FIVE COLLEGE
DEPOSITORY
Foliag« Key to Ttees and Shrubs
Arthur S. Thurston
This thesis is not lo be loaned
outside the library building. For this
purpose, use the copy in the depaitinent
where the work of the thesis was done.
This thesis is not to be loaned
outside the hbrary building. For this
purpose, use the copy in the department
where the work of the thesis was done.
gOLIAGB KBY TO TREES /OID aHRUB
including those native and
introduced speciee with al-
ternate leaves that are de-
ciduous and semi -evergreen
and hardy in New Sngland and
New York.
Arthur 3. Thurston, B.Sc.
Candidate for degree of u. Sc.
Massachusetts Agricultural
College
Amherst , l^assachuaetts
i
PKBFACB
This foliage key has been prepared by the
author as part of his graduate work at the Waseachu-
setts Agricultural College, and submitted to the Grad-
uate school as his thesis for an li. So. degree. Much
of the work on this thesis was done "in absentia",
being carried on under the general supervision of Prof.
P. A. Waugh of the Division of Horticulture. Work up-
on this key hes been done in three different places
within the section included - New Kngland and New York.
The preliminary stages of the work and a portion of
the manuscript was done in the summer of 1915 at Cor-
nell University, being accomplished under the direc-
tion and at the sug^sestion of Prof. R. V, Curtis of the
Department of Landscape Architecture. It has been com-
pleted, revised anO checked at the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College and the Arnold Arboretum.
It would )inve been impossible to make this
work as inclusive if the author had not had the oppor-
tunity to make use of the resources and facilities of-
fered by the Arnold Arboretum - the finest of its kind
in this coiintry and one of the best in the world. Use
was made not only of growing specimens, but the author
also had access to the herbarium specimens which have
been collected from all parts of the world.
ii
The author feels greatly inde"bted to Prof.
R. W. Curtis for inspiration received while working
upon thl3 key, as well as for the interest which he
has shown in the work. He also aaknowledges his in-
debtedness to Professor C. S. Sargent, who extended
every courtesy in the use of the facilities of the
Arnold Arboretum.
A. S. Thurston
11
PKBFACB
This Foliage Key wae prepared by the author as part
of his graduate work and submitted as his thesis for an
II. 3c. degree. It has been accomplished under the direc-
tion and at the suggestion of Professor R, w. Curtis of
the Department of Landscape Architecture at Cornell Uni-
versity. Ithaca, New York,
Vi^ork upon this key has been done in three different
places within the section included - New England and New
York. The greater part of the work was done in the summer
of 1915 at Cornell University and was completed and checked
at the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the Arnold
Arboretum.
It would have been impossible to make this work as
inclusive if the author had not had the opportunity to
make use of the resources and facilities offered by the
Arnold Arboretum - the finest of its kind in this country
and one of the best in the world. Use was made not only
of growing specimens but the author also had access to the
herbarium specimens which have been collected from all parts
of the world.
The author feels greatly indebted to Professor R. W.
Curtis for inspiration received while working upon this key,
as well as for the interest which he has shown in the work.
He also acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor C.S.Sar-
gent, y&io extended every courtesy in the use of the facili-
ties of the Arnold Arboretum.
A. S. Thurston.
ill
CONTENTS
Introduction X
Importance of subject i
The influence of Chinese flora 2
Heaaon and purpose of key 5
The key for use in field study S
Difficulties encountered in using other keys 6
Foliage, not flowers, the logical characters to use 7
£xplan££tion of title 6
Technical terms 9
Names and nomenclature 10
Accuracy 12
The complete work and its parts 13
The leaf 15
General description and parts of the leaf 16
Insertion and arrangement of leaves 17
The leaf-blade 19
The petiole 25
Stipules 26
The plant key 27
Construction of the key 27
How to use the key 29
Foliage key 31
Major key
Sectional keys
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
iiii
165
166
171
IHTRODUCTION
Importance of Subject
A great ntJiraber of trees and shrubs are at
the disposal of the landscape gardener. He has at
his conmiand all kinds and types of plants, and by
proper selections he can obtain any desired effect.
Our native flora, which is rich in variety of mater-
ial, has been suonleaented to a great extent by the
addition of many new things of great value. These
new things have come from two sources, the hybridizer
and fran other countries. The hybridizer has given
us new horticultural species and numberless new vari-
eties; but the largest increase has come through the
introduction of the native flora of other countries.
Kany fine things have come to us from the eastern hemi-
si)here, particularly from China, from which country has
been introduced by "PI. H.Wilson , the great plant-collectflr ,
a wealth of ornamental plants. One can readily see the
importance of his collecting when he says "During the
eleven years I traveled in China I collected some 65,000
specimens, comprising about 5,000 species, and sent home
seeds of over 1,500 different plants. "^^^ It is not
difficult to call to mind many plants of inestimable
value, now largely used in this country, which belong
to the native flora of China.
(l) Wilson, A Baturaliat in '.7estern China, Vol. II. p. 1
The importance of this phase of horticulture
is brought out by L. H. Bailey in the preface to his
Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture when he says.
'•There is marked growth in outdoor horticulture in
North America. The largest extension in the present
cyclopedia, so far as taxonomic work is concerned, is
in the description of trees and nhrubs. There is wide-
spread interest in this subject. We are beginning to
realize our native resources in woody plants, to under-
stand how to make use of our many climates and natural
conditions; and to incorporate freely into our culti-
vated flora many of the trees and shrubs of China and
other regions, under the stimulus of the Arnold Arbor-
etum and other agenc ies . •*
The Influence of Chinese Flora
A brief consideration of the influence of
the Chinese flora will help to show the importance
of such a key as is presented in the following paper
to afford a means of identification and at the same
time summarize the native and introduced material now
available. Ong^ias only to read the words of B. H.Wilson
to realize the remarkable richness of the Chinese flora.
Mr. Wilson says, "The Chinese flora is, beyond question,
the richest temperate flora in the world Competent
(2) Bailey, Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, p. vii
authorities estimate the Chinege flora to contain
fully 15.000 species, half of which are peculiar to
the country The remote mountain fastnesses of
Central and ^Yestern China are simply a botanical
paradise The great interest and value, however,
of the Chinese flora, lies not so much in its wealth
of species as in the ornamental character and suita-
bility of a vast number for the embellishment of
parks and outdoor gardens throu^out the temperate
regions of tfie world The horticultural world is
deeply indebted to the Far Bast for many of its
choicest treasures, and the debt will increase as
the years pass."^'^^
In passing it may be well to consider why
the Chinese plants are so important to us. In the
introduction to A Naturalist in Western China. C, S,
Sargent writes, ♦•The botanical explorations carried
on in China in recent years make it possible to com-
pare the forest flora of eastern continental Asia
north of lat. 22® 30' with that of eastern North
America north of the Rio Grande. ... .A comparison of
the flora of enatern continental Asia with that of
eastern North America made at this time cannot be
•ntirely conclusive, for although much has been done
(1) Wilson, A Naturalist in ''Western China, Vol. II pp.
1 and 2.
4
to make known the Chinese flora, much ie still left
undone, and there are at ill vast regions of the Cel-
estial Empire into which no botanist has as yet pene-
trated, and these may be expected to yield new har-
vests of still unknown plants It is not surprising
that the forest flora of China is richer in genera
than that of eastern North America, for although the
area of the two reijions under consideration is not
very dissimilar, there is a great difference in their
topography As a rule, to which of course, there
are a few exceptions, the trees of eastern North
America are larger and more valuable than related
Chinese species; but of Chinese shrubs it can be said
generally that they produce rr.ore beautiful flowers than
the shrubs of eastern Worth America, althou^ to this
statement there are also some exceptions.
Of the 692 genera in the two regions, 155 ar«
common to both, while 158 are found in eastern North
America and not in eastern continental Asia, and 379 are
found in eastern continental Asia and not in eastern
North America. w^l)
Thus, since the Cl^inese plants are of such
importance and as thoy have had a greet influence upon
our ornamental slants in the past, it is necessary that
we become acquainted with those we have at the present
and be ready to acquaint ourselves with a great many
(1) Wilson, A Naturalist in 'Vestern China, Vol. I
pp. xvii, xviii, xxxvii
- 5 -
more in the future.
Reason and Purpose of Key
It is the growing importance of these orna-
mental plants, the great number at our disposal, and
the number of recent introductions, with which so few
of us are well acquainted, that has led to this form
of study. The purpose of this work is to provide a
guide to the study of trees and shrubs by providing a
means of identifying the unknown. It is hoped that this
will be of value to all interested in plants - the ama-
teur botanist, who wants a handy means of identifying
numerous plants; the nature-lover, who desires to know
those plants of interest abrout him; the landscape gar-
dener, who wishes a wider knowledge of plants now used
in parks and private grounds; and the student of botany
and plantdntterials , who is just being introduced to our
wealth of trees and shrubs through a scientific course
of study.
T>ie Key for Use in i^ield Study
The study of plants in the field has been
aore or less neglected in favor of laboratory methods,
in which microscopic study has received much attention.
The result has been detrimental in that it does not give
an opportunity to develop the larger and more practical
aspect. The object in view is to encourage an intimate
knowledge of the plants, such as can only be obtained
by first hand obserration in the field. I heartily
agree ^rith '.Vard when he saye the proper place to use
"a flora is in the field; but we all know that the best
Floras are too bulky for such work, and that the ten-
dency is to collect in the field and to use the Flora
in the Herbarium But the stimulus and inspira-
tion needed by beginning students, which cause one to
observe and think for himself is not obtained by labor-
atory st^idy with text and speciraen, but rather by con-
tact with the plant itself in the great outdoors.
Difficulties encountered in using other Keys
Difficulties are encountered in attempting
to identify trees and shrubs by the usup,l keys. lHany
of them are not sufficiently inclusive, taking in only
a limited number of the more common things. This key
aims to include everything which comes v/ithin the title,
even if it is a recent introduction and as yet not geh-
erally catalogued or planted. '7e have a number of keys
to trees, but these have their limitations. Most of
them take in only the native trees. We have only two
or three keys to shrubs and these are by no means in-
clusive. Other keys do not trace to the species; they
go only part way, they do not take us all the way.
Some take us to the family and the more ambitious ones
take us to the genus, l/ost keya use flower and fruit
characters which are not to be found except at certain
- 7 -
timea in the year. It ie very disconcerting to run
down a specimen to a certain T)oint and then find some
such statement as "flowers white or pinkish; stamens
numerous and exserted«, when no flowers are available
and there is no way of finding out what the flowers
are like; consequently one is unable to determine the
identity of the plant.
Foliage, not flowers the logical char-
acters to use ♦
Throughout the growinrj season the foliage
gives color and character to the Irndscape, and the
variations noticed are largely those of forms, color
and texture of the leaves . The leaves can be found
thro\;ighout the greater part of the year and the stu-
dent of trees and shrubs should form the habit of no-
ticing leaf -differences. It is with the leaves that
all who wish to learn to reco.^ize the trees and shrubs
should make themselves thoroughly familiar. By making
use of this key one will be able to accomplish this.
The keys which have been available are of
limited value because of the introduction of flower
and fruit characters, but these can be of help at only
certain times of the year, for they are not to be found
on plants throughout the entire growinfj season, while
the leaves are. Flowers remain on the trees and shrubs
only a very short time. Also the flowers on the trees
- 8 -
are often entirely unnoticed on account of their omall
size or inconspicuous color, and even if they are seen
they are usually inaccessible.
Explanation of title
A foliage key. meaning that it is based on
foliage and not on flo'jrers and fruits which ar<2 likely
not to be present, is at once of Importance. -Thile the
title might suggest that only leaf characters are used,
it should be noted that although they are the founda-
tion of the key and at all times adhered to. at the same
time other permanent characters - such as twigs, spines,
etc.. which are by position closely related to the leaves -
are used. Only those trees and shrubs with alternate
leaves are included, all tnose with opposite and whorled
leaves are to be included in smother ke y. The group of
alternate-leaved plants is by far the more important, in-
cluding the vast majority of plants. Those plants with
deciduous leaves (those which fn.n in autumn) and semi-
evergreen leaves (those which color, grow brown and hang
on until the middle of winter) are included. All those
with truly evergreen leaves are to be included in a win-
ter key. ^oth native and introduced plants are included,
all the native plants because we see them so often and
all the introduced plants because they are tq/be so im-
portant in ornamental planting of the future. These keys
take in both trees and shrubs, not limiting itself to
9
either, for today one is as important as the other.
Ho consideration is given to the herbaceous plants,
which are highly important in themselves and deserve
much study, our attention being directed to the woody
plants. Only those plants thnt are hardy, are included
except in cases ^^len the question of hardiness is doubt-
ful. The territory covered is that section of the United
States which is included in New England and New York.
This territory is a meeting-place of the Canadian and
Alleghenian floras. The Arnold Arboretum, in which new
introductions are tested out, is located in this terri-
tory which necessarily makes the key more complete as
it must include fill those plants which prove to be hardy
at the Arboretum, regardless of the fact that, as yet,
they may not be generally planted.
Technical terms
Many people will not attempt to identify
material by use of s key, because of the technical
terms. These are, however, necessary for exactness}
and some of them become indispensable. ?or instance,
it is necessary that the form of leaves and leaf-struc-
ture be described nith scientific accuracy and not ac-
coniing to popular usage. Of course, many keys are too
highly technical for use by most people. The author
has endeavored to keep always in mind the fact that
this key should not be too technical, and yet, in order
10
to make it accurate and at the same time to differen-
tiate between all the genera end soecies, some of which
are quite similar, it has been necessary to use (jwi^e
a number of technical terms, and several of these were
used frequently. Ho7?ever , the technical terms are fully
explained in the glossary, and a number of them are fur-
thor explained by line drav/ings. And after all there is
no auch thing as too much detail in Nature.
Naaes and Komenclature
In order that ve may distinguish plants they
must have naraea. Plants arc generally distinguished by
the majority of people by vulgar or common names, while
the botanist and horticulturist distinguish them by sci-
entific naicsB. Thooe who use cor.i on names are not in
sympathy with the use of the scientific names. Common
names are often local names and elsewhere the plant may
be commonly known under any one of half-a-dozen names,
and also the same coainon name is often used for plants
which are different botanically, whereas in botanical
nomenclature a plant, as a general thing, has only one
name. The general adoption of botanical names would
mean greater accuracy.
Efficient and systematic nomenclature is hardly
possible without some method of classification and so we
have the present binomial system. "The present universally
accepted binomial nomenclature started in 1753 with the
- 11 -
publication of Linnaeus* *Speciea Plalitarum' , ^en for
the first time all known plants were named according to
a uniform system based on the principle that for the
designation of a Tslant two names, a genei*ic and a spec-
ific, each consisting of one word only, should be siif-
ficient."
"But it sometimes ha opens that two or more
persona give a name to the same species (either because
uncware of an earlier name or because the authors re-
garded a given form of the plant as a distinct species
or as separate enough to receive another npjne) and to
distinguish one olant from another the author's name
goes with the plant-name that he makes."
And 00 botanical synonyms have arisen and we
have quercurt ilicifolia, Waugh. and quercus nana, Sarg.
both referring to the same species. Through priority
of publication ^. ilicifolia is the accepted name and
(I, nana which was given to the same plant later can rank
only as a synonym. Again we have instances where dif-
ferent authors have given the same name to different
8pecie«, for instance quercus nigra, Linn, and Quercus
nigra, Wa)i|gh. The nigra of Linnaeus, of which 4*
aquatica, Walt, is the synonym, is the Water Oak,
1) Rheder, Stand. Cyc. of Hort. , p. 2\02
2] Bailey, Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture,
p, 2089
- 12 -
while the Q. nigra of Wangenheim is syBonymous with q,.
■arilandica, L'uench. the Black Jack or Jack Oak. The
(I. nigra of Linneaus is the older nsme and is recog-
nized, while C. nigra of v^angehheiin was not apr)lied
until leter, and due to the priority of apnlicetion
of the name <l, nigra by Linnneus to the \yater Oak it
could he reoo/5niz«d only aa of aynonyui rank in the case
of the Black Jack or Jack Oak.
The nomenclature of this key is haaed upon
Bailey's i:tandard Cyclopedia of Horticulture - which
■follows in the rain the regulations of the 'Vienna
Code', bein,-:; r^rinciples adonted by the International
Botanical Congress held in Vienna in 190i3" - insofar as
the ne«y volun/^a vere available, to'-ether v/ith editor's
manu3cript» and in other cases upon Bailey's Cyclopedia
of American Horticulture.
AGCurgcy
Bvary care has been used to make this key ac-
curate and thoroughly reliable. In wrking out the key
only those characters which were fixed end tj-pical were
used, and if, at times, it wrs found that some of the
prominent characters had important variations, in order
to make the key accurate, the plant was inserted as
■any times as necessary.
In the endeavor to make it accurate the author
has been qoilW explicit, often describing carefully and
13 -
qtt4^ fully. Whenever necessary, technical terms are
freely used, regardless of the fact that the author
made this key for general use and not for technical
botanists.
The working of the key has been tested and
the botanical descriptions checked by the use of her-
barium specimens, by field study in various sections
of the territory, and by the use of standard floras.
Not only the author, but a few others with a wide plant-
knowledge have taken occasion to test its accuracy. It
has received its real test by classes of students in
plant materials, and the student viewpoint has occa-
sioned some minor changes.
The complete work and its parts
The main part of the work is the key itself,
but to this have been added subordinate portions which
have a direct bearing on the key and make the key much
more useful. A Reference to the relative arrangeinent
of these parts will be found on page iii.
In the introduction is a general survey of
the subject. In it are brought out points which deal
either concretely or abstractly with the key itself.
Following this comes an important chapter on leaves,
since it is necessary that before one attempts to use
the key he should be thoroughly familiar with the leaf-
forms, structure and other characteristics. The ex-
14 -
planations of the technical terms are made more clear
by the plates of line drawings.
The chapter upon the construction and use of
the key is likeirise indispensable, for unless one under-
stands the construction of the key and the method of
procedure necessary to trace do'wi a plant for identi-
fication, the key ie worthless to him. The index or
list of botanical names with section reference seryes
two purposes: first, one can readily tell how inclusive
the key is, and secondly, one's knowledge can be readily
checked by looking up the section reference. All that
need be said of the glossary is thRt it ie always absa-
■I'tt^^lry^ necessary with a work of tliie kind.
- 15 -
TITS LBAP
Before one can use this key it is abrtriii^CLl^
essential that he kno-^ just what constitutea a leaf.
One should he able to determine what a complete leaf
is and select for removal a whole leaf ^ith all its
parts and not assume that in removing a leaflet he has
a whole leaf. He should be able to determine whether
a plant has simple or compound leaves and to kuos? just
what constitutes a leaf, be it an elm. a rose, a pine
or an arbor-vitae.
Leaves are to be found on deciduous plants
throughout the growing season, and on evergreens through-
out the year; they are always Dresent during the periods
when we are most interested in plants. This is not true
of the flowers and fruits which are more or less transi-
tory. After all it is not so much for the flowers and
fruits that ve use our trees and shrubs in ornamental
plantings as for the beauty and freshness of their
foliage .
Almost everybody, without realizing it, knows
the difference between the leaves of the elm, maple and
oak.. Kany people are also able to recognize the leaves
of the red. sugar and silver maples, without understand-
ing wherein the differences lie, and if asked to state
wherein one differs from the others, they are unable to
do 8 0. All they know is that they are different. How-
-le-
aver, as Boon aa one begins to obeerve leaves closely,
he will see the differences which the various genera
and species show; it may be in form, in the margins,
in texture. If one is really to become acquainted
with trees and shrubs and able to identify them through-
out their growing season, he must learn to know them by
their leaves.
General descgiption and x>art8 of the leaf
The leaX inay be defined as a lateral develop-
ment of the stem or branch. It is an appendage of the
stem, differing from the stem in the order of its de-
velopment. In the stem the apex is the youngest part.
While in the leaf it is the reverse, the ap»x is first
formed and consequently the oldest, and is gradually
pushed outwards by the formation of other parts. Leaves
are usually green in color, broad and flattened, although
we find leaves which vary in one or in all of these chtr -
actera. In fact there is a wide variation in the form,
shape, size and surface of leaves.
The leaf, in its most highly developed state,
consists of three distinct parts, namely the blade or
Icunina, the leaf -stalk or petiole, and stipules. These
three parts are frequently present, and the leaf is then
spoken of as a complete leaf. It is by no means uncom-
mon for one of these parts to be absent, and in some
plants two parts will be missing. The blade is that
I>I4CJCAM.ATICAL (yrAKD)
TWt TtYlOLE AKV E)A^E TO THt LErft
*
OvTLI/fC fotM Of LEAVEil
1 4CICULAK i
2. LirfEAK.
3. OBLO/tG :
4. OVAL
MG.l
OVTl-rA(E:3 Of- LEAVt^S
I. vSPATHULATt
£. 050VATE
3. OBOOILDATE
Tie . 3
AFtX or LEA.VEJ
1. OBTV>5t
2. -Acu/nmATE
3. ACUTE
4. M.UC1LOff*TE
5. KETV5E
f I G- . 4.
OVTLI/iE Of JLEr4T&5
1.
SUBULATE
2-
OVATt
3.
COICDA-TE
4-
DELTOID
. 3.
SAGITTATE
G.
KE/yrfOR-Ai
7
l.A/iCEOLATE
17 -
part of the leaf which la generally present , the parte
which are likely to be lacking are the petiole and
stipules. If the petiole is not present the leaf is
sessile; if the stipules are not present, it is ex-
atipulate. I'he leaf -blade is sometiraes divided into
two or more separate parts, then it is a compoimd leaf;
when there is only one blade the leaf is simple.
Insertion and arran^^eroent of
leaves
That part of the stem to -^hich the leaf is
attached is called the node and that portion of the
atom l/etween two nodes is called the Internode i'^"''^*
The point of attachment of the leaf at the node is
called its insertion* When tlrie leaf is attached to
the stem by meane of a petiole it is said to be peti
Plate i 'when the petiole is absent and the leaf-
blade is directly attached to the stem it is said to
^® sesbile* * ' Wlien there are two lines or ridges
on the stem, prolongations of the petiole, it is said
to be decurrerrt •
The upper jangle which the petiole makes with
the stem is called the axil of the leafl^'^^* The
bud, which provides for future lateral growth, is formed
in the axil of the leaf. Just what constitutes a whole
leaf can be determined by noting the position of the
buds, as the buds denote the point of attachment of
the leaf to the stem. Buds are of various sizes, but
18 -
even the smaller buds can generally be seen without re-
moving the leaf, although there are some plants whose
buds are partially or completely hidden by the base of
the petiole, necessitating the removal of a leaf to ex-
pose them.
Leaves are arranged in different ways upon the
8tem. The most common is the alternate arrangement, in
which only one leaf is attached at each node(^^®'
When two leaves are attached at the same node, but on op-
posite sides of the stem, the arrangement is described as
opposite i^^^''*'^^ Three or more leaves attached in a cir-
cular arrangement at the same node are said to be whorled
or verticillate!^^^'^^^ If. th»ough the non-development
of the internodes, all the leaves on a branch are brought
together in a cluster or bundle, they form a fascicle
The order of the arrangement of leaves on the
stem is termed phyllotaxy. If you teike a twig with al-
ternate leaves, and attempt to connect all the leaf- in-
sertiohs above or below any particular node by drawing
an imaginary line, it will be found that the direction
will be that of a spiral. Thus if the successive leaf-
insertions of the elm be joined, it will be found that
in passing from a particular leaf to the one vertically
above or below it, the line will be a spiral which goes
once around the twig and touches two leaf -insertions on
the way. Thus there is one leaf on the stem between the
19
leaf vertically above or Ijelow the one started from.
This fact is expressed by the fraction 1/2. This kind
of phyllotaxy is called distichous.
If any leaf of the birch is connected ^ith the
one vertically above, the spiral line would pass once
around the stem and through three leaf -insert ions on
the way, and is expressed by the fraction I/3. The phyl-
lotaxy of the oaJc will be found to be 2/5, which means
that the spiral line passes twice around the stem and
through five leaf -insertions before we reach the next
leaf vertically above the one started from. In the same
manner the phyllotaxy of the holly will be found to be
The fractions of phyllotaxy are I/2, I/3, 2/5, 3/8,
5/13, 8/21, etc. By a little study it will be seen that
the next fraction can be obtained by adding the numera-
tors of the last two fractions, their sum being the num-
erator of the next; the denominator is found by adding
the sum just obtained to the denominator of the last frac-
tion. Thua to determine the next fraction after 8/21, we
add 5 and 8, obtaining 13, which is the numerator of the
fraction sought. The denominator is 13 and 21, or 34,
making the fraction 13/34.
The leaf -blade
Simple and compound leaves - Leaves are either
simple or compound. When a leaf has only one blade, no
matter how much this may be out and divided, provided
20 -
the divisions do not extend to the mid-rib or petiole,
it is called a imple
\yhen the leaf -blade is divided into two or
more separate parts, each of which bears the same re-
lation to the petiole as the petiole does to the stem.
It is termed a compound leaf. T5ach separate part is
called a leaflet . and may be either sessile or stalked;
each stalk in this case being called a petiolule and
the main stalk ii^iich connects them is called the raohie
or common petiole. Each primary division of a compound
leaf may again be compounded 'vhen the leaf is said to
be doubly compound.
There are two kinds of compound leaves, those
that are palmately-compound and those that are pinnately-
compound. "/hen the leaflets are all attached at one
point, namely the end of the petiole, the leaf is called
palmat ely-conipound {^^g* ) '^^le palmately-compound leaves
are variously termed according to the number of their
leaflets; when there are two leaflets at the end of the
petiole the leaf is said to be bifoliate ; when there are
(FIf 19)
three leaflets it is said to be trifoliate; when
there are five leaflets it is said to be digitate !^^^*'°^
Leaves are pinnate ly-compound when the leaflets
are more or less regularly arranged on either side of the
rachia !^^^*^^^The leaflets may be either opposite or al-
ternate in arrangement. Pinnate ly-compound leaves are
- 21 -
distinguished according to the presence or absence of a
terminal leaflet . (iuite frequently a pinnate ly-compound
leaf may have an odd number of leaflets, in this case the
odd leaflet terminates the rachis and it i s said to be
odd -pinnate or unequally-pinnate S^^^* ^when there are
an equal number of leaflets, which are in pairs and one
of these pairs is at the end of the rachis, the leaf is
... >e (Fig. 18)
said to/abruptly- or equally-pinnate « Sometimes the
pinnate division is repeated in the leaflets, that is, the
leaflets themselves become pinnate, and the leaf is spoken
of as bipinnate!"^^^'^^^
Margins - The margins of the leaves are often
an important index to the species, "/hen the edge of a
leaf is tinbroken and free from irregularities of any
kind, it is ent irei^^^'^^^If the margins are irregular
and uneven and there are various modifications of this
irregularity, the leaves mi^t be generally classified
as toothed or lobed . If the margins have sharp inden-
tations like the teeth of a saw, and all point to the
apex, the leaf is serrate |^^®'^^ ^ when thesp teeth have
(Pig. 42)
serrations, the leaf is biserrate. Margins which
are minutely and finely serrate are serrulate. If the
teeth are sharp and spreading and are generally pointing
outward we say the leaf is dentate j-^^^'^^^If , instead of
(Fig. 44)
being pointed, the teeth are rounded, the leaf is crenate;
if these teeth are likewise crenate it is bicrenate; when
minutely and finely crenate it is spoken of as crenulate.
A sinuate leaf is one in which the margin is strongly
22
When the margins of a leaf are deeply divided
and the divisions of the blade ere noticeably prominent,
they are called Ipbed (^^^.21 ^^^^^ arranged
In a manner similar to the arrangement of the leaflets
in a p innately-compound leaf, the leaf is spoken of as
being pinna te ly lobed or T)innatifidS^^^'^^^«hi>n these
lobes are themselves deeply cut in a similar manner, the
is bipinnately-lobed or bir^innatif id . If the lobes
are arran'?;ed in a ?nanner similar to the arraiiti-ement of
the leaflets in a palrately-corapound leaf, the leaf is
spoken of as palmately-lobed or palrnatif id
Shape or f^eneral outline - v/hen vre speak of
the shape of a leaf we mean its general outline; in
general the shape of a leaf ia determined by the fig-
ure outlined of the margins, but when the leef is lobed
the shape ia determined by the outline obtained by con-
necting the extreme points of the margin. Usually a
Xeaf is nearly symraetricnl, the blade being the same in
size and outline on both aides of the mid-rib, in which
(Fi ^.25 )
case the leaf ia said to be equal. Occasionally a
leaf is not symmetrical and the blade is not the same in
size and outline on both aides of thf; mid-rib, but ia
more developed on one side than on the other; it is then
* -. * (Fig. 26)
said to be unequal or oblique ♦ '
If the leaf -blade Lb nearly of the same breadth
23 -
at the base and the apex; very narrow and with parallel
margins, (line-like), it is linear 5^^S.27)j^ ^ linear
leaf has a sharp, needle-like point, it is aciiuilr.^®^
A leaf which tapers from a narrow base to a fine point
is subulatel^^g'^^^A leaf -blade which is broadest above
the base, several times lont^er than wide and tapering
to the apex is lanceolate i^^^'^^^An oblong leaf is one
which is longer than broad, of about the same breadth,
and rounded at the base and apexS^^^'^^^An oval or ellip-
tical leaf is oblong and equally rounded at bo^S^lnls)
An ovate leaf is more or less rounded at the base, beiig
(Fig. 33)
broader at this point than at the apex (egg-shaped).
