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THE

FOOD AND GAME FISHES

OF NEW YORIt

TARLETON H. BEAN

Chief, Department FisK and Game, "World's Fair, St. Loui*

ALBANY

J. B. LYON COMPANY. PRINTERS
19O3

Richard H. Backus

August, 1988

of New
Forest, Fisl) and dame Commission

Tf)e Food

and

Game Fishes of Nev

Notes on tfyeir Common Names, Distribution, Habits
and Aode of Capture

[WitI) 9 Plates and 132 Text Figures]

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Tarteton M. ^ean, A. 3., n. D.

Department of Fisl) and ciame, World's Fair,

ALBANY

J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS
1903

97.

THE

Common Names of Fishes.

Num-
ber.

106.

99-
114

105.

112.
III.
130.

93'
103.

85-

139-
96.

35-
19.
10.
1 1.

13-
16.

18.
14.

12.

87.

137.

37-
94.

97-
91.
126.

142.

33'
144.

Anchovy, Mitchill's,

Anchovy, striped,

Bass, calico, .

Bass, large mouth black,

Bass, rock,

Bass, sea,

Bass, small mouth black,

Bass, striped,

Bass, white, .

Bergall,

Blackfish,

Bluefish,

Blue-gill,

Bonito, ....

Bullhead, black,

Burbot,

Butter Fish, .

Carp,

Carp, lake,

Catfish, channel, .

Catfish, lake,

Catfish, long-jawed,

Catfish, marbled, .

Catfish, stone,

Catfish, white,

Catfish, yellow,

Cero,

Cod,

Conger,

Crab-eater,

Crappie,

Crevalle,

Croaker,

Cusk,

Cutlips,

Dab, rough, .

Page.

Num-
ber.

311

148.

3IO

128.

384

129.

396

124.

386

36.

411

28.

394

JI5'

406

147.

4°5

146.

437

i45-

439

149.

377

34-

39°

138.

368

140.

276

141.

449

143-

38i

95-

290

44-

277

45-

270

53-

271

41.

273

32.

276

29.

277

*5-

273

127.

272

88.

37°

447

55-

294

83.

379

82.

382

86.

374

90.

43 1

76.

453

78.

288

77-

455

47-

Dab, sand,

Drum,

Drum, fresh-water,

Drum, red,

Eel,

Fallfish,

Flasher,

Flounder, four-spotted,

Flounder, southern,

Flounder, summer,

Flounder, winter,

Goldfish,

Haddock,

Hake, .

Hake, squirrel,

Halibut,

Harvest Fish,

Herring, branch,

Herring, glut,

Herring, lake,

Herring, sea,

Horned Chub, . /

Horned Dace,

Horned Pout,

Kingfish,

Kingfish, Sierra,

Lamprey, great sea,

Long Jaw,

Mackerel, chub,

Mackerel, common,

Mackerel, Spanish,

Mackerel, yellow,

Mascalonge, .

Mascalonge, barred,

Mascalonge, northern,

Menhaden,

Page.
459
433
436
428
292
285
414
458
457
456
460
289
448
45i
452
454
38i
302

3°4
317
298
288
286
274
432
37i
261

3'9
366

365
369
373
359
360
360
3°9

COMMON NAMES OF FISIIKS.

Num-
ber.

31. Minnow, lake,

38. Moon-Eye,

54. Moon-Eye, Cisco,

39. Moon-Eye, northern,

80. Mullet, striped,

8 1. Mullet, white,
6. Paddle-fish, .

no. Perch, yellow,
113. Perch, white,

72. Pickerel, banded, .

74. Pickerel, chain,

73. Pickerel, little,

117. Pig Fish,

75. Pike, common,
109. Pike, gray, .

107. Pikeperch
135. Pollack,

92. Pompano, common,

27. Red Horse,

116. Red Snapper,

133. Rosefish,

69. Saibling,

119. Sailor's Choice,

58. Salmon, Atlantic,

59. Salmon, landlocked,
57. Salmon, king,

1 08. Sauger,

118. Scup,
46. Shad,

40. Shad, gizzard,
43. Shad, hickory,

120. Sheepshead, .
79. Silversides,

5. Skate, barn door, .

4. Skate, clear-nosed,

2. Skate, common,

3. Skate, spotted,
42. Skipjack,

52. Smelt,

Page.

Num-
ber.

288

71-

296

132.

318

I25.

297

61.

363

365

265

403

21.

409

22.

353

2O.

355

24.

354

23-

4i7

25-

356

26.

402

IO4.

398

IOI.

444

IO2.

376

89.

284

30-

415

136.

442

68.

347

62.

421

63-

324

67-

327

60.

323

64.

401

65-

419

70.

3°5

66.

297
301
422

56.
84.

362

IOO.

264

121.

264

122.

262

51-

263

. 5°-

300

134-

316

I23.

Smelt, .
Spade Fish, .
Spot,

Steelhead,
Sturgeon, common,
Sturgeon, lake,
Sturgeon, short-nosed,
Sucker, common, .
vSucker, hog,
Sucker, long-nosed,
Sucker, northern chub,
Sucker, southern chub,
Sucker, striped,
Sucker, white-nosed,
Sunfish,
Sunfish, green,
Sunfish, long-eared,
Sword Fish, .
Tench, .
Tomcod,

Trout, brook,
Trout, brown,

Trout, hybrid,

Trout, lake, .

Trout, Lake Tahoe,

Trout, Lochleven,

Trout, rainbow,

Trout, Sunapee, .

Trout, Swiss lake,

Tullibee,

Tunny, .

Warmouth,

Weakfish,

Weakfish, spotted,

Whitefish, common,

Whitefish, round,

Whiting,

Yellowtail,

Page.

351

440

429

33°
266
267
269
278
280

277
281
281
282
283
392
388

389
372
287

445
344
332
335
342

329
336
338
349
34°
321

367
388
424
426
3T3
311
443
427

Pood and dame Pfef)es of Rev

BY TARLETON H. BEAN,

CHIEF, DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME, WORLD'S FAIR, ST. LOUIS.

Introdactor^ Chapter.

THE most recent catalogue of New York fishes includes 375 species, but this
is to some extent a compilation, and the number is liable to change after
systematic investigations of the inland waters have been made.

The food and game fishes mentioned in this article number 149 species. These
belong to 36 families, of which the most important in the number of species repre-
sented are the Catfish, the Sucker, the Minnow, the Herring, the Salmon, the Pike,
the Mackerel, the Sunfish, the Weakfish, the Cod, and Flatfish families.

The State is greatly diversified in contour and has an extensive water area. Its
drainage systems are the Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, the St. Lawrence, the Ohio
Basin, the Susquehanna, the Delaware, the Hudson, with such adjacent small
streams as the Passaic, Hackensack, Walkill and Bronx, and the great inland lakes,
nearly all of which communicate with Lake Ontario.

Long Island is richer in fishes than the rest of the State, but its species are
chiefly marine ; its fresh waters contain few kinds and of those about one-half are
recent introductions.

The only extended systematic series of observations upon the occurrence of the
fishes in any part of the State appears to be recorded by the writer in the Bulletin
of the American Museum of Natural History, volume IX, 1897, pages 374 to 375.
This is the record of Mr. W. I. DeNyse at Gravesend Beach, Long Island, for 1895
to 1897. The following table is copied from the publication referred to as far as it

relates to the food and game fishes of the present article :

251

252 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

\\. I. DENYSE'S RECORD OF SHIPMENTS OF FISH FROM GRAVESEND BAY TO THE N. Y.
AQUARIUM, 1895-97, SHOWING THE MONTHS WHEN THE SPECIES WERE CAUGHT.

JANUARY.

FEBRUARY.

MARCH.

APRIL.

<
~.

X
5

•— >

>
f)

•— >

AUGUST.

SEPTEMBKR.

OCTOBER.

NOVEMBER.

DECEMBER.

Sea Lamprey,

Common Skate,

eggs

Barn Door Skate, -

Common Sturgeon, -

Short-nosed Sturgeon, -

Fel

Conger,

Sea Herring,

Ale wife,

Shad,

Menhaden, -

Smelt,

Silversides, -

Striped Mullet, -

Mackerel,

Bonito,

Yellow Mackerel, -

Crevalle?, -

Common Pompano,

Bluefish,

Butter Fish, -

Striped Bass,

White Perch,

Sea Bass, -

Scup, ....

Sheepshead,

Weakfish, ....

Yellowtail, ...

Spot,

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

253

W. I. DENYSE'S RECORD — Continued.

•^

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EBRUA

ARCH.

QL,

UGUST

EPTEM

CTOBE:

OVEMB

ECEMB

— >

1 — ,

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Kingfish, -

Drum, -

Bergall,

Blackfish,

Whiting, -

Tomcod,

Cod, -

Common Hake,

Squirrel Hake, -

Flatfish,

The above record is not intended to show the full period during which the
species are present in Gravesend Bay, as a glance at its contents will indicate. Any
one familiar with the habits of the migratory and resident fishes will observe this
fact. It is important, however, in the respect that it marks the duration of the
stay of many valuable fishes in that body of water. It is interesting to note how
many of them are present in the early winter months.

Mr. Eugene Smith of Hoboken has given me a list of fishes observed by him in
Wawayanda Creek, small streams at, Warwick, Greenwood Lake, Ramapo River,
head streams of Saddle River and Hackensack streams. The food and game fishes
obtained in these waters by Mr. Smith are : Horned Pout, Common Sucker, Chub
Sucker, Brook Trout, Chain Pickerel, Eel, Rock Bass (introduced), -Long-eared Sun-
fish, Common Sunfish, Small-mouth Black Bass, Large-mouth Black Bass and
Yellow Perch.

The general distribution of the food and game fishes of New York is shown in
the following table, which is based chiefly upon recent investigations, but partly
upon records which have not lately been verified :

2 54 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

<f.

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i. Great Sea Lamprey,

2. Common Skate,

3. Spotted Skate,

4. Clear-nosed Skate,

5. Barn Door Skate, -

6. Paddle-fish,

7. Common Sturgeon,

8. Lake Sturgeon, -

9. Short-nosed Sturgeon, •

10. Channel Cat,

ii. Lake Catfish,

12. Yellow Cat,

13. Long-jawed Catfish,

14. White Cat,

15. Horned Pout,

1 6. Marbled Cat, -

17. Black Bullhead,

1 8. Stone Cat,

19. Lake Carp, -

20. Long-nosed Sucker, -

21. Common Sucker,* -

22. Hog Sucker,

23. Southern Chub Sucker, f

24. Northern Chub Sucker,

25. Striped Sucker, -

* Recorded also from the Walkill, Passaic and Hackensack.
f Recorded also from the Passaic and Hackensack.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

255

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK — Continued.

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26. White-nosed Sucker, -

27. Red Horse, -

28. Fallfish,

29. Horned Dace,

30. Tench,

31. Lake Minnow,

32. Horned Chub, -

33. Cutlips,

34. Goldfish, -

35. Carp,

36. Eel*

37. Conger,

38. Moon -Eye,

39. Northern Moon-Eye,

40. Gizzard Shad, -

41. Sea Herring, -

42. Skipjack, -

43. Hickory Shad,

44. Branch Herring,

45. Glut Herring,

46. Shad,

47. Menhaden,

48. Striped Anchovy,

49. Mitchill's Anchovy,

50. Round Whitefish,

51. Common Whitefish,

52. Smelt, New York Lakes,

* Recorded also from the Walkill, Passaic and Hackensack.

256 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK — Continued.

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53. Lake Herring,

54. Moon-Eye Cisco,

55- Lor>g Jaw. -

56. Tullibee, -

57. King Salmon,

58. Atlantic Salmon,

59. Landlocked Salmon,

60. Lake Tahoe Trout, -

61. Steelhead,

62. Brown Trout,* -

63. Hybrid Trout,

64. Lochleven Trout,

65. Rainbow Trout, f -

66. Swiss Lake Trout, f -

67. Lake Trout, -

68. Brook Trout,! -

69. Saibling,§

70. Sunapee Trout. f

71. Smelt, -

72. Banded Pickerel,

73. Little Pickerel,

74. Chain Pickerel, J

75. Common Pike,

76. Mascalonge,

* Introduced into many trout waters.

f Introduced into Lake George.

| Recorded also in the Walkill and Passaic.

£ Introduced into Sterling Lake.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

257

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK — Continued.

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rERIOR

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77. Northern Mascalonge, •

78. Barred Mascalonge, -

79. Silversides,

80. Striped Mullet, -

8 1. White Mullet,

82. Common Mackerel, -

83. Chub Mackerel,

84. Tunny,

85. Bonito, -

86. Spanish Mackerel,

87. Cero,

88. King Fish ; Sierra, -

89. Sword Fish, -

90. Yellow Mackerel,

91. Crevalle^

92. Common Pompano, •

93. Bluefish,

94. Crab-eater,

95. Harvest Fish,

96. Butter Fish,

97. Crappie,

98. Calico Bass,

•

99. Rock Bass,

100. Warmouth,

101. Green Sunfish,

102. Long-eared Sunfish, -

103. Blue-gill,

258 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.
RECORDED DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK — Continued.

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104. Sunfish,* -

105. Small-mouth Black Bass,f

106. Large-mouth Black Bass,J

107. Pike Perch, -

108. Sauger,

109. Gray Pike,

no. Yellow Perch, § -

in. White Bass, ||

112. Striped Bass,

113. White Perch,

114. Sea Bass, -

115. Flasher,

1 1 6. Red Snapper,

117. Pig Fish,

118. Scup,

119. Sailor's Choice,

120. Sheepshead,

121. Weakfish,

122. Spotted Weakfish,

123. Yellowtail,

124. Red Drum,

125. Spot,

126. Croaker,

127. Kingfish,

* Recorded also from the Walkill, Passaic and Hackensack.

f Introduced into the Passaic,

\ Recorded from the Walkill, Passaic and Bronx.

§ Recorded also from the Passaic and Hackensack.

| Introduced into Greenwood Lake.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 259

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK — Concluded.

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128. Drum,

129. Fresh-water Drum,

130. Bergall, -

131. Blackfish,

132. Spade Fish,

133. Rosefish,

134. Whiting,

135. Pollack,

136. Tomcod, -

137. Cod,

138. Haddock,

139. Burbot,

140. Hake,

141. Squirrel Hake,

142. Cusk,

143. Halibut,

144. Rough Dab,

145. Summer Flounder,

146. Southern Flounder, -

147. Four-spotted Flounder, -

148. Sand Dab,

149- Flatfish,

26O SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND c.AMK COMMISSION.

The names employed in this catalogue are essentially the same as those used in
"Fishes of North and Middle America" by Jordan & Evermann. Some of the
specific names differ from those given by Jordan & Evermann for reasons which are
fully explained in the author's "Catalogue of the Fishes of New York," forming
Bulletin 60 of the Nc\v York State Museum.

The references to the literature are purposely limited to the writings of Mitchill,
DeKay, and a fe\v more recent authors who have written especially about the fishes
of the State, or whose works contain descriptions of all the species.

Illustrations of the fishes have been freely introduced in order to furnish the
easiest method of identification by the non-scientific reader. The use of these illus-
trations was made possible by the courtesy of Hon. George M. Bowers, U. S. Com-
missioner of Fish and Fisheries.

98. THE CALICO BASS.

Notes on Common Names, Distribution, Habits and Captare

of New

i. Great Sea Lamprey (Pctroinyson viarinns Linnaeus).

Petromvzon niarinus MITCHILI., Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 461, 1815 ; DEK.AY,
N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 379, pi. LXVI, fig. 216, 1842 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull.
47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 10, 1896, pi. I, fig. 3, 1900.

The Sea Lamprey, or Lamprey Eel, inhabits the North Atlantic, ascending
streams to spawn. The species ranges southward on our coast to Virginia. In the
Delaware, Susquehanna, and their tributaries, this is a common fish. Its larval
form, which is blind and toothless, is extremely abundant in muddy sandflats near
the mouths of small streams and is a very important bait for hook and line fishing.

GREAT SEA LAMPREY.

The Sea Lamprey grows to a length of 3 feet. It is dark brown in color,
mottled with black and white. In the breeding season, in spring, the males have a
high fleshy ridge in front of the dorsal. The spawning is believed to take place in
May or June. The eels cling to the rocks by means of their suctorial mouths and
the eggs are deposited in shallow water on a rough bottom where the current is
swift. Some observers state that they make nests by heaping up stones in a circle
and deposit the eggs under the stones. The ovaries are large, but the eggs are
very small. \

The food of the Lamprey is chiefly animal matter and the fish is somewhat of a
parasite, burrowing into the side of shad, sturgeon and some other species. The
teeth are adapted for this method of feeding. The tooth bearing bone of the upper
side of the mouth contains two teeth which are placed close together. On the bone
corresponding with the lower jaw there are seven or nine stout cusps. There are

numerous teeth around the disk; the first row on the side of the mouth containing

261

262

SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

bicuspid teeth, the others are simple. The tooth on the front of the tongue has a
deep median groove. The species is adapted for fastening itself to other fishes and
extracting from them their blood.

The Lamprey is considered a good food fish in some localities, but in other places
it is rarely eaten. In Connecticut and Massachusetts the species is highly esteemed.
It is preserved by salting for several weeks before using. The fish are sometimes
caught with the hands or by means of a pole armed with a hook in the end. As it
is found in shallow water and will not usually relinquish its hold on the bottom, its
capture is easily effected.

2. Common Skate (Raja erinacea Mitchill).

Raja erinaceus MITCHILL, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, IX, 290, pi. 6 (male), 1825 ; DEK.AY,

N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 372, pi. LXXVIII, fig. 246, 1842.
Raja erinacea JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 68, 1896, pi. IX,

fig. 29, 1900.

COMMON SKATE.

A very common species on our coast, from Maine to Virginia. It is one of the
small rays and is not much valued for food. Eggs of this Skate have been obtained
in Gravesend Bay in March. In captivity eggs have been deposited in winter. The
species will endure captivity during the spring, fall, and part of the winter, but not
at all in summer.

Mitchill had the ray from Barnegat and from off Sandy Hook. DeKay did not
see the fish, but copied the description and figure of Mitchill. Smith refers to it as
the "Summer Skate" or "Bonnet Skate.1' It is found at Woods Hole from
June to October. The names " Hedgehog Ray " and " Bonnet Skate " are given in

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 263

allusion to its habit of rolling itself up when caught. At Southampton, L. I., this
species was taken in small numbers August 3, 1898.

3. Spotted Skate (Raja ocellata Mitchill).

•
Raja ocellata MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 477, 1815.

Raia ocellata DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 369, 1842 (not pi. 65, fig. 212).

The Spotted Skate reaches a length of nearly 3 feet ; its egg cases are more than
twice as large as those of R. crinacca. The species is found from New York to
Massachusetts and northward.

SPOTTED SKATE.

Dr. Mitchill described a specimen which was 30 inches long and 19 inches wide.
Dr. DeKay calls this species the Spotted Ray. He found the stomach of one filled
with rock crabs (Cancer irroratus). To the fishermen this and allied species are
known as Skate. It has no commercial value in Great South Bay. In the traps at
Islip Skates reappear on October I on their fall migration. A female was caught
near the inlet, at Fire Island, September 29, 1898. The species was more abundant
later in the fall.

At Woods Hole, according to Dr. Smith, this is the Big Skate or Winter Skate.
It is common from February to June and from October 15 to the end of the trap
fishing; it is absent or very rare in summer.

264 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

4. Clear-nosed Skate (Raja cglantcria Bosc).

Raja eglanteria Bosc in LACE"PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 104, 109, 1800; JORDAN &

EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 71, 1896.
Raja diaphanes MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 478, 1815.

The Clear-nosed Skate, sometimes called Briar Ray, reaches a length of 2 feet
or more. It inhabits the Eastern Coast of the United States from Cape Cod to
Florida ; it has been found moderately common in Great South Bay in and near
Fire Island Inlet. Early in September both males and females were caught at Fire
Island Inlet and Wigo Inlet, but in October the species appeared to be scarce. It
has no commercial value in the bay and is usually thrown away.

At Woods Hole, Mass., it is not common. A few are taken every year in traps
at Menemsha, Martha's Vineyard.

BARN DOOR SKATE.

5. Barn Door Skate (Raja lavis Mitchill).

Raja Icevis MITCHILL, Am. Month. Mag., II, 327, 1818.
Raia lavis DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 370, 1842.

The Barn Door Skate reaches a length exceeding 4 feet; it is used to some
extent for food. The species has been taken in Gravesend Bay in October. It
suffers in captivity for the want of sand and mud and because of the lack of suitable
food, its average duration of life being 3 or 4 months.

Mitchill described an individual measuring 49 inches which was caught at a

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 265

wharf in the East River, November 5, 1815. At Woods Hole, Mass., it is common
in spring and fall, rare in summer.

6. Paddle-Fish (Polyodon spat hula Walbaum).

Polyodon folium MITCHILL, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, XII, 201, 1827.

Polyodon spathula JORDAN & E VERM ANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 101, 1896.

This is known as the Paddle-fish, Spoonbill or Spoon-billed Sturgeon, Shovel
Fish, Bill Fish, and Duck-billed Cat. It is called " Salmon " in some Western hotels.
The names are derived from the remarkable snout, which is produced into a long
spatula-shaped process, covered above and below with an intricate network and with
very thin flexible edges. The head and snout form nearly half of the entire length
of the fish. The fish cannot be confounded with anything else in the waters of the
United States. There is in China a similar fish, which, however, belongs to a differ-
ent genus.

The Paddle-fish is usually confined to the Mississippi Valley, but it has been

PADDLE-FISH.

recorded in Chautauqua Lake, and it is common in the Alleghany and the Monon-
gahela Rivers. It grows to a length of 6 feet, and a weight of 30 pounds or more.
The species frequents muddy bottoms, but does not feed on the mud and slime, as
many persons have supposed. The long snout is useful in procuring its food,
which consists chiefly of entomostraca, water worms, aquatic plants, leeches, beetles
and insect larvae.

Prof. S. A. Forbes, director of the Illinois Laboratory of Natural History, has
published the first and most satisfactory account of the feeding habits of this
shark-like fish. He found very little mud mixed with the food. Prof. Forbes was
informed by the fishermen that the Paddle-fish plows up the mud in feeding with its
spatula-like snout and then swims slowly backward through the water.

" The remarkably developed gill-rakers of this species are very numerous and
fine, in a double row on each gill-arch, and they are twice as long as the filaments of
the gill. By their interlacing they form a strainer scarcely less effective than the

266 SEVKXTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

fringes of the baleen plates of the whale, and probably allow the passage of the fine
silt of the river bed when this is thrown into the water by the shovel of the fish,
but arrest everything as large as the Cyclops. I have not found anything recorded
as to the spawning habits of the Paddle-fish. The young have the jaws and palate
filled with minute teeth, which disappear with age."

The flesh of the Paddle-fish is frequently considered tough and shark-like, but
individuals of 8 or 10 pounds are skinned, and sold in some of the western markets
freely, and are thought by some persons to be fairly good for the table.

7. Common Sturgeon (Acipenscr sturio Linnaeus).

Acipenser sturio LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. x, I, 237, 1758; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull.

47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 105, 1896.
Acipenser oxyrhincus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 346, pi. 58, fig. 189 (young), 1842.

The range of the Common Sturgeon includes the Atlantic Ocean southward to
Africa and the West Indies. The northern limit on our east coast appears to be
Cape Cod. In the Delaware River the fish has rarely ascended as far as Port Jervis.

COMMON STURGEON.

Dr. Mitchill was the first to call attention to the similarity between the American
Sharp-nosed Sturgeon and the sturio of Europe. The fish attains a length of 12
feet in America, and it is stated that European examples measuring 18 feet have
been taken.

The sturgeon ascends the large rivers from the sea in spring and early summer.
It is very common in the lower part of the Delaware River, where it forms the
object of an important fishery. This is the species concerning which so many
stories have been related as to its leaping into boats and injuring the occupants.

The mouth of the sturgeon is furnished with a very protractile roundish tube
having powerful muscles and intended for withdrawing from the mud the various
small shellfish and crustaceans on which the animal subsists. The mouth is
surrounded also with numerous tentacles, with tactile properties, which are utilized
in procuring food.

The reproductive habits of the sturgeon and the embryology of the species
have been made the subject of an exhaustive study by the late Prof. John A. Ryder

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 267

of the University of Pennsylvania, whose monograph forms a part of the Bulletin of
the U. S. Fish Commission for 1888. The eggs have been fertilized and developed
artificially by Seth Green and others many years ago, and in some parts of Europe
the hatching of the species has been carried on successfully. The U. S. Fish
Commission has also recently taken up the culture both of the marine and the
lake sturgeon, and these valuable fish may soon be reared on an extensive scale.

The utilization of the flesh, the skin and air-bladder and the eggs of the stur-
geon is so well known as to require little more than passing mention in this place.
The smoking of the flesh and the manufacture of caviare from the eggs are very
important industries along our eastern coast.

The sturgeons are easily taken in gill nets and pounds, but the great strength of
the fish frequently entails considerable loss of apparatus.

The Common Sturgeon appears every spring in Gravesend Bay, and sometimes
in the fall. It is hardy in captivity. A female 8 feet long was brought from the
mouth of the »Delaware River, May 20, 1897, to the New York Aquarium. It
seemed to take no food till December I, when it began to feed freely on opened
hard clams.

LAKE STURGEON.

8. Lake Sturgeon (Acipenscr rubicundus LeSueur).

Acipenser rubicundus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 344, pi. 58, fig. 191, 1842 ; JORDAN
& EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 106, 1896.

This is known as the Lake Sturgeon, Ohio River Sturgeon, Rock Sturgeon,
Bony Sturgeon, Red Sturgeon and Ruddy Sturgeon. It inhabits the Mississippi
and Ohio Rivers and the Great Lakes, and is abundant in the Alleghany. From
the lakes it ascends the streams in spring for the purpose of spawning. Dr.
Richardson states that the northern limit of the sturgeon in North America is
about the 55th parallel of latitude.

The Lake Sturgeon is smaller than the common marine sturgeon, the average
adult being less than 5 feet in length. The average weight of 14,000 mature
sturgeon taken at Sandusky, O., was about 50 pounds. It frequently reaches a
length of 6 feet.

In the Lakes the species, according to observations of James W. Milner, inhabits

268 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

comparatively shoal waters. The food of this sturgeon is made up chiefly of
shellfish, including the genera Liunuea, Mclantlio, Pliysa, Planorbis and Valvata.
Eggs of fishes are also to be found in its stomach.

In Lake Erie the species spawns in June, for which purpose it ascends the rivers
in large schools till stopped by obstructions or insufficient depth of water. The
breaching of the sturgeon is a well-known habit. Instances are recorded of serious
injury to persons by sturgeons throwing themselves into boats. The sturgeon will
occasionally take a baited hook, but its great strength and unwieldiness make it an
undesirable fish for the angler.

Large numbers of sturgeon have been destroyed by fishermen during the
whitefish season simply on account of the annoyance caused by their presence in
the nets. Now that the flesh is esteemed for smoking, and the demand for caviare
made from the eggs has largely increased, the wanton waste of this fish has been
checked. A troublesome parasite of the sturgeon is the lamprey eel (Pftromyeon
concolor Kirt.) which attaches itself to the skin presumably for the purpose of
feeding on the mucus which is exuded from the pores in great abundance, and
remains fixed in one position so long as to penetrate to the flesh and produce a
deep ulcerous sore.

The Lake Sturgeon was formerly not very much prized, but is rapidly growing
in favor. The flesh is eaten in the fresh condition or after boiling in vinegar or
curing by smoking. Smoked sturgeon is now considered almost if not quite equal
to smoked halibut, and the demand for it is increasing. From the eggs of the
sturgeon a good grade of caviare is produced. " The caviare is made by pressing
the ova through sieves, leaving the membranes of the ovaries remaining in the
sieve, and the eggs fall through into a tub. This is continued until the eggs are
entirely free from particles of membrane, when they are put into salt pickle and
allowed to remain for some time."

A large specimen now in the museum of Cornell University is reported as being
from Cayuga Lake. Seth Green informed Dr. Meek that sturgeons had occasionally
been taken in that lake ; but so far as he knew, they had never been found in any
other of the small lakes of Central New York.

H. V. Kipp, of Montezuma, N. Y., wrote Dr. Meek as follows: "There have not
been any sturgeons taken from Cayuga Lake since 1880, but quite a number before
that date, and the largest known weighed 35 pounds."

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 269

9. Short-nosed Sturgeon (Acipcnscr brevirostrum LeSueur).
Acipenser brevirostrum JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I. 106, 1896.

This little sturgeon has not been positively recognized anywhere except in the
Delaware and in Gravesend Bay ; only a few specimens have been obtained in the
river, and it is rare in Gravesend Bay. Prof. Ryder collected five examples at Dela-
ware City in the spring of 1888, and has published a description of the species in
the Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission for that year.

The largest specimen known was 33 inches long ; individuals 20 inches long are
capable of reproducing the species.

At the present time the Short-nosed Sturgeon probably never comes into the
markets on account of its small size, which prevents its capture in "the nets used for
taking the common sturgeon. About 1817, however, it was brought in the shad
season to Philadelphia and sold for 25c. to 75c. each.

Spawning takes place in the Delaware during 'May. The eggs are deposited in
depths of I to 5 fathoms on hard bottom in brackish or nearly fresh water. Prof.

SHORT-NOSED STURGEON.

Ryder states that the eggs are extruded by rubbing the belly either against hard
places on the river bed or against the rough bodies of the males, two or more. of
which accompany each female. The gravid roe fish are larger than the mal.es,
Prof. Ryder found the ova more or less adhesive immediately after their removal
from the abdomen, but -the sticky mucus covering is soluble in water. The period
of. hatching varies from four to six days.

Up to the third month of its life the young sturgeon has minute conical teeth. in
its jaws, and at this age it is believed to subsist on " rhizopods, unicellular algae,
infusoria, minute larvae of insects and worms, crustaceans, etc." Still following .the
observations of Prof. Ryder, we learn that the sturgeon, when it has reached a
length of i inch to \y2 inches, has minute teeth on the floor of the pharynx and
feeds on small water fleas, and probably algce, worms, embryo fishes, insects and
fresh-water copepods. Later in life the fish seeks larger crustaceans, and the adults
occasionally contain fragments of mussel shells. The young fish have been caught
under the ice in midwinter and are known to pass most of the year in fresh
water.

2/O SEVKNT1I KEI'OUT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

A single small example of this sturgeon was brought to the New York Aquarium
from Gravesend Bay, May 13, 1896, and was alive and in good condition in
November, 1898.

Dr. Smith records the occurrence of the species along with the common sturgeon
at Woods Hole, Mass., but says it is less numerous. It is captured in the traps.

10. Channel Cat (Ictalurus pinictatns Rafinesque).

Ictalurus punctatus JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., 95, 1876 ; JORDAN & GILBERT,
Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 108, 1883 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., I, 134, 1896, pi. XXV, fig. 58, 1900.

This species is variously styled the Channel Cat, White Cat, Silver Cat, Blue
Cat and Spotted Cat. It is found over a vast extent of country, including the

CHANNEL CAT.

Mississippi and Ohio Valleys and the Great Lakes region. In the Eastern States
it is absent from streams tributary to the Atlantic, but occurs from Vermont south
to Georgia, westward to Montana, and southwestward to Mexico. In Pennsylvania
it is limited to the Ohio and its affluents.

The adults of this species are bluish silvery, and the young are spotted with
olive. It is one of the handsomest of the family of catfishes and an excellent
food fish. The Spotted Cat grows to a length of 3 feet and a weight of 25 pounds.
It is extremely variable in color and in number of fin rays, and has consequently
been described under more than 20 different names. It is most abundant in large
clear streams. The species is less hardy than most of the other catfishes.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 271

II. Lake Catfish (Ameiurus lacustris Walbaum).

Ictalunts nigricans JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 108, 1883.
Pimelodus nigricans DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 180, pi. 52, fig. 170, 1842.
Ameiurus lacustris JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 137, 1896.

This is the Great Fork-tailed Cat, Florida Cat, Flannel-mouth Cat, and Great
Blue Cat of various writers. It is also called Mud Cat in the St. John's River, Fla.
The species is highly variable, as we would suppose from its wide distribution.

In 1879, I)r°f- Spencer F. Baird received from Dr. Steedman of St. Louis, a
Mississippi River Catfish weighing 150 pounds and measuring 5 feet in length. The
writer described this fish as a new species related to the Great Black Catfish of the
Mississippi Valley, Ainciunts nigricans. At the present time it is somewhat
doubtful whether or not this is merely an overgrown individual of the species under
consideration and the matter must remain in doubt till smaller examples of
A meiurus ponderosus have been obtained.

LAKE CATFISH.

The Great Fork-tailed Cat is a native of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, and in
the Southern States its range extends southward to Florida ; northward it ranges
to Ontario.

This Catfish reaches a weight of 100 pounds or more, and, if it includes the giant
form above referred to, we may place the maximum weight at more than 150
pounds. Dr. Steedman was informed by an old fisherman that the heaviest one he
had ever seen weighed 198 pounds, but it is doubtful that such large individuals are
to be taken at the present time. In Lake Erie this species usually weighs from 5
to 15 pounds, and the largest specimens reach 40 pounds.

The habits of this fish are presumably about the same as those of other species
of the family. On account of the great size of the fish it naturally prefers lakes and
large rivers. It is a bottom feeder and will take almost any kind of bait. This
species is wonderfully tenacious of life. It spawns in the spring and protects its

272 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

young, which follow the parent fish in great schools. Dr. Theodore Gill has
reviewed in Forest and Stream the subject of the Catfishes' care of their young.

This is a valued food species, though not a choice fish. In Lake Erie, according
to a Review of the Fisheries of the Great Lakes, published by the U. S. Fish
Commission, the Catfish rank next to Whitefish in number of pounds taken.

In Lake Erie Catfish are taken chiefly by means of set lines, and the fishing is
best during the months of June, July, and August. The method of fishing is thus
described in the Review just referred to: "The apparatus consists of from 200 to
400 hooks attached by short lines to a main line, which is from 5 to 27 fathoms long,
according to place in which set, and is held in place by poles or stakes pushed into
the mud. The lines are usually set in the lake, but occasionally short ones are
fished in the bayous and marshes. Catfish are taken with a bait of herring, Coregonits
artcdi, or grasshoppers, and are mostly used in the families of the fishermen and
their neighbors or sold to peddlers. * * * The size of the Catfish ranges from
5 to 25 pounds, averaging 8 or 10 pounds." In some parts of Lake Erie the set line
fishery for Catfish begins April 15. Some of these lines have as many as 2,000 hooks.
The pound nets also take a good many Catfish in the spring and fall. In Toledo
these fish bring 4^ cents a pound. Erie receives its supply of Catfish from fisher-
men who operate in the lake from Erie to Elk Creek with set lines during the
summer months. DeKay had the species from Buffalo, where he saw specimens
weighing from 25 to 30 pounds, and heard of individuals weighing 80 pounds. He
states that it is usually captured by the spear.

12. Yellow Cat (Ameiurus natalis LeSueur).

Pimelodus cupreus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 187, 1842 (Name only).
Ameiurus natalis JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 139, 1896.

The Yellow Cat, or Chubby Cat, is found from the Great Lakes to Virginia and
Texas. It has many varieties, three of which are mentioned by Prof. Cope as
occurring in Pennsylvania, two of them in the Ohio River and its tributaries and the
third in Lake Erie. The species is not credited to the region east of the Alle-
ghanies. Dr. Meek saw only a single specimen from Cayuga Lake.

The length of the Yellow Cat sometimes reaches 2 feet, but averages much less.

Nothing special is recorded about the habits of this species. It is most abundant
in sluggish streams.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 273

13. Long-jawed Catfish (Ameiurus vulgar is Thompson).

Ainiiirus dekayi BEAN, Fishes Penna., 15, pi. 18, fig. 24, 1893.

Ameiurus vulgaris JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 140, 1896.

The Long-jawed Catfish is found in the Great Lakes region and westward to
Manitoba. It is believed to be very nearly related to the common catfish,
A. nebulosus, but its projecting lower jaw will serve to distinguish it. This
character, however, we know by experience is not so satisfactory as it might be.

The species reaches the length of 18 inches and the weight of 4 pounds. It is
occasionally taken in the Ohio River, but is more abundant in Lake Erie. Jordan
& Evermann state its range to be from Vermont to Minnesota and Illinois, chiefly
northward. The U. S. National Museum has it from Manitoba. Dr. Meek found
a single specimen which was caught near Ithaca among more than 100 of the
common bullheads. It seems to be rare in that basin. Thompson, who described
the fish, had specimens from Lake Champlain. The Long-jawed Catfish is similar

LONG-JAWED CATFISH.

in all respects except its projecting lower jaw to the common catfish, A. nebulosus,
and may be found identical with it.

14. White Cat {Ameiurus catus Linnaeus).

Pitnelodus atrarius DEKAY, N. Y. Fishes. 185, pi. 36, fig. 116, 1842.
Amiurus albidus JORDAN, Bull. 10, U. S. Nat. Mus. 84, 1877, figs. 15 & 16, 1877; BEAN,
Fishes Penna., 14, pi. 18, fig. 23, 1893.

This is the White Cat or Channel Cat, in Philadelphia distinguished as the
Schuylkill Cat. The Channel Cat is one of the most abundant of its family in the
Potomac River. It is abundant in the Susquehanna and common in the Schuylkill.
This species reaches a length of 2 feet and a weight of 5 pounds. It is extremely
variable with age. Old examples have the mouth so much wider than it is in

the young that they have been described as a distinct species. The Big-mouthed
18

2/4 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Cat of Cope is now considered to be the old form of the White Cat. The habits of
this species agree with those of other species already mentioned. The name
Channel Cat suggests a favorite haunt of the fish. As a food it is highly prized.

Eugene Smith says this catfish occurs in all the larger streams subject to the
tide in the vicinity of New York City.

It is frequently caught on set lines with liver or killy bait and bites best at
night. The flesh is much better flavored than that of A. nebulosus.

WHITE CAT.

15. Horned Pout (Aiticiurus nebulosus LeSueur).

rimdodns catus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 182, pi. 37, fig. 119, 1842.
Amiurus nebulosus BEAN, Fishes Penna., 16, pi. 19, fig. 25, 1893.

This is known as the Common Catfish, Bullhead, Horned Pout, and Minister.

This species has a wider distribution than the White Cat, its range including
New England and extending southward to South Carolina, west to Wisconsin and
southwest to Texas. It has also been transferred from the Schuylkill to the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin Rivers, Cal., where it has multiplied so rapidly that it is now
one of the most common fishes of those streams. This is the most abundant cat-
fish in Lake Erie and its tributaries. The species reaches a maximum length of 18
inches and a weight of 4 pounds, but the average size of market specimens is much
smaller. In the lower waters of the Susquehanna color varieties of this species are
not uncommon. One of them appears to be the same as the Ainiurns inannoratns
of Holbrook ; this supposed color variety is found also from Illinois to Florida. The
lower Susquehanna has furnished also some singularly colored examples of this fish,
distinguished by large areas of jet black with lemon and white. These freaks are
among the most interesting and beautiful observed in this family of fishes.

From Jordan's Manual of the Vertebrates I quote Thoreau's account of the
habits of this species :

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

275

The horned pout are " dull and blundering fellows," fond of the mud, and grow-
ing best in weedy ponds and rivers without current. They stay near the bottom,
moving slowly about with their barbels widely spread, watching for anything eat-
able. They will take any kind of bait, from an angleworm to a piece of tin tomato
can, without coquetry, and they seldom fail to swallow the hook. They are very
tenacious of life, " opening and shutting their mouths for half an hour after their
heads have been cut off." They spawn in spring, and the old fishes lead the young
in great schools near the shore, seemingly caring for them as a hen for her chickens.

The species was obtained in Swan River at Patchogue, N. Y., August 12, 1898.
Young were seined in Bronx River in August. Larger individuals were sent from
Canandaigua Lake and Saranac Lake in November. Several albinos were obtained
from the Hackensack Meadows, N. J., in August, 1897. In three months they
grew from 3 inches to 6 inches in length. In captivity the fish feed freely on
chopped hard clams and earthworms and, occasionally, liver.

HORNED POUT.

The following notes are from Eugene Smith, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 1897,

p. I 1-12.

Very variable in color, from blackish and olive to brown and yellowish above,
becoming lighter below, and often clouded on the sides. Those from tidal or run-
ning water are lighter colored than those from stagnant places or ponds. The
largest specimen found by me in the near vicinity of New York measured 13^3
inches in length and weighed I pound 2 ounces.

At the end of the third year this fish is perhaps fully matured. The ripe eggs are
of the size of large pin heads, and are of an orange color ; the very young fishes
look like little black toad tadpoles. The spines are strongly developed at an early
age. The old fish accompanies the brood for a certain time, always swimming
around the swarm of young in order to keep them together. When alarmed the
parent dashes off, followed by the whole swarm.

276 SKY i:\TI I REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

16. Marbled Cat (Ainciunts iicbu/osus uiartnoratus Holbrook).

Amiurus maniwratus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 104, 1883.
Ameiurus nebulosus marmoratus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 141,
1896.

Body moderately elongate, its depth about one-fourth total length to caudal
base ; slope of profile very steep ; jaws equal or subequal ; dorsal fin high, its spine
more than one-half as long as head, and nearer to adipose fin than to tip of snout ;
head long, three and one-fourth times in total length to caudal base; barbels long;
anal rays 21 ; body much mottled with brown, greenish and whitish. Lowland
streams and swamps from New York to Southern Indiana and Florida. The type of
the marmoratus of Holbrook was from South Carolina.

17. Black Bullhead (Ameiurus melas Rafinesque).

•
Pimelodus pullus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 184, pi. 37, fig. 117, 1842.

Amiurus pullus BEAN, Fishes Penna., 16, 1893.

The Black Bullhead reaches the length of I foot. It is found in the Great Lakes
region and in the Mississippi Valley, westward to Kansas and southward to Texas.

This species was known to DeKay as the Brown Catfish. His specimens were
taken from Lake Pleasant and Lake Janet, N. Y., and he states that it is also very
common in many other lakes of Northern New York, where its principal use is to
serve as bait for the lake trout. Dr. Jordan had it from the Genesee River. Dr.
Evermann obtained a specimen in Mill Creek, at Sacket Harbor, N. Y., July 2, 1894,
and doubtfully referred to this species a young individual collected in Sandy Creek,
at North Hamlin, N. Y., August 20, 1894.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

277

18. Stone Cat (Noturus flavus Rafinesque).

Noturus flavus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 100, 1883; BEAN, Fishes
Penna., 18, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 144, 1896, pi.
27, fig- 63, 1900.

The Stone Cat is found from Ontario, throughout the Great Lakes region, south
to Virginia and Texas, west to Montana and Wyoming. It inhabits the larger
streams. Dr. Evermann obtained two specimens at Nine Mile Point, in the Lake
Ontario region, June 11, 1893.

The species has very little value as food on account of its small size. It seldom
exceeds 12 inches in length, but it is a very good bait for Black Bass. The Stone
Cats are much dreaded by fishermen because of the painful wounds sometimes
produced by their pectoral spines. There is a minute pore in the axil of the
pectoral, which is the outlet of a noxious liquid secreted by a poison gland. When
this poison is discharged into a wound, it causes an extremely painful sore.

STONE CAT.

19. Lake Carp (Carpiodes thonipsoni Agassiz.)

[878 ; JORDAN & GILBERT,
Abundant in the Great Lakes region. Found in Lake Champlain.

Carpiodes thompsoni JORDAN, Bull. 12, U. S. Nat. Mus. i<
Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 119, 1883.

20. Long-nosed Sucker (Catostomus catostomus Forster).

Catostomits longirostris JORDAN, Bull. 12, U. S. Nat. Mus. 175, 187

BERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 126, 1883.
Catostomus catostomus, BEAN, Fishes Penna., 25, pi. 20, fig. 30, 1893.

; JORDAN & GIL-

The Northern Sucker, Long-nosed Sucker, or Red-sided Sucker, as the above
species is styled, occurs in the Great Lakes and northwest to Alaska in clear, cold
waters. It is very common in Lake Erie. It grows to a length of 2 feet and is

2/8 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

largest and most abundant northward, in Alaska reaching a weight of 5 pounds. As
a food fish the Long-nosed Sucker is little esteemed ; but in cold countries the head
and roe are used in making a palatable soup.

The males in the breeding season, in spring, are profusely covered with tubercles
on the head and fins and have a broad rosy band along the middle of the body. In
the Yukon River, Alaska, Dr. Ball found the fish filled with spawn in April. The
eggs are of moderate six.e and yellow in color. Nelson has seen this species seined
by Eskimo in brackish estuaries of streams flowing into Kotzebue Sound. W. J.
Fisher has collected specimens on the peninsula of Alaska.

This was not found in Cayuga Lake basin by Dr. Meek, but it occurs in the
Adirondack region, and Dr. Meek believes it is a member of the Cayuga Lake fauna.
Dr. Evermann obtained five specimens at Grenadier Island, N. Y., June 28, 1894.

The small race found by Fred Mather in the Adirondack's is the ordinary dwarf
form characteristic of mountain regions. He discovered four individuals, only

LONG-NOSED SUCKER.

inches long, "but mature and breeding" in a little mountain brook emptying into
Big Moose nearly north of the Big Moose Club House, by a bark shanty known as
" Pancake Hall." The fish were spawning, and he discovered many eggs under the
stones. The females were brown with white on belly, the male with red stripe on
the side.

21. Common Sucker (Catostomus commersonii Lacepede).

Catostomus feres BEAN, Fishes Penna., 25, 1893.

Catostomus pallidus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 200, pi. 33, fig. 104, 1842.
Catostomus commersonii JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 178, 1896,
pi. 34, fig. 83, 1900.

The Common Sucker is also known as the Pale Sucker, White Sucker, Gray
Sucker, Brook Sucker, and, among the Canadian French, as carpe blanche. It is the
commonest member of its genus in waters east of the Rocky Mountains. It is

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 279

found from Canada to Florida and westward to Montana. Covering such a wide
range of territory, the species is naturally variable, and has been described over
and over again by many authorities under a great variety of names. The male of
this sucker in spring has a faint rosy stripe along the middle of the side. The
young are brownish in color and somewhat mottled and have a dark median band
or a series of large blotches. The adults are light olive varying to paler and some-
times darker; sides silvery.

The species reaches a length of 22 inches, and a weight of 5 pounds. It is a
very common inhabitant of ponds and streams of the lowlands, and a small race
occurs in certain cold mountain streams in the Adirondack region, where it is
dwarfed in size and changed in color, but does not differ in essential characters.
Dr. Rothrock also obtained a mountain race of this sucker in Twin Lakes, Col., at
an elevation of 9,500 feet above the sea level.

The Common Sucker is a very indifferent food fish in the estimation of most

COMMON SUCKER.

people, but, when taken from cold waters and in its best condition, its flesh is very
palatable. It takes the hook readily when baited with common earth worms.

Dr. Richardson says :

" Its food consists chiefly of soft insects, but in one I found the fragments of a
fresh-water shell. It is singularly tenacious of life, and may be frozen and thawed

again without being killed."

Dr. Meek found this species abundant throughout the entire Cayuga Lake basin,

where it is known as the Common White Sucker.

Dr. Evermann in his catalogues of the fishes of Lake Ontario, taken in 1894,
mentions this sucker from the following localities: Stony Creek, Black River, Mud
Creek, Cape Vincent, mouth Salmon River, Chaumont River, creek at Pultneyville,
mouth Little Salmon Creek, Sandy Creek, Long Pond, Stony Island, Lakeview Hotel,
7 miles northeast of Oswego, and Marsh Creek. In the St. Lawrence River basin he
and Barton A. Bean obtained the young in Racket River, Norfolk, N. Y., July 18,

28O SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

and in the St. Lawrence River, 3 miles below Ogdensburg, July 17. In the Lake
Champlain basin these two collectors secured young and half grown specimens in
the Saranac River, at Plattsburg, July 28, 1894.

The writer received specimens from Canandaigua Lake in November of 1896 and
1897, and seined the young in Bronx River in August, 1897. The small mountain
form was secured from Saranac Lake in November, 1897. It is conspicuous for its
small size and its red color. The Canandaigua lake suckers, received in November,
1896, throve in captivity till July, 1897, when the warm water killed them.

Eugene Smith writes of this species :

" Color brownish, olivaceous above, silvery below ; the young are much blotched
and marked on sides and back. It is occasionally caught on the hook. Young
ones, in captivity, though they always grub about, and though they take food
offered them, do not thrive and gradually starve. They remain wild and take
alarm easily and often leap out of their tank. This species enters slightly brackish
water."

22. Hog Sucker (Catostomus nigricans LeSueur).

Catostomus nigricans JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, 1883; BEAN,
Fishes Penna., 26, pi. 21, fig. 31, 1893; DKK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 202, 1842.

The Stone Roller has a wide distribution and a remarkable variety of common
names. Among them are : Hammer Head, Stone Lugger, Stone Toter, Crawl-a-
Bottom, Hog Molly, Hog Mullet, Mud Sucker, Hog Sucker, Banded Sucker,
Large-scaled Sucker, and Black Sucker. The name Shoemaker was formerly applied
to this species in Lake Erie, perhaps on account of the resemblance of its color to
that of shoemaker's pitch.

