Flowers pink or purplish, large, in a dense umbel. Silicules broadly oval, winged
from near the base, deeply emarginate, lobes erect, acuminate. Style slightly ex-
ceeding the lobes.
Rocky hills and ravines, local. May-September.
I. ciliata All. Plant biennial, 9-12 in. high. Leaves ciliate, linear,
spathulate, obtuse, entire. Flowers white or pale rose, large, in a dense corymb.
Silicules as broad at the top as in the middle, winged from the base, lobes tri-
angular, acute, shorter than the style.
Sandy and rocky hills. June, July. Very local.
I. saxatilis L. Stems tortuous and ligneous at the base, diffuse, leafy.
Leaves fleshy, linear-cylindric, mucronate, entire. Flowers white, rather large.
Sepals coloured at the borders. Silicules large, nearly oval, winged, with
rounded lobes, open notch and short style.
Rocky places and in the mountains and limestone hills. April-June.
TEESDAL1A R. Br.
T. Lepidium DC. = Lepidium nudicaule L. A small, nearly glabrous,
shining annual, 2 or 3 in. high. Stems usually naked. Leaves radical, linear
lanceolate, pinnatifid, with acute lobes or rarely entire. Flowers very small,
white, stamens 4. Silicules orbicular. No style. Closely allied to T. nudi
caulis R. Br.
Sandy places, not common. March, April.
HUTCH1NSIA R. Br.
H. petreea R. Br. Rock Hutchinsia. Plant annual, very small, 1-4 in.
high, often purplish. Stems very slender, flexuous. Leaves pinnatipartite, with
lanceolate acute lobes ; the root-leaves petioled and in a rosette. Flowers very
small, in a loose oblong raceme. Pods oval, rounded at both ends, no style.
Stony or sandy places and old walls. February- May.
H. procumbens Desv. is an annual glabrous sp. with entire or toothed
leaves, occasionally seen in sandy places. March-May.
BISCUTELLA L.
B. ieevigata L. Plant extremely variable, 6 in. to 2 ft. high according to
situation. Root-leaves in a rosette, lanceolate or spathulate, toothed; stem-
leaves few, sessile, auricled, toothed, upper ones entire, narrow, all hairy.
Flowers pale yellow, in loose corymbs ; petals twice length of calyx, with long
claw. Silicules of 2 large, flattened, circular lobes with membraneous wings,
each with one seed. Various named varieties are recorded from the Var, e.g.
B. coronipifolia L., B. lima Reich, and B. niczeensis Jord.
Dry banks, woods, and rocks in the hills and mountains, descending to within
loo ft. of the sea in the Var. March-July.
CRUCIFER/E 43
B. cichoriifolia Loisel. Plant annual, hispid with whitish hairs. Stems
i ft. high or more, branched. Root-leaves oblong, sinuate-dentate, stem leaves
lanceolate, toothed, embracing the stem with rounded auricles. Flowers rather
large, pale yellow. Silicules large, covered with papillae. Style longer than
the diameter of the silicule.
Rocky waste places from the coast to the hills. April-June.
ISATIS L.
1. tinctoria L. Dyer's Woad. Plant biennial, green and glabrous or
greyish pubescent. Stem attaining 3 ft. high. Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate,
upper ones lanceolate, with prominent, pointed auricles. Flowers in a loose
panicle, small, numerous, yellow. Pedicels slender, deflexedand shorter than the
silicules. Silicules oblong, wedge-shaped, usually rounded at the top and taper-
ing to the base.
Fields and waste places. May-July.
NESLIA Desv.
N. paniculata Desv. is common in the crops. April-June. It is a hairy,
erect annual with sagittate leaves, and globular pods and long style. Flowers
small, yellow.
CALEP1NA Adans.
C. corvini Desv. Stem erect, about a foot high, glabrous and glaucous like
the whole plant. Root-leaves lyrate or pinnatifid, petioled ; upper ones entire
or toothed, sessile, lanceolate, auriculate. Petals small, white, unequal. Silicule
small, ovoid, rugose, prolonged into a short beak, with 4 nerves.
Damp fields. March-May.
BUNIAS R. Br.
B. ErucagO L. Plant annual, glandular-hairy, 1-2 ft. high. Lower leaves
runcinate-pinnatifid, upper ones oblong, entire or toothed, not auricled. Flowers
yellow. Pedicels widely spreading and longer than the silicules which are sub-
tetragonous, 4 celled (superimposed in 2 parts), irregularly winged and toothed.
Style tapering, half length of the silicule.
Arable fields, fairly common in the Var, rare in Alpes-Marit. April-June.
MYAQRUM L.
M. perfoliatum L. Plant annual, glabrous and glaucous, 1-2^ ft.
high. Root-leaves lyrate or sinuate toothed ; stem-leaves auricled, toothed.
Flowers small, yellow; in a long, narrow, adpressed spike. Silicules subtri-
angular, 3 celled, the two upper cells empty. Style short, pyramidal.
In crops and sandy fields in the Var, rare. May-June. Recorded by Ardoino
from Nice but excluded by Burnat from that Department.
CAKILE Adans.
C. maritima Scop. Sea Rocket. Plant annual, glabrous, fleshy, 6-12 in.
high, bushy but straggling. Leaves fleshy, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, with
unequal lobes. Flowers lilac or rarely white, rather large. Pods leathery, four
times as long as wide, without any partition, but when ripe separating into two
articles, of which the upper is deciduous and four-angled, the lower persistent,
like a reversed cone with two horns at the end.
Maritime sands. April-October and sometimes, as in 1913, in February.
RAPISTRUM Desv.
R. rugosum Berg. Annual, pubescent, 1-3 ft. high with numerous stiff,
divaricate branches. Lower leaves petioled, lyrate, with several pinnae at right -
angles to the petiole ; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate. Flowers small, pale
yellow. Silicule with two articles superimposed, of which the upper is globular
and rugose with a tapering style.
Fields and waste places. April-June.
Sub. spp. R. Linnteanum Boiss. et Reut. and R. orientate DC. are found
here and there on the littoral.
44 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
RAPHANUS L.
R. Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish or White Charlock. Stem 1-3 ft.
high, branched hairy or hispid. Lower leaves lyrate, upper ones oblong, toothed.
Flowers pale yellow, sometimes white or mauve. Pods erect, corky rugose,
divided transversely into several ribbed oblong joints, with a flattened beak four
or five times as long as the last joint. Plant polymorphic, and usually annual.
Fields and road-sides in the Var. April-June.
Ardoino said he " had not come across in the region of his ' flora ' this plant
so common in all Europe ".
Sub. sp. R. Landra Mor. is sometimes found on sandy places near the sea.
CAPPARIDACE^.
CAPPARIS L.
C. spinosa L. Caper, Caprier, Prov. Tapdnig. Plant half-ligneous, with
numerous ascending stems, a yard or more long. Leaves alternate, rather fleshy,
glaucose, oval-rounded, entire, with short petiole guarded at the base by two reflexed
spines. Flowers very large, pinkish-white, solitary on thick axillary peduncles.
Sepals four, ovate, greenish. Petals four, oboval, larger than the calyx. Stamens
very numerous, longer than the corolla. Stigma sessile. Berry indehiscent.
Cultivated, and adventitious on old walls and rocks. May-September.
The capers are the flower-buds, and not the fruit as often supposed. They
are collected in the summer and put in vinegar. The leaves are often attacked by
a parasitic fungus (Cystopus Capparidis) which produces whitish blotches and
sometimes seriously damages the plant.
CISTACE^E.
Capsule 5-io-celled (complete), stigma discoid, 5-10 lobes. Shrubs or under-
shrubs with large flowers CISTUS.
Capsule 2-3-celled (incomplete), stigma 3 lobed, all stamens fertile. Under-
shrubs or herbs with usually small flowers, 2 outer sepals very small
HELIANTHEMUM.
Capsule 2-3-celled, stigma distinctly 3 lobed, outer stamens sterile FUMANA.
CISTUS L.
* Flowers red.
C. albidus L. (Plate VI). A shrub 2-4 ft. high. Leaves whitish- green
with tomentum, oblong, or ovate lanceolate, sessile, semi-embracing. Flowers
very large, rose or magenta coloured (rarely white), crenate at the edges and
wrinkled, 1-4 at summit of the branches, almost in an umbel. Capsule ovoid,
velvety, shorter than calyx. Sepals ovate-acuminate. Hoary Cistus.
Dry hills and woods, especially on limestone. March-May.
C. crispUS L. A shrub 1-2 ft. high, pale green, branches covered with
long hairs. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, crisped at the borders, rugose.
Flowers large, magenta coloured, almost sessile in clusters at the summit of the
branches. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate. Capsule small, downy, much shorter
than calyx. Leaves densely covered with stellate hairs.
Borders of fields and dry woods on siliceous soil. May-June. Uncommon.
Grasse, Bormes, Fre"jus, Porquerolles, etc.
** Flowers white.
C. monspeliensis L. (Plate VI). Shrub 2-3 ft. high, green, very scented,
hairy and viscous in the upper parts, glabrous below. Leaves sessile, narrow-
lanceolate, dark green above, paler beneath, edges curled under, rugose, 3-5
nerved. Flowers 3-10 in terminal unilateral racemes. Petals white with yellow
spot at base, twice length of calyx. Sepals 5, ovate, acuminate, the 2 outer ones
rather larger. Capsule ovoid. (See also Plate VII.)
PLATK VI.
1. Cistus salvirefolius. 2. Helianthemum Tuheraria.
3. Dianthus longicaulis (a. petalf. 4. Cistus monspeliensis. 5. Cistus albidus.
CISTACE/E 45
Dry hills, pine woods, etc. Especially common near the sea. March- June.
After rain it scents the air with its resinous odour ; and Napoleon said he should
kno%v his native Corsica with his eyes shut from the scent of this plant. At its
roots and on those of C. salviagfolius the curious orange-red parasitic plant
Cytinus hypocistis is often found. These two species of Cistus with C.
albidus are typical maquis plants, and the 3 species are shown together in one
of the photos. Several varieties and hybrids of these are found in the Var. Be-
fore the end of February, 1913, blossoms of the 3 common species were seen by the
writer near Carqueiranne, but this is quite exceptional, the season being remark-
ably advanced.
C. salviffifolius L. (Plate VI). Salvia-leaved Cistus. Shrub 1-3 ft. high,
slightly scented, green, covered with stellate hairs, but not viscous. Leaves
shortly petioled, oval or oblong, downy, rugose. Flowers white, with yellow
centre, larger and more cup-shaped than the last, 1-4 on long axillary peduncles.
Sepals 5, ovate-cordate, downy. Capsule pentagonal, truncate, rather downy,
shorter than the calyx, which is often reddish.
Dry places, especially in the hills and extending to the lower mountains of
both Departments. April-June.
C. ladaniferus L. Shrub often more than a yard high, very fragrant, with
viscous branches. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, green and glabrous above, whitish
with tomentum below. Flowers very large, 6-8 cm., white or spotted with purple,
peduncled, solitary. Sepals 3, suborbicular, glabrous, style very short. Capsule
subglobular, velvety, with 10 cells.
Pine-woods and dry hills. April-May. Local. Frejus, and by the road from
there to the Esterel ; Le Muy, between Roquebrune and Bagnols.
HELIANTHEMUM Gaertn.
* Lower leaves usually without stipules.
H. Tuberaria Mill. (Plate VI). Herb 9-12 in. high, silky below. Lower
leaves more or less in a rosette, ovate-lanceolate, silky, 3 nerved, without stipules,
upper leaves and calyx glabrous. No style. Flowers pale yellow, in a loose
raceme becoming unilateral. Capsule oval, downy. A beautiful plant.
Woods and sandy hills. May-June.
H. halimifolium Willd., with large yellow flowers blotched with violet at
base, grows on the sands near La Seyne.
H. guttatum Mill. A slender, erect pubescent or hairy annual. Lower
leaves oblong-lanceolate, opposite, without stipules, 3 nerved, upper ones alternate
and with leaflike stipules. Flowers in a loose raceme. Petals yellow, often with
a dark crimson spot at the base. Capsule smooth, with ciliate valves.
Common and very variable in woods and sandy places. April-June.
** Lower leaves with stipules.
H. salicifolium Pers. A small downy annual. Lower leaves opposite,
stipuled, oblong ; upper ones alternate, lanceolate, stipuled. Flowers rather
small, pale yellow, in a loose raceme. Sepals hairy, flat after flowering. Capsule
rather shorter than calyx, downy at the joints.
Dry grassy places, especially on limestone. April-June.
H. vulgare L. = H. Chamaecistus Mill. Common Rock-rose. Shrubby
with almost woody base, about a foot high, very variable. Leaves oval, oblong
or linear-lanceolate, green and hairy above, downy beneath or entirely green ;
stipules lanceolate. Flowers yellow, rarely white or pink (H. roseum), and
sometimes quite large (H. grand if lorum DC.). Sepals oval, very hairy. Style
elongate, bent upwards, rather shorter than the downy capsule.
Dry places, hill-sides, and woods. April-June.
Var. roseum Burn. = H. roseum Bert. Flowers usually pink, rarely
nearly white or crimson. Plant greyish by reason of the short hairs on the stems,
leaves, and pedicels.
46 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Common on dry banks in the littoral region of Liguria and eastern portion of
Alpes-Marit., where it flowers most of the year.
Var. semiglabrurn Burn. = H. Jacquini Ard. Flowers pink. Leaves
light green, narrow, shining; upper ones and pedicels nearly glabrous. Leaves
often rolled in at the margins.
Less common in the littoral region of Liguria and Alpes-Marit. Above
Menton, Val Nervia, etc.
H. serpyllifolium Mill. Grows in a few places in the Var.
H. polifolium DC. Plant shrubby, a foot high, with woody base. Leaves
opposite, hoary and downy on both sides, lanceolate or linear stipulate, margins
recurved ; pedicels bracteate. Stipules linear, small. Flowers white with yellow
centre. Sepals tomentose, inner obtuse. Capsule large, sub-globular, tomentose.
Dry limestone hills. May-July.
H. pilosum Pers. This is a sub-species of H. polifolium with narrower
linear leaves, almost glabrous calyx, slightly hairy on the nerves, and small
capsule. Sometimes the white flowers are smaller.
Hills and dry places. May, June. Sollies-Toucas, Toulon, Ampus, Le
Chandon, etc.
H. hirtum Pers. Plant woody at the base, greyish with stiff hairs.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, margins recurved, white tomentose beneath, stipules
linear. Flowers yellow, in long terminal spikes with many bracts. Sepals oval,
hispid. Capsule small, trigonous, downy.
Dry limestone hills and garrigues in the Var. May-June. Other species
found on limestone hills are : H. montanum Vis. and H. italicum Pers.
Flowers small, yellow.
FUMANA Spach.
F. viscida Spach. (Helianth. glutinosum Pers.). A slender glandular-
hairy plant with ligneous base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, margin recurved ;
lower leaves opposite, upper ones alternate. Stipules terminated by a bristle.
Flowers yellow, in a short terminal raceme. Petals obovate. Pedicels pubescent,
twice as long as the oval sepals.
Dry stony places and rocky limestone hills. May-June. Polymorphic.
F. lasvipes Spach. (Helianth. laevipes Willd.). A slender plant 9-12 in.
high with woody base, glandular in upper portion. Leaves all alternate, linear,
setaceous, in bundles on the young branches — stipules mucronate. Pedicels 2-3
times as long as the oval sepals. Flowers yellow.
Dry hills and woods. May-June. Hyeres, Mont Coudon, Toulon, Carqueir-
anne, Menton, Nice, Grasse, etc.
F. procumbens Gren. et Godr. (Helianth. procumbens Dun.). A small
decumbent shrubby plant 6-9 in. high with woody base, covered with short whitish
hair. Leaves linear, rather short, the upper ones as long as the lower. Flowers
solitary, yellow. Pedicels shorter than or equalling the sepals and the leaves.
Dry hi 'Is and rocky places. May-July. Local. Toulon, Roquebrune, Mont
Fenouillet, St. Martin Lantosque.
F. Spachii G.G. (H. Fumana Dun.). Differs from the last chiefly in its
leaves being alternate, and the upper ones shorter than the lower ; and the
flowers in racemes of i to 5, the upper one terminal. The slender curved pedicels
are longer than the sepals or the leaves. Valves of capsule very open at maturity.
Dry hills and rocky places; very common. April-June.
RESEDACE^.
RESEDA L.
Leaves entire, lobed or pinnatifid ; stipules glandular. Flowers racemed.
Calyx irregular. Petals unequal, 2-multifid. Disk broad, honeyed, dilated
behind. Stamens 10-40.
PLATE VII
The three common species of Cistus in winter (Feb. 3) : C. salvitzfoliiis,
C. monspeliensis, and C. albidus (right) with Quercus pubescens
The common tall Spurge with dark purple glands (Euphorbia Characias)
VIOLACEJE. 47
R. Phyteuma L. Mignonette. Annual or biennial, pale green. Leaves
oboval-oblong, entire, the intermediate ones trifid. Flowers whitish, in loose
racemes when developed ; petals 6. Pedicels equalling the calyx, which is much
developed finally. Stamens 16-20. Capsules pendent, large, oboval.
Waste, places and cultivated ground, common. February-October.
R. Ill tea L. Cut-leaved Mignonette. Biennial, about a foot high. Leaves
very variable, deeply divided ; intermediate ones multifid, lower leaves entire or
tripartite. Pedicels longer than the calyx. Flowers greenish yellow, in dense
raceme. Sepals and petals 6, very unequal. Capsule oblong, 3 toothed.
Fields and waste places, especially on limestone. April-July.
R. Luteola L. Dyer's Rocket. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2-3 ft. high,
erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire but slightly undulate. Flowers yellow-
green, in long spike-like racemes. Petals 3-5, irregular. Disk large, crenate.
Stamens 20-24. Capsule short, 3 lobed, nearly globular.
Walls and waste places. May-August. Rare in both Departments.
R. alba L. = R. suffruticulosa L. White Mignonette. Annual or bi-
ennial, i to 2 ft. high, shrubby at base. Leaves pinnatisect, undulate, glaucous
and fleshy. Pedicels shorter than calyx. Flowers white, in long dense racemes ;
petals 5. Stamens 12-14. Capsule eject, oblong, 4 toothed.
Maritime sands, rare. April-July. Near Hyeres at Almanarre and Isthmus de
Giens, Toulon, etc.
VIOLA L.
* The two upper petals directed forwards (Violet).
V. arborescens L- Shrubby Violet. Plant caulescent, covered with
greyish hairs. Stems semi-ligneous, very leafy above. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
entire or toothed. Stipules linear, entire, i length of the leaves. Peduncles
without bracts. Sepals lanceolate-acute, ciliate. Flowers small, pale violet ;
spur short ; stigma sharply hooked.
Sandy woods and maritime sands in the Var ; rare. September, October.
Saint-Cyr and Six-Fours near Cap Negre.
V. hirta L. Hairy Violet. Leaves subtriangular-cordate, deeply crenate
and with shallow sinus, pubescent. Sepals obtuse. Spur long and hooked, style
hooked ; stigma oblique. Flowers inodorous or sometimes faintly scented,
violet or rarely white.
Grassy places among the hills, local. April.
V. odorata L. Sweet Violet. Runners long. Leaves broadly cordate,
rounded at top, slightly hairy or downy. Sepals obtuse. Spur nearly straight ;
style hooked ; stigma oblique, fruiting peduncle deflexed. Flowers violet, rarely
white or pinkish, sweet scented.
Hedges, woods, and fields, common. January-April.
V. alba Bess. This is distinguished from V. odorata by its narrow stipules
with long fringes, its longer and more pointed leaves, its non-rooting stolons
producing flowers the same year, and by its more hispid capsules. Flowers
white, rarely variegated, scented.
Borders of fields, wood and hills, less common. February-April.
V. silvestris Lamk. Wood Violet. Leaves cordate, slightly acuminate,
nearly glabrous. Stipules linear-lanceolate, fringed. Flowers pale violet or
bluish, inodorous. Spur narrow. Sepals very acute. Stigma acute, recurved.
Capsule glabrous.
Woods and fresh shady places. March, April.
V. Riviniana Reichb. and V. arenaria DC. also occur in places.
48 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
V. canina L. Dog Violet. Glabrous. Leaves ovate-cordate or oblong-
lanceolate, crenate-serrate. Stipules small, narrow, toothed and ciliate. Fruit-
ing peduncle erect. Style clavate, hooked. Stigma oblique. Variable in size,
habit, and colour of flower. Sepals narrow, acuminate.
Sandy places in woods and hedges. April. Represented in the Var by the
sub-species V. Jordan! Hanry. It grows in woods and hedges in the north
of the Department.
V. palustris L. Marsh Violet. Occurs in damp places in the montane and
sub-Alpine region of the Maritime Alps.
** Upper petals erect, lower one directed downwards (Pansy).
V. tricolor L. Heartsease or pansy. Sometimes annual. Glabrous or hairy.
Flowers oval or oblong, crenate. Stipules pinnatifid, with large terminal lobe.
Spur short. Flowers pale yellow, white, mauve, or parti-coloured ; very variable
in size. Polymorphic.
Fields and waste places, common. April-June.
The varieties V. arvensis Mttrr., and V. Kitkaibeliana R. et S. also
occur.
POLYGALACE/E.
POLYQALA L. MILKWORT.
Herbs or shrubs with entire leaves and no stipules. Flowers very irregular
in terminal racemes. Sepals 5, of which the 2 inner are larger, and usually petal-
like. Petals 3, 4, or 5, all more or less united with the stamens. Style with a
single stigma. Ovary and capsule flat, 2 celled.
P. comosa Schk. Leaves narrow and glabrous; bracts longer than the
flower when in bud ; flowers small and close, pale pink ; lateral lobes of the
arillus shorter than those of P. nicaeensis and about a third of the length of the
seed ; central nerve of the wings often not uniting with the lateral nerves.
Fields and grassy hills. April-June. Rare in the Var. Abundant near the
mouth of R. Nervia.
P. nicaeensis Risso. Leaves lanceolate. Middle bract as long as the pedi-
cels of the open flower or longer ; lateral bracts about the length of the pedicel ;
capsule much shorter than the wings ; lateral lobes of arillus longer than the
middle lobe and almost half the length of the seed. Flowers rather large, pink,
blue, or rarely white.
Hilly, grassy places, borders of pine-woods, etc. Commoner in Alpes-Marit.
than the Var. April-June.
There are two distinct varieties of P. nicaeensis :—
Var. pubescens Burn. Flowers blue in a loose raceme. Stems spread-
ing ; leaves pubescent ; central nerve of the wings branched between the base
and its reunion with the lateral nerves.
On the ridge between the Nervia and Roja valleys and elsewhere in the lower
mountains near Bordighera.
Var. confusa Burn. = P. rosea Gren. et Godr. Flowers usually pink, rarely
blue. Stems more upright and rigid, leaves longer and narrower, glabrous or
glabrescent ; wings slightly mucronate, with the central nerve more or less
branched between the base and its reunion with the lateral nerves.
Sandy ground in hilly districts, e.g. about Bordighera and San Remo, the
Maures, Montrieux, Esterel (near Fre"jus).
P. vulgar is L. Common Milkwort. Bracts shorter than the flowers when
in bud ; nerves of the wings like those of P. pubescens and P. confusa ; lobes
of the arillus short as in P. comosa ; flowers blue, violet, pink, or white. Stems
leafy. Leaves oblong, upper ones lanceolate. Very variable plant.
CARYOPHYLLACE^E 49
Woods and grassy hills. May-July. P. serpvllacca Weihe with shorter,
rounder leaves, also occurs. Some of the French botanists consider P. comosa
and P. nicaeensis sub-species of P. vulgaris.
P. calcarea Schult. Branches many, rooting and proliferous. Root-leaves
rosulate, stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate. Inner sepals longer and broader than
the obcordate capsule ; central nerve branching above the middle. Flowers blue,
pink, or white.
Dry banks, woods, and limestone hills. May-July. La Sainte-Baume near
Nans.
P. monspeliaca L. A slender annual, very distinct from the other species.
Stems simple or branched, stiff and upright. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute.
Central nerve of the wings branched but not uniting with the lateral nerves ;
capsule pendent, twice as long as broad. Capsule broadly winged, longer than
the pedicel. Arillus very small. Flowers greenish-white, rather large.
Grassy places, hill-sides, olive terraces. May-June.
I am indebted to Mr. Bicknell's " Flora of Bordighera and San Remo " (1896)
for many of the distinguishing characters of these difficult plants.
P. Chamrtbuxus L. occurs in the lower Maritime Alps and in the woods of
Montrieux (Var). P. exile DC. is very rare in sandy places, and P. amara L.
and P. alpina Perr. et Song, sometimes occur in the mountains.
FRANKENIACEjE.
FRANKENIA L. SEA HEATH.
F. pulverulenta L. A much-branched spreading annual. Leaves obovate,
flat puberulent beneath, glabrous above, contracted into a short ciliated petiole.
Flowers small, mauve, sessile, in dichotomous terminal cymes. Petals emargin-
ate, much shorter than calyx.
Maritime sands, not common. May-August.
F. hirsuta L. A perennial with thick root-stock, and hard, almost woody
stems. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, rather fleshy, ciliate at base, margins
recurved. Flowers pink, whitish, or pale violet, rather larger than in the
last species, in terminal clusters. Petals toothed, almost equal in length to
calyx.
Var. intermedia Boiss.
Stems tomentose, leaves long ciliate, calyx hispid.
Var. lasvis Boiss. = F. Isevis L.
Stems glabrous or finely pubescent, leaves shortly ciliate, calyx glabrous.
Maritime rocks and banks. May-July.
CARYOPHYLLACE^E.
Tribe I. SILENE^E. Stipules o. Calyx divided above into 4-5 lobes. Disk
elongated, bearing the petals and stamens. Styles free. Claw long.
* Styles 3-5 ; capsule 5-10 valved.
Styles 5 ; capsule 5 or 10 valved LYCHNIS.
Styles 3 ; capsule 3 celled, indehiscent CUCUBALUS.
Styles 3 ; capsule i celled, 6 valved SILENH.
** Styles 2 ; capsule 4 valved.
Calyx with scales at base ; embryo straight DJANTHUS.
Calyx without scales at base.
Calyx bell-shaped, claw short GYPSOPHILA.
Calyx tubular, claw of petals long. Flowers i or 2 at the nodes VELEZIA.
Calyx tubular ; claw long; flowers in terminal corymbs SAPONARIA.
50 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Tribe II. ALSINE^E. Sepals separate at base. Disk small. Styles free.
* Stipules scarious.
Styles and valves of capsule 5 SPERGULA.
Styles and valves of capsule 3 : SPERGULARIA.
** Stipules o.
Capsule cylindric, 6 valved. Petals jagged. Styles 3 HOLOSTEUM.
Capsule cylindric, 8-10 valved. Petals usually notched. Styles 3. CERASTIUM.
Capsule globose, 6-10 valved. Petals 2 fid. Styles 3-5 STELLARIA.
Capsule with 6 entire or 3 bifid valves. Petals entire. Styles 3, rarely 2,
4, 5 ARENARIA.
Capsule with 3 entire valves. Styles 3 ALSINE.
Capsule 4 valved. Seeds numerous. Sepals with i or no nerve. MCEHRINGIA.
Capsule 2 valved. Seeds 1-3. Petals 4. Calyx 4 partite, scarious. Sepals 3-5
nerved BUFFONIA.
Capsule with 4-5 entire valves. Petals 4-5 or often o SAGINA.
Tribe III. POLYCARPE^. Stipules scarious Sepals separate. Disk and
petals small or o. Stamens 5 or less. Styles connate at base. POLYCARPON.
Tribe IV. PAKONYCHI^E. Stipules scarious. Sepals distinct or connate.
Petals small or o. Ovary i celled ; styles 2-3 ; ovules 1-2.
Leaves connate. Capsule indehiscent, i-seeded. Petals o. Stipules o.
SCLERANTHUS.
Leaves alternate. Petals 5. Stigmas 3 CORRIGIOLA.
Leaves when opposite not connate. Sepals green, obtuse HERNIARIA.
Leaves opposite. Bracts silvery. Styles 2 PARONYCHIA.
Leaves alternate, fleshy. Capsule 3-4 valved, trigonous, many seeded.
Styles 3 TELEPHIUM.
LYCHNIS L.
L. Githago Scop. = Agrpstemma QithagO L. Corn Lychnis. An
annual silky plant, 2-3 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute. Flowers
reddish-purple, large, solitary. Petals truncate. Calyx with linear divisions
longer than the petals.
In the crops. April-June.
L. Flos-Cuculi L. Ragged-robin. Flowers linear-lanceolate, glabrous,
in dichotomous cymes. Plant slightly viscous at the top. Calyx usually reddish,
10 nerved. Petals rosy, 4 cleft with linear segments. Root-leaves petioled,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; stem-leaves narrow.
Damp meadows. April- June.
L. Viscaria L. Viscid Lychnis. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, but often
ciliate at base. Stem very viscous in upper part below the joints. Petals obovate,
slightly emarginate, purplish-red. Scales short. Calyx reddish. Flowers in
contracted cymes or panicles.
Dry places among the lower mountains in Alpes-Marit. May-June.
L. diurna Sibth. Red Campion. Lower leaves obovate petioled, upper
narrower, softly hairy, slightly viscid above. Flowers red, in loose dichotomous
cymes, lobes oblong, scales lanceolate. Calyx reddish, rarely green. Capsule
wide-mouthed, pedicel very short.
Lower mountain region of Alpes-Marit., local. May, June.
L. vespertina Sibth. White Campion. Leaves lanceolate, pubescent,
more or less viscid. Calyx greenish, teeth triangular. Flowers white, open and
fragrant in the evening. Capsule conical, teeth short, linear-lanceolate, erect.
Similar to the last except in colour.
Fields and waste places. April-July.
L. macrocarpa Boiss. A more robust and glandular plant than the last,
3 ft. high, with broader leaves, similar white or pinkish flowers, scented in the
evening, but with calyx teeth lanceolate-acute (not triangular obtuse), and the 10
teeth of the capsule are reflexed and not erect.
PLATE VIII.
1. Linum narbonense (<i. petal.) !. Silene sericea. 3. Silene muscipula.
4. Hypericum Coris (b. sepal magnified.) 5. Linum maritimuin.
CARYOPHYLLACEyE 51
Fields and waste places, rare. April-June. Saunier near Gassin, H.S.T., in
1907 ; borders of the Gapeau near la Roquette.
CUCUBALUS L.
C. baccifer L. A pubescent branching plant, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves ovate,
acute, shortly petioled, soft. Flowers greenish-white, pendent, shortly peduncled,
in a loose leafy dichotomous cyme. Calyx very spreading, bell-shaped, with
3 lanceolate lobes. Petals separate, bifid. Stamens, 10. Styles 3. Fruit globu-
lar, shining, black.
Hedges and thickets. June-September. Very local in the Var.
SILENE L.
* Petals without scales at the throat.
S. Cucubalus Wibel. = S. inflata Sm. Bladder Campion. Plant
glaucous and usually glabrous, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves variable, ovate, obovate, or
oblong-lanceolate. Flowers few, white (or rarely pinkish), drooping, proter-
androus, in erect dichotomous panicles or cymes. Capsule globose, top conical.
Petals deeply bifid.
Fields, hill-sides, and dry places. April-June. In the Var it appears as the
var. vesicaria Schrader.
S. Otites Sm. Stem about a foot high, almost glabrous, viscous above,
erect. Lower leaves spathulate, more or less in a rosette, upper leaves linear,
widely separated. Calyx short, bell-shaped. Petals entire. Flowers greenish-
yellow, small, dioecious, almost in whorls and forming a long panicle.
Hill-sides and dry places. May-July.
S. italica Pers. Plant hairy, branched, viscous in upper portion. Lower
leaves oblong or spathulate, upper ones almost linear. Calyx elongate, club-shaped.
Flowers white, in pyramidal panicles ; petals bifid. Capsule oblong, equalling
the hairy carpophore.
Woods, slopes, and grassy places. April-July.
** Petals with scales at the throat ; capsule sessile in the calyx, or on a very
short carpophore.
S. COnica L. An annual greyish-green downy plant, erect and about 6 in.
high. Leaves linear, lanceolate. Calyx conical, inflated, with slender teeth and
30 nerves; capsule ovoid, conical without carpophore, rather shorter than
calyx. Petals small, bifid, pink.
Sandy fields and sea-shores, local. May-July.
S. conoidea L. (very rare), S. reflexa Ait., and S. brachypetala Rob.et
Cast, are also recorded. The last has short petals and is allied to nocturna.
S. gallicaL. An annual glandular hairy plant about a foot high. Lower
leaves oblong-spathulate, upper ones linear-acute. Flowers subsessile, whitish
or pink, in unilateral racemes. Calyx covered with long spreading hairs, at first
cylindrical, then ovoid, with nerves usually red. Petals entire, emarginate or
tridentate.
Fields and sandy places, common. April-June.
There are several varieties, a very beautiful one with pale pink petals with
large dark crimson spot at the base being S. quinquevulnera L.
It grows in similar places, and is often as common or even commoner on the
littoral and especially in the Var.
S. nocturna L. An annual glandular hairy species, erect, 1-2 ft. high.
Lower leaves obovate, spathulate, upper ones narrow, lanceolate or linear.
Calyx cylindrical oblong. Flowers in one or two racemes, unilateral, sessile;
petals deeply bifid with narrow divisions, white above, livid beneath, sweet-
scented at night when they open. Capsule ovate-oblong on a very short carpo-
phore.
Road-sides and sandy places. May-June.
4*
52 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
S. nutans L. Nodding Catch-fly. Plant hairy, 18 in. high, springing fiom
an almost woody stock. Lower leaves oblong-spathulate, upper ones sublinear.
Calyx oblong, slightly club-shaped. Flowers white or pinkish, drooping, in a
long loose, unilateral raceme. Capsule small, ovate conical, rather longer than
calyx, on a short carpophore.
Dry hill-sides and slopes, May-July Local. Esterel, St. Martin Lantosque,
Col du Lentisque near St. Raphael, etc.
S. inaperta L., S. laeta A. Br., and S. brachypoda Rony, are also
found.
*** Petals with scales at the throat ; capsule on a carpophore at least as long as it.
S. sericea .<4 //. (Plate VIII). An annual plant covered with greyish silky
hairs. Stems slender, prostrate or ascending. Leaves small and fleshy, the
lower ones spathulate, the upper linear. Calyx very long, enlarged towards top.
Petals bifid, pink or white, with large bifid scales at throat. Flowers solitary,
on long peduncles. Capsule ovate, shorter than the downy carpophore.
Sea-shore and sandy places near the sea. May-July. Abundant between
Ventimiglia and Bordighera and elsewhere in Liguria.
S. nicseensis All. A biennial, hairy-glandular species. Leaves fleshy,
usually covered with sand ; lower ones linear oblong, upper ones linear acute.
Flowers white above, greenish or livid below, in unilateral spikes or racemes.
Calyx club-shaped, with obtuse teeth. Capsule ovate-oblong, • as long as its
carpophore.
Sandy sea-shore. April-June. Sometimes abundant.
S. Saxifraga L. Stem prostrate or ascending, 4-6 in. high, grass-green like
the leaves, 1-2 flowered. Leaves narrow linear, acute, rough at the edge, with nar-
rowed connate bases. Calyx turbinate, 10 nerved, glabrous, erect, pale green or
brownish, teeth rather obtuse. Flowers white or pink within, greenish-red
without.
Rocks* in calcareous mountains. May-July. Mt. Faron, etc., above Toulon,
La Sainte-Baume, Ampus, above Mentone, etc.
S. muscipula L. (Plate VIII). An annual glabrous species 12-18 in. high,
very viscous in upper part. Lower leaves obovate-obtuse, upper ones linear-
lanceolate, acute. Flowers subsessile, bright rose, in a loose dichotomous cyme.
Petals small, bifid. Calyx oblong, glabrous, 10 nerved, with acute teeth. Capsule
oblong, two or three times as long as the downy carpophore.
In crops and dry slopes. May-July. Local. Antibes, Cannes, Carqueiranne,
etc. The specimen figured was gathered by Mr. Sowerby near Eze, n May,
1885.
S. Armeria L. An annual glabrous glaucous plant, a foot high, viscous
above. Leaves oval- lanceolate, acute, heart-shaped below and embracing the
stem. Flowers red, attractive but small, numerous, in a dense dichotomous
corymb. Calyx elongated club-shaped, reddish, 10 nerved, glabrous. Capsule
oblong, as long as the carpophore.
Crops and rocky places in the mountains of Alpes-Marit. June-July.
SAPONARIA L.
S. off icinalis L. Soapwort. A stout glabrous plant, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves
large, oblong- lanceolate. Calyx cylindrical, 15-20 nerved. Flowers pale pink,
large and attractive, sweet-scented, shortly peduncled, in a compact cyme.
Hedges and borders of'streams. June-August.
S. Vaccaria L. = Vaccaria parviflora Mcench. An annual glabrous and
glaucous weed, 12-18 in. high. Stem branched, leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
sessile, i nerved. Flowers bright pink, on long peduncles, in a loose dichotomous
cyme. Calyx ovoid, 5-winged, with triangular teeth. Petals with short limb,
emarginate. Capsule ovoid, with very short carpophore.
Crops and waste places. May-June.
CARYOPHYLLACE^E 53
S. ocymoides L. Stem trailing. Plant hairy, glandular at top. Leaves
broadly lanceolate or oblong, ciliate, i nerved. Flowers bright rose or paler,
shortly peduncled, in panicles. Calyx cylindric, hairy glandular, often very red.
Capsule oval, 4 times length of the glabrous carpophore.
Stony slopes especially on limestone. May-July. This sub-Alpine plant
descends to near Nice, Menton, and Grasse, and in the Var it appears near
Frejus, Montrieux, Nans, La Garde, Toulon, etc., at quite low elevations.
GYPSOPHILA L.
Q. repens L. Stem 3-6 in. high, erect or ascending, often bent at the nodes,
glabrous like the leaves, which are linear, entire, acute, rather glaucous and
fleshly. Flowers small, white veined with pink, or pink beneath, in loose pani-
culate cymes. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 cleft. Capsule subglobular, with very short
carpophore.
Rocks, sandy beds of torrents and grassy places in the mountains. June-
September. This Alpine plant is found in sandy places near Les Salles and by
the Verdon near Aiguines.
VELEZIA L.
V. rigida L. A small hairy glandular plant with rigid stem, much branched
and often reddish. Leaves linear, ciliate, 3-5 nerved, grooved. Flowers small,
pink, erect, solitary or in pairs, subsessile at the nodes of the stem and branches.
Petals bifid, with distinct scales. Calyx tubular, elongated. Capsule cylindric,
slender, without carpophore, 4 toothed.
Dry sandy places, rare in the Var. May-July. Frejus, Le Luc, Forets des
Maures et du Dom. Doubtful for les Alpes-Marit.
DIANTHUS L. PINK.
* Calyx short, ^-angled ; scales of calyx entirely scarious ; capsule ovoid
(Tunica Scop.).
D. Saxif ragus L. = Tunica Saxifraga Scop. Stem slender, glabrous, 6-8
in. high, with spreading branches. Leaves linear-acute. Corolla pale rose,
veined, small, solitary. Calyx bell-shaped. Capsule ovoid.
Arid stony places. July-August.
D. prolifer L. = Tunica prolifera Scop. A stiff, erect, glabrous annual,
6-i-s in. high, usually simple. Leaves few, narrow, erect, with broad sheath.
Calyx of broad, dry, shining, imbricated scales and enveloping the whole flower.
Flowers small, pink, in compact terminal heads. In the Var the commonest
form is D. velutinus Guss.
Sandy dry places, common. April-October.
** Flowers solitary at the summit of the stems.
D. longicaulis Ten. (Plate VI). Leaves rough, slightly triquetrous ; scales
of calyx a quarter of its length. Petals not contiguous, with toothed limb,
glabrous at the throat, much shorter than the claw. Flowers rose, sweet
scented.
Dry hills of the littoral region. June-August.
D. Caryophyllus L. Plant 1-2 ft. high, polymorphic. Leaves broadly
linear, channelled. Flowers rose, sweet scented, sometimes solitary but usually
in a panicle. Petals contiguous, toothed. Scales of calyx 4, short, broad, shortly
mucronate. Calyx 25-30 mm. long. Capsule cylindrical.
Represented in the Var by the sub-species D. virgineus L., which has non-
contiguous petals, and 4-6 calyx scales. Woods and hill-sides. June-September.
D. silvestris Wtdf. Sometimes considered a sub-species of D. Caryo-
phyllus. It is dwarfer, more tufted, with 2 small scales to the calyx, and a
slight scent. Flowers bright pink and rather large, 1-3 on longish peduncles.
Leaves narrow, liflear, acute.
Mountains in Alpes-Marit. June-August.
54 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
D. hirtus Vill. Leaves rough, linear, channelled in upper portion with
3-5 prominent nerves. Calyx scales half its length, scarious, ovate-lanceolate.
Petals non-contiguous, limb toothed, slightly hairy at the throat. Flowers bright
red, rather small. A hairy plant.
Stony places and grassy slopes. June- September. Local.
** Flowers in pairs or clusters.
D. Seguieri Vill. Stem 12-18 in. high, branching, angular. Leaves linear,
flat, in tufts. Flowers pink, with a purple circle round the centre, in heads of
2-4. Scales long, with erect, spreading point, equalling the tube of calyx.
Calyx rather long with sharp lanceolate teeth. Petals hairy at throat, deeply
toothed.
Dry, bushy places in the lower Maritime Alps and hills. June-August.
D. Balbisii Ser. = D. Hburnicus G.G. Stem 1-2 ft. high, with
ligneous stock. Leaves with sheath twice as long as broad. Scales equalling
the calyx, coriaceous at base and with herbaceous point. Flowers red, spotted
with purple, subsessile, in dense clusters amidst herbaceous bracts. Capsule
cylindric.
Woods, stony hills, and waste places. May-July, and sometimes until
November in the Var.
D. Carthusianorum L. About i£ ft. high. Leaves linear-acute, the stem
leaves with long sheath. Flowers a deep red, or carmine, subsessile, 2-8 in a
dense panicle, surrounded with coriaceous bracts. Scales scarious, the point
reaching the centre of calyx tube, which is dark purple. Petals hairy at throat,
toethed. Capsule cylindrical.
Hill-sides and stony bushy places in the Maritime Alps and very rarely in the
Var (at Pourcieux). May-September.
D. Armeria L. Deptford Pink. A hairy biennial species i-ij ft. high,
erect, stiff. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy, with sheath as broad as long.
Flowers pinkish-red, spotted with white, small, subsessile, 2-8 in dense clusters,
with herbaceous bracts as long as the flowers. Calyx scales herbaceous, hairy,
as long as the calyx. Capsule cylindrical.
Sandy woods and grassy places. June- August. Local.
Several other species occur in the Maritime Alps, but beyond the limits of
this work.
HOLOSTEUM L.
H. umbel latum L. A small annual glandular plant, almost glaucous.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; cauline leaves very few. Flowers few, erect,
white or pinkish, small in a terminal umbel with unequal pedicels, deflexed after
flowering. Sepals white, edges scarious, obtuse.
Sandy or stony fields. March-May. Near Frejus, Ampus, Chateaudouble,
near Grasse, etc.
CERASTIUM L.
* Petals at least twice as long as calyx.
C. aryense L. Field Chickweed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pubescent.
Stems hairy all round, tufted, ascending. Brac.s and sepals subacute ; bracts
broadly scarious at margin. Petals bifid. Flowers numerous, white, in loose
cymes. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, glandular. A very variable plant.
Uncultivated places and stony slopes. April-September.
** Petals about as long as the calyx.
C. triviate Lk. (C. vulgatum L.). Mouse-ear Chickweed. Leaves
ovate-oblong, hairy like the stems. Bracts scarious at margin, much shorter
than the pedicels. Sepals obtuse, shorter than the bifid petals. Capsule curved,
twice length of calyx. Plant more or less viscid like the next. «
Grassy places, borders of fields, etc. March-September,
CARYOPHYLLACE/E 55
C. glomeratum Thuill. (C. viscosum L.). Broad-leaved Mouse-ear
Chickweed. A yellowish-green annual, closely allied to the last and covered
with spreading hairs. Stems sometimes nearly a foot long, erect or ascending.
Leaves oval or oblong, very obtuse. Flowers small, in a dense cyme. Bracts
herbaceous. Sepals lanceolate-acute, very hairy. Capsule straight.
Sandy fields and dry places, very common. March-June.
C. brachypetalum Desportes. Annual. Leaves ovate-oblong, covered
with long soft hairs. Bracts herbaceous, much shorter than pedicels. Sepals
acute, hairy to the top, about as long as the bifid petals. Capsule curved, half
length of calyx.
Sandy fields and dry slopes, occasional. April-July.
C. pumiium Curt. A small bright green annual, downy and viscous.
Leaves oval or oblong. Bracts scarcely scarious, much shorter than the
pedicels. Sepals acute, not hairy at the top. Capsule cylindric, almost straight.
Polymorphic, like most of the genus.
Fields and sandy places. April-July.
C. semidecandrum L. A pale green annual, downy and viscous, rather
taller than the last. Leaves oval or elliptic. Fruiting pedicels reflexed, much
longer than the bracts or sepals, which are broadly scarious at margin. Petals
shorter than sepals, emarginate.
Sandy fields and grassy places. March-May.
C. siculum Guss. A pale green annual, downy and viscous. Stems stiff,
erect. Lower leaves elliptic, oblong, upper ones broader and shorter. Flowers
small, petals linear. Pedicels always erect and shorter than calyx. Bracts
herbaceous. Sepals lanceolate-acute, with glabrous summit. Capsule slightly
curved, stiff, twice length of calyx.
Grassy places and maritime sands, local. April-May. Several places near
Hyeres and Toulon.
C. quaternellum Fenz. = Mcenchia erecta Gaertn, A small glabrous
and glaucous annual with stiff wiry stems which are almost simple. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, acute. Flowers small, tetramerous, 1-3 at top of long peduncles.
Sepals 4, lanceolate-acute, scarious at border. Petals 4, shorter than sepals, 4
stamens, and 4 styles opposite the sepals.
Sandy or grassy places, April-May. Occasional.
STELLARIA L.
S. media L. Common Chickweed. This plant, found almost throughout
the world, is abundant and very variable in crops and on cultivated ground
throughout the district. It flowers almost throughout the year.
S. Holostea L. Greater Stitchwort, Stellaria. A rather rampant plant,
1-2 ft. high, growing in dense masses. Leaves sessile, lanceolate-acute, stiff,
rough at edges ; bracts herbaceous. Flowers large, petals deeply bifid, twice
length of sepals, pure white. Capsule subglobular.
Mountain woods, very local. April-June.
S. uliginosa Murr. Bog Stitchwort. A glabrous and glaucous species,
6-12 in. high, slender. Leaves subsessile, lanceolate, ciliate at the base. Flowers
small. Petals shorter than calyx. Bracts scarious at borders, glabrous.
Damp places in the lower mountains of Alpes-Marit. June-July.
S. graminea L. is recorded from one or two places in Alpes-Marit.
S. aquatica Scop. = Malachium aquaticum Pr. Stems diffuse, decum
bent, angular, slightly glandular above. Leaves ovate-cordate, membranous,
lower ones shortly petioled, acute, sometimes ciliate. Flowers rather large,
axillary; lobes of petals diverging. Capsule long, ovoid ; pedicel deflexed, tip
curved. It often covers much ground.
Borders of streams in the lower mountains of Alpes-Marit. June-August.
Very rare. Mons. Burnat doubts Ardoino's records of this plant.
56 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
MCEHRINQIA L.
M. muscosa L. Stems fragile, prostrate or ascending, in grass-like masses,
glabrous like the whole plant. Leaves narrowly linear or acicular, acute, i obscure
nerve. Flowers small, white, 1-3 in loose cymes. Petals 4. Calyx teeth 4,
ovate-lanceolate, acute i nerved with membranous margin. Stamens 8. Styles
2. Capsule 4 valved.
Damp rocks in the mountains, ascending to the Alps. May-July. In the
Var it grows on the summit and north side of the Mont de la Chens.
M. dasyphylla Bruno. Leaves rather thicker and shorter, nerveless. Sepals
oval-lanceolate, sub-obtuse, obscurely 3 nerved. Pedicels capillary, long. Petals
4, longer than the sepals. Slightly ligneous root-stock.
Mountain rocks. Rare. Chateaudouble, Gorges du Verdon et d'Artuby,
Gorge de Saorgio, and near Briga.
ARENAR1A L. SANDWORT.
A. trinervia L. = Mcehringia trinervia Clairv. Three-nerved Sand-
wort. A slender downy annual, i ft. high. Leaves shortly petioled, ciliate, ovate-
acute, usually 3 nerved. Pedicels 3 times length of flowers, at length deflexed.
Flowers very small, in loose leafy dichotomous cymes. Sepals lanceolate-
acuminate, 3 nerved. Stamens 10. Capsule oval, with 6 recurved teeth.
Damp woods and shady places in the hills.
A. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. A downy annual 3-10 in.
high. Leaves sessile, ovate acute, i nerved. Flowers small, petals shorter than
calyx. Pedicels twice length of calyx, at length spreading. Sepals lanceolate-
acute, 3 nerved. Capsule oval, with 6 erect teeth. Very variable.
Sandy fields and slopes. May-July.
The sub-species S. leptoclados Guss. grows in several places near
Hyeres.
A. modesta Dufour grows near Toulon, Sollies-Toucas, etc.
A. cinerea DC. Greyish with short down. Stems numerous, 6-10 in. high-
Lower leaves oblong, upper ones linear-lanceolate, ciliate at the base, i nerved.
Flowers white, on pedicels 4-6 times length of calyx. Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
with i nerve becoming prominent after flowering.
Rocky places in the mountains, rare. June-August. Sigale, Le Mas, La
Bastide on east side of Mont Brouis.
A. capitata Lam, Leaves lanceolate, acute, white-edged, stiff, imbricate.
Sepals membranous. Petals rather longer than calyx. Flowers white, sessile, in
short terminal heads. A very small tufted plant with woody root-stock.
Dry hill-sides in the mountain region, rare. June- August. Barjols, Montrieux,
La Sainte-Baume, Ampus, mountains above Nice and Menton, etc.
A. massiliensis F<?«z. = Gouffeia arenarioides Rob. et Cast. Grows on
rocky hills in the West of the Var and also near Marseilles. It is peculiar to the
South of France and flowers in April or May. It is a glabrous, slender biennial.
Leaves linear-spathulate, obtuse, the stem leaves linear-lanceolate, ciliate at base,
3-nerved. Flowers white, on capillary pedicels. Capsule obovate, 2-valved, each
with 2 small teeth.
ALSINE Wahl.
* Leaves linear, petals about equalling the calyx.
A. tenuifolia Crantz. Fine-leaved Sandwort. Annual, very polymorphic,
glabrous or pubescent — glandular. Leaves linear, setaceous ; sepals green, 3
nerved. Petals much shorter than calyx. Flowers very small, in a cyme or
panicle.
Sandy fields and slopes. May-July. Common in both Departments. Several
varieties occur in the Var.
CARYOPHYLLACE^E 57
A. fasciculata Mert. ft K. = A. Jacquini Koch. Usually glabrous.
Annual or biennial. Stems stiff, erect, branching towards the top. Leaves
linear, setaceous. Bracts as long as the pedicels. Sepals whitish with one
green nerve. Flowers small,' in compact clusters. Stamens 10. Capsule oblong-
conical, equalling or shorter than calyx. Seeds tuberculous.
Rocks and stony slopes in the hills and mountains of Alpes-Marit. Very rare.
June August. Ardoino's records are doubted by Mons. Burnat, but we believe we
have gathered it ourselves in the district of San Dalmazzo di Tenda, growing
with the next species.
A. rostrata Koch. = A. mucronata DC. Stems loosely caespitose in habit.
Leaves in tufts, linear, subulate, stiff. Sepals almost entirely scarious, white
with 2 green stripes on the back, lanceolate-acuminate, i nerved. Bracts shorter
than pedicels. Flowers in small, loose corymbs, white. Plant often glandular.
Stony slopes and rocks, in the lower mountains. May-August. Common
about San Dalmazzo di Tenda. La Sainte Baume.
** Leaves linear, petals longer than the calyx.
A. verna L. Vernal Sandwort. Usually pubescent, glandular. Root-stock
not woody. Stems in dense tufts, 2-6 in. high, slender. Leaves green, linear-
subulate, stiff; upper ones shorter and broader. Flowers in loose forked cymes ;
pedicels usually rather downy. Sepals with 3 prominent nerves, pointed. Petals
obovate, spreading beyond the points of the sepals, white. Capsule 3 valved.
Damp, stony places in the Maritime Alps, rarely below 1000 m. July- August.
A. Villarsii Mert. et K. Stems 5-10 in., 3-7 flowered, slender. Leaves
linear, flat, 3-nerved with intermediate finer nerves. Flowers rather larger, on
very long pedicels. Petals long and narrow, obtuse. Sepals lanceolate-acute,
with 3 nerves. Capsule ovoid. Seeds tuberculous.
Rocky places in the mountains, especially on limestone. June-August. La
Sainte-Baume, Mount de la Chens, Aiguines and frequently in the Maritime Alps.
A. liniflora Heg. Root-stock woody. Sepals with nerves slightly be-
yond the middle. Capsule longer than the calyx. In other respects this species
is similar to A. laricifolia Crantz and both have rather large pure white
flowers.
Rocky places on limestone mountains. July- August. Marges and summit
of la Cabriere in the Var, and more frequently in the Maritime Alps.
A. laricifolia Crantz is not found in the Var, but on granite mountains in
Alpes-Marit. The nerves of the sepals are longer, and the capsule shorter than
in the last.
Rocky places of granitic Alps, sometimes descending the streams into the
montane zone. July -August.
BUFFONIA Sauv. ,
B. perennis Pourr. Perennial, with ligneous root-stock. Sepals oval,
lanceolate-acuminate, with 5-7 nerves extending almost to the tip. Stamens 8,
the filaments being half the length of the sepals.
Dry rocky places, near Frejus, Seillans, La Garde Freinet, etc. July-
September.
B. macrosperma J. Gay. Annual, with slender root. Sepals 5 nerved,
of which 3 are prominent and longer. Stamens 4, the filaments being a quarter
the length of the sepals.
Stony slopes and sea-sands. June-September. Draguignan, Le Luc,
Frejus, Toulon.
B. tenuifolia Pourr. Annual, allied to the former, but smaller and more
delicate. Sepals 3 nerved, joining well below the tip, narrow, lanceolate ; very
acuminate. Stamens 2 or 3, the filaments being a sixth of the length of the
sepals.
Fields and dry slopes. July-September. Hyeres, Le Luc, Arnpus, etc.
58 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
SAQINA L.
S. procumbens L. Procumbent Pearlwort. A small glabrous procumbent
weed. Leaves linear, almost subulate, sometimes ciliate. Flowers very small,
usually solitary, on long capillary pedicels. Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals
shorter and often wanting. Capsules as long as or rather longer than sepals.
Damp, sandy places, ascending to the high mountains. April-October.
S. apetala L. Small flowered Pearlwort. A small annual procumbent weed
with glandular hairs on the pedicels, calyces and upper part of the stems.
Primary and lateral shoots all flowering. Radical leaves sub-rosulate. Leaves
linear-aristate. Petals minute or o, when present they are green. Pedicels
capillary. Sepals outspread in form of a cross when capsule is " ripe ".
Damp, sandy places, paths, etc., very common. April-November.
S. maritima Don. Sea Pearlwort. Leaves shorter and broader than the
last, glabrous and not aristate. Pedicels very long, always erect, glabrous.
Sepals all obtuse.
Maritime sands and sandy fields. April-August.
S. subulata Presl. is very rare and occurs at Tanneron and near La Seyne.
SPERGULA L.
S. arvensis L. Corn Spurrey. Annual weed with forked or fascicled
branches; pubescent, glandular. Leaves apparently whorled, linear-subulate,
rather fleshy. Stipules small, scarious. Sepals oval, obtuse. Seeds subglobular,
with narrow winged border.
Sandy fields. March-September.
S. pentandra L. A glabrous or glabrescent species. Leaves linear, acute,
fascicled, not channelled beneath. Stipules very short. Seeds bordered with a
very broad wing.
Sandy fields in the crops. April-June.
SPERQULARIA Pers.
S. marginata Kittel. Sea Sandwort-Spurrey. Plant usually glabrous.
Leaves almost cylindric, sub-acute. Stipules usually entire. Pedicels long.
Capsule twice as long as calyx or less. Seeds orbicular, smooth, margins
thickened and broadly winged. Flowers pink or lilac.
Maritime sands and fields flooded in winter. May- August.
S. rubra Pers. = Alsine rubra Crantz (1766). Field Sandwort-Spurrey.
Annual or biennial. Leaves linear, flat, with short scarious stipules at base.
Stem much branched from the base. Capsule equalling the calyx. Flowers
rose coloured or pink, in racemose cymes. Mons. Foucaud has named 2 sub-
species from%the Var, viz. S. arenosa and S. Bocconei.
Sandy or gravelly places. April-August. Very variable in the Var.
S. SCgetalis Pers., very rare; S. Dillenii Lebel, S. media Pers., and
S. Heldreichii Fouc. also occur.
POLYCARPON L.
P. tetraphyllum L. Four-leaved Polycarp. A small and usually prostrate
annual. Leaves flat, ovate, opposite or whorled in lours. Stipules scarious.
Flowers small, 3-androus in crowded cymes. Sepals 5, keeled, entire. Stamens
3-5. Ovary i celled ; style short, 3-fid.
Fields and sandy places, road-sides, etc. Fairly common in the littoral region
and very variable. May-July.
SCLERANTHUS L. (Formerly placed in Paronychiaceae.)
S. annuus L. Annual Knawell. A low tufted annual, greyish-green in
colour. Leaves small, recurved, base often ciliate. Flowers minute, pale green,
CARYOPHYLLACEjfc 59
solitary in the lower axils, fascicled in terminal dichotomous cymes. Calyx lobes
suberect in fruit, acute, with narrow membranous margin.
Sandy fields, common. May -June.
S. perennis L. Leaves opposite, linear, connate at the base. Calyx teeth
almost obtuse with broad scarious white margins, connivant at maturity. Flowers
greenish-white. More glaucous than the last with shorter bracts.
Dry, sandy places, especially in the hills, local. May-July.
S. verticillatus Tausch. Grows in crops near St. Raphael and
Ampus.
CORRIGIOLA L.
C. Httoralis L. Strapwort. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed into an
obscure petiole. Stipules small, half-sagittate. Flowers in crowded terminal
cymes. Petals as long as sepals. Plant small, slender, prostrate.
Damp sandy places in the Var. April-July.
C. Telephiifolia Pourr. Leaves oblong, glaucous, thick ; those of the
rosette spathulate. Stems numerous, prostrate, slender. Flowers very small,
pinkish-white, pedicelled in heads at the top of the leafless branches.
Sandy places, on railways, etc., uncommon. March-June.
« HERNIARIA L.
H. glabra L. Rupturewort. Leaves small, oblong, glabrous or glabrescent.
Stems many, 4-6 in., tufted, more or less glabrous, Root woody. Flowers very
small, green, sessile, in lateral, dense, oblong heads throughout the length of the
branches.
Sandy places, fallow fields, etc. May-August.
H. hirsuta L. Leaves elliptic-oblong, hirsute, ciliate, greyish. Stems
slender, often quite prostrate. Calyx teeth hairy and ending in one long hair.
Lower leaves opposite. Flowers small, sessile in very small heads in the leaf
axils. Annual.
Damp, sandy places, common. May-July.
The Var. cinerea Loret et Ban. = H. cinerea DC. is not uncommon in
the Var.
H. incana Lamk. Leaves rather larger, oblong-lanceolate. Whole plant
covered with a whitish tomentum. Calyx hispid with silky hairs. Flowers
shortly pedicelled.
Dry, sandy, grassy places. May-July.
PARONYCHIA Lamk.
P. cymosa Lamk. A small slender annual, with dichotomose branches.
Leaves linear, rather fleshy, aristate, whorled. Stipules very small. Bracts
shorter than the small greenish-white flowers. Sepals scarious at the top.
Pine-woods and sandy places. May-July.
P. echinata Lamk. A. small stiff annual. Leaves oval, opposite, mucronate,
toothed. Bracts shorter than the greenish flowers. Stipules triangular-lanceolate.
Sepals concave, scarious at the borders, almost spiny at the tip.
Hot, sandy places and hill-sides among Cistus, etc. April-June.
P. capitata Lamk. var. Kapella G.G. grows on rocky places near Plan
d'Aups and Saint Pilon on the Sainte-Baume range. Owing to its silvery
appearance it was wrongly placed by Hanry and Robert under argentea.
P. argentea Lamk. A larger species, 9-12 in. long, pubescent. Leaves
opposite, oval-lanceolate, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous. Stipules oval-
acuminate, shorter than the leaves. Flowers very silvery, in dense lateral and
terminal heads. Bracts ovate-acuminate, scarious, silvery.
Dry places in the Var, rare. May-July. Toulon and Porquerolles.
60 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
TELEPHIUM L.
T. Imperati L. Plant glabrous and glaucous, rather fleshy, about a foot long,
with numerous spreading, simple, leafy stems. Leaves alternate, oblong, thick,
almost unilateral, with short membranous stipules. Flowers white, rather
large, in dense heads at the top of the stems. Sepals 5, linear-oblong, keeled,
branous at the edges.
Dry stony places on limestone mountains, rare. May-July. Garde-Freinet
near Aiguines, Raton near Ampus, in the Briga valley near S. Dalmazzo di
Tenda, etc.
PORTULACACE^E.
PORTULACAL.
P. oleracea L. A fleshy, annual, prostrate plant. Leaves opposite or the
upper ones alternate, obovate-oblong, sessile, thick, shining. Flowers small,
sessile, yellow, solitary or in clusters at the axes and tops of the branches. Sepals
2, unequal, obtuse, keeled beneath the top finally falling. Petals 4-6. Capsule
ovoid, opening transversely. Seeds numerous, black, shining.
Fields, garden-paths and road-sides. Common. May-September.
Montia minor Gmel. and M. riyularis Gmel. are occasionally found by
streams and other damp places on the littoral. _
TAMARICACE^E.
TAMARIX L. TAMARISK.
T. gallica L. Shrub 6-25 ft. high, with slender, reddish branches. Leaves
on the branchlets very minute, closely imbricate, triangular, auricled, keeled ; on
the older wood much larger, subulate. Flowers white or pink, very small, in obtuse
dense spikes. Stamens 5.
Borders of streams and ditches near the coast. May-July.
T. africana Pair. (Plate XVI.) A smaller shrub 6-10 ft. high, with less
feathery branches. Leaves very small, imbricate, oval-acuminate, membranous
at the edges. Flowers larger than in the last. Stamens prominent, 5. Capsule
gradually tapering.
Sea coasts, and never far from the sea. May-June.
T. germanica L. = Myricaria germanica Desv. A small shrub 3-6 ft.
high with slender branches in bundles. Leaves very small, like needle-shaped
scales. Flowers pale pink in long spikes. Style none. Seeds with a short
stalked plume. Stamens 10.
River beds such as that of the R. Var. June-July.
MALVACE/E.
Calicule inserted on the peduncle; carpels in a globular head MALOPE.
Calicule inserted on base of calyx; bracteoles 3, distinct MALVA.
Calicule inserted on the peduncle ; bracteoles 3, connate at base LAVATERA.
Calicule inserted on the peduncle ; bracteoles 6-9, connate ALTHAEA.
MALOPE L.
M. malacoides L. A rather hispid plant, a foot high. Leaves oval-lanceo-
late, often heart-shaped at base, irregularly toothed or lobed. Peduncles solitary
at the axils of the leaves. Bracteoles cordate-acuminate. Petals entire, i in.
long, deep rose. Flowers handsome.
Waste places, here and there, rare. April-June. It not infrequently appears
singly.
MALVA L. MALLOW.
M. Alcea L. Plant 2-3 ft. high, covered with hair. Lower leaves sub-
orbicular. Stem-leaves simply lobed or deeply palinatipartite. Peduncles single
MALVACE/E 61
at the leaf axils. Flowers rose, large, solitary ; petals 4 times longer than the
calyx. Calicule of ovate bracteoles. Carpels streaked, glabrous.
Borders of fields and %voods. June-August. It reaches 3000 or 4000 ft. in
the Alps, and is very polymorphic.
M. moschata L. Musk Mallow. Hairy, erect, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves 5-7
partite, segments pinnatifid, long petioled. Flowers large, pink, rarely white.
Peduncles erect in fruit ; carpels smooth, back rounded, hispid.
Road-sides, woods, and waste places. June-August. Especially in the hills.
M. silvestris L. Common Mallow. Biennial. Leaves 3-7 lobed, crenate-
serrate, hairy. Peduncles spreading. Carpels glabrous, reticulate, usually 10,
flat at the back. Flowers large, reddish-purple or magenta, irregularly fascicled.
Corolla lobes distant, deeply notched.
Road-sides and waste places, common. April-August.
M. niceeensis All. Upper leaves cordate-orbicular, lobes acute. Flowers
pale pink or mauve, small, in axillary clusters. Bracteoles broad, oval-lanceolate.
Carpels reticulate. Stems 1-2 ft. high.
Borders of roads and rubbish heaps. April-July.
M. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Mallow. Annual or biennial. Leaves
cordate-orbicular, scarcely lobed. Bracteoles linear. Petals twice as long as
calyx, pink. Flowers small. Carpels smooth or down}', rounded at the back to
form a disk-shaped fruit. May- August.
Near houses, road-sides, etc. May-September.
M. parviflora L. Small-flowered Mallow. An annual, differing from the
last in the carpels being reticulated, striated, toothed, and not rounded but flat at
the back, the petals being scarcely longer than the calyx.
Waste places, road-sides, etc. April-July.
LAVATERA L.
L. arborea L. Tree Mallow. A stout bushy plant, 3-8 ft. high. Leaves
suborbicular, 5-9 lobed, crenate, softly pubescent, long petioled, lobes broad, short ;
upper leaves more entire. Peduncles crowded, axillary, i flowered. Flowers if
in. diameter, purple-red, with glossy purple-black centre and veins. Epicalyx
with 3 large ovate downy lobes.
Maritime rocks, old walls, and banks. March-August.
L. cretica L. A smaller herbaceous plant 2-4 ft. high. Leaves cordate-
orbicular, lobed, velvety. Peduncles crowded, axillary. Epicalyx equalling the
calyx. Petals twice length of calyx, deeply emarginate, lilac, with 3 prominent
purple veins.
Waste places and borders of fields. April-June. Very local.
L. olbia L. A bushy grey-green plant, 3-8 ft. high, covered with tomentum.
It has a woody stock. Leaves cordate, lobed, the upper ones hastate. Peduncles
solitary in the leaf axils, very short. Carpels smooth. Flowers bright reddish-
purple or magenta, in a long handsome spike ; petals 2-3 times as long as calyx.
A specimen between Hyeres and Carqueiranne has a trunk a foot in circumference.
Road-sides, borders of fields, and rocky places. May-July. Very common
about Hyeres (whence it takes its name), and elsewhere in the Var. Rare in
Alpes-Marit., lie Ste. Marguerite.
L. maritima Gouan. Sea Mallow. A small bush with almost woody stem,
2-3 ft. high. Leaves orbicular, upper ones angular, grey tomentose in colour.
Flower stalks solitary, at least as long as the leaf. Carpels rugose. Petals
twice length of calyx, very pale pink, with a crimson blotch at the base.
Maritime rocks and stony places, very local. January-May. On the lime-
stone cliffs of Coudon it reaches about 2000 ft.
L. punctata All. An annual greenish-grey species covered with stellate hairs.
Leaves suborbicular, the upper ones hastate, trifid, with toothed lobes. Flowers
large, rose-lilac, veined, solitary in the leaf axils. Petals three times as long as
62 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
calyx. Carpels glabrous, rugose, yellowish at maturity, with conical central
axis.
Fields. June-July.
L. trimestris L. An annual, greener and rather hispid ; with deeper rose
large flowers, and carpels whose central axis is an orbicular concave disk.
Cultivated fields and hill-sides of the littoral, rather rare. April-July.
ALTH/GA L.
A. officinalis L. Marsh Mallow. Leaves white-tomentose or felted, scarcely
lobed, but irregularly toothed. Plant 2-3 ft. high, leafy. Peduncles many
flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers pale pink, large. Stipules falling.
Damp meadows and sides of ditches. June-September.
A. cannabina L. Hemp-leaved Mallow. Leaves green, hairy, with 5
deep lobes of which the central is very long. Stipules linear, persistent. Ped-
uncles i or 2 flowered, longer than the leaf. Flowers red. Plant 4-5 ft. high.
Grassy places, road-sides. June-August.
A. hirsuta L. Hispid Mallow. A hispid annual, about a foot high.
Leaves green, with 5 almost equal lobes, toothed; lower leaves orbicular-
crenate. Flowers pale pink, single on long peduncles. Epicalyx with lanceo-
late-acute bracteoles. Carpels glabrous, rugose, rounded at the back.
Light sandy ground, borders of fields, etc. May-July.
A. pallida W. et K. is an Eastern species, now spread here and there in the
Var. Plant 3-6 ft. high, robust. Leaves green. Flowers very large, red.
Abutilon Avicennse Gaertn., has been found near Toulon and Hyeres,
probably naturalized. Hibiscus Trionum L. is an Eastern and Italian plant
found in fields by the R. Gapeau near Hyeres (not native).
HYPERICACE^E.
Sepals very unequal; stamens ins bundles ANDROS^MUM.
Sepals almost equal ; stamens in 3 bundles HYPERICUM.
ANDROS/EMUM L.
A. officinale All. = Hypericum Androsfemum L. Tutsan. Shrubby.
1-2 ft. high. Leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, 1-3 in., glands very minute, close.
Petals very oblique, yellow. Cymes corymbose, few flowered. Buds often red.
Sepals large, oval-obtuse, not ciliate. " Berry " black when ripe.
Damp woods and ravines in the hills and mountains. June-July.
HYPERICUM L. ST. JOHN'S WORT.
* Sepals entire or nearly so.
H. perforatum L. Common St. John's Wort. Stem erect, 2 ridged, 1-3
ft. Leaves oblong, with pellucid glands and veins. Sepals acute, glandular,
entire. Styles as long as the capsule. Cymes corymbose, many flowered.
Flowers i in. diameter, bright yellow.
Fields and hill-sides, very common. May-July.
H. tetrapterum Fr. = H. quadrangulum DC. = H. acutum Mcench.
Square stalked St. John's Wort. Stem erect, narrowly 4 winged, 1-2 ft. Leaves
broadly ovate or oblong, sometimes cordate, glands pellucid. Sepals lanceolate-
acuminate eglandular ; styles shorter than the capsule. Cymes dense-flowered.
Moist places and borders of streams. June-August.
H. austral e Ten. Stems ascending, 8-12 in., often reddish. Leaves
elliptic or linear oblong, obtuse, edged with black dots, glaucous above. Sepals
oblong-lanceolate, acute, slightly glandular-ciliate, almost entire. Flowers
large, yellow veined with red. Capsule ovate, slightly longer than calyx.
Grassy slopes and sandy places. May-June.
PLATE IX.
1. Cneorum tricocctim. 2. Pistacia Lentiscus in fruit (a. male flower )
Ceratorna Siliqua. 4. Ruta an^ustitolia. 5. Oxalis cermu.
LINAGES 63
** Sepals toothed or ciliate-srlandular.
H. tomentosum L. Leaves oval, embracing the stem, oval -obtuse, white-
felted, glands pellucid. Sepals acuminate. Stems ascending or prostrate.
Flowers rather large, in a loose corymb. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, very acute,
shortly ciliate.
Damp places, local. May- July.
H. montanum L. Mountain St. John's Wort. Stem 1-2 ft. high, terete,
almost glabrous like the leaves, which are sessile, oblong-obtuse, with marginal
black glands, glaucous beneath, the upper ones cordate-ovate or linear oblong.
Sepals lanceolate-acute. Stems rigid, slender, often leafless above. Flowers pale
yellow, fragrant. Petals eglandular or nearly so.
Mountain woods, descending sometimes almost to the coast as at Menton.
June-August.
H. perfoliatum L. is a larger plant with half-amplexicaul ovate-lanceolate
cordate leaves, and deeply fringed sepals, which occurs rarely in the Var on
wooded slopes. May-June.
H. hyssopifolium Vill. Leaves linear, the upper ones fascicled,
glabrous, edges rolled in. Flowers pale yellow in a long panicle. Sepals
strongly glandular-ciliate, elliptic. Capsule ovate-acuminate, 3 times length
of calyx.
Dry slopes and rocky limestone mountains. June-July. Rather rare.
H. Coris L. (Plate VIII). Plant glabrous, greyish-green, 6-12 in. high.
Leaves in bundles of 3 or 4, narrow linear, spotted, with edges rolled in.
Flowers bright yellow streaked with red, rather large, in a short corymb.
Sepals linear oblong, obtuse, glandular toothed. Capsule oval, twice length of
calyx.
Arid slopes and limestone rocks. June-July.
TILIACE,£.
TIUA L. LIME.
T. platyphylla Scop. = T. grandifolia Ehrh. A tree of considerable
height with pilose twigs, leaves downy beneath, fruit obovate-globose, with 3-5
prominent ribs when ripe.
Mountain woods, rare. June-July.
T. ulmifolia Scop. = T. parvifolia Ehrh. A tree, differing from the last
chiefly in its leaves being glabrous and glaucous beneath, suborbicular, and its
smaller fruit with no prominent ribs.
Woods in the mountains and hills. June-July.
Sub-division II. DISCIFLOR^.
LINAGES.
Sepals 5, quite entire, but often ciliate LINUM.
Sepals 4, 2-4 toothed RADIOLA.
LINUM L. FLAX.
* Flowers white, pink, or blue.
L. catharticum L. Cathartic Flax. A small, slender annual. Leaves
opposite, glabrous, rather glaucous, upper ones alternate, linear-oblong. Buds
nodding. Petals small, oblong, white, distinct.
Woods and rather damp sandy places. May-July.
L. angustifolium L. Leaves smooth at borders, alternate, narrow linear
lanceolate. Sepals ovate-acuminate, inner ones ciliate, 3 nerved. Flowers blue ;
petals obtuse. Anthers suborbicular. Stems 1-2 ft. high, with divaricate
64 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
branches. Leaves fewer and smaller than in L. perenne, which is not found
in France.
Grassy places and dry slopes, ascending to iroo m. in Liguria. May July.
L. alpinum L. grows in the Maritime Alps, and the var. collinum Guss. is
found at lower elevations in fields near Ampus and Sollies-Toucas in the Var.
L. narbonense L. (Plate VIII). Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute,
greyish-green, with strong midrib and a distinct margin. Upper floral leaves
often with scarious margin. Sepals lanceolate, not ciliate, with white scarious
margin. Flowers, an inch across, blue, on slender pedicels. Petals ovate, very
briefly apiculate. Stigmas long, filiform. Plant 18 in. high, on a sub-ligneous
base.
Woods and dry slopes. May, June. Also in the mountain region. We
believe this species has often been confused with the next, and that the large
flowers are usually a beautiful pale blue, as they appear in quantity above
G6menos towards the Col de Bretagne (Bouches du Rhone).
L. austriacum L. Root-stock woody, with many erect stems 2 ft. high
Leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, i nerved, glaucous, with more or less scabrous
edges. Flowers an intense blue, in racemes almost forming a corymb. Petals
obovate, rounded, more than twice length of calyx. Sepals oval, outer ones
acute, inner ones broader and with white, scarious margin. Pedicels arched and
pendent after flowering.
Mountains and dry hills in Alpes-Marit. and Liguria, rare. May-July.
L. salsoloides Lamk. = L. suffruticosum DC. (non L.). Plant woody
at the base, shrubby, 4-8 in. high, stems sometimes purplish. Leaves crowded
at base, linear-acute, small, with a few very minute teeth at edges. Flowers
large, light flesh-colour or white, almost in a corymb. Petals 4 times as long
as sepals, obovate, narrowing into a long claw, which is pink or pale violet out-
side. Sepals ovate, acuminate, sometimes reddish-green, with glandular cilia
on the edges, and a strong midrib. Anthers pale yellow, oval.
Rocky hills and woods, especially on limestone, from near the sea to about
1400 m. June-July. L. suffruticosum of Linnasus (not DC.) which name
is given to this plant in Ardoino, " Flore des Alpes-Marit.," is a distinct
species from the S. of Spain.
L. tenuifolium L. Slender-leaved Flax. Stems erect on a subligneous
base. Leaves close, linear-acute, scabrous at edges, with short hairs turned
towards apex. Sepals often reddish, oval, acuminate, keeled, ciliate, glandular.
Flowers in a branched raceme, pale pink or lilac, or white tinged with lilac.
Petals obovate, briefly acuminate and often notched. Capsule small and globose.
Mr. Bicknell says, " this plant is distinguished from the last, which it much re-
sembles, and with which it seems to have been long confused, by its greater
height, more scattered, larger, and broader leaves, by its smaller and more
numerous flowers, by its violet anthers inserted above the base and not in the
middle of the back, and by its smaller capsule."
Dry stony hills. May-July. Above Menton, Nice, Bordighera, etc., and near
Roquebrune and Toulon in the Var.
L. viscosum L. Viscous Flax. Plant glandular hairy ; stems 1-2 ft. high,
from a thick root-stock. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, glandular-ciliate.
Sepals ovate-acuminate, ciliate-glandular, 3 nerved, twice length of capsule.
Flowers large, pink, veined with violet. Capsule globular-apiculate.
Mountain pastures in Alpes-Marit. and Liguria. Common in the chestnut
zone and descending sometimes to near the sea, as near Ventimiglia. It reaches
1200 m. in Liguria. May- July.
** Flowers yellow.
L. maritimum L. (Plate VIII). Leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 3 nerved,
lower ones opposite, upper alternate. Flowers yellow, in racemes forming a
corymb. Sepals ovate, shortly acuminate, ciliate-glandular. Petals 2 or 3 times
GERANIACE/E 65
length of calyx, obovate. Capsule globose, almost as long as calyx. Stems 6-12
inch.
Damp sandy fields near the sea. June-August.
L. campanuiatum L. Root-stock woody. Stems 4-12 in. high, stiff,
angular. Lower leaves obovate, spathulate, in a rosette, upper ones lanceolate-
acute, with very narrow transparent, membranous edges, and two small glands
at their base. Flowers few, subsessile, large, rather pale yellow with delicate
orange veins. Petals obovate, with long connate claws. Sepals lanceolate-
acuminate, ciliate, dentate or smooth.
Dry hills, especially on limestone. April-July according to situation. A
beautiful and very desirable plant to introduce into rock gardens in sunny places.
The flowers are often ij in. across.
L. nodiflorum L. Annual, i ft. high or more. Leaves spathulate,
scabrous at the borders, with 2 small glands at the base. Flowers pale yellow,
subsessile, distant, in long erect corymbs. Sepals linear, 3 times as long as
capsule. Claw of petals united.
Dry hill-sides and fields, local. April-July.
L. gallicum L. Annual, with erect stems 6-18 in. high, slender, glabrous.
Leaves few, linear-lanceolate, scabrous at edges, i nerved. Flowers small,
yellow, in a loose raceme. Petals obovate, spathulate. Pedicels equalling the
calyx. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, ciliate-glandular at base.
Dry, sandy fields and hills. May-July.
L. strict um L. A stiff annual about a foot high, all scabrous except the
stems. Stem simple or branching at base. Leaves few, linear-lanceolate,
mucronate, scabrous at edges, i nerved. Flowers nearly sessile in corymbose
cymes, yellow, small. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, mucronate. Capsule small,
globose.
Dry, stony places. May-July.
RADIOLA L.
R. linoides Roth. Allseed. A minute slender glabrous annual, 1-3 in.
high. Stem branching from the base, filiform. Flowers very minute, white,
axillary in a dichotomous panicle. Leaves ovate-acute, sessile, rather thick.
Sepals connate below.
Damp, sandy places, especially those flooded in winter, rather rare. May-
July.
GERANIACE/E.
Tribe I. GERANIE/E. Flowers regular. Sepals imbricate. Stamens
alternating with glands. Capsule beaked, of several i-seeded awned
cocci, which separate elastically from the beak.
Stamens 10, all antheriferous GERANIUM.
Stamens 5, staminodes 5 ERODIUM.
Tribe II. OXALIDE^E. Flowers regular. Sepals imbricate. Glands o.
Capsule loculicidal ; cells 2 or more seeded OXALIS.
Tribe III. BALSAM INE^E. Flowers irregular. Sepals coloured, spurred.
Stamens 5. Glands o. Cells 2 or more seeded IMPATIENS.
GERANIUM L. CRANE'S-BILL.
* Perennial. Peduncles i flowered. Sepals spreading.
Q. sanguineum L. Hairy. Leaves orbicular, 5-7 partite, segments narrow
3-5-fid to the middle, linear-oblong or lanceolate. Carpels hairy, seeds wrinkled
and dotted. Peduncles very long, usually i flowered. Flowers very large,
reddish-purple or magenta or rarely pink. Claw of petals bearded. Plant about
i ft. high, covering much ground.
Woods and grassy places in the hills. May-July.
5
66 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
** Perennial. Peduncles 2 flowered. Sepals spreading.
Q. pyrenaicum L. Mountain Geranium. Stems erect, 1-2 ft. high, hairy.
Leaves reniform or orbicular, 7-9 lobed, long petioled, lobes wedge-shaped,
toothed, or crenate. Sepals mucronate, petals 2 lobed, small, oblong. Flowers
reddish-purple. Carpels keeled, pubescent ; pedicels deflexed ; seed smooth.
Meadows and fresh woods in the mountains. April-July.
Q. nodosum L. Leaves palmatifid, 3-5 lobes, crenate-toothed. Flowers
pale pink or lilac, veined, large. Petals obcordate-emarginate. Peduncles longer
than the leaves. Sepals finely acuminate, pubescent. Stipules long acumi-
nate.
Mountain woods. May- August.
Q. tuberosum L. Root tuberous, subglobular, reddish. Stems about a
foot high. Leaves palmatisect, with 5-7 lanceolate pinnatipartite segments, lobes
entire or toothed. Flowers pale purple with darker veins. Peduncles long,
usually 2 flowered. Root-leaves or long petioles ; stem-leaves sessile.
Fields and vineyards, very local. March-April.
Q. macrorrhizum L. Root-stock long and thick. Stems erect, a foot or
more high. Root-leaves palmatifid, divided into 5-7 obovate-cuneate segments,
toothed, pale green beneath ; stem-leaves with fewer divisions and short petioles
— all glabrous and shining. Flowers large, magenta colour, with long curved
stamens. Calyx and pedicels often red. Calyx pubescent, inflated. Plant
strongly scented. Style becoming very long in fruiting.
Stony or rocky places in mountain woods, rare. Saorgio in Roja valley,
Briga, and near San Dalmazzo di Tenda. June-July.
*** Annual or biennial. Peduncles 2-flowered. Sepals spreading.
Q. rotundifolium L. Round-leaved Geranium. Hairy. Leaves orbicu-
lar, 7-9 lobed, on long petioles. Sepals mucronate, generally shorter than the
entire petals ; claw of petals naked. Carpels keeled, hairy, not wrinkled. Seeds
pitted. Flowers pale pink, quite small.
Borders of fields and waste places, very common. March-August. Com-
moner than either Q. molle or Q. pusillum which grow in similar places, though
the latter is rather rare in the south.
Q. columbinum L. Long-stalked Geranium. Nearly glabrous, i ft.
high. Leaves 5-7-partite, lobes pinnatifid. Segments narrow. Sepals large,
acuminate, awned, equalling the entire petals, claw of petals ciliate. Pedicels
and peduncles very long and slender. Flowers few, rose-purple or magenta
coloured.
Woods, hedges, and hill-sides. May-June.
Q. dissectum L. Cut-leaved Geranium. Hairy and subglandular. Leaves
as in the last, but petioles and peduncles much shorter, and calyx and capsules
quite different. Sepals long awned. Carpels not wrinkled or keeled. Flowers
axillary, bright red, small.
Fields and rather damp, shady places. April-June.
**** Annual or biennial. Peduncles 2 flowered. Sepals erect in floweti
conniving in fruit.
Q. Robertianum L. Herb Robert. Glabrous or slightly hairy, strongly
scented, reddish. Branches brittle, leafy, and fleshy. Leaves 5 foliate, segments
1-2 pinnatifid. Sepals long awned. Petals entire, narrow, bright pink, streaked
darker. Very variable.
Woods and stony places. May-August.
Q. lucidum L. Shining Geranium. Glabrous, shining, often bright red.
Leaves orbicular, 5 lobed. Stipules ovate, acute. Peduncles longer than peti-
oles. Branches succulent and brittle. Carpels separating entirely from the axis,
wrinkled, keeled. Flowers very small, bright pink.
Old walls and stony places. May-August.
GERANIACE/E 67
ERODIUM L'Heritier. STORK'S-BILL.
* Leaves toothed or pinnately cleft, not pinnatisect or pinnately divided down to
the roc his.
E. malacoides Willd. Annual, pubescent-glandular. Leaves oval .cordate
base, crenate or simply lobed, lower leaves with petioles as long as the leaf.
Flowers lilac, very small, 3-8 in umbels on peduncles longer than the leaves;
petals oboval or sometimes in seedlings almost linear. Sepals mucronate, 35,
nerved. Stipules, ovate obtuse, whitish. Very variable.
Road-sides and waste places, common. March- November.
E. laciniatum Cav. Annual, hairy. Leaves pinnatifid or almost pinnati-
partite, with many narrow segments, sharply toothed. Flowers small, in umbels
on long peduncles, purple. Petals oblong. Stipules large, oval-obtuse. Sepals
mucronate. Valves of carpels spinally twisted 7-8 times, 4-6 cms. long.
Sandy places near the sea, rare. May-June.
E. Botrys Bert. Annual, hairy-glandular, robust; stems swollen at the
nodes. Lower leaves oval or oblong, inciso-pinnatifid ; upper ones bipinnatifid.
Flowers large, lilac-purple, veined, 1-4 on longish peduncles. Stipules small,
ovate-acute. Sepals mucronate. Beak very long (8-10 cms.), valves with 2-4
concentric folds.
Fields and grassy places. April, May.
E. Chium Willd. Annual or biennial, downy. Leaves oval, truncate or
cordate base, with 3-5 oval lobes which are toothed-crenate, the middle lobe
largest. Flowers pink, rather large in umbels of 3-8. Stipules ovate-acute.
Beak slender, 3-4 cms. long.
Waste places near the sea in the Var. March-June.
** Leaves all pinnatisect, with segments more or less divided.
E. cicutarium L'Herit. Common Stork's bill. Annual or biennial, rather
hairy, very variable. Leaves oblong, 1-2 pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments
narrow-cut; stipules ovate-acuminate. Stems prostrate or decumbent. Peduncles
longer than the leaves, erect. Flowers purplish-red, rose, or white, umbelled ;
petals rather unequal. Carpels hairy, with beak 2-4 cms. long.
Fields, road-sides, etc., very common and variable. February-November.
E. romanum Willd. Sometimes considered a sub-species of the last, from
which it differs by its peduncles and leaves being all radical, its larger flowers
with equal petals. It is a very elegant plant whose bright rosy flowers on long
naked peduncles are sometimes seen in midwinter near the coast.
Road-sides and grassy iplaces. March-November.
E. moschatum L'Herit. Musk Stork's-bill. A stout glandular-hairy
annual or biennial smelling of musk. Stems robust. Leaves long, pinnatisect,
lobes oval, inciso-dentate, subsessile ; often blotched with purple at the veins.
Flowers very small, pale pink or lilac, in umbels on long peduncles. Stipules
ovate-acute, not acuminate.
Road-sides and waste places, common. March-September.
E. ciconium Willd. Annual, hairy, glandular. Leaves large, oval or
oblong, pinnatisect with obtuse pinnatifid segments. Flowers purplish-blue,
veined, large, 2-7 on long axillary peduncles. Stipules small, ovate -acuminate,
not united. Sepals aristate, strongly nerved. Carpels with very long beak (6-8
cms.), valves without concentric folds.
Grassy borders of fields, not common. March-June.
OXALIS L.
O. cernua Thunbg. = O. lybica Viv. (Plate IX). Stems and leaves all
radical, slightly downy. Leaves long-petioled, with 3 broad obcordate leaflets.
Peduncles with several flowers in more or less of an umbel. Flowers bright
lemon yellow, large. Originally from the Cape of Good Hope, this plant is well
5*
68 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
established not only on the Riviera, where it is spreading eastward, but in Algeria,
Sicily and other islands of the Mediterranean.
Waste places and cultivated ground. February-April.
O. corniculata L. Annual or perennial, pubescent, without stolons.
Leaves all cauline, stipulate, smaller than in the last. Peduncles 3-4 flowered.
Flowers rather small, yellow. Fruiting pedicels deflexed. Capsule linear-oblong,
downy.
Road-sides and waste places, common. Flowering almost all the year.
O. stricta L. is recorded from Villefranche, and O. floribunda Lk., with
beautiful pink flowers, is naturalized near Hyeres and St. Tropez.
0. Acetosella L. Wood-sorrel. This well-known British plant with
delicate white flowers veined with lilac, radical leaves and one-flowered radical
peduncles, is rare in the Mediterranean region.
Mountain woods in Alpes-Marit. April-May.
IMPAT1ENS L.
1. noli=tangere L. Yellow Balsam. A fleshy, glabrous, bright green
annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves oval, petioled, serrate-crenate. Flowers irregular,
yellow, spotted with red at the throat, 3-4 on axillary slender peduncles. Calyx
petaloid, of 5 unequal sepals ; the posterior sepal funnel-shaped, gradually con-
tracted into a slender spar with entire lip. Capsule of 5 elastic valves separating
from the placentas and then twisting.