If a leaf is of the same figure, but is broader at the
apex than at the base it is obovate ^ A cordate
leaf is heart-shaped, being cut in at the base where
the petiole joins the leaf-blade and having a pointed
(Fig. 35)^
apex; in an obcordate leaf the blade is of the
same shape, but the broad-i cut-in portion is at the apex.
When the leaf -blade is broad at the apex and abruptly
pointed and tapers towards the base it is cuneate!^^^*^^^
^en the blade is approximately round, the leaf is orb-
Iculari (^ig'^'^) When a leaf is triangular in shape it
(Fig. 38)
is spoken of as deltoid; if it is spoon-shaped it
is termed spatulate 1 ^^^'^^^
As a general thing, however, we do not find a
leaf whose outline conforms to any of the above-described
r
24 -
figures, but is rather a combination ot the two, in which
case, in order to describe it accurately, we have to use such
terms as linear-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, etc.
Apexes and iBases - In the different species one will
find that there are characteristic variations in the apexes of
leaves. If the apex is bluntly rounded, it is obtusl^^«*
when it is obtuse with a broad shallow notch, it is retuse; if
the notch is sharp and V-shaped it is emarginatej-^^^'^^^If a
rounded apex is tipped with a short point it is mucronlte!^^^
if the apex is tipped with a sharp and rigid point it is ous-
. (Fig. 51)
piaaLe. if the apex is pointed, terminating in an acute
angle it is acute P^^"*^^ if the point is very long and taper-
(Fig 47)
ing it is acuminate: ^' 'When the blade ends abruptly, as
If cut off by a straight line, it is truncate ^
Other variations are to be found in the leaf -bases
and 80 we have leaves with roundedj"^^* ^cordate (^^S- 54)
laaves.
Venation - Venation is a term used to Indicate the
distribution of the veina throu^^out the leaf -blade. In
some of the leathery and fleshy leaves only a very few veins
are visible. In those leaves in which the veins are well-
marked there are a few general arrangements which may be use-
ful in identifying a species. The mid-rib is the large cen-
tral vein extending from the base to the apex. The primary
branches of the mid -rib are veins.
ix-AT MA ice
.... k£^r. AptXJEO ... ^ .... ^
r\GA<o flGM fi(?.4a frc5.43 fici.so fiG-SI riG.52.
\ T\G. bAr
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C/yo<^^/<i' Truocycfi'e' Auriculntc
WINGED K:/^chIs5
G .£)8
yiJCGm/ANA
Pj-'noaTG :
JCHU5 COp/lLLL/YA
J)ACCrt/l]^UM
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^Q
- 25 -
Leaves are plnnately-veined when from the mid-
rib lateral veins are given off more or less regularly
towards the margini^^^' ^^^Palmately-veined leaves have
two or more large veins or ribs which start from the
base of the blade and diverge towards the margins!^*
Surface - In observing the surfaces of the
various leaves we find different conditions and it is
necessary to hnve terms to describe these conditions.
When the surface is perfectly smooth and not rouj^ened
by convolutions or by hairs it is glabrous , v/hen the
surface is wrinkled and the veins aopear to be sunken
the leaf is rugose . If the surface is covered with short,
soft hairs it Is pubescent ; if the surface is densely
woolly and the hairs much matted it is tomentoee ; if
covered with stiff, bristly hairs it is hispid ; if cov-
ered with short, stiff hairs that are rough to the touch,
it is scabrous .
The petiole
The petiole is thp<t na.rt of the leaf which con-
(Fig.6)
nticts the blade with the stem. Usually the petiole
is rounded on the under side and flattened and more or
less grooved above. In the aspen the netiole is later-
ally .flattened. At times the T)etiole may be bordered on.
either side by a thin, leaf -like growth, and it is spoken
(JKig.60)
of as being winged.
- 26
Stipules
Often email leaf -like growths will be found
as two lateral appendages at the base of the petiole,
these are stipules j^'^^'- ^''and may vary much in size,
shape, position and marginal characteristics. If stip-
ules are wanting the leaf is exstipulate: if present the
is atipulate. Stipules may be free - when they are
attached only at the base ^' ' - or they may be adnate -
when they are attached and united with the petiole!^^^'^^^
- 27
The Pltint Key
Construction of the Key
In order to have a better understanding of
keys and their uses, it may be well to consider how
they are made up. Of course the first essential is
to know just how many plants are to be included. One
must have a definite limitation and determine idiat
territory is to be covered, whether it is to include
both native and introduced plants, woody or herbaceous
plants, trees and shrubs, etc.
After determining all these things and de-
ciding upon the limitations of our key - that it is to
be a^foliage Key to the Alternate-leaved, Deciduous and
Semi-evergreen Trees and Ghrubs , Native and Introduced,
in New England and New York" - the next thing is to
make, as far as possible, a complete list of all the
trees and shrubs which fulfill all the conditions im-
plied in the title. Then we are ready to begin the con-
struction of the key and we must determine whtit charac-
ter we will use first. It is well to choose some charac-
ter which is quite distinct and at the same time general.
With this in mind, y^e make a distinction between the kinds
of leaves and we have two groups - one with simple leaves
and one with compound leaves. We must now question every
28 -
species on this point and place it in one group or the
other. Instead of one group we now have two. We take
the first group with simple leaves and divide this into
two groups on the shape, those with very narrow, linear
or scale-like leaves and those with broader, not narrowly
linear or scale-like leaves. As we are not dealing with
the evergreens we find we have only a few species which
belong in the first group, the largest number falling
to the second group. Continuing vfith the second group,
we determine how many leaves are lobed and how many are
not lobed, then divide and sub-divide these groups accord-
ing to whether the lobes are entire or toothed, and whe-
ther the venation is pinnate or palmate, etc. By making
use of general and distinctive characters we keep on di-
viding and sub-dividing our groups until we find that we
have broken up the two large groups into a great number
of small groups, which contain only a few species, v/hen
we have done this, we can sepatrate the species in these
small groups by making use of the lesser and more minute
characters.
Thus we find that making a key is simply locat-
ing each species by means of a process of elimination,
whereby we separate each soecies from every other species.
In order that the key may be of the greatest use it is
better sharply to contrast species rather than simply to
describe them. One must be very deliberate and test every
29 -
point , "being sure that it ia not variable and is accu-
rately stated, before placing the species in any par-
ticular group.
How to use the Key
Now that one has an idea of the way in ^ich
the key is constructed, it should not be difficult to
use it for identifying unknown trees and shrubs. Let
us suppose that we have a tree of which we wish to learn
the name. We turn to the key and find "A.- leaves simple".
We know that the leaf is simple, rather than compound so
we go on to "B.- Leaves linear or scale-like* but this
does not secrn to apply bo we go to "B.B. - Leaves broader,
not linear or scale-like", i^ich is plainly applicable to
our leaf. Now we come to - Leaves lobed" which is
true and we go on to the next statement which is "D. -
Lobes entire;" but this does not apply, for the lobes
of our leaf are toothed; so we look at **D.O. - Lobes
toothed" and find that that describes the leaf -margins.
Prom D.D. we go on to "B. - Venation pinnate" which does
not apoly as well as does "EB Venation palmate." EE re-
fers us to page--. Turning to that page we find a sec-
tional key, and proceed to use this in the some manner
and find that from "AA - Twigs not spiny or thorny" , we
go to "BB - Younger growth not bristly" and "CC - Leaver
not clustered" and then to "DD - Leaves larger, more
than li" long." Under DD we find that "B - Leaves deeply
5-7 lobed; twigs corky" seems to describe our leaf and
twig. Upon reading the description under F vre are posi-
tive that the tree muat be Liquidambar strvracif lui..
A key is only a collection of coordinate state-
ments of various ranks. Statements of the same rank are
always marked with the same letter. And so we find that
statements mnxlced A. AA and AAA are all of the same rank
and coordinate, and that B, BB, and BBB are coordinate
statements of the sarae rank but that they are subordinate
to the A statements, and that ^3 . CC , and GGG are coordi-
nate and subordinate to the B statements. Also each co-
ordinate statement is intended to be a contrasting state-
ment which, however, begins with the saiae catch-word, as
for instance A - Leaves simple, AA - Leaves compound. B -
Leaves linear etc., BB - Leaves not linear etc, and C -
Leaves lobed, CC - Leaves not lobed.
FOLIAGB KEY TO ALTERHATE-LEAVED . DECIDUOUS AND SEMI-
EVERGREEN . NATIVE AND INTRODUCED TREES AND SHRUBS IN
HBW ENGLAND AND NEW YORK
(A. 3. Thureton, B.Sc.)
MAJOR KEY
A» Leaver simple (see AA p.^^)
B. Leaves linear or scale-like (see Sec. 1, p. )
BB. Leaves broader, not linear or scale-like.
C. Leaves lobed.
D. Lobes entire (see Sec. 2, p*Sl )
DD. Lobes toothed.
JS. Venation pinnate, (see Sec. 3, p. ^7 )
SE. Venation palmate (see Sec. 4, p. ^6 )
CC, Leaves not lobed.
D. Leaves entire (see DD, p. )
S. Plants soiny or thorny.
P. Leaves with silvery scales (see Sec. 5, p. 7C )
PP. Leaves without silvery scales (see Sec. 6, p. 72)
BE. Plants not apiny or thorny.
P. Leaves with silvery scales (see Sen. 5, p. 70 )
PP. Leaves without silvery scales.
G. Leaves fan-shaped, striated on both sides with
numerous parallel veins.
1
H, Leaves 3-5. clustered on spurs, divided
at summit, with thickened margin, aparsely
branched tree, 60-80 ft.
Ginkgo biloba, L. (Salisburia adiantif olia,
Smith)
Ginkgo, ¥aidenhair Tree. N.China, Japan.
GO. Leaves not as above.
H. Leaves palmate ly veined.
I. Leaves roundish-ovate , obtuse or aoutish,
loathery at maturity, dark bluish green
above, paler below, 2-4'* long. Flowers
dark purple, axillary, in pairs, Oct.
Fruit a capsule ripening the following
Oct. Shrub to 10 ft.
Diaanthus oercidif olius , Faxim. Japam.
II. Leaves abruptly and short-acuminate .
J. Leaves roundish or broadly ovate, usually
cordate, 3-5* long. Flowers rosy-pink,
4-8 in clusters, before the leaves. Fruit
a pod 2i-3i*' long. Tree to 40 ft.
Cercis canadensis, L.
Judaa Tree, x^ed Bud. Native south.
JJ. l^ea.vQQ deeply cordate , rcondish, with a
white, transparent line at the margin,
glabrous and shining above, 3-5" long.
Flowers purplish-pink, 5-8. Fruit a
pod, 3-5" long. Tree to 50 ft.
- 33 -
Cercis chinenais, Bunge. (C.japonica, Sieb..
JJJ. Leaves "broadly ovate, truncate or sub-
cordate at the base, pubescent beneath,
2-i-4" long. Flo^ere rosy pink, in many-
flowered racemes. ?ruit a pod, 2^-4"
lone» Tree to 30 f t .
Cercis racemosa, Oliv. Central China.
III. Leaves rounded or emarginate at the apex,
usually broader than long.
J. Leaves cordate, rouiidish, glabrous, about
2" wide. Flowers rose-colored. Fruit a
pod, 2-2^-" long. Shrub to 15 ft.
Cercis occidental is , Torr. (C. calif or-
nica, Torr.)
Cal if ornia
JJ. LeavQs roundish, deeply cordate, 3-5* wide.
Flowers purplish rose, 3-6 in a cluster.
Fruit a pod, 3-4" long. Tree to 40 ft.
Cercis Siliquastrum , L. S.Burope, W.Asia.
HH. Leaves not palmately veined, usually pinnately
veined .
I, Leaves large, 6" or over (see Sec. 7, p.7^ )
II. Leaves not as large.
J. Leaves very small, about -^^ long.
K. Leaves cuneate, oblong or obovate,
silky beneath. Flowers yellow, racemose
34 -
at the end of the branchee , May-
June. Fruit a hairy pod. Dwarf,
procumbent or ascending ahrxib.
Genista piloaa, L. Europe, W.Aeia
JJ. Leaves larger, more than i«» long.
K. Leaves oval or ovate, the veins
curving towards the apex, parallel
to sides.
L. Leaves nearly glabrous above,
pale or whitish beneath and
appressed pubescent, a-S" long.
Flowers crearr-colored , in ter-
minal clusters, May-June. Fruit
a dark blue drupe on red peduncles.
Shrub or small tree to 25 ft.
Cornus alternif olia, L.
Alternate-leaved dogwood. Native.
KK. Leaves and veins not as above.
L. Tr/Igs and under aide of leaves
black-dotted,
k. Leaves oval to oblong, glabrous
above, sparingly pubescent on
the veins and black-dotted be-
neath, margins slightly revo-
lute, 2-3" lont';. Flowers white
or pale pink in axillary clusters
35 -
on leafless branches of the
previous year, April- June.
3hrub 2-4 ft.
Pioria mirianR, Benth. & Hook.
(Andromeda mariana, L. )
Stagger Bush
LL. Twigs and leaves not as above.
M. Leaves aromatic (see Sec. 8, p. 76 )
MM. Leaves not aromatic.
5. Twi^TB grayish- or silvery-white,
leaves clustered on older growth
0. Leaves ohlons-lanceolate,
grayish-green, li-2« long.
Flowers 1-4. light violet
or purple, axillsry, June.
??rult a "berry, orange-red
or j^om^tlmea yellow, about
i". Shrub ^tth long, vine-
like branches.
I^rciuro halimif olium. Mill.
(L.vulgare, Dun.)
Matrimony Vine, Box Thorn.
China, S.E.Burope.
00. Leaves ovate to lanceolate,
bright green, l]-3" long.
Flowers similar to above.
Fruit a berry; scarlet or
bright orange-red, some-
- 36 -
times almost 1" long. Vine-like
shrub of more vigorous growth than
above .
Lycium chinense, Mill.
Chinese Box Thorn. China.
NH. Twigs and leaves not as above.
0. Stipules, or their scars, en-
circlinfT the twig.
P. Leaves glaucous beneath.
CI* Leaves oval to oblong-lanceo-
late, 3-6" long. Flowers
white, 2-3" across, petals
9-12, Way- June. Fruit cone-
like, pink, 1-2'* long. Shrub
or small tree.
Magnolia glauca, L. (M. vir-
giniana Morong)
Sweet. Swamp or White Bay.
If at ive .
^fl. Leaves ob ovate to ob ovate -
oblong, obtusely pointed,
appressed pubescent beneati ,
8-14" long. Flowers white,
6-7* across, petals 6-9, May-
June. Fruit conelike, scar-
let, to 8" long. Tree to 100ft
Magnolia hypolenca, Sieb. emc!
Zucc. (M.obovata, Thxaib.)
Japan.
37 -
PP. Leaves not glaucous beneath.
<i. Leaves broadly obovate » abruptly
pointed, tapering toward the base,
3i|^-6»» long. Flowers white, 4-5"
across, petals 6, April-May. Fruit
0 onelike, dark brown, 4-5'* long.
Tree to 80 f t .
Magnolia Kobua, 'ihunb. (M.Thur-
beri, Hort. )
Japan.
Leaves obovate to ob ovate -oblong
acute, 3-6" long. Flowers ^hite,
rather purplish on tne outside. May.
Shrub or tree.
Magnolia Soulangeana, Soul. (M.
denudata x I'., lilif lora)
Leaves obovate or obovate- ob 1 ong ,
shortly pointed, 4-7" long. Flowers
white, ftbout 6'' across, petals and
sepals 9, April-May. Fruit conelike,
brownish, 3-4" long. Tree to 50 ft.
Magnolia denudata, Tiestrouss. (M.
oonspicua, Salisb., U.Yulan, Deaf.)
China.
C^ilQQ. Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate , ob-
tusely pointed, 2-5" long. Flowers
white, about 3" across, petals 9-18,
March -April.
Magnolia stellata, Maxim. (M.Halleana,
Hort. ) Japali.
- 38 -
. Stipules, or their scars, not encircling
the twig.
P. Leaves tomentose beneath (see Sec. 9, p. 77 )
PP. Leaves not tomentose beneath.
q,. Veins pinnate-looped (veins curving at
tips and joining in a loop, obtuse to
Margins, with the next upward veins.)
R. Leaves oblong, oval or oval -lanceolate ,
sharply serrulate, ov entire, green
and glabrous on both sides, 4-6" long.
Plowera white, in terminal panicled ra-
cemes. Tree to 60 ft.
Oxydendron arboreum B.C.
(Andromeda arborea, L. )
Sourwood, Sorrel-tree. Nattve , south
^Cl. Veins not pinnate-looped.
R. Twigs green, striated.
S. Leaves oblong-elliptic or oblong-
lanceolate, ^1" long. Flowers
yellow, cluBtereci at ends of
branches, June-August. Fruit a
pod. Ghrub to 3 ft.
Genista tinctoria, L. (G. sibir-
ica, Hort.)
Dyer's Greenweed.
SS. Leaves oblong-obovate , pilose on
both surfaces, ciliate, l/3-3/4»
39 -
long. Flowers yellow^ I-3 axils o^"
leaves. May-June. ?ruit a pilose
pod, long. Prostrate shrub
4-8«' hi^.
Cytisus decumbens. Spach. S. Europe.
RR. TwigB not as above.
S, Bark on twigs shredding into fine white
threads.
T. Leaves oval to oblong, entire or serru-
late, bright green and almost glabrous,
1-3" long. Flowers #iite, nodding, in
few-flowered clusters, April -June. Shrub
4-8 ft. high,
Styrax amerioana, Lara. (s. glabrum, Cav.)
Native south.
TT. Leaves broadly elliptic to elliptic-lanceo-
late, crenately serrulate, glabrous, 1-3 «♦
long. Flowers x^ite, pendulous, in 3-6
flowered clusters, June-July.
Otyrax Japonic a, Sieb. ^ Zucc.
Japan, China.
S3. Bark of twigs not as above.
T. Petioles less than long (see Sec. 10, p.2o)
TT. Petioles more than long (see Sec. 11, p.??)
DD. Leaves toothed.
B. Plants spiny or thorny.
F. Leaves 3-nerved.
- 40 -
0. Leavee ovate, unequal, obtuse, minutely
serrulate, dark green above, pale or
grayish beneath i-l^" long. Flowers
greenish yello^v, in axillary clusters,
June-July. Shrub to 10 ft., one of the
two a^'jines at the base of the petioles
strai^t , the other hooked and recurved.
Paliurus Spina-Christi . Mill. (P. aus-
tralis. Gaertu.)
Jerusalem Thorn, Christ ♦a Thorn.
S .Bur ope and Aaia.
yP. Leaves pinnately veined (see Sec. 12, p.'?! )
Plants not spiny or thorny.
F. Leaves palmate ly veined or 3 -nerved.
G. Toothing: confined to upper part of leaf.
H. Leaves almost orbicular, incised -dentate
and often 3-lobed, obtuae, pale bluish-
green beneath, -J-l" lonp. Plovfcrs white,
in many-flowered umbels, May- June. Shrub
4 ft. high.
Spiraea trilobsta, L. (S. triloba, L.)
K. China to Siberia.
QG. Toothing not confined to upper part of leaf.
H. Toothing coarse.
2« Leaves rather small, short petioled,
triangular or rhombic -ovate . strongly
3-nerved, lower ones mostly 3-lobed
41 -
and ?rith many rounded teeth or notchea.
yiov/ers pin]c or v/hite . axillary. 2-3".
August-aeptGitber . Fruit a capsule,
about 1" Icng. Shrub 6-12 ft. high.
Hibiscus ayriacua, L. (Althaea frutex.
Hort,)
Shrubby Althea, Rose of Sharon. Asia
HH* Toothing not coarse.
I. Lea/ea oblique at the base.
J. Leaves o vat e -acuminate , usually rough
above, light green ; 2-6" long. Fruit
an orange-red drupe, l/S-l/S" long.
Tree to 120 Tt. high.
Celtis occ identalia, L.
Kettle Tree
II. Leaves not oblique at the base.
J. Leaves ovate, uaualiy acute, finely
and irregularly serrate, bright green
and dull above , paler and pubescent
or nerrly glabrous beneath, 1^-3'' long.
Flowers white, in terminal and axillary
panicles, July-bept ember . Shrub to 3 ft.
Ceanothus americanus, L.
New Jersey Tea. Native.
JJ. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, crenulate-serrate ,
nearly glabrous, glossy above, 1-2" long.
42
Inflorescence like former. Low shrub.
Ceanothue ovatua, Deef. (C.ovalia, Bigel)
FP. Leaves pinnelely veined. Native.
G. Mar-^lns ciliolate.
H, leaveB oblong or obovate, acute at both ends,
short petioled, hairy on mid-rib nnd Bometimes
on lateral veins beneath, 2-«4«» long. Flowers
pink to aoarly white, opening before or r/ith
lesveb. Shrub 2-6 ft. high.
Rhododendron nudiflorum, Torr. (Azalea nudi-
flora, I.)
Wild Honeysuckle , Pinkater-f lower. Native.
HH. Leaves oval-elliptic, or sowetiir.es obovate, mow
or less canescent and pale beneath, serrulate.
"Plowers rose-color to white, fragrant, opening
with or before the leaves.
Rhododendron canescens. Porter. (Azalea
caneooens, Fich)
Mountain or Hoary Azalea. Native.
GG. Margins not ciliolate.
B. Leaves with two or three pairs of veins curving
towards apex, parallel to margin.
I. Leaves oval to elliptic or ovate, usiaally
rounded at the base or cordate , obtuse or
acute, crenulate serrate, glabrous or pu-
bescent bonoath; l^-o" long. Flowers greenish
in 2-5-f lowered axillary clusters. Fruit a
black berry-like drupe. Shrub or small tree
- 43 -
to 12 ft.
Rhainnus cathartica, L.
Buckthorn, Rhineberry, Hart ♦e-thdrn.
Kurope, Asia.
HH, Leaves not as above.
I. Toothing not sharp, but round or crenate
(See Sec. 13. )
II. Toothing sharp, aerrate or dentate.
J. Teeth spiny.
K. Leaves oval or ovate or scme-
times oblon{^, cuneate at the
base, often with 1 or 2 smaller
lateral leaflets, dark grayish-
green above, 1^3'« long. Flowers
yelloif, in racemes. Fruit a
berry. Upright shrub 5 ft.
Berberis Neubertii, Lam.
(B. vulgaris x Kahonia
aquiXolium)
JJ, Teeth bristle-tipped.
K. Branchlets glabrous, or at first
with close white tomentum.
L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, cuneate at the base,
coarsely serrate, nearly glab-
rous when young, somewhat pen-
dulous, 6-10" long. Flowers
in catkins, June-July. Fruit
« 44 -
a nut, 2 or more being enclosed in
a burr. Tree to 100 ft.
Castanea dentata, Borkah. (C.
americana Raf . }
American Chestnut. Native.
LL. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, often
truncate or rounded at the base,
coarsely serrate » slightly pubes-
cent or tomentose beneath when
young, nearly glabrous at length,
erect, 5-9" long. Tree 50-80 ft.
Castanea aativa, Mill. (C. vesca
Gaertn. )
S.Kurope, H.Africa, China.
LLL. Leaves elliptic or oblong-lanceolate,
usually rounded at the base, acuminate,
crenately serrate or the teeth reduced
to a long, bristle-like point, slightlj
pubescent when young, glabrous at or
only pubescent on the veins beneath,
erect, 3-7" long. Shrub or tree to
30 ft.
Castanea crenata, Sieb, & Zucc.
(C. Japonica, Bliame).
Japan, China.
KK. Branchlets pubescent with spreading hairs.
- 45 -
L. LeavcB oval -oblong to oblong-
lr.nceclate, rounded or truncate
at the baee, cocrBely serrate,
glabrouo a>>ove , whlte-toment ose
Or nearly green but soft pubes-
cent beneetb, at least on the
veina, Sl-e** long; petioles pu-
bescent with spreading hairs.
Tree to 40 ft.
Castanea mollissima, Blu«e.
China.
LL. Leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-
obovate, cuneate, serrate, teeth
often reduced to bristle -like
points, white-tomentose beneath,
S-S" long. ?ruit a nut, only one
in burr. 3hrub or small tree up
to 50 ft.
Casl^noa nu»r.iia, Ifill,
Chinquapin. Ketive south.
JJJ. T.-jdth not brist le- tipped
K. Leaves straiglit-veined or nearly so,
veins ending in laath (see Sec. 14, p./ci)
KK. Leaves not strai^t-veined or aoarly so.
L. Leaves long-petioled (see Sec. 15, p.Ni)
LL» Leaves short-petioled.
M. Leaves toothed only above the
middle (see Sec. 16, p.i'H )
46 -
MM. Toothing not confined to
the upper part of leaf
(see Sec. 17, p.//'? )
AA« Leaves compoiind.
B. Leaves trifoliate.
C. Leaflets toothed.
D. Plants thorny or spiny (see Sec. 18, p.i^c,)
DD. Plants not thorny or spiny.
S. Leaves pubescent beneath.
P. Leaves 2-4" long, aromatic; leaflets ovate
or rhomboid, the lateral ones sessile, and
rounded or truncate at the base , the ter-
minal one short -stalked and cuneate at the
base, all crenate or crenate-dentate , with
numerous large teeth, pubescent, 1-2" long.
Flowers yellowish-green, in clustered spikes
before the leaves. 7ruit a red, pubescent
drupe. Shrub 3-8 ft.
Rhus canadensis, Karsh. (R. aromatica.Ait . )
Tragrant Sumac. Native.
FP. Leaflets ovate or rhombic, entire or spar-
ingly dentate or sinuate, the lateral ones
sessile or short-stalked, the terminal one
stalked, more or less pubescent especially
beneath, 1-4" long. Flowers green in loose
axillary panicles, May-June. Fruit a gray-
ish-white drupe. A scandent or climbing
47 -
plant.
Rhus 'i'oxlcodendron, not L.
(R. radicans, L. )
Poison Ivy, Poison Oak. Native.
BB, Leaflets glabrous beneath.
». Leaflets mostly 3, obovate-lanoeolate
OP oblong-lanceolate, cuneate, acu-
minate, irregularly crenate-serrate ,
3-7" long, flowers dull purplish, in
globular heads. Shrub to 12 ft.
Acanthopanax seasil.i.f lorus. Seem.
(Panax sessilif lorus , Rupr.& Max.
C Manchuria, IT. China.
CG. Leaflets entire (see Sec. 19, p. 140)
BB. Leaves palaately oorapound, with 5 or 6 leariets, twigs
spiny.
C. Leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate,
cuneate, acute, crenate-oerrate , siriooth, ^-ll-" long.
Flowers e^reen, in clusters. Pruit a black berry.
Shrub 5-10 ft.
AcanthopamvX pentar)hyllus , Marsh. (Aralia penta-
phylla, Thunb.)
Five-leaved Aralia. Japan.
CO. Leaflets 5, occasionally 3, stalked, elliptic-obovate
to oblong, shortly aciiminate, narrowed at the base,
■harply and doubly serrate, 3-5" long. Shrub to 15 ft
Acanthopanax senticosus. Harms. (Eleutherococcus
senticosus, Maxim.)
H.China, Banchuria.
- 48 -
BBB. Leaves pirmately compound.
C« Leaves two or three tim»« Ty*^^^4. i
buree Limes pinnate (see Sec. 20, p.143 )
CC. Leaves once-pinnate.
D. Leaves equally-pinnate, leaflets in pairs (see Sec.
DD. Leaves unequally- or odd-pinnate. 21. P. 145^)
». Twigs thorny or spiny ^,ee Sec. 22. p. 141)
SB. Twigs bristly or hairy.
F. Leaflets 9-13. Btalked , broadly ovate or
oblong, entire, nainly obtuse or rounded
at each end. mucronate. l-2'« long. Flowers
pink in loose racemes, May-June. Fruit a
briatly-hispid pod. Shrub to 8 ft.
Robinia hispida, L.
Rose Acacia. Native south.
FP. Leaflets 11-25, oblo^or ovate, entire,
obtuse and mucronate, 1-2'' long. Flowers
rose-colored, in short racomes, June.
