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H0El.dbvGoOglf 




Eucalyptus Globulus. 

H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Fo [\E ST Culture 

Eucalyptus Trees. 



eixjXj'v^ooid oooi=b:e^. 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Introduction S 

Forest Colture and Aostbaliah GvM-TREHa; A Lecture 

(third of a seri^j, deliyered by EUwood Cooper, Nov. 

2S, 1875, before the Santa Barbara OoUega Asaociation. . 9 

DE30niPTIOB3 OF THIRTY-TWO TARTETTES of EtrOALYPTUS- 

THEES : Copied from tlie Pamphlets of Baron Perd. von 

Mueller 31 

Description ov Twenty Varieties : Copied from tlie Plant 

Catalogue of Anderson, Hall & Co., Sydney 40 

POKEST OULTURE in ITS'EeLATIOKS TO InDUSTUIAL PUR- 
SUITS; By Barou Ferd. von MueOer 45 

Application of Phytolooy to the Industrial Pitbposes 
OF Life: By Baron Ferd. von Mueller 121 

Australian Vbgetamon : By Baron Ferd. von Mueiler .... 167 

Santa Barbara Collbgb Caialooob 205 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



tHTBODDCTION. 

In presenting to the public a printed copy of iny 
"Lecture on Forest Planting and Australian Oum- 
2Vees," delivered before tlie Santa Barbara College 
Association, for the benefit of the library, it is neces- 
sary to preface the lecture by the statement that it 
appears In print in consequence of repeated demands 
for the publication from .several localities in the south- 
ern part of California. Forest protection, the want 
of trees, in almost every part of the State, is mani- 
fest to all owners of land, who are eager to begin the 
planting ; the only question being^What shall we 
plant? The rapidity of growth of the Blue Gum, 
and the facility with which it can be propagated, 
is a feature of great importance ; but information is 
wanted. Much that has been written on the subject 
is mere speculative theories, often contradictory, and 
too uncertain to merit the confidence necessary to 
base such an important industry. This industry not 
only necessitates that the protection should be cheap- 
ly and quickly obtained, but that the tree should have 
a value for mechanical or other purposes. This value 
gives confidence to the planter, without which it can 
not be expected the work will go on. The inquiry 
comes. What is the value of the tree 7 This is the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

vital question to the man who invests money, time, 
or labor in the enterprise, and the question I have 
aimed to answer. 

In treating of forest - planting I have, to some 
extent, done nothing more than give the opinions 
of great writers on the subject, and in their own 
language. 

The sources of original ideas In any subject are few, 
I have, therefore, thought it wiser to copy than give 
anything of my own, less impressive. 

In a short essay the subject could not be handled 
with anything like completeness, and in gathering 
together fragments from the writings of Franklin B. 
Hough, the Hon. Geo. P. Marsh, Prof, Lovoe, and 
others, I have selected that which I thought most 
valuable, having in view but the one purpose — to 
present something to the public that would impress 
them with the importance of this industry. 

In the investigation I learned, through my corre- 
spondence with the Hod, Thos, Adamson, Jr., Unit- 
ed States Consul-general at Melbourne, that Baron 
Ferd, von Mueller, of Australia, had published sev- 
eral pamphlets on the " Micalypttis-trees, and the Im- 
portance of Forest Culture," but that a copy could not 
be obtained. Mr. Adamson, however, wrote that the 
Baron would send the copies in his possession provid- 
ed I would have them published at my own risk, in 
a connected form, I have deemed the subject of so 
great and vital importance that I present to the pub. 
lie, in this book, a part of the writings of this valua- 
ble author ; 

Mrtt. — "DeacriptionsofThirty.two Varieties of the 
Eucalypti Family." 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



TNTEODUCTION. 7 

Second. — " Forest Culture in its B elation 9 to Indus- 
trial Pursuits." 

Third. — "Application of Phytology to the Indus- 
trial Purposes of Life." 

Fourth. — "Australian Vegetation." 

I have in addition to the ahove the following, which 
will soon appear in a separate volume : 

First. — "The Trees of Australia, Phytologically 
Named and Arranged, with Indications of their Ter- 
ritorial Distribution." 

-Second.— -"The Principal Timber - trees Beadily 
Eligible for Victorian Industrial Culture, with Indi- 
cations of their Native Countries, and some of their 
Technologic Uses." 

Third. — "Select Plants (exclusive of timber-trees) 
Beadily Eligible for Victorian Industrial Culture, 
with Indications of their Native Countries and Some 
of their Uses." 

Fourth. — "Additions to 'Select Plants.'" 

IKJth. — " Second Supplement to the ' Select Plants. ' " 

Sixth.^— "The olgects of a Botanic Garden in Bela- 
tion to Industries." 

Ellwood Coopkk. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



FOREST CULTIJEE 



A LECTURE 



r>elivera<i by ELI.'VVOOD COOPIER, 

HOTBMEIR 26IH, 1818, BEFOBK THE SjlSTA BiBEAm CoLLEOE A8 



" The presence of stately ruins in solitary deserts is 
conciusive proof tliat great climatic eiianges have 
taken place within the period of human history, in 
many eastern countries, once highly cultivated and 
densely peopled, but now arid wastes. 

" Although the records of geology teach that great 
vicissitudes of climate, from the torrid and humid 
conditions of the coal period to those of extreme cold 
which produced the glaciers of the drift, may have in 
turn occurred in the same region, we liave no reason 
to beiievethat any material changes have been brought 
about, by astronomical or other natural causes, within 
the historic period. We cannot account for the changes 
that have occurred since these sunburnt and sterile 
plains, where these traces of man's first civilization 
are found, were clothed with a luxuriant vegetation, 
except by ascribing them to the improvident acts of 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



10 FOREST 

man in destroying the trees and plants which once 
clothed the surface and sheltered it from the sun and 
the winds. As this shelter was removed the desert 
approached, gaining now power as its area increaseil, 
until it crept over vaat regions once populous and fer- 
tile, and left only the ruins oJ former magnificence." 
" There are jKirts of Asia Minor, of Northern Africa, 
of Greece, and even of Alpine Europe, where the 
operation of causes set in action by man has brought 
the face of the earth to a desolation almost as com- 
plete as that of the moon. And though, within the 
brief apace of time men call the ' historical period,' 
they are known to have been covered with luxuriant 
woods, verdant pastures, and fertile meadows, they 
are now too far deteriorated to bereclaimable by man. 
Nor can they becomeagain fitted forhuman use except 
through great geological changes, or other mysterious 
influences or agencies of which we have no present 
knowledge, and over which we have no prospective 
control. The earth is fast becoming an unfit home for 
its noblest inhahitants, and another eraof equal human 
crime and human improvidence, and of like duration 
with that through which traces of that crime and im- 
providence extend, would reduce it to such a condition 
of impoverished productiveness, of shattered surface, 
of climatic excess, as to threaten the depravation, 
barbarism, and perhaps even extinction of the spe- 
cies," 

"In European countries, especially in Italy, Germany, 
Austria, and France, where the injuries resulting 
from the cutting off of timber have long since been 
realized, the attention of governments has been turned 
to this subject-by the necessities of the case, and con- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCAr,YP'FU8 TREES. 11 

setvative measures have, in many instances, been 
successfully applied, so that a supply of timber has 
beea obtained, by cultivation, and other benefits re- 
sulting from this measure have been realized." 

In these countries there are over two dozen schools 
of forestry, where special instruction Is imparted to 
the youth who are to take the future care of tlie pub- 
lic forests and private plantations. 

The attention of our Government was called to the 
importance of reserving timber for our navy, and an 
Act was passed March 1, 1817, making reservations 
of public lands for this purpose. This Act, however, 
proved ineffectual, and has a long time since been dis- 
regarded, and there is nothing at the present time to 
prevent the complete destruction of every wooded 
spot in the countrj'. 

' ' The preservation of forests is one of the'first inter- 
ests of society, and consequently one of the first du- 
ties of government All the wants of life are closely 
related to their preservation ; agriculture, architect- 
ure, and almost all the industries seek therein their 
aliment and resources, which nothing could replace, 

"Necessaryasaretheforestd to the individual, they 
are not less so to the state. It is from thence that 
commerce finds the means of transportation and ex- 
change, and that governments claim the elements of 
their protection, their safety, and even their glory. 

" It Is not alone from the wealth which they offer by 
their working, under wise regulation, that we may 
judge of their utility. Their existence is of itself of 
incalculable benefit to the countries that possess them, 
as well in the protection and feeding of the springs 
and rivers as in their prevention against the washing 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



12 FOREST CULTURE AND 

away of the soil upon mountains, and in tlie beneficial 
and healthful influence which they exert upon the 
atmosphere. 

' ' Large forests deaden and break the force of heavy 
winds that beat out the seeds and injure the growth 
of plants ; they form reservoirs of moisture ; they 
shelter the soil of the fields, and upon hill-sides, where 
the rain-waters, checked in their descent by the thous- 
and obstacles they present by their roots and the trunks 
of trees, have time to filter into the soil and only find 
their way by slow degrees to the rivers. They regu- 
late, in a certain degree, the flow of the waters and 
the hygrometrical condition of the atmosphere, and 
their destruction accordingly increases the duration 
of droughts and gives rise to the injuries of inunda- 
tions, which denude the face of the mountains. 

"The destruction of forests has often, become to 
the country where this has happened a real calamity 
and a speedy cause of approaching decline and ruin. 
Their injury and reduction below the degree of pres- 
ent or future wants is among the misfortunes which 
we should provide against, and one of those errors 
which nothing can excuse, and which nothing but 
centuries of perseverance and privation can repair. 

" But there is another and more cheering era in this 
history. This is when civilization has advanced, and 
man, under tho safeguard of laws, sets about restoring 
the desolated forest. The cultivation of wood then 
becomes an art founded upon principles, and pursued 
for the gratification of taste, or for purposes of utility. 
Like every one who labors from choice, the planter 
experiences gratification in his pursuit. The little 
tree which he places in the ground quickly becomes 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 13 

a part of the landscape around ; and thus the taste is 
gratifled almost as soon as the work is done. In a few 
years more his woods yield slielter from the winds, 
and thus increase the value of the lands around, while 
it is rarely beyond the expectations of human life to 
look for a direct profit from the wood as it advances 
to maturity. To expend capital on planting, indeed, 
is merely to lay out a fund to Increase at interest. 
Planting, then, may he readily rendered the means, 
on the part of a landed proprietor, of setting aside a 
fund for any specific purpose — as for a provision for a 
family ; and no man ia deemed peculiarly disinterest- 
ed %?ho merely obeys a dictate of reason and humanity 
and provides for his descendants. The planter, then, 
has his motives of rational interest to justify him in 
the opinion of those who look only to gain. He lays 
out his capital with a view to a profitable return. He 
improves the value of his estate, while, in the prac- 
tice of his art, he finds the materials of an innocent 
recreation. It may be questioned whether, in the 
whole range of rural occupations, one more interesting 
pursuit presents itself than the superintendence of a 
growing wood, presenting to the eye at every season 
new objects of interest and solicitude. Where is the 
planter who would wish the worlonanship of his hands 
undone, and who does not look with an honest pride 
on the beautiful creation which, with a generous spirit, 
he has raised up around him ?" 

These considerations present a problem not difficult 
of solution — possibly difficult to educate land-owners 
of their truthfulness. 

We must make the people familiar with the facts 
and the necessities of the case. It must come to be 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



14 FOBBST CULTURE AND 

understood that a tree or a forest planted is an invest- 
ment of capital, increasing annually in value as it 
grows, like money at interest, and worth at any time 
what it has cost, including the expense of planting 
and the interest which this money would have earned 
at the given date. The great masses of our rural 
population and land-owners should be inspired with 
correct ideas as to the importance of planting and 
preserving trees, and taught the profits that may be de- 
rived from planting waste spots with timber, where 
nothing else would grow to advantage. They should 
learn the increased value of farms which have the 
roadsides lined with avenues of trees, ind should un- 
derstand the worth of the shelter which belts of tim. 
ber afford to fields, and the general increase of wealth 
and beauty which the country would realize from the 
united and well-directed efforts of the owners of land 
in thus enriching and beautifying their estates. 

The demand for lumber increases in the United 
States at the rate of twenty-five per cent, per annum. 
The decrease of forests is at the rate of 7,000,000 acres 
annually. Few people have any idea of the immense 
value of the wood which is used for purposes gen- 
erally considered unimportant. The fences of the 
United States are now valued at 11,800,000,000, and 
it costs, annually, $98,000,000 to keep them in repair. 
By far the greatest proportion of these are wood. Tho 
railroads of the United States use 150,000,000 of ties 
annuaUy. 

There are establishments manufacturing articles of 
wood alone, numbering 118,684, employing 7,440,000 
persons, and using wood valued at $554,000,000 an- 
nually. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYrTUS TBEES. 15 

A seventy-four gun ship swallows up no less than 
150,000 cubic feet, requiring 2,000 large, well-grown 
timber trees. Supposing these trees should stand 
thirty-three feet apart, it would require the timber of 
fifty acres to build one such ship. 

According to a statistical table published by our 
Government in 1874, there was in the New England, 
Middle, and Western States an average of thirty- three 
percent, of wooded land. "In France and Germany it 
has been estimated that at least one fifth of the land 
should be planted with forest trees in order to main- 
tain the proper hygrometrie and electric equilibrium 
for successful ferming." "Mirabeau estimated that 
there should be retained in France thirty- two per cent, 
of land in wood," In the State of Texas, it is represent- 
ed that there is an area four times that of the State of 
Pennsylvania, without a tree or a shrub. In Califor- 
nia there is only 4,0 per cent. It is to this State I 
call your attention, and to this people ray lecture is 
directed. We have, perhaps, the most healthful, 
most equable, the best climate on this globe, and the 
only objections that can be urged are the prevailing 
high wind, and an uncertain, as well as an insuffi- 
cient, quantity of rain-fa!L Moderate the winds, in- 
crease the rain, and we have perfection. This result 
is so easily and so quickly to be obtained that it ought 
to have the attention and serious consideration of every 
land-owner in the State. How is this to be done ? 
How are we to obtain this result ? By planting for- 
esttreea. I would recommend belts from 100 to 150 
feet in width, each quarter of a mile, planted at right 
angles with the prevailing direction of the winds, 
and to line all the highways, parallel with or to the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



l6 POBEST CULTURE AND 

general currents, with belts of two or three rows, 
closely planted. This planting would occupy about 
one eighth of the land. ' Then again, it would be par- 
ticularly desirable to plant all the banks of gulches, 
four or five rows on either side, in order to prevent 
further washing ; also, allsteep side-hills inconvenient 
to cultivate, or any waste lands that ai-e non-produc- 
ing. Trees will grow in places where nothing else 
can be cultivated. A soil too coarse and meager for 
the cereals may be marvelously productive in forest 
growth. Ravines and slopes too steep for any other 
useful product are the favorite seats of timber. Tak- 
ing belfcs of land situated similarly to that part of Santa 
Barbara county lying between Point Conception, Ein- 
con Point, the Santa Inez Mountains, and the ocean, 
if planted as above, fully one fourth would be occupied 
by trees. It is known and proved that the three 
fourths of the surface will produce more, if protected 
by trees planted on the other fourth, than the whole 
would without the trees, and without the protection. 
Consequently the possessor loses nothing in the pro- 
ductiveness of his farm, but, on the contrary, he in- 
creases the certainty of his crops, decreases one fourth 
his labor, beautifies his home, improves the climate, 
doubles the value of his land, receives inspiration 
from this work of his own hands, elevates his own 
condition, and adds to the refinement of himself, his 
family, and all his surroundings. 

By reason of the mildness of the climate and the 
discovery of the Eucalyptus, or what is known as Aus- 
tralian Gum-treo, we can, in our generation, create 
forests of these trees, and bring about all these condi- 
tions to be enjoyed by ourselves. No other country 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 17 

is SO susceptible ; to no other country can we look for 
equal results. 