Prof. Cope says that this species in Pennsylvania is most abundant in tributaries
of the Ohio and in the Susquehanna, while in the Delaware it is uncommon. It
ranges from Western New York to North Carolina and westward to Kansas. It is
the most remarkable looking of all the suckers of New York, and may always easily
be distinguished by the shape of its head. The species grows very large, reaching a
length of 2 feet. It delights in rapid streams of cold clear water. Its habit is to
rest quietly on the bottom, where its color protects it from observation. It is
sometimes found in small schools. The spawning season is in spring, and the young
are abundant in small creeks, as well as in the rivers. The food consists of insect
larvae and small shells, and it is specially fitted for securing its prey under stones in
the rapids. As a food fish this sucker has little value.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

28l

23. Chub Sucker {Erimyzon sucetta Lace"p£de).

Labeo gibbosus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 194, pi. 32, fig. 101, 1842.
Erimyzon sucetta BEAN, Fishes Penna., 27, 1893 (part).

The Chub Sucker here described is the southern form which was first made
known by Lacepede from an individual received from Charleston, S. C. Jordan and
Evermann now give the distribution of this form as extending from Virginia to
Texas. It appears to reach a little farther northward if the references to DeKay
are properly made. His Labeo gibbosus and esopiis and the Catostomus tuber culatus
seem to indicate the southern Chub Sucker.

The species reaches the length of I foot. It has very little value as food, but the

CHUB SUCKER.

young furnish excellent food for the larger fishes and are very interesting for
aquarium purposes.

24. Chub Sucker (Erimyzon sucetta oblongus Mitchill).

Labeo elegans DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 192, pi. 31, fig. 100, 1842.
Erimyzon sucetta JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, 1883 ; BEAN,
Fishes Penna., 27, 1893 (part).

This is known as the Chub Sucker, Sweet Sucker, Rounded Sucker, Creek Fish,
and Mullet. It has a wide range, practically including all the waters of the United
States east of the Rocky Mountains.

The Chub Sucker grows to a length of about I foot. It is very tenacious of life
and is a ready biter, but has little value for food. The young up to the length of
several inches have a very distinct lateral band. They are often found in the shelter
of water lilies and other aquatic plants close to brackish waters.

282 SEVENTH KKI'OKT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Dr. Evermann collected two specimens in Black Creek, tributary of Oswego River,
at Scriba Corners, N. Y., July 17, 1894. Dr. Meek found it very common about
Cayuga. and Montezuma, N. Y., but did not observe it near Ithaca. In the market
of New York, according to DeKay, the Chub Sucker makes its appearance in Octo-
ber, November and December. Specimens were seined in Bronx River in August,
1897.

A young example sent from near Princeton, N. J., by Prof. Ulric Dahlgren in
September, 1897, showed the following voluntary change of color: When it arrived,
it had the broad, longitudinal median band well developed and the vertical bands
obsolete; but soon after it was placed in a tank it obscured the longitudinal band
entirely and developed the vertical bands.

The food of the Chub Sucker consists chiefly of minute crustaceans, insect larvae
and aquatic plants.

STRIPED SUCKER.

25. Striped Sucker (Minytrema mclanops Rafinesque).

Minytrema melanops JORDAN, Bull. 12, U. S. Nat. Mus. 138, 1878; BEAN, Fishes Penna.,
28, pi. 21, fig. 32, 1893.

The Striped Sucker, also called Soft Sucker, Sand Sucker, and Black-nosed
Sucker, is found in the Great Lakes and south to South Carolina and Texas. In
Pennsylvania it is limited to Lake Erie and the Ohio Valley. In New York it is to
be expected in Lake Ontario and its tributaries, and should also occur in Chautau-
qua Lake.

The Striped Sucker grows to a length of 18 inches. Old males have the head
tuberculate in the breeding season in the spring. The species is very readily
distinguished by the dark stripes along the sides produced by spots at the base of
each scale. In the young of this sucker there is no lateral line but in adults it is
almost entire. This sucker prefers clear, sluggish waters and grassy ponds. It

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

283

readily adapts itself to life in the aquarium. It feeds entirely on mollusks, insects
and insect larvae. The species is not much esteemed as a food fish, though it is sold
in large numbers.

Minytrema mclanops is normally without a lateral line, but this feature is occa-
sionally partially developed and has caused some confusion in assigning certain
individuals to their proper genus; indeed, one author has described and figured the
Striped Sucker as two species, belonging to two different genera, having been misled
by this undeveloped character.

\
26. White-nosed Sucker (Moxostoma anisurum Rafinesque).

Moxostoma anisurum JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 141, 1883 ; BEAN,
Fishes Penna., 28, 1893 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 190,
1896.

WHITE-NOSED SUCKER.

The White-nosed Sucker is found sparingly in the Ohio River and the Great
Lakes region ; widely distributed, but nowhere abundant. Cuvier and Valenciennes
received from Milbert a specimen sent from Lake Ontario, measuring about 2 feet.
Dr. Jordan says this is very closely related to the common Red Horse, from which
it can hardly be distinguished except by its fins. Dr. Evermann collected a single
specimen at Fox Island, N. Y., June 29, 1894 ; he also obtained a specimen 12 inches
long at Point Breeze, N. Y., August 21, 1894, which he refers to this species, though
indicating some characters in which it differs from the normal form of the White-
nosed Sucker.

284 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

27. Red Horse (Moxostoma anrcolum LcSneur).

Catostomus aureolus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 201, pi. 42 fig. 133, 1842.
Moxostoma anrculuni JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 140, 1883 ; BEAN,

Fishes Penna., 30, 1893 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 192,

1896.

The Red Horse has the additional names of Golden Red Horse, Golden Sucker,
Mullet, Golden Mullet, and Lake Mullet. It inhabits the Great Lakes and the
region northward, also the Ohio Valley. It is common in Lake Erie, but not in
Ohio.

This species grows to a length of 18 inches and is one of the handsomest of the
suckers. Prof. Forbes records it from lakes of Northern Illinois, also abundantly in
the central part of that State.

Dr. Evermann, in collecting fishes of the Lake Ontario region, secured it at the
following localities: Lake Ontario, 4 miles off Nine Mile Point, N. Y., June 12, 1893 ;
Lake Shore, 3 miles west of Oswego, July 17, 1894; mouth Salmon River, July 25,
1894; Long Pond, Charlotte, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1894; Sandy Creek, North Hamlin,
N. Y., August 20, 1894.

Dr. Meek identified a single specimen of the so-called Common Red Horse of
Cayuga Lake with Moxostoma macrolcpidotnni, and stated, on the authority of Mr.
Kipp, that it is common at the northern end. Jordan & Evermann, however, do
not extend the range of macrolcpidotnni so far north, and it is probable that the
common Moxostoma of Cayuga Lake is M. aurcolum.

DeKay records the species as very common in Lake Erie. In August and Sep-
tember he observed them to be full of worms. In his New York Fauna, Fishes,
p. 198, he describes a sucker or mullet under the name Oneida Sucker. This he
stated is common in Oneida Lake. The species is considered identical with Moxos-
toma aurcolum. His description shows a very close agreement with that of aureoliun.

The food of the Red Horse consists chiefly of mollusks and insects. It is not a
choice food fish.

Eugene Smith records this form as occurring in the vicinity of New York City.
Mention has already been made of the doubt concerning the northern limits of the
range of macrolcpidotum ; but for the sake of comparison the brief description of
macrolcpidotum published by Jordan & Evermann is given herewith.

Head moderate, rather stout, its length four and three-fifths in body ; eye one
and two-thirds in snout ; dorsal fin with its free edge concave; scales usually with
dusky shade at base ; lower fins pale. Streams about Chesapeake and Delaware

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

Bays and southward to North Carolina. It seems in some respects intermediate
between M. aureolum and M. crassilabre ; we cannot at present identify it with
either.

28. Fallfish (Scniotiliis bullaris Rafinesque).

Semotilus bullaris JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 222, 1883 ; BEAN,

Fishes Penna., 50, pi. 24, fig. 41, 1893.
Leitciscns nitidus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 209, pi. 33, fig. 105, 1842, Lake

Champlain.

The Fallfish or Dace is one of the largest of the minnow family in New York,
reaching a length of 18 inches, and it is one of the most beautiful species as well as
game in its qualities. As a food fish, however, this is not greatly esteemed. It is
extremely common in the Delaware River and its tributaries and moderately abun-
dant in tne Susquehanna. The Fallfish is found from Quebec to Virginia. Mitchill

FALLFISH.

had it from the Wallkill River and knew of its occurrence in the Hudson, near
Albany. Rafinesque recorded it from the Fishkill and ether tributaries of the Hud-
son. DeKay knew it from Lake Champlain and from New York Harbor. Ever-
mann and Bean collected it in Scioto Creek, at Coopersville, and in Saranac River,
at Plattsburg, in July, 1894; also in Racket River, at Norfolk, and the St. Lawrence
River, 3 miles below Ogdensburg, in the same month.

In the Lake Ontario basin the U. S. Fish Commission parties found it at Sacket
Harbor, Centerville, Watertown, Oswego, Webster, Charlotte, Belleville, Henderson
Bay, Henderson Harbor, and Salt Brook, near Nine Mile Point.

The Fallfish delights in rapid, rocky portions of large streams and in the deep
channels. On being hooked it fights desperately for a short time, but its resistance
is soon overcome. Thoreau describes it as a soft fish with a taste like brown paper
salted, yet the boy fishermen will continue to covet and admire this handsome and

286 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

ubiquitous representative of the minnow family. A colored plate of the fish, natural
size, appears in the Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game
and Forest of the State of New York, 1898, facing page 146. There is also a good
account of the fish by A. N. Cheney on pages 244 and 245 of the same report.

29. Horned Dace (Seinoti/us atrouiaculalus Mitchill).

Leuciscus atromacnliitiis DK.KAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 210, pi. 32, fig. 102, 1842.
Senwtiliis atroinaculatiis BEAN, Fishes Penna., 51, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull.
47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 222, 1896 ; pi. XL, fig. 100, 1900.

The Common Chub, Creek Club, smaller Fallfish or Horned Dace has a wider
distribution than S. bnllaris, but it does not grow quite so large, seldom exceeding
i foot in length. Its range extends from New England to Missouri, southward to
Georgia and Alabama. It is extremely common and ascends the small streams.

HORNED DACE.

The U. S. Fish Commission collectors in 1894 took numerous specimens at the
following localities: Sacket's Harbor, July 2; Centerville, July 24; Watertown,
July 5; Oswego, July 25; Webster, August 9; Charlotte, August 17; Belleville,
July 12; Henderson Bay, July 4; Henderson Harbor, July 3; and Salt Brook, i^
miles above Nine Mile Point, June 10 and n, 1893.

Dr. Meek reported it as abundant throughout the Cayuga Lake basin. Large
examples are found in Canandaigua Lake. One of them measured 14 inches in July,
1897. The fish is killed by warm water. The food in captivity includes hard clams,
earthworms, and, occasionally, live killifish.

A. N. Cheney refers to this species on page 245 of the Third Annual Report of
the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest of the State of New York.

In Pennsylvania it is the commonest minnow in the Alleghany and Susquehanna
basins and is sufficiently common in the Delaware. According to Prof. Cope it
reached 4 pounds in weight and is a fair food fish.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

287

This species is more characteristic of the small streams and clear ponds and it
takes the hook very freely ; but its proper mission is to serve as bait for the larger
and choicer fishes.

30. Tench (Tinea tinea Linnaeus).

Tinea vulgaris CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss, XVI, 322, pi. 484, 1842 ;
HECKEL & KNER, Slissw. Fische, 75, fig. 34, 1858.

The Tench has been introduced into the United States. An individual taken in
the Potomac River near Washington, D. C., has a grinding surface well developed
on the pharyngeal teeth, a character concerning which no mention is made in the
current descriptions. The Tench now extends throughout the fresh waters of

TENCH.

Europe into those of Asia Minor. Its northern limit is said to be in Finland. It
may or may not be native to England. The species prefers still waters in which
aquatic plants abound. It is very tenacious of life and has been observed to live a
whole day out of water. Its food consists of insects, larvae, worms and vegetable
substances.

Spawning takes place in June and July. The eggs are small and adhesive. The
rate of growth is rather rapid under favorable circumstances, the young having
attained to a weight of I pound in their first year. Individuals of the weight of 10
or 1 1 pounds are recorded, and Salvianus mentioned a Tench of 20 pounds. As for
the quality of its flesh opinions differ, some persons considering it unpalatable, while
others regard it as delicious and wholesome.

288 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GA^E COMMISSION.

31. Lake Minnow (Hybopsis storcrianus Kirtland).

Ceratichthys lucens JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 213, 1883.
Leuciscus storerianus KIRTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., V, 30, pi. 9, fig. 2, 1847.

Kirtland found the Lake Minnow only in Lake Erie, where it was frequently
taken with seines in fishing for other species. The U. S. Fish Commission recently
added it to the fauna of the Lake Ontario basin, three specimens having been
collected in Long Pond, Charlotte, August 17, 1894.

32. Horned Chub (Hybopsis kentuckiensis Rafinesque.)

Leuciscus biguttatus DK.KAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 214 (extra-limital), 1842.
Hybopsis kentuckiensis BEAN, Fishes Penna., 49, pi. 24, fig. 40, 1893.

Rafinesque states that the fish is known as Indian Chub, Redtail and Shiner.
Other names in eastern localities are Nigger Chub, River Chub, Jerker, Horned Dace

and Horny-head.

The species ranges from Pennsylvania westward to Dakota and south to Ala-
bama. In Pennsylvania it is common in the Susquehanna and the Ohio basin, but
absent from the Delaware. Dr. Meek collected a few specimens at Montezuma, N. Y.,
and found none in any of the other localities investigated. Eugene Smith refers to
this species two specimens of fish from the Passaic River. The flesh of his fish
appeared to be very soft.

The Horned Chub abounds in large rivers and is rarely seen in small brooks.
This minnow grows to a length of 10 inches and is good for food. As a bait for the
Black Bass, because of its endurance on a hook, it cannot be excelled.

33. Cut-lips (Exoglossum maxillingua LeSueur).

Exoglossum maxillingua JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 160, 1883 ; BEAN,
Fishes Penna., 34, pi. 22, fig. 36, 1893 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., I, 327, 1896, pi. LIV, fig. 143, 1900, head below.

The Cut-lips may be readily distinguished by the three-lobed lower jaw, the
dentary bones being closely united and the lower lip represented by a fleshy lobe on
each side of the mandible.

The Cut-lip is known as Chub, Butter Chub, Nigger Chub and Day Chub. It is
a very common species in the Susquehanna and its tributaries. Its range is not
extensive, reaching only from Western New York to Virginia. In New York it
occurs in Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, Cayuga Lake and the

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 289

Hudson River. The U. S. Fish Commission has it from the following New York
localities in the Lake Ontario basin : Mouth Salmon River, Selkirk ; Big Sandy
Creek, Belleville ; Wart Creek, Buena Vista ; Little Stony Creek, Henderson Bay ;
Big Stony Creek, Henderson Harbor ; Spring Brook, Pulaski ; Black River,
Huntingtonville.

All of these were obtained in July, 1894. Evermann and Bean collected it also
in the St. Lawrence, 3 miles below Ogdensburg, July 17, 1894, and Scioto Creek,
Coopersville and Saranac River, Plattsburg, July 19, 1894.

Dr. Meek found it in small numbers in Six Mile Creek and Fall Creek, below the
falls. It inhabits clear running water.

The fish grows to the length of 6 inches and may be at once distinguished from
all of the other minnows by its three-lobed lower jaw. It is believed that this

GOLDFISH.

singular structure of the mouth enables the fish to scrape mollusks from their hold
on rocks, as its stomach usually contains small shellfish. It takes the hook readily.

r-
34. Goldfish (Carassiits auratus Linnaeus).

Cyprinus auratus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 190, 1842.

Carassius auratus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 253, 1883 ; BEAN,
Fishes Penna., 54, pi. 25, fig. 43, 1893.

The common Goldfish or Silverfish is a native of Asia, whence it was introduced
into Europe and from there into America, where it is now one of the commonest
aquarium fishes and is extremely abundant in many of our streams. In Pennsyl-
vania it abounds in the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers.
'9

290 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

DeKay made the following remarks about the Goldfish, or Golden Carp, as he
styled it :

" The Golden Carp, or Goldfish, as it is more generally called, was introduced
from China into Europe in the early part of the i/th century, and probably shortly
after found its way to this country. They breed freely in ponds in this and the
adjoining States. They are of no use as an article of food, but are kept in glass
vases as an ornament to the parlor or drawing room. They are said to display an
attachment to their owners and a limited obedience to their commands."

They are introduced into lakes, ponds, fountains and reservoirs generally. An
individual was kept in a fountain at 42d Street and 5th Avenue, New York, by
Patrick Walsh nine years and was then presented to the aquarium.

At Cold Spring Harbor Hatchery, L. I., several varieties were hatched from the
same lot of eggs. These included the normal form, the typical fan-tail, and one
which was so deep bodied that it could scarcely balance itself in swimming.

The Goldfish in the New York Aquarium were never troubled by fungus parasites.

" In many of our streams and ponds, the Goldfish has run wild, and hundreds of
the olivaceous type will be secured to one of a red color. In the fauna of the
moraine ponds and in quarry holes, the Goldfish stands first. It will breed in foul
water where only Catfish and Dogfish (Umbra) can be found." Eugene Smith.

The Goldfish is extremely variable in color and form. It is usually orange, or
mottled with black and orange, yet in some streams and even in pond culture,
silvery individuals are often more common than any of the mottled varieties. The
species grows to the length of 12 inches. It spawns early in the spring and is
subject to many dangers and is attacked by many enemies. The fish, however, is
extremely hardy, prolific, and tenacious of life.

35. Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus).

Cyprinus carpio DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 188, 1842 ; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16,
U. S. Nat. Mus., 254, 1883 ; BEAN, Fishes Penna., 55, pi. i, colored, 1893.

The Carp is a native of Asia and has been introduced into Europe and America
as a food fish, chiefly for pond culture. It thrives in all warm and temperate parts
of the United States, and reaches its best condition in open waters. In Texas it has
grown to a length of 23 inches in 1 1 months after planting. The leather variety is
most hardy for transportation. Mr. Hessel has taken the Carp in the Black and
Caspian Seas ; salt water seems not to be objectionable to it, and it will live in stag-
nant pools, though its flesh will be decidedly inferior in such waters. The Carp

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 2QI

hibernates in winter except in warm latitudes, takes no food and does not grow ; its
increase in size in temperate latitudes occurs only from May to August.

The spawning season begins in May and continues in some localities till August.
A Carp weighing 4 to 5 pounds, according to Mr. Hessel, yields from 400,000 to
500,000 eggs ; the Scale Carp contains rather more than the other varieties. During
the spawning the fish frequently rise to the surface, the female accompanied by two
or three males. The female drops the eggs at intervals during a period of some
days or weeks in shallow water on aquatic plants. The eggs adhere in lumps to
plants, twigs and stones. The hatching period varies from 12 to 16 days.

According to Hessel the average weight of a Carp at 3 years is from 3 to 3^
pounds; with abundance of food it will increase more rapidly in weight. The Carp
continues to add to its circumference till its thirty-fifth year, and in the southern
parts of Europe Mr. Hessel has seen individuals weighing 40 pounds and measuring

•' V ' * ' ; ' ' i i i t ; i' / i* / ' '

^.vV,',V,V : ( ' ' ' ' ' ( ' ' ' * ' M < <<TJ

' ' ""-.

CARP.

3^ feet in length and 2^ feet in circumference. A carp weighing 67 pounds and
with scales 2^ inches in diameter was killed in the Danube in 1853. There is a
record of a giant specimen of 90 pounds from Lake Zug, in Switzerland. Examples
weighing 24 pounds have been caught recently in the Potomac River at Washington,
D. C.

The Carp lives principally on vegetable food, preferably the seeds of water plants
such as the water lilies, wild rice and water oats. It will eat lettuce, cabbage
soaked barley, wheat, rice, corn, insects and their larvae, worms and meats of various
kinds. It can readily be caught with dough, grains of barley or wheat, worms,
maggots, wasp larv?e and sometimes with pieces of beef or fish.

During the summer of 1897 two female Leather Carp died in captivity as a result,
of retention of the eggs.

Large individuals are found in Prospect Park Lake, Brooklyn, where the species
was introduced. The food of the fish in captivity includes hard clams, earthworms,

SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST. FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

wheat, corn, lettuce and cabbage. Its growth is remarkable. A Leather Carp has
fully doubled its weight in one year.

Linnaeus says the Carp was introduced into England about the year 1600.
DeKay places the first introduction into New York waters in the year 1831, and
publishes a letter of Henry Robinson, Newburgh, Orange Co., who brought them
from France, reared and bred them successfully in his ponds, and planted from one
dozen to two dozen at a time in the Hudson during the four years preceding his
letter. Mr. Robinson stated that they increased greatly and were frequently taken
by fishermen in their nets.

36. Eel (Anguilla cJirysypa Rafinesque).

Anguilla chrisypa RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag., II, 120, Dec., 1817.

Anguilla tenttirostris DtKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 310, pi. 53, fig. 173, 1842 ; BEAN,

Fishes Penna., 95, pi. 30, fig. 58, 1893.
Anguilla chrysypa JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 348 1896, pi. LV,

fig. 143, 1900.

EEL.

The Eel appears to have only one common name. It is one of the best known
and most singular of our fishes, yet its breeding habits have only recently been
observed. The species ascends the rivers of Eastern North America from the Gulf
of St. Lawrence to Mexico, the former being the northern limit of the species on
our coast. In the Ohio and Mississippi valleys it is extremely common and its
range has been much extended by the opening of canals and by artificial introduc-
tion. It has been transferred to the Pacific coast.

The Eel has been known to exceed a length of 4 feet. The average length of
individuals, however, is about 2 feet. The female is larger than the male, paler in
color, and is different in certain other particulars, which are Tientioned in the
descriptions of the species.

This is a very important food fish. It is caught chiefly when descending the
rivers in the fall. In 1869 about a ton of eels were caught in a single fish basket

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 293

above Harrisburg. At the present time this method of capture is illegal. Both
adults and young eels ascend the streams in spring, the young coming in millions,
but in the fall run small eels are seldom seen. Till a comparatively recent date it
was not certainly known that the eels have eggs which are developed outside of the
body. Even now the breeding habits are scarcely known, but it is supposed that
spawning takes place late in the fall or during the winter near the mouths of rivers,
on muddy bottoms. Dr. Jordan has expressed the belief that the eel sometimes
breeds in fresh water, since he has found young eels less than an inch long in the
headwaters of the Alabama River, about 500 miles from the sea. It is estimated
that a large eel contains about 9,000,000 eggs. The eggs are very small, measuring
about 80 to an inch, and can scarcely be seen by the naked eye.

The difference of size in the sexes has already been referred to. According to one
writer the males are much smaller than the females, rarely exceeding 15 or 16 inches
in length. The question whether eels will breed in fresh water has an important
bearing on their introduction into places from which they cannot reach the sea.
The generally accepted belief is that, while the eels will grow large and fat, they
will not reproduce under such circumstances.

When the eels meet obstructions in streams they will leave the water and travel
through wet grass or over moist rocks. They have not been able to surmount the
Falls of Niagara. At the foot of this barrier hundreds of wagon loads of young
eels have been seen crawling over the rocks in their efforts to reach the upper
waters.

Dr. Mitchill heard of an eel which was caught in one of the south bays of Long
Island that weighed 16^ pounds. He records the use of eelpots and the practice
of bobbing, and also the winter fishing by spearing. Dr. Mitchill states distinctly
that the ovaries of eels may be seen like those of other fish, but they are often mis-
taken for masses of fat. Dr. DeKay states that he had examined the silver eel of
the fishermen and was disposed to consider it only a variety of the common eel.
He characterizes it as " silvery gray above, with clear, satiny white abdomen, sepa-
rated from the color above by the lateral line."

In captivity eels live many years. They delight to lie buried in the mud or sand
with only their heads out, ready for anything edible to come within reach. Mussels
and snails are picked out of the shells by them. (After Eugene Smith, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. Y. No. 9, p. 29, 1897.)

The eel in captivity is particularly liable to attacks of fungus, which do not
always yield to treatment with salt or brackish water ; but the parasite can be over-
come by placing the eel in a poorly lighted tank.

SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

In Cayuga Lake, N. Y., according to Dr. Meek, the eel is not common, but is
occasionally taken at the end of the lake.

W. H. Ballou makes the following remarks about the feeding habits:
" They are among the most voracious and carnivorous fishes. They eat most
inland fishes except the gar and the chub. They are particularly fond of game
fishes, and show the delicate taste of a connoisseur in their selections from choice
trout, bass, pickerel and shad. On their hunting excursions they overturn huge and
small stones alike, working for hours if necessary, beneath which they find species of
shrimp and crayfish, of which they are exceedingly fond. They are among the most
powerful and rapid of swimmers. They attack the spawn of other fishes open-
mouthed, and are even said to suck the eggs from an impaled female. They are
owl-like in their habits, committing their depredations at night."

37. Conger (Leptocephalus conger Linnaeus).

Murcena conger LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. X, I, 245, 1758.

Conger occidentalis DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 314, pi. 53, fig. 172, 1842, very poor.
Leptocephalus conger GOODE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, pi. 240, 1884; JORDAN & EVER-
MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 354, 1896, pi. VII, fig. 148, 1900.

CONGER.

The Conger Eel occurs on both coasts of the Atlantic, on our coast extending
from Cape Cod to Brazil, but often coming into shallow bays. An exception is
noted in Great Egg Harbor Bay, where the fish is not rare in summer. It is some-
times caught in Gravesend Bay also in summer, and occasional individuals are cap-
tured on hand lines off Southampton, L. I., by men fishing for sea bass and scup.
The fishermen dislike to handle the species on account of its pugnacity and strength ;
it snaps viciously at everything near it when captured in our waters; yet, strangely
enough, the writer has seen a hundred or more taken on trawl lines off the north
coast of France, in a boat at one time, and not one gave evidence of ferocity.

In captivity in the aquarium the sea eel suffers severely from fungus attacks,

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 295

which are not relieved by changing the fish from salt water to fresh. Perhaps
the salinity of the water in some localities is too low, and relief might be obtained
by supplying sea water of normal ocean density.

The young and larval form of the Conger is a curious, elongate, transparent,
band-like creature with a minute head, a very small mouth and with the lateral line,
belly, and anal fin dotted with black points.

An individual nearly 3 feet long was captured with a hand line by A. P. Latto in
the ocean, near Southampton, L. I., August 3, 1898, while fishing for sea bass and
scup.

In the Woods Hole region, according to Dr. Smith, " it comes in July and
remains until fall ; very common for several years, but rather rare formerly. Fisher-
men as a rule do not distinguish it from the common eel. A few are taken in traps
and with lines, but many large ones, weighing from 8 pounds upwards, are caught
in lobster pots. A specimen in the collection weighs 10 pounds. One caught on a
line at Falmouth, August 30, 1897, weighed 12 pounds. The smallest observed are
15 to 20 inches long."

Mitchill declared the flesh to be very dainty eating. DeKay said the flesh has a
peculiar unsavory taste. He discovered that it is a vicious animal, snapping when
captured at everything near it. In France the Conger Eel is among the cheapest and
least esteemed of the food fishes.

The observations of Dr. Otto Hermes, Director of the Berlin Aquarium, on the
habits and the reproduction of the Conger Eel are of very great interest. Refer-
ence is made to them by Goode in Fish and Fishery Industries of United States,
I, p. 657, and two figures copied from drawings of Dr. Hermes are given in the text.
The ovary of the Conger, says Dr. Hermes, is developed in captivity, and this is
often the cause of the death of the eel. In a Conger which died in the Berlin
Aquarium the ovaries protruded very extensively, and a specimen in the Frankfort
Aquarium burst on account of the extraordinary development of the ovaries. The
ovaries of this eel, which weighed 22^ pounds, themselves weighed 8 pounds, and
the number of eggs was about 3,300,000. The want of a natural opening for the
escape of the eggs was evidently in this case the cause of death. In the fall of 1879
Dr. Hermes received a number of small sea eels taken in the vicinity of Havre.
These eels ate greedily and grew rapidly. Only one was tardy in its development,
so that it could easily be distinguished from the rest. This one died June 20, 1880,
and was examined the same day. It proved to be a sexually mature male and
served to clear up some very doubtful problems in the reproduction of the species,
as well as its ally, the Common Eel.

296 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

38. Moon-eye (Hiodon tcrgisus LeSueur).

Hyodon tergisus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 265, pi. 41, fig. 130 ; JORDAN & GILBERT,

Bull. 1 6, U. S. Nat. Mus., 260, 1883.
Hiodon tergisus BEAN, Fishes Penna., 57, pi. 25, fig. 44 (named alosoides), 1893 ; JORDAN

& EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 413, 1896, pi. LXVIII, fig. 180, 1900.

This species is called Moon-eye, Toothed Herring, and Silver Bass. It is found
in Canada, the Great Lakes region and the upper part of the Mississippi Valley,
being very common in large streams and lakes. It abounds in Lake Erie and the
Ohio and is seined in large numbers. DeKay observed the fish in the Alleghany
River, N. Y. He recorded it also from Buffalo and Barcelona, on Lake Erie, at
which places it is known as Moon-eye, Shiner and Lake Herring. He says it is very
indifferent food.

MOON-EYE.

This species grows to a length of i foot and, like the other, though a beauti-
ful fish and possessed of excellent game qualities, its flesh is full of small bones.
It is a good fish for the aquarium ; it will take a minnow or the artificial fly very
readily, and the utmost skill is required in its capture. Its food consists of insects,
small fishes and crustaceans.

Dr. Richardson describes this fish as a member of the minnow family, which,
he says, is known to the Canadians under the name La Quesche. The fish is
described as having the back brilliant green, sides and abdomen with a silvery
luster. The specimens which were taken in the Richelieu, where it falls into the
St. Lawrence, were about 9 or 10 inches long.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 297

39. Northern Moon-eye (Hiodon alosoides Rafinesque).

Hyodon alosoides JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 259, 1883.

Hiodon alosoides BEAN, Fishes Penna., 57, 1893 (not figure) ; JORDAN & EVERMANN,

Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 413, 1896.
Hyodon clodalis DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, pi. 51, fig. 164, not description, 1842.

The Northern Moon-eye is found from the Ohio River throughout the Great
Lakes region to the Saskatchewan. It is very common in Manitoba and other
parts of British America. In Pennsylvania it is limited to the western region.

DeKay must have had the Northern Moon-eye for study, though his description
seems to apply to another species. The figure of his Hyodon clodalis represents a
fish with a short dorsal fin, quite unlike his account in the text.

The Northern Moon-eye is very readily distinguished from the other species of
the genus by its short dorsal fin, which contains only nine rays, and by its carinated
belly. It grows to the length of I foot. The flesh is not greatly esteemed as a
rule, but the fish is beautiful and has excellent game qualities.

Richardson says the fish inhabits lakes which communicate with the Saskatche-
wan, in the 53d and 54th parallels of latitude, but does not approach nearer to
Hudson's Bay than Lake Winnipeg. This we know to be a mistake. He says
further that it is taken during the summer months only, and in small numbers, in
gill nets set for other fish. It bites eagerly at an artificial fly or worm. Its flesh is
white, resembling that of the perch in flavor, and excelling it in richness.

40. Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianuin LeSueur).

Dorosoma cepedianum JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 271, 1883 ; GOODE,
Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 610, pi. 217 A, 1884 ; BEAN, Fishes Penna., 63, 1893 ;
JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 416, 1896, pi. LXIX, fig. 183,
1900.

The Mud Shad, also known as Gizzard Shad, Winter Shad, Stink Shad, White-
eyed Shad, Hickory Shad, Hairy Back and Thread Herring, is found in brackish
waters along the coast from New York southward to Mexico, ascending streams and
frequently becoming landlocked in ponds. A variety of this fish is also common in
the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, whence it has spread through canals into Lakes
Erie and Michigan.

Cuvier and Valenciennes had the species from New York, whence it was sent by
Milbert. DeKay mentions it only as an extralimital fish, but in his time the fish
fauna of Lake Erie was very little known.

298 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

This fish grows to a length of 15 inches and a weight of 2 pounds. It spawns in
summer, and its food consists of algae, confervae, desmids and diatoms. With its
food it takes large quantities of mud, from which it separates the organic substances
after swallowing. This is a beautiful species, somewhat resembling the shad in gen-
eral appearance, and has been very successfully kept in the aquarium where its
bright colors and graceful movements make it attractive ; but its flesh is soft, taste-
less and seldom eaten when any better can be obtained. In most regions fishermen
consider it a great nuisance and throw away their entire catch. Negroes eat the
mud shad from tributaries of the Chesapeake, and in Florida the fish has been util-
ized to some extent in making guano. The name Gizzard Shad alludes to the form
of the stomach, which is very much like that of a hen.

GIZZARD SHAD.

41. Sea Herring (Clupea harengus Linnaeus).

Clupea harengus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 265, 1883 : BEAN,

Kept. N. Y. Comm. Fish., separate, 42, pi. XXIV, £g. 32, 1890.
Clupea elongata DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 250, 1842.

The Sea Herring is the most important food fish of the world and it is
undoubtedly the most abundant of all the fishes. Its food consists of small
invertebrates, chiefly copepods and the larvae of worms and mollusks. It forms
the most important food of many of our valuable food fishes, including the cod,
haddock, halibut, bluefish, and a great many others. Herring spawn at two seasons,
spring and fall, the first spawning continuing from April to June and the second
season between July and December. The eggs are adhesive and are deposited on the
bottom, where they adhere to seaweeds and other objects of support. The egg is
about J/20 inch in diameter. The hatching period lasts from 12 to 40 days, accord-
ing to the temperature of the water. Sea Herrings were artificially hatched as early

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 399

as 1878, both in Germany and the United States. It has been estimated that the
annual yield of Sea Herring is 3,000,000,000 fish, principally taken in Norway.

The Herring occurs on our east coast from Labrador to New York. When
found as far south as New York, it usually occurs in midwinter. Capt. Thurber
obtained it in Great South Bay in the fall.

The young of the Sea Herring is well known as the whitebait of England and
the United States, though in the latter country the young of other species are
sometimes mingled with those of the Sea Herring.

Many young, translucent fish of the genus Clupea, a little under 2 inches long,
are seen in spring in the shad fykes and pounds of Gravesend Bay. They are called
"shad bait," because they are said to be taken frequently from shad stomachs.

Large Sea Herring, according to W. I. DeNyse, are rare in Gravesend Bay.
Only about 100 or 200 are obtained there during fall and winter.

SEA HERRING.

Young examples, from 4^4 to 6 inches long were obtained in the bay November
23, 1897.

In the vicinity of Woods Hole, Mass., according to Dr. Smith, "schools of large
herring in spawning condition appear about October 15, and remain till very cold
weather sets in, their departure corresponding with that of the cod. By January
young herring ^ inch long are taken in surface tow nets; by May I, they are I to
\y± inches long, and by August I, 2^ to 3 inches. Fish 3 to 5 inches long, called
"sperling" are found from September I to end of the season and are used for
mackerel bait. About June I, there is a large run of herring, smaller than those in
the fall run. This lasts two weeks, during which time the traps are full of them.
No use is made of the early run, but in fall they are caught in gill nets for food
and bait."

300 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

42. Skipjack (Pomolobtts chrysochloris Rafinesque).

Pomolobus chrysochloris JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 425, 1896,

pi. LXX, fig. 187, 1900.
Clupea chrysochloris JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus. 266, 1883 ; BEAN,

Fishes Penna., 59, 1893.

The Golden Shad, or Skipjack, is a common inhabitant of the Ohio and Mississippi
valleys and the Gulf of Mexico. In Pennsylvania this fish is confined to the Ohio
and its tributaries. It prefers large streams. It has made its way into the Great
Lakes through canals. The presence of the Golden Shad in the salt water of the
Gulf of Mexico was discovered by Silas Stearns near Pensacola, Fla. This species
grows to a length of 18 inches.

Unlike most other species of Clupea, this one, according to observations of Prof.

SKIPJACK.

S. A. Forbes of Illinois, is predaceous, feeding on other fishes. Two examples
examined by him had eaten gizzard shad, Dorosoma, and another one individuals of
some unidentified fish. The young of the Golden Shad, 2^ inches long, had con-
sumed nothing but terrestrial insects, including flies, small spiders, etc.

Apparently it never ascends small streams. In the lower part of the Mississippi
valley it migrates into salt water. In the upper part of this valley it is a permanent
resident in fresh water. The name Skipjack is given in allusion to its habit of skip-
ping along the surface of the water when in pursuit of its prey. In the water its
movements are graceful and active.

The fish is full of small bones and its flesh is reputed to be tasteless and without
value as food ; but Kirtland says it is esteemed in Ohio as a good pan fish.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. '3OI

43. Hickory Shad (Pomolobus mcdiocris Mitchill).

Clupea mediocris JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 266, 1883 ; BEAN, i9th

Kept. N. Y. Comm. Fish., separate, 43, pi. XXV, fig. 34, 1890.
Alosa mattowaca DE!VAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 260, pi. 40, fig. 127, 1842.

This species is referred to by Dr. Mitchill as the Staten Island Herring, Clupea
mediocris, which, he says, grows very large for a herring, being frequently 18 inches
long and almost as big as a small shad. It has " six or eight brown spots, longi-
tudinally, below the lateral line," as reported by an inhabitant of that part of the
bay of New York which borders on Staten Island. Mitchill also has the same
species under the name of Long Island Herring, Clupea mattoivaca. This, he
says, is also called the Autumnal or Fall Herring, as well as Shad Herring and
Fall Shad. Mitchill recognized it as probably the full grown fish of the C. medi-
ocris. He was not able to distinguish it from that species. The length of the

HICKORY SHAD.

Green Back, according to this writer, frequently reaches 2 feet, with a depth of
from 4^ to 6 inches. At the time of this writing the fish was taken in October
and November in seines on the surf side of the beaches fronting Long Island.
Dr. DeKay mentions examples in the market early in July, which are brought from
the Connecticut River, where they are called Weesick. He states that the specific
name bestowed on it by Mitchill was derived from the aboriginal name of the island,
Mattowaca or Mattowax. In Great South Bay the name Green Back is well estab-
lished for the species. A single example was seined, September 29, at Fire Island.
October i, 1890, considerable numbers of large Green Backs were caught in a trap
at Isiip. The Hickory Shad is caught in Gravesend Bay during September, October
and November, but is less plentiful than it was formerly. Large Hickory Shad
weighing from y2 pound to 2^ pounds were shipped from waters near New York
City to Fulton Market October 30, 1896. Each of them had in its stomach from

3O2 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, PISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

15 to 20 Sand Launce from 3^ to 5 inches long. A few specimens were seined at
Blue Point Cove, Great South Bay, and at Howell's Point, in the same bay, August
31, 1898.

At Woods Hole, Mass., it comes in the spring, but is most numerous late in Sep-
tember and till trap fishing ends. In October, 1895, a trap near Tarpaulin Cove
caught 3,500 at one lift. These brought 10 cents each in New York. In spring and
summer the fish has no market value, but it sells in the fall.

The name Hickory Shad is applied to this species from the Chesapeake Bay
region southward, and in some Georgia rivers this is abbreviated to Hicks. In the
Potomac and some other rivers tributary to the Chesapeake, the name Tailor Shad
is applied to this fish. The Hickory Shad occurs from Maine to Florida, entering
rivers except in New England. The species is much less valuable than the shad, for
which it is often sold by dealers. Nothing definite is known about its habits, but

BRANCH HERRING.

Marshall McDonald was of the opinion that it spawns in the rivers at a little earlier
period than the shad, which it always precedes in the ascent of the streams in spring.

44. Branch Herring (Pomolobus pseudoJiarengus Wilson).

Clupea vernalis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 267, 1883 ; BEAN, Fish

& Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 588 ; Fishes Penna., 58, pi. 25, fig. 45, 1893.
Alosa tyrannus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 258, pi. 13, fig. 38, 1842.

The Branch Herring, River Herring, or Alewife has a variety of additional names.
It is the Ellwife or Ellwhop of Connecticut River, the Spring Herring of New York,
the Big-eyed and Wall-eyed Herring of Albemarle, the Sawbelly of Maine, the Gray-
back of Massachusetts, the Gaspereau of Canada, Little Shad of certain localities, and
the Cayuga Lake Shad of New York. The recorded range of the Branch Herring is
from the Neuse River, N. C, to the Miramichi River, in New Brunswick, ascending

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 303

streams to their headwaters for the purpose of spawning. The fish is found abun-
dant in Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, N. Y., where it has probably made its way natu-
rally. In Lake Ontario, since the introduction there of the shad, the Alewife has
become so plentiful as to cause great difficulty to fishermen, and its periodical mor-
tality is a serious menace to the health of the people living in the vicinity. The
belief is that the fish were unintentionally introduced with the shad. In Pennsyl-
vania the Branch Alewife occurs in the Delaware and the Susquehanna in great
numbers in early spring.

The U. S. Fish Commission, in 1894, obtained specimens at the following locali-
ties of the Lake Ontario region: Cape Vincent, June 21 ; Grenadier Island, June
27 ; mouth Salem River, Selkirk, July 25 ; Long Pond, Charlotte, N. Y., August 17 ;
Lake Shore, mouth Long Pond, August 17 ; Sandy Creek, North Hamlin, August 20.
Not a native of Cayuga Lake, but often found there in large numbers. Known
to the fishermen as Sawbelly. It is thought to have been introduced into the lakes
of Central New York by the State Fish Commission. Large numbers are often
found dead on the shores of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. (After Meek.) DeKay
says it appears in New York waters with the shad about the first of April, but never
in sufficient numbers to form a separate fishery.

The Branch Herring, or Alewife, is the first of the alewives to appear in Graves-
end Bay; it comes with the shad. It endures captivity well. November 30, 1897,
individuals above 7 inches in length were caught in Gravesend Bay, which were prob-
ably the young of the year.

The Alewife seldom exceeds I foot in length, the average market examples
being about 10 inches. The weight of the largest is about y2 pound, and the
average weight is about 5 or 6 ounces.

The fish enter the rivers earlier than the shad and return to the sea, or to estu-
aries adjacent to the river mouths at some undetermined date in the fall. During
the summer months enormous schools of full-grown, but sexually immature ale-
wives migrate along the coast, feeding on small crustaceans and themselves furnish-
ing food for bluefish, sharks, porpoises and other predaceous animals ; but none of
them are known to enter fresh water. In the rivers the alewives appear to eat noth-
ing, but they can be captured with small artificial flies of various colors. Their eggs
are somewhat adhesive and number from 60,000 to 100,000 to the individual. They
are deposited in shoal water; spawning begins when the river water is at 55° to 60°
F. The period of hatching is not definitely known, but is believed to exceed four
days.

During the spring and summer the young grow to a length of 2 and 3 inches ;

3O4 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

after their departure from the streams nothing is known of their progress, but it is
believed that they reach maturity in four years. We have no means of learning the
age of the immature fish seen in great schools off shore, and thus far the rate of
growth is unsettled.

The Branch Alewife, though full of small bones, is a very valuable food fish and
is consumed in the fresh condition as well as dry salted, pickled and smoked. The
fry can be reared in ponds by placing adults in the waters to be stocked a little
before their spawning season ; and they furnish excellent food for bass, rockfish,
trout, salmon and other choice fishes. The proper utilization of the immense over-
supply of these fish in Lake Ontario has become a serious economic problem.

Alewives are caught in seines, gillnets, traps and pounds, and they are often taken
by anglers with artificial flies.

GLUT HERRING — MALE.

45. Glut Herring (Pomolobus cyanonoton Storer).

Pomolobus astivalis GOODE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst., 24, 1879 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN,

Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 246, 1896.
Clupea astivalis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 267, 1883.

Mitchill's name, cestivalis, cannot be applied with any certainty to the " Glut
Herring ; " it appears to be a synonym of mcdiocris and mattowaca of the same
author. Its relation to mattowaca was long since pointed out by Dr. Gill. The
description herewith appended appears to make this conclusion inevitable.
(Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. p. 456, pi. 5, fig. 6, 1814.)

Summer Herring of New York. (Clupea (Estivalis.} Has a row of spots to the
number of seven or eight, extending in the direction of the lateral line. Tail
forked. Belly serrate ; and, in most respects, resembling the C. lialec, herein already
described. Rays: Br. 6 ; P. 15; V. 9 ; D. 16; A. 19; C. 19.

The figure shows a row of eight spots on the side extending as far back as the

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

305

end of the dorsal fin on the level of the eye. This resembles the hickory shad,
Pomolobus mediocns, more than anything else, and it probably was that species.

The Glut Herring arrives later than the Branch Herring and does not ascend
streams far above salt water. It appears to spawn only in the larger streams or
their tidal tributaries and at a temperature of 70° to 75° ; while the Branch Herring
spawns in water as low as 55° to 60° and ascends far up the streams and their small
fresh-water branches.

In Gravesend Bay the Glut Herring is called Shad Herring. November 30, 1897,
two young fish of the year, measuring about 7 inches in length, were obtained from
that bay. In Great South Bay the species is called Herring. A single example
was secured there on September 29, 1890. In 1898 it was not collected either in
Great South Bay or Mecox, in both of which the Branch Herring was abundant.

At Provincetown the species is known as the Blueback and Kiouk. According to

GLUT HERRING — FEMALE.

Storer, it appears there in small numbers in May, but is not abundant before June
10, and it remains on the coast for a short time only. The Alewife, or Branch
Herring, arrives on the coast of Massachusetts about the end of March, and is taken
till the middle or last of May.

46. Shad (Alosa sapidissima Wilson).

Clupea sapidissima BEAN, Fishes Penna., 60, pi. 2, 1893 ; CHENEY, 4th Ann. Rep. N. Y.

Com. Fish, colored pi. facing p. 8, 1899.

Alosa praestabilis DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 255, pi. 15, fig. 41, 1842.
Alosa sapidissima JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 427, 1896, pi.

LXXII, fig. 191, 1900.

The Shad is known also as the White Shad, and in the Colonial days it was
known to the negroes on the lower Potomac River as Whitefish. It is found natu-
rally along the Atlantic Coast of North America from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to
20

306 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

the Gulf of Mexico, ascending streams at various dates from January in its extreme
southern limit to June in far northern waters. In the Delaware and Susquehanna it
makes its appearance in April and departs after spawning ; but remains, sometimes,
as late as July 18, and many die.

The original distribution of the shad has been widely extended by artificial
introduction. In certain rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico the fish has been
established by planting. In the Ohio River a fishery has been created by the same
method ; and in the Sacramento River, Cal., the shad was successfully introduced,
and it has colonized not only this river but all suitable rivers from San Francisco to
Southern Alaska. It is now one of the common market species in San Francisco and
other west coast cities.

In the Susquehanna the shad was formerly one of the most important native food
fishes, but its range is now very limited on account of obstruction by dams. Twenty
years ago the Fish Commission reported that a few shad are taken yearly above the
Clark's Ferry dam, none, or at least a few dozen, above the Shamokin dam, none
above the Nanticoke dam and none above Williamsport. The largest run of shad
that has been kno\vn to pass the Columbia dam was that of 1867. "In 1871 the
finest Columbia shad were hawked in the market at Harrisburg, 30 miles from the
fisheries, at considerable less than a dollar a pair. The catch at Columbia exceeded
100,000."

The obstructions in the Delaware have been almost entirely overcome. In 1891
shad were caught higher up the Delaware than for many years, and spawned in the
upper reaches of the river beyond the New York State line. In 1891 the Delaware,
for the first time since 1823, was restored to its normal condition by means of the
fishway at Lackawaxen ; and, according to Col. Gay, it is at present the best shad
river in the country. The number of eggs obtained for artificial propagation in
the lower river was unusually small, but the number naturally deposited in the
upper waters was greater than for many years. Col. Gay observed a large number
of big female shad at Gloucester City, but a great scarcity of males. This neces-
sitated a long run up the river before spawning. The cause is believed to be the
lower temperature of the water during May, the lack of rain cutting off the usual
supply of warm surface water and the tributaries of the upper river bringing down
nothing but cold spring water, keeping the temperature of the river below the
normal for spawning purposes. Consequently the shad ascended more than 300
miles. Mr. Ford noticed that every pool in the upper river was full of shad, and he
saw them playing in the water by hundreds. Mr. Van Gordon saw them above
Port Jervis, and they were observed as far up as Deposit, N. Y.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 307

The shad reaches a length of 2 feet. It is asserted that 50 years ago shad
weighing from 8 to 13 pounds were not uncommon in the Susquehanna. It is said
that even larger individuals were taken. In California the shad reaches a larger
size than it does in the east, specimens weighing from 13 to 14 pounds being often
seen in the markets. The average weight of the females is 4 or 5 pounds. The
male is much smaller.