Shady woods in the montane region of the Alpes-Marit., rare. July.
ZYGOPHYLLACE^.
TRIBULUS L.
T. terrestris L. An annual, prostrate, creeping, downy plant. Leaves
opposite, shortly petioled, pinnate, with 5-8 pairs of small elliptic leaflets.
Flowers small, yellowish, regular, axillary, solitary on short peduncles. Stamens
10. Style i, short ; stigma 5 rayed. Capsule pentagonal, flat, spiny, separated
into 5 spreading star-shaped, very hard divisions, each one with 4 spines.
Sandy fields near the sea, local. May- September.
CORIARIACE^E.
CORIARIA L. (the only genus).
C. myrtifolia L. Shrub 6-10 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves opposite, ovate-
lanceolate, entire, 3 nerved, nearly sessile. Flowers regular, small, greenish
with red styles, in erect panicles. Petals.5, alternating with the sepals. Styles
5, long, filiform, reddish. Fruit black and shining when ripe.
Woods and hill-sides. April-July.
RUTACE^E.
Calyx persistent ; petals concave ; flowers regular RUTA.
Calyx falling and petals flat ; flowers irregular DICTAMNUS.
RUTA L. RUE.
R. angustifolia Pers. = R. graveolens All. part (Plate IX). Glaucous,
shortly pubescent, 1-2 ft. high, very foetid, glandular in upper part. Leaves
bipinnatisect, with ioblong segments. Bracts lanceolate, narrower than the
peduncle. Sepals obtuse. Flowers yellow ; petals>fringed with cilia, as long as
broad. Capsule subglobular, with 4-5 acute lobes.
Dry, stony places and woods, common. May-July.
R. bracteosa DC, Resembles the last but is not glandular above, and is
greener. Leaves larger with oblong segments, the lower leaflets like stipules
and petioled. Petals broader, with finer cilia, half the width of the limb.
Old walls and dry places. April-June.
ILICINE^E OR AQUIFOLIACE^ 69
R. montana L. Plant smaller, glaucous, glabrous, but glandular above.
Leaflets linear-obtuse. Flowers yellow, small. Bracts and sepals lanceolate-
acuminate. Petals spathulate, not ciliate. Capsule small, subglobular, with 4
rounded lobes.
Dry, stony places. Local. April-July.
DICTAMNUS L.
D. albus L. Plant 2-3 feet high, very leafy in the middle, covered with
glandular hairs. Leaves pinnate, with large ovate, serrate, sessile lobes.
Flowers large, white or pink, veined with violet, in a long glandular spike.
Petals 5, unequal, the 4 superior ascending, the lower one deflexed. Stamens
10, very long. Capsule of 5 cuspidate, deep wrinkled lobes.
Stony slopes and woods in the lower mountains. May-June.
AMPELIDACE^.
VITIS L.
V. vinifera L. Common Vine. This rampant shrub, with palmate leaves
and small greenish flowers in panicles, is sometimes found in a wild state in the
Esterel and Maritime Alps. It flowers in June.
In the Var it is subspontaneous in woods and borders of streams near Frejus
and Le Cannet.
ACERACE^; (a tribe of SAPINDACE/E).
ACER L,
A. Pseudo-platanusL. Sycamore. This well-known tree is rarely found
wild except in mountain woods in the Maritime Alps, e.g. about St. Martin
Lantosque. It flowers in May. Racemes elongate, pendulous.
A. campestre L. Common maple. Small tree or shrub. Leaves obtusely
5 lobed, entire or crenate ; wings of fruit horizontal. Flowers green, on short,
erect pedicels in corymbs.
Woods and river banks, especially in the hill region. April-May.
A. opulifolium Vill. = A. Opalus Mill. A taller tree, with smooth
bark. Leaves usually of 5 obtuse lobes, crenate, 2 lowest very small. Wings
of fruit slightly divergent. Flowers green, on drooping pedicels.
Mountain woods, rather scarce. March-May. Sainte Baume, etc.
A. monspessulanum L. Tree or shrub attaining 5 or 6 metres, with
rugged bark and 3-lobed leaves, the lobes being equal and entire. Samara small.
Dry hill-sides and stony woods in the Var. March-April.
CELASTRACE.E.
EUONYMUS L.
E. vulgaris Scop. Spindle-tree. Shrub 2-3 yds. high. Leaves glabrous,
ovate-lanceolate, serrate. Flowers greenish-white, 2-5 in a cyme. Capsule with
4 (rarely 5) rounded angles, not winged ; deep pink, with orange arillus surround-
ing the seeds.
Hedges and borders of fields. April-June.
E. latifolius Scop. Broad-leaved Spindle tree. A similar shrub with rather
larger and broader leaves and pale purple flowers, 5-10 in a long peduncled cyme.
Capsule compressed, winged.
Mountain woods and rocks ascending to 4000 ft. or more. Local. May-June.
ILICINE^E OR AQUIFOLIACE^E.
ILEX L.
I. Aquifolium L. Holly. This well-known shrub or small tree is locally
common in the mountain woods and valleys of the Var and Alpes-Marit. and
usually flowers from April to June according to situation.
jo FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
RHAMNACE.E.
Petals 5, rolled in ; fruit dilated at the top into a disc PALIURUS.
Petals 4-5, or o, flat; fruit not winged RHAMNUS.
PALIURUS Benth. and Hooker.
P. australis Gaertn. Shrub 2-3 m. high, glabrous, spiny, with zigzag
branches. Leaves alternate, shortly petioled, ovate-acuminate. Stipules spiny.
Flowers small, yellow, in axillary cymes. Calyx wheel-shaped. Fruit orbicular,
disc-shaped, broadly winged.
Woods, hedges, and road-sides. May-September.
RHAMNUS L. BUCKTHORN.
R. AlaternusL. Shrub 2-3 yds. high. Leaves persistent, oval or lanceolate,
rather leathery, glabrous, alternate, loosely toothed at the membranous border.
Flowers very small, yellowish-green, dioecious. Calyx of 5 lanceolate sepals.
Petals o. Very polymorphic.
Woods and slopes, common in the littoral region- February- April.
R. cathartica L. Shrub of 2-3 yds. Leaves deciduous, ovate, acutely
serrate. Branchlets spinous. Flowers 4-merous, dioecious. Drupe globose,
black when ripe.
Woods and hedges in the lower mountains. April-June.
R. saxatilis L. A smaller shrub, very much branched and spinous,
branchlets greyish, opposite. Leaves smaller, stipules as long as the petiole
and not much shorter. Calyx of 4 lanceolate lobes.
Rocks and dry places in the mountains. April-July.
R. alpina L. Shrub of 1-3 yds., erect. Branchlets alternate, not spiny.
Leaves large, deciduous, oval or suborbicular, serrate. Calyx of 4 triangular
lobes. Flowers dioecious, few.
Rocks and woods in the mountains, May-June, but not reaching as high as
R. pumila (which is not found in the Var but only in the Maritime Alps).
R. Frangula L. Black Dogwood. Shrub 1-4 yds. high, erect, not spiny.
Leaves obovate, quite entire, nerves parallel. Flowers 5-merous, bisexual. Drupe
globose, black when ripe.
Woods and hedges in the hill district. Rare. April-July.
FRAXINACE/E.
FRAXINUS L. (often placed in OLEACE^).
F. excelsior L. Ash. A tall deciduous tree. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
serrate, 4-7 pairs. Perianth o. Flowers small, polygamous, in dense axillary
panicles. Stamens purple. Samaras i J in. in large drooping panicles, pedicelled,
linear-oblong, notched at tip. Very polymorphic.
Woods and borders of streams. March-May.
F. Ornus L. Tree of 7-8 yds. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 pairs, serrate,
greyish beneath, slightly pubescent above. Flowers whitish. Calyx and corolla
of 4 divisions. Anthers on long filaments.
Hedges and borders of streams in Alpes-Marit. April-May.
TEREB1NTHACE,E or ANACARDIACE/E.
Flowers dioecious ; petals o ; stamens 5 PISTACIA.
Flowers hermaphrodite ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 RHUS.
PISTACIA L.
P. Lentiscus L. Lentisque (Plate IX). Shrub 1-3 yds. high, rarely a
small tree of 5 or 6 yds., with a strong resinous smell. Leaves persistent,
paripinnate, with winged petiole. Leaflets elliptic, obtuse, in 2-5 pairs. Flowers
in dense short simple spikes, hermaphrodite, very small greenish-red, and some-
*w
aP
^.^
^fe#
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->
F^LATE X.
I. Spartium juncciim. 2. Genista argentea.
3 Calycotome spinosa.
4. Cytisus tritlorus.
LEGUMINOS^ 71
times a rich dull carmine. Fruit small, globulose, apiculate, red, then black when
ripe. This plant (Lentisc in Eng.) yields the resin known as " mastic ".
Very common in dry places and rocky woods in the littoral. April-May.
P. Terebinthus L. Te're'binthe. Shrub of 2-5 yds. with a strong resinous
smell. Leaves imparipinnate, deciduous. Leaflets 5-11, lanceolate, large,
slightly leathery. Shining above, dull and pale below. Petiole not winged.
Flowers in compound spikes. Fruit small, subglobular, red then brown.
Limestone hill-sides and rocks ; much less common than the Lentisc, and
rarely descending to the coast. April.
Schinus molle, the Californian Pepper-tree, so often planted for ornament,
belongs to this family.
RHUS L.
R. Cotinus L.. Shrub of 1-3 yds., very glabrous, smelling of turpentine.
Leaves simple, oboval, glaucous and dull on both sides, petioled. Flowers
yellowish, in terminal, compound panicles becoming feathery at maturity.
Woods, hill-sides, and arid slopes in the lower mountains. May-June.
R. CoriariaL. Sumac. Shrub of 1-3 yds., downy above, juice milky. Leaves
imparipinnate ; leaflets 7-15, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, thick, velvety. Flowers
whitish, in compact, long, erect spikes. Drupe subglobular compressed, very
hairy, purple brown at maturity, not plumose.
Dry, stony slopes and railway banks. June-August.
SIMARUBACE^.
CNEORUM L. (sometimes place in ANACARDIACEjE).
C. trlcoccum L. (Plate IX). A small shrub 2-4 ft. high, erect, glabrous.
Leaves leathery, shining, persistent, entire, oblong, sessile, i nerved. Flowers
hermaphrodite, deep yellow, 1-3 in the axils of the upper leaves. Petals 3-4,
much shorter than the calyx. Stamens 3-4. Style i, short with 3-4 stigmas.
Fruit a dry drupe, greenish-black when ripe, divided into 3. This is the only
representative in Europe of a family ordinarily tropical or sub-tropical. Prof.
Penzig says it is perhaps a relic of the Tertiary flora of Europe, when the climatical
conditions were different from those to-day, represented by types of plants now
confined to hotter regions.
Dry rocky places in the littoral, here and there in les Alpes-Maritimes, west
of the R. Roja, as near Menton, Monaco, Nice, and Antibes. April-June.
Sub-division III. CALYCIFLOR^.
LEGUMINOS^:.
A. ANOMAL/E. Stamens free, not united by the filaments.
Stamens 10, free. Flowers red CERCIS.
Stamens 10, free. Flowers yellow ANAGYRIS.
Stamens 5, free. Corolla o CERATONIA.
B. Stamens more or less united into a tube by the filaments.
Series i. Leaves i or $foliolate, without tendrils.
Tribe I. GENISTE^E. Shrubs. Leaves o, i or 3-foliolate. Leaflets entire.
Filaments all united. Pods 2 valved. (See Lupinus.)
Calyx i lipped, like a spathe SPARTIUM.
Calyx tubular, with 5 short teeth ; plants spiny CALYCOTOME.
Calyx shortly 2 lipped, lips deeply toothed GENISTA.
Calyx shortly 2 lipped, lips minutely toothed „ CYTISUS,
Calyx 2 lipped, the upper lip with 2 deep lobes ADENOCARPUS.
Calyx deeply 2 lipped, coloured. Leaves spiny „ ULEX.
Calyx scarious, very short ; 2 spreading lips. Style long SAROTHAMNUS.
Calyx deeply 2 lipped. Pod large, leaves digitate (more than 3 leaflets), mostly
annual, herbaceous plants LUPINUS.
72 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Tribe II. TRIFOLIE^E. Herbs ; rarely shrubs. Leaves pinnately or rarely
digitately 3 foliolate. Upper filament usually separate.
Filaments all united; calyx deeply 5-fid ONONIS.
Racemes short. Pod longer than calyx, curved, dehiscent TRIGONELLA.
Racemes short. Pods usually spiral MEDICAGO.
Racemes long. Pod short, indehiscent. Keel petals free MELILOTUS.
Flowers capitate. Pod short, 1-4 seeded. Keel petals adnate TRIFOLIUM.
Series 2. Leaves 5 or multi-foliolate, with a terminal leaflet.
Tribe III. LOTE/E. Herbs or shrubs. Upper filament separate or not.
Pod 2 valved, without a longitudinal septum. Foliaceous stipules counted
as leaflets.
Calyx inflated, covering the pod ANTHYLLIS.
Calyx deeply 5-fid ; pod flat, kidney-shaped, indehiscent HYMENOCARPUS.
Calyx not inflated, pod exserted, dehiscent LOTUS.
Pod with 4 membranous wings TETRAGONOLOBUS.
Keel curved. Leaflets linear or linear oblong DORYCNIUM.
Keel straight, obtuse. Leaflets oblong or wedge shaped BONJEANIA.
Leaflets in 2-4 pairs. Flowers rose, very small, in globular heads
DORYCNOPSIS.
Tribe IV. GALEGE^E. Herbs or shrubs. Upper filament separate. Pod 2
valved, turgid or flat, with longitudinal septum.
Calyx campanulate 5-fid. Pod ovoid, i seeded, sessile, indehiscent. Leaves
ternate PSORALEA.
Keel obtuse. Pod rarely inflated ASTRAGALUS.
Keel beaked or with incurved tip. Pod slightly inflated OXYTROPIS.
Pod i celled, inflated, stem woody COLUTEA.
Pod linear compressed, indented on both sides BISERRULA.
Tribe V. HEDYSARE^E. Herbs or shrubs. Upper filament separate. Pod
indehiscent, of i or many i-seeded joints.
Pod cylindric; curved, many jointed. Keel obtuse ORNITHOPUS.
Pod flat, of many curved i seeded joints. Keel very pointed HIPPOCREPIS.
Pod cylindric, 2 or more jointed, often straight, glabrous CORONILLA.
Pod spiral, 8 sided, covered with spines SCORPIURUS.
Pod flat, short, hard, i seeded ONOBRYCHIS.
Pod cylindric, of 2-5 oval joints HEDYSARUM.
Pod linear, compressed, with long curved beak BONAVERIA.
Series 3. Leaves abruptly pinnate (or leaflets o) ; petiole ending in a tendril
or point.
Tribe VI. VICIE^). Herbs. Leaves pinnate; petiole ending in a tendril
or point. Leaflets often toothed. Upper filament separate. Pod 2 valved.
Style bent at the base, curved. Stipules larger than the leaflets PISUM.
Style flattened, hairy on upper margin only. Stipules not foliaceous
LATHYRUS.
Style filiform, hairy below or all round. Stipules not foliaceous VICIA.
Style filiform, glabrous. Leaflets serrated. Pod ovoid, apiculate CICER.
CERCiS L.
C. Siliquastrum L. Judas Tree. A small tree, 4-6 yds. high. Leaves
simple, cordate-orbicular, deciduous, glabrous. Flowers deep rose or magenta,
on short pedicels, in dense clusters, opening before the leaves. Pods pendent,
compressed, glabrous, 3-4 in. long.
Cultivated and subspontaneous here and there. March-May. A beautiful
grove of these trees can be seen above the village of G^menos towards la Sainte-
Baume (Bouches du Rhone).
CERATONIA L.
C. Siliqua L. Carob Tree (Plate IX). A tree, 6-10 yds. high. Leaves
persistent imparipinnate, of 3-5 pairs of oval leaflets, entire, leathery, shining
LEGUMINOS;E 73
above. Flowers greenish, very small in axillary subsessile spikes and consisting
of 5 stamens spreading, and a sessile stigma. Calyx reddish. Pod pendent,
very large, 12-20 cms. (5-8 in.) long, thick, leathery, pulpy.
Rocky slopes on the littoral, probably introduced from the East and naturalized.
September- N ovember .
ANAQYRIS L.
A. fcetida L. A shrub 1-3 yds. high, with pubescent young branches.
Leaves deciduous, trifoliate, petioled ; leaflets sessile, entire, elliptic, glabrous
above. Flowers yellowish, stained with black, in short leafy many-flowered
clusters. Standard short. Pod pendent, glabrous, yellowish, inflated at one
end.
Dry, stony limestone slopes, rare. January-March. Below Fort Ste. Mar-
guerite, Mont Coudon, Touris, Ollioules in the Var, and Nice Chateau.
SPARTIUM L.
S. junceum L. Spanish Broom (Plate X). A glabrous bush 1-3 yds.
high, erect, not spiny. Branches cylindric, junciform, very glabrous and glaucous.
Leaves few, small, entire, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above. Flowers large,
yellow, sweet scented, in stiff terminal spikes. Pod linear, 6-8 cms. long, almost
black when ripe.
Slopes and dry woods, very common. May-July. In the mountainous part
of the Var it is often replaced by Genista cinerea at about 700 or 800 m.
CALYCOTOME Lk.
C. spinosa Lk. i Plate X). A very spiny shrub 1-2 yds. high. Leaves
trifoliate, turning black on drying ; leaflets subsessile oval, obtuse, glabrous above.
Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-4, bright yellow. Pedicels 2 or 3 times as long
as calyx. Pods 30-40 mm. by 6-8, glabrous, shining and black when ripe, upper
suture slightly winged. Very rarely the flowers are quite pale yellow.
Common on dry hill-sides and woods except in the mountain region. April-
May. Like Spartium it forms an important feature in the maquis.
SAROTHAMNUS Wimmer.
S. SCOparius Koch. Broom. Bush 1-2 yds. high, erect, downy; branches
green, angular, furrowed ; branchlets and obovate leaflets silky. Leaves shortly
petioled, lower ones trifoliate, upper ones very small, simple and sessile. Flowers
bright yellow, large, on short pedicels in terminal spikes. Pods r £-2 in. long ;
valves twisted after opening.
Very rare in the south. April-June. Here and there in the mountain region
as at Gourdon, St. Vallier, Mont de la Chens, Foret du Dom. Also at Langoustier
in the Isle of Porquerolles.
GENISTA L.
* Shrubs or under-shrubs, spiny. Flowers yellow.
G. germanica L. Under-shrub 1-2 ft. high, much branched. Branches
leafy, hairy. Spines simple or branching at base. Leaves simple, ovate or
lanceolate, ciliate. Flowers yellow, in long terminal racemes. Standard pubes-
cent, much shorter than keel.
Woody hills from near the sea to the mountains of Alpes-Marit. May-June.
G. hispanica L. Under shrub, 6-12 in., very spiny. Stems hairy in upper
parts. Spines delicate, branching, brown at the tips. Leaves simple, lanceo-
late, acute, covered with long white hairs. Teeth of calyx very unequal, hairy.
Flowers in short terminal heads. Standard smooth, about length of keel. Pods
small, almost glabrous.
Dry hills and pine-woods, among heather, etc., local. April-July.
G. Lobelii DC. is a very spiny much-branched shrubby species which forms
small thick cushions or tufts almost strong enough to support a man.
It grows on arid limestone slopes and hills at Sainte-Baume, Mont Faron,
and Moriere near Sollies-Toucas. May-July.
74 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
** Shrubs or under-shrubs, not spiny. Flowers yellow.
Q. sagittal is L. Winged Genista. Stems herbaceous, rampant, without
thorns, but with 2-4 leafy wings. Leaves simple, oval or lanceolate. Calyx
covered with silky hairs. Flowers in dense terminal racemes. Standard
glabrous.
Dry hills and woods in the mountain region. May-June.
Q. tinctoria L. Dyer's Green-weed. Stems 1-2 ft. branched, rigid, striate.
Leaflets oblong or lanceolate, nearly glabrous, ciliate. Stipules minute, subulate.
Flowers in slender racemes ; keel and pod glabrous. Calyx deciduous above the
base, teeth acuminate.
Meadows, damp sandy places on the littoral. April-July.
Q. pilosa L. A wiry under-shrub 1-2$ ft. high. Stems rampant, tortuous.
Leaves simple, elliptic-oblong, silky beneath, with 2 small stipules. Flowers
rather dull yellow, solitary or in pairs, in long leafy racemes. Calyx hairy, teeth
equal. Standard silky, rather longer than keel. Pods pubescent, flat.
Woods and dry hills. March- June. In the Var the commoner form is called
Q. Jordan! Shuttleworth.
Q. cinerea DC. A very branched stiff under-shrub, 2-3 ft. high, greyish-
green. Leaves simple, lanceolate, small, silky beneath, no stipules. Flowers
solitary or in pairs, in long loose spikes. Calyx hairy, teeth unequal, longer than
the tube. Standard hairy, as long as the keel.', Pods small 15-18 mm. long, silky
with 2-5 shiny seeds.
Dry, limestone hills and woods in the mountain region. May-June.
Q. candicans L. Shrub 1-2 yds. high, much branched, erect, very leafy.
Leaves trifoliate, petioled ; leaflets oboval-obtuse, mucronulate. Stipules small,
falling. Flowers in little terminal corymbs. Pedicels bracteolate, short. Calyx
hairy, teeth almost equal. Corolla glabrous. Standard erect, scarcely longer
than keel. Pod rather long, hairy, almost straight.
Woods and hill-sides. April-June.
Q. linifolia L. Shrub 2-5 ft. high, much branched, erect, hairy, very leafy.
Leaves trifoliate, sessile ; leaflets linear, rolled in at margin, leathery, silky beneath
and sometimes quite silvery. Flowers in dense terminal heads ; pedicels longer
than tube of calyx. Calyx silky, teeth almost equal. Standard hairy, longer
than keel. Pod linear-oblong, hairy, 15-20 mm. long.
Woods and ravines in the neighbourhood of Hyeres and Toulon, rare, as on
Fenouillet, la Colle-Noire, and Isles of Porquerolles and Port Cros. April-
June. Not known elsewhere in France.
Q. argentea Noulet = Cytisus argenteus L. = Argyrolobium Lin-
njeanum Walp. (Plate X). Under-shrub 8-12 in. high, stems branching,
silvery white above. Leaves trifoliate, silky ; leaflets elliptical or lanceolate,
green above, white beneath. Flowers yellow, with orange markings, solitary,
terminal or in racemes of 2-4, without bracteoles. Pods linear, silky.
Dry banks and rocky places, especially on limestone. April-May.
CYTISUS L.
* Flowers in racemes, not leafy ; calyx short, campanulate.
C. alpinus Mill. = Laburnum alpinum Lang. A small glabrous tree,
6-20 ft. high. Leaves trifoliate, on long stalks ; leaflets large, entire, pointed,
shortly stalked, green on both sides, sometimes hairy at margin. Flowers yellow
in a large, pendent, downy raceme. Pod glabrous, shining, with winged keel to
upper suture.
Mountain woods and bushy places in Maritime Alps and Foret de Marges.
July-August.
C. sessilifolius L. An erect branching shrub, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves tri-
foliate, lower ones and those of the sterile branches petiolate ; leaflets oval or
rhomboidal. Flowers yellow, in terminal racemes, with 3 small bracts below the
calyx. Upper lip of calyx entire, truncate. Pod long, linear, glabrous.
PLATE XI.
Anthyllis tetraphylla. 2. Tetragonolobus siliqnosus. 3. Medicago scutellata.
4. Medicago marina, 5. Trifolium angustifolium.
LEGUMINOS^ 75
Woods and limestone slopes from near the sea to the mountains. April-
June.
** Flowers solitary or in pairs in leafy heads or clusters,
C. triflorus UUirit. (Plate X). Shrub erect, much branched, 3-8 ft. high.
Leaves trifoliate, leaflets hairy, elliptical or obovate, mucronulate, middle one
largest, often blotched with black — due probably to a fungus. Calyx short, upper
lip divided. Flowers yellow, axillary, nodding, usually in clusters of three, some-
times solitary, opening one at a time. Keel acute, beaked. Pod long and hairy,
turning black, like the leaves, on drying.
Woods and hill-sides, very common on the littoral. February- May.
C. hirsutus L. An under-shrub, 1-2^ ft. high with leafy branches covered
with long soft hairs. Leaves trifoliate, with oblong or obovate leaflets. Calyx,
tubular, longer than pedicels. Flowers large, axillary, in clusters of 2 or 3 on
short stalks, pale yellow mingled with red, wings crinkled at edges. Pods 30
mm. long, very hairy.
Woody places in the Maritime Alps. May, June. Levens, Berre, rare above
Menton. In the Alps and Ligurian mountains it has a more prostrate habit.
Leaves turn black on drying.
C. Ardoini Fournier. Under-shrub 1-2 ft. high, rampant, hairy. Leaves
trifoliate, petioled ; leaflets small, linear oblong, silky grey. Calyx-tube short,
with spreading teeth. Flowers yellow, rather small, 1-3 on short lateral branches,
leafy at base. Standard glabrous, as long as the obtuse keel. Pod 20 mm. long,
compressed, very hairy.
Rare in the Maritime Alps, as on Mont de 1'Aiguille above Menton at about
1200 m. April-May.
ADENOCARPUS DC.
A. grandiflorus Boiss. Shrub 1-3 ft. high, branches pubescent, finally
almost spiny. Leaves fascicled, shortly petioled ; leaflets obovate, almost gla-
brous. Stipules small, lanceolate. Flowers large 12-14 mm. long, spreading,
1-4 in short terminal heads. Pedicels much shorter than calyx, which is hairy,
with equal lips, the lower ones with equal teeth. Standard hairy. Pod 20-25
mm., very glandular.
Woods and dry slopes, especially on siliceous soil. Frequent in the Var.
May-July.
ULEX L. GORSE.
U. europaeus L. Common Gorse. A very spiny shrub. Bracts large,
ovate, lax. Leaves small, leaflets hairy. Calyx hairs spreading, teeth minute,
wings longer than the keel.
Dry places and woods. Rare in Provence, and perhaps only naturalized
in a few places in the Var. March, April.
U. parviflorus Pourr. Small-flowered Gorse. A rather smaller plant,
with almost glabrous branches and robust spines. Leaves short, those of the
branches springing from the axils of the spines, simple, alternate. Flowers
small, 7-8 mm. long, fascicled. Bracts as large as the pedicels. Wings shorter
than the keel.
Woods and dry places in the Var. February- April. Ste. Marguerite, north
side of Colle Noire near Carqueiranne, Le Pradet, etc.
LUPINUS L. LUPINE.
L. hirsutus L. Plant very hairy, a foot high. Leaves digitate, leaflets 5-7
obovate, mucronate. Flowers blue, large, lower ones alternate, upper ones
irregularly whorled, in long spikes. Lower lip of calyx trifid, shorter than the
upper bifid one. Pod broad (30-40 mm. by 10-12), very hairy. Seeds brown
with fawn-coloured marks.
Sandy places, fields and thickets. April-May.
76 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
L. angustifolius L. A less hairy rather taller plant. Leaflets linear-
oblong, flat, glabrous above, downy beneath. Flowers dark blue, alternate, in
dense spikes. Lower lip of calyx almost entire. Keel sharply curved, with dis-
tinct beak. Pods 10-12 mm. broad. Seeds marbled with black and white.
Sandy fields. April-June.
L. reticulatUS Desv. Leaflets narrow-linear, slightly channelled. Flowers
paler blue. Upper lip of calyx trifid. Keel less beaked. ! Pods 6-9 mm. broad.
Seeds smaller, spotted and reticulated with dark reddish colour. Perhaps a sub-
species of the last.
Sandy fields. April-June.
L. cryptanthus Shuttle, is a variety with smaller flowers partly hidden by
the leaves, corolla quickly falling, and with longer pods.
Near Bormes, Hyeres, Roquebrune, etc., in the Var, rare. April-June.
L. albus L. = L. Termis Forsk. Leaflets obovate or oblong, obtuse,
glabrous above, hairy beneath. Upper lip of calyx almost entire. Flowers
white, blotched with blue at the top, in short terminal heads, not whorled.
Often cultivated for fodder. Naturalized at Cap Croisette near Cannes. May.
All the above are annual.
ONONIS L.
* Peduncles rather long, sometimes pedicel-jointed near the top.
O. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Rest-harrow. Plant i-i^ ft. high, hairy-
glandular, with woody root-stock. Leaves trifoliate, long petioled ; leaflets
orbicular, toothed, the middle one large. Flowers large, rose, prettily veined,
2-3 on long peduncles. Pod large, inflated, hairy.
Rocky mountain woods. May-July. Rare. Ascends to the sub-Alpine
region.
O. fruticosa L. Under-shrub 1-3 ft. high, erect, not spiny ; young branches
hairy, glandular. Leaves trifoliate, sessile ; leaflets oblong, sessile, strongly
serrate, glabrous and rather leathery. Flowers large, rose-purple, 2-3 on longish
peduncles. Pod about 20 mm. long, hairy glandular.
Mountain woods and rocky places. June-August. Rather rare.
O. Natrix L. A stout viscous species with large yellow flowers streaked
with red. Leaves of stem trifoliate, petioled ; leaflets oblong, toothed. Upper
leaves simple. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, shorter than petiole. Peduncles i
flowered. Calyx-lobes 3 times as long as tube. Pod 15-20 mm. long, hairy.
Sandy places and limestone hill-sides. June-July. In the Var it is found in
the plain near Toulon and Hyeres, in Alpes-Maritimes in the mountain region.
O. viscosa L. Annual, a foot high, covered with long glandular hairs.
Leaves petioled, mostly simple ; leaflets ovate, serrate. Flowers yellow, rather
small, axillary. Peduncles filiform, jointed, longer than the leaves, with pro-
longed awn longer than pedicel. Calyx-lobes linear, 3-4 times length of tube. Pod
oblong-cylindric, hairy.
Waste ground and hillocks. May- June.
The sub-species 0. breviflora DC. is also frequent on the littoral. It is
hardly viscous and the sepals are like bristles. O. pubescens L. and O.
striata Gouan occur in the Var, and O. cenisia L. rarely in the mountains.
0. ramosissima Desf. is a branched yellow-flowered plant.
O. reclinata L. Annual, 6-10 in., covered with long glandular hairs.
Leaves trifoliate, with small obovate-cuneate leaflets, strongly nerved, serrated.
Flowers small, axillary, on short, erect pedicels, as long as the calyx. Standard
pink, wings and keel often white.
Sandy fields. April-June.
** Peduncles very short, not jointed.
O. Spinosa L. Common Rest-harrow. Suffruticose, hirsute, usually spiny.
Leaves often i-foholate. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled, solitary or in
LEGUMINOS^; 77
leafy racemes, pink, rather large. Pod obliquely ovate or oblong, 1-4 seeded. A
foetid and verv variable species.
Fields and waste places. April-August.
0. repensL. Creeping Rest-harrow. A sub-species of the last, viscidly
glandular, prostrate or ascending, stoloniferous, rarely spinous. Leaflets ovate or
obovate. Flowers larger, pink. Pod usually shorter than calyx. Very variable.
Sandy fields and waste places. May-July.
O. Columns All. Plant hairy-glandular, 6-ro in. high, erect, with woody
root-stock. Leaves trifoliate on longish stalks, central leaflet petioled. Flowers
yellow, in leafy spikes. Stipules oval- lanceolate, shorter than the petiole. Calyx-
lobes linear-lanceolate, about as long as the hairy pod.
Limestone hills above Menton, St. Martin Lantosque, etc. Rather rare.
O. minutissima L. Almost glabrous, 6-18 in. high, ligneous at base.
Leaves trifoliate; leaflets small, sessile, cuneate, serrate. Stipules subulate, en-
tire. Flowers yellow, small, in dense leafy spikes. Calyx lobes, linear-subulate, 3
times as long as tube and as long as the corolla. Pods glabrous, ovoid, blackish.
Dry, stony places on the littoral, common. May-October.
O. mitissima L. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, nearly glabrous. Stem-leaves tri-
foliate, short-petioled. Leaflets oblong, serrate. Floral leaves simple or none.
Stipules scarious, entire, in form of a 2-lobed sheath. Flowers pink, small,
almost hidden in a dense spike. Calyx tubular, with lobes equalling the tube.
Pod ovoid, hairy, equal in length to calyx.
Fields and hills on the littoral, rare, lies d'Hyeres, Six Fours, He Ste.
Marguerite.
TRIGONELLA L.
T. gladiata Stev. A small annual. Leaves trifoliate ; leaflets obovate,
cuneate, serrate at top. Stipules entire. Flowers whitish, small, solitary or in
pairs, axillary, sessile. Pod large, erect, linear-lanceolate, curved, with very long
beak projecting like a sword.
Stony fields and dry hills, uncommon. April-June.
T. monspeliaca L. A small pubescent annual, 6-12 in. high. Leaves tri-
foliate with obovate leaflets, serrate at top. Stipules toothed. Flowers yellow,
very small, 5-12 in axillary, sessile whorls throughout the length of the stem.
Pods spreading like stars, linear, curved, mucronate, the concave side upwards.
Barren stony ground in the plains and hills. April-June.
MELILOTUS L.
M. arvensis L. Field Melilot. Biennial, glabrescent, erect, reaching 3 ft.
in height. Leaves trifoliate. Leaflets oblong, or ovate, serrate at top. Flowers
small, yellow, scented, in long axillary racemes, drooping. Wings and standard
longer than keel. Pod ovoid, obtuse, mucronate, rugose, glabrous.
In crops and waste places. May-July.
M. altissima Thuill. Tall Melilot. Erect, almost glabrous, 2-4 ft. high.
Leaflets narrow linear-oblong, serrate. Stipules subulate, slender. Racemes
3-4 in. long. Corolla scented, more than twice length of calyx ; petals nearly
equal. Pod ovoid, compressed, acuminate, reticulate, hairy, black when ripe.
Meadows and sides of streams. May-September.
M. alba Desv. White Melilot. Biennial, almost glabrous, more slender
than the last. Flowers smaller, white. Pods more ovoid and glabrous, but also
black when ripe. Standard longer than wings or keel.
Sides of water-courses. May- August.
M. messanensis All. Annual, nearly glabrous, very leafy. Leaflets
obovate-cuneate, serrate at top. Flowers yellow, in short racemes much shorter
than the leaves. Pods large, 7-9 mm. long, channelled on upper side, elliptic
78 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
acute, glabrous, yellow when ripe. Sides covered with numerous concentric
ridges. Standard as long as keel and slightly longer than wings.
Damp, sandy fields near the sea, rare. March-June. Mourillon near Toulon,
and meadows between Hyeres and the sea.
M. sulcata Desf. Annual, nearly glabrous. Leaflets oblong, acute, serrate.
Stipules incised-dentate. Flowers yellow, very small, in dense spikes. Calyx-
teeth equal. Standard shorter than keel and much shorter than wings. Pod
glabrous, green, globular, compressed, obtuse, upper edge keeled, with numerous
concentric ridges.
Stony, sandy places in the littoral. April-June.
M. indicaAIl. with very narrow leaflets, M. neapolitana Ten., M. italicn
Lamk. with very large leaves, and M. elegans Salz. also occur.
MEDICAGO L.
All flowers yellow except in the first species.
* Pods without spines.
M. sativa L. Lucern. Stem erect, branched, 1-2 ft. Leaflets narrowly
obovate-oblong, toothed, tip notched and apiculate. Flowers in a short dense
raceme, purple; peduncles longer than leaves, pedicels very short. Stipules
almost entire. Pod with 2-3 coils, downy.
Fields and road-sides, cultivated and often naturalized. May-August.
M. falcata Fries. Sickle Medick. Stem erect, 1-2 ft. Flowers rather
large, numerous, bright yellow. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Stipules
entire or toothed. Pod sickle-shaped, downy.
Road-sides and fields, common. May-August
M. media Pers. is a variety with dingy flowers, at first yellowish and then
more purple or whitish, and ring-shaped pods.
It grows in dry, sunny places in the mountain region, but is rare in the
south.
M. Lupulina L. Black Medick. Biennial, procumbent or ascending.
Leaflets obovate, toothed, apiculate ; petiole very short ; stipules half-cordate.
Flowers yellow, very small, numerous, in ovoid heads. Pod small, curved,
reticulate, reniform, black when ripe.
Fields and waste grassy places, common. March-July.
M. orbicularis All. Annual, 1-2 ft., rampant, almost glabrous. Leaflets
obovate-cuneate, toothed at top. Stipules laciniate. Flowers small, yellow,
1-3 on peduncles shorter than the leaves. Pods very large, disk-shaped,
usually glabrous, with 3-5 coils, nearly black when ripe.
Fields and grassy places, fairly common. April-July.
M. SCUtellata All. (Plate XI). Annual, 1-2 ft., rampant, hairy-glandular.
Flowers 1-3, orange-yellow, longer than the last, on peduncles shorter than the
leaves. Stipules toothed. Pods large, hemispherical, of 5-6 coils, hairy, yellow.
Stony fields and dry places. April-June.
**• Pods spiny, in a loose spiral.
M. prascox DC. A small annual, slightly downy. Leaflets small, obovate-
cuneate. Stipules laciniate. Flowers 1-2, very small, yellow, on peduncles,
much shorter than the leaves. Pods glabrescent, rather small, not turning black,
discoid, of 2-3 spiny coils ; spines divaricate, hooked.
Dry, stony places. March-May.
M. tnaculata Willd. = M. arabica All. Spotted Medick. Annual, nearly
glabrous. Leaflets obcordate or cuneate, slightly emarginate and toothed at top,
usually spotted with dark purple in the middle. Flowers small, yellow. Stipules
toothed. Pods subglobose, faintly reticulate, with 3-5 coils and a double row of
long curved spines.
Waste places and road-sides, common. April-June.
LEGUMINOS^E 79
M. minima Lamk. A small downy annual. Leaflets obovate, variable,
stipules half-cordate, faintly toothed. Flowers very small, bright yellow. Pods
subglobose, faintly reticulate, J in. diameter, margin keeled, with 4 or 5 coils
and a double row of close-set hooked spines.
Sandy fields and dry places, rather rare in the south. March-June.
M. Tenoreana DC. Annual, rather hairy. Leaflets obovate-cuneate.
Flowers small, 1-3 on peduncles shorter than the leaves. Pedicels shorter than
calyx-tube. Pod glabrous, rather large, with 4 or 5 loose equal coils and a
double row of long spines.
Fields and dry places. April-May. Commoner than the last.
*** Pods spiny, in a tight spiral.
M. marina L. Sea Medicago (Plate XI). Plant quite whitish-tomentose,
with woody root-stock, rampant. Leaflets oboval, cuneate, apiculate. Flowers
yellow, rather large, 5-10 in tight short clusters. Pod tomentose, cottony,
discoid, with 2 or 3 tight coils and a few distant spines.
Maritime sands, common. April-June.
M. \\ttora\ls Rhode. Annual or biennial. Leaflets obovate-cuneate, emargin-
ate. Stipules toothed, with fine segments. Yellow flowers rather small, 2-4 on
peduncles longer than the leaves. Pod glabrous,, small, sub-cylindric, of 3-5 coils,
reticulate, flat at each end, spines distant and sometimes almost wanting.
Maritime sands and banks, common. May-June.
M. tuberculata Willd. A stout annual, rather hairy. Leaflets oblong or
obovate, large. Flowers small, 2-8 on peduncles as long as the leaves. Pod
glabrous, flat at base, rounded at top, of 4 or 5 tight coils, covered with tubercles
or very short broad spines.
Fields and road-sides, rare. April-June. Near Hyeres, Nice, etc.
M. sphserocarpa Bert. = M. Murex Willd. Annual, feebly pubescent.
Leaflets obovate-cuneate. Small yellow flowers, 1-4 on short peduncles. Pod
glabrous, globose or ovoid, rounded at each end, of 5-7 tight coils, 3-nerved
and with short conical spines.
Borders of fields and grassy places, local. April-June.
M. Qerardi Willd. = M. rigidula Desr. Annual or biennial, hairy. Leaf-
lets obovate, cuneate, slightly emarginate. Flowers 1-2, rarely 3-4, on aristate
peduncles. Pod hairy, sub-cylindrical, slightly rounded at each end, of 4-6 tight
coils with spreading, hooked spines. A polymorphic species.
Borders of fields and hill-sides. April-July.
M. tribuloides Desr. Annual, hairy. Leaflets obovate-cuneate. Flowers
rather small, 1-2 on aristate peduncles about equalling the leaf. Pod glabrous,
sub-cylindrical, flat at both ends and with 3-5 tight equal coils and strong spread-
ing spines, not hooked.
Borders of fields and waste places on the littoral. March-June.
Various other species of Medicago (e.g. M. turbinata Willd., M. hispida
Gaertn., M. coronata Desr., M. disciformis DC.) are found on the Riviera,
but, as Joseph Woods said in "The Tourist's Flora," 1850," the points of compari-
son taken by different authors . . . are so various and expressed in such different
terms it is impossible to reduce them satisfactorily to an analytical formi".
Moreover, they are plants of little importance or beauty excepting the spiral fruits.
TRIFOLIUM L.
i. Flowers red, pink, white or yellowish-white.
* Heads terminal, calyx hairy or with very unequal ciliate teeth.
T. pratense L. Common Purple Clover. Upper leaves opposite ; leaflets
oblong. Stipules membranous, free portion triangular, setaceous, appressed to
the petiole. Calyx-tube hairy, lo-nerved ; calyx-teeth slender, setaceous, erect
the lowest longest. Flowers reddish-purple, in terminal globose sessile heads.
Fields, grassy places, and road-sides, common. March- August.
8o FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
T. medium L. Zigzag Clover. Leaflets oblong-elliptical. Stipules with
free portion linear-lanceolate, away from the petiole. Calyx-tube glabrous, or
nearly so, lo-nerved ; teeth ciliate, setaceous, unequal, the lowest twice as long
as the tube. Flowers bright reddish-purple, very large, in large globose shortly
peduncled heads. Stem often zigzag.
Mountain region of Alpes-Marit. May- July.
T. alpestre L. Resembling the last but stiffer in habit. Leaves shortly
petioled ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, strongly nerved, finely toothed. Stipules
narrow, upper portion linear, entire. Flowers purple-red, in a globular, terminal
head, the head being sessile between the 2 upper leaves. Calyx hairy, with 20
nerves and with ciliate teeth, inferior tooth longer than the tube.
Mountain woods, pastures, and Chestnut groves, rarely below 700 m. June-
July-
T. rubens L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, leathery, strongly
nerved. Stipules very large, with upper portions lanceolate-acute. Calyx-tube
almost glabrous, with 20 nerves ; teeth ciliate, setaceous, very unequal. Flowers
purple-red, very numerous, in long oblong erect heads.
Wood clearings in the mountains and limestone hill-sides, local. May-July.
T. ochroleucum Huds. Sulphur Clover. Leaflets obovate or oblong, tip
entire or notched, softly pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, adnate to the middle.
Flowers pale yellow, turning brown when old, in globose terminal heads.
Peduncles short. Calyx-teeth lanceolate-acuminate, very unequal, the lowest
curved.
Mountain woods and uncultivated places. June-July.
** Heads terminal, calyx hairy, with nearly equal ciliate teeth.
T. angustifolium L. (Plate XI). Narrow-leaved Clover. Annual.
Leaves all alternate. Leaflets linear. Calyx-tube narrow, xo-nerved. Flowers
rose coloured, rather small, in oblong-conical heads which are shortly peduncled,
terminal and solitary. Calyx-tube hairy ; teeth ciliate, linear, subulate.
Dry, sandy places, common. May-July.
T. stellatum L. Starry Clover. Annual, covered with soft spreading
hairs. Leaves alternate, leaflets obcordate. Calyx zo-nerved, teeth lanceolate,
acute, longer than the tube. After flowering, the calyx is spread open like a star,
and, especially on very dry- ground, becomes dark crimson in the centre with
white eye — a beautiful object. Flowers pinkish-white, in round heads.
Dry places, common. April-June.
T. Cherleri L. Annual, hairy. Upper leaves opposite. Leaflets small,
obovate- cuneate. Stipules ovate, acute. Calyx 2o-nerved; teeth long, equal,
covered with soft spreading hairs and expanding after flowering. Flower-heads
globose, with 3 very broad and enlarged stipules at base. Flowers whitish.
Dry and sandy places, in the Olive region. May-June.
T. lappaceum L. Annual, rather hairy and slender. Upper leaves op-
posite. Leaflets obovate ; free portion of stipules short, lanceolate-acuminate.
Flowers pinkish-white, in dense spherical heads. Tube of calyx campanulate,
2o-nerved, glabrous outside, thioat hairy, with long, ciliate, nearly equal, spreading
teeth.
Fields and dry slopes. May-June.
T. mnntimum L. Sea Clover. A stout annual, hairy. Upper leaves
opposite. Stipules linear. Leaflets oblong. Flowers pinkish, in solitary, rather
small spherical heads, peduncled or rarely sessile. Calyx-tube campanulate,
lo-nerved at base, throat closed by 2 glabrous lips ; teeth 3-nerved, lanceolate,
stiff spreading, the longest equalling the tube, ciliate.
Maritime meadows and grassy places, very local. April-July.
T. incarnatum L. (Crimson Clover) is cultivated for forage, and the
cream coloured var. T. Molinerii Balb., is occasionally seen.
LEGUMINOS/E 8l
*** Heads terminal and axillary ; calyx hairy or with ciliate teeth.
T. arvense L. Hare's-foot Trefoil. A slender annual or biennial covered
with soft hairs. Leaflets linear-oblong. Stipules narrow, free portion linear
setaceous. Flowers very small, numerous, pale pink, in silky oblong or cylindric
peduncled heads. Calyx very silky, teeth plumose, longer than corolla.
Sandy fields and dry places, common. May-July.
T. ligusticum Balb. Annual, green, slender. Leaflets obovate. Flowers
rose, very small, in oblong cylindric heads, often in pairs, one axillary and ped-
uncled, the other terminal and subsessile. Calyx-tube hairy, teeth setaceous,
equal, twice length of tube.
Fields and waste sandy ground, rare. May, June.
T. subterraneum L. Subterranean Clover. Annual, softly hairy, prostrate.
Leaflets obcordate, sometimes reddish. Stipules ovate acute. Calyx-teeth
setaceous, as long as tube. Fertile flowers 2-5, creamy-white, in loose peduncled
heads elongated after flowering and turned down towards the earth.
Sandy fields and grassy places. March-July.
T. resupinatum L. Reversed-flowered Clover. Annual. Leaflets obcor-
date. Free part of stipules lanceolate-acuminate. Upper lip of calyx with
2 divergent teeth. Calyx swollen in fruiting stage. Bracts under pedicels
truncate, forming a small green involucre. Flowers rose, reversed, in small
globose, peduncled heads.
Fields, road-sides, etc., not common. April-July.
T. tomentosum L. Annual, prostrate. Leaflets obovate-cuneate, nearly
glabrous, the name being derived from the very tomentose calyx, whose 2 upper
teeth are short and hidden in the wool. Flower-heads small, almost sessile, with
bracts beneath forming an involucre. Flowers rose, very small.
Grassy places near the sea. April-May.
T. Bocconi Savi. Boccone's Clover. A small, stiff, erect rather downy
annual. Leaflets obovate or oblong-cuneate. Calyx-teeth connivent, unequal,
subulate, lower one as long as the tube. Flowers rose, small, in oblong sessile
heads, the terminal ones usually in pairs.
Sandy places and dry fields, uncommon. May-July.
T. fragiferum L., T. striatum, and T. scabrum come in this group.
**** Heads terminal and axillary, calyx glabrous or nearly so.
T. glomeratum L. Clustered Clover. Annual. Uppermost leaves
opposite, others alternate ; leaflets toothed, broadly obovate. Stipules short.
Calyx beautifully ridged with 10 nerves ; teeth equal, broad, very pointed, and
reflexed when ripe. Corolla pink, very small, but exceeding the calyx-teeth.
Flower-heads sessile, axillary, globose.
Dry, waste places. May-June.
T. montanum L. Stems erect, a foot high, pubescent. Leaflets oblong,
elliptic, glabrous above, strongly nerved, finely toothed all round. Flower-heads
globular or oval, long peduncled; flowers white or cream-coloured, rarely rose.
Calyx slightly hairy, with equal teeth.
Mountain pastures. June, July. It ascends to the lower Alpine region.
T. nigrescens Viv. Plant glabrous, bright green, annual. Leaflets obovate-
cuneate. Flower-heads globose, lax, on peduncles longer than leaves. Stipules
oval, abruptly acuminate. Flowers white or pinkish, on short pedicels, finally
reflexed and becoming brown. Calyx whitish, with green veins, upper teeth
contiguous. ,
Road-sides and pastures. April-June.
T. suffocatum L., T. repens L. (White Clover), and T. elegans Savi.,
come in this group; also T. hybridum L. (Alsike Clover), which was found by
the writer with M. Jahandiez on a road-side in the Island of Porquerolles in
May, 1913 (new to the Var).
6
82 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
2. Flowers bright yellow.
T. patens Schreber. Stem slender, flexible. Leaflets oblong-cuneate,
with ovate acute stipules at base. Calyx-teeth unequal, inferior ones twice length
of tube. Flower-heads on long slender peduncles, hemispherical and then
globose. Corolla rich golden yellow, with striped standard and diverging wings.
Terminal leaflet often petioled.
Moist fields and meadows, rare. April-July. Antibes, mouth of the Var,
Ventimiglia, Bordighera, between Fontan and Tenda, near Frejus, at Goudin,
Bagnols, etc.
T. aureum Poll. Annual or biennial, pubescent, rather robust, leafy.
Leaflets all sessile, oval-oblong. Stipules linear-lanceolate. Flowers numerous,
bright yellow then pale brown, in axillary heads ; peduncles thick, stiff. Calyx-
teeth unequal, lower ones longer than the tube. Style as long as the pod.
Mountain pastures in Alpes-Marit. June-July.
T. campestre Schreber. = T. agrarium G.G. Annual, pubescent. Upper
leaves alternate. Leaflets obovate-cuneate. Flowers golden yellow, reddish-
brown later, numerous, in tight oval heads. Peduncles stiff, longer than the
leaves. Style very short.
Fields and dry places. May-July.
T. procumbens L., Hop Clover., T. minus Rehl. (T. duhium Sibth.),
and T. filiforme L. (Least Yellow Trefoil) also come under this group.
ANTHYLLJS L.
A. cytisoides L. Under-shrub 1-3 ft. high. Stem leafy, white tomentose,
stiff. Lower leaves and floral leaves simple, others trifoliate ; leaflets oval-
lanceolate, flat, thick, greyish. Flowers yellow, rather small, subsessile, in a
long narrow spike. Calyx white tomentose, teeth almost equal.
Dry slopes and hills, very rare. May-June. Fort Ste. Marguerite (Var) and
He Ste. Marguerite, off Cannes.
A. barba-Jovis L. Shrub, 2-3 ft. high, silky grey, very leafy. Leaves
imparipinnate, petiole sheathing ; leaflets linear-oblong, silky and silvery,
especially beneath. Flowers pale yellow, in dense terminal axillary heads,
peduncled. Calyx silky, with 5 nearly equal teeth. Pod oblong-acuminate
glabrous.
Maritime rocks, very local. April-June, sometimes in March. A very strik-
ing plant of the Riviera and often cultivated in gardens.
A. montana L. Stems woody at base, 6-12 in. high. Leaves imparipin-
nate, with 10-15 pairs of oblong silky leaflets. Calyx-teeth equal to the tube.
Flowers crimson or rose, in dense globular heads on a long naked peduncle, and
with 2 leafy sessile palmatifid bracts below them.
Rocky places in the lower limestone mountains. May-July. It grows
abundantly at considerably lower elevation in the Var and Maritime Alps than
usually in the Alps of central Europe (4500-6500 ft.). Once above Tenda the
writer came upon a mass of remarkably robust plants about 2 ft. high.
A. Vulneraria L. Lady's-fingers. Root-leaves with 1-4 leaflets; stem-
leaves with 4-10 smaller ones, the terminal one very large. Calyx much swollen,
with oblique mouth and short triangular teeth. Corolla golden yellow. Poly-
morphic.
Dry fields and hill-sides, rare except in the mountain region. April-June.
Less common in the Var than the variety Diiienii = A. Vulneraria var.
rubriflora Koch. — A. Diiienii Schnltz, which has deep rose or crimson flowers
and creamy-white calyx tipped with purple. It grows on many of the limestone
hills such as Coudon, Faron, Paradis, etc. At Ste.-Baume the flowers are often
nearly white (? var. alpestris Heg.).
A. tetraphylla L. (Plate XI). Annual, hairy, somewhat rampant or
prostrate. Leaves imparipinnate, with 1-2 pairs of small leaflets and a very
large terminal obovate mucronate one. Petioles dilated at base. Flowers
LEGUMINOS^ 83
yellowish-white, striped with pink, in axillary clusters. Calyx pubescent, be-
coming inflated, and often marked with red ; teeth 5, small, equal.
Dry fields and hills, local. April-June.
HYMENOCARPUS Savi.
H. circinatus Savi. An annual, 6-18 in., softly pubescent. Lower leaves
simple, the others imparipinnate, sessile, with 2-4 pairs of entire, oblong-lanceo-
late unequal leaflets, the terminal being largest. Stipules none. Flowers 2-6,
in umbels on axillary peduncles, yellow. Pod reniform, flat, with veined sides,
broadly winged and spiny.
In crops and elsewhere, occasionally in Alpes-Marit. April, May. Ville-
franche, lie Ste. Marguerite near Cannes. Introduced by seed at Cap Brun
near Toulon.
DORYCNOPSIS Boiss.
D. Qerardi Boiss. Plant glabrescent, straggling, 1-3 ft. high. Stems
numerous, rather wiry, slender and with few leaves. Leaves imparipinnate, with
2-4 pairs of lanceolate leaflets, entire and almost equal. Flowers very small,
bright rose, 15-20 in small hemispherical heads, axillary and terminal, long
peduncled. Calyx pubescent, with small acuminate equal teeth. Pod small,
ovoid, glabrous, indehiscent, i seeded.
Woods, railway banks, and hill-sides in the Var, local. May-July. Can be
seen well by the railway between Pardigon and La Croix.
DORYCNIUM Adans.
D. pentaphyllum Scop. Sub-species D. gracile Jord. Plant about
2 ft. high, slender though bushy; stems almost herbaceous. Leaflets linear-
lanceolate, sessile, pubescent. Flowers 10-15, very small, in heads on long
peduncles and rather one-sided. Standard pinkish-white, keel bluish. Calyx
teeth as long as tube. Pod ovoid or subglobular, mucronate, with slightly keeled
sutures.
Damp places and grassy spots near the sea. May-July.
Sub-species D. suffruticosum Vill. Under-shrub 1-2 ft. high, much
branched. Stems woody, with erect branches. Leaflets linear-lanceolate,
shorter, silky. Flowers 5-12, not unilateral. Pedicels shorter than calyx-tube.
Calyx-teeth shorter than tube. Standard white, violin shaped, keel marked with
bluish-black at top. Pod ovoid or globular, obtuse with keeled sutures.
Dry woods and slopes, common. April- June.
BONJEANIA Reichb.
B. hirsuta Reichb. = Lotus hirsutus L . Shrubby plant, 1-2 ft. high, cottony.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, with common petiole, shorter than the lanceolate
stipules. Flowers large, 5-10 in. loose heads. Corolla twice as long as calyx;
standard and wings white stained with pink, keel purple-black. Pods few, oblong,
short, thick and mucronate.
Dry slopes, borders of fields, etc. May -June.
B. recta Reichb. = Lotus rectus L. (Plate XII). Plant erect, 2-3 ft. high,
hairy above. Leaflets broadly cuneate, glaucous below, hairy, with common
petiole nearly as long as the stipules. Stipules ovate-acute. Flowers numerous,
small, pinkish-white with purple-black keel. Pods numerous, linear-cylindrical,
mucronate.
Damp places, sides of streams, etc., on the littoral. May-July.
TETRAGONOLOBUS Scop.
T. siliquosus Roth. = Lotus siliquosus L. (Plate XI). Plant 6-12 in.,
covered with soft hairs. Stems prostrate or ascending. Leaflets obovate,
apiculate, glaucescent. Stipules embracing, longer than the petiole. Flowers
pale yellow, 1-2 on peduncles much longer than the leaf. Pod cylindrical, with
4 narrow wings.
6*
84 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Moist meadows and grassy places on the littoral, even at sea-level. April-
July. In Switzerland this plant is chiefly sub-Alpine.
T. purpureus Miench. = Lotus Tetragonolobus L. Annual, softly
hairy. Leaflets obovate, rhomboidal. Stipules ovate or lanceolate, acuminate.
Flowers 1-2 on a peduncle as long as the leaves. Standard and wings a rich
crimson, the latter with a yellow eye in centre of a darker spot. Pod with broad
crinkled wings.
Road-sides and fields, very rare. March-May. Formerly recorded from a few
places in both Departments and from near San Remo, and recently Mr. Raine of
Hyeres has found it in several places in his district and on the Isle of Por-
querolles.
LOTUS L.
* Annual plants, with slender root, usually with small tubercles.
L. parviflorus Desf. Very hairy, slender. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
acute. Stipules ovate, often longer than the petiole. Flowers yellow, turning
green when dried, small, 4-6 in umbels on filiform peduncles, finally arched.
Calyx-teeth almost as long as corolla, setaceous. Pod enclosed in the calyx, ob-
long, with valves not spirally twisting when ripe.
Dry, sandy places. April-June.
L. hispidus Desf. A rather taller hairy plant. Leaflets oblong, acute ;
stipules oval-lanceolate, longer than the petiole. Flowers yellow, turning green
on drying, small (7-8 mm. long), 2-4 on stiff peduncles. Standard distinctly
longer than keel. Pod short (8-15 mm.) rather thick, sometimes twice length of
calyx.
Sandy fields and slopes and pine-woods. May-June.
L. angustissimus L. Plant hairy or rarely glabrous, often erect. Leaflets
oblong-lanceolate. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, longer than the petiole. Flowers
yellow, not turning green (6-7 mm. long), 1-2 on slender peduncles as long as
the leaves. Standard not longer than the keel. Pod long, very slender, com-
pressed, straight, many seeded.
Fields and sandy hill slopes. April-June.
L- coirnbrensis Willd. = L. coimbr icensis Brot. A slender glabrescent
species. Leaflets rhomboidal. Stipules ovate, acuminate, longer than the petiole.
Flowers whitish, with pink or mauve keel, small, solitary, on peduncles shorter
than the leaves. Pod curved or sickle-shaped, very slender, narrow, linear, 30-40
mm. long.
Sandy or grassy places on the littoral, local. April-June.
L. ornithopodioides L. A stouter plant. Leaflets large, rhomboidal-
cuneate. Stipules broadly ovate-rhomboidal, as long as the petiole or longer.
Yellow flowers small, 2-5 on peduncles longer than the leaves. Calyx of 2 lips
with unequal teeth. Pods in clusters, like a bird's foot, 30-50 mm. long, broadly
linear, compressed, curved and bossed.
Sandy fields and grassy places, common. April-June.
L. edulis L. (Plate XII). A stout species. Leaflets obovate or oblong-
cuneate, glaucous. Stipules broadly ovate, longer than the petiole. Flowers
yellow, large, 1-2 on peduncles, 2-3 times length of leaves. Calyx-teeth equal,
linear-lanceolate, twice length of tube, hairy. Pod very thick, fleshy, at length
leathery, cylindric, curved, deeply channelled on upper surface, 2 celled.
Sandy places on the littoral. April-May.
** Perennial plants with thick root-stock and no tubercles.
L. cytisoides L. = L. Allioni Desv. Plant prostrate, slightly pubescent,
greyish-green, fleshy. 'Leaflets oblong, cuneate. Stipules as long as the petioles.
Flowers bright yellow, rather large. Calyx 2 lipped, teeth unequal, the 2 lateral
of the lower lip shortest. Keel often mauve. Pod long, narrow, linear, com-
pressed, straight or curved. A variable species.
Maritime rocks and banks near the sea. March-June.
PLATE XII
1. Bonjeania recta.
3. Scorpiurus subvillosus.
2. Coronilla Emerus.
4. Lotus eduiis.
LEGUMINOS^E 85
L. corniculatus L. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Very polymorphic ; glabrous or
hairy in various stages. Leaflets usually obovate or oblong. Stipules ovate-
lanceolate. Flowers yellow or with reddish standard, turning green on ,drying,
3-6 on very long peduncles. Calyx-teeth equal, hairy, as long as the tube. Pod
broadly linear, straight.
Grassy places, hill-sides, and woods. May-July.
Lotus tenuis Kit. A tall, slender, glabrescent plant, sometimes considered
a sub-species of the last. Stems much branched. Leaflets and stipules linear
or linear-lanceolate. Flowers yellow, turning green on drying, 2-5 on long slender
peduncles. Calyx-teeth equal, erect, acuminate. Pod slender, linear, straight,
20-30 mm. long.
Damp sandy places and shady hills. June-July.
L. uligitlOSUS Schk. has been recorded from les lies d'Hyeres by Shuttle-
worth.
PSORALEA L.
P. bituminosa L. (Plate XIII). An herb 2-3 ft. high, smelling strongly of
bitumen when bruised. Stems furrowed, dark, branching. Leaflets of lower
leaves oval, the upper ones lanceolate or linear. Stipules linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate. Peduncles axillary, very long, stiff, bearing heads of 10-15 light purple
(or very rarely white) flowers. Calyx hairy, lower tooth longest. Pod ovoid, with
compressed beak. Leaves trifoliolate.
Sterile places in the littoral region, common. April-June. Occasionally it
flowers in the winter.
COLUTEA L.
C. arborescens L. Shrub, 2-3 yds. high. Leaves with 3-5 pairs of oval
leaflets, usually emarginate and mucronate, glabrous. Stipules small lanceolate.
Flowers yellow, rather large, in axillary cymes of 2-6. Calyx short, teeth 5,
short, unequal, covered with black adpressed hairs. Pod stalked, pendent, be-
coming very large and inflated, the membranous sides curiously veined.
Limestone hills and mountain woods. May-June.
BISERRULA L.
B. Pelecinus L. A prostrate hairy annual. Leaves imparipinnate, with
7-13 pairs of oblong entire leaflets. Flowers whitish, bluish at top, small, 3-10
in loose subglobular heads. Calyx-teeth equal, linear, as long as the tube.
Pods 15-30 mm. by 6-8, in pendent clusters, broadly linear, edged with a row of
teeth on each side separated by a rounded sinus. A very distinct plant.
Arid slopes and hill-sides. March-June. Not uncommon in the eastern part
of the Var ; rare in Alpes-Marit.
ASTRAGALUS L.
* Pods linear, at least 3 times as long as broad, often glabrous.
A. glycyphyllus L. Wild Liquorice. Glabrous, bright green ; with strong
zigzag stems spreading several feet over the ground. Leaflets in 4-6 pairs, ovate,
i-i£ in. long. Flowers dingy yellow, in racemes rather shorter than the leaves.
Pods curved, glabrous, i£ in. long, divided into 2 cells.
Shady woods and hedges in the hill and montane region. May-July.
A. hamosus L. Leaflets 8-12 pairs, oblong, wedge-shaped, emarginate.
Lower stipules trifid. Peduncles rather shorter than the leaf, bearing short dense
heads of 5-10 small yellowish-white flowers on very short pedicels. Pods cylin-
drical, shortly beaked, spreading and sickle-shaped, nearly glabrous at maturity.
The flower heads become looser afterwards. Annual.
Waste, stony places, and dry sandy fields. April-May.
A. monspessulanus L. Root-stock thick and woody. Plant almost glabrous,
green. Flower stalks and leafstalks all radical. Leaflets small, oval, in 12-20
pairs. Stipules linear-lanceolate. Calyx glabrescent, with teeth about half length
86 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
of tube, often very red, as are also the petioles. Flowers usually purple but
varying from nearly white to deep magenta, numerous, in oval heads elongated
at maturity. Pods cylindrical, curved (25-35 mm- long), almost glabrous.
Dry, hot banks and limestone.hills, extending to the mountains, 'local. April-
June.
A. incanus L. Plant silvery with silky hairs, 3-8 in. high. Leaflets in
6-9 pairs, small, oblong or obovate, silky on both sides. Flowers purplish or
nearly white, 8-20 in ovoid heads on radical peduncles as long as the leaves.
Calyx hairy, with very short acute teeth. Pod cylindrical, arched, 15-20 mm.
by 4, covered with whitish down.
Dry hills and arid places in the Var, local. April-June.
A. sesameus L. Annual. Leaflets in 8- 10 pairs, oblong-elliptic, covered
with whitish hairs. Flowers small, bluish, 4-10 in dense obovate heads, sub-
sessile or on very short peduncles. Pods erect, 12-15 mm. long, nearly straight,
subcylindric, hairy.
Dry, rocky places, rare. May. Near Nice and Le Pradet (Var).
** Pods somewhat ovate, very hairy or woolly.
A. pentaglottis L. Annual, whitish with hairs. Leaflets in 7-10 pairs, up-
turned, elliptic or oblong. Stipules broadly ovate. Flowers purplish-pink, small,
10-20 in dense oval heads on peduncles as long as the leaves. Pods 10-12 mm.
by 6 or 7 mm., erect, densely crowded, oval-elliptic, thick, covered with scaly
hairs.
Dry, sandy places and arid hills. May-June. Frequent in the Var.
A. glaux L., with 12-15 pairs of linear -oblong leaflets, and ovoid trigonous
pod, has been found at the base of Coudon (Herb. Rouy).
A. purpureus Lamk. = A. hypoglottis L. See " Journal of Botany,"
July, 1912, where C. C. Lacaita in an able and logical paper proves these to be
the same species ; with which decision we entirely agree, though hitherto
A. hypoglottis was usually considered the same as A. danicus Retz. which
grows on the chalk in the east of England. Stem spreading, hairy like the
whole plant with white spreading hairs. Leaflets elliptic or oblong, in 10-15
pairs. Flowers bright purple, rather large, in rather dense oval heads. Standard
oblong, emarginate. Calyx hairy, tubular, with irregular linear teeth. Pods
10 or 12 mm. by 5 mm. erect, ovate, somewhat cordate at base, hairy.
Hot limestone hills and stony places, extending into the mountains. May-
July.
A. vesicarius L. Plant silvery with silky hairs, 4-8 in. high. Root-stock
woody. Leaflets oblong, 4-7 pairs. Stipules lanceolate-acute, free. Flowers
large, violet with white wings, 5-10 in a rather loose globose raceme on long
peduncles. Calyx swollen in the fruiting stage, and almost hiding the pod,
woolly. In the Maritime Alps at Utelle above Grasse, etc., rare. May-June.
A. aristatus L'Herit. = A. sempervirens Lam. Woody at base, and
forming great mats of spiny shoots. Stem very short, whitish pubescent.
Leaflets linear-oblong, 6-10 pairs with spiny petioles. Flowers white or washed
with lilac, erect, 3-8 in short, loose clusters, shortly peduncled. Calyx very
woolly, with setaceous teeth equalling the tube. Pods oblong, subtrigonous,
acuminate, glabrescent, seeds 8-12.
Dry places in the mountain and Alpine region. June-July. Very rare in the
Var (Broves) and more frequent in the Maritime Alps.
A. mnssiliensis Lam. = A. Tragacantha L. (part.). A spiny species
with subligneous root-stock. Leaves whitish-green with spinous petioles and
6-12 pairs of oblong leaflets. Flowers white, large, 3-8 in loose peduncled heads,
peduncles longer than in the last species. Calyx-teeth, lanceolate-obtuse. Pods
oblong, subtrigonous obtuse, mucronate, hairy, with four seeds.
Maritime sands and rocks near La Seyne and St. Cyr in the Var. May-
June.
LEGUMINOS^E 87
A. epiglottis L. (a slender, annual, greyish species with triangular-
cordate pods) is found above La Valette on the slopes of Coudon, and nowhere
else in France. April-May. Leaflets narrow, 4-7 pairs.
No species of Oxytropis DC. or of Phaca L. descends to the limit adopted
in this book. Qlycyrrhlza glabra L. has been found naturalized on Por-
querolles.
ORNITHOPUS L. BIRD'S-FOOT.
0. perpusillus L. Common Bird's-foot. Plant pubescent, slender, pros-
trate. Upper leaves sessile, with 5-12 pairs of oblong leaflets. Calyx-teeth
half length of tube. Flowers very small, white mixed with yellow and pink,
3-8 or. short peduncles. Bracts pinnate, rather longer than the head of flowers.
Pods hairy, black when ripe, slightly curved, much constricted between the seeds.
Sandy places, very rare in Alpes-Marit. (Nice, Antibes). May-July.
O. compressus L, Plant covered with whitish hairs, more or less pros-
trate. Upper leaves sessile, with 6-15 pairs of oblong leaflets. Calyx-teeth
half length of the tube. Bracts pinnate, much longer than the head of small
yellow flowers. Flowers 3-5 in umbells. Pod large, linear compressed, sickle-
shaped, pendent when ripe, strongly striate of 5-8 articles not contracted between
the seeds, the last article hooked. The three species are annual.
Dry, sandy places, common. April- May.
O. ebracteatus Brot. = Arthrolobium pinnatum Britten and Rendle.
(Arthrolobium is a small genus scarcely distinct from Coronilla and
differing from Ornithopus chiefly in the want of floral leaves or bracts.)
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, green, diffuse, slender. Leaves all pettoled, of
3-6 pairs of oblong spreading leaflets. Stipules very small. No leafy bracts.
Flowers yellow on slender peduncles equalling the leaves. Calyx-teeth ex-
tremely short. Pods slightly constricted between the seeds, sickle-shaped,
beaked, very slender, 10-14 jointed.
Maritime sands and sandy fields. April-May.
HIPPOCREPIS L.
H. comosa I/. Horse-shoe Vetch. A glabrescent plant with perennial root-
stock. Leaves pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. Leaflets in 4-7 pairs, linear-oblong,
the lowest pair at a distance from the stem. Flowers bright yellow, like those of
Lotus corniculatus, nodding, shortly pedicelled, 5-8 in an umbel on a peduncle
twice the length of the leaves. Pods about an inch long, upper margin deeply
notched opposite each seed, breaking up into 3-6 horse-shoe-like joints and finely
pointed.
Dry, rocky banks, etc., especially on limestone. April-June.
H. unisiliquosa L. Annual, glabrous. Leaflets in 4-7 pairs, oblong.
Flowers yellow, small, erect, solitary and almost sessile in the axils of the leaves.
Upper lip of calyx with divaricate teeth. Pod solitary, very large, i^ in. long,
(2-4 cm.), glabrous, pale. Upper margin so'deeply notched as to form completely
closed rings between the joints (3-7). Claw of petal shorter than calyx.
Stony places and dry fields. April-May.
H. multisiliquosa L. =. H. ciliata Willd. Annual, glabrescent. Leaf-
lets in 3-5 pairs. Flowers yellow, small, pendent, 2-5 on peduncles nearly as
long as the leaves. Upper lip of calyx with divaricate teeth. Claw of petal
extending beyond the calyx. Pods 2-5, 2-3 cm. by 3-4 mm., almost always
glandular and reddish, 5-8 jointed, with rounded notches almost completely
closed.
Dry places and hill-sides, not common. April-June.
CORONILLA L.
* Flowers pink.
C. varia L. Pink Coronilla. Plant glabrous, green, rampant. Stems
herbaceous, hollow, often 3-4 ft. long. Leaves imparipinnate, of 7-12 pairs of
88 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
oblong leaflets, the lowest pair encircling the stem. Flowers whitish pink,
rather large in rounded umbels on peduncles longer than the leaves.
Woods and shady places. May-July. Not common or. the littoral.
** Flowers yellow. Leaves with 1-6 pairs of leaflets. Pods pendent or spreading.
C. scorpioides K. A glabrous and glaucous annual. Leaves simple or
more often trifoliate, the terminal leaflet oval and much the largest. Stipules
united to form one small one opposite the leaf. Flowers 2-4 small, yellow, on a
peduncle as long as the leaf. Pods curved, 30-40 mm. long, angular, striate, with
3-8 joints.
Stony fields and waste places. April-June.
C. minima L. A small plant with stems woody at base. Leaves with 3-4
pairs of obovate or cuneate-oblong leaflets, thick and glaucous, with narrow
cartilaginous margin, lower pair touching the stem. Stipules joined into one
very small one. Flowers in an umbel of 6-12, yellow.-on a peduncle 2 or 3 times
as long as the leaf. Upper lip of calyx truncate, entire. Pods pendent, angular,
3-8 jointed.
Dry hills, especially limestone. April-June.
C. juncea L. An under-shrub 2-3 ft. high, with straight, stiff, rush-like
branches. Leaves glabrous and glaucous, with 2 or 3 pairs of linear-oblong
leaflets. Stipules small. Flowers 5-8 in umbels on long peduncles. Pods
pendent, slightly curved, linear, of 2-7 quadrangular joints.
Hill-sides and dry woods in the west of the Var. March-June. Frequent
about Carqueiranne, Hyeres, La Farlede, Sollies-Toucas, Saint Cyr, etc.
C. Emerus L. (Plate XII). A shrub 3-6 ft. high, glabrous. Leaflets in
pairs of 2-3, obovate and slightly emarginate, the terminal one rather longer.
Flowers large, yellow, 2-4 on peduncles shorter than or equalling the leaves ; claw
very long. Pods 2-4 in. long, linear, straight, 7-10 jointed.
Woods and shady, rocky places in the hills and lower mountains. April-June.
C. glauca L. = C. pentaphylloides Rouy. A glabrous, glaucous under-
shrub 2-4 ft. high. Leaflets in 2-3 pairs, oblong-cuneate, very slightly emar-
ginate, the lowest pair remote from the petiole. Flowers yellow, rather large,
5-8 in umbels much longer than the leaves. Calyx-teeth very short. Claw of
petals scarcely longer than calyx. Pods pendent, short, 12-18 mm., straight,
of 2-3 well-marked oblong joints and 2 obtuse angles.
Woods and rocky hill-sides, very rare. March-June. Near Hyeres and La
Valette.
C. valentinaL. Under-shrub, glabrous and glaucous, 1^-3 ft. high. Leaflets
in 3-6 pairs, oblong-cuneate, slightly emarginate. Stipules very large, orbicular,
mucronate. Flowers yellow, rather large, 6-12 in umbels on peduncles twice
length of leaves. Calyx-teeth short and unequal. Pods pendent, long, 4-7
jointed, with 2 obtuse angles.
Rocky places on the littoral about Menton, Monaco, St. Audre, La Mortola, etc.
SCORPIURUS L.
S. SUbyillosa L. (Plate XII). Plant green, a foot high, slightly hairy.
Leaves entire, broadly lanceolate, attenuated into a long petiole. Stipules linear.
Flowers yellow with standard sometimes reddish, small, 1-4 in umbels on
peduncles longer than the leaves. Calyx-teeth lanceolate acute, longer than the
tube. Pods glabrous or hairy, cylindric, irregularly spiral, covered with little
bristles. Annual.
Fields and dry places, common. May-June.
S. Slllcata L. Has long been naturalized at the foot of Mont Faron near
Toulon. Its leaves are broader, calyx-teeth shorter, and the pod long and rolled
in spirals in the same horizontal plane. April-June.1
1 See Reynier, " Evolution, & Toulon, du Scorpiurus sulcata L. vers le
S. subvillosa L., et de 1'un et 1'autre vers le S. muricata L." (in " Bull, de
Gdog. Bot.," Juillet, 1912).
LEGUMINOS/E Sg
S. vermiculata L. is a Spanish species naturalized near Toulon and
Hyeres. The leaves are broadly spathulate and the flowers solitary on peduncles
shorter than the leaves. May-June.
HEDYSARUM L.
H. humile L. Plant covered with whitish do\vn ; root-stock ligneous.
Leaves small, with 7-10 pairs of oval or linear leaflets. Flowers rose, rather
large, 6-12 in oblong heads on long peduncles. Pods of 2-3 rounded joints, grained,
tomentose, with thick border but not winged.
Dry hills. May-June. Very local in the Var.
H. spinossissimum L. Annual, whitish-tomentose. Leaflets small, in
5-8 pairs, oblong or linear. Flowers pale rose, 3-8 in umbels on long peduncles.
Calyx-teeth longer than tube. Pod of 2-4 rounded joints, covered with hooked
bristles, borders not winged.
Sandy or rocky places, rare. April-June. Frejus, Toulon, Bandol, near
Menton, and Nice.
Bonaveria Securidaca Scop, has been found in crops near Toulon, Nice,
and Monaco.
ONOBRYCHIS L.
O. caput-galli Lamk. (Plate XIII). Annual, a foot high, greyish with pubes-
cence. Leaflets in 5-7 pairs, rather distant, linear-oblong. Flowers purplish,
very small, 3-6 in short loose spikes on peduncles, equalling the leaves. Calyx-
teeth linear, acute, twice length of tube. Pod flat, orbicular, strongly toothed
with unequal subulate spines and with little pits on the face.
Dry places. May-June. Common on the littoral.
O. SUpina DC. Pubescent, pale green ; stems slender. Leaflets in 6-12
pairs, linear-oblong. Flowers pale rose with red veins, numerous, in long dense
heads on peduncles much longer than the leaves. Standard longer than the
keel ; wings shorter than the calyx. Pod smaller, pubescent, the face covered
with spines, and the outer suture keeled and edged with spines.
Dry hills, road-sides, and waste places. May-June.
O. vici.tfolia Scop. = O. sativa Lamk. Common Sainfoin.
This is often cultivated in the South and found naturalized here and there.
O. saxatilis Lamk. Leaflets in 6-14 pairs, linear or narrow lanceolate.
Flowers yellowish-white, veined, in elongated spikes. Pod neither toothed nor
spiny.
Rocky places, rare. May-July. Toulon, Le Luc, Ollioules, near Drap, etc.
PISUM L.
P. elatius Stev. Wild Pea. Stems robust, flexuous, often over 3 ft.
long. Leaves with 2 or 3 pairs of oval leaflets, entire or slightly crenate.
Stipules very large, with rounded auricles, not spotted. Standard and keel rose-
purple, wings dark purple; flowers large, i or 2 on peduncles about twice length
of the stipules. Pods long, 6-10 cm. by 10-14 mm. Annual.
Woods, hedges, and thickets, rare. May-July.
LATHYRUS L.
* Petioles, at least the lower ones, deprived of leaflets.
L. Aphaca L. Yellow Vetchling. Annual, glabrous. Stipules leaf-like,
J-i in. broad, entire ovate-hastate. Leaves reduced to tendrils. Flowers small,
pale yellow, i or rarely 2 on long slender peduncles. Calyx-teeth twice length
of tube. Pod i-ij in. long, slightly falcate, glabrous.
Dry, sandy places, very common. May- June.
L. Nissolia L. Grass Pea. Annual, glabrescent. Stem erect, 1-2 ft.
Leaves linear, grass-like, finely pointed, angular. Stipules minute, setaceous.
Leaves (phyllodes) grass-like, entire. Peduncles very slender, 1-2 flowered.
go FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Flowers crimson, or rose coloured. Pod 1-2 in. long, very slender, slightly
compressed, glabrous. Seeds ovoid, brown, compressed.
Grassy places, stony fields and woods, rather rare. May-June.
L. Ochrus DC. Annual, glaucous. Stems broadly winged, climbing
though robust. Lower leaves reduced to a leafy petiole, elliptical, ending in a
branching tendril. Upper leaves with broadly winged petiole and 1-2 pairs of
oval leaflets. Flowers solitary, pale yellow on short peduncles, articulated above
the middle. Pod compressed, with 2 membranous wings on the back.
Fields and cultivated ground. April-June.
L. Clymenum L. (Plate XIII). Annual, 1-3 ft. high, glabrous, climbing.
Lower leaves reduced to a leafy petiole, linear-lanceolate. Upper leaves ending
in a branched tendril, with 2-4 pairs of lanceolate leaflets rather glaucous below.
Peduncles about as long as the leaves, with 2-4 flowers, having purple standard
and bluish wings. Pod channelled on the back. Seeds tubercular, rugose.
Borders of fields, sandy and grassy places ; usually less common than the
next. April-June.
L. articulatus L. A sub-species or perhaps a variety of the last, with
more glaucous and sometimes purplish stems and leaves ; obtuse style, not pro-
longed to a point, flowers i or rarely 2 on a peduncle, larger, rich purple-madder
with pale lilac-blue wings. Pod not channelled, but flat keeled. L. Clymenum
has other varieties and the whole series seems little understood, and the names
somewhat confused. In the Var L. articulatus appears quite common,
especially about Hyeres.
Hill-sides, arid or sandy ground. April-June.
** Petioles with one pair of leaflets.
L. Cicera L. Stems prostrate or climbing. Petioles narrowly winged,
with branched tendril and i pair of linear-lanceolate leaves. Stipules lanceolate,
acute, semi-sagittate. Peduncles thick, articulated in the middle, shorter than
the leaf, with i rather large dark brick-red or crimson flower. Standard purplish -
blue outside. Pod channelled along the back. Seeds smooth, grey marked
with black. Annual.
Cultivated ground and fields, cultivated and naturalized. April-June.
L. setifolius L. Annual. Glabrous, stems slender, angular. Leaflets long,
linear, very narrow, i pair. Tendrils branching, usually one at each leaf axil.
Stipules linear, acute, semi-sagittate. Peduncles filiform, articulated near the
top, longer than the petiole. Flowers small, brilliant dark red. Pod stipitate,
broad and rather short ; with 2 or 3 compressed tubercular seeds.
Stony fields and waste places. April-June.
L. inconspicuus L. A glabrous annual. Stem erect, a foot high, angular.
Petioles aristate, with a pair of linear-lanceolate leaflets. Stipules narrow half
sagittate. Peduncles very short, articulated at base, with one small pale lilac
flower. Pod linear, fawn coloured, with 5-10 seeds.
Crops and cultivated ground, rare. May-July.
L. hirsutus L. (pale violet flowers turning blue, on long peduncles) grows
in the Var, in fields and uncultivated ground. May-July.
L. sativus L. (flowers usually white) is often cultivated and occasionally
naturalized. The seeds are poisonous to horses (see " Gard. Chron.," April 12,
IQ13)-
L. sphaeridis Retz. Annual, slender, glabrous. Upper petioles ending in
a simple tendril, the lower ones in a short point, all with i pair of linear leaflets.
Stipules linear, semi-sagittate, as long as the petiole. Peduncles articulated
below the middle, with a bristle or mucro and i small brick-red flower. Pod
linear, with strong longitudinal veins. Seeds globular, fawn coloured
Sandy places near the sea and cultivated ground. May-June.
LEGUMINOS.E gi
L. angulatus L. (Plate XIV). A slender annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets i pair,
linear, acute, upper tendrils branched. Flowers small, solitary, purple, on
peduncles articulated near the top and having a long bristle. Pod linear. Seeds
cubical, tubercular. The plant is too slender to admit of reduction in the figure.
Waste ground and cultivated fields, rather rare. May-June.
L. pratensis L. Meadow Vetchling. Leaflets lanceolate, acute ; stem
angled but not winged. Stipules large. Peduncles 3-10 flowered. Flowers
yellow, often veined with reddish-brown. Pod short, black when ripe.
Grassy places and banks, common. May-July.
L. tuberosus L. Tuberous Vetchling. Root with ovoid tubers. Leaflets
oblong or broadly lanceolate, glabrous, i pair. Stem climbing, angular. Ped-
uncles long, 3-5 flowered. Flowers rather large, bright rose coloured. Pod
linear cylindrical, glabrous, fawn coloured when ripe.
Crops and borders of fields, rare. May-June.
L. sylvestrisL. Everlasting Pea. Climbing species 3-6 ft. long, glabrous.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate, r pair. Wings of petiole narrower than those of the
stem. Peduncles bearing 4-8 rather large flowers, dirty rose with greenish keel.
Pods long, compressed, glabrous, with 3 inconspicuous ridges on the back.
Mountain woods and thickets. June-August.
L. latifoliusL. Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea (Plate XIII). Stem climbing,
broadly winged. Leaflets in i pair, oblong-lanceolate, thick, on a winged
petiole. Flowers very large, bright magenta colour, 4-12 in a loose raceme, longer
than the leaves. Peduncles long and robust. Pod broad and long, glabrous,
with 3 ridges on the back. Seeds slightly tubercular.
Borders of fields, under olives, woods, etc., from the shore to the lower
mountains. June-August. The var.angustifolius, illustrated on Plate XIII, is
merely a narrow-leaved form.
L. tingitanusL. Stem climbing, 2-3 ft. long, robust, angled. A pair of
oblong leaflets. Flowers very large, rich reddish-purple (the colour of the ordin-
ary, old-fashioned Sweet Pea), i or 2 on peduncles about as long as the leaves.
Pod large with depressed suture.
Waste places, very rare. May-June. This beautiful Pea is a native of
Southern Spain, N. Africa, and Madeira. It is naturalized on the Isle of Por-
querolles, though getting interfered with by building operations.
L. annuus L. (Plate XIV). Annual. Stems winged, climbing. Petiole
ending in a branched 'tendril, and with a pair. of linear-lanceolate or linear leaflets
(variable). Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Flowers 1-3, dull yellow,
with brownish stripes on the standard. Pods channelled on the back. Seeds
tubercular, rugose.
Fields and uncultivated ground. May June.
*** Petioles with 2-6 Pairs of leaflets.
L. ciliatus Guss. has 2-3 pairs of linear-obtuse leaflets and small solitary
pale blue flowers. It is a rare slender annual, found near Toulon and Le Luc.
L. montanus Bernh. A very variable plant, about a foot high, with winged
stem and inflated nodes on the underground stolons. Leaves with 2-3 pairs of
linear-oblong leaflets, glaucous beneath ; but sometimes the leaflets are quite
linear (var. angustifolia) and occasionally broadly oval. Inflorescence 4-6
flowered, equalling the leaves. Corolla crimson or purple-red, turning later a
dull blue. Pods linear, glabrous, black when ripe.
Woods and shady places in the lower mountain region, especially in the
Chestnut zone. April-June.
L. vernus Bernh. A glabrous impedes about i£ ft. high, with angular stem.
Leaves with 2-4 pairs of oval acuminate leaflets, green on both sides, shining
and often ciliate. Flowers reddish-violet, then bluish, larger than the last.
Pods linear, glabrous, brown when ripe. Seeds yellow.
Mountain wood's, especially limestone. April-May.
gz FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
L. niger Bernh. Glabrous, 1-2 ft. high, turning black on being dried.
Stems erect, angular. Leaves with 4-6 pairs of oval or elliptic leaflets, glaucous
above. Stipules linear. Flowers reddish-purple, then bluish, rather small,
4-8 in a loose cluster. Calyx-teeth very unequal. Pods linear, i£-2 in. long,
black when ripe.
Mountain woods, especially on limestone. May-July.
L. canescens Gren, et Godr. = L. f iliformis Gay. Leaves with 2-3 pairs of
linear-lanceolate leaflets. Stem not winged but simply angular. Stipules narrow.
Peduncles very long, with 5-10 large deep mauve or lilac-purple flowers (sometimes
with white keel) which turn blue on drying. Calyx-teeth almost equal, broadly
triangular. Pod linear, narrow, glabrous, fawn coloured. A beautiful plant.
Woods and grassy places among the hills, uncommon. April-June. There
is a fine bank of this close to the village of Plan d'Aups ; at Broves, Chateau-
double in the Var, etc.
VICIA L. VETCH.
* Flowers sessile or subsessile. Annual, except V. septum.
V. sativa L. = V. communis Rouy. Common Vetch. Leaves with 5-7
pairs of large oblong or cuneate leaflets, truncate or emarginate but very variable
in size and shape. Stipules often with a dark blotch. Calyx-teeth nearly equal.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, purple-red. Pod large, yellowish when ripe. Very
polymorphic.
Fields, road-sides, and waste places, common. March-July.
V. sativa can be divided into various sub-species, varieties, and forms,
nearly all of which are found on the Mediterranean littoral ; but it is a matter of
opinion as to what rank these should take ; and the genus, and particularly this
group, much needs monographing. Modern continental botanists have a tendency
to consider such plants as V. angustifolia, V. heterophylla, and V. amphi
carpa sub-species and no longer worthy of specific rank ; but it may be better in
a book of this description to adhere to the conservative view and describe them
as species, especially as there are several well-marked varieties we wish to draw
attention to. The more one studies European plants the more is he driven to
believe that in respect to the subdivision of certain large and " critical " genera
such as the present, the materials in one country, such as France, may give one
result and those in another country, e.g. the British Isles, a somewhat different
result. It is well known to students of the continental flora how very different
and more varied many British plants are in certain places on the continent of
Europe from the normal type which they assume in the British Isles. When we
realize that often these differences are not constant, it behoves us to be all the
more careful before giving a new varietal, and still more a new specific, name to
a plant which we have not seen before and cannot match in the first great
Herbarium we consult.
To return to Vicia sativa, there is a robust variety called macrocarpa =
V. macrocarpa Moris with extremely large pods and flowers and larger and
broader leaflets. It is commoner than the type in our district. Another, V.
cor data Wulf., 'which has large cordate leaflets and very large handsome
flowers, is also quite common in the Var, especially in the lowlands.
Both flower from April to June.
V. angustifolia L. is distinguished from V. sativa by its almost linear
leaflets of the upper leaves, its black not yellowish pod when ripe, and its smaller
flowers. Several varieties and forms occur.
It grows in similar places and flowers from April to June.
V. amphicarpa Dorthes. This has whitish stoloniferous, subterranean
branches, with oval, ivory-white pods under the earth. Flowers of 2 kinds, the
underground ones have no corolla, and the others are rose, large, solitary, and
subsessile. Leaflets oblong cuneate, narrow. Ordinary pods hairy, linear.
Dry places on the littoral, rare. Clearings of pine-woods, etc. April-June.
PLATE XIII.