* The Eucalyptus globulus (known as the Blue Gum, 
and so generally admired In California) is a native 
of Tasmania. It has received the name Eucalyptus on 
account of the formation of the seed-pods. The name 
is from two Greek words, signifying "I conceal well," 
the cup for a long time concealing the stamens. The 
name globulus was taken from the resemblance to a but- 
ton. The discovery was made by a French botanist 
by the name of Labillardiere. Tbia gentleman was a 
member of a French expedition, fitted out in 1791, and, 
quoting from his journal: "12th May, 1792. [The 
"xpeditiou was then in the port of Entrecasteaux, in 
the Bay of Tempests, Van Dieman's Land.] I have 
not yet been able to procure the flowers of a new spe- 
cies of Eucaiyptus, remarkable for its fruit, which 
resembles a coat-button. This tree, which is one of 
the tallest in nature, since it measures upward of 
one hundred and sixty feet, only blooms toward its 
upper extremity. The wood is sultad to naval con- 
struction, and is durable, but neither so light nor so 
(glastic as pine. This beautiful tree, of the myrtle 
family, is covered with a smooth bark ; the branches 
bend a little aa they rise, and are garnished at the 
extremities with alternate leaves, slightly curved, 
and about seven inches in length and nearly two in 
width. The flowers are solitary, and grow out of the 
axila of the leaves. The bark, leaves, and fruit are 
aromatic, and might be eniployed for economical uses, 
in place of those which the Moluccas have hitherto 
exclusively furnished us." "In the history of the 

» Cppied Jrom the Irauclstloii from tbe yreneh of Viol. J, E. piunolioo, 
H0El.dbvGoOglf 



18 KOBEST CULTURE AND 

future naturalization of tlie EvGolyptvs Mueller is the 
savant who justly calculated the future of the tree, 
traced it in its itineracy, and predicted its destiny. 
Bamel is tho enthusiastic anaateur who has thrown 
tiody and mind Into the niission of propagating it, 
Both have faith ; but one is a prophet, the other an 
apostle, and, in the noble confraternity of services, 
public gratitude will not separate the names that are 
bound together by friendship." *'The Eucalyptus 
globulus, known as the Blue Gum, was introduced 
into Algeria in 1854, while its name and properties 
were unknown. It is now being planted by hundreds 
of thousands, in groves, in avenues, in groups, in iso- 
lated stalks, in every section of three provinces." A 
colonist and ardent planter, M. Trottier, regarded this 
tree as poasessing a forest substance capable one day 
of enriching the colony, and he took for the motto of 
one of his writings the following : << The wood of the 
Jihicalyptus will be the great product of Algeria." 
Carrying his confidence still further, he saw the des- 
ert retreating before this colonized tree, and, specu- 
lating upon the incontestible fact that the forest created 
humidity and changed the hygrometrical r&gime of 
a country, and remembering, besides, the subterrane- 
ous sheets of water beneath the arid surface of this 
region, he boldly named another pamphlet '^The 
Wooded Des&rt and Colonies," thus conceiving the idea 
that the great Sahara Desert could be reglaimed 
by planting this tree. He estimated the profltsfrom 
planting the Eucalyptus in the colonies of Algeria to 
be from one thousand stalks, in flve years, to yield 
a gross revenue of $210, and $10,650 in twonty-six 
years. He based the estimate on the annual growth, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TIIEES. 19 

from actual measurement, of four and one half inches 
in circumference yearly. At Harama and at Cannes, 
near Algiers, tiie growtli in height of young trees 
averages nineteen inches per month. A stalk one 
year old, planted in May, attained the height of 
nineteen feet the following December ; the year after 
it grew nineteen feet ; the year after it grew nine- 
teen feet ; the latter part of the third year this 
impulse diminished, but, at the end of fifteen years, 
the tree was over seventy feet in height. 

At "Ellwood," my homej twelve miles west of 'Santa 
Barbara, I have growing about fifty thousand trees. 
The oldest were transplanted in February, three years 
ago. These trees, however, have not done so well as 
those planted one year later, for the reason that the 
roots were too much confined — the transplanting 
delayed too long, Tlie best growth obtained, under 
the most favorable circumstances, is a tree growing 
near my house, three years and one or two months 
from the seed. Transplanted two years and ten 
months, is nine and one half inches in diameter and 
forty-two feet sis inches high. There is another tree 
near by, same age, transplanted at the same time, 
not so large in the trunk, but has attained the height 
of forty-five feet six inches, equal to forty-seven hun- 
dredths of an inch per day, fourteen and seven nine- 
teenths inches per month, and, in order to attain a 
height of four hundred feet, would have to continue 
on growing at this rate for twenty-eight years. Nine 
and one half inches in diameter for throe years and 
two months is equal to three inches yearly, or nine 
and forty-three hundredths in circumference yearly. 
To make a tree sixteen feet in diameter would have 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



20 POKEST CULTCKB AND 

to continae on growing in the same ratio for sixty- 
four yeara. My last planting was June 25th. The 
seeds were sown six months before. These trees were 
purp&sely Icept back — stunted, I may say — as I 
desired to transplant them oniy after the disappear- 
ance of grasshoppers. Prom the 25th of June these 
trees, averaging six to eight inclies in heiglit, have 
now reached six feet {or a great many of them) in the 
short space of five montlis. The greatest possible 
results Iiave been obtained on every part of my p!a«e. 
I have experimented on two steep hill-sides, so stony 
and rocky that plowing or preparing the ground was 
impossible ; putting them in with a pick, without 
water, and after the raias were over. On one hill- 
side I cultivated with the hoe as best I could ; on the 
other did nothing — the mustard, in sonje places, grow- 
ing up around the trees seven to eight feet high. 
The trees cultivated have done very much better than 
the others. Whether this kind of planting is practi- 
cable can only be determined at the end of the next 
.year. 

It is claimed for the EttcaZyptna that it resists Sum- 
mer dryness, and profits by the rains of the Autumn, 
Winter, and Spring, wherever the mildness of the 
climate permits it to vegetate without interruption. 
I have made no other special observations with regard 
to the growth of this tree, excepting on Gen. Naglee's 
place, in San Jose, where I found trees, fen years old, 
eighteen inches in diameter, and, I should think, 
eighty to ninety feet high, *'|Many species of the 
Eucaiyptus are, in their native country, truly gigantic 
trees. A.Eu<i(dyptus coJossea has measured nearly four 
hundred feet in height, and a Eucalyptua ampgdalina 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TBEES. 21 

from four hundred and sixteen to four hundred and 
eeventy-one feet. One of the latter species has reached 
the height of five hundred feet, which is twenty feet 
higher than the Pyramid of Cheops, the tallest struct- 
ure in the world. This tree would cast a shadow 
upon the auaimit of the great Pyramid. A giant 
Iktealyptm of Tasmania was not less than thirty feet 
in diameter near the soil, the height being about 
three hundred feet. 

Without expecting such vast proportions in gen- 
eral, the Eucalyptus globulus is not the less the lar- 
gest forestftree in the world — excepting only the 
" Sequoia Qigantea,^^ or Big Tree of California. " In 
its juvenile state it is a finished type of elegance. In 
its adult period, it is a magnificent representation of 
Strength." The trunk can supply immense planks. 
One was sent to the London Exhibition, in 1862, 
measuring seventy-five feet in length, and about ten 
feet in width. Australia desired to send a plank one 
hundred and sixty-five feet long, but no ship could be 
found to transport it. The English Navy begins to 
appreciate the wood for its solidity, durability, and 
tenacity. The best whale-ships that furrow the South 
American Seas are those of Hobart Town ; the keels 
of which are made of the Eucalyptus globulus. The 
Wood of the Eucalyptus combines density of texture 
with rapidity of growth. This growth is particularly 
rapid during its juvenile period, but it does not cease 
to grow in height until it is twenty-four years old. 
After this age, the trunks, which are generally very 
straight, only increase in diameter. Compact and 
tenacious, the wood, owing to the presence of resinous 
materials, possesses a sort of incorruptibility, which 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



22 POBEST CULTURE AND 

allows it to remain a long time in contact with salt 
water. It is equally durable in the ground as is the 
Oak, and can be employed with advantage for sleep- 
ers for railroads. The durability of the wood makes 
it valuable for the keels of vessels, for the construc- 
tion of bridges, piers, and viaducts. 

'< The Eiicalyptus is not only valuable as a wood, 
but has medicinal properties. In Valencia, Spain, it 
Is vulgarly called the fever -tree, on account of its 
properties for preventing malarial fevers. There, its 
' properties are so well known as a cure for fevers 
that its leaves are often plundered, and in a public 
garden of a great city. It Is necessary to surround the 
fever-tree with a guard, in order to preserve it from 
being stripped. It has, also, disinfectant virtues, and 
is antiseptic for wounds — its essential oil being a 
stimulant, and the tannin in the leaves, acting as a 
tonic astringent applied exteriorly, hastens the heal- 
ing of a wound. Various chemists have enumerated 
its uses as an infusion, decoction, powder, distilled 
water, tincture, extract and essence. From the most 
authentic testimony, the Ik(calyptus appears or seems 
to be a very efficacious remedy against a great num- 
ber of intermittent fevers. 

"*Eucalyptus globulus, Blue Gum-tree of Victoria 
and Tasmania. This tree is of extremely rapid growth, 
and attains a height of four hundred feet, furnishing a 
flrst-elass wood. 8hip-builders get keels of this timber 
one hundred and twenty feet long; besides this, they 
use it extensively forplanking and many other parts of 
the ship, and it is considered to be generally superior 

' ThoB. Aaimaon, Jr.. U. B. CoDBUI-Oanorel at Melbourne, ooplefl at my 
bete ^leu 10 Ibe E. ^ fobuEiH, Bud E- ro^lrolit, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 23 

to American Bock Elm. A test of strength has been 
made between some Blue Gum, English Oak, and In- 
dian Teak. The Blue Gum carried fourteen pounds 
weight more than the Oak, and seventeen and one 
fourth pounds more than Teak upon the square inch. 
Blue Gum wood, besides being used for ship-building, 
is very extensively used, by carpentera for all kinds 
of out-door work ; also, for fenee-rails, railway sleep- 
ers — lasting about nine years — for shafts and spokes 
of drays, and a variety of other purposes." 

Ihicalyptm rostrata, the Bed Gum of Victoria, 
South Australia, and many river-flats in the interior 
of the Australian Continent. Although a native tree 
of this colony, it has been introduced into this list on 
account of its wood being of extraordinary endurance 
under ground, and, for this reason, so highly valued 
for fence-posts, piles, and railway sleepers ; for the 
latt«r purpose it will last at least a dozen years, and, 
if well- selected, much longer. 

It is also extensively used by ship-huildera « « ». 
It should be steamed before it is worked for planking. 
Next to the Jan-ah, from West Australia, this is the 
best wood for resisting the attacks of sea-worms and 
whiteants. For other details of this and ofhernative 
trees I refer to the report of the Victorian Exhibition 
of 1862 and 1867. 

The tree attains a height of fully one hundred feet. 
The supply for our local wantsalready falls short, and 
it cannot be obtained from Tasmania, where the tree 
does not naturally exist." 

In my correspond ance with Mr. T. W. Herkimer, 
who lived ten years in Australia and Tasmania, spend- 
ing about half the time in each place, and variously 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



24 FOREST CULTUHK AND 

engaged in mining, wood-cutting lumbering, con- 
structing telegraph lines, etc., etc., I have learned the 
following : That the general. character of the country, 
the climate, the quantity of rain - MI -— except that 
they may have a little more rain in Summer in Aus- 
tralia and Tasmania, where the Gum Trees grow — is 
very similar to the liedwood districts of California ; 
the growth being more rapid and the trees larger in 
the coast ranges, ravines, and valleys than in any 
other localities— the nearer the foot of the ranges the 
better, Tlie thicker they are planted, and the thick- 
they grow, the better, as they will shade each other. 
I have always noticed that all trees grow taller and 
atraighter where they grow close together, "All 
trees grown on an open plain, exposed to the sun and 
wind, win not grow tall, like they do in the forest, 
where they are protected and shaded. I have seen, 
in Australia and Tasmania, Blue Gums larger and 
taller than I have seen Redwood ; many of the Gum 
Trees from fourteen to sixteen feet in diamater, per- 
fectly sound, and, I think, three hundred feet high. 
The Blue Gum, if it could be grown so as to make 
large trees, I think, is the most useful, for it is not 
only good for posts and rails, but ties and piles. 
While I was in Tasmania there was a test made as 
to the value for war purposes. It was found that a 
cannon-ball would pierce the planks, cutting a round 
hole, and passing through, without splitting the 
planks. The experiments were so satisfactory that 
the wood was pronounced as good as English Oak. 

" I was appointed to superintend the construction of 
a telegraph line from the river Lamar, on the north 
coast of Tasmania, to Hobart Town, on the south 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. ^5 

coast. We used for poles the young trees of the Blue 
Gum, White Gum, Bed Gum, and Stringy-bark, tak- 
ing only the bark off. We charred the butts as far as 
they went into the ground, and dipped in coal-far. 
They were expected to last ten or twelve years. 
When I finished the construction of the telegraph 
line I was engaged in a saw-mill on the river Mersey. 
The timber that we sawed was, as above mentioned, 
Blue, White, and Bed Gum and Stringy-bark ; we 
sawed it for all purposes used in house-building, ex- 
cept rustic and siding. It is used in large quantities 
for piles, wharf, and bridge building. The timber- 
dealers in Melbourne, and all other ports, do not make 
a difference in contracting for a cargo of lumber of 
colonial wcwds. It is generally expected that it will 
be mixed. Wheelrights always select the Blue Gum, 
it being considered much better for wagon-making 
than most other varieties ; it is stronger and more du- 
rable, and quite equal (« the Hickory, of this country. 
It Is used for axletrees, hubs, spokes, and all parts of 
the running-gear. The Blue Gum is much tougher 
and heavier, anii will last longer than any of the oth- 
ers J in fact, it wilt last a life-time if taken from large 
trees. The wood resembles the Bock Elm of the East- 
ern States. I have rafted a great deal of it ; when 
thrown into the water green will nearly always sink 
to the bottom, so that it is necessary to lash the rafts 
alongside of boats to keep them on the surface. A 
pile sixty feet long, fifteen inches in diameter, will 
require the strength of two men to raise to the sur- 
face. It weighs sixty-seven pounds to the cubic foot. 
" The Stringy-bark tree has a leaf the same as the 
Blue Gum, and is known in the Australian Colonies 
as the Gum Top Stringy-bark. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



^6 FOBEST CULTURE ANB 

" The Stringy-bark tree has a very thick bark on the 
trunk, and of the same color as the bark of the Red- 
wood. The Blue, White, and Red Gums, after they 
become large trees, shed their bark, which grows in 
growths, the outside layers, too small for the inner, 
crack open, the wind gets between the growths, 
tears it off in strips three or four inches wide, and 
soraetinies one hundred feet long ; the debris cover- 
ing the ground at the trunk iive or six feet in depth, 

"The Iron-bark tree does not grow in Tasmania ; 
it ia an Australian tree ; has a rough bark, something 
like the bark of the Black Oak of Canada. The bark 
and the wood are very hard and heavy ; will sink in 
water, like a stone ; will last for years ; in fact, I do not 
believe it will ever rot. The largest tjees of this va- 
riety I have seen were not over four feet in diameter." 

Mr. Casey of Melbourne recommends the Eucalyp- 
tiis roslrata&& being of great value, more hardy than 
the Blue Gum, and possessing all the sanitary proper- 
ties, capable of a high polish, and specially adapted 
for piles and for ship-timber. 

The Euoalyptm globulus, or Blue Gum, is a very 
tender plant when young. It is an evergreen of 
rapid growth, and the young shoots are injured by a 
few degrees of frost It is reported that trees have 
been destroyed by cold at New Orleans after reaching 
a height of fifteen feet. 

I have selected from the one hundred toJone hun- 
dred and fifty species of the Eucalypti family the fol- 
lowing varieties: Eucalyptus globulus, E. rostrata, E. 
marglnata, E, syderoxylon, E, braehypoda, E. obli- 
qua, E. platyphilla, E. phonicea, and E. < 

* Tbe deserlplioii aa given ia ths lecinre ia on 
ippawa moro (uUy on psgeB 32 lo 39. 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



ECTCALYPTUa TREES. 2t 

Propagation. — My plan of germinating tlie seeds 
and transplanting to permanent sites is as follows : I 
have found, from repeated experiments, that it is bet- 
ter to germinate the seeds in boxes, a convenient size 
for handling, say two and one half to three feet square 
and six inches deep, placing first about four inches of 
good sandy soil or loam ; then about one inch of pure 
sand (I use seasand), and cover the sand with sawdust 
made from dry or well-seasoned wood, about one inch 
deep. Plant the seeds in the sawdust half an inch deep 
or more ; thoroughly wet the whole, and keep the top 
moist If the seeds are fresh and good they will sprout 
and come through on the eighth day. I have found 
no difficulty in sprouting them in the open air during 
the months of August, September, and October. It 
is, however, better to raise them under glass— the 
greater the heat the better success ; but as soon as 
fairly up, put out in the air and sunlight. In six to 
eight weeks after the seeds are planted the trees will 
he large enough for transplanting to permanent sites. 
There is no time that they can be handled with equal 
success as when about six weoks old, or four to six 
inches high. The earth or place in which to be 
planted should be well cultivated, the soil smooth and 
free from clods, the trees set out just before rain, or 
in the evenings with a little water, the ordinary care 
required for setting out cabbage-plants will prove suc- 
cessful with the little Blue Gum plants. It is, how- 
ever, better to take advantage of approaching rains. 
I have, w^ith ten men, transplanted as many as seven 
thousand In an afternoon, and have ninety-five per 
cent. live. The above plan of transplanting is only 
practicable during the rainy season. If the ground is 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



2S FOBEST CULTURE AND 

well cultivated during the Winter and kept entirely 
clean the trees can be transplanted at any time dur- 
ing the Summer or dry season. To do this, however, 
it will be necessary to transplant from boxes where 
germinated into other boxes, allowing about three 
inches square of soil and six inches deep, for each lit- 
tle tree, so that the soil with tree can be placed in the 
ground where they are permanently to grow, without 
disturbing or exposing the roots. There should be 
about Iialf a bucket of water to each tree — the water 
put into the hole, and immediately after it disappears 
the tree set in. 

It is estimated of the Blue Gum that there are fifty 
thousaud seeds in one pound, and that forty thousand 
will grow, being equal to two thousand five hundred 
to th6 ounce. 