The young shad remain in the rivers till the approach of cold weather, when
they descend to the sea, and they are usually seen no more till they return as
mature fish ready for reproduction. They are known to feed on small flies, crusta-
ceans and insect larvae. They have been fed with fresh-water copepods and kept
alive in this way till they obtained a length of more than I inch. In the Carp ponds
at Washington, Dr. Hessel succeeded in rearing shad on the Daplmia and Cyclops to

SHAD.

a length of 3 or 4 inches, and one time, when they had access surreptitiously
to an abundant supply of young carp, well-fed individuals reached a length of 6
inches by the first of November. Shad have been kept at the central station of the
U. S. Fish Commission over the winter, but at the age of one year, doubtless for
lack of sufficient food, the largest was less than 4 inches long. At this age they
were seen to capture smaller shad of the season of 1891, which were an inch or more
in length. The Commissioner of Fisheries detected young shad also in the act of
eating young California salmon ; and on one occasion found an undigested minnow,
2 or 3 inches long, in the stomach of a large shad, and they have been caught with
minnows for bait. The principal growth of the shad takes place at sea, and when
the species enters the fresh waters for the purpose of spawning it ceases to feed,
but will sometimes take the artificial fly and live minnows. The migratory habit
of the shad has already been referred to. The spawning habits have been thus
described by Marshall McDonald :

The favorite spawning grounds are on sandy flats bordering streams and on sand

308 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

bars. The fish appear to associate in pairs, usually between sundown and 1 1 P. M.
When in the act of spawning they swim close together near the surface, their dorsal
fins projecting above the water and their movements producing a sound which the
fishermen call " washing." The eggs are expressed by the female while in rapid
motion ; the male following close and ejecting his milt at the same time. Such of
the eggs as come in contact with the milt are impregnated, but the greater portion
of them are carried away by the current or destroyed by spawn-eating fishes. After
impregnation the egg sinks to the bottom and under favorable conditions develops
in from three to eight days. According to Seth Green, the embryo shad swim as
soon as they break the shell and make their way to the middle of the stream where
they are comparatively safe from predaceous fishes. A mature female shad of 4 or
5 pounds contains about 25,000 eggs on the average, but as many as 60,000 have
been obtained from a 6-pound fish, and 100,000 were obtained from a single female
in the Potomac. There is great mortality among the shad after spawning. Dead
fish of both sexes are frequently seen floating in the water in the late months of
summer.

Mitchill states that the shad visits New York annually about the end of March
or beginning of April ; that it ascends toward the sources of the Hudson ; that it
usually weighs 4 or 5 pounds, but sometimes as much as 12 pounds. DeKay says a
large variety, supposed to be old fish, and weighing from 10 to 12 pounds, were
frequently taken in the Hudson, under the name of Yellow Backs. The shad, in his
time, ascended the river 150 miles to spawn, and descended in the latter part of May.
The introduction of gill nets, he writes, has caused a scarcity of the fish and will
drive them from the river before many years.

Nets set off shore in Gravesend Bay in the fall frequently enclose large quantities
of young shad, sometimes a ton and a half at one time, during their migration
seaward, but they are at once liberated. The fish are usually about 6 to 8 inches
long. October 17, 1895, sixty or seventy were caught in John B. DeNyse's pound,
among them a male 11 inches long and 2^ inches deep, and a female 12 inches
long and 3 inches deep. October 31, 1895, a male 13^ inches long and 2^ inches
deep, and a female 13^ inches long and 3^ inches deep were obtained in the
same pound. Apparently the shad do not all remain at sea after their first migra-
tion till they are sexually mature. In the Potomac River young shad 8 to 9 inches
long occasionally enter in the spring with the adults in large numbers. Mr.
DeNyse informs me that in the first spring run of small shad in Gravesend Bay
fully 90$ are males.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 309

47. Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe).

Clupea menhaden MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 453, pi. V, fig. 7, 1815,

New York.

Alosa menhaden DF.KAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 259, pi. 21, fig. 60, 1842.
Brevoortia tyrannus BEAN, igth Rept. N. Y. Comm. Fish, separate, 44, pi. XXV, fig. 35,

1890 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 433, 1896, pi. LXXIII,

The Menhaden has received more than 30 common names, among which the one
here employed is the best known and most suitable. In New Jersey it is frequently
called Bunker or Moss Bunker, and in some other localities it is the Bony Fish.
It is also called Bugfish, because of a crustacean parasite which is found in the
mouth.

MENHADEN.

The Menhaden reaches a length of 15 inches or more ; its average size is about I
foot. It is found along our east coast from Maine to Florida, swimming in immense
schools and fluctuating greatly in abundance. In certain localities its movements
are affected chiefly by temperature.

The use of the Menhaden as a source of oil and a material for fertilizers is so
well known as scarcely to need mention here. As an edible fish it is not generally
esteemed ; in most localities it is seldom eaten, though in some places it is consid-
ered a good food fish. Since the mackerel is becoming scarce, Menhaden are often
salted in barrels as a substitute for that fish.

The Menhaden appears in Dr. Mitchill's Fishes of New York as the Bony Fish,
Hardhead or Marshbanker. The aboriginal name Menhaden, and the one most
suitable for the species, is mentioned by this writer. Dr. DeKay, in his New York
Fauna, introduced the name Mossbunker as well as the Indian names Panhagen and
Menhaden. He notes also the names Skippang and Bunker as in use at the east
end of the island. For a survey of the 30 or more additional appellations of this

3IO SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

well-known fish, the reader is referred to the complete history of the American
Menhaden by Dr. G. Brown Goode.

The Menhaden comes into Gravesend Bay in May and through the summer.
Occasional individuals are seen there in the fall as late as November. The fish
can be kept alive in winter in captivity^ provided the water temperature does not
fall below 50° F. It makes its appearance on the shores of Long Island about the
beginning of June, sometimes in May, and remains till the cold season sets in. A
few specimens were taken September 22 in Blue Point Cove in 1884, and October i.
1890, many thousands were caught in a trap at Islip ; these were large and very fat
fish. The use of the Menhaden as a bait fish is too well known to need special
mention. In "chumming" for Bluefish near Fire Island Inlet this is the favorite
bait. In 1898 the young were obtained at Duncan's Creek, Howell's Point and
Nichols's Point August 29. Adults were sent from Islip by W. F. Clock August 18.

In the vicinity of Woods Hole, Mass., according to Dr. Smith, Menhaden arrive
in schools about May 20, but scattered fish are taken in March with Alewives ; they
remain till December i, sometimes till December 20, but are most abundant in June.
When the schools first arrive, the reproductive organs of many of the fish are in an
advanced stage of development, but after July i, none with large ovaries are found.
Late in fall the fish again have well-developed roes. The smaller fish are about an
inch long ; these are found in little schools about the shores and wharves as early as
July 15. The young are abundant throughout summer and fall. The average
length of adults is 13 or 14 inches; one fish 18 inches long was caught at Woods
Hole in 1876.

48. Striped Anchovy (Stolephorus brownii Gmelin).

Clupea vittata MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 456, 1815; DEKAY N. Y.

Fauna, Fishes, 254, 1842.
Stolephorus brownii JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 273, 1883; BEAN,

Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 149, 1888; Kept. N. Y. Comm. Fish., 279, 1890.

The species occurs from Cape Cod southward to Brazil and the West Indies.

This is the Satin Striped Herring of Mitchill's Fishes of New York, p. 456. By
some of the fishermen in Great South Bay it is supposed to be the Whitebait, and is
so called. The Anchovy was extremely abundant in the bay in September, 1884.
I found it at the mouth of Swan Creek, in Blue Point Cove, near the Life Saving
Station, at Oak Island and at Fire Island. Specimens were seen as late as October 7.

This Anchovy forms a very important part of the food of the young weakfish
and bluefish in Great South Bay. It is present in very large numbers and could be

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 311

utilized as a food species. The largest examples of this fish which we have seen
were taken in Great Egg Harbor Bay in August; individuals measuring 5^ inches
in length were taken in the surf by hundreds, and weakfish were feeding on them
ravenously. In two hauls of a 2O-fathom seine we took here 54 weakfish.

This species was not common in Great South Bay during the summer of 1898.
It was found at Blue Point Cove August 18, and young were obtained at Nichols's
Point September I.

Dr. Smith records it as unusually abundant at Woods Hole, occasionally rather
uncommon. Found from August to late in fall. More numerous than any other
Anchovy.

49. Anchovy (StolepJwrus mitcliilli Cuv. & Val.).

Stolephorus mitchilli JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 248 ; BEAN, Bull.
U. S. F. C, VII,. 149, 1888 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 446,
1896.

Cape Cod to Texas on sandy shores ; the most abundant of the New York
species. It enters Gravesend Bay in May and remains till October. Locally known
as Anchovy and Whitebait. An excellent food fish and very important as the food
of larger fishes.

It is very generally distributed in bays along the south shore of Long Island,
having been found abundant in Scallop Pond, Peconic Bay, in Mecox Bay, and
almost everywhere in Great South Bay from July to September, 1898. A specimen
taken at Fire Island has a lernaean parasite attached to it. At Woods Hole, Mass.,
Dr. Smith reports it abundant, associated with 6". brownii.

50. Round Whitefish (Coregonus quadrilateralis Richardson).

Coregonus quadrilateralis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 298, 1883 ;
BEAN, Fishes Penna., 66, pi. 26, fig. 47, 1893.

This species is called Frost Fish in the Adirondacks ; other names are Meno-
minee Whitefish, Roundfish, Shad-waiter, Pilot-fish and Chivey, the last term applied
to the fish in Maine.

The Round Whitefish is found in lakes of New England, sometimes running into
streams, the Adirondack region of New York, the Great Lakes and northward into
British America and Alaska. Its distribution has been extended by transplanting
on account of its great value as food for the Lake Trout and other large fish of the
Salmon family. It seldom exceeds a length of 12 inches and a weight of I pound.
Like some other species of Whitefish it spawns in shallow parts of lakes or ascends

312 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

their small tributaries for that purpose. The food consists of small shells and crus-
taceans. The species frequents deep waters, where it falls an easy prey to the
voracious Lake Trout.

The Round Whitefish is excellent for the table. Its capture with hook and line
is difficult because of its very small mouth and its habit of retiring into deep water.
In the Great Lakes it does not constitute an important element of the fishery,
but in northern regions it is one -of the most useful and highly prized of the food
fishes.

This small Whitefish is one of the characteristic species of the Adirondack
Lakes. James Annin, Jr., sent specimens for identification from Hoel Pond and
Big Clear Lake, in Franklin County, N. Y., and from the third lake of the Fulton

ROUND WHITEFISH.

Chain. He states that the fish spawns in the little inlets or on the sand beaches.
It never appears until about the time the water begins to chill and freeze about the
edges. On the Fulton Chain of lakes the spawning season of 1895 was practically
closed about November 20. The Frostfish, according to Mr. Annin, is " a delicious
morsel."

An example taken at Sanarac Lake, November 23, 1897, showed the following
colors: Purplish gray ; lower parts whitish ; pectorals, ventrals and anal vermilion;
eye pale golden ; head especially behind the eyes with iridescent gold and purple
tints ; caudal, chiefly vermilion in life. The fish is a male with ripe milt. There are
numerous small tubercles on the scales of the sides above and below the lateral
line.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 313

51. Common Whitefish (Coregoniis clupeiformis Mitchill).

Coregonus albus KIRTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., Ill, 477, pi. XXVIII, fig. 3, 1841 ;

DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 247, pi. 76, fig. 240, 1842.
Coregonus clupeiformis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 299, 1883 ; BEAN,

Fishes Penna., 67, color pi. 3, 1893 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.

Mus., I, 465, 1896, pi. LXXVI, fig. 202, 1900.

The name Whitefish is thoroughly identified with this species and is seldom
varied except by means of the prefix " common " or (> lake." A well-marked variety
in Otsego Lake, N. Y., has long been known as the Otsego Bass.

The Common Whitefish occurs in the Great Lakes and northward into British
America ; its northern limit is not definitely known. In Alaska, where the species
was formerly supposed to exist, it is replaced by a similar, but well-marked form,

COMMON WHITEFISH.

the Coregonus ricliardsoni of Giinther. The variety known as Otsego Bass is found
in Otsego Lake. If we may judge from the yield of the fisheries, Lake Michigan
has more Whitefish than any of the other- lakes; Superior ranks second ; Erie third;
Huron fourth ; and Ontario is sadly in the rear.

The largest individual on record was taken at Whitefish Point, Lake Superior ;
it weighed 23 pounds. A I /-pound specimen was caught at Vermilion, in Lake
Erie, in 1876. The size varies greatly with locality, ranging in general all the way
from i3/^ pounds to 14 pounds. In Lake Erie, in 1885, the average weight was
between 2 and 3 pounds. The length of adults will average 20 inches.

There is a movement of the Whitefish in many lakes from the deep water early
in the summer into the shoal water near the shore. In the mid-summer, however,
the usual retreat of this species is the deep and cold parts of the lakes which they
inhabit. Again as the spawning season approaches, in October, the Whitefish come
toward the shore to deposit their eggs. It is said that they do not spawn till the

3H SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

water has reached a temperature of about 40°. After spawning they again retire to
deep water where they remain during the winter. Mr. Milner observed that the
shoreward migration varies with locality and is influenced also by depth of water
and temperature. In Lake Erie, for example, which has a high summer tempera-
ture, there is no shoreward migration in summer. It is noted also that the White-
fish moves along the shore and in some cases it ascends rivers for the purpose of
spawning. It is believed also that when the feeding grounds of the Whitefish are
polluted by mud the fish temporarily seek other localities. There appears to be a
spring and summer migration likewise from lake to lake. Spawning takes place
during October, November and December on shoals or occasionally in rivers. The
female is larger than the male. According to the observations of George Clarke,
the two sexes in the act of spawning frequently throw themselves together above
the surface, emitting the spawn or milt with the vents close together. Spawning
operations are most active in the evening, are continued at night and the eggs are
deposited in lots of several hundred at a time. The number of eggs in a fish of 7*^
pounds was 66,606; the average number being nearly 10,000 for each pound of the
female's weight. The period of incubation depends on the temperature. The
usual time of distribution of the young is in March and April. The very young
are described as swimming near the surface and not in schools. They are very
active and soon seek deep water to escape from their enemies. Their food consists
chiefly of small crustaceans. The adults subsist on the same food with the addition
of small mollusks.

The only means of determining the rate of growth of the Whitefish is by arti-
ficial rearing. Samuel Wilmot had young fish which were 5 inches long at the age
of four months. The growth under natural conditions must be even greater than
this. Mr. Wilmot has seen Whitefish measuring 7 inches in December in his ponds.

The eggs of the Whitefish are destroyed in immense numbers by the Lake Her-
ring, Argyrosomus artedi. The water lizard, Menobranclius, also consumes vast
numbers of the eggs. The young Whitefish are eaten extensively by the Pikeperch,
Black Bass, Pike, Pickerel and fresh-water Ling. The Lake Trout also feed on the
Whitefish. A leech parasitic of the Whitefish proves very troublesome to that
species, and the scales are liable to a peculiar roughness which has been observed
late in November or during the spawning season. There is also a lernean which
fastens itself to the gills and other parts of the Whitefish.

The excellence of the flesh of the Whitefish is so well known as scarcely to
require mention. Its commercial value is great. In Lake Erie in 1885, according
to statistics collected by the U. S. Fish Commission, 3,500,000 pounds of Whitefish

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 315

were caught, more than 2,000,000 of this amount by fishermen from Erie alone. In
that year Erie County had 310 persons employed in the fisheries. The capital
invested in the business was nearly $250,000. The wholesale value of the fish
products was upward of $400,000. The Whitefish was the third species in relative
importance, Blue Pike ranking first, and the Lake Herring second. In Erie County
Whitefish are caught chiefly in July, August and November, and the bulk of them
are taken in gill nets. Pound nets are also employed in the capture of Whitefish.

Carl Miller of New York and Henry Brown of New Haven are credited with the
first attempt to propagate the Whitefish artificially. Their experiments were made
in Lake Saltonstall, near the city of New Haven. The result of the experiments,
which were repeated in 1858, is not known. In 1868, Seth Green and Samuel
Wilmot began a series of experiments in the same direction, and in 1869, N. W.
Clark of Clarkson, Mich., took up the same work. In 1870 a half million eggs were
placed in hatching boxes by Mr. Clark. In 1872, through the aid of the U. S. Fish
Commission, Mr. Clark's hatching house was doubled in capacity, and a million
eggs were taken from Lake Michigan. Since that time both the National and
State Governments have made the Whitefish the object of their most extensive
operations.

Dr. Meek saw no specimens of Whitefish from Cayuga Lake, but he thinks it is
an inhabitant. The U. S. Fish Commission obtained a specimen at Cape Vincent,
N. Y., November 17, 1891.

A young individual was received from Wilson, Niagara County, N. Y., caught in
a gill net in Lake Ontario and sent by James Annin, Jr.

A male and female were received through James Annin, Jr., from Upper Saranac
Lake, November 16, 1895. Both fish were nearly spent. A male from Chazy Lake
arrived through the same source November 22, 1895. It was doubtfully called
" Blackfin Whitefish." At that time the fish had left the spawning beds and were
in deep water. June 17, 1896, a female 19^5 inches long was shipped by Mr. Annin
from Canandaigua Lake. Its stomach is pear-shaped with walls more than ^ inch
thick ; it contained numerous small shells of several genera, not yet identified.

The species is reported by fishermen to be very abundant in that lake, and to be
destructive to eggs of other fish. They say it comes in great numbers into shallow
water near the shore in early summer when the water is roily, and can be caught on
set lines. Mr. Annin saw men baiting their set lines with small minnows on Canan-
daigua Lake, and, when the lines were taken up in the morning, the Whitefish was
found on the hooks. It is said that one so taken weighed 6 pounds. Supt. O. H.
Daniels, of the New Hampshire Fish Commission, forwarded a specimen from Lake
Winnesquam, at Laconia, 19^ inches long, weighing 46 ounces, and he wrote that

316 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

individuals weighing 7^ pounds had recently been taken. The species was called
" Bluefin " and Whitefish.

The fish-eating habit of the Whitefish was fully verified in the aquarium on
examples obtained in Canandaigua Lake in November, 1896, by Mr. Annin. Know-
ing that the species usually subsists on small mollusks and crustaceans, efforts were
made to provide the fish with P/iysa and Gaminants ; but this became difficult in
winter, and an experiment was made with small Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus and
majali$\ which proved satisfactory during the cold months. In summer, however,
it was found necessary to return to the use of Gammarus. The Whitefish at first
took the Killifish without any eagerness, but they soon learned to chase their prey
and take it much as trout do.

SMELT.

52. Smelt of New York Lakes (Argyrosomus osmcriformis H. M. Smith).

Coregonus osmeriformis SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C., XIV, 2, pi. i, fig. 2, 1895, Lakes Seneca

and Skaneateles, New York.
Coregonus hoyi BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 658, 1883 ; GOODE, Fish and Fish. Ind.

U. S., I, pi. 197 B, 1884; not Coregonus hoyi (.ill.
Argyrosomus osmeriformis JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 468, 1896.

Body elongate, moderately compressed, slender ; head less compressed than
body, its greatest width equaling one-half of distance from tip of lower jaw to nape ;
the lower jaw projecting considerably even when the mouth is closed ; mouth large,
the maxillary reaching to the vertical through the anterior margin of the pupil ;
preorbital bone long and slender, more than one-third as long as the head ; supra-
orbital as long as the eye, four times as long as broad.

The greatest height of the body is considerably less than the length of head,
and is contained five times in the total length without caudal. The greatest width
of the body is less than one-half its greatest height. The least height of caudal
peduncle equals the length of the orbit and about one-third of the greatest height
of the body. Scales small, nine in an oblique series from the dorsal origin to the

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

317

lateral line, 82 tube-bearing scales and eight in an oblique series from the ventral
origin to the lateral line.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total length to the end of the
lateral line. The distance of the nape from the tip of the snout is nearly one-third
of the distance from the tip of the snout to the origin of the first dorsal. The
length of the maxilla is one-third of the length of the head. The mandible is one-
half as long as the head. Lingual teeth present. The eye is as long as the snout
and one-fourth as long as the head. Gill-rakers long and slender, the longest five-
sixths as long as the eye; there are 55 on the first arch, 35 of which are below the
angle. The insertion of the dorsal is nearer the tip of the snout than the end of
the middle caudal rays. The longest ray of the dorsal equals the length of the
ventral and is contained seven times in the total length to the end of the middle
caudal rays (six and two-thirds times in length to end of lateral line). The length
of the pectoral is one-sixth of the standard body length.

LAKE HERRING.

The insertion of the ventral is midway between the tip of the snout and the end
of the middle caudal rays. When the ventral is extended the distance of its tip to
the vent is only one-fourth of the length of the fin. In this respect the species
differs widely from A. artedi.

The colors are, back grayish silvery ; sides silvery ; dorsal and caudal with darker
tips.

53. Lake Herring (Argyrosomus artedi LeSueur).

Coregomis artedi JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 301, 1883; BEAN,

Fishes Penna., 69, pi. 26, fig. 48, 1893.

Corogonus clupeiformis DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 248, pi. 60, fig. 198, 1842.
Argyrosomus artedi JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 468, 1896.

The Lake Herring frequents shoal waters and occurs in enormous schools, as
one may judge from the quantity captured in Lake Erie. Its food consists of

3l8 -1 VI. NTH REPORT OF THE KoKKST, 1 IS] I AND GAME COMMISSION.

insects and crustaceans. During the spawning season of the Whitefish, however, it
feeds exclusively on the eggs of this species and proves very destructive. The
Lake Herring will take the hook, and has been caught with live minnows.
Spawning takes place about the end of November in shoal waters.

As a food fish this species is inferior to the Whitefish, but it is in great demand
over an extensive area of the country, and is shipped in the fresh condition many
hundred miles east and west. I have elsewhere referred to the enormous number
taken in 1885 in Lake Erie. These are caught chiefly in pound and gill nets. The
catch in 1885 amounted to more than one-third of the entire quantity of fishes
taken in this lake. There is no apparent diminution in the number of these fishes,
and their artificial propagation has only recently been commenced.

MOONEYE CISCO.

Mooneye Cisco (Argyrosomus hoyi Gill).

Argyrosomus hoyi GILL, Mss.; JORDAN, Amer. Naturalist, 135, March, 1875, Lake
Michigan, near Racine, Wis.; BEAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 342, 1897,
Canandaigua Lake ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 464, 1896.

Coregonus hoyi JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 275, 1878 ; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U.
S. Nat. Mus., 299, 1883 ; SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C., XIV, 6, pi. i, fig. i, 1895.

Mr. Annin wrote me that the people at Canandaigua Lake told him that there
were large quantities of small Lake Shiners, as they are called, in the lake. A fisher-
man said that they are seen in immense schools at the top of the water occasion-
ally, and, by firing a gun joaded with shot into them, men can stun them so as to
pick up quite a number. They are eagerly sought after for trolling bait for the
Salmon Trout found in that lake.

This species is recorded with certainty from Lake Michigan only. It is taken in
gill nets in deep water and, notwithstanding its small size, has become commercially
important. It was for the first time announced as a member of the New York
fauna in 1897, and the description leaves no doubt of the correctness of the identi-

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

319

fication. The fish examined, a female with ripe eggs, was taken in Canandaigua
Lake, December 19, 1896, by Mr. Annin's men. It was the only one caught, and
was captured by becoming gilled in the funnel of the net. Mr. Annin is satisfied
that this is the Lake Shiner of the fishermen, which they sometimes see in immense
schools at the surface, and kill for trolling bait by shooting them.

55. Long Jaw ; Bloater (Argyrosomus prognathus H. M. Smith).

Coregonus prognathus HUGH M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C., XIV, 4, pi. i, fig. 3, 1895,

Lake Ontario, at Wilson, N. Y.
Argyrosomus prognathus EVERMANN & SMITH, Kept. U. S. F. C., XX, 314, pi. 26, 1896;

JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 471, 1896.

LONG JAW.

OUTLINE OF FISH, VIEWED FROM ABOVE.

Body oblong, much compressed, back elevated, tapering rather abruptly toward
the narrow caudal peduncle, the adult fish having a slight nuchal hump as in
C. clupeiformis; greatest depth three and one-half to four in body length; head
rather short and deep, pointed, four to four and one-third in length ; greatest
width half the length, cranial ridges prominent ; snout straight, its tip on level with
lower edge of pupil ; top of head two in distance from occiput to front of dorsal ;
mouth large and strong, maxillary reaching to opposite middle of pupil, two and
one-half in head, length three times its width, mandible long, projecting beyond
upper jaw when mouth is closed, reaching to or beyond posterior edge of eye, one
and three-fourths to one and seven-eighths in head; eye small, five in head, one and

320 -I \ 1 NTH KKl'ORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

one-half in snout, one and one-third in intcrorbital space, one and one-half in
suborbital space; gill rakers slender, about length of eye, 13 above and 25 below
angle. Adipose fin the length of eye, its width half its length. Narrowest part of
caudal peduncle contained nearly four times in greatest body depth. Dorsal rather
high, with nine or ten developed rays, the longest one-half longer than base of fin
and contained one and three-fourths times in greatest body depth, three and one-
fourth times in distance between dorsal and snout, and one and one-half times in
head ; free margin slightly concave; origin midway between end of snout and base
of caudal; dorsal base opposite nine scales. Anal with 10 to 12 developed rays, the
longest ray equal to base of fin and two-thirds of height of dorsal. Ventrals as long
as dorsal is high, their origin midway between anterior edge of orbit and base of
caudal. Ventral appendage short, covering about three scales. Pectorals as long as
ventrals. Scales rather large, about 75 in lateral line, seven or eight above the
lateral line, seven or eight below the lateral line. Lateral line straight except at
origin, where it presents a rather marked curve. Sides of body uniformly bright
silvery, with pronounced bluish reflection in life; the back dusky, the under parts
pure white without silvery color. Above lateral line, light longitudinal stripes
involving central part of scales extend whole length of body. Fins flesh color or
pinkish in life, the dorsal and caudal usually showing dusky edges : postorbital area
with a bright golden reflection; iris golden, pupil black. Branchiostegals, eight.
Average length, 15 inches.

Habitat. Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, and doubtless the
entire Great Lake basin, in deep water. This fish is called Long Jaw in Lakes
Michigan and Ontario. Specimens were obtained from John S. Wilson, of Wilson,
N. Y., and from George M. Schwartz, of Rochester, N. Y. Dr. R. R. Gurley also
secured examples at Nine Mile Point, N. Y., in June, 1893.

This species is quite different from any other Whitefish inhabiting the Great
Lake basin. It may be at once distinguished from all the Whitefishes known to
occur in the United States by the general form of body combined with the very
long lower jaw, which is contained less than twice in the length of the head and
extends backward to or beyond the posterior edge of orbit.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 321

56. Tullibee ; Mongrel Whitefish (Argyrosomus tullibee Richardson).

Coregonns tullibee JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 301, 1883 5 BEAN,
Fishes Penna., 70, pi. 27, fig. 49, 1893.

Argyrosomus tullibee JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 361, 1878 ; EVERMANN & SMITH, Rept.
U. S. F. C., XX, 320, pi. 28, 1896 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
473, 1896 ; BEAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 343, 1897.

The body of the Tullibee is very short, deep and compressed ; its greatest height
about one-third of the length without caudal. The head is pointed, as in the black-
fin, the mouth large, with the lower jaw scarcely longer than the upper. The
maxilla extends to below the middle of the eye. The eye equals the snout in
length and is two-ninths of length of the head. Scales much larger on front part of

TULLIBEE.

body than on the caudal peduncle. The gill rakers are long, slender and numerous,
about 30 below the angle on the first arch. D. 11 ; A. 11. Scales in lateral line 74,
eight rows above and seven below lateral line; pyloric caeca, 120. The upper parts
are blueish ; sides white and minutely dotted. The spermary, according to Rich-
ardson, is wood-brown.

This species is usually called the Tullibee, but in Lakes Erie and Michigan it is
sometimes styled the Mongrel Whitefish on the supposition that it is a cross
between the common Whitefish and the Lake Herring.

The Tullibee has been taken recently in Lake Michigan ; and Dr. E. Sterling
had a specimen from Lake Erie. It is found occasionally in others of the Great
Lakes, and extends northward into British America, but is comparatively little
known to the fishermen and is very rare in collections. This fish grows to a length

of 18 inches.

322 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The late F. C. Gilchrist was the first to describe the habits of the Tullibee, and
this he did in Forest ami Stream in the following language:

In September they will again be found gradually nearing the shoal water,
feeding heavily, and plump with fat and the now swelling ovaries. Later on they
appear to eat little or nothing and devote all their time to playing until about the
2;th of October, when they have settled down to the business of propagation,
which they have finished by November IO. They prefer shallow water close to
shore with clean sand to spawn on, and during the day they may be seen in pairs
and small schools, poking along the shores, but at night they come in thousands
and keep up a constant loud splashing and fluttering, very strange and weird on a
calm night. Two years ago I carefully counted the ova from a ripe fish, 2^ pounds
in weight, and found there were 23,700, closely resembling whitefish eggs in appear-
ance, but somewhat smaller. After spawning the fish are very thin, lank, dull in
color, and quite unfit for human food.

James Annin, Jr., furnished me the following notes on the spawning of the
Tullibee in Onondaga Lake, N. Y.

They generally commence running up onto the shoals about November 15, and
the season extends into December. They come up to the banks or gravelly shoals
and spawn in from 3 to 6 and 7 feet of water. They have never been caught with
the hook in this lake; and an old fisherman told me that he had tried almost every
kind of bait, and had used the very finest gut and the smallest hooks baited with
Cuinnnarus (fresh-water shrimp) and other kinds of natural food — that is, he sup-
posed the food was natural to them. At the same time, he claims he could see them
in large schools lying in the water 8 or 10 feet from the surface.

A female Tullibee was sent from Onondaga Lake by Mr. Annin November 18,
1895, and another of the same sex November 25, 1896.

The following notes relate to the female obtained November 18, 1895 :

INCHES.
Length to end of caudal, igy£

Length of upper caudal lobe, - .... 2^

Length of middle caudal rays, . l

Least depth of caudal peduncle, ^

Depth of body at dorsal origin, - .... 4^

Length of head, - -i/

*) /' T

Length of maxilla, .... z£

Diameter of eye, - y^

Length of longest gill raker, 9/i6

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

323

The mandible projects slightly. B. 8 ; D. u ; A. 11 ; V. u. Scales 8-75-8 ; gill
rakers, 17-1-27.

The female received November 25, 1896, is 15 inches long.

57. King- Salmon ; Quinnat Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawylscha Walbaum).

(Introduced.)

Oncorhynchus chouicha JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 306, 1883 ; STONE
in Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 479, pi. 186, lower fig., 1884 ; BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C.,
IX, 190, pi. XLVI, fig. i, 1891 ; Fishes Penna., 72, 1893.

Oncorhynchus tschawytscha JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. 479, 1896,
pi. LXXVII, fig. 206, 1900.

The Quinnat Salmon is the largest and finest of the Pacific salmon. It ranges
from Monterey, Cal., to Alaska and Eastern Asia, ascending rivers in some cases

KING SALMON.

The upper figure is drawn from a young example, four inches long, taken in Alturas Lake, Idaho, September 9, 1895.

1,500 miles or further from the sea. It has been introduced into lakes of New York,
but there is no evidence that it has become established in any waters of the State.
Possibly better results might be secured if larger fish were selected for the experi-
mental stocking.

This is the largest fish of the Salmon family, individuals weighing 100 pounds
and measuring upward of 5 feet in length being on record from the Yukon and
other Alaskan rivers. The average weight of adults is above 20 pounds. The flesh
of this Salmon is paler in color than that of the Red Salmon, but it is superior in

flavor to all others.

•

The Quinnat is the first to arrive near the shores in the spring, and the time of

324 >i:vi.\TII KKI'OKT OK THE KOREST, KISH AND C.AME COMMISSION.

the run depends on the latitude, becoming later and later till, in Norton Sound, the
present known northern limit of its migration, it appears early in June. Unless the
spawning period be close at hand, it does not ascend rivers rapidly, but generally
plays around for a few days, or even a couple of weeks, near the river limit of tide-
water. It has been estimated that it proceeds up the Columbia River at the rate of
100 miles a month till the exigencies of reproduction compel a faster rate of travel.

In the sea this Salmon feeds on herring, capelin and crustaceans. A male of
about 35 pounds, taken at Karluk August 4, had in its stomach 45 capelin. In fresh
water the fish take no food.

Spawning takes place near the head waters of streams in clear shallow rapids.
The fish excavate oblong cavities in the gravel beds where there is a current, and in
these nests the eggs and milt are deposited. The eggs are protected from some of
their enemies and fatalities by their environment, but are still a prey to freshets and
to the pestiferous little fresh-water sculpins, or blobs, that abound in all trout and
salmon waters, so far as observed. The young are hatched in from 60 to 100 days.
They are destroyed in large numbers by aquatic birds, blobs and large fishes. The
adults are killed by seals, sea lions and sharks. After spawning nearly all the
parent fish die, especially those that ascend rivers a long distance.

The Quinnat is a very valuable fish for canning, salting and smoking. If it could
be acclimated in the Great Lakes it would form the basis of new and important
industries. The practicability of rearing this species in fresh waters without access
to the sea has been satisfactorily demonstrated in France by Dr. Jousset de
Bcllesme, director of the aquarium of the TrocadeYo, in Paris.

The results of the experiment of introducing this Salmon into New York waters
are as yet unknown, but it is to be hoped that it will be successful. Since the
change of method by which larger fish are employed for transplanting the outlook
appears to be more favorable.

58. Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus).

Salmo salar MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 435, 1815; DEK.AY, N. Y.
Fauna, Fishes, 241, pi. 38, fig. 122, 1842; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 312, 1883; GOODE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 468, pi. 186, upper fig. 1884;
BEAN, Fishes IV-nna., 74, color pi. 4, 1893 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S-
Nat. Mus., 486, 1896 ; BEAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 344, 1897.

The Salmon in America has but a single common name. When the young have
reached a length of 2 inches and taken on the vermilion- spots and dark cross bands
they are called parr, and retain this name while they remain in fresh water. Before

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 325

descending to the sea in the second or third spring the parr assumes a bright silvery
coat, and is then known as a smolt. After a sojourn in salt water lasting from four
months to about two years it may return to its native river, either as a sexually
immature Salmon or as a grilse, the female not yet ready for reproducing its species
though the male is sexually mature. The landlocked variety of the Atlantic
Salmon has been variously denominated Fresh-water Salmon, Schoodic Trout,
Sebago Trout, Dwarf Salmon and Winninish, the last in use in the Saginaw region.
In some Nova Scotian rivers a misnomer, Grayling, is applied to the Landlocked
Salmon.

This species inhabits the North Atlantic, ascending rivers of Europe and Amer-
ica for the purpose of reproduction. In Europe it extends southward to France,
and in the United States the most southern river in which specimens have been
obtained is the Potomac. It occurs in small numbers in the Delaware and in larg-e

numbers in the Hudson, but in the last three river basins mentioned its presence is

ATLANTIC SALMON.

the result of artificial introduction. It is not found in abundance south of the
Merrimack, and in rivers of New England and Canada in which it is native it is
maintained almost exclusively by artificial culture. Its occurrence in Lake Cham-
plain, the St. Lawrence River, and tributaries of Lake Ontario is due also to
modern fish culture. The usual weight of the Atlantic Salmon ranges from 15 to
40 pounds, but individuals weighing 60 pounds have been recorded. The growth of
the Salmon is accomplished chiefly in the ocean. As a rule the adults enter the
rivers on a rising temperature when ready to deposit their eggs, the spawning occur-
ring on the falling temperature in water not warmer than 50°. The time of entering
the Delaware and Hudson is April, the Connecticut a little later, the Merrimack
still later; to the Penobscot the Salmon come most abundantly in June and July,
and to the Miramichi from the middle of June to October. The Salmon is not
much affected by changes in temperature of the water, enduring a range of fully
45°. The eggs are deposited in shoal water on sandy or gravelly bottom, the parent
fish making deep depressions by means of their noses or by flopping motions of

326 Si:\l.MH KKl'oKr OF Till- Fokl-ST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

the tail. The period of egg-depositing lasts from 5 to 12 days. The spawning
season begins about the middle of October and may run into December. In some
European rivers the season continues till February. The eggs are about one-fourth
of an inch in diameter, and the female is estimated to have about 1,000 for each
pound of her weight. In the Pcnobscot, according to the observations of Mr.
Atkins .in eight-pound female yields from 5,000 to 6,000 eggs; and a female of 40
pounds about 15,000 eggs. The hatching period ranges from 140 to 200 days or
more, depending on the temperature. A newly hatched Salmon is about three-
fourths of an inch long, and the yolk sac is absorbed in from a month to six weeks.
It then begins to feed on small organisms in the water. At the age of two months
it measure*, i '_• inches and begins to show crossbars and red spots, gradually coming
into the parr stage. In the sea the Salmon feeds on herring, capelin, sand lance,
.smelt and other small fishes, besides crustaceans ; but during its stay in fresh water
it takes no food.

Among the worst enemies of salmon eggs are trout, eels, suckers and frogs.
Numerous species of birds destroy the fry, among them sheldrakes, kingfishers,
gulls and terns.

The value of the Salmon as a food and game fish is so well known as to require
no description here. Those that find their way into market are usually caught in
pound nets, gill nets or seines, and the bulk of them are taken at or near the mouths
of the streams which they are about to enter for the purpose of spawning. Many
are captured in the upper reaches of streams by the spear.

Mitchill, in the first volume of the Transactions of the Literary and Philo-
sophical Society of New York, says that the Salmon "has been taken, since the
discovery, a few times in the Hudson. But here he is a straggling fish, and not in
his regular home. There is no steady migration of Salmon to this river. Though
pains have been taken to cherish the breed, the Salmon has never frequented the
Hudson in any other manner than as a stray."

In 1842 DeKay published the following note:

The Sea Salmon rarely now appears on our coast except as a straggling visitor.
Such an occurrence took place in August, 1840, when a Salmon weighing eight
pounds entered the Hudson River, and ascended it more than 150 miles, when it
was taken near Troy. It now is only seen on our northern borders,

ascending the St. Lawrence from the sea, and appearing in Lake Ontario in April,
and leaving it again in October or November. They were formerly very abundant
in the lakes in the interior of the State which communicated with Lake Ontario ;
but the artificial impediments thrown in their way have greatly decreased their

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 327

numbers, and in many cases caused their total destruction. I have seen some from
Oneida Lake weighing 10 and 15 pounds. * * * They are occasionally found in
Lake Ontario during the whole year ; but, as the same instinct which compels them
to ascend rivers also leads them again to the sea, and as there is no barrier
opposed to their return, we may presume that these are sickly or possibly barren
individuals.

Experiments for restocking the Hudson are now in progress, and it is probable
that the river may again become a Salmon stream.

59. Landlocked Salmon (Salmo sebago Girard). (Introduced.)

Sal mo sebago GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 380, 1853, Sebago Lake, Maine.
Salmo salar var. sebago JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 312, 1883.
Salmo salar sebago JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 487, 1896 ; BEAN,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 344, 1897.

There are at least two well marked races of Salar Salmon which do not enter the
sea but live permanently in fresh water. Both of these differ from the migratory
Salmon in several particulars : they are smaller, their eggs are larger, they retain the
parr marks much longer, they are more subject to disease attending the egg-pro-
ducing season, and the young grow more rapidly. The Ouananiche of the Saguenay
River country is the farthest removed from the typical Sea Salmon by its very
much smaller size, larger fins and different pattern of coloration.

The larger of the two Landlocked Salmon of the United States is found in the
four river basins of the State of Maine, the Presumpscot, Sebec, Union and St.
Croix. Here the weights vary considerably, spawning fish ranging all the way from
3 pounds to 10 or 12 pounds, while occasional individuals reach 25 pounds. The
Sebago form is the one that has been introduced into the Adirondack lakes and
other New York waters. Spawning begins late in October, but is at its height in
November. Eggs are shipped in January, February and March, and the fry are
ready for planting in June.

At Green Lake, Me., the Landlocked Salmon often endure a summer tempera-
ture above 80° F., but they refuse to take food when the water reaches 75°.

This Salmon has been introduced into New York waters from Maine, and
appears to have become established in several localities. Caspian Lake is one of
the lakes that have been stocked. A very fine example was obtained from the
South Side Sportsmen's Club of Long Island, but it was injured in transportation
and never recovered. In April, 1896, several individuals from Maine were presented
by Eugene G. Blackford. One of these lived in a tank of salt water in the New

328 SKYF.MH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

York aquarium for 19 months, and was then frightened by visitors when the water
was drawn low for cleaning, and injured itself so badly that it died after a few
hours of struggling. The following measurements were obtained from the fresh

fisn- INCHES.

Length, - 24
Middle caudal rays from end of scales, W

Depth, \

Least depth of caudal peduncle, - 1Y*

Head, ^

Snout, - l%

1 1

Eye, • ,76

Orbit, - ... #

Snout to dorsal, - - 9/^

Dorsal base, • 2Y\
Longest dorsal ray, -

Last dorsal ray, • IJ4

Snout to ventral, - - - ll/4

Length of ventral, 2^

Snout to anal, - i6f6

Anal base, IH

Longest anal ray, i^

Last anal ray, - i/^

Snout to adipose dorsal, - 17^6

Width of adipose dorsal, /4

Length of adipose dorsal, Y\

Length of pectoral, - 3/^

Upper jaw, 2^

Maxilla, - 2

The head has about 28 dark spots, the largest on the gill cover, oblong, ^ inch
long. Body with many large and small black spots, a few with a pale ring around
them, and some as large as the largest on the gill cover ; one on the caudal peduncle
of one side distinctly X-shaped. General color dark bluish gray ; belly and lower
parts iridescent silvery ; fins all dusky ; the dorsal with many black spots ; eye pale
lemon, the upper part dusky.

Gill rakers, 9+ u, the longest 5/l6 inch. B. u ; D. 10. Scales, 21-123-20.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 329

60. Lake Tahoe Trout ; Red-throat Trout (Salmo henshawi Gill & Jordan).

(Introduced.)

Salmo henshawi GILL & JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 358, 1878, Lake Tahoe ; Kept. Chief

Eng., part 3, 1878, App. NN, 1619, pi. IV.

Salmo purpuratus var. henshawi JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 316, 1883.
Salmo mykiss CHENEY, Third Ann. Kept. N. Y. Comm. Fish, 239, color pi. facing p. 238,

1898.
Salmo mykiss henshawi JORDAN, Bull. U. S. F. C, IX, 14, pi. II, fig. 5, 1891 ; JORDAN &

EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 493, 1896.
Salmo clarkii henshawi JORDAN & EVERMANN, op. cit. 2819, pi. LXXIX, fig. 208, 1900.

Body elongate, not much compressed, its greatest depth one-fourth of the total
length without caudal ; caudal peduncle rather long, its least depth equaling two-
fifths of the length of the head ; head long, conical, slender, its length contained
about four times in the total to caudal base ; a slight keel on the top of the head ;

LAKE TAHOE TROUT.

snout obtusely pointed ; maxilla not extending far behind the eye, about equal to
pectoral, which is three-fifths of length of head ; gill rakers short and stout, about
1 8 on the first arch, of which 13 are below the angle; vomerine teeth in two long,
alternating series; hyoid teeth rather weak, in a small patch; dorsal fin small, its
last rays two-thirds as long as the highest ; anal fin rather high ; caudal short and
distinctly forked. D. 9 to 1 1 ; A. 12 ; B. 10. Scales 27 to 37-160 to 200-27 to 40 ;
pyloric caeca 50 to 60.

Color dark green in life, varying to pale green ; the sides silvery with a broad
coppery shade which extends also on the cheeks and opercles ; a yellowish tinge on
the sides of the lower jaw and red or orange dashes between its rami ; back every-
where covered with large, roundish black spots; dorsal, adipose fin and caudal fin
with similar spots, and a few on the anal ; belly with black spots.

The Tahoe Trout is a large species inhabiting Tahoe Lake, Pyramid Lake, Web-
ber Lake, Donner Lake, Independence Lake, Truckee River, Humboldt River,
Carson River, and most streams of the east slope of the Sierra Nevada ; it occurs

330 SKVKMII KKPORT OK THK luRKST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

also in the head waters of Feather River, west of the Sierra Nevada, probably by
introduction from Nevada.

The usual weight is 5 or 6 pounds, but individuals weighing 20 to 29 pounds are

recorded.

Eggs of the Lake Tahoc, Cal., Trout were obtained by James Annin, Jr., at
Caledonia, X. V.. and young fish reared at his establishment were sent to the aqua-
rium in November, 1896. They throve till the latter part of June, 1897, when they
were overcome by the warm water. They could not endure a transfer to the cooler
salt water, like most of the other fish of the Salmon family.

At Caledonia Station, according to Mr. Cheney, this fish begins to spawn before
the middle of March, and continues for two months. The impregnation of eggs is
from 90^ to 95$, but just before the hatching period a large number of the eggs
burst and the embryos arc lost. There is loss too between the hatching and feeding
times, and the fry do not feed as readily as the Brook Trout. Altogether, Mr.
Annin, the superintendent of hatcheries, estimates the total loss between impregna-
tion of the eggs and feeding of the fry as about 40%. After the fry begin to feed
they are not more difficult to rear than Brook Trout.

61. Steelhead ; Gairdner's Trout ; Salmon Trout (Salmo gairdntri Richardson).

(Introduced.)

Salnw gainineri JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 313, 1883 ; BEAN,
Bull. U. S. F. C., IX, 198, pi. XLIX, fig. 9, 1891, not fig. 10, which is young mykiss;
JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 498, 1896, pi. LXXXI, fig. 215,
1900; CHENEY, Third Ann. Kept. N. Y. Comm. Fish, 241, color pi., 1898.

Form of S. salar. Body elongate, little compressed, its greatest depth two-
ninths of the total length without caudal ; caudal peduncle short, its least depth
three-sevenths of length of head ; head rather short, one-fifth of total length without
caudal, maxilla reaching far behind the eye, its length one-half the length of head ;
eye small, two-thirds of length of snout, two-elevenths as long as the head ; teeth
rather small, vomerines in two long, alternating series about as long as the palatine
series; gill rakers short and stout, about 20 on the first arch, of which 12 are below
the angle ; dorsal origin much nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal, base of
dorsal two-thirds of length of head, longest dorsal ray one-half the length of head
and twice as long as last ray; adipose fin very small and narrow, over the beginning
of the anal; caudal fin moderately forked in the young; ventral origin midway
between tip of snout and base of caudal, ventral fin one-half the depth of body ;
anal base one-half as long as the head, longest anal ray equal to postorbital part of

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

331

head; pectoral fin one-eighth of total length without caudal. B. 11 or 12; D. 1 1 ;
A. 12. Scales from 137 to 177, usually about 150-28; pyloric caeca 42; vertebrae
38+20=58. Color olive green above, sides silvery, head, back, dorsal and caudal
fins profusely covered with small black spots, no red between the rami of the lower
jaw.

The Steelhead Trout is found in coastwise streams from Southern California to
Bristol Bay, Alaska. It spawns in the late winter and early spring; ripe eggs were
obtained at Sitka, Alaska, June 10. Spent fish of this species are frequently taken
with the spring run of the King Salmon.

The economic value of the Steelhead is very great ; the fish reaches a weight of
30 pounds, though the average weight is under 20 pounds, and the non-anadromous
forms seldom exceed 5 or 6 pounds.

From information furnished by Mr. Annin it appears evident that some of the
eggs of Trout received at Caledonia, N. Y., many years ago from the McLeod River,

STEELHEAD.

Cal., as Rainbows, really included both Rainbows and Steelheads. He finds certain
females producing deep salmon-colored eggs while in the same pond and receiving
the same food as other females which furnish very light-colored, almost white, eggs.
Some of the females also differ from others in going to the spawning beds nearly
two months earlier. It is now known also that the McLeod contains a small-scaled
form of the Rainbow, known to the Indians as the no-shec, and this also may easily
have been sent to the east under the name of Rainbow. Striking differences in the
appearance and habits of so-called Rainbows introduced into the various States
lend color to this supposition.

Steelheads were obtained for the New York aquarium in November, 1896, from
the U. S. Fish Commission. They were hatched from eggs shipped from Fort
Gaston, Cal., to the station at Craig Brook, Me. The length of the trout when
received ranged from 4 to 4^ inches. After one year they were 10 inches long on

332 SEVENTH REPORT OF TIM. FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

the average, and weighed many times as much as they did when received. None of
them at any time showed a red lateral band such as is present in the Rainbow, and
they are farther distinguished by the presence of white tips on the ventral and anal
fins ; the dorsal also has a small white tip. They have been kept almost from their
arrival in salt water, and could not have been kept in the warm Croton water in
June. The salt water never rose above 71^2° F. and continued at this high tem-
perature only 10 days.

The N. Y. Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission planted some of these trout
in a Long Island stream and some in a lake in Northern New York. Those that
were planted on Long Island, says Mr. Cheney, when rather more than a year old
rose to the fly of the trout fisherman and made a most gallant fight, but it is too
early to tell the outcome of the experiment. The eggs are one-fifth of an inch in
diameter; they hatch in 42 to 50 days with water at 50°.

BROWN TROUT.

62. Brown Trout (Salmo fario Linnaeus). (Introduced.)

Salmo fario BEAN, Fishes Penna., 78, color pi. 6, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-
List Fish. N. A., 512, 1896.
Salar ausonii CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 319, pi. 618, 1848.

The Brown Trout of Europe was introduced into the United States from
Germany in February, 1883, and in subsequent years; it has now become thoroughly
acclimated in the fresh waters of many of the States.