Fruit a pod, 2-4 •» long. Small tree 30-
40 ft., the shoots, petioles and seed -pods
are covered with viscid glandular hairs.
Ribbinia viscosa, Vent.
Clammy Locust. Native south.
SSB. Twigs not thorny or epiny, bristly or hairy.
F. Leaflets entire (see Sec. 23, p./>5-/ )
FP. Leaflets toothed (see Sec. 24, p./^l)
- 49 -
SBCTIONAL ingYa
SSCTIQH 1.
LBAVSS LIK1i;aR QR RG/iT.Tl!.T.TyTi.
A. Leavee minute, scale-like.
B. Leaveg tluiah-green . closely imbricated.
C. Leaves rhomb ic- orate , acute or acuminate, keeled,
yiowera ^ite or pinkish, almost sessile, in slen-
der, terminal panicled vacemes in May-July, shrub
or small tree .
Taaarlx Gallioa, L. (T. pentandra. Pall.)
Common Tainarisk. Europe.
BB. Leaves not bluish-green or closely imbricated.
C. Leaves lanceolate, acurainate. keeled. Flowers pink,
in slender, terminal, panicled racemes. July-Sept.
Shrub; 4-6 ft. high.
Taraarix Odesaana, Gtev.
Caspian Taiaarisk. Caspian region.
CO. Leaves ovato, acuminate. Flowers pink, in slender,
lateral racemes, along the last year»s branches,
April-Kay, GhniL or small tree to 15 ft., with
redd i ah bro\7n bark.
Twaarix parviflora, D.C. (Tamarlx tetranda var.
parviflora, Boiss.)
African Tairiariek. 8. Surope.
AA* Leaves lineer. not minute and scale-like.
B. Leaves spirally disposed.
C. Leaves acute, thin, light green, long. Staminate
flowers purplish, in panicles, 4-5" long, March-Uay.
yrult a globose cone about 1" across. A tree to 150
feet, with slightly pendulous branches.
50 -
Taxodium distichum Rich. (Cupressus disticha. L. )
Bald Cypress, Deoiduous Cypress. Native South.
BB. Leaves clustered, except on young shoots.
G. Leaves with two white lines beneath, rather broad.
D. Leaves obtuse, soft, light or bluish green,
i-li" long. 7ruit an ovate-oblong cone, h-H"*
long, viith emarginate, roundish- ovate scales.
Tree to 80 ft., with glabrous, glossy, yellowish
or reddish bro^n branchlets.
Larlx leptolepis, Murr. (L.Kaempferi , Sarg. )
Japanese Larch. Japan.
CO. Leaves without two white lines, very narrow, triangular
D. Loaves obtuse, soft, bright green, |-1^« long. Pis
tillate flOT/erc purplish. Fruit a cone ^-Ip long,
with many almost orbicular scales usually finely
tomentose on the back. Tree to 100 feet with slen-
der glabrous, yellowish branchlets.
Larix decidua, Kill. (L. Europaea, D. C.)
European Larch. N. and I'iddle Europe
DD. Leaves like those of former but of a li^t bluish
green, i-li" long. Pistillate flowers rose- red.
Fruit a small, oval or almost globular cone, i-i"
long, with few to 20 almost orbicular, entire,
glabrous scales.
Larix Americana, Michx. (L. microcarpa, Desf.)
Tamarack, Hackmatack, Native.
- 51 -
SBCTIQH 2.
LQBKS ENTIRE
A. Venation simple (single primaty rib only ia visible)
B. Leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate in outline.
ahort-petioled, obtuse or sub-acute at the apex, deeply
plnnatifid into numerous oblique rounded entire or spar-
ingly dentate lobes, the sinuses very narrow, 3-6" long;
fragrant vihen crushed. A shrub l-2i ft.
Comptonia asplenif olia. Gaortn. (Myrica asplenilKLia,L.)
Sweet Pern. Native.
AA. Venation pinnate.
B* Tips of lobes acute.
C. Lobes bristle-tipped.
D. Under aide of leaves whitish- or grayish-tomentose
B. Leaves pinnate ly divided by wide shallow sin-
uses into 3-7, usually 5. lobes, thick and
firm, dark green and lustrous above, whitish-
tomentulose beneath, 2-5" long, with stout
yellow midribs and slender primary veins.
M
Fruit an acorn about f long and inclosed
for about one-half its length by the cup. A
shrub, intricately branched, to 10 ft., rarely
small tree to 20 ft.
quercus ilicifolia VTangh, (^.nana, Sarg. )
Bear or scrub Oak. Native.
DD, Under side of leaves with large tufts of pale
hairs in the axils of primary veins.
- 52 -
E. Leave, pinnately divided, sometimee almost
to the midrib by wide deep ainuees into 5-7
lobea. 1-4 toothed or entire, thin and firm,
dark ffreen and very luatroua above, pale
below with tufts of hairs in axils of veins.
:^-5" long, with stout midribs and conspicu-
ous primary veins. T?ruit an acorn, nearly
hemispherical, in diameter and enclosed
only at the bt>,oe in a thin cup. Tree to 80
ft., occasionally ino ft.. Blenc^er branches
beset with fshort-ridged spur-like laterals
a few inches in length,
que reus paluatria, L.
Pin Oak. Native.
DDD. Under side of leaves glabrous, sometimes with
small tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the
veins below.
S. Leaves usually divided about half way to
the midribs by wide sinuses into 7-11 acute
lobes, entire or usually with 1-4 bristle-
pointed teeth, thin and firm, dark green
and glabrous above, pale yellow green,
glabrous or rarely pubetfulous and sometimes
with tufts of hairs in axils of veins below.
5-9" long. Fruit an acorn, cval , ^-1^" long
usually enclosed only at the base in a thick
- 53 -
shallow cup. Tree to 80 ft., occa-
aionally 150 ft.
(iuercuB rubra, L. (Q.ambigua, Kichx.)
Red Oak. Native.
BE. Leaves deeply divided by wide sinuses
into 7 or rarely 9 lobes, the middle
division the largest, usually with
bristle-pointed teeth, thin and firm,
bright green, glabrous ajid very lus-
trous above , paler and less lustrous
and sometimes with tufts of hairs in
axils of veins below, 3-6" long, with
yellow mid-ribs and primary veins.
Pruit ar)4com i-l** long enclosed for
about one-third to one-half its length
in a deeply cup-shaped thin cup. Tree
to 80 ft.
Cl,uercu3 coccinea, Kuench.
Scarlet Oak. Native.
GC. Lobes not bristle-tipped.
1). Leaves about as bfoad as long, with 2 lobes
at the truncate and notched apex and 2-4
lobes at the base. Bluish-green above, pale
or glaucous beneath, 5-6* long, long peti-
oled. Flowers large, tulip-like, greenish
yellow, marked orange inside at the base.
- 54 -
l^w-a" deep, May-June. Fruit an oblong
cone 2i-3" long. A tall tree to 150 ft.,
rarely 190 ft.
Liriodendron tulipifei-a. L.
Tulip Tree, Whitewood. Native.
DD. Leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, cuneate
at the base, acuminate, decDly cut, often
almost to the midrib, dark green and glossy
above, paler beneath, pubescent above and
below on the veins; about 3" long; petioles
pubescent. Dense ehrub-like tree to 50 ft.
Fagus sylvatica var. heterophylla . Loud,
(var. asplenif olia, Lodd).
Fern-leaved Beech.
BB. Tips of lobes obtuse, rounded.
C. Leaves aromatic.
D. Leaves simple, mitten-shaped or 3-lobed at
the apex, gradually narrowed at the base
into elongated slender petioles, 4-6* long.
Fruit an oblong-globose, blue drupe, borne
on red stalks. Young branches and twigs
bright green. Tree 30-50 f t . ,occasionally
90 ft.
Sassafras officinale, Nees. (S. Sassafras,
Karst . )
Sas s af r as . Kat i ve .
CC. Leaves not aromatic.
D. Leaves glabrous beneath.
55 -
B. Leaves wedge-shaped at baae , divided into
usually 7-oblique, broad or narrow usually
entire lobea, thin and firm, bright green
and glabrous, pale or glaucous below, 5-9«
long. Fruit an acorn i» long enclosed for
one-fourth its l(2n?;th in a cup-shaped cup.
Tree to 100 ft.
^uercuB alba L.
White Otk. Native
m. Leaves auriculate at the base with 3-7 lobes
on ench side, quite glabrous, dark green
above, pale bluish {?reen beneath. 2^-5" long.
Fruit an acorn about 1« long, enclosed about
one-third by cup. Tree to 120 ft.
Quercus pedunculata BJhrh.
Bnglish Oak. Europe, N.Africa, W.Asia.
BEB. Leaves wedge-shaped at base, 3-lobed at apex
or sometimes entire, dull bluish green above,
paler beneath, soon glabrous except for axil-
lary tufts of brown hairs, 1-^-3" long. Fruit
an acorn 1/3-3/3*' long, enclosed one-fourth to
one-third by cup. Tree to 80 ft.
Ciuercus nigra, L. (l^. aquatica, Walt.)
Water Oak. Native South.
ESSE. Leaves divided into 3-8 pairs of entire or
few-toothed lobes, dark green and somewhat
rough above, grayish pubescent or almost
56 -
glabrouB beneath at length. Fruit an acorn tt
1-^" Icn- , eT^clorod abnvit one-half by mossy
cup. Tt«!» to I'^O ft.
Ciuercus Cerrlts I.
Turkey 0?ik, 3.r..3Surope . W.Asia
DD. Lsavco tordsntoae or puboscont beneath,
E. LetivoB divided Into f)-9 lobes by deep or shallow
sinutu'.n, the lover loboo much smaller and sepa-
rated by u wic\f} i^invB frori the upper ones, dark
tsrcen and glabrous above ^vhitish-tomentulose
benofith or eomctjjrit^e lli;bt green and coated with
pale pubescence bolovv, 7-8" long. Fruit an acorn
^-1" lone: alrao»;t entirely enclosed in the cup.
Tree rctcly 100 ft.
C^uarcuj; l/ratc., '?/alt.
Overcup or 3»farnp Oal:. Native South.
ISIH, Lenv^sg deoply dlvl led 'nto 3-7, usually 5, broad
rounded lobc;-?, the /niddle pair being much larger
and mostly with a loba on the lower side, sepa-
rat«2d from the lo^ror pair of lobes by wide and
frum Vne uppar pair oy narrower sinuses, dark
green above, browli3ll-^.OT?l2ntuloae beneath, 5-8"
Ion;!. EVuib an aoorn ^-1" long, enclosed for
ono -third to ona-half i"B length in the cup.
Tr*je aau^iliy 50-60 ft.
(^uercus atellata, Wangh. (q. minor, Sarg.)
Post Oak. Native.
57 -
SBB. Leaves divided by wide sinpsee, sometimet
penetrating nearly to the mid-rib, into
5-7 lobes, the terminal lobe large, bright
green and glabrous above, grayish or white-
tomentose beneath. 4-8" long. Fruit an
acorn. i-li« high, enclosed about one-half
by the large cup, the upper scales of which
are awned and form a fringe-like border.
Tree 80 ff
Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.
Burr Oak, Mossy Cup Oak.
VTCNATION PINNATE
Tvriga thorny or spiny.
B« Thorns slender; leaves slender-petioled , triangular
or broadly ovate, truncate or cordate at base, gen-
erally 3-5 lobed, sharply serrate, l^-S^" long.
Plowers in terminal corymb?, white, Kay-June.
Fruit a drupe-like porae vrith 3-5 stones, depressed,
globose, -^^^ in diameter, bright red. Tree to 30 ft.
Crataegus Phaenopyrura, ''^edikus (C.cordata, Ait.)
Y/ashington Thorn. Native south.
BB. Thorns stout; leaves roundish or broadly ovate,
ouneate or truncate at the base, 3-5 lobed, with
broad serrulate lobes, 1-2" long. Flowers in cor-
ymbs, white. May. Fruit globular, with 2 atones,
1/3-1/2* high, scarlet. Shrub or small tree to
15 ft.
58 -
Crataegus Oxyacantha. L.
Hawthorn, May Thorn. Europe, N.Africa
BBB. Thorns stout; leaves ovate, 3-7 lobed with few
teeth at the apex, 1-2". Flowers in corymbs,
white or pink, May- June. Fruit oval with usu-
ally 1 stone, l/3-l/2« high. Shrub or tree to
20 ft.
Crataegus monogyna, Jacq. (C. Oxycantha, Hort.)
Europe, N. Africa
AA. Not spiny or thorny.
B. Bark exfoliating on 2 and 3 year old twigs.
(Bark in Platanus exfoliates, but only on
branches pnd trunk. )
C. Leaves roundieh-ovate , usually cordate at
the base, 3-lobed, with the lobes crenately-
dentate, usually glabrous beneath, 1-3" long.
Flowers white, in terminal corynibs, 1-2*'
broad, June. Fruit a follicle with 3-5 pods.
A shrub to 10 ft. with wide-spreading and re-
curving branches.
Physooarpus opulifolius, Maxim. (Opulaster
opulifoliuB, Kuntae).
Ninebark. Native,
CC. Leaves, 3 to 5-lobed, with acute or acuminate,
doubly-serrate lobes, usually pubescent be-
neath, 2-5'* long. Flowers in June. Sircilar
to above, but higher and of more vigorous
59 -
growth.
PhysooarpuB Amurenaia. Maxira. (Opulaster
Amurenais, Kuntze)
Amur land .
Bark not exfoliating on 2 and 3 year old twigs.
C. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath.
D. Lobes sharply serrate.
B. Leaves broadly ovate, usually rounded
at base, pinnately-lobed with short,
braadly triangular, sharply serrate
lobes and with 6-9 pairs of veins,
grayiah- or whitish-tomentoae be-
neath, 2i-4" long; petioles ^-1*
long. Flowers white, in terminal
corymbs, May-JLine. Pruit berry-
like, about high, orange red.
Tree to 50 ft.
Sorbus latifolia, Pera. (Pyrus
rotundif oliG, Beckst)
DD. Lobes rather bluntly and coarsely toothed.
S. Leaves broadly cvate, truncate at base,
3-5 lobed, sinuaea broau and shallow,
dark green above, densely white-tomen-
tose below. Tree 30-40 ft.
Populus alba var. nivaa, 'S^osm.
(P. nivea, Willd.)
- 60 -
EE. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate at base, 3-
lobed, ainusec narrow and deeD, dark green
above, densely whit e-toment ose belov<. Tree
30-40 ft.
•Populus alba var. BoUeana.Lauch. (P.Bolleana)
Bollea' Poplar.
Leaves not densely white-t onentoso boneath.
D. Leaves small , not over 3" Ion- (except in Sorbus
(Pyrua) torminalis).
IB. Leaves 3-lobed at apex.
P. Leaver broadly ovate ordbovate, soft-hairy,
abruptly pointed, coarsely doubly-serrate,
tendinit: to be lobed. Flowers solitary and
generally before the leaves, pink or white,
usually double, Fay. Shrub to 5 ft .
Prunus tri^Dba, Lindl. (Amygdalus peduncu-
lata Bunge . )
yiowerinp; Plum. China,
yy. Leovefl rhombic-ovate or rhombic-obovate ,
acute, Incised-serrate or shallowly 3-
lobed , dark green above to pale bluish-
green beneath, f-l^" long. Flowers white
in many-flowered urabels, May-June. Shrub
to 6 ft . with archin^r branches.
Spiraea Van Houttei, Zabel.
Van Houtte»8 Spirea. Garden origin.
1
- 61
FPF. Leaves almost orbicular, inci sed -dentate '
and often 3-lobed. obtuse, pale bluish gratn
beneath, i-l" long. Flowers white, in many-
flowered umbels, May-June. Shrub 4 ft. high.
Spiraea trilobata. L. (3. triloba, L.)
N. China to Siberia
KB. Lobing not confined to apex.
F. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, dark green above
and thinly pubescent beneath, strongly notched
or lobed on either side at or below the middle,
the middle lobe often notched again near the
top, the remaining margins sharply dentate.
Flowers whitish. Fruit a pome, ^|-»« in diameter.
Shrub or dwarf tree , to 30 ft. high.
Pyrus Toringo, Sieb. (P.Sieboldii . Reftel)
Toringo or Dwarf Crab. Japan.
PF. Leaves triangular-ovate, sharply serrate and
more or less prominently lobed and notched,
dark green l-S** long. Flowers in clusters,
appearing with leaves, pink. Fruit a pome,
1" in diameter, yellowish-green. Low, bushy,
tree to 25 ft.
Pyrus coronaria, L.
Wild Crab Apple. Native.
FPF. Leaves broadly ovate with several triangular-
ovate, serrate lobes on each side, the lower
sinuses reaching about half-way to the middle,
- 62 -
floccose-tomentose when young, 2-4" long.
5•lo^7er8 white, in corymbs, May-June. Pruit.
berry-like, brown.
Sorbus torminalis. Crantz. (Pyrus torminalia
Wild Service Tree. S. and middle^u^ope.
FFFP. Leaves triangular-ovate, incisely-lobed and
serrate, pubescent on veins beneath, grayish-
green, long. Flowers white, small, in
terminal panicles. June. Shrub to 5 ft. with
angular, zigzag branches.
Stephanandra flexuosa, Sieb. and Zucc.
Stephanandra. Japan. Korea.
Leaves larger, more than 3" long.
Buds hidden by petioles of leaves, stipules or their
soars encircling the twigs.
?. Leaves as broad or broader than long, rarely
cuneate at base, usually 3-, sometimes 5-lobed,
with shallow sinuses, lobes shorter than broad,
coarsely toothed or entire, bri^t green above,
paler below and at maturity only pubescent on
the veins beneath, A-Q" wide; stipules l-l^"
long. Fruit borne singly, rarely in twos,
about 1" in diamater. Bark on branches and
trunk, scaling off and exnosing the creamy
white or greenish inner bark. Tree to 130 ft.
or more.
Platanus occidentalis. L.
Button ball, American Plane Tree. Native.
- 63 -
IW. Leaves usually broadly cuneate at the base, deeply
5-7 lobed, rarely 3-lobed, lobes longer or much
longer than broad, coarsely toothed or entire,
bright green above , paler belo>5r and glabrous or
nearly so at maturity, 4-8" long, stipules small.
Fruit borne in clusters of two to four. Bark on
branches and trunk scaling off leaving the dull
grayish or greenish-white inner bark. Tree to 80 ft,
Platanus orientalis. L.
Oriental Plane Tree. S.B.Europe to India.
2S. Hot as above.
Lobes entire except for a few large, coarse, bristle-
tipped teeth near the apex.
G. Hinder side of leaves with large tufts of pale
hairs in the axils of primary veins.
H. leaves pinnately divided, sometimes almost
to the raid-rib, by wide deep sinuses into
5-7 lobes, 1-4 toothed or entire, thin and
firm, dark green and very lustrous above,
pale below with tufts of hairs in axils of
veins, 3-5" long, with stout midribs and
conspicuous primary veins. Fruit an acorn,
nearly hemispherical, in diameter and
enclosed only at the base in a thin cup.
Tree to 80 ft., occasionally 120 ft., slender
branches beset with short-ridged spur-like
64 .
laterals a few inches in length.
^uercuB palustris, L.
Oak. Native.
GO. Under side of leaves glabrous, sometimes with small
tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of veins below.
H. Leaves divided into 7-9, usually 7. broad and
toothed lobes, dark green above, yellow-green
and more or less pubescent or glabrous with
the exception of tufts of rusty hairs in the
axils of the principal veins, 4-10" long.
Fruit an acorn, oval, ^-i" long, enclosed
about one half by the scaly cup. Tree to
80 ft., sometimes 150 ft.
quercus velutina. Lam. (^.tinctoria , Batr.)
Black Oak Native.
HH. Leaves usually divided about half-way to the
midribs by wide sinuses into 7-11 acute lobes,
entire or usually with 1-4 bristle-pointed
teeth, thin and firm, dark green and glabrous
above, pale yellow green, glabrous or rarely
puberulous and sometimes with tufts of hairs
in axils of veins below, 5-9" long. Fruit an
acorn, oval, i-1^" long, usually enclosed only
at the base in a t^xick shallow cup. Tree to
80 ft., occasionally 150 ft.
C^uercus rubra, L. ambigua, Michx.)
Red Oak. Native.
- 65 -
HHH. Leaves deeply divided by .vide einuees into
7 or rarely 9 lobes, the middle division
the largest, usually with bristle-pointed
teeth, thin and firm, bright green, glabrous
and very lustrous above, paler and less lus-
trous and soiaetiraes with tufts of hairs in
axils of veins below. 3-6" lonf;, ^ith yellow
midribs and primary veins. Fruit an acorn
long, enclosed for about one-third to
one half its length in a deeply cup-shaped
thin cup. Tree to 80 ft.
Querous coccinea, Kuench.
Scarlet Oak Native.
PP. Lobes toothed, not as above.
0. Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, often variously
lobed , dark green and glabrous above . pale and more
or less pubescent below. 3-5" long. Fruit aggregate,
at first red. later becoming black, l-l^** long. Tree
to 60 ft.
Merus rubra, L.
Red Mulberry. Native.
GO. Leaves ovate often variously lobed, light green,
glabrous and somewhat shining on both sides, 2-6"
long. Fruit aggregate, white or violet, 1-2" long.
Tree to 30 ft.
Morus alba. L.
White Mulberry. China.
- 66 -
SBC. 4 - VjgNATIQN PAmATTg
A, Twigs spiny or thorny.
B. Leaves large, 9-14« in diameter.
0. Leaves 5-7 palmate lobes, lobes triangular-ovate .
acuminate, serrate, glabrous or nearly so. Flower
a small, greenish, in large terminal clusters.
Tree to 80 ft., subtropical in aopearance.
Acanthopanax ric inif olius , Seem. (Kalopanax
ricinifolius, Miq.)
Japan •
BB. Leaves small, about 2" or les» in diameter.
C« Branches with numerous slender opines.
D. Thorns usually clustered.
Thorns often whorled below the nodes.
?. Leaves nearly orl;)icular, deeply 3-5
lobed , lobes obtuse or acttish, in-
cised-dentate . Flowers small, red-
dish, in short racemes, Fruit a berry,
small and bristly, iahrub.
Ribes lacustre, Poir,
Swamp Gooseberry, Native.
Thorns in threes, stout.
F. Leaves orbicular or broader, 3-5 obtuse
lobes, thick and very^lossy, usually
pubescent, rarely over 1" wide. Flowers
small, green, in racemes, Fruit a berry,
oval, green, yellowish-green or red.
«7 -
Shrub .
Ribea Groasularia. L. (R. Uva-crispa, L.)
European Gooseberry. Surope, N.Africa. W.Asia.
DD. Thorns usually single, slender.
B. Leaves nearly orbicular, deeply 3-5 lobed , lobes crenate-
dentate or incised, l-S" ; petioles pubescent. Flowers
1-3, green, ^ruit a berry, prickly, reddish-purple, i"
shrub.
Ribes Cynosbati. L,
Wild Gooseberry. Native.
SS. Leaves almost orbicular, 3-5 lobed, glossy, under side
of leaves and r^etioles usually pubescent. Flowers 1-3,
greenish-white . Fruit a berry, round, glabrous, with
delicate bloom, . ^rirub.
Ribes oxyacanthoides , L.
Northern Gooseberry. Native.
BEifi. Leaves wedge-ahaped , usually 3-lobed , ciliate on margins
and veins. Flowers 1-3, greenish-purple. "Pruit a berry,
round, glabrous, 1/3". Shrub.
Ribes rotundif ollum, Miohx.
Saatern Wild Gooseberry. Native.
AA. Twigs not spiny or thorny.
B. Younger growth bristly.
C. Leaves large, 3-5 lobed, lobes acurrjinate and finely serrate,
the middle one longer than the others, pubescent beneath.
Flowers in terminal clusters, rosy-purple, showy, 1-2" across.
Fruit aggregate, depressed -hemispheric , red. Shrub 3-6 ft.
- 68 -
Rubus odoratus , L.
Flowering Raspberry. Native.
BB. Younger growth not bristly.
C. Leaves clustered.
D. Leaves bearing bright resinous dots.
X. Leaves nearly orbicular, somewhat pubescent
beneath, l-S" wide, sharply 3- to 5-lobed,
the lobes dentate-serrate, acutish. Flowers
greenish white or yellow, in long, pendulous
racemes, April-May. ?ruit a berry, black,
across. Shrub.
Ribes americanum, Mill. (R. floridum, L'Her.)
American Black Currant. Hative.
KB. Leaves cuneate or truncate, smooth, shining,
when very young densely covered with brown or
yellov; resinous spots which disappear with age.
Flowers yellow, in leafy racemes, May. Fruit
dark brown or black berry with bloom. Shrub.
Ribes aureum, Fursh.
Missouri, Flowering, Golden or Buffalo Currant.
Native West.
DC Leaves without resinous dots.
B. Branches red.
7. Loaves round -co rdat e , 2-4" broad. Flowers
reddiahi, in racemes. May. Fruit bluish black
berry. Shrub.
- 69 -
Ribes sanguineum, Pursh.
Red-flowered Currant. Hative West.
BS. Branches not red.
F. Leaves broadly ovate in outline, pubescent when
young becoming glabrous, i^lowers yellowish -green
or purplish, in drooping racemes. i?ruit a red,
yellorish or white berry. Shrub.
Ribes rubrum, L.
Garden Currant. Burope . Asia, N.America
FP. Leaves slightly pubescent above. Flowers yellowish-
green, clustered. Kruit a scarlet berry.
Ribes aipinum, L. (R. saxatile, Hort . )
Mountain Currant. Europe and Orient.
CC. Leav<=^s not clustered.
D. Leaves small, less than 1^-" long.
B. Loaves almost orbicul&r, incised -dentate and often 3-
lobed, obtuse, pale bluish-green beneath, ^-l** long.
Flowers white, in many-flowered umbels, May-June.
Shrub 4 ft. hift^.
Spiraea trilobata, L. (S. triloba, L.) China.
DD. Leaves larger, more tlrian ij^** long.
E. Leaves deeply 5-7 lobed , twigs corky.
F. Lobes triangular-ovate , acute, finely serrate,
bright green, glabrous and lustrous, e-?** across.
Fruit globular, spinose, 1-1-J-" in diameter. Tree
80-140 ft.
- 70 .
Liquidambar atyraciflua, L.
Sweet Gum, Bilstead. Native South.
SB. Leaves 3-lo\>ed . twigs not corky.
P. Leaves rather small, short petioled,
triangul8.r or rhomhi c-ovate , strongly
3-ri"bbed, lower ones mostly 3-lohed
and with many rounded teeth or notches.
Flowers pink or white, axillary,
Attgust -September. Pruit a capsule,
about 1" long. Shrub 6-12 ft. high.
Hibiscus syriacus, L. (Althaea frutex,
Hort. )
Shrubby Althea, Hose of Sharon. Asia
SECTION 5 - LEAV733 \7ITH SIL^RY 3CALB3
A. Leaves linear-lanceolate, ^" wide.
B. Leaves obtusish, covered on both sides with silvery
scales, ^-2^^" long. Flowers before leaves, very small,
yellowish. Fruit a drupe-like berry, orange-yellow ,
about long. Shrub or tree occasionally to 30 ft.
Hippoi>hae rhamnoides, L.
Sea Buckthoifn Europe, Asia.
AA. Leaves elliptic, oval or oblong, lanceolate, wide.
B. Under side of leaves and branchlets silvery white, with-
out any brown scales.
C« Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, light green
above, 2-3*' long. Flowers 1-3, axiHiiry, yellowish,
June. Fruit a drupe, oval, yellow, coated with
- 71 -
silvery scales. Shrub or small tree to 20 ft.
Blaeagnua angust if olia . L. (K.hortenais . Bieb.)
S.Burope, V.Asia.
. Branchlets with reddial^i or yellov,i8h-brov7n scales and
sometimes silvery besides, leaves silvexy white beneath
often with ftw brown scales.
C. Leaves elliptic or oval to ovate-oblong , with silvery
scales above when young, soroetiraes glabrous, often
crisped at the margin. 1^-3- long. Flowers 1-7. axil-
lary, yello^^i3h-'.7hite, May-June. Fruit a drupe, oval,
scarlet, i-l/3" long, erect, on stalks in September.
Spreading shrub to 13 ft.
Elaeagnus umbelleta, Thunbg.
CC. Leaves elliptic, ovate or obovate-oblon^, vrith stel-
late hairs above, usually globroua at length, mostly
with scattered brown scales beneath, 1-2^" long.
Flowers usually aolilary in axils, yellowish white .
April-Kay. Fruit a drupe, oblong, scarlet, long,
pendulous, in June or July. Shrub to 6 ft.
Elaeagnus multiflora, Thunbg. (B. lOngipes, Gray).
^^i" Japan.
CCC. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, silveiy on both sides.,
often with scattered brown scales beneath, 1-3" long.