Muealyptua rostrafa, or Red Gum. — There are, of 
this variety, at least double the number, and equal to 
five thousand trees to the ounce. The plan of germinat- 
ing the seeds of this tree is very similar to that of tho 
Blue Gum, excepting that there must be not over half 
the quantity of sawdust, and no sand required ; the 
seeds planted nearer the surface, and more heat neces- 
sary. The manner of transplanting the same as the 
Blue Gum. 

I recommend in forest -planting that the trees be 
set six to seven feet apart, and in rows, where it is 
possible, so as to cultivate with a horse, while the 
trees are small. Six by seven will give one thousand 
trees to the acre. After five years' growth remove 
three fourths of them, leaving about two hundred and 
fifty of the straightest and best trees. My estimate 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 29 

from the three foarths to be thinaed out is 
as follows : 

Seven hundred fenca -posts, worth $100 

Cord wood, ivotth 100 

$200 

Eipenge preparing and marketing 100 

Profits $100, equal to $20 each year, and better 
than barley crops, with all the value left on the 
ground. At the end of fifty years the two hundred 
and fifty trees left standing would be worth $10,000, 
and equivalent to one hundred per cent, profit on the 
investment, allowing the land to be worth $100 per 
acre, and interest compounded at ten per cent, per 
year. M. Trottier's estimate gives as much in half 
the number of years. 

The estimate of profit on one acre of White Ash, in 
the "Western States, at the end of twelve years, is 

$eoo. 

The measurement of trees in Springfield, Ohio, 
twenty years' growth, one foot above the ground : 
Larch, lOJ inches; Birch, 10 J ; Elm, Hi; Spruce, 
14 ; Burr Oak, 15, They are planting in the Prairie 
States one hundred and fifty million trees annually, 
occupying about two hundred thousand acres, and 
equal to about one thirty -Jifth of the destruction 
throughout the entire country. 

Humboldt, the great philosopher, said ; " Men, in 
all climates, seem to bring upon future generations 
two calamities at once-— a want of fuel and a scarcity 
of water." 

A blessing has been pronounced upon the man who 
would make two blades of grass grow in place of one. 
How much more is this due to the man who plants a 
tree where nothing grew before. 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



30 POEEST CULTUBE AND 

Taking in view the conditions so favorable for tree- 
planting in California, and the great necessity of for. 
est protection, tiie only wonder is that something as 
I have suggested was not commenced several years 
ago. The reasons are so many and bo obvious that 
there is not a question as to the necessity ; and if a 
necessity, it becomes the duty of every laud-owner to 
begin at once to plant trees. It Is also clear that in 
whatever it is our duty to act it is our duty to study, 
I have therefore thought it worth while to present to 
you in this lecture a few sketches, which cannot but 
prove useful till they give place to something better. 
If the effort creates in the minds of the people an inter, 
est in the subject, all that could be hoped for will be 
accomplished. No one disputes the importance of 
planting on the plan suggested ; neither can the feasi- 
bility be questioned. Contemplate the beauty, the 
grandeur^ the productiveness of the great valleys of 
the Sacramento, the San Joaquin, the Salinas plain, 
and of every strip of arable land in the State, with 
belts of Eucalyptus -trees planted as I have recom- 
mended. With such shelter California would become 
tho paradise of th^ world. 

How is this to be brought about '? By convincing 
owners of land that financially it will be a great suc- 
cess. Individual effort alone must accomplish the 
work. We cannot look to the State for either aid or 
protection, as, in this independent, free Hepttdlio, the 
Government or the State is powerless in the execution 
of any measure that would compel land-owners to 
plant trees, no matter how urgent the necessity or 
how important the duty. What we have therefore to 
do, as individuals, is to begin at once to plant. It is 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYlTt'S TEKES. ^1 

an obligation we owe to the possessory title to land ; 
and financially we will be amply rewarded for our 
labors. 

The following I have copied from a pamphlet, en- 
titled " The Principal Timber-Trees Readily Eligible 
for Victorian Industrial Culture," by Baron Ferd. 
von Mueller. (The same offered to the Victorian 
Acclimation Society — pages 20, 21, and 22): 

EucALYPTua AMYGDALiNA (LabiU.). — In our 
sheltered, springy forest glens, attaining not rarely a 
height of over four hundred feet, there forming a 
eniooth stem and broad leaves, producing also seed- 
lings of a foliage different to the ordinary state of 
.£ft«. amyg&dina, as occurs in more open country. 
This species or variety, which might be called Uuca- 
lyptua regnous, represents the loftiest tree in British 
territory, and ranks next to the Sequoia Wellingtonia 
in size anywhere on the globe. The wood is fissile, 
well adapted for shingles, rails, for house-building, 
for the keelson and planking of ships, and other pur- 
poses. Labillardiere's name applies iU to any of the 
forms of this species. Seedlings raised on rather 
barren ground near Melbourne have shown the same 
amazing rapidity of growth as those of the Ihic. 
globvl-m; yet, like those of Hao. obliqua, they are not 
80 easily satisfied with any soil. 

BocALYPTua ciTBiODOEA (Hooker) — Queensland. 
It combines with the ordinary qualities of many En- 
ealypts the advantage of yielding from its leaves a 
rather large supply of volatile oil, of excellent lemon- 
like fragrance, 

Eucalyptus diversicolor (F. v. Mueller)."-The 
Karri of 8. W. Australia. A colossal tree, excep- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



32 FOR] 

tionally reaching to the height of four hundred feet, 
with a proportionate girth of the atem. The timher 
is excellent, l^ir progress of growth is shown hy the 
young trees, planted even in dry, exposed localities 
in Melbourne. The shady foliage and dense growth 
of the tree promise to render it one of out best for 
avenues. In ita native localities it occupies fertile, 
rather humid valleys. 

Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.). — Blue Gum of 
Victoria and Tasmania. This tree is of extremely 
rapid growth, and attains a height of four hundred 
feet, furnishing a flrst-class wood. Ship-builders get 
keels of this timber one hundred and twenty feet long ; 
l)esides this, they use it extensively for planking, and 
many other parts of the ship, and it is considered to 
he generally superior to American Rock Elm. A test 
of strength has been made between some Blue Gum, 
English Oak, and Indian Teak. The Blue Gum car- 
ried fourteen pounds weight more than the Oak, and 
seventeen pounds four ounces more tlian Teak, upon 
the square inch. Blue Gum wood,^besides being used 
for ship-building, is very extensively used by carpen- 
ters for all kinda of out-door work ; also, for fence-rails, 
railway- sleepers— ^las ting about nine years — for shafts 
and spokes of drays, and a variety of other purposes. 

Eucalyptus gomphocbphala (Candolle), — The 
Tooart of S. W. Australia, Attains a height of fifty 
feet. The wood is close-grained, hard, and not rend- 
ing. It is used for ship- building, wheelwright's work, 
and ether purposes of artisans. 

Eucalyptus makginata (Smith) -The Jarrah or 

Mahogany tree of S, W. Australia, famed for its inde- 
structible wood, which is attacked neither by che- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TBEBS, 33 

lara, nor teredo, nor termites, and therefore eo much 
sought for jetties and other structures exposed to sea- 
water ; also for any underground work, and largely 
exported for railway sleepers. Vessels built of this 
timber have been enabled to do away with all copper- 
plating. It is very strong, of a close grain and a 
slightly oily and resinous nature. It works wei!, 
maltes a fino finish, and is by ship-builders here con- 
sidered superior to either Oak, Teak, or, indeed, any 
any other wood. The tree grows chiefly on iron- 
stone ranges. 

At Melbourne it is not quick of growth, if compared 
to our Blue Gum {Sue. globulus, Lab.), or to our 
Stringy-bark (S. obliqua, '1 Her.), but it is likely to 
grow with celerity in our ranges. 

Eucalyptus eosteata (Schleehtendal),* — The 
Red Gfum of Victoria, South Australia, and many river- 
flats in the interior of the Australian continent. Al- 
though a native tree of this colony, it has been intro- 
duced into this list on account of its wood being of 
extraordinary endurance under ground, and for this 
reason so highly valued for fence-posts, piles, and rail- 
way sleepers ; for the latter purpose it will last at 
least a dozen years, and if well-selected, much long- 
er. It is also extensively used by ship-builders, for 
main stem, stern-post, Inner post, deadwood, floor tim- 
bers, futtocks, transoms, knight-head, hawse-plecea, 
cant, stem, quarterand fashion timber, bottom-planks, 
breast-hooks, and riders, windlass, bow-rails, etc, etc. 
It should be steamed before it is worked for planking. 
Next to the Jarrah, from West Australia, this is the 

l-;..k;llv,G00g[c 



84 FOREST CULTURE AND 

best wood for resisting the attacks of sea-worms and 
white ants. For other details of the uses of this and 
other native trees, refer to the reports of the Victori- 
an Exhihitions of 1862 and 1867. The trees attain 
a height of fully one hundred feet. The supply for 
our local wants falls already short, and cannot he ob- 
tained from Tasmania, where the tree does not nat- 
urally exist. 

Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Cunn). — Iron - bark 
tree. It attains a height of one hundred feet, and 
supplies a valuable timber, possessing great strength 
and hardness. It is much prized for its durability 
by carpenters, ship -builders, etc. It is largely eua- 
ployed by wagon - builders, for wheels, poles, etc. ; 
by ship-builders for fop-sides, tree-nails, the rudder 
(stock), belaying-pins, and other purposes ; it is also 
used by turners, for rough work. This is considered 
the strongest wood in our colony. It Is much rec- 
ommended for railway-sleepers, and extensively used 
in underground mining work. 

[C%)ied from an additional list oiffered to the same 
society by the same author, and published by said so- 
ciety in 1874— pages 64, 66, 66, 67, and 68] ! 

Eucalyptus acmenoides (Schauer), — ^New South 
Wales and East Queensland. The wood used in 
the same way as that of E. obliqita, (the stringy-bark 
tree), but superior to it. It is heavy, strong, durable, 
of a light color, and has been found good for palings, 
flooring-boards, battens, rails, and many other purr 
poses of house carpentry. (Rev. Dr.' "Woolis.) 

Eucalyptus botryoides (Smith). — Prom East 
Gipps Land to South Queensland. One of the most 
gtately among an extensive number of species, ret 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEE3. 35 

markable for its dark green shady foliage. It delights 
on river banks. Stems attain a length of eighty feet 
withent a branch, and a diameter of eight feet. The 
timber usnaJly sound to the centre, adapted for water 
work, wagons, knees of boats, etc. Posts of it very 
lasting, as no decay was observed in fourteen years. 

Eucalyptus i3BACHYPODA.(Turezaninow). — Wide- 
ly dispersed over the most arid extra-tropical as well 
as tropical inland regions of Australia. One of the 
best trees for desert tracts ; in favorable places one 
hundred and fifty feet high. Wood brown, some- 
times very dark, hard, heavy, and elastic, prettily 
marked ; thus used for cabinet work, but more jarticu- 
larly for piles, bridges, and railway-sleepers. (Eev. 
Dr. Woolis.) 

Eucalyptus calophylla (B. Brown). — South- 
west Australia. More umbrageous than most Eu- 
calypts, and of comparatively rapid growth. The 
wood is free of resin when grown on alluvial land- 
but not so when produced on stony ranges. It ispre- 
ferred to that of E. marginata and E. cornuta for 
rafters, spokes, and fence-rails ; it is strong and light 
but not long lasting underground. The bark is valua- 
ble for tanning, as an admixture to Acacia bark. 

Eucalyptus cobnuta ( Labillardiere). — South- 
west Australia. A large tree, of rapid growth, pre- 
ferring a somewhat humid soil. The wood ig used for 
various artisans' work, and there preferred for the 
strongest shafts and frames of carts, and, other work 
requiring hardness, toughness, and elasticity. 

Eucalyptus crkbbA (P. v. Mueller),— The narrow- 
leaved iron-bark tree of New South Wales and Queens. 
Iftndi Wood reddish, bard, heavy, elastic, and dura. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



86 FOREST CULTURE AND 

ble ; much used in the construction of bridges ; also, 
of wagons, piles, fencing, etc. E. melanophloia (F. v. 
M.), the silver-leaved iron-bark tree, and E. l^toph: 
leba, E. tracfiyphloia and E. drepanphylla are closely 
allied species of similar value. They all exude as- 
tringent gum-resin in considerable quantity, resem- 
bling kino in appearance and property. 

Eucalyptus' DOEATOXYLON (P. v. Mueller). — The 
spear-wood of South-west Australia, where it occurs 
in sterile districts. The stem is slender and remark- 
ably straight, and the wood of such flrniness aiid elas- 
ticity that the nomadic natives wander long distances 
to obtain it as material for their spears. 

Eucalyptus EUGEsioioEa (Steber). — New South 
Wales, Regarded by the Rev. Dr. WooUs as a fully 
distinct species. Its splendid wood, there, often call- 
ed Blue Gum-tree Wood, available for many purposes, 
and largely utilized for ship-building. 

EucAtYPTua GuNNii (J. Hooker). — Victoria, Tas- 
mania and New South Wales, at alpine and subalpine 
elevations. The other more hardy Eucalyptis com- 
prise E. coriacea, E. alpina, E. umigera, E. cocdf&ra, 
and E, vernicosa, which all reach heights covered 
with snow for several months in the year. 

Eucalyptus pamiculata (Smith) The White 

Iron-bark tree of New South Wales. All the trees 
of this serie-j are deserving of cultivation, as theii 
wood, though ilways excellent, is far fl'om alike, and 
that of each 'species preferred for special purposes ol 
the ajtibans 

Eucalyptus phcekicea, (F. v. Muller). — Carpen- 
taria and Arnheim's Land. Of the quality of the tim- 
ber hardly anything is known, but the brilliancy of 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 37 

its scarlet Sowers recommends this species to a place 
in any forest or garden plantation. For the same rea- 
son, also, E. miniaia, from North Australia, and JS, 
fidfoUa, from South-west Australia, should be brought 
extensively under cultivation, 

EucaijYptus pilulaeis (Smith). — The Black-butt 
tree of South Queensland, New South Wales, and 
Gipps Land. One of the best timber-yielding trees 
about Sydney ; of rather rapid growth (Rev. Dr. 
WoollS). It is much used for flooring-boards. 

Eucalyptus platyphylla (F. v. Mueller.) — 
Queensland. Regarded by the Bev. Julian Tenison 
Woods as one of the best of shade-trees, and seen to 
produce leaves sometimes one and one half feet long, 
and one foot wide. This tree is available for open, 
exposed localities, where trees from deep forest valleys 
would not thrive. 

EucALYPTUa ROBUSTA ( Smith ). — New South 
Wales. The timber in use for ship-building, wheel- 
wright's work, and many implements, such as mal- 
lets, etc. 

Eucalyptus bbsinifera (Smith). — The Bed 
Mahogany Eucafypt of South Queensland and New 
South Wales. A superior timber -tree, according to 
the Rev. Dr. Woolls, the wood being much prized 
for its strength and durability. 

Eucalyptus sidebophloia (Bentham). — The 
large-leaved or red Iron-hark tree of New South Wales 
and South Queensland. According to the Rev. Dr. 
Woolls, this furnishes one of the strongest and most 
durable timbers of New South Wales; with great 
advantage used for railway sleepers, and for many 
building purposes. It is harder even than the wood 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



88 FOBEST OULTUBB, 

of E. sideroxylon, but thus also worked with more diffi- 
culty. 

Eucalyptus tereticobns (Smith). — From East 
Queensland to Glpps Land. Closely allied to U. ros- 
traia and seemingly not inferior to it in value. 

Eucalyptus tesselaris (F. v. Mueller). — N. 
Australia and Queensland. Furnishes a brown, 
rather elastic wood, not very hard, available for 
many kinds of artisan's work, and particularly sought 
for staves and flooring. The tree exudes much 
astringent gum resin (P. O'Shanesy). Many other 
EucaJypts could have been mentioned as desirable for 
wood culture, but it would have extended this enu- 
meration beyond the limits assigned to it Moreover, 
the quality of many kinds is not yet sufficiently as- 
certained, or not yet fully appreciated even by the 
artisans and woodmen. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



PLANT CATALOGUE, 

ANDEBSON, HALL & CO., SYDNEY. 

N. a. WALES HARDWOOD TIMBEB-TEKES. 

In many respects, no timbers in the world can com- 
pare with those of Australia. For all parposes requir- 
ing great strength, combined with great durability, 
they are unapproached. Those of New South Wales 
have, aaarule, a reputation in those respects superior 
to those of similar species in the other Australian colo- 
nies. This superiority has been noticed more par- 
ticularly in tougher and closer - packed ti^uea. So 
much is this the ease that, for some particular pur- 
poses, such timber as Iron-bark and Blue Gum havo 
to be obtained from New South Wales for use in 
Victoria, although both species are common there. 
Among other peculiarly valuable properties possessed 
by our timbers, for such purposes as bridges, jetties, 
or any other buildings where strong timber may be 
used, not the least is the valuable quality of difficult 
ignition and lack of inflammability. 

Of late years these woods, and the forests which 
produce them, have attracted a great deal of attention 
in Europe, not only for the qualities of the timber, 
but for other properties, which are being from time 
to time discovered by science, and promising extraor' 
dinary riches In both medicine and the arts> 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



40 FOREST CULTURE AND 

As a fuel, both for domestic and industrial purposes, 
the wood, natural and carbonized, of some species, is 
superior to most others, and, for steam purposes, some, 
as Iron-barli and Box, are only inferior to coal. 