The body of this trout is comparatively short and stout, its greatest depth being
contained about four times in the length without the caudal. The caudal peduncle
is short and deep, its depth equal to two-fifths of the length of the head. The
length of the head in adults is one-fourth of the total length without caudal or
slightly less. The diameter of the eye is about one-fifth of the length of the head,
and less than length of snout. The dorsal fin is placed nearer to the tip of the snout
than to the root of the tail ; the longest ray of this fin equals the distance from the

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 333

eye to the end of the opercle. The ventral is under the posterior part of the dorsal ;
its length is about one-half that of the head. The adipose dorsal is placed over the
end of the anal base ; it is long and expanded at the end. The caudal is emarginate
in young examples, but nearly truncate in specimens 10 inches long. The pectoral
is nearly one-sixth of the length without the caudal. In the male the jaws are pro-
duced, and very old ones have a hook. The maxilla extends to the hind margin of
the eye. The triangular head of the vomer has a transverse series of teeth, and the
shaft of the bone bears two opposite or alternating series of strong persistent teeth.
D. 13-14; A. 'lo-n ; P. 13; V. 9. Scales 25-20-30; pyloric caeca 38-51 ; vertebrae
57-58-

On the head, body and dorsal fin usually numerous red and black spots, the latter
circular or X-shaped and some of them with a pale border ; yellowish margin usually
present on the front of the dorsal and anal and the outer part of the ventral. The
dark spots are few in number below the lateral line. The ground color of the body
is brownish or brownish black, varying with food and locality.

Names. In European countries in which this species is native it bears the name
of trout or brook trout or the equivalents of these terms. In Germany it is bach-
forelle ; in Italy, trota ; in France, truite. In the United States it is known as the
Brown Trout and von Behr trout, the latter in honor of Herr von Behr, president of
the Deutscher Fischerie Verein, who has been very active in the acclimation of the
fish in America.

Distribution. The Brown Trout is widely distributed in Continental Europe and
inhabits lakes as well as streams, especially in Norway and Sweden. Tributaries of
the White Sea, the Baltic, the Black Sea and the Caspian contain this species. In
Great Britain it lives in lakes and streams and has reached a high state of perfec-
tion ; in Germany and Austria, however, the Trout is a characteristic fish, and our
supply has been drawn principally from the former country. Moreau found it at an
elevation of 7,000 feet in the Pyrenees, and a color variety is native to Northern
Algeria in about 37° north latitude. In the United States the Brown Trout has
been successfully reared in Colorado at an elevation of nearly 2 miles above sea
level ; it is now well established in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Missouri,
Michigan. Wisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado, and several other States. This Trout has
proved to be well adapted to the region east of the Rocky Mountains, which has no
native black spotted species, though the western streams and lakes contain many
forms in a high state of development.

Size. Under favorable conditions the Brown Trout has been credited with a
weight of 22 pounds and a length of 35 inches. In New Zealand rivers, where it

334 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

\\-a-; introduced with unusual success, it now approximates equal size ; but in most
localities IO pounds is about the limit of weight and 5 or 6 pounds is a good average,
while in some regions the length seldom exceeds i foot, and the weight ranges from
Yi pound to I pound. In the United States a wild specimen, seven years old,
weighed about 11 pounds. In a well in Scotland an individual aged 15 years meas-
ured only about I foot in length. These illustrations will serve to show how much
the growth of a Brown Trout is affected by its surroundings and food supply. The
species has been known to become sexually mature when two years old and 8 inches
long. •

Habits. The Brown Trout thrives in clear, cold, rapid streams and at the
mouths of streams tributary to lakes. In its movements it is swift, and it leaps over
obstructions like the Salmon. It feeds usually in the morning and evening, is more
active during evening and night, and often lies quietly in deep pools or in the
shadow of overhanging bushes and trees for hours at a time. It feeds on insects and
their larvae, worms, mollusks and small fishes, and, like its relative, the Rainbow
Trout, it is fond of the eggs of fishes. In Europe it is described as rising eagerly
to the surface in pursuit of gnats, and is said to grow most rapidly when fed on
insects.

Reproduction. Spawning begins in October and continues through December
and sometimes into January. The eggs are from one-sixth to one-fifth of an inch in
diameter and yellowish or reddish in color; they are deposited at intervals during a
period of many days in crevices between stones, under projecting roots of trees, and
sometimes in nests excavated by the spawning fishes. The parents cover the eggs
to some extent with gravel. The hatching. period varies according to temperature
from 40 to 70 days. Females aged three years furnish on the average about 350
eggs each, but individuals of this age have yielded as many as 700, and even at the
age of two years some females produce from 400 to 500. When they are' four or
five years old, the number of eggs has reached 1,500 to 2,000. The young thrive in
water with a temperature of about 50° F. Sterility in the females is common, and
breeding females have been observed to cease reproduction when eight years old.

Qualities. The Brown Trout is in its prime from May to the last of September.
Its flesh is very digestible and nutritious, and deeper red than that of the Salmon
when suitable food is furnished ; the flavor and color, however, vary with food and
locality. Insect food produces the most rapid growth and best condition. This
species has been so long known as one of the noblest of the game fishes and its
adaptability for capture with artificial flies because of its feeding habits is so well
understood that I need not dwell on these familiar details.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 335

63. Hybrid Trout (Brown and Brook).

A very beautiful and interesting hybrid is produced by crossing the Brown Trout
and the Brook Trout. The following is a description of this hybrid :

Salmo (HYBRID = fario-|-fontinalis)

Hybrid Trout.

In a paper published some years ago the writer stated, as a result of his studies,
that when a large-scaled trout is crossed with a small-scaled one, the hybrid will be
large-scaled whichever way the cross be made. The hybrid between the Brown Trout
and the Brook is a large-scaled form, and it is sterile as far as reported. The New
York aquarium has had this hybrid from the South Side Sportsmen's Club and from
the New York hatcheries at Coldspring Harbor, L. I., and Caledonia. It is always
a strikingly handsome fish, and grows to a large size ; but it is far less hardy than
either of its parents. The cross has always been artificially made, and never occurs
naturally. Two specimens studied gave the following measurements in inches :

MEASUREMENTS.

CALEDONIA, N. Y. OAKDALE, N. Y.
JUNE io, 1896. MARCH 23, 1897.

JAMES ANNIN, JR. G. P. SLADE.

Extreme length, 9^ 14^

Length of middle caudal rays from end of scales, ^

Depth of body, i^ 3>^

Least depth of caudal peduncle, 7/&

Length of head, - 2 3/^

Length of snout, - i/^

Length of upper jaw, i/^

Length of lower jaw, - i^

Diameter of eye, - - Vie 7/i6

Distance from snout. to dorsal origin, 3^

Length of dorsal base, i3/i6

Length of longest dorsal ray, is/i6

Length of last dorsal ray, Y±

Distance from snout to ventral origin, - 4>2

Length of ventral, i/^

Distance from snout to anal origin, - 6

Length of anal base, - ^

Length of longest anal ray, iX

Length of last anal ray,

336 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The Caledonian specimen has no hyoid teeth ; the vomerines are in a very small
patch on the head of the bone only. The gill rakers are 4+ 10, the longest about
one-half the diameter of the eye. It has about 124 tubes in the lateral line.
Branchiostegals, 10. The following color notes were taken from the fresh fish:
Dorsal fin with numerous dark blotches resembling those of young rainbow ; adipose
long and slender, amber color with two obscure dusky blotches, one of these very indis-
tinct ; lower half of sides pink ; ventral, anal and caudal pink; ventral and anal with
a milk white front margin, that in the anal limited behind by a dark line as in Brook
Trout ; sides reticulated with large meshes of lemon yellow interspersed with darker
purplish or olive. Dorsal blotches are mingled with pale lemon. Pectoral pale
vermilion. Eye silvery white with yellowish reflections.

The specimen from Oakdale, L. I., weighed 20 ounces. It has a triangular patch
of vomerine teeth, as found in font inalis, but continued behind by several teeth in
a single row, the entire length of the vomerine series being seven-sixteenths of
an inch.

LOCH LEVEN TROUT.

64. Loch Leven Trout (Sal mo trutta levenensis Walker). (Introduced.)

Salmo levenensis WALKER, Wern. Mem., I, 541, 1811 ; YARRELL, Brit. Fish., ed. 2, II, 117,
1841 ; ed. 3, I, 257, fig. 1859 ; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VI, 101, 1866 ; DAY,
Fish. Great Brit. & Ireland, II, 92, pi. CXVI, fig. 2 & 2a, 1884 ; BAIRD, Kept. U. S.
F. C, XII, LVIII, 1886.

Salmo trutta levenensis JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. A., 512, 1896.

The Loch Leven Trout of Great Britain was introduced into the United States
from Scotland in 1885 and subsequent years. It is somewhat closely related to the
European Brown Trout, Salmo fario, and has been artificially crossed with that
species in the United States, so that it is sometimes difficult to find the pure bred
Loch Levens in fishcultural establishments at home.

The body of the Loch Leven is more slender and elongate than that of the
Brown Trout, its greatest depth contained four and one-fourth to four and one-half
times in the total length without caudal. Caudal peduncle slender, its least depth

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 337

three-eighths of the greatest depth of the body, and equal to length of snout and
eye combined. The head is rather short and conical, its length two-ninths to one-
fifth of the total length without caudal. The snout is one-fourth or slightly more
than one-fourth as long as the head. The interorbital space is somewhat con-
vex, its width equal to three-fifths of the length of postorbital part of head.
The eye is of moderate size, its long diameter contained five and one-half to
six times in the length of the head, and equaling about twice the greatest
width of the maxilla. The maxilla reaches to or slightly beyond the hind
margin of the eye. Teeth rather strong, those in the intermaxillary and man-
dible the largest, triangular head of vomer with two or three in a transverse
series at its base, teeth on the shaft of the vomer usually in a single, partially
zigzag, persistent series. Mandible without a hook and little produced even in
breeding males. Dorsal origin distant from tip of snout about as far as end of
dorsal base from base of caudal ; the dorsal fin higher than long, its base one-eighth
of total length without caudal, its longest ray equal to longest ray of anal fin. The
anal fin is much higher than long, its distance from the base of the ventral equaling
length of the head. The ventral origin is nearly under the middle of the dorsal,
the fin being as long as the postorbital part of the head. Pectoral equals length of
head without the snout. Adipose fin very small, its width one-half its length, which
is about equal to eye. Caudal fin emarginate unless fully extended, when it
becomes truncate, the outer rays about one-seventh of total length, including
caudal. D. i3( = iv, 9); A. I2( = iii, 9); P. 14; V. 9. Scales 24 to 28 — 118 to
130 — 26 to 30 ; pyloric caeca 47 to 90 ; vertebrae 56 to 59.

Upper parts brownish or greenish olive, or sometimes with a reddish tinge, sides
silvery with a varying number of x-shaped black spots, or sometimes rounded brown
spots or rounded black spots which may be ocellated ; occasionally red spots are
seen on the sides, and the adipose fin may have several bright orange spots, or it
may show a red edge and several dark spots ; sides of the head with round black
spots; dorsal and adipose fins usually with numerous small brown spots; tip of
pectoral blackish ; anal and caudal fins unspotted, but the caudal sometimes has an
orange margin and the anal a white edge with black at its base ; a similar edge may
sometimes be observed on the ventral.

The Loch Leven Trout is a non-migratory species, inhabiting Loch Leven and
other lakes of Southern Scotland and of the North of England. Its range in Great
Britain and on the Continent of Europe has been greatly extended by fishcultural
operations, and the fish is now fairly well known in the United States, though

mixed to some extent with the Brown Trout, as remarked above.
22

SKVKNTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The Loch Leven Trout has been recorded of the weight of 18 pounds, but the
average weight at 6 years of age is about 7 pounds, though some individuals of that
age may reach 10 pounds. The natural food of this species includes fresh-water
mollusks (snails. /litcciiimti, etc.), crustaceans, worms and small fish. In captivity it
is reared on liver, horse flesh, chopped clams and various other meats.

As a food fish the Loch Leven is highly esteemed on account of the red color
and the delicate flavor of its flesh when obtained from suitable waters ; in some
localities the flesh often becomes white from lack of food or improper food.

The spawning season may begin late in September or early in October and
continue till December. In Michigan it corresponds with that of the Brook Trout.
The egg varies from about one-fifth to one-fourth of an inch in diameter. A Trout
\vt-ighing 2 pounds contained 1,944 eggs, the weight of which was one-half pound.

The Loch Leven will take the artificial fly as readily as the Brown Trout and
the Brook Trout. Its great size and strength add to its attractions for the angler.

RAINBOW TROUT — ADULT MALE.

65. Rainbow Trout (Sahno iridais Gibbons). (Introduced.)

Sa/mo irideus GIBBONS, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 36, 1855, San Leandro Creek, Alameda
County, Cal.; JORDAN \- GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 312, in part, 1883 5
BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., XII, 36, pi. V, figs. 2 & 3, 1894 ; Fishes Penna., 77, color
pi. V, 1893 ; Ann. Rept. N. Y. Comm. Fish, etc., I; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47,
U. S. Nat. Mus., pi. LXXXI, fig. 216, 1900.

Salmo irideus shasta JORDAN \ KVI-.RMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 502, 1896.

Body short and deep, its greatest depth equaling two-sevenths of the total length
without caudal. The least depth of caudal peduncle equals one-half the length of
head. The head is short and deep ; its length is contained about four and two-
thirds times in the total length without the caudal. The snout is short, not much
longer than the eye, about one-fourth the length of head. Diameter of the eye
contained four and two-thirds times in length of head ; maxilla not quite reaching

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 339

to below hind margin of eye ; vomerines in two irregular series ; gill rakers about
20. Dorsal origin a little nearer tip of snout than to caudal base. The length of
the dorsal base is contained seven and one-half times in total without caudal, and
slightly exceeds longest dorsal ray ; last dorsal ray one-half as long as the longest.
Ventral origin is under middle of dorsal base; the fin is as long as the longest dorsal
ray ; the ventral appendage about as long as the eye ; when the ventral is extended,
the distance of its tip from the vent is one-third of length of head. The anal base
is a little more than one-half as long as the head ; the longest anal ray equals the
longest dorsal ray ; the last ray is not quite so long as the eye. Adipose fin short,
its width nearly equal to its length and two-thirds of diameter of eye. B. 1 1 ; D. 1 1
divided rays and 4 rudiments; A. 10 divided rays and 3 rudiments. Scales 21 — 135
to 140 — 20.

The upper parts usually greenish blue, sometimes purplish ; the sides more or
less silvery and profusely spotted with small black spots, which are most numerous

YOUNG.

above the lateral line ; head, dorsal, adipose, and caudal fins also black spotted.
Sea-run specimens are uniform silvery without black spots. In the breeding season
the broad crimson lateral band becomes brighter, and the sides of both sexes are
iridescent purplish. The jaws of the male in the breeding season are not much
distorted, but they are very much larger than in the female.

The Rainbow Trout is a native of the mountain streams of the Pacific coast and
ranges from California to Southern Alaska. A small example was taken at Sitka, in
1880, by Admiral L. A. Beardslee, U. S. N., and is now in the collection of the U. S.
National Museum. This trout is found chiefly in mountain streams west of the
Sierra Nevadas. It rarely descends into the lower stretches of the rivers, but
occasionally does so and passes out to sea. The Rainbow has been extensively
introduced into many Eastern States, but not with uniform success. In Wisconsin,
Michigan, Missouri and North Carolina it has been well acclimatized, and it is also
fairly established in New York.

34° SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The average individuals of this species are less than I foot in length, but speci-
mens measuring more than 2 feet and weighing 13 pounds have been recorded. At
Neosho, Mo., the young have been artificially grown to a length of nearly I foot in
a year.

The Rainbow feeds on worms, insect larvae and salmon eggs. In streams in
which the California Salmon and Rainbow exist together, the Rainbow is more
destructive to the salmon eggs than any other species. Spawning takes place in
winter and early spring, varying with temperature and locality. The bulk of the
eggs are usually taken in January, February and March, and the average yield
from each female is about 900 eggs. A few of the females spawn when two years
old, but about one-half of them begin at three years. The egg is from one-fifth to
two-ninths of an inch in diameter ; it has a rich cream color when first taken, chang-
ing to pink or flesh color before hatching.

«The Rainbow will live in water of a much higher temperature than the Brook
Trout will endure and it thrives in tidal streams and even in salt water. On Long
Island, for example, the South Side Sportsmen's Club obtains a great deal of fine
sport with this trout in the estuary of its trout brook. The flesh of the Rainbow
is generally much esteemed, and in most localities the game qualities of the fish are
scarcely inferior to those of the Brook Trout.

Large Rainbow Trout do not stand transportation well when ice is used to cool
the water in which they are carried. They frequently injure their eyes, and become
blind soon after the end of a journey. They are inveterate fighters, and the strong-
est invariably rules and harasses the rest. Contrary to what has been stated hereto-
fore, they will not endure high temperatures as well as the Brook Trout, at least in
the aquarium.

66. Swiss Lake Trout (Salmo Icmanns Cuvier). (Introduced.)

Stj/tno lemanus CUVIER, R£gne Anim. fide Gunther; GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.,

VI, 81, 1866.

Salmo tmtta JURINE, M£m. Soc. Phys. Geneve, III, i, 158, pi. 4, 1825.
Fario lemanus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 300, pi. 617 (male),

1848.
Swiss Lake Trout ATKINS, Kept. U. S. F. C., XVII, XVIII, XIX, 1893 and 1894.

Head well proportioned in its shape, of moderate size, body rather stout ;
preoperculum with a distinct lower limb, operculum rather broad and high ; snout
of moderate length, rather produced in the male sex, in which a mandibular hook is
developed in the spawning season ; maxillary longer than the snout, and at least as

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 34 l

strong and broad as in .S. fario; in specimens 12 inches long it extends somewhat
behind the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit. Teeth moderately strong,
those on the vomer in a single series, alternately bent toward the right and left,
persistent throughout life. Pectoral fin rounded, its length being less, and in young
individuals more than, one-half of its distance from the ventral. The caudal
becomes truncate with age; in specimens of from 12 to 15 inches in length it is
emarginate, the middle rays being half as long as the outer ones. The hind part of
the body of moderate depth; there are 13 or 14 scales in a transverse series
descending from behind the adipose fin forward to the lateral line.

Back greenish, sides and belly silvery, numerous very small X-shaped black spots
on the sides ; opercles and dorsal fin with numerous black dots ; the other fins
greenish. D. 13 ; A. 12 ; P. 14 ; V. 9. Scales 26 to 28 — 115 to 128 — 36; pyloric
caeca 45 — 52 ; vertebrae 57 (once), 58 — 59. (After Giinther.)

Attempts have been made from time to time to introduce into large, cold lakes
of the United States the fine Lake Trout of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Eggs have
been furnished to the U. S. Fish Commission by the Swiss government, and these
were hatched at the Craig Brook, Me., station, and from there the young were
distributed to lakes believed to be suitable for the experiment. In New York, the
Adirondack League Club obtained 1,000 of the young of this species in 1896 and
deposited them in Green Lake, in Herkimer County. The specimen described below
is probably one of the results of that experiment. Swiss Lake Trout were furnished
also to the New York Fish Commission for planting in Lake George, and 100 year-
lings were presented to the New York Aquarium.

A specimen taken in Green Lake, Adirondack League Club preserve, Herkimer
County, July 29, 1899, was forwarded to the U. S. Fish Commission, Washington,
D. C., and there described by Dr. W. C. Kendall, from whose notes the following
account is drawn.

The total length of the specimen is 11^ inches. When first taken it was
reported to measure n^ inches. The body is moderately elongate, its greatest
depth contained three and three-fifths times in the total length to base of caudal.
Head large, slightly more than one-third of total length to base of caudal ; eye
rather large, about one-fifth of length of head ; snout long, about three-tenths of
length of head ; teeth on jaws, palatines and tongue long, curved and sharp, those
of the lower jaw longest, shaft of vomer long with a zigzag row of sharp teeth ; gill
rakers short, the longest one-third of diameter of iris, 4+11 on right side, 5 + 10
on left side. Height of longest dorsal ray two-thirds of length of head. Pectoral
five-eighths as long as the head. B. 11-12 ; D. 9 ; A. 8. Scales in lateral line 115.

342 SEVENTH REPORT (>F THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

General appearance of Saltno salar scbago, from which it would probably not be
distinguished by the casual observer if caught whore the Landlocked Salmon
occurs; but the Icinanns is distinguishable by the heavier appearance forward of
the dorsal fin.

Color in spirits, brownish on back, top of head and sides of head ; sides and
belly very silvery ; large roundish black spots above lateral line forward and on
cheeks and opercles ; perpendicularly elongate spots forward below lateral line ;
black of all spots most intense on edges of scales ; posteriorly the spots show only
on the edges of the scales, being variously crescentic, double or triple crescentic,
X <>r double X--snaPet' : fi'ls pale with slightly dusky tinge; dorsal with 5 trans-
verse rows of black spots.

Mr. De XVitt, who sent the specimen, furnished the following notes on Green
Lake, from whence it was forwarded : " Maximum depth 42 feet, with temperature
at bottom at that depth, as far as I have been able to ascertain, about 40°. Has no
outlet so far as we know. No Brown Trout have ever been put in it, and we take it
for granted that the specimen I send is one of the Swiss Trout."

LAKE TROUT.

67. Lake Trout; Salmon Trout (Cristiromcr namaycush Walbaum).

Sal, no amethyst inns MITCHILL, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 410, 1818.

Salmo confinis DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 238, pi. 38, fig. 123, 1842.

Sa/mo amethystus DEKAY, op. cit. 240, pi. 76, f g. 241.

Xalrelinus namaycush JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus, 317, 1883; GOODE,

Fish. & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 485, pi. i9iB, 1884; BEAN, Fishes Penna, 82, color pi.

8, 1893.

Cnstivomer namayeush JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 504, 1896, pi.
LXXXII, fig. 217, 1900; BEAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 348, 1897.

The Lake Trout or Namayeush has a stout and moderately elongate body. The
caudal peduncle is slender; its height little more than one-third of the greatest
height of the fish. The eye is large, placed near the top of the head, two-thirds as

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 343

long as the snout, and contained four and a half to five and a half times in length of
head. The maxilla reaches far behind the eye ; its length nearly half that of head.
The origin of the dorsal is midway between tip of snout and root of tail. The
length of the base equals length of maxilla ; its longest ray one-sixth of total
without caudal. The ventral is under the hind part of dorsal ; its length half the
length of head. The appendage is very short, about half the length of eye. The
fin, when extended, reaches nearly to the vent. The distance between ventral
origin and anal origin is one-fifth of total length without caudal. The anal base is
about one-third of length of head ; the longest ray half of length of head ; the last
ray equal to eye. The pectoral is nearly two-thirds as long as the head. B. 1 1 to
12 ; D. 9 to 10, besides several rudiments; A. 9 and several rudiments ; V. 9. Scales
of lateral line about 200.

The coloration is extremely variable, generally grayish, in the variety known as
the Tuladi, nearly black. Alaskan specimens are usually very dark ; occasionally
the upper parts are pale. The sides are profusely covered with roundish pale spots,
sometimes with a reddish tinge. On the back and top of head there are fine
vermiculations resembling those of the Brook Trout. The caudal, in addition to
numerous pale spots, has many small dark blotches.

The Lake Trout has received many names, among which are the following :
Mackinaw, Namaycush, Togue, Tuladi and Salmon Trout. Additional names of
the species are Lunge, Red Trout, Gray Trout, and Black Salmon. Togue and
Tuladi are names applied in Maine, New Brunswick and Canada, Mackinaw and
Salmon Trout in the Great Lakes region, the latter used also in New York. Namay-
cush is of course an Indian name.

The Lake Trout is native in the Great Lakes region, lakes of New York and
New England, Idaho and northward into Labrador, British America and Alaska.
Extending over such a wide range of country, it varies greatly in size, form and
color, which will in part account for the various names which it has received. It
has been found above the Arctic Circle in Alaska.

This is one of the largest species of the Salmon family resident in fresh waters.
It reaches a length of 3 feet, and specimens weighing 40 pounds are not uncommon.
It is said that an example of 90 pounds and 6 feet in length has been taken. The
species is found in its best condition in Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior. In
Alaska it grows to a large size, and is a very shapely and beautifully colored fish.

The Lake Trout is one of the most rapacious fishes of its family. In Lake
Michigan it feeds largely on the Cisco and other small Whitefishes. At Two Rivers,
Wis., a Lake Trout measuring 23 inches was found to contain a Burbot about 17

344 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

inches long. The gluttony of this species is proverbial. It will devour table refuse,
and materials of this kind have frequently been taken from its stomach. Even
twigs, leaves and pieces of wood have been taken by this Trout. The species is
much more sluggish in its habits than the Brook Trout, and is taken on or near the
bottom. The gill and pound nets in which this species is principally captured are
set in deep water.

The spawning of the Lake Trout usually begins in October and continues into
November. For this purpose they come up on rocky shoals and reefs in depths of
from 70 to 90 feet, and spawn near the edges of rock caverns, into which the eggs
settle. The young are hatched late in the winter or early in spring. In some locali-
ties the depth of the spawning areas ranges from 15 fathoms to only 7 feet. Mr.
Milner found 14,943 eggs in a Lake Trout weighing 24 pounds. In the hatchery,
with a water temperature of 47°, the young hatch about the last week of January,
but their hatching may be retarded several weeks by lower temperatures.

The fishery for the Lake Trout is most active in September, October and Novem-
ber, and the fish are taken chiefly in pound and gill nets. In some regions many of
them also are caught with hooks. In Lake Erie a few large trout of this species,
weighing from 25 to 40 pounds, are taken off the city of Erie. In 1885, according to
the statistics of the U. S. Fish Commission, 100,000 pounds of Lake Trout were
taken in Erie County, Pa.

Hon. H. W. Sage is authority for the information that the Lake Trout was form-
erly common in the lake near Ithaca. About 1830 a large individual was found
stranded in Cayuga Lake Inlet, about i*/£ miles from the lake.

68. Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill).

Salmo fontinalis MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 435, 1815, near New-
York; RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Ill, 176, pi. 83, fig. i, 1836; DEKAY, N. Y.
Fauna, Fishes, 235, pi. 38, fig. 120, 1842.

Salmo erythrogaster DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 236, pi. 39, fig. 136, 1842.

Baione fontinalis DEKAY, op. cit. 244, pi. 20, fig. 58, 1842.

Salvelinus fontinalis GOODE, Fish. & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 497, pi. 192, 1884; BEAN,
Fishes Penna., 80, color pi. 7, 1893; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 350, 1897;
BOWERS, Manual Fish Cult., ed. 2, color pi. frontispiece, 1900; JORDAN & EVER-
MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 506, pi. LXXXII, fig. 218, 1900.

The Brook Trout varies greatly in the shape of the body, which is sometimes
short and deep and again elongate and moderately thin. The depth is usually
about one-fourth or two-ninths of total length without caudal, and about equal to

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 345

length of head. The least depth of the caudal peduncle is a little more than one-
third of its greatest depth. The head is large and the snout somewhat obtuse.
The eye is in front of the middle of its length, a little more than one-half as long as
the snout, and about one-sixth of length of head. The dorsal fin is about midway
between tip of snout and root of tail. The length of its base equals about half its
greatest depth of body. The longest ray equals length of ventral. The ventral
origin is a little behind the middle of the dorsal. In the male, when laid backward,
it reaches nearly to the vent. The length of the appendage equals that of the
eye. The anal base is two-thirds as long as the ventral, its longest ray equal to
ventral. The adipose -fin is short and stout, its width two-thirds of its length and
about two-thirds of length of eye. D. 10 ; A. 9. Scales in lateral line 225 to 235 ;
six gill rakers above the angle of the first arch, 1 1 below.

BROOK TROUT.

The coloration is highly variable with age and locality. The upper parts are
usually grayish, much mottled with dark olive or black. The dorsal fin and anterior
part of caudal base and top of head are also mottled. The caudal has narrow dark
bars. The lower fins dusky with a creamy white anterior edge bound behind by a
narrow black streak. On the sides numerous pale brownish blotches encircle small
vermilion spots.

The Brook or Speckled Trout of the east is indigenous to the region east of the
Alleghany Mountains and the Great Lakes region, extending from North Carolina
on the south to Labrador on the north. The distribution of this Trout has been
wonderfully extended by artificial introduction, as it has always been a favorite with
fish culturists. It is now to be found thriving in many of the Western States and
Territories, and is particularly thrifty in Nebraska, Colorado, Nevada, and California.
It has also been sent to Mexico and to European countries. The average Brook
Trout seldom exceeds 7 or 8 inches in length, and smaller individuals are much

346 SEVKXTII REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

more abundant and require legal protection. In the northeastern part of its habitat
the Brook Trout grows much larger, specimens weighing from 3 to 6 pounds being
not uncommon ; and in one of the Rangeley lakes an individual weighing 1 1 pounds
is recorded, while Seth Green took a 1 2-pound specimen in the Sault St. Mary, and
Hallock mentions one which was said to weigh 17 pounds.

The Brook Trout does not flourish in water warmer than 68° and prefers a tem-
perature of about 50°. It is an inhabitant of the cold, clear mountain streams, and
will leave a region which becomes polluted by mill refuse and other hurtful sub-
stances. In the Long Island region and around Cape Cod, where the Brook Trout
has free access to salt water, it has the habit of going to sea in the fall and remain-
ing during the winter. It then grows rapidly and becomes a much more beautiful
fish than many which live exclusively in fresh water. In hot weather, when the
temperature of the streams becomes too high and lakes are accessible, trout seek
the deep parts of the lakes and the vicinity of cold springs. In streams they are to
be found in deep pools or in channels. They feed in spring and early summer
among the rapids on insects and small crustaceans.

The Brook Trout is a nest-builder. Cavities are made in the gravel, and the nest
is shaped with the tail, and the larger stones are carried in the mouths of the
parents. After the eggs are deposited they are covered with gravel. The eggs are
not all deposited at one time. Spawning usually begins in October, but Brook
Trout are spawning at some locality in almost every month of the year except mid-
summer. The egg is about one-fifth of an inch in diameter, and varies in color from
pale lemon to orange red. The average yield of the female is from 400 to 600.
Livingston Stone has taken 1,800 from a fish weighing i pound.

The period of hatching will depend on the temperature, ranging from 165 days
in water of 37° to 32 days in water of 54°. The yolk sack is absorbed in from 30 to
80 days, and after its absorption the young fish begin to feed. The rate of growth
will of course depend on the amount of food consumed. In artificial culture year-
lings, according to Mr. Ainsworth's estimate, will average 2 ounces ; fishes of two
years 4 ounces; of three years, 8 ounces, and of 4 years, I pound.

The value of the Brook Trout as a food fish and its game qualities are so well
known that I need hardly refer to them here.

The Brook Trout is well adapted to domestication in aquarium tanks ; it soon
overcomes its fear of moving objects, takes its food regularly, and is always attrac-
tive because of its beauty and graceful movements. It will live in fresh and salt
water. When it is attacked by fungus in fresh water, the parasite is easily killed by
introducing salt water, gradually increasing in salinity, and the trout is not at all

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 347

injured or inconvenienced by the treatment. In captivity the food consists almost
entirely of chopped hard clams and liver for the young, while hard clams, live
killifish and occasional earthworms are given to the large fish. The increase in size
with such feeding is remarkable. A Brook Trout from Caledonia, N. Y., not more
than 3^ inches long in November, 1896, measured 12^ inches in length and 3^
inches in depth December 10, 1897.

A single young Brook Trout from Caledonia survived in water of 76° F., but that
temperature was generally fatal to the species.

Dr. Meek has found the trout in small streams on the uplands throughout the
Cayuga Lake basin.

Mitchill knew this fish chiefly as an inhabitant of Long Island waters, and has
given an interesting account of the fishing at Nichols', Patchogue and Fireplace,
where a Mr. Robbins in 12 days in the summer of 1814 caught 190 trout weighing
139 pounds ii ounces. The largest at Patchogue weighed 2^/2 pounds, the largest
at Fireplace, 3 pounds. A Mr. Purvis of New York caught a trout measuring
24 inches and weighing 4^ pounds at Fireplace.

At that time, according to Mitchill, the trout was " bought at the extravagant
price of a quarter of a dollar for a single fish not more than 10 or 12 inches
long," and New York anglers traveled " away to Hempstead and Islip for the
pleasure of catching and eating him."

69. Saibling (Salvelinus alpinus Linnseus). (Introduced.)

Salmo alpinus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. X, I, 309, 1758, Lapland, West Gothland.
Salvelinus alpinus BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Sterling Lake, New York and New

Jersey ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Check-List Fish. N. A., 293, 1896 ; and Bull. 47,

U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 508, 1896.

Body moderately elongate, compressed, its greatest depth two-ninths of total
length to caudal base ; the caudal peduncle short and stout, its least depth two-fifths
of length of head ; head rather short, its length contained from four and one-third
to four and one-half times in total length to base of caudal (middle caudal rays).
The body is somewhat elevated at the nape and for a short distance behind it.
Mouth large, the maxilla reaching somewhat behind eye, its greatest width less than
one-fourth of its length, the upper jaw one-half as long as the head ; eye rather
large, nearly equal to snout, one-fifth of length of head ; interorbital space convex,
one and one-half times diameter of eye; lower jaw very slightly projecting; vome-
rine teeth in a very small patch on the head of the bone, lingual teeth strong, teeth
on both jaws well developed, those of the mandible strongest ; gill rakers short,

SKYKNTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

straight, very slender, the longest one half as long as the eye, 1 1 above and 14
below the angle of the first arch. The dorsal origin is nearer to tip of snout than
to base of caudal, its distance from the snout equaling twice the length of head ;
the dorsal base is as long as the postorbital part of head ; the longest dorsal ray
is two-thirds as long as the head, and nearly twice as long as the last ray. Adipose
fin twice as long as wide, as long as the iris, its origin distant from base of middle
caudal rays a space equal to length of head without the snout ; the fin is over the
end of anal base. Ventral midway between tip of snout and base of middle caudal
rays, its length two-thirds of length of head ; its appendage as long as the eye.
Anal fin distant from ventral origin a space equal to length of head ; anal base as
long as snout and eye combined ; longest anal ray equal to ventral and nearly two
and one-half times last anal ray. Pectoral as long as the head without the snout.
Caudal well forked, its outer rays about as long as the pectoral fin.

Color of the upper parts dark gray or greenish, the sides with a silvery shade
passing into a deep red or orange on the lower half and, especially, the belly ; red
spots on the sides; lower fins margined with white and a blackish shade within the
margin; sides of the head silvery ; dorsal and caudal fins uniform dusky, unspotted.

The Saibling has been introduced into the United States, and a specimen was
obtained from Sterling Lake, N. J., December 29, 1888. This was presented by A.
S. Hewitt, Jr., to Eugene G. Blackford of New York City, and by him forwarded to
the U. S. National Museum for identification and preservation. The specimen is
9)/5 inches long. It does not differ in any way from European specimens with
which it has been compared, as may be seen from the following description :

The greatest height of the body equals two-ninths of the total length without
caudal ; the least height of the caudal peduncle is two-fifths of greatest depth of
body and one-third of length of head. Head large, one-fourth of total length with-
out caudal ; snout equal to eye, four in head ; maxilla extending to slightly behind
orbit, its width nearly one-fourth of its length ; mandible slightly projecting.
Dorsal origin nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal ; base of dorsal one-
half as long as the head ; longest dorsal ray equal to pectoral and nearly two-thirds
of length of head ; last dorsal ray one-third of length of head. Adipose fin over
the last two or three anal rays, its length about equal to diameter of iris. The
ventral origin is under the fifth or sixth divided ray of the dorsal ; the fin is as long
as the postorbital part of the head ; its appendage is not quite one-third as long
as the fin, and equals the diameter of the iris. The anal base is four-ninths as long
as the head ; the last ray of the fin is one-half as long as the longest, which is
one-half as long as the head. The pectoral reaches almost to below the origin of

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 349

the dorsal, its length two-thirds of length of head. Caudal deeply forked, its middle
rays less than one-half as long as the outer, which are equal to length of head with-
out the snout.

The fish is an immature male with about 10 oblong parr marks on the sides and
with a few narrow dark blotches simulating half bands on the back from near the
nape to a point behind the dorsal fin ; numerous pale spots along the middle of the
sides, each of which no doubt had a vermilion spot in the center in life.

Sterling Lake is in New York and New Jersey ; and it was stated that the trout
are found in streams emptying into the lake. This is noteworthy as being the only
instance, as far as known, of successful introduction of the Saibling into our waters.

70. Sunapee Trout; Golden Trout; Silver Trout (Salvelinus aureolus Bean).

(Introduced.)

Salvelinus aureolus BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 628, 1887, Sunapee Lake, New

Hampshire.
Salvelinus alpinus aureolus JORDAN, Forest and Stream, Jan. 22, 1891; QUACKENBOS,

Trans. N. Y. Ac. Sci., XII, 139, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.

Mus., I, 511, 1896, pi. LXXXIII, fig. 220, 1900.

SUNAPEE TROUT.

The type of the description, No. 39,334, was obtained in Sunapee Lake, N. H.,
in the fall of 1887 by Dr. John D. Quackenbos.

The length of the specimen to the caudal base is 62/. inches; the greatest
height of the body equals the length of the head, and is contained about four
times in the total without caudal ; the least height of the tail equals one-third the
length of the head. The maxilla reaches past the middle, but not to the end of
the eye ; its length is contained about two and two-thirds times in length of head.
The length of the upper jaw is contained about two and one-third times in the
length of the head, and is equal to the longest anal ray ; the eye is a little longer
than the snout, and is contained four and two-sevenths times in the length of the
head ; hyoid teeth well developed ; the first dorsal is a little nearer the tip of snout

350 SKVl.MH UK PORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

than to the base of caudal, and the length of its base is one-half the length of the
head ; the adipose dorsal is distant from end of first dorsal a space equal to twice
the length of the ventral ; the anal is at a distance from the snout equal to about
three times the length of the head ; the longest anal ray is equal to the length of
the upper jaw ; the length of the middle caudal rays is equal to twice the diameter
of the eye. The ventral is situated midway between the tip of the snout and caudal
base; its length equals one-half the length of the head. The length of the pectoral
is about twice the width of the interorbital area. B. 10 ; D. iv, 9; A. Hi, 8 ; P. 13;
V. 9. Scales, 35-210-40; gill rakers, 6-|-io-i2. The peculiarity of the gill rakers of
this trout is that they are always curled up at the ends and not straight, as in the
oquassa from Maine.

Colors. Sides silvery white. Back with about six well-defined band-like mark-
ings, besides some irregular dark blotches. There are about 10 parr marks on the
sides and numerous small, roundish, white spots. In colors this char is different
from the oquassa from Maine, but, if fresh specimens of the Maine trout were
compared with this young fish, the difference in color might not be so great.

The specimen described is a young male with the spermaries showing as a mere
slight ribbon. Its stomach contained an earthworm and the wing cases of a squash
beetle. The other two specimens (somewhat smaller) are females far from maturity.

In a female, 1 1 inches in total length, both parr marks and bands across the back
show very plainly. This female has a few free eggs in the abdominal cavity and
seems to be nearly spent. In examples of this size the tail is deeply forked, the
middle rays being less than one-half as long as the external rays.

In males the pectoral is always longer than in females of equal size.

The following color notes were taken from Nos. 38,321 to 38,328, collected by Col.
Hodge in Sunapee Lake, December 10, 1886. Head and upper parts brownish gray,
caudal the same, with the exception of a narrow white margin on the lower lobe ;
under surface of head, in most examples, brownish gray, in others whitish ; belly
orange, this color extending up on the sides but not to the middle line of the body ;
anal orange, with white margin in front ; ventrals orange, with broad white margin
on the outer rays; pectorals, gray upper half and orange lower half; dorsal gray,
lighter along the base; sides, both above and below lateral line, with numerous
orange spots, fading out to whitish. The largest of these spots are little more than
one-third as long as the iris. No mottlings anywhere.

The Golden Trout is a native of Sunapee Lake and Dan Hole Pond, in New
Hampshire, and of Flood's Pond, in Maine. Doubtless it exists in other lakes of
New England and British North America.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

351

It is a large species, reaching a length of 20 inches and the weight of 6 or 8
pounds ; even larger individuals have been reported. Spawning takes place in
Sunapee Lake on reefs in shallow water, and not in the streams tributary to the
lake ; the season is about the same as for the Brook Trout. The colors of the male
in the breeding season are gorgeous, and the sight of a host of spawning fish in the
water is one to be remembered.

Many large and small trout of this kind have been deposited in Lake George
and other suitable waters of the State.

71. Smelt ; Ice Fish (Osmerus mordax Mitchill).

Atherina mordax MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 446, 1815, New York.
Osmerus viridescens DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 243, pi. 39, fig. 124, streams flowing

into Long island Sound, Hackensack and Passaic Rivers.
Osmerus mordax BEAN, Fishes Penna., 64, pi. 26, fig. 46, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN?

Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 523, 1896, pi. LXXXVI, fig. 228, 1900; EVERMANN &

KENDALL, Kept. U. S. Commr. Fish & Fisheries for 1894, 593, 1896, Lake Mem-

phremagog and Lake Champlain.

SMELT.

The Smelt is known along our east coast from Labrador to Virginia. It prob-
ably extends still farther north, but the record of W. A. Stearns, published in the
Proceedings of the National Museum for 1883, p. 124, fixes the most northern
locality known at present. He found the Smelt common in August in shoal water
off the wharves of Cape Breton. In Pennsylvania the fish is common in the spring
in the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. In numerous lakes of Maine, New Hamp-
shire, and other New England States, the Smelt is common landlocked, and thrives
as well as in the salt water.

DeKay knew the Smelt as a marine species ascending the Hackensack and
Passaic Rivers. The species occurs also in Lakes Champlain and Memphremagog.
In the former lake it reaches a large size. At Port Henry, N. Y., the fish is called
Ice Fish.

352 SEVKMII REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The upper parts are greenish ; a broad silvery band along the sides ; body and
fins with numerous minute dusky points.

The Smelt grows to a length of I foot ; the average size as found in the markets
is about 7 inches. It enters the rivers for the purpose of spawning and is most
abundant in the winter and early spring months. Spawning takes place in the
Raritan River, N. J., in March. The eggs of the Smelt have been artificially
hatched by Mr. Ricardo, Fred Mather and other fish culturists.

The Smelt begins to run into Gravesend Bay in December and remains during
cold weather. In the spring it ascends rivers to spawn. The eggs are small (z/c inch
in diameter) and number 496,000 to the fluid quart ; they adhere to stones, twigs,
etc., on the bottom. Some females begin to spawn when only 3 or 4 inches long.

Its range has been widely extended by artificial introduction, which is very easily
effected by transporting the fertilized eggs from the small brooks in which the
species spawns.

In fish cultural operations " the spawning fish, of both sexes, are placed in
troughs, which are covered to exclude light, which is very injurious to the eggs.
The eggs are naturally laid and fertilized, and become attached to each other and to
the troughs. They are scooped up with a flat shovel, placed on wire trays in water,
and are forced through the meshes of the trays to separate them. They are
hatched in automatic shad jars, blanketed to exclude light. If during hatching the
eggs bunch, they are removed from the jars and again passed through the meshes
of the wire trays."

The Smelt is an excellent food fish and is also used for bait, and still more
extensively as food for Landlocked Salmon, Lake and Brook Trout and other
important salmonoids, which are artificially reared in lakes. It has proved to be one
of the best fishes for this purpose. Immense quantities of Smelts are caught
during the winter months in nets, seines and by hook and line. They are usually
shipped to market in the frozen condition, packed in snow or crushed ice. The fish
which have not been frozen, however, are prized more highly than any others.

The fry are hardy in transportation.

In captivity the adults live till about the end of June, when the water becomes
too warm and they die. Their food consists mainly of shrimps and other small
crustaceans.

' . I

M , : i
IIIJ I F ? ,'

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 353

72. Banded Pickerel (Lucius americanus Gmelm).

Esox scomberius MITCHILL, Amer. Month. Mag., II, 322, March, 1818, Murderer's

Creek, New York.
Esox fasciatus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 224, pi. 34, fig. no, 1842, streams and

ponds of Long Island.
Esox americanus BEAN, Fishes Penna., 89, pi. 28, fig. 53, 1893.

The Banded Pickerel is probably identical with the " Mackerel Pike " of Mitchill.
It is a small fish, seldom exceeding 12 inches in length, and will not average more
than y2 pound in weight. It occurs only east of the Alleghanies, from Massachu-
setts to Florida in coastwise streams. In Pennsylvania it is limited to waters in the
eastern part of the State, and the same is true in New York.

This Pickerel is too small to have much importance as a food fish. It resembles
in general appearance and habits the Little Pickerel of the west. It frequents clear,

BANDED PICKEREL.

cold and rapid brooks and is said to associate with the Brook Trout without injury
to the latter.

December 30, 1895, James Annin, Jr., sent from Rockland, N. Y., a small Pickerel
which had attracted his attention on account of its colors and markings. It was
taken in a small spring brook, tributary to the Beaverkill, which, about 10 or 15
miles below, unites with the Delaware. Subsequently two examples were forwarded

•

alive from the same place. The following notes and measurements, in inches,
relate to the first individual of undetermined sex, the organs being undeveloped.

MEASUREMENTS.

INCHES.

Length, including caudal fin, - 7^

External caudal lobe (horizontally), - 1^5

Middle caudal rays (from end of scales), - ^

Length of head, - i^

Greatest depth of body, - i/^
23

354 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

INCHES.

Least depth of caudal peduncle, -

Length of snout, ...

Length of maxilla, ....

Length of mandible,

Diameter of eye, - ...

Distance from snout to dorsal,

Length of dorsal base,

Length of longest dorsal ray,

From end of dorsal to caudal origin,

Distance from snout to pectoral,

Length of pectoral,

Distance from snout to ventral,

Length of ventral.

Distance from snout to anal,

Length of anal base,

Length of longest anal ray,

From end of anal base to origin of lower caudal lobe, -

LITTLE PICKEREL.

B. 12; D. 12; A. II ; V. 9. Scales, 24-110. The maxilla reaches to below the
middle of the pupil. The mandible projects '/J6 of an inch when the mouth is
closed. The diameter of the eye is contained five and two-thirds times in length of
head. The stomach was empty, but insect remains were voided from the vent.

73. Little Pickerel (Lucius vcrmiculatus LeSueur).

Esox vermiculatus BEAN, Fishes Penna., 90, pi. 28, fig. 54, 1893.

Lucius rennicitlatus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 627, 1896.

This Pickerel inhabits the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and streams
flowing into the Great Lakes from the southward. In ponds formed in the spring
by the overflow of river banks it is one of the characteristic fishes and is often
destroyed in great numbers by the drying up of such bodies of water. In Pennsyl-

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

355

vania the Little Pickerel, or Trout Pickerel, is common in the Ohio and its tribu-
taries. Prof. Cope mentions it also as an inhabitant of the Susquehanna River, in
which it is probably not a native.

The U. S. Fish Commission obtained a moderate number of specimens in the
Lake Ontario region at the following New York localities: Black Creek, tributary of
Oswego River, Scriba Corner, July 15 ; Lakeview Hotel, 7 miles west of Oswego, July
17; Wart Creek, July 24; Great Sodus Bay, August 16; Outlet Long Pond, 4 miles
west of Charlotte, August 7 ; Marsh Creek, near Point Breeze, August 21. This fish
grows to the length of i foot and is, therefore, too small to have much importance
for food.

74. Chain Pickerel ; Green Pike (Lucius reticulatus LeSueur).

Esox reticulatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 353, 1883.
Esox reticulatus BEAN, Fishes Penna., 90, pi. 29, fig. 55, 1893.
Esox tridecemlineattis MITCHILL, Mirror, 361, 1825, Oneida, N. Y.

CHAIN PICKEREL.

The Chain Pickerel is known under other names ; it is the Jack of the south, the
Federation Pike of Oneida Lake, N. Y., the Green Pike of the Great Lakes and the
Eastern Pickerel of many writers. It does not occur west of the Alleghanies, but is
found from Maine to Florida and Alabama east of this range of mountains. It
lives in ponds, lakes and streams and occurs within the same territory as L. aineri-
canus, but farther away from the coast. (After Eugene Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. Y., No. 9, p. 29, 1897.)

At Water Mill this Pickerel occurs in or near brackish water at the east end of
Mecox Bay, and it is in very plump condition on account of the abundance of small
fishes on which it feeds, for example, the Silversides, young Sunfish, and small
Killifishes of several kinds.

Dr. Meek notes that the species seems to be subject to individual variation. In
many respects the specimens from Cayuga Lake appear to be intermediate between
reticulatris and vcrmiculatus. It is not very common.

The Pickerel is common in ponds and streams of the Hudson Highlands, accord-

356 SEVENTH RKPORT OF Till. FoKFST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

ing to Dr. Mearns, and is taken in winter as well as summer. A specimen weighing
3^ pounds was caught in Poplopen's Pond in 1882. It is abundant also in Kaaters-
kill Lake, of the Catskill Mountains. The U. S. Fish Commission obtained it in
Black River, Huntingtonville, N. Y., July 5. Examples were sent from Canan-
daigua Lake, and young were obtained in Bronx River.

The Pickerel is the largest of its group, reaching a length of 2 feet and a weight,
occasionally, of 8 pounds, though this is much above the average.

Like the Pike, this is one of the tyrants among fishes, a fierce and hungry
marauder; and yet it has been introduced by fishermen into many waters in which
it is not native and has greatly multiplied. In the Potomac, the Connecticut, the
Delaware and other large rivers the Pickerel abounds ; it is to be found in large
numbers lying in wait among the river grasses cr in ponds under the shelter of leafy
water plants for the minnows which it consumes in enormons numbers, or some
unlucky insect, frog or snake which attracts its voracious appetite.

Spawning takes place in the winter and early in the spring, and the young soon
become solitary and wolfish like their elders.

The fish obtained from Canandaigua Lake spawned in their tank in June, 1897,
and the young were naturally hatched, but they died when about three-fourths of
an inch long for want of acceptable food.