1. Onobrychis caput-galli. 2. P>oralea hitnminosa.
3. Lathyrus Clymenum.
4. Lathyrus latifolius var. angustifnlius.
LEGUMINOS;E 93
V. heterophylla Presl. = V. cuneata G.G. A slender species 6-10 in.
high. Lower leaflets in pairs of 2-3, obcordate, without tendril ; upper ones in
pairs of 4-6, linear oblong, with a simple tendril. Flowers purple, rather small.
Calyx glabrescent. Pod glabrous, 25-35 mm- by 4 or 5 mm., erect and blackish
when ripe. V. Timbali Loret is a var. with narrow hairy leaves and larger
crimson flowers, not uncommon in the Var.
Uncultivated fields, sandy pine-woods and under the olives, local. April-June.
V. monosperma H. S. Thompson in " Journ. of Bot.," 1906, p. 409. The
original description in " Notes on the Flora of Porquerolles " is here transcribed
because only two specimens of the plant are known to exist (one is in Herb.
Brit. Mus.), and others are much wanted, especially as Mons. Alfred Reynier
considers this the same as V. pinetorum Shuttleworth = V. uncinata Rouy
= V. stigmatica Hanry et Thol. (a Vetch which it is difficult to get authentic
specimens of) and merely a form of V. angustifolia (see Reynier in " Bull, de
la Soc. Bot. de France," Tome 55 (1908), p. 590-4).
" Annual, 50-60 cm. ; pubescent, erect. Leaves with 4 (rarely 5) pairs of
leaflets, each leaf having a simple or branched tendril ; lower leaflets opposite,
oval or obcordate, mucronate, upper leaflets narrowly linear lanceolate, 10-14
mm. long, obtuse, with a mucro, glabrescent above, with spreading hairs beneath.
Lower stipules toothed sagittate, upper stipules entire, lanceolate, with a purple
blotch. Calyx when in flower slightly hairy, with equal teeth two-thirds the
length of the tube, which is 5 mm. long, calyx markedly veined, the five chief
veins extending into long needle-like teeth. Flowers very small, scarcely exceed-
ing the calyx, pale violet, upper part of standard yellowish in dried specimens,
solitary or rarely in pairs, subsessile. Pod 15-20 mm. long by 4 mm. broad,
black when mature, puberulent, solitary, somewhat sickle-shaped and gradually
tapering into a long up-curved point. Seeds ovate, 3 mm. long, fawn-colour,
blotched with dark brown, not tubercular, and only one in each pod (except in
the case of one pod which has 2 seeds). My friend Mr. C. E. Salmon suggests
that the tapering at the end of the pod is due to one or more seeds having become
abortive.
" A slender plant with the habit of V. angustifolia, with sometimes from S-n
solitary flowers in the axils of the leaves throughout the whole length of the stem.
" It grows in the clearing of pine-woods in the Island of Porquerolles, oft
Hyeres, Var, France, flowering at the end of May and beginning of June."
Then follows a paragraph showing how it differs from several closely allied and
in some cases little-known Vetches. Neither the writer nor other botanists
have since succeeded in finding similar plants at Porquerolles. Owing to a change
of ownership the pine-woods in that part of the island have already undergone
considerable change since 1906. It may appear elsewhere and on the mainland.
Both Mons. Reynier in Provence and Mr. Salmon in England succeeded in
cultivating a seedling from seeds from the only dried specimens, but neither
came to maturity. We must therefore admit that failing further proof of the
continuity of the mono-disperme pods, the description of this Vetch as a new
species was somewhat premature, notwithstanding the large amount of research
given to the matter at the time.
V. lathyroides L. A small species, more or less prostrate. Lower leaves
without tendril, with i or 2 pairs of obcordate leaflets ; upper ones with a simple
tendril and 3-4 pairs of oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Stipules entire, not spotted.
Flowers small, solitary, violet. Calyx-teeth equal. Pods glabrous, blackish and
erect when ripe. Seeds -almost cubical, shining, tubercular.
Sandy places, common. April-May. The var. olbiensis Rent, et Shuttle.
has rarely been seen near Hyeres (Olbia).
V. peregrlna L. Stems slender, tall, erect, or climbing. Leaves with 3-6
pairs of very narrow leaflets almost tridentate at the top (i.e. they are deeply
emarginate, with a mucro). Calyx-teeth almost equal. Flowers dull violet
(16-18 mm.), solitary and axillary. Pod covered with appressed hairs. Seeds
spotted with black.
Cultivated ground and sandy places. May-June.
94 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
V. hybrida L. = V. Linna?i Rouy (Plate XIV). Leaves with 5-7 pairs
of truncate or emarginate, obovate-cuneate leaflets. Stipules simple or semi-
sagittate, not spotted. Calyx-teeth unequal, hairy. Flowers large, solitary,
subsessile, pale yellow, the standard striped with violet, and covered outside
with velvety hairs. Pod broad, yellowish, covered with spreading hairs. Seeds
brownish.
Cultivated places and borders of fields. April-June.
V. lutea L. Leaves with 5-7 pairs of mucronate, linear-oblong leaflets.
One stipule usually spotted, simple or bifid. Calyx-teeth very unequal, glabrous,
the two upper being short and connivant. Flowers pale yellow, or tinted with
violet, large, axillary, subsessile ; standard quite glabrous. Pod same size and
shape as the last, but nearly black when ripe, and the hairs are tubercular at base.
Borders of fields and sandy places. April-June.
Var. hirta Loisel. = V. hirta DC. Differs from the last in its longer and
narrower leaflets, its long spreading hairs covering the whole plant and its
whitish flowers blotched with pink.
Borders of fields and under the pines on sandy soil. May-July.
V. sepium L. Bush Vetch. Perennial. Leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse,
in 5-7 pairs, green. Calyx-teeth unequal, the two upper ones short and connivant.
Flowers pale violet, 2-6 in subsessile clusters. Pod i in. long, glabrous, black
when ripe.
Woods, hedges, and shady places in the lower mountain region. April-July.
V. melanops Sibth. et Smith. Annual, climbing, 1-2 ft., downy. Leaflets
oblong, in 5-7 pairs ; tendrils branched. Flowers tricoloured, standard yellowish,
wings purple-black at top, keel purplish, rather large, 1-3, subsessile. Pods 30 by
8-10 mm., glabrous but hairy on the joints. Yellowish when ripe.
Hilly places and dry woods in the Var, rare. May-June.
V. pannonica Crantz. (flowers yellow, tinted with red) is very rare in the
Var.
V. narbonensis L. A stout erect annual. Lower leaves with one pair of
leaflets but without tendril ; upper leaves with tendril and 2-3 pairs of broad oval
entire leaflets. Stipules large, toothed and often spotted. Calyx-teeth unequal.
Flowers dull purple, darker on the wings, large, 1-5 in very shortly stalked
clusters. Pod large, 50-60 mm. long by 10-12, with minute teeth on the sutures.
Crops and bordering fields, not common. April-June.
** Flowers on a long peduncle ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. Mostly
perennial.
V. bithynica L. A climbing glabrous species 1-3 ft. high. Leaflets
oblong or lanceolate, variable, in 1-3 pairs. Calyx-teeth equal. Flowers pale
purple, wings paler or nearly white, 1-3 together on a peduncle varying in
length. Pod hairy. Seeds beautifully mottled, black and dull green.
Borders of woods and fields, common. April-June.
V. dumetorum L. A climbing, green and glabrous species, 3-6 ft. long.
Leaves with 4-5 pairs of large oval obtuse leaflets, and branching tendrils.
Flowers at first purplish then yellowish, 3-8 in a loose cluster on long peduncle.
Calyx-teeth very unequal, the two upper connivant. Pod glabrous, oblong com-
pressed, fawn coloured when ripe.
Mountain woods in Alpes-Marit., rare. July-August.
V. onobrychioides L. A very handsome Vetch, almost glabrous and more
or less climbing. Leaves with 5-8 pairs of linear leaflets. Flowers a beautiful
rich violet with paler keel, large, 6-12 in a loose cluster. Calyx-teeth very un-
equal, the two upper short and connivant. Pods about 30 by 5 mm. glabrous,
fawn coloured at maturity.
Fields and dry places in the hills and lower mountains. May-July.
V. altissima Desf. (flowers bluish-white in long racemes) was discovered
new to France in 1904 between Le Lavandou and Cavalaire (Var).
95
V. Cracca L. Tufted Vetch. A very rampant species. Leaves with 10
pairs of linear-oblong leaflets. Stipules entire. Flowers bluish-purple, 15-20 in
a long dense unilateral raceme, on a peduncle often longer than the leaves,
pedicels short. Pod obliquely truncate, many seeded.
The true plant is only found occasionally in our area on the borders of
woods above Menton, Nice, Grasse, etc., chiefly in the Chestnut zone and above,
but the two following sub-species are commoner, viz. : —
(i) V. imbricata Gilib. Fairly common in the Var. May, July.
(ii) V. Gerard! All. = V. incana Vill. A stiffer and shorter plant
covered with long spreading hairs, leaflets more numerous and nearer together,
racemes denser at the top of the stems. Standard with limb equalling the claw.
Pod lengthened at the base into a narrow support. There seem to be many
intermediate forms connecting this sub-species with V. Cracca, for which reason
we prefer not to give it specific rank.
Mountain pastures, especially on limestone. June.
V. tenuifolia Roth. A handsome plant 3-6 ft. long, climbing. Leaflets
linear-oblong in 8-12 pairs. Limb of the standard twice the length of claw.
Flowers bluish-violet or mauve with whitish wings, 15-20 in very long clusters.
Pods 20-30 mm. long, glabrous. The " Black-veined White " seems fond of this.
In crops and thickets, chiefly in the montane region. June-July.
V. dasycarpa Ten. (1829) = V. varia Host. (1831). Stems climbing
or spreading. Leaflets linear-oblong or linear, in 5-8 pairs. Tube of calyx
swollen or bossed at the base, with unequal teeth. Flowers numerous, violet or
pink and white in racemes longer than the leaves. Claw of standard twice as long
as limb. Pod glabrous, on a stalk longer than calyx-tube.
Fields and hedges. May-July. Annual or perennial.
V. villosa Roth. (1793). Closely allied to the last and sometimes considered
a variety of it. Plant covered with soft spreading hairs. Cluster of flowers
quite plumose before flowering, owing to the long hairy teeth of the calyx.
Flowers more pendulous (almost horizontal in varia).
Fields and crops. May-June. Probably annual.
V. pseudocracca Bert. Annual, 1-3 ft. rampant. Leaflets in 4-7 pairs.
Stipules entire. Flowers bluish-violet with yellowish wings, large, opening at
same time, 3-6 in short loose racemes exceeding the leaves. Standard longer
than the wings. Calyx swollen at base, teeth unequal. Pod 30-35 mm. by 10,
glabrous, on a pedicel as long as calyx-tube.
Garrigues, heaths, and on cultivated land. April, June.
V. elegantissima Shuttle. Annual, 8 in.-ij ft. long, climbing, slender,
glabrous. Leaves with 5-7 pairs of narrow oblong-obtuse leaflets and branched
tendrils. Stipules unequal. Flowers pale bluish-violet, 14-15 mm. long, i or 2
on peduncles half length of leaves (wings not yellowish). Calyx-teeth very
unequal, and separated by almost truncate sinuses, the side teeth very small and
narrow. Pod 20-30 mm. by 6-8 mm., glabrous, fawn colour, with 5-8 seeds.
Pine-woods and thickets at Porquerolles and the other lies d'Hyeres. Also
near Agay in Alpes-Marit. Very rare. May-June. Mons. Cavillier1 has written
an elaborate paper on the subject of this Vetch, which he calls the variety
0. brevipes (Willk.) Cavillier of V. pseudocracca which he considers a
sub-species of V. villosa. It is also found in the Spanish province of Albacete,
but not known elsewhere.
V. atropurpurea Desf. (Plate XIV). A softly hairy climbing annual
species, 1-3 ft. long. Leaflets in 5-8 pairs, oblong, narrow. Flowers dark
crimson (almost black) at tip, pale reddish-purple elsewhere. Calyx purplish-
green, very unequally toothed, 2 short, 2 long, and i still longer tooth, all
1 Note sur les caracteres et les affinites du Vicia elegantissima Shuttle, in
" Annuaire du Conserv. et du Jardin bot. de Geneve " (1908).
96 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
silky and very acute. Flowers open more or less at same time and are very
handsome, 4-10 in a unilateral raceme. Pod large and broad, hairy.
Dry ditches, borders of fields, etc., frequent in the Var but rather rare in
Alpes-Marit. March-June.
V. perennis DC. appears to be a perennial variety of the last. Early in
June, 1913, Mr. Raine pointed out to me in the corner of a field close to the
English Church at Hyeres a patch of atropurpurea he considered perennia.,
after several years observation. I dried a few specimens in an advanced stage
and collected seed, which has germinated successfully in Surrey. The pods at
Hyeres were 9 x 30 mm. but often shorter and with only i or 2 seeds. Seeds
large, oval (6 mm. long), black when ripe, slightly mottled with green. When
nearly ripe the pods are purplish, and finally almost fawn coloured, pubescent or
velvety.
*** Flowers on a long peduncle ; calyx-teeth mostly longer than the tube.
All annuals. Genus Ervum of Linnceus.
V. monanthos Desf. Almost erect, 1-2 ft. high, bushy. Leaflets linear,
truncate or deeply emarginate, in 5-7 pairs. Stipules unequal ; one entire and
sessile, the other petioled and divided into linear segments. Flowers bluish-
white, with black spot at top, solitary on aristate peduncles. Calyx-teeth almost
equal, stiff. Pod 30 mm. by 10, glabrous, with 2-4 seeds.
In crops and on sandy soil, very local. April-June.
V. tetrasperma Mcench. = V. gemella Crantz. Four-seeded Vetch.
A very slender plant. Leaflets 3-6 pairs, variable, usually narrow, obtuse or
truncate. Peduncles 1-2 flowered. Flowers small, pale blue-lilac. Lower
stipules bifid, upper ones entire, toothed on one side at the base. Pedicels
slender, curved. Calyx -tube short, upper teeth shortest. Pod glabrous, 4-seeded.
Fields and waste places. April-June.
V. gracilis Loisel. Slender Vetch. Usually stiffer than the last and
much like it, but with 3-4 pairs of narrow more pointed leaflets. Peduncles
longer, very slender, with 2-6 rather larger and sometimes darker lilac flowers.
Pod longer, 4-8 seeded. Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube.
Fields and road-sides, less common. April-June.
V. pubescens Lk. Allied to the two last. Pubescent. Leaflets rather
large, oblong, obtuse. Stipules linear, entire. Flowers pale, small, 2-5 on
capillary peduncles, not aristate, equalling the leaf. Tendrils simple. Pod 15
mm. by 3 or 4 mm., nearly always pubescent. Seeds 5-6.
Dry, arid places, local. April-June.
V. disperma DC. Two-seeded Vetch. Glabrescent, slender, 1-2 ft.
Leaflets in 6-10 pairs, linear-oblong. Stipules entire. Flowers bluish-mauve,
small (4-5 mm.), 2-6 on aristate peduncles shorter than the leaves. Calyx-teeth
very unequal. Pod glabrous, rhomboid-oblong, fawn coloured, turning reddish-
brown, with 2 black velvety seeds. Whole plant often purplish.
Sandy fields and pine-woods in the littoral region, local. April-May.
V. hirsuta K. Hairy Vetch or Tare. Habit of V. tetrasperma but
hairy. Leaflets 6-10 pairs, linear-obtuse mucronate, smaller than in V. tetra-
sperma. Stipules often 4-lobed. Flowers very small, bluish-white, 3-8 in
short clusters on slender aristate peduncles. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Pod
very small, sessile, blackish, 2-seeded.
Fields and waste places, common. April-June.
Vicia Ervilia Willd. Erect, shrubby and leafy, a foot high. Leaves
ending in a mucro, with 8-12 pairs of narrow leaflets. Flowers whitish-pink,
veined with purple, 1-4 on rather short aristate peduncles. Calyx-teeth almost
equal, equalling or longer than the tube. Pod strongly " bossed," yellowish,
with 3 or 4 subglobular seeds.
Casual in the crops, vineyards, and cultivated fields, and often cultivated.
May-July.
PLATE XIV.
1. Lathyrus annum
3. Vicia Iivhrida.
2. Lathyrus angulatus.
4. Vicia atropurpurea.
ROSACE/E 97
Vicia nigricans Coss. et G. = Lens nigricans Godr. Erect, 5-12 in.
high. Leaves mostly ending in a mucro or upper ones in a short simple tendril.
Leaflets 3-4 pairs, linear-oblong. Flowers bluish-white, i or 2 on aristate
peduncles longer than the leaves. Calyx-teeth equal, 2-4 times as long as
tube, hairy. Pod rhomboidal, compressed, glabrous, fawn coloured, with 1-2
seeds marbled with dark brown.
Dry and sandy places and stony slopes. April-June.
V. nigricans is closely allied to the cultivated Lentil. V. Lens Coss. et
G. which is a larger plant, with simple or branched tendrils, 1-3 flowers on
rather shorter peduncles, 5-7 pairs of leaflets and rather larger pods. It is often
cultivated in the south and occasionally found as a casual.
CICER L.
C. arietinum L. Pois-chiche. An erect, hairy-glandular annual, i ft.
high. Leaves imparipinnate, with 6-8 pairs of oval acuminate serrated leaflets.
Flowers bluish-mauve or white, solitary on axillary peduncles which are articu-
lated and with a bract in the middle. Calyx-teeth equal, the lower one widely
separate from the rest. Pods large, much inflated, oval-rhomboidal, red when
ripe, with 2 seeds.
A casual in crops and fields in Provence, etc., and often cultivated. June-
July.
ROSACES.
Series i. Ripe carpels not enclosed within the calyx-tube.
Tribe I. PRUNE/E. Calyx deciduous. Carpel i. Ovules 2, pendulous.
Fruit a drupe '. PRUNUS.
Tribe II. SPIR-fli^E. Calyx persistent, ebracteolate. Carpels 5 or more. Ovules
2 or more in each carpel, pendulous. Fruit a follicle SPIRAEA.
Tribe III. RUBE^E. Calyx persistent, ebracteolate. Carpels many ; ovules 2
in each carpel, pendulous. Fruit of many small drupes RUBUS.
Tribe IV. POTENTILLE.E. Calyx persistent, bracteolate. Carpels 4 or
more ; ovule i in each carpel, ascending. Fruit of 4 or more achenes.
* Style elongating after flowering.
Leaves simple. Scape i-fid. Styles of achenes feathery DRYAS.
Leaves pinnate. Stem several-fid GEUM
** Style not elongating after flowering.
Leaves 3-foliolate. Achenes on a large fleshy receptacle FRAGARIA.
Leaves 3-many-foliolate. Achenes on a small dry receptacle POTENTILLA.
Series 2. Ripe carpels enclosed within the calyx- tube.
Tribe V. POTERIE^E. Petals 4-5 or o. Carpels 1-3 ;. ovules i in each
carpel, erect or pendulous. Fruit of 1-3 achenes enclosed in the small
dry calyx-tube.
Calyx 4-5 lobed, with 4-5 adnate bracts. Petals o ALCHEMILLA.
Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens 12-20 AGRIMONIA.
Calyx of 4 petaloid lobes. Petals o. Stamens 4-30 POTERIUM.
Tribe VI. ROSE^E. Petals 4-5. Carpels many ; ovules i in each carpel, pendu-
lous. Fruit of many achenes enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube ROSA.
Tribe VII. POME/E. Petals 5. Calyx 1-5 ; ovules 2, collateral in each carpel,
erect or ascending. Fruit fleshy, i, 2 or 5-seeded.
Fruit large, 5-celled, cells with cartilaginous walls. Flowers in simple
cymes. Styles 2 PYRUS.
Fruit small, 2-5 celled. Endocarp brittle. Flowers in compound corymbose
cymes. Styles 2-5 SORBUS.
7
g8 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Fruit 2-5 celled, truncate above, with 5 stones. Spiny shrub MESPILUS.
Fruit a drupe with 1-5 included stones CRAT^GUS.
Fruit a drupe with 3-5 half-exserted stones COTONEASTER.
Flowers in simple clusters, petals narrow. Ripe fruit bluish-black. Leaves
small, finely toothed AMELANCHIER.
PRUNUS L.
P. spinosa L. Blackthorn. A spiny shrub, 4-8 ft. high, with nearly black
bark. Leaves finely serrated, oblong or broadly lanceolate, on short petioles,
finally glabrous beneath. Flowers white, half-inch in diameter, preceding the
leaves ; pedicels1 solitary or in pairs, glabrous. Petals obovate. Drupe half
inch diameter, black, erect. Very variable.
Hedges, etc., common. February- March.
P. avium L. = Cerasus avium Mcench. Cherry. A tree, with short, stout,
rigid branches. Leaves large, drooping, pale green, oblong-obovate, acutely
serrate, pubescent beneath ; petiole long. Flowers homogamous, in clusters of
2-6, corolla open, petals flaccid, almost obcordate. Fruit sweet or bitter, with
red staining juice.
Woods in Alpes-Marit., not common. April-May.
P. Mahal eh L. = Cerasus Mahaleb Mill. Shrub 3-12 ft. high, much
branched. Leaves rather leathery, ovate-cordate, acuminate, serrate, bright
green, glabrous and shining. Flowers white, 4-8 in small erect corymbs, rather
leafy at base. Fruit subglobular, as large as a pea, finally black, bitter, and acid.
Mountain woods, especially on limestone, rather rare. April-May.
SPIR/EA L.
S. Pilipendula L. Dropwort. Herbaceous, 1-2 ft. high. Fibrous roots
with a few oblong tubers. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, chiefly radical, glabrous ;
leaflets numerous, almost pinnatifid, deeply cut, serrate, gradually smaller
towards base of leaf. Cymes loose panicled. Flowers white, rosy outside,
homogamous. Carpels pubescent, 2-ovuled.
Mountain woods and pastures, on limestone chiefly. May-June.
S. Ulmaria L. Meadow-Sweet. Herbaceous, leafy, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves
interruptedly pinnate, serrate, white and downy beneath, segments ovate or
broadly lanceolate, terminal segment large, acutely 3-lobed. Cymes corymbose,
very compound. Flowers creamy-white, proterandrous.
Meadows and damp places in the mountain region of Alpes-Marit. June-
July.
S. Aruncus L. A handsome plant about 3 ft. high with feathery white
inflorescence. Leaves very large, often a foot long, triangular in outline, 2-3
pinnatisect, with opposite petioled segments and doubly toothed margins.
No stipules. Flowers white, very small, sessile in large elongated panicles.
Mountain woods, gorges, etc., in Alpes-Marit. June-July.
RUBUS L. BRAMBLE.
In the Var, as well as on the littoral of les Alpes-Marit., there are not
many kinds of Ruhi. Apart from R. saxatllis, Idaeus, and ccesius (the two
former in the mountains only) there are only two species of first-class rank, viz.
R. Ulmifolius Schott and R. tomentosus Borck. These two hybridise freely
with R. cassius. R. dumetorum Weihe is another good species found here
and there on the coast and lower mountain region of Liguria, neanSan Remo, etc.
R. Ulmifolius Schott = R. discolor W. et N. part. Barren stems more or
less procumbent, channelled, glaucous plum-coloured, armed with robust, hooked
prickles. Leaves green and glabrescent above, white-tomentose beneath, of 5
leaflets, slightly toothed, the terminal one obovate, suddenly acuminate. Flower-
ing branch angular. Sepals tomentose, reflexed. Petals bright pink, suborbicu-
lar, crinkled. Styles pink. Polymorphic.
Woods, borders of fields, and hedges, common. June-August.
ROSACES 99
R. tpmentosus Borck. Stems rather feeble, channelled, glandular, with
small prickles. Leaves covered with whitish velvety tomentum beneath, with
3-5 deeply toothed leaflets, the terminal one obovate-rhomboidal, acute. Flower-
ing branch angular, slender, with numerous small hooked prickles. Inflorescence
elongated, narrow, more or less acicular-glandular, with ascending peduncles.
Sepals tomentose. Petals narrow, yellowish-white. Stamens white, equalling
the styles.
Hill-sides, road-sides, and dry places, common. May-July.
R. caesius L. Dewberry. Stems prostrate, glaucous ; prickles unequal,
rather slender, setaceous. Leaflets usually 3, rhomboidal and coarsely toothed,
green on both sides ; sepals appressed, densely tomentose outside. Flowers white,
in loose panicles. Drupes 2-5 large, glaucous, very acid. Very polymorphic,
and hybridising freely, as stated above.
Woods, hedges, and waste places, common. May-June.
R. IdaetlS L. Raspberry. Stems shrubby with many suckers ; prickles
slender, straight, but curved in flowering shoots. Leaflets 3-5, ovate or elliptic,
acuminate, white and hoary beneath. Flowers drooping, petals short, linear-
obovate. Drupes deciduous, many, yellow or rarely red.
Woods in the montane and sub-Alpine region of Alpes-Marit. July.
GEUM L.
Q. urbanum L. Common Avens. Plant hairy, 1-2 ft. high, erect. Root-
leaves long petioled, interruptedly pinnate, terminal leaflet very broad, obscurely
lobed, crenate ; lateral leaflets oblong, sessile ; cauline leaves variable. Stipules
foliaceous, lobed and toothed. Flowers yellow, erect, at least half inch across.
Peduncle slender. Achenes hispid, spreading; awn with a short glabrous hook
at tip.
Shady, grassy places in the hills and mountains. May-July.
Q. silvaticum Ponrr. Wood Avens. About a foot high. Leaves silky,
the lower ones long petioled, lyrate-pinnatisect with a very large terminal lobed
and toothed segment. Stem-leaves small, toothed. Stipules oval, acute, dentate.
Flowers yellow rather small, few ; petals broad, deeply emarginate, with hardly
any claw, twice length of calyx. Styles jointed near the middle. Achenes large,
oval, with awn glabrous at tip.
Woods and pastures. May-June.
Q. rivale L. Water Avens. Hairy, leafy, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves variable,
with more segments than in G. urbanum, more toothed and larger lateral
segments. Flowers i-i£ in. diameter, drooping, dull purple tinted with orange,
petals with long claw, as long as calyx. Styles jointed. Calyx lobes reddish-brown.
Near water in the Maritime Alps. June-July.
Dryas octopetala L. does not descend to within our limits in the Maritime
Alps.
FRAQARIA L. STRAWBERRY.
F. vesca L. Common Strawberry. Plant with numerous long stolons and
scales between the leafy nodes. Radical leaves petioled, leaflets obliquely
ovate or oblong, coarsely toothed or serrate, upper leaflets usually sessile ;
pedicles with silky appressed hairs. Stipules scarious. Scapes axillary.
Flowers white, in irregular cymes. Calyx-lobes spreading, acute. Fruit red,
covered with carpels, adhering to the calyx.
Woods and shady places. April-June.
F. collina Ehrh. Stolons few and furnished with a scale only between the
parent plant and the first rooting rosette. Scapes rather shorter, very hairy,
naked or with 1-2 leafy bracts. Leaves smaller, very silky beneath. Flowers
white or cream-coloured, larger than the last (15-20 mm.). Calyx-segments
adhering to the fruit. Fruit often whitish, with few carpels on lower part, very
adhesive to the calyx.
Woods in the hills and hilly slopes. April-June.
7 *
ioo FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
POTENTILLA L.
* Flowers yellow ; all leaves with 3 leaflets.
P. Tormentilla L. Common Tormentil. Stem slender, rarely rooting,
leafy, hairy. Leaves subsessile, radical ones petioled, leaflets obovate-cuneate,
tip 3-4-toothed or lobed ; cauline leaflets narrower. Stipules foliaceous, cut.
Flowers at least J in. diameter, yellow ; petals 4, slightly passing the calyx.
Polymorphic.
Shady woods and dampish meadows, especially in the mountains. June-
August.
** Flowers yellow ; root-leaves with 5-7 leaflets.
P. verna L. Spring Potentil. Hairy, prostrate, with much-branched root-
stock. Stems tufted, short. Lower leaves on long stalks, with 5-7 oblong
toothed leaflets ; upper leaves nearly sessile or shortly stalked, with 5 or rarely 3
leaflets, covered with silky hairs. Flowers small, yellow, in irregular panicles.
Petals broad, longer than calyx. A very variable plant, sometimes almost
glabrous.
Grassy or stony places, especially on limestone hills. April-May.
P. argentea L. Silvery Potentil. Stem ascending, branched above, covered
with white silky hairs. Leaflets usually 5, incised, very white beneath, oboval,
cuneate, lower leaves stalked, upper ones nearly sessile. Flowers small, yellow,
in a loose corymb or panicle.
Dry, stony places in the mountains, rare. May-July.
P. cinerea Chaix. Hoary Potentil. A greyish or whitish-green prostrate
species covered with stellate hairs. Leaflets 5, obovate-cuneate, deeply toothed,
whitish on both sides, terminal leaflet shortest. Flowers yellow, large, few,
in very loose corymbs. Carpels rugose. Polymorphic.
Rocks and borders of woods, rare. May-June. Cheiron above Grasse,
between Cadiere and Ollioules, Montrieux, etc.
P. recta L. = P. hirta L. var. recta Briq. Plant 1-2 ft, erect, green,
leafy, hairy ; with glandular hairs on the inflorescence. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, flat,
very deeply toothed all round, strongly nerved, paler beneath. Stipules often
cut Flowers pale yellow, rather large, carpels with a membranous margin.
Open woods and uncultivated ground, not common. May-June.
P. hirta L. Hairy Potentil. Allied to the last, but quite covered with
long white spreading hairs. Stems often reddish, leafy. Leaflets 5-7, obovate-
cuneate, much contracted in lower half, feebly veined, toothed above only.
Stipules entire. Flowers very large and handsome (25 mm.) on short pedicles,
petals twice length of calyx-lobes. Polymorphic.
Dry woods and stony places. May-July.
P. reptans L. Creeping Potentil. Stems stoloniferous, often rooting at
the nodes. Leaves petioled, leaflets 5, obovate-cuneate, green, slightly hairy,
toothed almost all round. Flowers yellow, large, axillary, solitary, on very long
peduncles. Stipules ovate, mostly entire.
Road-sides and waste ground, common. May-July.
*** Flowers white.
P. micrantha Ramond. Small-flowered Potentil. Resembling and taking
the place of the common British P. Fragariastrum ; very silky, scape slender,
much shorter than the leaves, covered with soft hairs. Root-leaves with 3
obovate obtuse leaflets, silky, serrate all round ; stem-leaves simple, i or 2. Petals
white, shorter than the calyx (rarely pinkish).
Limestone rocks and wood clearings in the lower mountains, rather rare.
Montrieux (behind Toulon), Esterel, Ste. Agnes above Menton, Foret de la
Mairis, etc.
P. caulescens L. Root-stock woody, stem ascending, leafy, cymosely
branched, many flowered, covered with patent hairs. Root-leaves and lower
ROSACES lot
stem-leaves 5 partite, upper stem-leaves tripartite, passing into bracts. Segments
wedge-shaped, serrated above the middle, silky below and at the margin. Petals
narrow, wedge-shaped, white. Stamens and carpels very hairy.
Mountain rocks descending to Ste. Agnes above Menton and to the rochers de
Marges and rocks by the river at Ampus. July-August.
P. Saxifraga Ard. A small tufted species, with woody stock. Radical
leaves digitate with 5 lanceolate segments, irregular, glabrous above, silky and
silvery beneath, with margin rolled in and 3-5 unequal teeth at top. Petioles
long and slender. Flowers white on long, slender pedicels. Petals obovate,
longer than the calyx. Carpels hairy.
Limestone cliffs in the Maritime Alps from about 2200 ft. Above Menton, at
870 m. where first discovered, Gorge de Saorge, San Dalmazzo di Tenda, Valley
of the R. Var between the Vesubie and Tinee, etc. May-June.
P. rupestris L. Rock Potentil. Stems 10-18 in. high, springing from an
almost woody base. Leaves chiefly radical, pinnate, long petioled ; leaflets 5 or 7,
ovate, doubly toothed, green ; stem-leaves fewer and smaller, often with only
3 leaflets. Flowers few, rather large, milk-white, in a loose corymb.
Rocks and stony, hilly places, especially in the mountains, local. May-July.
P. alba L. is found in mountain woods and rocks in Alpes-Maritimes. The
root-leaves are digitate, with 5 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, green and glabrous
above, silky and silvery beneath.
ALCHEMILLA L. LADY'S MANTLE.
In addition to the small A. arvensis, so common in sandy fields, the follow-
ing species or sub-species of this difficult and little-understood genus are found in
the higher mountains of the Var, viz. A. alpina L., A. glomerata G. Camus
(summit of Marges), A. saxatilis Buser, A. splendens Christ., A. Vetteri
Buser, A. pubescens Lam. In the Ligurian and Maritime Alps Messrs.
Bicknell, Burnat, Gremli, and Buser have determined various other species, but
want of space in this volume precludes us from any attempt at description or
arrangement. Moreover, though some of these plants are very pretty, especially
in the foliage, they are of little importance.
AQRIMONIA L.
A. Eupatoria L. Common Agrimony. This well-known plant is common
on the borders of fields and woods, and flowers from May to October. Leaves
often 6 in. long, pinnatisect with very unequal segments, hairy or villous ; calyx
obconical, strongly ridged, tipped with hooked bristles after flowering. Flowers
yellow, rather small, homogamous, in a long leafless spike.
POTERIUM L.
P. muricatum Spach. Plant 1-2^ ft. high, erect, robust, often reddish.
Leaves imparipinnate, almost glaucous beneath. Leaflets oblong or ovate.
Flowers in globular heads, on long peduncles. Fruit ovoid, 4 angled, reticulate,
with deep hollows on the face, ridges muricate and toothed.
Dry, stony places, common. April-July.
P. dictyocarpum Spach. A rather smaller and more slender plant closely
allied to the last. Leaflets broadly oval, coarsely toothed, usually glabrous.
Flowers in globular heads, long peduncled. Fruit ovoid, the 4 sides are reticu-
late and separated by broader wings, less deeply pitted.
Woods and meadows, especially in the montane region. May-July.
P. Magnolii Spach. Closely allied to the two last and differing chiefly in its
ovoid or subglobular fruits, covered with rough obtuse tubercles, irregularly and
deeply sinuate-crenate. Leaflets broadly ovate, numerous, the lowest very
small.
Dry arid places in the Var, especially near the sea. May-July. Us d'Hyeres,
Carqueiranne, Estercl, La Falede, etc.
102 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
ROSA L.
Those who require an account of the wild roses of the littoral region and
lower mountains will find useful information, with shorter or longer descriptions,
in Bicknell's " Flora of Bordighera and San Remo," Bordighera, 1896. It is im-
possible here to do more than mention a few of the most important and constant
species, without allusion to the innumerable varieties.
R. sempervirens L. Common in hedges by water-courses, etc., in the
littoral and lower mountain region. The leaflets are persistent through the winter,
generally 5 in number, and shiny on both sides. The flowers are large and white,
usually in a corymb. Fruit red, smooth, globose. May, June.
R. arvensis Huds. In the montane region. Rare in the Var. May-June.
R. pomifera Hertn. In the Maritime Alps and Ligurian Mountains. June.
R. micrantha Sm. Common in the greater part of the district. May-June.
The following are also typical viz.: R. canina L., R. stylosa Desv., R.
agrestis Savi., R. Pouzini Tratt., R. alpina L. (in the higher mountains)
and R. pimpinellifolia L. etc. The last named is found at Montrieux, Mont
Coudon, La Martre, La Ste. Baume, etc., as well as in the Maritime and Ligurian
Alps.
PYRUS L.
P. communis L. Wild Pear. A shrub or small tree, sometimes slightly
spiny. Leaves ovate, limb rather longer than petiole, at first cottony, afterwards
glabrous and shining, fascicled on the last year's shoots. Flowers large (25-30
mm.), white. Styles free to the base. Fruit pyriform, 1-2 in. long. Polymorphic.
Woods, hedges, and road-sides. April-May.
P. amygdaliformJs Vill. Shrub or small tree, with young shoots felted.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base, limb 2-4 times as long as petiole,
white felted when young, later almost glabrous. Flowers smaller than the last,
on woolly peduncles. Calyx-lobes persistent. Styles rather shorter than stamens.
Fruit small, subglobular, with rounded base.
Dry places, hedges, woods. April-May.
P. acerba DC. = Malus acerba M'erat. Acid Apple-tree. A small tree ;
branches spreading, rather spiny. Leaves ovate-acuminate, toothed crenate,
limb at least twice length of petiole, at first slightly hairy, very glabrous when
fully developed. Flowers whitish-pink, petals downy below. Fruit large, 20-25
mm., very acid.
Hedges, woods, and rocks in the montane region. April- May.
SORBUS L.
S. domestica L. Service-tree. A fairly tall tree, with shoots glabrous and
viscous. Leaves pinnatisect, with 11-17 leaflets, which are oblong and serrate
except at base, grey felted below, but glabrous later. Flowers white, 8-10 mm.
in diameter, lobes of calyx turned down outwards after flowering. Styles 5, woolly.
Fruit rather large, 3 cm. long, pear-shaped, reddish-green or rusty-red when ripe,
falling in autumn.
Naturalized in woods. May.
S. Aucuparia L. Mountain Ash or Rowan-tree. Tree with downy shoots,
not viscous. Leaves regularly pinnate, with 11-17 oblong leaflets, serrate almost
to base, glabrescent when matured. Flowers creamy-white in showy corymbs,
smaller than the last, very numerous and close set, 6-8 mm. diameter. Calyx-
lobes curved inwards after flowering. Styles 3. Berries small and numerous,
as large as peas, bright scarlet.
Mountain woods, rare. May-June.
S. torminalis Crantz. Wild Service-tree. Small tree with glabrescent
shoots. Leaves green and glabrous on both sides when mature, broadly ovate-
cordate, 6-10 lobed, lobes pointed, serrate. Flowers in corymbs small, white,
ROSACE/E 103
fewer and larger than in the Rowan, more numerous and rather smaller than
in the White Beam-tree. Styles usually 2. Berries ovoid or globular, greenish-
brown.
Woods in the hilly districts, uncommon. May.
S. Aria Crantz. White Beam-tree. Shrub or tree of moderate size. Leaves
ovate or obovatc, green and glabrous above, covered with a soft white cotton
beneath, sharply toothed or sometimes slightly lobed, the lobes decreasing
towards base. Flowers white, less numerous than in the Rowan-tree and rather
larger, in corymbs at ends of the short leafy branches. Styles 2. Fruit an
orange-red globular berry with mealy pulp.
Woods and rocks in the mountains. May-June.
AMELANCHIER Medic.
A. vulgaris Mcench = Aronia rotundifolia Pers. A shrub of 3-6 ft.
Leaves ovate, obtuse, finely serrate, white felted beneath, but finally glabrous
and leathery ; blade twice length of petiole. Petals 5, rather long and narrow,
flowers white, in small corymbs. Styles 5, united at base. Ovary inferior.
Fruit globular, pulpy, sweet, as large as a large pea, bluish-black when ripe.
Limestone slopes, cliffs and rocks in the lower mountains. April.
MESPILUS L.
M. germanica L. Medlar. A much-branched shrub or small tree. Leaves
large, oblong, downy beneath, entire or very finely serrate. Flowers i£ in.
diameter, white. Calyx woolly ; lobes with dilated foliaceous tips. Fruit edible
an inch in diameter, globose with a large depressed area at top, and persistent
calyx -lobes.
Hedges and thickets, casual or perhaps naturalized. May-June.
COTONEASTER Medic.
C. Integerrima Medic. Common Cotoneaster. Shrub, 2-3 ft., tortuous,
without spines (as C. Pyracantha), young branches downy at the ends only.
Leaves oval, small, entire, briefly acuminate, green and glabrous above, white
felted beneath, deciduous. Flowers pinkish, 1-4 in small corymbs ; calyx glab-
rous. Styles 2-3. Berries, pendent, purple-red when ripe, glabrous, shining,
as large as a big pea.
Woods and rocks in the mountains. April-June.
C. tomentosa Lindl. Downy Cotoneaster. Shrub about 3 ft. high,
tortuous, without spines ; young shoots downy throughout. Leaves oval, large,
entire, white felted beneath, deciduous. Flowers pink, in small erect corymbs.
Calyx and peduncles tomentose. Berries erect, bright red when ripe.
Rocks, especially limestone in the mountains, scarce. April-June.
C. Pyracantha Spach. Spiny Cotoneaster. Shrub 3-6 ft. high, with spiny
branches. Leaves persistent elliptical, glabrous and shining above, pubescent
beneath when young. Flowers white, numerous, in branched corymbs. Styles
5. Berries erect, glabrous, scarlet when ripe, persistent in winter.
Woods and hedges near Cimiez, Contes, Berre, etc., rare. May.
CRAT/EQUS L. HAWTHORN.
C. monogyna Jacq. A small round-headed tree, 10-20 ft., much branched,
spiny. Leaves very variable, deeply pinnatifid, cuneate, shortly petioled, lobes
cut or crenate. Stipules leafy, toothed. Flowers white, numerous in corymbose
cymes. Anthers pinkish-brown. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, scarlet.
Woods and hedges, common. April-May.
C. Oxyacantha L. Common English Hawthorn. A sub-species differing
from the former by its larger and less cut leaves, and its glabrous peduncles and
calyx-tubes.
Woods and hedges. April-May. Rare in the south.
io4 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
C. Azarolus L. Represented by the var. ruscinonensis Gren. et Blanc.
Small spiny tree, 12-18 ft. high. Leaves deeply divided into 3-5 lobes, entire
or toothed. Young branches and peduncles downy or tomentose. Calyx hairy.
Styles 2, rarely i. Fruit rather large, acid and rather pleasant to the taste.
Woods, hedges, and garigues, sometimes ascending the mountains, rare.
April-May.
MYRTACE.E.
Fruit a small ovoid nearly black berry. Evergreen shrub '. MYRTUS.
Fruit a number of berries enclosed in a large coriaceous capsule PUNICA.
MYRTUS L.
M. communis L. Myrtle. An aromatic evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. high.
Leaves opposite, close together, subsessile ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire,
leathery, persistent, glabrous and shining. Flowers white, axillary, solitary,
long peduncled, sweet-scented. Calyx-tube attached to ovary, with 5 spreading
lobes; petals 5, stamens numerous. Fruit an ovoid berry nearly black. The
leaves are sometimes silvery from the attacks of an insect of the Thrips genus,
like those of Arbutus and Laurustinus.
Woods, garigues, and maquis, common. March-May.
PUNICA L.
Q. Qranatum L. Pomegranate. A branched and slightly spiny shrub 6-16
ft. high. Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, entire, leathery, glabrous, shining.
Flowers bright scarlet, large, sessile, solitary or 2-3. Calyx red, fleshy with the
tube attached to the ovary. Fruit very large, subglobular, fleshy, reddish-yellow
with many seeds.
Naturalized in rocky places and sometimes seen in hedges. June. In-
digenous in the Orient and introduced into Europe by the Phoenicians and
Arabs.
Eucalyptus globulus, introduced from Australia, is a large tree often seen
on the Riviera, flowering from January to March. The limb of the calyx covers
the flower before expansion, and afterwards falls off in the shape of a lid or
cover. Leaves sickle-shaped when mature. Some of the finest specimens in
France are in the Jardin d'acclimatation at Hyeres.
ONAGRACE.E.
Petals 4, usually pink. Stamens 8. Capsule long EPILOBIUM.
Petals short or o. Stamens 4. Capsule short LUDWIGIA.
Petals 2. Stamens 2 Capsule obovate CIRC^EA.
Petals 4, yellow (usually). Stamens 8 QINOTHERA.
EPILOBIUM L. WILLOW HERB.
E. angustifolium L. = E. spicatum Lamk. Rose-bay. A handsome plant,
2-4 ft. high. Root-stock creeping, and hence and owing to the numerous light
seeds carried far by the wind, this plant is rapidly increasing in Europe. Leaves
lanceolate, very shortly petioled, finely toothed or entire. Flowers large,
bright, purplish-rose, in long terminal spikes. Pod 1-2 in. long.
Wood clearings in the mountain region above 800 m. rare. July, August.
E. rosmarinifolium Hcenke. Erect, about 2 ft. high. Leaves linear, not
veined, often fasciled at the nodes. Flowers large, deep rose, in short leafy
corymbs. Style as long as stamens. Stigmas spreading or reflexed.
Beds of torrents in the hills and lower mountains. June-August.
E. montanum L. Stem 8-24 in., erect. Leaves mostly opposite, glabrous,
oblong-ovate, acute toothed, sometimes petioled. Flowers | in. diameter, pale
purple. Stigma-lobes short, not revolute. Capsule 2-3 in. pubescent.
Damp woods in the hills and lower mountains, common. June-August.
LYTHRACE,E ro5
E. tetragotium L. Polymorphic. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, toothed, sessile. Stems usually with 2 or 4 raised lines or obtusely
angled, branched, tough. Flowers | in. diameter, rose-lilac, erect. Pods 2-4 in.
long.
Damp places, occasional. June-October.
E. parviflurum, E. hirsutum, E. lanceolatum and several other species
of Epilobium occur in the district.
LUDWIGIA L.
L. palustris Elliot = Isnardia palustris L. A glabrous plant with pro-
cumbent or floating stems rooting at the nodes, 4-angled. Leaves opposite,
ovate or elliptic, petioled, shining. Flowers 4-merous, minute, axillary, sessile,
green. Bracts subulate. Capsule obovate, with 4 green angles.
Lakes and ditches, very rare. Vaugrenier near Antibes, Valley of Mourrefrey,
near la Verrerie, La Garde-Freinet.
CIRC/CA L.
C. lutetiana L. Enchanter's Nightshade. Plant 1-2 ft. erect, glandular-
pubescent. Leaves ovate, cordate at base, faintly toothed, long petioled, covered
with translucent dots. Flowers very small, white or pink, in lax erect terminal
racemes ; pedicels slender, jointed at base, reflexed in fruit.
Damp mountain woods. June-August.
CENOTHERA L.
The four following species from America or Tasmania are naturalized in the
Var, according to Albert and Jahandiez : O. biennis L., O. longiflora Jacq.,
O. stricta Ledeb., and O. Speciosa Nuttal. Their flowers are yellow, and
they grow in sandy places.
LYTHRACEjE.
Calyx tubular. Petals exceeding calyx-teeth ....LVTHRUM.
Calyx campanulate. Petals minute or o PEPLIS.
LYTHRUM L.
L. Salicaria L. Loosestrife. Erect, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, with
cordate base, opposite or whorled. Flowers whorled, 3 morphic ; in long spikes.
Stamens 12. Petals narrow oblong, bright reddish-purple.
Damp places, by rivers, etc., common. June-September.
L. Graefferi Ten. = L. fiexuosum Lag. Stems creeping and rooting,
glabrous. Leaves oblong lanceolate or elliptic, with rounded base, sessile,
mostly alternate. Flowers purple, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves.
Calyx glabrous, with 2 small scabrous bracts at base, with 12 nearly equal teeth.
Petals 6, equalling the length of the calyx. Stamens 12 of which 6 are
prominent.
Borders of damp roads, etc., on the littoral. June- August.
L. Hyssopifolia L. Annual, glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire
sessile, mostly alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary, small, lilac. Petals 5-6,
equalling half of the calyx. Bracts scarious, very small. Stamens 5 or 6, in-
cluded in the calyx.
Damp sandy places flooded in winter. May-August.
L. Thymifolia L. A small slender annual, very leafy. Leaves narrow
linear, finely toothed, very close set. Flowers rose, very small, solitary. Bracts
herbaceous, inserted at base of calyx and equalling it in length. Calyx with 8
teeth, slightly shorter than the 4 petals.
Damp sandy places flooded in winter, rather rare. May-July.
L. Salzmanni Jord. and L. Loiseleurii Rouy ft Camus also occur.
to6 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
PEPLIS L.
P. erecta Reg. Annual. Leaves opposite, sessile obovate. Flowers
reddish, solitary, axillary, small ; petals quickly falling. Capsule ovoid, shorter
than tube of calyx. Calyx ovoid cylindric, with 10-12 teeth.
Places flooded in winter, rare. June-August.
P. Portula L. (a creeping annual with opposite oblong or obovate leaves,
and minute sessile reddish flowers in the leaf axils) is found in the Var at Frejus,
Le Luc and les Pesquiers near Hyeres, rare. May-September.
CUCURBITACE^;.
Fruit globular, smooth ; plant with tendrils BRYONIA.
Fruit oblong, muricate ; plant without tendrils , ECBALIUM.
BRYONIA L.
B. dioica Jacq. White Bryony. An ornamental hispid climber. Leaves
palmately 5-lobed, petioled, suborbicular, cordate lobes sinuate. Flowers
dioecious. Corolla £ in. in diameter, hairy, greenish-yellow. Berry red. Root
very large, tuberous. It climbs by means of spiral tendrils.
Hedges, but more common in the mountain region. May-August.
ECBALIUM Rich.
E. Elaterium Rich. Wild Cucumber (Plate XVI). Plant hispid with stiff
hairs ; stems spreading, succulent and thick. Leaves thick triangular-cordate,
sinuate-dentate, greyish-green beneath. Flowers yellow, veined, monoecious,
in axillary clusters ; the females often solitary and shorter. Fruit large, greenish,
oblong, hispid, opening with elasticity and squirting out the seeds with force
when ripe.
Rubbish heaps, old walls and not stony places on the littoral. April-
September. •
CRASSULACEjE.
Leaves opposite. Petals 3-5, free, minute, like the plants. Stamens
3-4 TlLLJEA.
Leaves alternate. Corolla s-lobed. Stamens 10 COTYLEDON.
„ „ Sepals and petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10 SEDUM.
„ „ Sepals and petals 6-20. Stamens 12-40 SEMPERVIVUM
TILL/EA L.
T. muscosa L. Mossy Tilla?a. Annual, very small in all its parts, often
only J in. high, but usually about an inch. Stems often reddish. Leaves ovate,
acute or lanceolate, green or reddish, succulent. Flower sessile, axillary, white,
very small, 3-merous.
Sandy places on the littoral, not common. April-May.
T. Vaillantii Willd. Annual, glabrous, very small, delicate, often reddish.
Stems erect, slender, forming little loose tufts. Leaves linear-oblong subobtuse
nearly flat, in distant pairs. Flowers pinkish, very small, on pedicels longer
than the leaves, and forming irregular cymes.
Damp, sandy places flooded in winter, in the Var. April- June. Rather
rare.
COTYLEDON L.
C. umbilicus L. = Umbilicus pendulinus DC. Pennywort or Navel-
wort. Stem erect, composed of fleshy joints much compressed. Leaves
peltate, orbicular, crenate (more or less) very fleshy. Flowers greenish-white,
in long spiked racemes. Radical leaves petioled, depressed in the centre. Root-
stock tuberous.
Rocks, walls, etc., common. April-June.
CRASSULACR^E 107
This is one of the commonest plants found growing on the Palms at
Hyeres.1
SEDUM L. STONECROP.
* Flowering stems usually without sterile shoots ; leaves flat.
S. maximum Hoff. A tall robust species 1-2 ft. high. Leaves very
large, oval-obtuse, toothed, the lower ones auricled. Petals acute, 3 times length
of calyx, flowers pale greenish-yellow, in a corymb with opposite or whorled
branches.
Old walls, rocks, and borders of streams, local. August-September.
S. Telephium G.G. Orpine, Livelong. Plant robust, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves
oblong, coarsely toothed, not auricled. Petals acute, 3 times length of calyx.
Flowers numerous, reddish-purple in a loose corymb, with opposite or alternate
branches.
Rocks in the mountain region of Alpes-Marit., scarce. July-August.
T. Anacampseros L. Plant robust, 6-12 in. high, glaucous. Leaves
obovate, very obtuse, entire. Petals obtuse, rather longer than calyx ; flowers
rose, in a very dense umbellate corymb. Stems creeping.
Rocks in the high Maritime Alps, rare. July-August.
S. stellatum L. Annual, short. Leaves oboval obtuse, flat, toothed,
elongated into a petiole. Flowers sessile, star-shaped, pink, in a scorpioid raceme.
Capsule obtuse, spreading like a star. Style very short.
Stony places on the littoral, rather rare. May- June.
S. Cepaea L. Annual or biennial, finely pubescent, with slender stems.
Leaves oblong spathulate, entire, opposite or whorled in fours. Flowers white
or pinkish, pedicelled, in little clusters forming a loose panicle.
Damp rocks and banks, rather rare. July- August.
S. alsinefolium All. Slender, 2-6 in. high, pubescent or glandular, with i
or 2 sterile shoots springing from a rosette of small broadly oval leaves. Stem-
leaves few, spreading, oblong-spathulate, small. Flowers white, on long pedicels,
in a loose few-flowered panicle. Petals ovate, acuminate.
Damp rocks in the montane region of les Alpes-Marit., rather rare. July.
** Leaves subcylindrical, small. Annual.
S. rubens L. Annual, 2-6 in. high, pubescent glandular, reddish. Leaves
cylindric, obtuse, sessile, spreading. Flowers'pinkish-white ; sessile, small, rather
unilateral, in a glandular raceme. Sepals 5, oval-triangular. Petals 5, lanceolate,
aristate, 3 times length of calyx.
Fields and dry uncultivated places, uncommon. May-June.
S. caespitosum DC. Annual, entirely glabrous, reddish, smaller than the
last. Leaves oval, obtuse, subcylindric, sessile, imbricate. Flowers pinkish-
white, unilateral in few-flowered glabrous cymes. Sepals 4-5, ovate-triangular.
Petals 4-5.
Arid, stony places, rather rare. April- May.
*** Flowering stems with sterile shoots ; leaves small ; perennial.
S. album L. White Stonecrop. Plant 3-8 in. high, glabrous, green or often
reddish. Leaves cylindric, linear, obtuse. Flowers white, often spotted with
red, pedicelled in loose dichotomous corymbs. Rather variable in colour and size,
etc.
Walls, rocks, etc., common. June-August.
S. dasyphyllum L. Thick-leaved Sedum. Glaucous, 2-6 in. high.
Leaves very thick, compressed on inner side, usually opposite, glabrous or
glandular. Flowers pinkish-white, on short pedicels, in irregular corymbs.
Petals oval, subobtuse. Filaments hairy at the base.
1 See Thompson, H. S. " Plants Epiphytic upon Palms at Hyeres " in
" Journal of Botany," April and December, 1913.
io8 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Old walls, rocks, and banks, common. May-July. Also frequent on the
Palms at Hyeres, etc.
S. altissimum Pair. Plant 1-2 ft. high, with erect leafy stems, glabrous
and glaucous, and with densely imbricate leaves on the barren shoots. Leaves
ovoid-lanceolate mucronate, thick. Flowers subsessile, very' pale yellow in a dense
corymb.
Borders of fields, rocks, and stony hills, common. June-July.
S. anopetalum DC. = S. ochroleucum Chaix. A foot high, glaucous,
glabrous, with barren shoots covered with densely imbricate leaves. Leaves
cylindric, mucronate, shortly spathulate at base. Flowers very pale yellow,
subsessile, in a spreading erect corymb. Petals erect, linear, twice length of
calyx. Stamens glabrous.
Stony hills and waste places, fairly common. May-July.
The small, bright yellow flowered S. acre L, is much less common in the
south than in England. S. reflexum L. is fairly common on walls and stony
places in les Alpes-Marit.
S. sexangulare L. (a small plant with pale yellow flowers in a slender
corymb and small linear obtuse close-set leaves) grows here and there in the
Maritime Alps, and the glandular S. villosum with pink flowers is recorded from
damp meadows near Ampus in the Var. The true villosum L. is unknown
in the Mediterranean district and this is the variety pentandrum G.G.
SEMPERVIVUM L.
S. tectorum L. House-leek. Sub-species S. calcareum Jord. Ro-
bust, at least a foot high, stem springing from a dense rosette of large obovate
oblong leaves, ciliate, suddenly narrowed into a mucro. Stem-leaves oblong,
submucronate. Flowers rose, in a long dense spiky corymb. Corolla star-shaped,
petals twice as long as the 12 sepals.
Here and there on rocks in the montane region. July-August.
S. arachnoideum L. Cobweb House-leek. Rosettes with lanceolate or
obovate leaves, abruptly acute, covered with short glandular hairs, stiffly ciliate,
bearded at apex with radiating web-like hairs, uniting the ends of the leaves.
Petals narrow lanceolate acuminate, 3 times length of calyx, rose-red with a
darker streak. Stem and stem-leaves often red.
Rocks in the Alpine and mountain districts (May-July) descending in the
Var to Moriere above Sollies-Toucas, the summits of la Cabriere, etc.
SAXIFRAGACE^E.
Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2. Stamens 10. Petals 5 SAXIFRAGA.
Ovary i-celled ; styles 2. Stamens 8 or 10. Petals o CHRYSOSPLENIUM.
Ovary i-celled ; stigmas 3-4. Stamens 5 ; petals 5 PARNASSIA.
SAXIFRAQAL.
S. tridactylites L. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. A small annual pubescent
viscous species, often reddish. Root-leaves entire or 3-lobed, spathulate, stem-
leaves alternate, 2-5 lobed but usually 3-lobed. Flowers small, white, on slender
pedicels. Sepals erect, elliptical.
Old walls, rocks, etc., common, especially on limestone. March-May.
S. granulata L, Meadow Saxifrage. Root-stock reduced to a cluster of
small bulbs. Stem erect, 6-18 in. , branched and many-flowered above, pubescent
glandular. Leaves petioled, reniform, palmately lobed, cauline sessile. Flowers
white, rather large, campanulate in terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes erect obtuse, as
long as tube. Capsule with slender beaks.
Damp, shady places in the hills and lower mountains. April-June.
S. aizoides L. Yellow Saxifrage. Stems leafy, bearing a many-flowered
racemose cyme, but often only 2-3 flowered, hairy at summit. Leaves glabrous,
fleshy, grass-green, nerveless, entire, linear, mucronate, more or less ciliate,
SAXIFRAGACE^E 109
crowded at apex of the shoots. Petals linear-lanceolate, yellow or orange or
sometimes deep orange-red. Stamens orange-yellow.
Damp places in the Maritime Alps, descending e.g. to San Dalmazzo di Tenda
(2280 ft.). June-August.
•
S. cuneifolia L. Glandular at top, 6-12 in. high. Rosette leaves petipled,
obovate cuneate, very obtuse, leathery, glabrous and shining, toothed with a
narrow cartilaginous margin. Flowers white, in a narrow panicle. Sepals re-
flexed ; petals spreading, oblong, punctuated with yellow at base. Capsule twice
length of calyx. Flowering stem leafless.
Damp rocks and in woods of the montane region of Alpes-Marit., descending
to the district above Menton, etc. June-July. Common in the chestnut zone in
Liguria.
S. lingulata Bell. Stem 6-18 in. long, glabrous, often drooping, branch-
ing from the middle or sometimes lower, with several small linear and sometimes
indented leaves. Rosette leaves, linear-oblong, elongated, channelled above,
rather pointed at apex, thick, entire, with an encrusted indentation at the curved-
in margin. Rosettes rather loose and erect. Flowers milk-white, in long and
rather unilateral panicles, with branches of 2-6 flowers. Calyx glabrous, but
slightly rugged, with lanceolate-obtuse lobes. Petals ovate, wedge-shaped.
Stamens subulate.
Limestone rocks in the mountains, very local. Common on the Col de
Tenda and on the mountains above Menton and Grasse. June-July.
In the Var it grows on the Marges escarpments, and was recorded from
Sainte-Baume by Robert and Hanry, but the plants we saw growing at Sainte-
Baume are very glandular and identical with specimens from the Mont de la
Chens (N. of the Var) in Herb. Jahandiez which agree better with S. lantos-
cana.
S. lantoscana Boiss. et Rent. Stem usually shorter than in S. lingulata
of which it is sometimes considered a variety or sub-species. Rosette- leaves
linear spathulate, broader towards apex, with white calcareous patches, obtuse
and shorter than in lingulata and not channelled. Flowers milk-white, with
fine lines of red dots. Inflorescence more or less unilateral. Calyx campanulate,
with lanceolate-obtuse teeth.
Limestone rocks in the district round St. Martin Lantosque in the Maritime
Alps, at Mont de la Chens in the Var, at Sainte-Baume with S. Aizoon Jacq.
(fide H.S.T.), and probably in Liguria. The last species is very rare in the Var.
See " Kew Bulletin" (1911), No. 3, and " Gard. Chron.," 16 March, 1912,
December, 1874, 23 August and i November, 1913, for various notes on these
two Saxifrages.
S. cochlearis Rcichb. Stem 4-12 in., glandular except at summit, slender,
reddish-brown, branching above middle into a usually short and sometimes
glandular panicle, with usually 3 flowers on each branch. Rosette-leaves quite
short, broadly linear at base and suddenly dilated into a suborbicular, spoon-shaped
apex, coriaceous and rugged in texture, encrusted at margins with lime. Stem
leaves narrowly oboval, very small and slightly glandular. Flowers milk-white ;
petals obovate, wedge-shaped. Calyx glandular, with obtuse lobes.
Sub-Alpine limestone rocks in the Maritime Alps and adjoining mountains
of Liguria, where it descends to about 1300 feet at Buggio in the Nervia valley,
and ascends to 5500 feet. Also found on Mt. Mulacd above Menton. Endemic
in this district. June-July.
S. hypnoides L. Mossy Saxifrage. Rosette leaves 3-5 cleft, glabrous or
more or less ciliate. Leaves of barren shoots entire or'3 cleft, narrow, linear and
pointed. Stems 3-6 in. long, with very few linear leaves, and from 1-6 rather
large white flowers. Calyx-segments pointed and not one-third as long as
petals.
Moist rocky places in the limestone mountains of the Var ; not uncommon.
May-June. Apparently this is its most southern and eastern limit in Europe.
no FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
PARNASSIA L.
P. palustris L. Grass of Parnassus. Stem 6-12 in. high, with a single
perfoliate leaf below the middle, and a solitary, terminal, beautiful white flower.
Root-leaves petioled, broadly heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, glabrous. Petals
obovate, *beautifully veined, twice length of sepals, which are ovate and spreading.
Capsule globular, 3-4 valved.
Wet places in the lower mountains and sub-Alps, uncommon. July-September.
RIBESIACE^E.
RIBES L.
R. grossularia L. Gooseberry. This well-known prickly shrub is found
in hedges and thickets in the montane and sub-Alpine region of both Depart-
ments.
R. alpinum L. Grows in rocky places in the sub-Alpine forests.
R. nigrum L. (Black Currant) is perhaps indigenous in the mountain
region of les Alpes-Maritime and it is often cultivated.
R. rubrum L. (Red Currant) is sometimes found well established near
houses ; and R. petrasuiTi W ulf. grows in shady, rocky places in mountain
and sub-Alpine woods, e.g. Val de Pesio and St. Etienne-le-Sauvage (Ardoino).
HALORAGACE^B.
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. and M. spicatum L. are found in
stagnant water here and there on the littoral. May-July.
FICOIDE^.
MESEMBRYANTHEMUM L.
M. nodif lorum L. A small annual species not exceeding a foot in length,
and the only one indigenous, in a few places, on the Riviera. Leaves cylindric
obtuse, fleshy, glabrous; stems glaucous, covered above with little crystalline
papillae. Flowers solitary, shortly peduncled ; petals very small, white, yellowish
at the base. Fruit with 5 angles.
Sands and rocks by the sea, very rare. April-May. In the bed of R. Baillon
near Nice, Cannes, He de Bandol, He de Porquerolles.
M. acinaciforme L. Stems long, thick, fleshy, knotted, creeping or falling
in festoons and forming great carpets. Leaves opposite, sessile, persistent, fleshy,
green or sometimes reddish, trigonous. Flowers very large, often 3 inches or more
across, pale pink, deep magenta, pale violet, white or yellowish. The pair of
long upper bracts on the flower stalk, fleshy and connate. Two exterior sepals
large and foliaceous.
Originally from the Cape of Good Hope, this plant is now naturalized on the
whole of the littoral and also in the lies d'Hyeres. It is especially common on
railway banks and often by the sea-shore. March-May.
M. edule L. Is a closely allied species from the Cape with rather smaller
magenta flowers and broader and flatter leaves. The pair of bracts on the
flower-stalk are opposite and connate, as in the last, but much shorter and
(together) more cup-shaped. The sepals are smaller and more membranous.
It is common on the littoral region, and sometimes grows with the last.
Both species begin to flower in March or April on the Riviera, but this species
is rather later than the other.
CACTACE^;.
OPUNTIA DC.
O. Ficus-indica Mill. = Cactus Opuntia L. Prickly Pear, Figuier de
Barberie (Plate XV). Plant very fleshy, 3-6 ft., spiny, without leaves. Stems com-
posed of fleshy, compressed, oval or oblong, joints, superimposed at the edges, and
PLATE XV
Prickly-pears (Opuntia grandis) and Olives near Hyeres, Feb. 4
Common Prickly-pear (Opuntia Ficus Indica) at Les Ameniers near Toulon
(April), where it clothes a rocky limestone bank
UMBELLIFER^E in
covered with little bundles of prickles which are hooked and very fine. Flowers
yellow, large, sessile, solitary on the edge of the upper joints. Fruit ovoid, dark
purplish-red, pulpy and very red when cut, and covered with bundles of very fine
hooked hairs which immediately get into the flesh when handled.
Rocks, walls, and banks, widely spread, May-July. Originally from Mexico,
it is often cultivated and frequently naturalized. Here and there other species
occur as escapes from gardens.
UMBELLIFER/E.
" The subdivision of Umbellifers into genera is much more difficult . . . and
the modern genera, founded upon a nice appreciation of minute differences in the
fruit and seed, are often very artificial, or still more frequently reduced to single
species, and require as complete a revision as the Crucifers and Composites." —
GEO. BENTHAM.
Series i. Umbels simple, or very irregularly compound, or flowers capitate.
Vittce o or obscure.
Tribe I. HYDROCOTYLE^. Fruit laterally much compressed ; commissure
narrow _ HYDROCOTYLE.
Tribe II. SANICULE^E. Fruit subterete, or dorsally compressed ; commissure
broad.
Leaves spinous. Umbels densely capitate, involucre spinous ERYNGIUM.
Leaves palmate. Bracts very large. Fruit rough, with sinuate or dentate
ribs ASTRANTIA.
Leaves palmate. Fruit with hooked spines SANICULA.
Series 2. Umbels compound. Ridges sub-equal or primary the most conspicuous
(except in Coriandrum). Villa: usually obvious.'
Tribe III. ECHINOPHE^E. Fruit without scales. Umbels 6-8 rayed. Plants
prickly ECHINOPHORA.
Tribe IV. AMMINE^E. Fruit laterally compressed ; commissure narrow.
Section i. SMYRNIE^. Fruit short, ovoid or didymous ; ridges not winged.
Seed grooved ventrally.
Vittae several. Disk-lobes depressed ; ridges elevated. Fruit glabrous with
sinuate ribs , CONIUM.
Vittae several. Disk-lobes conical. Fruit of 2 globular carpels SMYRNIUM.
Section 2. AMMINEJE proper. Fruit as in i, but seed flat ventrally.
* Petals entire, tip acute or shortly inflexed. Vittae 1-2.
Leaves simple. Flowers yellow BUPLEURUM.
Leaves compound. Flowers white, dioecious TRINIA.
Leaves compound. P'lowers white, 2 sexual APIUM.
** Petals 2-lobed, tip long inflexed. Vittae solitary in the furrows.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Vittae as long as the fruit CARUM.
Calyx-teeth minute. Root a solitary tuber. Leaves 2-3 pinnate BUNIUM.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Vittae very short SISON.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Rays of umbels very numerous AMMI.
Calyx-teeth 5. Rays of umbels 10-20. Leaves digitate ...._ FALCARIA.
*** Petals as in * but vittae several in each furrow (except in jEgopodium).
Calyx-teeth acute. Leaves pinnate SIOM.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Leaves 2-ternate. Vittae o .<EGOPODIUM.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Leaves various. Vittae many PIMPINELLA.
Section 3. SCANDICINE.E. Fruit elongate. Seed grooved ventrally.
* Vittae many in each furrow, often faint CONOPODIUM.
** Vitt«e, o or i in each furrow.
Fruit 1-3 in. ; ridges prominent SCANDIX.
Fruit \ inch ; ridges vanishing upwards CH^EROPHYLLUM.
Fruit £-£ inch ; ridges o or obscure ANTHRISCUS.
ii2 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Tribe V. SESELINE^E. Fruit globose or ovoid, not laterally compressed ;
commissure broad, lateral ridges distinct, rarely winged.
* Fruit subterete ; ridges not thickened or corky.
Calyx-teeth small. Petals white, notched SESELI.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, entire FCBNICULUM.
** Fruit globose ; ridges low, secondary broadest CORIANDRUM.
*** Fruit subterete ; primary ridges acute, outer coat of pericarp lax. CRITHMUM.
**#* Fruit subterete ; primary ridges thick, lateral forming a corky rim round
the carpel.
Bracteoles whorled. Calyx-teeth prominent O^NANTHE.
Bracteoles unilateral /ETHUSA.
»**Fruit subterete ; lateral ridges thickened or winged SILAUS.
****** Fruit dorsally compressed ; lateral ridges broadly winged ; wings of op-
posite carpels not appressed ANGELICA.
Tribe VI. PEUCEDANE^E. Fruit much dorsally compressed ; lateral ridges
broadly winged ; wings of opposite carpels appressed (face to face) ; other
ridges filiform. Styles short, stout.
Plant glabrous ; petals ovate, acuminate, entire ; leaves very compound and cut
into linear segments FERULA.
Plant hairy ; leaves simply lobed, ternate or pinnatisect OPOPONAX.
Wings with thin margins; vittae as long as the fruit PEUCEDANUM.
Wings with thin margins ; vittae club-shaped HERACLEUM.
Wings with thick margins TORDYLIUM.
Series 3. Umbels usually compound; secondary ridges more distinct than the
primary ; sometimes spinous.
Bracts pinnatifid or laciniate. Seed flat in front DAUCUS.
Bracts entire or o. Seed grooved in front CAUCALIS.
Fruit covered with bristles between the primary ridges TORILIS.
Bristles of secondary ridges in 2 or 3 series. Umbels 2-8 rayed ORLAYA.
Wings 8 ; flowers white or rarely pinkish ; fruit slightly compressed
LASERPITIUM.
Wings 4 ; flowers usually yellow. Fruit much compressed _ THAPSIA.
ERYNQIUM L.
E. maritimum L. Sea Holly. Plant prickly, very glaucous or bluish, 1-2
ft. high, stout, 3-chotomously branched. Root-leaves suborbicular, 3-lobed
spinous, stem-leaves palmate. Heads 2 or 3 together, i in. diameter, ovoid.
Primary involucre of 3 bracts ; partial of 5-7 ovate spinous-serrate bracts. Flowers
bluish-white.
Sandy shores, common. June-August.
E. campestre L. Plant erect, pale green, 1-2 ft. high. Root-leaves pin-
nately 3-5 foliolate ; stem-leaves 2-pinnatifid. Less glaucous and more branched
and more slender than the last. Involucral bracts 4-6, linear, entire, pale green.
Flowers whitish, in globular heads.
Field borders, road-sides, etc., very common. June-September.
E. spina=alba Vill. Plant whitish-green, very spiny, robust. Involucre
silvery-white, very leathery, of 10-20 erect, strongly nerved bracts. Flowers
white. Fruit ovoid, covered with lanceolate acute scales.
In the montane and sub-Alpine region of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps,
rare. July-August.
ASTRANTIA L.
A. major L. Stems 1-2 ft. high or higher, erect, furrowed, glabrous like the
whole plant. Leaves palmately 5-fid, lobes lanceolate, acute, simple, >or 2-3 cleft,
doubly serrate, radical, and lower stem-leaves long-petioled. Secondary umbels
many-rayed. Bracts of general involucre net-veined, coloured white and red like
the petals, 2-3 cleft, upper ones usually entire, bracts of partial involucre lanceo-
late, entire, coloured.
Mountain pastures of the Maritime Alps from about 700 m. June-August.
-^fcs^p* &
X ' .
PLATE XVI.
1. ^ Echalium Elaterium. 2. Orlaya jjrandiHora. 3. Tamarix africana.
4. Crucianella maritima (a. nat. sixe ; b. Moral bracts). 5. Loniccra iinplcxa (c. fruit).
UMBELLIFER^E 113
ECHINOPHORA L.
E. Spinpsa L. Plant 1-2 ft. high, glaucous, robust, prickly. 'Leaves pin-
natisect or pinnatifid, segments fleshy, stiff, spiny. Umbels of 5-8 short unequal
rays. Stem thick, angular. Flowers white.
Maritime sands, common. July-October.
CON1UM L.
C. maculatum L. Hemlock. Stems 2-5 ft., spotted purple, stout, furrowed,
leafy. Leaves very large, deltoid, finely 2-pinnate, segments pinnatifid, flaccid.
Umbels shortly peduncled ; rays 10-20. Female flowers open after the males
which are smaller. Fruit greenish-brown. Poisonous.
Waste places and road-sides, uncommon. May- August.
SMYRNIUM L.
S. Olusatrum L. Alexanders. Stem 1-3 ft., solid, furrowed, panicled.
Root biennial. Stem-leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, serrate, shining. Petioles large,
sheathing, margins hairy. Leaflets broadly obovate, obtusely serrate or lobed.
Umbels subglobose, rays very variable. Fruit ^ in. dark brown ; ridges variable.
Flowers yellow.
Waste places, hedges, etc., sometimes in abundance, as e.g. in the Avenue du
Cenituron, Hyeres. February-May.
S. perfoliatum Mill, is sometimes seen in sandy woods, etc. April-June.
Its stem-leaves are suborbicular cordate, embracing the stem, and with crenate
margin.
BUPLEURUM L.
* Partial involucre with ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracteoles.
B. rotundifolium L. Hare's-ear. Annual, 10-18 in. high, erect glaucous,
stem hollow. Lower leaves oblong, upper ones broadly ovate or suborbicular,
apiculate, perfoliate. Involucre o ; partial involucre of 3-5 broadly ovate,
yellowish, leafy, bracteoles, longer than the many short rays, connate at base.
Flowers yellow.
Dry fields. June-August. Less common than the next species.
" B. protractum Lk. et Hoffm. = B. subovatum Lk. Leaves ovate-
oblong, narrower than the last, perfoliate. Umbels 2-3 rayed. Bracts of general
involucre o. Partial involucre of 3-5 bracteoles, widely spreading. Stems
i-2^ft. Flowers yellow. Annual.
Fields and crops, common on the littoral. May-July.
B. ranunculoides L. Very polymorphic. Except in the higher mountains
only the var. telonense Gren. is found in the Var. Stem-leaves ovate-
lanceolate. Umbels 4-12 rayed; involucre of 2-4 bracts; partial involucre of
5-6 spreading bracteoles. Flowers yellow. The type is found in the sub-Alpine
and mountain region of Alpes-Marit. and the variety on the top of Mont Faron,
near Toulon, and elsewhere in the Var. June-August.
B. opacum Willk. et Lge. = B. aristatum G.G. Annual, glaucous.
Leaves half amplexicaul, linear-lanceolate, acute. Umbels dense, terminal, of
2-5 short unequal rays. Involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, cuspidate, longer
than the rays. Partial involucral bracteoles shorter, membranous, aristate.
Dry, hilly places in the Var. May-July.
B. fruticosum L. Under-shrub 3-6 ft. high, with leafy branches. Leaves
leathery, persistent, oblong, mucronate, sessile and narrowed at the base.
Umbels of 8-20 equal rays. Involucre and partial involucres of lanceolate,
deflexed bracts, falling at maturity. Fruit oblong, with prominent acute ridges.
Limestone rocks near the top of Mont Faron near Toulon. June-August.
It also grows on the steep slope near the road in ascending Sainte-Baume from
Ge'menos, just outside the boundary of the Department of the Var.
8
1 14 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
** Partial involucre with lanceolate-linear bracteoles.
B. junceum L. Annual, 2-3 ft. high, bright green. Stem erect, rush-like,
much branched at top. Leaves long, broadly linear, acuminate. Umbels
numerous, with 2-3 slender unequal rays. Involucre ot 2-3 linear-lanceolate
bracts. Partial involucre of 3-5 linear-lanceolate bracteoles, rather shorter than
the flowers.
Dry, stony places, woods and fields. June-August.
B. Qerardi All. 'Annual, 1-2 ft. high, rather glaucous. Leaves linear.
Umbels small, 5-7 rayed ; involucre of 5 linear-lanceolate bracts. Partial
involucre of 3-5 linear bracteoles rather longer than the fruits, which are oblong
and shining. Flowers yellow. Plant polymorphic.
Fields and sterile places, local. June-August.
B. glaucum Rob. et Cast. Annual, 4-8 in. high, rather glaucous. Stems
slender, with short divaricate branches. Leaves linear-acuminate, short. Umbels
small, of 3-6 slender irregular rays. Involucres of 5 linear segments. Fruit sub-
globular, small, hispid with little white tubercles.
Sandy places and maritime fields. May-June.
B.tenuissimum L. (a slender wiry annual with few linear grass-like
leaves) is recorded from Golfe Jouan and He Ste Marguerite. Its near ally
B. semicompositum L., a glaucous grey annual species with slender wiry
stem, with divaricate branches, short linear acuminate leaves, and small
umbels of 3-6 rays, has been found on the sandy Isthmus of Giens near Hyeres.
B. affine Sadl. on sandy places at St. Aygulf, and B. rigidum L. on dry
slopes at Le Luc, La Farlede, Ampus, etc.
TRINIA Hoffm.
T. vulgar is DC. Honewort. Stem 3-8 in. branched from base, stout,
branches divaricate. Leaves spreading, glabrous, pinnately compound, petiole
and linear segments slender. Flowers white, usually dioecious, males with
narrower petals. Male umbels depressed, female irregular, rays longer ; bract
3 cleft or o ; bracteoles 2-3 linear. Flowers minute.
Stony and limestone hills, local. May-July.
APIUM L.
A. graveolens L. Celery. Plant glabrous, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves pinnate,
with 3 or 5 distinct broad segments, crenate or 3-lobed ; upper leaves very small.
Umbels small, nearly sessile on the upper branches opposite the leaves ; rays 3-6,
of numerous small flowers on short pedicels. Fruit very small. Plant strongly
scented.
Marshy places, especially near the sea, uncommon. June-September.
A. nodif lorum Reichb. Stems creeping and rooting at the base, the annual
flowering branches nearly erect ; whole plant glabrous. Leaves with 3-12 pairs
of ovate or lanceolate toothed segments. Umbels nearly sessile or on short
peduncles, each with from 4-8 rays. Partial involucre of several small lanceo-
late bracteoles.
Ditches, marshes, and streams, common. June-July.
CARUM L.
C. Carvi L. Caraway. Biennial. Stem erect, branched, i£-2 ft. high.
Leaves with a long sheathing footstalk, pinnate, with several pairs of sessile seg-
ments, which are once or twice pinnate, with short linear lobes. Umbels of
8-10 rays, sometimes with i or 2 small linear bracts. Carpels linear-oblong, with
prominent ribs.
Meadows and pastures in the mountains. May-August.
C. segetum Benth. = Petroselinum segetum K. Corn Parsley. A
A glabrous branched slender annual i-i£ ft. high. Leaves chiefly radical, simply
pinnate, with 5-10 pairs of sessile, ovate, toothed or lobed segments; upper
leaves merging into linear bracts. Umbels very irregular, the rays few and
PLATE XVII.
1. Scabiosa maritima. 2. Bellis .silvestris.
3. Calc-ndula arvensis. 4. Senecio Cineraria.
UMBELLIFERjE 115
unequal. Partial umbels, few-flowered, some sessile, others on pedicels of various
lengths. Flowers very small, white.
Borders of fields on clayey soil, rare. July, August. Hyeres, Cap Brun, etc.
BUNIUM Schur.
B. Bulbocastanum L. = Carum Bulbocastanum K. Root-stock of
globular tubers, known as pig-nuts. Root-leaves 2-3-ternate, segments stalked
and pinnately divided into a few linear lobes. Involucres of a few very fine
bracts. Carpels more slender than those of the Caraway with less prominent ribs.
Fields, hill-sides, and pastures, and in crops in the montane region. May-July.
B. incrassatum Lange. Root at first globular, then irregular. Stem
erect, stiff, angular and striate at the top. Leaves 2-3-pinnatisect, with linear
segments. Umbels of 7-14 irregular divaricate rays, stiff and thick when fruit-
ing. Involucre of 6-8 linear-lanceolate bracts. Fruit linear cylindric with sharply
keeled sides.
In fields in the Var occasionally, but never certain to reappear. March-May.
Sison Amomum L. (Hedge Sison) occurs here and there by hedges and
ditches, June-September ; Ammi mnjus L. in fields in the south of the Var,
June-August, and A. Visnaga Lam. in damp sandy places, June-September.
SIUM L.
S. angustifolium L. Stem 1-3 ft. leafy. Leaves large, pinnate, leaflets
of root-leaves, sessile, ovate-oblong, serrate, of stem-leaves very irregularly
serrate, fewer and smaller. Umbels with few and unequal rays ; bracts irregu-
larly cut. Root-stock creeping, stoloniferous, leafing at nodes.
Wet places, ditches, and streams. June-August.
PIMPINELLA L.
P. magna L. Greater Burnet-Saxifrage. Stem angular, 3-4 ft. high.
Leaves all pinnate ; leaflets of radical leaves ovate subcordate, of cauline leaves
narrower. Larger than P. Saxif raga, leaflets broad and membranous and styles
longer and more slender. Inner flowers male.
Woods, bushy places, etc. May-July.
P. Sax if rag a L. Burnet-Saxifrage. Stem terete, 1-3 ft. slender, furrowed.
Root-leaves pinnate, leaflets suborbicular, stem-leaves 2-pinnate. Umbels flat-
topped. Fruit glabrous, broadly ovoid.
Rocky places and dry hill-sides. June-August.
P. peregrina L. Biennial, 2-3 ft. high. Stem solid, furrowed, leafy,
branched. Lower leaves pinnatisect, with 5-9 orbicular cordate segments. Um-
bels 10-30 rayed. Fruit small, hispid with spreading hairs. Flowers white.
Grassy places and shady hills. May-July.
P. Tragium Vill. differs from the last by its oval leaf segments, its umbels
6-10 rayed, fruits white tomentose, and shorter, shrubby stems.
Rocky slopes in the lower mountains, rare. June-July. Near Montrieux (Var)
and between Levens and la Tour.
CONOPODIUM DC.
C. denudatum Koch. Plant glabrous,'i-2 ft. high, springing from a rounded
"bulb". Stem slender, naked and sinuous below, simple or slightly branched
at top. Leaves 2-3 pinnatisect with very narrow linear segments, the lower ones
being linear-lanceolate. Umbels 8-12 rayed. Involucre o or of 1-2 bracts.
Partial involucre of 2-5 linear bracteoles. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid-oblong,
attenuated above, compressed, without beak, glabrous, black when ripe.
Woods and borders of fields, especially in the hilly district of the Var. Rare
in Alpes-Marit. May-July.
CRITHMUM L.
C. rnaritimum L. Sea Samphire. Plant fleshy, glabrous, much branched,
woody at base. Leaves 3-nately compound, segments entire, few, terete,
n6 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
subulate or subfusiform. Petiole short ; sheathes long, adnate, membranous.
Umbels flat-topped, peduncle stout, fleshy. Bracts and bracteoles acute, spread-
ing. Flowers small, greenish-white.
Maritime rocks, sands, and banks, very common. July- September.
(ENANTHE L.
CE. pimpinelloides L. Plant 1-2 ft. high, erect. Roots fibrous, with round
or ovoid tubers. Leaves 2-pinnate, segments broad, short, entire or acutely cut.
Umbels 6-12 rayed; bracts 1-8 ; partial umbels crowded, bracteoles subulate.
Flowers cream coloured. Fruit cylindric, grooved and ribbed.
Damp meadows, borders of streams, etc. May-July.
OS. Lachenalii Gmel. Root fibres usually cylindric. Leaves 2-pinnate,
segments obtusely lobed. Resembling the last but taller, root fibres never tuber-
ous, and partial umbels not crowded, styles shorter and slender. Fruit broader,
round at top. Flowers white.
Meadows and damp places, rare. June-July.
CE. media Griseb. Root fibres usually fusiform ; stem robust, 2^ ft. high,
hollow. Leaves 2-pinnate, with segments cut into narrow acute lobes. Umbels
rather large, 5-10 rays, thickening later. Fruit subtetragonous, almost truncate.
Damp nieadows and borders of streams, rare. June-July.
CE. fistulosa L. Leaves pinnate, long petioled. Stem and petioles terete,
swollen, hollow. Stem 2-3 ft., stoloniferous. Rays short, few partial umbels,
spherical in fruit. Fruit oboval, subtetragonous. Styles as long as the fruit.
Ditches and wet marshes. May-July.
CE. globulosa L. Lower leaves 2-pinnate, with oval wedge-shaped seg-
ments ; upper ones with linear segments. Stems thick, hollow, without stolons.
Umbels 5-6 rayed, of which 2 or 3 short and thick ones come to" maturity.
Partial umbels globular when ripe. Fruit globular pear-shaped. Styles shorter.
Ditches and damp meadows, rather rare. May-June.
FERULA L.
F. communis L. Plant 3-6 ft. high, robust, glabrous, strongly scented
when dried. Stem very thick, hollow. Leaves soft, green on both sides, cut
into very narrow linear segments, the lower ones with a cylindrical petiole, the
upper with a large membranous sheath. Central umbel large, 20-40 rayed, the
lateral long peduncled. No involucres. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval or elliptical,
rounded at each end.
Hill-sides and old walls. May-July.
F. glauca L. A sub-species of the last, with stiff rather fleshy leaves, green
and shining above, very glaucous beneath, segments broader, fruit narrower, of
a glaucous plum colour.
Rocks and stony places, local. May-June.
F. Ferrulago L. Plant 1-2 ft. high, green and glabrous. Stem angular,
with whorled upper branches. Leaflets narrow-linear, the lower ones with a
triangular petiole, the upper sessile on a short sheath. Central umbel 5-10 rayed,
slightly shorter than the lateral. Involucral bracts reflexed, oblong, edged with
white. Involucel with spreading lanceolate bracteoles. Fruit oblong with
narrow base.
Stony slopes and waste places. June-August. Rather rare.
OPOPONAX K.
O. Chironium K. Plant 2-3 ft. high, hispid below, glabrous above.
Leaves rather thick, pinnatisect or bipinnatisect, with broad segments obliquely
ovate-cordate, serrate, the upper leaves almost reduced to a sheath. Flowers
yellow, in whorled umbels at the top of the stems, forming a large panicle. Both
involucres with several bracts. Fruit oval, glabrous.
Dry slopes, woods, and waste ground. June-July.
UMBELLIFER^E 117
TORDYLIUM L.
T. maximum L. Annual, i-2$ft., hispid with scabrous hairs. Hairs on
stem reflexed. Leaves pinnatisect, scabrous, the lower ones with 5-7 oblong
segments, crenate, the upper and middle ones with long lanceolate terminal seg-
ment, dentate. Umbels compact, with 5-10 short hispid unequal rays. Outer-
flowers with 3 spreading petals, the 2 lateral with unequal lobes. Fruit sub-
orbicular on a short stem.
Borders of fields and waste places, fairly common. June-July.
PEUCEDANUM L.
P. officinale L. Plant 2-3 ft. high, glabrous, dark green. Lower leaves
large, stiff, with cylindrical petiole, triternate, with long narrow linear segments.
Flowers yellow. Umbels 12-20 rayed, large terminal. Involucre of 2-3 falling
bracts or o. Involucel of numerous linear bracteoles. Fruit large, obovate.
Damp woods in the hills, meadows near ithe sea, etc., occasional. June-
September.
P. Cervaria Lap. Glabrous, about 3 ft. high. Stem >robust, solid. Leaves
glaucous beneath, stiff, 2-3 pinnate, segments oval or elliptic-lanceolate, lobed
and toothed, the teeth spinescent. Flowers white or pinkish,iin 15-25 rayed
umbels. Both involucres with reflexed segments, linear and membranous at
edges. Fruit oval, entire at summit.
Mountain slopes and woods, descending to near the sea. July-October.
P. Oreoselinum Mcench. Plant 2-3 ft. glabrous, green. Leaves green on
both sides, tripinnatisect, with oval segments toothed and trifid at the top.
Umbels of 10-20 rays. Involucre and involucel of linear-deflexed bracts. Fruit
suborbicular, emarginate, with thick white border. Flowers white.
Woods and pastures, especially in the lower mountains, scarce. July-
August.
P. Venutum K. Plant 3 ft. high, glabrous, dull green. Leaves large,
tripinnatisect with pinnatifid divisions, divided into lanceolate segments.
Umbel of 6-15 rays. Both involucres of several spreading bracts. Fruit
narrowly oval, downy.
Damp woods near Menton, Nice, Sospel, etc., in Alpes-Marit. August-
October.
DAUCUS L. CARROT.
D. Carota L. Biennial, 1-2$ ft. high. Leaves soft, 3-pinnate, leaflets
ovate, cut into many narrow segments. Flowers white or pinkish, outer ones
rayed, the central ones purplish. Umbels large, 20-40 rayed, outer ones arching
over the inner, or few and irregular ; bracts usually pinnatifid ; bracteoles lanceo-
late-acuminate. Very polymorphic.
Fields and slopes, very common. April-October.
D. gummifer Lamk. Biennial 4-12 in. high, dark green and rather fleshy.
Stem thick, branches spreading from the base. Leaf segments broader, closer,
umbels convex, spines of fruit dilated and connate at base.
A sub-species of the last growing on rocks, etc., near the sea. June-August.
Rouy calls the typical wild carrot D. communis, and D. Carota and
D. gummifer sub-species. D. mauritanicus L., D. maximus Desf., D.
Bocconei GMSS., and D. Qingidlum L. are other sub-species found on the
littoral.
CAUCALIS Hoffm.