Possessing so many valuahie qualities, combined 
with the fact that these trees are found growing, in 
NewSouthWales, in houndiess forests, Tinder extremes 
of climate, both as to heat and cold — ranging from 
one hundred and thirty to twenty-flve degrees Fah. 
renheit— it may be inferred that forests of them will 
some day be planted in many other parts of the world. 

The following list comprises the principal species : 

1. White Gum {Eucalyptus hcemastcmia). — Yields 
gum resin largely, is not remarkable for ite timber, 
but is a good domestic fuel. Height, fifty to one hun- 
dred feet. 

2. EivEB White Gum {E. radiata). — A fair-last- 
ing timber for rough fencing; difficult to burn ; a bad 
fuel. One hundred feet. 

8. Blue Gum, Common Pabbamatta {E. rostrata, 
B.) — Used in sliip-building for knees, beams, and some 
kinds of planking. A very durable wood j will last 
well as posts in the ground ; inferior fuel. One hun- 
dred and twenty feet. 

4. Flooded Blue Gum {E. eugenoides). — The best 
timber for ship-building (planking in particular) ; very 
durable. One of the best timbers for many purposes ; 
inferior fuel. One hundred and eighty fee't. 

5. Gbey Gum or Red Gum (E. terelicornis) A 

very strong, durable, hard wood, almost equal to Iron- 
bark for some purposes ; lasts in the grpund j inferior 
fuel. One hundred and flft^ feet, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCAT.YP'rU8 TREES. 41 

6. Drooping Gum [S. mligna). — A medmra tim- 
ber ; inferior fuei. One hundred feet, 

7. Blue Gum like the Flooded Gum {E. goni- 
calyx). Used in ship-building ; is the best wood for 
felloes in wheels ; very durable ; inferior fuel. One 
hundred and fifty feet. 

8. Spotted Gum (fi maculata). — Avery strong, 
light, and elastic timber, very durable as girders or 
beams ; the best wood for staves, and useful for aawn 
timber in household carpentry ; flrst-elass fuel for 
domestic use. One hundred and twenty feet. 

9. Dark or Broad-leaved Ikon-bark {E. side- 
rophloia). — The most valuable wood .for piles, girders, 
railway -sleepers, and for every purpose in which 
strength and durabilify are required ; even shingles 
of one fourth inch thickness have been known to last 
sound on roofs for forty years. This species and the 
two following are the strongest of all Australian tim- 
bers, and are used for a greater number of purposes — 
spokes, shafts, poles, frames, by wheelwrights ; the 
best telegraph-posts, fencing of all kinds, and none 
are equal to it for cogs in mill-work. It is superior 
to most as fuel for steam-engines, as it throws off 
more heat, etc., etc. One hundred and iifty feet. 

10. Common Iron-babk (J7. paniculala). — For most 
purposes equal to the last species; is less inJocked and 
is more easily split into shingles or palings; it is as last- 
ing and as good fuel as other Iron-barks; the wood is 
not so dark in color. One hundred and twenty feet 

11. Small-leaved or She Iron-babk (E. micro- 
phyUa) (?). — The wood of this species is used for fenc- 
ing and many purposes the same as the other Iron- 
barks. But the wood being of a nature much more 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



42 jroR] 

easy to work, it may be used in carpentry in many 
ways, to which tlie hardness of the other sorts offers 
an obstacle; flrst-class fuel. One hundred and twenty 
feet. 

12. Stbingy-bark {E. obliqua) The beat wood 

for flooring-boards, rafters, and sawn stuff generally ; 
it is of very thick growth, inferior fuel, but produces 
the best charcoal for the forge. One hundred and 
twenty feet. 

13. Bi.ACK-BUTT(K piMaris) Wood like Stringy. 

bark, and used for similar purposes. Small spars of 
"this species are used for shipping. It is almost the 
only Eucalyptus that is used for this purpose ; inferior 
fuel. One hundred and fifty to two hundred feet 

14. Yellow Black-butt (^. obtusifiora). — Timber 
like the preceding, but softer and more easily work- 
ed, and of a yellow tint. It is a remarkably quick 
grower. One hundred and iifty feet, 

15. Common Box [E. hemiphloia). — Ahard but use- 
ful timber, strong, tough, and durable, but will not 
last as posts or piles sunk in the ground. It Is, also, 
a flrst-class fuel both for domestic use and for steam 
or other industrial purposes. One hundred to one 
hundred and fifty feet, 

16. Messmate, or Almond - leaved Stkingy- 
BABK {E. amygdalina). — A flrs^class timber for floor- 
ing-boards, joists, and other house-carpentry. It Is 
like Stringy-bark, but the tree is an ace larger, and it 
is not so generally distributed. It is a bad wood for 
domestic fuel, but is a first-rate smiths' charcoal. 
One hundred and fifty to two hundred feet. 

17. Blaok IJox{jE^. bicolor).'^A. highly valued tim- 
ber - ia:ee ; it is equal to the best Iron ' bark for all the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 48 

purposes for which that wood is used, and is more 
easily wrought. It is sometimes called " Iron - bark 
Box." One hundred to one hundred and fifty feet. 

18. WooLLEYBUTT {E. fongifoUa). — An average- 
sized tree. Fair timber for fencing and building pur- 
poses ; it is a good fuel for domestic use ; very dura- 
ble, and is said to be less liable to the attack of the 
white ant than any other of the Eucalypti. One hun- 
dred to one hundred and twenty feet. 

19. Bloodwood (E. corymbosa). — A very large 
tree. Timber first-class for posts, piles, and such lilce; 
it is extremely durable in the ground. It is not a 
favorite as sawn timber, on account of its many gum 
veins ; not a good fuel. One hundred and fifty to 
two hundred feet. 

20. Swamp Mahogany (E. robusta). — A good last- 
ing timber for house - carpentry and many kinds of 
turnery. It is not durable in the ground, but for other 
purposes it is very durable, and is not a favorite with 
the white ant. It is not remarkable as a burning 
wood. Its specific gravity is great. One hundred 
and fifty feet 

Eucalyptus gi-osvi^ub' (Tasmania Blue Qum). — 
In the once despised Gum-tree [Eucalyptus) it has 
been discovered that qualities exist which place it 
transcend ently above any other plants, if not above 
all other plants, in hygienic importance. 

By its means large tracts of the very richest, land 
wili be made available in many parts of the world. 
In India, and other parts of Southern Asia, vast areas 
are left without culture or occupation, overrun with 
jungle and forest, and totally unfit for man's abode 
on aaeount of their malaria-producing character. Al' 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



44 FOREST CULTURE. 

ready has the malaria-destroying exhalations of £^u- 
calyptua globulus been practically proved beyond a 
doubt in Europe, Africa, and America. It is confi- 
dently stated that in the fiital Roman Pontine Marshes, 
and the no leas fatal swamps of Lombardy and other 
parts of Italy, the Eucalyptm globulus has rendered 
healthy, localities in which to sleep a single night 
was all but certain death. 

In America, the Gum-tree is being most extensive- 
ly planted, with the view of making uninhabitable 
districts healthy. In fact, so ample are the proofs of 
its efficacy that millions of malarious acres in all parts 
of the globe where the climate suits it will, within a 
very few years, be planted with "Blue Gum." 

EucaZyptus globulus has already become noted in all 
temperate climes as "The Fever-tree," and eertain 
it is that it truly deserves the name. Doubtless other 
species of Eucalyptus x>ossess the same beneficial prop- 
erty, but globulus is the only one which ha.s yet been 
so abundantly tested by practical trial. 

It is the easiest of the tribe to rear, and develops 
from the seedling into the tree with great rapidity. 
So great has become the demand iVom Europe and 
America for seed that the forests of Tasmania are 
threatened with annihilation. To give our friends 
some idea of the demand, we sold have nearly half a 
ton of seed during the past year. One pound weight 
should produce many thousands of plants ; this will 
give some estimate of the enormous number of trees 
that must now be planted all ov^r the world, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



FOREST CULTURE 
RELATIONS TO INDUSTRIAL PURSUITS : 

Baron Ferd. von Mueller, CM. G.,M.D,Ph,D„ F.R.S. 



Strange as it may appear, an impression seems to 
be prevailing in thesG communities that our forests 
liave to serve no other purposes but to provide wood 
for our immediate and present wants, be it fuel or 
timber. For even after the warning of climatic 
changes, and after the commencing scarcity of wood, 
no forest administration, at least none adequate or 
regularly organized, has been initiated in any portion 
of Australia ; and thus the forests, even in districts 
already very populous, remain almost unguarded, 
become extensively reduced, and in some localities 
are already annihilated ; indeed, the requirements of 
the current time alone are kept in view. Under such 
circumstances it cannot be surprising that neither an 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



46 FOREST CULTURE AND 

universal forest aupecvision, nor a Judicious restraint 
of consumption, nor an ample utilization of aU the 
various collateral resources of our woodlands, received 
that serious attention to which such measures became 
more and more entitled. 

During the earlier years of our colonization, while 
the population v&s but thinly scattered over the ter- 
ritory, or densely concentrated in a few places only, 
all demands on the wood resources were comparatively 
so limited as to cause, perhaps, nowhere vast destruc- 
tion of the timber vegetation, much less any alarm 
for meeting the requirements of the future. Then 
followed the first gold period, with all its bustle, tur- 
moils and agitations, preventing reflection on almost 
anything except the immediate wants of that stormy 
time. Subsequently, when the commotion and ex- 
citement of the earlier gold era had calmed down, 
other obstacles arose, which, in their conflicts, brought 
much sadness on this young country, and retarded 
for years its full progress. But now, when apparent- 
ly also these difiiculties have been surmounted, it will 
be all the more incumbent on our statesmen and legis- 
lators to exclude no longer from their consideration 
and watchfulness that remaining portion of a bequest 
which bountiful Nature, in its rich woods, has in- 
trusted to our care. The maintenance of these forest 
riches should engage not onlythe loftiest forethought, 
but also a well -guided and scrupulous vigilance. 

How forests beneficially affect a clime, how they 
supply equable humidity, how they afford extensive 
ehelter, create springs, and control the flow of rivers-- 
all this the teachings of science, the records of history, 
ftOcl mox^ forciblj- still, the eitiTerings or even ruin of 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TBEES, 47 

numerous and vast communities, have demonati-ated 
in sad experiences, not only in times long past, but 
even in very recent periods. In what manner the 
forests arrest passing miasmata, or set a limit to the 
spreading of rust-spores from ruined cornfields; in 
what manner their humid atmosphere and their feath- 
ered singers effectually obstruct the march of armies 
of locusts in the Orient, or hinder the progress of vast 
masses of acrydia in North America, or oppose the 
wanderings of other insects elsewhere — all this has 
been clearly witnessed in our own age. How the for- 
ests, as slow conductors of heat, lessen the tempera- 
ture of warm climes, or banish siroccos ; how forests, 
as ready conductors of electricity, much influence and 
attract the current of the vapors, or impede the elas- 
tic flow of the air, with its storms and its humidify, 
far above the actual height of the trees, and how they 
condense the moisture of the clouds by lowering the 
temperature of the atmosphere, has over and over 
again been ascertained by many a thoughtful observer. 
In what mode forests shelter the soil from solar heat, 
and produce coolness through radiation from the end- 
lessly-multiplied surfaces of their leaves, and through 
the process of exhalations ; how, in the spongy stra- 
tum of decaying vegetable remnants, they retain far 
more fiumidity than even cultivated soil ; how they 
with avidity re-absorb the surplus of moisture from 
the air, and refresh by a never- wanting dew all vege. 
tation within them and in their vicinity, has been 
explained, not only by natural philosophy, but also 
often by observations of the plainest kind. How for- 
est-trees, by the powerful penetration of their roots, 
decompose the rocks, and force Huceasingly from deep 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



strata the mineral elements of vegetable nutrition to 
the surface ; how they create and maintain the sources 
for the gentle flow of watercourses for motive power, 
aqueducts, irrigation, water - traiBc and navigation ; 
how they mitigate or prevent malarious influences — 
of all this we become cognizant by daily experiences 
almost everywhere around us. We have to look, 
therefore, far beyond a mere temporary wood supply, 
when we wish to estimate the blessings of forest vege- 
tation rightly ; and our mind has to grasp the com- 
plex causes and sequences originating with and de- 
pending on the forests, before their value as a total 
can be understood. 

" Here, In tha sultriest season, let ne teat ; 



Let US then take timely warning .; let us remember 
thatdenudedearthparte with its warmth by radiation, 
and is intensely heated by insulation ; that thus in 
woodless countries the extremes of climate are brought 
about in rendering the Winter-cold far more intense 
and boisterous, and the Summer-heat far more burning 
and oppressive. Let us remember why the absence 
or destruction of forests involves periodic iloods and 
droughts, with all the great disasters inseparable 
therefrom. Let us bear in mind that even in our 
praised Australia many a pastoral tenant saw his herds 
and flocks perish, and even the very kangaroos off his 
run ; how he looked hopefully for months and months 
at every promising cloud which drew up on the hori- 
zon, only to dissolve rainless in the dry desert air ; 
whereas, when the squatter's ruin was completed. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Eucalyptus trees, 49 

the last pasture parched, and the la-st waterpool dried 
up, great atmospheric changes would send the rain- 
clouds over the thirsty land with all the vehemence 
of precipitation, and would convert dry creeks into 
foaming torrents, or inundate with furious floods the 
very pastures over which the carcasses of the famished 
cattle and sheep were strewn about ! Picture to your- 
selves the ruined occupant of the soil, hardiy able 
to escape with his bare life from the sudden scenes of 
these tragic disasters I Fortunately, as yet such ex- 
treme events may not have happened commonly- ; yet 
they did occur, and pronounced their lesson,? impress- 
ively. Let it be well considered that it is not alone 
the injudicious overstocking of many a pasture, or 
the want of water - storage, but frequently the very 
want of rain itself for years in extensive woodless 
districts, which renders occupation of many of our 
inland tracts so precarious. Let it also not be forgot- 
ten how, without a due proportion of woodland, no 
country can be great and prosperous ! Remember 
how whole mountain districts of Southern Europe be- 
came, with the fall of the forests, utterly depopulated; 
how the gushes of wide currents washed away all ara- 
ble soil, while the bordering flat land became buried 
in debris ; how its rivers became filled with sediment, 
while the population of the lowland were at the same 
time involved in poverty and ruin 1 Let us recollect 
that in many places the remaining alpine inhabitant 
had to toil with his very fuel for many mQes up to the 
omce wooded hills, where barrenness and bleakness 
would perhaps no longer allow a tree to vegetate I It 
should be borne in mind that the productiveness of 
cereal fields is often increased at the rate of fully fifty 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



50 FOREST CCLTUBE AND 

per cent, merely by establishing plantations of shelter- 
trees ; that the progress of drift-sand is checked by 
tree-plantations ; and that a belt of timber not only 
affords protection against storms, but also converts 
sandy wastes finally into arable meadows, thus adding 
almost unobserved, yet unceasingly, so far to the re- 
sources of a country. 

Shall we follow, then, the example of those improyi. 
dent populations who, by clearing of forests, dtmin- 
ished most unduly the annual &1.II of rain, or pre- 
vented its retention ; who caused a dearth of timber 
and fuel, by which not solely the operations of their 
artisans became already hindered or even paralyzed, 
but through which even many a flourishing country 
tract was already converted almost into a desert 
Should we not rather commence to convert any desert 
tract into a smiling country, by thinking early and 
unselfishly of the requirements of those who are to 
follow us ? Why not rather imitate the example set 
by an Egyptian sovereign, who alone caused, during 
the earlier part of this century, 20,000,000 of trees 
to be planted in formerly rainless parts of his domin- 
ions. 