As a food fish not much can be said in praise of the Chain Pickerel, though it is
eaten and doubtless liked by a good many people. The flesh is often coarse and
watery and it is always full of small bones. This fish, however, furnishes consider-
able sport to the angler, since it is a very free biter and fights with great boldness
and stubbornness when hooked. It is caught by trolling with a spoon or still fish-
ing with live shiners, pickerel frogs and many other baits. A minnow gang is often
very effective in Pickerel fishing. The hooks must be tied on gimp as a protection
for the line from the sharp teeth of the fish.

This species is always hard to keep in good condition in captivity, because of its
liability to fungus attacks. The salt water treatment, however, keeps the fungus in
check.

75. Common Pike (Lucius Indus Linnaeus).

Esox lueius JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 353, 1883.
Esox lueius BEAN, Fishes Penna., 91, pi. 29, fig. 56, 1893.
Esox estor DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 222, 1842.

The ground color of the body is grayish varying to bluish or greenish gray. The
sides are thickly covered with pale blotches, none of them as large as the eye,

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 357

arranged nearly in rows. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins have many rounded, dark
spots. Adults without dark bar below eye. Naked part of opercle bounded by a
whitish streak. In the young the sides are covered with oblique yellowish bars,
which afterward break up into the pale spots of the adult.

Pike is the best known name for this species, though the misnomer " Pickerel "
is rather extensively used. The origin of Pike is involved in uncertainty ; some
trace it to the resemblance in shape of the snout to the pike or spear, while others
believe it to refer to the darting motion of the fish when speeding through the
water. The name Pickerel is used in Vermont and around Lake George, N. Y.
" Frank Forrester " (Herbert) styles it the Great Northern Pickerel. The name
Jack is applied in Great Britain to young Pike. BrocJiet is the French name, Hecht
the German and Luccio the Italian designation of the species. In Prof. Cope's
paper in earlier reports of the Pennsylvania Fish Commission the names Lake Pike
and Grass Pike are used for the fish.

COMMON PIKE.

Distribution. In the north temperate and arctic regions of North America,
Europe and Asia the Pike is equally common. In North America it extends from
Pennsylvania to high northern latitudes. In Alaska Townsend and others found it
in abundance in the Yukon. From Greenland and the islands of the Arctic Ocean
the Pike appears to be absent. The identity of our American Pike with the
common one of Europe was recognized by Cuvier and Richardson more than half a
century ago; the former compared specimens from Lake Huron with European
examples, and Richardson with the English Pike, and both were unable to find
specific differences between the two.

The Pike is said to be common in Lake Champlain and in all its larger tribu-
taries. In the Lake Ontario region the U. S. Fish Commission collectors secured it
at the following places : Mud Creek, Cape Vincent, N. Y., June 25, 1894, Chaumont
River, July 10, outlet Long Pond, 4 miles west of Charlotte, N. Y., August 17.

Dr. Meek found the species in Cayuga Lake, where, he says, he was unable to
find any other fish of the genus except the Pickerel. James Annin, Jr., obtained

SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

the Pike in Silver Lake, Wyoming County, N. Y., July i, 1896. He reports that it
does not occur in Canandaigua Lake.

On the continent of Europe the largest recorded specimen was taken at
Bregenty in 1862; this \vas said to weigh 145 pounds. In Scotland a Pike measur-
ing more than 7 feet and weighing 72 pounds has been reported. We do not find
monsters like these in America. "Frank Forrester " mentions individuals of 16 to
17 pounds. Lake George, N. Y., is famous for its large Pike. Dr. Frank Presbrey
of Washington, D. C, caught one there in 1889 weighing a little more than 16
pounds, and more than 30 examples averaging in excess of 10 pounds each were
taken that season by another Washington party in the same waters. Some of the
largest Pike were upward of 4 feet long. The average length of adults is about 2
feet. v

The fishing season generally begins June i and ends December i, but many of
the States have no close season. In Pennsylvania the close time lasts from Decem-
ber i to June i.

The Pike is a voracious fish and destroys everything within its reach in the form
of animal life; other fish, water birds and mammals are consumed in enormous
numbers. From its concealment, like a beast of prey, it darts out suddenly on
its victims and seldom misses its mark. The Pike is even more destructive than
the Pickerel, and two of the latter, measuring 5 inches in length, have been reported
to eat more than 100 minnows in a day. Spawning takes place in winter and early
spring on shallows and frequently on overflowed meadows. The eggs are about
one-eighth inch in diameter, and a female weighing 32 pounds was estimated by
Buckland to contain 595,000. The young Pike has a very large yolk sac. The period
of hatching varies, with the temperature of the water, from 14 to 30 days. The
female is said to be larger than the male ; the fish breeds at the age of three years.
At the age of one year the fish may reach a length of 12 inches, and if well
supplied with food it will increase in weight from 2 to 3 pounds yearly.

The Pike is a fairly good food fish and forms an important element of the Lake
Erie fisheries. As a game fish the species is widely known ; it can be readily caught
by trolling or spinning or on lines set under the ice. Live minnows and frogs are
favorite baits ; and Dr. Henshall says it will rise to a large, gaudy fly. In Lake
George the White Chub is one of the best known baits.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OE NEW YORK. 359

76. Mascalonge; Spotted Mascalonge (Lucius masquinongy Mitchill).

Esox masquinongy MITCHILL, Mirror, 297, 1824, Lake Erie.
Esox nobilior BEAN, Fishes Penna., 93, pi. 29, fig. 57, 1893.

Lucius masquinongy JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 629, 1896,
pi. C., fig. 270, 1900.

The color is usually dark gray, sometimes immaculate as in the color variety
immaculatus, but generally with numerous distinct, roundish, black spots about as
large as buckshot. The dark spots are present only on the basal parts of the dorsal,
anal and caudal fins. The lower parts are pale, the belly white.

The name of this giant Pike is apparently derived from the language of the
Ojibwa or the Cree Indians; it is variously spelled and its meaning is uncertain,
though the roots, according to H. W. Henshaw, are probably mask (ugly) and
kinonge (hs\i). In the books it appears as Muscalonge, Muskellunge, Muskallunge

MASCALONGE.

Mascalonge and Maskinonge, all variations of the same term. Some writers style it
the Great Pike, and by others it is confused with the common Pike, E. lucius. Prof.
Cope mentions also the name Blue Pike.

The Mascalonge is recorded by Prof. Cope from Conneaut Lake, Crawford
County, Pa., the specimen measuring 17 inches in circumference behind the eyes.
It is found occasionally in the Ohio Valley. The species, however, is most abundant
in the Great Lakes region. In Lake Erie favorite localities are Dunkirk and Barce-
lona, N. Y., Erie, Pa., and Mills' Grove, O. The northern limit of the fish is not
definitely fixed.

It is asserted by some persons that the fish inhabits Cayuga Lake, but others
deny this. Dr. Meek was unable to find it there after diligent search. It was
known in Lake Champlain more than half a century ago and was described by Rev.
Zadock Thompson. Mitchill and Kirtland had it from Lake Erie. DeKay con-
founded the Mascalonge with the Pike, and apparently had no example of the
former. In the St. Lawrence River the species is well known.

360 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

It is recorded that in 1865 Mr. Schultz caught a Mascalonge at Milwaukee
weighing 100 pounds. In 1864 Fred. Alvord declared that he had an 85-pound
specimen in Maumee Bay. The average length of the species is about 3 feet, and
there is reason to believe that a length of 8 feet is sometimes reached. Individuals
weighing 50 pounds are moderately common. With the exception of the Lake
Trout and some of the Salmon, this is undoubtedly the largest game fish in the
United States.

The fish seem not to be gregarious, but occur usually in pairs. Their food
consists mainly of smaller fishes, and their voracity is notorious. In the spawning
season, in small rivers falling into Lake Simcoe, Richardson states that they feed
on small fishes and on gelatinous green balls which grow on the sides of banks
under the water.

This is an excellent food fish, but not common enough to have much commercial
importance. As a game fish it has few superiors. The spoon bait is very effective
in the capture of Mascalonge, and live fishes are extensively used. A correspondent
of Land and Water describes a singular and successful lure made from a young
brown calf's tail, through the center of which the shank of the hook was passed and
fastened to a swivel.

77. Northern Mascalonge (Lucius iinmaculatus Garrard).

Body unspotted, or with vague, dark, cross shades ; tail a little more slender and
fins a little higher than in the Spotted or Lake Mascalonge.

Lakes and rivers of Wisconsin and Minnesota, locally abundant. This is
probably not distinct from the Mascalonge of Chautauqua Lake.

78. Unspotted Mascalonge ; Barred Mascalonge (Lucius ohiensis Kirtland).
Lucius Indus immaculatus BEAN, by error, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 353, 1897.

Examples of Unspotted Mascalonge were received at the New York aquarium
from Chautauqua Lake, N. Y., which belongs to the Ohio River drainage system.
It appears that the typical spotted form also inhabits the Ohio basin, but occurs
rarely. Mr. Annin sent one individual December 4, 1895, and two on May 4, 1896.

In all the specimens the maxilla extends to below the front edge of the pupil.
The gill rakers are mere clumps of spiny tubercles. In the two males the diameter
of the eye is contained from four and one-third to five times in the length of the
snout, and from 10 to 1 1 times in the length of the head.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 361

In the individual of December 4, 1895, the lateral line tubes are distributed over
various parts of the sides without much regularity except in the median line.
There are no black spots. About 20 entire, blotch-like, irregular cross bands and
several parts of bands and blotches intervening. The lower third of the pectoral is
pink. The dorsal, caudal and anal with dark blotches making pseudo bands.
Iris lemon yellow overlying silvery white. The general color is olive green with
golden tints.

The two males of May 4, 1896, furnished the following notes :

Olive green tinged with golden bronze ; sides with about twenty irregular dusky
blotches resembling interrupted bands ; dorsal, caudal and anal with numerous
large dusky blotches, those on dorsal and anal almost forming bands ; iris lemon
yellow and silvery in the larger, almost vermilion and orange in the smaller ; a
dark blotch at upper edge of opercle.

The Chautauqua Lake Mascalonge, according to James Annin, Jr., who sent the
specimens, is a very fine food and game fish, and attains to the weight of 50 pounds.
In the spring of 1895 it was not unusual to capture individuals weighing from 40 to
50 pounds, and 20 to 30 pounds was a very common weight. In winter the fish
frequent nearly the same localities as in summer, being found in the vicinity of
water plants. When the lake becomes very clear in February they go into deep
water, but they live in deep water more or less all the year.

For the fish culture operations the nets are set as soon after the first of April as
the ice leaves the lake. The fish begin to spawn a few days after and continue till
the latter part of April. They go into shallower water for spawning ; most of them
spawn in from 10 to 15 feet of water. They do not resort to the gravel like many
other fish, but to mud, generally going into bays. The eggs are placed in boxes, all
of which are provided with screens at top and bottom. The bottom has an extra
screen to prevent minnows from injuring the eggs. The boxes are sunk from i foot
to 2 feet under the surface of the water. Every day or two they are drawn up, the
covers removed, and all bad eggs and sediment cleaned out.

During the first experiments in Chautauqua Lake, N. Y., Monroe Green and
Jonathan Mason obtained the eggs in April and May, 1890, and these were arti-
ficially hatched. A large female yielded 60,000 eggs. With the water at the tem-
perature of 40° to 46° very few of the eggs were developed, but when it neared
60°, in May, better results were secured. On May 27 75,000 young fish were planted
in the lake. The eggs were hatched in a box suspended about 4 feet from the
bottom in 18 feet of water.

3^2 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, HSU AND clAME COMMISSION.

79. Silversides ; Friar ; Whitebait (Mcnidia notata Mitchill).

Atherina notata MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 446, 1815; DEKAY, N. Y.

Fauna, Fishes, 141, pi. 28, fig. 88, 1842, New York.
Atherina riridcsccns MITCHILL, op. cit., 447, 1815, N. Y.
Chirostoma notatinn GOODK iS: HKAN, Bull. Essex Inst., XI, 21, 1879.
Atherina mcniJia DEKAY, op. cit., 142, pi. 74, fig. 236, 1842, N. Y., not of LINNAEUS.
MeniJia notata BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 146, 1888 ; i9th Kept. Commrs. Fish. N.

Y.. J7i, 1890.

Translucent green ; lateral band silvery, mostly on the level of the eye, its width
less than one-half the diameter of eye. Scales of upper parts with dark dots along
their edges; chin speckled.

The Common Silversides grows to a length of 6 inches.

The Silversides was first made known by Dr. Mitchill under the name of Small
Silverside, Atherina notata, and he described the young of the same species as the

SILVERSIDES.

Green-Sided Silverside, Atherina i'iri</fscfin;. Dr. DeKay states that the Silversides
was known in the harbor of New York as the Anchovy and the Sand Smelt. Friar
is a New England name for the species ; Capelin is in use about Boston, and Merit
fish in the vicinity of Watch Hill. Sperling is a name recently applied to this
species by some fishermen, and we have known persons to offer the Silversides as
Whitebait. In Great South Bay it is known as Shiner.

The Silversides is known to occur on the coast from Maine to Virginia. It is
one of the most abundant of the small fishes in our waters, swimming in immense
schools made up of fish of different sizes, and it forms a considerable part of the
food of more valuable species, such as the Mackerel, Bluefish, Weakfish and
Flounders, and is very much in demand as a bait for hook and line fishing. We
seined the Silversides in all parts of Great South Bay, and found it to be one of the
most abundant and characteristic species.

The Common Silversides, or Spearing, lives in Gravesend Bay almost all the
year, hibernating in spring holes in winter. It is well suited for a captive life and
can endure a temperature of 71^° in the salt water.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 363

In 1898 the species was found for the State Museum at all Long Island localities
visited, Peconic Bay, Mecox Bay, the ocean at Southampton, and throughout Great
South Bay. Small individuals are sold in the markets as Whitebait. In the time
of DeKay the fish was called Anchovy and Sand Smelt and was esteemed a savory
food. Twenty years before he wrote of the fishes of New York, it was caught from
the wharves and sold for bait.

80. Striped Mullet (Mugil cephalns Linn.neus).

Mugil cephalus BEAN, 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 103, 1900.

Mugil ctibula BEAN, igth Rept. Commrs. Fish. N. Y., 272, pi. XXI, fig. 26, 1890.

Mugil lineatus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 144, pi. 15, fig. 42, 1842, New York.

Color, darkish blue above ; the sides silvery ; exposed part of scales, especially of
eight or ten upper series, darker than body color, causing a striped appearance

STRIPED MULLET.

belly and lower part of sides yellowish ; ventral fins yellowish ; soft dorsal, anal and
ventrals dusky ; tip and base of pectoral dusky.

The Striped Mullet grows to the length of 2 feet, but the average size in New
York waters is much less.

The fish is known in Great South Bay as Mullet and Jumping Mullet; the name
Mullet is applied to it also in the Gulf of Mexico, and is in general use along the
east coast ; it is known in the Chesapeake as Mullet or Fatback. The latter name is
probably applied to more than one species.

The Striped Mullet is known on our coast from Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico.
The young are much more abundant than the adults. In Great South Bay we
found the species not uncommon ; two examples were taken at the mouth of Swan
Creek, September 12. Several schools were present. We were informed that they
appear occasionally, and one gentleman of Patchogue was very successful in taking
this and its allied species with hook and line. DeKay states that the Striped Mullet

364 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

was first observed in New York waters by Dr. Mitchill. He found them in the
market in the beginning of September. This species is one of our choice food
fishes. It is not uncommon in September in Great Egg Harbor Bay, N. J., but we
are informed that large specimens are never taken in that body of water.

In 1898 the Striped Mullet was not abundant in the waters seined till fall ; the
great schools were absent till October. Several individuals were obtained in Mecox
Bay, August 2, and a larger number in Clam Pond Cove, Great South Bay,
August 22.

The young of this species are abundant in Gravesend Bay in midsummer; larger
ones appear in September and October. One winter, some years ago, Mullet hiber-
nated in the mud in Sheepshead Bay and were taken with eel spears. The Mullets
feed and thrive most of the year in captivity, but will not survive the intense heat
of summer. In the aquarium their food includes hard clam and shrimp.

In 1883 Jordan & Gilbert established a genus Qucriinana for " little mullets with
but two spines in the anal fin and with the teeth in the jaws less ciliiform than in
Mugil; adipose eyelid wanting; preorbital serrate." The genus was based on
My.vus harcngus of Giinther. Querimana is nothing more than the young of Mugil.
The only good character by which it was distinguished is the presence of two anal
spines instead of three ; in all other respects Querimana and Mugil agree perfectly.
As a matter of fact, all young Mugils pass through a Qucriinana stage in which only
two of the three anal spines are developed, the adipose eyelid is rudimentary, and
the teeth are comparatively stouter than in the adult. The third anal spine of
Mugil is really a simple articulated ray till the fish reaches a length varying from
about 40 mm. to 50 mm. The first simple ray of the anal becomes a spine by the
breaking off at an articulation, the subsequent sharpening of the point, and the
deposit of hard material in the articulations, thus forming a somewhat slender, but
perfect spine.

This fact of development was carefully studied in large series of specimens in the
U. S. National Museum, and it is both interesting and important from the fish cul-
tural as well as the systematic standpoint. In Mugil ceplialus one example, 41 mm.
long, shows the third anal spine very plainly ; it is well developed and has a sharp
point, but several articulations still remain. Other examples of equal length have
the first simple anal ray scarcely developed into a spine, and in still others this ray
does not take on the character of a spine at all. Querimana harcngiis, the type of
the genus, is the young of Mugil curcma, and Q. gyrans is the immature Mugil
trichodon. A re-examination of the types of Querimana gyrans shows the presence
of 33 rows of scales in some examples instead of 29.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 365

8l. White Mullet (Mugil curema Cuv. & Val.).

Mugil curema BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C, VII, 145, 1888 ; igth Kept. Commrs. Fish. N.

Y., 272, pi. XXI, fig. 26, 1890.

Mugil curema BEAN, 520! Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 103, 1900.
Mugil petrosus DEKAY. N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 147, 1842.

Color silvery, bluish above ; no dusky streaks along the sides in life, but faint
streaks are evident after preservation in spirits ; a small dark blotch at base of
pectoral ; caudal pale, yellowish at base, dusky at tip ; anal and ventrals yellowish ;
two yellow blotches on side of head.

The White Mullet reaches the length of I foot. On the Atlantic coast it ranges
from Cape Cod to Brazil ; in the Pacific it is recorded from California to Chili. It
is a very important food fish.

WHITE MULLET.

The White Mullet appears with the striped species, but is less abundant in
Gravesend Bay and is smaller in size. The young were taken in Great South Bay
in August, 1898, and half-grown individuals were abundant in September and
October. Adults were scarce.

Dr. Mitchill calls this the Summer Mullet. He records a specimen that weighed
2^ pounds, the heaviest coming under his observation. DeKay found the species
in New York markets in July and August.

82. Common Mackerel (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus).

Scomber scombrus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 424, 1883.
Scomber scombrus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 865, 1896, pi.
CXXXIII, fig. 363, 1900.

Color dark blue, or greenish blue above, the upper parts with 30 or more wavy
transverse bands of a darker hue, these extending below the lateral line and nearly
to the median line of the body ; beneath the ends of these lines and slightly sepa-

SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

rated from them is a narrow, longitudinal, dark streak running almost the entire dis.
tance from the pectoral to the caudal ; top of the head very dark; a dark blotch in
the axil of the pectoral ; gill covers and jaws silvery ; sides white with cupreous
reflections ; belly white.

The Mackerel is one of the best known food fishes of the North Atlantic, ranging
from Norway to Spain in Europe and from Labrador to Cape Hatteras in North
America. It reaches the length of 18 inches. The fish is migratory and frequently
disappears for a short or long period of time from its accustomed localities. On the
New York coast the Mackerel appears in May and June in great schools, but the
number varies greatly in different years.

Two young, 3%^ to $l/2 inches long, were taken in Gravesend Bay, L. I., May 23,
1896, in John B. DeNyse's shad fyke. No more were seen, and these were the first
of the year. They come about the time of the appearance of Anchovy and Weak-

COMMON MACKEREL.

fish. They are often seen swimming at the surface of the bay in small bunches of
18 or 20, occasionally 100, in the latter part of May or early in June. They are
always split up into small bunches, probably by the attacks of Weakfish and other
predaceous species which are present at the time. Flukes attack them also in
shallow water.

83. Chub Mackerel ; Thimble-Eye Mackerel (Scomber colias Gmelin).

Scomber colias DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 104, pi. u, fig. 33, 1842.

Scomber colias JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 866, 1896, pi.

CXXXIII, fig. 364, 1900.
Scomber colias BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 360, 1897.

Colors essentially the same as in Scomber scombrus, the wavy transverse bands
about 30 in number; sides mottled with small dusky blotches below the median
line ; about 20 black specks on base of preopercle, usually arranged in more than one
series ; belly and sides silvery ; a black blotch in axil of pectoral.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 367

The Chub Mackerel is found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, north to Eng-
land and Maine and to San Francisco ; very common in the Mediterranean and in
Southern California; sometimes abundant on our eastern coast and frequently
absent for long periods. It reaches the length of 14 inches, and is an important
food fish.

July 25, 1887, the schooner Peter Cooper caught 6,000 Thimble-eye Mackerel off
Manasquan, N. J. About 50,000 Mackerel were taken by the Menhaden steamer
A. Morris near Ocean City, July 19, 1887. Some of these were preserved in brine
by W. B. Steelman, and I found them to be S. colias.

The Thimble-eyes usually arrive in August. In 1886 they were often caught.
This species was not found in large numbers in Gravesend Bay in 1897, but in 1896
it abounded in all the little creeks, and in some instances the fish could be dipped
up by boat loads with scoop nets. The fish reached 10 inches in length before
the end of the summer.

*"**!

\ i

CHUB MACKEREL.

84. Tunny; Horse Mackerel (TJninnus thynnus Linnaeus).

Thynnus nt/garis DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 105, pi. 10, fig. 28, 1842, after STOKER.
Orcynus thynnus JORDAN &r GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 429, 1883.
Thunmis thynnus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 870, 1896.

Color dark blue above ; grayish below with silvery spots ; pupil black, iris golden
with greenish reflections ; rays of spinous dorsal dusky, the connecting membrane
nearly black, second dorsal reddish brown ; pectorals silver gray ; ventrals black
above, white beneath ; dorsal and anal finlets bright yellow, dark at base and on
anterior edge ; gill covers silvery gray.

The Tunny is the largest fish of the Mackerel family, reaching a length of 10
feet or more. It is pelagic, but comes to all warm coasts, northward to England,
Newfoundland, San Francisco, and Japan. In our waters it appears usually in
summer and is often taken in rather large numbers off Block Island, and on Cape

368 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Cod and Cape Ann. On account of its enormous size and great strength, it is often
destructive to the fishermen's nets.

Dr. Storer says it comes into Massachusetts Bay about the middle of June and
remains till early in October. It was not uncommon to observe 50 or more in a day
at Provincetown. It feeds on Menhaden, Mackerel, Whiting, Dogfish and other
small fishes. The usual implement of capture at first was the harpoon, but, now
that its flesh has become valuable for canning and when marketed fresh, it is taken
in pound nets and by line fishing. The fish arrives on tjie coast in poor condition
and without value, but becomes very fat during the summer months, and is then
utilized for the oil, which is obtained from the head and belly by boiling, and
for its flesh, which is favorably regarded, either fresh, salted or preserved in cans.

The Tunny is said to spawn in June, and the recently hatched young, according
to Yarrell, weigh \l/2 ounces, growing to 4 ounces by August and 30 ounces in
October. Adults often weigh 1,000 pounds. The Killer Whale is the most dreaded
enemy of the Tunny,

TUNNY.

In Southern California this fish is highly prized by anglers who are fond of big
game and hard play. In the Bay of Chaleur and off Caraquette, in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence region, 100 Tunny were captured by means of baited lines, and the
fishing was considered exciting because the fish pulled with such violence as to
endanger the lives of the fishermen by dragging them overboard. This kind of
exercise might be had near Rockport, Mass., or off the New Jersey coast annually
in summer.

85. Bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch).

Pelamys sarda DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 106, pi. 9, fig. 27, 1842.

Sarda sarda BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C, VII, 138, 1888 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U.
S. Nat. Mus., I, 872, 1896 ; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 360, 1897, Graves-
end Bay.

Color steel blue above, the sides silvery, the abdomen and under surface of head
silvery white ; from 10 to 20 dark bluish, narrow bands obliquely downward and for-

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 369

ward from the back, some of them almost reaching the belly ; iris yellowish ; first
dorsal fin sometimes pale, sometimes nearly black; pectoral dark above, light
beneath.

The Bonito inhabits the Atlantic Ocean on both coasts and is common in the
Mediterranean. On our coast it ranges habitually north to Cape Ann. It reaches
the length of 30 inches and the weight of 10 or 12 pounds. Though not generally
esteemed as a food fish, it meets with a steady sale either fresh or salted like the
Mackerel. The fish is believed to live in the open sea, coming to the shores only to
feed or to deposit its eggs. It is predaceous and active, feeding insatiably on
Mackerel and Menhaden ; it takes trolling bait as freely as the Bluefish, to which it
is not inferior in quality of flesh.

The fish is generally scarce in Gravesend Bay. Five were taken in one day in a
pound net in October, 1897, an unusual number for that species. The Bonito will
not live in captivity.

BONITO.

86. Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus Mitchill).

Cybium maculatum DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 108, pi. 73, fig. 232, 1842, N. Y.
Scomberomorus maculatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 426, 1883 ,

BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 138 ; ipth Rept. N. Y. Comm. Fish., 254, pi. VII.

fig. 9, 1890 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 874, 1896, pi.

CXXXIV, fig. 368, 1900.

Color silvery ; upper parts bluish ; sides with numerous oblong spots of a dull
orange, none of them more than one-third as long as the snout, these spots fully as
numerous above the lateral line as below it ; the membrane connecting the first
eight spines of the dorsal black, the rest of the fin white ; soft dorsal with a yellow-
ish tinge, its margin dark; anal and ventral white; pectoral black inside, yellowish
with dark borders outside and covered with dusky points ; caudal dusky except at
base.

The Spanish Mackerel inhabits the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America,
24

37° SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

on our coast ranging north to Maine and south to Brazil. It is one of the choicest
of our food fishes and grows to the length of 3 feet and the \veight of 10 pounds.
The species spawns on the Long Island coast in August or earlier. The eggs are
very small, about one twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, and they float in salt
water. The rate of growth is unknown, as the young are seldom or never seen by
persons who know the fish. The Spanish Mackerel is caught chiefly in pound nets.
It is recorded that the species has been obtained off the coast of Maine by Capt.
Atwood. Mitchill describes the species without making any remark on its abun-
dance or scarcity, and states that it comes in July. In 1854 the species had very little
importance in the New York market, but at the present time it is one of the most
highly prized fishes and is obtained in large numbers. Spanish Mackerel have been
sparingly caught by trolling off Fire Island Inlet. We did not obtain the species in

SPANISH MACKEREL.

Great South Bay, but Erastus Gordon, of Patchogue, informed us that it is obtained
in moderate numbers. In 1884 the fish was not plentiful and the average price was
about $i each. They appear in New York waters in July and usually leave in
September. The spawning season at Long Island begins late in August and con-
tinues about a month. The Spanish Mackerel congregate in enormous schools.
Mr. Earll records the appearance of a school off Long Island which was estimated
to contain several million individuals. The fish are taken principally in traps; a few
are caught by trolling, but this is an unsatisfactory method of capture.

87. Cero (Scombcroinori's regalis Bloch).

Scomberomorus regalis JORDAN &: GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 426, 1883 ; JOR-
DAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 875, 1896, pi. CXXXV, fig. 369,
1900.

Color silvery; a narrow longitudinal stripe of brownish or bronze beginning
behind the pectoral and running to base of caudal ; numerous oblong brownish

THK FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

3/1

spots mostly below this stripe, none of them more than one-half the diameter of
eye ; upper anterior part of spinous dorsal black, the rest of the fin white.

The Spotted Cero is found from Cape Cod to Brazil, but is not common north-
ward ; it is abundant in the West Indies. The species grows to the length of 5
feet and the weight of 20 pounds ; it is a fish of the same good qualities as the
Spanish Mackerel and is readily caught by trolling.

88. Kingfish ; Sierra (Scombcronioriis cavalla Cuvier).

Scomberomonis caballa JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 427, 1883 ;
JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 875, 1896.

Color grayish silvery, the sides sometimes with dark spots, or yellowish in the
young ; spinous dorsal blackish above, or without dark blotch.

KINGFISH.

The Kingfish, or Cavalla, is a very important and valuable food fish of the tropi-
cal Atlantic, coming in immense numbers to the Florida Keys, the West Indies, and
north to Charleston, occasionally, in summer, to Cape Cod. Southward it extends
to Africa and Brazil, frequenting the open seas. In habits it resembles the Spanish
Mackerel ; it is caught by trolling, and at Key West it is so abundant that two
men in a small sailboat sometimes catch more than 100 in a day. The flesh is excel-
lent, either fresh or smoked.

372 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

89. Swordfish (Xiphias gladius Linnaeus).

Xiphias gladius DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, III, pi. 26, fig. 79, 1842; JORDAN & GIL-
BERT, Bull. 1 6, U. S. Nat. Mus., 420, 1883; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S.
Nat. Mus., I, 894, 1896.

Color above rich purplish blue, shading into whitish beneath, the sides and belly
with a silvery lustre. Fins, dark bluish with silvery sheen, except dorsal. Top of
head rich purplish blue, the color extending upon the rostrum. Lower side of ros-
trum rich brownish purple. Eye deep blue.

SWORDFISH — ADULT.

The Swordfish inhabits the Atlantic and come% near both coasts ; it is most
abundant between Cuba and Cape Breton, rather common in the Mediterranean,
and is occasionally taken off Southern California. The fish appear in the vicinity
of Sandy Hook about June first, and the fishing season continues as far east as
Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Shoals till about the middle of September.

SWORDFISH - YOUNG.

They disappear to the southward as soon as the cold winds begin to blow. They
feed on Mackerel, Menhaden and Squid. They are often caught on trawl lines, but
the chief means of capture is the harpoon.

The average length of Swordfish is 10 feet, but individuals measuring 16 feet are
on record. An individual weighing 750 pounds was killed in 1874 off Portland.

The flesh of this fish is very palatable, and the fishery is an important one as well
as an exciting occupation.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

373

Young Swordfish have the skin covered with small, rough excrescences, the jaws
much more nearly equal, and the dorsal and anal fins not divided into two separate
parts.

90. Yellow Mackerel (Caranx hippos Linneeus).

Scomber hippos LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed., XII, I, 494, 1766, Charleston, South Carolina.
Caranx carangus CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 91, 1833 ; GUNTHER,

Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 448, 1860.
Caranx defensor DE!VAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 120, pi. 24, fig. 72, 1842 ; HOLBROOK,

Ichth. S. C., 87, pi. 12, fig. r, 1860.
Carangus hippos GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 433, 1862 ; GOODE & BEAN, Bull.

Essex Inst., XI, 16, 1879.
Caranx hippies JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 437, 1883 ; Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., 200, 1883.
Caranx hippos BEAN, Bull. U.S. F. C, VII, 139, 1888; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX,

362, 1897 ; 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 103, 1900; JORDAN & EVERMANN,

Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 920, 1896, pi. CXLI, fig. 387, 1900 ; MEARNS, Bull. Am.

Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 318, 1898 ; SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C., XVII, 98, 1898.

YELLOW MACKEREL.

Body oblong, the anterior profile very strongly arched. The depth is contained
two and one-half times in the length. Head large and deep, its length being
contained three and one-half times in that of the body ; mouth large, low ; lower
jaw prominent, maxillary extending to nearly opposite posterior border of eye, two
and one-third in head ; teeth in upper jaw in a broad villiform band, an outer
series of large, wide-set, conical teeth, teeth of lower jaw in one row, a distinct
canine on each side of symphysis ; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids,
and tongue ; lateral line with a wide arch, its length one and one-third in straight
part, the angle under fifth dorsal ray, plates not covering all of the straight part,

374 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

lateral line (scutes) about 30 ; dorsal spines short, rather stout ; gill rakers stout,
rather long, 15 below angle; occipital keel sharp; eye not very large; pectoral
falcate, one-fifth longer than head ; breast naked or with only a small triangular
patch of scales in front of ventrals ; caudal lobes equal, nearly as long as head.
D.VIII-I, 20; A. II-I, 17.

Olivaceous above, sides and below golden ; a large, distinct black blotch on
opercle, bordered behind with pale ; a large faint black spot on lower rays of pec-
torals, the latter sometimes wanting in young ; axil of pectoral with a black
blotch ; edge of soft dorsal black ; upper edge of caudal peduncle dusky.

The Yellow Mackerel is a widely distributed fish in warm seas; it is recorded
from the East Indies, both coasts of tropical America, and northward to Cape Ann
and the Gulf of California. The young are common at Woods Hole, Mass., where
they appear in July and become most abundant in October. Individuals I inch
long have been obtained there about July I ; larger fish occur in the fall. In
August, 1898, only a few young ones were secured in Great South Bay and at South-
ampton, L. I.

The fish probably spawns in West Florida in May in the salt water bayous, as
the young fish are seen coming out of such places in schools in the fall on their way
to the sea. Fish weighing about a pound or two are considered equal to Pompano
for the table, but large fish are not esteemed, the flesh being dark and almost taste-
less. The species reaches the weight of 20 pounds.

The Yellow Mackerel resembles the Big-eyed Scad in its endurance of captivity
and its feeding habits. At the end of November it has been known to thrive in a
pool containing about 50,000 gallons of water in company with the Crevalle", the Big-
eyed Scad and other species.

91. Crevall£ (Caranx crysos Mitchill).

Scomber crysos MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 424, 1815, New York.

Caranx chrysus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 970, 1883; BEAN, ipth
Kept. N. Y. Com. Fish., 256, pi. VII, fig. 10, 1890.

Caranx crysos DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 121, pi. 27, fig. 85, 1842; JORDAN & EVER-
MANX, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 921, 1896, pi. CXLII, fig. 388, 1900; BEAN, Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 362, 1897; SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C., XVII, 98, 1898.

Greenish olive, golden yellow or silvery below ; a black blotch on opercle ; fins
all pale. An individual 3^ inches long, taken at Beesley's Point, N. J., August 11,
1887, showed the following colors: Caudal yellow; basal half of elevated part of

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

375

anal yellow ; cheeks and lower half of sides also yellow ; a black opercular spot, but
none on pectoral ; several narrow pale bars on sides ; tip of elevated part of soft
dorsal dusky ; membrane between dorsal spines dusky ; iris copper color.

The Crevalle is found on the east coast from Nova Scotia southward, ranging to
the West Indies and Brazil. The young are very common along the coast of
Southern New England in summer. DeKay calls it the Yellow Caranx, and Mitchill
mentions it as the Yellow Mackerel. The specimens seen by both these authors
came from the Bay of New York.

At Woods Hole, Mass., the young arrive in July and leave in October. In
Great Egg Harbor Bay, N. J., young individuals were taken sparingly in August.
DeKay records the species as abundant in New York Bay in September and
October. The writer saw several examples from a fish trap at Islip, L. I., October
I, 1890.

CREVALLE.

Young Crevalle make a croaking sound when captured in a net or held in the
hand.

On the Gulf coast of Florida, Alabama and Mississippi the fish is migratory, just
as it is here ; it makes its appearance in April, spawns in July or August, and then
disappears and is replaced by the young. It feeds on small fish, which it pursues
eagerly, and is preyed on by sharks and porpoises.

It grows to the length of 15 inches and is highly prized for food.

The Crevalle can be successfully kept in captivity in large pools with a tempera-
ture above 50° in winter. The fish occasionally school together under a large shark
and follow it about.

376 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

92. Common Pompano (Trachinotus carolinns Linnasus).

Lichia Carolina DEKAV, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 114, pi. 10, fig. 30, 1842, off Sandy Hook.
Trachynotus carolinns JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 442, 1883.
Trachynotus carolinns BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 140, 1888 ; igth Kept. N. Y. Comm.

Fish., 254, pi. VIII, fig. n, 1890.
Trachinotus carolinus BEJVN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 363, 1897, 52d Ann. Kept.

N. Y. State Mus., 104, 1900.

Uniform bluish above, sides silvery, golden in the adult, without bands, fins plain
silvery or dusky.

This fish has no other name on our east coast except the southern variation of
Pompeynose. In Great South Bay the name Butter fish is applied to it because
it is confounded with the Poronotus triacanthus, to which the name properly

COMMON POMPANO.

belongs. Mitchill described it under the name Thornbacked Grunt, a name not now
in use.

The Pompano ranges on our coast from Cape Cod to Florida, the adults rarely
or never coming into northern waters, but the young are taken in variable numbers
every year. At Woods Hole they sometimes occur in considerable numbers, and
they have been taken in great abundance in Great Egg Harbor Bay, but not recently.
In Great South Bay, in 1890, only a single young individual was secured at Oak
Island Beach on the last day of September. It occurs occasionally also on the
Pacific coast. Dr. DeKay, in 1842, mentioned it as an exceedingly rare species on
the New York coast. His description was based on a specimen taken off Sandy
Hook more than 20 years before. In 1898 young specimens were found in moderate
numbers at Oak Island Beach, Great South Bay, September 14, and on the east side

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

377

of Fire Island Beach September 16. The young are summer and fall visitors in
Gravesend Bay. Twenty-two individuals were placed in a tank in August, 1897, and
grew rapidly till the temperature of the water fell below 60° F. in November. Dur-
ing this month all of them died.

The species reaches the length of 20 inches. It is one of the finest of our food
fishes.

93. Bluefish ; Snap Mackerel ; Snapper (Pomatomus saltatrix Linnaeus).

Scomber plumbeiis MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 424, pi. IV, fig. i, 1815.
Temnodon saltator DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 130, pi. 26, fig. 81, 1842.
Pomatomus saltatrix JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 914, 1883.
Pomatomus saltatrix BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 1888 ; i9th Kept. N. Y. Comm. Fish.,

269, pi. XX, fig. 24, 1890 ; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 363, 1897 ; 52d Ann. Kept.

N. Y. State Mus., 104, 1900.

BLUEFISH.

Bluish or greenish, silvery below, a black blotch at the base of the pectoral.

Some of the many names applied to this widely distributed fish are the follow-
ing: Mackerel (New Jersey), Horse Mackerel (New York and Rhode Island), Snap-
ping Mackerel (New England and New Jersey), Skip Mackerel (New York), Snapper
and Blue Snapper (New England), Green Fish (Maryland, Virginia and North Caro-
lina), Salt-water Jack (Southern States), Tailor (Chesapeake Bay), Whitefish (Hud-
son River). Bluefish is the name most extensively used on the coast and in the
Gulf of Mexico.

The Bluefish ranges on our coast from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico, and is
believed to frequent warm seas of both continents. It ranged farther to the north-
ward in 1887 than for many years before. We heard of its capture in the vicinity
of Mount Desert, Me. On our coast and elsewhere its movements are erratic, and
its abundance fluctuates greatly within certain periods; it disappears sometimes
altogether for a term of years. The young, under about I inch in length, seem to
be unknown. The spawning habits and localities have not been recorded. The

SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

smallest known examples were obtained at the surface off shore by the U. S. Fish
Commission. The writer has seined individuals a little more than an inch long
at Ocean City, N. J., the last of August. The young ascend rivers into fresh
water.

This is one of the most destructive of all fishes!" It feeds ravenously, and, when
gorged with food, continues to destroy its victims for the sake of gratifying its kill-
ing propensity. If follows the great schools of Alewives, Weakfish, Mullets and
other valuable food fishes along our coast in summer, and the young may be dis-
covered in shallow bays and sounds, pursuing the Silversides, young Herring,
Anchovies and other fishes smaller than themselves. According to DeKay Bluefish
were unknown on the New York coast till about 1810, when a few appeared. In
1815 Dr. Mitchill wrote: " Young ones are taken plentifully with the hook at our
wharves by the boys in August." The largest mentioned by Mitchill was 13 inches
long, 3 inches deep and weighed about 14 ounces. The name Bluefish was in use at
the time of Mitchill's report.

DeKay noticed the gradual disappearance of the Weakfish with the increasing
abundance of Bluefish.

The best known methods of taking Bluefish are by trolling at the surface with a
squid of metal or bone and by heaving and hauling in the surf near the mouths of
streams into which Alewives are running. Artificial minnows are also used with a
light rod, when young Bluefish are seen feeding near the surface. The most recent
method in use by anglers is that of chumming in the manner usually employed in
Striped Bass fishing. This method, which involves the use of rod and reel, was in
use near the inlet at Fire Island early in October, 1890. During the summer, in
this bay, it was not an uncommon thing for anglers to catch 150 or 200 small
Bluefish with hook and line in a single day. The species is to be found in all parts
of the bay visited by us. It was taken at the following localities : Blue Point Cove,
Oak Island and Fire Island. Large numbers of Bluefish were caught late in
September by means of gill nets set in the ocean near Blue Point life-saving station.
A fisherman caught 450 at one time and 250 at another, the dates being September
23 and 24, 1890. In August of that year Bluefish drove immense schools of Round
Herring ( litritmcus feres) on the ocean beach, near the Life-saving station. Septem-
ber 24, while walking along the beach of East Island, not far from the Blue Point
station, in a distance of half a mile. I saw 51 Round Herring lying on the beach,
having been chased in a short time previously by Bluefish. When the fishermen
find the Round Herring on the shore, they know that Bluefish are present. Small
Bluefish were caught in a trap at Islip, October I, 1890. In the summer of 1898

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 379

young Bluefish were abundant in all the waters visited in Peconic Bay and Great
South Bay and were taken as late as October 16.

During the warm season they often run up the rivers, the young, called Snappers,
frequently into nearly fresh waters. (After Eugene Smith.)

The Bluefish is so active in its movements that it is difficult to keep it in
captivity. As with the species of Caranx and Seriola, however, its longevity
depends on range and temperature ; in a large body of water, not colder than 60° in
winter, it can be maintained easily.

94. Crab-eater; Cobia (RacJiyccntron canadus Linnaeus).

Centronotus spinosus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 490, pi. Ill, fig. 9, 1815,

New York.
Elacate atlantica CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 334, pi. 233, 1831,

Brazil; DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 113, pi. 25, fig. 77, 1842.
Elacate canada JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 418, 1883 ; BEAN, Bull.

U. S. F. C, VII, 144, pi. II, fig. 13, 1888 ; i9th Kept. N. Y. Comm. Fish., 270, pi.

XX, fig. 25, 1890, young, Great Egg Harbor Bay.
Rachycentron canadus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 948, 1896, pi.

CXLVIII, fig. 401, 1900 ; SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C. XVII, 98, 1898.

CRAB-EATER.

Color olive brown ; sides with a distinct broad dark band and a less distinct band
above and below it ; lower parts silvery.

The Crab-eater inhabits all warm seas, occasionally appearing on our northern
coast in summer and ranging northward to Massachusetts Bay. Individuals are
occasionally taken at Woods Hole, Mass.

Dr. Mitchill had a specimen of the Crab-eater which was caught in New York
Bay June 11, 1815. He found in its stomach 20 spotted Sand Crabs and several
young Flounders. The fish was eaten at his table, and pronounced one of the best
he had ever tasted. This example was 31 inches long. Dr. DeKay styles it the
Northern Crab-eater. The specimen described by him was captured in Boston
Harbor, and placed in a live car with other fish, chiefly Porgies (Stenotoinus clirysops),

3O SKVKNTII REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

and it destroyed and ate every fish in the car. Dr. A. K. Fisher of Washington has
found the young of the Crab-eater in the Hudson near Sing Sing. Though we have
no specimens of the Crab-eater from Great South Bay, there is scarcely a doubt of
its occurrence in that body of water.

A young example, 3^ inches long, was caught at Somers Point, N. J., near the
club house, August 2, 1887, by Capt. Richard Chamberlain. Ground color nearly
black ; a white stripe, about as wide as pupil, from upper angle of gill opening to
caudal ; another one, but narrower, begins at lower extremity of pectoral base, curves
very slightly upward, fading out near the tail; upper caudal lobe with a narrow

HARVEST FISH.

whitish margin along its upper surface, relieved by a trace of orange red at its
base ; lower caudal lobe with a narrow orange red margin ; pectorals, ventrals and
caudal black ; back fades to a dark green ; belly grayish white ; iris golden bronze.
This species has not previously been recorded from Great Egg Harbor Bay, and the
young seems not to have been described.

Another example, 4 inches long, was seined in one of the thoroughfares in the
bay August 23. This has the same markings as the first. The caudal when fully
expanded, is rounded, the end truncate ; there is no emargination as in the adult.
A figure of the young is published in Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, pi. 2,
fig. 13, 1888.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 381

95. Harvest Fish ; Pappy Fish (Rhombus paru Linnaeus).

Stromateus longipinnis MITCHII.L, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 366, 1815, New York

Bay.

Rhombus longipinnis DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 136, pi. 75, 239, 1842.
Rhombus paru JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 965, 1896, pi. CL, fig.

404, 1900 ; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 364, 1897.

Color greenish above, golden yellow below. Mitchill gives the following descrip-
tion : " Silvery, with tints of blue, green and iridescent ; dusky on the head and
with inky patches on the belly towards the tail, which in certain lights appear
beautifully red and purple ; back bluish, with occasional clouds."

The Harvest Fish inhabits the West Indies and is found on our Atlantic coast
from Cape Cod southward, ranging to Brazil. The young are frequently seen swim-
ming beneath the Portuguese Man-of-War.

DeKay had several specimens of the species, but found it less common than the
Short-finned Harvest fish, R. triacantJius. At Charleston the fish is called Rudder
fish.

The species reaches a length of 8 inches. It is a valuable food fish. It is a
summer visitor in Gravesend Bay and is sometimes rare, but was formerly abundant
there. It is not adapted to a captive life. At Woods Hole, Mass., Dr. Smith
reports it as usually rare, but occasionally common. As a rule only 3 or 4 are
taken in a season, but one year 300 or 400 were obtained. It occurs mostly in June
and July, associated with the Butter fish, R. triacanthus.

96. Butter fish ; Harvest fish (Rhombus triacanthus Peck).

Stromateus cryptosus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 365, pi. I, fig. 3, 1815,

New York Bay.
Rhombus triacanthus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 137, pi. 26, fig. 80, 1842 ; JORDAN &

EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 967, 1896, pi. CL, fig. 405, 1900 ; BEAN, Bull.

Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., TX, 363, 1897 ; BEAN, 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 104,

1900.
Poronotus triacanthus BEAN, igth Kept. N. Y. Com. Fish., 257, pi. XI, fig. 14, 1890.

This is known as the Dollar fish, Harvest fish and Lafayette. Mitchill called it
the Cryptous Broad Shiner, and DeKay described it under the name Short-finned
Harvest fish. About Cape Cod it is the Sheepshead and Skipjack. In Connecticut
it is called Pumpkin Seed and at Norfolk, Starfish.

382 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The Butter fish ranges from Maine to South Carolina, and is gradually replaced
southward by the Long-finned Harvest fish, Rhombus parn. It is a summer visitor,
associated with the Mackerel. DeKay records it in New York Bay July I, and
obtained it from fyke nets in New York Harbor as late as October 12. We seined
young examples at Blue Point Life-saving station October 7, and others were secured
September 30 at Oak Island Beach. It is taken chiefly in pound nets, and has
recently become a highly prized market fish. A few years ago it was little esteemed
The young are to be found in the summer months swimming at the surface in shel-
tered bays and frequently under the shelter of the streamers of Jelly fishes, where
they are sometimes destroyed by the lasso cells of their host.

The Harvest fish is present in Gravesend Bay from April to November. Adults
were taken at Southampton Beach August I and August 3, 1898. The fish was not
found in Great South Bay during the summer and fall of 1898.

BUTTER FISH.

97- Crappie (Pomoxis annular is Rafinesque).

Pomoxis annularis BEAN, Fishes Penna., 103, pi. 30, fig. 59, 1893; JORDAN & EVER-
MANX, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 987, 1896, pi. CLIV, fig. 415, 1900.

Color clear silvery olive, the sides mottled with dark greenish blotches. On the
upper part of the body are traces of narrow vertical bars. The dorsal and caudal
are mottled, but the anal is usually uniform pale.

Among the many names which have been applied to the Crappie are : Bachelor,
Newlight, Campbellite, Sac-a-lait, Bridge Perch, Strawberry Perch, Chinquapin Perch,
Speckled Perch, Tin Perch, Goggle-eye, John Demon, Shad, White Croppie and Tim-
ber Croppie.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

383

In the lower Mississippi Valley the Crappie is one of the most common fishes.
It is abundant also in the Ohio Valley and occurs rarely in Lake Erie. The Ohio,
Illinois and Mississippi Rivers are particularly noted for an abundance of Crappies,
and the fish is very plentiful in Lake Pontchartrain, La., where it is one of the most
highly prized of the smaller game fishes.

Dr. Meek did not obtain the Crappie in the Cayuga Lake basin, but says it may be
found in the canal near Montezuma, where the Calico Bass is said to be frequently
taken.

The Crappie is a very general favorite for pond culture, can be readily trans-
ported and under favorable conditions multiplies prodigiously. Its range has been
very much extended by artificial means. The best distinguishing marks between

CRAPPIE.

the Crappie and the Calico Bass are the more elongated form of the Crappie, the
presence of six spines in the dorsal and the nearly uniform whitish color of the anal.
In the Crappie the greatest depth of the body is usually contained two and one-half
times in the total length without the tail, while in the Calico Bass the depth equals
one-half the length. These two species are so similar in size and habits that they
are rarely distinguished except by ichthyologists.