Flowers 1-3, axillary yellowish. May-June. T?ruit a drupe,
oval, densely clothed with silvery scales, 1/3-1/2" long.
Shrub to 12 ft.
Elaeagnus argentea. Pursh.
Silver^berry, Native North.
- 72 -
SEC. 6 « LBAVBS '.VITHQUT 3ILY!<:RY 3CAL1SS
A. Thorns stout, 1» or more long; with milky sap.
B. Leaves l-2i*» long, twiga rusty pubescent.
C. Leaves oblong-obovate or cuneate-obovate , rounded
at the apex, dark green and lustrous above, tomen-
toss beneath, sometimea nearly glabrous. Flowers
in axillary clusters. Fruit a drupe, oblong-ovoid,
i** long. Tree to 5, sometimes 50 ft.
Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers.
Chittiia 'rood. Native south and west.
BB. Leaves S-e** long, twigs not rusty pubescent.
C. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
glossy 2>'6^ Ion?. Flowers inconspicuous. Fruit
compound, globular, yellow-green, 4-5»« in diameter.
Tree 30-50 ft.
Toxylon pomiferum ,Raf . (Madura aurantiaca, Nutt.)
Osage Orange Native west.
AA. Thorns or spines not as stout and long; without milky sap.
B. Leaves palmate ly veined or 3 -nerved.
C. Leaves oval, rarely finely serrulate, grayish-green,
minutely toraentose beneath, ^1" long. Flowers white
in terminal racemes, June-July. Low, prostrate, half
evergreen shrub.
Ceanothus Fendleri , Gray. Native southwest.
CC. Leaves ovate, unequal, obtuse, minutely serrulate,
dark greon above, nale or grayish beneath, 3/4-1^"
long. Flowers greenish yellow, in axillary c lusters ^
- 73 -
June.July, 3hrub to 10 ft., one of the two apinea at
the base of the petioles straight, the other hooked and
recurved.
Paliurua opina-Chr iati . Fill. (P.auetraii.. Gaertn.)
Jerusalem Thorn, Christ ^a Thorn. S.Europe and Asia.
BB. Leaves pinnately veined.
C. Foliage and branchl%ta hairy, branohlets striated.
D. Leaves ellipt ic-oblon^ , oiiiate. i-i" long. Flowers
yellow, in racemes, June-July. ?ruit a hairy pod.
Shrub to 2 ft. higl-i.
Genista germanica, L. Europe.
DD. Leaves ovato-lanceolate , pubescent, not over ^» long.
Numerous foliage- like green spinea on lower part of
plant. Plovrers yellow, clustered, May-J\me. iPruit
a hatry pod. Densely brpnched shrub about 1 ft. high.
Genista hispanica, L. fi. Europe.
CO. Not az r.bove.
D. TwiG3 brown or reddish bvovm, with yellow wood.
2. Branches brown, with siraple siUnes ,
y. Leaves obovate or spatulate, often clustered,
giaucescent beneath, i-li" long. Flowers 1-3,
pale yellov, April -!4ay. Fruit a berry, ellip-
tic, bright red. Dense, low shrub, 2-5 ft.
Berberis Thunbergii, DC.
Japanese ilarberry.
BB. Eranchea reddioh brown, spinea 3-parted.
- 74 -
P. Leaves oblanceolate , or narrowly obovate,
rounded and mucronate at the apex, rarely
3-pointed. pale green and dull above, glau-
cous beneath, ^-i" long. Flowers golden
yellow in dense clusters. Kay, pruit a
berry, globose. i» in diameter, aalmon-red.
Low shrub.
Berberis '"ilsonae, Hemsl.
W.China.
PP. Leaves cuneate. oblong or obotate-lanceolate .
sometimes with a few teeth, grayish-green op
glauceacent beneath. i-l^« long. Flowers
yellow, in clusters. Fruit a berry, ovoid,
purplifjh.
Berberis sinensis. Poir. (B.spathulata. Schrad.)
Caucasus.
DD. Twigs grayish or silvery white, without yellow wood.
». Leaves oblong-lanceolate, gray i all -green , 1^.2" long.
Flowers 1-4. light violet or purple, axillary. June.
Fruit a berry, orange-red or sometimes yellow, about
i". Shrub with long, vine-like branches.
Lycium halimif olium. Mill. (L. vulgare. Dun.)
Matrimony Vine, Box Thorn. China, S.E.Europe.
2B. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, bright green, 1^-3" long.
Flowers similar to above. Fruit a berry, scarlet or
bright orange-red. sometimes almost l** long. Vine-
like shrub of more vigorous growth than the above.
- 75 -
lorcium chinense. Kill.
Chinese Box Thorn. China.
SEC. 7 - LBAYES LARGE: 6»« OR QVim
A. Learee with disagreeable odor, exstipulate.
B- Leaves obovate-oblong . acute, li^t green, 6-12- long,
petioles 1/3.1/2" long. Flowers axillary, dark purple.
1-li-. Fruit oblong. S-S** long, dark brown. Small
tree 10-40 ft.
Asimina triloba. Dunal. (Annona triloba, L.)
Pawpaw. Native south and west.
AA. Leaves without disagreeable odor, stipules or their scars
encircling the twig.
B. Leaves auriculate at base, glabrous.
C. Leaves obovate-oblong. acute, bright-green, glau-
cescent beneath, 8-20« long. Flowers 6-9« across,
white, sweet-scented. PrUit an oblong cone, bright
red. 3-5«» long. Tree to 40 ft.
Magnolia Praseri. Walt. (m. auriculata, Lam.)
Fraser's Magnolia. Native south.
BB. Leaves cordate at base, white-pubescent beneath.
C. Leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, bright green above,
glaucescent beneath. 1-3 ft. long. Flowers 10-12"
across, white, purplish at base, fragrant, May-
June. Fruit a cone, broadly ovate, rose-colored,
long. Tree to 50 f t .
Magnolia macrophylla, Michx.
Large-leaved Cucumber Tree. Native south.
- 76 -
BBB, Leaves acute at base,
C. Leaves obovate-oblong . acute, glabrous above and
more or lean pubescent beneath vihon young. 12-
24« long. T?loT7crs lean pubosoent boneath when
young, 12-24»' long. Flowers white, 6-9" across.
May. Fruit a rose-colored cone, 2i-4'» long.
Tree to 40 ft.
Magnolia tripetala, L. (M. Umbrella, Lam.)
Umbrella Tree. Kativo south.
BBBB. Leaves rounded or truncate at the base.
0* Leaves ovnl to oblong, acute, glabrous above,
Bomewhit pubescent beneath, 6-9'' long. Flowers
greenish-yallow , a-Si" high, May -June . Fruit a
cylindrical cone, pink. 3-4 »♦ long. Tree 60-90 ft.
Magnolia acuminata, L»
Cucumber Tree. Native south and west.
sac. 8 - LBAVBS AROMATIC
A. Twigs bright yellowish green, mucilaginous when chewed.
B. Leaves simple, mitten-shaped or 3-lobed at the apex,
gradually narrc^red at the baae into elongated slender
petioles, 4-6" long. Fruit an oblong-globose blue
drupe, borne on red stalks. Young branches and twigs
bright green. Tree 30-60 ft., occasionally 90 ft.
Sassafras officinale, Hfees. (S. Sassafras, Karst , )
Saseafras. Native.
- 77 -
• Twigs not as above.
B. Leaves resinous, twigs gray.
C. I*ave. narrow, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute
at the apex, entire or with a few sharp teeth to-
wards the apex, dark green above, paler below, 1.3.
long, pruit a drupe, bluish-white, waxy, less than
i" in diameter. Tree to 40 ft.
Myrica cerifera. L.
Wax-myrtle. ^^.^^^ ^^^^^^
CC. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate. mostly obtuse at
the apex, often pubescent beneath. 2-4" long.
Pruit a drupe, bluish-white , very waxy, about 1/6-
in diameter. Shrub 2-6 ft.
Myrica carolinensis . Mill.
Bayberry. Waxberry. Native.
BB* Leaves not resinous, twigs brown.
C. Leaves oblong-obovate , usually acute, bright green
above, paler beneath, finely ciliate. 3-5« long.
Flowers small, yellow, clustered on the twigs, be-
fore the leaves. Fruit a berry-Jike drupe, red.
i" long. 3hrub 6-15 ft.
Benzoin aestivale. Nees. (Lindera Benzoin. Blume).
Spice Bush, Benjamin Bush. Native.
9 - LEAVES T0MKNToS2g BBNKATH
Leaves linear, - oblong or oblanceolate, at least 3 times
as long as wide.
- 78 -
B. Leaves brietle-t ipped ; pith brown, star-shaped; terminal
bud present, bud scales nore than one.
C. Ltave. oblong or oblong-lanceolate , coriaceott.. acute
at both ends, dark green tjlabrous riid very lustrous
above, sray-tomentulose beneath. 3.7»' long. Fruit an
acorn, ^-2/3" long, enclosed one-third to one-half its
length by the cup. Tree usually 50-60 ft.
querous irnbricaria, Michx.
Shingle Oak. Native couth and west.
BB. Leaves not bristle-tipped; pith wl.ite, atar-shnped; ter-
minal bud present, bud soalo one.
C. Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblon^;, green above, per-
sistantly and denoely /'hite-tomentoac beneath, their
■argina revolute. numerouo, crowded, 1-2" long. Shrub
1-2 ft.
Salix tristia . Alt.
D'/arf Gray ^Villow. Native.
CC. Leaves oblanceolate, dark-green above, persistently
and densely gray-toment ose beneath, their margins
slightly revolute, 2-4" long. Shrub 2-8 ft.
Salix humllia. Marsh.
Prairie v/iHow.
CCC. Leaves linear-lancoolate , very narrow, green above,
white-tomenlose beneath, revolute, 2-5" long. Shrub
or small tree.
Salix incana, Schrank.
Europe .
- 79 -
AA, Leaves not ao above.
B. Leaves pubescent above.
C. Leaves cuneate-obovate . dull green and pubescent
above, tomentose beneath, i-l^" long, with 4-5
pairs of veins. S'lowers inconspicuoua . whitish
or reddish, ancillary, early. Fruit a plumose
ach«?ne. Bushy tree to 25 ft.
Cercooarpus parvifolius. Nutt. Native west.
CC. Leaves broadly oval, obtuse, rounded at base.
dull green above and pubescent when young, whitish-
tomentofle beneath, l-al" long. Flowers 3-12. white.
In cymes. June. Fruit bright brick-red drupe.
Shrub to 6 ft.
Cotoneaater tomentoaa. Lind 1. (C.apeciosa. Hort.)
Burope. 7/. Asia.
CCC. Leaves elliptic or ovate, acute or acuminate, usually
cuneate at base, yellowish-white tomentose beneath,
i-li* long. Flower 6-15. pinkish, in corymbs. June.
Fruit orange -red drupe. Shrub.
Cotoneaster Tranchettii, Bois.
W. China.
BB* Leaves glabrous above.
C» Surface of leaves rugose.
D. Leaves elliptic -oblong to ovate-lanceolate , acute
or acuminate, f loccose-tomentose beneath. l^-S"
long. Flowers v;hite, in corymbs, June. Fruit
bright red drupe. Shrub to 15 ft.
- 80 -
Cotoneaster salicifolla, Pranch.
W. China.
CC. Surface of leaves not njgosc.
D. Leaves ovate to elliptic, obtuse or acutish.
mucronulate, rarely e^^arglnate. thinly grayish-
tomentose beneath, ^-i" long. Flowers white,
in corymbs. May. Fruit red drupe. Shrub to
5 ft.
Cotoneaster hupehennls. Rehd. & Wilson.
Central and 7/. China.
15D. leaves roundish or oroad ovate, obtuse or acute,
whitish or grayish-tonentose beneath. Flowers
white, in 3 to IP.-f lowered corymbs, May-June.
Fruit red, Shn2b to 4 ft.
Cotoneaster recemif lore , Koch. (C. nuramularia,
Pisoh. & M^.')
N. Africa. W. Aaia.
SEC. 10 « PETIOLES LESS THAN I/A** LOHG
A. Plant low, sub-shrub not over 2*.
B« Leaves black-dotted beneath.
C. Leaves obovate or oval, thick, short-pet ioled . entire
or sparingly serrulate, long. Flowers white or
pinkish, in short, terminal racemes, June-July. Fruit
a berry, dark red. 1/3-1/2" in diameter. Plant 6-10"
high.
Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, L.
Cowberry, Mountain Cranberry, Poxberry. Native.
81 -
HB. Leaves not black-dotted beneath,
C. Leaves puliescent or bristly-hairy.
D. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acute.
l-li« long. Flowers greenish-white, few in cluster.
May.June. Pruit a blue berry, i„ diameter. Shrub
1-2 ft. high with pubescent branches.
Vaccinium canadense. Richards.
Canada Blueberry. Native.
DD. Leaves round-oval, acute at both ends, glabrous above,
■paringly bristly-hairy beneath. 1/3-^3" long.
Flowers pink. 1-2 on a cluster, June. Pruit poma-
ceous-drupe. red. Low shrub, branches almost hori-
zontal.
Cotoneaster horizontalis , Decne.
China.
CO. Leaves not as above.
D. Leaves obolrate or oval, obtuse or retuse, thick, glab-
rous or nearly so. |-1'« long. Flowers pink. 2-4 in a
cluster, June-July. Pruit a bluish-black berry, i*> in
diameter. Much branched ^rub. -^2 ft. high.
Vaccinium uliginosum, L,
Bog Bilberry. ITative.
AA. Plant taller, not as above.
B. Leaves covered on under side with jscurfy scales.
- 82 -
C. Leaves oblong, obtuse, thick, margins slightly serru.
late and revolute. Flowers white, in terminal leafy
racemes, April-June. Shrub 1-3 ft.
Chamaedaphne calyculata. lioench (Cassandra calyculata.
Leather-leaf. Native.
. Leaves with resinous dots.
C. Leaves pale and glaucous beneath.
Leaves oval to obovate. obtuse or eniarginate. green
and glabrous above. 1-1^- long. Flowers greenish-
purple, in loose racemes, Kay-June. T?ruit berry-
like drupe, blue, 1/3" in diameter. Shrub 6 ft. hi^:
Oaylusaacia frondosa, Torr. & Gray.
Blue Huckleberry, Danraeberry, Tanglewood.
Nat ive .
CC. Leaves green on both sides.
D. Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, 1-
li** long. Flowers reddish, in short racemes, May-
June. Fruit berry-like drupe bluish or black, i**
in diameter, iihrub to 3 ft , high.
GaylUBsacia baccata, Koch. (G. resinosa, Torr
& Gray)
Black Huckleberry. Native.
DD. Leaves oblong-obovate or oblanceolat e , mucronate,
shining above, 1-S« long. Flowers white or pink-
ish, in long, loose racemes, May -June. Fruit
berry-like drupe, black, about in diameter.
- 83 -
Shrub to 2 ft. high. twigB hairy and glandular,
GaylUBsacia dujrosa, Torr. & Gray. Native.
DDD. Leaves obovate to oblong, acute 2-4" long.
Flowers white or pinkish. Hay-June. Fruit
berry-like druT)e, black. Shrub to 6 ft.
Gaylussacia ursina, Torr. & Gray.
BBB. Leaves not as above.
C. Leaves less than 2" long.
D. Twigs warty.
3. Leaves oval or oblong, generally acute at each
end. green and glabrous above, paler and often
pubescent at least on the veins beneath, l-3«
long. Flower white, in short racemes, May-June.
Fruit a berry, blue with bloom, i» in diameter.
Shrub 4-12 ft.
Vaccinixam corymbosum, L.
High -bush Blueberry, Swamp Huckleberry. Native.
EB. Leaves obovate or oval, glaucous and finely retic-
ulate-veined beneath. 1-2^" long. "Flowers greenish-
pink, clustered, Kay-June. Fruit a blue berry, with
bloom. 1/6-1/4" in diameter. Shrub 4-4 ft. high.
Vaccinium vacillans, Kalm.
Low Blueberry, Blue Huckleberry. Native.
DD. Twigs not warty.
S. Leaves pubescent or tomentose beneath.
F. Twigs green and shiny.
- 84 -
0. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate , acute, bright green
and glabrous above, margins slightly revolute,
1-2'* long. Flowers June -July. Shrub ^-2" long.
Galix argyrocarpa. Anders.
Silver Willow. Native.
FP. Twigs not as above.
0. Young branohlets densely pubescent.
H. Leaves ovate or oval, glabrous and dark green
above, whitish and atlength greenish tomentose
beneath. ^-2" long. Flowers pinkish, 2 to 4
in a cluster, May-June. Fruit bright red.
Shrub to 4 ft.
Cotoneaster integerrima, Medikus (C. vulgarii
Lindl.)
Europe, 7?. Asia.
GO. Young branchlets not densely pubescent.
B* Leaves oblong to oblenceolate , silky pubescent
when young, i-2" long. Flowers white or pink-
ish, in few-flowered corymbs, \'ay. Fruit
berry-like, brownish yellow, about ^" across.
Shrub 2-6 f t . hi^.
Peraphyllura ramosissiraura, Nutt.
Pacific coast.
HH. Leaves lanceolate , lustrous and glabrous above,
resinous, margins revolute, veins obscure, ^-
l" long. Tree to 40 ft.
Ceroocarpua ledifolius, Nutt.
W. United States .
- 85 -
HHH. Leaves obovate to oblong-lanceolate,
acute at both ends. 1-2- long. Flowers
whitish, in terminal clusters, May-
July. Shrub to 10 ft.
loronia ligustrina. Muhl. (iColisma
ligustrina, Brit . )
Nat ive •
KB. LeaTee not toraentose or pubescent beneath.
y. Leaves round ish-obovate . usually crenate at apex,
dark green above, bluish-green beneath, i-li«
long. Plowirs white in umbel-like racemes. June.
Shrub 8 ft. high.
(Spiraea bracteata. Zabel (s. Nipponica, Waxius.)
Japan .
TP. Leaves roundish oval, acute, nearly so below, i-l«
long. Plowers p<nkish-)>rtiite , clustered, June-July.
Pruit berry-like, bright red. Shrub to 4 ft.
Cotoneaster simonsii , Baker (C. acuminata var.
Simonsii, Deone.)
Himalayas.
. Leaves usually more than 2^ long.
Leaves obovate -oblong to oblanceolate , very short-
petioled. obtuse and mucronulate or acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, ciliolate, glabrous or with a
few scattered hairs above, more or less bristly hairy
on veins beneath, 1-4'* long. Flowers white or pinkish,
viscid, clustered, June-July. Shrub 4-8 ft.
- 86 -
Hhododendron viacosum. Torr. (Azalea viscosa. L. )
Swamp Pink or Honeysuckle. Native.
DD. Margins not oiliolate.
E. Buda hidden by petioles of leavea, "bark of twigs
very tough and fibrous.
P. Leaves oval or obovate , obtuse at the apex,
pubescent when young, glabrous ornearly so
at maturity. 2-3" long. Flowers yellowish,
small clustered, April-May. Shrub 2-6 ft.
Dirca palustris, L»
Leatherwood. Koosewood, Native.
SB. Not as above.
F. Leaves glaucous beneath.
0. Leaves oval to oblong-lanceolate, acute.
1-4 long. Flowers greenish, in large,
leafy racemes. Fruit a berry, greenish
or yellowish, '^rub 2-5 ft.
Vaccinium staraineura. L.
Deerberry, Squaw Huckleberry. N.America.
PF. Leaves not glaucous beneath.
0. Leaves bristle-tipped; pith brown, star-
ahaped, terminal bud present.
H. Leaves narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, acute at both ends, bright green
and glossy above, glabrous or very
slightly pubescent in the axils of Veins
- 87
beneath. 2-4- long. Fruit an acorn. 1/3-1/2"
high, enclosed about one-fourth by the cup.
Tree to 50 ft.
(^uercus phellos. L.
Willow Oak. native south.
00. Leaves not bristle-tipped, pith white, star-
shaped, terminal bud absent, (see GGO)
H. Leaves linear-lanceolate, margins revolute,
beautifully silvery. 4-10" long. Shrub or
small tree, 10-20 ft.
Salix viminalis , L.
Osier Willow.
KBO* Not as above.
H. Leaves reticulate-veined.
I. Leaves cuneate , oblong or oblanceolate ,
usually obtuse. S-S** long. Flowers whits
in long slender racemes. Shrub or occa-
sionally a tree to 30 ft.
Cyrilla racemiflora, L.
Leatherwood Native south.
HH. Leaves not reticulate-veined.
!• Leaves cuneate. oblong or oblanceolate,
glabrous, grayish beneath, 1-3 long.
Flowers lilac, usually 3-clustered, open-
ing before the leaves. Bhrub with st3ut
branches, 4 ft.
88 ^
Daphne Mezereum, L.
Surop« •
11 - PETIOLES MQRB THAH I/4W LONG
Leaves over 2" long.
B. Leaves obtuse*
C. Leaves oval or slightly obovate tapering toward the
base. thin, glabrous, deep green above, paler beneath.
3-6" long, riowers greeniah-yellow. in lar^e. loose,
terminal panicles. April-Kay. The pedicels elongated
and become very plumose in fruit, the fruit itself is
small and inconspicuous. Small tree 20-40 ft.
Rhus cotinoides, Nutt . (Cotinus araericanus, Nutt.)
American Smoke Tree, Chittamwood, Native west.
CC. Leaves broadly obovate. almost or"iicular. nottai^ering
toward the base, thick, pubescent, blue-green above,
paler beneath. S-S" long. Flowers purple, in large,
loose terminal panicles. May. Pedicols become pro-
fusely plumose, giving the plant a smoky appearance.
Rlrius cotinus. L. (Cotinus cotinus)
Smoke Bush. Venice Sumach. Europe. Asia.
BB. Leaves acute or acuminate.
C. Leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate , acute, sparsely
hirsute. Flowers pink, clustered, April-May. Shrub
5-15 ft. high.
Rhododendron Vaseyi. Gray. (A. Vaseyi, Rehder)
Native south.
CC. Leaves not over 2^" or often less than 2". (see CCC)
89 -
!>• Petioles red.
E. Leaver broadly obovate to obovute-oblung. acute,
glabrous. 1.2^H i^rifr. Piowera greenish, in axil-
iary oluatere . Fruit a two-oeeded drupe, red
changing to black. Shrub or otnall tree to 12 ft.
RhamnuB Frer.sula, L. (Frangula Alnue . Mill.)
^Jurope, N.Africa. V. Asia.
SS. Leaves cval or 3lliptlc , entire, very rarely
crenate-aerrate , petiole about 1" loiig, usually
red. Similar to above,
33xochorda Giraldii, Hesae (E. racemosa var.
Giraldii, Rehd.)
N. W. China.
DD. Petioles not red.
15. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong or oblong-
oliovate. entire or on vigorous shoots serrate
above the middle. l-j^-J?** 3ong, whitish below,
petiole about p long. Flowers pure white. 2"
across, in terminal racemes, April-lfay. ?ruit
a 5-angled. deeply furrowed capsule. Slender
shrub to 10 and aoraet lines 15 ft.
Bxochorda racemosa, Rehd. (2. grandiflora, Lindl.)
Pearl £uah. China.
35K. Leaves oblong to oblong-l&nceolate , obtuse or acute,
gradu&lly narrowed toward the base , entire or on vig.
orous shoots often serrate above the middle and at
90 .
the base with 1 or few amall narrow lobes.
li-2i« long, Flowers T*iite, 1^« across,
In terminal racemes, April-May. Fruit a
capsule .
Exochorda Korolkowii, Lav. (E.Albertii.
Kegel.)
CCC. Leaves usually over 2^" long.
D. Terminal bud present, petioles red.
H. Leaves obovate or oval, usually wedge-shaped
at base, dark .green, glabrous and shining
above, pale and more or less pubescent be-
neath, lontr; petioles or less long.
Fruit small, nearly black drupe. Tree usu-
ally 40-60 ft.
Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. (N.multif lora,
Wang . )
Sour Gum, Tupelo.
BD. Terminal bud absent, petioles green.
3. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acuminate, dark
green and lustrous above, pale and often pu-
bescent below, 3-6" long, petioles stout, pu-
bescent, f-l» long. 7ruit large berry, pale
orange, l-l^" in diameter. Tree to 50 ft.
Diospyros virginlana, L.
Common Persimmon. Native south.
AA. Leaves less than 2** long.
B« Petioles green.
E
B. Sxochorda raoemosa (see Si. p.^^ )
- 91 -
CC. Exochorda Korolkowi (see ^m. p.^jo )
CCC. Leaves mostly oblonp^-orate . with a prominent point,
hard in texture and veiny, bri.^ht green, serratures
small and much appreeaed and obtuse or sometimes
leaf is almost entire. Flowers white, in clusters,
appearing- with leaves. Fruit a pome, usually taper-
ing to the stem. Tree sometimes growing to 75 ft.
Pyrus communis, !•
Common Pear. S. Europe and Asia.
BB. Petioles not green.
C. Bxochorda Giraldii (see "DB. p. )
CC. Leaves elliiatic-oblong , mucronate, entire or sometimes
sli^tly toothed, glabroua. 1-1^" long; petioles pur-
plish. FloTfers small, whitish, solitary or few in a
cluster. May-June. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 bony nut-
lets, dull red, 1/4-1/3" across. Shrub to 10 ft.
HeraopanthuH mucronata, Trel. (U. canadensis. D.C. )
Mountain Holly. Native.
SBC. 12 - LSAVEG PIHNATTjlLY VKIHED.
A. Spines or thorns stout.
B* Leaves very 8hort-p«tioled .
C. Leaves ovate or oblong, acute, sharply serrate, smooth
and lustrous above and below, long. Flowers in
2- to 6-f lowered clusters, scarlet-red in type (white,
pink and crimson in varieties), ljf*2^ across. March-
April. Fruit a yellowish green pome, 1^2" high.
92 -
Shrub 3-6 ft.
Chaenoneles japonioa, Lindl. (Cydonla Japonloa, Per..)
Japaneae (Juinoe. C^^^^^ j^p^^^
BB. Leaves not very short -pet ioled •
C. Leaves sharply serrate,
D. Leaves ouneate at the base.
5. Thorns leas than a" long.
P. Leaves elliptical or obovate , finely and often
doubly serrate, dark green, smooth and very lus-
trous above, li-2" long. Flowers reddish, in
tomentose corymbs, May-June. Fruit red pome,
marked with dark dots, i» in diameter. Tree to
20 ft. with many stout spines 1-1^" long.
Crataegus coccinea, L.
Scarlet Haw. Hative.
FF. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, sharply and
usually doubly serrate, gray green, pubescent
below. 2-5'' long. Flowers ^^ite, in pubescent
corymbs, June, Fruit yellow or yello^^ish-red
pome, -^^ in diameter. Tree to 20 ft., spines
l-li** long.
Crataegus tomentosa, L. Native.
SB. Thorns more than 2" long.
F. Leaves glabrous, obovate, sharply serrate, dark
green and lustrous above, 1-4 long, ^^'lowers
white, in glabrous corymbs, Kay-June. Fruit
- 93 .
dull red pome, often covered with bloom. i».
tree to 40 ft. Mth numerous slender spines,
3-4" long.
Crataegus Crus-galli. L.
Cockspur Thorn. Hatlve.
FF. Leaves obovate, sharply and often doubly serrate,
gray green and glabrous above, villous belo^, 2-3-
long. Floners white in pubescent or tomentose
corymbs. Kay. Fruit dull red pome, ^ith small
white dots. i-i". Tree to 25 ft. with stout
spines 2-3" long.
Crataegus punctata. Jacq. Native.
PFF. Leaves broadly obovate or elliptic, coarsely and
often doubly serrate above, dark green and glab-
rous above, nearly glabrous below. a-Si* long;
petioles frequently bright red. Flowers ^ite. in
slightly hairy corymbs. Jiay-June. ?ruit crimson
pome, shining, i-l/3" in diameter. Tree to 20 ft.
with numerous spines, 2-3" long.
Crataegus macracantha. Lodd. Native.
Leaves not cuneate at the base.
B. Leaves broadly ovate, coarsely and doubly serrate, truncat
(occasionally broadly cuneate) at base, dark green and lus
trous above 2-3" long; petioles slightly hairy. Flowers
white, in tomentose corymbs, Kay. Fruit a bright crimson
pome, villous, i« long. Tree to 20 ft. with stout spines
94 -
2i-3« long.
Crataegus Arnoldiana. Sarg. Native.
m. Leaves broadly ovate . c oarsely and doubly
serrate, usually cordate or rounded at base,
yellow green and slightly rugose above, pu-
bescent beneath. 3-4- long. Flowers white,
in tomentose corymbs. liay. Fruit scarlet
pome, marked with large black dots, pubes-
cent, i-l" across. Tree to 30 ft. with
stout soines, 1-2" long.
Crataegus mollis. Scheele.
Red Haw. w„+<„. x
Native west.