Dr. II. Bogers, of Mauritius, issued, this year, a re- 
port "on the effects of the cutting-down of forests on 
the climate and health of Mauritius." Still, in 1854, 
the island was resorted to by invalids from India as 
the "pearl" of the Indian Ocean, it being then one 
mass of verdure. When the forests were cleared, 
to gain space for sugar cultivation, the rainfall dimin- 
ished even there ; the rivers dwindled down to mud- 
dy streams ; the water became stagnant in cracks, 
revices, and natural hollows, while the equable tem- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 61 

perature of the island entirely changed ; even drought 
was experienced in the midst of the ocean, and thun- 
der-showers were rarely any longer witnessed. The 
lagoons, marshes, and awanaps along the seaboard 
were no longer filled with water, but gave off nox- 
ious gases; while the river- waters became impure 
from various refuse. After a violent inundation, in 
February, 1866, followed by a period of complete dry- 
ness, fever, of a low type, set in, against which the 
remedies employed in ordinary febrile cases proved 
utterly valueless. From the waterless sides of the 
lagoons, pestilential malaria arose, exposed to which 
the laborers fell on the field, and, in some instances, 
died within a few hours afterward. But scarcity of 
good food among the destitute classes, and inadequate 
sewage arrangement, predisposed also to the dread- 
ful effect of the fever, at the time. As stated by my- 
self, on a former public occasion, marshes should 
either l>e fully drained or the means of continuing 
them submerged should not be withdrawn. Dr. 
Rogers very properly insists that the plateaux and 
highlands of Mauritius must be replanted, alone 
on sanitary reasons. The small island of Malta re- 
quires, at this moment, to make .strenuous effort for 
wood culture, to render tillage further possible and 
the clime more tolerable. The once forest-covered 
hills, which bordered the rich garden country of Mur- 
eia, in Moorish times, are now masses of arid rocks ; 
While Spain, nowadays, is even helpless to obtain its 
very fuel, and thus all its technologic industries must 
languish. No wonder, then, if our here much-disre- 
garded Eucalypts are called there the trees of the 
future. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



cuj^iube and 

But 1 havG, on this occasion, dwelt already long 
enough on the stern necessity of securing a due rela- 
tion of forest to territory, of woods to climate, of tim- 
ber to industi-ies. These great questions have been 
discussed, by able men, through time long passed, in 
aU countries of civilization. The details, moreover, 
of such discussions demand a special and fuller teach- 
ing, for which, perhaps, opportunities may yet arise 
in this hall. But ta those who wish early to devote 
fuller attention to vital considerations of this kind, I 
would recommend the perusal of the admirable work 
of George P. Marsh (Man and JVature; or Fhysical 
Geography, as Tnodified by Human Action. London: 
1864). That auttior studied the scattered and largely 
foreign literature pertaining to this subject with sin- 
gular care, observed very many original facts, and 
argued on them with great ability. A smaller, still 
more recent publication [IKsastrous X^ects 0/ the De- 
strueiion of JJ'orest Trees in Wisconsin, by Lapham, 
Knapp, and Crocker, published in 1867) is also de- 
serving full attention, inasmuch as it brings before us 
the difficulties and losses which the destruction of the 
forests has already caused in one of the younger of the 
American States ; while, again, Indian experiences 
in regard to forests may be traced in the valuable vol- 
ume issued by Dr. Cleghorn {Forests of the Punjab and 
Western Simalaya ! RoorKee, 1864). Some observa- 
tions of my own, applying to countries like North Af- 
rica, have been recorded two years ago in the Suile- 
tin de la Socieie d' Agriculture d' Alger, 

One of the main objects, however, of my address 
this evening, is to show in wliat manner a well-or- 
ganized and yet inexpensive system of forest admin- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEES. 53 

istration might elieck the indiscriminate destruction 
of the woods, without, perhaps, lessening the rate of 
the present yield ; in wliat manner numerous latent 
Induati-ial resources of our ranges might be speedily 
and successfully developed, and a higher revenue thus 
be raised by the state ; in what manner this increased 
income could be best employed, to maintain or enrich 
the forests, or to raise woods where naturally none 
existed ; and by what new, means prosperous occupa- 
tion might be afforded to many a happy family in the 
still and salubrious sylvan recesses of this country. 

And here I would at once remark, that for any ad- 
ministrative organization to watch over our forest 
interests we must follow an independent path of our 
own in this young country, because the systems of 
forest management adopted with so much advantage 
in Gfermauy, France, and Scandinavia are hero appli- 
cable only to a very limited extent. This must be at 
once apparent to any one who will reflect on the dis- 
parity which exists between our clime, our native 
tree vegetation, our present ratio of population and 
value of labor, as compared with similar conditions of 
the older and far more densely inhabited countries of 
middle and northern Europe, not to speak of the very 
much wider scope which, for the selection of trees for 
our future use, the isothermal zone of Victoria allows. 
On the latter subject our Acclimatization Society has 
recently published the views which I entertain in ref- 
erence to the many various trees eligible for the geo- 
graphic latitudes of a colony like ours.* Next I pro- 
ceed to give, though very briefly, only an outline of 
the special system of administration, which I would 

♦ Appendix to tlia Annnttl Kaport o( the Ylot. AccUmat. Soc, 1870-11. 

H0El.dbvGoOglf 



54 FOREST CULTURE AND 

advise to be adopted in the first instance, as well for 
the supervision, enrichment, and utilization of our 
native forests as for creating also new ones. On vari- 
ous occasions I have alluded to such a plan of surveil- 
lance before. More recently, though only passingly, 
in a lecture delivered at this hall, I advocated the 
formation of local Forest Boards in the different dis- 
tricts of our colonial territory. Various considera- 
tions led me to recommend this system. The admin- 
istration, as an honorary one, would involve no direct 
expenditure to the State. It would bring to bear in 
each locality special watchfulness and local talent. 
In each district could readily be found a few inhabit- 
ants who not only possess some knowledge of tree- 
culture in general, but who, also, by their direct in- 
terest in the present and future welfare of the locality 
in which they live, in which they gained experiences, 
in which they hold property, and in which they rear- 
ed a family, would be induced, as much for the sake 
of direct and lasting advantages as from patriotic 
motives, to devote the needful time for serving on a 
local Forest Board. But there are still other weiglity 
advantages, which claim support for this proposition. 
Various tracts of the Victorian territory are — as might 
be imagined — very unlike in climate and geologic 
stmcturo. Each locality shows peeulJat adaptabilities 
for special trees to be selected. One district can afford, 
by the possession of more extensive primeval forests, 
to be far more heavily taxed in its timber resources 
than another; one tractof country can produce remu- 
jierativeiy certain trees, which it would be hopeless 
to attempt raising in another locality. Some exten- 
sive areas have no forests at all, and in others they 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Eucalyptus trees. 55 

have all but succumbed already. Hence each Forest 
Board can best frame its own by-laws or local regula- 
tions, subject to the approval of ininistorial authority ; 
ea«h can best judge of its own particular requirements, 
not only for the present generation, but also of such 
as will be urgent at a time when the children and . 
grand-children of the earlier colonists wilt have to 
form their judgment on the wisdom or shortcomings 
of their ancestors here at a time when the want of 
foresight may fall most crushingly on the vitality or 
progress of many an industry or even the whole pros- 
perity of the colony, or when, otherwise, the early 
operations of thoughtful local residents will prove to 
posterity an incalculable benefit. It will then become 
apparent whether the present colonists have done 
their duty to their descendants, and havebeen faith- 
ful to the future interests of their adopted country ; 
or whether they sunk all their ideas and efforts in 
temporary gain, regardless of all consequences. Each 
forest district, thus guarded by local administrators, 
will be able to produce a far larger income than now 
is raised from any of our wood areas ; while the re- 
moval of timber will be brought within more reason- 
able bounds, and the wants of the future no longer be 
disregarded. Means of disposal of the wood, differ- 
ent to the regulations now in force, would be adopted, 
to save, in places much denuded already of wood, the 
rest of the timber from complete destruction. Thus, 
for instance, trees might be sold by numbers at cer- 
tain sizes, with saving of the youthful trees ; or the 
wood might be removed by the square mile, with a 
view of replanting. The reckless ringing of trees 
(merely to obtain a little more grass) and stripping of 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



66 FOEEaT CULTUBE AND 

bark -would be brought withio stringent laws, and 
many other losses be obviated. 

A gentleman at Hiilesley counts, as late as this 
very month, five splendid trees on an acre, cut down 
by the splitters, while only about one tenth of the 
wood is used; nine tenths being left to be swept away, 
sooner or later, by bush-fires. This improvidence goes 
on within a few hours' drive from Melbourne. The 
stately sea -coast Banksias (Banksia integrifolia), so 
rare near Melbourne, and hardly occurring further 
westward, have been nearly exterminated witliin this 
month, as near to us as Brighton. On all this, local 
forest surveillance can form far the best opinion. 
Bach Board should have its cultivator, who, simul- 
taneously, could perform the duties of forest-ranger. 
A few unprovided oiphan bojs might be occupied in 
the simple nurserj or planting work for the forests. 
Tlie officer intrusted h ith forest duties on behalf of 
the Government might aid, by frequent visits to each 
forest district, the various Boards with much advice. 
The expenditure for such an organization In each 
instance would be most moderate, would be product- 
ive already of early remunerative gain, and cause 
large and immediate savings. No statesman, I feel 
assured, would wish to impoverish our woods at the 
expense of the next generation, just as little as any 
legislator would hesitate to re-vote annually, for each 
forest administration, atleast a portion of the revenue 
raised from the woods under its control. A sound 
economy of the State will not expect from a forest in 
populous localities any more than to devote its means 
for self-support. One of the first duties devolving on 
any forest department would undoubtedly be to cause 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 57 

in each district some fertile, slieltered valleys, readily 
accessible to good lines of traffic, to be selected, where, 
from springs or rivulets, water eoiild be obtained for 
Inexpensive irrigation, in order to reserve such spots 
for forest nurseries before they are all alienated from 
the Crown. The transit of the millions of seedlings 
needed for forest plantations, from remote spots, would 
not only be one of enormous and unnecessary expend- 
iture, but, in the many instances of evergreen, and 
even some deciduous trees, it would be next to impos- 
sible to convey living plants for long distances. The . 
union of Forest Boards to Road Boards or Shire Coun- 
cils! regard inadvisable, because their scope of action 
is so diiiferent. . The predilections of a member of a 
municipality will often be in building operations and 
kindred objects, while for culture processes he may 
have neither inclination nor experience. It is never 
wise to burden too heavy responsibilities on a few 
honorary administrators, whose leisure in this youth- 
ful country, where so much work is yet under the 
first or early process of creating, is almost sure to be 
but limited. 

But there are Instances in which — as, indeed, a 
thoughtful legislator has suggested — the Mining 
Boards might exercise, In their vicinity, supervision 
also, over the woods. On many professional ques- 
tions, such as the renovation of forests, the best util- 
ization of their products, the increase of their riches, 
I would, myself, very gladly aiford advice, and thus 
maintain a consulting position to the Forest Boards ; 
for, need I add, it has ever been my aim to serve, as 
far as it was within my means, the best interests of 
my fellow-colonists-; and while official responsibility 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



58 FOREST CULTURE AKD 

rests on me in this direction, I would wish to meet it 
ia such a way that those who will live after us shall 
never be able to tax me with blindness to any impor- 
tant interest of our colony, so inr as sueh were Intrust- 
ed to my charge. But, then, the views of a profes- 
sional officer should be received with that considera- 
tion, and be seconded with that support, to which 
they have fair claim. 

I pass the subject of the incalculable valuaof the 
native woods, such as we still possess in our own for- 
ests, whether viewed in their relation to arts or as 
mercantile export commodities. It is a matter far 
too large to dwell on, even cursorily, on this occasion. 
Were I to enumerate all the uses already practically 
known of our native trees, I would have to compile 
a goodly volume, even were I silent on the still far 
ampler subject of the introduction of the thousands 
of different foreign trees which I should like to see 
here for the use of future artisans and those who are 
to benefit by their services. A work bearing on the 
nature of the forest - trees of India, by Dr. Balfour, 
was kindly placed in my hands by Col. Sankey, whoso 
stay among us we at present (22d June, 1871} enjoy 
for advice on our water-works. Major Beddome, of 
Madras, issues a kindred illustrated work. 

I may, however, be allowed to point to the enor- 
mous consumption of indigenous wood in some locali- 
ties, as this expenditure is utterly out of all proportion 
to the existing supply or its present natural renova- 
tion. This question presents itself all the more grave- 
ly, as no rich coat - seams are as yet discovered, by 
which the fuel-supply could be augmented from short 
distances, at a moderate price. We have also to be 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 59 

cognizant that we cannot think oE coal-flelds as inex- 
haustible, even in the richest coal countries ; and, 
although it is to be hoped that the day is very distant 
when the cheap results of colliery work will be marred 
by the much - increasing depth of the coal mines, 
or their partial exhaustion, yet we cannot altogether 
discard the idea that, m fer as coals are concerned, 
we are working on a capital, however large it may 
be, without over adding to it. In Victoria, we can 
neither augment the supply of burning material by 
peat, such as is so extensively utilized for fuel in the 
countries of the North, except we bring a very similar 
and equally useful peat from the distant and rug- 
ged heights of our Alpine mountains. 

Although science has promised us prophetically 
other sources for applied heat — and I may add, motive 
power — in gases not yet within our technie reach 
or of universal application, we have, nevertheless, to 
deal with the stern realities of the day until new sci- 
entific achievements in this direction shall have been 
accomplished. At best, and looking ever so hopefully 
forward to the successes of the future, we cannot sub- 
stitute in an endless array of purposes air or coal for 
the ever- wan ted living wood, even if all that concerns 
climate and health could be left out of our contempla- 
tion. As an instance, then, of our present consump- 
tion, or almost immediate requirements of wood, I 
would like to quote one or two examples. 

The able Engineer - in - chief of the Railway De- 
partment — T. Higinbotham, Esq. —has obligingly 
supplied me with the following data in reference to 
the timber at present consumed for the Government 
railway lines. This gentleman explains also what will 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



60 FOREST CULTUBJi AND 

most likely be needed withiD the next few years for 
this purpose. 

"The number of sleepers which are used annually 
on the existing lines of railway, to replace decayed 
sleepers, Is about forty thousand ; and there can he no 
doubt that renewals at this rate at least must be con- . 
tinued for many years to come. Each sleeper con- 
tains three and one eighth cubic feet of timber, and 
for renewals Red Gum timber is used exclusively, the 
principal supplies being obtained from the Murray 
Biver. 

"The length of fencing, which is renewed annually 
on the existing lines, may be taken at eighteen miles, 
and the quantity of timber in a mile of fencing is about 
three thousand cubic feet ; the timber used in renew- 
ing fencing is Messmate, Peppermint, and Stringy- 
bark, and the durability of these timbers when used 
for fencing may be taken at ten years, 

"There are at present nearly one hundred and 
twenty miles of new railway in course of construction, 
and sixty miles more will be undertaken before the 
close of this year. The new line of railway, the 
North-eastern, will be one hundred and eighty-one 
miles long, and for each mile two thousand sleepers 
are required, which at three and one eighth cubic feet 
per sleeper gives six thousand two hundred and fifty 
cubic feet per mile ; or, for the whole length of one 
hundred and eighty-one miles, one million one hundred, 
and thirty-one thousand two hundred and fifty cubic 
feet will be required for sleepers. The timber to be 
used in these sleepers will be Ked Gum, Iron-bark, or 
Box. I have no actual experience of the durability 
a timbers when used for sleepers ; but I believe 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



that it will be quite safe to reckon on their lasting for 
eighteen years. The ordinary Gums, when used for 
sloepers, will not last more than half that time. 

" The quantity of timber required for fencing the 
North-eastern railway will be one million eighty-six 
thousand cubic feet The fence-posts will be of Bed 
Gum, Iron-bark, Blue Gum, or Box, and tiie rails of 
Stringy-bark. I think that a fence of these materials 
will last for eighteen years. As to projected railways, 
it seems to be probable that on the average from thir- 
ty to forty miles wiU be mado for the next ten years, 
in addition to the North-eastern railway alreaiSy in 



I am further told, by a gentleman conversant with 
our railway affairs, that the engines on the present 
Government line use about three thousand tons of 
wood a year, while about eight hundred tons more 
are consumed on the stations. The Government line 
requires one huudred and fifty thousand Blackwood 
keys annually. Oa inquiry, I have also learned that 
the breakwater at Williamslowu will take four hun- 
dred piles, equal to eighteen thousand cubic feet, and 
for the superstructure of the piers ten thousand cubic 
feet more. The Melbourne Gas-works required, in 
1870, not less thau forty thousand superficial feet of 
Ked Gum timber. The quantity of Red Gum wood 
required for these and other purposes cannot be in- 
creased by supplies from Tasmania, as the tree does 
not exist there. Again : the true Blue Gum-tree 
does not naturally occur beyond Victoria and Tasma- 
nia. If complete wood statistics could be collected, 
both of our daily requirements in town, on land, and 
pn sea, and statistics also a3 to what really sound and 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



straight timber is still available, some serious realities 
would be brought before us. 

At BalJarat, Creswiek, Beechwortb, Yackandandah, 
Sandhurst, Heathcote, Maryborough, Avoca, Castle- 
maine, Fryer's Creek, and Ararat, some of the tim- 
ber for tiiG mines haa to be brought already from dis- 
tances as remote as ton to sixteen miles, according to 
returns of the Mining Surveyor, kindly furnished by 
Mr. B. Brough Smyth. At Pleasant Creek the min- 
ers have to go every year a mile further for their 
wood. 

I quote the following important statement from Mr. 
JR. B. Smyth's Mineral Statistics of Victoria for 1 870 : 

Table slwtning approximaiehi the Qiiaiilily and God of Timber 
conmimed annualiyfor Mining Purposes in Hie several Mining 
Districts, Jrom, I'etums made by the Miiwng Surveyors and 



BALU.iT 


a'"dK'!!f 


..,1,M( 


.858 poB 
SOUlODB 

ao pea. 

373tona 
Oil pea. 

190 Ions 

lis. 

60 lona. 

is, 

56poa. 


}- 
I" 

!•* 

}- 
u 

! ., 

j 


oat i 7 




I Siwntiml>«r 


..!l,7'i 




BEECnWOHTH... 


Ll"£^:s^^?i^f "^■■:: '^ 


m n 4 








Sabdhubet 


Props SDd c&p-piacee 
L«bs sua slaba 


■'. m 










MABTDOnOUGlI. 


PropB snd cap-pieeea. 


.. 198 


647 4 3 




Sawn timber 


.. ise 




OiSTtKaAINE... 


PropB ana cip.piaees 144 


5»1 14 






" *b" 




Akapat 


Propa Mid cap-pieces. 