C. leptophylla L. Annual, a foot high ; sterns covered with appressed hairs.
Leaves small, bipinnatisect. Flowers white or pinkish, small, on shortly
peduncled umbels, 2-5 rayed. Fruit small, linear oblong, covered with slender
hooked bristles.
Fields and arid places, fairly common. May-July.
n8 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
ORLAYA Hoffm.
O. grandiflora Hoffm. (Plate XVI). Annual, a foot high, glabrescent.
Lower leaves petioled, tripinnatisect, with linear-lanceolate lobes, the upper ones
sessile on a membranous sheath. Flowers white, outer ones very much larger ;
petals deeply bifid. Umbels of 5-8 almost equal rays. Involucre of 5-8 lanceolate-
acuminate bracts, white scarious at margin. Fruit ovoid, 8 mm. long, covered
with white bristles.
Fields and waste ground on limestone and clay. June- September.
0. platycarpos K. sometimes occurs in fields and vineyards. April-July.
LASERPITIUM L.
L. latifolium L. Plant 2-3 ft. high, usually glabrous and rather glaucous.
Leaves 2-3-pinnate, segments subcordate, obtuse, toothed or serrated. Upper
leaves sessile on an inflated sheath. Umbels very large, 25-50 rayed. Flowers
white. Involucre of several linear glabrous, deflexed, persistent bracts. Fruit
oval, with equal ribs.
Mountain woods and rocks. July-August.
L. Siler L. Plant 1-3 ft., very glabrous and glaucous. Leaves 2-3 pinnate,
segments lanceolate, entire, with pellucid veins. Umbels large, 20-40 rayed ;
involucral bracts linear, glabrous, persistent. Flowers white or pinkish. Fruit
narrow-oblong, glabrous and shining, scented, with narrow wings.
Mountain woods and rocks. June-August.
L. gallicum L, Plant 1-2^ ft., green and shining, usually glabrous-
Lower leaves very large, on cylindric petiole, 4-5-pinnatisect, rather thick
segments and lanceolate lobes. Upper leaves sessile on a sheath. Flowers white
or rosy. Umbels large, 20-50 rayed. Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate de-
flexed. Fruit oblong, truncate at both ends, glabrous, winged.
Rocks and arid hills. June-August.
THAPSIA L.
T. villosaiiL. Plant 2-3 ft., hairy. Stem stout, glabrous. Leaves large,
close together, hairy both sides, 2-3-pinnatisect, with large oval pinnatifid seg-
ments. Flowers yellow, hermaphrodite, central umbel large, 12-25 rayed. No
involucres.
Dry hill-sides, mountains, and i woods, local. May-June. Esterel, Mont
Coudon, Foret du Maures, etc.
The following Umbellifers also occur in the district : —
Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (Marsh Pennywort), very rare near Toulon ;
Sanicula europaea L. (Wood Sanicle), in woods in the hills ; Falcar ia vulgaris
Bernh. rare; /fegopodium Podagraria L. (Goutweed), occasionally in the
mountains ; Cachrys laevigata Lam. very rare in the Var ; Scandix Pecten=
Veneris L.,S.austraIisL., Anthriscus vulgaris Pm., A. sllvestr is Hoffm.,
A. Candollei Rouy at Ampus ; Chftrophyllum tcinulum L., C. aureum
L. in the mountains; Cnidium apioides Spreng. ; Seseli saxifragum L.,1
S. montanum L., S. elatum L., S. carvifolium Vill., S. tortuosum L. ;
Fceniculum officinale All. (Fennel), F. piperitum DC. at Toulon and
Hyeres ; Coriandrum sativum L. casual ; /Ethusa Cynapium L. in crops
in the montane region ; Angelica sylvestris L. in the mountains ; Heracleum
Sphondylium L., Pastinaca sativa L. (Wild Parsnip), P. silvestris Mill.,
P. urens Godr., Caucalis daucoides L., Torilis anthriscus Gmel.,
T. infesta Hoffm., T. heterophylla GHSS., T. nodosa Gaertn., etc.
ARALIACE^.
HEDERA L. IVY.
H. Helix L. The Ivy is common in woods and on rocks, old walls and
trees. It flowers from September-October, and the fruits are ripe in spring.
1 Now usually called Ptychotis heterophylla K.
CAPRIFOLIACE^ ng
CORNACE.E.
CORNUS L.
C. sanguinea L. Dogwood. Shrub 6-8 ft. high, with leaves and branch-
lets dark red in autumn. Leaves petioled, ovate-oblong ; acute, appearing before
the flowers. Cymes terminal, peduncled, corymbose. Flowers small, creamy-
white. Berry small, black, globular.
Woods and hedges, common. May- July.
C. mas L. Shrub or small tree, 6-15 ft. high, much branched. Leaves ovate
acuminate, shortly petioled, appearing after the flowers. Flowers yellow, in
small, simple, subsessile, opposite umbels, with an involucre of 4 oval, obtuse,
concave bracts. Berry oblong, red, acid.
Woods and hedges on limestone. March-April.
Division II. MONOPETAL^ or GAMOPETAL^E.
CAPRIFOLIACE^E.
Tribe I. SAMBUCE^J. Corolla usually rotate, regular. Ovary cells
i-ovuled ; style short, 2-3 partite, or stigma sessile.
Shrubs. Leaves simple _ VIBURNUM.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves pinnate SAMBUCUS.
Herbs. Leaves 3-nately compound »AooxA.
Tribe II. LONICERE^). Corolla tubular or campanulate. Ovary 2-3
celled, with several ovules; style slender LONICERA.
VIBURNUM L.
V. Lantana L. Wayfaring-tree. Shrub 4-8 ft., tomentose. Leaves broadly
oblong-cordate, rugose, serrulate ; pubescence stellate. Corymbs flat topped,
rays stout. Flowers \ in. diameter, creamy-white, all fertile. Drupe flattened,
black when ripe.
Woods and hedges, especially in the lower mountains. April-May.
V. Tinus L. Laurustinus. Shrub, dark green, 3-8 ft. Leaves entire,
ovate-acute, persistent, shining above, rather leathery, glandular hairy beneath at
the axils of the secondary nerves ; petiole short, without stipules. Flowers
white, or rose in bud, in dense flat-topped corymbs. Berries, small, subglobular,
black when ripe. The leaves often appear larger, less leathery, and more acute
than in English gardens. Sometimes they are attacked by an insect and turn
silvery-grey like those of myrtle and Arbutus.
Woods and hedges, especially on limestone. February-May.
SAMBUCUS L.
S. EbulllS L. Dwarf Elder. Small shrub about 3 ft. high, nearly glabrous.
Stems herbaceous, annual, robust, full of white pith. Leaves with 3-5 pairs of
oblong-lanceolate, serrate leaflets. Stipules leafy, serrate. Corolla broadly
campanulate, white tipped with pink; flowers in 3-rayed corymbose compact
cymes. Berry small, globose, black.
Borders of streams and roads. May-July.
S. nigra L. (Common Elder) grows in the woods and hedges, and S.
racemosa L. in mountain woods of the Marges and Maritime Alps.
ADOXA L.
A. Moschatellina L. Moschatel. Small green glabrous succulent herb,
3-6 in. high. Leaflets broadly triangular-ovate ; leaflets irregularly 3-lobed,
petiole slender, dilated at base. Flowers small, yellowish-green, in a 5-flowered
peduncled terminal head, 4-sided, 5-merous. Odour musky. Fruit succulent,
green.
Damp, shady places in the mountains, very rare in the south. March-April.
Found by the author as high as 6000 ft. in the Maritime Alps of Tenda.
120 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
LONICERA L. HONEYSUCKLE.
L. implexa Ait. (Plate XVI). Under-shrub 3-6 ft., with woody tortuous
stem and glabrous young branches. Leaves persistent, very leathery, oval-
elliptic, the upper ones broadly connate or perfoliate. Flowers terminal, in
sessile heads, yellowish-white, red outside, sweet scented, sessile. Berry red.
Woods, hill-sides, and hedges on the littoral. April-June.
L. Etrusca Santi. A similar sized shrub with very obtuse deciduous leaves,
the upper ones connate. Flowers yellowish-white, red outside, scented, sessile,
in long peduncled heads. Berry ovoid, red.
Hedges, woods, and rocky places, extending into the mountains. May-June.
L. Xylosteum L. An erect shrub 3-6 ft. high. Leaves petioled. Flowers
axillary, in pairs, yellowish-white. Twin berries united at the base, small,
globular, red. Leaves downy, especially beneath.
Mountain woods. May-June.
L. nigra L. and L. alpigena L. are found only in the sub-Alpine region of
the Maritime Alps. The former has a twin pair of very small black berries
united at the base ; and the latter a pair of large red orbicular berries coalescing
into one.
RUBIACE^E.
Calyx-limb entire or obsolete.
Corolla rotate or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Fruit fleshy RUBIA.
Corolla rotate, 4-lobed. Fruit dry GALIUM.
Corolla bell-shaped, or tubular. Fruit dry ASPERULA.
Corolla rotate, 3-4 lobed. Fruit dry, prickly VAILLANTIA.
Calyx-limb o, replaced by 3 imbricate bracts. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5
lobed CRUCIANELLA.
Calyx-limb 6-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit dry SHERARDIA.
RUBIA L.
R. peregrina L. Madder. An evergreen, shining climber, glabrous
except for the recurved prickles on the stem, midrib and margins of leaves.
Leaves persistent, 4-6 in a whorl, lanceolate or ovate-oblong. Cymes panicled,
longer than the leaves. Flowers very small, yellowish. Fruit small, black,
globose, i-celled. Plant somewhat variable.
Hedges and dry stony places, common. May-July.
R. tinctorum L. is occasionally seen as a relic of cultivation near Hyeres
and Toulon. Its leaves are annual, lanceolate, and its flowers a brighter
yellow.
GALIUM L. BEDSTRAW.
(i) Leaves 3-nerved, usually obtuse, in whorls of 4.
Q. Cruciata Sco/>. Cross-wort. Leaves oval-elliptic, hairy. Stems 6-18 in.,
erect, slender, very leafy. Cymes axillary, few flowered. Flowers yellow,
outer male.
Borders of fields, hedges, and woods, not common in the south. April-June.
Q. pedemontana All. Annual, with yellowish-green stem, slender,
scabrous, covered with spreading hairs and little reflexed needles. Leaves
elliptic, obtuse, feebly 3-nerved, usually deflexed, much shorter than internodes.
Flowers yellow, in small axillary heads. Fruit almost glabrous.
Thickets in the mountains of the Var, rare. May-July.
Q. vernum Scop. Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, glabrous or pubescent,
clearly 3-nerved. Flowers yellow, in small axillary cymes, corolla lobes
accuminate, peduncles without bracts. Fruit glabrous and shining.
Woods and shady places in the Maritime Alps. April-June.
G. boreale L. and Q. rotundifolium L. occur above our limit in the
Maritime Alps.
(ii) Leaves i-nerved, usually mncronate or cuspidate.
* Stems usually rough with reflexed hairs ; root-stock slender.
G. saccharatum All. Annual. Stems diffuse, slightfy scabrous. Leaves
in whorls of 5-6, linear-lanceolate, shortly mucronate, glabrous above, hispid at
margin. Flowers whitish, in little axillary 3-flowered cymes, the 2 lateral male.
Fruit often solitary, very large, greenish-white, covered with whitish conical
warts which give the plant a distinct aspect.
Fields and vineyards. Not very common. February- May.
Q. tricorne With. Corn Galium. Annual. Leaves in whorls of 6-8,
longer than the last, very scabrous at the edges. Fruit large (4-5 mm.) covered
with little green tubercles without hooks or bristles.
Fields and crops. Very common. April-July.
Q. minutulum Jord. A very delicate small annual, with filiform erect
stems ; leaves in distant whorls of 4, spreading, oval-elliptic, mucronate. Flowers
dirty white, i or 2 in the axils of the leaves. Fruit minute, obovate, covered
with white hooked bristles. Another very distinct species.
Sandy places on the Islands of Porquerolles, and Levant, near Bormes, etc.
Very rare. May- June. Not yet found except in a few places in the S. of France.
G. murale All. Wall Galium. Very small annual, but less slender and
capillary than the last, and with the whorls of 4-6 leaves nearer together, oblong-
lanceolate, mucronate, scabrous. Flowers yellowish, 2-3 together in the axils.
Fruit pendent, linear oblong, covered with hooked bristles.
Sandy places, under walls, etc., common. March-May.
G. verticillatum Danth. Annual, 3-8 in. high. Stems erect, slightly
scabrous. Leaves in whorls of 4-6, reflexed and finally appressed against the
stem, lanceolate, acute, with scabrous borders. Flowers yellowish, very minute,
3-7 in the leaf axils ; pedicels very short, i-flowered. Fruit erect, sitting on the
whorls, ovoid, and hispid with white simple hairs.
Arid, stony places in the hills. April- June. Rather rare.
G. parisiense L. Annual, very polymorphic. Stem very slender, much
branched, scabrous.- Leaves in whorls of 6, soon reflexed, linear- lanceolate,
mucronate, scabrous. Flowers reddish-green, minute, in a long panicle, extend-
ing throughout the stem. Fruit minute, glabrous, finely tubercled.
Dry, sandy places. May-July.
On the littoral the two sub-species G. divaricatum Lamk. (more branched
and divaricate) and G. anglicum Huds. are equally common, and G. tenellum
Jord. is less so. The last has broadly lanceolate leaves.
G. setaceum Lamk. A small, slender annual, 2-8 in. high. Leaves linear-
setaceous, erect spreading, in whorls of 6-9. Flowers very minute, reddish, in
a large panicle almost exceeded by a long leaf-like bract. Fruit covered with
long white spreading hairs.
Dry, sandy, and rocky places, uncommon. May -June. Mont Faron, top of
Mont Paradis near Carqueiranne (determ. J. Briquet), etc., in the Var; and near
Grasse.
G. aparine L. (Cleavers) very variable, and G. palustre L. also occur
frequently.
** Stems glabrous or hairy, but with no reflexed hairs; plants perennial, often
with thick root-stock.
G. purpureum L. Plant i£ ft. high, almost glabrous, always green, with
woody stock. Stems stiff, erect, much branched. Leaves in whorls of 8-10,
narrow linear, mucronate. Flowers purple-red in a long narrow pyramidal panicle,
with slender branches. Pedicels capillary. Fruit rugose, minute.
Rocky ,'stony places, local. June-August.
122 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Q. rubrum L. Plant i£ ft. high, green, and not turning black on drying,
with more slender stock and stems. Leaves in whorls of 6-12 (usually 8), linear-
lanceolate, mucronate, with prominent dorsal nerve. Flowers dark red, pinkish,
or greenish-white, numerous, in a diffuse, spreading panicle. Corolla lobes
apiculate. Fruit glabrous.
Dry woods and hill-sides in the Maritime Alps. June-July.
Represented in the Var by the sub-species Q. obliquum Vill. which has
many varieties found in the district. It is a smaller plant, more glabrous at the
base, with flowers usually yellowish-white.
Q. MollugO L. Hedge Bedstraw. Perhaps the commonest sub-species of
this variable plant is Q. elatum Thuill. Branches short and spreading ; leaves
obovate or oblong-lanceolate, in whorls of 6-8, somewhat transparent, mucronate.
Q. erectum Huds. is a stronger, stiffer plant, leaves narrower, lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, not transparent, more mucronate and with distinct midrib ;
branches of panicle more upright ; pedicels less divaricate (Bicknell). Other
sub-species are Q. Gerard! Vill., and according to Rouy, Albert, and Jahandiez
Q. corrudrefolium Vill. and Q. cinereum All. (ashy-grey and glaucous).
But these are considered distinct species by most authorities, and we prefer to
treat them as such.
They grow in dry and often stony places whereas the true Q. MollugO and
Q. elatum are found in hedges and by streams (May-September). Q. erectum
is a limestone plant.
Q. corrudajfolium Vill. = G. lucidum All. A stiff plant, somewhat
woody at the base ; leaves narrow and shining, in whorls of 6-8, with strongly
marked midrib. Pedicels short, erect. Flowers yellowish-white, in a narrow
panicle.
Arid places on the littoral and lower mountains. May -June.
G. cinereum All. A very glaucous, ash-grey plant, much resembling
Asperula galioides, with perfectly smooth stem, and large spreading panicles
of pure white flowers.
Arid hill-sides, borders of woods, etc., especially in the lower mountains.
June-July.
G. verum L. Yellow Bedstraw. Leaves narrow-linear, in whorls of 8-12,
stem erect or spreading 1-2 ft. high. Flowers bright yeltow, sweet scented,
numerous, in a long narrow panicle. Fruit small, glabrous and smooth.
Borders of fields and grassy places, common from sea-level to the mountains
and very variable. April-September.
G. aristatum L. A close ally of G. silvaticum L. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, large, glabrous and glaucous, in whorls of 6-8. Flowers rather large,
pure white. Fruit glabrous.
Mountain woods. June-August.
G. Jordan! Loret et Barr. and G. umbeHatum Lamk., both very variable
and considered by Rouy sub-species of his G. commune = G. silvestre Poll.,
occur on the littoral. G. pusillum L. grows in the mountains but descends
considerably in the south. It is a small green shining plant, densely tufted,
with rather rigid stems and short internodes. Leaves in whorls of 6 or 7, linear,
aristate, with marked dorsal nerve. Flowers white, in short corymbs.
ASPERULA L.
A. arvensis. L. Annual, a foot high. Lower leaves in whorls of 4,
obovate, the others in whorls of 6-8, linear obtuse. Flowers blue, small, in
terminal heads with long ciliate bracts.
Cultivated places. April-June.
A. taurina L. Plant a foot high, robust. Leaves in whorls of 4, large,
elliptic lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers white, large, scented, in terminal heads,
witn an involucre of leafy bracts.
Mountain woods in the Maritime Alps, local. April- May.
VALERIANACE^; 123
A. Iffivigata L. Plant i£ ft. high, glabrous. Leaves oval or oblong obtuse,
r-nerved, in whorls of 4. Flowers white, very small, in axillary cymes.
Woods and shady places, uncommon. May -June.
A. galioides M. Bieb. = A. glauca Bess. = Qalium glaucum L.
Plant 1-2 ft. high, glabrous. Stem robust, rigid, swollen at nodes. Leaves in
whorls of 6-8, linear, stiff, mucronate, almost glaucous. Flowers pure white.
Fruit glabrous and glossy. Resembles Q. cinereum.
Dry, stony slopes, rather rare. May-July.
A. cynanchica L. Squinancy-wort. Barren stems nearly prostrate, the
others about 6 or 8 in. high. Leaves narrow-linear, lower ones in whorls of 4,
upper ones often in pairs. Flowers pinkish-white or white, funnel-shaped.
Fruit small, tubercular. A very variable plant.
Dry woods and hill-sides, especially on limestone. June-September.
A. longiflora W. et K. This is as variable as the last, and differs from it
in its longer corolla-tube, more spreading lobes and longer leaves ; and it is
usually a taller plant.
Rocks in the Esterel and lower Maritime Alps. June-July.
A. hexaphylla All. A small tufted species, glabrous, with leaves in whorls
of 6, rather short, linear. Stem branched. Flowers pink, in dense terminal
heads, with involucre of small bracts. Corolla-tube 3 times as long as limb,
Fruit glabrous.
Sunny rocks, usually limestone, in the lower mountain region about St.
Dalmazzo di Tenda, above Menton, etc. Rare. June-July.
Sherardiararvensis L. is common in cultivated and waste places, also in
sandy pine-woods, etc. It is a small hispid annual with about 6 leaves in a
whorl and minute lilac or pink flowers. April-June.
CRUCIANELLA L.
C. maritima L. (Plate XVI). Plant glabrous and glaucous, 6-18 in. long,
with woody root and robust stems. Leaves in whorls of 4, erect, imbricate at
the base and on the young branches, lanceolate, mucronate, coriaceous, with
white membranous margin. Flowers small, yellowish in dense spikes. Corolla-
tube very long.
Sea sands, very local. May-July.
C. latifolia L. Annual, 6-16 in. high, glabrous. Stems slender, scabrous.
Upper leaves linear-lanceolate in distant whorls of 6, spreading, flat, green,
scabrous ; lower leaves broader. Flowers very small in a long dense imbricate
spike. Outer bracts connate, ciliate.
Dry slopes and stony fields. April-June. Rarer than the next.
C. angustifolia. Annual, 6-12 in. high, glabrous. Stems slender, erect.
Leaves in whorls of 4-6, linear-setaceous, very scabrous, margin rolled in, ap-
pressed against the stem. Flowers very small, yellowish, in linear, quadrangular,
densely imbricate spikes. Outer bracts white, with green keel.
Dry slopes and stony places on the littoral. May-July.
VALERIANACE^E.
Calyx pappose. Corolla-tube spurred. Stamen i CENTRANTHUS.
Calyx pappose. Corolla-tube slightly swollen or gibbous. Stamens 3
VALERIANA.
Calyx toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube obconic. Annuals VALERIANELL&.
CENTRANTHUS DC.
C. ruber DC. Red Spur-Valerian. Stem woody below ; branches 2-3 ft.
erect, terete, hollow. Lower leaves lanceolate, upper ones triangular ovate
entire, glabrous and rather glaucous. Cymes long ; flowers dense, red or some-
times white ; corolla £ in., spur slender, twice length of ovary. Fruit glabrous.
124 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Rocks, walls, railway and other dry banks, etc., common. March- July, and
indeed almost all the year in certain places. In places this plant grows in great
quantity, and forms brilliant masses of colour.
C. Calcitrapa DC. Annual, glabrous, green or reddish ; stem slender, 6-18
in. Leaves pinnatifid, lower ones entire or lyrate. Corolla slightly gibbous,
hardly spurred. Flowers rose, in small unilateral and then divaricate panicles.
Fruit glabrous or hispid.
Dry stony places, rocks, and slopes. May, June.
C. angustifolius DC., with linear entire leaves, grows in the lower
Maritime Alps on sunny slopes of de'bris. June-July.
VALERIANA L. VALERIAN.
V. officinal is L. Common Valerian. Plant glabrous, 2^-4 ft. high. Lower
leaves pinnatisect, with 15-21 lanceolate, almost equal segments. Flowers pale
pink, hermaphrodite, uniform in shape, in large corymbs.
Shady places in the lower Maritime Alps. June-August.
V. tuberosa L. Tuberous Valerian. Plant glabrous, with thick tuberous
root, and no stolons, 6-12 in. high. Lower leaves oboval or elliptic, obtuse, entire,
petioled ; stem-leaves subsessile, pinnatisect, with 5-9 segments, the terminal
the largest. Flowers pink, polygamous, in short, contracted corymbs.
Rocks and shady places in the hills. April-June.
V. tripteris L. with greyish coarsely toothed leaves, and V. montana L.
with bright green, shining leaves, grow in shady or damp places in the Maritime
Alps, the former being common in the mountain woods.
VALERIANELLA L. (all annual weeds).
V. echinata DC. Plant 6-12 in. high, glabrous. Leaves sinuate-toothed
or incised. Limb of calyx formed of 3 conical horns, unequal, arched outwards.
Flowers very small, pink. The fruit of 2 kinds, linear and straight, and the
upper ones oblong, with 3 obtuse angles.
Stony fields. April-June.
V. Olitoria Poll. Lamb's Lettuce. Fruit almost orbicular in outline, rather
broader than long, with a longitudinal furrow and 2 ribs on either side, the bract
swollen and spongy. Flowers very small, bluish ; upper leaves usually entire.
Cultivated ground. March-May.
V. eriocarpa Desv. Limb of calyx as long as fruit, obliquely truncate with
5-7 large teeth ; fruit with a rib on each side, and on the face an oval depression
enclosed by 2 prominent ribs and divided by a nerve. Stems stiff, rather thick.
Cultivated ground. April-June.
V. truncata Belcke. Differs from the last in the limb of calyx being as
long as the fruit, and much more obliquely truncate and scarcely toothed.
Cultivated ground and dry gravelly places in the littoral and lower mountain
regions of Alpes-Marit. and Liguria. May. Rare in the Var.
V. Morisonii DC. = V. dentata Poll. Bracts scarcely as long as ripe
fruit ; limb of calyx small, much shorter than fruit, obliquely truncate and acute.
Fruit with a narrow longitudinal rib on back and each side.
Cornfields, etc. May-June. Less common in the Var than the sub-species
V. microcarpaLois., the fruit of which has finely ciliate borders, limb of calyx
acute and the fruit has curved hairs. May-June.
V. carinata Lois. Keeled Corn-salad. Fruit oblong, somewhat 4-sided,
with prominent rib on back ending in a short tooth, and face divided by deep
longitudinal furrow.
Fields and uncultivated ground. April-June.
V. COronata DC. Fruit crowned by large limb of calyx which is glabrous,
reticulated and divided into 6 triangular lobes ending in a hooked awn.
Cultivated or waste ground, April-July.
DIPSACE^E 125
V. discoidea Lois. Differs from the last in being more branched and thick
set, with broader, more hairy and more pinnatifid leaves, the limb of calyx has
lobes more outspread, of ten bifid and hairy on both sides and more shortly hooked.
Fields and waste places. April-June.
I am indebted to Mr. Bicknell for many of the above distinctions.
V. rimosa Bast., V. membranacea Lois., and possibly one or two other
species occur in the district.
DIPSACE^)
Floral bracts spinescent, exserted, covering the head DIPSACUS.
Floral bracts simple, rigid. Involucre leathery _CEPHALARIA.
Floral bracts hispid. Calyx crowned by bristles (6-10). Involucel 4-furrowed.
KNAUTIA.
Floral bracts concealed, scale-like or o. Involucel 8-furrowed SCABIOSA.
DIPSACUS L.
D. silvestris Mill., the Common Teasel, is found here and there at the
sides of ditches, etc., and D. pilosus L. in the mountain region of Alpes-Marit.
D. fullonum Mill, is still occasionally cultivated in the Var.
CEPHALARIA Schrad.
C. leucantha Schrad. A bushy plant about a yard high. Root-leaves
simple, oval, toothed. Stem-leaves pinnatisect, with toothed lanceolate or linear
segments, glabrous or sometimes rather viscid and sweet-scented. Flowers
yellowish-white, in spherical heads (2 cms.) Involucral bracts and scales of re-
ceptacle scarious, ovate, obtuse, and pubescent. Involucel with many teeth
and ciliate.
Borders of fields and stony slopes. July- Sept ember.
C. transilvanica Schrad. Annual, 1-2^ ft. Stem slender, more or less
scabrous. Leaves hispid, cauline leaves pinnatisect or almost lyrate, with linear-
lanceolate segments the terminal being largest. Root-leaves simple. Involucral
bracts scarious. Scales of receptacle ovate, acuminate-aristate with a purple
keel. Flowers pale blue. Involucel of 8 short teeth.
Dry fields and cultivated ground. July-October.
C. syriaca Schrad. is very rare, and found in fields at the Grande Axe
(Seillens) in the Var. June-July. The scales of the receptacle are broad and
have an awn as long as the limb. Leaves simple. Flowers lilac. Annual.
KNAUTIA Coulter.
K. arvensis Coult. = Scabiosa arvensis L. Field Scabious. Stem 2-4
ft., rather stout, hairy, usually branched above. Leaves variable, hairy, radical,
oblong lanceolate, entire, serrate. Heads of pale lilac-purple flowers i-i£ in.
in diameter on long peduncles. Involucral bracts broad, leafy, 2-seriate. Corolla
hairy, inner pinker, outer larger, radiating, 2-hpped. Plant polymorphic.
Borders of fields, banks, woods, and meadows. May-September.
K. hybrida Coult. = K. integrifolia Bert. Annual, 1-2 ft. Root-leaves
in a rosette, lyrate or pinnatifid, upper leaves linear-lanceolate entire. Peduncles
glandular. Flowers pale rose or lilac, in nearly flat heads. Calyx crowned with
numerous white hairs, shorter than the involucel.
Fields and sandy hill-sides on the littoral. May-June.
K. sylvatica Duby and K. collina G. G. grow occasionally in the lower
mountain region. The former has large oblong-lanceolate leaves, and the latter
has lyrate or pinnate leaves with oblong obtuse lobes, silky or felted.
SCABIOSA L.
S. maritima L. (Plate XVII). Stem erect, 1-3 ft. Lower leaves oblong,
spathulate, toothed. Upper ones pinnatisect. Flowers pink or light violet,
126 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
on long peduncles. Involucre of many long lanceolate segments. Involucel
with a white plaited crown, folded inwardly. Limb of calyx with 5 long reddish
hairs. Extremely variable.
Borders of fields and waste ground, very common. June-August, but more
or less all the year in sheltered spots.
The var. atropurpurea G. G. is occasionally seen on the littoral and at
Porquerolles. It is the dark flowered scabious so often cultivated in gardens.
S. pyrenaica All. Plant white-tomentose. Stems erect. Root-leaves
oval-lanceolate, spathulate, toothed or crenate ; upper leaves pinnatisect. Flowers
blue lilac. Involucre with linear segments. Involucel with plaited crown.
Calyx with 5 hairs, twice length of limb.
Stony places in the hills and mountains from the Maritime Alps down to the
coast near Nice, Menton, Ventimiglia, etc. August-November.
S. hybrida All. Stem erect, rough. Lower leaves large, lyrate ; upper
lanceolate, entire. Involucral leaves lanceolate-acuminate. Receptacle covered
with white bristly hairs. Involucel crowned with 2-4 teeth. Calyx crowned
with short silky hairs. Flower head flat. Flowers pale pink.
Cultivated ground about Cannes, Nice, Menton, Bordighera, etc. May-July.
S. Stellata L. Annual, 6-18 in. high, hispid. Root-leaves toothed, stem-
leaves pinnatisect. Flower heads hemispherical when fruiting (2-3 cm.). Flowers
bluish-lilac, with 5 unequal lobes. Involucral leaves entire or incised, longer
than the flowers. Crown of involucel yellowish, longer than the tube, with
very broad margin. Calyx hairs subulate, rather longer than the crown. The
type does not grow in France, but on the littoral we have the sub-species S.
monspeliensis Jacq. and S. simplex Desv. = S. stellata Camel.
Borders of fields and limestone slopes. May-July.
S. SUCCisa L. Devil's-bit Scabious. Leaves mostly radical, stalked, ovate
or oblong, entire, mostly glabrous. Stems 1-2 ft. high, with 1-5 heads of deep
violet-blue flowers on long peduncles. Involucral bracts lanceolate, in 2 or 3
rows, the inner ones gradually passing into the pointed scales of the receptacle.
Fruit crowned by the 4 bristles of the calyx. Involucel with 4 ovate teeth.
Damp meadows and grassy places, fairly common. June-September.
S. gramuntia L. Plant 1-2^ ft. high, more or less hairy, with spreading
branches. Leaves often whitish with down, or pubescent, root-leaves lyrate,
pinnatifid, stem-leaves usually bipinnatisect, with almost equidistant pairs of
segments. Flowers blue, in small heads on very long peduncles. Fruiting heads
small, absolutely globular. A very variable plant.
Dry places. July- October.
S. graminifplia L. A small silvery and silky plant with numerous linear,
entire leaves forming a tuft from which springs a simple naked stalk with one
head of pale violet flowers. Calyx bristles whitish.
Rocky places in the mountains, rare. June-August.
COMPOSITE.
Sub-family I. CORYMBIFER^. Central florets hermaphrodite, tubular; outer
florets female or sterile, ligulate, or rarely tubular.
Tribe I. EUPATORIE/E. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers all tubular,
2-sexual. Anther-cells not tailed.
Leaves opposite, of 3-5 lanceolate segments EUPATORIUM.
Leaves alternate, cordate, large. Involucre narrow, of 3-8 segments
ADENOSTYLES.
Tribe II. TUSSILAGINE^5. Ray florets female, central ones hermaphrodite.
Style arms of disk florets connate.
Heads racemose; outer florets tubular PETASITES.
Heads solitary ; outer florets ligulate TUSSILAGO.
4
PLATE XVIII.
1. Catananche cicrulea. 2. Echinops Ritro.
4. Scolymus hispanicus.
3. Carlina corvmbnsa.
COMPOSITE 127
Tribe III. ASTEROIDE.E. Leaves alternate. Kay flowers female or neuter,
ligulate, rarely all tubular. Disk flowers 2-sexual. Anther-cells not tailed.
Pappus hairs or scales rigid or o. Style arms usually flattened.
Ray flowers purple, i seriate or o. Pappus rigid ASTER.
Ray flowers in 2 or more series. Pappus hairs rigid ERIGERON.
Ray flowers ? in 2 series. Involucre campanulate BELLIDIASTRUM.
Ray flowers white or pink in one series. Pappus o _ BELLIS.
Ray flowers yellow. Pappus hairs rigid or o SOLIDAGO.
Ray flowers numerous, filiform, in many rows. Disk flowers few CONYZA.
Tribe IV. INULOIDE^E. Leaves alternate. Ray flowers ligulate, yellow, or
o ; disk flowers tubular. Anther-cells with slender tails.
Pappus scabrid, simple. Ray flowers ligulate INULA.
Pappus scabrid, with an outer row of short scales. Ray flowers ligulate
PULICARIA.
Achenes crowned by a membrane. Involucral bracts almost equal
BUPHTHALMUM.
Achenes crowned by a membrane, much compressed. Outer involucral bracts
large, spreading and irregular ASTERISCUS.
Tribe V. CALENDULE^E. Involucre hemispherical, with bracts in 2 series.
Achenes curved, muricate. Leaves almost entire CALENDULA.
Tribe VI. GNAPHALIE^E. Involucral bracts often scarious. Flowers all
tubular. Style arms linear obtuse. Achenes cylindrical or compressed.
Leaf borders rolled in below. Inner involucral bracts acute PHAGNALON.
Leaf borders rolled in below. Inner involucral bracts obtuse HELICHRYSUM.
Heads dioecious. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus silky GNAPHALIUM.
Heads subdicecious. Pappus of male clavate silky ANTENNARIA.
Heads dioecious. Receptacle conical ; scales few FILAGO.
Leaves flat, entire or crenate, whitish. Inner involucral bracts hooded
MICROPUS.
Plants whitish, minute. Involucral bracts all flat EVAX.
Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDE/E. Leaves alternate. Ray flowers ligulate, or
tubular and very slender. Anther-cells not tailed. Style arms linear with
truncate tips. Pappus o or minute.
Ligule oblong. Fruit terete or angled ANTHEMIS.
Ligule broad, short. Fruit compressed ACHILLEA.
Receptacle hemispherical ; achenes compressed, with 2 membranous wings
ANACYCLUS.
Flowers all tubular and compressed. Plant white-tomentose DIOTIS.
Receptacle hemispherical. Heads in a corymb ; PYRETHRUM.
Receptacle conic, naked, often elongating MATRICARIA.
Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Leaves pinnatifid or toothed „
CHRYSANTHEMUM.
Receptacle hemispherical. Heads solitary at top of branches
LBUCANTHEMUM.
Tribe VIII. ARTEMISIE^. Flowers all tubular. Receptacle usually
naked.
Flowers all tubular. Involucral bracts few seriate. Receptacle narrow
ARTEMISIA.
Flowers all tubular. Involucral bracts many seriate. Receptacle broad
TANACBTUM.
Flowers all tubular. Outer ones $ , tube compressed winged SANTOLINA.
Tribe IX. SENECIONIDE^E. Leaves alternate. Flowers all yellow, tubular
and 2-sexual, or outer ligulate. Receptacle naked. Anther-cells without
tails. Pappus hairs usually very soft. Style arms of disk florets free.
128 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Petasites and TussilagO (often placed here) are removed to a tribe by
themselves.
Involucral bracts in many series. Pappus hairs rigid. Leaves mostly entire.
DORONICUM.
Involucral bracts in one series. Leaves mostly pinnate SENECIO.
Sub-family II. CYNAROCEPHAL^. Leaves usually spinous. Involucre
often globose, bracts often spinous. Florets all tubular, hermaphrodite, or
sometimes the outer female or neuter.
Tribe I. ECHINOPSE^E.
Head i-flowered, each floret with an involucre and together crowded into a ball ;
pappus of bristles ECHINOPS.
Tribe II. CARLINE^. Anther-cells tailed. Florets usually equal.
Anthers with subulate tails. Outer bracts hooked ARCTIUM.
Anthers with feathery tails. Outer bracts spinous, inner spreading CARLINA.
'Outer involucral bracts pinnatifid, inner not spreading ATRACTYLIS.
Achenes cylindrical-fusiform. Pappus of i row of hairs STVEHELINA.
Involucre ovoid, glabrous. Pappus of 5 bristles XERANTHEMUM
Tribe III. SILYBE^. Bracts spinescent. Filaments connate.
Filaments connate. Fruit terete, rugose , SILYBUM.
Filaments connate. Pappus hairs plumose. Leaves variegated. GALACTITES.
Filaments connate. Pappus hairs toothed. Achenes long, compressed,
tetragonous TYRIMUUS.
Tribe IV. CARDUEM. Bracts spinescent. Filaments free.
Receptacle hispid with long hairs. Flowers blue CARDUNCELLUS.
Filaments free. Fruit not angled. Pappus simple haired CARDUUS.
Filaments free, hairy. Fruit not angled. Pappus feathery CIRSIUM.
Filaments free. Fruit angled. Pappus feathery, persistent CNICUS.
Filaments free. Fruit 4-angled, rugose ONOPORDON.
Tribe V. CENTAURIE^. Anther-cells not tailed. Outer fls. neuter.
Outer bracts often fringed. Pappus short, unequal or o CENTAUREA.
Achenes hairy, outer ones without pappus. Inner involucral bracts 10, small.
CRUPINA.
Achenes glabrous. Pappus hairs long. Bracts unarmed SERRATULA.
Outer involucral bracts ribbed, spinous at edge, inner with a broad toothed
appendage CARTHAMUS.
Sub-family III. LIGULIFLOR^ or CICHORIACE^. Florets all ligulate.
Tribe I. SCOLYME/E. Seeds invested with the chaff of the receptacle.
Plant spiny. Achenes naked or with 2-4 hairs SCOLYMUS.
Tribe II. HYOSERIDE^E. Pappus chaffy. Receptacle naked.
* Pappus of small scales.
Involucre double. Flowers blue CICHORIUM.
Involucre simple, of many bracts. Stigmas ovoid. Flowers blue CATANANCHE.
Involucral bracts never enveloping the top-shaped achenes. Flowers yellow
TOLPIS.
Involucral bracts enveloping the ripe achenes. Stem leafy HEDYPNOIS.
Involucral bracts enveloping the ripe achenes. Stem single, naked HYOSERIS.
** Pappus none.
Achenes persistent, outer ones spreading, stellate RHAGADIOLUS.
Achenes falling, obtuse, not spreading LAPSANA.
Tribe III. HYPOCH^ERIDE^E. Pappus hairs feathery, usually dilated at base.
Receptacle chaffy.
Receptacle paleaceous. Pappus hairs often in 2 rows HYPOCHJERIS.
Receptacle chaffy. Involucre with very small basal bracts SERIOLA.
f
PLATE \l\.
1. Atractylis cancellata. 2. Galactites tomentosa. 3. Leuzea (Centaurea) conifera.
" 4. Crupina Crupinastrum. 5. Xanthium strumarium.
COMPOSITE 129
Tribe IV. SCORZONERE^E. Pappus hairs feathery, often dilated at the base.
Receptacle usually naked.
Outer achenes crowned by a membrane. Beak filiform THRINCIA.
Achenes contracted at top. Pappus-hairs irregular LEONTODON.
Achenes contracted at both ends. Plants hispid PICRIS.
Achenes with filiform beak. Involucre double. Plant hispid, leafy
HELMINTIA.
Achenes compressed. Involucre simple, with 8 connate bracts UROSPERMUM
Achenes not beaked. Leaves linear, entire, glabrous SCORZONERA.
Achenes on a hollow support, not beaked. Leaves pinnatifid, glabrous
PODOSPERMUM.
Achenes slender. Involucral bracts reflexed at maturity TRAGOPOGON.
Tribe V. CREPIDEyE. Achenes tapering. Pappus hairs not feathery. Re-
ceptacle naked.
Central achenes beaked. Stem almost naked, many flowered PTEROTHECA.
Central achenes beaked. Stem naked, i-flowered. Receptacle naked
TARAXACUM.
* Achenes usually narrowed below and beaked above. Leafy, glabrous or hispid
herbs.
Achenes rounded, 5-toothed. Stem leafy, many flo%vered CHONDRILLA.
Achenes compressed, long beaked. Stem leafy, many flowered LACTUCA.
Achenes subcylindrical, short beaked. Stem leafy, many flowered
BARKHAUSJA.
Achenes truncate, not beaked. Flowers bluish or violet PRENANTHES.
Involucre fleshy, adhering to the achenes. Pappus lateral ZACINTHA.
Achenes compressed, not beaked. Pappus of soft white hairs SONCHUS.
Achenes not beaked, with 4-5 rugose ribs. Pappus of soft white hairs
PICRIDIUM.
** Achenes subcylindric. Involucre of 2 rows. Pappus of soft white simp) e
hairs CREPIS.
*** Achenes truncate, attenuated at base, pappus hairs rough, dirty white
HIERACIUM.
**** Achenes shorter than the many-haired receptacle. Pappus hairs stiff,
brown ANDRYALA
Sub-family I. CORYMBIFER^.
EUPATOR1UML.
E. cannabinum L. Hemp Agrimony. Stem 3-4 ft. Leaves opposite,
3-5 foliolate, leaflets lanceolate, serrate. Heads in dense terminal 5-6-flowered
cormybs, whitish-pink or pale purple. Involucral bracts about 10, scarious, linear-
oblong, obtuse. Pappus white, scabrous. Corollas covered with resinous points.
By water-courses and damp places. June-August.
ADENOSTYLES Cass.
A. alpina Bluff, et Fing. = A. viridis Cass., is found in mountain woods in
the Chens (Var) and in the Maritime Alps. July-August.
A. albifrons Reichb. with cordate-reniform leaves, white cottony beneath,
is common in the Maritime Alps, descending the mountain torrents a consider-
able distance. July-August.
PETASITES Adans.
P. officinalis Mcench. Butterbur (P. ovatus Hill, 1769). Leaves very
large, heart-shaped, whitish pubescent below, long petioled. Involucral bracts
very obtuse. Heads of pinkish flowers in an oblong dense panicle, appearing
before the leaves.
Damp places, borders of streams, etc., in the upper valleys, rare, March-
April.
9
130 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
P. fragrans Presl. with very pale mauve flowers, smelling of vanilla, and
cordate leaves green on both sides, is naturalized in various places and flowers in
January-March. P. albus Gaertn. and P. niveus Baumg. grow in the Mari-
time Alps and flower in April-May.
Tussilago Farfara (Coltsfoot) is common in clay soil. February- March.
The leaves, covered with a loose white cotton, appear long after the yellow
flowers.
ASTER.
A. Tripolium L. Sea Aster. A fleshy glabrous biennial plant 2-3 ft. high.
Leaves lanceolate, very glabrous, root-leaves long petioled. Ray florets pale
violet or whitish ; flowers in a corymb. Involucral bracts few, oblong, obtuse,
appressed. Pappus dirty white.
Salt marshes and other places near the sea. July-October.
A. acre L. Plant erect, nearly glabrous, 1-2 ft. high, with very leafy stem.
Leaves linear, acute, stiff, strongly dotted ; lower ones 3-nervcd, upper ones i-
nerved. Involucral bracts appressed, outer ones lanceolate, inner ones obtuse.
Heads numerous in a compact corymb whose branches are clothed with bracteoles.
Ray flowers bright mauve, disk flowers reddish or yellow.
Hill slopes and rocky places, at borders of wood, etc., common. August-
November.
A. Amellus L. A beautiful plant, as is the last, about 2 ft. high, with
larger bluish-mauve heads of flowers, and entire, lanceolate or elliptic, rough
leaves.
Thickets on limestone soil above Grasse, etc., rare. August-October.
A. Linosyris Bernh. = Linosyris vulgaris Cass. Goldilocks. A
glabrous plant about a foot high, with woody base and wiry leafy stems.
Leaves very narrow, linear, entire, acute, rather thick, dotted, i-nerved. Heads
in terminal, dense hemispherical corymbs. Involucre gummy; bracts subulate.
Flowers bright yellow. Pappus reddish.
Limestone rocks and cliffs and hill-slopes, rather rare. September-November.
ERIGERON L.
E. acrlsL. Common Erigeron. Stem leafy, 1-2 ft., branched above. Leaves
entire, radical obovate-lanceolate ; stem-leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, half-am-
plexicaul. Heads axillary and terminal ; peduncle slender. Involucral bracts
narrow-linear, hispid. Ray flowers narrow, pale purple ; disk pale yellow.
Ligules scarcely longer than the reddish pappus. Fruit hispid. Annual or
biennial.
Dry, sandy places, etc. June-September.
E. canadensis L. Canadian Erigeron. Annual 1-2 ft. high. Stem leafy,
branched above. Leaves all linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed,
nearly glabrous. Heads very many, small ; peduncle slender. Involucral bracts
green with scarious margins, glabrous. Ray flowers dirty white, or pale purple.
Road-sides, fields, and waste places, very common. June-October.
E. glutinosum L.= Jasoniaglutinosa DC. .grows on rocks on Mont Faron
and at Ollioules near Toulon. It is a viscous plant with woody root-stock, narrow
oblong-spathulate entire leaves, pointed and glandular, and yellow tubular
flowers in small corymbs. July-September.
BELLIS L. DAISY.
B. annua L. Annual Daisy. Annual, 1-3 inch high. Stem slender, often
leafy below. Leaves soft and thin, downy, toothed in upper half, oblong-spathu-
late. Heads rather small, solitary and terminal. Ray flowers white, often
reddish beneath. Plant smaller than 'the common Daisy (B. perennis L.),
which is also common on the Riviera.
Sandy places and hill-sides. March-June.
COMPOSITE 131
B. silvestris Cyr. (Plate XVII). Woqd Daisy. Differs from the common
Daisy by its more robust and taller growth, and its larger oblong-spathulate
3-nerved leaves, and more acute involucral bracts. Its flower heads are also
larger and on very long scapes, sometimes a foot long. Ray flowers often deep
rose.
Grassy places, borders of fields and woods. September-December.
BELLIDIASTRUM
B. Michelii Cass. This Alpine Daisy with radical spathulate leaves and
large heads of white flowers on long scape, descends to about 600 metres above
Menton, according to Ardoino. It grows also in the higher mountains of the
Var, and is frequent in the Maritime Alps. May-July.
SOLI DAGO L.
S. Virga-aurea L. Golden-rod. Plant very variable according to situa-
tion, soil, etc. ; several varieties, including S. cambrica, are recorded from the
district. The typical plant has linear or lanceolate-oblong leaves, obscurely
toothed. Heads crowded, shortly peduncled, golden yellow ; involucral bracts
linear, acute, glabrous, green, margins scarious. Pappus white.
Mountain woods and thickets. June-September.
CONYZA Leyss.
C. ambigua DC. A greyish-green annual, about a foot high. Leaves
linear, i-nerved, hairy, lower leaves often toothed. Heads small, in a loose
oblong panicle. Pappus reddish. Flowers dirty white or fawn coloured.
Fields and waste places, common. June-October.
INULA L.
I. crithmoides L. Golden Samphire. A fleshy glabrous yellow-green
plant, 1-2 ft. high. Stems stout, very leafy. Leaves linear, sessile, gradually
narrowed to the base, thick, fleshy, entire or shortly lobed. Heads i inch in
diameter, on long peduncles furnished with bracts. Flowers yellow. Pappus hairs
rigid, dirty white.
Salt marshes and sea-sands. August- November.
I. montana L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, almost entire. Heads usually
solitary, large and handsome, flowers yellow. Plant 6-12 in. high, covered with
silky hairs.
Stony limestone slopes, ascending to the mountain region. June-August.
1. hirta L. Leaves broadly lanceolate, leathery, entire or finely serrate,
downy, ciliate, half embracing the stem. Involucral bracts stiff, linear lanceolate,
covered with long stiff cilia. Achenes glabrous. Pappus dirty white. Heads
large, solitary, terminal. Flowers yellow, with long glabrous rays.
Dry slopes in the hills and lower mountains. June-August.
I. squarrosa L. = 1. spireeifolia L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile,
erect, very close together, toothed, glabrous, rough on both sides, strongly nerved.
Involucral bracts very unequal, membranous, the inner ones linear acute. Heads
shortly peduncled, in a short compact corymb. Flowers yellow.
Woods and stony places in the hills. June-October.
I. viscosa Ait. Plant glandular-viscous, 2-3 ft. high, resinous and aromatic
in scent, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, toothed, half amplexicaul, acute.
Heads numerous, rather small, in a pyramidal spike. Flowers yellow.
Waste places, borders of fields, etc., very common on the littoral. September-
November.
1. graveolens D«/. Plant annual, glandular-viscous, strongly scented, 1-2
ft. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, sessile. Heads numerous, smaller
than the last, in a long spike. Flowers yellow. Outer involucral bracts her-
baceous.
Waste, stony, and sandy places, also on clay. August- November.
9*
i32 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
The following also occur: Inula Conyza DC. (Ploughman's Spikenard),
leaves ovate-lanceolate pubescent, corymbs branched; I. britannica L., rare
by ditches near Pignans, Var ; I. salicina L., an ornamental deep yellow species
found in mountain woods; and I. bifrons L., a tall glandular viscous biennial
with oval-oblong glabrous leaves embracing the stem. The last species was
found by M. Jahandiez above Trigance in the N. of the Var in July, 1913.
PULICARIA Gaertn.
P. odora Reichb. An erect hairy plant, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves oblong, entire
or obscurely toothed ; root-leaves large, petioled, stem-leaves sessile, half amplexi-
caul, auricled. Peduncles rather thick at summit, woolly. Heads 2-4. Flowers
yellow, rather large ; pappus reddish.
Woods in the hills, common on the littoral. June-August.
P. dysenterica L. Flea-bane (Inula dysenterica L.). Plant woolly or
cottony, with very leafy branched stem. Leaves oblong cordate, half amplexicaul,
irregularly waved and toothed. Heads i in. in diameter, few, terminal, ligules long.
Involucre densely woolly, bracts setaceous. Fruit silky. Scales of pappus
connate-toothed.
Sides of ditches and streams. Very common. June-September.
P. sicula Moris. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, erect, slender, often reddish, very
leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, half amplexicaul, edges turned down-
wards, entire. Heads small, on long slender peduncles furnished with bracts.
Damp places and maritime meadows, very local. August-October. Hyeres,
Frejus, Cannes, Grasse.
P. vulgaris Gaertn. has wavy lanceolate leaves, small auricles, and much-
branched leafy stems. It grows in places flooded in winter near Hyeres and
Fre'jus, and flowers in August and September.
BUPHTHALMUM L.
B. salicifolium L. Stem i£-2 ft. high, branched at top and bearing several
large yellow heads about 2 in. across, with narrow spreading ray flowers. Leavts
lanceolate, acuminate, toothed. Scales of receptacle more or less truncate.
Wooded slopes in the north of the Var, rare, and in the Maritime Alps and
Liguria. June-August.
Ardoinos gives B. grandiflorum as the plant of the Maritime Alps, but as
Mr. Bicknell points out,1 all the plants he has examined have the scales of the
receptacle more or less truncate, a characteristic of S. salicifolium. though the
very branching stems and long acuminate leaves are characters of B. grand!-
florum.
ASTERISCUS Mcench.
A. aquaticus Mcench. = Buphthalmum aquaticum L. Stock annual,
herbaceous. Leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, the upper ones sessile, half amplexi-
caul. Involucral leaves linear-lanceolate obtuse, much longer than the ray flowers,
inner bracts oval. Scales of receptacle truncate. Flowers yellow. Stem erect,
stiff, once or twice dichotomously branched.
Banks near the sea, road-sides, etc. (not in wet places). June-July.
A. spinosus G. G. = B. spinosum L. A stiff-branched biennial. Leaves
oblong, obtuse, hairy, mucronate. Heads solitary, subsessile. Flowers yellow.
Involucral bracts spreading, lanceolate, conspicuous and ending in a sharp spine.
Achenes of ray flowers broadly winged.
Road-sides and dry banks, very common. May-July, and sometimes, as in
1912-13, throughout the winter.
A. maritimus Mcench. = var. littoral is Jord. This occurs in several
places near Toulon as e.g. St. Cyr, Sanary, and La Seyne. The leaves are
oblong-spathulate, entire, never amplexicaul. Root-stock woody. Flowering
heads with one or two floral leaves, not spiny.
1 " Flora of Bordighera and San Remo," p. 149.
COMPOSITE 133
CALENDULA L.
C. arvensis L. (Plate XVII). An annual, 4-12 in. high, branched and leafy,
and strongly scented. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, shortly apiculate, almost entire,
the upper ones half amplexicaul, pubescent. Outer achenes curved, spinous
dorsally, inner ones ring shaped, smooth or spiny. Heads solitary and terminal.
Flowers yellow.
Cultivated ground and waste places, very common ; flowering nearly all the
year round, as the generic name implies. It is very variable and a small flowered
variety called C. parviflora Rouy is not infrequent near Toulon, Carqueiranne,
Hyeres, etc.
PHAGNALON Cass.
P. saxatile Cass. Stems almost woody at base, white, tomentose. Leaves
narrow, linear, entire or remotely toothed, the edges rolled under, tomentose
underneath. Heads solitary, terminal, on long, naked peduncles. Involucral
bracts oval or lanceolate, acuminate, outer ones reflexed ; brownish-yellow and
scarious.
Rocks, walls, and dry banks, common. March-July, and sometimes in
winter.
P. SOrdidum DC. Stems erect, branching, woody at base. Leaves narrow,
linear, rolled under, tomentose beneath. Heads 1-4 together, almost sessile at
the ends t>f the branches. Involucral bracts imbricate, scarious, brownish-yellow.
Flowers yellow.
Rocks and old walls on the littoral. May-July.
These two plants sometimes hybridise.
HELICHRYSUM DC.
H. Stcechas DC. " Everlasting." Plant bushy, about a foot high, stem
almost woody at base. Leaves linear, revolute at margins, white tomentose, but
sometimes greenish above. Flower-heads in a dense corymb, globular. In-
volucre and flowers pale golden-yellow ; involucral bracts shining, scarious.
Dry hills and woods and sandy places, common. April-July. Polymorphic.
" Stechas " is taken from the old Greek name for les lies d'Hyeres, where
this and Lavandula Stcechas are abundant.
H. angustifolium DC. Differs from the last by its smaller flower heads,
paler and more cylindrical, and by its involucral bracts, the upper ones being
narrower and glandular. The leaves are rather longer and often greener.
Dry arid places, rare. Near Nice, Antibes, He St. Marguerite, and Frejus.
QNAPHALIUM L. CUDWEED.
Q. luteo-album L. Leaves white tomentose, linear-lanceolate, half-
amplexicaul. Heads in terminal clusters, not leafy. Involucre and flowers pale
yellow.
Sandy places and old damp walls. May-July. A cosmopolitan plant.
Q. silvaticum L. Wood Cudweed. Leaves white tomentose beneath,
green above, linear-lanceolate, lower leaves broader, spathulate. Stem erect.
Involucral bracts scarious, edged with brown. Heads numerous in a long stiff
narrow spike, with a few narrow linear leaves at the axils.
Mountain woods on siliceous soil in Alpes-Marit. and Liguria.
Q. uliginosum L. occurs in the mountain region of Alpes-Marit.
ANTENNARIA R. Br.
A. dioica Gaertn. Mountain Cudweed is frequent in the higher mountains
and descends to Ste. Agnes above Menton at 600 metres, and it also occurs near
Grasse. It is a small creeping plant, with oblong leaves, white underneath or on
both sides. Flower-heads 3 or 4 together in compact terminal corymbs. Flowers
dioecious, white or rose. June-July.
134 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
FILAQO L.
F. gallica L. = Logfia gallica Coss. ct G. Narrow Cudweed. Leaves
silky, white or greenish, linear, very acute. Stems erect, slender, branched (often
from the base). Involucral bracts linear obtuse, hairy dorsally, glabrous and
scarious at summit. Heads ovoid conical, 5-angled. Flowers yellow. Annual.
Sandy fields and waste ground. May-August.
F. minima Fries. Small Cudweed. Annual, 4-8 in. high. Leaves silky,
linear-lanceolate, acute. The floral leaves shorter than the clusters of 3-5 heads.
Involucral bracts star-shaped when ripe, cottony at base, shining at the tips.
Flowers yellowish.
Sandy fields, rather rare. June-August.
F. spathulata Presl., F. germanica Huds., and the var. canescens G. G.
also occur, but are difficult to separate.
M1CROPUS L.
M. erectus L. Annual, erect, 3-9 in. high, covered with white tomentum.
Leaves lanceolate-obtuse. Heads in clusters enveloped in a mass of white wool
Achenes enclosed in the involucral bracts. Flowers yellowish.
Sandy fields and dry hills, especially on limestone. May-July.
EVAX Gaertn.
E. pygmaea Pers. A small dwarf annual, £-2 in. high. Leaves obovate
spathulate-obtuse, whitish, around the terminal flower-heads. Scales of receptacle
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers dull yellow.
Dry grassy, sandy places near the sea, local. April-June. This can be found
on the sandy Isthmus of Giens near Hyeres, close to the path from Almanarre.
DIOTIS Desf.
D. candidissima Desf. = D. maritima Coss. Bushy, about a foot high,
covered with dense white tomentum. Leaves oblong, obtuse, sessile, entire or
slightly toothed. Heads in small dense terminal corymbs. Scales of receptacle
oblong, acuminate, tips woolly.
Sea-sands. June-September. Plage de Giens and la Plage d'Hyeres, etc.
ANACYCLUS Pers.
A. radiatus Loisel. Annual, about i ft. high, branched. Leaves 2-pinnati-
partite, with linear segments. Involucral bracts with a broad fringed scarious
appendix. Flowers yellow, in large terminal heads, 3-3^ cm. in diameter (an
inch).
Sandy places, uncommon. May-July.
A. clavatus Pers. Annual. Ray flowers white. Scales of receptacle
broad, oboval. Achenes wedge-shaped, much compressed. . Peduncle thick at
the top.
Road-sides and waste places near Toulon, rare. May-July.
ANTHEMIS L.
A. tinctoria L. = Cota tinctoria Gay. Yellow Camomile. Stem erect,
branched. Leaves deeply pinnatipartite, with toothed segments, rachis broad.
Flowers bright yellow, ray flowers rather short, rarely none (var. discoidea).
Heads on peduncles about 4 in. long.
Stony hill-sides and waste places. June-July.
A. alt issima L. = Cota altissima Gay. Annual, erect, almost glabrous.
Ray flowers white. Leaves 2-pinnatipartite. Peduncles much thickened at top
at maturity. Scales of receptacle oboval, sharply mucronate.
Fields and road-sides. April-July.
A. Cotula L. Fetid Camomile. Annual, erect, glabrous. Leaves glandular
dotted, segments very narrow. Heads on peduncles more slender than in tinc-
toria or in arvensis and involucral bracts narrower at tip. Scales of receptacle
COMPOSITE 135
setaceous, shorter than the flattened disk-flower. Ray flower usually neuter,
white. Odour fetid.
Fields and cultivated ground. May-September.
A. arvensis L. (Corn Camomile), A. nicaeensis Willd., A. maritima
L., A. montana L., A. saxatilis DC., and A. Triumfetti All. ( = Cota
Trlumfetti Gay), A. mixta L., A. nobilisGoy (True Camomile), A. fuscata
Brot., also occur. A. fuscata is a glabrous annual with white ray flowers, and
brownish involucral bracts deflexed upon the peduncle when ripe. It is common
in cultivated fields in the Var and flowers from February-May.
ACH1LLEAL.
A. Millefolium L. (Millfoil) is very common and very variable as else-
where. The var. A. setacea W. et K. has more numerous, more delicate and
almost setaceous leaf-segments and smaller dirty-white flowers. It is found on
the borders of fields and in waste places. May- September.
A. Ageratum L. Leaves oblong, very obtuse, shortly petioled, toothed,
shortly hispid, dotted, nearly glabrous ; lower leaves lobed and toothed. Flowers
yellow. Heads small, 2-4 mm., becoming subcylindric when ripe, forming a
compact corymb.
Damp places, road-sides, etc. May-August.
A. tomentosa L. Leaves bipinnatisect, broadly linear, woolly or almost
tomentose ; about 20 segments close together on each side. Plant whitish-green.
Flowers bright yellow, in a small compact terminal corymb.
Dry hill-sides, etc. May-June.
A. nobilis L., A. odorata L. (flowers dirty yellowish- white) and A.
ligustica All. (near Nice) also occur. A. nobilis has whitish-green, bi-
pinnatisect leaves and dirty white flowers. A. ligustica is like it, but with
broader rachis and fewer segments.
MATR1CARIA L.
M. Cliamomilla L. Common Matricaria or Wild Camomile. A glabrous,
aromatic annual, with hollow receptacle, conical and acute, and very small
yellowish achenes. Ray flowers white, deflexed. It closely resembles the
Fetid Camomile.
In fields and crops, but not common in the south. April-July.
M. inodora L. Scentless Matricaria. A glabrous annual differing from
the last by its solid receptacle, obtuse at the summit.
Cultivated fields, uncommon. May-September.
PYRETHRUM Scop.
P. corymbiferum Schrank = Leucanthemum corymbosum G. G.
An erect branched leafy plant, 2 ft. high, greyish-green. Leaves dull green
above, pubescent beneath, upper ones sessile, with 8-15 pairs of lanceolate
pinnatifid segments, deeply incised. Flower heads in corymbs ; ray florets white.
Upper involucral bracts obtuse and scarious at apex. Achenes with 5 ridges.
Wooded hills ascending into the mountains, local. May-July.
P. Parthenium Smith is found, perhaps as an alien, in waste places, fields,
and road-sides. April-August. It is often cultivated.
LEUCANTHEMUM Adam.
L. pallens DC. = Chrysanthemum pallens Gay. Stem erect, angular,
1-2 ft. high. Lower leaves spathulate, toothed towards apex ; middle ones
lanceolate, with several sharp teeth ; upper ones entire at base. Involucre paler
than in L. vulgare (the common Ox-eye Daisy), achenes of the ray surmounted
by a divided crown, those of the disk without it. Ray flowers white, in large
heads.
Fields, hill-sides, and cultivated places, chiefly on the littoral. May-July.
136 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
L. montanum DC., L. graminifolium Lamk. (leaves narrow linear)
and L. VUlgare L. (common Ox-eye Daisy) also occur.
CHRYSANTHEMUM DC.
C. Myconis L. An erect annual, about i ft. high. Lower leaves obovate-
spathulatc, upper ones half amplexicaul ; all finely serrate, often with a red margin.
Flower heads large, terminal. Flowers yellow. Achenes crowned by a tubular
membrane.
Fields and cultivated ground in the littoral region. May-July.
C. segetum L. Corn Marigold. Annual, i-i£ ft. high, erect. Leaves
petioled, obovate, toothed and lobed, lower pinnatih'd, upper ones half amplexicaul,
all glabrous. Heads 2 in. diameter, on stout peduncles, ray flowers bright yellow.
Involucral bracts very broad, with broad scarious margins.
Fields and waste sandy places. May-July.
C. coronarium L. = Pinardia coronaria Less. Annual, 1-2 ft. high,
leafy. Leaves mostly bipinnatifid, with lanceolate mucronate lobes, upper ones
sessile and auricled. Inner involucral bracts broadly scarious, especially towards
tip. Flowers bright yellow in large solitary terminal heads.
This beautiful plant is often found naturalized on the littoral. April-June.
TANACETUM L. TANSY.
T. annuum L. Annual, i ft. high, erect, pubescent. Leaves small, not
more than 2 cms. long, pinnatisect, with linear segments usually trifid. Heads
small, shortly peduncled in little terminal corymbs. Flowers yellow.
Waste places, rare. July-September. Antibes, Cannes, La Garde, La Farlede,
Hyeres, Le Pradet, etc.
T. VUlgare L. (Common Tansy) is rare. It occurs near Nice, St. Martin
V6subie, Collobrieres, Garde- Freinet and between Toulon and Le Pradet.
SANTOLINA L.
S. Charmecypar issus L. A small under-shrub with branched woody stems.
Leaves whitish, pinnatifid, with short sessile, linear-cylindric, obtuse, close-set
lobes. Involucral bracts glabrous, scarious at tip. Heads solitary, terminal,
globular 8-10 mm. in diameter. Flowers all tubular, those of the circum. being
scarcely ligulate. Very variable species.
Arid places, especially on limestone. June-August.
S. virldis Willd. A sub-species, smaller and greener, with narrow toothed
leaves, occurs near Toulon on Mont Faron and Cap Brun.
ARTEMISIA L.
A. Absinthium L. Wormwood or Absinth. Leaves silky on both sides,
2-3-pinnatifid, segments oblong obtuse spreading. Heads hemispherical,
drooping, silky in panicled leafy racemes, outer flowers only fertile. Receptacle
hairy.
Waste places, especially in the mountain district. June-September.
A. camphorata Vill. Leaves green, glabrous, dotted, bipinnatisect,
segments very narrow, petioled. Heads hemispherical, drooping in a narrow
panicle. Stem woody at base, branched. Flowers yellow. Plant smelling of
camphor.
Hill slopes and rocky places in the mountains. August-October.
A. vulgaris L. (Mugwort, flower heads ovoid, with cottony involucres) and
A. glutinosa Gay (a very glabrous form of A. campestris, viscous in upper
part) also occur. A. maritirna L. (type) was found in 1909 at St. Aygulf near
Frejus new to the French Riviera ; but the var. A. Qallica Willd. is frequent
on salt marshes near Hyeres, Toulon, Bandol, etc. September-October. It is
less white than maritirna, with more oblong flower-heads which are erect and
not pendent, nor unilateral ; and the panicles are also erect and not drooping.
COMPOSITE t3?
A. arborescens L. Shrubby Artemisia. Plant woody, 3-4 ft. high, white-
silky. Leaves silky and very white on both sides, bipinnatisect, with narrow
linear, obtuse segments. Involucre white tomentose. Receptacle covered with
long dirty white hairs.
Naturalized on rocks and old walls on the Castle Hill at Hyeres, Toulon,
La Valette, and He de Port Cros.
DORONICUM L.
D. plantagineum L. Plantain Doronic. Root-leaves ovate, long petioled,
almost glabrous, toothed, stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, half-amplexicaul.
Flowers yellow, in a very large, solitary terminal head.
Slightly damp woods in a few places in the Var, e.g. Roquebrune and the
Foret du Dom. April- June.
D. austriacum Jacq. and D. cordatum Lamk. are found in mountain
woods only in the Maritime Alps. The former has lower leaves ovate lanceo-
late suddenly contracted into a broadly winged petiole, upper leaves narrow and
amplexicaul. The latter has deeply cordate and long petioled lower leaves.
(Leopard's bane.) Flowers of both large, yellow.
SENECIO L.
S. Doria L. Plant 2-5 ft. high, erect, glabrous. Leaves fleshy, serrated ;
the lower ones large, oblong elliptic, produced below into a winged petiole, the
next lanceolate-oblong or oval, sessile, amplexicaul, the upper leaves small,
acuminate. Heads small, in irregular corymbs, with 4 or 5 short yellow ray
flowers.
Damp places and sides of streams. June-August.
S. Gerard! Gren. et Godr. Stem about i ft. high, woolly below. Leaves
thin and soft, woolly below and often above, lower ones ovate, rounded, abruptly
reduced to a long, winged petiole. Flowers pale yellow in a large and usually
solitary terminal head. Closely allied to the Alpine S. Doronicum which is
found in the Marges and Maritime Alps.
Dry wooded slopes and hilly pastures. May-July. Peculiar to France.
S. Cineraria DC. = Cineraria maritima L (Plate XVII). Stem erect,
branching, 1-2 ft. high, woody at base. Leaves pinnatifid, thick, upper ones
with narrow segments, dark green above, white tomentose beneath ; upper stems
also white. Heads numerous, in a close compound corymb. Involucre white
tomentose, achenes glabrous. Flowers yellow.
Rocks, cliffs, and walls near the sea, but extending inland a considerable
distance, e.g. at Draguignan, Le Luc, Sollies- Toucas, and the Roja valley just
below S. Dalmazzo di Tenda. May-July.
S. telonense Albert = S. Jacobasa x Cineraria. This hybrid was
found by the late M. Albert on Mont Coudon near Toulon, in rocks and shady
places, with the supposed parents. It has the habit of the former but with
rather larger heads, but the white felt of the latter.
S. lividus L. Annual, r-i^ ft. high, glandular above. Leaves pinnatifid
with equal lobes, sessile, amplexicaul. Root-leaves usually purple beneath, pro-
longed below into a petiole, with obovate limb. Outer involucral bracts 4-5,
short. Heads few, in a loose corymb. Flowers yellow, with very short
rays.
Pine-woods and sandy places, etc. May-June.
S. vulgaris L. (Groundsel), S. viscosus L. (Viscous Groundsel), S.
gallicus VilL, S. crassifolius Willd., S. leucanthemifoIiusPm/. (rare near
Toulon and St. Tropez), S. Jacobaea L. (Ragwort), S. aquaticus Huds.,
S. erucifolius L. and S. silvaticus L. (occasionally in mountain woods in
Alpes-Mant.) also occur.
t38 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Sub-family II. CYNAROCEPHALyE.
Florets all tubular, those of the centre hermaphrodite, rarely neuter or
unisexual ; those of circumference sometimes female or neuter.
ECHINOPS L.
E. Ritro L. (Plate XVIII). Plant 1-2 ft. high, usually branched but some-
times simple and i-headed, white tomentose, not glandular. Leaves pinnatifid,
green and glabrous or cottony above, white tomentose beneath, lobes very spiny.
Scales of partial involucre glabrous. Flowers blue, in a more or less spherical
head. Each floret has a separate involucre.
Stony slopes and waste places. July-August.
E. sphaerocephalus L. A taller plant, erect, glandular. Leaves pin-
natifid, cottony beneath. Scales of partial involucre glandular-hairy. Flowers
whitish or very pale blue, in a very spherical head.
Uncultivated ground in the montane region, rather rare. June-September.
ARCTIUM L. BURDOCK.
A. LappaL. = A. ma jus Bernh., A. minus Bernh., and A. tomentosum
Mill, are found in the Var and probably in the Alpes-Marit.
See" The British Species of Arctium," by A. H. Evans in " Journ. Bot.," April,
1913, for a good account and synonymy of these plants.
XERANTHEMUM Tourn.
X. inapertum Willd. An erect whitish annual with spreading branches.
Leaves sessile, linear, entire, white tomentose. Heads solitary, ovoid, many
flowered. Involucral bracts glabrous, mucronate, the outer broadly obovate and
almost transparent. Flowers purple.
Dry places and stony fields. June-August.
X. cylindraceum Sibth. et Sm. is rare, but found at Le Luc and at
Lagoubran. The involucre is cylindrical, the involucral bracts are not mu-
cronate, and the outer ones are dorsally tomentose.
Dry places. June-September.
ST/EHELINA L.
S. dubia L. A much branched, leafy under-shrub. Leaves white tomentose
beneath, linear and almost entire, sometimes sinuate. The white pappus is much
longer than the cylindrical reddish-purple involucre. Flowers purplish.
Arid stony places, fairly common. May-July.
ATRACTYLJS L.
A. cancellata L. (Plate XIX) is a slender, cottony annual with soft, narrow
lanceolate, finely toothed leaves, and purple flowers enclosed within a green
involucre, whose outer bracts have long slender spines.
It grows in arid places near Menton, Cap Martin, Villefranche, and
Cannes. June-July.
CARLINA L. CARLINE THISTLE.
C. Janata L. A cottony or rarely glabrous annual, 6-12 in. high, with
usually only i head of yellowish flowers. Leaves whitish-green, cottony beneath,
spiny, half amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate. Inner involucral bracts purplish on
both sides.
Stony places, road-sides, etc., common. July-August.
C. corymbosa L. (Plate XVIII). An erect, branched annual. Leaves rather
leathery, pale, glabrous, sinuate spiny, half amplexicaul and auricled. Heads
several, composed of yellow involucral bracts and yellow flowers, the inner
yellow bracts being linear-lanceolate and not ciliate.
Woods and waste ground, common. July-October.
COMPOSIT/E 139
C. acanthifolia All., with large cottony leaves in a flat rosette, and very
large heads; C. acaulis L., with very short stems and large and handsome
silvery heads ; and C. vulgaris L. grow in the hills and lower mountains.
QALACTITES Manch.
G. tomentosa Mcench. (Plate XIX). Biennial, thistle-like, 1-2 ft. high, erect,
branched above, tomentose. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, pinnatifid, prickly, green,
streaked with white above, white tomentose beneath. Heads oval. Flowers
pinkish-purple or deep lilac. A very common but attractive thistle, which lasts
long in water.
Waste places and road-sides. April-July.
Tyrimnus leilCOgraphus Cass. with cottony white prickly leaves, grows
in arid places on the littoral. Silybum Marianum Gaertn., the true Milk
Thistle, with large green leaves marbled with white above, and very prickly
heads, grows on road-sides and waste places as in England.
ONOPORDON L.
0. Acanthium L. Cotton Thistle. A tall, stout, spiny biennial, with white
tomentose leaves, sinuate and very decurrent. Heads globular, very large, stem
much winged. Flowers purple.
Road-sides, rather rare, especially on the littoral. June- July.
O. illyricum L. A somewhat similar plant with glandular corolla, longer
heads and broadly lanceolate, sharply acuminate involucral bracts.
Dry, sandy places and arid slopes. June-August.
CARDUNCELLUS Adans.
C. monspeliensium All. (Carthamus Carduncellus L.). A dwarf
thistle, 3-8 in. high, leafy. Leaves deeply pinr.atifid, leathery, 'green, glabrous ;
segments linear-lanceolate, spiny. Flowers blue. Bracts large, spreading.
Arid hill-sides, rare. May-July.
CIRSIUM Adans.
C. trispinosum Mcench. (Charneepeuce Casabonas DC.) is well figured
by M. Jahandiez in " Cat. des Plantes du Var " and in " Annales Soc. Hist. Nat.
Toulon " (1913). The Isle of Levant is its only station in France, and its most
northern limit. Nyman says it was discovered there and written about by Casa-
bona in the sixteenth century. It is a tall, stiff, biennial thistle, unbranched and
glabrous. Leaves numerous, sessile, lanceolate, green and shining above, whitish
or reddish with tomentum beneath, edged with fine spines in bundles of 2-5.
Flowers purple.
Among true Thistles the following are the more important of those occurring
on the Riviera : —
Cirsium Acarna Mcench, C. trispinosum Mcench. (the plant described
from the Isle of Levant), C. lanceolatum Hill., C. ferrox DC., C. monspes
sulanum All., C. tuberosum All., C. acaule Scop., C. arvense Scof>.,
Carduus acicularis Bert., C. tenuiflorus Curt., C. pycnocephalus L.,
C. litigiosus N. et B., C. spiniger Jord., C. nigrescens Vill., and C.
carlinifolius Lam.
CNICUS L.
C. benedictus L. A very dwarf pubescent annual. Leaves pinnatifid or
toothed, with strong white nerves. Outer involucral bracts long, and resembling
leaves, inner ones ending in a long spine with spreading prickles on each side.
Flowers yellow. Achenes brown, shining, shorter than the pappus.
Fields and sandy places. May-July.
CARTHAMUS L.
C. cteruleus L. = Centrophyllum cjtruleum G. G. Leaves toothed or
pinnatifid, leathery, green, shining. Heads ovoid, rather large with very large
140 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
lanceolate spiny outer involucral bracts, the middle ones ending in an obtuse
laciniate appendix. Flowers blue. Stems 1-2 ft. high. Achenes scabrous.
Borders of fields and ditches, rare. May-July.
C. lanatus L. = Centrophyllum lanatum DC. Annual. Leaves
leathery, pubescent, half-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, with lanceolate very spiny
lobes. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts ending in an acute point, spiny at the
margins. Outer bracts large and leafyas in the other species. Achenes smooth.
Waste places and road-sides. July-September.
CENTAUREA L.
C. conifera L. = Leuzea conifera DC. (Plate XIX). Stem 4-12 in., simple,
i-headed or rarely branched, tomentose. Leaves greenish above, white tomen-
tose and cottony beneath, pinnatipartite, with narrow segments, the lower ones
petioled. Involucre very large, pale brown, ovate, bracts hidden by the scarious,
rounded, laciniate tips. Pappus white, very long. Flowers purple, inconspicuous.
Pine-woods and stony slopes. Local. May-July.
C. Jacea L. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, angular, branching above. Lower leaves
petiolate, lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid ; upper ones oblong-lanceolate,
ofteni toothed at base. Flowers purplish, in terminal heads. Involucral bracts
concave, scarious, yellow with darker centre, lower ones fringed and torn.
Damp meadows, common. June-September.
C. amara L. Sometimes considered a sub-species of C. Jacea L. Stem
erect and slender. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, sinuate toothed or quite entire ;
upper ones linear, all greyish-green. Flowers in solitary terminal heads, purplish.
Involucral bracts with shining, entire or scarious, ragged, yellowish appendages.
Dry banks on clay or limestone. June-October.
C. pectinata L. Upper leaves oval, sinuate, auricled, greyish-green.
Involucral bracts with very long reflexed appendix, edged with long cilia. Heads
medium, purplish-red.
Rocky places and hilly slopes, uncommon. June-August.
C. intybacea Lamk, Stems woody at base, 2-3 ft. high, simple or branched,
glabrous like the leaves. Lower leaves deeply pinnatipartite with linear-lanceo-
late entire segments ; upper leaves linear entire, or with two stipule-like lobes at
base. Involucre shining, globular. Flowers purplish.
Rocks and dry hill-sides in the Var, as on Mont Coudon and Faron. June-
August.
C. montana L. is represented in the hilly districts by the sub-species
C. axillaris Willd. and C. variegata Lam. C. axillaris is very variable ;
sometimes the leaves are green and sometimes silvery, lanceolate and entire or
toothed and deeply pinnatifid. Involucral bracts often have a dark brown
scarious border with the fringe dark at base or a pale border with pale fringe.
Woods and mountain pastures. May-July.
C. collina L. A handsome species with rather pale yellow flowers sur-
mounting a large solitary globular involucre. Involucral bracts green, with pale
brown fringe, and ending in a strong spreading spine usually branched near the
base. Lower leaves petioled, generally lyrate and bipinnatipartite ; upper ones
sessile, pinnatipartite with almost linear segments. Stems very angular and
rigid. Snails are very partial to this plant.
Road-sides, fields, and waste places on the littoral. June-August.
C. paniculata L. A very variable species with many different varieties, but
according to Bicknell divided into two chief forms : —
(i) " A greyish plant ; stem-leaves with linear divisions rolled at the edges ;
involucre pale, oblong or ovoid-oblong rather narrowing towards the base."
Common.
(ii) " A greenish plant; leaves with broader divisions and flat; involucre
larger, rounder at the base, the bracts often somewhat coloured." This is a
mountain variety.
COMPOSITE 141
The type and different varieties grow on hill-sides, woods, and dry places.
June-September.
C. solstitialis L. Yellow Centaurea. A whitish tomentose plant, with
erect branching stems. Lower leaves'lyrate or pinnatifid ; upper ones lanceo-
late or linear, decurrent. Flowers yellow, in terminal, globose heads. Middle
bracts of involucre with a very long yellow spine, and with several short lateral
spines. Fields and waste places, rather common. July-October.
C. Calcitrapa L. Star-thistle Centaurea. Stems rigid, diffusely branched
from beneath the heads. Leaves pinnatifid, with recurved aristate distant lobes.
Involucre bracts with long, strong, spreading spines, with a few smaller basal
spines. Pappus o. Flowers rose-purple, not extending beyond the spines.
Waste places and road-sides, very common. June-September.
C. aspera L. Another very variable species, stems spreading and branched.
Leaves linear-oblong, toothed or sinuate, but most variable ; peduncles leafy.
Involucre globose, bracts tipped with 5 palmately spreading reflexed spines.
Bristles of receptacle white ; pappus white. Flowers purple.
Waste places, borders of fields and roads ; common, and flowering sometimes
throughout the year but chiefly from June to September.
The following, and perhaps other species of this enormous genus also occur : —
C. Cyanus L., the blue Corn-cockle of fields and corps ; C. Scabiosa L.
(the common greater Knapweed of England) ; C. cinerea Ard. (very rare in
the Esterel, etc.). C. melitensis L., and C. salmantica L. (rarely near Tou-
lon, Frejus, etc.). C. nervosa Willd., C. uniflora L., and C. flosculosa
Balb., grow in the Alps above our limit.
CRUPINA DC.
C. vulgaris Pers. = Centaurea Crupina L. A slender branched annual,
a foot high. Root-leaves entire and soon disappearing. Stem-leaves rough,
pinnatisect, with linear toothed segments. Heads of 4-5 purple flowers. In-
volucre oblong, slender, glabrous. Achenes large, inflated, with red or dark
brown pappus.
Dry borders of fields and stony hill-sides. May-August.
C. Crupinastrum Vis. (Plate XIX). Very similar to the last * but the
flower heads are larger, the involucre rounder at the base, and the flowers more
numerous; the base of the achenes is compressed, not rounded, and the hilum is
small, linear, and oblique. It does not appear to have been recorded from the
Var or Alpes-Marit., but may have been overlooked, for it occurs, though rarely,
near Bordighera. May-June.
SERRATULA L. SAW-WORT.
S. tinctoria L. Plant 1-3 ft. high, erect, branched, with several heads.
Leaves very variable, deeply pinnatipartite with finely serrate lobes. Heads rather
small, oblong-cylindric. Flowers reddish-purple. Involucre and pappus reddish.
Woods and damp meadows. July-October.
S. nudicaulis DC. with simple i-headed stem, naked in the upper portion,
and entire lower leaves, grows in mountain woods and pastures, and flowers
from June to August.
S. heterophylla Desf. also has a simple i-headed stem, naked in upper
portion, but its lower leaves are lyrate-pinnatipartite and largely toothed.
It is found in meadows in the Maritime Alps in June and July.
Jurinea humilis DC. grows on the ridge of Sainte-Baume. June.
1 See interesting notes on Crupina by M. G. Beauverd in " Plantes nouvelles
ou critiques de la Flore du Bassin du Rhone," Part II (Geneve), 1912. He con-
siders the ten different binomials under Crupina in " Index Kewensis" may be
reduced to these two species.
FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Sub-family III. CICHORIACE/E OR LIGULIFLOR/E.
Florets all ligulate, hermaphrodite.
SCOLYMUS L.
S. hispanicus L. (Plate XVIII). Biennial or perennial, stem 1-3 ft. high,
ate pinnatifid,
spiny, with non-cartilaginous margin and white nerves. Heads axillary, sub-
usually pubescent, interruptedly winged and spiny. Leaves sinuate pinnati
sessile, enveloped by 3 spiny foliaceous bracts. Involucral bracts linear-lance,
olate acuminate. Flowers yellow.
Road-sides and waste places, common. June- August.
CATANANCHE L.
C. casrulea L. (Plate XVIII). Stems branched, 1-2$ ft. high. Leaves linear,
very long, 3-nerved, lower ones often with 2-4 linear segments. Involucral
bracts scarious, silvery, ovoid apiculate. Flowers blue, in a handsome solitary
head on a long peduncle with scarious bracts at the summit.
Dry places among the hills. June-August.
CICHORIUM L.
C. Intybus L. The common Chicory with bright blue flowers is very
frequent at the borders of fields, etc. June-September.
C. divaricatum Schousb. Differs from the last by its involucral bracts not
being glandular, its smaller size, and smooth stem branched from the base. The
crown of scales on the achene are also more developed.
Fields and slopes. June- September.
TOLPIS Biv.
T. barbata Willd. Annual, a foot high. Stem-leaves few, lanceolate,
toothed; low one^ petioled. Peduncles with bracts at the summit. Outer
involucral bracts spreading, as long as the inner ones. Central flowers often
brown, outer ones pale yellow.
Waste places and hill-sides. May-July.
T. virgata Bert. Biennial, glabrous or pubescent. Stem-leaves few,
linear, root-leaves lanceolate. Peduncles almost without any bracts. Outer
involucral bracts very short. Flowers lemon -yellow.
Same places as the former, but less common. June-July.
HEDYPNOIS L.
H. poly morphia DC. A very variable annual, 3-15 in. high. Leaves
hispid, lower ones lanceolate, entire or toothed, elongated at the base ; upper ones
sessile. Subglobular heads of small, solitary, yellow flowers, at the end of long
naked peduncles more or less hollow and swollen at summit.
Waste places and borders of fields, common throughout the littoral. April-June.
HYOSERIS L.
H. radiata L. Root thick, with hollow scapes 6-12 in. high, glabrous, i-
headed. Leaves all radical, deeply runcinate-pinnatipartite, glabrous, with
regular, angular segments. Heads of yellow flowers solitary.
Borders of fields, walls, and waste places, very common. March-June.
H. scabra L. Annual, dwarf. Scapes short and thick, much dilated at
summit and hollow. Leaves radical, runcinate pinnatipartite, rather hispid;
yellow flowers in smaller cylindrical heads.
Borders of fields, rare. May. Monaco, Villefranche, Antibes, He Ste. Mar-
guerite.
RHAGADIOLUS L.
R. stellatus DC. A diffuse very variable and glabrous annual, with few
leaves. Lower leaves toothed or lyrate, with large terminal lobe. Achenes
very long, curved and prickly and spreading in the form of a star. Flowers yellow.
Fields and waste places on the littoral. April-June.
COMPOSITE 143
Lapsana communis L. (Nipplewort) is widely spread. The lower leaves
are lyrate-pinnatifid, upper ones entire. Flowering heads small, many, yellow.
HYPOCH/ERIS L. CAT'S EAR.
H. glabra L. and H. radicata L. are common in sandy places, and H.
maculata L., with leaves often spotted above with dark purple, occurs in
mountain pastures (June-August).
SERIOLA L.
S. setnensis L. Annual, slender. Root-leaves entire or toothed, oboval
petioled, hairy; stem-leaves few, lanceolate. Involucre hispid with long
spreading hairs. Flowers yellow. Achenes long, club-shaped.
Borders of fields and sandy places, uncommon. April-June.
THRINCIA Roth.
T. tuberosa DC. Roots formed of thick fibrous tubers. Leaves all radical,
sinuate or runcinate, hairy. Scape simple, with a single terminal head of
yellow flowers. Involucral bracts almost as long as the pappus. Inner achenes
with short beak.
Cork-oak and other woods and shady places. June-November.
T. hirta Roth, and T. hispida Roth, are quite common. The former has
leaves usually hairy, sinuate or almost pinnate, the latter has entire or toothed,
more hispid eaves and more slender achenes. The leaves of all 3 species are
radical.
LEONTODON L. HAWKBIT.
L. crispus Vill. Tap-root long. Scape erect, i ft. high, robust, hispid,
never scaly at the top. Leaves all radical, pinnatifid, greyish with numerous
stellate hairs. Achenes rugose, elongated at top, much longer than the dirty
white pappus. Flowers yellow.
Dry, stony places in the hills. May-July.
L. autumnalis L., L. VHlarsii Lois., and L. hlspidus L. also occur
commonly.
PICRIS L.
P. pauciflora Willd. A very hispid annual, 12-18 in. high. Lower leaves
lanceolate-sinuate or toothed, upper ones linear-lanceolate. Peduncles very long,
inflated above and suddenly contracted below the head, which is solitary and
inflated when ripe. Achenes very curved, as long as the pappus. Flowers
yellow. Involucral bracts boat-shaped.
Arid fields and stony places, rare. May-July.
P. Sprengeriana Lam., P. hieracioides L., and P. echioides L. (Ox-
tongue or Helmintia) occur more commonly. The first has oblong, sinuate
lower leaves and divergent branches to the inflorescence ; the second has obovate
lanceolate lower and half amplexicaul upper leaves, and fruit not beaked ; and
the third has its lower leaves sinuate-toothed, upper ones cordate, fruit
beaked.
PODOSPERMUM DC.
P. laciniatum DC. Biennial, a foot or so high, erect, leafy, glabrous.
Leaves mostly radical, deeply pinnatipartite, with linear segments rarely entire.
Achenes prolonged at base into a hollow foot. Flowers pale yellow, scarcely
passing the involucre. Polymorphic.
Borders of fields and waste places. April-June.
P. decumbens G. G. occurs near Ollioules, Le Luc, and Carqueiranne, but
is rare. Leaf segments very variable, the terminal one large. Involucral bracts
downy, especially at the tip, which is often recurved.
144 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
SCORZONERA L.
S. hirsuta L. Root thick. Stems about a foot high, slender, curved,
usually simple with a solitary terminal head of yellow flowers. Leaves linear,
very narrow, very hairy, close together; upper ones almost filiform. Pappus
reddish.
Stony places in the hills and garigues. May-June.
S. austriaca Willd. and S. hispanica L. grow in the lower mountains and
flower in May and June. The latter has several yellow terminal flower-heads
and variable but usually linear-lanceolate leaves.
TRAQOPOQON L. GOAT'S-BEARD.
T. crocifolillS L. Annual or biennial. Stem 1-2 ft. high, glabrous, cottony
below. Leaves linear, very narrow, the stem-leaves half amplexicaul. Peduncles
not inflated at the top. Flowers reddish-purple, with yellow centre and tips,
shorter than the involucral bracts. Achenes shorter than the long beak. Pappus
reddish.
Borders of fields and dry places in the hills. April-June.
T. australis Jord. = T. porrifolius L. part. Annual or biennial, shorter
than the last. Leaves linear, wavy, dilated at base. Peduncles much inflated
at top. Flowers dull purple, much shorter than the involucral bracts. Achenes
much elongated. Pappus reddish.
Borders of fields and dry places on the littoral. April-June.
The following with yellow flowers also occur : —
T. pratensis L., T. orientalis L., T. stenophyllus Jord., T. major
Jacq., and T. dubius Scop. Also T. Qeropogon Rouy (= Oeropogon
glabrum L.) with rose-coloured flowers.