USB. Leaves small, obi on g-ob ovate or elliptic-
ovate, nearly or quite obtuse, very finely
and closely serrate. Flowers white. 1, 2
or 3 in a cluster and often borne on the
thorns. Fruit a blue drupe, about Z/e^
across. Low and spreading with thick thorny
top.
Prunus spinosa. L.
Blackthorn. Mediterranean regioi
Leaves not sharply serrate.
D. Leaves oblong or sometimes elliptic, orenulate-serrate
somewhat coriaceous at maturity, 2-4" long. Flowers
inconspicuous, in axillary clusters, greenish. Fruit
a berry-like drupe, black, more than across. Shrub
- 95 -
or small tree.
Rhamnus dahurica, Pall.
Laurel -leaved Buckthorn.
DD. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate or
almost entire, thick and shining above. Plow-
ers reddish-pink, with the leaves.
angustifolia Wenzig. Ifalus angustifolia,
Native south.
AA. Spines or thorns not stout.
B. Twigs of the last year gray.
C. Leaves oblong-spat ulate or obovate, setulose-dentate ,
pale or grayish-green beneath, 1-2" long. Flowers
bright yellow, in many-flowered pendulous racemes,
May-June. Fruit oblong-ovoid berry, scarlet. Shrub
4-8 ft.
Berberis vulgaris, L.
Comraon ISuropean Barberry. Europe, B.Asia.
CC. Leaves elliptic -oblong and acute, or obovate, or
obovate-oblong and obtuse, setulose-dentate, often
rather densely so, pale or grayish-green beneath,
1-2^* long. Flowers yellow, in 6- to 12-f lowered
upright or nodding racemes, May-June. Fruit oblong-
ovoid berry, scarlet.
Berberis Hegeliana, Koehne. (B.Japonica Gchneid.)
Japan.
96 -
BB. Twig, Of the last year reddiah-brown o,^e Uowi.h-brown .
C. 3pin©8 3-parte(l.
D. Leaves cunaate-oblong to obovate , remotely spinu-
lose-dentate. rarely entire. 1.2*» long. Flowers
yellow, in many-flowered racemes which are longer
than tjie leaves. May-Jime. Fruit ovoid berry,
scarlet. 3hrub 1-3 ft.
Berberia canadensis. Mill. (B. caroliniana. Loud. )
Common Barberry. Native west.
DD. Leaves ohovate or oval, cuneate at base, spinose-
eerrulate. l-S^f long. Flowers yellow, in rather
dense, slender-stalked racemes ^ich are shorter
than leaves. Fruit a bright-red berry. Shrub to
6 ft, with short spines.
Berber is Icoreana, Palibin.
Korea.
CC. Spines usually simple.
D. Leaves elliptic to ovate-oblong, spinosely dentate,
occasionally entire, l-2i» long. Flowers yellow,
in 10- to 25-f lowered sessile racemes. June. Fruit
a berry, bright red. finally becoming bluish-purple.
Shrub to 8 ft.
Berberis aristata. D.C.
Himalayas.
DD. Leaves oblong-obovate , cuneate at base, setosely-
ciliate and usually revolute at the margin, bright
97 -
;o
green below. i.2^«. Flowers yellow, in 3-
6.f lowered umbel-like racemes, May-June. Fruit
ovoid berry, iDri^t red.
Berberia LUeboldii, ?'iq.
Japan •
3E0. 13 - TGQTIinfG HOT SHARP . BUT RnTIKD OR GRl^ATT^
A, Leaves short-petioled ,
B* Leaves small, about l-l^^-" long.
C. Leaves roundish obovate, usually crenate at the apex,
dark green above, bluish green beneath, f-l|»« long.
Flowers wtiite. in umbel-like racemes, June. Shrub
8 ft. hi^^.
Spiraea bracteata, 2abel. (s. Nipponica, Maxim.)
BB. Leaves larger.
C. Leaves oblong-obovate , toothing generally large,
coarse and sinuous, sometimes almost lobed, twigs
straight .
D. Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, sinuately den-
tate, sometimes lobed halfway to the middle, dark
green and dull above, white toraentulose beneath,
4-7" long. Fruit an acom, peduncle much longer
than petioles, 1-1^* high, enclosed about one-
third of its length by the cup. Tree to 70 ft.
quercus platanoides , Sudw. (q. bicolor, Willd.)
Swamp White Oak. Native.
98 -
DD. Leaves obovate or oblong-lanceoXate . irregularly
and coarsely crenulate-toothed . yellowish-green
above, pale and covered by a fine pubescence be-
low. 5-8- long. Fruit an acorn, peduncle equal-
ling or shorter than the petioles, l-li" long, en-
closed about one-third by cup. Tree to 70 ft.
Cluercus prinus , L.
Chestnut Oak. Native.
DDD. Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-obovate , regularly
crenately toothed, dark green and shining above,
grayish tomentulose beneath. 4-7" long. Fruit an
acorn, 1-1 long, enclosed about one-third by
tomentose cup. Tree to 100 ft.
^uercua f.'ichauxi. Nutt.
Basket Oak, Cow Oak. Native south.
DDDD. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong with 4-8 sometimes
oDtused teeth on each side, bright green above,
grayish -tomentulose beneath. 2^-5" long. Fruit
an acorn about j;** long, enclosed one half by the
cup. Spreading shrub usually not over 6 ft. high,
rarely 15 ft.
Quercus prinoides. Wiild. (q. chincapin. Pursh.)
Chincapin Oak. Native.
BB. Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, sinuate-dentate, twigs more
or less zigzag.
C. Leaves densely tomentose below.
99 -
B. Leaves ortioular-obovate or ob ovate -oblong, dentate,
somewhat rough above, gray i ah-white below, 4-5« long.
Flowers yellov;', y/ith few lon^^ narrow petals, axillary,
January-Jiarch. Pruit a woody capsule. iJhrub or small
tree to 30 ft.
Hamamelis mollis, Oliver.
China.
CC. Leaves not densely tomentose below.
B. Leaves obovate or broadly oval, oblique and cordate at
base, sinuate-dentate, pubescent on veins beneath, 4-6«'
long. Flowers yellow, axillary. September-October.
Fruit a capsule surrounded about one-half by calyx.
Shrub or small tree to 25 ft .
Hamamelis virginiana, l..
'.7 itch -Hazel. Native.
DD. Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate , cuneate and entire
below, sinuate dentate above the middle, pale or glau-
cesoent beneath stnd glabrous or rusty-pubescent on the
veins, only 3-4*» long. Flowers yellow, axillary, Jan.-
llaroh. Pruit a capsule surrouiided by the calyx about
the middle. 3hrub rarely over 6 ft.
Hamamelis vernalis, Harg.
Native west and south.
DDD. Leaves roundish to oblong-ovate or obovate, sinuately-
crenate , orominently veined beneath, glabrous or pubes-
cent, 2-4 " long. Flowers yellow, axillary, January-
- 100 -
April. Fruit a capeule. surrounded at the
base only by the calyx. 3hrub or email
tree to 30 ft.
Hanaaelia Japonica. Ueb. A Zuoo.
BBB. Leavee oval to elliptic, obtuse or acuminate, usually
narrowed and acute at base, irregularly crenate-ser-
rate. 6-7 pairs of veins. 1^-4^ long. Flowers green,
in few-flowered clusters. May.June. Fruit a black
drupe, about across. ohrub to 4 ft.
Rhaninu:! alnifolia, L'Herit.
Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Dwarf Alder. Native.
AA. Leaves long-pet iolod .
B. Leaves densely white tomentose beneath.
C. Loaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in outline,
3- to D-lobod or Irregularly dentate , dark green
above, oersiatcntly tom«ntoec beneath. 2^-4" long.
Populus alba L.
White Poplar. Abelo Kurope . Aeia.
BB. Leaves not densely white toraentose beneath.
C. Petioles much flattened laterally.
D. Terminal buds large and long, glutinous-sticky
and with a balsamic odor,
K. Leaves large, triangular-ovate, mostly trun-
ORtrt or nearly strai^jht on the base, abruptly
acuminate, coarsely crenat e-dontat e . bright
green and lustrous above, paler below. 3-5"
101
long and broad. Flowers long, loosely flowered
catkins. April-May. Fruit a capsule. Tree to
100 ft.
Populus deltoides. Marsh, (p. monilifera, Alt.)
Cottonwood, Native.
23. Leaves broadly deltoid, resembling those of the
former somewhat, but generally smaller and much
less deeply toothed. 2-4- long. Tree sometimes
100 ft.
Populus nigra. L.
Black Poplar. Europe, Siberia.
DD. Terminal buds relatively small, not glutinous, often
pubescent.
B. Leaves broadly ovate, coarsely and irregularly
orenate, dark green above, paler below. S-A" long.
Tree 60-70 ft.
Populus grandidentata, Michx.
Large-toothed Aspen. Native.
I. Leaves round-oval, more or less whitened beneath
when young, bordered with deep and rounded incurved
teeth.
Populus tremula. L.
European Aspen.
I. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, abruptly acuminate
at the apex, finely crenulate all around, green on
the under side, l-2i" broad. Tree up to 100 ft.
- 102 -
Populus tremuloides, Michx.
American Aspen.
CC. Petioles terete, not flattened laterally.
D. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenulate-serrat e . deep
dark green above, pale green and whitish or rusty
below, 3.5« long. Tree to 100 ft.
Populus balsamifera. L.
Balsam Poplar. Tacmahac. Native.
SBC. 14 . LEAVES STRAIGHT -VKTH^II) OR KKaRT.Y ..n . y^^iNs jm^T^n tm ^^.u
A. Teeth large and coarse.
B. Leaves oblong- lanceolate . coarsely toothed with acute teeth,
dark or yellowish -green above, whitiah-tomentulose and prom-
inently veined below. 4-7« long. Fruit an acorn, ^-i" long,
enclosed about one-half by the cup. Tree to 100 ft.
Cluercus acuminata. Sarg. {q,. Muhlenbergi , Engelm.)
Yellow Chestnut Oak. Native south and west.
AA. Teeth not as large and coarse.
B. Stems and slender branches bright light green.
C. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, clear green above,
pale below and slightly oubesoent. 1-2" long. Flowers
yellow, solitary, terminal. 1-2" across, aopearing in
June, and more or less throughout the year. Shrub 4-8
ft. high.
Kerria japonica, D.C. (Corchorus japonicus, Thunb.)
Yellow Kerria, Globe Flower.
BB. Stems and branches not bright light green.
- 103 -
Leaves only toothed above middle.
B. Leaves broadly oval to orbicular, obtuse, sharply and
coarsely serrate above the middle, glabrous, l-i^.
long. Flowers white, in short dense racemes. Kay,
Fruit berry-like, black. Shrub to lo ft.
Amelanchier alnifolia. Hutt.
Toothing not confined to upper part of leaf.
2). Leaves borne in pairs upon twigs of previous season, but
borne singly upon the present season's growth.
B. Veins of leaves 7 pairs or r.ore . usually impressed
above .
y. Twigs with a decided wintergreen taste.
0. Leaves oblong-ovate, usually cordate at base,
sharply and doubly serrate, with 8-14 pairs
of veins. 2-5»» long. Tree 60-70 ft. high
with pendulous branches, bark dark reddish
brown .
Betula lenta, L. (B. carpinif olia, Ehrh.)
Cherry, Sweet or TBlack Birch. Native.
FP. Twigs without a decided wintergreen taste.
G. Leaves cuneate at base.
H. Leaves rhombic-ovate , acute, doubly ser-
rate, with 7-9 slightly impressed veins,
pale or glaucescent beneath, a-S^" long.
Tree 50-90 ft. high, older bark reddish-
brown and scaley. younger bark silvery
- 104 -
gray which separates into fringed papery scalea.
Betula nigra, L. (B. rubra, lichx.)
Red or River Birch. Native.
00. Leaves rounded or cordate at base.
H. Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate, coarsely
and doubly serrate. 4-6» long. Tree 80-90 ft.
high, with smooth, orange-colored trunk.
Betula Maximowiczii, Kegel. Japan.
HH. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, usually rounded
at base, acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate,
with 8-14 pairs of veins, usually hairy on veins
beneath. Tree up to 100 ft; bark silvery orange-
gray, shining, curling into ragged fringes.
Betula lutea, J^ichx.
Yellow Birch. Native.
jBB. Veins of leaves 7 pairs or less, not impressed.
J* Leaves truncate or cuneate at base; twigs glabrous and
glandular .
0. Leaves triangular or deltoid, long-acuminate, coarsely
and doubly serrate, shining, ai-S" long, with rather
long petioles. Small tree usually 80-30 ft. with dull
white, smooth bark, which has triangular black spots
below the insertion of the lateral branches.
Betula populifolia, Ait.
White or Oray Birch. Native.
- 105 -
00. Leayea rhombic -ovate . usually cuneate, acuminate,
doubly eerrate. i.2i» long, with rather long peti-
oles. Tree to 60 ft. with slender and often pendu-
louB branches, bark white.
Betula pendula, Roth. (B. alba, L.)
European white Birch. Europe to Japan.
¥F. Leaves rounded or cordate at base; twigs slightly glandu-
lar, pubescent when young.
G. Leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely and usually doubly
serrate, 1^-4^- long. Tree 60-80 ft. high with chalky
nhite bark.
Betula papyrifera. Marsh. (B. papyracea. Ait.)
Paper or Canoe Birch. Hative.
DD. Leaves not borne in pairs upon the twigs of the previous season.
B. yruit woody and cone-like, usually present throughout year;
pith greenish and triangular.
F. Leaves rounded or subcordate at base.
G. Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic , densely serrulate,
with impressed veins above, l^-S" long. Flowers monoe-
cious, in catkins, March-April. Cones 3-6, oblong.
Shrub 2-10 ft.
Alnus Mitchelliana, Curt. (A. viridis of most American
authors )
American Green Alder, Native.
PF. Leaves cuneate or truncate at base.
0. Leaves oblong-lanceolate.
- 106 -
M. I*aT., cuneate. acuminate, .harply and irregularly
•errulate. glabrous at length, bearded in axils of
reina beneath. 2-6" long. Cones 3-6. stalked. Tree
50-80 ft.
AlnuB japonica. 3ieb. & Zucc. Japan.
• Leaves not oblong-lanceolate ; broader, ovate, obovate or
elliptic.
H. Leaves coarsely doubly serrate.
I. Leaves broadly ovate, slightly lobed. glaucous
and rufous-laubescent on veins beneath, 4-6" long.
Tree to 60 ft.
Alnus tinctoria. Sarg. (A. incana var. Tinctoria
Hort )
Japan .
HH. Leaves not as above.
I. Under side of leaves glaucous, cones mostly sessile.
J. Leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, doubly ser-
rate, pubescent at least on veins beneath, l-^-4««
long. Cones 4-8, long. Shrub or tree to 60 f
Alnus incana, Tilld.
Hoary Alder. Native north.
II. Not as above.
J. Leaves oblong or obovate, acute at both ends,
bri^t green and shining above, pale green be-
low, rercotely serrate, glabrous, 2-4" long.
Cones 2-4. Tree to 30 ft.
Alnus maritiraa, Nutt.
Native south.
- 107 -
JJ. Leaves oval or obovate. sharply
serrulate, usually brownish pu-
bescent beneath, at least on the
▼eins, 2-5- long. Cones 4-10.
Shrub to 25 ft.
Alnus rugosa. Spreng.
Smooth Alder. Native.
JJJ. Leaves orbicular or obovate ,
rounded or emarginate at the
apex, irregularly serrate, with
5-7 pairs of veins. 2-5« long.
Tree to 70 ft. with glutinous
twigs.
Alnus glutinosa, Gaertn.
(A. vulgaris, Hill)
Blaclc Alder. EuroT)e, N.Africa,
Asia
Fruit and pith not as above.
J. Leaves unequal or oblique at the base, terminal bud absent
(see PPF)
G. Twigs and branches with irregular corky ridges.
H. Leaves oval to oblong-obovate . shortly acuminate,
sharply and doubly serrate, glabrous or somewhat
rough above, pubescent beneath, 2-4''long. Fruit
a samara, oval or obovate, with a shallow notch
at the apex. long. Tree to 100 ft.
Dlmus racemosa, Thomas.
Cork or Rock Elm. Native.
- 108 -
HH. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblons-lanceolate . often falcate,
acute or acuminate, doubly eerrate. glabrous above, pu-
beacent beneath. 1^-2^" long. 7ruit a samara, elliptic-
ovate, with narrow wing and two incurred home at the
apex. l/3« across. Tree to 50 ft., branches usually
with two opposite very broad winga.
Ulmus alata. Michx.
Wahoo or Winged Elm. Native south and west.
GO. Twigs and branches without irregular corky ridges.
H. Inner bark mucilaginous, leaves very rough above.
I. Leaves obovate to oblong, very unequal at base,
doubly serrate, 4.7" long. ?ruit a samara, orbicular
oval, i-i** across. Tree to 70 ft.
Ulmus fulva. I'ichx. (U. rubra. Kichx.)
Slippery or Red Elm. Native.
II. Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-obovate . abruptly
acuminate or sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, sharply
and doubly serrate. S-e" long. Fruit a samara, oval
or roundiah-obov&te , 4-I* long. Tree to 100 ft.
Ulmus scabra. (U. montana. V/ith.)
Wych or Scotch iSlm. Europe to Japan.
HH. Inner bark not mucilaginous, usually glabrous and smooth
or only slightly roughened above.
I. Leaves obovate-oblong. acuminate, doubly serrate, pu-
bescent when young, at length glabrous and rough
above, 3-6" long. Pruit a samara, oval or elliptic.
109
veined, ao„g. ^^^^ ^
nimu8 o^orioana. L. (u. alba. Rafin.)
White, v'ater, or American Bl„. Katlve.
n. Leavea broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, doubly .„rate, uaually glabrous and
smooth above at length, 1^-5- long. Fruit
a samara, obovate. Tree to 100 ft.
nimus cmpestris. Smith (D.subero.a. Wllw.)
Bnglish Blm. Uediterranean region.
W. I,eaves ,c,ual .t the base, terminal bud may be present or
abeent (see FFF)
0. Tem^inal bud present, buda long and slender, sharp-
pointed, five times as long as wide; stipules or stipule
Bears extending half-way around the twigs.
H. Leaves ovate-oblon.^ . acuminate, coarsely serrate.
9-14 oairs of veins, bluish-green above. 2i-5« long,
tree to 80 ft.
Fagus grandiflora. 15hrh. (F.ferruginea, Ait.. p.
americsna, Sweet)
American Beech. Native.
HH. Leaves ovate or elliptic, remotely denticulate, al-
most entire. 5-9 pairs of veins, dark green and gloss
above. 2-4" long. Tree to 80 ft.
Fagus sylvatica. L.
SuBopean Beech. Europe.
00. Terminal bud present, buds and stipules or their scars not
as above.
- no -
H. Leaves broadly oval, ovate or nearly orbicular,
coarsely serrate, 1-3- long. Flowers white, in
loose racemes, Kay. Pruit berry-like pome,
black. Shrub to 8 ft.
Amelanchier sanguinea, D.C. Native.
aOO. Terminal bud absent, b.^s and stipules or their scars
not as above.
H. Leaves finely tomentose beneath.
I. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, irregularly
serrate, alightly pubescent above, S-e" long.
Flowers monoecious, before the leaves; stami-
nate in long catkins. Fruit a nut enclosed
by a leafy involucre. Shrub 3-8 ft.
Corylua american, '/Talt .
Hazlenut. Native.
HH. Leaves not finely tojnentose beneath, but pu-
bescent on the veins beneath.
I. Leaves slightly cordate, roundish oval or
broadly obovate , doubly serrate and often
slightly lobed, at length nearly glabrous
above. Fruit a nut partly covered by a
leafy involucre. Shrub to 15 ft.
Corylus Avellana, L. Burope . N.Africa.
W. Asia.
II. Leaves oval or obovate, densely serrate or
sometimes slightly lobed, rtearly glabrous
at length. Zi'-A^ long. Fruit a nut enclosed
- Ill
in an involucre densely beset with
bristly hair a. Shrub 2-6 ft.
CoryluB roBtrata. Ait. Native.
?FF. Leaves UBUally unequal but soTnetlmea equal at the base,
terminal bud absent.
G. Leaves ovate-oblona . usually rounded at the base, acu-
minate. sharply and doubly serrate, glabrous at length
except in axils of veins beneath, 2-4- long, vruifc a
small nut enclosed by a leaf^like. S-lobed bract.
CarninuB caroliniana, -.'alt. (C.americana. Vichx.)
Anerican Hornbeam, Blue B«eoh. Native.
00. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, glabrous above, T)ube8cet
on veins below, with 11-15 oairs of veins, 3-5« long.
Fruit a nutlet enclosed by a bladder-like involucre,
several of these arc looaely Mbrlcated to form a strobile.
ostrya vlrginiana, Koch (O.virginica, '*illd.)
Hop Jtornbeam. Hative.
SBC. 15 - Li£AVi-jg Lung-pet lOLTTD
A. Leaves cordate.
B. Sap milky, fruit a berry.
C. Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, often variously lobed. dark
green and glabrous above, pale and nore or less pubescent be-
low, 3-5" long. Fruit aggregate, at first red, later becoming
black, l-li** long. Tree to 60 ft.
Horus rubra, L.
Red Mulberry. Native.
- 11?.
CC. leaves ovate often variously lobed. light gre.n.
glabrous and someiP^nt shining on both aides. 2-6-
long. Fruit nggregate , white or violet, long.
Tree to 30 ft.
KoruB alba, L.
W>iite l^ulberry. ^^^^^^
BB. 3ap not milky, fruit nut-like.
C. Leaves ^Itish-toraent ose beneath.
D, Leaves pale green above, silvery and finely tomen-
tose beneath. 3-5- long; petiolo slender, as lone
as blade. Flowers yellow. July. Fruit globose,
nut-liko; a mediure aized tree with slender soaevhat
pendulous branchcF..
Tilia petioleris. p.c. {?. pendula. Hort.)
Silver or 'keeping Linden. g. Europe,
OD. Leaves aub-orbieulnr . densely white tomentose be-
neath. 3-5" across; blade 2-4 tines longer than
petiole. Pruit toraftntose. Tree to 40 ft.
Tilia tomentosa. Kocnch. (?. argentea, B.C.)
White or Silver Linden.
DDD. Loaves broadly ovate, dark green, smooth and shining
above, whitish end tomentulose beneath, S-S" long.
PI o were yello^sr, in July. Tr«e to 70 ft.
Tilia heterophylla. Vent. (T. alba. Michx.)
CC. Leaves pubescent beneath.
D. Leaves green and often slightly pubescent above,
pubescent below, petioles and veins tmbescent.
- 113 -
Flowers yellow. June. Tree to 90 ft.
Tilia platyphyllos. Scop. (T.Suropaea, trade.)
CCC. Leaves sr^an or (^laucouB beneath, glabrous.
P. Leaves broadly oval, abruptly acuminate, coarsely
aerrate. dark dull green above, lighter and yellow
green and lustrous below and glabrous except for
the tufto of ruety hrorm hairs in the axils of
the veins. 5.6-. Flovmr 8 yellow. July. Tree to
60 or 70 ft.
Tilia ainerioana, L. (?. caroljniana. Hort.)
American Linden, Basswood. Hative.
m. Leaves thick and leathery, dark gloesy green above
and pale beneath, with tufts of brown hairs in
axils of veins. Bark of young branches bri^t
green .
Tilia dssygtyla, Stev.
Crimean Linden. K."Surope, ^.Asia.
3DD, Leaves stsooth and green on both sides, tufts of
hairs in axila of veins whitish. PKearers June-
July,
Tilia vulgaris, Hayne,
DDDD. Leaves sraall cordate, green above, silvety below,
with tufts of rusty halra in axils of veins,
tilia ulmifolia. Scop. (T. cordata. k'ill.)
AA. Leaves roundish ovate.
B. Leaves cuspidate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, pale
green and sliglitly pubescent on the veins below, 2-4" long.
114 -
Shrub or small tree to 20 ft.
Kuptelea polyandra. "ieb. & Zucc.
Japan.
A. LeaYes aromatio,
B. Leaves narrow, oblong or oblanceolate. moatly acute at the
apex, entire or .,1th a few eharp teeth, to^rd. the apex,
daric green above, paler below. 1-3- ion(5. Fruit a drupe,
blui.h-white. waxy, leeo than m 4to»>eter. Tree to
40 ft.
liyrlca oerifera. 1.,
W«c liyrtle. ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^
BB. LeareB oblnnceolate or obovat.o. leaves n:ootly obtuse at th*
apex, of tea puoeaoont beneath. 2-4* long. Fruit a drupe,
bluish-whlte. very waxy, about l/6" in diameter. Shrub
2-8 ft.
Kyrlca carolinenais. Mill.
Bax*)erry. Waxberry. Native.
BBB. Leaves oblanceolate , obtu»e ind dentate nt the apex, nar-
rowed to a cuneate entire base, dark green and glabrous
above, pale and puberulent or glabrous beneath, l-2i" long.
Shrub.
Myrica gale. L.
3weet Gale. Native.
AA. Leaves not aromatic.
B. Leaves large. 6" or over.
C. Leaves orbicular to broadly obovate or oval, remotely
115 -
dentate above the middle and sometimee tricuepidate at
the apex, glabrous above, pubescent beneath. 6-10- long.
Flower ^hite. in racemea 5^1^ long. May. Shrub or small
tree, 30 ft.
Styrax ObasBia. :Ueb. & Zucc. Japan.
BB. Leaves smaller, leas than 6«.
C. Leaves tomentose or pubescent beneath.
iJ. Upper surface of leaves pubescent.
B. Leaves oblong or obovate. coarsely dentate abov«
the middle, pubescent above, pale or glaucous and
tomentose below. 1.2« long. Flowers v^hite in ter-
minal spikes, l-S" long, April-Jiny. Lo^ shrub to
3 ft.
PothergillG Gardenii. Uurr. (F. alnifolia. L.)
^^^^ Alder. Native south.
^D. Upper surface of leaves j^labrous.
IS. Leaves tomentose belO'W,
F. Leaves oblong to narrow-oblong, unequally serrate
above the middle, densely ^ite-tonientose beneath.
li-4» long. Flowers deep pink, in dense panicles,
July-August, ^hrub to 8 ft.
Spiraea Douglasi, Hook.
Native west.
FF. Leaves ovate, incisely serrate and sometimes 3-
lobed. gray iah-t omen tose beneath, 1-2* long.
Flowers wJiite. in umbels, Kay. »>hrub 6 ft. high,
- 116 "
with slender arching branches.
Spiraea pubescene , Turcy.
H. China.
!• Leaves pubescent below.
P. Leaves broadly oval to obovate. crenately
dentate above the middle^ erayish-green . pu-
bescent beneath or sometimos almost glabrous.
1/3.3/4- long. Flowers white, in dense cor-
ymbs, July. Shrub 6-12 ft.
Spiraea canescens , D. Don.
Himalayas.
yw. Leaves roundish oval to broadly ovate or obo-
vate, remotely dentate, often from below the
middle, light green and sparingly pubescent
below. 2-4- long. Flowers white, in terminal
spikes, li-3" long. April-^ay. Uhrub to 10 ft
Pothergills monticola, Ashe.
Native south*
FPP. Leaves oval to obovate. sinuately dentate above
the middle or nearly entire, dark green and
soaeidiat glossy above, glaucous and nore or less
stellate-pubescent below. 2i-5* long. Flowers
same as above.
Fothergilla major, Lodd.
Leaves not tomentose or pubescent beneath.
D. Leaves thick, revo lute -margined . slightly crenately toothed
at apex.
117
». Le«r,. round t.h oborate. usually crenat, at th.
apex, dark green above, blulah-green beneath, of
fl™ texture. Mj. io„^.. ^^^^^^ ^_
b»l», June, -ihrub 8 ft. high.
Spiraea braoteata. Zabel (fl.Hlpnonica. Kaxi»)
Japan .
DD. Not as above.
a. Le«Tea narrow-oblon., . three timea aa long as wide,
y- Leaves linear-lanceolate, sharply serrulate.
l-li" long. Flowers white, in 3- to 5.f lowered
umbels. April.Kay, Shrub to 5 ft. high with
slender arching branches.
Spiraea Thunbergii, sieb.
China, Japan.
FF. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.
sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, 1-1'2»*
long, yiowera white, in umbels, mostly with
small leaves at the base. May. Shrub.
ar)iraea arguta. Zabel. (3. Thunbergii x multi-
flora)
Garden ori(-ln.
ffF. Leaves ovate to oblong, cuneate at the base,
incisely serrate above the middle, l-a^" long.
Flowers white, in long slathed umbel -like ra-
cemes, May. Shrub 5 ft. high.
Spiraea roedsa, Schmidt. S.S.Burope to Japan.