B4 11 














GiPPfl Labd.... J 


Slandffi'^"''"*' 18 


OS i a 










reol 










I Cost 


£Ui, 


IS6 U 1 



I; COO^^IC 



a TEEBS. 63 

As a further evidence of the imperative necessity 
of flndiiig wood by a mode different to tlie present 
means of obtaining it I translate and condense a por- 
tion of a letter from an accomplished mining engi- 
neer at Clunes {Wolfgang Mueller, Esq.), a spot which 
once boasted of forest scenery ; The fuel required 
for the steam - engines alone at the mines of Clunes 
amounts, at the present rate of working, to not less 
than one million three hundred and eight thousand 
cubic feet annually. The nearest forest is ten miles dis- 
tant ; the price per cord ( of one hundred and twenty- 
eight cubic feet) is 2 7s. The cost of transit of the above 
engine-fuel amounts alone to, approximately, £10,000 
pro anno ; the whole expenditure being about £15,000. 
The round wood, for subterranean use in the mines of 
Clunes, now annually comes to one hundred and sixty 
thousand running feet, at a value of ^2,400 ; and this 
round wood cannot now be obtained nearer than from 
twenty to twenty -five miles. The sawn and split 
timber for the Clunes mines has to be carried quite 
as far, adding about £700 to the wood expenses for 
these mines, the to.tal being probably not less than 
^0,000 annually ! No allowance is, however, made 
in these calculations for the domestic fuel of the min- 
ers. The price of wood is trebled already by cart- 
age at that spot. 

No natural local upgrowth, even if not destroyed by 
fire or traffic, I am confident can come up to this rate 
of consumption ; and it is evident that annually the 
price for wood at these mining woiks must increase ; 
for many mine this may become a question alto- 
gether as to the possibility of its further remunera- 
tive working. The mining operations, moreover, are 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



64 FOREST CULTURE AND 

generally at a yearly increase, through new gold dis- 
coveries ip the district spoken of, and elsewhere. 
Although, on the Clunes mines, the price of wood has 
not materially risen during the last six years, it must 
be borne In mind that remuneration of labor has sunk, 
indicating, in reality, a considerable increase in the 
price of the fuel. New railway lines may, certainly, 
bring wood, for a time, at moderate prices, to the mi- 
ners ; but this measure copes not with the real diffi- 
culty of the wood question, but only defers it, as such 
sources of supply will also become exhausted, while 
carriage, from an indefinite distance, will hecomo a 
financial impossibility. The present price of coal, at 
Clunes, is fiir too high to allow it to be substituted for 
wood. Now let us pass on to still other considerations 
bearing on this question. It so happens that the de- 
crease of timber in our colonies is hastened by other 
agencies than those of sacrifice for utilitarian supply. 
Irrespective of the ordinary causes by which, in many 
countries, the virgin forests became devastated, there 
are, additionally, others which operate in our colony 
to augment the extensive destruction of woods. The 
miner ignites the underwood, withaview ofuncover- 
ing any quartz-reefs or tracing mineral riches of otlier 
kinds. Although hedesires only to force thus his way 
through a limited space of scrub, or uncover, for inspec- 
tion, a small extent of ground, he really sets, some- 
times, tlie whole forest on fire, unchaining the furies of 
the fiery element, which, in its ruinous and rapid prog- 
ress, consumes ianuraerable stately trees, requiring the 
growth of one or even several centuries to attain their 
spacious dimensions. The burning trees, a prey of the 
flames, carrj- with thein many others in their fail ; 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 65 

others become partially scorched, and linger gradu- 
ally to decay ; others become at least so lar impaired 
as to offer no longer a sound or superior timber. Very 
aged Eucalyptus - trees are almost always suffering 
already from natural decay in the central portions of 
the stem. It is far from me to wish to impede the 
operations and progress of the miners, to whose Intel- 
ligence and hard-working activity this country owes 
so much ; bHt the advantages of gold-mining in our 
ranges may sometimes be too dearly bought at the 
expense of very extensive forest- destruction, with all 
tiie evils concomitant to it, or sure to follow it. Many 
other causes — such as the carelessness of travelers — 
set also frequently portions of the forest on fire, while 
the control over the devastation is lost. 

The answer to remoastrances amounts usually to 
sin opinion that more wood is springing up again than 
lias been destroyed ; but let us ask, how long will it 
be until the suckers, saplings, or seedlings, which, 
undoubtedly, in many instances, occupy the burned 
ground, forming perhaps impenetrable thickets, until 
they will really have advanced to the size of timber- 
trees, fit for the saw - mill ? In other localities, less 
deasely wooded, where the trees were so dispersed 
as to give to the natural scenery, before it was dis- 
turbed, a park -like appearance, in such localities, 
which impressed on many of the original Australian 
landscapes so much peculiarity, the growth of bushy 
plants becomes, as arule, by occupation of the ground, 
quickly destroyed ; the shelter and shade, which kept 
the mostly rather horizontal roots of the Eucalyptus 
trees cool and moist, become largely withdrawn ; the 
pendent leaves and las or distant ramifications of the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



66 POBEST COt/TURB AND 

tree itself giving but partial shade. The soil, more- 
over, remains no longer porous and jiermeable to 
moisture — it gets hardened, bare and consolidated by 
traffic and heat ; the necessary moisture is wanting 
to keep the bark pliable, and to maintain the circula- 
tion of the sap active or normal ; bark and wood are ■ 
getting fissured and partly lifelesss ; and now places 
of seclusion, as well as a wood fit for their ready at- 
tack, are given to numerous kinds ofiioleopterousand 
other inaecfa, which, by boring the ligneous tissue, are 
sure to complete the destruction of the trees. Pict- 
ures of absolute misery of this kind may be noticed 
around our city in all directions. I have succeeded 
in saving many a venerable tree on the ground under 
my control, and in arresting the incipient decay by 
merely surrounding the base of the stem with earth 
turfed over, serving as seats ; or by removing the end- 
Jess quantity of mistletoe, which sucks the life -sap 
out of the branches, the invader perishing with its 
victim, there being no longer a multitude of native 
birds in populous localities to devour the mistie-tierries. 
In many low localities, again, the ground, indurat- 
ed by traffic, collects a superabundance of moisture, 
which becomes stagnant, and detrimental to the trees 
of such spots. Various other peculiar causes tend to 
the decay of our trees : t« allude to all is beyond our 
present object 

How to provide, therefore, in time, the wood 
necessary for our mines, railways, buildings, fences, 
and as well as for the ordinary domestic and other 
purposes, becomes a question which from year to year 
presses with increased urgency on our attention, the 
consideration of which we have already far too long 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



EUCALYPTUS TBEE3. 67 

deferred. It may certainly be argued that in the 
eastern pijrtion and some of the southern parts of the 
Victorian territory abundance of forests still exist — 
enough to supply all wants for many years to come. 
This is perfectly true in the abstract ; but how does 
this argument apply, when we weJI know that such 
timber occurs in secluded places, mostly on high and 
broken ranges, without roads. And even if the latter 
were constructed — which certainly will be required 
gradually — at what price can .such timber be conveyed 
to the required distance ? Suppose, however, that 
all these difficulties had been overcome, whence are 
we to obtain the deals of northern Pines, the boards 
of the Bed Cedar, and the almost endless kinds of 
other woods which future artisans will require ? For, 
assuredly, neither Europe nor North America can 
sustain the heavy call on their indigenous and even 
planted forests for an indefinite period to come. Trop- 
ical woods might for a time be brought from the jun- 
gles of three continents, but certainly not at a small 
cost. Besides, tropical trees, as a rule, are not gre- 
garious; we cannot judge beforehand, in every in- 
stance, of their durability and other qualities ; we 
cannot recognize their extraordinary variety of sorts 
specifically from mere inspection of the logs, and we 
should find ourselves soon surrounded by endless dif- 
ficulties and perplexities were we to depend on such 
resources alone. Would it not be far wiser timely to 
create independent resources of our own, for which 
we have really such great facility ? "With equal ear- 
nestness another aspect of the timber question, as con- 
cerning our national economy, forces itself on our 
reflection. The inhabitable space of the globe is not 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



68 FOB] 

likely to increase, except through forces which would 
initiate a new organic creation, or, at all eve.nts, bring 
the present phase in the world's history to a cIosb ; 
but while the area of land does not increase, mankind, 
in spite of deadly plagues, of the horrors of warfiire, 
and of unaccountable oppressions and miseries, which 
more extended education and the highest standard 
of morals can only reduce or subdue — mankind, in 
spite of all this, increases numerically so rapidly that 
before long more space must be gained for its very 
existence. Where can we look for the needful space ? 
Is it in the tropic zones, with their humid heat and 
depressing action on our energies ? Or is it in the 
frigid zone, which sustains but a limited number of 
forms of organism ? Or is it rather in the temperate 
and particularly our warm temperate zone, that we 
have to offer the means of subsistence to our fellow- 
men, closely located as they in future must be ? But 
this formation of dense and at the same time also 
thriving settlemonttn, how is it to be carried out, 
unless, indeed, we place not merely our soil at the 
disposal of our coming brethren, but offer with this 
soil also the indispensable requisite of a vigorous 
industrial life, among which requisites the easy and 
inexpensive access to a sufftciency of wood stands 
well-nigh foremost 

I may be met with the reply that the singular 
rapidity of the growth of Australian trees is such as 
to bring within the scope of each generation all that 
is required, as lar as wood is concerned ; and as a 
corollary it would follow that each generation should 
take advantage of the facility thus brought locally 
within its reach. I can assure this audience that 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEJS. 69 

enlightened nations abroad do far more than this, and 
would not rest satisfied with the greater facilities here 
enjoyed ; they provide, with keen forethought and 
high appreciation of their duty for their followers, that 
beforehand which cannot be called forth at any time 
at will. If we examine this part of the question 
more closely, we shall find much to think about — 
much to act upon. Not even all our Eucalypta are of 
rapid gi'owth ; they, further, belong to a tribe of trees 
with a hard kind of wood, which, though so valuable 
for a multitude of purposes, cannot supply all that 
the needs of life daily demand from us for our indus- 
trial work. 

The quick - growing Eucalypts, among which the 
Blue Gum-tree of this colony and Tasmania stands 
pre-eminent, aro comparatively few in number, nor 
are these few all of gigantic size. They are, more- 
over, restricted in their natural occurrence to limited 
tracts of country, from which they must be estab. 
lished by the hand of man In other soil for the neces- 
sities of other communities — for the gratitude of other 
populations. Then, again, tlie Pines of foreign lands, 
often impressing a splendor on their landscapes, must 
be brought to our shores— to our Alps — with an inten- 
tion of utilizing every square mile of ground, how- 
ever unpromising in its sterility ; for, after all, that 
square mile represents a portion, albeit so small, of 
the land-surfaeo of the globe. Look at the picture 
on this wall ; see how the Norway Spruce (which 
gives us 90 much of our deals and tar) insinuates its 
massive roots through the fissures of disintegrating 
rocks, or, failing to penetrate the stony structure, 
sends its trailing roots over the surface and down the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



70 POREHT CULT^IEE AND 

sides of the barest rocks until they have found a 
genial soil, however scanty, on the edge of a preci- 
pice. Nature^ever active and laborious, ever wise 
and beneficent — allows the tree thus to live, thus to 
convert the solid bowlders finally into soil, and all the 
time adds unceasingly to the treasures of the domin- 
ions of man. But just as time, with its measured 
terms in fleet course, passes irresistably onward and 
irrevocably away, so also have we to await the ap- 
proaching time, which all our wishes cannot accel- 
erate in its unalterable c 



laaidwejudgeortlDH 



We have, therefore, to await with patience these 
measured terras before the child in its youthful impet- 
uosity can reach the age of its highest hopes and sup- 
posed glory — but, alas I leaving often a far happier 
phase behind ; or before a tree, from its youthlYil 
grace, can have advanced to sturdy strength or lofty 
height, to fulfill also its destiny and offer us its gifts. 
We cannot call fortli age at pleasure ; at best there is 
involved a lapse of years before a timber-tree can 
yield a plank, a beam, or even as much as a solid 
post. 

I have endeavored to arrive at some idea of the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES, 71 

real ago of the larger trees, which are sinkiag daily 
under our axes, often aacrifleed unnecessarily. On 
this occasion, as an apt one, I may, then, explain 
that a period of a quarter or even half a century must 
elapse before a solid plank, hardened by age, can be 
obtained from even a rapid- growing Eucalyptus- tree. 
It is estimated to require twenty to twenty-flve years 
before even a sleeper of Blue Gum-wood can be obtain- 
ed from a tree planted in ordinary soil ; and that 
double the time will elapse before a sown tree of the 
still more durable Eed Gum Eucalyptus will furnish 
sleepers, such as hitherto have been in use for our 
railway works. But a supply of fiiel from these trees 
may be obtained much earlier. Mr. Adam Anderson, 
a timber merchant of this city, concurs in this esti- 
mate. 

Yet for forest operations we enjoy here advantages 
of two-fold kind, for which in middle Europe we are 
justly envied. We can disseminate quickly- growing 
Eucalyptus-trees in the most arid districts ; we can 
add to them, as a first shelter, many of the native 
Casuarinas and Acacias, and thus gain cover for less 
hardy trees of other countries. On the other hand, 
we find in the moist and rich valleys of our ranges a 
vast extent of space, where, under the mild influence 
of the clime, sub-tropic trees could be reared million- 
fold ; where, for instance, whole forests of the Red 
Cedar might be originated. Besides, we do not stand 
at any disadvantage if we want to raise a belt of sea- 
coast Pines all along the shores, or if we wish to rear 
the Norway Spruce, or Silver Fir, or Larch, or Wey- 
mouth Fir, or the Uouglas Pine, or any of tho PitKih- 
pines of North America; because we can call forth, if 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



72 POREST CULTUKE AND 

we like, whole forests of them on sub-alpine heights, 
never yet thua utilized. 

Suppose we reckon that one hundred forest -trees 
would be required to be planted on an acre, allowing 
for periodic thinning out ; and assuming that for cli- 
matic and hygienic considerations, as well as for the 
maintenance of wood supply, we should require finally 
one fourth of our Victorian territory kept as a forest- 
area, we would expect to possess one billion five hun- 
dred and sixty-eight million trees, and to provide for 
their timely restoration In proportion to their removal 
or natural loss. 

Most of us are lulled into security by seeing that 
we receive, as yet, our foreign woods in the course of 
ordinary traffic, and we are not easily inclined to think 
that the supply may cease suddenly, or be obtainable 
only at an exorbitant expense. Even in the United 
States of America there are places where the price of 
fuel and timber has already risen fourfold. We are 
told that recently, in the States of Wisconsin and 
Michigan alone, during one single year, two million 
of Pine-ti'ees were cut for lumber ; and it is estimated 
that at the present rate of destruction no timber-trees 
will be left in those States after fifty years, while it 
will take a century to replace them, if even this be 
possible. Quel)ec exported, in 1860, not less than sev- 
enty million cubic feet of squared or sawn timber, 
equal to about a million tons of wood — a large share 
yielded by the Weymouth Pine (Pinus strobus) — not 
taking into account the current local consumption. 
This tree, yielding the white American Pine-wood, 
requires fully sixty years of growth before it can be 
sawn into timber of any good size. During the first 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES, 73 

two years of the recent civil war in Horth America, 
twenty -eight thousand Walnut- trees were felled to 
supply one single European factory with the material 
for gun-stocks, demanded for this fratricidal war. Is 
it not right to reflect timely on the vast extensions of 
railroads, manufactures, mines, ship -building, dwell- 
ings, and so forth, and then to ask. Where is the 
wood -supply to come from ? The requirements in 
this direction must necessarily rise with the increase 
of the population and the augmented refinements of 
civilization, yet the area of supply we see constantly 
decreasing. The loss on wheat crops during four of 
the more recent years in the State of Michigan alone, 
for want of shelter against cutting winds, was esti- 
mated at £5,000,000, and this is regarded as the mere 
sequen&e of the removal of the forests, and not trace- 
able to exhaustive culture. Cereal crops and vines 
were destroyed iu many parts of South Europe, also^ 
through the complete want of shelter. 

■ • Mora Ijlesk to tiew ths bills at lengtli recede, 



The Commissioner of the Land Office of th«( Unit- 
ed States (Report for 1868) considers the Live Oak 
(Quercus virens) — 'one of the best for ship-building — 
nearly exterminated for all practical purposes, at least 
as far as native forests are concerned j while the Wal- 
nut timber of North America, so much prized for cabi- 
net-work, has well-nigh shared the same fate. The 
transit of Walnut - wood from Missouri to New York 
renders it already nearly as expensive as Mahogany, 
whereas the latter has become likewise in West India 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



74 

and Central America an article of great scarcity, and, 
therefore, tliis important tree siiould be copiously 
planted in the forests of tropical Australia. In the 
earlier part of this century the supply of Saul timber 
of Lower India (Shorea robuata) was thought inex- 
haustible ; but now, already, this heavy and durable 
wood is hardly any longer procurable for ship-buildr 
jng and engineering work, for which it is so retuch 
sought. The axes of the woodmen will also soon make 
such an inroad into the comparatively limited Yarrah 
forests of West Australia that also this timber, which 
for salt-watfir works is almost incomparable, will cease 
to be available long before a new and sufficient supply 
can be raised by regular culture. 