UROSPERMUM Scop.
U. Daleschampii Desf. Plant pubescent, a foot high. Leaves runcinate-
lyrate. Flower-heads terminal, large, on long naked peduncles swollen at top.
Involucral bracts tomentose, marked with black at edges. Flowers pale yellow,
faintly tipped with black at extreme border and outer ones sometimes striped
with purple beneath. Beak of achene attenuated from base to apex. Pappus
yellowish.
Waste ground, borders of fields, etc., common. April- June.
U. picroides Desf. Plant hispid. Stem branching. Leaves sinuate-pin-
natifid toothed, upper ones amplexicaul. Involucre covered with stiff white hairs.
Beak of achene much dilated at base, then fill form. Pappus white. Flowers yellow.
Fields and waste places, fairly common. May-June.
CHONDRILLAL.
C. juncea L. Biennial, 2-3 ft. high, glabrous, but hispid below. Stems
erect, much branched. Stem-leaves linear, entire, lower ones lanceolate sinuate
or runcinate, soon withering. Heads small, subsessile, solitary or in clusters of
2 or 3. Achenes crowned by 5 scaly teeth.
Sandy places, road-sides, etc., common. June-September.
TARAXACUM ?uss.
T. officinale Wiggers (the Common Dandelion) is extremely variable in
the south, and many varieties are recorded.
LACTUCA L. LETTUCE.
L. perennis L. A branched, glabrous plant 1-2 ft. high. Leaves deeply
pinnatipartite, often runcinate with nearly linear segments, the stem-leaves em-
bracing the stem with 2 rounded auricles. Heads long pedicelled, in a corymbi-
form panicle. Achenes black, about 13 mm. long. Flowers blue or pale violet,
rather large.
Stony hills and limestone'rocks and cliffs. April-July.
PLATE XX.
1. Specularia falcata. 2. Campanula bononiensis. 3. Coris monspeliensis.
4. Arbutus Unedo. 5. Primula marginata.
COMPOSIT/E 145
L. tenerrima Pourr. A somewhat similar plant with much smaller blue
flowers, and stem-leaves with 2 sagittate acute auricles. Achenes oval, with
beak of about the same length. Pappus yellowish.
Rocks and old walls, rare. June-July. Sollies-Toucas, and near Roubion.
The following species with yellow flowers occur in the district : L. virosa
L. (achenes nearly black with a broad border, and glabrous), L. Scariola L.
(achenes pale, with a narrow border, and hairy at summit), L,. muralis Fres.,
L. viminea PresL, and L. saligna L. with its var. runcinata G. G. which has
stem-leaves all runcinate except the upper ones. L. ramosissima G. G. with
bright yellow flowers is perhaps only a variety of L. viminea whose flowers
are pale yellow.
PRENANTHES L.
Prenanthes purpurea L. A tall glabrous plant with almost entire auricled
leaves glaucous beneath, the lower ones prolonged into a winged petiole, upper
ones lanceolate. Flowers bluish-purple in a loose panicle.
Mountain woods, but chiefly above 1000 metres. July-August.
SONCHUS L. SOW-THISTLE.
S. oleraceus L., S. asper Hill., S. tenerrimus L., S. glaucescens
Jard., S. giganteus Shuttle., S. arvensis, and S. maritimus L. are
found in various parts of our area. Some are very polymorphic and difficult to
distinguish. S. oleraceus in various forms is one of the commonest plants
epiphytic upon the Palms about Hyeres. S. arvensis and S. maritimus also
occur on the Palms, with various other plants.
PICRIDIUM £>«/.
P. Vlllgare Desf. A glabrous and glaucous annual. Stems 1-2 ft. high,
erect, branched. Stem-leaves lanceolate, amplexicaul, with broad rounded
auricles. Peduncles long, with several scales. Flowers yellow. Achenes brown,
covered with large tubercles.
Waste places and fields. Very common on the littoral and flowering most of
the year.
ZACINTHA Tourn.
Z. verrucosa Gaertn. is common in stony fields in the littoral. May-June.
It is an erect annual, with nearly glabrous stem, but usually hairy leaves near
the base of the stem. Leaves oblong, sinuate or lyrate ; upper ones lanceolate
with acute auricles. Heads small, nearly sessile, few, in the forks of the lateral
branches swollen at the top.
PTEROTHECA Casj.
P. nemausensis Cass. = P. sancta F. Schulz. A slender and variable
annual, 3-12 in. high. Leaves all radical, in a rosette, pubescent, oblong,
lyrate pinnatifid. Heads on long branched peduncles, forming a loose corymb.
Flowers yellow. Outer achenes much larger than the others.
Fields and road-sides, etc. Very common on the littoral. February-August.
This plant is extending its range northward in France, and has already reached
Lyon. In Liguria it extends to 900 m. in the hills.
BARKHAUSIA Mcench.
This genus, closely allied to Crepis, comprises the following littoral species :
B. albida Cass. (in the hills and lower mountains), B. fcetida DC., B. taraxaci-
foliaDC., B. setosa DC., B. Leontodon DC., and the rare B. Suffreniana
Lloyd, a small slender annual with oblong sinuate, rosette leaves, and lanceolate
amplexicaul stem-leaves. Involucre hispid with short glandular hairs.
B. Leontodon (Crepis leontodontoides All.) is a Corsican plant, only found
;n this part or France. Stems slender. Leaves glabrous. Involucre never hispid.
146 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
B. taraxacifolia DC. is a very variable plant. It may have one upright
stem or several almost prostrate ones. The leaves are almost entire, runcinate
or pinnatifid. Peduncles and involucral bracts are grey with stellate hairs and
often have black hairs as well, and these are sometimes glandular. Polymorphic.
Grassy places, hill-sides, etc., very common. March-July.
CREPIS L. HAWK'S-BEARD.
C. bulbosa Cass. Root has long fibres ending in tubercles as large as a
nut, and also horizontal stolons throwing up leaves which are long petioled,
oblong-lanceolate entire or toothed, glabrous. Scape simple and i-headed, erect,
glandular at top. Flowers yellow. The rare Orobanche pubescens is parasitic
upon it.
Sea-sands and occasionally in stony fields distant from the sea. April-
June.
C. nicaeensis Balb. Annual. Stems 1-2^ ft. high, erect, branched, strongly
ridged, hispid below. Leaves pinnatifid and often runcinate ; lower ones
oblong, petioled, hairy, upper ones sessile, sagittate, flat. Heads larger than in
the common British C. vlrens. Involucre hairy-tomentose, the bracts glabrous
within. Achenes yellowish. Flowers yellow.
Dry places, woods, and pastures in the hills. May-July.
The following also occur on the littoral: C. pulchra L., C. virens L.,
C. agrestis W. et K., and C. bfennis L.
ANDRYALA L.
A. integrifolia L. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, erect and branched covered with
yellowish-white tomentum. Leaves lanceolate, upper ones sessile, entire, en-
larged at the base ; lower ones toothed or sinuate, attenuate at base. Heads of
pale yellow flowers in a rather dense corymb. Peduncles and involucre glandu-
lar. Achenes brown, very small. Pappus reddish-white.
Dry places and fields. Very common on the littoral. June-October.
HIERACIUM L. HAWKWEED.
Sub-genus I. STENOTHECA Fries.
Involucre with bracts in 2 ranks, the outer ones very short, and resembling a
little calyx.
H. staticifolium Vill. Glabrous and glaucous but sometimes a little
hairy. Stem simple or slightly branched, usually leafless, with a few bracts at
the top. Leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, attenuated
into a foot stalk. Heads 1-3, but usually solitary, large. Flowers pale yellow,
turning green on being dried. Involucral bracts mealy, linear-acute.
Sandy, gravelly river beds and stony places in the hills and lower mountains.
June-August.
Sub-genus II. PILOSELLA Fries.
Involucre of imbricated bracts ; achenes very small, slightly crenate at top ;
pappus hairs of equal length.
H. Pilosella L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. A small and variable species with
rooting stolons and spreading tufts of root-leaves. Leaves lanceolate, tapering
at base, usually white-tomentose beneath, and with long silky hairs. Stems
one headed, the flowers pale yellow, the outer ones often tinged with red.
Involucre covered with close, whitish down, and stiff, spreading, black
hairs.
Dry, sandy places from the coast to the mountains. April-September.
H. Peleterianum Merat, has shorter and thicker ascending stolons, and the
plant is more densely hairy and with larger flower heads than the last.
Dry banks and stony places in the mountains, and recorded from Hyeres by
Shuttleworth. May- July.
COMPOSITE? 147
H. Auricula Lamk. Plant usually with stolons. Stem with a few small
flower heads. Leaves glaucous, in a rosette, lanceolate or obovate, with a few
silky hairs. Inner involucral bracts obtuse.
Grassy places in the lower mountains. May-July.
H. Sabinum Seb. Plant sometimes with stolons. Stems tall, covered
with stellate, simple and glandular hairs, bearing a cyme of rather numerous
heads. Leaves lanceolate, with long silky hairs on both sides. Closely allied
to H. cymosuiti L. which also occurs in many forms in the hills. June-August.
H. praealtum Vill. A hawkweed without stolons. Leaves rather glauc-
ous, longer and narrower than in the last and with very few hairs. Flower
heads numerous, in a corymbiform panicle. Involucral bracts obtuse, covered,
like the peduncles with stellate and glandular hairs.
Here and there on dry hill-sides and mountain slopes. June-August.
H. florentinum All. A species closely allied to the last, but sometimes
with narrower leaves ; flower-heads smaller and in a looser panicle, the branches
arched and often rising from the middle of the stem ; peduncles with glandular
hairs but with few or no stellate ones (Bicknell). Intermediate forms occur.
Beds of mountain torrents, etc., from the coast of les Alpes-Marit. and Liguria
to the mountains. May-July.
Sub-genus III. ARCHIHIERACIUM Fr.
Bracts of involucre imbricated; achenes larger than in sub-genus Pilosella,
not crenate ; pappus hairs of unequal length ; stronger than and not so white as
those of Pilosella.
H. lanatum Vill. = H. tomentosum All. Plant about a foot high,
easily known by the felt-like appearance of the leaves, which are covered with a
short dense grey tomentum. Root-leaves ovate, acuminate, entire or obscurely
sinuate, stalked ; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate amplexicaul. Involucral bracts
very woolly, lanceolate-acuminate. Stems bearing several large flower heads.
Limestone rocks and cliffs in the lower mountains. June- August.
H. andryaloides Vill. Differs from the last by its toothed leaves, its less
dense felt, its longer peduncles, its smaller heads and rather shorter stature. It
appears to be less rare in the Var than the last, which only occurs at the summit
of les Marges, but in the Maritime Alps this species is not so common.
Rocks and cliffs in the hills and lower mountains. June-August.
H. cinerascens Fr. Closely allied to H. pr^ecox Schultz Bipontinus
but of a more greyish colour. Leaves generally only slightly toothed, some-
what attenuated at the base and with silky hairs. Styles yellow.
Hill-sides and woods. April, May.
H. prtecox Schultz Bipontinus. Leaves very variable, generally with
large teeth or much incised at the base ; stem often bearing one petiolate leaf.
Flower heads rather large and numerous. Peduncles and involucral bracts very
glandular, style usually yellow.
Woods and rocks, occasional. May-July.
H. fragile Jord. Stems thick and fragile; petioles long and enlarged at
the base, leaves and petioles less hairy than in the last, of which this may be
merely a variable form.
Woods and rocks. May-July.
H. murorum L. Plant green or glaucous ; stem 1-2 ft. high, glabrous or
hairy below ; root-leaves in a rosette, ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at base,
entire or toothed ; stem-leaves o or very few. Heads 2-6. Peduncles floccose
and covered with simple and glandular hairs. Very variable.
Woods and stony slopes, common. April-June.
i4» FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
H. vulgatutn Fr. Green or glaucous, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves entire,
toothed or incised, the radical ones lanceolate, oval or oblong, the stem-leaves
3-10 in number, lanceolate, the lower ones petioled, upper ones sessile.
Flower heads in an upright slender panicle. Styles brown or livid.
Woods. June-July.
H. subalpinum Arv. T. Plant pale green. Root-leaves ovate-lanceolate,
entire or slightly toothed and petiolate ; stem-leaves 2-4, the lower ones
contracted into a narrow petiole, the upper ones sessile and half-amplexicaul.
Involucral bracts with whitish scarious borders, and with stellate and glandular
hairs. Achenes reddish-brown.
Mountain woods and grassy slopes. June-July.
H. boreale Fr. Root-leaves withered at time of flowering. Stem-leaves
oval-lanceolate, more or less toothed in lower half ; upper ones sessile and half-
amplexicaul. Flower heads in a leafy corymb or panicle, on short branches.
Involucre ovoid, dark, nearly glabrous ; bracts broad, obtuse ; styles livid.
Woods and hill-sides. August-September.
Among other Hawkweeds, all belonging to this sub-genus and occurring in
the district are: H. candicans Tausch., H. rupicolum Fr., H. bifidum
Kit., H. subca\sium Fr., H. prenanthoides Vill., H. rigidum Hartm.,
H. umbellatum L., H. provinciate Jord., and H. amplexicaule L.,
besides many others, most of which are found in the higher mountains.
AMBROSIACE.E.
XANTHIUML.
A somewhat anomalous genus often placed in Compositae. Flowers mon-
oecious ; males in globose heads, female heads 2-flowered.
X. strumarium L. Broad Burweed. A stout annual, 1-3 ft. high, not
spiny. Stems robust, branched, hairy. Leaves green, greyish beneath, ovate-
triangular, incised-dentate, cordate at base, long petioled. Fruit ovoid, greenish,
covered with hooked bristles, and ending in 2 straight beaks (Plate XIX).
Waste, sandy places and rubbish heaps. July-September.
X. italicum A/or., differs from the last by its elliptic fruits, which are
larger, with longer bristles and with 2 shortly hooked beaks. Annual of 1-2 ft.
in height.
Rubbish heaps, sea-sands, and waste places. July-September.
X. spinosum L. Spiny Burweed. A spinous annual 1-2 ft. high. Stem
branched from the base, having below the leaves long yellow 3-branched spines.
Leaves petioled, soft, white-felted beneath, green with white nerves above,
entire or 3-5 lobed, the terminal lobe being lanceolate. Fruit oblong, with
slender hooked bristles and ending in 2 straight beaks. Flowers greenish.
Road-sides and waste places. July-September.
X. macrocarpum DC., with very large oblong fruit, also occurs in the Var.
The glandular fruit is covered with strong, hooked spines.
LOBELIACE.E.
LAURENTIA Neck.
L. Michelii DC. A very small delicate annual, usually glabrous. Stem
delicate, erect, leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or crenate, mostly alter-
nate. Flowers small (4-5 mm.), blue, with whitish throat, solitary at tops of long
filiform peduncles. Calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate, about the length of or shorter
than the tube. Capsule ovoid. Plant 1-4 in. high.
Damp places and borders of streams in the Var. May-July.
CAMPANULACE.E 149
CAMPANULACE^E.
Capsule dehiscing within the calyx-lobes. Corolla 5-partite, segments narrow.
Flowers capitate JASIONE.
Capsule dehiscing at the sides, below the calyx-lobes.
Corolla 5-partite, segments narrow. Flowers capitate PHYTEUMA.
Corolla 5-toothed or lobed. Ovary short, broad CAMPANULA.
Corolla rotate or campanulate. Ovary long, narrow SPECULARIA.
JASIONE L.
J. montana L. Sheep's-bit. Annual or biennial. Stem a foot high,
branched from the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, wavy. Flowers blue,
in dense hemispherical heads, on long peduncles and surrounded by an involucre
of broadly ovate bracts. Calyx-tube turbinate.
Sandy woods and hill-sides. May-August.
PHYTEUMA L. RAMPION.
P. orbiculare L. Round-headed Rampion. Stem 6-18 in. high, erect,
often hollow. Lower leaves lanceolate, with a truncate or almost cordate base>
stalked crenate-serrate, upper stem-leaves narrower, sessile. Involucral bracts
lanceolate, somewhat serrate. Flowers deep blue or sometimes blue-violet, in
globular heads an inch in diameter. Stigmas 3.
Mountain woods and grassy places in the montane and sub-Alpine region.
June-July.
P. spicatum /-., P. Charmelii Vill. and other more truly Alpine species
are found in the higher mountains P. Charmelii has cordate root-leaves and
linear-lanceolate stem-leaves, and is found near Chateaudouble and Aiguines
in the Var in June-July. P. Michelii All. descends to the lower chestnut
zone in the Maritime Alps.
SPECULARIA L.
S. talcataA. DC. (Plate XX). An upright annual, rarely branched. Leaves
broadly oblong, slightly crenate. Flowers purple, solitary or in pairs in the leaf
axils and forming a long spike. Calyx segments linear, as long as the tube and
much longer than corolla, often curved like a sickle.
Cultivated fields and stony slopes, uncommon. May-June.
S. hybrida A. DC. Corn Campanula. Annual. Stem and branches erect.
Leaves oblong with very wavy margins. Flowers terminal, corymbose, small,
purple. Calyx segments lanceolate, much shorter than tube, and longer than
corolla, upright. Leaves sessile in all 3 species.
Sandy or stony fields. May-June.
S. speculum A. DC. Venus's Looking-glass. Annual. Leaves oblong,
lower ones somewhat crenate. Flowers purple, large, in panicles at end of stem
and branches. Calyx segment linear, as long as the tube and the corolla.
Cultivated fields and crops, common. April-July.
CAMPANULA L.
C. Medium L. = C. grandiflora Lam. Biennial, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves
oval-lanceolate toothed, rough ; root-leaves petioled. Flowers very large, with
shallow lobes, axillary-, in rather long spikes, bluish- violet. Calyx hispid, having
5 reflexed appendages as long as the tube. Stigmas 5.
Wooded slopes and ravines in the hills. May-July.
C. glomerata L. Clustered Campanula. Of variable size and habit, erect,
usually hairy, but sometimes glabrescent. Lower leaves oval, oblong or lanceo-
late, cordate at base, petioled, crenate. Flowers purplish-blue, sessile, in dense
heads, furnished with large leafy bracts. Calyx hairy, lobes lanceolate-
acute.
Wooded slopes in the mountains and hill-sides. June-August.
ISO FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
C. petreta L. Plant erect, covered with down. Leaves and calyx white-
felted beneath. Flowers yellowish-white almost sessile, in heads with large leafy
bracts. Lower leaves ovate or oblong, cordate at base, long petioled.
Rocks in the Maritime Alps, rare. July-August.
C. RapuncuIusL. Rampion Campanula. Biennial, 1-3 ft. high, stems wiry,
erect. Lower leaves oblong, crenate petioled ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate.
Calyx segments linear-setaceous. Flowers rather small, pale blue or nearly
white (as e.g. about Hyeres), erect on long narrow spikes.
Woods, road-sides, and thickets, common. May-July.
C. persicifolia L. Plant glabrous and shining, about 2 ft. high. Leaves
leathery, radical ones sessile, spathulate-lanceolate ; cauline ones linear-oblong
finely serrate. Calyx segments triangular-lanceolate, acute. Flowers large,
2-6 in a simple head, blue or rarely white.
Mountain woods as at La Sainte-Baume, Sollies-Toucas, St. Martin Ve'subie,
etc. May-August.
C. patuIaL. Spreading Campanula. An erect slender biennial, about a foot
high, slightly hairy, with spreading branches. Root-leaves obovate or oblong,
stalked ; stem-leaves few, lanceolate or linear, almost entire. Flowers few,
rather larger than in C. rotundifolia, in a spreading panicle ; corolla more
open and more purplish in colour and divided to the middle.
Bushy pastures and thickets in the lower Maritime Alps. May-July.
C. rotundifolia L. Harebell. A slender perennial, with heart-shaped
root-leaves which usually die away at flowering time; stem-leaves linear or
lanceolate, entire. Corolla bell-shaped, with five broad lobes shorter than the
tube, very variable in size and sometimes in shape, in a branched loose panicle.
Stony hill-sides and dry thickets in the mountains ; scarce in the south. May-
July-
C. macrorrhiza y. Gay. A very variable species resembling the Harebell,
but known by its woody root-stock, its broad lower stem-leaves, and its upright
buds and capsules ; and the calyx-teeth are very often reflexed.
Cliffs and rocks chiefly in the mountain region, and very rare in the Var. May-
August.
C. Erinus L. A small annual weed. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, toothed.
Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, very small, almost sessile, blue or rarely
white.
Rocks, old walls, sandy road-sides, and waste places, common near the coast
and in the Olive region. April-June.
C. Trachelium L. Nettle-leaved Campanula. Another variable species,
2-3 ft. high, sometimes approaching in appearance small specimens of C. lati =
folia, which is found in the Maritime Alps. Lower leaves on long stalks,
cordate and coarsely toothed ; upper ones small and ovate-lanceolate. Flowers
large, 2 or 3 together in short leafy racemes in the upper axils. Calyx segments
stiffly hairy.
Shady places in the mountain region and sometimes in valleys near the coast.
June-August.
C. rapunculoides L. Creeping Campanula. Root-stock creeping. Stem
erect, 1-3 ft. high. Lower leaves on long stalks, heart-shaped, upper ones
small, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers drooping, smaller than in C. Trachelium and
more purplish-blue, forming very long terminal and often unilateral racemes.
Capsules nearly globular. Calyx-teeth linear or linear-lanceolate.
Fields, banks, and uncultivated places. June-August.
C. bononiensis L. (Plate XX). A tall spiky species with very leafy and
almost tomentose stem. Leaves very downy beneath, lower ones shortly
stalked, cordate ; upper ones sessile and becoming narrower. Flowers small,
violet-blue, very shortly stalked, in clusters at junction of the bracts and stem,
PLATE XXI.
1. Nerium Oleander. 2. Olea europaea. 3. Vinca acutiflora.
4. Phillyrea angustifolia (in fruit). 5. Jasminum fruticans.
ERICACEAE 151
and forming a long spike. Sepals linear-lanceolate, spreading. Capsule
pendent.
Mountain woods and grassy places of the chestnut zone of the Maritime Alps.
Very rare in the Var. June-July.
C. latifolia L. (Giant Campanula), C. spicata L. (flowers small, in a long
dense spike, leaves long and hairy), and C. linifolia Lamk. are sometimes found
in the lower Maritime Alps, but the common alpine C. puslla does not seem to
descend to such low elevations in the south as it does in central Europe.
VACCINIEJE.
Corolla campanulate, urceolate or rotate. Fruit a berry VACCINIUM.
VACCINIUM L.
V. MyrtHlllS L. Whortleberry or Bilberry. A small glabrous shrub, 6-18
inch high, with many erect or spreading green branches. Leaves deciduous,
ovate, barely an inch 'long, finely toothed and very shortly stalked. Flowers
greenish white or pinkish, nearly globular. Berry globular, nearly black and
covered with a glaucous bloom.
Mountain woods, butirare in'the Var. May.
ERICACEAE.
Tribe I. ARBUTE/E. Buds naked. Corolla ideciduous. Fruit a ^berry or
drupe.
Ovary cells many ovuled ARBUTUS.
Ovary cells i-ovuled ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.
Tribe II. ERICINE^. Buds naked. Leaves small. Flowers 4-merous.
Corolla persistent. Anthers cohering in bud.
Corolla 4 fid. Capsule loculicidal, cells many-seeded ERICA.
Corolla 4-partite. Capsule septicidal, cells few-seeded CALLUNA.
Tribe III. PYROLE^E. Herbs. Leaves chiefly radical. Petals 5, free or
connate, concave. Capsule loculicidal PYROLA.
ARBUTUS L.
Arbutus Unedo L. Strawberry-tree (Plate XX). An evergreen shrub or
small tree, mostly glabrous. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
toothed, shining on upper side. Flowers in small, drooping terminal panicles,
greenish-white, often tinged with pink. Berry yellow and then red, globular,
granulated, dry and without flavour.
Woods and hill-sides; common on the littoral, especially on siliceous soil.
September-November. An insect sometimes makes the leaves silvery.
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans.
A. Uva-ursi Spreng. Bearberry. A small, much-branched shrub. Leaves
evergreen, glossy above, with sunken dots (brown glands) beneath, usually
entire, leathery, net-veined. Flowers white or pale pink, in compact, drooping,
terminal racemes. Berries globular, bright red, smooth and shining.
Mountain woods in the north of the Var and in the Maritime Alps. April-
June.
ERICA L. HEATH.
E. arbor eaL. Tree-heath. Shrub, 3-12 ft. high. Stems much branched,
whitish and woolly when young. Leaves in whorls of 3-4, narrow-linear with
i furrow. Flowers small, white or very pale pink, sweet scented. Stamens
included in corolla tube. Trunk woody and sometimes quite thick.
Woods and thickets ; common in the littoral on siliceous soil ; and extending
in Liguria up to about 4000 ft., as e.g. above Bajardo behind Bordighera.
Harch-May.
152 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
In 1913 it was in flower by 22 February near Carqueiranne, but this Heath
remains a very long while in the bud state, when it is sometimes gathered to
open in water. The roots are used to make " briar " pipes (a corruption of the
word bruyere). See Plate XXV.
E. SCOpafia L. Shrub, 2-4 ft. high, with glabrous branches. Leaves
in whorls of 3-4, linear-obtuse, 2-ridged. Flowers very small and numer-
ous, greenish-yellow, in long narrow spikes. Stamens included in corolla
tube.
Woods and arid hill-sides near the littoral. April-May.
E. multiflora L. Under-shrub about 2-3 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves
in whorls of 4-6, linear-obtuse, with one furrow, glabrous and thick. Flowers
pink, in compact terminal heads. Anthers prominent. Calyx lobes oblong
lanceolate, glabrous, almost half length of corolla which is well shaped and
5 mm. long.
Woods and hill-sides west of Toulon, as at St. Cyr, Bandol, etc. Rare near
Villefranche and in the Magnan Valley near Nice. September- November.
This Heath, common near Marseilles, must not be confused with E. mediter-
ranea L. which does not grow on the Riviera, but farther west.
CALLUNA Salisbury. LING OR HEATHER.
C. vulgaris Salis. = Erica vulgaris L. = C. Erica DC. A small
straggling shrub. Leaves acicular, very small and short. Flowers pink or
rarely white. Stamens with anthers dorsally fixed. t Calyx coloured like the
corolla, with 4 small bracts at the base.
Woods and dry heaths on siliceous soil. July-October.
PYROLA L. WINTER-GREEN.
P. chlorantha Swartz. Somewhat like P. rotundifolia L. (which
grows in the Maritime Alps) but with the long style more curved and reflexed.
Root-leaves orbicular, rounded at top, sometimes almost truncate at base,
slightly toothed, long-petioled. Inflorescence loose, 5-7 flowered. Flowers
large, greenish-white. Sepals ovate, acuminate, very short.
Mountain woods and rocks. June-July. Very rare and perhaps only
recorded from a pine-wood near V^rignon in the Var, and from near
Breil.
P. secunda L. Serrated Winter-green. Raceme unilateral. Style long
and nearly straight. Leaves ovate, acute, toothed and prominently veined.
Flowers small, greenish-white. A very distinct species.
Mountain woods (rare) in the north of the Var, and in the Maritime Alps.
June-July.
P. minor and P. uniflora are found only in the Alpine and sub-Alpine
parts of the Maritime Alps.
MONOTROPACE^E.
MONOTROPA L.
M. Hypopitys L. = Hypopitys multiflora Scop. Bird's Nest. Stem
6-9 in. high, with scales instead of leaves. Flowers few, in a short terminal
raceme. Sepals and petals ovate or oblong, glabrous or slightly downy within.
Whole plant of a yellowish- brown, turning black on drying. Parasitical upon
the roots of trees, especially Beech, though in the south it is found mostly on
Oaks and Firs. It is very rare in the French Riviera district, and in the Var the
only form found, near Toulon and Le Luc, is the sub-species hypophega
Don. The type plant occurs here and there in dry pine-woods above Bordighera,
as near Bajardo.
PRIMULACE^B 153
PRIMULACEjE.
Tribe I. PRIMULE^E. Ovary superior. Capsule valvular. Hilum ventral.
Leaves radical. Corolla lobes entire. Flowers small ANDROSACE.
Leaves radical. Corolla lobes emarginate, incurved or spreading PRIMULA.
Leaves radical. Corolla lobes reflexed, red CYCLAMEN.
Leaves cauline. Corolla rotate, yellow LYSIMACHIA.
Leaves linear. Corolla irregular, purple. Calyx membranous ...CORIS.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate. Corolla minute ASTEROLINUM.
Tribe II. ANAGALLIDE^). Ovary superior. Capsule opening transversely.
Hilum ventral.
Calyx 4-partite. Filaments glabrous CENTUNCULUS.
Calyx 5-partite. Filaments villous ANAGALLIS.
Tribe III. SAMOLE^E. Ovary inferior. Capsule valvular. Hilum basal.
SAMOLUS.
ANDROSACE L.
A. Chaixii G. G. = A. lactiflora Pall. Leaves oblong - lanceolate,
slightly toothed, in a rosette. Calyx glabrous, larger at maturity, shorter than
corolla. Flowers pink, forming a loose umbel on long slender radical pedicels.
Central flower-stalk erect, the others spreading. Plant 4-8 in. high. Biennial
or annual.
Mountain woods and pastures, uncommon. April-June.
A. maxima L. An annual species 2-4 in. high. Leaves in a radical rosette,
obovate wedge-shaped, toothed at the top. Scape short, bearing a loose umbel of
white or pir.kish flowers. Calyx large, downy and becoming larger at maturity,
lobes ovate-lanceolate, longer than the tube. Corolla and capsule shorter than
the calyx.
Fields and crops in the hill district, especially on limestone, as e.g. the Sainte-
Baume region. April-June. Uncommon.
PRIMULA L.
P. vulgaris Huds. = P. grandiflora Lamk. Primrose. The common
primrose is found in several places in the north of the Var. In Liguria and les
Alpes-Marit. it is quite common on banks, damp woods, and shady hill-sides
in the chestnut zone up to about 1200 m. and descending the valleys to near the
sea. February- May.
P. suaveolens Bert. This is the variety of the Cowslip (P. veris L.)
found on grassy banks and damp woods from about 600 to 1700 m. and occasion-
ally descending near the coast (C. Bicknell). The leaves are generally more
cordate and less rugose than in the type, and the under surface is whiter
and tomentose and the petioles less winged. The flowers are often larger and
the calyx more inflated. March-May. The true Cowslip does not appear.
P. marginata Curt. (Plate XX). Stem 2-6 in. high, fleshy, bearing a few-
flowered umbel of rather large rose-purple flowers. Leaves smooth, thick, ovate-
elliptical and narrowed into a petiole, and with a cartilaginous, serrate, mealy-
white margin. Petals obcordate. Capsule subglobular. A rather variable plant
according to position, etc.
Rocky, limestone places in the mountains, descending to about 800 m. near
San Dalmazzo di Tenda and Buggio in Liguria, to the mountains above
Menton, and the west of the montagne de Brouis in the Var.
P. Allionii Lois. A small species 2 in. high, pubescent and viscous. Scape
much shorter than the leaves, and bearing a solitary bright rose flower. Leaves
obovate, petioled, entire or crenate, velvety and very viscous.
Rocks in the sub-Alpine region of the Maritime Alps (endemic) and descend-
ing to the gorge of Saorge below San Dalmazzo di Tenda. March- May.
154 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
CYCLAMEN L.
C. repandum Sibth. et Sm. Root a tuber about 2-3 cm. across. Leaves
large, thin, ovate-triangular, irregularly incised and mucronate, cordate at base
with open sinus. Corolla violet-rose with darker throat ; corolla lobes 5 times
length of tube.
Woods and thickets in the Var, extremely rare. March-May.
ASTEROLINUM L.
A. stellatum Hoffm. et Lk. A minute, slender, glabrous annual. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, frosted over with minute stars. Flowers very minute, white, on
short axillary peduncles and much shorter than the calyx.
Dry, sandy places on the littoral, fairly common. March-May.
CORIS L.
C. monspeliensis L. (Plate XX). Biennial, about 8 in. high and
bushy. Leaves linear, sessile, small, rather fleshy and glabrous. Stems very
leafy and ligneous at base. Flowers deep rose-lilac or pale purple, subsessile, in
compact heads. Calyx bell-shaped, membranous and inflated, usually a deep
reddish-purple colour ; withiirregular double margin, the outer teeth being linear
and spiny and the 5 inner ones triangular. Corolla tubular, with 5 unequal bifid
lobes, the 2 front lobes much shorter than the other. Stamens 5, unequal.
Dry, stony hill-sides on the littoral, especially on limestone. April-June.
Like the Tree-heath this plant remains a long time in bud. In 1913 the
writer found Coris with bright rose-pink blossoms by the road to the Sainte-
Baume chain at about 1200 ft.
LYSIMACHIA L.
L. vulgaris L. " Yellow Loosestrife." Stem erect, branched, 2-3 ft. high,
rather downy. Leaves often in whorls of 3 or 4, broadly lanceolate or nearly
ovate-acute. Flowers yellow, rather campanulate, in short, compound racemes
at the summits of the branches, forming a terminal leafy panicle. Stamens
connected at base into a cup enclosing the ovary.
Borders of streams, etc., on the littoral, uncommon. June-August.
L. Nummularia L. Money-wort. Stems prostrate and creeping, often
rooting at the nodes. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, usually obtuse and shortly
stalked. Flowers yellow, large, on axillary peduncles. Stamens erect in the
centre, with the filaments slightly connected at the base.
Moist meadows and river-sides on the littoral and hilly districts, rare. June-
July.
CENTUNCULUS L.
C. minimus L. Chaffweed. A minute annual, often less than i in. high,
branched only at the base. Leaves ovate, very small. Flowers almost sessile,
shorter than the leaves. Calyx-teeth linear. Corolla pink, very minute.
Capsule opening transversely.
Moist sandy shady places flooded in winter. May-July. Found occasionally
in the Var near Frejus, Bormes, etc.
ANAQALLIS L.
A. arvensis L. Scarlet Pimpernel. Common in cultivated and waste places.
April-November.
The following varieties occur : —
Var. a phrtnicca = A. phoenicea Lam. with red or flesh-coloured flowers.
Var. £ casrulea = A. ceerulea Schreb. with blue flowers.
Some botanists consider them distinct species, ft having more pointed leaves,
shorter peduncles and the lobes of the corolla not at all or only slightly grandular ;
but Mr. Bicknell says he was unable to detect any differences at all in the larger
number of plants examined.
PLATE XXII.
1. Hyoscyamus albus.
3. Anchusa italica.
2. Cerinthe asperh.
Lithospcrmum purpureo— cii-uleuin
OLEACE^E 155
A. parviflora Hoffm. et Lk. = var. micrantha G. G. This may be
only a small-flowered variety of the common Pimpernel. Corolla only 4-6
mm., about equal to the calyx, wheel-shaped, blue or rose. Leaves ovate, often
erect, rounded and clasping at the base.
Damp, sandy places near the sea, as e.g. below Hyeres. May-July.
A. tenella L. Bog Pimpernel. A small, slender, creeping species, a few
inches long, with small, sub-orbicular, opposite leaves. Flowers pale pink, very
elegant, on long slender peduncles. Corolla campanulate, of delicate texture and
deeply 5-cleft. Stamens with woolly filaments.
Wet, spongy ground and borders of streams from the coast to about 700 m.,
local. May-July.
SAMOLUS L.
S. Valerandi L. Brookweed. A glabrous, bright green plant, 3-10 in. high,
with obovate spreading root-leaves. Stem slightly branched, with a few oblong
leaves and loose racemes of small white flowers. Pedicels rather long, with a
green bract above the middle. Capsule small, globular. Calyx-teeth short and
broad.
Damp places, marshes near the sea, etc., common on the littoral and on the
lower mountain region. May-August. Perhaps few flowering plants have
been seen by the writer in such a variety of habitats as this, but the plant is
widely diffused throughout the world. Near Beau Rivage in the Var it grows
on the low sea cliffs where fresh water sometimes trickles on to the beach below.
In the Alps and Pyrenees we have seen it on damp rocks at considerable elevation.
STYRACACE.E.
STY RAX L.
S. officinalis L. An ornamental shrub or small tree, 6-24 ft. high. Leaves
alternate, deciduous, petioled, ovate obtuse entire, green and glabrescent above,
white tomentose beneath. Flowers creamy-white, 3-6 in little corymbs. Calyx
tomentose, truncate and almost entire or with 5 little teeth. Corolla large, cam-
panulate, with very short tube and 5-7 lanceolate lobes. About 12 stamens in-
serted at base of corolla. Fruit leathery or fleshy, ovoid, cotton-felted.
Woods and hill-sides in Southern Var where it reaches its Western limit in
Europe. April-May. Good specimens of this interesting plant can be seen on
the lower slopes of Coudon and in the neighbouring district of Sollies-Toucas,
La Farlede, etc. There is a tree on the road-side which mounts from Sollies Pont
to the picturesque old hill-town of Sollies- Ville. All these villages are worth
visiting for their architectural beauty.
OLEACE;E.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, stamens inserted. Fruit 2-celled JASMINUM.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, stamens inserted on throat LIGUSTRUM.
Corolla-tube short, stamens exserted. Fruit a fleshy drupe, with hard stone.
OLEA.
Corolla-tube short, stamens inserted at base of corolla. Fruit a soft drupe
with no stone PHILLVREA.
JASMINUM L.
J. fruticans L., Yellow Jasmine (Plate XXI). An under-shrub of 1-4 ft
Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, dark green, shining, or more often with
3 oblong, obtuse leaflets on a short stalk. Flowers yellow, scented, shortly
peduncled, 1-4 at the top of the branches. Berry globular, black and shining.
Road-side, hedges, and fields and wooded slopes throughout the littoral of
the Var and here and there as far as the Italian frontier. April-May.
J. officinale L. The sweet-scented white Jasmine, so often cultivated, is
a native of Persia and India, but it is occasionally found subspontaneous in rocks
and hedges.
156 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
LIGUSTRUM L.
L. vulgare L. Privet. This well-known shrub with opposite, entire,
glabrous leaves, white sweet-scented flowers in thick clusters and blue-black
globular berries is occasional in shady places by streams and in hedges and
thickets, flowering in May and June.
A larger species, which the French call Troene, is a small tree frequently
planted in avenues and gardens on the Cote d'Azur.
OLEA L.
O. europaea L. Olive (Plate XXI). A small tree of 8-30 ft. high, with
greyish-green branches, which in the wild state are spinescent, and with very
small berries. Leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate entire, glabrous leathery,
whitish-drab coloured underneath. Flowers in axillary clusters, very small,
cream coloured. Fruit a fleshy drupe, ellipsoid, green at first and then black.
The leaves of young shoots springing up from the ground near the parent plant
are generally smaller and oval in shape. These shoots are very curious.
Cultivated in many places from the coast to about 800 m. in warm situations,
and often seen naturalized. May-June.
PHILLYREA L.
P. angUStifolia L. (Plate XXI). A variable shrub, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate-acute, entire, with a transparent narrow border,
very shortly petioled. Flowers in axillary rounded clusters, small, whitish.
Drupe small, 3-5 mm., prune coloured, globular and apiculate.
Very common in hedges, woods, and hill-sides throughout the littoral. March-
May ; and occasionally, as in 1913, in February.
P. latifolia L. A shrub or small tree attaining 20-25 ft- mgh> w'tn robust
branches. Lower leaves broad, ovate or broadly oblong, slightly cordate at
base and shortly petioled, toothed ; the upper ones narrower and more finely
toothed, with prominent dorsal nerve. Flowers as in the former species. Fruit
larger, obtuse and not apiculate.
Woods and stony valleys in the littoral, much less common than the last.
March-May.
P. media L. is also much less common, but equally variable. In fact it
seems to be an intermediate form with oblong lanceolate leaves, finely toothed
(var. serrata Albert) or almost entire (var. integrifolia Albert).
Dry hill-sides, rocks and woods on the littoral. March-May.
Syringa officinal is L. Common Lilac. This well-known tree, introduced
into gardens from Eastern Europe, is sometimes seen more or less naturalized
near houses, as in England.
APOCYNACE^;.
Throat of corolla naked. Flowers usually blue VINCA.
Throat of corolla furnished with 5 multifid scales. Showy shrubs NERIUM.
VINCA L. PERIWINKLE.
V. minor L. Lesser Periwinkle. Leaves ovate or oblong, glabrous,
entire. Peduncles as long as the leaves. Calyx segments glabrous, much
shorter than corolla-tube. Lobes of corolla truncate. Flowers blue, or more
rarely white or purple.
Banks under hedges, borders of streams, etc. February- May.
V. media Hoffm. et Lk. = V. acutiflora Bert. (Plate XXI). Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, entire. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Calyx
segments glabrous, shorter than corolla-tube. Corolla lobes obliquely acuminate.
Flowers large, very pale blue or white. In April and May they appear in great
quantities.
Borders of streams and hedges. Common on the littoral. December-May.
GENTIANACE,E 157
V. major L. Greater Periwinkle. Leaves often heart-shaped, or broadly
ovate, glabrous and shining, but bordered by minute hairs. Peduncles shorter
than the leaves. Calyx segments ciliate, as long as the corolla ; corolla very
large, blue, the tube broad. Corolla lobes broad, and almost angular.
Borders of streams and shady places. February- May.
NER1UM L.
N. Oleander L. Oleander (Plate XXI). A shrub 3-8 ft high. Leaves
lanceolate, leathery, entire, usually in whorls of three. Flower, large and
handsome, deep rose or rarely white or pale pink.
Wooded valleys, ravines and borders of streams, local. June-September.
ASCLEPIADACE^E.
Fruit a long, narrow, smooth follicle VINCETOXICUM.
Fruit a shorter follicle, more swollen and spreading CYNANCHUM.
Fruit ovoid, acuminate, inflated, covered with soft spines GOMPHOCARPUS
VINCETOXICUM Mcench.
V. officinale Mcench. (Cynanchum Vincetoxicum R. Br.). A rather
shrubby or straggling plant, i to nearly 3 ft. high, finely pubescent, with creeping
root-stock. Leaves opposite, entire, shortly petioled, the middle ones cordate-
ovate. Flowers small, dirty white or yellowish, in axillary petioled clusters.
Follicles glabrous, very large (i£-2 in.) cylindric-acuminate, swollen towards
base, and when ripe showing beautiful silky seeds.
Stony hills, thickets, etc., common. May-July.
QOMPHOCARPUS R. Br.
G. fruticosus R. Br. (Asclepias fruticosa L.). Under-shrub, 3-6 ft.
high, with linear-lanceolate leaves whose borders are rolled in downwards.
Flowers in umbels, white. Fruit ovate-acuminate, very hispid.
Naturalized here and there near the coast. Originally from Corsica, Italy,
N. Africa.
GENTIANACE^E.
Corolla rotate. Stamens 6-8. Leaves perfoliate CHLORA.
Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lamellate CICENDIA.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted ERYTHR^EA.
Corolla-tube subclavate. Anthers straight. Stigmas 2 GENTIANA.
Corolla induplicate. Leaves orbicular, floating, alternate LIMNANTHEMUM.
ERYTHR/EA Rich.
E. Centaurium Pers. Common Erythraea or Centaury. Biennial, erect,
2-12 in. high, usually much branched in upper part. Lower leaves broadly
ovate, in a spreading tuft; upper ones in distant pairs, variable in shape.
Flowers bright pink, in a terminal, much-forked cyme or panicle. Corolla-tube
slender, limb spreading 5-cleft.
Woods, fields, and grassy places, common. June-August.
E. pulchella Fr. A smaller and often much-branched annual. Leaves
oval or oblong-lanceolate, radical, few. Cymes lax-flowered ; flowers pink,
all pedicelled, corolla tube longer than calyx.
Sandy ground and damp, grassy places. May-September.
E. spicata Pers. Annual. Leaves elliptic-oblong. Flowers sessile,
arranged in a long spike on the branches. Corolla lobes lanceolate rose.
Damp, grassy places. May- September.
E. latifolia Sm., with broad leaves, and E. grandiflora Biv. with larger,
deep rose flowers and narrow, truncate, revolute leaves are occasionally seen in
the Var. Biennial.
158 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
E. maritime Pers. Flowers yellow. Leaves ovate or oblong. Style
divided to the middle. Annual.
Sandy woods throughout the littoral. April-June.
CICENDIA Adans.
C. f iliformis Delarbre (Microcala filiformis Hoffm.). A minute annual
2-3 in. high, with a few pairs of small narrow leaves and rather simple and i-
flowered, or divided into 2 or 3 branches each with a small yellow flower. Calyx
campanulate, with 4 broad, short lobes. Corolla 4-cleft. Capsule globular, i-
celled.
Damp, grassy, or sandy places, rather rare. May-July.
C. pUsillaGriseb. (Bxacum pusillum DC.). A still smaller slender annual,
much more branched and differing chiefly by its yellowish-white flowers, with
calyx divided to the base into narrow segments instead of into short broad teeth.
Damp places, borders of lakes, etc., rare. Ste. Raphael. May-July.
CHLORA L.
'C. perfoliata L, Perfoliate Yellow-wort. An erect, stiff, glaucous glabrous
annual, 3-12 in. high. Stem-leaves in pairs, so that the stem appears to pass
through them. Flowers bright yellow, in rather loose terminal cymes. Corolla
nearly rotate.
Woods and grassy hills. May-September.
C. serotina K. An erect glaucous annual with ovate leaves rounded at
the base, and yellow flowers. Calyx lobes obscurely 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate,
divided nearly to base.
Woods and damp, sandy places. May-July.
C. imperfoliata L. A more slender glaucous annual, with oblong-lanceo-
late leaves. Calyx lobes plainly 3-nerved, lanceolate-acuminate, divided two-
thirds down.
Damp, grassy places. May-August.
QENTIANA L.
The only gentians found in the Var are Q. lutea L., Q. cruciata L., and
Q. verna L. ; but the two last are extremely rare, and probably no species
descends to within the altitudinal limits of this work either in the Var or les
Alpes-Marit. Perhaps Q. cruciata and Q. excisa Presl. descend lowest (to
about 800 m.) in the whole region.
LIMNANTHEMUM.
L. pel tat um Gmel. ( Villarsia nymphoides Vent.). An aquatic plant with
long cieeping stems rooting at the base and bearing a single leal at each upper
branch, and a terminal tuft of leaves and peduncles. Leaves deeply cordate,
like those of a small water-lily. Each peduncle has a rather large yellow flower.
Ditches and slowly running water, rare. June-August.
Near Toulon, La Garde, and Le Pradet.
CONVOLVULACE.E.
Corolla campanulate, platted in bud, entire, style i CONVOLVULUS.
Corolla funnel-shaped, small, 5-lobed, styles 2, capsule 2-valved CRESSA.
Leafless parasites. Corolla imbricate in bud, very small CUSCUTA.
CONVOLVULUS L.
C. Soldanella L. (Calystegia Soldanella R. Br.). Sea Convolvulus. Root-
stock creeping. Stems short, prostrate. Leaves small, thick, broadly rounded
or kidney-shaped, with rounded or angular basal lobes. Peduncles i-flowered.
Corolla very large, pink and handsome.
Sea-sands. May-July.
CONVOLVULACE/E 159
C. sepitim L. (Greater Bindweed) with very large white or rarely pale pink
flowers is fairly common in hedges and thickets. June-July.
C. arvensis L. (Lesser Bindweed) with small pink or white flowers is
abundant, and flowers from May-July.
C. hirsutus Stev. Plant climbing and covered with yellowish spreading
hairs. Leaves hastate or sagittate, slightly sinuate, petioled. Flowers yellowish
or whitish, solitary or in pairs on the thick axillary peduncles. Bracts linear,
far from the flowers.
Fields and hedge banks, local. May-June.
C. althceoides L. Plant ascending, but hardly climbing ; covered with
spreading hairs. Upper leaves multifid, with narrow segments, the terminal
segment being largest ; lower leaves ovate-cordate, obtusely crenate or lobed.
Flowers pink, deeper at the throat. Bracts setaceous, distant from the flower.
The bracts enveloping the buds are sometimes nearly black.
Common at borders of fields and roads, and on hill-sides on the littoral. April-
June.
C. lanuginosus Desr. (C. linearis DC.). A very hairy silvery species,
with ligneous root-stock. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves small, linear or linear-
lanceolate, silky, i-nerved and silvery in colour. Flowers rose, rather small,
subsessile, in heads surrounded by a kind of leafy involucre.
Dry-stony places in the hills, uncommon. May-July. It can be found at
about 2000 ft. on the west side of the Col de Bretagne, chaine de la Sainte-
Baume.
C. cantabrica L. A hairy green non-climbing species with ligneous root-
stock. Leaves linear-lanceolate, often silky. Bracts linear, at the axils of the
branches. Flowers rose, in small cymes at the top of the long peduncles.
Common in stony places and borders of fields except in the mountain district.
May- July.
C. trico|or L. Annual. Hairy above, bright green, stem nearly prostrate.
Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate or obovate, veined, ciliate at base. Flowers
blue at the rim, then white, with yellow centre, and a spot of deep purple at the
throat. Bracts 2, linear.
Crops and uncultivated places, perhaps native. April-June.
C. Siculus L. Annual. Hairy, pale green. Stem flexuous, often pros-
trate. Leaves ovate-acute, almost truncate or cordate at base, shortly petioled.
Flowers blue, small, axillary, solitary on peduncles shorter than the leaves and
finally reflexed. Bracts linear-lanceolate, near the flower, often longer than the
calyx. Calyx lobes ovate-acuminate, ciliate.
Rocky hill-sides and screes, rare. April-May.
CRESSA L.
C. cretica L. A small greyish-green, hairy plant, much branched and
very leafy. Leaves small, ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, i-nerved, sessile, the
stem-leaves cordate at base. Flowers whitish-pink or yellow, small, subsessile,
in close heads at the top of the branches. Corolla funnel-shaped with 5 deep
ovate-acute lobes. Stamens 5, prominent. Styles 2.
Damp, sandy places and dried up ditches near the sea, rare. August-
September. It is found in all five Continents, but nearly reaches its Northern
limit here.
CUSCUTA L. DODDER.
C. epithymum Murr. Lesser Dodder. A climbing, parasitic plant with
thread-like stems which are often red. Flowers very small and waxy, pale pink
or white, in compact, globular heads. Corolla-lobes pointed and spreading.
Parasitical upon Thyme, Heath and many other shrubby plants.
Dry places chiefly on the littoral. June-August.
160 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
C. alba Presl. and C. Trifolii Bab. are also found. The latter is sometimes
in great quantity in Clover and Lucerne fields. Very probably other species of
Cuscuta may occur on the French Riviera and especially in the hill districts,
but the flowers are so minute that the different species are not easily dis-
tinguished.
BORAGINACE.E.
Tribe I. CERINTHE^E. Carpels 2, a-celled, fixed on the receptacle. Corolla
tubular, throat naked CERINTHE.
Tribe II. ANCHUSE^E. Corolla regular; throat closed with scales. Nutlets
inserted by broad cup-shaped bases on the flat receptacle. Carpels 4.
Corolla rotate. Anthers exserted, conniving in a cone BORAGO.
Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included ANCHUSA.
Corolla with slightly bent tube, and rather oblique spreading limb LYCOPSIS.
Corolla tubular, with 5 narrow scales at throat. Anthers included. SYMPHYTUM.
Tribe III. LITHOSPERME^E. Corolla usually regular ; throat naked or closed
by scales. Nutlets inserted by small flat bases to the flat receptacle.
Corolla funnel-shaped, calyx-tube o. Stamens included. Nutlets stony
LlTHOSPERMUM.
Corolla tubular cylindric, with 5 equal teeth ONOSMA.
Corolla obliquely truncate, with 5 unequal teeth, irregular ECHIUM.
Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 little transverse scales at the throat ALCANNA.
Corolla-tube long, funnel-shaped. Stamens included. Nutlets smooth
PULMONARIA.
Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx bell-shaped. Nutlets smooth MYOSOTIS.
Tribe IV. CYNOGLOSSE^E. Corolla regular ; throat naked or closed with
scales. Nutlets inserted by broad ventral surfaces on an elevated receptacle.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Nutlets with hooked bristles CYNOGLOSSUM.
Corolla rotate, with very short tube OMPHALODES.
Corolla minute. Calyx-lobes leafy. Nutlets granulate ASPERUGO.
Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets with hooked bristles at the edges only
ECHINOSPERMUM.
Corolla-lobes separated by a longitudinal fold and often by a small tooth
HELIOTROPIUM.
CERINTHE L.
C.asperaRoth.(C. major Law.) (Plate XXII). Leaves oval, auricled, very
rough, ciliated, often spotted. Corolla naked at the throat, with 5 short teeth
which are acuminate and reflexed. Anthers as long as the filaments. Flowers
rather large, yellow, with a dark crimson ring at base. Upper bracts often
beautifully coloured.
Borders of fields and stony places. March- May.
C. minor L. Leaves oblong, auricled, not ciliate. Corolla lobes linear,
very acute, connivent. Anthers 4 times as long as the filaments. Flowers
smaller, yellow, with a scarlet band at base.
Woods and thickets in the lower mountains. May-July.
BORAGO L.
B. officinal is L. Common Borage. A stout, rough, and yet elegant plant a
foot or more high. Lower leaves obovate or oblong, narrowed into long stalks ;
upper ones narrower and more shortly stalked. Flowers on long pedicels, droop-
ing, of a very bright clear blue (perhaps the bluest colour of any flower) ;
anthers dark and very prominent.
Fields and road-sides, very common. March-July. In 1913 it was in bloom
on 3 February, near Hyeres.
BORAGINACEJE 161
SYMPHYTUM L. COMFREY
S. officinale L. Common Comfrey. Stems stout, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves,
large, broadly lanceolate, tapering to a long point and rough with short stiff
hairs. Flowers in cymes forming one-sided racemes, pale yellow or dull purple.
Borders of ditches and damp, shady places. May-July.
S. tuberosum L. Tuberous Comfrey. A smaller plant about a foot high.
Root stock tuberous. Leaves mostly ovate and stalked, the upper ones chiefly
sessile and slightly decurrent. Cymes small and few flowered. Flowers pale
yellow.
Damp, shady places and borders of streams, local. April-June.
S. bulbosum Schimp. Leaves broadly lanceolate, slightly or not at all de-
current. The lower onespetioled. The slender root-stock forms rounded tubers.
Flowers small, pale yellow. Scales of corolla linear, very prominent and more
than half the length of the corolla itself.
Fields and shady places, rare. March-May.
S. Bicknelli Bucknall (S. bulbosum x tuberosum). This hybrid was found
by Mr. Bicknell near Bordighera, and is described by Mr. C. Bucknall in his ex-
cellent " Revision of the Genus Symphytum " in " Journ. Linn. Soc.," Dec., 1913.
S. floribundum Shuttle. This has been recorded but not recently seen
from a few places by streams near Aups, Hyeres, and Ampus. The flowers
are whitish and the leaves rather broad, the upper ones decurrent and the lower
ones long petioled and amplexicaul at base. Scales of corolla short, lanceolate,
obtuse. It is described by Mr. Cedric Bucknall (loc. cit.) and has nothing to do
with S. mediterranean! K., as thought by Schultz and other Botanists.
" Its distinguishing characters are the partially decurrent leaves, the dense many-
flowered racemes, the short pedicels of the flowers, and the companulate calyx
not divided to the middle." It was discovered at Hyeres by Shuttleworth in 1871
and appears very rare, for Mr. Bucknall hns seen specimens only from there and
from Aups. S. mediterranean! K. (1837) grows at Aubagne (Bouches-du-
Rhone) not 20 miles from Toulon, and possibly in the Var and in Alpes-Marit.
But it is nearer S. tuberosum.
ANCHUSA L.
A. pfficinalis L. Alkanet. Biennial, about 2 ft. high, covered with coarse,
stiff hairs. Root-leaves long and stalked, lower stem-leaves lanceolate, upper
ones smaller. Flowers nearly sessile, rich blue, in one-sided forked spikes
lengthening as the flowering advances.
Borders of fields and waste places, rare. June-August. Les lies d'Hyeres.
A. undulata L. Biennial. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sinuate ; corolla-tube
longer than the limb and slightly passing the calyx. Flowers blue or purplish,
vineyards, rare. May-July. Toulon, Hyeres, Cannes, etc.
Fields and
A. italica Rctz. (Plate XXII). Leaves lanceolate, hispid, entire or slightly
sinuate. Corolla-tube as long as the limb and shorter than the calyx. Flowers
a beautiful rich blue or sometimes purplish-blue. Lower leaves petioled.
Borders of fields and waste places, common. May-June.
LYCOPSIS L.
L. aryensisL. Small Bugloss. Annual. Very hispid, with small tuberous-
based bristles. Root-leaves petioled, obovate-lanceolate, stem-leaves linear-
oblong, sessile, acute, margin waved and toothed. Cymes terminal, simple, or
forked, drooping and recurved finally. Flowers subsessile. Corolla small, bright
blue. Nutlets small, reticulate.
Sandy places, fairly common. May- July.
ALCANNA Tausch.
A. lutea DC. Annual. Hispid and almost glandular. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, lower ones shortly petioled, the others sessile. Flowers yellow, small,
II
162 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
in elongated racemes. Pedicels very short, curved down after flowering. Calyx-
lobes lanceolate-acute.
Sandy places, rare. April-June. He de Porquerolles, He du Levant.
A. tinctoria Tausch. (Lithospermum tinctorium L.). Plant whitish
with non-glandular bristles. Stem very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, lower ones
petioled, the others embracing the stem. Flowers blue or purplish, rather small.
Pedicels as in the last. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect. Nuts tubercled.
Dry, sandy places, rare. April-June.
LITHOSPERMUM L. GROMWELL.
L. fruticosum L. Shrubby Blue Gromwell. Small under-shrub about a
foot high, covered with close, greyish stiff hairs. Stems woody. Leaves small,
linear, sessile, rolled in at borders, hispid above and on the dorsal nerve. Flowers
blue or purple (similar to those of the cultivated L. prostratum from Western
France).
Dry, arid rocky places, rare. April-June. Only in a few places on the higher
ridges of the Sainte-Baume chain.
L. purpureo-ceeruleum L. " Purple Gromwell " (Plate XXII). Stem
decumbent, leafy, 1-3 ft. long, with shorter ascending flowering stems, ending
in a leafy, forked cyme. Leaves lanceolate, hairy. Flowers nearly sessile, deep
blue. Calyx segments narrow. Nuts smooth and shining. The long, arching,
leafy, barren shoots root at the tips, and thus the plant strides over the ground,
and not by creeping roots.
Woods and shady places. April-June. Very local.
L. arvense L. Corn Gromwell. An erect, rather branched annual about a
foot high, and rather hoary with adpressed hairs. Leaves linear-lanceolate.
Flowers small, white, sessile, in leafy terminal cymes. Nuts hard, conical, and
wrinkled.
Fields, crops, and vineyards, common. April- June.
L. officinale L. Common Gromwell. Much like the last, but stouter and
taller. Flowers rather smaller, yellowish-white, calyx rather shorter. Nuts hard
and white, very smooth and shining.
Borders of fields and woods. May-June.
L. apulum Vahl. Annual. Leaves small, linear, hispid, i-nerved.
Flowers small, subsessile, yellow. Calyx very hispid. Nuts rugose-tubercled,
triquetrous-conical.
Dry, uncultivated places, rather rare. April-June.
ONOSMA L.
O. echipides L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hispid, with white or yellowish
bristles springing from glabrous tubercles. Flowers pale yellow, nodding,
Corolla a third longer than the calyx, with small spreading triangular lobes.
Dry hills in the montane region near Grasse, etc., rare. May-July.
ECHIUM L.
E. italicum L. Biennial, 1-3 ft. high, whitish, with long closely set bristles.
Stem robust, much branched and bushy, forming a pyramidal panicle. Leaves
hispid, lower leaves elliptic-lanceolate, i-nerved, stem-leaves sessile. Flowers
pink or flesh coloured, rather small. Corolla-tube twice length of the
calyx.
Borders of fields and roads, fairly common. May-July.
E. vulgare L. Viper's Bugloss. Biennial, 1-3 ft. high, covered with stiff,
spreading hairs. Root-leaves stalked, but soon withering ; stem-leaves linear-
lanceolate. Flowers at first reddish-purple, then bright blue, in numerous one-
sided cymes, forming a long terminal panicle.
Borders of fields and waste places away from the coast. May-July.
BORAGINACEvE 163
E. tuberculatum Hoffm. et Lk. = E. pustulatum G. G. This is per-
haps a southern form of E. vulgare, which is very common on the littoral.
May-July. It is covered with greyish tubercular hairs, the leaves are very nar-
row, and the corolla-tube longer than in vulgare.
E. creticum L. Red Cretan Echium. Annual or biennial, leaves oblong,
upper ones lanceolate. Flowers very large, fiery red, in a rather loose cyme.
Road-sides and borders of fields, uncommon. April-June. Frequently seen
about Gassin, Bormes, and at Agay and in the Esterel.
E. plantagineum L. Purple Echium. Biennial, 1-2 ft. high, covered
with softer hairs than most species. Leaves soft; root-leaves very large, oval,
soon withering ; upper leaves cordate at base. Flowers blue-violet, very large,
in a loose panicle. The lower corolla-lobes rather longer than the longest
stamens.
Grassy, sandy, or waste places. May-July.
E. calycintim Viv. A small annual with very small blue flowers, and club-
shaped leaves ; and E. maritimum Willd. a small perennial with oblong
spathulate leaves and larger flowers are found in a few places in the Var.
PULMONARIA L. LUNGWORT.
P. vulgaris M'crat. Root-leaves ovate-oblong, on long stalks, coarsely
hairy and usually much spotted ; stem-leaves shorter, mostly sessile, alternate.
Flowers blue, in a terminal forked cyme. Corolla-limb spreading. Calyx very
hairy, twice its length when in fruit.
Woods in the north of the Var, uncommon. April-May.
P. affinis Jord. and P. ovalis Bast, occur rarely in the mountain region
of both Departments. The former has ovate-acuminate root-leaves sud-
denly contracted into a long winged petiole. The mature calyx is very broad
at the base. The latter has some glandular hairs amongst the others, oval
elliptical leaves gradually lengthened into a winged petiole, and a cylindrical and
narrow calyx.
MYOSOTIS L. FORGET-ME-NOT.
M. palustris With, and M. casspitosa Schult. are not uncommon in
watery places. The former has a larger flower and a longer style.
M. pusilla Loisel. A very small annual species, grey-green in colour from
its thick spreading hairs. Stems numerous, flowing almost from the base. Leaves
oblong, lobtuse. Flowers white or blue, very small. Fruiting pedicels erect,
spreading, the lower ones hardly longer than the calyx. Calyx open at
maturity.
Sandy woods and gravelly places. March-April.
M. versicolor Pers. A small hairy annual, with rather erect stem, a tuft
of spreading root-leaves, and a few lanceolate stem-leaves. Flowers small and
nearly sessile ; corolla at first pale yellow and then blue as it fades. Calyx
closed at maturity.
Fields and sandy places. April-June.
M. hispida Schlecht (= M. collina Hoffm.), a small annual with calyx
open at maturity, i.e. with spreading segments, and M. arvensis Roth, are
common in waste places and fi'elds ; M. stricta Lk. is a small and very rare
rigid species with calyx-segments closed at maturity ; and M. sylvatlca Hoffm.,
the beautiful large-flowered Wood Forget-me-not, is found in damp mountain
woods in both Departments, but in the Var chiefly in the north.
CYNOQLOSSUM L. HOUND'S-TONGUE.
C. cheirifolium L. = C. argenteum Lam. Biennial, about a foot
high, white cottony. Leaves white tomentose on both sides, oblong-spathulate,
i-nerved, upper ones sessile. Flowers reddish, then violet or bluish, in leafy
164 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
spikes becoming loose. Corolla half as long again as calyx. Fruit obovate,
covered with short spines.
Waste places and road-sides. April-June.
C. pictum Ait. Biennial, 1-2 ft. high, covered with greyish tomentum.
Leaves with fine spreading close hairs on both sides, lanceolate, upper ones
semi-embracing. Flowers pale blue-veined with violet. Corolla slightly longer
than calyx. Carpels obovate, slightly convex, covered with short spines and
conical tubercles.
Road-sides and borders of fields, fairly common. April-June.
C. officinale L. Common Hound's-tongue. Biennial. Stem stout, 1-2^
ft. high, branched above. Leaves lanceolate, lower ones oblong, stalked and
often very long ; uppermost sessile and clasping the stalk, all covered with
dense, soft appressed down. Corolla rather small, dull purplish-red. Carpels
flattened and bur-like.
Dry, stony places in the lower mountains. May-June.
C. montanum L. Green Hound's-tongue. Greener and more slender
than the last, hairs more scattered and stiffen Upper leaves broader at base and
spikes more slender, with fewer and smaller flowers of a dull red then blue.
Shady mountain woods, rather rare. May-July.
C. Dioscoridis Vill. Biennial, about a foot high. Leaves green, covered
with fine spreading hairs ; root-leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrow ; the others
broader and rounded at the base ; all i-nerved. Flowers small, reddish then
blue and violet, in loose naked spikes. Carpels with confluent tubercles.
Limestone hills in Alpes-Marit., rare. June- July.
ECHINOSPERMUM Sw.
E. Lappula Lehm. Annual or biennial. Stem branched in upper part,
hispid and grey like the whole plant. Fruit-stalks erect. Stem-leaves lanceolate.
Flowers blue, small, in unilateral axillary clusters, the spike becoming elongated.
Nutlets finely tubercled outside, the lateral angles edged with two rows of hooked
needles.
Dry fields and waste places, rare in the Var. June-August.
HELIOTROPIUM L. HELIOTROPE.
H. europasum L. Annual, greyish-green. Leaves oval, obtuse, rugose,
petioled, greyish-green on both sides with soft pubescence. Flowers white or
pale lilac, sessile in little tight clusters. Calyx very hairy, deeply divided into
lanceolate segments, spreading on the fruit and persistent after it has fallen.
Fields and road-sides, very common. July-September.
SOLANACE^;.
Calyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube narrow. Spiny shrubs. LYCIUM.
Calyx persistent. Corolla rotate, anthers with pores. Berry 2-seeded. SOLANUM.
Calyx pentagonal. Corolla subcampanulate. Capsule 2-celled. 'HvoscvAMUs.
Calyx persistent. Corolla subcampanulate. Anthers with slits. Berry 2-
celled ATROPA.
Calyx inflated after flowering. Fruit succulent, indehiscent PHYSALIS.
LYCIUM L.
L. VUlgare Dun. A much-branched glabrous shrub, 3-10 ft. high,
slightly spiny. Leaves green, narrow lanceolate or subspathulate, wedge-shaped.
Flowers bright violet, solitary or fascicled, and peduncled. Calyx with 2 entire
lips or 2-3 toothed. Berry orange-red, oblong.
Hedges and thickets. June-September.
L. europaeum L. A stiffly branched very spiny shrub, 3-10 ft. high.
Leaves greyish-green, rather fleshy, oblong-lanceolate or spathulate, i-nerved.
Flowers whitish or pinkish, shortly stalked. Calyx short, with 5 equal teeth.
Berry globular, red or orange.
Hedges and road-sides. April-July.
VERBASCACK^E 165
HYOSCYAMUS L. HENBANE.
H. niger L. A coarse, branched annual or biennial, 2 ft. high, hairy and
viscid, with an unpleasant smell. Leaves large, sessile ; upper ones clasping the
stem, ovate and irregularly pinnatifid. Flowers very shortly stalked ; upper
ones sessile in one-sided leafy spikes. Calyx persisting round the fruit, about an
inch long with 5 stiff, pointed teeth. Corolla pale dingy yellow with purplish
veins. Capsule globular, many-seeded.
Waste places and rubbish heaps near houses. May-July.
H. albus L. (Plate XXII). Sometimes perennial, smaller than the last.
Leaves petioled, suborbicular, almost cordate at base, sinuate-dentate. Corolla
irregular, limb oblique, pale yellow, sometimes purple at base. Teeth of calyx
shorter than in the last. Capsule less inflated.
Old walls, rocks, and waste places, common on the littoral. April-July.
ATROPA L.
A. Belladonna L. Deadly Night-shade. An erect, usually glabrous and
branching herb, 2 ft. high. Leaves stalked, ovate, entire, with a smaller one
usually springing from the same point. Flowers solitary on short peduncles
in the axils of the leaves. Corolla dull purplish, nearly i in. long, with 5 broad,
short lobes. Berry large, globular, nearly black. Very poisonous.
Shady mountain woods. June-July. Rather rare.
SOLANUM L.
S. Dulcamara L. Bitter Night-shade. Stem shrubby at base, with
climbing or straggling branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually
cordate at base, entire or with a smaller lobe on each side. Flowers rather
small, purple with yellow anthers, in divaricate cymes. Berries oval, red.
Hedges and borders of streams. May-September.
S. nigrum L. Black Solanum. Annual or biennial, with spreading
branches, i ft. high. Leaves stalked, ovate, with coarse angular teeth. Flowers
small and white, in short cymes on short peduncles. Berries small, globular,
black. Very polymorphic.
Waste and cultivated ground, common. June-October.
S. villosum Lamk. Hoary Solanum. A hairy, almost tomentose annual
resembling the last but smelling of musk. Flowers small, white, in shortly
stalked cymes. Berries small, orange-yellow.
Fields, road-sides, and rubbish heaps, fairly common. June-September.
PHYSALIS L.
P. Alkekengi L. An erect plant, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves ovate-acuminate,
upper ones in pairs. Flowers greenish-white. Berries globular, red, as large as
a cherry, surrounded by the greatly inflated calyx which is truncate at base,
net-veined, and orange-red when ripe.
Fields and shady places, uncommon. May- September.
Datura Stramonium L. Thorn Apple. This American plant, naturalized
in many parts of Europe, is frequently seen in the Var. The leaves are, large,
with irregular pointed teeth or lobes. Flowers large, usually white, solitary, on
short peduncles ; corolla with 5 narrow teeth. Nicotiana glauca Graham
(Tobacco plant) has long been naturalized on old walls and rubbish heaps, etc.
VERBASCACE/E.
VERBASCUM L. MULLEIN.
Stamens with white or yellowish hairs.
V. Thapsus L. Great Mullein. A stout erect biennial, 2-4 ft. high,
covered with soft woolly hair. Leaves oblong, pointed, slightly toothed,
narrowed at base into two wings extending down the stem. Flowers yellow,
in a dense woolly terminal spike, often more than i ft. long, 3 of the filaments
166 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
covered with yellowish hairs, and have short anthers ; the 2 longer stamens
more or less glabrous.
Hill-sides and waste places. May-August.
V. montanum Schrad. Differs from the last in being shorter, and in
its leaves being less decurrent. The corolla is usually rather smaller.
Dry, stony hill-sides. June-August.
V. thapsiforme Schrad. Differs from the first in its much larger and
flatter corolla and its longer anthers on the long stamens.
Waste places. May7August.
V. Lychnitis L. White Mullein. Stem-leaves nearly sessile, the lower
ones narrowed into a footstalk, all nearly glabrous above, but with a powdery
down beneath and on the stem and calyxes. Flowers numerous, pale yellow or
nearly white in narrow, branching racemes. Hairs of the filaments white.
Woods and shady places. June- August.
V. pulverulentum Vill. Hoary Mullein. Plant 3-4 ft. high, covered
with mealy white wool. Leaves sessile, lower ones often narrowed into a short
footstalk, broadly oblong and crenate. Flowers numerous, in small clusters,
yellow with white hairs on the filaments.
Pastures and waste places. June-August.
Stamens with violet hairs.
V. Boerhaavi L. Leaves white tomentose on both sides, thick, crenate
or toothed, oval, upper ones amplexicaul ; pedicels very short. Corolla rather
large, yellow. Flowers in a long spike, interrupted at the base.
Dry, stony or waste places ; fairly common. April-July.
V. sinuatum L. Leaves shortly tomentose, sinuate-pinnatifid. Pedicels
shorter than calyx. Corolla rather small. Flowers yellow, in a panicle with
divaricate branches.
Common in waste places and road-sides of the littoral. June-August.
V. Chaixii Vill. Leaves green above, or covered with a greyish tomentum
which gradually falls off, crenate or toothed ; lower leaves with truncate limb
and long petioled, upper ones almost sessile. Flowers yellow with violet
throat, rather small, in separate clusters.
Dry woods in the lower mountains. June- August.
V. nigrum L. Dark Mullein. Stem, 2-3 ft. high, ending in a long raceme.
Leaves crenate, almost glabrous above, rather woolly beneath, lower ones large,
cordate-oblong^ on long stalks ; upper ones nearly sessile, small and pointed.
Flowers numerous, slightly stalked, bright yellow with beautiful violet anthers.
Shady woods and borders of fields. May-August.
V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. A tall and usually glabrous species.
Leaves oblong, toothed or sinuate ; lower ones stalked, middle ones sessile, upper
ones clasping the stem or shortly decurrent. Flowers yellow or very rarely
white ; rather large, in a long loose raceme. Pedicels slender, usually solitary
or occasionally 2 together in the axil of a bract and glandular.
Borders of ditches and streams and cultivated fields, common. June- August.
OROBANCHACE^).
Calyx deeply divided into 2 often bifid pointed sepals CROBANCHE.
Calyx divided into 4 or 5 sepals ; 2 bracteoles PHELIP^A.
Calyx with 4 broad, short teeth or lobes LATHR^EA.
OROBANCHE L. BROOM-RAPE.
The following are the most important species of Broom-rape, with the host-
Elant upon the roots of which they grow, found on the French Riviera. The
st is based largely on the work of Albert and Jahandiez.1
1 For further information see the " Monographic der Gattung Orobanche," by
Beck.
OROBANCHACEyE 167
Stigma yellow or whitish.
0. Rapum Thuill. On Broom, Genista, etc. Tall, coarse, with large brown
flowers.
O. cruentaBert, (Plate XXIII). On various Leguminosae. Reddish-yellow
and glandular without, often blood-red, glabrous and shining within.
O. variegata Walbroth. On woody Leguminosae, e.g. Spartium junceum,
Dorycnium suffruticoswn, etc.
O. concolor Duby. On Scabiosa Columbaria, Coronilla scorpioides, Trifolium
scabrum, etc. Plant pale yellow.
O. Hederse Duby. On Ivy. Spike long. Flowers pale yellow veined with
violet. Forest of Ste.-Baume, Hyeres, Sollies-Toucas.
O. Salviae Schult. On Salvia glutinosa at St. Martin Lantosque, etc.
Stigma purplish or violet.
O. speciosa DC. On peas, beans, and vetches. Sometimes in great quanti-
ties and doing much damage to the crops. Very variable in colour and size, but
distinctly handsome and sometimes 2 ft. high. Flowers usually whitish, veined
with mauve. Stems usually reddish-violet, sometimes yellow with white or
yellowish flowers.1
O. Caryophyllacea Sm. On Galium and other Rubiaceae. Plant yellow
or reddish, scented. Corolla pale yellow or red.
0. sanguinea Presl. (O. crinita Viv .). On Lotus Allioni. Stigma blood-
red. Rare. Only known in France in 3 places in the Var and He de Port-Cros.
O. epithymum DC. On Thymus and Satureia. Flowers reddish.
O. fuliginosa Reut. On Senecio Cineraria in les lies d'Hyeres and He
Ste. Marguerite, rare. Flowers purple-brown.
O. Teucrii Holandre. On Teucrium. Rare. Flowers reddish-brown.
0. Ritro G. G. On Echinops Ritro. Rare, near Toulon. Plan d'Aups,
Plan de Lagnes, etc. Stems robust, reddish. Flowers variable.
O. major L. (O. elatior Sutton). On Centaurea Scabiosa, aspera, and
t'ollina. Plant yellow. Corolla reddish-brown.
O. picridis Schult. On Picris and other allied plants. Plant very pale.
O. loricata Reichb. On Artemisia campestris and glutinosa. Rare in the
Var. Flowers yellow, streaked with violet.
O. versicolor Schult. (O. pubescens Urv.). On Crepis bulbosa, near
Hyeres, Toulon, Porquerolles, Le Luc.2 Rare.
O. minor Sm. On various plants, very commonly on clover, and even
seen on Quercus Ilex (Jahandiez). Flowers small, very variable.
O. amethystea Thuill. On Eryngium campestre. Flowers whitish, washed
and veined with lilac. Stigma reddish.
PHELIP/EA C.A. Mey.
P. ceerulea C. A. Mey. = O. caerulea Vill. On Milfoil in the mountain
region. Stigma whitish. Flowers steel-blue.
P. arenaria Walpers = O. arenaria Bork. On Artemisia glutinosa.
Stigma yellow. Flowers wine-red.
P. nana Reichb. = P. olbiensis G. G. On Helichrysum Stoechas,
Phagnalon saxatile, Ornithopus compressus, etc., rare, in sandy places.
^ee " Orobanches," by H. S. Thompson, in " Knowledge," Feb., 1914.
8 See " L'Orobanche pubescens D'Urv. en Provence; sa validit6 nominale
et sp^cifique," by Alf. Reynier in " Bull. Soc. Bot. de France," 1913, pp. 325-30.
168 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
P. lavandulacea Schult. = O. lavandulacea Reichb. On Psoralea,
Thapsia, Acanthus, etc. Stigma yellowish ; corolla small, bluish.
P. Muteli Rent. On Leguminosae, Composites and Labiates. Stigma
violet. Corolla small, pale violet.
P. ramosa C. A. Mey. = 0. ramosa L. On hemp, tobacco, Senecio
vulgaris, Erodium, Lactnca, etc. Stem branched.
LATHR/EA L.
L. Squamaria L. Toothwort, which is chiefly parasitical upon the roots of
Hazel, Poplar, and Alder, and rarely upon Vines, has been found in the Foret de
Brouis in the Var by Messrs Jahandiez and Coufourier.
SCROPHULARIACE.E.
Sub-family I. ANTI RRHINIDE^. Corolla with the upper lobes external in bud.
Corolla not spurred or saccate. Stamens 4. Stigmas notched. SCROPHULARIA.
Corolla spurred at the base. Capsule opening by pores LINARIA.
Corolla saccate at the base. Capsule opening by pores ANTIRRHINUM.
Corolla with small spur and open throat. Leaves linear divided. ANARRHINUM.
Corolla tubular. Flowers axillary, solitary GRATIOLA.
Sub-family II. RHINANTHIDE^. Corolla with the upper lobes never exterior
in bud. Inflorescence centripetal.
Corolla-tube short, equal to the calyx which is deeply 5-fid. Leaves toothed.
ERINUS.
Leaves alternate. Stamens 2 or 4, stigma 2-lobed DIGITALIS.
Corolla almost regular. Leaves opposite. Stamens 2, diverging ; stigma
capitate VERONICA.
Stamens 4 converging. Upper corolla lip entire or notched BARTSIA.
Stamens 4 converging. Upper corolla lip with 2 spreading lobes EUPHRASIA.
Stamens 4, in pairs. Upper lip slightly hooded ODONTITES.
Calyx large, inflated. Leaves toothed, opposite. Seeds winged. RHINANTHUS.
Leaves opposite. Seeds not winged, 1-2 in each cell MELAMPYRUM.
SCROPHULARIA L.
S. peregrina L. Annual, glabrous, 1-2 ft. high. Stem hollow, square,
often reddish. Leaves ovate-cordate. Calyx much shorter than the pedicel,
with acute lobes not scarious at the borders. Flowers in axillary bunches, dark
purple-brown, small.
Shady places among rocks and ruins. April-June. Found all along the
Riviera near cultivated ground, and perhaps introduced with the olive and the
vine.
S. lucida G. G. = S. provincial!* Rouy. Biennial, glabrous and shining,
1-3 ft. high. Stem angular. Leaves bipinnatifid, on very short pedicels. Calyx-
lobes very scarious. Flowers in a terminal panicle, purplish-brown.
Stony places and arid fields, widely spread. May-July.
S. canina L. (Plate XXIII). Plant 1-2$ ft. high, glabrous, nearly simple, with
a loosely branched panicle of small reddish-brown flowers. Upper lip of corolla
one-third as long as the tube. Leaves pinnatifid, with few, distant, narrow, incised
segments. Ardoino says it differs from the last only by its small linear staminal
appendage and by its smaller flowers. He adds that it is much less common
than lucida in the same localities, and occurs at Menton and Gourdon ; but
Bicknell, on the contrary, says in the Bordighera district lucida is the rare one.
His " single specimen, however, has very small flowers, while the numerous plants
examined from the whole district, with the linear appendage, have flowers and
leaf segments of very variable dimensions ". Several botanists have recorded
S. canina from the Var, but Albert and Jahandiez doubt its existence in that
Department, and think it has been confused with S. lucida.
Stony places in the hills and on the littoral of les Alpes-Marit. April-May.
SCROPHULARIACE^E 169
S. ramosissima Lnisel. Perennial, glabrous, turning black on drying.
Stems woody and much branched at the base. Leaves few, distant, small,
oblong-lanceolate with triangular acute teeth. Flowers reddish-brown, very
small, in a simple, long spike.
Sands and banks near the sea, rare, except between Frejus and Ste. Raphael.
April-June.
S. nodosa L. (Figwort), S. alata Gilib., and S. aquatica L. are also
found in the district.
ANTIRRHINUM L. SNAP-DRAGON.
A. Oroniium L. Lesser Snap-dragon. Annual, erect, about a foot high,
slender. Flowers usually in the axils of the upper leaves, deep purplish-pink or
rose coloured, often larger in the south (B. grandif lorum Chav.) than in Eng-
land. Calyx glandular hairy, with linear unequal lobes longer than the calyx.
Fields and waste places. February-October.
A. latifolium DC. Yellow Snap-dragon. Plant 1-2^ ft. high, robust,
somewhat glandular. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Calyx
hairy glandular, with obovate lobes much shorter than the corolla. Flowers
very large, usually pale yellow.
Dry, rocky hill-sides, old walls, etc., from the coast to the mountain region.
April-July.
A. tortuosum Bosc. Leaves linear, glabrous. Calyx glabrous, with oblong
ovate lobes much shorter than corolla. Flowers large, purplish-red.
Old walls and rocks, rare and doubtfully native. May-July.
A. majus L. The Great Snap-dragon of gardens with large reddish-purple
flowers is sometimes seen on walls and banks, but it is not 'native in the south of
France.
ANARRHINUM Desf.
A. bellidifolium Desf. Biennial or perennial, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous. Stem
erect, very leafy. Root-leaves broadly spathulate,. irregularly dentate; stem-
leaves very close and divided from the base into linear, entire segments. Flowers
pale blue or mauve, small and numerous, in long spikes.
Rocks, old walls, and thickets, rare. May-July. Chiefly in the hill district
at places like Grasse, Montrieux, Sollies-Toucas, and the Sainte-Baume chain.
LINARIA Juss.
L. Sieberi Reichb. This is a rare annual species intermediate between
L. spuria and L. Elatine, both of which are common in fields. Leaves very
woolly, upper ones hastate. Flowers pale yellow with violet upper lip. Calyx
hairy, lobes lanceolate-acuminate.
Sandy fields in the littoral of the Var, rare. June-September.
L. commutata Bernh. = L. graeca Chav. A hairy perennial recumbent
species resembling the last and L. Elatine in habit, but with larger flowers with
recurved spur and hairy calyx with linear-lanceolate lobes. Capsules shorter
than the calyx.
Damp, sandy places. May-July.
L. cirrosa Willd. Annual, slender and hairy, with thread-like stems and
recumbent or climbing habit. Leaves small, lanceolate-hastate acute, entire,
ciliate. Flowers violet with white palate, very small, solitary on long capillary
peduncles. Capsule globular, longer than the calyx.
Sandy places near the sea. May-July.
L. Pelliceriana Mill. Annual, glabrous, i-i£ ft. high. Stems erect,
simple. Leaves subsessile broadly linear, alternate, the lowest ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers purple with paler palate, rather large, in a short dense head. Calyx
glabrous, with linear acute lobes. Spur of corolla straight. Capsule flat at
the top, much shorter than the calyx.
Grassy, sandy places, common on the littoral. May-July.
170 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
L. simplex DC. A glabrous and glaucous slender annual, about a foot
high. Lower leaves in whorls, the others alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate.
Flowers yellow, rather small, shortly peduncled. Calyx glandular-ciliate, with
linear-spathulate lobes. Capsule globular, longer than the calyx.
Dry fields, old walls, etc. March-July.
L. arvensis Desf. A similar plant to the last but with pale blue sessile
flowers with whitish palate.
Dry, sandy, fields, rather rare in the south. April-July.
L. chalepensis Mill. Annual, about a foot high, erect. Leaves of sterile
shoots linear-oblong, other leaves linear, erect, i -nerved. Flowers white, in a
long loose spike ; spur very long and slender and much curved.
Cultivated fields and crops, uncommon. April-June.
L. striata DC. Stem i-ij ft., glabrous, leafy. Lower leaves in whorls of
3-4 ; upper ones single, linear-lanceolate acute. Flowers pale lilac or mauve
streaked with violet ; palate yellow ; spur of corolla straight, short and obtuse.
Panicle loose and rather long.
Fields, stony places, and road-sides. June-September.
L. origanifolia DC. A small biennial or perennial, hairy glandular.
Leaves opposite, lengthened into a petiole, obovate. Flowers bluish-mauve,
rather large for the plant, with open throat, in loose leafy panicles. Calyx hairy
glandular, with linear, obtuse lobes.
Shady limestone rocks and walls in the hills, rare. April-July. It grows at
Sainte-Baume (near the Grotto), Montrieux, near Sollies-Toucas, etc.
L. rubrifolia DC. Annual ; somewhat like the last in habit but smaller in
all its parts. Leaves less petioled, the lower ones often reddish beneath.
Flowers bluish-violet. Calyx hairy glandular.
Dry hill-sides and sandy places, uncommon. April-July.
The following species may also be found : L. minor Desf. (viscid, flowers
minute) occasionally on railways as in other countries, L. SUpina Desf., L.
reflexa Desf., and L. triphylla Mill. The last is a thick glabrous and
glaucous annual ; stem leaves in threes, large, oval ; flowers tricoloured.
QRATIOLA L.
Q. officinalis L. Plant glabrous, 9-18 in. high. Stem erect, hollow,
square above. Leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, 3-nerved, serrate in upper
part. Flowers axillary, solitary, long peduncled, pinkish-white with yellowish
tube, rather large.
Streams, ditches, and damp places. June-August.
ERINUS L.
E. alpinus L. A small tufted and sometimes creeping plant. Leaves
oblong obtuse, sessile, toothed at top ; stem-leaves alternate, somewhat hairy.
Flowers in terminal corymbs, rose coloured. Corolla saucer-shaped with 5
emarginate lobes.
Rocky or stony places in the montane region, rare. May-August. It de-
scends to the hills near Menton, Nice, and Grasse, and was found by M. Jahan-
diez in 1913 in the north of the Var.
VERONICA L. SPEEDWELL.
V. Teucrium L. Teucrium-leaved Speedwell (Plate XXIII). Plant 6-12 in.
high, covered with greyish pubescence and with almost woody root-stock.
Leaves subsessile, oblong, strongly toothed. Flowers blue (rarely pink), large, in
axillary and opposite spikes. Calyx-segments very unequal. Capsule obovate, hairy.
Clearings of woods and grassy places in the hills, local. May-July. The
writer found a few plants with clear pink flowers and anthers on a grassy col
in the Sainte-Baume chain in June, 1913.
V. Chamffidrys L. Germander Speedwell. Leaves broadly ovate, cor-
date, crenate. Flowers bright blue, rather large, on slender pedicels.
SCROPHULARIACE^E 171
This grows in the clearings of woods and grassy places in the hills and lower
mountains and flowers from April to June.
V. urticaefolia Jacq. Nettle-leaved Speedwell. Leaves sessile, ovate,
acute, with cordate base, sharply serrate. Racemes loose, opposite. Flowers
pale pink or mauve, rather small. Capsule erect, compressed, slightly emar-
ginate.
Woods and shady places in the lower mountains. June-July.
V. Beccabunga L. (Brooklime), V. Anagallis L. (Water Veronica), and
V. anagalloides L. a more slender plant with narrow, almost entire leaves,
are occasionally found in watery places ; and V. officinalis L. is common in
woods and shady places. V. serpyllifolia L. grows in rather damp grassy
spots, and V. spicata L. can be found in the lower Maritime Alps but not in the
Var. Other common species are V. arvensis L., V. Persica Pair., V. polita
Fr., V. bed era-foil a L., and V. Cymbalaria Bodaro. V. verna L. and
V. triphyllos occur rarely in sandy places, and V. acinifolia L. may be found
in fields and crops. It is a small glandular annual with small sky-blue flowers
and glandular-ciliate capsule divided into two rounded lobes by an acute sinus.
DIGITALIS L. FOXGLOVE.
D. lutea L. Pale Yellow Foxglove. Plant 1-3 ft. high, usually glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate, shining, glabrous, finely serrated. Flowers small, pale
lemon-yellow, neither veined nor spotted, in a long, compact tapering unilateral
raceme. Capsule ovoid, conic, glabrescent.
Ravines and shady places in the hills. May-July.
EUPHRASIA L. EYEBRIGHT.
The only Eyebrights recorded from the Var are E. pectinata Ten. (with the
vars. 0. Tatarica Fisch., and 7. Bicknelli Wettst.) and E. salisburgensis
Funck from mountain pastures. They grow also in the Ligurian hills.
E. Officinalis L. (Common Eyebright) is recorded from the Maritime Alps,
throughout the Alpine and mountain region, descending to Grasse and the hills
above Menton. July-Sept.
ODONT1TES Hall.
O. lutea Reichb. A stiff, wiry, much-branched annual about a foot high,
sometimes more. Leaves linear-acuminate, sessile, usually entire, i-nerved.
Flowers deep yellow, in long dense spikes. Calyx pubescent, with acute tri-
angular lobes, shorter than the fruit. Stamens longer than the corolla.
Dry hill-sides and pine-woods, very common. August-October.