PPFP. Leares narrowly oblanceolate to oblong,
acute usually regularly and simply aer-
rate. li-2i« long. Flowers white, in
leafy pyramidal tomentulose panicles,
June-August. Shrub up to 6 ft.
Spiraea alba. Dur. (a. salicifolia var.
paniculata. Ait.)
Hative vest.
B3. Leares broader.
?• Leayes glaucous beneath.
0. Leaves rhombic-lanceolate , incisely
doubly serrate, dark green above. l-2^«
long. Flowers white, in dense umbels,
May-June, i^rub 4 ft. high with slender
arching branches.
Spiraea Cantoniensis . Lour. (s. Heeves-
iana. Lindl.)
China. Japan.
GG. Leaves rounded or somewhat narrowed at the
base, acute, incised serrate, dark green
above to pale bluish green beneath, ^-l^"
long. Flowers wfiite. in umbels. May-June.
Shrub 6 ft. high.
Spiraea Van Houttei. Zabel.
Garden origin.
FF. Leaves not glaucous beneath.
G. Leaves 2** or more in length.
119
H. Leaves cuneate , obthrate or
oblong. Bharply serrate, 2-
4" long. Plovers white, in
panicled racemes, July-Sept.
Fruit a capsule.
Clethra alnifolia, L.
Sweet Pepperbuah. Natiye.
Gtt. Leaves less than 2** in length.
H. Leaves cuneate, oblong or
obovate, coarsely toothed,
glabrous, 1-2" long; the
uppermost leaves are entire.
Plovrers white, in large pan-
icles, i3ept. Ghrub 3-12 ft.
Baccharis haliaifolia, L.
Groundsel Tree. Native sout
SKC. 17 - TOOTHINO WOT GQ>l?iyvD TO THK UPPKR PAKT OP LRAF
A. Bark on twigs shredding into fine white threads.
B. Leaves oval to oblong, entire or serrulate, bright green and
almost glabrous, l-3» long. Flowers i*iite, nodding, in few-
flowered clusters, April-June. Shrub 4-8 ft. high.
Styrax americana, Larm. (S. glabriam, Cav.)
Native south,
BB. Leaves broadly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, crenntely-
aerrulate. glabrous, 1-3" long. Flor^^rs white, pendulous,
in 3- to 6-f lowered racemes, June-July, -"hrub or small tree
to 30 ft.
120 -
Styrax Japonica. Sieb. & Zucc.
Japan. China.
BBB. Leares ovate or elliptic to ovate-oblong. finely
-errate. glabrous above, atellate-pubescent below.
2-4- long, nowers white. 2-4 i„ a clueter. Aprii-
May. Large shrub or small tree, to about 40 ft.
Halesia Carolina. L. (H. tetra^tera. Ellis.)
ailver-bell. Snowdrop tree. Native south and west.
BBBB. Leaves ovate to oblong, acute or acuminate, denticulate,
almost elabroua or pubescent on the veins beneath, light
green above, grayish green beneath. 4-7- long. Flowers
white, fragrant, in dropping panicles, June. Tree to
25 ft.
Pterostyrax hispida. Sieb. & Zucc. (Halesia hisi^ida.
Mast , )
AA. Not as above.
B. Veins pinnate-looped. (Veins curving at tips and joining
in a loop, obtuse to margins, with next upward veins.)
C. Leaves glabrous on both sides.
D. Leaves oblon-. oval or oval lanceolate, sharply
serrulate, or entire, green and glabrous on both
sides. 4-6" long. Flowers white in terminal pani-
cled racemes. Tree to 60 ft.
Oxydendron arboreura DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.)
Soutwood, Sorrel-tree. Native south.
CC. Leaves pubescent on the veins beneath.
- lai -
D. Leave, elliptlco^.t. to oUiptlc -lanceolate. 2-4-
lon«. newer, white, in terminal or axillary r.cemea.
April-June, ahrub 2-10 ft.
Leucothoe recurva. Gray.
Mountain Leucothoe. H^tiye south.
DD. LeaTes oblong to ovate, sometimes pubescent above,
serrulate, 1-3" long, lowers white in terminal or
axillaiy racemes. April-June. 3hrub to 10 ft,
Leucothoe racemosa. Gray (Andromeda racemosa. L. )
Swamp Leucothoe. Hative.
BB. Veins not pinnate-looped.
C. Leaves tomentose or densely pubescent beneath.
D. Leaves short-pet ioled.
X* Twigs densely brown-t omentose
y. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, dark green
and glabrous above, densely yellowish or grayish
tomentoso beneath, l-2j^" long. Flowers deep pink
or qurple, in narrow dense terminal panicles,
July-;Jeptercber . Shrub to 7 f t . with simple stems.
Spiraea tomentoaa, L.
Hardhack, Steeplebush. Native.
Twigs not densely brown-t omen t ose .
F. Leaves glandular-scaley on the mid -rib above.
Q* Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, crenately ser-
rate, glabrous above except for some glands on
the raid-rib. whitish or grayish green and toraen-
tose beneath, li-3" long. Flowers white or
- 122 -
tinged red. in terminal cyme a . April-ifay.
Fruit bright red. about across. Ghrub
6-12 ft.
Aronia arbutifolia, lUliot. (Sorbus or
PyruB arbutifolia)
Red Chokeberry. Native.
. Leavea not glandular-scaley on the mid-rib above.
0. Leaves coarsely dentate.
H. Leaves obovate. orbicular or oval, acute
or obtuse, coarsely dentate, pale and
glabrous or pubescent beneath, long.
Young foliage densely brown tomentose.
Shrub 2-8 ft.
Betula pumila. L,
Low Birch. Native.
OG, Leaves not coarsely dentate.
H. Leaves rugoai? above.
I. Leaves broad-oval to short-obovate , ab-
niptly contracted into a short point, the
margins incisely and somet ines unequally
serrate, dull and rugose above, densely
pubescent-toment ose beneath. Flowers
sessile, pinkish, before the leaves. Fruit
a drupe, light rod. sparsely hairy. 3mall
bushy tree.
Prunus tomentosa, Thunli.
N.China and Kanchuria.
123
HH. Leaves not rugose above.
I. Leaves nearly sessile, lance
oblong, pubescent, serrate.
Flowers white or pinkish, on
short leafy shoots; Kay-June,
Fruit a pome with open top.
Shrub or small tree, 10-15 ft.
II. Leaves broacl-oval to round-
oval, sharply serrate. Flow-
ers rose-colored , in clusters
Fruit a pome, ^« in diameter.
Pyrus Ringo. Wenzig (P.spec
tabilis var. Ringo, Koch)
Japan.
III. Leaves roundish obovate to
Ob long- oval , sharply and
doubly serrate . bright or
dark green and glabrous abotei
Trtiite tonientose beneath, 2-5"
long. Flower white in termi-
nal corymbs. May. v^uit
orange red, about high.
Tree 25-50 ft.
Sorbus aria, Crantz. (P.
aria, Ihrh. )
W^iite Beam Tree. Middle and
S. Europe.
DD. Leaves long petioled.
- 124
B. I.e.,e. ov.te or orbicul„r-o,ate. ,«r«I„. irregu-
larly eerrate. rfabroue or „..rly bo .boye. ^ray
tomentoae beneath, 1-3., „ ^^^^^^
in terminal oyoee, appearing with the leare,.
"ruit . pome. 1^.3- i„ dle»eter. Large tree.
Pyrua Malu. L. (talue Kalue, Britt.)
Apple . _
Rurope .
M. LaaTe. ovate-oblong to elliptic oborate . crenately.
serrate and □ometimee incieoly lobed. dark green and
luatrouB above, tomentoae boneath. long.
Flowero white or roee-colored . m terminal cymes.
April-uay. Vruit greeniah^yellow pome, l^-i^- io„g,
Tree 20-30 ft,
Pyru. loeneie. Bailey (Malua loensia. Britt.)
Weatem Crab Anple. Native weat.
CC. Leavea not tomentoae or denaely pubeacent beneath.
D. Leavea amall, not over 1" long.
1. Planta low. not more than 2 ft. hi/^.
F. Leavea oblong or oblong-lanceolate, aharply
serrulate, acute at both enda. green and glab-
roua on both aidea or alightly pubeacent on
veina beneath, ^-l^- long. Plowera ^lite or
pinkiah. in few-flowered cluatera, Kay-June.
Pruit a blue berry with bloom, ^-i" in diameter.
Low branching ahrub 6-24 hi*^. with green wart^
branch ea.
Vaccinium pe nn sylvan i cum, Lam.
Dwarf or Low-buah Blueberry. Native.
- 125 -
Leaveo oblong, oblanceolnte or obovate. acute at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the baec. finely serru-
late, glabrous on both sides, green above, pale and
glaucous beneath, i-i- long. Flowers white or cream-
colored, in few«fio^ered clusters. May. Pruit a black
berry without bloom, about 4« in diameter. Low shrub
6-12" hi^.
Vaccinium nigrum. Britton.
Low Black Blueberry. Native.
Plants more than 2 ft. hi^.
F. Leaves narrowly- oblong,
0. Leaves sharply serrulate, bri^t green, l-li* long.
Flowers white, in 3-5 flowered umbels. April-May.
Shrub 5 ft. high, with spreading and arching branches,
Spiraea Thunbergi i . Sieb,
China. Japan.
FF« Leaves broader , not narrowly-oblong.
0. Leaves coarsely dentate.
H* Leaves obovate, orbicular or oval, acute or ob-
tuse, coarsely dentate, pale and glabrous or pu-
bescent beneath, 1^-2" long. Young foliage denseOj
brown tomentose. Bhrub 2-8 ft.
Betula piunila, L.
Low Birch. Native.
GO* Leaves not coarsely dentate.
U* Leaves obovate or oblong-cuncate . green and shin-
ing on both sides, serrulate with close bluntish
- 126 -
teeth. Pio^ra pink or white, aolitary.
June-July. T^ruit a blue berry niWi bloo«.
about in diameter.
Vaccinium caeopitosum. lUohx.
Owarf Bilberry. Native north.
HH. LeaYe» roundish obovate, usually crenate at
the apex, dark green above, bluish-green be-
neath. f-l|« long. Flowers y*iite. in uobel-
like racemes. June. Shrub to 8 ft.
Spiraea bracteata. Zabel. (3. Nipnonica,
Maxira. }
Japan.
HHII. Leaves roundish ovate to ovate, incisely ser.
rate, bullate. grayish-green beneath. ^-:^««
long. Flowers deep pink, in snail dense cor-
ymbs, July- August. Dwarf shrub.
Sniraoa bullata. L'axim. (3. crispifolia.
Hort.)
Japan«
Leaves larJier. more than 1" long.
B. Leaves narrow, at least five tines as long as wide; short-
petioled.
Hote; The genus Salix is a large one includinft a great many
species and numerous hybrids. The similarity of their
botanical characters , the frequency with which they hy
bridize and the tendency to vary according to their en
vironnent make it extremely difficult for anyone who
has not made a special study of ^illowa to identify an
separate them. Thile the author hns made an attempt 0
separating the more cocKon species to be found in this
genus, he does not clain thnt the disposition made of
the species will hold for all cases.
- 127 -
p. Leaves glaucous or silvery «hlte below.
0. Branches and twi«s drooping, twigs slender and elon.at- .
H. leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, serrulate,
glabrous, 3-6- long; petiole. Glandular. Tall tree.
30-60 ft., of weeping habit; twigs olive-green.
Salix babylonica, L. (s. pendula, Moench.)
napoleon's -illow. Caucasus
HH. In general much like the above, twigs yellowish green.
Salix elegant issima, Koch.
Thurlow»8 Weeping Willow.
00. Branches and twigs not as above.
H. Twigs purplish, leaves oblanceolate or spatulate.
I. Leaves acute, serrulate, narrowed at base, glabrous
2-6" long, often appearing opposite. Shrub or sroalj
tree to 12 ft.
Salix purpurea. L.
Purple ^Viiiow, Europe.
HH^ Twigs reddish-green, leaves lanceolate.
I. Leaves lanceolate long-acuminate, narrowed at base,
sharply serrulate, glabrous. 3-6" long; petioles
glandular. Tree 50-60 ft. high.
Salix fragilis. L.
Brittle or Crack Willow. Europe, N. Asia.
II. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, silky-hairy
below, 2i-4*' long, Shrub 5-10 ft.
Salix sericea, i^iarsh.
Silky \Villow. Native.
HHH. Twlga brownish or yellowlAV, i.
yexiowish, leuvea lanceolate.
I. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceol.te . acute
or acuminate, .erruiate. ailicy.^ubeacent above
•nd below teen young, leaa eo «.en mature.
2-4i" long. Tree 50-80 ft.
Salix alba, L.
White ViUow. s^xvope.
II. Leavea lanceolate, acuminate, eerrulate. very
glaucous below, ^hrub 3-5 ft.
Salix peliolaris, 3m.
Slender \7illow". Native.
III. Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, glabrous at
length, glaucous. Tree often pollarded;
branches yellow.
Salix vitellina L.
Yellow Willow. Native.
W. Leaves not glaucous or silvery white beneath.
G- Leaves narrowly lanceolate, very long-pointed . finely
serrate, 2i.5'« long, with persistent stipules. Tree
30-40 ft.
Salix nigra, iiarsh.
Black vVillow. Native.
GO. Leaves linear lanceolate, long-pointed, remotely denticu-
late, S-e" long. Shrub or small tree, 5-20 ft.
Salix fluviatilis, Nutt.
Sandbar Villow. Native.
- 129 -
BB. Loavee broader not a» ir.«^ *
aaer, not as long in comparison with width.
y. Stipules persistent, large and leaf -like.
0. Leaves oblong-lanceolate . acuminate, serrulate. 1-4"
long. Shrub 5-12 ft.
Sallx oordata. Muhl. Kativa.
00. Leayea lanceolate, moBtly long-aouminate. serrulate,
.mooth and shining, 3-5- long, petioles glandular.
Shrub or tree 6-15 ft.
Salix lucida, Wuhl.
Shining Willow. Native.
PP. Stipules Often deciduous, if persistent not large and leaf-
like.
G. Twigs brown, with decurrent lines from base of petiole.,
shrubs .
H. Petioles more than l/s" long.
I. Leaves broadly oval or obovate , usually coarse}^
serrate, i-S" long. Flowers white, in large
dense panicles, June-August, shrub 2-5 ft. hi^
Spiraea latifolia. Borkh. (S.salicif olia var.
latifolia, Ait.)
Meadow Sweet, queen of Headow. Native.
II. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, sharply and often
doubly serrate, almost glabrous, bluish green
beneath. 2-3" long. Flowers white, in umbels.
Shrub 6 ft. high.
Spiraea chamaedryf olia, L.
8*2 .Bur ope to Japan.
130 -
III. Leavea ovate to oblong, denticulate, oubeacent be-
neath 1.2« long. Flowers ^hite. in 3- to 6-f lowered
umbels. Ifiay. Shrub with upright slender pubescent
branches, 6 ft . high.
Spiraea prunifolia, Sieb. & Zucc. China. Japan.
HH. Petioles l/S" long.
I. Leaves oblong-lanceulate to lanceolate, sharply and
sometimes doubly serrate with often incurved teeth,
long. Flowers light pink or whitish, in dense
tomentulose panicles. June-July. Shrub 5 ft. high.
Spiraea salicifolia. L. ([j. sibirica. Raf . )
II. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends
or acuminate, sharply serrate . oale bluish green and
usually glabrous beneath. 1-4" long. Flowers pink,
in compound corymbs, June-July. Shrub 4 ft. high.
Spiraea japonica. L. (S. callosa. Thunb.)
Japan.
OG. Twigs not as above, shrubs or trees.
H. Petioles bearing one or two small glands near base of
leaf -blades; leaves conduplicate in the bud (folded
lengthwise along the mid-rib)
I. Leaves roundish, fragrant.
J. Leaves roundish-ovate to orbicular, abruptly
acute at apex, often subcordate at base, den-
ticulate. Flowers white, in small terminal
umbels, May-June. Fruit dark red drupe, aboutt
1/3** long. Small slender tree to 25 ft.
- 131 -
Prunus Mahaleb. L.
Kahaleb or Perfumed Cherry. Burope. escaped
B. North America
Leaves not ac above.
J* Margins with incurved teeth.
K. Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or oblong-ovate, ab-
ruptly acuminate. U8u..ny cuneate at base, glabrous,
thick and firm, shining above. long. Flowers
white, in many-flo^vered raceraes . ap^^earing when leaves
are nearly fully grown. Fruit purple-black drupe. l/».
in di£.meter. Tree up to 100 ft.
PrunuB aerotina, Khrh.
Wild Black Cherry, Native.
KK. Leavea oblong-lnncpolate . acuminate, glabrous, rather
thin. 8hinin,cj above, 3-4^- long. Flowers white, in 4-
or 5-flowered umbels, Ifey. Fruit light red druoe. l/3-
1/4" long. Tree 25-40 ft.
Prunus penn sylvan ic a. L.
Bird Cherry. Native.
JJ. Margins with spreadin^T teeth, at least teeth not incurved.
K» Teeth gland-tipped.
Ii. leavee oblong-ovate to obovate . abruptly acute,
doubly crenulate-serrate, thick and firm, dull
dark green above. 3-5" long. Flowers white, in
3- or ^-florered umbels, May. Fruit orange-red
drupe, l-l:^" long. Tree 20-30 ft.
- 132 -
Prunus nigra. Ait. (P.americana var. nigra.
Waugh )
Canada Pliam,
native north.
KK. Teeth not gland tipped.
L. Leaves ovate or slightly obovate. abruptly
acuminate, irregularly or doubly serrate,
pubescent beneath, at least on veins. Flowers
white, in umbels. May. Fruit yellow or red
drupe. Tree to 70 ft.
Prunus Avium. L.
Sweet Cherry, Mazzard. Europe.
LL. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly
acute, serrate, glabrous, more or less glossy
above. Flowers white, in umbels, with or be-
fore the leaves. Fruit red drupe. Tree to
50 ft.
Prunus Cerasus. L. (Cerasus vulgaris. Mill.)
Sour. Pie or Morello Cherry.
LLL. Leaves oval-oblong or obovate. acute or acumi-
nate, sharply serrate, glabrous or pubescent on
veins beneath. Flowers white, in terminal ra-
cemes, with the leaves. Fruit red or black
drupe, 1/3" across. Shrub or tree 10-30 ft.
Prunus virginiana. L.
Choke Cherry. Native.
HH. Petioles glandless.
- 133
I. leave, oval or ,u«htly obovate. ac»,i„at, sharply .errat,
thloic and fi™. „ore or leas rugo.e. not shining. 3-4- long.
Flowers white. i„ 2- to 5-flo,ored umbel,, before leave..
Fruit a reddieh-yellow drupe. across. Tree 20-35 ft.
Prunus americana. Marsh.
Wild Plum
Native .
n. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolat. . acuminate.
Closely serrulate. Floors pinkish. 1-3. appearing with
leaves. Fruit red drupe, i' across. Shrub 5 ft. high.
Prunus Japonica. Thunb. (p. „ana of Am. gaidens. P. .inen-
8is , Hort .)
III. Kot one of the above.
J. Leaves glandular scaly on mid-rib above.
K. Leaves oval to obovate. obtuse or acute, crenulate,
nearly glabrous. Flowers white, clustered. May.
Fruit a black pome. 1/3- across. Shrub to 6 ft.
Aronia xnelanocarpa. Spach (Sorbus melanocarpa.
Heynli. )
Black Chokeberry. Native.
JJ. Leaves not glandular-scaly on mid-rib above.
K. Pith laminate.
L. Leaves oblong, pointed, minutely serrate, 1-3
long. Flowers white . in solitary, hniry. ter-
minal racemes, June- July. Shrub to 6 ft. high.
Jtea virgin ica, L.
Virginian Willow. Native south.
KK. Pith solid.
L. Pith white.
- 134 -
M. Phyllotaxy 3/8
N. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs.
0. Leaves oval or oval-lanceolate . acute or acuminate,
sharply serrate, thin, 2-6- long. Fruit a berry-
like drupe, red. clustered on spurs, over l/3«
across, ohrxxb or tree up to 40 ft.
Ilex monticola. Gray.
Native south.
00. Leaves cuneate-oblong or obovate , usually obtuse,
crenately-serrate, pubescent beneath. 1^-3" long.
Fruit berry-like drupe, orange or orange-scarlet.
l/^** across. Shrub or small tree to 30 ft., with
light gray branches .
Ilex decidua, V/alt. (Prinos deciduus, D.C.)
Native south.
NN. Leaves not fascicled on short spurs.
0. Leaves lanceolate, acute, finely or crenately-serrate
rather thick, veins impressed and reticulated, 1^-2^"
long. Fruit berry-like drupe, orange-red, ^" across.
Shrub.
Ilex laevigata, Gray (Prinos laevigatus, Pursh.)
Winterberry. Native.
00. Leaves obovate-oblong to oblanoeolate . more or less
briatly-hairy on veins beneath, green on both sides
or glaucous beneath, 1-4" long. Flowers white or
pink, June- July, ^hrub 4-8 ft.
Rhododendron viscosum, Torr. (Azalea viscosa, L.)
Swamp Pink or Honeysuckle. wat.<v*».
- 135 -
MM. Phyllotaxy 2/5
N. Leaves glaucous or silvery white beneath.
0. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate . acute at both ends,
remotely crenulate-serrate , glabrous. 3-5- long.
Shrub or tree 10-20 ft.
Sallx discolor, Muhl.
Pussywillow. j,^,,^^^
m. Leaves not glaucous or silvery white beneath.
0. Leaves elliptic to broadly oblanceolate , acuminate,
dark green and shining above, iJhrub or tree 8-20 ft.
Salix pentandra. L. (s. laurifolia, Hort.)
LL. Pith greenish.
M. Terminal bud absent, bark of twigs often exfoliating.
M. Leaves cuneate. obovate or oblong, sharply serrate, with
7-10 pairs of prominent veins, usually glabrous, 2-4"
long. Flowers white, in terminal, panicled, racemes,
July-September. Pruit a capsule, remaining sometime upon
the plant. Shrub 3-10 ft.
CSfethra alnifolia, L,
Sweet Pepper bush Native.
MM. Terminal bud present, bark of twigs not exfoliating.
N. Leaves usually obovate, sometimes ovate, oval or oblong,
acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, densely white-tomen-
tose beneath and less so above when young, usually partly
persistent, 1^-3^* ong. Flowers wlriite. in dense silky-
tomentose racemes, before the leaves in May. Bushy tree.
Araelanchier canadensis, Medikus ( A.Botryapium , Borph.)
Native.
- 136 -
NN. Leaves oval -ovate to ovate -oblong,
short -acuminate, sharply serrate,
glabrous, purplish ^en young, 1^-
2^" long. Flowers white, in slen-
der, glabrous dropping racemes.
May. Tree to 40 f t .
Amelanchier laevis , Wiegand.
(A. canadensis. Gray)
Native.
NH¥. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-oblong,
acute or rounded at apex, cuneate
at base, sharply serrate to below
the middle or nearly to base, gla-
brous when young, 1^-2" long; peti-
oles less than l/3» long. Flowers
white, 1-3 clustered. Kay. Shrub
to 8 ft.
Amelanchier Batramiana, Roem.
(a. oligocarpa, Roera. )
Native north and west.
SEC. 18 - PLANTS THORNY OR SPINY
A. Thorns stout, about 1" or more.
B. Thorns about 1" or more long, petioles winged.
C. Leaflets elliptical, dentate or crenate. Flowers white, 1-
2 in axils of leaves, appearing before the leaves. Fruit
golden yellow, about size of a walnut, covered with short
hairs. Small tree.
Citrus trifoliata, L. (Poncirus)
Trifoliate Orange. Japan.
- 137 -
BB. Thorns short, leaa than t « -i
• ^ 1°"S. petioles not winged.
C. Leaflets mostly 3. obovate-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, cuneate . acuminate, irregularly ere-
nate.serrate. 3-7^ long. Flowers dull-purplish .
in globular heads. Ghrub to I2 ft. with only a
few thorns .
Acanthopanax sessilifiorus. Seem. (Panax ses-
sllifiorus. Rupr. ft Max.)
Manchuria. N.China.
AA. Thorns not as stout
B. Stipules adnate and persistent.
C. Leaflets 3-5. oblong-ovate to lanceolate, shortly
acuminate, tomentose beneatli. 1-3- long. Flowers
clustered, rose. June-July. Shrub to 6 ft. with
long slender, recurving branches.
Rosa setigera. Kichx.
Prairie Rose. Native.
CC. Leaflets 3-7. broadly elliptic to narrowly oblong,
rounded at base, ^-2" long. Flowers solitary, deep
rose, May-June. Low shrub, stems densely set with
prickles .
Rosa acicularis, Lindl. Native north and west.
N.Europe, N.Asia, Japan.
BB. Stipules free, not adnate.
C. Leaflets whitish-pubescent beneath.
D. Leaflets obovate , usually toothed only above the
midd le .
- 138 -
B. Leaflets 3-5. obovate. or rarely oval, obtuse, den-
tate. thick, rugose above, 1-2" long. Flowers white
or pinkish, usually in 4-10 flowered, terminal clus-
ters, May-July. Fruit brownish-black, often 1^ long.
Shrub 1-4 ft. high, young growths white-tomentose .
Rubus cuneifolius. Pur eh.
Sand Blackberry. Native.
DD. Leaflets ovate, toothing not limited to upper part of
leaflets.
B. Leaflets 3-5. ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate. sharpO^
and irregularly serrate. 1-3- long. Flowers white, in
terminal and axillary clusters. May-July. Fruit light
red. rarely yelloT/ish or whitish. Shrub '3-6 ft. high,
upright stems not glaucous but usually densely beset
with weak bristles.
Rubus strigosus. Michx.
Wild Red Raspberry. Native.
KB. Leaflets 3-5, ovate, sharply and irregularly incised-
serrate, very white-pubescent beneath, 1-3 long.
Flowers white, in terminal and often axillary clusters,
June-July. Fruit yellowish to purple. Shrub with re-
curving stems which are slightly glaucous and sparingly
bristly and prickly.
Rubus neglectus. Peck.
Purple -cane Raspberry. Native.
139 -
BSB. Leaflets 3 (rarely 5). ovate, acuminate, coarsely
incised -serrate, very white-pubescent beneath.
Plovers T^ite. in terminal and axillary clusters.
May-June. Fruit black or rarely yellow. Shrub
with recurving stemB v^,ich are very glaucous and
sparingly armed with prickles.
Rubus occidentalis . L.
Coramon Blackcap. Kative.
Leaflets not whitish-pubescent beneath.
D. Leaflets lacinately out into narrow divisions.
B. Leaflets 3, broadly ovate in general outline, cut
into several or many oblong or almost linear sharply
toothed divisions, ribs prickly below and petioles
strongly so. Flowers white or pinkish, in terminal
panicles. Fruit black. Tall straggling shrub, stem
with recurved prickles.
Rubus laciniatus, Willd. (R. fruticosus var. lacin-
iatus , Hort. )
Cut-leaved or Svergreen Blackberry. iJurope.
DD. Leaflets not lacinately cut.
«. Leaflets usually 5; sometimes 3. ovate to ovate-lance-
olate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, thin, glabrous
on both sides, often 6" long. Fruit white, in racemose
clusters. Fruit black. Shrub sometimes 10-12 ft. high,
stems nearly or quite spineless.
Rubus canadensis. L. (R. Millspanghii . Britt.)
Thornless Blackberry. Native.
1
- 140 -
KS. Leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, serrate puheacent beneath,
petiolen usually reddish. Flowers white,
in looee racemes. Fruit black. Shrub
with very prickly stems. 2-8 ft. high.
Hubus alleghaniensis . Porter,
Mountain Blackberry. Native.
BIg3. Leaflets 3-5. ovate or rhombic -ovate .
coarsely toothed pubescent beneath, thick-
ish. petioles and dually mid-ribs beneath
bearing prickles. Flowers white or T>ink,
in terminal panicles. Fruit black or dull
red. Str on g-gr orbing shrub, canes often
many feet long and usually with strong
prickles.
RubUR fruticosus, L.
Kuropean Bramble. Europe.
EUag?. Leaflets 3, ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate,
thin, glabrous at length. Flowers red or
purple, solitary or in two's. Prxiit reddish.
Shrub 5-15 ft. with few or no spines.
Rubuo spectabilis, Pursh.
Salmon berry. Native west.
SBC. 19 - LBAFLE5TS SNTIRB
A. Leaflets large, 3-5". punctate with pellucid dots.
B, Leaflets sesaile, ovate to elliptic-oblong, narrowed at both
ends, crennlate or entire, dark green and lustrous above, pale
- 141 -
below, lowers greenlBh-whlt.e . 1„ ioo„ terminal oory„..
^une. ,r.U flattened. usuaU. broa<lX, wi„,ed „«arly
orbicular. 1- io„«. Shrub or e^aU tree to 28 ft.
Ptelea trifoliata. L.