The Land Commissioner of the United States fur- 
ther reports, in 1868, that the frequent excessive 
droughts, and the occasional destructive inundations 
experienced a quarter of a century ago in Iowa, Kan- 
sas, and Nebraska, have much diminished since the 
regular settlement brought tree plantations and other 
cultures into the extensive treeless prairies. Iowa 
planted, in 1867, about seventy - six square miles of 
forest, and one thousand eight hundred and eighty 
four miles length of hedges. On the other band, it is 
estimated already, in 1864, by Mr. P. T, Thomas, of 
New York, that the whole regions east of the Missis- 
sippi would be stripped of all really useful timber with- 
in twenty or thirty years ; while even for fuel groat 
inroads are constantly made into the American for- 
ests, coal not being everywhere accessible in the St^ltes. 
The Hon. T. M. Edmonds [Beport of t/ie Department 
qf Agriculture of U. S. for 1868) foresees the exhaus- 
tion of the timber i-eeources of the UniteS States in 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEES, 75 

half a century, under exiating circumstances, whereas 
by that time the demand will be quadrupled. Mr. 
Simmonds calculates the importation of wood into 
France during 1865 at 154,000,000 francs, or about 
£6,000,000, the ratio of import being at an increase, 
notwithstanding that the forest area of that empire 
was reduced, within a century, to one half — namely, 
from one third, in the latter part of the last century — 
to hardly more than one sixth now. But if the popu- 
lation of Middle Europe consumed proportionately as 
much native wood as the inhabitants of the United 
States, then, in less than half a century, no forest 
whatever would be left in Europe. These conclu- 
sions are borne out by the U. 8. Commissioner of 
Lands, the Hon. Jos. S. Wilson. In the States east 
of the Mississippi, six billion eubie feet of wood were 
consumed for timber and fuel in 1800, at a time when 
no war laid hand on the forests. Hence, one million 
of acres of forest-land must be cleared, in the Eastern 
States of the Union, to And the wood for a years' local 
requirements. Theshipmentof lumber, inoneof the 
latter years, from Chicago, was one billion four hun- 
dred million cubic feet, besides two hundred and sev- 
teen million laths, and nine hundred and twenty- eight 
million shingles. In 1866, the products of the Cali- 
fornia lumber trade were one hundred and ninety 
milliftn of cubic feet, and thirty-eight million shingles ; 
in 1867, about two hundred million cubic feet. Que- 
bec exports about one million of cubic feet since along 
period, annually, irrespectivo of home consumption. 
In the Paciiic States exists only a supply adequate to 
the prospective wants of their people. The States 
west of the Mississippi import already timber that 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



76 F0EE8T CULTURE AND 

formerly existed in their own native forests. Liite- 
wise so in Nortli America an enormous lot of trees is 
destroyed by girdiing and subseciuent burning, for 
clearing agricultural lands or pastoral runs. Tiius, in 
the earlier part of the next century, every natural for- 
est east of the Mississippi will have disappeared, if, 
with an increasing population, the same rate of con- 
sumption isgoingon. FortheStates westof thegreat 
river, jn which forest-land is much less extensive, the 
prospects are still more alarming. Hence, Australia 
cannot indifferently look forward for soft-wood from 
these places. 

To givesome idea how long a time will elapse before 
actual timber, not merely firewood, is obtained from 
planted trees, I subjoin a brief list of the more com- 
mon Middle European forest trees, together with notes 
of theirage when eligible for various timber purposes : 

Beech 60-110 years. 

Hornbeam 70-100 " 

Oak 70-12U " 

Alder 30-80 " 

Biroh 40-70 " 

Silver Fir 60-150 " 

Norway Spruce 60-150 " 

Scotch Fir 30-60 " 

Larch.... , 30-80 "* 

That, however, in our Winterless zone, such of 
these trees as will endure a. warmer clime would 
advance with more quickness to maturity must be 

" It ahonld be remembered tbat roost of out fOrest rwigSB Bra uatursll j 

JnouQtalD districts, ivblle oar secoDd Canitrie ie h deBcrt s^ecieB. Without 
oouiforons trees of ouc own we BhaU Bnallj eipetience difficult)' of oblain- 
Idh tlie required aupplj of deals, pitch, turpentine, and pine-resm. Donbt- 
less, loc many wooa.Btructurea bow Iron 1b substituted, but even a ehip or 

ie dependent on fuel. In tie ahsence of coal, the use of iron, Involviug 
bera an eipendUUce for heavy freight, mUBt neosBSMilj he limited. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUdALYfDUfl TREES, 77 

readily manifest. The accurate Custoraa returns for 
the last year show an importation of foreign woods to 
the value of £223, 769 ; there was scarcely any export. 
This very month the imported building-:wood sent to 
Sandhurst alone has coat £58,000. Some countries 
have not been altogether unmindful of the conserva- 
tion of their forests. Germany, already much devas- 
tated at the time of the Romans, received Its first for- 
est laws as far back as the reign of Charlemagne — 
indeed, with the commencement of agriculture and 
the settling of the nomadic hunter on flsed habita- 
tions. The forests thus discontinued to be common 
property, and in the fourteenth century commenced 
already a forest economy. Full legislation, regular 
management and actual cultivation of trees on an 
extensive scale, date back one hundred and fifty 
years. Venice formed its forest laws already in the 
fifteenth century. Although the desire for ample 
hunting- territory gave a great impulse to the restric- 
tions plaeed on the encroachment of the Middle Eu- 
ropean forests, this at the same time saved them to 
the country. 

Within the operations of wood culture may also be 
included that of subduing drift-sand, and solidifying 
the latter finally by plantations. For this purpose can 
be chosen the Haleppo Pine, Cluster pine, Scotch Fir, 
or our own less arboreous so-called seashore Tea-trees 
(Melaleuca parviflora and Leptospermum Isevigatura), 
further the drooping She-oak (Casuariuaquadrival vis), 
the coast Honeysuckle (Banksia integrifolia), and also 
(lur desert cypress, or so-called Murray Pine, As not 
only in close vicinity to our fine city one wilderness 
of shifting sand exists, but as also in other places of 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



78 POBEBT CUJLTUEE AND 

our shores the sand is invadirg villages, towns, and, 
perhaps, harbors, and as, moreover, many a desert 
spot inland may be reclaimed, I would remark that, 
to aiTest the waves of the sand, some wickerwork or 
cover of brush is needed on the storm side. Large 
seaweeds help to form such eovoring. Sods of Me- 
sembryanthemum, to which the uniroetic name of 
"Plgfaces" is here given, and which abounds on our 
coast, should copiously be scattered over tho sand- 
ridges ; wild cabhage, celery, sea-kale, samphire. New 
Zealand spinach (Tetragonia), chamomile, and various 
clovers and bloom plants should be sown, and creep- 
ing sand-grass (Festuca litoralis, Trlticum junceum, 
Buffalo-grass, Agrostis stolonifera), etc., should be 
planted, particulary, also, sand-sedges and sand-rush- 
ea, among the best of which are Carex arenaria, and 
here the Sword Bush ( Lepidosperma gladiatum ). 
Psoralea pinnata and Rhus typhinum, Prunus mari- 
tima (the Canadian sea-coast plum), Ailanthus gland- 
ulosa, proved also valuable in this respect. As eligi- 
ble, I may add, also, the native couch-grass (Cynodon 
Dactylon), the South African Ehrharta gigantea, the 
European Psamma arenaria, Elymus arenarius ( or 
Lyme), even the Live-oak (Quercus virens) ; as also 
another American Oak (Quercus obtusiloba;), and the 
Turkey Oak (Quercus cerria), and, perhaps, Poj 
some Willows, and, among firs, the Pinus insignis, 
Pinua edulis, P rigida and P. Australia. The com- 
mon Brake Fe n 1 elps t!oo much to conquer the sand. 
The New Zeahnd flta. covers coast - sand naturally, 
within tlie ve y expof e of the spray.* It is need- 



I nboat tiPBnty-tbree o) 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEK8. ^9 

less to remark that exclusion of traffle from the sand 
is imperative, as also security against ingress of goats 
anci domestic animals of any kind, otherwise the ef- 
fort is hopeless. Fencing of the area and stringent 
municipal laws will make, however, any operations 
of this kind, even without great expense, a success, ■ 
as, in consequences of my advice, has been shown 
at Queenscliff. Wood - culture on drift - sand carries 
with it also the recommendation of providing the 
needful belt of shelter which each coast should pos- 
sess. There are a few other Pines — for instance, Pi- 
nus Taeda, the Loblolly Pine of North America, and 
several other treeswhich grow fast in sand, whenever 
it is no longer moving ; they endure the sea-storms, 
gradually consolidate the soil, and render it, in course 
of time, arable. In South Africa, some Protese and 
Leucospermums, the Virgilia, also Myrica, grow in 
coast-sand. All these planting operations must be 
performed very early, and in the cool season. The 
grasses and herbs must precede the pines and other 
trees. Technic industries will gain from these pines 
in due time. 

I now beg to offer some brief data in reference to 
the present consumption of wood in Victoria- 
After the perusal of various official returns, I am 
inclined t« assume that twenty tons would be a fair 
average of the quantity of fuel consumed in each 
household. This would amount to rather more than 
three millions of tons of wood aa the present annual 
requirement of domestic fuel in this colony. In the 
city and suburbs the consumption is considerably less 
than in the farming district", on account of the use of 
coal. In reference to the return of mining -wood, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



80 Forest cultuke and 

quoted on this occasion, a large allowance must yet 
be made for the enormous mass of wood from the felled 
trees, which ia left unutilized in the ranges, the dis- 
tance, in many cases, being too great to convey the 
off-fall of the timber for the purpose of fuel. The fol- 
lowing data convey some information on the annual 
consumption of wood in various districts : 

Ararat (imder license) 13,146 

" (without " ) 13,14S 

Blackwood Mining Division 12,000 

Euninyong 40,000 

Colao (for aaw-millB, 6,000 tons ; posts and rails, 6,000 

tons ; shinglBs, 2,000 tons ; fuel, 30,000 tons] 44,000 

Creswiok (sawn timber for Climes, 15,000 tons ; sawn 
timber for Amherst, 2,000 tons ; sawn timber for 
Creswiok, 2,500 tons ; fuel for Clunea, 30,000 

tons ; fuel for Creswiok, 20,000 tons) 69,500 

Castlamaine 37,500 

Caaterton 14,000 

Daylesford (mining timlwr, 20,000 tons ; fuel, 50,000 

tons) 70,000 

Dimkeld— sawn timber, 800,000 feet ; rails, 20,000 
pieces ; Red Gum posts, 10,000 pieces. 

Eltham 13,600 

Fryorstown 57,200 

Geelong 52,000 

Grant 4,600 

Macyboxougli 200,000 

Nuna wading (out under license) 10,000 

" ( " without " ) 190,000 

Sandhurst 300,000 

( Another informant gives the approximate quan- 
tity used solely for fuel at 160,000 tons.) 

St. Arnaud 6,500 

Talbot (Shire of) and Borough of Amherst — Domestic 
fuel for 2,887 houses, at 6 cords or 19 1-6 tons, 
65,430 tons ; mining timber, 18,368 tons ; mills, 
3,200 tons ; charcoal, 3,328 tons ; public institu- 
tions, 2,560 tons ; bakers, etc., 1,600 tons ; fenc- 
ing and building, 6,400 tons 90,886 



HoEl^ribvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 81 

laradale (two aeveaths for mining and five sevantha 

for fuel) 8,750 

Tarnafiulla 20, 000 to 30,000 

Tylden (for fuel, 3,890 tons ; saw-milla, 16,500 tons ; 

for aplitter'a use, 2,*76 tons) 21,466 

, vaiiera. County of (approximately) 150,000 

Wlittlesea — Aa much aa 1,800 trees are annually used 
for palicga, ahinglos, etc, 

Winchelsea 28,600 

Wood's Point 8,700 

Woodend (for firewood and split or squared timber cut 
under license, wholly exclusive of that used by 
saw-milla): 41,181 

On the modes of raising or renovating forests, not 
nauch can be said on this occasion. For natural up- 
growth, perfect clearing and fencing is reeommend- 
able. Sut>seqiiently, the removal of young, crooked 
trees and the surplus of saplings is needed. Seed- 
lings may be transferred from spots where they stand 
too densely, to more open or bare places. Suckers 
should be destroyed where the gain of good timber is 
an object. Periodic clearing of young trees is effect- 
ed according to the rate of growth of the particular 
species ; lopping of branches is advisable should they 
densely meet. For broadcast sowing, the ground 
should be completely cleared and burnt. By break- 
ing the ground a great acceleration of growth of the 
trees is attained, even to a tenfold degree. Planting 
in rows affords the best access for subsequent thinning 
and successive removal of the timber ; the Quincunx 
system will give approach in three directions. Pines 
are planted in Germany only about seven feet apart, as 
they require least room of ail trees ; hut fifteen feet 
is a fair distance at an age of forty years. The New 
Hampshire Pine stands only five or six feet . apart at 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



82 FOREST CULTURE AND 

an age of fifty years, and yet is not prevented by this 
crowded growth to be then one hundred feet high ; 
the stems are then very straight, eighteen inches in 
diameter at the base. If Pines and Oaks are promis- 
cuously planted, then the former, which act as nurse- 
trees, are moved in ten or twenty years, and the 
ground is left to the Oak, or any other deciduous 
tree, at distances at first ten or twelve feet apart, and 
subsequently wider still. No decayed wood is left 
in planted forests, as it would harbor boring insects. 
Pines are considered not to increase much in value 
after eighty years, when most of them have attain- 
ed full' maturity, and grow only afterward slowly. 
Sometimes as many as one thousand two hundred 
Pine-trees are set out on an acre, with a view of early 
utilization of a portion of the young trees. The rate 
of growth may be much accelerated in most trees 
by irrigation ; hence mountain streamlets should be 
diverted into horizontal ditflhes where forests are 
occupying hill-sides. The best-cultivated forests of 
Germany are worth from three to five times as much 
as native woods. 

For shelter plantations, intended to yield ultimate- 
ly also timber and fuel to farming populations, it is 
recommendable to adopt the American method, ac- 
cording to which belts of trees are regularly planted 
at about quarter-milo distance ; the belts, aeeording 
to circumstances, to be from four to ten rods wide, 
and to be formed in such direction as to front the pre- 
vailing winds. These timber-belts are usually fenc- 
ed. Such shelter -trees are likely to rise to thirty 
feet in ten years, and have proved so advantageous 
US to double the farm crop, while Judicious jnanage- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEBES. 83 

ment of these tree-belts will supply the wood neces- 
sary for the farm. There are one mtUion and four 
hundred thousand square miles of treeless plains in 
the United States, which, in due course of time, will 
necessarily be converted, to a great extent, into agri- 
cultural areas on account of the generally excellent 
soil. The Locust-tree Is much chosen for shelter pur- 
poses. Denuded wood-land, of poor soil, lef6 undis- 
turbed to natural renovation, has become, in some 
populous localities, five times as valuable as the ad- 
joining inferior tillage or pasture-land. For the great- 
est profit in fuel, the trees. In some parts of North 
America, are cut about every sixteen years. We 
here, commanding Eucaiypts, Acacias, and Casuari- 
nas, would gain wood - harvests still speedier. The 
increased value of less fertile lands, through sponta- 
neous upgrowth of timber, is estimated at sixteen 
hundredths of simple interest annually in woodless 
localities, no labor being expended on this method of 
wood - culture. Judicious management in thinning 
out enhances the value of such foreat land still more. 
Wet and undralned grounds can be made to yield a 
return in Elms, Willows, Cottonwood, Swamp Cy- 
presses, and other swamp trees, or stony declivities 
in Pines and Eucalypts, at a trifling cost. For details, 
the forest literature, which is in Germany particularly 
rich, should be studied. Capitalists would likely find 
it safer and more profitable to secure land for timber- 
growth than to invest in many another speculation. 
After the example set at Massaohusetts our agricul- 
tural societies might award premiums and medals for 
the best timber-plantations raised in their districts. 
We have societies for the protection of domestic ani- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



84 FOREST CULTtJEE AND 

mafe, native or, introduced birds, young fish, etc. ; 
why could not a strong and widely- spreading league 
be organized for the saving of the native forests ? 
Might not every child in a school plant a memorial 
tree, to be Intrusted to its care, to awaken thus an 
interest in objects of this kind at an early age ? 

Bevertlng to the importance of shelter, let me 
remark that fifty years ago the Poach flourished in 
North Pennsylvania, in Ohio and New York, where 
it cannot any longer now be grown, in consequence 
of the now colder and far more changeable climate, 
after the forests became extensively removed. Even 
ordinary orchards and cereal fields suffer there now. 
Yet, poor land will yield a better return in wood than 
in corn crops, and it is not too much to say that the 
favorable effect of a young forest on climate may be 
felt already, after a dozen years. Even on ordinary 
sheep-runs, trees are of the greatest importance, both 
for shelter and shade. 

Having endeavored to explain forest value as it pre- 
sents itself in its primary aspects— namely, in refer- 
ence to its importance to Nature's great economy, and 
in reference to its timber resources, as viewed in the 
abstract — I now proceed to enter on a new field of 
consideration, which, though secondary in impor- 
tance, is well deserving of our eahn attention ; and 
this all the more since this field of industrial enter- 
prise remained yet almost bare or unharvested, where- 
as any utilization of this new ground must have, to 
inquiring minds, nsore than ordinary charm. 

I therefore now proceed to explain some of the 
technologic features of woodlands. 