The Crappie grows to a length of about I foot and usually weighs I pound
or less, but in a lake near St. Louis an individual weighing 3 pounds has been
recorded.

Crappie fishing usually begins in June and lasts till the coming of cold weather.
Large numbers of these fish are collected near Quincy, 111., for distribution to other
waters. At Peoria, 111., Prof. Forbes has taken them in March and April ; he has
found them also in Pistakee Lake and at Ottawa. Cedar Lake, Ind., and King's
Lake, Mo., are celebrated Crappie waters. Near Covington, Ky., in private ponds

384 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

belonging to Joseph Schlosser, there are myriads of Crappies as well as other game
fishes.

Prof. S. A. Forbes has studied the feeding habits of the Crappie, and finds that
the young live chiefly on entomostraca and small insect larvae. The adults subsist
on the same food when obtainable, but in times of scarcity they feed to some extent
on other fishes. Small Minnows and Darters have been found in their stomachs.
In the autumn Prof. Forbes has found a larger percentage of small fishes, sometimes
constituting nearly two-fifths of their food. The Hellgramite is eaten by the
Crappie. In cold weather it does not consume one-fourth the amount of food
which it takes in the early spring. The Crappie prefers still waters, thriving even in
warm and muddy water, and has been taken in large numbers in midsummer at
depths of only a few feet ; in cold weather it retires to deeper water, becomes rather
sluggish and takes little food. Dr. Henshall states that the Crappie is found about
dams and in deep, still parts of streams and ponds, especially about logs, brush and
drift.

The Crappie is a very free biter and can be caught readily with Minnows or
worms. Spoon bait has been successfully used in trolling for this species. It is
recorded that two men have taken a thousand Crappies in three days' fishing with
hook and line. As the fish is gregarious, congregating in large schools, and fearless,
it can be taken in the immense numbers given. The best bait for Crappie is a small
Shiner. It rises well also to the artificial fly. As a food fish this is one of the best
in our inland waters, and its adaptability for life in artificial ponds should make it a
favorite with fish culturists.

98. Calico Bass ; Strawberry Bass (Pomoxis sparoides Lace*pede).

Pomoxys sparoides JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 465, 1883; BEAN,

Fishes Penna., 102, color pi. 9, 1803.
Pomoxis sparoides MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV, 312, 1888; BOLLMAN, Rept. U. S. F.

C., XVI, 559, pi. 68, fig. 2, 1892; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,

987, 1896, pi. CLIV, fig. 416, 1900.

The sides are olivaceous with silvery reflections and mottled with pale green.
The dorsal, anal and caudal show pale spots surrounded by green reticulations.

The Calico Bass, on account of its wide distribution and variability, has received
a profusion of names. Many of these are variations of the term bass. It is
known, for example, as Strawberry Bass, Grass Bass, Lake Bass, Lake Erie Bass,
Bank Lake Bass, Silver Bass, and Big-fin Bass. Other names for the species are
Strawberry Perch, Chinquapin Perch, Goggle-eye Perch, Silver Perch and Sand

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

385

Perch. Still other names of local application are Barfish, Bitter Head, Tin Mouth,
Sac-a-lait, Lamp-lighter, Razor Back, Goggle-eye, Black Croppie and Lake Croppie.
The species is mentioned in the fish laws of Pennsylvania under the name of Lake
Erie Bass or Grass Bass.

The distribution of the Calico Bass is naturally extensive, and it has been still
farther increased by artificial introduction. The fish has been carried to France, and
examples measuring about 8 inches in length were recorded there several years ago.
There is, however, some confusion in that country between the Calico Bass and the
Common Sunfish, and there is no doubt that some of the latter species have been
introduced into Germany under the mistaken belief that they were Calico Bass.

CALICO BASS.

This Bass is indigenous east of the Alleghanies from New Jersey southward to
Georgia. It abounds in the Great Lakes region, Mississippi Valley south to Louisiana,
most common northward, and occurs in the Missouri. In the Ohio Valley it was
rather uncommon till its introduction in large numbers. It was introduced into the
Susquehanna River by the Pennsylvania Fish Commission, and has become accli-
matized there ; also into the Monongahela, the Lehigh, and other waters.

Fishermen of the region about Montezuma informed Dr. Meek that the fish is
frequently taken from the canal near that place, where it is known as Calico Bass.
The U. S. Fish Commission obtained two examples in Long Pond, at Charlotte,
N. Y., August 17, 1894.

This bass grows to a length of about I foot and a maximum weight of nearly 3
pounds, but the average weight is about I pound. It spawns in the spring, and the
close season in some States extends to June I. Gravid females were caught near
25

386 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION. f

Havre de Grace, Md., in May. These were taken in the Susquehanna and Tidewater
Canal, where the species is becoming rather abundant. The food of the Calico Bass
consists of worms, small crustaceans and fishes. Though a native of deep, sluggish
waters of western rivers and lakes, it readily adapts itself to cold, rapid streams and
thrives even in small brooks. The species is suitable also for pond life and may be
kept in small areas of water provided they have sufficient depth. It does not prey
on other fishes, and its numerous stiff spines protect it from larger predaceous
species. It swims in large schools and is often found in comparatively shoal water.
The nest-building habits have been described by Duclos from observations made at
Versailles, France. This writer unfortunately had under observation both the Calico
Bass and the Common Sunnsh, and his statements need confirmation. The game
qualities of this bass are noteworthy. It is a free, vigorous biter ; its endurance is
rather remarkable considering its size. As a food fish the species is highly prized,
and its increase in eastern rivers is greatly to be desired.

ROCK BASS.

99. Rock Bass; Red-eye (Ambloplitcs rupestris Rafinesquc).

Centrarchus acnens DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 27, pi. 2, fig. 4, 1842, Lake Champlain;

Great Lakes ; streams of Western New York ; Hudson River.
Ambloplites rupestris BEAN, Fishes Penna., 105, color pi. 10, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN,

Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 990, 1896, pi. CLVI, figs. 419, A, B, C; MEEK, Ann. N. Y.

Ac. Sci., IV, 313, 1898; EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. for 1897, 33, 1898;

MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 319, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y.

State Mus., 104, 1900.

Color olive green with a brassy tinge and much dark mottling; the young are
pale or yellowish, irregularly barred and blotched with black ; adults with a dark

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 387

spot at the base of each scale, the spots forming interrupted black stripes ; a dark
spot on the opercle ; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with dark mottlings ; iris
.golden overlaid with crimson.

The Rock Bass is known under a variety of names. Among them are the follow-
ing: Red-eye, Red-eyed Perch, Goggle-eye and Lake Bass. It is found in Lower
Canada, Vermont and throughout the Great Lakes region, West Manitoba, and it is
native in Minnesota and Dakota ; southward it ranges through the Mississippi Valley
to Texas. In the Ohio Valley it is very common, while in the Middle Atlantic States,
east of the Alleghanies, it has probably been introduced. Its existence in the
Susquehanna has been% known for many years. Whether it is indigenous in Pennsyl-
vania waters is uncertain. It has been introduced into some parts of Virginia, while
in other portions of that State it is native. It is indigenous in North Carolina. Its
distribution in Pennsylvania has been greatly extended by artificial introduction,
and it is now well established in the Delaware, especially in its upper waters.
DeKay records it from Lake Champlain, the Great Lakes and the larger streams in
the western counties of New York. Meek says it is a very common and well-known
species in the Cayuga Lake basin. In the Passaic River and other waters it is an
introduced species. Evermann and Bean obtained a specimen in Scioto Creek,
Coopersville, N. Y., July 19, 1894. In the Lake Ontario region the U. S. Fish Com-
mission collectors secured it at many localities in New York State in 1894 and pre-
vious years. The species is found in Chautauqua Lake.

Under circumstances favorable as to water and food supply the Rock Bass
grows to a length of 14 inches and a weight of 2 pounds. It increases in depth
and thickness with age. The largest example we have examined is one of 2 pounds
weight, length 14 inches, from the James River, Va., taken near Richmond. Dr.
William Overtoil reports that Rock Bass weighing 3^ pounds have been taken in
his vicinity at Stony Creek, Va.

In February and March this fish frequents the mouths of small streams, and in
summer it seeks shady places under high banks or projecting rocks. The species is
gregarious, going in large schools. It thrives where there is not much current and
is very well adapted for culture in artificial ponds. It is as common in lakes and
ponds as in the streams. Sluggish, pure dark water suits it best.

The fishing season begins in June and lasts till the approach of cold weather.
The Rock Bass feeds on worms, crustaceans and larvae of insects early in the season ;
later its food consists of Minnows and Crawfish. The young feed on insects and
their larvae. The spawning season is May and June, and gravelly shoals are resorted
to for depositing the eggs.

388 SKYI.NTII REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The Rock Bass bites very freely and is a fair game fish and excellent for the
table. It fights vigorously, but its endurance is not great. Suitable baits are white
grubs, crickets, grasshoppers, Crawfish and small Minnows. Common earthworms
are also successfully used.

100. Warmouth ; Goggle-eye (Chanobryttus gulosus Cuv. & Val.).

Chanobryttus gulosus JORDAN & GILBERT, Syn. Fish. N. A., 468, 1883 ; JORDAN &
EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 992, 1896, pi. CLVII, fig. 421, 1900.

The Warmouth inhabits the eastern United States from the Great Lakes
to South Carolina and Texas, ranging west to Kansas and Iowa. It occurs chiefly
west or south of the Alleghanies. The fish reaches a length of 10 inches and is a

H-y

WARMOUTH.

food species of some importance. It is extremely voracious and, consequently, a
favorite for angling. In form and color it varies greatly.

Color in life clear olive green, clouded with darker, usually without red or blue ;
a dusky spot on each scale more or less distinct ; vertical fins mottled with dusky ; a
faint spot on last rays of dorsal bordered by paler ; three oblique dusky bars radiat-
ing from eye ; belly yellowish.

101. Green Sunfish ; Red-eye (Apomotis cyanellus Rafinesque).

Lepomis cyanellus BEAN, Fishes Penna., no, pi. 31, fig. 61, 1893 ; MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac.

Sci., IV, 313, 1888.
Apomotis cyanellus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 996, 1896.

The Blue-spotted Sunfish, also known as the Green Sunfish and Red-eye, extends
from the Great Lakes region, throughout the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys south to

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 389

Mexico. It does not occur in the Middle Atlantic States east of the Alleghanies.
Dr. Meek did not find this fish near Ithaca. A few specimens were taken near
Montezuma, N. Y. None of the collectors of the U. S. Fish Commission obtained
it in the Lake Ontario region.

In spirits the color is pale brown, the fins paler. The opercular flap has a dark
spot as described above. In life there is generally a black blotch on the hinder part
of the dorsal and anal ; the ground color is greenish with a brassy tinge on the sides-,
the lower parts yellowish ; blue spots and gilt borders usually ornament the scales,
and faint dark bands are often present. The dorsal, anal and caudal have blue or
green markings, and the anal is margined in front with orange. The iris is red and
the cheeks are striped with blue.

The species Breaches a length of 7 inches, and is an extremely variable one. Prof.
Cope refers to it as a good pan fish and states that it is abundant in the Ohio basin.
In the Ohio Valley it is one of the characteristic fishes, inhabiting ponds and ascend-
ing small streams. It frequents deep holes and the shelter of overhanging roots.

102. Long-eared Sunfish (Lcpomis auritus Linnaeus).

Labrus appendix MITCHILL, Am. Month. Mag., II, 247, February, 1818.

Pomotis appendix DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 32, 1842, from MITCHILL; STORER, Hist.
Fish. Mass., 14, pi. Ill, fig. 4, 1867.

Lepomis auritus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 477, 1883; BEAN, Fishes
Penna., 113, pi. 31, fig. 63, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1001, 1896, pi. CLXIX, figs. 425, 425^, 1900; MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
X, 319, 1898; EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 1897, 34, 1898.

The Long-eared Sunfish has a very extensive range and is known under many
common names, among which are the following : Bream, Red-tailed Bream, Redhead
Bream, Red-bellied Bream, Perch, Sun Perch, Red bellied Perch and Redbreast.

The species is common in streams east of the Alleghanies from Maine to Florida,
and in tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico to Louisiana. In the Southern States the
typical Long-eared Sunfish is replaced by a variety with larger scales on the cheeks
and belly and a dusky blotch on the posterior part of the soft dorsal fin.

Mearns found this Sunfish abundant in the Hudson and in Poplopen's Creek, a
tributary of the Hudson ; he took it also in Highland Lake. Eugene Smith reported
it to be very common in the upper Passaic River, in the Great Swamp and in the
Bronx River.

In spirits the color is pale brown; the fins somewhat paler; the ear flap black; a
brownish streak in front of the eye and another horizontal one beneath it. In life

390 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

the color is olivaceous ; the belly, especially in breeding males, orange. The scales
on the sides have reddish spots on a bluish ground. Dorsal, anal and caudal usually
yellowish. The stripes on the head are bluish.

The Long-eared Sunfish averages about 8 inches when adult and weighs about i
pound. In the south the size and number of individuals are greatly increased. This
fish feeds on worms, insect larvae, crustaceans, mollusks and small fishes. In the
Susquehanna this is one of the most common of the Sunfishes ; in the Delaware also
it is abundant, and reaches a large size. Though not important commercially, it is
taken in large numbers on the hook and is an excellent food fish. It takes any kind

LONG-EARED SUNFISH.

of live bait very readily and furnishes good sport also with the artificial fly. In the
Hudson Highlands region, according to Mearns, it is commonly sold in the markets;
fishermen take it in fykes, and by angling, using dough, grasshoppers and angle-
worms for bait. He has caught it in the most rapid parts of Poplopen's Creek when
angling for Brook Trout.

103. Blue-gill ; Blue Sunfish (Lcpomis pallidus Mitchill).

Labrtis pallid&s MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 407, 1815, near New York.

Pomotis incisor CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 466, 1831, New Orleans ;
DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 33, 1842 (extra limital).

Lepomis pallidus 'JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 479, 1883 ; MEEK, Ann.
N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV, 313, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna., 112, pi. 31, fig. 62, 1893 ; JOR-
DAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1005, 1896, pi. CLX, fig. 427, 1900.

The propriety of using Mitchill's name pallidus for the Blue Sunfish is extremely
doubtful. His description can be much more readily referred to a species of

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

391

Enneacanthus, and the locality " near New York " does not possess this Sunfish
among its native species.

The Blue Sunfish, Blue Bream, Copper-nosed Bream or Dollardee is a very widely
diffused species and varies greatly in size, color and length of the ear-flap. It is
found in the Great Lakes and throughout the Mississippi Valley to Mexico. East
of the Alleghanies it ranges from New Jersey to Florida. In Pennsylvania it is
abundant only in the western part of the State, including Lake Erie. Dr. Abbott
has recorded it from the Delaware River. Dr. Meek says that it is found in the
Cayuga Lake basin in small numbers with the Blue Spotted Sunfish, Apomotis cya-
nellus, which he took near Montezuma. It is recorded also from Chautauqua Lake
by Dr. Evermann.

The Blue Sunfish grows to a length of nearly I foot, and individuals weighing
nearly 2 pounds are on record. Adults, however, average 8 inches in length, with a

BLUE-GILL.

weight of less than I pound. The size of the individuals depends on the habitat.
In large lakes and streams it grows to a greater size than in small bodies of
water. In southern waters it attains to a larger size than in northern waters.
It lives in ponds as well as in streams and thrives in warm waters. It is consid-
ered equal to the Rock Bass as a pan fish and can very readily be taken by hook
fishing.

In spirits the color is pale brown, the scales with a pale margin ; a dark blotch
on the hind part of the soft dorsal ; a black opercular flap, its width and length
about equal, shorter than the eye. The living fish varies with age from light
green to dark green. The young have the sides silvery, tinged with purple and

392 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

with many vertical greenish bands, which are sometimes chain-like. The dark
blotch of the soft dorsal is often indistinct in the young. In very old individuals
the belly is often coppery red.

104. Sunfish ; Pumpkin Seed (Ilupomotis gibbosus Linnaeus).

Morone maculata MITCHILL, Report in Part, 19, 1814.

Pomotis rulgaris DfiKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 31, pi. 51, 166, 1842.

Lepomis gibbosus MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV, 313, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna., 115,

pi. 32, fig. 65, 1893.

Eupomotis aurcus MATHER, App. i2th Kept. Adirondack Surv. N. Y., 7, 1886.
Eitpomotis gibbosus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1009, 1896, pi.

CLXI, fig. 429, 1900; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 364, 1897; MEARNS,

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 320, 1898; EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y.

1897, 35, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 104, 1900.

SUNFISH.

The Common Sunfish, or Sunny, Pumpkin Seed, Bream, Tobacco Box, and Pond
Fish is one of the best known fishes of the United States.

It is found from Maine westward through the Great Lakes region to Minnesota
and in the Eastern States south to South Carolina. In western rivers, however, it is
seldom found south of the latitude of Chicago. In New York the Sunfish abounds
almost everywhere, in the lowlands as well as the highlands and in brackish as well
as fresh waters ; it has even been taken occasionally in salt water on Long Island.
Large individuals have been received from Canandaigua Lake and from lakes in the
Adirondacks. Dr. Meek found it very common throughout the Cayuga Lake basin.

393

The collectors of the U. S. Fish Commission obtained it in almost all the waters
visited by them (21 localities) in the Lake Ontario region. Dr. Evermann has
recorded it from Chautauqua Lake. It occurs in Lake Champlain and in the
basin of the St. Lawrence. Eugene Smith reports it from most of the moraine
ponds of Long Island and Staten Island, and in quarry ponds of the Palisades,
wherein it is frequently placed by boys. Ponds and lakes in the parks of New York
City are well stocked with this species. Mearns reported it as abundant in the
Hudson and in all the ponds and slow streams of the Hudson Highlands. Mather
recorded it as a common fish in most of the Adirondack waters, the exceptions
being Piseco Lake, G Lake, Coald Lake, Seats' Lake, T Lake, Willis Pond, Murphy,
Warner and Bug Lakes.

In spirits the color is pale brownish, the opercular flap black with a narrow
whitish margin behind and beneath, and the dorsal fin with faint dusky blotches.
In life this is one of the most brilliant of Sunfishes, the upper parts being greenish
olive with a bluish tinge, the sides profusely spotted with orange, the belly and
lower fins orange, and the dorsal and caudal fins bluish with orange spots. The
cheeks are orange with undulating blue stripes ; the opercular flap is black emargi-
nated behind and underneath with bright scarlet.

The Common Sunfish grows to a length of 8 inches and a weight of about */£
pound. Its food is similar to that of the Long-eared Sunfish ; and it is one of the
readiest biters known to the angler. The habits of this fish have been described by
Dr. Theodore Gill and W. P. Seal. The latter states that the male in the breeding
season is readily identified by his brighter coloration, conspicuous ear flaps and a
luminous border around the fins while in the water. The nest is a depression in the
mud, sand or gravel, hollowed out by means of the fins. In the Potomac he found
a number of nests which were located from a few inches to several feet apart. The
male watches the nest and drives away all intruders. The eggs are only about J/32 of
an inch in diameter and not very numerous. They are attached to stones and
aquatic plants. Mr. Seal has reason to believe that the male alone is concerned in
building the nest and in the care of the eggs and young.

The species is usually hardy in captivity, but is subject to fungus attacks which
yield readily to treatment with brackish water. In the aquarium, according to
Eugene Smith, the Common Sunfish by incessant attacks often kills associates of
many kinds. It is a very gamy fish, common everywhere and is usually found in
the company of Shiners, Minnows and Killies. In quarry ponds, of the Palisades,
says the same author, the fish will thrive and multiply as freely as the Goldfish,
provided there is water enough throughout the year.

394 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

105. Small-mouthed Black Bass (Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede).

Micropterus dolomieu MATHER, App. i2th Kept. Adirondack Surv. N. Y., 5, 1886; MEEK,
Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV, 313, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna., 116, color pi. u, 1893;
JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., ion, 1896, pi. CLXII, figs. 430,
4300, 1900; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 364, 1897; MEARNS, id., X, 320,
1898; EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 1897, 35, 1898.

Centrarchus obscurus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 30, pi. 17, f,g. 48, 1842, Onondaga
Creek, N. Y.

One of the early names for the Small-mouthed Black Bass is that of Growler,
which appears in the writings of Cuvier, who was under the impression that the
name was applied because of a noise sometimes produced by this bass. At the time
of his writing the name Growler was pretty generally identified with the Black Bass.
Among the names applied to this fish by Rafinesque are Lake Bass, Big Bass,

SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS.

Spotted Bass, and Achigan. He also mentions it under the names Painted Tail,
Bridge Perch, Yellow Bass, Gold Bass, Brown Bass, Dark Bass, Minny Bass, Little
Bass, Hog Bass, Yellow Perch, Black Perch, Trout Perch, Black Pearch, Streaked
Head, White Trout and Brown Trout. In the Southern States the Small Mouth is
known as the Trout, Perch and Jumper. In Alabama it is called Mountain Trout.
Some persons style it the Bronze Backer. The most appropriate name and the one
by which it is best known is that of Black Bass or Small-mouthed Black Bass.

This species is indigenous to the upper parts of the St. Lawrence basin, the Great
Lakes region and the basin of the Mississippi. East of the Alleghanies it is native
to the headwaters of the Ocmulgee and Chattahoochee Rivers, but north of these
streams, though not originally an inhabitant of the waters, it has been widely dis-
tributed by artificial introduction.

In the St. Lawrence River Evermann and Bean obtained the fish 3 miles below

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 395

Ogdensburg, N. Y., July 17, 1894, evidently the young of the year, as the specimen
is i^ inches long. In Scioto Creek at Coopersville, N. Y., they secured an example
1 5/6 inches long July 19, 1894. Field assistants of the U. S. Fish Commission, col-
lecting in the Lake Ontario region of New York in 1894 and preceding years, took
specimens in many localities.

The species is abundant in Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence River basin ;
it is found also in Chautauqua Lake.

Meek did not find this species in the vicinity of Ithaca ; near Cayuga and Monte-
zuma it is less common than the Large-mouthed Black Bass. Mather reported the
species in Racquette, Forked, White, Fourth, Bisby and Sucker Lakes, Black and
Moose Rivers, and in Partlo Pond, St. Lawrence County, in all of which it has been
introduced. The fish is not uncommon in Lake Champlain ; it is abundant in the
vicinity of Caledonia, N. Y. Eugene Smith records it from the Passaic River.
The writer has found it abundant in the Bronx. Mearns mentions it from Long
Pond, in the Hudson Highlands, where it reaches the weight of 5 or 6 pounds.

This Bass does not grow so large as the Large-mouthed, seldom exceeding 8
pounds in weight and averaging but 2^/2 pounds. A fish of the latter weight will
measure 15 inches in length, while one of 8 pounds will measure 2 feet.

The Small-mouthed Bass differs most markedly from the Large-mouthed in the
size of its jaws, the shallower notch in the dorsal fin and the smaller scales. There
are about 1 1 rows of scales above the lateral line and 7 below it ; 72-74 scales in the
lateral line.

The young are dull yellowish green, the sides mottled with darker spots, which
sometimes form short vertical bars. Three dark stripes on the head ; caudal
yellowish at the base ; a broad black band near middle of tail and a broad whitish
margin behind. The dark lateral band characteristic of the Large-mouthed species is
not found in the Small-mouth. In the adult the prevailing color is olive green, the
stripes on the head remaining more or less distinct.

The food of the Black Bass consists of Crawfish, frogs, insects and their larvae,
Minnows, and other aquatic animals of suitable size. The young can be fed on small
fresh-water crustaceans, such as Daphnia and Cyclops. Among the successful baits
for this species are Stone Catfish, Hellgramites and crickets.

The Black Bass prefers rapid water, is extremely active, and frequents clear, pure,
swiftly-flowing streams, and thrives at greater elevations than those preferred by the
Large-mouthed species. It hibernates in the winter and spawns in the shallows on
gravelly bottoms in spring. It follows its prey into shallow water and frequently
leaps far out of the water in its efforts to escape from the hook or when frightened

396 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

by the sudden approach of an enemy. It swims in schools and is often found in the
shelter of sunken logs and in the vicinity of large rocks.

The spawning season begins in March and ends in July. The period of incuba-
tion lasts from 7 to 14 days. The eggs are bound together in bands or ribbons by
an adhesive substance. They adhere to stones on which they are deposited. The
parent fish build nests and protect the eggs and young. In the Delaware the
current is more rapid and the temperature lower than in the Susquehanna ; hence
the Bass spawn earlier in the latter than in the former. The spawning fish have
nearly all left their spawning beds in the Susquehanna early in July, but at this
time most of the nests in the Delaware are still full of eggs. By some writers it is
believed that the female prepares the nest before the male joins her. The males
fight for the possession of the female and are said to help the process of ejecting the
eggs by biting or pressing the belly of the female. After the eggs are deposited,
the female guards the nest from the attacks of the Crawfish and some other fishes.
The young are consumed by many birds and by frogs and snakes. Yet, notwith-
standing the numerous enemies of the Black Bass, its multiplication has been rapid
and enormous.

The Small-mouthed Black Bass ceases to take food on the approach of cold
weather and remains nearly dormant through the winter, except in artificially
heated water. A number of the young of the year, received from James Annin, Jr.,
of Caledonia, N. Y., October 6, 1896, scarcely fed at all in the following winter,
but when the spring was advanced they fed eagerly and grew rapidly.

106. Large-mouthed Black Bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacepede).

Huro nigricans DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 15, pi. 69, fig. 224, 1842.

Micropterus salmoides MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV, 313, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna.,

118, pi. 32, fig. 66, 1893; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 364, 1897; JORDAN &

EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1012, 1896, pi. CLXIII, fig. 431, 1900;

MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 320, 1898; EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc.

N. Y. 1897, 36, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 105, 1900.

This species may best be distinguished from the Small-mouthed Black Bass by
the size of its mouth and the number of rows of scales above the lateral line. The
young of the Small-mouthed species, also, never have a dark, lateral band.

Common names for this species are : Oswego Bass, River Bass, Green Bass, Moss
Bass, Bayou Bass, Trout, Jumper, Chub and Welshman. Throughout the north it
is generally known as Bass, in Virginia and North Carolina as Chub and in Florida
and west to Texas as Trout.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

397

The Large-mouthed Bass has a wide distribution, being indigenous to the eastern
United States, from Manitoba to Florida and Texas, except New England and the
Middle Atlantic States east of the Alleghanies, where it has been extensively intro-
duced. It inhabits the fresh-water ponds, lakes and sluggish streams. It is found
also at the mouths of rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico, where the water is
brackish.

Dr. Meek found the Large-mouthed species scarce near Ithaca and more common
near Montezuma and Cayuga. James Annin, Jr., collected the young at Caledonia.
The U. S. Fish Commission had it from numerous places in the Lake Ontario region.

Dr. Mearns first observed the species in the Hudson in the autumn of 1882, where
the fish were caught in fyke nets during October and November. Eugene Smith
records it from all lakes and rivers adjacent to New York City.

LARGE -MOUTHED BLACK BASS.

Young individuals, from il/2 to 2 inches long, were seined in Bronx River in
August, 1897.

The average weight of the Large-mouthed Bass in southern waters is less than 5
pounds, and still less in northern waters. In Florida it attains a large size, as much
as 3 feet in length, and a weight of 25 pounds. Its growth and size depend on the
waters where it is found, and the natural food supply of small fish, Crawfish and
frogs.

It is a very active fish ; its movements are affected by seasonal changes and
the search for food and places for spawning. In polluted streams the Bass are often
compelled by the impurities to seek new haunts in pure water. The young Bass
feed on animal food at an early age. The Large-mouthed Bass is said to be more
cannibalistic than the Small-mouthed. Small fishes (Minnows) of all kinds, Crawfish,
frogs, insects and their larvae, and aquatic animals of all kinds, suitable in size, make
up the diet of this fish. It feeds both at the surface and on the bottom, pursuing
its prey with great activity. When surrounded by seines or caught on hooks this

39$ SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

species will often leap 5 or 6 feet out of the water, and its habit of jumping over
the cork lines of seines has given it the name of " Jumper."

In cold weather the Bass seeks deep places, often hibernating under rocks,
sunken logs and in the mud. Favorite localities are under overhanging and brush-
covered banks, in the summer, and among aquatic plants, where the fish lies in wait
for its prey.

The spawning season of the Large-mouthed Bass is about the same as that of the
Small-mouthed species, beginning in April and lasting till July. Its eggs are
adhesive, sticking to stones during the incubation period, which last from one to
two weeks according to the temperature of the water. The young Bass remain in
the nest a week or 10 days, and at the age of two weeks will measure about ^ of an
inch in length. In suitable waters it is estimated that the Large-mouthed Bass will
weigh at the age of three years from 2 pounds to 4 pounds.

The Oswego Bass is even more destructive to fish than M. doloinicu. It will eat
any fish which it can .manage to get into its mouth and will lie on the bottom for
days so gorged that it cannot stir. In voracity it is only equaled, but hardly
excelled by the Pike. This Bass bears captivity well. (After Eugene Smith.*)

The young above referred to as coming from Caledonia, N. Y., hibernated and
took scarcely any food during the winter, but fed ravenously in spring, summer, and
fall. They proved very hardy in captivity.

107. Pike Perch ; Pike ; Wall-eyed Pike (Stizostedion vitreum Mitchill).

Perca ritrea MITCHILL, Am. Month. Mag., II, 247, Feb. 1818, Cayuga Lake, N. Y.
Lucioperca americana DE!VAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 17, pi. 50, fig. 163, 1842.
Lucioperca vitrea EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 1897, 38, 1898.
Stizostedion vitreum MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV, 314, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna., 127,

color pi. 13, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1021, 1896, pi.

CLXIV, fig. 433, 1900; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 364, 1897.

The Pike Perch belongs to the genus Stizostcdion, which has been distinguished
from the Saugers by the structure of its pyloric caeca, which are three in number,
nearly equal in size, and about as long as the stomach, and also by the presence of
21 soft rays in the second dorsal, while the Saugers have 18. It may be remarked
that all of these characters are more or less variable.

The Pike Perch- has received a great many common names. One of the most
unsuitable is " Susquehanna Salmon," which is used in Pennsylvania. In the Eastern

*Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. No. 9, p. 36, 1897.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

399

States the species is styled the Perch Pike or the Pike Perch, Glasseye and Wall-eyed
Pike. In the Great Lakes region it is known as Blue Pike, Yellow Pike, Green Pike
and Grass Pike. In the Ohio Valley and Western North Carolina it is the Jack ; in
Lake Erie and Canada, the Pickerel ; in some parts of the Ohio Valley, the White
Salmon or Jack Salmon. The Cree Indians call it the okow and the French Cana-
dians dore or picarel. Among the fur traders of British America it is called the
Hornfish.

The Pike Perch or Wall-eyed Pike inhabits the Great Lakes region and extends
northward into British America, where it has been recorded as far as 58° north by
Dr. Richardson. It ranges south in the Mississippi Valley to Arkansas, and in
Atlantic streams to Georgia. According to Dr. Meek the species is found in Cayuga
Lake, but is not common. In Lake Champlain it is one of the principal game fishes.
James Annin, Jr., of Caledonia, obtained specimens in the Canandaigua Lake region.
It has been introduced into numerous lakes by the Fisheries, Game and Forest Com-

PIKE PERCH.

mission of New York. The U. S. Fish Commission secured examples in the Oswego
River at Oswego and at Point Breeze in August, 1894.

This species is said to reach a weight of 50 pounds, but the average weight of the
market specimens is less than 5 pounds. In the Susquehanna it occasionally reaches
10 pounds or upward in weight. The Pike Perch feeds on the bottom on other
fishes, and has been charged even with destroying its own young. It prefers clear
and rapid waters, and lurks under submerged logs and rocks, from which it can
readily dart on its prey. Spawning takes place in April and May, and in Pennsyl-
vania continues till June. Favorite spawning localities are on sandy bars in shallow
water. The period of hatching varies from about 14 to 30 days, depending on the
temperature of the water. The eggs vary from about 17 to 25 to the inch, and a
single female has been estimated to contain from 200,000 to 300,000. In a state of
nature only a small percentage of the eggs are hatched out ; the greater proportion

4OO SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

are driven on the lake shores by storms or devoured by fishes on the spawning beds.
The number of Pike Perch annually hatched by artificial methods is enormous. This
advance is due to improvements in the treatment of adhesive eggs. Formerly these
were hatched by placing them on glass plates, to which they readily adhere. Recently
it has been found that the sticky substance can be washed off the eggs, after which
they are placed in jars and hatched like eggs of the Shad and Whitefish.

" Dexter," in Forest and Stream, August 14, 1890, makes the following statement
about the habits of this species in the lakes. These fish run up the rivers before or
as soon as the ice is out, and after spawning lie off the rivers' mouth feeding on and
off the sand flats, as the spring rains bring down plenty of worms, and probably
other matter which they feed on. As soon as the water gets warm, they sag off and
work along the shores in 10 to 30 feet of water, preferring cobbly bottom ; from
here they go into very deep water, coming on the reefs to feed, and when the wind
blows very hard, or for a day or so after a big blow, you will find them right on top
of a reef. I think the wind changes the water over the reefs, making a new current
and cooler water, so they come up to feed. They are a bottom fish, and to fish for
them successfully one must go to the bottom for them. They are nearly as particu-
lar as Salmon Trout about the water they inhabit and consequently rank very high
as a food fish, being white, solid and extremely free from bones.

Color olivaceous, mingled with brassy; sides of the head vermiculated ; the dor-
sals, caudal and pectoral with bands ; those of the dorsals and caudal not continuous;
sides with about seven oblique dark bands, differing in direction ; a jet black blotch
on the membrane behind the last spine of the dorsal.

The colors of the Pike Perch change remarkably with age. The young have
oblique dark bands much like those of the Kingfish of our east coast, and bear little
resemblance in the pattern of coloration to the parent. The eye of the living fish
is like a glowing emerald. The rate of growth must be rapid. In July, 1888, we
took examples from 4 to 6 inches long, some of which seemed to be the young of
the year.

This is one of the finest food and game fishes of the United States. Its flesh is
firm and white, flaky and well flavored. Commercially the species ranks high in the
Great Lakes region, being next in importance to the Whitefish. In angling for the
Pike Perch live Minnows are used in preference to all other baits, particularly such
as are more or less transparent and with silvery sides, as the Fallfish or Dace, the
Corporal Roach, the Redfin and the Gudgeon. On some parts of the Susquehanna,
between Columbia and Harrisburg, the favorite mode of capture is by trolling with
the spoon with the same kind of tackle as is used for the Black Bass.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 4OI

In November of 1896 and 1897, Mr. Annin shipped adult individuals from Canan-
daigua Lake by express without an attendant, and there was scarcely any loss of fish
in transportation, though the journey lasts 12 hours.

The Blue Pike of Lake Erie, or White Salmon of the Ohio River, was formerly
distinguished by name from the common Pike Perch, but is now considered unworthy
of a separate name. This is a very small variety seldom exceeding 15 inches in
length and a weight of 2 pounds. The dorsal has 14 spines and 20 rays. The spines
are rather lower than in the Pike Perch, the coloration similar, but the adult is
bluish or greenish and has no brassy mottling. The fins are darker, and there is a
trace of a band along the dorsal, besides the black blotch on the hind portion.

Jordan. & Evermann say of this variety : " The name salmoncum has been applied
to the so-called ' Blue Pike ' originally described from the Ohio River, but more
common in the Great Lakes, particularly Ontario and Erie. It is smaller and
deeper in body than the ordinary vitreum and different in color, but it is not likely
that any permanent distinctions exist, this species, as usual among fresh-water fishes,
varying largely with the environment and with age."

108. Sauger ; Sand-Pike (Stizostedion canadense Smith).

Lucioperca canadensis DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 19, pi. 68, fig. 221, 1842 (extra-

limital).
Stizostedion canadense MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV, 314, 1888 ; BEAN, Fishes Penna.,

130, pi. 34, fig. 70, 1893 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1022,

1896, pi. CLXIV, fig. 434, 1900.

Color olivaceous above ; sides brassy or pale orange, mottled with black in the
form of irregular dark blotches, which are best defined under the soft dorsal. The
spinous dorsal has several rows of round black spots on the membrane between
the spines ; no black blotch on the hind part of the spinous dorsal. Pectorals with
a large dark blotch at base ; soft dorsal with several rows of dark spots irregularly
placed ; caudal yellowish with dark spots forming interrupted bars.

The Sauger is known also as Sand Pike, Gray Pike and Green Pike, Pickering,
Pickerel and Horse Fish. It is found in the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes
region, the upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and in the Ohio, where it is said
to have been introduced from the lakes through canals. This is a small fish,
seldom exceeding 18 inches in length, and embraces several varieties. It is very
common in the Great Lakes and is abundant in the Ohio River. It is doubtful

whether it is native to Ohio or introduced. It is also found rarely in Cayuga Lake.
26

4O2 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Rev. Zadock Thompson, in his History of Vermont, says it is much less common in
Lake Champlain than the Pike Perch, but is frequently taken in company with it.
It usually swims very near the bottom of the water, and hence it has received the
name of Ground Pike (Pike Perch). As an article of food this species is locally
held in the same high esteem as the common Pike Perch.

John W. Titcomb of St. Johnsbury, Vt., informed Evermann and Kendall that
the Sauger, or Rock Pike, as it is locally called, is caught in seines while fishing
for the Pike Perch. It does not grow as large as the latter, and is not much
valued as a food fish. The authors mentioned received two examples of the fish
from A. L. Collins, of Swanton, Vt., one of them a nearly ripe female 14^ inches
long, weighing three-fourths of a pound, the other an unripe male 15 inches long,
weighing three-fourths of a pound. These specimens were believed to indicate that
the Sauger spawns earlier than the Pike Perch. The stomach of the male contained
a three-inch Minnow, too badly digested for identification, and a number of small
insects.

It is very extensively used for food, but is not generally considered equal to the
Pike Perch.

109. Gray Pike ; Sauger ; Sand Pike (Stisostedion canadense griseum DeKay).

Lncioperca grisea DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 19, 1842, Great Lakes; streams and

inland lakes of Western New York.
Stizostedion canadense griseum JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1022,

1896.

This is the common Sand Pike or Sauger of the Great Lakes region and south-
westward. It differs from the typical canadense chiefly in the smoother opercles
and head bones, the fewer opercular spines, and the less complete scaling of the
head. The two need fuller comparison and may prove to be distinct species, but
this is unlikely. Length, 10 to 18 inches.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 403

no. Yellow Perch ; Ring Perch (Pcrca flavescens Mitchill).

Morone flavescens MITCHILL, Report in Part, 18, 1814.

Bodianus flavescens MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 421, 1815.

Perca serrato-granulata DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 5, pi. 22, fig. 64, 1842

Perca granulata DEKAY, op. cit. 5, pi. 68, fig. 220, 1842.

Perca acuta DEKAY, op. cit. 6, pi. 68, fig. 222, 1842.

Pcrca gracilis DEKAY, op. cit. 6, 1842.

Perca flavescens DEKAY, op. cit. 3, pi. i, fig. i, 1842; MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV,
314, 1888; BEAN, Fishes Penna., 126, color pi. 12, 1893; EVERMANN & KENDALL,
Rept. U. S. F. C. for 1894, 602, 1896; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1023, 1896, pi. CLXV, fig. 435, 1900; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX,
365, 1897; MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 320, 1898; EUGENE SMITH, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. Y. 1897, 37, 1898.

YELLOW PERCH.

The Yellow Perch, Ringed Perch, or Striped Perch is found throughout the
Great Lakes region, rivers and ponds of New England and northwestward, and in
streams east of the Alleghanies south to Georgia. It does not occur in the Ohio
Valley or southwest, though, after the construction of the Ohio Canal, Kirtland
recorded it from the Ohio River. In 1790 Dr. Mitchill transferred some of them
from Ronkonkoma to Success Pond, a distance of 40 miles, where they soon multi-
plied. In 1825 Yellow Perch were transported from Skaneateles to Otisco Lake and
Onondaga Lake ; in the latter they increased remarkably. In Otsego Lake DeKay
caught some weighing nearly 3 pounds. Meek states that the species is common
throughout the Cayuga Lake basin. Evermann and Bean took it in the St. Law-
rence River, 3 miles below Ogdensburg; also in Scioto Creek, Coopersville, N. Y.,
July 19, 1894, young specimens il/2 to i^ inches long.

404 SEVENTH REPORT OK THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The Yellow Perch is one of the most abundant fishes of Lake Champlain and in
the mouths of rivers falling into that lake.

The fish abounds in the parks of New York and Brooklyn. In the Hudson
Highlands Dr. Mearns reported it as abundant in the Hudson as well as in all of the
larger mountain lakes and ponds. It habitually frequents Poplopen's Creek from
its source to its mouth. In the Hudson, he was informed, it is unusual to take
specimens weighing more than I pound ; but in Poplopen's Pond he has taken a
number that weighed about 2 pounds each. In the same pond Jerome Denna
caught two which weighed 2^ to 3 pounds each ; and a fisherman named Samuel
Runnels assured Dr. Mearns that he had taken a Yellow Perch there which weighed
4^ pounds. The fish continue to feed in that region throughout the winter.
Eugene Smith obtained the fish in Greenwood Lake, Orange County, and in Hack-
ensack streams, in Rockland County.

The species reaches a length of I foot and weight of 2 pounds. It is one of
the best known of our food fishes and has excellent game qualities. Its flesh, how-
ever, is rather soft and coarse and is far inferior to that of the Black Bass and other
members of the Sunfish family. It is a voracious feeder, its food consisting of small
fishes, crustaceans and other animal matter.

The Yellow Perch spawns early in the spring. The eggs are adhesive and enclosed
in thin translucent strips of adhesive mucus. The spawning of this species was
described by William P. Seal in Forest and Stream of April 17, 1890. The spawning
season extends from December to April. Mr. Seal describes the egg mass as having
the shape of a long tube, closed at the ends and arranged in folds like the bellows of
an accordion. When folded the mass was about 8 to 12 inches long, but was capable
of being drawn out to a length of 3 or 4 feet. Spawning in the aquarium took
place at night and was observed by William Maynard, who describes it as follows :
"The female remained quiet in one spot on the -bottom of one of the hatching
aquaria tanks, one or more of the males hovering over and about her with pectoral
fins vibrating with intense activity. The males would at times lie close alongside of
her and at other times endeavor to force themselves under her with the evident
intention of assisting in the extrusion of the eggs." Mr. Seal remarks that " the roe
when taken from the dead fish not yet ripe is in a single compact mass, covered by a
thin membrane ; but in spawning the mass separates, one side being spawned before
the other." This was noticed in a specimen which had spawned one side and
appeared to be unable to get rid of the other. It was stripped from her and arti-
ficially fertilized successfully. Mr. Seal believes that the Yellow Perch spawns at the
age of one year.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

405

The Yellow Perch thrives moderately in captivity, though susceptible to attacks
of fungus, which are easily overcome by the use of brackish water.

III. White Bass (Roccus clirysops Rafinesque).

Labrax albidus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 13, pi. 51, fig. 165, 1842, Buffalo.

Roccus chrysops BEAN, Fishes Penna., 132, pi. 34, fig. 71, 1893; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., IX, 365, 1897; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1132, 1896,
pi. CLXXX, fig. 477, 1900; EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 1897, 38, 1898.

General color silvery, tinged with golden on sides ; eight or more blackish
longitudinal streaks on sides, those below more or less interrupted.

WHITE BASS.

The following measurements were taken from a specimen obtained by Mr. James
Annin, Jr., in Oneida Lake, September 4, 1896:

Extreme length,

Length to end of middle caudal rays, -
Length to end of scales, -
Depth of body,

Least depth of caudal peduncle,
Length of head, -
Length of snout,
Diameter of eye, -
Length of fourth dorsal spine,
Length of second dorsal ray,
Length of second anal ray,
Weight, 16^ ounces.

INCHES.

406 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

The White Bass is sometimes called Striped Bass, and is probably the Silver
Bass of Canada. Its center of abundance is the Great Lakes region, but it is also
widely distributed over the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. In Pennsylvania the
species is found in Lake- Erie and in the tributaries of the Ohio River. The U. S.
Fish Commission secured three specimens at Horse Island, Sackett's Harbor,
N. Y., June 30. The New Jersey Fish Commission has introduced the fish into
Greenwood Lake.

The White Bass weighs from I to 3 pounds, and its flesh is considered almost if
not equally as good as that of the Black Bass. It prefers the deeper parts of rivers
and thrives best in lakes and ponds. In April and May they leave the deeper
waters and go in near shore or to the mouths of rivers where they spawn. The
spawning period is in May and June.

The White Bass feeds upon Minnows, Crawfish and other fresh-water crustaceans,
also minute mollusks or shellfish, and it is said to devour many young Whitefish
upon the spawning grounds of that species.

It is a game fish and affords good sport to the angler.

112. Striped Bass ; Rock fish (Roccns lincatus Bloch).

Roccus striatus MITCHILL, Kept. Fish. N. Y. 25, 1814.

Perca mitchilli MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 413, pi. Ill, fig. 4, 1815.

Perca mitchilli alter nata MITCHM.L, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 415, 1815.

Perca mitchilli inierrupta MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. £ Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 415, 1815.

Labrax lineatus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 7, pi. i, fig. 3, 1842.

Roccus lineatus BEAN, ipt-h Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 267, pi. XVIII, fig. 22, 1890; Fishes

Penna., 131, color pi. 14, 1893; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 365, 1897; JORDAN

& EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1132, 1896, pi. CLXXX, fig. 478, 1900;

EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 1897, 38, 1898; MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus.

Nat. Hist., X, 321, 1898; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C. for 1897, 99, 1898; BEAN,

52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 105, 1900.

Sides greenish above, silvery below, sometimes with a brassy lustre and marked
by seven or eight longitudinal streaks none of which are half as wide as the eye, one
of them passing along the lateral line ; the lowermost stripe is somewhat below the
middle of the depth.

In the southern United States from New Jersey to Florida the Striped Bass is
known as the Rock or Rockfish. In the Northern States the name Striped Bass is
more generally used than the other, especially along the coast. In the Delaware,
Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers it is called Rockfish. Green Head and Squid

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

407

Hound are names applied to large individuals found in the sea in New England
waters. One of the old names of the fish is Streaked Bass.

Rock fish and Striped Bass, according to Schoepff (1787), are among the early
New York names for this highly prized species. Dr. Mitchill (1814) calls it Mitchill's
Perch, Striped Basse and Rock fish. DeKay describes it as the Striped Sea Bass.
Streaked Bass is another name in use in 1815, and a very interesting account of the
fish under this name is published by Dr. James Mease in the first volume of the
Transactions of tJic Literary and PJiilosophical Society of New York. Dr. Mease in this
article states that Rock fish weighing from 25 pounds to 60 pounds are called Green-
heads. At the time of his writing, the fishing ground for the Philadelphia and New
York markets was between Long Branch and Cranberry Inlet, an extent of about
thirty miles, and the great places of winter resort were Motetecunk, 30 miles from
Long Branch, and the rivers of Elk and Egg Harbor.

STRIPED BASS.

The range of the Striped Bass or Rockfish includes the entire Atlantic coast
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, the fish entering rivers and
ascending them long distances. In the Alabama River this fish is known to be
taken every year and some large individuals have been obtained from that stream.
It has been captured also in the lower Mississippi. It is very abundant in the great
bays and sounds from North Carolina to Cape Cod. In Albermarle Sound many
large individuals are said to occur. In the St. John's River, Florida, according to
Dr. Goode, the fish is rather rare. In the vicinity of Pensacola the late Silas Stearns
occasionally obtained a specimen of the fish.

The Striped Bass has been introduced into California and has now become fairly
acclimated there. In the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers this is one of the com-
mon fishes and it is one of the most highly esteemed.

This is a permanent resident of Gravesend Bay, but the height of the fishery
occurs from October 10 to November 10. Large fish, up to 45 pounds, are caught

408 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

in May, but the fall fish range from 9 inches to 24 inches in length. In Great South
Bay the writer has obtained specimens at Blue Point Cove, Great River, Nichols's
Point, and off Widow's Creek. A great haul was made on Lone Hill Middleground
about the middle of October, 1901. The fish remains in some of the tributaries of
Great South Bay throughout the year. According to Dr. Mearns the species is taken
in great numbers in nets set through the ice of the Hudson in winter, and in drift
nets by shad fishermen in spring. Large individuals of 60 pounds and upward are
sometimes caught in the winter and early spring. He once took a specimen a little
above the estuary of Poplopen's Creek, in fresh water.

At the time of Dr. Mitchill's report the greatest run occurred late in the fall, and
the great hauls were made during the coldest season, including some very large fish.
He saw, however, a dozen at a time weighing 50 pounds each in New York market
during very mild weather, in early October.

This fish lives in the sea or in brackish or fresh water indifferently and it has been
successfully kept in artificial ponds. In cold, northern waters it becomes ice bound
occasionally and is said to hibernate. It prefers cold water, is carnivorous and pre-
daceous, feeding upon small fishes in the streams, consuming especially large quanti-
ties of the Alewife or River Herring and the young of the Shad. In the shallow
bays along the coasts its food consists of Killifish, Silversides, Anchovies, Lant and
other small fishes, besides crabs, squid, clams, mussels and other marine inverte-
brates. Its movements while feeding depend greatly upon the tides. It is to be
found frequently at the mouths of small creeks and in tideways, where it lies in wait
for the large schools of small fishes, which constitute its food.