Hop Tree, Wafer Ash. w«+4„«
Native south.
AA. Leaflets araall not mr»Y» t « ■» «
* not over l« long, not punctate with pellucid
dots •
B. Twigs pubescent, also under aide of leaflets.
C. Leaflets obovate or oblong-obovate . sparingly appressed-
pubescent above, villous-r^ubescent beneath, i-l^ long,
Flowers yellow in terminal heads. July.August . Fruit
villous pod. l.l|» long. Shrub to 3 ft.
CytiBUs supinus. L. (C. caiDitatus. Scop.)
CC. Leaflets oblong-obovate . a^pressed-pube scent sometimes
glabrous above, ciliate. 1/3-3/4- long. Flowers 3-6.
yellowish-white. terminal. June-July. Fruit an appressed
pubescent pod. 1« long. Shrub to 3 ft.
Gytiaus leuconthus. 77aldst. & Ket. (C. alb us . Hacq.)
S. K. Europe.
CCC. Leaflets obovate or obovate-oblong. villous-pubescent
beneath. long. Flowers 2-3. yellow, axillary. May-
June. Fruit villous pod. 1" long. Shrub to 3 ft .
Cytisus hirsutus, L.
Central & S.E.Burope.
CCCC. Leaflets obovate or oblong-obovate . glabrous above, ap-
pressed-pubescent beneath, l/3-l" long. Flowers yellow
in terminal racemes, June-July. Shrub 2-4 ft.
- 142 -
CytisUB nigrloanB. L.
Southern Europe.
£B. Kot as above.
C. Twigs angled, green.
D. Leaves short-pet ioled . 1- to 3.foliate; leaflets obo-
vate or oblandeolate . sparingly appreased-pubescent .
i-i" long. Flowers yellovr. usually solitary. May-June.
Fruit a browniah-black pod. Shrub to 10 ft.
Cytisus acoparius, Link. (Spartium scoparium, L.)
Scotch Broom. Central & s. Europe.
CC. Twigs not angled, not green.
D, Leaves lonc-petioled.
B. Leaflets elliptic or elliptic-ovate, usually obtuse
and mucronulate. l-li" long. Flowers yellow, in
many-flowered pendulous racemes. May-June. Fruit
a pod, 2" long. Large shrub or small tree to 20 ft
Laburnum vulgare , Griseb. (Cytisus labrunum. L.)
Golden Chain. 8. Europe.
BR, Leaflets usually elliptic, acute, pale green and
glabrous beneath or sparingly hirsute, ciliate,
1-1|»» long. Flowers yellow, in long slender ra-
cemes, June. Fruit a pod. Shrub or tree to 30 ft.
Laburnum alpinum, Griseb. (Cytisus alpinus, Mill]
Scotch Laburnum. S. Europe.
I. Leaflets oval to round-obovate , rounded at apex,
terminal one 1-2" long. Flowers purple, in racemes.
Fruit a pod. long. Shrub 6-10 ft.
- 143 -
LespediEt bicolor, Turcz.
Shrubby Bush Clover.
DD. Leaves not as long-pet ioled.
B. Leaflets cuneate, obovate to oblong, usually
obtuse, i.2« long, nowers yellow, in upright
terminal racemes, May-June. Fruit a pod to 1^^"
long. Shrub to 6 ft.
Petteria ramentacea. Presl. (Cytisus fragrans
Weld.)
KE. Leaflets elliptical, often notched at the tip,
1-2" long. Flowers violet-purple, in axillary
interrupted racemes, Fruit a pod. Prostrate
or twining.
Oalactia regularie, B3P. (a. glabella. Michx.
SBC. 20 - LEAVB3 TWO OR THRKfl TIWSS PINNATE
A. Twigs spiny or thorny.
B. Spines short, hooked; leaves large, at least 1 ft. long and
generally more, leaflets toothed; terminal bud present.
C. Leaves 1^-2^ ft. long, usually prickly above; leaflets
ovate, serrate, glaucous and nearly glabrous beneath,
veins curving upward with the margin. 2-3i" long. Fruit
a berry-like drupe. Shrub or tree to 40 ft.
Aralia spinosa. L.
Angelica Tree. Hercules* Club. Native South.
CC. Leaves 2-4 ft. long, usually without prickles; leaflets
ovate or broad ovate, coarsely serrate or dentate, usually
pubescent beneath, veins dividing ending in the points of
the teeth. S^-e" long. Fruit berry-like drupe. Tree to
40 ft.
144 -
Aralia chinensia. L. (A. japonica. Hort.)
Chinese Angelica Tree. China & Japan.
BB. Spinee long, 1«, straight and of ten branches ; leaves
leaa than 1 ft, long, leaflets finely toothed or entire;
terminal bud absent.
C. Leaflets 20-30. ^,ith 4-7 pairs of pinnae, oblong-
lanceolnte, remotely crenulate-aerrate , ^li«« long,
pubescent grooved rachis. Flowers greenish, in axil-
Inry racenes, May-June. Fruit a pod, 12-18" long.
Tree, 70-140 ft.
Gleditsia triacanthoa, L.
Honey or Sweet Locust. Native.
CC. Leaflets lo-ia, ^ith 3-4 pairs of pinnae, ovate-oblong
alightly crenate and of ton entire below the middle,
about 1- long. 'navmvQ greenioh, in racemes. Fruit a
long-stalkrd pod, 1-2" long. Tree to 60 ft.
Gleditsia aquatica, i:arsh. (G. inermis. Mill.)
Wateror S^amp Locust. Native south.
CCC. Leaflets 16-20, with 8-12 pinnae, leaflets ovate to
oblon,?, nearly lanceol&te. entire or remotely crenulatt
i-2«« long, yruit a pod, twisted, bullate. with seeds
near the middle, 10-12*' long. Tree 60-70 ft.
Gleditsia japonica, Miq.
Japan, China.
AA. Twigs not spiny or thorny.
B. Leaves lanceolate in outline, with minute densely set, oblon
and obtuse leaflets, 1-3" long. Flowers white, in terminal
panicles, July-August. Shrub 2-6 ft.
- 145 .
Sorbaria millefolium. Focke (Spiraea millefolium.
Torrey.)
BB. Leaves unequally bipinnate. 1^-3 ft. long; leaflets ovate
or oval, acuminate, entire, glabrous. l-S" long. Flowers
greenl8h.v;hite in large terminal panicles. Fruit a thick,
flat dark-brown t>o<1 , Tree to 100 ft.
Oymnocladus dioica. Koch. (G. canadensis. Lam.)
Kentucky Coffee Tree. Native west.
SBC. 21 - LBAVE3 TgqUALLY PINNATE
A. Leaflets 2-4.
B. Leaflets seemingly digitate.
C. Rachis persistent, spiny; leaflets cuneate. linear-
elliptic or linear-lanceolate, glabrous, i-f" long.
Flowers solitary, reddish -yellow. May. Shrub 1-3 ft.
Caragana pygmaea, DC. (C. gracilis, Hort.)
Caucasus to Siberia.
CC. Rachis deciduous; leaflets cun eat e-ob ovate or oblong,
glabrous, l/3-l" long. Flowers solitary, yellow. May.
Shrub 6-10 ft .
Caragana frutex, Koch. (C. frutescens, DC).
S. Russia to China.
BB. Leaflets distinctly in pairs.
C. Rachis persistent, spiny; leaflets in two somewhat
remote pairs, obcvatc, glabrous, ^-i" long. Flowers
solitary, redd iah -yellow, May. Shrub 2-4 ft.
Caragana Chamlagu, Lam.
CO. Rachis usually becoming spinescent ; leaflets oblanoe-
olate, rounded and mucronate at the B.pwjfi, grayish or
- 146
bluish.green. minutely silky, i-i 1/3- long.
Plowers lilac or pale purple, in 2- to S-f lowered
race.e8, June-July, shrub to 6 ft,
Halimodendron halodendron, Vosa. (h. argenteum.
Pisch.)
'''''''' Central Asia.
AA. Leaflets more than 2-4.
B. Tvrige very zigjsag.
C. Oleditsla triacanthos (see c. p. 144)
CC. Gleditsia aquatica (see CC.p. 144)
CCC. Gleditsia Japonica (eee CCC.p.144)
BB. Twigs very nearly straight.
G. Leaflets entire.
D. Leaflets 12-18, obovate . grayish-green , I/3- long
or less. Flowers 1 or 2. yellow, axillary. Fruit
on pod. Shrub 4-6 ft.
Oaragana wicronhylla. Lam.
Siberia. China.
J3D. Leaflets 8-12, obovate or oblong. ^-1» long.
Flowers 2-4, yellow, axillary, May-June. Fruit
a pod, about 2« long. Shrub or small tree to 20ft
Caragana arborescens, Lam.
Siberian Pea Tree. Siberia, Manchuria.
DDD, Leaflets 10-14, oblong-elliptic to obovate, cuneat*
at the bass, Fruit a pod about I" long. Shrub to
6 ft.
Caragana fruticosa, Bess.
Korea.
- 147 -
CC. Leaflets more or less toothed.
D. Leare. 10-20" long; leaflet. 10-22. oMone or ob-
long-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly a«l remotely
•ex-rate, light green beneath. 4-8" long. Flower.
«hite, in irery long pendulous panicles. June.
Srult a capsule, l- long. Tree to 50 ft.
Cedrela ..Inensis. Juss. (Allanthus flaTescens.
Carr. )
SBC. 22 > T\7IG3 THnRN/ pil SPTWV
A. Leaflets entire.
B. leaflets 5-11. almost sessile, ovate, entire or crenulate.
dark green above, lighter and pubescent beneath, 1^-2" long.
Flowers s™.ll. greenish, in axillary sessile cymes, befo,
the leaves. Fruit a capsule. Shrub or small tree to 25 ft.
Xanthoxyluffi aaericanum, Will,
prickly A8h. j,^,^^^^
BB. Leafletu 9-19. short-stal^ed . oval or ovate, often emarglnate
or mucronate, 1.2" long. Flowers white, in drooping axillary
racemes. May- June. Pruit a broad, brown pod. Tree to 80 ft.
nobinia poeudacacia, L.
Locust, Black Locubt . Native.
AA. Leaflets toothed.
B. Stipules adnate.
C. Leaves shining above.
B. Leaflets roundish or broadly ob ovate . usually obtuse,
serrate, glabrous. l/s-aA" long. Flowers July-Sept.
Semi -evergreen shrub with prostrate and creeping
branches.
148 -
Roaa wichuraiana. Creoin (R.bracteata . Hort )
Memorial Hose. t
Japan •
DD. Leaflets 7-9. elliptic to obovate-elliptic . dark green,
thickish, often slightly pubescent beneath. i-li« long,
yiowers June. July. Shrub to 6 ft.
Roaa lucida. Ehrh. (R. humilis var. lucida. Best)
Native.
CC. Leaves not shining above,
D. Prickles stral=Jit.
». Leaflets rugose, prickles in pairs.
P. Leaflets 5-9, oval to obovate-oval . dark green
above, glaucescent and pubescent beneath, thick
and firm, long; petioles tomentose and
bristly. Flowers May-Sept. Chrub to 6 ft., stout
stems densely set with prickles.
Rosa rugosa. Thunb. H.China, Japan.
BE. Leaflets not rugose, prickles scattered.
F. Leaflets Dubeacant beneath.
G. Leaflets 3-7, broadly elliptic to narrowly
Oblong, rounded at base, i-2» long. Flowers
fiolitavy, deep rose. May-June. Low shrub,
stems densely set ?/ith prickles.
Rosa acicularis, Lindl. Native north k west,
N.Europe, N.Asia, Japan.
OG. Leaflets 5-7, narrowly elliptic. Flowers often
solitary, June. Shrub 3-6 ft. high, with slen-
der prickles and numerous bristles.
- 149 -
Roea humilia, Marsh. (R.parrif lora Ehrh.)
Nat ive .
PF • Leaflets glabrous.
0. Leaflets 7-9. narrowly- oblong, acute at both ends. l/S-
1- long. Flowers usually solitary. June-July. Shrub
li ft. hig^.
Rosa nltida, Wiild.
Native.
GG. Leaflets 5-11. usually 9. orbicular to oblong-ovate .
sometimes glandular beneath, i-i- long. Plo^rs soli-
tary. May-June. Shrub 3-4 ft. high, densely covered
with slender prickles and bristles.
Rosa spinosissima. L. (R. pimpinellif olia . L.)
Scotch Rose. Europe. W. Asia.
BD. Priddes hooked.
B. Leaflets 9.
F. Leaflets obovate to oblong, pubescent, i-1 l/S" long.
Plowers in many-flowered corymbs, June. Shrub with vig-
orous, long, recurving or climbing branches.
Rosa multi flora. Thunb. (R.polyantha . Sieb. & Zucc.)
EB. Leaflets less than 9.
P. Prickles in pairs.
0. Leaflets usually 7, elliptic to narrow-oblong, acute
at both ends, usually pubescent beneath. ^-2" long.
Plowers pink, clustered, June-Ajk^gust . Shrub to 8 ft.
with slender stems.
Rosa Carolina. L. (R. palustris , Marsh.)
Native .
- 150 -
GO. Leaflets 3-5. oblong-ovate to lanceo-
late, shortly acuminate, tomentose be-
neath, 1-3- long. Flowers cluotered,
rose, June-July. Shrub to 6 ft. with
long slender, recurving branches.
Rosa setigera, Michx.
Prairie Rose. Native.
5T. Prickles sclittered.
G. Leaflets 5-7. elliptic to (bovate-oblong
usually acute, f-ai" long. Flowers
several, pink, May- June. Shrub 5 ft.
high with slender stems which have few
slender prickles or are unarmed.
Rosa virginiana. Mill. (R.blanda, Ail
Native.
GG. Leaflets 5-7, oval or elliptic, doubly
serrate, ^-I^h long. Flowers 1-3,
light pink, June. Shrub to 10 ft. with
stout prickles.
Rosa canina, L.
Dog Rose. Europe, N.Africa, W.
Asia
GGG. Leaflets 5-7, orbicular to oval, often
pubescent beneath, glandular on both
sides, i-1" long. Flowers 1-3, pink,
June. Dense shrub to 6 ft .
Rosa rubiginosa, L. (R.Eglanteria,
. Kill.)
Sweetbrier. }?glantine. Kuron«.
- 151 -
BB. Stipules free, not adnate.
Rubua - (see p. 137)
SBC, 23 - LBAFLRTS ENTIRB
A. Raohis winged •
B. Leaflets 9-21, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, en-
tire or few-toothed toward the apex, dark-green and gla-
brous above, paler and often Tjubescent beneath, rachis
winged between the leaflets. Flowers green, in dense
terminal panicles, July-August. Fruits criraaon. hairy.
Shrub or small tree to 25 ft.
Rhus copallina, L,
Black or Shining Sumach. Native.
BB. Leaflets 9-13, glabrous above, brown-pubescent beneath,
rachis broadly winged between the leaflets, ^^lowers in
terminal panicles, July-August. Shrub or small tree 15-
20 ft.
Rhus semialata, Murr.
AA. Rachis not winged.
B. Leaflets alternate.
C. Leaflets 7-9, oval or ovate, bright green and glabrous,
3-4" long. Flowers white, in loose drooping panicles
10-20" long, June. Tree to 50 ft.
Cladrastis lutea, Koch. (C. tinctoria, Raf.)
Yellow wood. Native south.
CO. Leaflets 9-13, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, yellowish-
green, pubescent beneath along the mid-rib, 2-4" long;
rachis and petiole pubescent. Flowers white, in loose
- 152 -
upright paniolea. 5-12» long. Ju„e-July. Tree to 80 ft.
Cladraetia sinensis, Hemsl.
China.
ceo. Leaflets 11-15. ovate to elllptlo lanceolate, glabrous
or nearly so. 2-3*- long. Flowers white, in terminal
panicles. Fruit an oblong pod, compressed and two winged
Tree.
Sophora platycarpa., Maxim.
Japan .
BB. Leaflets opposite.
C. Shoote, petioles and pods covered with viscid-glandular
hairs .
D. Leaflets 11-25. ovate or nearly oval, obtuse and mu-
cronate. 1-2" long. Flowers rose-colored, in short
and usually rather erect racemes, May-June. Fruit a
pod, 2-4" long. Small tree 30-40 ft.
Robinia viscosa, Vent.
Clammy Locust. Native south.
CC. Not as above.
D. Leaflets not over long.
S. Leaflets not Tnore than 7.
F. Leaflets 5-7, obovate, deep glossy green.
Flowers yello\7 tipped with red, 3 in a cluster
May-July. Fruit a pod. Shrub 3-5 ft. high,
branches green and striate.
Coronilla Emerus, L. (Emerus major, Kill.)
Scorpion Senna. S. Burope.
- 153 -
EB. Leaflets more than 7.
F. Leaflets 11-17, roundish-ovate or oval, grayish-green .
1/3-1/2" long. Flowers yellow, in erect axillary 4-
to 7-f lowered racemes. June-July. Pruit a reddish pod.
Shrub 2-3 ft.
Calophaoa wolgarica. Fish.
S. Russia.
FF. Similar to above: l<*fl-n«f*i if? or
aiyvvc. xGHixezs i('-2o, racemes 10- to 16-
f lowered.
Calophaca grand if lora. Kegel.
S. Russia.
DD. Leaflets over ^" long.
B. Leaflets narrow lanceolate.
F. Leaflets 17-23. finely serrate or nearly entire, gla-
brous or nubeacent on the mid-rib beneath, 2-3>' long.
Pith of twig solid. Fruit nut-like, thick-shelled, i-
i** across. Shrub or small tree up to 30 ft.
Juglans rupestris, Engelm.
Native south.
BE. Leaflets not narrow lanceolate.
Fi Leaflets 11 or more*
Qi Leaves at least 1 ft. long and usually longer.
H4 Leaves 1^-2 ft. long; leaflets 13-25, ovate-
lanceolate, 2-4 coarse teeth near the base each
with a large gland beneath, glabrous beneath,
3-5" long. Fruit a samara, l^** long. Tree to
60 ft.
Allanthus glandulosa, Desf. (A.japonica, Hortj
Tree of Heaven. China.
- 154 -
HH. Leave. .-3 ft. ^^^ri.ts 17-35. o.Xong-UnoeoIate .
with 2-4 gland-bearing teeth near the base . pubescent
beneath. 4-6- long. Pruit a samara, about 2- long.
Tree to 50 ft,
Ailanthus Vilmoriniana . Dode.
China.
00. Leavea leas than 1 ft. long.
H. Leaflets 13 or more in number.
I. Lowest pair of leaflets close to the sten.; plant
grayish or whitish pubescent.
J. Leaves 3-4« lonp:; leaflets 21-49. oval or ovate-
lanceolate, acutish, 4-7 lines long. Flowers blue
in dense terminal panic led spikes. June. Pruit a
toinentose pod. low shrub 1-3 ft.
Amorpha canescens, Nutt.
Lead Plant. Native south.
JJ. Leaves 2-6« long; leaflets 11-37, elliptic to ob-
long, rounded at both ends, dotted beneath with
dark glands, 4-6 lines long. Flowers varying from
violet-purple to white, in terminal spiked clusters.
Pruit a glandular pod. Low shrub 2-4 ft.
Amort>ha herbacea. -Talt. (A.pubescens . Willd.)
Native south.
II. Lowest pair of leaves remote from the stem; plant gla-
brous or nearly so, rarely yellowish pubescent.
J. Leaves 6-10" long; leaflets 11-21, oval or ellipti<
obtuse and rauoronulate, i-l^" long. Flowers dark
- 155 -
purple, in dense panlcled epikea, July-Aug.
Fruit a glandular pod. ahrub 5-20 ft.
Amorpha fruticoaa, L,
Baatard Indigo. Native eouth.
JJ. Leaves G-S" Ion.,; leaflets 13-55. elliptic
oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse, ^-^w long.
Flowers violet-purple, in clustered spikes.
Fruit a pod. Shrub 5-20 ft.
Ainorpha tenneosensis , Shuttlw.
Native south.
HH. Leaflets 13 or less in number.
I. Leafleta 9-13. elliptic, dull green, mucronulate.
usually slightly pubescent beneath. ^-1" long.
Flowers yellow. 3-8 in axillary racemes, June-
Sept. Fruit an inflated pod. Shrub to 15 ft.
Colutea arborescens, L.
Bladder Senna. S. Europe. N.Africa.
II. Leaves V-g" long, leaflets 5-13, distinctly stalked,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, dark green and
glossy , above, more or less pubescent benep.th, 1-2"
long. Flowers yellowish white, in large loose pani-
cles, July-Sept. Fruit a glabrous, terete pod, 2-3*
long. Tree to 60 ft.
Sophora japonica, I.
Japanese Pagoda Tree. China.
FF. Leaflets less than 11.
G. Leaflets silky pubescent, berk shreddy.
- 156 -
Leaflets 3-7. oblong-linear, acute, silky with revolute
margins, i-l" long. Flowers bright yellow, terminal.
June-Sept, Huoh branched shrub, i-4 ft. high.
Potentilla fruticosa, L.
Shrubby Cinquefoil. Native,
GG, Hot as above,
H, Branches green, striate.
I. Leaflets 5-7. obovate. deep glossy green. Flowers
yellow tipped with red. in S-flox'rered clusters. May-
July. Dense shrub 3-5 ft,
Coronilla Smerus, L, (Smerus major, Mill,)
Scorpion Senna, S. Europe,
HH, Branches not green or striate.
I, Apex mucronate.
J, Leaflets glabrous
K, Leaflets 7-11. oblong-lanceolate. 1-li-" long.
Flowers bluish, clustered, in June, Fruit a
pod, densely covered with long hairs. Shrub.
Robinia Kelseyi.
JJ, Leaflets not glabrous,
K, Colutea arborescens (see p. 155)
KK, Leaves 4-6" long; leaflets oval to elliptic-
oblong, bright green above, glaucescent beneatli
appressed-pubescent on both sides. i-l-J^" long.
Flowers pink, in slender axillary racemes. July
Oct. Fruit a pubescent pod. l^-E* long. Shrub
3-6 ft.
157 -
Indigofera amblyantha, Craib.
China.
KKK. Leaves 5-6" long; leafleto 7-9, elliptic
or rounded elliptic, both surfaces bear-
ing white hairs attached by their centers,
to li" long. Flowers rose-colored, in
axillary racemes.
Indigofera Kirilowii. Maxim.
N.China, Korea.
II. Apex not mucronate.
J. Sophora japonica (see p. 155)
JJ. Leaves 6-12" long; leaflets 7-13, obovate, oval
or the lowest ovate, short -acuminate , dark green
and lustrous above, glabrous, a-A" long. Flowers
green, in loose axillary panicles, June, Fruit
a gray drupe, l/e" across. Small tree 10-20 ft.
Poisonous.
Rhus venenata, DC. (Rhus Vernix L.)
Poison Dogwood, Poison Sumach. Native.
SEC. 24 - LEAFLETS TOOTHED
A. Raohis winged.
B. Leaflets 9-21, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire
or few-toothed toward the apex, dark-green and glabrous above,
paler and often pubescent beneath, rachis winged between the
leaflets. Flowers green, in dense terminal panicles, July-
August. Fruits crimson, hairy. Shrub or small tree to 25 ft.
Rhus cox>allina, L.
Black or Shining Sumach. Native.
- 158 -
BB. Leaflete 9-13. glabrous above, brown-t^ubescent beneath,
rachia broadly winged between the leaflets. Flowers in
terminal panicles. July - August. Shrub or small tree
to 15-20 ft.
Rhus semi-alata, Murr.
BBB. Leaves 6-12" long; leaflete 11-21. oblong, acute, pu-
bescent beneath on the midrib. 2-4- long. Fruits winged.
Tree 60-60 ft.
Pterocarya stenoptera. DC. (p. sinensis. Hort.)
AA. Raohis not winged.
B. Plant low. not over 2 ft.; leaves clustered at top of
stems, wood yellow.
C. Leaflets about 5. cut-toothed or lobed, with wedge-
shaped bases and entire sinuses. Flowers small purple
in drooping racemes. April,
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia. L»Herit.
Shrub Yellow Root. Native south.
BB. Hot aa above.
C. Stipules present; buds glabrous; pith yellowish-brown,
i of twig.
D. Leaflets 13-23. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.
long-acuminate, doubly serrate, 3-4" long. Flowerc
white, in terminal panicles, 5-12" long, June-July.
Shrub 3-5 ft.
Sorbaria sorbifolia, A.Braun (Spiraea sorbifolia.
K* Asia.
- 159 -
DD. Leaflets 13-17. oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, doubly
serrate. 2-3- long. Flowere white, in terminal panicles
3-5" long, June-July. Shrub 1-3 ft.
Sorbaria grandif lora. Maxim. (Spiraea grandiflora. Sweet;
B. Siberia
DDD. Leaflets 15-21. lanceolate to linear-lanceolate . acuminate,
narrowed at the base, simply or obscurely doubly serrate.
2-4" long. Flowers white, in terminal panicles to 12" long,
July-Sept. Shrub 6-8 ft. younfc branches usually red.
Sorbaria Aitchisoni, Hemsl. (Spiraea Aitchisoni, Hemsl.)
Afghanistan.
CC. Stipules not present, buds pubescent; pith cream-colored. l/3 of
twig.
D. Surface of leaflets rugose.
B. Leaflets 9-15. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, serrate, en-
tire toward the base, dull green above, pubescent beneatl
or rarely glabrous, i-2" long. Flowers white, in ter-
minal coryms. May-June. Fruit berry-like, bright red.
Tree 20-40 ft.
Sorbus aucuparia. L. (Pyrue aucuparia, Gaertn.)
Buropean Mountain Ash. Kurope to Asia.
BE. Leaflets 11-1^, lEmceolate, long acuminate, sharply ser-
rate, glabrous or slightly pubescent when young, light
green above, paler beneath. 1^-4" long. Flowers white,
in terminal corymbs. Kay-June. Fruit berry-like, bright
red. Tree to 30 ft.
Sorbus americana, Marsh. (P. americana, D.C.)
American Mountain Ash. Native.
- 160 -
. Leaflets 7-15. oval to ovate-lanoeolate , obtuse to short
acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous and dark green above,
glauoescent and usually pubescent beneath when young, li-
3" long. Flowers white, in tenrinal corymbs. Fruit berry-
like, red. Small tree or shrub.
Sorbus sambucifolia, Roera. (Pyrus sambucif olia , Cham. &
Schlecht.)
Western Mountain Ash. Native west.
DD. Surface of leaflets not rugose.
1* Leaflets lanceolate or oblong.
P. Terminal bud absent.
0. Leaves 1^-2 ft. long; leaflets 13-25, ovate lance-
olate, 2-4 coarse teeth near the base, each with a
large gland beneath, glabrous beneath. 3-5'' long.
Fruit a samara, l^^* long. Tree to 60 ft.
Ailanthus glandulosa. Desf. (A. Japonica. Hort.)
Tree of Heaven. China.
GO. Leaves 8-15" long; leaflets 11-31. lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, dark
green and nearly glabrous above , pale and more or
less pubescent beneath, 3-5" long; petioles, rachis
and twigs more or less densely pubescent. Flowers
green, in dense terminal panicles. June-July. Fruit
a small drupe . very densely covered with bright crim
son hairs. A small tree to 30 ft.
Rhus typhina, L. (R. hirta Sudw.)
Staghom Sumac. Native.
- 161
GOG. Leaflets 11-31. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate,
•harply serrate, dark green above, whitish beneath. 2-4-
long. Flowers and fruit similar to those of preceding
species, ^hrub or small tree, up to 15 f t .
Rhus glabra. L.
Smooth Sumac, Native.
PP. Terminal bud present,
G. Pith somewhat 5-pointed, solid.
H. Leaflets pubescent, at least beneath.
I. Leaflets 11-19, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, usuallj
pubescent on both sides, more densely so below. 3-5*
long. Fruit nut-like drupe in racemes. Large tree
to 100 ft.
Juglans cinerea, L.
Butternut, v^iite v/alnut. Native.
II. Leaflets 15-23, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, gla-
brous €ind somewhat shining above, pubescent beneath
3-5" long. Fruit drupe-like nuts, 1-3 in a cluster.
Tree to 150 ft.
Juglans nigra, L.
Black Walnut. Native.
III. Juglans rupestris (see I below)
HH. Leaflets not pubescent, except on mid-rib.
I. Leaflets 17-23. narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, finely
serrate, generally glabrous, 2-3" long. Nuts deeply
grooved, )J--i" across. Shrub or small tree to 30 ft.
Juglans rupestris, Engelm.
- 162 -
II. Leaflets 9-17, oblong- lanceolate , acuminate, doubly
serrate, pubescent only on the mid-rib beneath. 3-4"
long. Fruit a smell, winged nut. borne in terminal-
upright cones. Small tree.
Platycarya strobilacea. Sieb. & Zucc.