O. viscosa Reichb. Annual about a foot high, covered with glandular
hairs and viscous, scented. Stems stiff, erect, with spreading branches. Leaves
linear-acuminate, entire, 3-nerved. Flowers small, pale yellow.
Mountain woods. August-September. Rather rare.
O. verna Reichb., O. serotina Reichb., both with red flowers, and
O. lanceplata Reichb. with yellow flowers also occur. O. lanceolata grows
in crops in sandy hills. It is hairy and densely leafy and attains a foot in
height. The yellow flowers are in dense elongated spikes with many long
leafy bracts. Calyx rather longer than the fruit. June-August
BARTSIA L.
B. latifolia Sibth. and Sm. Annual, hairy-glandular, 3-8 in. high, reddish.
Leaves oblong, deeply dentate. Flowers crimson and yellow, with whitish
tube. Anthers glabrous Capsule glabrous, narrow.
Grassy places on the littoral and in the hills. March-May.
B. viscosa L. Viscid Yellow Bartsia. Annual, erect, rigid, afoot high,
covered with short viscid glandular down. Leaves broadly lanceolate, coarsely
toothed. Flowers lemon-yellow, in a long terminal spike, lower lip much longer
172 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
than the upper. Capsule oblong ; enclosed within the lanceolate-acute lobes.
Anthers hairy.
Damp, sandy fields. May-June.
B. TrixagO L. Another viscid erect annual, and sometimes growing with
it. Leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, with distant large teeth. Flowers
whitish, mixed with pink or yellow, handsome, in a dense leafy spike. Calyx-
lobes oval obtuse. Capsule ovoid-globular, with 2 beaks.
Fresh, grassy fields. May-June.
RHINANTHUS L. YELLOW RATTLE.
R. minor Ehrh. (Common Yellow Rattle), R. Alectorolophus Poll., and
R. Burnati Chab. are found in certain pastures in the hill region.
MELAMPYRUM L. COW-WHEAT.
M. arvense L. Annual, about a foot high. Leaves sessile, linear-lance-
olate ; upper ones laciniate at base ; bracts purple-red or rarely white, ovate-
lanceolate with long setaceous teeth. Flowers purple with yellow throat, in a
long spike.
Crops and fields. June-July. Uncommon. At Plan d'Aups in June, 1913,
the writer found many plants with white or greenish-white flowers and bracts,
growing with the type in a cornfield.
AL nemorosum L. Annual, hairy. Known by its large violet-coloured
bracts or floral leaves, yellow flowers with orange palate and rusty-red tube.
Mountain woods, uncommon. July-August.
M. cristatum L. is also rarely seen in mountain woods of both Departments,
and M. pratense L. in those of the Maritime Alps only.
LENTIBULARIACE^E.
Aquatic. Stamens on the base of the corolla-lip UTRICULARIA.
Terrestrial. Stamens on the base of the corolla-tube PINGUICULA.
UTRICULARIA L. BLADDERWORT.
U. vulgaris L. (Common Bladderwort) is found rarely in canals and pools
near Toulon and La Seyne.
U. minor L. (Lesser Bladderwort) is recorded from Castigneaux near
Toulon and near Nice.
U. neglecta Lehm. is also recorded from near Nice by Ardoino.
The three species are quite rare in the South.
PINGUICULA L. BUTTERWORT.
P. grandiflora Lamk. descends to the Gorge of Saorge, Fontan and St.
Dalmas on the Col de Tenda road (Ardoino) and P. vulgaris L. descends to
Ste. Agnes above Menton, but is widely spread at a higher elevation in the
Maritime Alps. The flowers of both are deep violet.
LABIATE.
Tribe I. OCYMOIDE^E. Calyx tubular, 13-15 ribbed, 5-lobed; flowers small,
in false whorls forming one spike LAVANDULA.
Tribe II. SATUREINE/E. Corolla-lobes flat or margins recurved. Stamens
2-4, remote, spreading under the upper lip, 2 upper shorter or o ; anther-cells
contiguous or confluent. Nutlets free, smooth or nearly so.
* Corolla subregular. Stamens spreading ; anthers 2-celled.
Perfect stamens 4 MENTHA.
Perfect stamens 2 LYCOPUS.
LABIAT/E 173
** Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, distant.
Calyx equally 5-toothed. Plant erect, leaves broad ORIGANUM.
Calyx 2-lipped. Plant procumbent, leaves small THYMUS.
Calyx not 2-lipped, campanulate, naked at the throat SATUREIA.
Calyx narrow, usually equally 5-toothed MICROMERIA.
Calyx-teeth almost equal; flowers in a unilateral spike HYSSOPUS.
'** Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, conniving under the upper lip.
Corolla-tube straight; upper lip flat CALAMINTHA.
Corolla-tube curved, ascending, upper lip concave MELISSA.
Tribe III. MONARDE/E. Stamens 2, erect or ascending; anthers i-celled, or
if 2-celled, remote. Nutlets free, smooth, or nearly so.
Anther-cells separate. Calyx 2-lipped SALVIA.
Anther-cells almost united into one. Upper corolla-lip bifid ROSMARINUS.
Tribe IV. NEPETE^. Stamens 4, 2 upper and longer ; anther-cells 2, parallel
or nearly so. Nutlets smooth or tubercled.
Upper lip of corolla truncate NEPETA.
Tribe V. STACHYDE/E. Stamens 4, parallel, 2 upper shorter, ascending
under the concave upper lip or included in the tube. Nutlets free, smooth
or tubercled.
* Calyx 2-lipped, not inflated, lips closing over the fruit.
Filaments simple, 2 lower anthers i-celled SCUTELLARIA.
Filaments 2-fid, anthers all 2-celled BRUNKLLA.
** Calyx inflated or 2-lipped, anthers exserted MELITTIS.
*** Calyx tubular, anthers included MARUBIUM.
Calyx tubular, with 5 spiny teeth _ SIDERITIS.
'** Calyx 5-toothed, subcampanulate, equal or oblique.
Calyx-teeth equal. Anthers glabrous. Nutlets obtuse STACHYS.
Calyx-teeth spinous. Anthers ciliate. Nutlets compressed GALEOPSIS.
Calyx-teeth spinous. Anthers glabrous. Nutlets 3-quetrous, truncate
LEONURUS.
Calyx 5-nerved. Anthers hairy. Nutlets 3-quetrous, truncate LAMIUM.
Calyx limb spreading, teeth broad. Anthers glabrous. Nutlets obtuse
BALLOTA.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Nutlets truncate. Plants often ligneous and covered
with stellate hairs PHLOMIS.
Tribe VI. AJUGOIDE^E. Stamens 4, parallel, ascending, exserted, 2 upper
shorter. Nutlets connate, base oblique and rugose.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Upper corolla-lip 2-partite TEUCRIUM.
Calyx ovoid 5-cleft. Upper corolla-lip entire or notched AJUGA.
LAVANDULA L. LAVENDER.
L. Stcechas L. A small under-shrub, 1-2 ft. high, covered with grey tomen-
tum. Leaves linear, greyish-green on both sides. Flowers small, dark purple,
forming with small bracts a dense spike, quadrangular in section, surmounted by
a bunch of large, sterile purple bracts. Occasionally the large bracts are quite
white (var. albicans Conill.).
Very common in dry places on the littoral, especially in pine-woods, heaths,
and maquis. February-June. Much used on the Riviera for placing among
clothes, as is the common cultivated Lavender in England.
L. vera DC. Lavender. Under-shrub, 1-2 ft. high, woody for about a foot
in height. Leaves green finally, linear or linear-oblong, shortly downy. Flowers
bluish, scented aromatically. Bracts broad, oval membranous, brown.
On hills, except on the littoral. June-July.
L. latifolia Vill. Broad-leaved Lavender.' A similar under-shrub, but
greyer, with very short woody stem. Leaves oblong-spathulate. Flowers
darker than the last ; bracts linear, greenish.
Dry hills extending as far as the sea near Toulon, Hyeres, etc. June- August.
174 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
MENTHA L.
The following Mints occur in the district, viz. M. rotundifolia L., very
common and polymorphic ; M. silvestris L., rare on the littoral ; M. aquatica
L. and M. Pulegium L., fairly common in damp places. M. candicans
Crantz and M. arvensis L. occur in the montane region about St. Martin
Ve"subie, etc.
LYCOPUS L.
L. europceus L. Gipsy-wort. Leaves oval-oblong, serrate, often pin-
natifid at base. Flowers white spotted with red, in axillary clusters.
Damp places. June-August.
Origanum vulgare L. (Marjoram) is not uncommon in woods, hedges, and
road-sides, especially in hilly districts. Its leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong,
an inch long, and slightly toothed. Flowers purple, in globular, compact heads
forming a trichotomous terminal panicle. June-August.
THYMUS L. THYME.
T. vulgaris L. Small under-shrub about a foot high. Leaves small, linear
or lanceolate, grey with down, rolled in at the margins. Stems woody, erect
and stiff. Flowers pink or white, fragrant.
Common on most of the dry hills from the littoral to the montane region.
March-June. In 1913 it was in blossom in several places near Carqueiranne as
early as 20 February.
T. Serpyllum L. in many forms and T. Chamaedrys Fr. are found in
the hilly and mountainous regions. Useful notes on these and other Labiates
are to be found in Bicknell's " Flora of Bordighera and San Remo " and in
Briquet's " Labiees des Alpes-Maritimes ".
HYSSOPUS L.
H. officinalis L. Hyssop. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, perforated
with glandular dots. Flowers an intense blue. Stem woody at the base.
This beautiful plant is very rare in both Departments. It is found near
Draguignan, Sollies-Toucas, Grasse, etc. July-August.
SATUREIA L.
S. hortensis L. (a greyish-red annual with leaves linear, in pairs ; flowers
small) is common in fields in the Var after the crops (June to September) ; and
S. montana L. is very common throughout the hilly and mountainous districts.
It has narrow lanceolate-acute leaves, shining and glabrous but ciliate at borders
Flowers pink in dense long terminal heads. June-October.
MICROMERIA Benth.
M. Piperella Benth. Stems wiry, 4-6 in. high. Leaves small, ovate,
sessile, glabrous. Flowers reddish-purple. Corolla-tube long and slender, lower
lip of 3 nearly equal lobes. Cymes 1-3 flowered. Stamens 4. Calyx reddish, 5-
toothed, not 2-lipped.
Rocky places in the French and Italian Maritime Alps where it is endemic.
June-September. It can be seen at San Dalmazzo di Tenda, and at 1'Agel above
Menton. Also near Pigna in Liguria.
CALAMI NTH A Mcench.
(These plants are now sometimes placed in Satureia and sometimes in
Clinopodium L.)
C. Nepeta Savi. Plant about 2 ft. high, greyish-green, with strong pleasant
scent. Stem much branched. Leaves small, oval obtuse, on short petioles,
crenate. Flowers lilac or pale purple, in numerous axillary clusters on branched
peduncles. Calyx glabrescent with equal teeth.
Common in dry stony places and hill-sides. July-October. In 1912 this
rather elegant plant was in flower near Hyeres until mid-November.
LABIATE 175
C. Acinos Clairv. Field Calamint, Basil Thyme. A branched annual
6-9 in. high, slightly downy. Leaves stalked, rather small, ovate-acuminate,
toothed. Flowers pale purple or rarely white, small, in axillary whorls. Calyx
strongly ribbed, the tube enlarged on underside of the base and contracted at the
mouth ; teeth short and acute. The corolla but little longer than the calyx. In
England it is often nearly twice as long, but we have not seen that form on the
Continent. Nor have we seen it on limestone rocks as usually in England.
Hill-sides, fields, and uncultivated ground. May-June.
C. officinalis Mcench, C. ascendens jford., C. nepetoides Savi (in the
mountains), and C. Clinopodium Benth. (Hedge Calamint) also occur.
MELISSA L.
M. officinalis L. This pleasant lemon-scented herb, with oval coarsely
crenate leaves and pale yellowish flowers in axillary clusters, is seen sometimes
by road-sides and in shady places. June-August.
ROSMARINUS L.
R. officinalis L. Rosemary. Shrub 2-4 ft. high, evergreen, aromatic,
much branched. . very leafy. Leaves leathery, sessile, linear, whitish beneath,
rolled in at borders. Flowers pale mauve or blue, or sometimes white, in small
axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, mealy ; upper corolla-
lip deeply bifid, lower one 3-lobed.
Very common on dry hill-sides on the littoral, ascending to Ampus and Grasse
and flowering all the year. It is very pleasant when burnt. The essential oil
is distilled and used in the composition of Eau de Cologne.
SALVIA. L.
S. officinalis L. Common Sage. Probably native in a few places in the
Var, but usually only naturalized on the dry hill-sides. May-July.
S. verticillata L. Whorled Salvia. Plant 2-3 ft. high, branched, hairy,
of disagreeable odour. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute ; the lower ones auricled.
Flowers pale violet, small and numerous, in dense distant whorls.
Road-sides and waste places, rare. May-August.
S. Verbenaca L. Wild Sage. Leaves ovate-cordate, coarsely toothed or
lobed and much wrinkled, upper ones sessile, lower ones stalked. Flowers
small, blue, in whorls of about 6, forming terminal spikes.
Road-sides and fields. April, June, and September.
S. horminoides Pourr. Leaves oblong, coarsely lobed. Bracts shorter
than the calyx. Corolla small, blue, in long spikes, upper lip scarcely curved.
A taller plant than the last.
Road-sides and fields, especially on the littoral. April-July.
S. Clandestina L. Root-leaves deeply toothed or pinnatifid, upper ones
sessile. Flowers pale blue or nearly white, in close whorls forming a short
spike. Corolla twice as long as calyx, with spreading unequal lips, the upper
lip being sickle-shaped. Calyx-teeth almost closed when plant is advanced.
The smallest species.
Borders of fields and roads and grassy places. March-September.
S. viridls L. is rare near Toulon and Carqueiranne ; S. Sclarea L., S.
pratensis L. with beautiful purple or deep mauve flowers, and S. silvestris
L. are sometimes seen ; and S. glutinosa L., a sticky species with large dirty
yellow flowers, occasionally appears in the montane region. July-Sept.
NEPETA L.
Nepeta Nepetella L. and N. Cataria L. (Catmint) occasionally occur,
and Ground Ivy (Nepeta hederacea Trev.) is fairly common in the spring in
damp grassy places.
176 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
LAMIUM L. DEAD-NETTLE.
L. longiflorum Ten. Large flowered Dead-nettle. Stems erect, glabrous,
hollow. Leaves ovate-cordate, petioled, with obtuse teeth and usually doubly
toothed. Bracts very short. Calyx downy, with triangular-lanceolate teeth
acuminate. Corolla-tube straight, suddenly enlarged, twice length of calyx.
Upper lip emarginate. Flowers large, purplish-red.
Stony, shady places in the mountains, very local. May-July.
L. maculatum L. Spotted Dead-nettle. Stems less erect. Leaves ovate-
cordate, doubly toothed, petioled, often spotted with white. Upper leaves tri-
angular, acuminate. Calyx curved with a ring of hairs within. Corolla hairy
outside, purple-red, with darker spots on lower lips, the lateral lobes reduced to
a narrow tooth. Plant strongly scented.
Hedges and shady places, fairly common. March-October.
L. amplexicaule L. Henbit. Annual. Upper leaves sessile, amplexi-
caul, kidney-shaped, toothed. Corolla-tube straight, naked, slender, three
times as long as calyx. Flowers purple, often much larger than in England.
Fields, crops, and old walls, very common. March-October.
L. hybridum L.and L. purpureum L. (Common Red Dead-Nettie) occur ;
but Q. galeobdolon Grant z, the yellow Dead-Nettie or Archangel, only grows
in the sub-Alpine woods about Tenda, etc. The white Dead-Nettie (L. album
L.) is not found in the Mediterranean region.
QALEOPSIS L.
Q. Ladanum L. (Red Galeopsis) a small annual with spreading branches,
lanceolate-toothed leaves and purple-red flowers, and the sub-species Q. angusti
folia Ehrh. are common, especially in the Var ; while Q. Tetrahit L.
(Hemp-nettle) and one or two others are recorded from Alpes-Marit.
STACHYS L.
S. maritima L. Plant 6-12 in., white tomentose. Leaves oval-oblong,
softly downy on both sides, finely crenate, net-veined. Calyx-teeth triangular
acute, hairy. Flowers yellow, in whorls of 6-8, forming a dense short spike.
Maritime rocks and sands, uncommon. May-July.
S. recta L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, downy. Calyx-teeth triangular
acuminate, hairy, with glabrous point. Flowers pale yellow, in close whorls of
4-6 forming an interrupted spike.
Hill-sides, woods, and grassy places, common. April-July. On 25 March,
1913, it was in flower on a limestone cliff near the summit of Mont Coudon
(Var).
S. heraclea All. (Plate XXIII). Leaves oblong-obtuse, petioled, truncate
or slightly cordate, rugose and woolly but green. Flowers brownish-red in whorls
of 6-10. Calyx glandular hairy, with unequal teeth lanceolate-acute and spines-
cent. Plant 1-2 ft. high with erect woolly green stems.
Rocky places, especially limestone, and dry woods, chiefly in 'the lower
mountains, rare. June-July.
S. annuaL., S. hirta L., S. arvensls L. (Field Stachys), S. sllvatica
L., S. italica Mill., and S- germanica L. (Woundwort) may sometimes be
found, but several of these are quite rare. Stachys Betonica Benth. =
Betonica officinalis L. (Betony) is fairly common in woods on the hills.
June-August.
BALLOTA L.
B. nigra L. Black Horehound. This coarse, hairy plant 2-3 ft. high
with a strong lunpleasant smell is frequent in rubbish heaps and other waste
places. The purplish flowers are in dense axillary clusters often turned to one
side. May-July.
\
L Orobanclie eruent
4. Stachys Heraclea.
PLATE XXIII.
2. Scrophularia canina.
5. Veronica Teucrium.
3 Vitex A^mis Castu •
6. Brunella hyssopifolia.
LABIATE: i77
B. spinosa Lk. -- B. frutcscens Woods = Molucella frutescens /-.
A small prickly under-shrub, much branched and hairy. Leaves oval, crenate.
Flowers white, in whorls at the tops of the branches. Bracteoles very spiny.
Calyx hairy, widened at the throat, with 5 spreading sharp teeth and several
smaller ones. A very distinct plant, growing in dense masses at the foot of
limestone cliffs, etc., in Alpes-Marit. Rare. Not known elsewhere except in
the Basses-Alpes and by the Tenda road about Saorge and near Pigna above
Bordighera, where it reaches its easternmost limit.
PHLOMIS L.
C. herba-venti L. Plant 1-2 ft. high, green, covered with long spreading
hairs. Stem herbaceous, much branched. Leaves leathery, large, broadly
lanceolate, glabrescent and shining above, pale beneath. Flowers purplish, 10-
12 in dense whorls. Calyx-teeth spreading, very sharp, half as long as tube.
Stony hills and dry fields, occasional. May-July. There are some fine
clumps of this on the Plan d'Aups close to the road passing through the village
of that name at Sainte Baume.
P. Lychnitis L. Under-shrub 1-2 ft. high, cottony-felted. Leaves
narrow oblong or lanceolate, entire, white felted beneath. Flowers yellow,
6-10 in a whorl. Calyx covered with long hairs, the teeth also hairy and less
spreading than in the last. Bracts setaceous, rigid, covered with long silky
hairs.
Limestone hills on the littoral of the Var, rare. May-July.
P. fruticosa L. A stout under-shrub 1-2 ft. high, cottony-felted. Leaves
large, oval or oblong, entire, white-felted especially beneath, and strongly net-
veined. Flowers deep yellow, handsome, 20-30 in a whorl of which 1-3 appear
at the top of the branches. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, hairy. Calyx truncate at
top with very short reflexed teeth. Corolla downy outside.
Dry waste ground and stony ravines, rare. May-July.
These three species of Phlomis which grow in the Var are the only kinds
found in France ; the majority of the genus grow in the Mediterranean region
of Western Asia.
SIDERITIS L.
S. romana L. A hairy annual. Leaves ovate-oblong, green, with robust
teeth. Flowers white or slightly pink, 6 in an axillary distant whorl. Calyx 2-
lobed, ribbed, the upper tooth much larger and broader than the 4 triangular
aristate teeth.
Dry, stony places and sandy fields, common on the littoral. April-July. In
1913 small plants were in flower in February near Hyeres.
S. montana L. (rare) and S. hirsuta L. (upper corolla-lip white, lower
one yellow) occur sometimes in somewhat similar places, but especially in the
hills. Marrubium vulgare L. (White Horehound) is common in waste
places near houses, etc. May- July.
MELITTIS L.
M. Melissophyllum L. Wild Balm. Plant i-ij ft., coarsely hairy and
strongly scented. Leaves large, green, petioled, oval-acute, crenate. Flowers
handsome, very large, rose colour, or white blotched with pink, on short pedicels
in the axils of the leaves.
Woods and shady places, especially in the hills. May-July.
BRUNELLA L. (OR PRUNELLA).
B. hyssopifolia L. (Plate XXIII). Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile,
entire, ciliate. Flowers deep purple or occasionally magenta, rather large.
Calyx-hispid, upper lip with 3 small teeth, the lower lip divided to the middle
into 2 finely ciliate lobes.
Rocky limestone hills and dry pastures, local. May-July.
I78 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
B. alba Pall. ( B. laciniata L. part). Leaves oblong, often lyrate or pin-
natifid, petioled. Flowers yellowish-white. Calyx hairy, upper lip 3-toothed,
the central tooth very large and truncate, lower lip as in the last species.
Dry pastures, borders of fields and woods. June-July.
B. vulgaris L. (Self Heal) is quite common in borders of fields, woods, and
meadows. June- September. B. grandiflora Jacq. with large, handsome
purple flowers and reddish calyx is found only in the mountain region.
AJUQA L.
A. reptans L. (Bugle) is very common in the spring in damp meadows,
borders of streams, etc. The normally blue flowers are sometimes rose or white.
A. genevensis L. Sometimes a foot high, and a handsome plant with
its bright blue flowers in whorls forming a long interrupted spike. Leaves ob-
long, crenate or dentate ; root-leaves soon dying. Bracts trilobed.
Grassy places, borders of fields and woods in the hills only. May-July. In
English books this species has generally been placed with A. pyramidal is or
as a variety of it, but we think the two quite worthy of specific distinction, as
usually considered on the Continent, where the plants are better known.
A. Chamsepitys Schreb. Yellow Bugle. A low, branched, hairy annual.
Leaves very crowded and deeply divided into 3-linear lobes, which are sometimes
again divided. Flowers yellow, in axillary pairs.
Dry, stony fields, common. April-October.
A. Iva Schreb. Another low species, but ligneous at the base, greyish-green
and smelling of musk on account of the essential oil found in the hairs. Leaves
sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed at the top, rolled in at the
borders. Flowers purple, 2-4 in axillary clusters, and often hidden by the leaves.
Stony fields, dry pastures, and old walls, etc. May-October.
A. pseudo-Iva Rob. et Cast, is a rare sub-species with yellow flowers, found
in sandy places in les lies d'Hyeres. June-July.
TEUCRIUM L.
T. Scordium L. Water Germander. A small, procumbent, branching
perennial, more or less covered with down. Leaves oblong, sessile, coarsely
toothed. Flowers pale purplish-red, axillary, turned to one side. Calyx small,
with 5 nearly equal teeth.
Wet meadows and near ditches. June-September.
T. Chamaedrys JL. Wall Germander. Stem erect, hairy, 6-9 in. high.
Leaves ovate, deeply toothed, wedge-shaped at base and petioled, green.
Flowers reddish-purple, in whorls of 2-6, forming a short terminal one-sided
raceme. Calyx funnel-shaped, with 5 nearly equal teeth.
Dry, stony hill-sides, especially on limestone, common. May-September.
T. Alarum L. Small under-shrub, very leafy. Leaves small, white tomen-
tose beneath, broadly-lanceolate, entire, rolled in at the margin. Flowers small,
purple, in clusters of 2-4 forming a long spike.
Maquis, thickets, and stony places, rare. May-July. In France only found
in les lies d'Hyeres. It is the most characteristic plant which forms a link be-
tween the flora of these isles and that of Corsica. It is abundant at Port-Cros
and Levant, where it attains its northern limit. The islanders call it Herbe a
chats because its scent is attractive to cats and gives them a sort of intoxication.1
T. massilien.se L. This is another rare and remarkable plant from the
Isle of Levant, its only station in France. Ge'rard in his "Flora Gallo-provin-
cialis" described it as "rarissima planta in insulis Stcechadum ". In 1913 M.
Jahandiez found it in greater numbers in the vallon des Grottes. The plant is
1 Jahandiez, " Notice sur les Plantes Rares des lies d'Hyeres," in " Annales
de Soc. Hist. Nat. de Toulon " (1913). See also " Les lies d'Hyeres " (1914).
VERBENACE/E 179
grey-felted and much branched. Leaves ovate, with almost truncate base,
crenate, rugose, shortly petioled. Flowers rose, small, in long loose spikes.
Upper lip of calyx very broad. May-July.
T. flavum L. Plant ligneous at base, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves petioled, thick,
hairy or pubescent and yet shining above, ovate, almost truncate at base, pale be-
neath. Flowers yellow, rather large, in whorls of 2-6 forming long one-sided
spikes interrupted at the base.
Dry hills and limestone rocks on the littoral. June-July.
T. lucidum L. Entirely glabrous. Leaves petioled, ovate-wedge-shaped,
very glabrous and shining above. Flowers purple, 4-6 in a whorl, forming long,
leafy, unilateral, interrupted spikes. Calyx reddish, glabrous.
Woods and stony places in the mountain region. June-August.
T. montanum L. A short, bushy species with ligneous base and wiry
stems. Leaves broadly linear, very shortly petioled, white tomentose beneath,
entire. Flowers dirty yellow, in terminal heads. Calyx glabrous, pale green.
Dry hill-sides and rocky places in the lower mountains. June-August.
T. aureum Schreb. Ligneous at the base ; less than a foot high, covered
with soft down, yellow at the summit. Leaves sessile, oval or oblong, rugose
above, whitish tomentose on both sides. Flowers yellow, or whitish yellow, in
an oval or globular head of a golden colour.
Dry, stony hills, especially on limestone, rather rare. June-August. La
Sainte-Baume (St. Pilon) and elsewhere in that range.
T. Folium L. Ligneous atithe base, white tomentose. Leaves sessile,
linear-lanceolate, crenate at top, rolled in at borders, white-felted on both sides.
Flowers white, rarely purple, in dense, whitish, globular heads. Calyx felted,
with short teeth, the upper one being obtuse. Sweet-scented.
Sandy hills and maritime sands. Very variable. May-August.
The following species of Teucrium also occur: viz. T. Botrys L., T.
Scorodpnia L., and T. fruticans L. The last named is an elegant shrub, 3
or 4 ft. high, often used for hedges. The leaves are white felted beneath ; the
flowers pale blue or mauve, large, stamens and style very prominent, and calyx
white-felted outside.
It is probably not native on the French Riviera.
ACANTHACE.E.
ACANTHUSL.
A. mollis L. A very handsome plant with very large pinnatifid-sinuate
opposite leaves which are petioled. Flowers white with purplish veins, very
large, sessile in long terminal spikes, furnished with large spiny bracts.
Calyx glabrous with 4 unequal lobes, divided almost to the base into 2 lips.
Corolla i lipped and 3-lobed with short tube.
Shady places, road-sides, and near water on the littoral. May-July. Perhaps
introduced, but well naturalized in many places. The handsome leaves were
used by the Greeks in designing the capitals of their pillars, etc.
VERBENACE^E.
Stamens prominent ; fruit fleshy ; stem woody VITEX.
Stamens included ; fruit of 4 carpels ; stem herbaceous VERBENA.
Flowers in short globular heads. Fruit of 2 carpels. Plant creeping. LIPPIA.
VITEX L.
V. Agnus-castus (Plate XXIII). A shrub or small tree of 6 to 12 ft., sweet
scented. Leaves deciduous petioled digitate, of 5-7 lanceolate leaflets, white
felted beneath. Flowers bluish or rose, small, in distinct whorls forming a long
interrupted spike. The fruit is supposed to have peculiar sedative properties.
Waste ground, borders of torrents, and banks near the sea. June-September.
12 *
i8o FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
At Carqueiranne is a remarkable specimen, the only survivor of an old
colony of these trees. The largest part of the trunk when cut had a circum-
ference of nearly 5 ft. (Jahandiez.)
Verbena officinalis L. (Vervain) is very common in the south of France
and flowers from June to October. Small lilac .flowers in a long spike.
LIPPIA L.
L. nodif lora Rich. A small creeping glabrous green plant. The flowering
stems erect and bearing a small dense head of pink sessile flowers. Leaves
oval-spathulate, entire at base, toothed above.
Borders of ditches and road-sides, well naturalized, and perhaps native in
the Var. June-September.
PLUMBAGINACE^).
Stem naked, simple ; flowers in a bracteate head ARMERIA.
Stem naked, branched ; flowers in a panicled, unilateral cyme STATICE.
Stem leafy, branched ; flowers in a panicle PLUMBAGO.
PLUMBAGO L.
P. europfta L. Plant 2-3 ft. high, much branched and leafy. Leaves rough
at the edges, lower ones oboval petioled, middle ones embracing the stem by 2
rounded auricles ; upper ones lanceolate. Flowers violet. Calyx-tube glandular,
with 5 angles and 5 short teeth.
Dry, stony places, fairly common on the littoral. July-September.
STATICE L. SEA LAVENDER.
(Descriptions kindly written by Mr. C. E. Salmon, F.L.S.)
Statice sinuata L. Plant scabrid, 15-50 cm. high. Root-leaves in a
rosette, large, sinuate-pinnatifid or lyrate. Scape and branches stout, with 3
(very rarely 5) wings which are produced into linear-lanceolate entire bracts at
each node. Flowers corymbose-paniculate with short dense secund spikes.
Calyx conspicuous, bluish-mauve, with truncate undivided crenulate limb. Corolla
small, pale yellow. Inner bract 2-3 toothed, cornigerous.
Sea-sands, very rare, and possibly now extinct, as this species and S.
Bonduellii Lestib. are sold in a dried condition by florists. May-September.
Recorded for lies d'Hyeres (Var) and Nice (Alpes-Marit.).
S. Limonium L. var. macroclada Boiss. ( = S. serotina Rchb.). Plant
glabrous, 30-50 cm. high, often glaucous. Leaves large, entire, broad and
obovate-oblong and obtuse or narrow and more acute ( = S. angustifolia
Tausch.). Scape with long, remarkably patent and often recurved branches and
branchlets. Flowers in a corymbose panicle with short and dense or longer and
laxer spikes, usually scorpioid. Calyx with acute teeth. Corolla lilac. Spikelets
smaller than in type.
Salt marshes and pastures near the sea. July-October. Especially common
on the Plage d'Hyeres and at Giens.
This is the southern and eastern form of the type ; the latter occurs on the
western and northern shores of France and is the ccftnmon plant of Britain, where
var. macroclada is unknown.
S. Girardlana Gnss. (= S. densiflora Gir. non Guss.). Plant glabrous,
5-25 cm. high. Leaves small, acute, noticeably wedge-shaped and suddenly
contracted into the petiole. Scape erect with short spreading branches, all
fertile, bearing short, dense, patent spikes of crowded imbricate spikelets, forming
a small unilateral panicle. Inner bract scarcely twice as long as outer. Calyx
teeth short, obtuse. Corolla lilac, small.
Maritime sands and grassy places, rare. June-August. Les Sablettes near
La Seyne (Var).
S. virgata Willd. Plant glabrous, 15-45 cm. high. Leaves irregularly
crowded at base of scape, obovate or lanceolate-spathulate. Scape flexuous,
PLANTAGINACE^E t8i
much branched with numerous lower sterile branches, branchlets rigid. Panicle
elongated and irregular with long lax curved unilateral spikes of arcuate almost
contiguous or distant spikelets. Inner bract almost four times longer than outer.
Calyx arcuate with ovate-obtuse teeth. Corolla violet, large.
Sandy fields and salt marshes, very local. June-September. Near Hy6res
(Vieux Salins, Pesquiers, and Plage de Giens) and from Sanary to Brusc.
S. minuta L. Plant glabrous (or pubescent, when it is var. punescens
(Rchb.) non DC.), 3-15 cm. high, with stout woody root. Leaves in a rosette,
and crowded below, small, imbricate, obovate or lanceolate-spathulate obtuse or
retuse, thick, with revolute margins very conspicuous when dry. Scape weak
and slender, with few straight sterile branches and small loose irregular panicle
with lax non-contiguous spikelets. Inner bract three times longer than the acute
outer. Calyx-teeth acute. Corolla small, violet.
Maritime rocks of the Var, local but sometimes abundant, as at Giens and the
three lies d'Hyeres. June-August.
S. pubescens DC. Plant densely and softly hairy, 10-25 cm- high.
Leaves irregularly crowded at base of scape, small, imbricate, obcordate-cuneate,
retuse, thick with revolute margins, conspicuous when dry. Scape flexuous with
numerous multifid sterile branches and short spikes of almost contiguous spikelets
forming a rather close panicle. Inner bract three times longer than the blunt
outer. Calyx-teeth obtuse. Corolla small, violet.
Often found with S. minuta but much scarcer. Frejus, St. Cyr, Six-Fours,
au Brusc. Rocks below the Capo at Bordighera. June-September.
S. echioides L. Annual, glabrous, 5-25 cm. high, root slender. Leaves
in a rosette, obovate-obtuse, sometimes mucronate, tubercled above. Scape
slender, flexuous, rather scabrid, with long erect or patent fragile branches, all
fertile, bearing one (rarely two) flowered distant spikelets (rarely fascicled),
forming a lax unilateral panicle. Inner bract 4-5 times longer than outer,
tubercled. Calyx arcuate, teeth terminated by persistent hooked awns. Corolla
small, pale pink (or lilac).
Uncultivated, sandy, and rocky places, rare. May-July. Near Frejus, Gon-
faron, Le Luc, Le Brusc, Toulon, St. Cyr, Presqu'ile de Giens, Cannes, and
Ventimiglia.
ARMERIA L. THRIFT.
A. plantaginea Willd. Plantain-leaved Thrift. Much like the common
Thrift (A. vulgaris Willd.) which appears to be absent from the Riviera, but
the leaves are much broader and often longer, usually with 3 or 5 parallel veins,
the scape 1-2 ft. high, and the slender calyx-teeth are much longer.
Pastures and meadows in the mountain region. May-August.
A. bupleuroides Gren. tt Godr. Resembling the last, but with more woody
root-stock. Leaves almost glaucous, wavy at the' borders. Flowers white.
Calyx-tube with narrower ribs and triangular lobes.
Pastures and grassy places, rather rare, e.g. near Le Pradet. May-August.
A. filicaulis Boiss. Plant densely tufted, glabrous. Leaves linear, chan-
nelled, rough at the edges, the outer ones shorter and flatter. Scape very
slender, a foot high. Head small. Flowers white or pinkish.
Sandy ground, very rare. July-October. Only on dolomitic hills near
Sollies-Toucas (Var).
A. alpina Willd., with its handsome heads of bright rose-coloured flowers,
grows on the top of the Mont de la Chens (Var), and in the Alpine region of the
Maritime Alps, in both districts well above the altitudinal limit taken in this work.
PLANTAGINACEJE.
This family has only 3 genera, of which one only is represented in the South
of France. In PlantagO the flowers are hermaphrodite, in terminal heads or
spikes.
i82 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
PLANTAQO L. PLANTAIN.
P. cynops L. Shrubby. Stem woody at base, much branched. Leaves
opposite or in whorls, linear. Heads ovoid, peduncled. Upper bracts lanceolate,
mucronate, the others broadly ovate, concave, mucronate. Calyx-segments
unequal. Bracts and sepals hairy. Corolla-lobes lanceolate-acuminate.
Dry and rocky places from the coast to the mountains. May-July.
P. arenaria W. et K. Herbaceous, annual, glandular-pubescent. Leaves
linear, sessile. Heads ovoid, on axillary peduncles. Bracts suborbicular ; the
lower ones with a long leafy cusp. Calyx-segments variable.
Sandy places and sea-sands. May-September. Uncommon.
P. Psyllium L. Plant pubescent, viscous, with many glandular hairs.
Stems branching. Leaves linear-lanceolate, opposite, entire or remotely toothed.
Bracts lanceolate-acuminate. Calyx- segments like the bracts. Heads ovate.
Corolla-lobes ovate-acuminate. An annual.
Uncultivated fields and road-sides, very common on the littoral. March-July.
In flower on 23 February, 1913, in the Var.
P. CoronopUsL. Buck' s-horn Plantain. A very variable species. Annual
or biennial. Leaves laciniate or bipinnatifid. Spikes cylindric. Bracts
cuspidate. Corolla-lobes ovate-acute. Capsules with 3 or 4 seeds. The var.
maritima G. G. is very common in places ; and var. simplex Decaisne,
with slender filiform entire leaves, grows on salt marshes below Hyeres.
Sandy places and fields and marshes near the sea. April-September.
P. carinata Schrader. Root-stock woody, with densely scaly obconical
branches, very leafy at the summit. Leaves linear-filiform, curved, keeled
throughout their length. Bracts ovate-lanceolate. Sepals with ciliate keel.
Rocks and sandy places in the hills, rare. June-September.
P. subulata L. Root-stock woody, with long branches covered with the
scales of ancient leaves. Scape rather thick, stiff. Leaves linear, glabrous or
ciliate, stiff, triquetrous at the top. Spike cylindric or oblong, compact. Bracts
and calyx somewhat rough, the latter fringed.
Rocks and hill-sides near the sea. May-July.
P. Bellardi All, Annual, 3-5 inches high. Leaves all radical, linear-lanceo-
late, 3-nerved, hairy. Spikes ovoid or oblong-cylindrical. Bracts lanceolate,
acuminate, hairy. Lateral segments of calyx ovate-oblong, not keeled, suddenly
and shortly acuminate. Seeds smooth.
Meadows and sandy, grassy places. April-June.
P. LagOpUS L. Annual, taller than the last. Leaves all radical, lanceolate,
gradually narrowed into a petiole, slightly toothed. Spikes ovoid at first, then
longer and cylindrical. Bracts ovate or lanceolate-acuminate, with long
hairs. Calyx-segments oblong, obtuse, hairy. Corolla-lobes hairy. The spike
is very silvery on account of the long silky hairs.
Sandy places, borders of fields and roads, very common on the littoral.
April-June.
The following species are also found in greater or less frequency : —
P. crassifolia Forsk. with linear fleshy leaves, intermediate between
subulata and maritima L. on maritime sands ; P. serpentina Vill., in
rocky or grassy places in the hills ; P. lanceolata L. common and very variable ;
P. media L, (Hoary Plantain)'; P. major L. (Greater Plantain), and P. inter-
media Gilib., rarely in damp, sandy places. The true P. maritima L. does not
appear to have been recorded from these coasts.
GLOBULARIACE^:.
QLOBULARIA L.
G. Alypum L. Stems woody, erect, branching, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves oblong
or lanceolate, mucronate, entire or with 2-3 teeth at the apex, tough, glaucous, and
AMARANTACE^E 183
persistent. Receptacle conical or subglobose, hairy. Involucral scales densely
covered with white hairs. Corolla violet-blue, rarely pink, rather sweet-scented,
in terminal heads, with sometimes axillary and sessile ones. Upper lip much
shorter than the lower.
Dry, stony hills, especially on limestone. November-March, and sometimes
nearly all the year.
Q. Willkommii Nym, = Q. vulgaris L. Stem herbaceous, simple,
erect, glabrous, 4-12 in. high, with numerous alternate, small, sessile, lanceolate-
acute leaves. Root-leaves large, oboval, emarginate or tridentate, narrowed
into a long petiole. Flowers blue in small globular heads. Upper lip of corolla
much shorter than the lower one. Strictly a sub-species of vulgaris.
Dry banks and hill-sides from the shore to the mountains. March-June.
Q. cordifolia L. Stem woody, branching, creeping and rooting; with
rosettes of numerous leaves, which are rather fleshy, cordate-cuneiform or tri-
dentate at the apex and prolonged into a long petiole. Flowers blue or rarely
white, in dense heads ; upper and lower lips nearly equal. Receptacle conical,
glabrous. In the Maritime Alps to within 800 m. of the sea. April-July, i
Q. nana Lamk. A smaller, prostrate, more woody plant, forming dense mats
covered with shortly peduncled heads of blue flowers. Leaves very small and
close, club-shaped, entire (not obcordate or tridentate). Calyx densely hispid.
Often considered a var. of the last, but obviously distinct, and never found in the
Alps nor in central Europe.
Rocky ridges in the limestone mountains. May-July. Mont Faron, Sainte-
Baume, Moriere near Sollies-Toucas, Montrieux, etc.
Division III. APETAL^E OR INCOMPLET/E.
PHYTOLACCACE.E.
PHYTOLACCA L.
P. decandra L. (Prov. Rasine, FT. Raisin d'Amerique). A glabrous and
often purplish plant, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, large, alternate.
Flowers whitish-pink, in long opposite leafy clusters. Fruit black or blackish-
red, of 10 ridges or carpels.
Naturalized here and there in waste and cultivated ground. June-August.
P. dioica L. This S. American tree does well in the 3 lies d'Hyeres.
AMARANTACE^.
Stamens free. Leaves oval or rhomboidal, alternate AMARANTUS.
Stamens united at base. Leaves linear, fascicled POLYCNEMUM.
AMARANTUS L.
A. deflexus L. Stems diffuse, pubescent. Leaves somewhat rhom-
boidal. Clusters axillary and spikes terminal. Bracts ovate-acute, scarcely as
long as the perianth of 3 mucronate sepals. Capsule indehiscent, ellipsoid.
Common in waste places, at foot of walls, etc. June-October.
A. retroflexus L. Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong
petioled. Spikes composite, terminal. Sepals 5, obtuse, mucronate, longer than
the dehiscent capsule. Plant pale green. Bracts spinescent, twice length of
perianth. Waste places, gardens, rubbish heaps, etc., common. August-Sept.
A. patulus Bert., A. albus L., A. Blitum L., and A. silvestris Desf.,
also occur in waste places.
POLYCNEMUM L.
P. majus A. Br. A glabrous annual with spreading and usually recum-
bent stem covered with narrow-linear, almost imbricate, spiny leaves.
Flowers minute, very numerous throughout the length of the stem.
Stony or sandy uncultivated fields. June-August.
184 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
P. arvense L., a smaller perennial species is rarely seen in similar places.
The leaves are shorter and thinner ; and the fruit no longer than the perianth.
CHENOPODIACE.B.
Tribe I. ATRIPLICE^E. Stem leafy. Flowers i-sexual, male 3-5— female
2-sepalous ATRIPLEX.
Tribe II. CHENOPODIE^E. Stem leafy. Flowers bisexual, or if unisexual
perianths of males and females similar.
Flowers 2-sexual. Utricle membranous „ CHENOPODIUM.
Flowers 2-sexual. Utricle striate and hard above BETA.
Tribe III. SALICORNIE^. Stem leafless, jointed. Flowers 2-sexual.
Albumen scanty ; embryo conduplicate SALICORNIA..
Tribe IV. SU/EDEyE. Stem leafy. Sepals 4-5, not winged at the back.
SVJEDA...
Tribe V. SALSOLE^E. Stem leafy. Sepals 4-5, transversely winged in fruit..
SALSOLA..
Tribe VI. CAMPHOROSME^E. Flowers with no bracteoles ; plants pubes-
cent.
Leaves setaceous. Stamens 4. Stigmas 3. Perianth with 5 unequal teeth..
CAMPHORO&MA.
Leaves small, narrow. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2. Perianth with dorsal ap
pendages KOCHIA,.
ATRIPLEX L.
A. HalimusL. A silvery-grey shrub, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves alternate, entire,
oval or oblong, shortly petioled, silvery-greenish-white, persistent. Flowers
yellowish, in long spikes forming a terminal panicle, rather leafy at the base.
Banks and road-sides near the sea, often planted to form hedges by road-
sides and in gardens. August-September.
A. portulacoides* L. (leaves mostly opposite, oblong or strap-shaped,
entire), A. Tornabeni* Tin., A. rosea L., A. hastata L. (leaves hastate and
truncate at base), A. patula L., and A. littoralis * L. (leaves narrow, usually
entire) are often found on the littoral ; those marked * always near the sea.
BETA L.
B. maritima L. Sea Beet. A stout, glabrous sea-side plant. Leaves
large, thick, entire, oval-oblong, petioled ; upper ones small and narrow.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, green, in a long interrupted spike. The ripe perianth
forms a hard angular mass, with one horizontal seed.
Banks near the sea and occasionally inland. June-September.
CHENOPODIUM L. GOOSE-FOOT.
In addition to all the British species, which are more or less common as
weeds in fields and waste places, several introduced plants are naturalized on
the Riviera, such as C. multifidum L. (from S. America) and C. ambrosioides
JL., a. robust leafy species found near Toulon and on Porquerolles.
CAMPHOROSMA L.
C. monspeliaca L. Small under-shrub, 1-2 ft. high, hairy, with numerous
stems and smelling of camphor. Leaves setaceous, fascicled, hairy ; flowers
axillary, whitish.
Dry banks and maritime rocks, fairly common on the littoral. July-Sept-
ember.
KOCHIA Roth.
Kochia hirsuta Nolte. Banks near the sea at the Pesquiers near Hyeres,
.and also near Toulon, August-September. It is a straggling greyish hairy
POLYGONACE^ 185
annual, much branched at the base, and the small leaves are linear, obtuse,
fleshy, and soft. Ripe perianth very hairy, with obtuse lobes.
SALICORNIA L. MARSH-SAMPHIRE.
S. herbacea L. Glasswort. A glabrous, bright green or reddish, succulent,
erect annual or biennial, 6-12 in. high, with erect jointed branches ending in a
spike £ to i in. long. Flowers very minute, 6 in each segment, 3 in a triangle on
each side.
Salt marshes and near brackish water. August-October.
S. perennis Mill. = S. radicans Sm. (root-stock perennial, woody and
creeping ; plant often reddish), S. fruticosa L. (bushy, erect, 1-3 ft. high), and
S. glauca Delile (with strongly tubercled seeds) are found in similar situations,
sometimes growing together, as at la Plage d'Hyeres and la Plage de Giens.
SU/EDA Forsk. SEABLITE.
S. fruticosa Forsk. Shrubby Seablite. A branching, erect, shrubby plant,
1-3 ft. high, with woody stems. Leaves numerous, linear, rounded at base and
tip, thick and succulent, pale green. Flowers small, sessile in the leaf axils.
Styles 3, rather longer than the perianth. Seed vertical.
Places near the sea, rare. June-September. Formerly near Toulon and
near Antibes but perhaps extinct.
S. maritima Dumort. A much smaller annual or biennial species with
herbaceous stem, leaves tapering at the base, styles 2 and seed horizontal ; it is
common on the littoral of the Var and again east of Nice.
S. splendens G. G. is a rare glaucous, pulverulent species with acuminate
mucronate leaves found at Castigneaux near Toulon, and in the salt marshes
below Hyeres. June-September.
SALSOLA L.
S. Kali L. Prickly Saltwort. A glabrous annual, 6-12 in. high, with hard,
much-branched stem. Leaves ending in a stout prickle, the lowest linear,
slightly enlarged at the base, the uppermost shorter and broader and nearly
triangular. Flowers sessile in the upper axils.
Sea-sands. Common in the Var and from Cannes to Menton. August-
September.
S. Soda L. Annual, glabrous and glossy. Stem robust, branched from
the base. Leaves fleshy, soft, long, half cylindrical, sub-obtuse or ending in a
fine spine. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Fruiting perianth big, inflated, mem-
branous, with lanceolate lobes and short dorsal wings.
Salt marshes, borders of ditches, and brackish water. June-September.
POLYGONACE^E.
Sepals 5, subequal. Fruit compressed or 3-gonous, wingless POLYGONUM.
Sepals 6, 3 inner ones much larger. Fruit 3-gonous RUMEX.
RUMEX L. DOCK.
R. intermedius DC. Plant 1^-2 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate,
narrow, with long auricles, which are much spreading and often bifid. Flowers
whitish, in a dense, short panicle.
Dry, rocky places and stony hill-sides. May-June.
R. bucephalophorus L. A small slender annual, 3-12 in. high, often
reddish. Leaves small, oval-lanceolate, entire. Inner divisions of perianth
toothed and spiny at the base.
Barren fields, sandy hill-sides ; common and variable. April-July.
The following species of Rumex are more or less common : —
R. SCUtatus L., only in stony places in the hills; R. acetosa L., R.
Acetosella L., R. pulcher L., R. Friesii G. G., R. sanguineus L., R.
conglomeratus Murr., and R. crispus L.
186 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
POLYGONUM L. KNOT GRASS.
P. maritimum L. Sea Knot-grass. Plant prostrate, woody, stout and rigid.
Leaves thick, often glaucous, especially beneath, lanceolate or oblong, slightly
rolled in at the border. Stipules large, scarious and nerved. Nuts rather large,
smooth and shining. The root often penetrates several feet into the sand.
Sea-sands, common on the coast. May-September.
P. Robert! i Loisel. = P. RaJi Bab. Less woody and stiff and usually
rather greener, like a young specimen of the last but with less shining and
smaller nuts. Leaves often less crowded and flat.
Sea-sands and sometimes in salt marshes. June-September.
An article on this plant by M. E. Reynier appeared in the " Annales de la
Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de Toulon " for 1913.
P. romanum Jacq. = P. flagellare Bert. Plant 1-3 ft. long, rather
glaucous, with thick and twisted woody stock, sending up several slender stems
which are naked below. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat. Nuts small, as long
as the perianth.
Sea-sands, road-sides, and sandy places. July-September.
The following also occur : —
P. Convolvulus L. in fields; P. amphibium L., P. lapathifolium L.,
P. Persicaria L., P. Hydropiper L., and P. serrulatum Lag., in wet
places; P. Bellardi AIL, P. pulchellum Loisel., and P. aviculare L. (the
Common Knot-grass) in- many forms.
THYMEL^EACE^.
Perianth deciduous; fruit fleshy DAPHNE.
Perianth persistent, enclosing the dry fruit PASSERINA.
PASSERINA L. (Thymelaea Endl.).
P. hirsute L. Under-shrub, 1-3 ft. high, much branched, covered with
whitish tomentum. Leaves oval, very small and imbricate, obtuse, thick and
fleshy, concave, whitish felted beneath. Flowers very small, terminal, silky
without, yellowish within. Fruit ovoid, glabrous.
Sandy or rocky places on or near the coast. September-May.
Very distinct from the other species, none of which have minute oval im-
bricate leaves. They comprise P. annua Wiks., P. Thymelaea DC., P.
Tarton-raira DC. (He du Levant), and T. dioica All. (in the mountains).
DAPHNE L.
D. (inidium L. (Plate XXIV). A small shrub, 2-6 ft. high, with erect, stiff
stems and branches which are smooth, brown and puberulent at the summit.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, alternate, mucronate, glabrous, i-nerved. Flowers
white, scented, in terminal panicles ; pedicles and peduncles whitish ; perianth
silky white, with short oval lobes. Berry ovoid, red.
Woods, hill-sides, and uncultivated places on the littoral. June-October.
The following 4 species are found in the lower mountains : —
D. Cneorum L. (flowers pink, sweet-scented, April-July), D. alpina L.
(flowers creamy-white, scented, leaves hairy, rather large, April-June), D.
Mezereum L. (flowers pink, appearing in March before the leaves), and D.
Laureola L., Spurge-laurel (flowers green, leaves very large, glabrous and
leathery, a shrub of 2-4 ft.). The last is fairly common in the famous forest of
Sainte-Baume.
LAURACE^E.
LAURUS L.
L. nobilis L. Bay-tree. Leaves broadly lanceolate or elliptic, persistent,
leathery, aromatic. Flowers small, yellowish, in little axillary clusters. Berry
black. This well-known tree attains a height of 30 ft. or more, as e.g. near
SANTALACE^E 187
Hyeres in the woodland valleys and especially in the Gapeau Valley, where it
is very abundant and where one tree we photographed is quite 40 ft. in height.
Woods and hill-sides and borders of streams ; here and there well naturalized,
if not indigenous. March-April.
ELjEAGNACE^E.
HIPPOPH/C L.
H. rhamnoides L. Sea Buckthorn. A spiny olive-coloured shrub, 3-10
ft. high. Leaves linear, glabrous above, silvery with a scaly scurf beneath,
more or less rusty on the young shoots. Berries small, orange-yellow. Flowers
small, greenish, at the base of the young branches.
Beds of torrents and on screes, rare. March-June.
LORANTHACE^.
Parasitic shrub, with well-developed leaves and fruit as large as a pea.
VISCUM.
Parasitic small shrub, with leaves reduced to short triangular scales, and fruit
only 2x1 mm. ; ovoid ARCEUTHOBIUM.
VISCUM L.
V. album L. Mistletoe. This well-known parasite is rather rare on the
Riviera, and found chiefly on Pinus sylvestris, Abies pectinata, and Sorbus
Aria. The plant on P. sylvestris is called V. laxutn Boiss. and has narrower
leaves and a more oblong and rather yellowish berry. It is considered a distinct
species by some botanists. Mistletoe is a dioecious shrub with minute yellowish
flowers and yellowish-green oblong obtuse leathery leaves. Berries greenish-
white, transparent. In the Var it is found occasionally on Beech, Yew, Sorbus,
Maple, and Abies pectinata (Jahandiez).
On trees chiefly in the hills and lower mountains. March-June.
ARCEUTHOBIUM M. B.
A. Oxycedri M.B. A very small under-shrub, 2-8 in. high, glabrous,
yellowish-green. Stems jointed, dichotomous. Flowers very small, yellowish.
Leaves reduced to small opposite triangular scales. Berry dry, small, ovoid,
greenish. Parasitic upon Juniperus Oxycedrus, communis, and
phoenicea; rare. September- October. Aups, route de Bauduen, behind St.
Auban and Montfort, and at one or two other places in the Var.
SANTALACE/E.
Flowers hermaphrodite ; stamens 5 ; fruit dry THESIUM.
Flowers dioecious ; stamens 3-4 ; fruit fleshy OSYRIS.
THESIUM L. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.
T. divaricatum Jan. Root woody and rather thick. Stems numerous,
wiry, spreading. Leaves linear, acute, i-nerved. Flowers greenish-white, in a
pyramidal panicle ; bracts unequal, 2 or 3 below each flower. Perianth-lobes
white, toothed near the base.
Dry, stony hills and woods on the littoral. June-September, in fact we have
sometimes seen this in flower throughout the winter, though generally they are
stunted and cropped specimens.
OSYRIS L.
O. alba L. An evergreen under-shrub, 18 in. to 3 ft. or more, glabrous, much
branched, slender and angular. Leaves persistent, linear or lanceolate, acute,
leathery. Flowers small ; the male yellow, in clusters on very short branches ;
the female greenish, solitary at the ends of longer leafy branches. Fruit as large
as a pea, orange-red.
Hedges, woods, borders of streams, roads and in shady places, common
throughout the littoral. May-August.
i88 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
CYTINACE^;.
CYTINUS L.
C. HypOClstis L. Parasitical upon the roots of Cistus. Stem thick, fleshy,
2-6 in. high, yellowish or reddish, covered with imbricate broad scales which
take the place of leaves. Flowers yellow or reddish, sessile at the summit of
the stem, in a terminal head mixed with bracts. Upper flowers male, lower
ones female. Berry soft, pulpy, many-seeded, i-celled.
Fairly common on Cistus in places on the littoral. April-May.
The var. 0. Kermesinus (hiss, is parasitic upon Cistus albidus and is
less common.
ARISTOLOCHIAC^;.
Calyx campanulate, regularly 3-cleft. Stamens 12 ASARUM.
Calyx tubular, mouth oblique. Stamens 6 ARISTOLOCHIA.
ASARUM Tourn.
A. eurppaeum L. Leaves usually 2 only, reniform or orbicular cordate,
on long hairy petioles. Peduncle short, i-flowered. Flower greenish-purple or
brown, hairy, £ inch long and divided into 3 broad pointed lobes.
Woods in the Maritime Alps, rare. April-May.
ARISTOLOCHIA L. PITCHER-PLANT.
A. Clematitis L. Root-stock creeping. Stems erect, 1-2$ ft. high. Leaves
cordate, large, with long petioles. Flowers axillary in clusters of 3-6 on peduncles
much shorter than the leaves. Reflexed hairs within the tube ; capsule pear or
fig-shaped.
Hedges and shady places. May-July.
A. Pistolochia L. (Plate XXIV). Root-stock short, with bundles of cylindri-
cal fibres. Leaves broadly cordate, emarginate, on very short petioles. Flowers
axillary, longer than the leaf,- with peduncles twice as long as the petiole ; tube
greenish-red, tongue purple-brown.
Rocky hill-sides, etc., not uncommon. April-June.
A. rotunda L. Root-stock globular. Leaves cordate, emarginate, nearly
sessile, with round lobes at the base embracing the stem. Flowers axillary,
solitary, on short peduncles. Perianth limb purplish-brown, with greenish stripes
at the back. Capsule ovoid.
Borders of stony fields and road-sides. April-June.
A. pall ida Willd. Root-stock subglobular. Leaves cordate-ovate, petioled,
obtuse or emarginate, with smooth entire margin. Flowers axillary, solitary,
greenish-yellow striped with purplish-brown, on very short peduncles. The
tube is enlarged at the summit.
Grassy woods and stony places. May-June.
A. longa L. Root-stock fusiform or cylindric. Leaves cordate-ovate, sub-
petiolate, entire ; peduncle equal to the petiole. Flowers axillary, solitary,
greenish-brown, with purple tongue, rather large. Capsule-ovoid or pear-
shaped.
Borders of fields, very rare. April-May. Frejus, Collobrieres, near Nice,
and above Menton, etc.
EUPHORBIACE^:.
Tribe I. EUPHORBIE^E. Involucre calyciform, with many male monandrous
flowers surrounding one female. Perianth minute or o EUPHORBIA.
Tribe II. BUXE^E. Flowers distinct. Stamens opposite the petals. Ovules
2 in each cell ... Buxus.
EUPHORBIACEjE 189
Tribe III. CROTONE^E. Flowers distinct. Stamens mostly opposite the
sepals. Ovules solitary in each cell.
Leaves opposite ; capsule 2-celled MERCURIALIS.
Leaves alternate ; capsule 3-celled CROZOPHORA.
BUXUS L. Box.
B. sempervirens L. Common Box. The box is common on most of the
limestone hills in the middle or northern parts of the Var, and on the northern
sides of many of the mountains in les Alpes-Marit. It flowers in March or
April.
The var. lane i folia Manceau (with larger more robust leaves) grows with
the type in the Gapeau Valley north of Hyeres.
CROZOPHORA Nicker.
C. tinctoria Juss. = Croton tinctorium L. Annual. Leaves large,
rhomboidal, sinuate, greyish-green. Flowers monoecious, yellowish. Capsule
scaly, pendent.
Stony places and cultivated fields on the littoral, uncommon. June-
September.
MERCURIALIS L. MERCURY.
M. annua L. is extremely common in cultivated fields and waste places.
February-October. M. ambigua L., with monoecious flowers, is not un-
common in similar places, and flowers throughout the year. M. perennis L.,
Dog's Mercury, grows in damp woods and shady places in the hills, as e.g. in
the famous Forest of Sainte-Baume, and at Montrieux, etc.
EUPHORBIA L. SPURGE.
* Leaves opposite.
E. Chamsesyce L. A very small, slender, recumbent annual. Leaves
shortly petioled, suborbicular, small. Stipules setaceous. Flowers solitary,
axillary. Capsule trigonous, glabrous.
Fields and stony or sandy places, uncommon. June-October.
E. Peplis L. Purple Spurge. A small glabrous, fleshy annual ; glaucous
or purplish. Stem short, dividing into an umbel of 3 or 4 rays, so that the
plant appears to consist of repeatedly forked flowering branches, almost
prostrate on the sand. Floral leaves opposite, very oblique, broadly oblong,
obtuse and thick, with very small stipules at their base. Capsule glabrous and
smooth.
Sea-sands, uncommon, except between Cannes and Menton. July-
September.
E. Lathy ris L. Caper Spurge. A tall, stout annual or biennial, 2-4 ft.
high, smooth and glaucous. Stem, leaves narrow-oblong, getting broader
higher in the stem. Umbel of 3 or 4 long forked rays, with large ovate-
lanceolate floral leaves ; glands of involucre crescent-shaped, the points short and
blunt. Capsule large and smooth. Seeds wrinkled.
Cultivated ground, rather rare. June-July.
** Leaves alternate or scattered, without stipules ; flowers more or less
in an umbel.
E. dendroides L. Tree Spurge (Plate XXIV). Stems woody, much
branched, forming round bushes often 6 ft. high. Branches reddish, marked by
the scars of the old leaves. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Umbel 3-8 rayed. Floral
leaves rhomboidal. Glands 4, yellow, oval, emarginate or irregularly toothed..
Capsule smooth.
Maritime cliffs and rocks and rocky hills near the sea. Local. April-June.
E. spinosa L. Spiny Spurge. Stems woody though slender, much
branched, forming dense round tufts or small bushes less than i ft. high ;
the old leafless brandies having the appearance of long spines. Leaves small,
igo FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Umbel 3-5 rayed, forked. Glands 5, oval,
yellow. Capsule covered with short protuberances or warts. Seeds smooth.
Stony banks and rocky places. April-June.
E. verrucosa Jacq. Plant rather downy, about i ft. high. Woody at
the base. Leaves oblong, toothed. Umbel 5 rayed, floral bracts obovate.
Glands yellow. Capsule covered with little cylindrical warts.
Woods, meadows, and hill-sides, rather rare. May-July.
E. flavicoma DC. Differs from the last by the shorter rays of the umbel,
by its smaller stature, more woody stem at the base, and its capsule with
hemispherical warts.
Dry hill-sides, stony places, and woods. April-June.
Monsieur E. Reynier of Toulon wrote an article on " L' Euphorbia
flavicoma DC. et 1' E. verrucosa Jacq. race CandoIIeana Reyn., en
Provence " in " Bull. Soc. Bot. de France " (1910), pp. 309-14, and we believe
he is still engaged in investigating a curious Spurge belonging to this group
(very yellow in colour and shrubby, though short) which the writer found a
large colony of on the railway bank near Pont de la Clue (Var), and which we
were unable to match exactly in the spring of 1913.
E. dulcis Jacq. Stem upright, 1-2 ft., often reddish. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, sometimes toothed. Umbel of 5 forked rays. Floral bracts
ovate-triangular. Glands 4, greenish at first, then crimson or purple. Capsule
usually crimson, with short, obtuse, unequal warts on the angle.
Woods and shady places in the hills and lower mountains. May-July.
E. pubescens Desf. Downy Spurge. Stem upright, 1-2^ ft. Leaves
lanceolate, toothed, hairy, green. Umbel of 5 rays. Floral bracts oval-rhom-
boidal. Capsule trigonous, deeply furrowed, warty and hairy. Glands yellow.
Plant covered with greyish down.
Damp places, borders of streams. May-July.
E. pilosa L. Hairy Spurge. Plant erect, 1-2^ ft., hairy or glabrescent ;
stem robust, branched at the top. Leaves soft, close, oblong-lanceolate, toothed
or almost entire. Umbel yellow when in flower, 4-6 rayed. Glands entire.
Floral bracts oval, obtuse. Capsule subglobular, sometimes glabrous, smooth
or slightly warty.
Woods and damp places. April-July.
E. taurinensis All. Stem erect, a foot high. Lower leaves obovate-
cuneate, emarginate, upper ones lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and larger.
Umbel of 3-5 forked rays. Floral bracts triangular-cordate. Glands 4, with
short horns. Capsules with angles finely granulated, rough. Plant glabrous.
Fields, vineyards, and stony olive terraces, etc., in the hills. May-August.
E. biumbellata Pair. Stems erect, 1-2^ ft. Leaves linear-lanceolate or
oblong, the upper ones 3-nerved. Umbel double or triple (i.e. 2 or 3 umbels, one
above the other) with many rays. Floral bracts semi-orbicular. Glands 4 or 5
with club-shaped horns. Capsule with raised dots. Seeds irregularly furrowed.
Hills and woods not far from the sea. April-June.
E. serrata L. Stems erect, a foot high. Leaves ovate-acuminate, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, those of the barren stems often linear, all dentate or
serrate. Umbel of 3-5 forked rays, greenish-yellow and handsome. Floral
bracts cordate, dentate, glands 2-3, broad, truncate with jagged edge, yellow, and
brown at base. This handsome plant of a brilliant yellow-green, with darker
leaves, is well worth cultivating in gardens ; but it is very variable in nature.
Fields, waste ground, and road-sides, common. May-July.
E. Cyparissias L. Stems erect, 6-18 in., reddish at the base. Leaves linear,
narrow, setaceous and almost imbricate, glabrous ; those of the barren branches
longer and more crowded. Umbel of many forked rays. Floral bracts broadly
ovate-triangular, turning red in withering. Glands 4, crescent-shaped. Capsule
rough with minute dots.
URTICACE^E 191
Borders of fields and roads, very common and extending into the high
mountains. April-September.
E. terracina L. Stems erect, glabrous, 6-20 in. Leaves linear-oblong,
toothed above, green. Umbel of 2-5 forked rays. Floral bracts broadly ovate-
rhomboidal, mucronate, toothed. Glands greenish, cross-shaped, with long
setaceous horns. Capsule trigonous, smooth.
Sea-sands and hill-sides near the coast. April-September.
E. nic«eensis All. Plant 9-24 in. high, glabrous and very glaucous, or
often reddish. Stems nearly woody at base and naked below. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate apiculate, thick, very entire. Floral bracts ovate-orbicular.
Arid places and hill-sides, fairly common on the littoral. May-July.
E. ParaliasL. Sea Spurge (of Britain). Stems erect, bushy, woody at
base and densely covered with leaves in upper part. Leaves oblong-lanceolate.
Umbel of 3-5 forked rays. Floral bracts kidney shaped. A glabrous and
glaucous plant.
Sea-sands, fairly common. May-September.
E. Pithy usa L. In habit like the last, glabrous and glaucous and very
shrubby, 1-2 ft. high, woody at base. Leaves very close or imbricate, lower ones
turned down, leathery, linear or lanceolate-acuminate, cuspidate. Umbel of 5-8
short forked rays. Bracts oval, mucronate. Glands slightly emarginate, with
short obtuse horns. Capsule glabrous.
Sands and rocks by the sea, rare and local, but abundant in certain places, e.g.
Almanarre, Plage de Giens, lies d'Hyeres, below Bormes, etc. May-August.
It occurs again near Genoa.
E. segetalis L. Annual (usually), i-i J ft. high, glabrous and rather glaucous.
Stem erect, usually simple. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, umbel of 5 rays
1-3 times branched. Bracts suborbicular ; mucronate glands cross-shaped, with
long horns. Capsule glabrous, finely granular at the back of each division.
Fields and dry places, very common, especially on the littoral. April-
October.
E. Characias L. (See Plate VII). A tall, robust plant, 2-4 ft. high. Stems
woody below, thick, top portion nodding when young. Leaves long and
lanceolate narrowing at the base, crowded on the upper part of the stems.
Umbel with many forked rays. Floral bracts emarginate and united to form a
cup under the flower-heads. Glands 4, usually dark purplish, with short horns.
Capsule covered with soft hairs.
Woods, hill-sides, and borders of roads, very common. March-May.
There are over 30 species of Euphorbia on the Riviera and neighbouring
mountains. Among those not already mentioned are the rare E. Canuti which
grows on the mountains on both sides of the Roja valley at the eastern
limit of our district; E. PresIiJ of American origin (leaves opposite), is
established near Ventimiglia ; E. hibernica grows in mountain woods of the
Maritime Alps, and the following commoner kinds are widely spread, viz. :
E. helioscopia, E. platyphylla, E. stricta, E. Peplus, E. peploides,
E. exigua, E. falcata, E. Esula (in the hills), E. amygdaloides, and E.
Qerardiana.
URTICACEjE.
Leaves opposite, with stinging hairs URTICA.
Leaves alternate, with simple hairs PARIETARIA.
Leaves mostly alternate, very glabrous. Stamens 12-20 THELIGONUM.
Leaves palmate, stem climbing HUMULUS.
THELIGONUM L.
T. Cynocrambe L. A small green fleshy annual growing in clumps on
banks and under hedges. Leaves oval, entire, the lower ones opposite, upper
ig2 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
ones alternate. Stipules membranous. Flowers monoecious, 3-4 axillary, sessile,
small and green. Leaves petioled.
Stony places in fields and road-sides and on old walls, common and often
overlooked in the littoral. March-May.
HUMULUS L.
H. Lupulus L. The Hop is found in hedges and by streams and other
shady places especially in the hills. June-August.
PARIETARIA L. PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL.
P. ramiflora Mcench. This is much commoner in the south than the
British P. officinalis (Pellitory-of-the-Wall). The leaves are narrowed at
each end, the stems erect, and the perianth more bell-shaped.
Rocks and old walls, very common throughout. May-October.
P. lusitanica L. A small annual species with slender stems and small
oval petioled leaves, 3-nerved at the base. Flowers in small bundles of 3-5.
Bracts linear. Perianth-segments oval.
Rocks and old walls in the Var. April-June.
URTICA L. NETTLE.
U. membranacea Pair. Differs from the common stinging nettles (U.
dioica and U. urens) by its unisexual or monoecious clusters, the males being
longer. The flowers inserted only on the upper face of the membranous rachis.
Clusters peduncled. Leaves large, broad, and thin.
Waste places near houses and at the foot of walls. April-June.
U. urens L., U. dioica L., and U. pilulifera L. (female flowers in
globular peduncled heads) are quite commom.
CELTIACE^E. (Sometimes considered a tribe of Urticaceas.)
CELTIS L.
C. austral is L. A biggish tree. Leaves nettle-like, oval-lanceolate,
toothed, rough. Flowers hermaphrodite, axillary, solitary-pedicelled. Fruit
black, as large as a big pea, with one nut.
Often planted, but probably native in rocky places here and there. March-
May.
ULMACE/E.
ULMUS L.
U. campestris i.. The common Elm is often planted and grows spon-
taneously here and there, and flowers from February to April according to situa-
tion, etc. The var. suberosa K. is also recorded from the Var.
U. montana With. = U. glabra Huds. Wych Elm. This is not recorded
by Ardoino (" Fl. des Alpes-Marit.") nor by Albert and Jahandiez for the Var ;
but without having examined specimens we believe it occurs in both departments.
In the Gapeau Valley and by the R. Rubaud near Hyeres, this tree probably
appears. Mr. Bicknell has found it in woods west of Monte Alto. Prof. Penzig
believes it has not been seen before on the southern side of the central chain of
the Maritime Alps, but only U. diffusa and U. campestris ; but Bicknell has no
doubt about his plant, " the leaves being extremely scabrous on the upper sur-
face, bearded in the axils of the nerves underneath, lengthily and abruptly acu-
minate, and less deeply toothed than U. effusa " (" Fl. of Bordighera," p. 254).
Morus alba L. and Morus nigra L., the white and black Mulberry trees,
are often seen cultivated, the latter chiefly in the lower mountains.
CERATOPHYLLACE^E.
Ceratophyllum demersum L. and C. submersum L. are found in
pools near Frejus. June-July.
PLATE XXIV.
1. Daphne Gnidium. 2. Aristolochia pistolochia. 3. Euphorbia dcndrnidcs
4. Smilax aspera. 5. Gladiolus scjietum.
PLATE XXV
O g
2*
°l
'3 :?
91
II
PLATE XXVI
CUPULIFER/E 193
CALLITRICACE/E.
Callitriche hamulata Kutz. and C. stagnalis Scop, are found in pools
and streams in several places in the Var.
ARTOCARPACE^.
FICUS L.
F. Carica L. Common Fig. The Fig is cultivated throughout the Riviera
except in the mountains, and is apparently wild or naturalized here and there by
streams, in woods, and rocky places. May-July.
An interesting historical and descriptive account of " The Common Fig
Tree " was published by Mr. Clarence Bicknell of Bordighera in 1912, after he
had given a short lecture on the subject from information collected during many
years.
JUGLANDACE^E
Juglans regla L. The Walnut (orig. from the East) is often cultivated
and occasionally appears subspontaneous.
CUPULIFER^E.
Tribe I. BETULE^E. Styles 2. Fruit winged.
Stamens 2 ; scales of J spike thin, deciduous 3-fid BETULA.
Stamens 4 ; scales of 5 spike persistent, woody ALNUS.
Tribe II. QUERCINE^E. Styles 3-9. Fruit not winged.
f£ catkins slender. Styles 3-4, short „ QUERCUS.
(J catkins globose. Styles 3, filiform FAOUS.
£ catkins long. Involucre of capsule very spiny. Styles 4-9 CASTANEA.
Tribe III. CORYLEjE. Styles 2. Fruit not winged.
5 spike minute, with few brown scales and 2 crimson styles CORYLUS.
$ spike in a loose cluster with many leafy scales ; male catkin solitary
CARPINUS.
$ spike large (4 cms.), cone-shaped ; male catkins in clusters OSTRYA.
BETULA Tourn.
B. alba L. Silver or Common Birch. This tree is found on some of the
northern slopes and colder places in the Maritime Alps. April-May.
ALNUS Gaertn.
A. glutinosa Gaertn. Alder. Damp woods and by streams and rivers.
Feb. -April. Not uncommon in shady valleys such as that of the Gapeau (Var).
CASTANEA Mill.
C. sativa Scop. Sweet or Spanish Chestnut. Mountain woods chiefly on
siliceous soil, and in the lower Maritime Alps at about 700 metres it forms
beautiful glades, as e.g. at San Dalmazzo di Tenda. May-June. In Liguria it
extends from about 300 to 1000 m. (Bicknell).
FAQUS L.
F. silvatica L. Beech. Mountain woods, as e.g. in the Bois de la Sainte-
Baume, where there are very fine specimens ; in the north of the Var, and the
montane region of les Alpes-Marit., where, with the Scots Pine, it takes the place
of the Mediterranean Pines, first on the northern and then higher on the southern
slopes. These in their turn giving way to the Spruce and Larch. April-May.
QUERCUS L.
Q. pubescens Wllld. = Q. lanuginosa Thuill. Hoary Oak. Sometimes
considered a downy variety of Q. Robur L. which is found only in the mountain
woods. Leaves deeply lobed, covered at first with a thick whitish tomentum be-
13
igi FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
neath, and then pubescent ; often the young shoots in spring (end of March-April)
are pinkish-white or pinkish-green in colour. Fruit subsessile. Cups grey
tomentose, the scales with a free conspicuous point. (See Plates II and VII.)
Woods and thickets, common, except in the north of the two Departments,
though in the intermediate district away from the coast it sometimes forms pure
woods. April- May.
Q. Suber L. Cork Oak (Plate XXV). Leaves persistent, oblong ovate, entire
or toothed, grey felted beneath, very variable. Cup conical at the base, grey
tomentose with short spreading scales. A tree with rough bark which furnishes
cork ; it being cut about every seven years.
Woods and hill-sides, especially on siliceous rock, very variable, and often
hybridizing. April-May. In the Var there are more extensive forests of it than in
Alpes-Marit., and it is often mixed with Q. Ilex as in Corsica. The parts of the
trunk and branches recently bared of bark are usually of a dark chocolate colour.
Q. Ilex L. Holm Oak. Evergreen. Leaves oval or lanceolate, entire or
toothed and rather spiny, grey felted beneath. Cups with short scales. A small
tree, rather darker and closer than the rest when seen at a distance and with
smoother bark. Very polymorphic and often hybridizing. Cup rounder at base
and acorn more elongated than in Suber. The late Mons. Albert described many
varieties of this Oak, photographs and descriptions of which can be seen in the
" Catalogue des Plantes Vase, du Var ". It particularly affects ravines, and consti-
tutes, with Pines, the chief mass of the eastern Riviera and Corsican forests.
(April-May.) It is not found on the higher mountains of the Var. (Plate II.)
Q. COCClfera L. Prickly Oak. Evergreen. Leaves oval or oblong, small,
very spiny, very polymorphic, glabrous on both sides, bronze-green when young.
A small shrub, 2-6 ft. high. (See Plate XXVI.)
Woods and maquis, abundant in places on the littoral, but not east of
Menton. (It reappears in the Balkans and the Orient.) April-May. Frequently
affected by a scarlet gall Plagiotrochus ilicis, var. coccifera Licht., the gall
being due to an insect. Descriptions and photographs of various hybrids and
varieties figure in " Albert and Jahandiez," I.e. pp. 445-7.
OSTRYA Scop.
0. carpi nifolia Scop. Small tree, 10-50 ft., with downy young shoots.
Leaves shortly petioled, finely doubly serrate ; ovate-lanceolate, with subcordate
base. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the males in long fascicled sessile
catkins, the females in long cone-shaped catkins like " hops ". The leaves and
male catkins are much like those of the Hornbeam.
Woods and hill-sides, rare in the Var, commoner near Menton, Sospel, Nice,
Antibes, Grasse, etc., March- April. Mr. Tansley says in his paper on " The
Forests of Provence " that there are considerable tracts of this tree on the north
sides of the limestone ridges, running east and west in the right angle made by
the River Var, where it turns from an easterly to a southerly course, and the
strata dip steeply and regularly to the north. Mr. Bicknell says it is very com-
mon in Liguria from the coast to the mountains, and trees with trunks of con-
siderable size grow at about 1200-1300 m. above the Rio Sgorea.
CARPINUS L.
C. Betulus L. Hornbeam. A small tree with shortly petioled leaves, ovate
or oblong-acuminate, doubly toothed, with prominent parallel veins. Male
catkins sessile, about i£ inch long. Female catkins slender, the fruiting ones
with long leafy bracts.
Woods in the mountain region, very rare. March-April. Tournon-sur-
Siagne, on the N.E. limits of the Var ; recorded by Hanry from la Sainte-
Baume (?)
CORYLUS L.
C. Avellana L. Hazel. Woods, thickets, and ravines, occasionally on the
littoral, but more commonly in the lower mountains. February-March.
SALICACE^E 195
SALICACE^.
Leaves usually narrow. Catkins usually erect, scales entire SALIX.
Leaves broad. Catkins drooping, scales cut POPULUS.
SALIX L. WILLOW.
The following are almost the only kinds of Willow found in our district :
they are all found more or less near water, or on the banks of rivers and streams ;
flowering in March or April : S. cinereaL., S. viminalis L. (rare), S. incana
Schrank (fairly common), S. purpurea L., S. amygdalina L. (rarely), S.
fragilis L. (usually cultivated), S. alba L., and S. caprea L. occasionally in
mountain woods.
POPULUS L. POPLAR.
P. tremula L. is rare in the Var and commoner in mountain woods of les
Alpes-Marit. March. P. alba L. is frequent throughout the Var and here and
there in les Alpes-Marit. in woods and by water. March.
P. nigra L. is common by water and in damp places in both Departments
and it is often planted. March-April. The Lombardy Poplar (P. pyramidalis
Rosier) is occasionally planted.
ADDENDA.
The three following Umbellifers should have been mentioned, viz. : —
Apium nodiflorum Rchb. Common in ditches, streams, etc. June-July.
Bifora testiculata DC. Occasionally in cultivated fields. April-May.
Ridolfia segetum Moris. A very distinct plant, with bright yellow
flowers and divaricate, filiform leaves. Fields and waste places. June-August.
Also the curious little Vaillantia muralis L. (Rubiaceae), with sharply
toothed and fringed fruits, which grows on rocks and dry, sandy places. April-
June.
Scutellaria galericulata L. has been recorded from both departments, but
its presence is now doubtful.
13*
Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
ALISMACE^.
Sepals green. Ripe carpels indehiscent. Ovules solitary, basal. Flowers
bisexual, whorled. Carpels free ALISMA.
Sepals and petals similar. Ripe carpels dehiscent. Ovules numerous on
branching parietal placentas BUTOMUS.
ALISMA L.
A. ranunculoides L. Leaves erect, linear-lanceolate, petioled, 3-ribbed.
Scape simple, bearing a single terminal umbel, or rarely a second one below it.
Flowers larger than in A. PlantagO, pinkish-white.
Ditches, marshes, and bogs, occasional. June-September.
A. PlantagO L. Water Plantain. A much taller plant. Leaves radical,
ovate to narrow-lanceolate. Flower-stem 1-3 ft. high, with unequal whorled
branches, forming a loose, pyramidal panicle. Flowers small, pale pink, on long
whorled pedicels.
Ditches and stagnant water, common. June-August. The var. lanceo-
latum Will, also occurs. It differs in its more lanceolate leaves, ovate sepals,
and styles as long as the ovary.
BUTOMUS L.
B. umbellatus L. Flowering Rush. A tall, robust, and handsome water
plant with long, erect, sedge-like, triangular leaves sheathing at the base. Scape
2-4 ft. high, bearing a large umbel of pretty rose-coloured flowers with 3 thin,
lanceolate bracts at the base.
Ditches and marshes in the Var, rare. June-July. It occurs in the stream
by the Sud de France Railway, close to the Toulon Railway Station, also at
Mourillon, La Garde, Le Pradet, and near Frejus.
HYDROCHARIDACE^E.
Hydrocharis L.
H. Morsus-ranse L. Frogbit. A small, floating plant with floating
horizontal stems and tufts of radical leaves, which are stalked, orbicular, entire,
cordate at base, and rather thick. Peduncles bearing 2 or 3 large white flowers
on long pedicels, enclosed at base in a spathe of 2 thin bracts. Outer perianth
segments pale green, shorter, and much narrower than the white inner ones.
Styles 6. v
Ditches and other stagnant water near Frejus, Grand Escars, and La Garde,
in the Var. June- July.
TYPHACE^E.
Flowers in cylindric or oblong spikes TYPHA.
Flowers in globose heads SPARGANIUM.
TYPHA. REED-MACE.
T. angustifolia L. Lesser Reed-mace or Lesser Bulrush. This is a smaller
and narrower plant than the Common Reed-mace T. latifolia (which is less
196
NAIADACE/E 197
common on the Riviera) and differs chiefly by the longer interruption between
the spike of male and female flowers, and by the narrower and stiffer leaves.
Ditches and pools, fairly common. May-July.
T. minima Hoppe. has recently been found on the Sables du Verdon (Var).
SPARGANIUM L.
S. ramosum Hiuis. Branched Bur-reed. A very stout, erect, water-
plant. Stems simple or branched, 2-3 ft. high, sheathed below by long linear
leaves, triquetrous at base, usually much longer than the flowering spike. Male
heads olive-brown, deciduous ; female heads an inch across when in fruit ; all
disposed in a sort of leafy panicle. Bracts linear.
Ditches, streams, and other wet places. May-July.
•
ARACE^.
Spathe divided to the base ; cornet-shaped ARUM.
Spathe tubular at the base ; hooded above AKISARUM.
r
ARUM L.
A. italicum Mill. Leaves radical, very large, and long petioled, hastate-
sagittate with divaricate acute auricles, usually spotted with pale yellow.
Spathe very large, sometimes a foot long, greenish-white or yellowish, spike or
spadix same colour as the spathe. Berries red.
Hedges, fields, road-sides, and damp places, common on the littoral. April-
May.
A. maculatum L. The common " Lords and Ladies " of England is rare
in the Mediterranean region and found only occasionally in mountain woods.
April-May.
A. Dracunculus L. This handsome species, 3 ft. high or more, with very
spotted stem and much-divided leaves, is naturalized in places in the Var, as e.g.
at Fenouillet. May-June.
ARISARUM Targ. Tozz.
A. vulgare Targ. To^. = Arum Arisarum L. (Plate XXVIII). A small,
spotted-stemmed Arum with long-petioled, radical leaves with cordate base, or
often with base extended into obtuse auricles. Spathe livid brown or greenish,
streaked with purple, hood-shaped above, and acuminate ; spadix slender, green-
ish, bent forward, and prominent. Flowers monoecious. Fruit green, truncate-
hemispheric, in heads an inch in diameter, each capsule having from 2-10 seeds.
Stony places, under walls, hedges, etc., very common. November- April.
LEMNACE^E.
LEMNA L. DUCK-WEED.
L. minor, L. trisulca, L. gibba, and L,. polyrrhiza are found in stag-
nant water.
NAIADACE^E.
Tribe I. JUNCAGINE^. Erect marsh herbs with rush-like leaves. Flowers
1-2 sexual. Stamens 6. Carpels 3 or more ; ovules basilar erect. Embryo
straight. (Now usually given family rank.)
Flowers ebracteate. Anthers subsessile, short TRIGLOCHIN.
Tribe II. POTAME^E. Aquatic herbs. Flowers spiked, 2-sexual. Stamens
2 or 4. Carpels 4. Ovules solitary. Embryo curved.
Perianth segments 4. Achenes sessile POTAMOGKTON.
Perianth o. Achenes stipitate ....RUPPIA.
Tribe III. ZANNICHELLIE^). Aquatic herbs. Flowers axillary, i-sexual.
Stamen i, carpels 2-9. Ovules solitary. Perianth o ZANNICHELLIA
198 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Tribe IV. ZOSTEREvE. Marine herbs. Flowers sessile on a flattened spadix,
i-sexual. Perianth o. Anthers sessile. Carpels solitary, sessile, ovules
solitary, pendulous.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamen i ................................................................ ZOSTERA.
Flowers polygamous. Stamens 3 ................................................................ POSIDONIA.
Flowers dioecious. Anthers 4-celled .......................................... ................. CYMODOCEA<
TRIQLOCHIN L. ARROW-GRASS.
T. barrelieri Loisel. Root-stock bulbous, covered with fibres. Scape
stiff, longer than the linear though succulent leaves. Stigmas 3. Flowers
very small in a dense greenish spike. Plant 4-10 in. high. Ripe fruit separate
from the axis, 6 mm. long. Carpels 3.
Damp, sandy places (in the Var), near the sea. February- May. Often in
great quantities, as on the marshes below Hyeres.
T. maritimum L. is rare and only recorded from near Toulon. May-
August.
T. palustre L. grows in damp, grassy places in the mountain region.
June-August.
POTAMOGETON L. POND-WEED.
The following species have been recorded from the littoral, viz. P. densus
L., P. pectinatusL., P. pusillus L., P. crispus L., P. perfoliatus L.,
P. lucens L., P. rufescens Schrad., P. co\oratusHorn., P. iluitans Roth.,
and P. natans L. They all grow in ponds, canals, or ditches, and several of
them in running water. They flower in the south from May or June to July
and August.
* RUPPIA L.
R. maritima L. and R. rostellata K. are not uncommon near Toulon
and below Hyeres in the salt marshes, also more rarely at Golfe Jouan in
Alpes-Marit. R. brachypus J. Gay has been found at Castigneaux near
Toulon. These curious plants grow in brackish water and flower from June to
August.
Zannichellia palustris L. and Z. dentata Willd. grow in brackish water
of ditches and ponds near the coast.
Zostera nana Roth, and Z. marina L. grow in the sea and in salt-water
ditches near the sea in the Toulon district and also near Antibes.
Cymodocea eequorea Kcenig grows in the sea at Toulon roadstead, and
near Antibes, where it forms submarine fields like Posidonia.
POSIDONIA Kcenig.
P. OCeanica Delile = P. Caulini Kcenig (Plate III). A submarine flower-
ing-plant with big scaly root-stock covered with brown fibres, the remains of old
leaves. Leaves green, linear strap-shaped, obtuse, entire. Flowers greenish,
2-4 in spadices, grouped in a dichotomous cyme. Perianth o. Stamens 3.
Fruit fleshy, as large as an olive, ripening in April. Flowers in October, but
not every year. It grows in the sea and is very abundant in the Mediterranean.
The ribbon-shaped leaves get broken and washed up by the waves, and eventu-
ally form banks 3-8 ft. high in certain places on the coast. When quite dry the
leaves are used for bedding, etc.
DIOSCOREACE^E.
TAMUS L.
T. communis L. Black Bryony. A pretty climber, with shining, heart-
shaped entire leaves with a tapering point. Flowers small, greenish-yellow ;
males in slender racemes, females in much shorter and closer racemes. Berries
scarlet.
PLATE XXVII.
1. Alliuin roscum. 2. Simethis hicolor. .}. Liliuin poinponium
4. Scilla hyacinthoides. 5. Asphoddus fistulosus.
199
Hedges, woods, thickets, etc. Both on the littoral and in the lower moun-
tains. May-June.
LILIACE^.
Tribe I. COLCHICE^E. Root-stock a corm. Leaves radical. Scape short,
subterranean, 1-3 fid. Perianth with very long slender tube. Flowers
radical, with long tube commencing underground. Styles free. COLCHICUM.
Tribe II. TULIPE^E. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers few, solitary or
loosely racemed. Perianth segments 6, free.
Flowers solitary, pendent, with reflexed segments. Nectaries 2-4. Anthers
erect ERYTHRONIUM.
Flowers few, large. Nectary o or obscure. Anthers versatile LILIUM.
Flowers large, nodding. Nectary oblong. Anthers erect FRITILLARIA.
Flowers large, solitary. Nectary o. Anthers erect. TULIPA.
Flowers few, small, yellow. Nectary o. Anthers erect GAGEA.
Tribe III. SCILLE^E. Leaves radical. Flowers i-bracteate, racemed on a
terminal naked scape.
Perianth globose, mouth constricted, 6-cleft MUSCARI.
Perianth of 6 blue or white segments, star-shaped SCILLA.
Perianth of 6 white, yellow, or greenish segments. Stamens as long as the
perianth URGINEA.
Perianth of 6 white segments. Stamens short ORNITHOGALUM.
Perianth bell-shaped, of 6 blue or rose recurved or spreading segments.
ENDYMION.
Perianth divided to middle into 6 spreading segments HYACINTHUS.
Perianth divided almost to the middle into 6 erect segments BELLEVALIA.
Tribe IV. ALLIED. Flowers umbelled or capitate, on a naked terminal scape.
Heads at first enclosed in a 2-leaved membranous involucre ALLIUM.