The largest Striped Bass recorded was said to weigh 112 pounds. At Avoca,
North Carolina, Dr. Capehart took a Striped Bass weighing 95 pounds. It reaches
a length of 4^ or 5 feet.

Spawning takes place from April to June, either in the rivers or in the brackish
waters of bays and sounds. Eggs have been hatched artificially in May on Albermarle
Sound. Dr. Capehart took a 58-pound spawning fish April 22, 1891. The eggs are
smaller than those of the Shad, and after fertilization they increase greatly in size
and become light green in color. This 58-pound fish probably contained more than
one-half million eggs. Dr. Abbott has found the young an inch long in the Delaware
the second week in June, and by the middle of October some of these had grown to
a length of 4^/2 inches. The Striped Bass has been kept in a small pool of fresh
water and fed upon crabs and oysters, increasing in about eleven months from 6
inches in length to 20 inches. In the aquarium the species is hardy and grows
rapidly; it can be kept in good condition almost indefinitely. In a Rhode Island

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 409

pond it is stated that Bass weighing y% pound to I pound in June had reached a
weight of 6 pounds in the following October.

In fresh water, salted eel tail is a favorite bait for taking Striped Bass, and the
spoon or spinner is also a good lure, but live Minnows are preferred to all other
baits. For surf fishing shedder crab well fastened to the hook is a very killing bait.

113. White Perch (Morone americana Gmelin).

Morone rufa MITCHILL, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 18, 1814, New York.

Morone pallida MITCHILL, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 18, 1814, New York.

Eodianus rufus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 420, 1815.

Labrax rufus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 9, pi. 3, fig. 7, 1842.

Labrax pallidus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, n, pi. i, fig. 2, 1842.

Labrax nigricans DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 12, pi. 50, fig. 160, 1842.

Roccus americanus BEAN, igth Rept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 268, pi. XIX, fig. 23, 1890.

Morone americana BEAN, Fishes Penna., 133, pi. 15, 1893; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull.

47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1134, 1896, pi. CLXXXI, fig. 479, 1900; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus.

Nat. Hist., IX, 366, 1897; MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 321, 1898;

EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 1897, 39, 1898; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F.

C., 1897, 99, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus., 105, 1900.

This is the Perch or River Perch of Schoepff, which he records as an inhabitant
of the coasts of New York and Long Island, in and at the mouths of fresh-water
streams. Dr. Mitchill (1815) gives it the name of Red Perch, and states that when
not in the breeding season it is called Black Perch because its colors are browner
and darker. DeKay describes it, in the Fishes of Neiv York, as the Ruddy Bass.
In Great Egg Harbor Bay individuals taken from salt water are sometimes called
Yellow Perch or Peerch.

The species is found from Nova Scotia to South Carolina, and inhabits both salt
and fresh water. Mitchill saw specimens 14 inches long and nearly 5 inches deep,
from Quag, Long Island. There is an important winter fishery for the White Perch
at Bellport. It is taken in seines and gill nets. The writer has occasionally found
this species in various parts of Great South Bay, for example, at Smith's Point,
Whale House Hole, Swan River, also in the east end of Shinnecock Bay, in the
fresh water of Head of Creek, near Southampton. The fishermen affirm that when
its feeding grounds are disturbed by seining the fish suddenly leave the locality.
The White Perch is never plentiful in Gravesend Bay ; it is abundant in fresh-water
lakes of Central Park, New York, and Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Near Montauk,
Long Island, the species is abundant and reaches a large size. Eugene Smith has

4-IO SKYKMll REPORT OF THK FOKKST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

found it common in brackish waters near New York, where it occurs all the year;
he had it also from fresh water. M earns states that it remains in the Hudson
throughout the year and is taken in abundance in winter in nets set through the ice.
In Oscawana Lake, Putnam County, individuals weighing 2 or 3 pounds were
reported to him.

In the vicinity of Woods Hole, Mass., the fish is abundant in fresh-water ponds
connected with salt water.

It is said that the White Perch formerly extended south to Florida and the Gulf
of Mexico, but this is discredited by competent observers. The Perch of Lake
Ponchartrain is very likely the species now known in many portions of the Western
States as the Fresh-water Drum, Aploiiinotus gmnnicns.

The average length of the White Perch is about 9 inches and its weight ]/2 pound
or less, but numerous specimens measuring pinches and weighing 2 pounds or more
have been taken, especially in New England waters.

WHITE PERCH.

At the time of Dr. Mitchill's writing the species was a favorite in New York
markets, and it is now one of the best known species although probably not ranking
among the choicest kinds.

Thad. Norris was one of the most earnest supporters of the White Perch, and
has published interesting observations concerning its habits. Comparatively little,
however, is known about its life. It is an associate of the Striped Bass, and, accord-
ing to Dr. Abbott, resembles this species in its feeding habits. It differs from the
Striped Bass in its tendency to seek warm waters.

The White Perch is a lover of brackish water, and may be found in tidal creeks
in vast numbers associated with Mummichogs, Silversides and Eels, feeding upon
Shrimp and Minnows. Spawning takes place in May and June. According to Pro-

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 411

fessor John A. Ryder, the egg of the White Perch is very adhesive, and on this
account is troublesome to hatch artificially. In the experiments made by him the
eggs were taken upon cotton yarn, which was drawn up through a funnel into which
the eggs and milt had been squeezed from the spawning fish. The cord, covered
with the adhering eggs, was then wrapped upon a wooden reel and sent under cover
of damp cloths to the central station, where they arrived in fine condition, almost
every egg being impregnated. This system was devised and carried out under the
superintendence of Col. M. McDonald. After reaching the central station the cotton
cord with the adhering eggs was cut into lengths of 10 or 12 inches and suspended
in the glass hatching jars. The development was soon interfered with by the growth
of fungus. When the wooden reel with the adhering eggs was introduced into a
wide aquarium fungus also attacked the eggs as before but the results were some-
what more favorable. With the water at 58° to 60° F. the eggs hatched out in 6
days.

The White Perch congregates in large schools and is one of the freest biters
among fishes. The shrimp is one of the best baits, though worms, sturgeon eggs,
Minnows and strips of cut fish with silvery skin are equally effective. Dr. Abbott
has known as many as 20 dozen to be taken with a line in a few hours, and Spangler
mentions catches of six or seven hundred in a day by two rods, the fish ranging in
weight from ^ to i^ pounds.

Eugene Smith, on several occasions, found a long, green, brackish-water alga
(Enter omorphd) in stomachs of White Perch, indicating that they sometimes eat
vegetable matter, though perhaps only for the minute organisms found upon it.

In captivity the fish is very susceptible to fungus attacks, but the parasite is
readily killed by changing the water supply from salt to fresh, or vice versa.

114. Sea Bass ; Black Fish (Centropristes striatus Linnaeus).

Perca varia MITCHILL, Kept. Fish. N. Y., n, 1814 ; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 415,

pi. 3, fig. 6, 1815, New York.
Centropristes nigricans DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 24, pi. 2, fig. 6, 1842; BEAN, igth

Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 266, pi. XVII, fig. 21, 1890.
Centropristes striatus JORDAN & EIGENMANN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VIII, 391, pi. 64, 1890;

JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1199, 1896, pi. CXC, fig. 500,

1900; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 366, 1897; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F.

C., 1897, 100, 1898; BEAN, 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 105, 1900.

Dusky brown or black, adults often bluish, more or less mottled, with traces of
pale longitudinal streaks along the rows of scales; young greenish, often with a dark

412 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

lateral band, sometimes broken up forming cross-bars ; dorsal fin with several series
of elongate, whitish spots, forming interrupted lines ; other fins dusky, mottled.

The Sea Bass is the Perca varia of Mitchill, Fish. N. Y. p. 4.15. Common names
given by this author are Sea Basse, Black-Harry, Hanna Hills and Blue fish.
Schoepff (1787) gives the New York name as Black fish ; DeKay has it as the Black
Sea Bass, also Black Bass and Black fish. Dr. Storer records the Massachusetts name
of Black Perch. Other common names on the coast are Black Will (Middle States)
and Rock Bass (New Bedford).

The Sea Bass is found from Vineyard Sound southward, its southern limit not
being accurately determined, but probably not extending below Cape Hatteras.
The southern form, which was described by Linnaeus from South Carolina, may be
distinct from the northern, and if so it should be designated by the Linnaen name
atraria.

SEA BASS.

The northern form has been found occasionally north of Cape Cod, at Nahant,
Salem, and Beverly Bar. Dr. Smith reported it as very common at Woods Hole in
1898, where it arrives in May and departs from the inshore waters about October i,
being most abundant from July to September. It spawns there in June. The
young are first seen about August I. The maximum weight is 6 pounds. In 1900
the Sea Bass was said to be remarkably scarce at Woods Hole. According to the
observers of the Fish Commission this fish is decreasing rapidly in numbers. Hand-
lining, even on the spawning grounds off Hyannis was remarkably poor and young
fish were less numerous than usual. As a rule the first adults appear in their sea-
sonal migration during the first or second week in May, when the water has reached
a temperature of 48° to 50° F. However, in spite of the cold of 1900, they appeared
at Cuttyhunk and Menemsha Bight on April 28 — with one exception the earliest

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 413

arrival recorded in 25 years. Formerly the young were abundant everywhere, but
at present they are restricted to a few localities — Katama Bay, Quisset Harbor and
Wareham River. The first fry were seined July 31 and measured ^ of an inch in
length. On October 20, young fish 2 to 3 inches long were very plentiful in
Katama Bay.

In 1884 the writer obtained young examples only, and these in moderate
numbers, at Fire Island near the end of September. In 1890 a few individuals were
observed in a net at Islip. In 1898, adults were taken in abundance off shore at
Southampton in August and half-grown specimens were secured from a pound at
Islip. Young Sea Bass were rather common at Point of Woods, Great South
Bay, Clam Pond Cove, Fire Island Inlet, Oak Island Beach, and Nichols's Point.
In the summer of 1901, early July to the middle of October, only a few young
individuals were taken, and these were secured in eel pots'off Widow's Creek, Great
South Bay.

The Sea Bass makes its appearance in Gravesend Bay in May. It is not
abundant. The young in October are found in the eel grass, measuring from 1*4 to
2 inches in length. The species is well adapted to life in aquarium tanks during all
but the coldest months.

The Sea Bass is distinguished for its voracity and its persistent biting. The
young are found in the channels of shallow bays and about wharves and landings.
Large fish frequent the off-shore banks where the bottom is rocky. A famous
locality is Five Fathom Bank, off the coast of New Jersey. In the shallow waters
of Great Egg Harbor Bay, hundreds of small-sized Sea Bass may be taken in a day,
and it is difficult to find a locality which is free from them, Their food consists of
shrimps, crabs, sea worms, squid, small fishes and all other animals of suitable size.
The species is sluggish in its habits and resembles the Tautog in its tendency to hide
in rock crevices. The Sea Bass breeds in the summer months and the young grow
rapidly. The eggs have been hatched artifically, and when it becomes desirable the
fry can be produced in vast quantities. The eggs are y2(> of an inch in diameter and
hatch in 5 days in water at the temperature of 59° or 60° F. At Woods Hole, Mass.,
they are deposited in June.

This is a valuable food fish, reaching a length of 18 inches and the weight of 6
pounds.

414 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

115. Flasher; Triple-tail (Lobotcs surinamensis Bloch).

Holocentrus surinamensis BLOCK, Ichth., pi. 243, 1790, Surinam.

Bodianus triurus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc., I, 418, pi. Ill, fig. 10, 1815, Powles

Hook, N. J.

' Lobotes auctorum GttNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 338, 1859.
Lobotfs surinamensis CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 319, 1830; DEK.AY,

N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 88, pi. 18, fig. 49, 1842, New York; HOLBROOK, Ichth. S. C., ed.

i, 159, pi. 23, fig. 2, 1856; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 555, 1883;

JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1235, 1896, pi. CXCIV, fig. 510,

1900; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, too, 1898; SHERWOOD & EDWARDS,

Bull. U. S. F. C. 1901, 28, 1901, Narragansett Bay.

FLASHER.

Blackish above, silvery gray on the sides, often blotched and tinged with yellow ;
fins dusky gray, sometimes mingled with yellow.

The Flasher is a large species, found in all warm seas, ranging on our coast from
Cape Cod to Panama ; it reaches the length of 3 feet and is used for food. At
Woods Hole, according to Dr. Smith, it is very rarely taken. Specimens were
secured, however, in August, 1873, December, 1875, September 20, 1886, and in
August, 1890. The individual obtained in 1886 was caught in a trap at Menemsha,
Martha's Vineyard. The Rhode Island Fish Commission has a specimen weighing
6 pounds and measuring 22 inches, which was taken September 10, 1900, in a trap
off Prudence Island, Narragansett Bay. The example described and figured by
Mitchill was taken at Powles Hook, N. J. According to Mitchill specimens
weighing 4 or 5 pounds were occasionally secured, and the fish was sometimes
called Black Grunt. DeKay knew the fish only from the accounts of it given
by Mitchill and Holbrook.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 415

116. Red Snapper (Neomcenis blackfordi Goode & Bean).

Lutjanus blackfordii GQODK & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 176, 1878 (full description

of adult); II, 137, 138, 1879, characters and measurements of young; GOODE,

Game Fishes N. A., 16, 1878, with colored plate.
Lutjanus blackfordi JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 549, 1883; BEAN,

ipth Rept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 263, pi. XVI, fig. 20, 1890.
Neomanis aya JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1264, 1898, pi. CXCVII,

fig. 516, 1900 (not Bodianus aya BLOCK, Ichth., 227, 1790); H. M. SMITH, Bull.

U. S. F. C. 1897, 100, 1898.

Color uniform scarlet. Center of scales lighter, also the belly, which is silvery ;
inside of axil of pectoral darker maroon.

RED SNAPPER.

On October 26, 1887, Mr. E. G. Blackford, Fish Commissioner of the State of
New York, forwarded to the National Museum a young Red Snapper, four and one
half inches long, which was caught in Great South Bay, at Bay Shore, Long Island.
This is the smallest Red Snapper that we have obtained, and it is the first record of
the occurrence of the species so far north. The specimen has been catalogued as
39,213 of the National Museum Fish Register.

As in other young fishes the size of the eye, the length of the head and the
colors are different from these characters in the adult.

A description of the colors of the fresh fish follows :

A dark band nearly as wide as the diameter of the eye is placed immediately in
front of the spinous dorsal ; it fades out about the median line of the body. Three
similar bands, and of like size, under the dorsal, separated by narrow interspaces' and
fading out below. The fourth band contains a blotch as large as the eye, which
passes slightly beneath the lateral line. A fifth band is under the last third of the

416 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

soft dorsal and continues backward to the caudal, not descending below the lateral
line. The second and third bands are traversed vertically by a narrow median
stripe of the rosy body color. Membrane of dorsals and caudal with a narrow
black edge. Spine and external ray of ventral milk white. Anal rosy, except
membrane of first two spines and last three rays, which is milk white.

The Red Snapper has become one of the most famous fishes of our northern
markets, and is always attractive on account of its large size, brilliant color, and the
excellence of its flesh. We know that the species is to be found on our east coast
from Cape Cod to the Carribbean Sea. It is rare, however, north of Cape Hatteras
and the principal fisheries are located off the coasts of Georgia and Florida, and in
the Gulf of Mexico.

When the Red Snapper was named in honor of Mr. Eugene G. Blackford, in
recognition of his invaluable contributions to the science of ichthyology, the
describers of the species had carefully considered the question of nomenclature
and satisfied themselves that none of the names known to them could with certainty
be associated with this fish. Various earlier names have been suggested from time
to time by several authors as possibly available for the species. In 1883 Dr. D. S.
Jordan considered it to be the L. campechianus, described by Poey in 1860. This,
however, is a species with much smaller scales if the description be accurate. The
type has not been examined by any one in the United States so far as I am
informed. A little later Dr. Jordan suggested that the name Lutjanns vivanus of
Cuv. & Val. should be accepted for the Red Snapper; but my examination of the
types of this species in the Museum of Paris showed it to be a small Lutjanus, and
very distinct in every way from L. blackfordi. In recent lists Dr. Jordan has
adopted the specific name aya of Bloch, published in 1787 in ihe Auslandiscke Fisc/ie.
This name was used for a species of Luljanns more than twenty years ago by Dr.
Theodore Gill.

I will now state what may be learned from the literature concerning the aya.
The Bodianus aya of Bloch is distinctly based upon the Acara aya of Maurice,
Prince of Nassau, as set forth in his Mss, tome 2, page 351. The plate published by
Bloch is copied from a drawing by Prince Maurice, and his description is drawn
from the same source. The fish which formed the subject of the description and
illustration by the Prince of Nassau was the aya or garan/ta of Brazil, a red species,
said to attain to a length of 3 feet. The aya is distinctly described as having 9 spines
and 1 8 articulated rays in the dorsal. It is represented as having 40 scales in the
lateral line, and the scales are said to be ornamented with silvery, submarginal
stripes. Bloch was informed that the fish was known to the French, Germans and

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 417

English as the aya and to the Brazilians as the garanJia. Elsewhere in the descrip-
tion the general color is said to be red, the back dark red, and the belly silvery.
This is all the information to be derived from Bloch's account of the species, and if
the data mentioned are to be relied upon, the fish is certainly not our Red Snapper.
We have no other knowledge concerning the aya of Brazil. It has not been shown
that our species ranges so far south and several red forms resembling L. black f or di
are associated with it. Various interpretations of the aya have appeared in ichthyo-
logical works. Dr. Giinther, in his Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum, vol. I,
page 198, adopts the name for a small-scaled Lutjanus, which has 65 scales in the
lateral line and 32 in a transverse series. - Of this he has a fine specimen from South
America. A very curious translation of the earlier descriptions of the aya is to be
found in Lacepede's account of the species, which is given below. The diagnostic
characters are stated as follows :

Nine spines and 18 articulated rays in the dorsal ; I spine and 8 divided rays in
the anal ; the caudal crescent-shaped ; each opercle terminating in a long and flat
spine ; the general color red ; the back blood color ; the belly silvery.
The author, in another part of his Natural History of Fishes, writes :
A figure of the aya has been published by Marcgrave, Piso, Willughby, Johnston,
Ruysch, the prince of Nassau [Maurice] and Bloch, who has copied the drawing of
Prince Maurice. It is found in lakes of Brazil. It frequently reaches a length of i
meter, and it is so plentiful that large numbers of this species are salted or sun-dried
for export. It may be very desirable and, perhaps, sufficiently easy to acclimatize
this large and beautiful bodianus, the flesh of which is very agreeable to the taste,
in the fresh waters of Europe, and particularly in lakes and ponds of France.

117. Pig Fish ; Hog Fish (Orthopristis cJirysopterus Linnaeus).

Labnis fiilroinaculatus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1,406, 1815, New York.
Haemiilon fulvo macula turn DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 84, pi. 7, fig. 21, 1842, New

York.
Orthopristis chrysopterus BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 142, pi. Ill, fig. n, 1888; BEAN,

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 366, 1897; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull, 47, U. S.

Nat. Mus., 1338, 1898, pi. CCX, fig. 541, 1900.

Light brown, silvery below ; sides with numerous orange colored and yellow
spots; those above the lateral line in oblique series, those below in horizontal;
vertical fins with similar spots ; head bluish with yellow spots ; angle of mouth and
gill membranes with orange.

The Pig Fish ranges along the Atlantic coast from New York southward ; adult
27

41 8 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

individuals are rarely seen even as far north as New Jersey, but the young are
common.

At Beesley's Point, N. J., August 10, 1887, many young individuals were taken
in the seine. D. XII, 16; A. Ill, 13; scales, 75.

A dark stripe beginning on nape and dividing sends one branch along the back
on each side not far from dorsal outline ; a dark stripe from eye to root of caudal ;
cheeks and opercles with several narrow orange stripes ; a narrow orange stripe
between the two dark body stripes and another below the lower dark stripe ;
below the second orange stripe are numerous orange spots, not continuous. These
specimens are from less than i inch to more than 2 inches long.

PIG FISH.

Young examples were seined at Somers Point, August 13, and abundantly at
Ocean City, August 16. The croaking sound made by these little fishes is quite
noticeable.

September 5, Mr. W. S. Keates brought in two examples which had been caught
on a hook with clam bait; these are 5^ inches long, and much larger than the
average size. Specimens from 4^ to 5 inches long were caught at Beesley's Point
August 23 ; in these there is only a trace of the black lateral stripe along the
median line, and the sides have several broad, dark bands.

September 9 an individual 5*^ inches long was taken at Beesley's Point. This
species is unknown to the fishermen. One angler described its croaking as
resembling the quacking of a duck.

Several examples were taken in Gravesend Bay, October 24, 1894. DeKay
mentions it as a rare fish, but occasionally appearing, he was informed, in New York
Harbor in considerable numbers. He states that it is a very savory food.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

118. Scup ; Porgy ; Sand Porgee (Stenotomus cJirysops Linnaeus).

419

Labrus versicolor MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. &: Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 404, pi. Ill, fig. 7, 1815,

New York.
Sargus arenosus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 91, pi. 22, fig. 67, 1842, Long Island;

young.

Pagrits argyrops DEK.AY, op. cit. 95, pi. IX, fig. 25, 1842; adult.
Diplodus argyrops JORDAN cSz: GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 557, 1883.
Stenotomus chrysops BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 142, 1888; igth Rept. Comm. Fish. N.

Y., 261, pi. XIV, fig. 18, 1890; JORDAN & FESLER. Rept. U. S. F. C. 1889 to 1891,

507, 1893; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 366, 1897; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U.

S. F. C. 1897, 100, 1898; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1346,

1898, pi. CCXI, fig. 544, 1900; BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus., 106, 1900;

SHERWOOD & EDWARDS, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1901, 28, 1901.

SCUP.

Color silvery, with bright reflections, dusky above, upper part of head deep
brown ; dorsal horn color, the last rays with a yellowish tinge ; axil of pectoral
dusky; young with five or six dusky bars; iris golden, mottled with silvery and
brownish. Length, about I foot.

The Scup is one of our best known fishes. In many places it is better known
under the name Porgee. Mitchill and DeKay described it as the Big Porgee.
Another spelling for the same na.me is Pogy. Scup is an abbreviation of Scuppaug,
which in turn is a shorter form for the Narragansett name, Mishcuppauog. The
name Fairmaid, which is said to be given to the Scup on the Virginia coast, does not
rightfully belong to this species, but rather to the Sailor's Choice (Lagodoii). The

42O SKY KM 1 1 REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

name Fairmaid is regularly applied to the latter species at Cape Charles, Va.,
according to B. A. Bean. In Norfolk, Va., Mr. Bean heard the name Maiden for the
young of the common Scup.

The Scup seldom migrates north of Cape Cod, although it has been taken occa-
sionally off Cape Ann. Attempts to introduce it into Massachusetts Bay have been
unsuccessful.

The Scup comes into our northern waters in great schools, the large spawning
fish coming first, making their appearence in New York waters in May. The species
feeds upon small crustaceans, mollusks and annelids, and is one of the readiest
biters along the coast. The fishery fluctuates greatly ; in certain years the fish is
comparatively scarce, and in others it is extremely abundant. It is caught in
pounds and traps, and remains in Great South Bay until cold weather sets in. It
has been taken on Cape Cod as late as December 10. Sometimes a sudden cold
spell kills the fish in large numbers.

In 1890 we found only a few specimens at Fire Island and at East Island, late in
September, and on October i a few examples were taken in a trap at Islip. In 1898
adults were taken in moderate numbers off Southampton August 3. Half-grown
specimens were obtained at Islip August 18. A single young individual was seined
at Nichols's Point September i, and a moderate number of young, about 2 inches
long, were secured at the east side of Fire Island Inlet September 16. In 1901
small Scup, about 6 inches long, were obtained in a gill net August 13, and in
Watt's Pound, July 31, in Clam Pond Cove.

The Scup arrives in Gravesend Bay in May, and is taken as late as November.
In captivity it lives until December, and in properly heated water it can be kept
indefinitely. It is thrifty, and is seldom in bad condition.

At Woods Hole, Mass., according to Dr. Smith, the fish appears about May I
and leaves about October 15 or 20, being most abundant in June and July.
Spawning occurs during first part of June, and young y2 inch to ^ inch long are
observed by the middle of July. The eggs are l/^ inch in diameter and hatch in 4
days at a mean temperature of 62° F. In 1900 the Scup arrived off Newport April
21, at Cutty Hunk April 26, and at Woods Hole May I. Hundreds of young are
killed there annually by a sudden fall of temperature. The growth of the young is
recorded by Sherwood & Edwards as follows: July 3, length ^ to \y2 inches
August 2, \l/2 to 2 inches; September 6. 2 to 3 inches; September 29, 3 to 4 inches;
November i, 4 inches. The largest individuals observed weighed 3 pounds.

The young are devoured in large numbers by Cod, Weakfish, Bluefish and other
predaceous species.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

421

119. Sailor's Choice (Lagodon rJiomboides Linnaeus).

Sargus rhomboides DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 93, pi. 71, fig. 228, 1842, copied from
CUVIER & VALENCIENNES.

Lagodon rhomboides HOLBROOK, Ichth. S. C., ed. i, 56, pi. 8, fig. i, 1856; ed. 2, 59,
1860; BEAN, igth Rept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 263, 1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
IX, 366, 1897; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 101, 1898; JORDAN & EVER-
MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1358, 1898, pi. CCXV, fig. 552, 1900.

The Sailor's Choice feeds upon small invertebrates and Minnows. It is caught
with the hook and in cast nets and seines.

Brownish, white below ; sides of head and body with horizontal stripes of light

SAILOR'S CHOICE.

blue and golden ; six or seven very faint darker vertical bands, disappearing with
age ; vertical fins yellowish, with bluish stripes ; a dark axillary spot.

This is called the Salt Water Bream by Schoepff and the Rhomboidal Porgee by
DeKay. In Chesapeake Bay it is the Fairmaid. It is also called Pin fish, Squirrel
fish, Porgee, Yellow Tail and Shiner. In Great South Bay the name of the fish
was unknown to the fishermen, and this is true in Great Egg Harbor Bay, where
the young are not uncommon in summer.

In Gravesend Bay it is not a common fish, but is found occasionally in summer.

A single individual was obtained at Fire Island October i. The Sailor's Choice
occurs as far north as Cape Cod, but it is not present in sufficient numbers to be
considered among the important food fishes ; south of Cape Hatteras, where it is

422 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

abundant, it is valuable for food, and in many places is considered superior to
Sheepshead ; this is especially so in the St. John's River.

The eggs are described as pale blue in color and as large as mustard seed.
Spawning takes place in the Gulf of Mexico in winter or spring. The colors of the
fish are very beautiful, the sides being ornamented with golden stripes on a pearly
white ground and having numerous dark vertical bands.

120. Sheepshead (Arcliosargns probatoccpkalus Walbaum).

Sparus ovis MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 392, pi. 2, fig. 5, 1815, New

York.

Sargus ovis DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 89, pi. 8, fig. 23, 1842.
Archosargus probatocephalus BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 142, pi. Ill, fig. 10, 1888,

Somers Point, N. J., young; ipth Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 262, pi. XV, fig. 19,

1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 366, 1897; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C.

1897, 101, 1898; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1361, 1898, pi.

CCXVI, fig. 554, 1900.

SHEEPSHEAD.

Grayish, with about eight vertical black bands, which are about as broad as the
interspaces; dorsal dusky ; ventral and anal black ; base of pectoral dusky ; the dark
bands are most distinct in the young.

The Sheepshead ranges along the coast from Cape Cod to Texas ; it is very rare
as far north as Woods Hole, Mass., but in southern waters it is still abundant. The
species reaches a length of 30 inches and the weight of 20 pounds; it is one of the
most valuable of our food fishes and is highly prized for its game qualities.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 423

In August, 1887, the Sheepshead was known to have bred in Great Egg Harbor
Bay, N. J., where about 20 young individuals, measuring from I inch to i^ inches,
were seined between August 10 and September 9. Adults at that time were present
in the bay, but they were scarce. The bottom was covered with algae and conven-
ient hiding places were found under the sod banks.

The fish is very unusual in Gravesend Bay, Long Island. A large individual,
weighing 13 pounds, was caught September 16, 1897, at Coney Island. That exam-
ple proved hardy in captivity, and the Sheepshead generally can be easily kept if
the water temperature be properly maintained.

The Sheepshead was at one time common in Great South Bay. For this state-
ment we have the authority of Mr. Erastus Gordon, of Patchogue, and the following
account from Dr. Mitchill's Fishes of Neiv York will substantiate the fact : " The
Sheepshead swims in shoals and is sometimes surrounded in great numbers by the
seine. Several hundreds have often been taken at a single haul with the long
sweeping nets in use at Raynortown, Babylon and Fire Island. They even tell of a
thousand brought to land at a draught. . . . This fish is sometimes speared by
torchlight in the wide and shallow bays of Queens County and Suffolk. His term
of continuance is only during the warmest season ; that is, from the beginning of
June to the middle of September. ... I have, however, known him to stay
later ; for one of the most numerous collections of Sheepshead I ever saw in the
New York market was on October 4, 1814; I have seen them as late as the I7th."

Scott, in 1875, referred to Fire Island as a good locality for Sheepshead fishing,
and also mentions superior feeding places in the South Bay and about the wreck of
the Black Warrior., near the Narrows.

We did not obtain the Sheepshead in Great South Bay, and believe it occurs
there very rarely at the present time, although fishermen still seek them in a few
localities, and, I am informed, occasionally catch one. Dr. Smith says not one has
been seen or heard of in Vineyard Sound or Buzzards Bay since 1894; but formerly
it was quite common and was often caught while line fishing for Tautog and Scup.

424 SEVENTH RETORT UK THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

121. Weak Fish ; Squeteague (Cynoscion rcgalis Bloch & Schneider.)

Roccus comes MITCHILI,, Kept. Fish. N. Y., 26, 1814, New York.

I.aknis stjnctcague MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 396, pi. 2, fig. 6, 1815,
New York.

Otolithus regalis DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 71, pi. 8, fig. 24, 1842.

Cynoscion regale BEAN, Bull. U. S. F. C., VII, 140, pi. II, fig. 6, 1888; igth Kept. Comm.
Fish. N. Y., 257, pi. XIII, fig. 15, 1890.

Cvnoscion regalis BKAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 367, 1897; JORDAN & EVER-
MANX, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1407. 1898, pi. CCXX, fig. 562, 1900; H. M.
SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 101, 1898 ; BEAN, 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus.,
106, 1900 ; SHERWOOD & EDWARDS, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1901, 29, 1901.

Silvery, darker above and marked with many small, irregular dark blotches, some
of which form undulating lines running downward and forward ; back and head with

WEAK FISH.

bright reflections; dorsal and caudal fins dusky; ventrals, anal, and lower edge of
caudal yellowish, sometimes speckled. The young show traces of a few dusky
bands on the sides, one under the spinous dorsal being most plainly marked, and
extending to beiow the median line.

The Weak fish, so called in Dr. Mitchill's Fisiics of New York, appears also in his
report as the Squeteague and Checouts, the former being a Narragansett Indian
name and the latter derived from the Mohegans. The Narragansett name is some-
times spelled Scuteeg. Chickwick is the Connecticut name for the species ; on Cape
Cod, because of the sound produced by the fish, it is called the Drummer; large
\\Yak fish in Buzzards Bay are termed Yellow fins. In Great Egg Harbor Bay the
name Blue fish is applied to it, notwithstanding the presence of the real Blue fish
d\>tnatoinns). On our southern coast we hear the name Trout, with its variations,
Grey Trout, Sea Trout, Shad Trout, Sun Trout and Salt-water Trout. The latter
name is used to distinguish it from the Fresh-water Trout of the Southern States,

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 425

which is the Black Bass. Dr. Mitchill thus accounts for the name Weak fish : " He
is called Weak fish, as some say, because he does not pull very hard after he is
hooked ; or, as others allege, because laboring men who are fed upon him are weak
by reason of the deficient nourishment in that kind of food." DeKay explains the
name from the feeble resistance the fish makes on the hook and the facility with
which it breaks away from it by reason of its delicate structure. At the time of
DeKay's writing in 1842, and for some years previously, the Weak fish were present
on our coast in diminished numbers. The Blue fish were then present in abundance
and the disappearance of the Weak fish was supposed to be connected with the
reappearance of the Blue fish. A similar observation was made by Dr. Storer on
the Massachusetts coast. Again, at Woods Hole, Mass., in 1900, the Weak fish were
remarkably abundant, the traps at Menemsha having taken 10,000 in a single day;
the Blue fish, on the other hand, were unusually scarce during the entire season, not
over 50 having been recorded from the adjacent bay and sound.

The Weak fish ranges from the Bay of Fundy to the east coast of Florida. It
fluctuates in abundance from year to year. The late Capt. N. E. Atwood is author-
ity for the statement that in 1845 the weekly supply in the New York markets was
not above i ,000 pounds.

The earliest arrival in New York in 1889 was on May 12, at Great Hills, Gifford,
Staten Island. During the latter part of August, 1889, the west channel of
Great South Bay furnished great numbers of Weak fish. The young were found in
Blue Point Cove late in September ; also some half-grown individuals. The fish
are in their finest condition during the fall migration in September and October.

In 1901 young Weak fish were seldom taken in Great South Bay, and only two
localities — Duncan's Creek and Smith's Point — furnished them in very small num-
bers. Adult fish, however, were remarkably abundant, and were caught in many
parts of the bay.

The species feeds in the channels upon Shrimp, Crabs and small fish. In Great
South Bay we found them eating large quantities of Anchovies, and the same
observation was made in one of the inlets of Great Egg Harbor Bay, N. J. The
fish enters the mouths of rivers and migrates freely with the tide.

The species swims in large schools near the surface and is very voracious,
destroying the young even of its own kind. A specimen of about 4 pounds, taken
at Islip, October i, 1890, had in its stomach a Weak fish weighing about 6 ounces.
Fish of 4 pounds and a little larger were moderately abundant at this date.

Weak fish spawn in New York waters in May, and at Cape Cod about the first of
June. The egg is */& inch in diameter and hatches in two days at an average tern-

426 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

perature of 60° F. It is buoyant, and, under natural conditions, is subject to the
influence of wind and current. The spawning season is evidently prolonged in some
localities ; in Great Egg Harbor Bay, for example, young Weak fish only i^ inches
long were taken in August, that is, several months after spawning begun. The most
favorable tide for catching this species is generally considered the latter half of the
flood and first half of the ebb. At night the Weak fish runs up the creeks to feed
in the salt meadows, and will take the hook freely.

Some of the best baits for the Weak fish are the common Shrimp, Soft or Shed-
der Crabs, pieces of Clam and common Mussel, the white skin of the throat of Weak
fish, and sometimes the eye of this species; other good baits are Silvcrsides and
Anchovies. In Great South Bay the fish are taken extensively in pound nets and
in gill nets. The gill nets are set in the shape of a horseshoe, and the attending
sloop sails back and forth across the open end of the horseshoe, one of the crew
meanwhile beating the deck with his heels to frighten the fish into the nets. This
method, called drumming, is in great disfavor among those who follow other modes
of fishing.

The Weak fish endures captivity very well and can be kept during winter in
water of the proper temperature. The species is said to reach the weight of 30
pounds.

122. Spotted Weak Fish ; Sea Trout (Cynoscion nebulosus Cuv. & Val.).

Labrus squeteague var. maculatus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1,396, 1815

New York ; not Lab r us maculatus BLOCK.
Otolithus carolinensis DE KAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 72, 1842, extra limital ; HOLBROOK,

Ichth. S. C., ed. i, 133, pi. 19, fig. 2, 1856.
Cynoscion nebulosus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1409, 1898, pi.

CCXXI, fig. 563, 1900.

Body silvery with bright reflections; numerous black spots on back, beginning
under the spinous dorsal ; soft dorsal and caudal similarly spotted, the largest spots
smaller than pupil : anal fin dusky.

The Spotted Weak fish is a better food fish than the common northern species ;
it ranges from New York to Texas, but is rare north of Virginia.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 427

123. Yellow Tail ; Silver Perch (Bairdiella cJirysura Lacepede).

Bodianus argyroleucus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 417, pi. 6, fig. 9, 1815,

New York.

Corvina argyroleucas DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 74, pi. 18, fig. 51, 1842, New York.
Homoprion xanthurus HOLBROOK, Ichth. S. C., ed. i, 170, pi. 24, 1856 (not Leiostomus

xanthuriis LACEPEDE).
Bairdiella chrysura GOODE, Fish. & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 375, pi. 126, 1884 ; BEAN, Bull.

U. S. F. C., VII, 141, pi. I, fig. 9, 1888 ; i9th Kept. Coram. Fish. N. Y., 259, 1890 ;

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 367, 1897 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S.

Nat. Mus., 1433, 1888, pi. CCXXII, fig. 566, 1900; BEAN, 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y.

State Mus., 106, 1900.

SPOTTED WEAK FISH.

Greenish above, silvery below, each scale with series of dark punctulations
through the center, usually very conspicuous, sometimes obscure, these forming
narrow somewhat irregular streaks along the sides ; fins plain, the caudal yellowish.

Dr. Mitchill describes this fish as the Silver Perch, and DeKay explains the ori-
gin of this name from the resemblance which the Yellow Tail bears in its appear-
ance and habits to the common White Perch. At Pensacola, Fla., the name
Mademoiselle is applied to the species. In Great South Bay we heard the name
Lafayette given it, but this belongs more properly to the Spot, Liostomus xantJiurus.

The Yellow Tail occurs on our coast from Cape Cod to Florida. It was a com-
mon fish in Great South Bay in September, 1890, and during the early part of
October, occurring at Blue Point Cove, at the Blue Point Life Saving Station,
Great River Beach and Fire Island. It is frequently taken in the pounds. In 1898
the young were found in abundance at Nichols's Point, Great South Bay, September
i. In 1901 the species was not observed at all during a season extending from the
middle of July to the middle of October,

The breeding season must continue into early summer, as many young fish from

428 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AXD GAME COMMISSION.

I inch to 2l/i inches long were obtained in Great Egg Harbor Bay, N. J., early in
August.

The young of the Silver Perch are found every summer in Gravesend Bay, and
adults are to be seen occasionally. On September 8, 1896, Mr. DeNyse took an
example I J4 inches long with a shrimp net, in eel grass back of the flats at extreme
low tide. Pools containing 2 feet of water are common here, and many species of
fish become imprisoned in them. In August Mr. W. I. DeNyse has captured a
half dozen adult Hippocampus in such localities. On October 5, 1896, and again
in the fall of 1897, the Silver Perch was obtained in the bay.

YELLOW TAIL.

The species seldom exceeds 10 inches in length, but is regarded as an excellent
pan fish, and is secured in enormous numbers.

124. Red Drum ; Channel Bass (Scicenops ocellatus Linnaeus).

Scicena imberbis MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 411, 1815, New York.
Connna ocellata DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 75, pi. 21, fig. 61, 1842, New York ; HOL-

BROOK, Ichth. S. C., ed. i, 149, pi. 21, fig. 2, 1856.
Scnenops ocellatus BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 367, 1897, New Jersey ; H. M.

SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897, 101. 1898 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S.

Nat. Mus., 1453, 1898, pi. CCXXXII, fig. 567, 1900.

The Red Drum is one of the largest of the food fishes of the southern waters,
reaching the length of 5 feet and the weight of 75 pounds. It inhabits the Atlantic
coast from New York to Texas, and has once been taken near Cape Cod.

A Red Drum, or Spotted Bass, weighing 14 pounds, was obtained by Mr. E. G.
Blackford from New Jersey, and was purchased alive for the New York Aquarium.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 429

When last observed by me (December 11, 1897) it was in the central pool, and
apparently, in perfect health. It swam sometimes immediately under the Sand
Shark. Its food consists of large pieces of Herring, which it takes readily.

The only specimen known to have been taken at Cape Cod was caught in a trap
in Buzzards Bay at the breakwater in 1894. The example is 34 inches long and
weighs about 14 pounds. On account of the ocellated markings at the base of the
caudal fin it has sometimes been called the Branded Drum.

RED DRUM.

125. Spot ; Lafayette (Leiostomns x ant hums Lacepede).

Leiostomus xanthurus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 70, 1842, extra limital.
Leiostomns xanthurus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 574, 1883.
Leiostomus xanthurus BEAN, igth Rept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 260, 1890 ; Bull. Am. Mus.

Nat. Hist., IX, 367, 1897.

Leiostomus xanthurus EUGENE SMITH. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 1897, 39, 1898.
Leiostomus xanthurus MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 321, 1898.
Mugil obliqims MITCHILL, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 16, 1814, New York.
Leiostomus obliquus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 69, pi. 60, fig. 195, 1842.

Color bluish above, silvery below ; about 13 to 15 narrow dark lines extending
from the dorsal fins downward and forward to below the lateral line ; a roundish
black humeral spot about two-thirds as long as the eye ; fins plain olivaceous.

This little fish was formerly known on the New York coast as Lafayette.
Mitchill calls it the Little Porgee. According to DeKay its appearance on the New
York coast in the summer of 1824 happened to coincide with the arrival of General
Lafayette, and his name was bestowed upon the species. The name Spot is derived
from the presence of a dark blotch about as big as the eye near the root of the pec-
toral fin. Other names for the species are Goody, Oldwife, Roach and Chub.

43° SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND C.AMK COMMISSION.

The Spot is found from Cape Cod to Florida and is sometimes abundant as far
north as New York. In Great South Bay several specimens were taken early in
October in Great River. A single example was seen among some fishes taken in a
pound net at Islip, October I, 1890. In 1898 the species was not obtained by the
writer, and in 1901 only a few specimens, mostly adults, were secured at Qtiantic
Bay, Duncan's Creek and Widow's Creek.

Rather common in Gravesend Bay from July to as late as December, and is well
adapted to captive life. It is mostly abundant usually in September.

Dr. Mearns states that the fish, locally known as the Sand Porgee, is of frequent
occurrence in summer in the Hudson River and its estuaries. H. M. Smitll records

SPOT.

it as common in the fall in the vicinity of Wood's Hole, Mass., leaving in October
or November, when the water temperature reaches 45° F. All the specimens
observed there were about 6 inches long.

It is a small fish, seldom exceeding 10 inches in length, but is one of the favor-
ites among the pan fishes. The Spot feeds upon the bottom on small invertebrates,
and can be taken readily with hook and |ine. In Great South Bay it is caught in
seines and pound nets. It ascends creeks into brackish water and is a common
associate of the White Perch. In Great Egg Harbor Bay it is extremely common
in summer and is sometimes known as Porgee.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

431

126. Croaker (Micropogon undulatus Linn.neus).

Bodianus costatus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 417, 1815, New York.
Micropogon costatus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 83, pi. 72, fig. 230, 1842.
Micropogon undulatus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 84, 1842, extra-limital.
Micropogon undulatus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 575, 1883.
Micropogon undulatus BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 368, 1897.
Micropogon undulatus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1461, 1898, pi.
CCXXIV, fig. 570, 1900.

Color grayish silvery, with bright reflections ; sides and back with narrow, irregu-
lar, undulating lines of dots ; dorsal fins with three lines of dots along base.

The Croaker inhabits the east coast of the United States, ranging from Cape
Cod to Texas ; it is not very common north of the Chesapeake. It grows to the

CROAKER.

length of 15 inches and is an important food fish. The fish was described by
Mitchill but was unknown to DeKay from personal observation. Although known
in Gravesend Bay, the species is a very uncommon one there. Mr. W. I. DeNyse
informs me that several individuals were taken there in September, 1902. The only
specimen recorded at Woods Hole, Mass., is 15 inches long; it was taken in a trap
at the breakwater in Buzzards Bay on September 9, 1893.

43 2 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

127. King Fish ; Whiting ; Sea Mink (Menticirrhus saxatilis Bloch &

Schneider).

Sciena nebulosa MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 408, pi. 3, fig. 5, 1815.
I'nibriiia allnirnns DfiKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 78, pi. 7, fig, 20, 1842.
Menticirrhus nebnlosus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 577, 1883.
Menticirrhus sascatitis BEAN, igth Rept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 259, pi. XII, fig. 16, 1890.
Menticirrhns saxatilis JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1475, 1898.
Menticirrhits saxatilis BEAN, 52d Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus., 106, 1900.

Color dusky gray above, sometimes blackish, the back and sides with distinct
dark oblique cross-bands running downward and forward, the anterior one at the
nape extending downward, meeting the second and thus forming a v-shaped blotch
on each side; a dark lateral streak bounding the pale color of the belly, most dis-

KING FISH.

tinct posteriorly, and extending on lower lobe of caudal ; inside of gill cavity
scarcely dusky ; pectorals dark.

The King fish, according to DeKay, was so named by the early English colonists
because of its excellent flavor. The name Hake is given to it in New Jersey and
Delaware ; in the Chesapeake it is sometimes called Black Mullet ; in North Caro-
lina, the Sea Mink ; in the South it is the Whiting or Bermuda Whiting; on the
Connecticut coast it is known as the Tomcod.

The King fish occurs northward to Cape Ann and south to the Gulf of Mexico.
Large individuals are not common as far north as Cape Cod, but the young may
be seen in moderate numbers in the summer months. They occur in abundance
throughout Great South Bay, and near the inlet their number is increased. We
have collected them at the mouth of Swan Creek, in Blue Point Cove, at the Blue
Point Life Saving Station, Oak Island and Fire Island. An individual was obtained
October /th in the bay, and others were found during September. Adult King fish

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 433

used to be common in Great South Bay, but in 1884 they were rare, according to
Mr. Erastus Gordon, of Patchogue. In 1898 only one adult was taken by the
writer, and that was found in Clam Pond Cove, August 26. Young were seined at
Fire Island Inlet, Nichols's Point, Howell's Point, Blue Point Cove, and in Peconic
Bay. In 1901 large King fish were not uncommon in Great South Bay, but the
young were unusually rare, only two specimens, measuring from 3^ to 4 inches,
having been obtained ; these were seined at Duncan's Creek September 14.

The King fish was formerly abundant in Gravesend Bay, but it seldom occurs
there now.

The species evidently breeds at Woods Hole, Mass. Dr. Smith says that adults
full of spawn are common there in June, and uncommon after July 15. The young,
about an inch long, appear in the middle of July, and the young are numerous on
sandy beaches during the summer and until early October, when they leave, having
attained a length of 4 or 5 inches. Some of the young are almost entirely black,
while others of the same size, taken at the same time, show the color markings of
the adults. The maximum weight there is about 2 pounds.

The species is a favorite in New York waters and well merits its reputation as a
choice food fish. It takes the baited hook very readily. Hard clam, cut small,
shedder crab, black mussels and various kinds of fish are good baits. It goes in
schools and associates with the Weak fish.

128. Drum (Pogonias cromis Linnaeus).

Pogonias fasciatus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 81, pi. 14, fig. 40, 1842.

Mugil grunniens MITCHILL, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 16, 1814, New York.

Mugil giga s MITCHILL, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 16, 1814, New York.

Labrus grunniens MITCHILL, Trans. I, it. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 105, 1815.

Sciena fusca MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 409, 1815, New York.

Pogonias chromis DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 80, 1842.

Pogonias chromis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 568, 1883.

Pogonias chromis BEAN, ipth Rept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 261, pi. XIII, fig. 17, 1890.

Color grayish silvery, with five dark broad bars, three of which extend upon the
dorsal fins, these bars disappearing with age ; usually no oblique dark streaks along
rows of scales above ; fins dusky.

Dr. Mitchill describes the Drum under the names Black. Drum and Red Drum.
The Black Drum which he described weighed 34 pounds. He had a specimen of 80
pounds, and states that he was credibly informed of one that weighed 101 pounds.
The species, according to Dr. Mitchill was taken abundantly during the summer

434 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

with line and net. The name Drum, he says, is derived from the drumming noise
made by the fish immediately after being taken out of water. " He swims in numer-
ous shoals in the shallow bays on the south side of Long Island, where fishermen
during the warm season can find them almost like a flock of sheep ; is a dull sort of
fish." The Red Drum he considered merely a variety of the Black Drum. Dr,
DeKay says of the species, which he calls the Big Drum : " They are gregarious,
and frequently taken in great numbers by the seine during the summer along the
bays and inlets of Long Island." DeKay adopted a different specific name for the
young of this species, and called it the Banded Drum. Other names for this stage
given by DeKay are : Grunter, Grunts, Young Drum and Young Sheepshead. He
saw the young in September, and states that it is found in New York waters also in
October and November. The adults, according to DeKay, are a coarse food, but
the young are considered a great delicacy.

DRUM.

The Drum is occasionally taken on our coasts as far north as Cape Cod ; south-
ward it extends to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Drum is an occasional summer visitor in Gravesend Bay. In the fall of
1896 14 young individuals, 8 inches long, were brought from there alive to the
aquarium, and lived until February 10, 1897, when the low temperature of the water
(38°) killed them. In the fall of 1897 none were seen in the bay.

In the vicinity of Woods Hole, Mass., the Drum is very rare. Dr. Smith records
the first one as having been taken May 7, 1874, and it has been observed only three
or four times since. The recent specimens have been caught in traps at Quisset
Harbor in the latter part of September or early in October ; these specimens weigh-
ing each 4^ or 5 pounds. The largest Drum recorded was taken at St. Augustine
Fla., and weighed 146 pounds. The large fish are not much valued for food, but
small ones are said to be excellent.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

435

129. Fresh-water Drum ; White Perch (Aplodinotus grunnicns Rafinesque).

Aplodinotus grunniens JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1484, 1898,

pi. CCXXVI, fig. 574, 1900.