Japan, China.
OG. Pith somewhat 5-pointed. laminate.
H. Leaflets less than 11.
I. Twigs and leaves tomentose.
J. Leaflets 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate,
finely serrate, glandular and tomentose beneath,
very fragrant when crushed. 4-8" long. Fruit l-j-
2** long. Tree to 100 ft.
Carya alba. Koch. (Hocoria alba. Brit.)
II. Twigs and leaves not tomentose.
J. Leaflets 5-9, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acu-
minate, densely serrate, usuplly glabrous at length
S-e** long. Fruit i-li" long. Tree to 100 ft.
Carya cordiformis, Koch. (Hicoria minima, Brit.)
Bitternut, Swamp Hickory. Native.
JJ.- Leaflets 3-7. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, long
aciiminate, sharply serrate, almost glabrous. 3-6"
long. Fruit 1^-2" long. Tree to ISO ft.
Carya glabra. Sweet. (Hicoria glabra, Brit.)
Pilpiut. Native.
JJJ. Leaflets 5-7, oval, oblong or ovate, coarsely and
shallowly toothed, glabrous. 3^-5" long. Fruit
- 163 -
lesa than I" long. Tree to 90 ft.
Carya OYalia, Sarg. (Hict)ria microcarpa. Brit.)
Small Pignut. Native.
JJJJ. Leaflets generally 5, oblong or oblong lanceolate,
serrate, densely fringed, finally glabrous, 4-6«
long. Fruit li-2i" long. Tree to 120 ft., with
ehaggy bark.
Carya ovata, Koch. (Hicoria ovata. Brit.)
Shag-bark Hickory. Nat ire.
HH. Leaflets 11 or more.
!• Leaflets 11-25. oblong to oblong-lanceolate , pubescent
only in the axils of veins beneath, 2-4'» long. Fruit
a winged nut. Tree to 60 ft.
Pterocarya f raxinif olia , Spach. W. Asia.
II. Leaflets 11-21. oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pubescent
on the veins beneath or almost glabrous. 2-4" long.
Fruit a winged nut.
Pterocarya rhoifolia. Sieb. & Zucc.
J apan .
B2* Leaflets ovate.
F. Leaflets 7-15. ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely and irregularly
crenate-serrate , at the base often incisely lobed, glabrous
above, pubescent on the veins below or nearly glabrous, l-S-J-"
long. Flowers yellow, in large terminal panicles. July-Aug.
Fruit a bladder-like capsule, gradually narrowed into a poin-
ted apex. 1^-2" long. Tree to 30 ft.
Koelreuteria panioulata. Laxm. (Sapindus chinensis, L.)
China, Japan.
164 -
FP. Leaflets 9-17. ovate or oblong-ovate . acuminate, ere-
nately eerrate , 2^.3^" long. Flowers yellowiah-greon .
in axillary clusters. ?ruit berry-like, small, bright
red . Shrub .
Picrasma ailanthoides , Planch. (P. oaponica. Gray.)
N. China, Japan.
165 -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Apgar. ornamental Shrubs of the United States. New York. 1910
. Trees of Northern United States. New York. 1892
Bailey. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. New York. 1909
, Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. « « 1913
Blakeslee & Jarvis. New England Trees in Winter. New York. 1913
Britton & Brown. Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and
Canada. New York. 1913
Clements. Rosendahl & Butters. Minnesota Trees and Shrubs
« Minneapolis. 1912 '
Collins & Preston. Key to Trees. Providence. 1909
Gray. Manual of Botany. New York. 1908
Hough. Handbook of Trees and Their Leaves, Lowville. N.Y..1907
Illick. Pennsylvania Trees. Harrisburg. Pa.. 1915.
Mathews. Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs. New York. 1915
Hewhall . The Trees and Shrubs of Northeastern America New York
1908
Sargent. Manual of Trees of North America. Boston. 1905
Ward. Trees - Vol. I. Buds and Twigs, London. 1910
• Trees - Vol. II. Leaves. London, 1904
Wiegand. A Key to tjie Genera of Woody Plants in Winter, Ithaca
3 908 *
166
GLOSSARY
t??^n?:/ IT^l ^^""^ l-c«lled l-seeded indehisoent fruit.
ACICULAR. Slenderly needle-ehaped.
ACUMINATK. Tapering at the end.
fSST5™ Terminating with a sharp or well-defined angle.
ACHATE, United to.
ALATB. Winged.
ALTBRHATE. (Of leaves etc.) Hot opposite each other on the axis
. arranged singly at different heights.
AMEHT. A catkin, or scaly spike.
AHASTOMOSING. Connecting by cross-veina and forming a network.
AHTHBR. The pollinif erous part of a stamen.
APjITALOUS. Having no petals.
APICULATK. Ending in a short pointed tip.
APPKSSGED, Lying close and flat against.
ARISTATE. Awned; provided with stiffish bristle -shaped appendaaes
ARTICULArj. Jointed; having a node or joint.
AURICLTS, An ear-shaped appendage.
AVv'L-SHAPKD, Tapering upward from the base to a slender or rigid
point .
AXIL. The angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem.
AXILLARY. Situated in an axil.
AXIS. The central line of any organ or support of a group of or-
gans; a stem, etc.
BERRY. A fruit, the whole pericarp of which is fleshy or pulpy.
BLADE. The expanded portion of a leaf, etc.
BRANCHLST. An ultimate division of a branch.
BULLATS. Blistered or puckered.
CADUCOUS. Falling off very early.
CANBSCENT. Hoary with gray pubescence.
CAPSULB. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel.
CATKIH. An ament.
CILIATE. Marginally fringed with hairs.
CILIOLATB. Minutely ciliate.
COMPOUHD, Composed of 2 or more similar parts united into one
whole. Compound leaf . one divided into separate
leaflets.
OOMPRSSSBD. Flattened, especially laterally.
COHE. A fruit formed of imbricated scales.
COHNATB. United; used espeoiallj^ of like structures joined from
the start.
CORDATE. Heart-shaped with the point upward.
CORIACBOUS. Leathery in texture.
CORYMB. A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, in the stric
ter use of the word equivalent to a contracted raceme
and progressing in its flowering from the margin in-
ward.
CREHATB. Dentate with the teeth much rounded.
CRBNULATE. Finely crenate.
CUHBATE. Wedge-shaped J triangular with the acute angle downward.
CUSPIDATE. Tipped with a cupp or sharp and rigid point.
- 167 -
CYUS. A usually broad nnd flattiah determinate inflorescence
i.e. with its central or terminal flowers bloom-'
inc earliest
DJKJIDUOUS. Not persistent; not evergreen. "
DBOUKBENT. Reclining, but vdth the summit ft«fiPnHinrr
dIgS^v 4?f ^^tending down the stem briowtSf insert ion.
DECUS3ATB. Alternating in pairs at right angles.
DSHISCSNT. Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc. as a capsule
anther.
DBLTOID. Shaped like the greek letters
DENTATE. Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward.
DENTICULATE. Minutely dentate. ouLwara.
DIGITATE . Compound, with the members arising together at the
apex of the support.
DI0BCI0U3. Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on separate
plants.
DISTICHOUS. In two vertical ranks.
DIVARICATE. Widely divergent.
DIVIDiSD. Lobed to the base.
DRUPiS. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner portion of the peri-
carp (l-called and 1-seeded, or sometimes several-
celled) hard or stony.
BPFU3S. Very loosely spreading.
ELLIPTICAL. Oval or oblong with regularly rounded ends.
SMARGINATE, Having a shallow notch at the extremity.
BMTIRE. Without toothing or division.
BXPOLIATING. Cleaving off in thin layers.
FASCICLK. A close bundle or cluster.
PASCICTlLATT'j , In close bundles or clusters.
FASTIGIATE (branches). Erect and near together.
FIMBRIATE. Fringed.
PLOCCOSl^J. Clothed with locks or flocks of soft hair or wool.
FREE. Not adnate to other organs.
FRUIT. The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound,
or aggregated , of whatever form.
FUGACIOUS. Falling or fading very early.
GLABRATE. Somewhat glabrous, or becoming glabrous.
GLABROUS. Smooth; not rough, pubescent, or hairy.
GLAND. A secreting surface or structure; any protuberance or
appendage having the appearance of such an orgeui.
GLANDULAR. Bearing glands or of the nature of a gland.
BLAUCESCi^T. Nearly or becoming glaucous.
GLAUCOUS. Covered or whitened with a bloom.
HABIT. The general appearance of a plant.
HASTATE. Like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing
outward nearly at right angles.
HEAD. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers on
a very short axis or receptacle.
HEART-SHAPED. Ovate with two rounded lobes and a sinus at base;
oomjTionly used to define such a base.
HIRSUTE. Pubescent with rather coarse or stiff hairs.
HISPID. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or with bristles.
HYBRID. A cross-breed of two species.
- 168 -
IMBRICATE. Ojerlapping, either vertically or 8T.i««nv v,
INCISSD. Cut aharpir^d ?iie«S?«^L^ presfure.
IHDBHISCENT. Not by v!?v^ ""itc ■ " "^^^P^^-
closed ^a-^^es. etc, remaining peraiatently
INFLORESCENCE. The flowering part of a plant, and especially the
INTERNODE. The portl^n'of 'a'st^^^^f t"^"' \
INTHODUCEB. BrouUlnte^^tLn^X'^rr "an^^^^ ,3 for
INVOTUPRT? A ?«'P0««« of cultivation. ^ ' ^^"^
IHVOLUCRE. A circle or collection of bracts surrounding a flower
LACINIATE qi««hJ ^^^^^ ^^'^ * ^^^^-^^ flower.^ ''''
L^CEOTA?!:! oS" ^5%??^ '^^^'^^^ pointed lobes,
LANCEOLATE. ^^P^^ ^^^e a i,,^ , ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^
the ipex? narrowed t^
I^AraiT. A single division of a compound leaf
I^GDME. The fruit of the I^^umi^^^^or^^f a simple pistil
LBPIDOTF Beset w??S "«uaTi? dehiscent by both sutures. ^
TT?TrT*i5* « ? ^^^^ ^^^^ scurfy scales.
LIGULATE. Furnished with a ligule.
LIGULE. A «*^*P-«^^ped corolla as in the ray-f lowers of Composi-
l^^Lif ^5 acarious projection f rom fhe "
Tr.^^ ^ •UBfflilt of the sheath in Grasses.
^r^^ : ^ narrow, with parallel margins.
lSbId "^ivf^f?^? an organ, especially if rounded.
Tvn Divided into or bearing lobes.
LYRATE. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded terminal lobe and
with the lower lobes small.
MBMBRA»ACEOUS . lOSMBRANOUS . Thin, rather soft, and more or less
translucent.
MIDRIB. The central or main rib of a leaf.
MONOECIOUS. 7/ith stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the
same plant.
MUCRONATE. Tipped with a mucro.
SSSP^'m^ simple or unbranched vein or slender rib.
NODE. The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl
of leaves.
MUT. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded fruit, though usu-
i^T>«r.«T.^mT, , resulting from a compound ovary.
OBCORDATE. Inverted hear-shaped.
n^^'^^m^^^f ^' ^^^f^^^^® ^itJ^ the broadest part toward the apex.
OBLiqUE. Unequal-sided or slanting.
S??:J?^fi: Longer than broad and with nearly parallel sides.
OBOVATS. Inverted ovate.
OBTUSE. Blunt or rounded at the end.
OPAqUE. Dull; neither shining nor translucent.
ORBICULAR. Circular.
OVATE. Egg-shaped; having an outline like that of an egg with the
broader end downward.
OVOID. A solid with an oval outline.
- 169 -
P^?ET'Y'^?f' • ^f^f^^y lol-^d »«• divided.
i'axaHATBLY. In a palmate manner.
PANICLK, A loose irregularly compound inflorescence with pedi-
collate flowers. ^
l^lfi; ^If^ "^^""^y *o the base.
PARTIAL. Of secondary rank.
PSDATE. ^^^"^^^^ly^fi^ided or parted, with the lateral segments
PELLUCID. Clear, transparent.
PELTATlfi. Shield-shaped and attached to the support by the lower^
surface.
PENDULOUS. More or less hanging or declined. Pendulous ovule
one that hangs from the side of the cell *
P^lis™ S^nn^^;^??!'''^ "^^"^ apparently passing thru it.
PERSISTENT. Long-continuous, as a calyx upon the fruit, leaves
through winter, etc.
PETAL. A division of the corolla.
PETIOLATE. Having a petiole.
PETIOLE. The footstalk of a leaf.
PILOSE. Hairy, esoecially with soft hairs.
PINKA (pi. Pinnae ) . One of the primary divisions of a pinnate or
compoundly pinnate frond or leaf.
PINNATE (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets arranged on each side
of a common petiole.
PINNATIFID. Pinnately cleft.
PINNULE. A secondary pinna; one of the pinnately disposed divisions
of a pinna.
PITH. The central cellular part of a stem.
POD. Any dry and dehiscent fruit.
POME, A kind of fleshy fruit of which the apple is the type.
PRICKLE. A small spine or more or less slender sharp outgrowth
from the bark or rind.
PROCUMBENT. Lying on the groimd or trailing but without rooting
at the nodes.
PROSTRATE. Lying flat upon the ground.
PUBERULENT, Minutely pubescent.
PUBESCENT. Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft and down-
like.
PUNCTATE. Dotted with depressions or with translucent internal
glands or colored dots.
PUNGENT. Terminating in a rigid sharp point; acrid.
RACEME. A simple inflorescence of pediceled flowers upon a common
more or less elongated axis.
RACEMOSE. In racemes; or resembling a raceme.
RACHIS. The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf.
RADIATE. Spreading from or arranged around a common center; bear-
ing ray-flowers.
RECURVED. Curved downward or backward.
RENIEORM. Kidney-shaped.
RBPAND. With a slightly uneven and somewhat sinuate margin.
RETICULATE. In the form of network; net-veined.
RSTUSE. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.
RBVOLUTE. Rolled backward from the margins or apex.
RIB. A primary or prominent vein of a leaf.
RUGOSE. Wrinkled.
170 -
SAOITTAK. Shaped like arrow-head, the lo.e. di-
tsAWAo* . . rected downward.
Snst^H^s^f ir?s: risf^!
SBTOSK. Beset with bristles.
SSTULOSK. Having minute bristles.
SHRUB. A woody perennial. ^B.aller than a tree, usually with
sS.^Srinl ;^:^e!\\\^-:^^o^1d!^^^ ^^^^^^^^
S^^^^'^Thl'^^ "^^Si" wavy.
SINUo. The cleft or recess between two lobes.
SMOOTH. Without roughness or pubescence.
ipiS^r^o^^?^^}^ narrowed downward from a rounded summit.
SPIKE. A form of simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile
or nearly so upon a more or less elongated com-
mon axis*
S^?^" T?""^^ "^"^ ^^^^^ outgrowth from the stem.
SPIN03K. Spine-like, or having spines.
STEM, The main ascending axis of a plant.
STIPULATTi;. Having stipules.
STIPULS. An appendage at the base of a petiole or on each side
of its insertion.
STRIATK. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.
a»^^2^?«' ^^^^^ with appresaed sharp straight and stiff hairs.
bTRGBILB. An inflorescence marked by imbricated bracts or scale
as in the Hop and Pine-cone.
SUBULATS. Awl -shaped.
SUCCULEKT. Juicy; fleshy.
TERNATE. In threes.
TOMEHTOSJU. Densely pubescent with matted wool.
TRIP0LI0LAT}J . Having three leaflets.
TRUIICATK. Ending abruptly, as if cut off transversely.
UMBSL. An inflorescence in which the peduncles or pedicels of
a cluster spring from the same point.
UNDULATE. With a wavy surface; repand.
VALVE, One of the pieces into which a capsule splits.
KBIN3. Threads of f ibro-fascular tissue in a leaf or other
organ, especially those which branch (as dis-
tinguished from nerves).
VERTIGILLAT:4:. Disposed in a whorl.
VILLOUS. Bearing long and soft hairs.
VISCID. Glutinous; sticky.
V7H0RL. An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a circle round the
stem.
WING. Any membranous or thin expansion bordering or surround-
ing an organ; the lateral petal of a papiliona-
ceous corolla.
WOOLLY. Clothed with long and tortuous or matted hairs.
- 171 -
M IKDEXKD LIST OF THB Qekbra
M2 SPSCIES INCLUDED.
N
II
«
II
«
If
N
Acanthopanax pentaphyllua
^ ricinifoliuB
" aenticosua
... Beosiliflorus
Allanthus glandulosa
" Vilmoriniana
AlnuB glutinosa
inoana
Japonica
maritima
Mitchelliana
rugosa
tinctoria
viridis
Althaea f rut ex
Amelanchier alnifolia
** Batramiana
• Botryapium
" canadensis
• laevia
• oligooarpa
sanguinea
Amorpha cane scene
•* fruticosa
• herbacea
" tennessensis
Andromeda arborea
" calyculata
• mariana
• paniculata
Aralia chinensia
• pent aphy 11a
•* spinosa
Aronia arbutifoHa
" melanocarpa
• nigra
Asimina triloba
Azalea canescena
" nudiflora
• Vaaeyi
• Tiacoaa
47
66
47
47, 137
153, 160
153
107
106
106
106
105
107
106
105
41 » 70
103
136
135
135
136
136
110
154
155
154
165
38. 120
62
85
65
144
47
143
122
133
122
75
42
42
88
86. 134
Bacoharia halmifolia
Benzoin aeativale
Berberia ariatata
canadensia
koreana
Neubertii
Rege liana
Sieboldii
ainenaia
Thunbergii
vulgar i a
Wilaonae
N
M
n
w
N
N
M
N
H
Betula alba
" lenta
122
lutea
Maximowiczii
nigra
papyrifera
pendula
populifolia
pumila
rubra
Bumelia lanuginoaa
Calophaca grandiflora
" wolgarica
Caragana arboreacena
Chamlagu
" f rut ex
" fruticosa
" microphylla
" pygmaea
Carpinua caroliniana
Carya alba
" cordiformia
" glabra
" ovalia
ovata
Cassandra calyculata
Caatanea americana
* crenata
•* dentata
119
77
96
96
96
43
96
97
74
73
95
74
105
103
104
104
104
105
105
104
,125
104
72
153
153
146
145
145
145
146
145
111
162
162
162
163
163
62
44
44
44
- 172 -
Caatanea japonica 44
" molllssima 45
" pumila 45
" sativa 44
* vesca 44
Ceanothus americanus 41
* Fendleri 42, 72
Cedrela sinensis *147
Celtis occidentalia 41
Cerasus vulgaris 132
Cercis canadensis 32
* chinensis 52
* japonica Z2
* occidentalis 33
" racemosa 33
* Siliquastrum 33
Cercocarpus ledifoliua 84
" parviflprus 79
Chaenomeles japonica 92
Chamaedaphne calyculata 82
Citrus trifoliata 136
Cladrastia lutea 151
" sinensis 152
tinctorla 151
Clethra alnifolia 119,135
Colutea arlDoresoens 155,156
Comptonia asplenifolia 51
Conchorus japonicus 102
Cornus alternifolia 34
Coronilla Smerus 152,156
Corylus americana 110
" Avellana 110
♦* rostrata 111
Cotinus americanus 88
** cotinus 88
Cotoneaster Pranchetii 79
" horizontalis 81
* hupehensis 80
■ integerrima 84
* racemiflora 80
* salicifolia 80
" Simons ii 85
* speciosa 79
* tomentosa 79
Crataegus Arnoldiana 94
* coccinea 92
* cordata 57
* Crus-galli 93
* mactantha 93
* mollis 94
Crataegus monogyna 58
" Otyacantha 58
* Phaenopyrum 57
* pxMictata 93
*• tomentosa 92
Cyprttssus disticha 60
Cydonia japonica 92
Cyrilla racemiflora 87
Cytisus capitatuB 141
* decumbens 39
" elon^^atus 141
hirsutus 14l
" leucanthUB 141
* nigricans 142
* scoparius 142
" supinus 141
Daphne Mezereum 88
Diospyros virginiana 90
Dirca palustris 86
DisanthuB cercidif olius 32
Klaeagnus angustifolia 71
" argentea 71
* longipes 71
" multiflora 71
" umbellata 71
Bmerus major 152, 156
Buptelea polyandra 114
Exochorda Giraldii 89, 91
" grandiflora 89, 90
■ Korolkowii 90, 91
" racemosa 90, 90
Pagus americana 109
" ferruginea 109
" grandiflora 109
" sylvatica 109
Pothergilla alnifolia 115
" Gardenii 115
* major 116
" monticola 116
Galactia glabella 143
regularis 143
Gayluseacia baocata 82
" frondosa 82
* resinosa 82
ursina 83
Genista germanica 73
" hi span ic a 73
** pilosa 34
sibirica 36
" tinctorla 36
173 -
Ginkgo biloba 32
Gleditsia aquatica 144, 146
* inermis 144 [ 146
• Japonica 144, 146
" triacanthoo 144, 146
Gyranocladus canadenis 145
*• oloica 145
Halesia Carolina 120
" tetraptera 120
Halimodendron argent eum 146
" halodendron 146
Hamamelis japonica 100
^ mollis 99
" vernalia 99
" virginiana 99
Hibiscus syriacus 41, 70
Hicoria alba 162
" amara 162
" glabra 162
*• microcarpa 163
" minima 162
" ovata 163
Hippophae rhamnoides 70
Ilex decidua 134
•* laevigatas 134
" monticola 134
" verticillata 134
Indigofera amblyantha 157
" Kirilowii 157
Itea virginica 133
Juglans cinerea 161
" nigra 161
rupestris 153.161
Kerria japonica 102
Koelreuteria paniculata 163
Laburnum alpinum 142
" tmagyroides 142
Larix araericana 50
* decidua 50
*• europaea 50
* Kaempfari 50
•* laricina 50
leptolapis 50
Lespedeza bicolor 143
Leucothoe raccmosa 121
reourva 121
Lindera Benzoin 77
Liquidambar Stryraciflua 70
Liriodendron Tulipifera 54
lycium chinense 36,75
* halimifolium 35,74
■ vulgare 35,74
Lyon i a
ligustrina
85
Madura aurantiaca
Magnolia acuminata
n
1 D
M
wwijopxu ua
37
«
u diuuci u a
w f
II
7*S
»
Q J. nuca
N
N
Hn.1 1 Asna
■^7
.lijrpuxeuca
3fi
II
KobuH
37
N
mac ronhvl i a
75
r w
II
obovnt SI
»
37
II
nf A 1 1 n +• 0
37
II
t T»4 nA+ a 1 a
V *■ X yx3 uaxSk
76
Thurberi
37
«
virginiana
3^^
N
Yulan
37
Morus
alba
65 ,112
N
rubra
65 111
Myrica
asplenif olia
51
N
oarolinensis
77 114
n
cerifera
77,114
Gale
114
Nemopanthua canadensis
91
mucronata
91
Nyasa
aylvatica
90
Opulaster Amurenois
59
n
opulifolius
58
Ostrya virginiana
111
Oxydendrum arboreujn
38 ,120
Paliurus australis
40, 73
H
Spina-Christi
40, 73
Peraphyllum ramossiraum
84
Petteria ramentacea
143
Physocarpus Amurenais
opulifolius
59
58
Picrasma ailanthoides
164
N
japonica
164
Pieris
mariana
35
Platanus occidentalis
62
n
orientalis
63
Platycarya strobilacea
162
Poniirus trifoliata
136
Populus alba
100
It
balsamif era
102
n
Bolleana
60
n
candi'^ans
102
It
deltaldes
101
H
dilatata
102
N
grand identata
101
174 -
Populus italica I02
" monilifera 101
I nigra lOi
nivea 59
" pyramidalis 102
" tremula 101
" tremuloides 102
Potentilla fruticosa 156
Prinos deciduuo I34
" laevigatuB 134
" verticiliatus 134
Prunus americana I33
" Avium 132
" Ceraaus 132
" japonica I33
" Mahaleb 131
" nana 131
I nigra 132
pennsylvanictim 131
" serotina 131
" einenaia 131
" spinosa 94
" triloba 60
•* tomentoaa 122
* virginiana 132
Ptelea trifoliata 141
Pterocarya fraxinifolia 163
" laevigata 163
" rhoifoiia 163
* stenoptera 158
Pteroatyrax hispida 120
Pyrus anguatif olia 95
aria 123
coramunis 91
* coronaria 61
" loensis 124
^ malus 124
" Ringo 123
Toringo 61
^uercus acuminate 102
" alba 55
" aquatica 55
* bicolor 97
* cerris 56
" chincapin 98
» coccinea 53, 65
" ilicifolia 61
" imbricaria 78
" lyrata 56
*» macrocarpa 57
* Michauxi 98
* minor 56
quercus Kuhlenbergi
nana 51
I nigra 55
palustris 52, 64
pedunculata 55
^ Phelloa 87
" platanoides 97
prinoides 93
" Prinuo 99
I rubra 53. 64
" Btellata 5^
" tinotoria 64
" velutina 64
Rhamnus alnifolia 100
" cathartica 43
*• dahurica 95
" Prangula 89
Rhododendron canesoens 42
* nudiflora 42
" Vaoeyi 88
^ viscosa 86,134
Rnus aromatiea 46
" canadensis 46
" copallina 151,157
" Cotinue 88
" cotinoides 88
" glabra lei
" radicans 47
semialata 151,158
Toxicodendron 47
" typhina I60
** venenata 157
" Vernix 157
Ribes alpinum 69
americanum 68
" aureum 68
" Cynoabati 67
floridum 66
•* Orossularia 67
" lacuatre 66
" oxycanthoides 67
" rotund if olium 67
rubrum 67
" sanguineum 69
Robinia hiapida 48
Kelaeyi 156
" Paeudacacia 147
" viscoaa 48,152
Roaa acicularia 137,148
" blanda 150
canina 150
" Carolina 149
175
ItOSQ,
numilis
149
lucida
148
n
multif lora
149
^
nitida
149
M
fl
polyantha
149
M
•t
rubiginosa
150
N
rugosa
148
N
setigera
137,150
M
spinosissima
149
H
virginiana
150
Wichuraiana
148
RubU8 alleghanienais
140
N
canadensis
139
tt
cuneif olius
151,138
«f
f ruticosus
140 ,151
n
lacinatus
139 ,150
M
neglectus
138,150
139,150
N
occidentalis
fl
odoratus
68
n
spectabilis
140.150
N
strigosus
138.150
Salisburia adiantif olia 32
Salix alba
128
m
argyrocarpa
84
n
Babylonica
127
N
cord at a
129
N
discolor
135
H
elegantissima
127
tt
f luviatilis
128
(1
f ragilis
127
N
humilis
78
N
incana
78
M
laurif olia
135
tt
lucida
129
N
nigra
128
M
pendula .
127
II
pentandra
135
II
petiolaris
128
N II
purpurea
127
II
sericea
127
II
trist is
78
N
viminalis
87
H
vitellina
128
Saplndus chinensis
163
Sassafras officinale
54.76
N
variifolium 54,76
Sophora japonica
155.157
pi at year pa
152
Sorbaria Aitchisoni
159
grand if lora
159
Millefolium
145
«
sorbif olia
158
Sorbus americana 159
" arbutifolia 122
" Aria 123
" Aucuparia 159
« latifolia 59
" sambucifolia 160
" torrainalis 62
Spiraea alba na
" arguta 117
* tracteata 85,97,117.126
* bullata 126
* canadensis 129
" callosa 130
" canescens 116
* Cantoniensis 118
* carpinifolia 129
" chamaedryf olia 129
* criapifolia 126
" Douglasi 115
* japonica 130
" latifolia 129
media 117
pubescens 116
* Reevesiana 118
* salicifolia 130
* Thunbergii 117,125
* tomentosa 121
* triloba 40, 61, 69
«» trilobata 40, 61, 69
" Van Houttei 60,118
Stephanandra f lexuosa 62
Styrax americana 39,119
" japonica 39,120
" Obassia 115
Tamarix gallica 49
" parviflora 49
* pentandra 49
Odessana 49
Taxodium distichiim 50
Tilia alba 112
" americana 113
•» argent e a 112
" cordata 113
" dasystyla 113
europaea 113
grandifolia 113
•* heteropftylla 112
" parvifolia 113
" pendula 112
w petiolaris 112
" platyphyllos 113
tomentosa 112
176
Tilia ulmifolia 113
* vulgaris 113
Toxylon pomiferua 72
Ulmus alata 108
" americana 108
canpestris 109
" fulva 108
' montana 108
raoemosa 107
rubra 108
" Bcabra 108
Vacoinium caespitostam 126
" canadense 81
* corymbosum 83
* nigrum 125
* pennoylvanicum 124
" stamineum 86
* uliginosum 81
" Tacillana 83
" Vitie-Idaea 80
Virgilia lutea 151
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia 158
Xanthoxylum americanum 147
Xolisma ligustrina 85
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