Tribe V. ASPHODELEyE. Infloresc. mostly racemose. Flowers stellate.
Flowers large, yellow or orange. Segments united to the base. HEMEROCALLIS.
Flowers whitish, paniculate. Segments 3-5 nerved ANTHERICUM.
Flowers white or pinkish, perianth segments i-nerved (coloured). ASPHODELUS.
Flowers blue, solitary. No true leaves. Stem naked APHYLLANTHES.
Tribe VI. POLYGON A.TEM. Stem herbaceous, leafy. Flowers axillary or
terminal. Fruit a berry.
Flowers axillary. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft ., POLYGONATUM.
Flowers on a lateral naked scape, racemed CONVALLARIA.
Leaves net- veined, in a whorl of 4 or rarely 5. Flowers solitary PARIS.
Tribe VII. ASPARAGE^E. Stem rigid, branched or climbing. Leaves small,
scale-like (except Smilax) with cladodes in their axils.
Leaves ovate, stiff, and prickly. Flowers on the cladodes, dioecious. Stamens
3, filaments connate Ruscus.
Leaves short, subulate clustered ; flowers axillary. Stamens 6, filaments
distinct „ ASPARAGUS.
A prickly climber. Leaves cordate. Flowers small, dioecious. Stamens 6.
Berries red, in a cluster. Leaves net-veined SMILAX.
COLCHICUM L.
C. autumnale L. Common Colchicum or Autumn Crocus. No leaves at
time of flowering. The flowers rise from the brown bulb, ending in a sheath
of scales, by means of a long tube several inches above the ground. Perianth
segments oblong, 6, deep mauve, lilac, or rarely white, often i£ in. to 2 in. long.
The leaves appear in the spring and are 8 or to in. long by i in. wide. The
capsule then rises above the surface of the ground by the lengthening of the pe-
duncle, and the leaves soon wither away.
Meadows, more or less throughout the whole region. September-October.
200 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
C. neapolitanum Ten. = C. arenarium G. G. Rather smaller. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, appearing in the spring like the last. Stigmas less
curved or hooked. Stamens inserted at the same height (on 2 levels in the
other). Flowers pinker than in the last.
Dry hill-sides and sandy places on the littoral. September-October.
TULIPA L.
T. Oculus-SOlis Saint-Am. A rather slender tulip, 8-12 in. high. Leaves
longer than the flower-stem, oblong, almost green. Perianth segments narrowed
at base, open at the top, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. Flowers
scarlet within, paler and yellowish without, with a black blotch circled with
yellow at the base of each segment. Anthers much longer than the ovary.
In fields on the littoral, uncommon. March-April.
T. praecox Ten. More robust than the last ; leaves more glaucous, but
shorter than the flower-stem. Flower erect, very large, of a uniform scarlet.
Perianth segments rounded at base, closed at the top, with a broad oval black
blotch at the base, circled with yellow. Anthers about as long as the ovary.
Fields on the littoral. March-April.
T. Lortetii Jord. Differs from the last by its scented flowers, its anthers
ending in a mucro, and in having only an obscure circle of yellow at the inner
base of the perianth which is invisible outside.
In fields, with the last, near Antibes, Grasse, and Cannes. March.
T. Clusiana Vent, in Redouts. A slender tulip with small bulb and linear
or linear-lanceolate glaucous leaves. Flowers solitary, white within. Perianth
segments white, the outer ones very acute and with a rose stripe ; inner ones
obtuse, all-lanceolate, and usually with a purple spot at the base. Anthers
purple-black.
In crops and borders of fields on the littoral, rather rare, except at Menton,
Bordighera, S- Remo, and eastwards. March-May.
T. sllvestris L. Fairly robust, 1-2 ft. high. Bulb not woolly. Leaves
usually 3, linear-lanceolate. Flower yellow, rather greenish outside. Perianth
dicecious, acuminate and pointed at the end, very unequal, the inner ones oval-
lanceolate, ciliate at base, the outer lanceolate glabrous at the base. Capsule
oblong-trigonous.
Meadows, fields, and woods. April-May. The type is rather rare, and less
common than the var. australis Loret. = T. gallica Loisei., which is smaller,
with reddish flowers outside and more equal perianth segments. April-May.
T. Celsiana Vent, in Redoute = T. australis Lk. A smaller and more
slender tulip, with small glabrous bulb. Leaves usually 2, linear or linear-
lanceolate, shorter than the flower-stalk and often tipped with red. Flower
rather small, yellow, red outside ; perianth bell-shaped, divisions lanceolate,
acuminate, almost equal. Anthers yellow. Capsule subglobular.
Woods and stony hill-sides and sub-Alpine meadows. April-May. Common
near S. Dalmazzo di Tenda, S. Martin Lantosque, above Grasse, etc.
FRIT1LLARIA L. FRITILLARY.
F. Inyolucrata All. Plant about a foot high, scarcely glaucous. Leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, in spreading pairs or almost opposite, the three upper-
most in a whorl. Flowers rather large, greenish-yellow chequered with purple-
brown. Perianth bell-shaped, segments elliptic-oblong.
Hill-sides and woods in the mountain district. April-May. Peculiar to the
S. of France and the Maritime Alps.
F. tenella M. Bieb. Differs from the last by its glaucous leaves, 6-10 in
number, linear and channelled, the middle ones always alternate, the upper and
lower opposite or in threes. Its flowers are 1-3 in number, much smaller and
almost as wide as long.
Rocky pastures in the neighbourhood of Grasse and elsewhere in the Alpes-
Marit., rare. April-May.
LILIUM L. LILY.
L. Martagon L. Martagon Lily. This well-known mountain Lily, 2-3 ft.
high, has leaves in whorls of 6 or 8. Pendent flowers dull purple-pink spotted
with darker purple, and recurved segments.
Mountain woods and thickets. June-July. In the Var it can be found in
the forest of Sainte-Baume, the foret de Brouis, bois de Moriere near Sollies-
Toucas, etc. In the Alpes-Marit. it descends to the mountains above Grasse.
L. pomponium L. (Plate XXVII). Leaves linear, narrow, very numerous
and close. Flowers r-6, rather large and handsome, pendent ; segments re-
curved or rolled back and pointed, brilliant red spotted with dark brown. Anthers
red. Very fetid.
Hot, rocky places in the lower mountains in the north of the Var ; above
Menton, Lantosque, St. Valier, Roja Valley, etc. In the Ligurian Alps we have
seen it as high as 6000 ft.
L. croceum Chaix in Vill. (L. bulbiferum DC.). Tiger Lily. This hand-
some Lily with very large orange flowers spotted with black, and numerous
lanceolate leaves, is found in mountain woods and rocky pastures in the Maritime
and Ligurian Alps, descending to the hills above Menton and the neighbourhood
of S. Dalmazzo di Tenda and St. Martin Lantosque. June.
L. candidum L. This well-known Lily with large white flowers, and
lanceolate leaves (lower ones undulate and broader) is found naturalized near
houses about Nice, Menton, Grasse, etc. It was formerly much cultivated for
the medicinal properties of its bulb.
ERYTHRONIUM L.
E. dens-canis L. Dog's-tooth, Violet. This well-known little plant with
2 oblong lanceolate leaves spotted with brown, and solitary pendent violet-pink
flower, with purple anthers, grows commonly in the lower Maritime Alps, e.g.
those above Menton ; and in 1900 was found in some woods near Garde-Freinet
in the Var. March-May.
Q AGE A Salisbury.
Q. arvensis R. ct S. Bulbs 2 in a common tunic. Leaves radical, 2,
narrow-linear, channelled, much spreading. Flowers yellow, green outside, 3-10
in a loose umbel ; pedicels flexuous, hairy, with little bracteoles. Perianth
segments long, narrow lanceolate, acute, downy.
Sandy fields. March-April.
Q. stenopetala Reichb. and Q. bohemica R. et S. are rare species found
in one or two places in the mountains ; and Q. lutea R. et S. is rare in the
South, though recorded from above Grasse.
ORNITHOQALUM L.
O. tenuifolium Guss. A slender species about 4 in. high. Leaves
linear, filiform, without any white line. Peduncles always erect. Flowers star-
shaped, white, green outside in a loose corymb.
Dry hills and limestone mountains, descending in the Maures to near the sea.
April-June. In the Sainte-Baume chain it grows on the exposed ridges and cols.
0. umbellatum L. Star of Bethlehem. More robust than the last.
Leaves narrow linear, with a white line. Peduncles spreading at maturity.
Flowers white, green outside, star-shaped, in a loose corymb.
Cultivated fields, hill-sides, and woods, especially in the hills and lower
mountains. April-June.
0. diyergens Bor. Star of Bethlehem. Closely allied to the last.
Bulb furnished with bulbils within the tunic, which produce neither stems nor
leaves. Leaves linear-narrow, with a white line. Flowers white, green out-
side, star-shaped, larger than the last, on very unequal pedicels.
Fields, hedges, and sides of paths, etc., common. March-May.
202 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
O. arabicum L. Leaves broadly linear, bracts ovate-lanceolate. Flowers
very large, dirty white on both sides, in a loose corymb. A robust plant of
doubtful nativity on this coast, though sometimes found in sandy or stony places
in April or May.
O. nutans L. A robust plant 1-2 ft. high. Leaves broadly linear, bracts
lanceolate. Flowers white within, greenish-white outside, bell-shaped in a long
one-sided spike.
Fields and vineyards, rare. April-May.
O. narbonense L. Plant 1-2 ft. high. Leaves linear, shorter than the
stiff stem. Flowers rather small, pure white but with a pale green stripe above
(i.e. inside) very apparent beneath (i.e. outside). Flowers in a long spike.
Bracts as long as the pedicels.
Hill-sides, fields, and vineyards on the littoral. May-June.
O. pyrenaicum L. Much like the last but sometimes taller (3 ft.). Leaves
often dead at flowering time. Flowers greenish-white, becoming yellow on
drying. Bracts shorter than pedicels. Style as long as the stamens.
Woods, fields, and stony hills. May-June. Very local.
URGINEA Steinheil.
U. maritima Baker. A tall robust plant 3 ft. or more high. Bulb very
large, oval. Leaves coming before the flowers, broadly strap-shaped, entire, erect,
shorter than the stem. Flowers whitish, very numerous, in a long dense spike.
Pedicels twice length of flowers. Capsule large, obovate-trigonous.
Sea-sands and banks, rare. July -October. La Seyne near Toulon.
U. undulata Steinh. (with very sinuate leaves) has been recorded from
the Var by Robert and Hanry, but doubted by subsequent botanists.
SCILLA L. SQUILL.
S. autumnalis L. Bulb large, oval, pale. Scape 6-12 in. high, appearing
after the linear leaves have withered away. Flowers small, erect, pale violet-
blue or lilac, in a spiked raceme, without bracts.
Hills, dry, stony places, and pine-woods, common. September-October.
S. hyacinthoides L. (Plate XXVII). A robust plant 2-3 ft. high, with large
bulb. Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate. Flowers violet-blue, ivery numerous in
a long, somewhat conical spike. Peduncles spreading, purplish. Bracteoles very
short, truncate, coloured. Anthers blue.
Rocky fields and hills near the coast. April-May. But it rarely blossoms.
At Bordighera Mr. Bicknell saw only one blossom in five years, though many
terraces were covered with it.
S. italica L. Plant about a foot high. Bulb small. Scape slender, usually
longer than the linear, channelled leaves, 3-6 in number. Flowers light blue, in
a short, lax conical raceme, pedicels longer than the flowers. Anthers dark blue.
Bracts 2 together.
Mountain woods and shady ravines in the hills, local. April-May.
S. bifolia L. This beautiful bright blue Squill, so common in the lowland
woods of Switzerland in the spring, is found in some of the mountains above
Menton, etc., and flowers in May or June. Leaves 2, very rarely 3, broadly linear,
concave at the top. Bracts solitary, very small, soon falling off.
ENDYMION Dum.
E. patulus Dum. This rare plant was found by the late M. Albert on
grassy slopes of the Real near Sollies-Ville in 1884. Flowers erect, violet-blue.
HYACINTHUS L.
H. orientalis L. This well-known Hyacinth with white flowers is much
cultivated on the French Riviera, and is originally from the East, as its name
implies. It has long been naturalized and is often found apparently wild on
banks of streams, in ravines, etc. February-April.
PLATK XXVIII.
1. Sternbergia lutea. 2. Cnx-us versicolor. 3. Narcissus italics
4. Pancratium niaritinium. 5. Arisarum vulgare (n. fruit).
LILIACE^E 203
BELLEVALIA Lapeyr.
B. romana Relchb. Plant 12-18 in. high. Bulb large, oval, brown. Leaves
4-5, very linear-lanceolate, channelled, longer than the stem. Flowers greenish-
white, violet at the base, always erect, in a cone-shaped spike, becoming loose
later.
Fields and damp meadows. April- May. Rare.
B. trifoliata Kunth. With usually 3 leaves, is still rarer, but occasionally
found in fields and vineyards near La Crau and between La Garde and Le
Pradet. April- May.
B. Webbiana Part. Has been found near Bordighera, but is extremely
rare. It may be a hybrid B. romana x Muscari comosum.
MUSCARI Mill. GRAPE HYACINTH.
M. comosum Mill. Leaves broadly linear, 3-4, deeply channelled. Scape
naked, about a foot high. Spike finally very long and surmounted by a bunch of
deep violet sterile flowers, the lower flowers being reddish-brown and arranged
horizontally.
Fields and uncultivated ground, very common. April-May.
M. botryoldes Mill. Leaves erect, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at base,
channelled, as long as! the scape. Raceme short. Flowers bright blue, small,
not touching, upper ones sterile and paler in colour.
Fields and uncultivated ground. Rare at Grasse, S. Dalmazzo di Tenda, etc.
April-May.
M. racemosum Mill. Grape Hyacinth. Leaves linear, very narrow, almost
cylindrical, flaccid, longer than the flower-stem and often a foot long. Flowers
in a dense raceme, touching one another, very dark blue, except the sterile ones
above, which are brighter and with a sweet sickly scent.
Cultivated and uncultivated ground from the sea to the mountains. March-
April.
M. neglectum Guss. Leaves broader, less cylindrical, channelled and
spreading. Flowers dark blue, small, touching each other, in short oval heads.
Perianth very open.
Fields, old walls, and vineyards, common. March-May.
ALL1LM L. GARLIC.
A. vineale L. Crow Garlic. Leaves hollow, subcylindrical. Spathe i-
valved, ovate-acute. Stamens longer than the flowers. Flowers pale rose, few,
in an umbel with many bulbils below.
Fields and vineyards, common. June-July.
A. sphaerocephalum L. Round-headed Garlic. Plant 1-2* ft. high. Bulb
ovoid and surmounted by several bulbils. Leaves hollow, half cylindrical.
Spathe 2-valved, short, acute . Flowers bright rose, numerous, in a dense globular
head.
Dry hill-sides, stony places, and waste ground. May-July.
A. paniculatum L. Leaves hollow, half cylindric. Spathe bivalved, very
long. Stamens equal to the obtuse, mucronate perianth segments. Flowers
rose, or whitish, numerous, outer ones pendent, pedicels very unequal. Capsule
elliptical, 2-sided.
Dry fields and vineyards. June- August.
A. Charmi'moly L. A small and very short species with ovate bulb.
Leaves broadly linear and grass-like, with a few cilia at the edges. Flower-,,
stem almost absent, the flowers appearing on the level with the sandy ground.
Flowers white, few, in a dense umbel. Perianth segments lanceolate. Capsule
almost spherical.
Sea-sands and rarely on dry hills, rare. January-March. In some quantity
by the north side of the railway east of La Plage station (Var).
204 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
A. acutiflorum Loisel. Bulb ovate. Stem leafy below. Leaves flat and
linear with the edges very finely toothed. Spathe bivalved. Umbel many
flowered, crowded into a spherical head. Perianth segments acute, pale
magenta colour, with darker stripe in the centre. Stamens shorter than perianth,
the inner ones tricuspidate. Capsule ovate-triangular.
Rocky or sandy hill-sides and rarely on sea-sands. May-June.
A. subhirsutum L. Leaves broadly linear, acuminate, channelled above
and keeled below, borders ciliate and with a few hairs beneath. Spathe i-valved.
Flowers 6-12, in a flat umbel. Perianth segments oblong, acute, white, with a
pink stripe in the centre. Stamens shorter than the perianth.
Stony, sandy places and cultivated ground, rare. March-May.
A. neapolitanum Cyr. Bulb nearly globose. Flower-stems triangular,
with 2 acute and i obtuse angle. Leaves broadly linear and acuminate,
channelled above. Perianth segments oval, obtuse, white, large. Flowers very
numerous, on long peduncles.
Fields and stony slopes, here and there naturalized ; and much cultivated for
the sake of its ornamental flowers which will keep fresh in water several weeks.
February-May.
A. triquetrum L. Bulbs oblong. Flower-stem triquetrous, with very
acute angles. Leaves broadly linear, deeply channelled and keeled. Spathe
bivalved. Peduncles mostly pendent, the flowers hanging to one side often.
Perianth segments white, with a green stripe down the centre. Stamens
shorter than the perianth. Capsule nearly globular.
Banks of streams, shallow ravines, and shady places, usually not far from
the sea. February-May.
In Algeria this plant is being cultivated as a vegetable (see " Gardener's Chron-
icle," November, 1913).
A. roseum L. (Plate XXVII). Plant i-2j ft. high, strongly smelling of
garlic. Leaves linear, barely channelled, rather broad, very slightly toothed.
Stem cylindric, leafy at the base. Flowers a beautiful pale rose, rather large and
numerous in a regular umbel, and occasionally with bulbils. Perianth segments
oblong elliptic. Spathe of 3-5 short lobes. Stamens and capsule included.
Fields, hedges, and road-sides, common throughout the littoral. May-July.
A. pulchellum Don. Leaves linear, slightly channelled, striped beneath.
Flower-stem cylindrical, leafy below. Spathe bivalved and long. Flowers
violet-rose in colour, outer ones pendent, but all erect after flowering. Perianth
segments oblong, almost truncate. Stamens much longer than the perianth.
Capsule top-shaped emarginate.
Dry banks and rocks near Eze, Ste. Agnes, above Menton, Castillon, and in
the Roja valley near Ventimiglia, etc. August-October.
The following are the most important species not yet mentioned which occur
on the Riviera: —
A. ursinum L. (Common Garlic) in the mountain region towards the Col de
Tenda etc. ; A. nigrum L. (flowers dirty red), here and there in the olives and
the wheat ; A. oleraceum L. (flowers few, dirty pink) ; A. moschat um L.
(very slender with filiform leaves and pink flowers) ; A. rotundum L. (flowers
purplish, in dense globular heads with purple-black rough ridges), in vineyards
and stony fields ; A. polyanthum R. et S. (a tall species with rose-coloured
flowers) ; A. siculum Ucria, 3 ft. high, with large purplish-green pendent
flowers, found in the Esterel ; the large A. Ampeloprasum L. et A.
fragrans Vent, of North American origin.
HEMEROCALLIS L.
H. fulva L. Plant 2-3 ft. high, with robust stem. Leaves radical, long,
acute. Flowers very large, reddish-fawn colour, shortly pedicelled, 6-15 in a
loose panicle.
Borders of fields and ditches, often subspontaneous. June-July. Pourrieres,
Le Luc, and Ampus in the Var.
LILIACE^E 205
ANTHERICUM L.
A. plan if oli urn L. = Simethis bicolor Kunth. (Plate XXVII). A much
branched elegant plant with a bract under each branch. Leaves linear, longer
than the stem. Flowers white within, lilac or pale violet outside, star-shaped,
in an irregular loose panicle. Perianth segments elliptical, with 5 veins. Cap-
sule globular with 3 shining seeds.
Woods and thickets and stony places, local but sometimes abundant, as e.g.
near Carqueiranne. April-May.
A. rampsum L. Stem 1-2 ft. high, ending in a branched panicle.
Peduncles jointed very near the base. Flowers distant, pure white, star-shaped.
Style longer than the perianth. Leaves linear, channelled, shorter than the
stem. Fruit globular, 3-celled.
Sunny hills and woods in the lower mountains, but not in the Var. May-
July.
A. LiliagO L. Stem usually shorter but less delicate than in A. ramosum
and not branched. Flowers larger, white (i in. across). Raceme simple.
Peduncles jointed below the middle. Style rather shorter than the perianth.
Woods and hills, from the hills to the mountains. May-June.
ASPHODELUS L.
A. fistulosus L. (Plate XXVII). Root of fleshy fibres. Stem erect,
branching, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves linear, nearly cylindrical at the top and some-
what fistulous. Perianth segments elliptical, pale flesh colour or nearly white,
with a pinkish-brown line in the centre. Capsule globose, shorter than the
pedicels.
Dry, sandy places on the littoral. April-May.
A. microcarpus Vir. Small-fruited Asphodel. Root of fleshy tubercles.
Stem robust, 3-5 ft. high, much branched above. Leaves broadly linear, deeply
gouged, stiff. Flowers white, flesh-coloured, or pale rose in dense panicles.
Bracts very pale, fawn colour. Perianth segments 14-16 mm. long, with a green
nerve. Capsule small, obovate about 6 mm. long and about as long as the
pedicels.
Sandy ground near the sea. Frequent. March-May. Very common on la
Plage d'Hyeres and at Giens.
A. Chambeironi Jord. Intermediate between the last and the next ;
smaller in stature but with larger pale pink flowers than the last. Found on the
He de Port Cros, near Toulon and Hyeres. Very rare. May-June.
A. cerasifer y. Gay = A. ramosus Gouan. Root a bundle of large
tubers. Stem simple or more often branched, 3 ft. high. Flowers white or
flesh coloured with pink vein. Perianth 20-24 mm- l°ng- Capsule as large as a
big cherry, yellowish, subglobular, with thick yellowish obtuse valves, and with
7-9 transverse furrows.
Dry places and hill-sides up to noom. in the Var and 1200 m. in Alpes-
Marit. May-June. Not found on the coast itself.
A. albus Willd. Root with oblong tubers. Leaves broadly linear,
channelled and keeled. Stem simple or slightly branched, 3-4 ft. high. Perianth
segments light flesh coloured, with greenish-red stripe. Capsule ovate-elliptical,
truncate and emarginate at apex, with 8-9 transverse furrows on the valves not
turning yellow. It differs from the last in the form and colour of its ripe fruit,
and in its filaments densely ciliate to the middle.
Mountain slopes and pastures in Alpes-Marit. and Liguria. May-June.
APHYLLANTHES L.
A. monspeliensis L. A curious and pretty blue flowered plant, 8-18 in.
high, tufted, and with hard root-stock and fibrous roots. Stem naked, slender,
rush-like. Leaves reduced to scaly sheaths at the base of the stem. Flowers
star-shaped, terminal, blue, rarely white. Stamens unequal, inserted at base
206 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
of perianth segments ; filaments glabrous. Stigma trifid. Capsules within a
scaly involucre, trigonous.
Dry, hilly places, especially on limestone, fairly common on the littoral hills
and descending to within 150 ft. above the sea at Carqueiranne. April-May.
POLYQONATUM All. SOLOMON-SEAL.
C. officinale All. Plant i-i£ ft. high, with horizontal fleshy rhizomes.
Stem simple, angular, leafy above. Leaves alternate, oval or oblong. Flowers
greenish-white, pendent, larger and thicker than in P. multiflorum, 1-2 in
each axil. Filaments glabrous. Berry as large as a pea, blue-black.
Damp, shady woods. April-June. Common in the forest of Sainte-Baume
and elsewhere in the lower mountains, e.g. above Grasse and Menton.
P. multiflorum All. (flowers 2-7) and P. verticillatun All. (leaves
narrow, in whorls) grow in the higher Maritime Alps outside of our district.
CONVALLARIA L.
Convallaria majalis L. (Lily of the Valley) is recorded from the foret de
Molieres and val Pesio in the Maritime Alps. May-June.
PARIS L.
Paris quadrifolia L. (Herb Paris) grows in mountain woods in Alpes-
Marit. and in Liguria. We have also seen it in the forest of Sainte-Baume at
about 800 metres. Leaves usually 4 in a whorl. Flower solitary. Berry black.
RUSCUS L. BUTCHER'S BROOM.
R. aculeatus L. Common Butcher's Broom. A stiff dark green, much-
branched plant 2-4 ft. high, with shrubby stems. Leaves (cladodes) ovate, small,
numerous, terminating in a prickly point ; the leaves, however, vary in size and
shape. Flowers small, greenish-white, almost sessile in the middle of the leaves,
but actually borne on a pedicel arising from the axil of the leaf and closely
adr.ate to the surface. Berries red, sometimes as large as small cherries.
Common in woods and hill-sides. February-May. Fruit in winter.
R. hypoglossum L. Leaves (cladodes) much larger, oblong-acuminate,
not prickly, sessile ; the lower ones opposite or in threes, the others alternate.
Flowers greenish-white, shortly pedicelled, 2-5 in a little cluster above the
middle of the leaf.
Shady rocky places, very rare. February-March. Recorded from several
places near Hyeres, La Seyne, and Bormes, as well as from near Nice ; in the
opinion of the late M. Albert not truly native but well naturalized as an escape
from cultivation.
Mr. Bicknell has found it on grassy and rocky banks in the Arma valley near
Ceriana (" Flora of Bordighera and San Remo ").
ASPARAGUS L.
A. scaber Brlgnoli. Closely allied to A. off icinalis ; stems 2-3 ft. high,
much branched ; branches somewhat scabrous. Cladodes thick, in whorls of
5-8. Flowers greenish-yellow, in pairs or singly. Anthers mucronate, half
length of the filaments. Berry red, as large as a big pea.
Sea-sands. May-June. Below Hyeres and at Villepey near Saint
Aygulf.
The Common Asparagus (C. officinalis) is often found as an escape from
gardens.
C. acutifolius L. A ligneous and almost climbing plant 2-4 ft. high.
Stems and branches wiry and flexuose, downy, rough. Cladodes short (3-6
mm.) spreading, prickly, in star-shaped clusters of 5-12. Anthers oblong, much
shorter than the filaments. Berry black, as large as a small pea. The
young shoots are cut in early spring and eaten at table.
Sandy places, hills, and woods ; very common throughout the littoral. July-
September.
JUNCACE/E 207
SMI LAX L.
S. aspera L. (Plate XXIV). A prickly climbing under-shrub, 3-4 ft. long,
glabrous, much branched, with angular slender wiry stems. Leaves alternate,
ovate-cordate or hastate, rather leathery, shining, persistent, and with a few
recurved hooks at the edge. Flowers small greenish-yellow, dioecious, in sessile
axillary and terminal clusters. Berries red, small, globular.
Woods, hedges, borders of fields and in the maquis. Very common and
characteristic throughout the littoral. September-October. Fruit in winter.
S. mauritanica Desf. is the variety with broad, cordate, and unarmed
leaves, which is found in many places near the coast. In the type the recurved
hooks on the stem and leaves act as grappling-irons to this climber. In addition
there is usually a pair of tendrils at the base of each leaf.
JUNCACE^E.
Plants glabrous. Ovules many, parietal or axile JUNCUS.
Plants more or less pilose. Leaves flat. Ovules 3, basal LUZULA.
JUNCUS L. RUSH.
* Leaves all reduced to sheaths, or a few stem-like. Cymes lateral, many flowered.
Root-stock perennial.
J. effusus L. = J. communis Meyer. Common Rush. Stems soft, 1-3
ft. high, pith continuous. Perianth segments lanceolate, olive-green, longer
than the obovoid retuse capsule. Stamens 3, anthers oblong. Cymes usually
lax, effuse.
Ditches and watery places. June-August.
J. conglomerates L. Dense-flowered Rush. This is really only a variety
of the last, with dense subglobose cymes, perianth tinged with brown, longer
linear anthers and mucronate capsule.
Damp places, woods, etc. June-July.
J. glaucus Ehrh. Hard Rush. Stems rigid, not so tall as the last, deeply
grooved and striate, glaucous. Pith interrupted. Perianth segments brown,
narrow-lanceolate, about as long as the ovoid mucronate capsule. Stamens 6.
Cymes suberect.
Damp places. May-July.
J. diffusus Hoppe, is a hybrid between glaucus and effusus. The stems
are softer, less striate and glaucous, pith continuous, cyme elongate, and capsule
more obovoid.
Damp places with the parents. July-August. Near La Martre (Var).
J. acutUS L. Sharp Rush. Stems rigid, stout, 3-4 ft. high, terete, many
flowerless ; in large circular tufts. Sheaths long, shining. Perianth segments
ovate-lanceolate, brown, inner ones obtuse, winged towards tip with a broad
scarious margin, half as long as the ovoid turgid mucronate capsule. Cymes
corymbose, dense flowered, very large in fruit. Bracts lanceolate-subulate.
Salt marshes and sea-sands. May- July. Common throughout the
littoral.
J. mar it imus Lam. Great Sea Rush. Stems wiry, but less rigid and often
more slender than the last. Sheaths short, pale. Tufts large and irregular.
Perianth segments lanceolate, acute and with scarious margins, as long as the
elliptic-oblong acuminate capsule. Cymes more interrupted, branches long and
erect. Bracts not longer than the pale flowers.
Same places and as common as the last. June-September.
** Leaves all terete, compressed or channelled. Cymes terminal or lateral,
1-3 (rarely 6) flowered. Testa produced at each end.
J. triglumis L. and J. trifidus L. which come in this group are found
only in the Maritime Alps at considerable elevations.
208 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
f** Leaves chiefly radical, flat or grooved. Cymes terminal, 3 -many -flowered.
Testa not produced at either end.
J. compressus Jacq. Round-fruited Rush. Stems tufted, slender, 1-2
leaved. Leaves linear, flaccid, as long as the stem or shorter. Perianth seg-
ments oblong obtuse, shorter than the broad obovoid shortly mucronate
capsule. Cymes irregularly corymbose, bracts small. Perianth segments pale,
with broad scarious brown margin.
Damp, grassy places, uncommon ; extending into the mountains. June-
August.
J. tnultif lorus Desf. = J. subulatus Forsk. Rhizomes creeping. Stems
2-3 ft. high, leafy, robust. Leaves 1-4 on the stem, erect, subcylindrical, hollow,
soft. Perianth segments lanceolate-acuminate, greenish. Stamens 6. Capsule
small, ovoid-trigonous, obtuse, mucronate, brown, rather shorter than the
perianth. Cyme long, narrow, interrupted, with erect branches and short bracts.
Damp places and marshes on the littoral. May-July. This seems to be a
typical Mediterranean species ; found at Castigneaux, near La Seyne, La Garde,
and the Plage d'Hyeres.
J. Gerard! Loisel. Closely allied to J. compressus, but with more re-
mote stems and narrower strongly mucronate capsule not longer than the perianth.
Salt marshes, etc. May-July.
**** Root-stock perennial, usually creeping. Stem solid. Leaves hollow and
septate within. Testa not produced.
J. Obtusiflorus Ehrh. Obtuse Rush. Stems not tufted, 2-3 ft. tall, rather
stout but soft and sheathed at the base. Root-stock widely creeping. Leaves
1-2, erect, terete like the stem. Cymes lateral or subterminal in very compound
corymbs, with zigzag branches. Perianth segments obtuse, as long as the ovoid
mucronate capsule.
Marshy places. May- July.
J. articulatus L. = J. acutiflorus Ehrh. Jointed Rush. Very variable
in size and habit. Stems tall and slender ; leaves plainly jointed when dry.
Flowers in dense distant sessile or peduncled clusters of 3-12, dark chestnut
colour. Perianth segments as long as the narrow acuminate capsule. Stamens 6.
Damp places in the hills, rare in the Var. May-July.
There are two sub-species much commoner than the type in the south, viz. : —
J. lamprocarpus Ehrh. Stem slightly compressed and leaves plainly
septate when dry, cyme terminal, perianth-segments shorter than the narrow
beaked glossy capsule, inner segments obtuse. Stamens 6.
Damp places, common. May-July.
J. SUpinusMcench. =J. uUginosusRoth. Root-stock sometimes tuberous,
stems terete, 3-12 in., often floating with flaccid, straggling branches; joints
obscure ; leaves slender ; cymes terminal, branches few, long and suberect ;
bracts scarious, acute, perianth segments acute, as long as the ovoid obtuse
mucronate capsule. Stamens 3.
In water and damp places near. June-July.
J. Striatus Schousboe. Rhizomes thick and long. Stems i£-2j ft., strongly
striate and with roughnesses. Leaves thick, knotted, striate. Flowers yellow-
brown in clusters of 6-20, forming a spreading panicle. Bracts long acuminate,
as well as the perianth segments. Stamens 6. Capsule reddish-brown, with
beak slightly exceeding the perianth.
Damp places, uncommon. May-July. The Maures, Sollies-Toucas, Ampus,
by the river, and by the R. Var.
J. lagenarius Gay. A more slender and less-branched species, with long
slender above-ground stolons. Leaves (often reduced to mere sheaths) cylindri-
cal, slender, short and knotted. Flowers brown or greenish in clusters of 6-12.
Perianth segments acuminate, distinctly shorter than the reddish capsule with
long beak.
JUNCACE/E 209
Damp places. May-July. A Mediterranean species found near Toulon, Les
Sablettes, Saint Cyr, Porquerolles, and by the river at Ampus.
***** Annual. Stem hollow. Testa not produced.
J. cap! tat us Weigel. Capitate Rush. Very small and tufted, 1-4 in. high,
usually reddish when dry. Stems setaceous, grooved. Leaves all radical, short,
setaceous ; sheaths short. Heads terminal, bracteate, solitary. Perianth
segments elliptic-ovate, acuminate, awned, longer than the ovoid mucronate
capsule. Stamens 3.
Sandy places flooded in winter ; sometimes common. May-July.
J. pygmteus Rich. Very small, 1-5 in. high, tufted, dark pink when dry.
Stems slender, terete, simple or once branched. Leaves radical, setaceous,
faintly jointed and channelled. Flowers 1-5, subsessile, bracteate. Perianth
segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, not awned, longer than the narrow acute
capsule.
Damp, sandy places in the Var. May-July. Frejus, Le Luc, Les Maures,
Toulon, La Seyne, and on the sandy marsh below Hyeres.
J. bufonius L. Toad Rush. An extremely variable plant, 1-12 in. high,
with several named varieties. Usually densely aggregated, from the seedlings
growing in masses. Colour pale, though sometimes reddish. Stems slender,
septate, upper part of cyme dichotomously branched. Perianth segments
lanceolate, much longer than the pale, acute, mucronate capsule. Cyme occupy-
ing most of the stem. Bracts small, obtuse, scarious.
Damp, sandy places, very common. May-July.
In 1908 the present writer published in " Bull. Herb. Boiss.," 2"" sdrie,
Tome VIII, a " Note sur les Juncus bicephalus, Viv. et J. bufonius var.
fasciculatus Koch ". It was here stated that the true J. bicephalus Viv. is a
variety of J. pygtnceus according to Buchenau's monograph, and proved that
the plant described and figured in Coste's " Flore de la France" from Hyeres (Var),
Corsica, and Balearic Isles, is not the true bicephalusofViviani but J.pygmeeus
var. fasciculatus Koch (1837) = var. congestus Wahl. (1825), and that it has
several other synonyms. It is a marked variety 3-6 in. high, erect and with
flowers in more or less dense clusters. But to add to the confusion the late
M. Albert in the " Cat. des Plantes du Var " (1908) placed the Hyeres plant under
J. bicephalus G. G. (non Viv.) and said it differed from the var. fasciculatus
G. G. in its erect stem with only 2-4 clusters of flowers. It grows at the Vieux
Salins and on the Plage de Giens, south of Hyeres.
J. bufonius var. minutulus Alb. et Jahandiez. Plant very small, 12 cms.,
caespitose ; stems shorter than the leaves, bearing at their summit one or rarely
two flowers. This is a form of dry places (March-April) and has been found at
Bormes and in sandy fields at Bon-Renaud, Porquerolles by M. Jahandiez.
J. Tenageia L. Plant annual, 3-12 in. high. Stems slender. Leaves
narrow-linear, with auricled sheath. Flowers brown, solitary, distant, in a very
loose cyme. Bracts very short. Outer perianth segments ovate acute, as long
as the very obtuse subglobular capsule. Stamens 6.
Sandy places and damp fields, uncommon. May-August. Frejus, Le Luc, Les
Maures, Collobrieres, Porquerolles, near Antibes, etc.
LUZULA L. WOOD-RUSH.
L. Forsteri DC. Hairy Wood-rush. Closely allied to L. pilosa Willd.
which does not grow in the Mediterranean region, but more slender, with an
acuminate capsule, and seeds with a shorter straight obtuse crest. Leaves linear,
sometimes \ in. broad, soft, slightly hairy. Cymes lax, with few branches
reflexed in fruit, and sub-solitary fknvers. Perianth-segments acuminate.
Shady woods extending to the mountains. March-May.
L. silyatica Gaud. = L. maxima DC. Great Wood-rush. A taller
robust species, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves often half-inch broad with scanty silky hairs,
channelled. Cymes large, compound, with branches 3-4 in., spreading in fruit.
14
2io FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Flowers clustered. Perianth segments awned, rather shorter than the ovoid
acute beaked capsule. Bracteoles ovate, acute, scarious.
Shady mountain woods. May-July. Sainte-Baume, Marges, and in several
of the lower mountains north of the Var, and in Liguria.
L. campestris DC. Common Field-rush, is frequent on heaths and grassy
places, chiefly in the hills and lower mountains. March-June.
L. nivea DC. (flowers silvery-white then becoming dirty, on long stems),
grows in damp mountain woods in the north of the Var and descends in Alpes-
Marit. to Mont Mulac6 above Mer.ton. June-July.
L. pedemontana Boiss. et Reut. (leaves narrower than in nivea, plant
shorter and more slender, flowers silvery-white in smaller clusters of 3-6), grows
in the Maritime Alps and can be seen near St. Martin V6subie. June-August.
It descends to the lower limit of the chestnuts at about 300 m.
IRIDACE^E.
Segments of perianth nearly equal.
Perianth-tube long. Scape o CROCUS.
Perianth-tube short. Stigmas 3, 2 partite. Scape short ROMULEA.
Segments of perianth unequal.
Perianth regular IRIS.
Perianth irregular, often curved GLADIOLUS.
CROCUS L.
C. versicolor K. (Plate XXVIII). Leaves appearing with the flowers,
narrow-linear, spreading. Flowers large and handsome, pale violet or nearly
white, with 3 darker veins on each segment, throat glabrous, white or pale
yellow.
Hill-sides and thickets on the littoral and in the lower mountains. February-
March. Can be seen at Montrieux and elsewhere above Toulon, about Sollies-
Toucas, and S.-Ville, La Farlede, Cap Martin, and in the Esterel. In the
mountains it grows mostly between 800 and 1200 m.
ROMULEA L.
R. Bulbocodjum Seb. et Maur. Plant with an oval corm, 10-20 cm. long.
Stem slender, with 1-4 flowers. Leaves linear, compressed and furrowed.
Perianth violet, with deep yellow downy throat, and lanceolate divisions.
Style longer than the stamens, whose filaments have short hairs at the base.
Capsule oblong, with reddish seeds.
Sandy, grassy places near La Garde and La Seyne. And again nearer Genoa.
February-April.
R. ramiflora Ten. A little taller than the last. Leaves 15-30 cms.
long, linear, much longer than the stem. Perianth rather small, lilac within,
washed with yellow outside, throat rather hairy. Stamens at least as long as
the style. Capsule oblong, seeds reddish.
Sandy, grassy places on the littoral. February-April.
R. Columnar Seb. et Maur. The smallest species (5-12 cms.). Leaves
linear, compressed, 5-12 cms. long and longer than the stem. Perianth very
small, short peduncled, pale lilac or whitish with darker veins and glabrous
throat. Stamens as long as the style. Capsule ovoid, seeds brown.
Grassy, sandy places on the littoral. February-March.
IRIS L.
I. tuberosa L. = Hermodactylus tuberosus Salisb. Leaves 3-4,
linear-tetragonous, long, sharp angled and sheathing. Flower solitary, green,
the reflexed part of the outer segments dark purple and velvety. Capsule
obovate.
Stony and damp grassy places, rare. February-April. Near Valescure,
Bormes, and Ollioules (Var), in the Magnam valley and near Grasse and
Bordighera.
I. spurla L. (1-3 pale violet flowers), grows in damp meadows near the sea
close to Hyeres and the presqu'ile de Giens. May-June.
I. Pseudacorus L. (Common Yellow Flag), is abundant in some of the
ditches and ponds of the lowlands. It seems to grow larger and of a brighter
yellow than in England. April-June.
I. foetidissima L. Stinking Iris. Flowers 2-3, livid blue or rarely
whitish, 3 in. diameter. Inner segments and stigmas spathulate, yellow, outer
segments obovate-lanceolate, bluish. Capsule 2-3 in. clavate. Seeds orange-
red. Leaves fetid when bruised.
Hedges, dry ditches, and borders of woods, occasional. May-June.
I. Chamasiris Bert. = I. italica Part. Rhizome thin. Stem bearing i
and rarely 2 flowers.. Perianth-tube twice length of the ovary. Outer perianth
segments obtuse, purple, inner ones obtuse, but often divided. Anthers blue,
filaments white.
Dry hills and rocky places, fairly common. March-May.
It differs from 1. germanica L., the purple Iris so commonly seen in English
gardens, which occurs on the borders of fields, in walls, etc., on the Riviera, by
its smaller size, narrower leaves, and fewer flowers which are smaller and redder.
From I. olbiensis it differs by its greater delicacy, its shorter, narrower, and
more glaucous leaves and lighter coloured flowers. According to Mr. Baker,
however, I. Italica is a variety of 1. Chamzeiris.
I. lutescens Lam. Closely allied to I. Chamreiris. Flowers yellow
capsule ovoid, trigonous, with acute angles. Rhizome as thick as the ringer.
Dry places and rocks on the littoral, rare. March-May.
I. olbiensis Heron. Perhaps only a variety of the last, with violet flowers.
Perianth-tube rather longer than the ovary.
Shady woods and sea-sands, rare. March-May. Found near Hyeres, Le
Luc, Toulon, Roquebrune, Foret de Dom, and also recorded by Ardoino frorr
Eze.
I. florentina L. is a handsome Iris with large white flowers, 2-3 on a stem
which is sometimes seen among Arundo Donax and elsewhere on the coat
as an escape from cultivation. It flowers about April.
GLADIOLUS L.
Q. segetum Gawler. (Plate XXIV). Plant *%-2% ft. high. Bulb globular,
covered with a fibrous tunic. Stem robust, bearing 3-5 leaves and 6-10 large
magenta coloured flowers. Anthers a little longer than the filaments. Cap-
sule globular, with rounded angles. Seeds pear-shaped.
Fields and crops, common. April-June.
Q. communis L. Spike more unilateral. Anthers shorter than their
filaments. Stigmas glabrous at the base. Capsule obovate, with obtusely
keeled angles. Seeds broadly winged.
Fields and waste places. Much less common than the last. May-June.
Q. dubius Guss. A smaller species, with the fibrous corm not reticu-
lated at the top, as in the others. Spike unilateral. Anthers shorter than their
filaments and with acute diverging auricles. Capsule more rounded than the
last, and the seeds narrowly winged.
Woods and sandy places on the littoral, uncommon. April-June.
Q. imbricatus L. is a rare species found by Shuttleworth and since by
Jahandiez on the Isle of Porquerolles. May-June.
14*
FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
AMARYLLIDACE^;.
Tribe I. AMARYLLE/3S. Mouth of perianth without a circular crown.
Crown o. Perianth segments equal. Stigmas entire LEUCOIUM.
Crown o. Outer perianth segments larger. Stigma trifid STERNBERGIA.
Tribe II. NARCISSE/E. Mouth of perianth with a circular crown.
Stamens inserted on the perianth ; half included ...NARCISSUS.
Stamens inserted on the crown ; very conspicuous PANCRATIUM.
Tribe III. ALSTROMERE^E. Plants with leafy scape and large spiny leaves.
Usually robust, and always without bulbs AGAVE.
LEUCOIUM L. SNOWFLAKE.
L. pulchellum Salisb. Closely allied to L. aestivum L. Bulb
large. Stem 1-2 ft. high, bearing 1-4 rather small white flowers, with narrow
divisions blotched with green at the top. Capsule oblong pear-shaped. Seeds
black.
Meadows and borders of streams, rare. Near Nice, below Hyeres by the
River Rubaud, Porquerolles, and by the R. Las near Toulon. January-March.
L. nicfeense Ard. Leaves 3-5, narrow-linear, almost cylindrical. Seg-
ments of perianth ovate-elliptic, the inner rather shorter and more obtuse,
the outer more pointed with thickened tip. Disk 6-lobed. Filaments bent
angularly. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma obtuse, pappilose.
Among rocks near the coast between Menton and Nice and more especially
about Beaulieu, Eze and Pont St. Louis. Endemic. March-April.
STERNBERGIA Waldst. et Kit.
S. lutea Ker. (Plate XXVIII). Bulb oval, large. Leaves appearing with
the flowers, broadly linear, concave, green. Perianth, yellow, large, erect,
solitary. Capsule pear-shaped, fleshy.
Fields and uncultivated ground on the littoral, local. September-October.
PANCRATIUM L.
P. mai itimum L. Sea Lily (Plate XXV.III). A handsome plant, 1-2 ft.
high. Leaves broadly linear, obtuse, glaucous. Scape 2-edged. Flowers 3-12
in an umbel, white, sweet scented. Perianth segments narrow-lanceolate, acute,
with a greenish stripe outside. The crown has 12 triangular teeth. Stamens
with pale yellow anthers, and filaments joined to the crown opposite the perianth
segments and then free. Stigma white, 3-lobed, pappilose. Capsule large,
oblong, with 3 obtuse angles. Seeds black, unequal, often cubical.
Sands of the sea-shore. July-September or occasionally October. The
beautiful flowers are visited by the Convolvulus Hawk-moth (Sphinx convol =
vuli L.). It is abundant on the sands below Hyeres and the Plage de Giens,
at the Grand Langoustier in the Isle of Porquerolles, He du Levant, etc., and
it occurs near Frejus, St. Tropez, St. Aygult, Cannes, He St. Marguerite,
Bordighera, etc.
NARCISSUS L.
(i) Stamens with free filaments, at least in their upper third.
N. PseudonarciSSUS L. Daffodil. Meadows and borders of streams,
native in the north of the Var, elsewhere usually escaped from cultivation. In
the Alpes-Marit. it grows in the lower mountains above Grasse, Vence, Men-
ton, etc.
N. incomparabilis Mill. Leaves flat, obtuse. Scape with i large flower.
Perianth-tube narrow, bright yellow crown and pale yellow, obovate mucronate,
spreading perianth segments. Often with double flowers, rarely single.
Fields and sides of ditches near Toulon, Le Luc, Grasse, and Menton.
March-April.
AMARYLLIDACE/E 213
N. odorus L. Leaves narrow, much channelled. Scape 1-3 flowered.
Flowers entirely yellow, large (4-6 cm.), often scented. Perianth saucer-shaped,
with obovate mucronate spreading segments. Crown large, 10-14 mm. high,
shortly lobed. Style much longer than the stamens.
Fields and meadows, rare ; but often adventitious. March-April. Le
Luc, Sollies-Toucas, north of Mont Faron, Menton, Grasse, etc.
N. major Curt. = N. hispanicus Gottan. Woods and meadows, often
cultivated and sometimes double. April-May.
(2) Stamens with filaments united into a tube for nearly their whole length.
* Scape 1-2 flowered.
N. poeticus L. Poet's Narcissus. Perianth with small crown deeply
crenate, greenish-yellow with bright red rim.
Meadows and damp woods of the lower mountains. April-May.
N. biflorus Curt. Two-flowered Narcissus. Leaves almost flat. Flowers
usually two together, pale straw-colour or rarely nearly white, sweet-scented.
Perianth-tube slender, an inch long; segments oval or oblong; crown very
short, broadly cup-shaped, yellow, with slightly crenate edge.
Damp places near Menton and Grasse, rare. April.
** Scape 3-12 flowered.
N. italicus Gawl. (Plate XXVIII). Leaves broadly linear, obtuse, chan-
nelled, not glaucous, about the length of the scape. Flowers 6 or more. Perianth
segments oblong-lanceolate, yellowish white (yellower than N. Tazetta), crown
pale yellow, with slightly crenate margin. Style longer than the upper stamens.
Meadows, sides of fields, and hills near the coast. January-March, rare. Le
Luc, near Toulon and Hyeres, Nice, Grasse, Menton, S. Kemo.
N. papyraceus Gawl. = N. niveus Loisel. Stem i-i£ ft. high. Leaves
broadly linear, obtuse, channelled and glaucous. Flowers 10 or more in an
umbel, sweet-scented. Perianth and crown pure white ; tube green at base, white
above ; segments 4 times length of crown. Style reaching the upper stamens.
Borders of fields, hill-sides near the coast. December-March. Much culti-
vated and rarely seen now in a truly wild state.
N. Tazetta L. Stem 1-2 ft. high. Leaves broadly linear, obtuse, flat or
somewhat channelled and slightly glaucous, sometimes longer than the stem.
Flowers 2-12 in a drooping umbel, sweet-scented. Perianth segments nearly
white, i.e. cream coloured, mucronate. shorter than the long and narrow tube.
Crown yellow, a third to a half length of the perianth segments, entire or slightly
crenate.
Damp meadows and borders of streams. Common on the littoral, and some-
times in abundance as in the marshes below Hyeres. February-April.
N. patulus Loisel. Though given as a distinct species in the " Catalogue des
Plantes Vasculaires du Var " this may be considered, as Ardoino suggests, as a
form of N. Tazetta with narrower leaves and smaller flowers, which grows in
dry, stony places under the olives, etc. February-April. Les lies d'Hyeres,
presqu'ile de Giens, and in les Alpes-Marit.
N. dubius Gouan. This must be very similar to the last, though the flowers
are entirely white. Stem 6-12 in. high. Leaves glaucous, linear (3-5 ram.).
Flowers small (up to 2 cm. in diameter), 2-6 in an umbel. Perianth segments much
shorter than the long narrow tube. Crown white, 3-5 mm. high, crenate at the
edge.
Stony places and in fissures of rocks in the hills of the littoral. March-April.
Faron (near the top)v Ollioules, La Valette, and La Farlede towards Coudon.
N. auretlS Lois. Leaves 4-6, green, flat, broad and erect. Flowers golden-
yellow, 3 cm. in diameter, often scented, 8-12 in an erect umbel. Perianth seg-
ments oval-obtuse, mucronate. Crown bright yellow, 4-6 mm. high and almost
entire, equal to a third of the segments.
Borders of fields, etc., rare. January-March. Le Luc, Menton, Nice, Grasse
2i4 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
N. intermedius Lois. Leaves channelled, half-cylindrical. Perianth
segments lemon-yellow, spreading, ovate-apiculate. Flowers 3-6 in a drooping
umbel. Crown with orange crenate border.
Borders of fields, rare. Menton and Grasse.
N. Jonquilla L. Jonquil. Plant i-i£ ft. high. Leaves green, channelled,
linear subcylindrical. Flowers entirely yellow, about 3 cms. diameter, sweet-
scented, 2-5 in a drooping umbel ; perianth segments spreading, ovate-apiculate,
much shorter than the extremely long, narrow tube. Crown flat, scarcely crenate.
Borders of fields, etc. February-April. Naturalized near Grasse, Le Luc,
etc.
AGAVE L.
Agave americana L. (Plate XXXI). Originally from Mexico, this hand-
some plant has long been naturalized on the Mediterranean coast. It has been
known in the Islands of Hyeres for over two centuries.
ORCHIDACE^E.
Tribe I. ARETUSE^E. Anthers terminal, free, 2-celled ; pollen masses granular.
Lip entire, spur long, stem and flowers violet. No leaves LIMODORUM.
Tribe II. NEOTTIE^E. Anther a 2-celled deciduous cap, hinged on to the
column ; pollen masses 2 or 4, grains free or united by an elastic web.
* Anther hinged on the back of column ; rostellum beaked.
A leafless, brown saprophyte. Pollen powdery NEOTTIA.
Leaves 2, opposite. Lip free. Pollen powdery LISTERA.
Leaves several. Lip adnate to base of column. Pollen powdery. SPIRANTHES.
** Anther hinged on the top of the column ; rostellum very short.
Stem leafy. Flowers racemed ; ovary straight EPIPACTIS.
Stem leafy. Flowers spiked ; ovary twisted CEPHALANTHERA.
Tribe III. PHRYDE^E. Anther i, confluent with the column, 2-celled, erect ;
pollen masses 2, granular, grains united by an elastic web.
* Glands of stalks of pollen masses in pouches of the rostellum.
Spur long ; both glands in one pouch ORCHIS-
Spur o ; both glands in one pouch ACERAS-
Spur o ; glands in separate pouches OPHRYS.
Spur o ; lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes erect, central one tongue-shaped. SERAPIAS.
** Glands of stalks of pollen masses naked, not in pouches of the rostellum.
Spuro HERMINIUM.
Spur long or short. Stigma 2-lobed or depressed HABENARIA.
Spur long or short. Stigma lateral, large, tumid GYMNADENIA.
The whole district, and especially the limestone area, is very rich in Orchids.
In the Var alone no fewer than 60 species, 9 varieties, and 14 hybrids have been
found, whereas there are only 45 species in the British Isles.
LIMODORUM Rich.
L. abortivum Swartz (Plate XXIX). Stem 1-2$ ft. high, rigid, livid violet
in colour ; no leaves, but stem clothed with purplish, thick scales. Bracts mem-
branous. Flowers large in a loose spike, violet and white, with darker markings
on the lip, soon fading and turning yellow. Spur pendent, as long as the ovary.
A parasite on various plants, especially the roots of pines.
Hill-sides and pine-woods, especially on the littoral. April-June.
NEOTTIA Adans.
N. nidus-avis Rich. Bird's-nest Orchis. Root-stock a mass of thick
succulent fibres. Stem 8-12 in. high, pale brown like the few loose sheathing
scales. No leaves. Spike rather dense, 3 or 4 in. long, with 2 or 3 distant
PLATE XXIX.
1 Seranias cordigera. 2. S. longipetala. 3. Orchis palustris.
4 Litnodorum ahortivum. 5. Orchis laxifiora. 6. Orchis coriophora.
ORCHIDACE^; 215
flowers below it, all pale brown. Sepals broadly ovate, almost acute, petals
more obtuse, lip twice as long, deeply forked into 2 oblong spreading lobes.
In the humus of mountain woods, rare. May-June. Sainte-Baume, Mon-
trieux, Grasse, etc.
LISTERA R. Br.
L. ovata R. Br. Tway-blade. Root-stock creeping, with many thickish
fibres. Stem r-ij ft. high, with 2 or 3 sheathing scales at base, and about half
way up the stem are a pair of broadly ovate green leaves, 3-4 inches long.
Raceme green, long, and slender. Lip twice as long as sepals or petals, and
ending in 2 linear lobes.
Damp woods and grassy places, extending to the mountains. May-June.
Esterel, Le Revest, Ampus, Nice, Menton, etc.
SPIRANTHES Rich.
S. autumnalis Rich. Lady's-tresses. Root-stock of 2 thick oblong tubers.
Leaves 3 or 4, ovate or oblong, radical. Stem 6-8 in. high, green, with short
sheathing, pointed scales. Flowers white, small, sweet-scented, in a spiral
spike of about 2 inches, the bracts remaining erect on the opposite side.
Meadows, damp woods, and fresh places extending to the hills. August-
October.
S. sestivalis Rich. Root-stock more horizontal, with longer tubers. Leaves
radical, or near the base of the stem, narrow lanceolate. Stem rather taller,
and flowers larger than in the common Spiranthes.
Grassy places and damp meadows. June-July.
CEPHALANTHERA Rich.
C. rubra Rich. Red Cephalanthera (Plate XXX). Root with fibres.
Leaves lanceolate. Bracts leafy, as long as, or longer than the pubescent ovary.
Flowers rose-pink, handsome, in a loose spike. Sepals and petals acute.
Woods and shady hill -sides, more common in the lower mountains. April-
June.
C. ensifolia Rich. Narrow White Cephalanthera. Leaves linear-lanceolate.
Bracts membranous, shorter than the glabrous ovary. Flowers numerous, pure
white, in a long, loose spike. Sepals acute, petals obtuse. Lip usually with
yellow spot.
Woods and stony slopes, fairly common. April- May.
C. pallens Rich. Pale Cephalanthera. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
Bracts leafy, at least as long as the glabrous ovary. Flowers few, cream colour,
in a very loose spike. Sepals and petals obtuse.
Woods and stony slopes near the sea, but less rare among chestnut, oak, and
beech trees in the hills. April June.
EPIPACTIS Adans.
E. palustris Grants = E. longifolia All. (1785). Marsh Epipactis.
Root-stock stoloniferous. Stem slender, 8-18 in. Lower leaves broadly lanceolate,
the rest lanceolate. Flowers in loose racemes, sepals lanceolate, pale greenish-
purple. Petals rather shorter, white more or less streaked with pink. Lip of
the colour of the petals, long, and distinctly divided into 2 portions, the terminal
lobe tubercled towards the base.
Damp meadows and swamps, rate. June-July. Near Ampus, Grasse,
Fontan, etc.
E. microphylla Swartz. Small-leaved Epipactis. Differs from the others
by its very small lanceolate leaves, shorter than the inter-nodes, and by its
smooth veins. Flowers smaller, dull green and purplish. Root-stock without
stolons.
Hill-sides and stony woods, rare. June. Mont Faron, Foret du Dom, near
Cavaliere (H.S.T.), near Cimiez, Gairant, etc.
216 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
E. atrorubens Schultes. Dark Red Epipactis. A variable species,
smaller in all its parts than the next ; stem slender, i-i^ ft. high, lower leaves
ovate-acute, i£-2 in. long, tip of lip broader than long, rounded, obscurely
cuspidate. Flowers very dark red or purplish-brown (pale purple at S.
Dalmazzo di Tenda !) in a long, one-sided raceme.
Woods and dry, sunny slopes, rare, chiefly in the lower mountains. June-
July. Chateaudouble, St. Martin Vesubie, San Dalmazzo, etc.
E. latifolia Su>. = E. Helleborine Crantz (1769). Broad Helleborine.
Root-stock short, with thick fibres. Stem robust, 1-2^ ft. high. Lower leaves
oval, strongly ribbed, upper leaves lanceolate. Flowers pendulous, in a long
one-sided raceme, varying from green to dull purple in colour. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate. Lip rather small. Bracts longer than the flowers. A very variable
species.
Wooded hills, fairly common. May-July.
SERAPIAS L.
S. cordigera L. (Plate XXIX). Tubers usually sessile. Stem erect,
8-12 in., spotted at the base with narrow red spots. Leaves linear-lanceolate.
Bracts often longer than the flowers. Middle lobe of the lip longer than the
sepals, cordate-acuminate, usually dark brownish-red, hairy, and with 2 divergent
callosities or ridges at the base. Pollen masses dark green.
Sandy places and wooded slopes on the littoral. April-May.
The colour of the flowers varies considerably ; we have seen them from
chocolate to wine colour, and also a few specimens from near Cavalaire in 1907
and 1913 were greenish-white, which form is exceedingly rare, and according
to Mr. Rolfe of Kew agrees with S. cordigera, )8. f lor i bus flavescent ibus
Tineo, " Fl. Sicula," ii. pt. 2, p. 552 (1844), only hitherto recorded from Sicily.
S. neglecta Not. One of the 2 tubers stalked. Stems unspotted.
Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers few, usually dark flesh coloured, the lip
varying much, either flesh coloured, rosy pink, or yellowish. Lip longer than
sepals, with 2 distinct nearly parallel ridges, the tongue broadly ovate-acuminate,
with 3 rather indistinct little lobes at the apex ; lateral lobes projecting beyond
the sepals.
Sandy woods and grassy places. April-May. This and S. cordigera are
particularly common in the Esterel and the Maures.
S. longlpetala Poll. = S. pseudo-cordigera Moricaud (Plate XXIX).
Tubers 2, usually quite sessile. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, not spotted.
Stem i ft. or more high. Flowers 6-10, in a lax spike, deep red. Lip much
longer than the bracts, hairy, with middle lobe lanceolate and bent back
towards the stem, and with 2 distinct nearly parallel ridges. Pollen masses
green, upper sepals connate. Regarded by Moggridge as a doubtful species.
Dry, sandy places, fields, etc. April-June.
S. lingua L. Tubers 2 or 3, one stalked. Stem erect, 6-10 in. high.
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; both free from spots. Bracts shorter than or equal
to the flowers, which are few and small. Lip flesh-colour, pink, or yellowish,
middle lobe nearly twice as long as the sepals, the united ridges forming one
shining blackish callosity at the base. Pollen masses yellow or greenish-yellow.
Meadows and sandy swards. April-June. Usually common on the littoral,
in the Esterel, etc.
S. Olbia Verguin in " Bull. Soc. Bot. de France " (1907), p. 597. This is a
rare species, intermediate between the last and the next and found near the sea
in sandy places on the Isthmus of Giens, Lavandou, les Vieux Salins below
Hyeres, and near La Seyne. April-June. Olbia was the Roman Hyeres.
S. OCCUltata Gay = S. parviflora Parl. A small flowered slender species
with 2 oval subsessile tubers. Leaves lanceolate, not spotted. Flowers
reddish, 3-8 in a long spike with bracts as long as the flowers. Lip about as
long as the " sepals " and with 2 parallel ridges, middle lobe very small,
ORCHIDACE^E 217
9x3 mm. in broadest part, narrow-lanceolate and rusty-red, turned back
towards the ovary. (Measurements taken from Jiving plants.)
Sandy, grassy plac s in the Var. April-June. The var. anomala Albert
(1903) has 3 tubers of which 2 are stalked and the third is often imperfectly
formed. It has been found below Hyeres, at Cavalaire, etc. Several of the
species of Serapias hybridize easily, e.g. : —
S. triloba Dupuy = S. longipetala x Orchis laxiflora. Tubers 2.
Stem erect, 8-12 in. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, not spotted. Flowers
in a short crowded spike, rich magenta. Sepals not united. Lip almost round,
with spreading lateral lobes, and crenellated all round the edges.
Grassy places in fields at the mouth of the Nervia near Ventimiglia, where
Mr. Bicknell tells us the parents grow together abundantly. April-May.
OPHRYS L.
* Outer divisions of perianth (" sepals ") green or yellowish.1
O. aranifera Huds. (1778) = O. sphegodes Mill. (1768). Spider
Orchis. Very variable and with several named varieties. The sepals yellowish-
green ; the 2 petals two-thirds length of the sepals. Lip entire, or slightly
3-lobed, velvety, pale brown, with yellowish or greenish marks, broad, nearly
flat, with no appendage. Column with a short straight beak. Stem some-
what zigzag.
Hill-sides, woods, and borders of fields, common. March-May.
O. atrata Lindl. (usually considered a var. of the last). The sepals green or
slightly tinged with brown or pink ; the petals flat, glabrous, and slightly
coloured ; lip without any lighter border, more velvety, the lateral lobes more
bossed, the middle lobe with a short appendage.
Hill-sides and grassy places. April-May. Toulon, Le Luc, La Plage
d'Hyeres, Bordighera, San Remo, etc.
O. litigiosa Camus. Flowers much smaller than the last, 2-6 in a loose
spike. The sepals yellow, ovate oblong; the petals linear-lanceolate, yellowish-
brown. Lip snorter than the sepals, rounded and often apiculate, greenish-brown
or grey> marked in the centre with a pale glabrous escutcheon. Column with
short beak.
Grassy places on the littoral. March-May.
The var. virescens Gren. = 0. virescens Philippe has greener perianth
segments. It is found near Carqueiranne !, Mont Faron, Mont Coudon, and
the Gorge of Ollioules, but is rare.
O. fusca Lk. (Plate XXX). The sepals greenish-yellow, the 2 petals
greenish-brown, rather shorter, linear obtuse, glabrous. Lip brown, velvety, with
2 oblong glabrous lead-coloured marks, 3-lobed, with middle lobe emarginate,
without appendage. Column obtuse, not beaked.
Dry slopes and pine-woods, fairly common on the littoral and sometimes in
large quantities, as at the foot of Coudon. March-April.
O. lutea Cav. The sepals yellowish-green ; the petals shorter, linear
obtuse, yellow. Lip rather long, reddish-brown with yellow border, and two
oblong glabrous pale marks near the top. Lip 3-lobed, the central one emargiri-
ate, no appendage.
Hill-sides and grassy places on the littoral, less common than the last.
April-May.
O. muscifera Huds. (Fly Orchis) has been seen, in the lower mountains,
about Breil, Tenda, and St. Martin Vesubie, but is rare.
O. speculum Lk. The sepals yellowish-green ; the petals finely subulate,
much shorter, purplish-brown. Lip rather large and long, with a bluish, glabrous
1 In Ophrys the 2 small inner perianth-segments are usually called " petals ''
in English books, and the outer segments merely "sepals".
2T8 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
escutcheon bordered with yellow and with reddish-brown hairy edges. Lip 3-
lobed, the central lobe very large. Column obtuse, not beaked.
Dry, grassy places on the littoral, very rare. April. Found by Mr. F. Raine
at the Vieux Salins near Hyeres, and in 1865-6 Moggridge found two specimens
behind Garavan near Menton. Not elsewhere in France.
O. bombylliflora Lk. Tubers 2-3, one being stalked. The sepals
greenish, oval, spreading ; the petals one-third of their length, reddish-green. Lip
small, oval, rounded, very convex, purple-black, velvety, with glabrous mark,
trilobed, the 2 lateral lobes vertical and pointed, the central broad lobe curved
backwards. Flowers small, 1-4 in a loose raceme. Column obtuse, not beaked.
Meadows and sandy fields near the sea, rare. March-May. Almanarre, La
Plage d'Hyeres, near Menton and Ventimiglia, and by the R. Brague.
** Outer divisions of perianth (" sepals "), rose or nearly white.
O. apifera Huds. Bee Orchis. The sepals ovate, white or pink, some-
times streaked with green, the petals half or one-third as long, narrow-lanceo-
late, greenish-pink, velvety. Lip very convex, broad, rich velvety brown, downy at
the edges, and marked with paler greenish lines or spots ; lobes small and turned
down, the two lateral ones conical, the middle one large and variable, with curved
appendage. Column erect, with curved beak.
Grassy places, woods, and borders of fields, common. April-June.
The Bee Orchis is very variable in the S. of France and often taller than in
England. On the sandy Isthmus de Giens, where so many interesting and
uncommon plants grow, we have seen very fine specimens of a beautiful
salmon-pink colour. Moggridge gave in his " Contributions to the Flora of
Mentone " some interesting results of his observations on this group of Orchids.
O. Bertolonii Mor. (Plate XXX). The sepals pink or sometimes
white, oblong ; the petals shorter, linear, purplish, ciliate. Lip not gibbous,
deep velvety purple with a smooth shining patch in the middle. A short append-
age to the middle lobe. Column with a long beak, slightly bent forward.
Dry hill-sides and stony places, rare. April- June.
This plant, according to Moggridge, is " closely linked on by intermediates
to the forms of O. aranifera with pink sepals and purplish lip," but can be
readily distinguished from them " by its long horizontal lip with large depressed
shield-shaped marking". Bicknell in " Flora of Bordighera and San Remo ".
See also note in the Misses Chamberlain's "Common Objects of the Riviera"
(1912).
O. arachnitiformis Gren. and Philippe. The sepals rose, oblong; the
petals half the length, smooth, brownish-pink. Lips almost quadrangular,
dark velvety purple-brown, with 2 pale straight marking, the large middle
lobe apiculate in the centre. Column with short, obtuse beak.
Dry, sandy and grassy places onlhe littoral oi the Var. April-May.
O. tenthredinifera Willd. This rare species has a deeply emarginate lip
and very broad pink outer sepals. It is recorded by Albert from grassy slopes
towards Mont de Gantier near Sollies- Ville. April-May.
O. fuciflora H. G. Reich. = O. arachnites Lam. The sepals deep pink or
rarely white, oblong or oval ; the petals about one-third as long. Lip entire,
almost truncate, dark velvety purple-brown, marked with green symmetric lines,
and having an appendage curved upwards. Column with short beak. A hand-
some species.
Fields, sandy places, and wooded slopes, not common. March-May.
O. Scolopax Cavanilles. The sepals pink, oblong; the 2 petals about
half or one-third the length, linear, pink. Lip very convex and almost cylindrical,
deep purple-brown and velvety, marked with symmetrical green lines and having a
3-toothed appendage curving upward. Column with slender acute beak. Differs
from the last chiefly in its very convex middle lobe.
Wooded slopes and under the olives near the coast. April-June.
PLATK xxx.
1. Ophrys Bertolonii.
3. Orchis provincialis
2. Ophrys fusca.
4. Cephalanthera ruhra.
ORCHIDACE.E -zig
There are several Ophrysi hybrids found in the Var. They include x O.
Rainei Albert et Jahandiez (O. arachnites x bombyliflora?), named after
the finder, who has done such good work among the Orchids. It was growing
with the parents near Almanarre. Some pink forms of O. aranifera sent by
the writer from Carqueiranne to Mr. Rolfe at Kew were thought by that authority
to belong to O. Aschersonl Nant., a hybrid between 0. aranifera and O.
arachnites.
ACERAS R. Br.
A. anthropophora R. Br. Man Orchis. Plant from 8-18 in. high, with
entire tubers. Leaves ovate to oblong or nearly lanceolate. Spike slender,
2-4 in. long ; flowers dull yellowish-green, the sepals converging over the column
and petals. Lip narrow-linear, twice as long as sepals and sometimes com-
pared to a hanging man, the two lateral lobes representing his arms and the
middle longer and 2-cleft lobe his body and legs.
Dry pastures and shady woods, here and there. April- June.
ORCHIS L.
O. hircina Crantz. Lizard Orchis. Stem robust, 1-2 ft. high, leafy ; tubers
entire. Spike dense, 4-8 in. long ; the flowers rather large, dirty greenish-white,
of a disagreeable odour, with very long 3-lobed lip ; the middle lobe an inch
or more long, at first rolled inwards, twisted and ribbon-like, entire or notched at
the tip, sepals converging over the column ; petals small.
Borders of fields and dry pastures, rare. May-July. La Roque-Esclapon,
Ampus, Chateaudouble, Drap, Bagnols, Contes, Vence, near Cannes and Grasse.
Found on the Cannes golf-links by the Misses I. and H. Chamberlain.
O. longibracteata Biv. = Barlia longibracteata Part. A very large
and handsome Orchis, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves broad, elliptical, dark green.
Flowers numerous in a dense oblong spike, rather sickly scented. Bracts longer
than the flowers. Petals greenish, enclosed by the upper sepal. Lip 3-lobed,
middle one deeply divided, lateral ones wavy, dull pink with greenish edges.
Spur short, conical, less than half length of ovary. Pollen masses blackish-
green.
Grassy banks and wooded slopes, fairly common. January-April. This re-
markable plant is extremely abundant on a grassy bank separating the salt
lagoon from the road leading from Almanarre to les Pesquiers ; also under the
Pines towards Giens (Var). A sort of emulsion is sometimes made from the
juicy stems. •
O. Intacta Lk. - Neotinea Intacta //. G. Reich. = Habenaria Intacta
Benth. Stem 6-12 in., slender, bearing a dense and somewhat twisted slender
spike of very small pale pink flowers. Leaves oblong, spotted. Bracts shorter
than ovary. Lip trifid, shorter than ovary, the lateral segments very narrow,
middle one emarginate, bifid or pointed. Spur very short ; pollen masses
yellow.
Woods and stony slopes. April-May. It grows in the West of Ireland, but
not elsewhere in northern Europe. Its range is very wide on the Mediterranean.
O. UStulata /-. Burnt-tip Orchis. Plant 4-12 in. high, with a dense
cylindrical spike of small flowers, the colour of the unopened ones at the top
giving it a burnt tip aspect. Leaves few, broadly lanceolate. Bracts small.
Sepals connivent but separate, dark red, arching over the small narrow petals.
Lip white with red spots ; the lateral lobes truncate, and the middle one divided
into 2 narrow segments. Spur very short.
Borders of fields and woods, scarcer on the littoral than in the mountain
region. April-June.
O. purpurea Huds. Stem tall and strong, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves large,
oblong, shiny. Bracts much shorter than ovary. Flowers in a dense spike.
Sepals united in a dark purple helmet, nearly black in bud. Lip 4-lobed, the
two middle lobes much longer, variable in shape and colour but usually reddish-
220 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
purple with tufts of purple hairs. Spur half length of ovary, compressed at apex
and emarginate.
Grassy places and dry hills and woods, rather rare. April-June.
O. militaris L. Stem erect, strong, 1-2 ft. high. Lower leaves large,
oblong. Bracts much shorter than ovary. Sepals united almost to the apex in
form of a helmet, pale lilac without, purple within. Lip 3-lobed with linear
lateral divisions ; the middle division with short diverging lobes and a small
tooth between them, and dark tufts of hairs. Spur half length of ovary,
pendent.
Woods, fields, and stony places, rather rare. May-June.
O. simia Lamk. Leaves oblong. Bracts much shorter than the ovary.
Lip 3-lobed, with middle division divided into two narrow lobes nearly as long
as the lateral divisions. All the lobes entire, very narrow, curved upwards.
Spur pendent, much shorter than ovary. Flowers in a short oval spike, pink or
pale lilac with spotted lip.
Borders of woods and dry slopes, rare. April-June. In the N. of the Var,
and above Menton, Utelle, Berre, Biot, etc.
O. tridentata Scop. Plant less than a foot high. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate. Bracts as long as the ovary or shorter. Sepals united to form a
helmet, acuminate. Flowers in a dense ovoid or subglobular head, varying in
colour from pale pink to purple. Lip horizontal, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad
at the end, obcordate, with a small tooth bent back under the limb. Spur pen-
dent, half length of ovary. Pollen masses greenish.
Dry woods and stony places. April-June.
O. lactea Pair. = O. tridentata var. acuminata O. G. Plant smaller
than the last, from which it is distinguished by its very pale pink or whitish
flowers, spotted with purple, longer and more conical head, and the lateral
lobes ot the lip being obliquely obovate.
Stony hills and borders of woods. March-May.
O. coriophora L. (Plate XXIX). Stems less than a foot high. Leaves
numerous, close, linear -lanceolate. Bracts longer than ovary. Flowers small,
crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, pale dull red and green. The sepals
united into a dull dark red helmet; lip 3-lobed, livid red and spotted, the middle
lobe entire, lanceolate ; lateral lobes toothed at the edge. Spur thick, conical,
curved, shorter than ovary. Pollen masses yellow.
Grassy places and thickets. May-June. In the Var Uie only form appears
to be the var. f ragrans G. G. (0. f ragrans Pollini), which has a sweet but sickly
odour, larger and paler flowers in a denser spike. The spur is more clearly
curved. O. COflophora L. is the plant more frequently found in the lower
mountains, though also on the Cote d'Azur itself.
0. papilionacea L. Stem about a foot high. Leaves linear-lanceolate.
Bracts pinkish, 3-5 nerved, longer than ovary. Spike rather lax, with 6-16
flowers which are partly scarlet and partly magenta. Sepals veined with red or
green. Lip large, somewhat fan-shaped, usually crenately toothed, with brilliant
stripes above. Spur pendent, shorter than ovary, nearly straight, conical at the
base. Pollen masses blackish.
Meadows, borders of woods, and pastures. April-May. Rather rare, but less
so in Liguria, especially in the Chestnut region.
O. Morio L. Green-winged Orchis. Leaves oblong. Bracts rather pink
as long as the ovary. Sepals converging over the column and small petals in
form of a helmet. Lip with 3 obtuse lobes, the middle one notched. Spur as-
cendant, shorter than ovary. Flowers rich purple, violet, rose or white streaked
with green. Though recorded in books we have nevtr seen the type (as it grows
in England) in the south, and agree with Mr. Bicknell that " perhaps all our
plants are the var. picta = O. pictn Lois., though the density or laxity of the
spike and the size of the flowers are very variable" (" Fl. of Bordighera and
S, Remo," p. 264). O. picta has smaller and paler purple flowers, longer spur,
ORCHIDACEyE , 221
pointed leaves, and subsessile tubers. O. Champagtieuxi Barneoiid is another
variety, with one or both tubers stalked. Both forms are frequent in dry woods
and stony slopes on the littoral, O. picta sometimes being abundant. It is a
much more slender and often taller plant than O. Morio of northern Europe.
February- May.
O. longicornu Pair. Allied to O. Morio. Plant 8-14 in. high. Flowers
in a lax oblong spike. Sepals obtuse, purple with green stripes. Lip 3-lobed ;
lateral lobes reflexed, dark violet the middle one very short, white spotted with
purple. Spur very long, ascending and arched, almost as long as. the
ovary.
Dry grassy places, very rare. March-May. Near Bandol in the Var and also
iccorded from les Alpes-Marit.
O. saccata Ten. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, usually spotted with brown.
Flowers dark purple, few, in a short lax raceme. Bracts large, longer than the
ovary. Sepals obtuse, the two petals connivent. Lip simple, oboval wedge-
shaped, wavy at the edge. Spur pendent, thick, conical, much shorter than the
ovary.
Wooded slopes and grassy places in the Var, very rare. March-April. Near
Hyeres and Pierrefew. Not elsewhere known in France.
O. pallens L. A robust plant with large shiny pale green leaves and
sulphur-coloured flowers, without spots, in a dense spike, having an unpleasant
odour. Spur cylindrical and either horizontal or ascending.
Mountain woods and pastures in the Maritime Alps, usually above the region
taken in this work. May.
0. provincialis Ball. (Plate XXX). A more slender species, with spotted,
oblong-lanceolate leaves. Bracts with 1-3 nerves shorter than ovary. Flowers
10-15 in a lax spike, pale yellow with small red spots on lip. Lip 3-lobed, the
middle one rather smaller, truncate and emarginate. Spur as long as the ovary.
Pollen masses yellow.
Mountain woods and grassy places under the chestnuts. April- May. Sainte-
Baume, Colle-Noire, Fenouillet, Foret du Dom, Esterel, Contes, Berres, Menton,
etc. Especially common in Liguria.
O. olbiensis Rent. = O. mascula L. var. olivetorum Gren. This
seems to be the form of 0. mascula which grows on the littoral on wooded
slopes. April-June. Leaves not spotted, oblong-lanceolate, bracts purplish,
i-nerved ; lip almost equally 3-lobed. Spur as long as the ovary. Flowers
magenta coloured, spotted, in a lax spike. Ardoino said this plant is more like
a red-flowered 0. provincialis than the true O. mascula, which is sub-Alpine
in the south.
O. mascula L. " Early purple Orchis." Plant 9-20 in. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate obtuse, usually spotted with brown. Flowers reddish-purple in an oval
rather loose spike. Bracts 1-3 nerved ; lip coloured, often downy in centre, spotted,
3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate. Spur ascending, club-shaped, as long as
the ovary.
Mountain woods, not on the littoral, but at Sainte-Baume, La Bastide,
Mont de la Chens and further east. April-May.
O. laxiflora Lam. (Plate XXIX). Tubers globose. Plant 1-2 ft. high.
Leaves lanceolate, acute. Bracts with 5-7 nerves, shorter than ovary. Flowers
far apart, in a long loose spike, dark purple without spots, but frequently with
a white blotch on the lip. Lip large, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes bent back, middle
lobe often wanting or almost so. Spur shorter than ovary. Pollen masses
greenish.
Wet meadows, common. April-June.
O. palustris Jacq. (Plate XXIX). Differs from the last by its narrower
leaves, bracts longer than the ovary ; its middle lobe of the lip larger, and
clearly notched, and its paler flowers in a less lax spike.
222 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Wet meadows and marshes. May-June. Sometimes in large quantity, as
in the Ceinturon meadows near Hyeres.
O. pyramidal is L. = Anacamptis pyramidalis Rich. Pyramidal
Orchis. Plant 1-2 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, narrow and pointed. Flowers
in a very dense ovoid or conical spike, bright rose, rather small and often strongly
scented. Spur very slender, longer than ovary. Petals conniving over the
column. Lip broad, 3-lobed, the lobes usually equal.
Dry slopes and borders of woods, chiefly on the lower limestone hills. May-
June.
O. sambucina L. Tubers lobed. Stem thick. Leaves oblong, not
spotted. Bracts longer than the flowers, which are straw-coloured (or reddish-
purple in var. purpurea K. = O. incarnata Willd.) in a dense spike. Lips
obscurely 3-lobed, convex, crenate. Spur large, pendent, cylindrical, as long
as the ovary.
Mountain pastures (including the N. of the Var) from a height of about 600
m. April-June. Both have also been lately seen in the Foret de Sainte-Baume.
0. maculata L. Spotted Orchis. Tubers lobed and almost palmate.
Leaves oblong, spotted. Bracts shorter than the flowers, which are pale lilac
or white spotted with purple, in a dense conical head. Lip with 3 lobes the
centre one very small. Spur pendent, rather shorter than the ovary. Stem not
hollow.
Damp woods and meadows, rare on the littoral, but common in the mountains
and in the Chestnut zone. May-June. Esterel, Bagnols, Montrieux, Ampus,
Pierrefew, etc.
O. latifolia L. Broad-leaved Marsh Orchis. Tubers digitate with almost
parallel lobes. Stem hollow. Stem robust. Leaves oblong, broad, often
spotted. Bracts longer than the flowers, often purplish. Lip 3-lobed, the
middle one very small. Spur large, pendent, sub-conical, almost as long as
ovary. Flowers wine-red spotted with purple, in a dense oval or oblong
spike.
Damp meadows and marshes. May-June.
O. incarnata L. Closely allied to the last. Tubers with spreading lobes.
Leaves narrower, lanceolate, not spotted. Flowers paler, rose or flesh coloured,
spotted with purple.
Damp meadows and marshes, rare. May-July. Found by Albert in the
meadows of Fontigon near Ampus, and by Raine in the Ceinturon marshes near
Hyeres.
HERMINIUM R. Br.
H. Monorchis Br. Musk Orchis. This tiny green Orchis without any
spur is rare in the Maritime Alps. We once found it among moss in the chest-
nut grove near S. Dalmazzo di Tenda, at about 2300 ft.
QYMNADENIA R. Br.
Q. conopsea R. Br. Sweet-scented Orchis. Tubers palmately
divided. Stem leafy 12-18 in. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
sheathing. Bracts 3-nerved, about as long as ovary. Flowers numerous, in a
dense cylindrical spike, usually rose coloured, or various shades of purplish-pink,
rarely white, with slight scent of vanilla. Lip 3-lobed, the lobes nearly alike,
obtuse or the middle one acute. Spur filiform, bent downwards, sometimes
twice length of ovary.
Grassy slopes and mountain woods. May, June.
HABENARIA Willd.
H. bifolia Br. = Platan thera bifolia Rich. Butterfly Orchis. Tubers
entire. Stem 12-18 in. with 2 large broadly ovate to oblong leaves at
the base. Flowers yellowish-white, sweet-scented, rather large, in a loose
spike 3-5 in. long, and with lanceolate bracts about length of ovary. Two
CYPERACE^; 223
lateral sepals spreading. Lip linear, entire, obtuse. Spur slender, filiform,
curved, twice length of ovary. Pollinia usually parallel.
Woods and shady places in the hills, fairly common. May-June.
H. montana Durand et Schinz. Differs from the last in being rather
taller and having 2 or 3 large leaves. Pollinia broadly converging (not parallel).
Flowers larger, greenish-white, less scented. Lip lanceolate acute. Spur fili-
form, club-shaped.
Mountain woods and grassy places, rare. May-June. Forest of Sainte-Baume,
Ampus, La Sauvette (Var), Brans, Berre, Mont Mulace" above Menton.
H. viridis Br. (Frog Orchis) grows in the Maritime Alps, but very rarely
descends below 1000 m.
PALMACE^E.
Chamasrops humilis formerly grew as a probable native on the rocks
between Monaco and Mont Alban, but 's now extinct. The two commonest
Palms which have been planted on the Riviera are the tall Date Palm (Phoenix
dactylifera) and P. canariensis (Plate XXXII).
CYPERACE^E.
Tribe I. SCIRPE/E. Spikelets simple, many flowered ; flowers hermaphrodite,
bracteoles absent. Perianth o, or of scales or bristles.
Spikelets compressed ; glumes distichous, deciduous CYPERUS.
Spikelets usually clustered and lateral. Bristles o or 3-8 included SCIRPUS
Spikelet solitary, terminal. Bristles 3-8 included HELEOCHARIS.
Scales imbricate all round, lower larger. Style compressed ciliate, base
enlarged. Spikelets ovoid. Stigmas 2, fringed. The only French species
is a small annual FIMBRISTYLIS.
Tribe II. RHYNCHOSPORE^. "Spikelets" cymose, one to few flowered,
upper flower hermaphrodite or male. Perianth o or of bristles.
Spikelets compressed ; glumes distichous. Bristles various or o. Nut not
beaked SCHCENUS.
Spikelets terete. Bristles o. Nut obtuse CLADIUM.
Tribe III. CARICE-^E. Spikelets terete, 1-2 sexual, rarely dioecious, many fld.,
solitary or in heads, spikes, or panicles. Flowers unisexual ; male naked ;
female enclosed in a perigynium CAREX.
CYPERUS L.
C. fuscus L. Small Brown Cyperus. A 'dwarf annual species with
corymbose or capitate spikelets. Leaves flat and grass-like. Stem triquetrous.
Rays few, short and usually simple. Spikelets crowded, slender, yellowish.
Glumes many ; oblong-ovate, subacute. Nut minute, white.
Damp sandy places, fairly common on the littoral. June-August.
C. aureus Ten. Spikelets reddish-yellow, 6-12 mm. long. Stem triquetrous,
a foot or more high. Leaves linear, keeled (4-8 mm.). Scales loosely im-
bricate, obtuse, reddish. Stamens and stigmas 3. Nut triquetrous, half length
of the scale. Rhizomes with occasional subglobular tubers.
Sandy places near Toulon and Menton, rare. August-September.
C. rotundus DC. = C. olivaris Targ. Allied to the last. Stems slender,
triquetrous. Leaves numerous, long, 2-6 mm. broad, keeled. Rays 4-10 erect,
very unequal, equal to or shorter than the 2-4 leaf-like bracts. Spikelets reddish-
brown, linear, 10-20 mm. long. Scales densely imbricate, subacute, feebly
nerved. Stigmas 3. Rhizomes with a few blackish ovoid tubers.
Damp, sandy places. July-October.
C. longus L. Galingale. Stems 2-3 ft. high, stout, erect, triquetrous, leafy
at base. Leaves few, flat, keeled. Rays many, slender, again umbellate.
Bracts leaf-like, longer than the rays. Spikelets linear, curved, distichously
224 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
crowded in an umbellate cyme. Glumes lanceolate, midrib green, scabrid.
Nut triquetrous, pale.
Damp places, sides of streams, etc., fairly common on the littoral. June-
August.
C. Badius Desf. Perhaps only a var. of the last, with larger spikelets and
denser clusters. It grows in similar places and is equally common. June-August.
C. globosus All. Root fibrous. Stem triquetrous. Leaves narrow,
shorter than the stem. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, in 1-3 globose heads, one
being sessile or nearly so, brownish or pinkish-yellow in colour. Glumes oblong
obtuse. Stamens 2. Stigmas 2. Nut obovate, much compressed, dotted and
rough.
Marshy places, rare. At the mouth of the River Var near Nice, and at
Ventimiglia and Menton. June-November.
C. f lavescens L. Root fibrous, annual. Stem somewhat triquetrous, with
narrow linear leaves shorter than the stem. Spikelets numerous, linear-lanceo-
late, yellowish, in bundles partly sessile and partly stalked. Glumes ovate,
i-nerved. Stamens and stigmas 2 each. Nuts very minute, much compressed,
dotted and rough.
Marshes and damp, sandy places, uncommon. July-September.
C. schoenoides Griseb. Root-stock creeping. Stem cylindrical, erect
and stiff. Leaves linear, channelled, glaucous, reflexed. Spikelets ovate-
lanceolate, glumes green with purple at the base ; spikelets brown, arranged in
a compact almost globose head. Stamens and stigmas 3. Nut ovate-elliptical,
trigonous.
Sea-sands, common along the shore. May-July.
C. serotinus Rottb. is a species not unlike C. longus, but more glaucous
and with thick, compressed triquetrous stem. Scales loosely imbricate, obtuse,
many-nerved, pale at border. Stamens 3, stigmas 2. Nut obovate-compressed.
Spikelets reddish-brown, lanceolate, very spreading.
Marshy places and borders of streams. August-October. By the River Var
near Nice, near Frejus, St. Raphael, etc. Uncommon.
SCIRPUS L.
S. maritimus L. Root-stock creeping. Stems triangular, 2-4 ft. high,
with long flat-pointed leaves often far exceeding the stem. Spikelets rich brown,
ovoid or lanceolate, sometimes 2 or 3 in a close sessile cluster, more often 8-10
in a compound cluster, the outer ones stalked. Bracts long, leafy, pointed.
Glumes notched, with a fine point. Style 3-cleft.
Marshes near the sea and ditches, often in great quantity. April-July.
S. lacustris L. Lake Scirpus. Root-stock creeping. Stems stout, erect,
3-8 ft. high, cylindrical at base, gradually tapering upwards and becoming tri-
angular. Spikelets ovoid or oblong, in a compound lateral umbel or cluster,
with 2 or 3 leaf-like bracts. Glumes numerous, broad, brown, fringed, notched
at top, with a little mucro in the notch. Style 2 or 3 cleft. Nut smooth.
Ponds, borders of rivers, and marshes, uncommon. May-July.
S. Tabernaemontani Gmcl. A sub-species of the last, but more ap-
proaching S. maritimus in habit and size. Style 2-cleft ; glumes with raised
dots, but these characters are very inconstant.
Marshes near the sea, near Toulon, Hyeres, and Ampus.