Haplo idonotus grunniens JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 567, 1883.
Corvina oscula DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 73, pi. 21, fig. 63, 1842, Lakes Erie and

Ontario.

The color is grayish, darker on the back ; lower parts silvery. Young specimens
have dark spots along the rows of scales, forming oblique lines,

The Fresh-water Drum has received a great number of common names. In the
Ohio Valley and South it is known as the White Perch ; in the Great Lakes region
it is called Sheepshead or Fresh-water Drum on account of its resemblance to the
Salt-water Drum. At Buffalo and Barcelona, New York, it is known as Sheepshead.

FRESH-WATER DRUM.

The name Crocus, used on lakes of Northern Indiana, is a corruption of Croaker, a
name of a marine fish of the same family. In the Southern States the name Drum
is generally applied to the species, and in addition the terms Thunder Pumper,
Gaspergou and Jewel-head are used. Gaspergou is a term used in Arkansas, Louisi-
ana and Texas. The names Drum, Croaker and Thunder Pumper have reference to
certain sounds produced by the fish, either by means of its air bladder or by grind-
ing together the large molar-like teeth in the pharynx. The name Jewel-head prob-
ably refers to the otoliths or ear bones, frequently called lucky stones, which are
found in the skull of this species. In Texas, adjacent to Mexican territory, occurs
the name Gaspagie, a variation of the name Gaspergou.

The Fresh-water Drum is widely distributed ; it occurs in Lake Champlain and
the entire Great Lakes region, the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys southward to Texas
The U. S. Fish Commission obtained a specimen at Point Breeze, N. Y., on Lake

436 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

Ontario. DeKay reported it as very common in Lake Erie, and called Sheepshead
at Buffalo. At the time of his writing the fish was scarcely ever eaten. It is found
principally in large streams and lakes, and rarely enters creeks and small rivers. In
Western Texas the species is rare. In the wilds of Texas, New Mexico and North-
er'n Mexico Mr. Turpe has found this fish in clear limestone streams emptying into
the Rio Grande.

This species is usually found on the bottom, where it feeds chiefly on crustaceans
and mollusks, and sometimes small fishes. It is especially fond of Crawfish and
small shells, such as Cyclas and Paludina. Mr. Turpe mentions water plants as
forming part of its food, and states that it will take a hook baited with worms or
small Minnows.

The Fresh-water Drum grows to a length of 4 feet and a weight of 60 pounds,
but the average market specimens rarely exceed 2 feet in length, and in many parts
of the West much smaller ones are preferred. Nothing is recorded about the breed-
ing habits of this species, and as to its edible qualities there is the greatest differ-
ence of opinion. Some writers claim that its flesh is tough and coarse, with a
disagreeable odor, especially in the Great Lakes. Individuals from the Ohio River
and from more southern streams are fairly good food fish, while in Texas Mr. Turpe
considers it one of the most excellent of the fresh water fishes, comparing favorably
with Black Bass. Mr. Ridgway, of the National Museum at Washington, pro-
nounces the species from the Wabash River in Indiana a fine table fish, although, he
says, other people there consider it inferior. Richardson described what is sup-
posed to be a deformed specimen of this Drum under the name of Malashegany,
which he had from Lake Huron. He described it as a firm, white, well-tasting fish,
but never fat and requiring much boiling.

130. Bengali; Gunner; Chogset ; Nipper (Tantogolabrns adspersus Walbaum).

Tautoga coerulea MITCHILL, Kept. Fish. N. Y., 24, 1814, New York.

Labrns chogset MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 402, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1815, New York.

Labrus chogset fulva MITCHILL, 1. c. 403, 1815, New York.

Crenolabrus uninotatus DEKAY, N. Y Fauna, Fishes, 174, pi. 29, fig. 90, 1842.

Ctenolabrus adspersus JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 599, 1883.

Ctenolabnis adspersi's BEAN, igth Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 251, pi. IV, fig. 6, 1890.

Tautogolabrus adspersus BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, 1880 ; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., IX, 368, 1897; 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 107, 1900 ; JORDAN & EVER-
MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., II, 1577, 1896, pi. CCXXXVI, fig. 595, 1900.

Color bluish or brownish, usually with a brassy luster on sides ; head and back
sometimes spotted with brassy ; young with darker blotches and markings, and

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

437

often with a black blotch near the middle of the dorsal fin. Some individuals are
yellowish and the young are often green.

The Gunner is known also as Chogset and Bergall (this changed to Bengal in
Great Egg Harbor Bay, N. J.). Mitchill gives the name of Blue fish as in use in
New York in 1815 ; Perch, Sea Perch and Blue Perch are New England names given
for this fish. Names used with reference to its bait-stealing propensities are : Nip-
per and Bait-stealer.

The Gunner is common from Labrador to at least as far south as New Jersey.

The Bergall is found in Gravesend Bay throughout the year. In 1898 the writer
found it in Peconic Bay and the adjacent Scallop Pond ; south side of Great South
Bay opposite Patchogue ; Fire Island Inlet ; Blue Point Cove and Duncan's Creek.

BERGALL.

In 1899 young examples were taken at Water Island ocean beach, June 6. In 1901
young of a yellow color and only 1^4 inches long, were seined in a creek near Fire
Island Inlet August 15. Half-grown and adults were caught at a wreck on Tobey's
Flat August 14, and at Smith's Point August 23.

At Woods Hole, Mass., the Gunner is very abundant and remains during the
entire year. Thousands perish from cold every winter. The fish spawns in June.
The egg is about '/ 26 inch in diameter, buoyant, and has been hatched in the tidal
cod-jar in five days in water of a mean temperature of 56° F. By August I the
young an inch long are observed. Outside of Gayhead and Cuttyhunk the fish
reaches a weight of 2^ pounds, but the usual weight is from ^ to ^ pound. In
February, 1901, thousands of Gunners were killed by extreme cold at Wood's Hole.

The Gunner endures captivity very well, individuals having been kept three years
or longer. The species is usually associated with the Tautog or Black fish ; in
many places it proves a great annoyance to fishermen. In some parts of New

438 SEVENTH RETORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

England the fish is highly esteemed, but farther south it is not in high repute, the
hard scales and stiff, sharp spines making it inconvenient to prepare for cooking.

Dr. Mitchill describes a yellow variety of the Gunner, and DeKay has consid-
ered the young, which has a black spot on the exterior portion of the dorsal fin, as a
distinct species, named by him the Spotted Bergall.

The young vary greatly in color. We have seen some dull brown, others that
were yellowish, and still others of a bright green. Dusky bands are characteristic,
also, of the young stages. Examples were taken at Blue Point Cove, and at Fire
Island. The Gunner is a permanent resident, and does not retreat into deep water
except in very cold weather. Its spawning takes place in June and July. The
species is fished for with the hook, and is taken in nets, which are baited and set
among the rocks. The catch of the Irish Gunner boats of Boston has been esti-
mated at about 300,000 pounds annually.

BLACK FISH.

131. Black Fish ; Tautog (Tautoga onitis Linnaeus).

Tautoga niger MITCHILL, Kept. Fish. N. Y., 23, 1814, New York.

Labrus tautoga MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 399, 1815, Long Island.

Tautoga americana DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 175, pi. 14, fig. 39, 1842.

Tautoga onitis JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 600, 1883 ; BEAN,

Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 252, pi. V, fig. 7, 1890 ; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX,
368, 1897 ; 52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 107, 1900 ; JORDAN & EVERMANN,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., II, 1578, 1896, pi. CCXXXVIL fig. 596, 1900.

Color blackish, greenish, frequently pale bluish or bluish black, with metallic
reflections. Often with irregular bands of a deeper hue. Lips, lower jaw and abdo-
men lighter, sometimes pale, sprinkled with black points, and sometimes of the
same color as the rest of the body. Eye greenish.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 439

This is better known in New York as the Black fish ; farther south it is styled
Chub or Salt-water Chub, Moll, Will, George and Oyster fish. Mitchill gives the
name Tautog as of Mohegan origin. He publishes for the species the names Toad,
Black fish and Runner. The Mohegan name Tautog, according to DeKay, is said
to mean black. The fish is found from Nova Scotia to Virginia. It occurs in all
parts of Great South Bay visited byus. Some of the localities at which it was
taken are the following : Blue Point Cove and Life Saving Station, Great River
Beach and Fire Island. The name used at Patchogue is Black fish. We saw a few
Tautog among the fishes caught in a trap at Islip, October i, 1890. In 1898 speci-
mens were obtained in Peconic Bay, at Blue Point Cove, Islip, Nichols's Point and
Fire Island Inlet; young individuals were taken July 29, August 25, September i
and 1 6. Following is a list of localities in which the Tautog was sparingly taken
in Great South Bay in 1901 : Clam Pond Cove, July 19; Fire Island Inlet, August
15; Cherry Grove, August 17; Smith's Point, August 23; Mouth Swan River,
September 25 ; Off Widow's Creek (young), September 28 ; Off Swan River (young),
October 8 and October 1 1.

Dr. Mitchill gives a most entertaining account of the habits and mode of capture
of this well-known species. At the time of his writing, in 1814, the price varied
from 8 to 12 cents a pound.

132. Spade Fish; Triple Tail; Angel Fish (CJicetodiptcrus faber Broussonet).

Chcztodon oviformis MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 247, pi. V, fig. 4, 1815,
New York.

Ephippus gigas DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 99, pi. 23, fig. 71, 1842, New York.

Ephippus faber DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 97, pi. 23, fig. 68, 1842.

Chcetodiptertis faber JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 613, 1883; BEAN,
igth Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y. 253, pi. VI, fig. 8, 1890; JORDAN & EVERMANN,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., II, 1668, 1896; IV, pi. CCXLVII, fig. 619, 1900.

Grayish ; a dusky band across the eye to the throat ; a second similar band,
broader, beginning in front of the dorsal and extending across the base of the
pectoral to the belly ; a third band narrower, extending to the middle of the sides
from the base of the fourth and fifth dorsal spines; a fourth broader band from the
last dorsal spines to anal spines, the remaining bands alternately short and long ; all
of these bands growing obscure and disappearing with age ; ventrals black.

The Moon fish is the Sheepshead Cheetodon of Mitchill, and the Banded
Ephippus of DeKay. Dr. Mitchill records it as taken at the east end of Long
Island, July 27, 1815. DeKay, in his New York Fauna, has the following concern-

44-O SKY KM 1 1 RKPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

ing the species: "About twenty years since, they were caught here in seines in
great numbers and exposed in the market for sale. Some of them were 18 inches
long. Those described by Mitchill were captured in 1815 and 1817. The popular
names of Three-tailed Sheepshead and Three-tailed 1'orgce were given them by the
fishermen in allusion to their prolonged dorsal and anal fins . . . Schoepff
states that it is called Angel fish in South Carolina."

The species is called Spade fish in the States bordering the Gulf of Mexico.

The Moon fish has occasionally been taken as far north as Cape Cod. Dr. Smith
records it as a very rare straggler in Vineyard Sound, Mass. A specimen was

SPADE FISH.

obtained in 1889, and three have been observed since. All were taken in traps at
Menemsha in August and September. The fish were uniform in size and about 16
to 1 8 inches long. The species reaches a length of 2 to 3 feet. Southward it is
recorded as far as Guatemala. It occurs in the West Indies. In Chesapeake Bay
it is moderately common.

As a food fish this species is highly prized by those who are familiar with its
qualities.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 441

133. Rosefish ; Norway Haddock (Sebastes marinus Linnaeus).

Sebastes norvegicus DEK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 60, pi. 4, fig. ir, 1842. off New York in
deep water ; STOKER, Hist. Fish. Mass., 38, pi. VIL fig. i, 1867.

Sebastes marinus GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 260, pi. LXIX, fig. 248, 1896 ; JORDAN
& EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1760, 1898, pi. CCLXVIII, fig. 653, 1900.

Orange red, nearly uniform, sometimes a dusky opercular blotch, and about five
vague dusky bars on back. Peritoneum brownish.

The Rosefish is abundant at the hundred-fathoms line off the south coast of
New England, and has been found in depths of 180 fathoms. It breeds abundantly
in late summer at these depths, and there is no reason to believe that the young rise

ROSEFISH.

to the surface. The fry were caught by the bushel in the trawl net of the U. S.
Fish Commission steamer Fisli Hawk.

The species was originally described from Norway by Linnaeus. Cuvier had
specimens from Miquelon, Newfoundland. Day mentions a number of localities of
its capture about the British Isles, but it is rare south of Faroe Islands. It occurs
on the southwest coast of Spitzbergen, and on the Norwegian coast it is found
everywhere from Christiana around to the Varanger-Fiord. It also occurs in
Greenland, and from Labrador, as a shore form, as far south as Cape Cod, and in
deeper water as far south as New Jersey.

In the Woods Hole region it was taken on the shore on December 20, 1895, in
Great Harbor. Seven or eight specimens, 3 inches long, were found in a hole on a
flat, where they had been left by the tide ; four or five of these had been stranded
and were dead ; the others were alive when captured. Fishermen claim, that they

442 SEVENTH REPORT OF Till: FOKFST, FISH AND (1AMK COMMISSION.

sometimes catch these fish in traps very late in fall at Provincetown. (After
Smith.)

DeKay has the following remarks upon the fish :

This is a very rare fish in our waters. It is called by our fishermen Red Sea
Perch, and they say it is only found in deep water. By the fishermen of Massachu-
setts it is known under the various names of Rosefish, Hemdurgon and Snapper.
Fabricius states that it is a rather agreeable food, but meager. It feeds on Floun-
ders and other fish, and takes the hook readily.

The species reaches the length of 2 feet ; it is frequently to be found in the Bos-
ton markets, and is seen occasionally in the markets of New York with the skin
removed, on account of the hard scales.

WHITING.

134. Whiting; Silver Hake (

bilinearis Mitchill).

Stomodon bilinearis MITCHILL, Kept. Fish. N. Y., 7, 1814.

Gadits merlnciiis MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 371, 1815.

Gadns albidns MITCHILL, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 409, 1817.

Merlnciiis albidns DKK.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 280, pi. 46, fig. 148, 1842.

Merlnciiis bilinearis BEAN, igth Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 249, pi. IV, fig. 5, 1890; GOODE
& BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 386, fig. 330, 1896; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C., 1897,
107, 1898; JORDAN & KVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2530, 1898; BEAN,
52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 109, 1900.

Grayish, darker above, dull silvery below ; axil and edge of pectoral somewhat
blackish ; inside of opercle dusky silvery ; inside of mouth dusky bluish ; peritoneum
nearly black.

The Whiting is known by the additional names of Hake and Silver Hake.
Mitchill describes it as the Hake, Gadns incr Indus. He states that it is caught with
the other Cod. DeKay called it the American Hake. He styles it a rare fish in the
waters of New York, and, when caught, always associated with the common Cod.
The specimen described by DeKay was taken in November off Sandy Hook. In

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

443

his New York Fauna, he mentions Mitchill's description of a specimen which
measured 21 inches in length.

The Whiting ranges from Labrador to Virginia. Young examples have been
found even farther south in very deep water. This fish occurs in Gravesend Bay in
spring and fall. In Great South Bay no individuals were seen by the writer during
the summer, but an individual was obtained late in the fall by Capt. Thurber. Octo-
ber 28, 1898, several examples were received from the Atlantic, off Southampton.

According to Dr. Smith, the species is abundant every fall at Woods Hole, Mass.,
and some years it is common in summer. The fish swims close to the shore, and is
caught in considerable numbers at Buzzards Bay at night with spears. Large indi-
viduals weighing 5 or 6 pounds are caught in traps. The young, measuring 2^2 to 3
inches long, are seined in the fall about Woods Hole. The names in use for the fish

POLLACK.

in that locality are Silver Hake, Whiting, and Frostfish. In Massachusetts Bay the
Whiting is a frequent visitor to the shores and is probably a resident of the middle
depths. The young are frequently trawled in deep water.

135. Pollack (Pollachius virens Linnaeus).

Gadus purpureus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 370, 1815.
Merlangus purpureus DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 286, pi. 45, fig. 147. 1842.
Merlangus carbonarius DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 287, pi. 45, fig. 144, 1842.
Merlangus leptocephalus DEKAY, op. cit. 288, pi. 45, fig. 146, Long Island.
Pollachius virens BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 371, 1897; JORDAN & EVER-
MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2534, 1898; IV, pi. CCCLIX, fig. 886, 1900.

Greenish brown above; sides and below somewhat silvery; lateral line pale ; fins
mostly pale, sometimes a black spot on the axil.

The Pollack is a native of the North Atlantic. It is common northward on both
coasts, and extends south to France and New Jersey. Mitchill described the fish
under the name of the New York Pollack. DeKay mentions it under several

444 SEVENTH REPORT OF TIN-: FOKFST, FISH AND GAME U>MM ISSION.

names, the New York Pollack, the Coalfish. and the Green Pollack. DeKay says
the fish is taken with the common Cod, but is by no means common on the coast
of New York. He saw a specimen weighing 17 pounds, and measuring 38 inches in
length. In another description he stales that the Coalfish is often taken off the
harbor of New York in company with the Cod, and is known as Pollack and Black
Pollack. The third form under which the fish was known to DeKay was described
by him from a specimen captured by hook out of a large school in Long Island
Sound. The Pollack enters Gravesend Bay in the fall. In captivity it is a ravenous
feeder. It requires cold water and will not endure high temperatures.

DeKay states that the fish flipped in the same manner as the Menhaden, and was
at first supposed to be of that species. The school seemed to be very timid, for, on
a very slight noise in the boat, they all disappeared.

Dr. Smith states that adult Pollack appear in Vineyard Sound, Great Harbor,
Woods Hole, Mass., in May, following the run of Cod. They depart when the tem-
perature of the water reaches 60° or 65°. In April there is a run of Pollack measur-
ing from I to I y2 inches long. By June, when these fish leave, they have reached a
length of 4 inches. In fall there is a small run of Pollack 7 or 8 inches long. The
average weight of adults in that locality is about 10 pounds, the largest one seined
having weighed 14 pounds. In Massachusetts Bay this is an extremely abundant
species, and constitutes an important food resource.

136. Tomcod; Frostfish (Microgadus tomcod Walbaum).

Gadits toincoJns MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 368, 1815,

Cadus pruinosiis MITCHILL, Kept. Fish. N. Y., 4, 1814.

Morrhua pruinosa DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 278, pi. 44, fig. 142, 1842.

Microgadits toincoiius BEAN, igth Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 248, pi. in, fig. 3, 1890.

Microgadits tomcod BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 371, 1897 ; MEARNS, Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 322, 1898 ; EUGENE SMITH, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 1897,
40, 1898; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C., 1897, 107, 1898; JORDAN & EVERMANN,
Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2540, 1898; IV, pi. CCCLX, fig. 890, 1900; BEAN,
52d Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 109, 1900.

Color olive brown with reticulations and blotches of darker; sides and back pro-
fusely covered with dark punctulations ; under parts lighter ; dorsal, caudal and
anal fins with dark blotches; pectorals and ventrals dusky.

This fish is very generally known in New York waters under the name of Frost-
fish. It ranges from Nova Scotia to Virginia, and is excessively common in shallow
bays in cold weather. The name Frostfish is derived from the fact that it appears

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 445

after frosts have set in. The species ascends fresh-water rivers far above the limits
of tide, and may be transferred suddenly from salt water to fresh without incon-
venience. It spawns in the early part of winter, and is present at this time in such
large numbers as to make its capture with dip nets comparatively easy. The Frost-
fish is the commonest member of the Cod family in New York waters. Its size is
small, but, from the fact that it occurs in such abundance, it is an important market
species. It is subject to great variations in color; Dr. Mitchill enumerates among
its varieties five forms: the Brown, Yellow, Yellowish White, Mixed Tomcod and the
Frostfish. DeKay has published the statement that he has known the Frostfish to
be taken cut of the water along the shores of Long Island in great numbers with a
common garden hoe. He was informed that the species occasionally ascends the
Hudson as far as Albany. In Great South Bay we found large numbers of Tomcod,

TOMCOD.

which were covered with a lernaean parasite. The same thing has been observed
frequently at Woods Hole, Mass., and other northern localities. WTe found the
species in nearly all parts of the bay late in September in moderate numbers, and
more plentiful at Fire Island October i.

July 29, 1898, a few young Tomcod were seined in Peconic Bay, near South-
ampton. In Gravesend Bay the fish is a fall and winter visitor. It does not live
in captivity in summer. Dr. Mearns has found this fish in the Hudson River,
where it is usually called Frostfish by the fishermen, who catch many of them in
their fyke and ice nets during fall and winter. It bites readily and is esteemed as
an article of food. Dr. Mearns has found it during the entire year, and in August
has found young Tomcod fully an inch or two in length. He states that this fish
is very often found in eel grass along shore, half dead, floating on the surface, but
able to swim a little. Mr. Eugene Smith says that the Tomcod runs up stream into
nearly pure fresh water in the vicinity of New York City. At Woods Hole, Mass.,
it is abundant in winter, coming about October I and remaining till May i. It

446 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND (iA.MK COMMISSION.

spawns in December. In Massachusetts it is a resident species, entering brackish
waters ; it is common about the wharves and bridges in summer and is taken with
nets and hooks in winter, in company with the Smelt.

The Tomcod reaches the length of about 10 inches. It is an important food fish
and its eggs have been hatched artificially by the New York Forest, Fish and Game
Commission in large numbers.

137. Cod (Gadus inorrliua Linnaeus).

Gadus cal/arias MITCHM.I., Kept. Fish. N. Y., 5, 1814; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y.,

I, 367, 1815 ; JOKDV.N \- EVERMANN, Mull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2541, 1898 ; IV,

pi. CCCLXI, fig. 891, 1900.

Gadus arfiiosiis and rupcstris MIIVHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 368, 1815.
Morrhita americana DF.K.AY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 274, pi. 44, fig. 140, 1842.
GaJiis iiwrlnia MITCHILL, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 6, 1814.
Gadits morrhua GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 328, 1862 ; GOODE & BEAN, Bull.

Essex Inst., XI, 8, 1879; Oceanic Ichth., 354, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mas. Nat.

Hist., IX, 372, 1897.

COD.

Color olive or yellowish brown ; numerous dark brown spots on the body ; fins
dark.

The Cod is an inhabitant of the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. It is a
very important food fish and grows to a large si/e. Individuals weighing about 100
pounds have occasionally been taken. Mitchill has described this n>h under several
names — the Torsh, or Common Cod, or Rock Cod of New York. DeKay calls it
the American Cod. In November, 1897, the Cod was abundant in Gravesend Bay.
It thrives in captivity during the winter and spring, but cannot be kept during the
warm months without cooling the water. In Vineyard Sound, according to Dr.
Smith, the Cod appear about April I to about April 15, when the Dogfish drive
them away. After the middle of October the Cod come again but in less numbers
than in the spring, remaining till the first wintry weather. The fish spawns during

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

447

the late fall and winter. The young are first observed at Woods Hole about the
first of April, when fish about i inch long are seined. Most of the young leave by
June 15, having attained a length of from 3 to 4 inches. No Cod are seen between
small fish of that size and fish weighing from \l/2 to 2 pounds, which are caught in
traps in the spring. Off the coast of New England Cod are very abundant in the
deep waters, and they come up to the shoals and near the shores to spawn, from
November about Cape Ann till February on Georges Banks.

138. Haddock (Melanogrammus ceglifinus Linnaeus).

Gadus (fglefinus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 370, 1815.
Morrhua ceglefinns DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 279, pi. 43, fig. 138, 1842.
Melanogrammus cegUfinvs BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 372, 1897; JORDAN &

EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2542, 1898; IV, pi. CCCLXI, fig. 892,

8923, 1900.

HADDOCK.

Dark gray above, whitish below; lateral line black; a large dark blotch above
the pectorals : dorsals and caudal dusky.

Mitchill described the Haddock under the name Gadus ceglefinus. DeKay also
describes the fish and gives a figure of it in his New York Fauna. He states that it
is nearly as common in the New York markets as the Cod, and during the summer
it is even more abundant than the Cod.

The Haddock inhabits the North Atlantic on both coasts, ranging south to
France and to North Carolina. Off Cape Hatteras it occurs in the deeper water.
It is an important food fish, and reaches a moderately large size, attaining to a
length of nearly 3 feet.

At Woods Hole, Mass., it was reported by Prof. Baird in 1871. Dr. Smith, how-
ever, says it is not found in Vineyard Sound or Buzzard's Bay, but is common 6 or
7 miles off Gay Head, and the ocean side of Martha's Vineyard. In Massachusetts
Bay it is a common resident species.

448 SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

139. Burbot; Lawyer; Ling (Lota inaculosa LeSueur).

Gadus maculosus LESUEUR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 83, 1817, Lake Erie.

Gadiis lacustris MITCHII.I , Am. Month. Mag., II, 244, February, 1818.

Lota inornata Di.K,\v, N. V. Fauna, Fish., 283, pi. 45, fig. 145, 1842, Hudson River.

Lota compressa DKK.AY, op. cit. 285, pi. 78, figs. 244, 245, 1842.

Lota inaculosa DK.KAY, op. cit. 284, pi. 52, fig. 168, 1842; JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. 16,

U. S. Nat. Mus., , 1883; MEEK, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., IV, 315, 1888, Cayuga

Lake; BEAN, Fishes Penna., 138, pi. 35, fig. 75, 1893; EVKKMVNN \ KENDALL,
Rept. U. S. F. C., 1894, 603, 1896; BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 372, 1897,
Canandaigua Lake; JORDAN & EVKUMAXX, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2550,
1898; IV, pi. CCCLXIV, fig. 897, 1900.

The color is dark olivaceous, reticulated with blackish ; the lower parts yellowish
or dusky ; the dorsal, anal and caudal fins with a narrow dark edge.

BURBOT.

The American Burbot was first described by LeSueur from Lake Erie in 1817,
and also from Northampton, Conn., under a different name. This commom fish has
received a great many names, including the following: Marthy, Methy, Losh,
Eelpout, Dogfish, Chub Eel, Ling, Lawyer, Lake Cusk, Fresh-water Cod, Aleby
Trout and Mother-of-Eels.

The southern limit of this fish appears to be Kansas City, Mo. ; according to
Prof. Cope, it has been once taken in the Susquehanna near Muncy, Lycoming
County; it is extremely common in the Great Lakes; westward it ranges to Mon-
tana and northward throughout British Columbia and Alaska to the Arctic Ocean ;
it is most abundant in the Great Lakes and lakes of New York, New England and
New Brunswick; it abounds also in rivers and lakes of Alaska.

The Burbot was sent from Canandaigua Lake by Mr. James Annin, Jr., in
November, 1897. It is hard to transport and still harder to keep alive in captivity,
being especially liable to attacks of fungus.

Dr. W. M. Beauchamp, writing from Baldvvinsville, N. Y., April 9, 1879, sa'd tnat
the Burbot is found in Seneca River and is abundant in Oneida Lake; that it is

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 449

caught with a hook and is seldom eaten, though there is a way of making it
palatable.

According to Dr. Meek it is found rarely in Cayuga Lake.

The average length of this species in the Great Lakes region is about 2 feet ; in
Alaska, according to Dr. Dall, it reaches a length of 5 feet and occasionally weighs
60 pounds ; the size of the fish depends chiefly on the amount of food accessible
to it.

It is stated that the Burbot is usually found in deep water on mud bottom,
except during the spawning season in March, when it frequents hard or rocky bot-
toms. The eggs are small and numerous, and are believed to be deposited in deep
water; Dr. Dall estimates that some individuals contain several millions of eggs; in
Alaska the eggs are of a creamy yellow color, and the fish are found full of spawn
from November to January. From the observations mentioned it will be seen
that the spawning period extends at least from November to March ; according to
Dr. Dall the males are usually much smaller than the females and have a smaller
liver; in some males he found t\vo or three gallbladders opening into a common
duct, but he never observed this phenomenon in the female ; the eggs are laid sepa-
rate or loose on the bottom of the river. According to Baron Cederstrom, a
medium-sized female of the European Burbot, which is a near relative of the Ameri-
can species, contained about 160,000 eggs ; in the European Burbot some eggs are
clear, some yellowish and others almost colorless ; the period of incubation occupies
from three to four weeks; the eyes appear in 15 or 16 days ; the embryos swim by
quick movements of the pectorals, usually toward the surface of the water, whence
they fall passively to the bottom.

The Burbot is extremely voracious, and feeds on bottom fishes and crustaceans.
It destroys the Pike and such spiny fishes as the Yellow Perch and Sunfish. In
Alaskan rivers it feeds on Whitefish, Lampreys and other species ; large stones have
sometimes been found in its stomach. Mr. Graham took a stone weighing a pound
from the stomach of a Burbot.

In the Great Lakes region the Burbot is considered worthless for food; occasion-
ally the livers are eaten ; in Lake Winnepesaukee, when caught through the ice in
winter, the fish is highly esteemed ; in the fur countries the roe is an article of food;
on the Yukon River the liver is eaten and the flesh is liked by some persons ; in
Montana the Burbot is in great demand for food ; the quality of the flesh appears
to depend chiefly on the nature of the habitat of the fish.

This is the only member of the Cod family permanently resident in the fresh
waters of America.
29

45° SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

140. Hake ; White Hake (Uropkycis tennis Mitchill).

Gadus tennis MITCHILL, Kept. Fish. N. Y., 5, 1814; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I,
372, 1815, New York.

Phycis tennis DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 293, 1842; BEAN, igth Kept. Comm. Fish. N.
Y., 248, pi. Ill, fig. 4, 1890; BI.A.N, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 372, 1897; JOR-
DAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2555, 1898; IV, pi. CCCLXV,
fig. 901, 1900; BEAN, 520! Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., 109, 1900.

Brownish, lighter and yellowish below ; fins very dark. Distinguished from
/'. clniss chiefly by the smaller scales.

DeKay calls the Hake the American Codling, adopting Mitchill's common name
for the species. He says it appears to feed chiefly on smaller Crustacea; that it is
very abundant at some seasons, but most abundant in the early part of autumn ;
and varies in weight from 3 pounds to 30 pounds. He states that it is called indis-

WHITE HAKE; COMMON HAKE.

criminately Hake and Codling by New York fishermen. Small individuals were
seined in Mecox Bay August 2, 1898, and a very young example was received
from Southampton September u. This was caught in the Atlantic. In Great
South Bay small examples were found sparingly at Blue Point Cove and Fire
Island late in September.

The Hake, according to Dr. Smith, is known also as White Hake and Squirrel
Hake in the vicinity of Woods Hole, Mass. Fish weighing I to i*^ pounds are
abundant there in November, when a great many of them enter Eel Pond. Young
fish I inch long and upward associate with Pollack in spring and are also found
throughout the summer in considerable numbers. They are also obtained in sum-
mer at the surface, under gulf weed and eel grass.

As a rule the Common Hake will not live in water of a temperature above 60° F.,
but one individual survived the summer temperature in 1897, and became plump and
sleek after the arrival of cold weather. In summer it was much emaciated, and suf-
fered greatly from fungus attacks.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

451

It is abundant on our shores from Labrador to Virginia, and its young are among
the commonest of the surface fishes in our bays and sounds, during the summer
months. The Hake reaches a weight of 40 pounds, but in the markets the average
weight is only about 10 pounds. The species frequents muddy bottoms and is
local in its habits. Its food consists of crabs and other crustaceans, besides small
fishes.

The chief fishery for Hake takes place in the fall and winter months, and they
will take the hook at night as well as during the day. Trawl lines are the usual
implements of capture.

SQUIRREL HAKE.

141. Squirrel Hake (Europ/iycis chuss Walbaum).

Gadus longipes MITCHILL, Kept. Fish. N. Y., 5, 1814 ; Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I,

372, pi. I, fig. 4, 1815, New York.

Phycis chuss BEAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 372, 1897.
Urophycis chuss JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2555, 1898 ; IV,

pi. CCCLXV, fig. 902, 1900.

Brownish above, sides lighter and tinged with yellowish ; thickly punctulate with
darker ; below pale ; inside of mouth white ; vertical fins somewhat dusky ; anal fin
margined with pale ; lateral line not dark.

According to Jordan and Evermann, this fish is sometimes called Codling. It
inhabits the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Virginia, being very
common northward. It is sometimes found in waters as deep as 300 fathoms. The
Squirrel Hake occurs occasionally in Gravesend Bay ; it lives usually in the deep
water off shore.

At Woods Hole, Mass., according to Dr. Smith, it is abundant in May and June,
and in October and November. It fills the traps and causes the fishermen much
annoyance, as they cannot sell the fish. Its weight there is from 2 to 5 pounds. In
Massachusetts Bay it is less abundant than the Common Hake. It was described
and figured by Storer in 1867, under the name Pliycis filainentosus.

452 SEVENTH RETORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND GAME COMMISSION.

142. Cusk (IJrosnic brosine M tiller).

Brosmins rulgaris / DK.KAV, N. Y. Fauna, Fish..289, pi. 44, fig. 143, 1842.

Brosmins brosme GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 385, fig. 329, 1896.

Brosme brosme JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2561, 1898.

Color, brownish above, the sides yellowish, sometimes mottled with brown ;
young uniform dark slate, or with transverse yellow bands ; vertical fins bordered
with blackish, and with a white edge.

The Cusk is described and figured, by DeKay, but he did not sec the fish and
copied his information from Storer and others. Storer mentions a specimen weigh-
ing 20 pounds, but the fish grows even larger. It inhabits the North Atlantic,
ranging southward to New Jersey and Denmark. It is an important food fish.

CUSK.

According to Dr. Smith, it was formerly not uncommon in Vineyard Sound, and
was caught with Cod in April and May. It has been very rare for more than 20
years, though a few are still taken in April. The average weight of individuals in
those waters is 5 pounds, and the maximum weight from 12 to 13 pounds. It is
known also as Ling. In Massachusetts Bay and vicinity the Cusk is a common resi-
dent on the inshore fishing grounds, where it occurs in great abundance, lurking
among the stones, but it is soon caught up by the fishermen after the discovery of a
new bank.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 453

143. Halibut (Hippoglossus Jiippoglossus Linnaeus).

Pleuronectes Jiippoglossus MITCHILL, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 10, 1814 ; Trans. Lit. &. Phil. Soc.

N. Y, I, 386, 1815.
Hippoglossus vulgaris DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 294, pi. 49, fig. 157, 1842; STOKER,

Hist. Fish. Mass., 192, pi. XXX, fig. x, 1867; GOODE, Fish. & Fish. Ind. U. S., I,

189, pi. 54, 1884.
Hippoglossus Jiippoglossus JORDAN & EVER.MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2611,

1898; IV, pi. CCCLXXI, fig. 918, 1900.

Color, nearly uniform dark brown ; blind side white."

The Halibut lives in all northern seas, ranging southward to Sandy Hook, or
beyond, and occasionally to the Farallones off San Francisco.

The Halibut was described by both Mitchill and DeKay under its present name.
DeKay says that the capture of the Halibut on the shores of Nantucket at one time

HALIBUT.

afforded employment to 80 vessels of from 60 to So tons each. He says the fish is
very voracious, swimming near the ground and devouring other flat fishes, as well as
shells and crustaceans. It occurs on both shores of the Atlantic as also in the
North Pacific, migrating south on the approach of spring and returning in June or
July. An individual was found some years ago near Colonial Beach, in the Potomac
River. The fish grows to the length of 8 feet or more, and the weight of several
hundred pounds. It is a very valuable food fish. In the Pacific, according to
Jordan and Evermann, it extends its range southward to the Farallones, off San
Francisco.

The Halibut was formerly not very uncommon in Vineyard Sound, where it is
now very rare. In 1872 and 1873 V. N. Edwards caught a number weighing 235 or
240 pounds while fishing for Cod. April 16, 1900, a Halibut weighing 100 pounds
was caught off Block Island by Cod fishermen, and was taken to Newport. The fish

454 SEVENTH ki r«>ki oi i in FOREST, risn AM> I.AMI COMMISSION.

was very abundant at one time in Ma— .u lui>etts Hay. but is now found chiefly in
depths of 100 to 250 fathoms in the .slopes of the outer banks. In August, 1878, a
Halibut weighing over 200 pounds was caught in liloucester Harbor.

144. Rough Dab

/>/d/fssoit/fs Fabricus).

Jfntata Pi K\\. V \. Fauna, Kish., ;<;S, 1X42. New York markets.

G i \ Kish. Iml. I'. S.. I, 197. pi. 55, 1884; JORDAN

MANN, Butt (;. I S. Nat Muv, HI. -"M. is.>s: IY. Pl. CCCLXXII,
fig. 919, 1900.

Reddish brown, nearly plain. North Atlantic; abundant northward on both
coa-

ROUGH DAB.

DeKay describes this Flounder under the name of the Toothed Flatfish. He
said it was extremely common in New York markets, where it is called the Summer
Flounder, and that it ^n>ws to the length of 25 inches. It is a rather common food
fi>h of the deep waters northward on both sides of the North Atlantic, ranging
habitually south to Cape Cod and th< of I. n- land and Scandinavia. At

Woods Hole it is sometimes called Sand Dab and Ku>ty Flounder. Dr. Smith says
it is not common there, but is found some years in winter in inshore waters adjacent
to Woods Hole; specimens have been taken in February on lines. One year some
were caught in a fyke net in (ireat Harbor. In Massachusetts Bay it is a common
species in the deep waters, approaching the shores in winter.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK. 455

145. Summer Flounder (ParaliclitJiys dentatus Linnaeus).
Pleuronectes dentatiis MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 390, 1815.

Pleuronectes nulanogasttr MITCHILL, op. cit. 390, 1815, New York.

Platessa ocellaris DF.KAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 300, pi. 47, fig. 152, 1842.

Paralichthys dentatus GOODE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 178, 1884 (part); BEAN, i9th
Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 246, pi. II, fig. 2, 1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX,
372, 1897; JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2629, 1898; IV,
pi. CCCLXXIII, fig. 922, 1900; BEAN, 520! Ann. Kept. N. Y. State Mus., no, 1900.

Blackish olive, mottled and blotched with darker ; in life light brown ; adults
with numerous small white spots on body and vertical fins; sometimes a series of
larger white sports along bases of dorsal and anal ; about 14 ocellated dark spots on
sides, these sometimes inconspicuous, but always present ; a series of four or five
along dorsal base, and three or four along anal base, those of the two series opposite,
and forming pairs; two pairs of smaller, less distinct spots midway between these
basal series and lateral line anteriorly, with a small one on lateral line in the center
between them ; a large distinct spot on lateral line behind middle of straight por-
tion ; fins without the round dark blotches.

Is styled Flounder, or Summer Flounder, Turbot Flounder, Toothed Flatfish,
Fluke, and, in Great South Bay, it shares the name Flatfish with the Pseudopleuro-
nectes amcricanus. Brail and Puckermouth are names applied to it in Rhode Island.
The name Fluke is the one most frequently used on Long Island.

The Fluke is a very abundant fish and is found on the eastern coast from about
Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico. Centers of abundance are found on the Connecti-
cut coast and on Long Island.

It is a summer visitor in Gravesend Bay, arriving in May or June and leaving
when cold weather begins. It frequents the sandy flats for the purpose of feeding
on little fishes, which it destroys in large numbers. A Fluke will often be found
with eight or 10 little Blackfish in its stomach, and young Mackerel suffer greatly
from its depredations. In Great South Bay this fish was found at Blue Point Cove
and at Fire Island late in September, and was caught in traps at Islip, October I,
1890.

Small Fluke were collected in Mecox Bay, Blue Point Cove and at Islip in Aug-
ust, 1898. Adults were obtained at Fire Island Inlet September 16 of that year,
when they were abundant. In 1901 the fish were taken at Fire Island Inlet, Blue
Point, and Smith's Point. August I they were feeding on small Menhaden. The
next day they were seen in Wigo Inlet, and again chasing young Menhaden. On

456 SEVENTH Kl-.rokT «»i 1111. FOREST, risil AND GAME COMMISSION.

that date more than half a barrel were caught in the inlet near buoy No. 2, with
young Menhaden for bait. One of the Fluke disgorged a Sand Lance.

It feeds on small fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and occasionally on sand dollars,
and one of its favorite foods is said to be the Squid. This fish is found generally in
salt water, but frequently UCends fresh streams. Unlike the Flatfish, it moves off
into deep water in winter, and may be found in summer near the shores. The
Fluke has the same habit as the Flatfish, of burying itself in the sand when alarmed,
or secreting itself from its prey. It is often found feeding about wharves, whose
supports furnish it a suitable hiding place from which to dart on small fishes when
they are congregated in schools. I have seen large individuals cautiously wriggling
their way upward in the concealment of a wharf pile till within easy reach of a
shoal of Silversides, when a sudden dart into the midst of the school would result
in the capture of a fish, and the Flounder would leisurely sink to digest its victim
and prepare for another onslaught. It has been known to reach a weight of 26
pounds. Dr. Goode kas seen individuals measuring 3 feet in length. The fish is
caught largely in weirs and traps. It is probable that more of them are taken in
Vineyard Sound and in Rhode Island waters than on any other parts of our coast.
The fishing season extends from May to October. They are carried alive in well-
smacks to the markets. Menhaden is the bait principally used for the capture of
the Fluke by hook and line.

146. Southern Flounder t raralichthys let host igmus Jordan & Gilbert).

Flatessa oblon^i Di KAY. N. Y. Fauna. Fish., 299, pi. 48, fig. 156, 1842, New York, not

rifuronedcs oblnngus Mi i< nil i .
r.ualiclithys </<•///<////> JORDAN \- C.n .1:1- KT, Hull. 16, U. S. Nat. Mus., 822, 1883.

•••alichthys lethostigmus JORDAN \ I \, Hull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2630,

1898.

Color dusky olive, with a few darker mottlings and spots.

This is the fish which was described by Jordan and Gilbert under the name of
the Southern Flounder. It inhabits the South Atlantic and Gulf coast of the
United States, ranging north to New York. DeKay described and figured it as the
Oblong Flounder, which he says grows to the length of 15 to 20 inches and occasion-
ally larger. He states that it is common along the sandy shores of New York, and
is procured abundantly in the months of September and October; that it is excellent
ig, and usually sdk at from 6 cents to 8 cents a pound; that it is tenacious of
life and can be preserved in good condition for a long period.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

457

The Southern Flounder is very closely related to the Fluke or Summer Flounder.
It is, however, always darker in color and almost uniform, while the Fluke is usually
profusely spotted. The character by which it is best distinguished from the Fluke
is the number of gill rakers. The Southern Flounder has only 12, of which 10 are
below the angle of the first arch, \vhile the Summer Flounder has from 20 to 24, of
which from 15 to 18 are below the angle of the first arch.

147- Four-spotted Flounder (Paralichthys oblongus Mitchill).

Pleuronectes oblongus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 391, 1815.
Platessa quadrocellata STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass., 203, pi. XXXI, fig. 3, 1867.
Puralichthys oblongus JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2632, 1898,
IV, pi. CCCLXXIV, fig. 924, 1900.

'j^^^VV^.

FOUR-SPOTTED FLOUNDER.

Grayish, thickly mottled with darker and somewhat translucent ; four large, hori-
zontal oblong, black ocelli, each surrounded by a pinkish area, one just behind mid-
dle of body below the dorsal, one opposite this above anal ; two similar smaller
spots below last rays of dorsal and above last of anal. Atlantic coast, northward ;
not abundant.

The Four-spotted Flounder inhabits the coast of New England and New York.
It is very common on the coast of New York and the neighboring islands. Mitchill
described the fish in 1815. It grows to the length of about 14 inches. Its common
name relates to the four large horizontal, oblong black ocelli. At Woods Hole,
Mass., according to Dr. Smith, it is common in May and June, scarce at other times.
It is most abundant about June, during the run of Scup.

Young fish are rarely observed, but in the fall of 1885 and 1886 large numbers
two or three inches long were seen. The average length of adults there is 12

SKVKXTH REPORT OF THE FORI> I . FISH AND <;.\MK COMMISSION.

inches. The fisli spawns in May. and its eggs have been experimentally hatched
at \Voods H ok-. They are buoyant, V* of an inch in diameter, and hatch in eight
days in water having a mean temperature of 51° to 54° F. In 1877 a single example
taken at the mouth of Salem Harbor by the I'. S. Fish Commission.

148. Sand Dab (Limanda ferrugiiua Storer).

Plattssa fen • '• \ Y. l-.unia. l-'ish., 297. pi. 48, fig. 155, 1842.

LimanJa ffrni£! ,h. Incl. I". S., I, pi. 49, 1884; JORDAN & EVER-
MANX, Hull. 47, U. S \ ,, 1898; IV, pi. CCCLXXVII, fig. 929,
1900.

.vnish olive, with numerous, irregular reddish spots; fins similarly marked:
left side with caudal fin, caudal peduncle, and margins of dorsal and anal fins lemon
yellow. Atlantic coast, chiefly northward.

SAND DAB.

This is also known as the Rusty Dab. It inhabits the coast of North America
from Labrador to New York. He Kay calls it the Rusty Flatfish, which he says is a
rarc '1 by the fishermen to occur only in deep water. The specimen

described by him was iS inches long. According to Dr. Smith, it is very common in
Vineyard Sound and observed by him in water from 10 to 12 fathoms deep, where
it may be found throughout the year. Tin-re is no fishery, but numbers are caught
incidentally while bottom fishing for other species. In Great Harbor a few are taken
in fyke nets, only in winter. The average length there is about 14 inches. In
Massachus, • it is a common resident species, inhabiting deep waters in

summer, and approaching the shores in winter.

THE FOOD AND GAME FISHES OF NEW YORK.

459

149. Flatfish ; Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum).

Pleuronectes planus MITCHILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 387, 1815, New York.

Platessa plana DEKAY, N. Y. Fauna, Fish., 295, pi. 48, fig. 154, 1842; STOKER, Hist. Fish.
Mass., 195, pi. XXX, fig. 2, T86y.

Platessa pnsilla DEKAY, op. cit. 296, pi. 47, fig. 153, 1842, New York.

Pseudopleuronectes americanus GOODE, Fish & Fish. Ind. U. S., I, 182, pi. 44, 1884; BEAN,
igth Kept. Comm. Fish. N. Y., 245, pi. I, fig. i, 1890; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
IX, 373, 1897; H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. F. C., 1897, 108, 1898; JORDAN & EVER-
MANN, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 2647, 1898; IV, pi. CCCLXXIX, fig. 933, 1900;
BEAN, 520! Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus., no, 1900; SHERWOOD & EDWARDS, Bull.
U. S. F. C., 1901, 31, 1901.

FLATFISH.

Dark rusty brown, spotted or nearly plain ; young olive brown, more or less
spotted and blotched with reddish.

The Common Flatfish is equally well known as Flounder or Winter Flounder.
It ranges from the Chesapeake Bay to Labrador and appears to be alike abundant in
both limits of its distribution. The Flatfish was found in Blue Point Cove, at Blue
Point Life-saving Station, and on Fire Island Beach. It was moderately common in
all of these localities. The species is a permanent resident of Great South Bay, but
undergoes a partial hibernation in the mud in winter, and the adults in summer
migrate into deeper and cooler water. A few individuals were observed by me in a
fish pound at Islip, October I, 1890.

Dr. Mitchill describes two color varieties of the Flatfish. One of these had a
yellow margin on the lower side, surrounding the white of that side. This border
was three-fourths of an inch wide and in striking contrast with the pearl of the con-

460 SEVENTH Ixl 1-nRT «>K I'H! FOREST, H^II AND GAME COMMISSION.

tiguous parts within it and the brown of the adjacent fins. The other variety,
obtained April 9, 1815. ha- " a whiteness of the upper side nearly as clear as that of
the nether surface over rather more than half its extent. The anterior part is
blanched in this manner. The dorsal fin very sensibly partakes of the lighter hue ;
but its dark brmvn is tinctured with yellow, especially on the rays. Something of
the same kind, though less distinct, is observable on the ventral fins, and on about
a do/en rays of the anal." The length of this individual was 5 inches and the
breadth 3. Dr. DrKay obtained a specimen in April which was reversed and
double. "It- color on both sides was uniform bronze, with a white patch on its
right side near the chin, almost entirely denuded of scales ; it had the singular pro-
tuberance over the eye, noticed by Dr. Mitchill in his iiic/tinognstcr.'"

On the New Jersey coast young individuals are very common in summer, but the
adults .ire rarely found except in the winter.

At \\.MuU Hole. Mass., this is a very abundant permanent resident, frequenting
muddy or grassy bottoms. The average weight of those taken in the immediate
vicinity of the Fish Commission Station was only I pound, but larger fish are found
in the deeper water of the sound and bay. In October fish averaging 2 pounds,
and apparently migrating, are taken with lines in Vineyard Sound on sandy bottom.

In the markets this species is extremely common in the winter and spring
months, and the flesh is delicious even when the eggs are nearly mature. It feeds
on small shells, crabs and other invertebrates living in the mud. When at rest it
partly submerges itself in the sand or mud. and changes its color to suit its
surroundings.

In Long Island bays the Flatfish spawns from February to the end of March,
and in July the young have attained to the length of half an inch. At Woods
Hole, Mass., according to Dr. Smith, it spawns from February to April. On being
transferred to tanks containing running water, many deposit their eggs during the
night. The . .f an inch in diameter and very glutinous, sticking together

in masses of var 1 'he average number to a fish is 500,000. March 6, 1897,

a fish that weighed $% pounds after spawning furnished 30 fluid ounces of eggs,
numbering 1,462,000. The eggs hatch in 17 or 1 8 days, when the mean water tem-
perature is 37° or 38° F.

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