S. Holoschaenus L. Clustered Scirpus. A stiff rush-like plant, with
cylindrical stems, 2-3 ft. high, with i or 2 stiff leaves sheathing the base. Spike-
lets very small and numerous, closely packed in one or more globular heads
forming an umbel, the longest stiff outer bract forming a continuation of the
stem. Spikelets light brown in colour. Style usually 2-cleft.
Damp places and road-sides, common throughout the district. May-July.
S. pungetls Vahl. is a smaller plant. One or two of the sheaths bear
short, narrow, keeled leaves. Spikelets few (3-6), sessile in a close cluster. Outer
bracts stiff, triangular.
CYPERACE^ 225
Marshes and lakes near the sea, rare. June-August. Near Frejus and near
Hyeres (Ceinturon marshes).
S. setaceus L. Stems slender, 2-6 in. high, in little dense tufts, with one
or two short subulate leaves on each stem, sheathing it at the base. Spikelets
ovoid, solitary or 2 or 3 in a little sessile cluster, the subulate outer bract forming
a continuation of the stem. Glumes broad, short, dark brown with a green
midrib.
Damp, sandy places and places flooded in winter. May-August. Near
Toulon, Bormes, Vallon de la Sauvette, the R. Verne near Collobrieres , etc.
S. Savii Seb. et Maur. occurs in similar places.
ELEOCHARIS Br.
E. palustris Br. and E. multicaulis Sm. are species with numerous
erect stems springing from a creeping root-stock, all leafless except for one or
two short sheaths at the base. The spikelets are solitary and terminal.
E. multicaulis is very rare, being found in the Esterel and by the R. Var near
Nice in June and July. The genus is often spelt Heleocharis.
FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
F. dichotoma Vahl. A slender annual, 3-8 in. high, pubescent on the
leaves and bracts. Leaves very narrow filiform, about as long as the stems.
Inflorescence an umbel of unequal rays, often passed by the setaceous bracts.
Spikelets pale yellow, oblong. Stigmas 2-fringed or ciliate. Nut naked,
obovate compressed, fawn colour.
Damp, sandy places at the mouth of the R. Var in les Alpes-Marit. July-
October. Its only known station in France though widely distributed in Southern
Europe and the hot countries of the globe.
SCHCENUS L.
S. nigricans L. Black Schoenus, " Bog Rush". Stems terete, 6-30 in.
in dense hard tufts of matted sheaths and leaves, wiry, leafless above. Sheaths
reddish-brown or black, shining. Leaves wiry, terete, with convolute margins.
Spikes obovoid, very dark brown, shining, usually shorter than the setaceous
bract. Spikelets 4-10, erect, linear-oblong. Glumes irregular distichous,
oblong-lanceolate, subacute. Nut small, ovoid, white.
Damp, sandy places, especially near the sea, common. April-July.
CLADIUM Pair. Brown.
C. Mariscus Br. A tall rush-like plant with creeping root-stock and leafy
stems, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves nearly erect, smooth and sheathing at base, then
keeled and ending in a long point ; the keel and edges very rough and cutting,
being provided with minute, sharp teeth. Spikelets pale brown, in small clusters,
arranged in panicles in the upper axils, the whole forming a terminal leafy
panicle. Nut tapering at the top. Glumes imbricated round the axis.
Ditches, marshes, rare. June-July. Near Toulon, Hyeres, Le Pradet, La
Crau, Frejus, Cannes, Golfe Jouan, and R. Var.
CAREX L. SEDGE.
The following are the chief species of Carex found in the district dealt with
in this book. Some others occur in the Maritime Alps, beyond our region. Let
us briefly describe seven very characteristic species, only one of which is found
in Great Britain and that of recent discovery.
C. chietophylla Steud. Closely allied to C. divisa Huds. (which is less
common) but more slender and with filiform stems 6-18 in. high. Root-stock
creeping. Leaves very narrow, channelled and setiform. Spike small, ovoid,
dense, with 2-5 male spikelets at the top, often exceeded by a setaceous bract.
Glumes ovate-acuminate. Fruit as long as the glume and with a rather long
beak.
Grassy, sandy places and road-sides, very common on the littoral. April -
15
226 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
May. This species was discovered new to England by the writer in two places
near Seaford (Sussex) some years ago.
C. longiseta Brot. = C. Linkii Schk. Root-stock tufted. Stems
very slender, triquetrous. Leaves often longer than the stems, very narrow
(^-2 mm.), tufted. Spikelets 2-4, pale green, sessile or the lower ones peduncled,
in a loose spike, the males being at the top. Glumes acuminate. Leaf-like
bracts exceeding the stem. Stigmas 3. Fruit greenish, elliptical-triquetrous,
with short beak shorter than the glume.
Dry woods and hill-sides. April-June.
C. oedispostyla Duval-Jouve. Somewhat similar to the last in habit and in
habitat. Stem much exceeded by the long narrow leaves. Spikelets solitary,
few flowered on long filiform peduncles, sometimes springing from near the base.
Bracts none, and replaced by glumes with a long leaf-like point. Stigmas 3.
Fruit greenish, glabrous, ovoid trigonous, obtuse, shorter than the glume.
Dry, sandy woods. April- May.
C. Halleriana Asso. Stems about as long as the leaves (2-3 mm. broad).
Male spikelet solitary, terminal, oblong, reddish. Female spikelets 2-5, globular,
the lower one springing from the base on a very long filiform peduncle. Bracts
sheathing, with leaf-like point. Glumes acuminate, scarious. Stigmas 3. Fruit
fawn-grey colour, obovate trigonous, strongly nerved, and with very short beak.
Dry places and stony woods, fairly common. February-June.
C. serrulata Blvon. This largely takes the place of C. glauca which is
less common on the Mediterranean littoral. Plant glaucous, with stoloniferous
root-stock. Leaves scabrous, 2-5 mm. wide. Male spikelets 1-3, linear-oblong ;
females 2-3 cylindrical, erect, shortly peduncled, brownish. Glumes green,
ovate-acuminate. Fruit elliptical lanceolate, shorter than the glume.
Stony places and hill-sides, common. April-June.
C. hispida Will. A tall robust sedge, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves long, very stiff,
5-10 mm. broad, scabrous. Male spikelets 3-5 cylindrical, brown; females 3-4
thicker, very dense, erect, subsessile, partly white and brown. Glumes greenish-
brown, lanceolate aristate. Stigmas 3. Fruit green, hispid, obovate compressed,
ciliate, with beak shorter than the glume.
Ditches and marshes, April-June.
C. olbiensis Jord. A glabrous species, 1-2 ft. high, near C. panicea
L., with short, thick, tufted root-stock. Stem curved at the top, triquetrous.
Leaves long, 4-8 mm. broad, scabrous. Male spikelet solitary, linear, reddish ;
females 2-3 oblong, rather loose, short peduncled. Bracts sheathing, often as
long as the stem. Glumes whitish, with green keel. Stigmas 3. Fruit pale rust
colour, ovoid-trigonous, attenuated at both ends and having a short truncate beak.
• Dry woods and other places. April-June.
The following may be briefly mentioned : C. disticha Huds., rather rare
in damp places ; C. vulpina L., common ; C. muricataL., C. divulsa Good.,
and C. remota, all fairly common; C. leporina L. and C. depressa Lk.,
damp woods in the Esterel ; C. stficta Good., C. vulgaris Fries, and C.
acuta Fries, in damp places; C. glatica Murr., commoner in the north part
of the district than near the coast; C. riparia Curt, and C. acutiformis
Ehrh., by water ; C. hirtaL., in damp meadows ; C. tomentosa L., in woods
and meadows, chiefly on limestone; C. humilis Ley., on the summit of Mont
Faron near Toulon; C. praecox Jacq., C. nitida Host., sandy, grassy places,
very rare; C. panicea L., moist woods and meadows; C. depauperata Good.,
C. silvatica Huds., and C. Pseudocyperus L., all rare ; C. pendula Huds.,
not uncommon in damp, shady places and by water; C. distans L. and C.
punctata Gaud., damp places; C. pallescens L., in mountain woods of the
Esterel, rare ; C. extensa Good., common on damp sands and marshes near
the sea; C. flava L. and C. (Ederi Ehrh., both rare in damp, sandy places.
In addition to the above, most of which occur in both Departments, there are
a few more species which are recorded from les Alpes-Marit., excluding those
GRAMINE^ 227
in the higher mountains: C. paniculata L., marshes in the mountains ; C.
elotlgata L., at Lupega; C. canescens L., in the lower mountains ; C.
digitata L., Gorge of Saorge, etc., on limestone; C. Mairii Coss. et G.,
rare in damp places near Nice ; C. yeslcaria L., River Var near Nice, and C.
paludosa Good., in ditches near Nice, etc.
GRAMINE^E.
No 'less a botanist than Sir J. D. Hooker remarked that " the tribes and
genera of Grasses are most difficult of classification. Many systems have been
proposed." J We give a table of the Tribes, showing a natural grouping of the
genera ; and instead of giving a key to the very numerous genera, we have given
the chief generic characters in the body of the work. About 70 genera, com-
prising at least 230 species and sub-species, have been recorded from the area
dealt with. Of these about 215 species and sub-species occur in the Department of
the Var alone. It is impossible here to briefly describe more than about 85
species, though most of the others are mentioned. The following sequence is
based upon that adopted with greater or less similarity by Coste, Ardoino, Arc-
angeli, and Albert and Jahandiez in their respective Floras. Some of the
generic characters are taken from Babington's " Manual of British Botany '' ;
others, together with a few of the short specific characters, are taken from
Woods' " Tourist's Flora " (1850). The term " pales " used by these two writers
to include the fertile or flower-glume as well as the pale, has been dropped in
accordance with modern custom. The very useful little " Genera of British
Plants," by H. G. Carter, M.B. (1913), came into my hands too late to be of
service here.
The genera may be grouped in the following tribes or sub-tribes. (This ar-
rangement is somewhat eclectic, though based upon Hooker's " Student's
Flora ") :—
1. PHALARIDE/B. Spikelets laterally compressed ; rachilla not produced
beyond the uppermost glume. Glumes 4, uppermost only with a 2-sexual flower.
Pales o, or in the perfect flower i-nerved. — Mibora (sometimes placed in Agros-
tideae), Anthoxanthum, Phalaris, Crypsis, Phleum, Alopecurus.
2. SESLERIE/E. Spikelets subspicate or capitate, with empty glumes (im-
perfect spikelets) on the pedicels below them. — Sesleria, Echinaria.
3. PANICE/E. Spikelets dorsally compressed. Fertile-glume 3- or more
nerved, not awned, hardening round the fruit. — Tragus, Setaria, Panicum,
Digitaria.
4. CHLORIDE/E. Spikelets crowded in two close rows, forming a one-
sided spike or raceme with a continuous (not jointed) rachis. — Cynodon,
Spartina.
5. ANDROPOQONE/E. Spikelets hermaphrodite, or male and herma-
phrodite, each male standing close to a hermaphrodite. — Andropogon, Sorg-
hum, Saccharum.
6. ARUNDINE/C. Spikelets 2- or more fld. ; rachilla bearded with long,
silky hairs.— Arundo, Phragmites, Ampelodesmos.
7. AGROSTIDE/C. Spikelets terete or laterally compressed ; rachilla pro-
duced or not beyond the flower-glume. Glumes 3 (2 empty), flower solitary,
2-sexual ; pales 2-nerved.— Ammophila, Calamagrostis, Agrostls, Sporo-
bolus, Qastridium, Polypogon, Lagurus, Stipa, Piptatherum.
8. AVENEj42. Spikelets panicled, terete, or laterally compressed, usually
2-flowered ; rachilla produced beyond the flower-glume (except in some sub-
species of Aira). Glumes 4 or more, 2 lowest empty, 2 or more upper flowering
with a dorsal bent and twisted awn (except some species of Aira and Des-
champsia).- Aira, Corynephorus, Ventenata, Avena, Trisetum, Arr-
henatherum, Holcus, (iaudinia.
1 " The Student's Flora of the British Isles," Ed. Ill, p. 466.
51*
228 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
9. FESTUCE/E. Spikelets panicled or subspicate, terete, or laterally
compressed, 2 or more flowered ; rachilla usually produced beyond the flower-
glume, often bearing a rudimentary glume. Glumes 4 or more, 2 lowest empty,
shorter than the flowering. Awn terminal or o. — Sieglingia, Koeleria,
Qlyceria, Catabrosa, Poa, Eragrostis, Molinin, Melica, Briza, Sclero-
chloa, Dactylis, Cynosurus, Lamarckia, Vulpia, Festuca, Bromus.
10. HORDE/E. Spikelets i or more flowered, sessile in 2 opposite rows
on a simple rachis ; rachilla produced beyond the uppermost flower-glume (except
in Nardus). Flower-glume with a terminal awn or o.
Sub-Tribe ELYME/E. Spikelets 2 or more in each notch, collateral ; the
central perfect ; the lateral perfect or reduced to bristles. — Hordeum, Ely mus.
Sub-Tribe TRITICE/E. Spikelets solitary in the notches, 3- or more
flowered.— Aegilops, Triticum, Lolium, Brachypodium.
Sub-Tribe LEPTURE/E. Spikes solitary in the notches, i-2-flowered. —
Nardurus, Lepturus, Psilurus, Nardus.
MI BORA Adans.
Inflorescence a somewhat one-sided raceme. Glumes not keeled, blunt.
Flower r. Fertile glume scarious, very hairy, blunt, not awned.
M. minima Desv. A very small, tufted annual, rarely 3 in. high. Stems
capillary, leaves short and narrow, with thin sheaths. Spikelets small, purplish,
almost sessile in a simple slender spike. Outer glumes obtuse, nearly equal.
Flowering glume shorter, very thin and scarious, hairy outside, jagged at top
but not awned.
Sandy fields, here and there. February- April.
ANTHOXANTHUM L. VERNAL GRASS.
Barren glumes 4, the inner pair awned and enclosing i fertile glume and i
small pale. Stamens 2. Fertile glume broad, obtuse, and awnless.
A. odoratum L. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. Panicle spike-like, one-
sided at base, iJ-2 in. long. Outer glumes very pointed. Flowering glumes
usually included, or rarely the longest awn slightly protrudes.
Grassy places, especially in hilly meadows. May-June.
A. aristatum Boiss. The upper awn much exceeds the top of the spikelet,
and the fertile flower is not half as long as the sterile glumes. Annual or bi-
ennial.
Crops and sandy fields near le Cannet du Luc (Var). May-July.
PHALARIS L.
Barren glumes boat-shaped, keeled, membranous, nearly equal, exceeding
the flower. Pale i-nerved, closely surrounding the fruit. Rudimentary flowers,
1-2, scale-like. Fertile glume broad. Keel often winged. Spikelets compressed.
P. arundinacea L. Reed-like, 2-3 ft. high, with rather broad, long leaves,
densely tufted at the base. Spikelets numerous, in a spreading panicle 6-8 in.
long. Outer glumes lanceolate and pointed but not awned, keeled, but not
winged, pale green or whitish with green nerve.
Ditches and watery places. June-July.
P. Ccerulescens Desf. Panicle spike-like, cylindrical. Glumes acute.
Wing dentate, terminating abruptly. No barren floret. Pales thin, nearly
smooth. Roots beaded with 1-2 large tubers. Plant 2-3 ft. high.
Dry meadows and borders of fields. April-June.
P. nodosaL. Panicle spike-like, lanceolate. Glumes acute. Wing narrow,
entire. Neutral floret sublanceolate, villous as well as the pale. Roots formed
of 2-4 small tubers. Plant 2-3 ft. high.
Damp places, road-sides, etc. May-June.
GRAMINEjE 229
P. minor Rctz. Panicle spike-like, oblong. Glumes acuminate. Wing
narrow, jagged. Outer barren floret a minute fleshy scale, inner one membranous,
half as long as the villous pale. Plant annual, 1-2 ft. high.
Sandy and grassy places, uncommon. May-June.
P. paradoxa L. Raceme spike-like, obovate-cylindric ; middle and upper
branches somewhat cymose. Small, blunt, neutral spikelets mixed with the
others at the base of the spike. Annual, 1-2 ft. high. Stem leafy to the top.
Cultivated fields. April-June.
P. brachystachys Lk. Spike ovoid. Glumes acute. Wing entire.
Neutral florets 2, very small, ovate, membranous.
Fields and uncultivated places. May-June.
P. canariensis L. Canary Grass. This well-known grass, imported from
the Canary Isles and N. Africa, and cultivated to feed birds with, occurs here
and there in a " wild " state. The panicle is ovoid. Wing rounded, nearly
entire. Neutral florets 2, nearly equal, more than half as long as the fertile
ones.
Sandy fields. May-June. Annual.
CRYPSIS Ait.
Spikelets scattered, i-flowered, in a small dense head, which is usually included
in a common involucrum. Glumes membranous, unarmed. Fertile glume,
entire, membranous, unarmed, as long as the glumes.
C. aculeata Ait. A small annual, usually glabrous, with spreading, com-
pressed branches and glaucous acuminate leaves with large sheath. Upper glume
i-nerved. Stamens 2. Heads hemispherical, involucrate.
Marshy coasts, uncommon. July-September.
C. schcenoides Lam. A small annual with simple or branched compressed
stems, and glaucous acuminate leaves less broadly sheathed than the last.
Heads ovoid-oblong, sheathed at base. Upper glume 2-nerved. Stamens 3.
Sandy, marshy places and ditches, uncommon. July-September.
PHLEUM L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS.
Glumes compressed, keeled, parallel at midrib, truncate, with a terminal
seta, or acute. Flower i. Pale membranous ; fertile glume 3-veined, blunt, not
awned or with a minute central awn. The following species occur :
P. arenarium L., P. tenue Schrader, P. asperum Jacq., P. Bfehmeri
Wibel, and P. pratense L. (Timothy Grass).
ALOPECURUS L. FOX-TAIL GRASS.
Glumes compressed, connate below, membranous, awnless. Flower i. Pale o.
Fertile glume scarious, 3-veined, awned on the back. The following occur : A.
agrestis L., A. pratensis L. (Meadow Fox-tail), A. bulbosus L., and A.
geniculatus L.
SESLERIA Scop.
Spikelets sessile, imbricate all round, 2-6 flowered in a dense ovoid head.
Glumes nearly equalling the spikelet. Fertile glumes 2-3, keeled, membranous,
with a scarious margin, ending in 3 or 5 points. Pale 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
S. argentea Savi. grows rarely in rocky places, and S. caerulea Ard. grows
in arid, rocky places, as on Faron, Sainte-Baume, Chateaudouble, etc.
ECHINARIA Desf.
Spikelets sessile, in a spiny, globose head. Florets i or 2, the second
generally barren. Fertile glume ending in several long rigid bristles. Head
with a laciniate involucrum.
E. capitata Desf. An erect annual, 4-12 in. high. Leaves short, very
obtuse. Heads globular, dense, spiny. Spikelets subsessile, compressed
230 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
laterally, 2-4 flowered. Fertile glume of 5 unequal spreading spines, the upper
pale 2-keeled and with 2 spreading spines. Stem erect, nearly naked.
Dry, sandy fields, uncommon ; sometimes in cornfields, as at Plau d'Aups.
May-June.
TRAQUS Hall.
Outer glumes scariose ; inner one coriaceous and bristly. Spikelets scattered,
i-flowered, in a spike-like panicle.
T. racemosus Hall. = Lappago racemosa Willd. Annual, 3-12 in.,high,
hispid. Stems spreading or ascending, very leafy. Glumes horny at length.
Bristles crooked. Spikelets 2-4, subsessile, united into a long raceme. Leaves
with stiff cilia ; ligule of soft hairs.
Sandy fields. June-October.
SETARIA de Beauv.
Spike compound, often cylindrical. Spikelets surrounded by an involucre of
bristles, 2-flowered ; inferior flower rudimentary. Glumes 2, lower 3-veined,
upper many-veined. Sterile flower of i pale like the upper glume.
The following species occur: S. giauca Beauv., S. viridis Beauv., very
common like the first, S. ambigua Guss., very rare at Hyeres in the crops, and
S. verticillata Beauv., rather rare, in cultivated fields.
PANICUM L.
Spikelets all fertile, scattered, in spikes, racemes, or panicles ; barren floret i.
large, glume-like, embracing the horny, ribless pale. Fertile glume nerved-
(Spikes fingered in Digitaria.)
P. capillare L. Panicle much branched, capillary, spreading. Flowers
widely scattered. Outer glume ovate, acute ; inner and barren florets acuminate,
smooth. Sheaths hairy. Leaves soft, broad, hairy. An annual.
An American grass cultivated and naturalized here and there in sandy places
near Nice, the Sablettes, and Toulon. Very rare. June-September.
P. repens L. occurs rarely on sea-sands near Hyeres and Bormes.
P. Crus-galli L. is common. Spikelets panicled, i-flowered. Stems stout.
Leaves broad, flat, often waved. P. miliaceum L. (Milet) is cultivated for
fowls, and occasionally seen naturalized.
DIGITARIA Scop.
Spikelets unilateral, on digit ite spikes. Fertile glume not awned.
D. sanguitialls Scop. = P. sailguinale L. is very common in crops, and
flowers from July-September. Leaves and sheaths hairy. Panicle digitate,
often purplish, of 3-10 long spikes.
CYNODON Rich. DOG'S-TOOTH GRASS.
Spikes digitate, spreading. Spikelets i-flowered, awnless, with a superior
rudiment. Glumes nearly equal, patent. Fertile glume boat-shaped, com-
pressed, 3-nerved, awnless. Styles long and distinct. Stigmas feathery.
C. dactylon Pers. A low prostrate grass, creeping and rooting to a great
extent, and hence used now in many hot countries to form a sward. Panicle
of 3-5 slender spikes, i-ij in. long. Outer glumes nearly equal, narrow and
pointed. Flowering glume longer and broader, becoming hardened when
in fruit.
Grassy and sandy places, borders of fields, etc., very common. June-
September.
SPART1NA Schreber.
Spikes erect, one-sided, panicled. Spikelets i-flowered, awnless. Glumes
unequal ; upper lanceolate. Fertile glume sessile, awnless, i-nerved. Pale
long, 2-nerved. Styles long, united half way. Stigmas feathery.
PLATE XXXI
GRAMINE^E 23!
S. versicolor Fabre. Plant 2-4$ ft. high, with long creeping rhizomes.
Leaves very long, rush-like and revolute, at first purplish then green streaked
with white. Spikes 3-5, the upper one long peduncled, the others subsessile.
Upper glume half as long as the lower one, lanceolate-obtuse.
Damp, sandy places near the sea, rare. November-March but rarely flower-
ing. It grows at the Vieux Salins, the Plage d'Hyeres (sometimes under the
Pines), on the Isthmus of Giens, near Frejus, and at Cap Croisette near
Cannes.
ANDROPOGON L.
Spikelets in twos, sessile or stalked, linear-lanceolate. Spikes digitate,
or in pairs or panicles. Fertile glume with a long, bent awn. Seed nearly linear.
Plants mostly tall, and often hairy. Ligule reduced to hairs.
A. distachyos L. Spikes in pairs, terminal. Barren spikelets awned.
Stem undivided. Plant 1-3 ft. high. Awn of fertile glume 2 cm. long.
Hill-sides and stony places. May- November.
A. Ischtemum L. Spikes 5-10, fan-like. Barren spikelet awnless. Fer-
tile spikelet sessile, with nearly equal glumes, hairy, purplish. Plant 1-2$ ft.
high. Awn of fertile glume only 10-15 mm.
Dry, stony places, borders of fields and slopes. May-October.
A. hirtus L. Spikes in pairs, panicled. Barren spikelets awnless.
Upper part of stalk, common to a pair of spikes, with long hairs. Plant 2-4
ft. high, somewhat variable. Awn 2 cm. long.
Hill-sides and borders of fields, very common. April-November.
A. ptlbescens Vis. May be no more than a variety of the last with longer
awn, longer spikes, and peduncles downy to the top, but not hispid. It grows
with the other and is almost as common. April-November.
A. Jfryllus L. Spikes small, numerous, in long verticillate panicles.
The whorled spreading branches are 3-flowered. Plant 2-3 ft. high.
Arid, uncultivated ground, uncommon. May-July.
SORGHUM Pers.
Spikelets in twos or threes, sessile or stalked, oblong or rather ovoid.
Glume of fertile flowers coriaceous, without striae. Seed large, roundish.
S. halepense Pers. Panicle spreading ; branches and rachis rough. Stalk
of barren floret about half as long as the floret. Barren floret extending con-
siderably beyond the fertile. Leaves and sheath smooth. Root creeping.
Plant 2-6 ft. high.
Fields and damp places ; introduced from the Orient, but long naturalized
on the Riviera. June-September.
SACCHARUM L.
Spikelets all fertile, in sets, one sessile and one or two stalked. Usually
awnless. Fertile glume without hairs. Pale minute or wanting. The sugar-cane
belongs to this genus.
S. Ravennie L. occurs in marshes in the Var and flowers in September and
October. It is 3-6 ft. high, with a silky white branched panicle.
S. cylindricum Lamk. = Imperata cylindrica P.B. Spike cylindrical,
silky and silvery, but spotted with the purple 'styles. Leaves glabrous, narrow.
Plant 2-3 ft. high.
Sands near the sea and rather damp places. Uncommon. June-August.
ARUNDO L. CANB.
Spikelets pedicelled, 1-7 flowered, in a large branched panicle. Glumes
membranous, equal or the outer larger. Inner glumes membranous, very un-
equal. Awn, if any, fine and slender.
232 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
A. Donax L. Car.ne de Provence (Plates III and XXXI). A tall bamboo-
like reed, 6-16 ft. or more high, with thick creeping root-stock. Stems ligneous,
averaging an inch thick. Leaves very broad. Ligule very short and briefly ciliate.
Panicle very long (1-2 ft.), oblong and dense. Glumes nearly equal ; inner one
as long as the floret. Fertile glume trifid. Also called roseaux.
Damp, sandy places, sides of streams, etc., common on the littoral and often
planted. September-November. Much used for baskets, fences, etc.
A. Pliniana Turra. Allied to the last, but less robust in all its parts.
Leaves smaller with two shorter auricles at base. Panicle i-i£ ft. long, stiff.
Lower flowers-glume smooth, and tapering into a bristle.
Damp places on the littoral near Frejus and St. Raphael. September-October.
PHRAQM1TES Adans. REED.
Panicle diffuse. Glumes unequal, lower one much smaller. Flowers 1-6,
awnless, with silky hairs at base, lower ones imperfect. Fertile glumes acuminate,
upper one much longer than the lower. Pale very short.
P. communis Trin. Common Reed. A stout grass, 4-12 ft. high, with
long creeping root-stock and numerous long leaves, often an inch broad. Panicle
4-18 in. long, much branched, purplish-brown. Spikelets very numerous,
narrow. Outermost glume lanceolate, concave and empty.
Wet places, very common and somewhat variable. June-September.
A large variety (P. gigantea Gay) sometimes considered a species, is found
at the Plage d'Hyeres and at Porquerolles.
AMPELODESMOS Lk.
Spikelets many-flowered, lowermost usually perfect. Outer glume rather
the smallest. Fertile glumes bifid. Seed crested. Panicle diffuse.
A. tenax Lk. grows very rarely in thickets among the Lentisk, Cistus and
Calycotome near La Londe (Var) on the borders of the Pansard torrent.
AMMOPHILA Host.
Spikelets i-flowered, scattered, with an inferior rudiment. Glumes nearly
equal, membranous. Fertile glume rigid, 5-nerved, silky at base. Pale rigid,
2-nerved.
A. arenaria Lk. = Psamma arenaria Beauv. Sea Maram. Root-stock
creeping, binding the shilling sands. Panicle cylindrical, thicker in the middle ;
straw coloured ; glumes and pale linear-lanceolate acute. Stem erect, stiff,
2-3 ft. high. Leaves rigid, involute, acute, glaucous.
Sandy seashores. May-July.
CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. SMALL REED.
Panicle diffuse. Glumes nearly equal, lower rather longer. Flower i, with
silky hairs at its base. Fertile glume bifid, awned.
C. argentea DC. = Lasiogrostis Calamagrostis Lk. An elegant
silvery grass, 2-3 ft. high, growing in dense masses, with long stiff involute
leaves and leafy stems. Ligule short and truncate. Panicle long, branched,
somewhat drooping, silvery and then fawn coloured.
Rocky screes and arid banks in the lower mountains. June-August.
C. epigeios Roth, grows rarely in rather damp, sandy places near Frejus, St.
Raphael, the Esterel, and Golfe Jouan.
AGROSTIS L. BENT GRASS.
Panicle loose. Glumes membranous, acute, unarmed ; upper smaller.
Flower i, with hairs at its base, no rudiment. Fertile glume hyaline ; dorsal
awns shorter than glumes, or o. Spikelets very small.
The following occur : —
GRAMINE/E 233
A. pallida DC., A. elegans Thore., A. canina L., A. oHvetorum Q. G.,
A. vulgaris With., and the var. nigra With., which the present writer found
near Carqueiranne in April, 1913, apparently new to France. See " Journal of
Botany" (1913), p. 196.
It is more robust, darker in colour, panicle more scabrid and more rigid, and
the spikelets are larger.
A. verticillata Vill., and A. alba L. in many forms.
A. Spica-venti L. = Apera Spica-venti Beauv. rarely occurs in crops
on sandy ground. It is a tall, slender, and very elegant annual grass.
SPOROBOLUS R. Br.
A genus hardly distinguishable form Agrostis, but with panicle usually less
branched and more contracted.
S. pungens Kunth. A creeping grass, with long scaly rhizomes. Stems
very leafy, branched from the base. Leaves short, stiff, spinous. Panicle short,
often purplish. Lower glumes much shorter than upper.
Maritime sands. July-October. Perhaps this plant approaches the actual
sea nearer than any other, and binds the sands with its creeping rhizomes.
GASTRID1UM Beauv. NIT-GRASS.
Panicle close, spike-like. Glumes membranous, acute, awnless, ventricose at
base, exceeding the flower. Fertile glume minute, truncate or toothed at end.
Spikelets small, in a contracted panicle, i-flowered.
Q. lendigerum Gaud, occurs in crops and dry fields and G. scabrum Presl.
more rarely in fields.
POLYPOQON Desf. BEARD-GRASS.
Panicle close, spike-like. Glumes scarious, each with a long bristle from just
below the notched tip. Fertile glume usually awned from below the tip.
Spikelets in a contracted or spike-like panicle, i-flowered.
P. maritimus Willd. and P. monspeliensis Desf. are not uncommon in
damp, sandy places near the coast ; and P. subspathaceus Req. is very rare
near Hyeres and on the Isle of Porquerolles.
LAGURUS L. HAKE'S-TAIL.
Panicle dense, ovoid. Glumes scarious, ending in a long fringed bristle.
Flower i, with a pedicel-like rudiment. Fertile glume ending in 2 short bristles
and with a dorsal bent, twisted awn.
L. ovatus L. An erect slender annual, 4-18 in. high. Leaves covered with
soft down, and with swollen sheaths. Spikelets i-flowered, very numerous and
crowded in an ovoid or oblong soft hairy head about an inch long. Outer
glumes subulate or slightly dilated at base , and with long soft hairs ; fertile
glume much shorter, thin and cleft into 2 awn-like points.
Sandy places near the sea, common. May-June.
STIPA L. FEATHER-GRASS.
Spikelets stalked, i-flowered, in a panicle. Fertile glume coriaceous, con-
volute, 5-nerved, hairy below, with a very long, bent awn usually twisted below.
S. pennata L. Awn twisted below, feathery above the upper knee, often a
foot long. Glumes subulate with a long scarious point Anthers hairless.
Plant 1^-2$ ft. high.
Dry hills and stony slopes inland, but not ascending so high as in the
central European Alps. Local, June-Aug.
S. juncea L. Awn hairy throughout, about 3 in. long. Upper part straight,
much longer than the twisted portion. Glumes subulate. Anthers bearded.
234 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Leaves all setaceous, filiform, and glaucous. Upper sheaths not enlarged. Plant
same height as last.
Dry hill-sides and stony slopes. May-June.
S. tortilis Desf. A rather smaller annual species. Panicle more spike-like.
Awn about 4$ in. long, lower part much twisted, armed with strong hairs. Inner
glume villous. Sheaths broad, the upper generally embracing the base of panicle.
Dry rocky places, rare. April-May. La Garde, near Toulon, Villefranche,
and Nice.
S. Aristella L. Plant 2-4 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves rolled in, setaceous,
the upper one far from the panicle. Awn hispid, not twisted, twice as long as
the acuminate glume. Florets sessile. Anthers hairless.
Dry rocky or stony places. May- June.
S. tenacissima Desf. This handsome grass, well known in Egypt, is found
naturalized near the top of Mont Faron near Toulon (Reynier), and in May, 1913,
a few large clumps 4^ ft. high were found by the writer on a limestone slope
just above La Farlede (Var). It is known as Haifa Grass.
PIPTATHERUM P. Beauv.
Glumes membranous. Spikelets i-flowered, in a loose panicle. Florets
sessile. Fertile glume joined to a straight, terminal awn, hardening on
the seed.
P. multiflorum P.B. Panicle many flowered, the branches being in
whorls. Awn as long as glume. Fertile glume smooth. Leaves flat ; ligule
short, truncate, the upper one sometimes laciniate. Plant 2-3 ft. high, with erect,
stiff stems.
Road-sides and fields, very common in most places on the littoral. May-
October.
P. citrulescens P.B. Awn shorter than glume. Leaves narrower,
setaceous, involute. All ligules long, lanceolate. Spikelets bluish.
Stony places in limestone hills. April-June.
P. paradoxum P.B. Panicle few flowered. Awn twice as long as glume.
Fertile glume hairy. Leaves flat. Ligules short and truncate.
Limestone rocks and dry hill-sides. Rare. May-July. Faron.
AIRA L.
Panicle lax. Flowers 2. Fertile glume toothed or bifid at top, terete on the
back. Awn dorsal, kneed (except in A. ccespitosa). Ovary glabrous. Fruit
not crested. The following species occur : A. Tenorii Guss., A. provincialis
yard., A. caplllaris Host., A. ccespitosa L., A. flexuosa L., A. media
Gouan, A. Cupaniana Guss., A. caryophyllea L., A. multiculmis Dumort.
CORYNEPHORUS P. Beauv.
Spikelets panicled, 2-flowered. Awn straight, jointed in middle; upper
portion clavate, a tuft of hairs at the junction. Tip of lower pale entire. The
following occur: C. canescens P.B., only at les Sablettes near Toulon, C.
fasciculatus Boiss. et Reut., and C. articulatus P.B., both on sandy places
near the sea.
VENTENATA Kaler.
Ventenata avenacea Kceler. Grows in sandy waste ground near Collo-
brieres and perhaps elsewhere in the Var. It is a glabrous annual, 1-2 ft. high,
with the habit of an Avena, and very loose spreading panicle.
AVENA L. OAT.
Spikelets 2-5 flowered. Fertile glume entire or 2-toothed, long awned.
Awn dorsal, kneed, and twisted. Ovary hairy at the top. Fruit crested and
furrowed. The following may be found: A. barbata Brot., A. fatua L.,
PLATE XXXlI
GRAMINE.E 235
A. sterilis L., A. setacea Vill., A. pubescens L., A. pratensis L., and
A. bromoides Gouan.
TRISETUM Pert.
Spikelets crowded. Flowers 2-6. Fertile glume with faint lateral veins, end-
ing in 2 acute teeth, awned. Awn dorsal, kneed, and twisted. Ovary glabrous.
Fruit neither crested nor furrowed.
T. flavescens P.B. Yellow Oat. Panicle diffuse, yellowish. Glumes
very unequal. Florets about 3, exceeding the calyx. Axis with a very short
beard. Fertile glume 5-nerved. Root somewhat creeping.
Meadows and woods, common. June-July.
ARRHENATHERUM P. Beauv. FALSE-OAT.
Flowers 2, with a rudiment ; lower flower male with a long kneed and twisted
awn from below its middle ; upper with a short straight awn. Fertile glumes
ending in 2 points. Ovary hairy at top. Fruit downy, not furrowed.
A. elatius Mert. et Koch is common in many districts. May-July.
HOLCUS L.
Flowers 2 ; lower perfect, awnless (or rarely awned), upper usually male, with
a dorsal awn. Fertile glumes 5-nerved, hardening on the fruit. Pale 3-toothed.
H. lanatus L. is very common. May-July.
H. mollis L. is rare in the district and grows usually in mountain woods.
May-July.
QAUDINIA P. Beauv.
Glumes unequal, much shorter than spikelet. Fertile glume with a long bent
and twisted dorsal awn. Rachis brittle.
Q. fragilis P.B. Culm branched. Sheaths and leaves downy, spikelet
solitary, 5-7 flowered, smooth. In habit somewhat like a slender but hairy Rye-
grass.
Meadows and grassy slopes near the sea. May-June.
The late M. Albert determined 3 varieties in the Var, which are figured and
described iathe " Cat. des Plantes Vase, du Var," p. 540.
SI EG LI NQ I A Bernh.
Flower 2-4. Fertile glume rather coriaceous, rounded on the back, bifid with
an intermediate broad tooth. Nut free.
S. decumbens Sw»A. = Triodia decumbens. Beauv. = Danthonla de-
cumbens DC. = Festuca decumbens L., grows in meadows and grassy
places occasionally. June-July.
KOELERIA Pers.
Fertile glume slightly keeled, acuminate, or with a straight terminal bristle.
Glumes unequal ; upper 2-3 ribbed, bpikelets compressed, 2-5 flowered, in a
spike-like panicle. Nut free.
K. phleoides Pers. Annual, about a foot high. Panicle cylindrical ; spike-
lets crowded on erect, branched, hairless stalks, 3-5 flowered. Fertile glume
rough and somewhat hairy. Awn soft, hardly one-fourth as long as floret.
Leaves flat, hairy. Stem hairless.
Sandy places near the sea. April-June.
K. villosa Pers. Annual, about a foot high. Panicle cylindrical, larger
than the last. Spikelets crowded on short erect, hairy, branched stalks, 2-
flowered, villous on back, acuminate, the second floret abortive in the lowe
spikelets. Leaves flat, soft, villous.
Sandy shores. May-June.
236 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
K. valesiaca Gaud. Allied to the last, but with stem hairy at the top and
with glabrous spikelets. Glumes ciliate on keel. Pale acuminate. Lower
leaves convolute-setaceous.
Dry hill-sides. April-June.
K. cristata Pers. grows in dry slopes, and the loose panicled K. Michelli
COM. (like a Vulpia in habit) in dry sandy woods.
QLYCERIA R. BY.
Glumes unequal, sub-membranous. Fertile glumes with 5-7 strong prominent
ribs and a scarious margin, subcylindrical. Nut oblong, convex on back, fur-
rowed within, free. Spikelets many flowered.
The following species occur, viz. : Q. convoluta Fries, Q. tenuifolia
Boiss. et Rent., Q. festucaeformis Heyn. (rare, near Toulon, Sanary, and
Hyeres), Q. distans Wahl., Q. fluitans R. Br., and Q. plicata Fries.
CATABROSA P. Beauv.
Glumes unequal, very short, i-veined. Fertile glumes cuneate and 3-toothed,
at tip, membranous. Upper glume often with 2 short and faint lateral veins.
C. aquatica P. Beauv. — Qlyceria aquatica Presl. This pale green,
tender aquatic grass is recorded from La Seyne near Toulon. The stems are
creeping or floating at the base, rooting at the nodes and often 2 or 3 ft. long,
the flowering branches are erect, the panicle pyramidal. May-July.
POA L.
Glumes rather unequal. Fertile glume 3-5 veined, scarious at the tip, com-
pressed, keeled. Nut elliptic trigonous, slightly furrowed within, free. The
following occur in our district : P. compressa L., P. pratensis L., P. Chaixii
Vill. (in mountain woods), P. trivialis L., P. nemoralis L. (in mountain
woods), P. bulbosa L. (very common), and P. annua L.
ERAGROSTIS P. Beauv.
Glumes much shorter than the spikelet. Inner and outer glumes similar,
membranous, with 3 prominent converging nerves. Panicle spreading.
E. major Host. (E. megastachya Lk.). Panicle spreading, branches
solitary or in pairs ; lower hairy at base. Spikelets linear-oblong. Florets
15.35, obtuse, with a short point. Sheaths smooth. Seeds reticulate. Annual.
Sandy cultivated ground. May-October.
E. minor Host. (E. poteformis Lk.). Panicle spreading, more delicate
than the last, branches solitary or in pairs ; lower ones hairy at base. Spikelets
ovate-oblong. Florets 9-19. Sheaths hairy. Annual, about a foot high.
Same places as the last but less common. May-October.
E. pilosa P. Beauv. Panicle contracted when in flower. Branches semi-
verticillate ; lower hairy at base. Spikelets linear. Florets 5-13, acute.
Lateral nerves of outer pale rather indistinct. Sheaths smooth. Annual about
a foot high.
Sandy, fields in the Var. June-October.
MOLINIA Schrank.
Glumes unequal, without lateral ribs, falling short of the lanceolate spikelet
of 2 or 3 semi-cylindrical flowers and a subulate rudiment. Pales 2-nerved,
obtuse. Fertile glumes 3-nerved, very strong. Spikelets in a slender panicle.
M. caerulea Moench. Purple Molinia. Panicle rather contracted, often
purplish. Spikelets erect, awnless, about 3-flowered. Fertile glume 3-nerved,
acute, hairless. Stems nearly naked, erect, stiff. Plant 1-3 ft. high, glabrous.
Damp heaths and grassy places. June-October. Very variable.
GRAMINE/E 237
M. serotina Mert. et K. Plant 1-3 ft. high, glabrous. Panicle spread-
ing, with branches at right angles. Florets 2-5, somewhat awned. Fertile
glume 5-nerved. Stem leafy and knotted.
Limestone hills and stony slopes. July-October.
MELICA L. MELICK.
Glumes nearly equal, with lateral ribs, nearly as long as the ovate spikelet
of i or 2 flowers, rounded on the back and with a club-like rudiment. Fertile
glumes 5-9 nerved, awnless.
M. ciliata L. Panicle regular, spike-like ; branches erect. Fertile glume of
lower floret ciliate on its whole length. Back rough, not hairy. Leaves flat.
Stem tall, solitary. The two sub-species which occur in the Var are AT. nebro=
densis Part, with a more slender, looser panicle, and M. Magnolii G. G., a
more robust plant with a longer interrupted panicle. They both occur on dry
hill-sides and borders of fields. April-June. In nebrodensis the fertile glume
of lower leaflet is ciliate for its whole length.
M. Bauhini All. Panicle simple, much less dense than in ciliata, lower
branches spreading. Spikelets secund. Fertile glume of lower florets ciliate to
above middle, not at top. Back scabrous.
Dry, rocky places. April-June.
M. minuta L. Fertile glume not bearded. Raceme sometimes simple, loose,
finally whitish or violet. Spikelets beardless, with 2 complete florets. Glumes
acute, falling short of the florets. Stem branched. Leaves very narrow, con-
volute. Ligule long. A very distinct species.
Limestone rocks and walls, local. April-June.
M. major Sibth. et Sm. is a sub-species of the last, with flat leaves, larger
panicle and larger habit altogether.
Woods and arid slopes. April-June.
M. uniflora Retz. Wood Melick. Panicle branched, i sided ; only i
complete floret. Fertile glume not bearded. Plant 1-2 ft. high.
Woods in the hills and shady places. April-July.
BRIZA L. QUAKE-GRASS.
Glumes nearly equal, broad, 3-ribbed. Flowers 3-8, densely imbricate in a
short distichous spikelet. Fertile glume boat-shaped, blunt, rounded on the back,
with 7-9 faint veins. Glumes and pale membranous with a scarious margin.
Nut free. Spikelets drooping.
B. maxima L. Panicle simple, drooping. Spikelets large, 9-17 flowered,
drooping, oblong-ovate, silvery-white at first.
Sandy fields and waste ground in the littoral zone. May-June.
B. media L. Common Shaking Grass. Panicle compound, erect; sp ke-
lets small, suborbicular, 5-9 flowered, usually purplish. Ligule short, truncate
Meadows and pastures. May-July.
B. minor L. Annual. Panicle, very compressd, erect. Spikelets triangular
cordate, small, 5-7 flowered, pale green. Ligule lanceolate acute, long.
Damp sandy fields, local. May- July.
SCLEROCHLOA P. Beauv.
Glumes unequal, membranous. Fertile glume with 5 faint veins, cylindrical
below, olten keeled at the tip, or with a very minute mucro. Nut oblong,
convex on back, not furrowed within, free.
S. maritime Lindl. = Poa maritime Huds. Panicle contracted when in
fruit. Spikelets linear, about 5-flowered. Outer glume i-nerved ; inner ob-
scurely 3-nerved. Plant annual, rigid, with long barren runners and bent stems.
Salt marshes and sea-sands. May-June.
238 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
S. hemipoa Part. Another stiff annual. Panicle with rough or scabrous
branches, naked in lower half without axillary spikelets. Spikelets erect, spread-
ing, the lateral ones subsessile. Ligule oblong, laciated.
Sands near the sea, as e.g. the Plage de Giens, uncommon. May-June.
S. figida Lk. = Poa figida L. Panicle rigid, compressed. Spikelets in
2 rows, adpressed, linear, 5-11 flowered. Pale rather obtuse, with a minute
point. Root fibrous. Plant annual, 3-9 in.
Old walls and sandy places. May-July.
S. loliacea Woods. Spike simple or somewhat branched at base, almost
linear. Spikelets in 2 rows, erect, 8-12 flowered. Fertile glume subobtuse.
Annual, 3-9 in. high.
Sands, walls, and rocks by the sea. May-June.
S. dura P. Beauv. is a rare species growing between Hyeres and Toulon and
on the Champs de Mars at Draguignon.
DACTYLIS L. COCK'S-FOOT.
Glumes unequal, herbaceous, mucronate ; lower smaller. Fertile glume
compressed, keeled, 5-veined ; dorsal vein fringed and excurrent just below the tip.
Spiklets crowded, subsecund, 3-4 flowered. Nut free.
D. glotnerata L. Clustered Cock's-foot. Branches distant, naked at
base. Spikelets crowded, 3-6 flowered. Leaves keeled.
Meadows, etc. Common. April-July.
Var. hispanica Roth. Panicle almost crowded into a small single head.
Spikelets 3-flowered. A small stiff form usually growing on rocky places near
the sea. Uncommon.
D. Httoralis Willd. = Poa littoralis Parl. A stoloniferous plant with
creeping and often rooting stems and glaucous leaves. Ligule furnished with a
crown of hairs. Panicle spike-like. Spikelets 5-11 flowered.
Grassy places near the sea, rather rare. May-July.
CYNOSURUS L. DOG'S-TAIL GRASS.
Glumes nearly equal, scarious, much keeled. Spikelets dimorphous. Fertile
glume rounded on the back with a terminal bristle. Each spikelet with a comb-
like bract at its base. Panicle spike-like, i-sided. Nut closely coated with the
pales.
C. echinatus L. Raceme contracted, close, ovate, but one-sided; awns
about as long as pales. Bract comb-like with long points. Stem erect, 1-2 ft.
high. Annual.
Sandy fields and dry hill-sides, common. April-June.
C. cristatus L., C. elegans Desf., and C. aureus L. also occur. C.
aureus L. = Lamarckia aurea Mcench, is a pretty somewhat golden grass,
with glumes remote from lower floret, and pale of neutral floret very blunt. It
is occasionally seen in stony places and on roads near the towns as at Villefranche.
April-June.
VULP1A Gmel.
Spikelets spreading like a fan, with distant flowers. Glumes very unequal,
long awned ; lower one absent or at least half the length of the upper. Plants
nearly always annual, sometimes hairy. Allied to Festuca. The following
occur: V. uniglumis Dum., V. ciliata Lk., V. Myuros Gmel., V.
sciuroides Gmel., V. ligustica Lk., V. sicula Lk. (very rare, near
Hyeres, Toulon, and Frejus), and V. Michelii Rchb. (near Menton and Golfe
Jouan).
FESTUCA L. FESCUE.
Glumes unequal, herbaceous, many flowered. Fertile glume rounded on
the back, very acute, or with the dorsal vein excurrent like a short awn.
GRAMINE.K 239
Pale minutely ciliate on the ribs. Styles terminal. Nut furrowed, adhering to
the pale. Sheaths of the leaves divided to the base. The following and
perhaps others occur: F. pratensis//w<fi., F. FenasLagasca, F. spadicea L.
(on mountain and Alpine pastures), F. rubra L. (very variable), F. hetero»
phylla Lamk. (in mountain woods), F. ovina L., and F. duriuscula L.
BROMUS L. BROME.
Spikelets panicled or racemed, many flowered ; lower i-veined, upper 3-5
veined. Flower lanceolate, compressed. Fertile glume with a long awn. Styles
below top of ovary. Nut furrowed, adhering to the pales. Sheaths of leaves
divided half way down. The following species occur, some of them being very
getty grasses: B. erectus Huds. = B. ramosus Huds., B. asper Murr.,
. tectorum L., B. sterilis L., B. maximus Desf., B. rubens L., B.
madritensis L. (very common), B. secalinus L., B. arvensis L., and B.
patulus Mert. et K. (these three rare, in fields), B. commutatus
Schrad., B. mollis L., B. molliformis Lloyd, B. intermedius Guss.,
B. machrostachys Desf., and B. squarrosus L. The nine last species are
now usually put in the genus Serrafalcus Par I.
HORDEUM L. BARLEY.
Spikelets in threes, sessile, often partially barren. Glumes 2, ending in long
bristles ; i perfect flower and a stalk-like rudiment. H. murinum L., H.
marinum Huds. ( = H. maritimum With.), H. secalinum Schreb., and
H. bulbosum L. may be found.
ELYMUS L. LYMK-GRASS.
Spikelets 2 or 3 together, sessile. Glumes 2, both on the same side of the
spikelet, without awns or bristles, with 2 or more perfect flowers.
E. Caput Medusae L. occurs sometimes in sandy places ; and E. euro-
peeus L. in mountain woods.
/EG I LOPS L.
Spikelets 2-4 flowered, of which i or 2 at the top are rudimentary. Glumes
placed rather obliquely ; these and the fertile glumes herbaceous, turgid, ending
in several stout bristles. All annual.
/E. ovata L. Spike ovoid. Spikelets 3-5. Glumes with 4 or 5 awns.
Awns sharp and rough from the base, nearly equal. Fertile glume 2-3 awned.
Borders of fields and roads and waste places, very common. May-June.
/E. macrochffita Shuttle, et Hitet. A rather larger species than the last,
with more oblong spike and 2-3 spikelets. Awns rough from the base. A
rudimentary spikelet at base of the spike.
Road-sides and stony slopes of hills in the Var. May-June.
>E. triaristata Willd. Spike cylindrical, narrowed at top. Spikelets
about 4. Glumes with 3 awns nearly equal and without prickles at base.
Fertile glume with i or 2 short awns.
Borders of fields and roads in the littoral. May-July.
AS,, triuncialis L. Spike cylindrical, 4-6 flowered. Lower glume with 2,
upper with 3 awns. Awns of terminal spikelets much longer than the others.
Fertile glume with i or 2 short awns.
Same localities as the last, but much commoner. May-July.
TRITICUM L.
Spikelets solitary, sessile, many flowered. Glumes 2, opposite, nearly equal,
their edges towards the rachis. Pale minutely ciliate on the ribs. The
following species occur : T. caninum /... T. repensL., T. pungens Pers.,
T. acutum DC. (sea-sands), T. junceum L. (sea-sands), T. littorale Host.,
and two or three others.
24o FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
BRACHYPODIUM P. Beauv. FALSE-BROME.
Spikelets subsessile, many flowered. Glumes opposite, unequal. Pale
coarsely fringed on the ribs. Distinguished from Triticum by the unequal
glumes.
B. pinnatum Beauv. Heath False-Brome. Spike erect; spikelets 6-15.
Awns of upper flowers shorter than the glume. Leaves flat, rigid ; root creep-
ing. Ligules short, truncate.
Borders of fields, dry woods, and arid places, common. June-August.
B. sylvaticum R. and S. Slender False-Brome. Spike drooping. Spike-
lets 6-13. Awns of upper florets longer than the glume. Leaves flat, flaccid,
ciliate ; root fibrous. Ligules short, blunt, torn.
Shady places, woods, and borders of streams, common. June-August.
B. distachyon P. Beauv., P. phoenicoides R. and S., and B. ramosum
R. and S.^ire also common in many places.
LOLIUM L. RYE-GRASS.
Spikelets solitary, edgewise on the rachis. Glume solitary, bract-like, or
the one next the rachis very small, with 3 or more flowers.
L. temulentum L., L. rigidum, L. perenne, and L. mutiflorum, are
fairly common ; while L. italicum A. Br. is rare.
NARDURUS Reichb.
A small genus closely allied to Triticum, comprises two species found in
dry, sandy places on or near the littoral, viz. N. unilateralis Boiss. and N.
Lachenalii Godr.
LEPTURUS R. Br.
Spikelets solitary, alternately imbedded on opposite sides of the rachis.
Glumes 1-2, on the same side of the spikelet, cartilaginous, covering the one
flower and superior rudiment. Pales scarious. Stigmas feathery.
L. cylindricus Trin. Spike subulate-cylindric, erect. Glume single,
ensiform, acuminate, adpressed, i-flowered, awnless. Annual.
Fields, road-sides, and sea-sands. April-June.
L. incurvatus Trin. Spike tapering, erect or incurved. Floret r, with a
minute rudiment, awnless. Leaves flat, short. Annual, decumbent.
Sea-sands and grassy places, near. April-July.
L. filiformls Trin. A sub-species of the last, with subcompressed, very
slender and less curved spike. Stems often filiform. Leaves very narrow.
Sandy places near the sea. May-July.
PSILURUS Trin.
Outer glumes i or 2, minute. Spikelets i-flowered, imbedded in the rachis.
Fertile glumes with a terminal seta.
P.rnardoides Trin. is a slender annual, with long and extremely slender
curved spike. Spikelets distant, sessile, solitary and hidden in the rachis, linear
with 1-2 aristate flowers. Glume i, very minute, ovate-acute. Stamens i.
Dry hills and arid places. April-June.
NARDUS L.
Spikelets i-flowered, in 2 rows on one side of the rachis. Empty glume o.
Style i, short. Stigma long. Fertile glume keeled, tapering to a subulate point.
Nardus stricta L. Mat-grass. A small tufted grass, 6-12 in. high. Stems
and leaves erect, slender, rigid. Leaves bristle-like. Spike one-sided, slender.
Fertile glume with a short rough awn, coriaceous, often purplish ; pale
membranous. Stamens 3.
Dry hills and mountainjpastures, occasionally. May-July.
CONIFER/B 241
GYMNOSPERM.E.
CONIFER/E.
Tribe I. ABIETINE^J. Plants monoecious. Cones usually large, conical ;
scales more or less woody. Pollen curved. Trees with needle-shaped or
subulate fascicled leaves.
Cone woody, scales persistent PINUS.
Characters as in Pinus, but leaves solitary .and evergreen ABIES.
Leaves fascicled, deciduous. Seeds winged LARIX.
Tribe II. CUPRESSINE^E. Plants mono-dicecious. Cones usually globose
or short ; scales woody or fleshy, persistent.
Cone fleshy, globose; scales at length connate JUNIPERUS.
Tribe III. TAXINE^E. Flowers dioecious. Cones much reduced, scales small,
thin or coriaceous, the upper with i ovule. Seed hard, with a fleshy coat,
or sealed in a fleshy cup.
Seed solitary, seated in a fleshy cup TAXUS.
PINUS L. PINE.
P. silvestris L. Scots Pine. Needles in pairs, stiffly subulate, about 2 in.
long (5-7 cms.), glaucous inside. Cones very shortly stalked, recurved when
young, symmetrical, conical. Scales rhomboid, with flat boss and a transverse
keel and deciduous point. Seeds winged, small. Heart-wood reddish.
Mountain woods. May-June. Common in the Maritime Alps, a few trees
descending to Menton; and occasionally in the hill country of the Var, especi-
ally in the N. of the Department.
P. Pinea L. Pin Parasol, Stone Pine (Plate III). Needles in pairs, rather
stiff, 8-15 cms. long, shorter and a deeper green colour than those of P. marl-
tima. Cones very large, ovate obtuse or subglobular, reddish-brown, shining,
subsessile, shorter and rounder than those of the Maritime Pine. Scales large,
rhomboidal. Seeds veiy large (16-20 mm.), edible. Male cone oblong, yellow-
ish, i cm. long. A tree often in the shape of an umbrella.
Here and there on the littoral, and often planted. May-June. Fine speci-
mens and characteristic woods can be seen on the coast near Hyeres. Small
forests also near Cannes and in the Esterel.
P. halepensis Mill. (Plate III). Aleppo Pine. Needles in pairs (or
rarely 3-5), narrow filiform, 7-10 cms. long, soft, smooth, bright green ; shorter,
weaker and lighter green than in P. maritima. Cones oblong-conical, acute,
8-12 cm. long, reddish-brown, shining, on a very thick peduncle ; scales feebly
bossed. Seeds about 7 mm. with wing 4 times its length. Male cone oblong,
reddish, small, 6-7 mm. long. A fairly large tree with bark at first silvery-grey.
Woods and stony hill-sides and on the extreme coast line ; especially on
limestone. April-May. Very fine specimens with large horizontal branches
can be seen on the coast about Carqueiranne.
P. Pinaster Solander = P. maritima Pair. (Plates II and XXVI).
Maritime Pine. Needles in pairs, stiff, thick, 10-20 cm. (up to 8 in.) long, dark
green. Cones larger than in halepensis, oblong-conical-acute, 12-18 cm. long,
dark red and shining, subsessile. Scales with prominent bosses, lacquered.
Seeds 8-10 mm., black and shining on one side, with wing 4-5 times as long.
Male cone ovate, yellowish, i cm. long. A tall tree, with frequently pyramidal top
and rough reddish bark. Usually taller than the last, to which it is closely allied.
Very common in woods in the Maures region (Var), especially characteristic
of siliceous soils. April-May. It also forms rapidly disappearing forests on
several places between Menton and the Esterel.
ABIES Mill. FIR.
A. pectinata DC. = A. alba Mill. = Pinus Picea L. Leaves pectinate,
2-5 cms. long, with 2 white lines beneath, disposed all round the fruiting twigs
at the top. Cone cylindrical, reddish-violet first, then green, erect ; shorter than
16
242 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
in A. excelsa (8-10 cm.), with prominent bracts. Scales dentate, shortly
petioled, and falling with the seeds. Heart-wood light grey. A tree with
horizontal branches and erect shoots.
Mountain woods in the north of the Var and in the Maritime Alps, a few
descending to the neighbourhood of Menton. April-May.
A. excelsa Pair. = Picea excelsa Lk. Spruce Fir. Leaves mucronate,
somewhat 4-edged, green, disposed equally all round the twigs. Cone cylindri-
cal (10-15 cm.) pendulous, without bracts. Scales dentate, sessile and persistent.
Heart- wood brown.
A tree with horizontal branches and pendent shoots, found in the Maritime
Alps where it scarcely descends below 800 m. May.
LAR1X Mill.
Larix decidua Mill. The Larch is abundant in the Maritime Alps, but
rarely descends below 1200 m.
JUNIPERUS L. JUNIPER.
J. communis L. Common Juniper. A much-branched evergreen shrub.
Leaves in whorls of 3, linear, acicular, 10-15 mm. long, ending in a prickly point,
green above, glaucous beneath. Catkins very minute. Berries globular,
purplish-blue, as large as bilberries when ripe, the second year.
Dry hill-sides and mountain woods. March-May.
J. Oxycedrus L. A branched prickly shrub, 3-20 ft. high. Leaves linear,
sharp pointed, spreading, whorled in threes ; with 2 glaucous lines above.
Fruit globular, reddish and shining when ripe, rather large (8-10 mm.).
Hill-sides and woods, very common in the littoral region. March-May.
J. phcenicea L. A shrub or small tree, 3-20 ft. high, with brownish-red
bark. Leaves very minute, oval rhomboidal, imbricate and in the form of little
scales covering the stems and branches. Flowers usually monoecious. Fruit
red and shining when ripe, globular, large (6-10 mm.), erect, with firm fibrous
flesh. Seeds small and angular.
Rocks and hill-sides throughout the littoral district. February-April. On
the coast near Hotel Beau Rivage, Carqueiranne, there is a large specimen with
a trunk about 3 ft. in circumference (see Plate III).
CUPRESSUS L.
Cupressus sempervirens L. Cypress is often cultivated in the Riviera
and the tall dark trees form a characteristic feature in the landscape, as e.g.
about Hyeres where it is sometimes subspontaneous. It is a native of Eastern
Europe and Western Asia.
TAXUS L.
Taxus baccata L. Yew. Damp mountain woods, uncommon. Fine
specimens can be seen in the Forest of Sainte-Baume and elsewhere in the Var,
but it is rare in the Maritime Alps. March-April.
The curious Bphedra distachya L., belonging to Gnetaceas, does not
appear to grow nearer our district than the Dept. of the Bouches-du- Rhone.
VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS.
The following are the ferns and fern allies which occur within the area
treated in this work : —
ISOETACEjE.
These plants (Quillworts) were formerly placed in the next family.
Isoetes velata A. Br. Damp places near St. Raphael and Le Muy (Var).
May-July.
I. adspersa A. Br. Borders of pools and land flooded in winter; very
rare, and possibly now extinct. Near St. Raphael and Frejus. April-June.
POLYPODIACE^; 243
I. setacea Delile. Borders of dried up pools, very rare. Near St. Raphael,
and Bellevue near Frejus. April-July.
I. Duriaei Bory. Sandy places and waste ground. February-May.
I. Hystrix Durieu. Sandy places near Cannes, Almanarre, Roquebrune,
Lavandou, etc. March-June.
SELAGINELLACEjE.
Selaginella denticulata Lk. Common on banks, old walls, damp rocks
and ravines. February-June. It extends to the lower mountains.
S. helvetica Lk. In the Maritime Alps, descending to St. Martin
Vesubie. June- August.
LYCOPODIACE^;.
Lycopodium Chamaecyparissus A. Br. Gathered by Panizzi among
the heather at San Romolo above San Remo in 1874.
L. clavatum L. Only in the Maritime Alps, and probably not within our
limits. I gathered it above Limone, N. of the Col di Tenda on 3 July, 1907.
EQUISETACE^.
Equisetum maximum Lam. Borders of streams, and damp, shady places.
March-May.
E. arvense L. Fields and damp places, common. March-May.
E. ramosissimum Desf. Fields and damp, sandy places. May-August.
E. variegatum Schleicher. Damp, sandy places by streams, near Frejus
and Hyeres. June-September.
E. palustre L. Damp places, uncommon. By R. Var and le Bar near
Nice. Near mouth of the Nervia. May-August.
E. hyemale L. Damp places in the Maritime Alps, rare.
OPHIOGLOSSACEjE.
Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Adder's-tongue. Meadows and damp places,
rare. May-July. La Seyne, Castigneaux, Roquebrune, near Ventimiglia, etc.
0. lusitanicum L. Hill-sides and sandy, grassy places, rare. December-
March. Hills near Hyeres, les Vieux Salins near Frejus, and Cap d'Antibes.
Botrychium Lunaria Swartz. Here and there in the Maritime Alps.
May- July.
OSMUNDACE^E.
Osmunda regalis L. Royal Fern. Damp woods and river-sides, rare.
May-July. Esterel, near Collobrieres, Vallon de Mourrefrey, near Cogolin,
la Napoule, etc.
POLYPODIACE/E.
Ceterachofficinarum Willd. Rocks and old walls, common. April-October.
Notochlasna Maranta- R. Br. Rocks and sides of ravines. April- July.
Esterel, Antibes, Frejus, Le Luc, Les Maures, La Garde-Freinel.
(irammitts leptophylla Swartz. Old walls, damp rocks, and moist
banks, in many places. February- June.
Polypodium vulgare L. Common Polypody. Old walls, rocks, and
shady banks, fairly common. Var. serratum G. G. Hyeres, Esterel, Nans,
Ampus, etc. Var. cambricum G. G. Plan du Pont (Huet), Montrieux (H.S.T.).
16*
244 FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
P. Robertianum Hoffm. = P. calcareum Sm, Limestone Polypody.
Rocks in the north of the Var, rare, above Grasse, above Menton and elsewhere
in the lower Maritime Alps.
P. PhegOpteris L. Beech Fern, and P. Dryopteris L. Oak Fern, rarely
descend to 1000 m. in the Maritime Alps.
Aspidium aculeatam Swartz. Prickly Shield Fern. Woods and damp>
shady places.
A. Braunii Spenner. Damp woods and ravines in the lower mountains,
rare. Esterel, near Menton, Nice, and Roquebrune.
A. Filix-mas Swartz. Male Fern. Woods and damp places in the lower
mountains. Rather rare in the Var.
A. rigidum Swartz. Stony places in the mountains, rare.
A. spinulosum Doell. Damp woods and shady places, near Garde-Freinet,
and in the lower Maritime Alps.
Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Woods and shady ravines in the mountain
region, very local.
Athyrium Filix=femina Roth. Lady Fern. Damp woods and shady
places in the lower mountains and extending higher.
Asplenium Adiantum = nigrum L. Black Spleenwort. Shady places,
damp rocks and woods, common.
A. Ruta=muraria L. Wall Rue. Old walls and rocks, common, especially
on limestone.
A. fontanum Bernh. = A. Halleri var. pedicularifolium K. Lime-
stone rocks in the hills and lower mountains.
A. lanceolatum Huds. Shady rocks and old walls, very local.
A. marinum L. Sea Spleenwort. Maritime rocks, very rare. Pointe des
Medes at Porquerolles and He du Levant.
A. Petrarchte DC. Limestone rocks, very rare. Between Menton and
Antibes, S. of Faron and Ollioules in the Var. This is like a small glandular
A. Trichomanes.
A. Trichomanes L. Common Spleenwort. Old walls, wells, and shady
rocks, very common.
A. vlride Huds. Green Spleenwort. Hardly descends to within our district.
A. septentrionale L. Shady rocks. Rare in the hills, but commoner in
the Maritime Alps.
Scolopendrium vulgare Sm. = Phyllitis Scolopendriutn Newman.
Hart's-tongue. Damp, shady places in the hills ; not common.
S. Hermionitis Sw. Maritime rocks, very rare, between Monaco and Eze
and at Antibes. Frond at first ovate-cordate, then broadly lanceolate-hastate.
Blechnum spicant With. Hard Fern. Damp mountain woods. Rare.
Les Maures, between Agay and la Napoule, Mont de la Verne near Collobrieres,
and possibly in the Valley of Madeleine near Nice. Near S. Romolo.
PterisaquilinaL. BrakeFern. Damp, sandy places and woods, verycommon.
P. cretica L. Shady rocks and banks of streams, very rare in les Alpes-
Marit. and Liguria, Vallon-obscur, Vallon de Douareon, la Giandola, near Pigna.
Adinnt urn CapiIlus=Veneris L. Maiden-hair Fern. Damp places, on
road-side walls by which streams flow, etc. Common in many places on the
Riviera, from the coast to the lower mountains.
Cheilanthes odora Swartz. Dry rocks and old walls, uncommon.
January-June. Hyeres town, Coudon on limestone cliffs at about 600 metres,
Ollioules, Porquerolles, Mont Faron, Foret du Dom, Bormes, Grasse, Roquebrune,
between Monaco and Eze, near Pigna, etc.
INDEX TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA.
ABIES, 241.
Anemone, 21.
BALLOTA, 176.
Abutilon, 62.
Angelica, 118
Barbarea, 34.
Acanthaceae, 15, 179.
Antennaria, 133.
Barkhausia, 145.
Acanthus, 179.
Anthemis, 134.
Barlia, 219.
Acer, 69.
Anthericum, 205.
Bartsia, 171.
Aceraceae, 12, 69.
Anthoxanthum, 228.
Belle valia, 203.
Aceras, 219.
Anthriscus, 118.
Bellidiastrum, 131.
Achillea, 135.
Aconitum, 27.
Anthyllis, 82.
Antirrhinum, 169.
Bellis, 130.
Berberidaceae , 10, 28.
Actaea, 28.
Apera, 233.
Berberis, 28.
Adenocarpus, 75.
Aphyllanthes, 205.
Beta, 184.
Adenostyles, 129.
Adiantum, 244.
Apium, 114.
Apocynaceae 14, 156.
Betonica, 176.
Betula, 193.
Adonis, 22.
Aquifoliaceae, 12, 69.
Biscutella, 42.
Adoxa, 119.
Aquilegia, 26.
Biserrula, 85.
Aegilops, 239.
Arabis, 34.
Blechnum, 244.
Aegopodium, n8.
Araceae, 17, 197.
Bonaveria, 89.
Aethionema, 41.
Araliaceae, 13, 118.
Bonjeania, 83.
Aethusa, 118.
Arbutus, 151.
Boraginaceae, 15, 160.
Agave, 214.
Arceuthobium, 187.
Borago, 160.
Agrimonia, 101.
Arctium, 138.
Botrychium, 243.
Agrostemma, 50.
Arctostaphylos, 151.
Brachy podium, 240.
Agrostis, 232.
Arenaria, 56.
Brassica, 37, 39.
Aira, 234.
Argyrolobium, 74.
Briza, 237.
Ajuga, 178.
Arisarum, 196.
Bromus, 239.
Alchemilla, 101.
Aristolochia, 188.
Brunella, 177.
Alisma, 196.
Aristolockiaceae, 16, 188.
Bryonia, 106.
Alismaceae, 17, 196.
Armeria, 181.
Buffonia, 57.
Alkanna, 161.
Aronia, 103.
Bunias, 43.
Alliaria, 37. i Arrhenantherum, 235.
Bunium, 115.
Alliurn, 203. Artemisia, 136.
Buphthalmum, 132.
Alnus, 193. ; Arthrolobium, 87.
Bupleurum, 113.
Alopecurus, 229.* Artocarpaceae, 17, 193.
Butomus, 196.
Alsine, 56. Arum, 196.
Buxus, 189.
Althaea, 62.
Arundo, 231.
Alyssum, 39.
Asarum, 188.
CACHRYS, 118.
Amaranlaceae, 16, 183.
Asclepiadaceae 15, 157.
Cactaceae, 13, no.
Amarantus, 183.
Asclepias, 157.
Cactus, no.
Amaryllidaceae, 18, 212.
Ambrosiaceae, 148.
Asparagus, 206.
Asperugo, 160.
Cakile, 43.
Calamagrostis, 232.
Amelanchier, 103.
Asperula, 122.
Calamintha, 174.
Ammi, 115.
Asphodelus, 205.
Calendula, 133.
Ammophila, 232.
Ampelidaceae, 12, 69.
Aspidium, 244.
Asplenium, 244.
Calepina, 43.
Callitricbe, 193.
Ampelodesmos, 232.
Aster, 130.
Callitrichaceae, 17, 193.
Anacardiaceae, 12, 71.
Asteriscus, 132.
Calluna, 152.
Anacyclus, 134.
Asterolinum, 154.
Caltha, 25.
Anagallis, 154.
Astragalus, 85.
Calycotome, 73.
Anagyris, 73.
Astrantia, 112.
Calystegia. 158.
Anarrhinum, 169.
Athyrium, 244.
Camelina, 40.
Anchusa, 161.
Atractylis, 138.
Campanula, 149.
Andropogon, 231.
Atriplex, 184.
Campanulaceae, 14, 149.
Androsace, 153.
Atropa, 165.
Camphorosma, 184.
Androsasmum, 62.
Avpna, 234.
Capparidaceae, n, 44.
Andrvala, 146.
Capparis, 44.
245
246
FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Caprifoliaceae, 14, 119.
Conopodium, 115.
Dipsacus, 125.
Capsella, 40.
Convallaria, 206.
Doronicum, 137.
Cardamine, 35, 36.
Convolvulaceae, 15, 158.
Dorycnium, 83.
Cardaria, 41.
Convolvulus, 158.
Dorycnopsis, 83.
Carduncellus, 139.
Conyza, 131.
Draba, 39.
Carduus, 139.
Coriandrum, 118.
Dryas, 99.
Carex, 225.
Coriaria, 68.
Carlina, 138.
Coriariaceae, 12, 68.
ECBALIUM, 106.
Carpinus, 194.
Coris, 159.
Echinaria, 229.
Carthamus, 139.
Cornaceae, 13, 119.
Echinophora, 113.
Carum, 114.
Cornus, 119.
Echinops, 138.
Caryopkyllaceae, n, 49.
Coronilla, 87.
Echinospermum, 164.
Castalia, 28.
Coronopus, 40.
Echium, 162.
Castanea, 193.
Corrigiola, 59.
Elaeagnaceae, 16, 187.
Catabrosa, 236.
Corydalis, 31.
Eleocharis, 225.
Catananche, 142.
Corylus, 194.
Elymus, 239.
Caucalis, 117, 118.
Corynephorus, 234.
Endymion, 202.
Celastraceae, 12, 69.
Cota, 134.
Ephedra, 242.
Celtiaceae, 17, 192.
Cotoneasier, 103.
Epilobium, 104.
Celtis, 192.
Cotyledon, 106.
Epipactis, 215.
Centaurea, 140.
Crassulaceae, 13, 106.
Equisetaceae , 19, 243.
Centranthus, 123.
Crataegus, 103.
Equisetum, 243.
Centrophyllum, 139.
Crepis, 146.
Eragrostis, 236.
Centunculus, 154.
Cressa, 159.
Eranthis, 26.
Cephalanthera, 215.
Crithmum, 115.
Erica, 151.
Cephalaria, 125.
Crocus, 210.
Ericaceae, 14, 151.
Cerastium, 54.
Croton, 189.
Erigeron, 130.
Cerasus, 98.
Crozophora, 189.
Erinus, 170.
Ceratocephalus, 22.
Crucianella, 123.
Erodium, 67.
Ceratonia, 72.
Ceratophyllaceae, 17, 192.
Cruciferae, 10, 31.
Crupina, 141.
Erophila, 39.
Eruca, 39.
Ceratophyllum, 192.
Crypsis, 229.
Ervum, 96.
Cercis, 72.
Cucubalus, 51.
Eryngium, 112.
Cerinthe, 160.
Cucurbitaceae, 13, 106.
Erysimum, 37.
Ceterach, 243.
Cupressus, 242.
Erythraea, 157.
Chamserops, 223.
Cupuliferae, 17, 193.
Erythronium, 201.
Chamaepeuce, 139.
Cuscuta, 159.
Eucalyptus, 104.
Chaerophyllum, 118.
Cyclamen, 154.
Euonymus, 69.
Cheilanthes, 244.
Cymodocea, 198.
Eupatorium, 129.
Cheiranthus, 33.
Cynanchum, 157.
Euphorbia, 189.
Chelidonium, 29.
Cynodon, 230.
Euphorbiaceae , 16, 188.
Chenopodiaceae, 16, 184.
Cynoglossum, 163.
Euphrasia, 171.
Chenopodium, 184.
Cynosurus, 238.
Evax, 134.
Chlora, 158.
Cyperaceae, 18, 223.
Exacum, ig8.
Chondrilla, 144.
Cyperus, 223.
Chrysanthemum, 135, 136.
Cystopteris, 244.
FAGUS, 193.
Cicendia, 158.
Cytinaceae, 16, 188.
Falcaria, 118.
Cicer, 97.
Cytinus, 45, 188.
Farsetia, 40.
Cichorium, 142.
Cytisus, 74.
Ferula, 116.
Cineraria, 137.
Festuca, 238.
Circaea, 105.
DACTYLIS, 238.
Ficaria, 23.
Cirsium, 139.
Danthonia, 235.
Ficoideae, 13, no.
Cistaceae, n, 44.
Daphne, 186.
Ficus, 193.
Cistus, 44.
Cladium, 225.
Datura, 165.
Daucus, 117.
Filago, 134.
Fimbristylis, 225.
Clematis, 20.
Delphinium, 27.
Filices, 19, 243.
Clinopodium, 174.
Dentaria, 36.
Fceniculum, 118.
Clypeola, 40.
Deschampsia, 227.
Fragaria, 99.
Cneorum, 71.
Dianthus, 53.
Frankenia, 49.
Cnicus, 139.
Dictamnus, 69.
Frankeniaceae , n, 49.
Cnidium, 118.
Digitalis, 171.
Fraxinaceae, 12, 70.
Colchicum, 199.
Digitaria, 230.
Fraxinus, 70.
Colutea, 85.
Dioscoreaceae, 18, 198.
Fritillaria, 200.
Compositae 14, 126.
Coniferae, 18, 241.
Conium, 113.
Diotis, 134.
Diplotaxis, 38.
Dipsaceae, 14, 125.
Fumana, 46.
Fumaria, 30.
Fumariaceae, 10, 30.
INDEX
247
GAGEA, 201.
Hypopitys, 152.
Linaceae, n, 63.
Galactites, 139.
Galeopsis, 176.
Hypochaeris, 143.
Hyssopus, 174.
Linosyris, 130.
Linum, 63.
Galium, 120.
Lippia, 180.
Garidella, 26.
IBERIS, 42.
Listera, 215.
Gastridium, 233.
Ilex, 69.
Lithospermum, 162.
Gaudinia, 235.
Ilicineae, 69.
Lobeliaceae, 14, 148.
Genista, 73.
Gentiana, 158.
Impatiens, 68.
Imperata. 231.
Logfia, 134.
Lohum, 240.
Gentianaceae, 15, 157.
Inula, 131.
Lonicera, 120.
Geraniaceae \ n, 65.
Iridaceae^ 18, 210.
Loranthaceae, 16, 187.
Geranium, 65.
Iris, 210.
Lotus, 83, 84.
Geropogon, 144.
Geum, 99.
Isatis, 43.
Isnardia, 105.
Ludwigia, 105.
Lunaria, 4a
Gladiolus, 211.
Isoetaceae, 242.
Lupinus, 75.
Glauciura, 29
Isoetes, 242.
Luzula, 209.
Globularia 182.
Lychnis, 50.
Globulariaceae, 15, 182.
JASIONE, 149.
Lycium, 164.
Glyceria, 236.
Jasminum, 155.
Lycopodiaceae, 19, 243.
Glycyrrhiza, 87.
Jasonia, 130.
Lycopodium, 243.
Gnaphalium, 133.
Juglandaceae, 17, 193.
Lycopsis, 161.
Gnetaceae, 242.
Juglans, 193.
Lycopus, 174.
Gomphocarpus, 157.
Juncaceae, 18, 207.
Lysimachia, 154.
Gouffeia, 56.
Juncus, 207.
Lytliraceae, 13, 105.
Gramineae, 18, 227.
Juniperus, 242.
Lythrum, 105.
Grammitis, 243.
jurinea, 141.
Gratiola, 170.
MALACHIUM, 55.
Gymnadenia, 222.
KERNERA, 40.
Malcomia, 37.
Gypsophila, 53.
Knautia, 125.
Malope, 60.
Kochia, 184.
Malus, 102.
HABENARIA, 222.
Koeleria, 235.
Malva, 60.
Haloragaceae, 13, no.
Malvaceae , u, 60.
Hedera, 118.
Labiatae, 15, 172.
Marrubium, 177.
Hedypnois, 142.
Laburnum, 74.
Matricaria, 135.
Hedysarum, 89.
Lactuca, 144.
Matthiola, 33.
Helianthemum, 45.
Lagurus, 233.
Medicago, 78.
Helichrysum, 133.
Lamarckia, 238.
Melampyrum, 172.
Heliocharis, 225.
Lamium, 176.
Melica, 237.
Heliotropium, 164.
Lappago, 230.
Melilotus, 77.
Helleborus, 25.
Lapsana, 143.
Melissa, 175.
Helmintia, 143.
Larix, 242.
Melittis, 177.
Hemerocallis, 204.
Laserpitium, 118.
Mentba, 174.
Hepatica, 22.
Lasiogrostis, 232.
Mercurialis, 189.
Heracleum, 118.
Lathraea, 168.
Mesembryanthemum , no.
Herminium, 222.
Lathyrus, 89.
Mespilus, 103.
Hermodactylus, 210.
Lauraceae, 16, 186.
Mibora, 228.
Herniaria, 59.
Laurentia, 148.
Microcala, 158.
Hesperis, 37.
Laurus, 186.
Micromeria, 174.
Hibiscus, 62.
Lavandula, 173.
Micropus, 134.
Hieracium, 146.
Lavatera, 61.
Moehringia, 56.
Hippoctrepis, 87.
Leguminosae, 12, 71.
Mosnchia, 55.
Hippophae, 187.
I.emna, 197.
Molinia, 237.
Holcus. 235.
Lemnaceae, 18, 197.
Molucella, 177.
Holosteum, 54.
Lens, 97.
Monotropa, 152.
Hordeum, 239.
Lentibulariaceae , 15. 172.
Monotropaceae, 14, 152.
Humulus, 192.
Leontodon, 143.
Montia, 60.
Hutchinsia, 42.
Lepidium, 41.
Moricandia, 39.
Hyacinthus, 202.
Lepturus, 240.
Muscari, 203.
Hydrochandaceae, 17, 196.
Leucanthemum, i ^5.
Myagrum, 43.
Hydrocharis, 196.
Leucoium, 212.
Myosotis, 163.
Hydrocotyle, 118.
Leuzea, 140.
Myricaria, 60.
Hymenocarpus, 83.
Hyoscyamus, 165.
Hyoseris, 142.
Ligusticum, 156.
Liliaceae^ 18, 199.
Lilium, aoi.
Myriophyllum, no.
Myrtaceae, 13, 104.
Myrtus, 104.
Hypecoum, 30.
Limnanthemum, 158.
Hypericaceae, n, 62.
Limodorum, 214.
Naiadafeac, 18, 197.
Hypericum, 62.
Linaria, 169.
Narcissus, 212.
248
FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE RIVIERA
Nardurus, 240.
Phleum, 229.
Ranunculaceae, 10, 20.
Nardus, 240.
Phlomis,ii77.
Ranunculus, 22.
Nasturtium, 33.
Phoenix, 223.
Raphanus, 44.
Neottia, 214.
Phragmites, 231.
Rapistrum, 43.
Nepeta, 175.
Phyllitis, 244.
Reseda, 46.
Nerium, 157.
Physalis, 165.
Resedaceae, n, 46.
Neslia, 43.
Phyteuma, 149.
Rhagadiolus, 142.
Nicotiana, 165.
Phytolacca, 183.
Rhamnaceae, 12, 70.
Nigella, 26.
Phytolaccaceae, 16, 183.
Rhamnus, 70.
Notoclsena, 243.
Picea, 242.
Rhinanthus, 172.
Nuphar, 28.
Picridium, 145.
Rhus, 70.
Nymphaea, 28.
Picris, 143.
Ribes, no.
Nymphaeaceae, 10, 28.
Pimpinella, 115.
Ribesiaceae, 13, no.
Pinardia, 136.
Roemeria, 29.
ODONTITES, 171.
Pinguicula, 172.
Romulea, 210.
CEnanthe, 116.
Pinus, 241.
Rosa, 102.
CEnothera, 105.
Piptatherum, 234.
Rosaceae, 12, 97.
Olea, 156.
Pistacia, 70.
Rosmarinus, 175.
Oleaceae, 14, 155.
Pisum, 89.
Rubia, 1 20.
Omphalodes, 160.
Plantagindceae, 15, 181.
Rubiaceae, 14, 120.
Onagraceae, 13, 104
Plantago, 182.
Rubus, 98.
Onobrychis, 89.
Platanthera, 222.
Rumex, 185.
Ononis, 76.
Platycapnos, 31.
Ruppia, 198.
Onopordon, 139.
Plumbaginaceae, 15, 180.
Ruscus, 206.
Onosma, 162.
Plumbago, 180.
Ruta, 68.
Ophioglossum, 243.
Poa, 236.
Rutaceae, 12, 68.
Ophrys, 217.
Podospermum, 143.
Opoponax, 116.
Polycarpon, 58.
SACCHARUM, 231.
Opuntia, no.
Polycnemum, 183.
Sagina, 58.
Orchidaceae, 18, 214.
Orchis, 219.
Polygala, 48.
Polygalaceae, n, 48.
Salicaceae, 17, 195.
Salicornia, 185.
Origanum, 174.
Polygonaceae, 16, 185.
Salix, 195.
Orlaya, 118.
Polygonatum, 206.
Salsola, 185.
Ornithogalum, 201.
Polygonum, 186.
Salvia, 175.
Ornithopus, 87.
Polypodiacea, 243.
Sambucus, 119.
Orobanchaceae, 15, 166.
Polypodium 243.
Samolus, 155.
Orobanche, 166.
Polypogon, 233.
Sanicula, 118.
Osmunda, 243.
Populus, 195.
Santalaceae, 16, 187.
Ostrya, 194.
Portulaca, 60.
Santolina, 136.
Osyris, 187.
Portulacaceae, n, 60.
Sapindaceae, 12, 69.
Oxalis, 67.
Posidonia, 198.
Saponaria, 52.
Oxytropis, 87.
Potamogeton, 198.
Sarothamnus, 73.
Potentilla, 100.
Satureia, 174.
P^ONIA, 26.
Poterium, 101.
Saxifraga, 108.
Palmaceae, 18, 223.
Prenanthes, 145.
Saxifragaceae ', 13, 108.
Paliurus, 70.
Primula, 153.
Scabiosa, 125.
Pancratium, 212.
Primulaceae, 14, 153.
Scandix, 118.
Panicum, 230.
Prunella, 177.
Schinus, 71.
Papaver, 28.
Prunus, 98.
Schcenus, 225.
Papaveraceae^ 10, 28.
Psamma, 232.
Scilla, 202.
Parietaria, 192.
Psilurus, 240.
Scirpus, 224.
Paris, 206.
Psoralea, 85.
Scleranthus, 58.
Parnassia, no.
Pteris, 244.
Sclerochloa, 237.
Paronychia, 59.
Paronychidceae, 58.
Pterotheca, 145.
Ptychotis, 118.
Scolopendrium, 244.
Scolymus, 142.
Passerina, 186.
Pulicaria, 132.
Scorpiurus, 88.
Pastinaca, 118.
Pulmonaria, 163.
Scorzonera, 144.
Peplis, 106.
Punica, 104.
Scrophularia, 168.
Petasites, 129.
Pyrethrum, 135,
Scrophulariaceae, 15, 16
Petroselinum, 114.
Pyrola, 152.
Scutellaria, 173, 195.
Peucedanum, 117.
Pyrus, 102.
Sedum, 107.
Phaca, 87.
Selaginella, 243.
Phagnalon, 133.
QUERCUS, 193.
Selaginellaceae, 19, 243.
Phalaris 228.
Sempervivum, 108.
Pheltpaea, 167.
RADICULA, 33.
Senecio, 137.
Phillyrea, 156.
Radiola, 65.
Serapias, 216.
INDEX
249
Serbia, 143.
Tamaricaceae , n, 60.
ULEX, 75.
Serratula, 141.
Tamarix, 60.
Ulmaceae, 17, 192.
Seseli, 118.
Tamus, 198.
Ulmus, 192.
Sesleria, 229.
Setaria, 230.
Tanacetum, 136.
Taraxacum, 144.
Umbelliferae, 13, in.
Umbilicus, 106.
Sherardia, 123.
Taxus, 242.
Urginea, 202.
Sideritis, 177.
Teesdalia, 42.
Urospermum, 144.
Sieglingia, 235.
Telephium, 60.
Urtica, 192.
Silans, 112.
Terebinthaceae, 70.
Urticaceae, 16, 191.
Silene, 51.
Tetragonolobus, 83.
Utricularia, 172.
Silybum, 139.
Teucrium, 178.
Simartibaceae, 12, 71.
Thalictrum, 20.
VACCARIA, 52.
Simethis, 205.
Thapsia, 118.
Vaccinieae, 14, 151.
Sinapis, 38.
Theligonum, 191.
Vaccinium, 151.
Soon, 115.
Thesium, 187.
Vaillantia, 120, 195.
Sisymbrium, 36.
Thlaspi, 41.
Valeriana, 124.
Slum, 115.
Thrincia, 143.
Valerianaceae^ 14, 123.
Smilax, 207.
Thymelea, 186.
Valerianella, 124.
Smyrnium, 113.
TAyme/aeaceae, 16, 186.
Velezia, 53.
Solanaceae, 15, 164.
Thymus, 174.
Ventenata, 234.
Solanum, 165.
Tilia, 63.
Verbascaceae, 15, 165.
Solidago, 131.
Tiliaceae, n, 63.
Verbascum, 165.
Sonchus, 145.
Tiltea, 106.
Verbenaceae, 15, 179.
Sorbus, 102.
Tolpis, 142.
Verbena, 180.
Sorghum, 231.
Tordylium, 117.
Veronica, 170.
Sparganium, 197.
Torilis, 118.
Viburnum, 119.
Spartina, 230.
Tragopogon, 144.
Vicia, 92.
Spartium, 73.
Tragus, 230.
Villarsia, 158.
Specularia, 149.
Tribulus, 68.
Vinca, 156.
Spergula, 58.
Trifolium, 7 .
Vincetoxicum, 157.
Spergularia, 58.
Triglochin, 198.
Viola, 47.
Spiraea, 98.
Trigonella, 77.
Violaceae, n, 47.
Spiranthes, 215.
Trinia, 114.
Viscum, 187.
Sporobolus, 233.
Triodia, 235.
Vitex, 179.
Stachys, 176.
Trisetum, 235.
Vitis, 69.
Staehelina, 138.
Triticum, 239.
Vulpia, 238.
Statice, 180.
Trollius, 25.
Stellaria, 55.
Tulipa, 200.
XANTHIUM, 148.
Sternbergia, 212.
Tunica, 53.
Xeranthemum, 138.
Stipa, 233.
Turritis, 34.
Styracaceae, 14, 155.
Tussilaga, 130.
ZACINTHA, 145.
Sty rax, 155.
Sua?da, 185.
Symphytum, 161.
Typha, 196.
Typhaceae, 17, 196.
Tyrimnus, 139.
Zannichellia, 198.
Zostera, 198.
Zygophyllaceae, 12, 68.
Syringa, 156.
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