A leading industry in all forests is the production 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 85 

of charcoal. It may be made in mounda, caverns, or 
■ovens. The method most frequently adopted is that 
in mounds or meilers, and to this I may devote a few 
explanatory words, as not ^very one in this hall may 
be conversant with the process; for, simple e 
process does appear, it is, after all, not i 
without some skill, if coal of a superior quality is to 
he the result. The wood is closely paclsed around a 
central post in regular form, the pieces either all hor- 
izontally, or, oftener, the lower vertically. Only such 
wood should be used as is unfit for timber; it must, 
however, be of one kind only, or of such various sorts 
as require the same degree of heat for being converted 
into 1 peifect coal It must be sotind and almost air 
drj A loamy itaDd soil foim'^ the best b'ise for a 
mound , and this soil requires to be broken up, lev 
eled ind pressed, also dned bv branchlets being burnt 
on the ground The form of the mound or meiler is 
usuallj hemispheiicil, ind suppoit is gi\en to this 
mound in the manner mdicited m the sketch here 
pre'seiited, the outer support consisting of &hoit logs 
ot wood 

Tht inner part of the co\ er m formed of sods of 
eriss, bianthlets, rushes, and sirailir substances , o\ er 
this IS placed the outer poition of the co\er, consist- 
ing of moist forest - soil, particularly fresh humus. 
The united covering must permit the vapors of the 
glowing meiler to escape. Shelter against wind is 
absolutely requisite ; the operation of burning coal can 
therefore be well performed only in still air. The 
ignition commences from an opening left purposely, 
either at the base or, less frequently, at the summit 
of the structure, hut either opening is closed again 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



86 FOREST CULTURE AND 

during the burning process. Caution is needed to 
prevent the expansive vapors and gases causing ex- 
plosions during the glowing of the wood. To pro- 
mote combustion on places where it may have been 
suppressed, holes are forced through the covering on 
the second or third day, particularly on the lee side. 

A bursting forth of gases of a bloeish hue indicates 
active burning, and under such circumstances the 
access given to the air must be closed, while new per- 
forations are made in any yet inactive portion of the 
nieiler. 

Over-great activity of Are is suppressed by water 
applied to the covering, or by adding to the thiclaiess 
of the latter. Strong sinking of the cover during the 
earlier burning proves more or less complete combus- 
tion of the coal, and it may then become necessary to 
refill hurriedly the holes with wood or coal, undor- 
closure of all openings, and careful restoration of the 
cover thus temporarily remdved on one spot. This 
reiilljng in large meilers may be required for five days 
in succession ; but the more carefully the mound has 
been built, and the more watchfully the early glow- 
ing process has been conducted, the less necessity will 
arise for the troublesome and wasteful process of re- 
filling. A final additional covering becomes frequent- 
ly needful. The operation closes by the sinking of 
the cover, or by its being partially forced downward, 
and the ready coals are removable one day afterward. 
Partial withdrawals of coal can be effected from the 
lee side while the meiler is still active. 

The specific gravity of charcoal stands generally in 
aprecise proportion to the specific weight of the wood 
employed. Dryer wood realizes a heavier, moister 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEBB, 87 

wood a lighter eoal. Slow combustion also renders 
the coal heavier than a more rapid burning process, 
because in the latter case more carbon is consumed 
for various volatile products formed from the wood. 
As a rule, the quantity of coal obtained is about a 
quarter of the weight of wood employed. Good coal 
has a slight metallic lustre, is flrra, not friable, caus- 
ing a clear sound when thrown on the ground. It 
must burn without flame and smoke. For trade pur- 
poses coal must be kept dry, as its absorption of hu- 
midity is considerable.* The heating power of coal 
as compared to wood is ascertained to he as one hun- 
dred to flfty-flve or sixty. An equal volumen of wood 
produces less heating effect than the same space of 
coal. Por technic operations the equable and more 
lasting heat, and the great power of radiation, give 
to charcoal its special value. Igniting wood for char- 
coal in caverns is wasteful, through the great access 
of air. 

By the method of carbonizing wood in ovens, tar 
and other volatile products can be secured. The wood 
chosen for coal intended for gunpowder is chieHy 
that of "Willows, Poplars, Alder, and Lime. It must 
be healthy, and is preferred from young trees. Woods 
which contain a good deal of hygroscopic salta — such 
as that of Elms, Firs, Oaks — are not adapted for the 
purpose. Extreme degrees of heat in producing coal 
for gunpowder or blasting powder should be avoided, 
otherwise the best wood will not serve the purpose, 
because the powder would be less ready to ignite. 
The yield of this coal is sixteen to seventeen one 

Tor eiteaalvB dotalla oooeult tou Berg's AiUeitnag nan Fra-tow™ ,- sIeo, 
Muapr&tl'S ChemiitiJ- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



88 FOREST CULTUEE AND 

hundredths from the wood. Iiocal powder-mills are 
sure to be established here, especially as sulphur is 
readily obtainable from New Zealand. The increase 
of manufactures is also certain to augment the de- 
mand for wood and coal hereafter. For many indus- 
trial purposes charcoal Is far preferable to fossil coal. 
Coals from various kinds of Victorian wood are placed 
before you. 

It was my intention, while explaining the industrial 
resources of the forest, to show also how tar, vinegar 
and spirits might be obtained by heating wood in 
close vessels, at a temperature of three hundred to 
three hundred and fifty eentigr. , under a process call- 
ed dry distillation. But I must reserve this subject 
for another occasion ; for, however simple the proced- 
ure may be regarded, as for as the actual performance 
of this artisan's work is concerned, yet the chemic 
processes, which are active in this form of decomposi- 
tion, are of the greatest complexity ; they present, 
moreover, according to the wood employed and ac- 
cording to the degree of heat applied, some peculiar- 
ities, which as yet have not been fully investigated, 
liolding out hope for the discovery of some new dyes 
and other educts. It will be scarcely credited by most 
of this audience that the parafBn, which now large- 
ly enters into the material for the candles of our house- 
holds, is not only obtainable from bituminous slates, 
turf and fossil coal, but is also produced by the heat- 
ing of wood under exclusion of air. This substance 
is furthermore a hydrocarbon of great purity ; and its 
cheap preparation, along with other substances from 
our native wood, may possibly become a local source 
of immense wealth. For obtaining information on the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 89 

products from heated wood, and tlie various appa- 
ratus employed in dry distillation, reference may be 
made to the great work, Chemistry Applied to Arts 
and Manufactures, by Professor Muspratt, a man of 
genius and industry, whose death within the last few 
months we had so deeply to deplore. 

Presented to you here are samples of tar, acetic 
acid, and alcohol, from several of our more common 
woods ; also pieces of pine-wood, coated with euca- 
lyptus tar, the black color, with its fine lustre, have 
remained unimpaired for a series of years. Our wood- 
tar would, for many Industrial purposes, be equal in 
value to the best kinds of other tar, and may prove, 
in some respects, superior to them. 

Among the undeveloped wood-resources we must 
not pass that referring to potash, particularly as this 
alkali can be obtained without sacrifice of any valua- 
ble timber, and from localities not accessible to the 
wood trade. 

For the preparation of potash, the wood, bark, 
branches, and foliage are burnt in pits sunk three or 
four feet in the ground ; tlie incineration is continued 
till the pit isalmost filled with ashes. Young branch- 
es and leaves are usually much richer in potash than 
the stem-wood ; hence they should not be rejected. 
The ashes thus obtained are placed, in tubs or casks, 
on straw, over a false bottom. 

Cold, water, in moderate quantities, is poured over 
the ash, and the first strong potash -liquid removed 
for evaporation in flat iron vessels, while the weaker 
fluid is used for the lixiviation of fresh ashes. 

"While the evaporation proceeds, fresh portions of 
strong liquid are added until the concentrated boil- 
ing fluid assumes a rather thick consistence. 



;ii,vGoog[c 



90 FOREST CULTUBE AND 

At last, with mild heat and final constant stirring, 
the whole is evaporated to dryness. This dry maea 
represents crude potash more or less impure, accord- 
ing to the nature of the wood employed. 

A final heating in rough furnaces is needed, to ex- 
pel sulphur combinations, water, and empyreumatlc 
substances ; also, to decompose coloring principles. 
Thus pearlash is obtained. 

Pure carbonate of potassa in crude potash varies 
from forty to eighty per cent. Experiments, as far 
as they were instituted in my laboratoryj have given 
the following approximate result with respect to the 
contents of potash in some of our most common trees, 
The wood of our She-oaks (Casuarina suberosa and 
Casuarina quad rival vis), as well as that of the Black 
or Silver Wattle (Acacia decurrens), is somewhat rich- 
er than wood of the British Oak, but far richer than 
the ordinary Pine woods. 

The stems of the Victorian Blue Gum-tree (Euca- 
lyptus globulus), and the so-called swamp Tea- tree 
(Melaleuca ericifolia), yield about as much Potash as 
European Beech, 

The foliage of the Blue Gura-tree proved particu- 
larly rich in this alkali ; and as it Is heavy and easily 
collected at the saw-mills, it might be turned there to 
auxiliary profitable account, and, indeed, in many 
other spots of the ranges. 

A ton of the fresh leaves and branches yielded, in 
two analyses, four and three quarters pounds of _j>ure 
potash, equal to about double the quantity of the av- 
erage kinds of pearlash. The three species of Euca- 
lypts spontaneously occurring close around Melbourne 
—the Red Gum-tree (Eucalyptus rostrata) ; the Man- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 91 

na Gam-tree (Eucalyptus viminalis) ; the Box Gum- 
tree (Eucalyptus melliodora) produceii nearly three 
pounds of pure potash, or about five pounds of pearl- 
ash from a ton of fresh leaves and branches ; while a 
ton of the wood of the Eed Gum-tree, in a dried state, 
gave nearly two pounds weight of pure carbonate of 
potassa, whereas the wood of the Blue Gum-tree 
proved still richer. A ton of the dry wood of the 
erect She-oak {Casuarinasuberosa)furnished the large 
quantity of six and one half pounds of pure potash. 
This result is about equal to that obtainable fl-ora the 
European Lime-tree or Linden-tree, which again is 
one of the richest of all European trees in this respect. 

Such indications may suffice to draw more fully the 
attention of forest settlers to an important but as yet 
latent branch of industry. For further details I refer 
to elaborate tables of the yield of potash in native 
trees, as the result from analyses made under my 
direction by Mr, Chr. Hoffmann — these tabulated 
statements being appended to my departmental re- 
port, presented to Parliament in 1869. . The whole- 
sale price of the best pearlash is about £3 for the cwt. 
in Melbourne. 

I wish it distinctly to be understood that I do not 
advocate an indiscriminate sacrifice of our forest^trees 
for any solitary one of its products, such as the pot- 
ash ; because by any such procedure we would still 
more accelerate the reduction of our woods. On the 
contrary, good timber, fit for splitting or for the aaw- 
mill, ought to be la,r too precious for potash or tar 
preparation. But branch-wood, bark, roots, crooked 
stems, and even foliage, might well be utilized for 
this industry, wherever the place is too remote to dis- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



92 FOREST 

pose of tliia material for fuel. The recommendation 
carries with it still more weight, if we remember how 
on many places the close growth of suckers or seed- 
lings has to be thinned to allow of space for the new 
and unimpaired upgrowth of actual timber ; whereas, 
moreover, now the remnants at places where trees 
have been felled, often block by impenetrable barri- 
cades the accessible lines of traffic through the forests, 
and are frequently the cause of the extensive confla- 
grations of the woods, by placing so much combus- 
tible, dry, and mostly oily material within the easy 
reach of the current of flames. Should, unfortunately, 
the iiery element have anywhere swept through the 
forest, It may then prove advantageous to collect the 
fresh ashes before they are soaked by rain, with the 
object of extracting thus large quantities of potash. 
The whole process of potash preparation being one of 
the simplest kind, and involving only a very trifling 
expense in casks and boiling-pans, can be carried out 
anywhere as a by -work, the profit thus being not 
reduced by skilled or heavy labor or by costly plant. 
The demand for potash must always be considerable, 
as it is required for the factories of niter (particularly 
from soda saltpeter), one of the three principal in- 
gredients of gunpowder and blasting- powder ; it is 
needed also for glass, alum, various kinds of soaps, 
dyes, and many chemicals.* 

Potash, although universally distributed, is best 
obtained in the manner indicated. I may remark, 
however, though deviating from my subject, that it is 
one of the most potent constituents in all manures, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEBE8, 93 

being especially needed in the soil for all kinds of root- 
crops, for vine and maiae ; nor can moat other plants 
live without it altogether, although the quantity re- 
quired may be small ; but 1 must add, for manuring, 
potash by itself would be far too valuable. 

Almost every kind of forage affords potash salts, 
these being among the necessaries for the support of 
herbivorous animals. Their undue diminution in food 
is the cause of various diseases, both in the animal 
and vegetable world ; or predisposes, by abnormal 
chemie components of the organisms, to disease. 

The muscles of the human structure require a com- 
paratively large proportion of carbonate of potassa ; it 
is also absolutely required in blood, predominating in 
the red corpuscles. Plants grown in soil of rocks con- 
taining much feldspar — such as granite, gneiss, syen- 
ite, some porphyries, diorite— are always particularly 
productive in potash, potassium entering largely into 
felspatic compounds. The latter mineral yields, in 
most cases, from twelve to fourteen per cent> of po- 
tassa, which, if changed to carbonate, would become 
augmented by nearly one half more. It is fixed chiefly 
to silicic acid in feldspar, and thus only tardily set free 
through disintegration, partly by the chemie action 
of air, water, and various salts, partly through the 
mechanic force of vegetation,* The importation of 
potash into Victoria during 1870 was only one hun- 
dred and seventy tons, but, with the increase of 
chemie factories, we shall require much more. 

It has justly been argued that the chemie analysis 
affords a very unsafe guidance to the artisan, as re- 
gards the quantity of potash obtainable from any kind 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



94 FOBEST CULTURE AND 

of tree or other plant, inasmuch as necessarily the per- 
centage must fluctuate according to the nature of the 
soil, this, again, depending on geologic structure and 
the quality and quantity of decaying foliage on any 
pai-ticular spot. It should, however, not be quite for- 
gotten that most plants have a predilection for that 
soil which contains, in regions otherwise favorable to 
them, also due proportions of such mineral particles as 
are essentially necessary for the normal nutrition of 
the peculiar species ; for, otherwise, in the wild com- 
bat for space It would succumb or cede before the 
more legitimate occupant of such soil. Hence, at a 
glance, even from long distances, we may recognize 
In many of Our forest regions an almost abrupt line 
of demarcation between the gregarious trees, where 
one geologic formation meets or replaces the other. 
Thus, trees richer in potash, or oils, or any other 
product, may often be traced with ease over their 
geologic area, for which purpose the admirable maps 
of Mr. Selwyn and his collaborators aiTord us here in 
Victoria also in this respect already so very much 
ffe«ility. 

1 have often been led to think that many an Indi- 
gent person might find employment by collecting the 
wood-ashes/ which, as a powerful manure, or as ma- 
terial for a local potash-factory, ought to realize a fair 
price. Such an employment would be probably as 
lucrative as collecting glass, or bones, or substances 
lor paper-mills, while the ashes, now largely wasted, 
would be fully utilized. 

It may be assumed that, at an average, the ash of 
our ordinary Eucalypts contains ten per cent, of crude 
potash, equal to about Ave per cent, pure potash. A 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 95 

bucketful of wood-ash, such as we daily remove from 
our domestic flre-p!aces, contains about twenty-flve 
pounds, from which, accordingly, about two and one 
half pounds of inferior, or one and one fourth pounds 
of superior potash, may he obtained ; the former 
being worth about sixpence per pound, the latter 
double the price. For ascertaining the contents of 
carbonate of potassa in crude potash or pearlash, cer- 
tain instruments, well known as alliali - metei^, are 
constructed. The heaviest ashes, as a rule, contain 
the greatest proportion of potash. The brake-fern, so 
common on many river-banks and sandy tract-s of the 
country, is rich in this alkali. 

Apart from my su^ect, I may, liowever, say'that 
there are other sources of potash -salts than trees alone. 
Chloride of potassium is obtained from some large 
salt-beds, for instance, in Prussia. I'Vom this source it 
was supplied to British manufactories, in 1869, to the 
extent of one hundred and fifty-four thousand four 
hundred and sixty-ciglit hundred weight, valued at 
above £60,000. This chloride is besides obtained, under 
Mens. Balard's process (Report of Juries at the Inter- 
national Exhibition for 1862), in considerable quanti- 
ties from sea-water, as one of the contents to be util- 
ized. From this chloride the various potash salts, 
otherwise largely obtained from pearlash, can be also 
prepared. Chlorides and sulphates, if they occur in 
crude potash, can, in the process of purification, almost 
completely be removed through crystallization from 
the greatly concentrated solution. 

Let us now approach another forest industry, one 
quite unique and peculiar to Australia — namely, the 
distillation of volatile oil from Eucalyptus and allied 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



CULTURE AND 

Myrtaceous trees, "While charcoal, tar, wood- vinegar, 
wood-spirit, tannic substances and potash, are obtain- 
able and obtained from the woods of a.ny country, we 
have in Australia a resource of our own in the Euca- 
lyptus oil. In no other part of the globe do we find 
the Myrtacese to prevail ; in Europe it is only the 
Myrtus of the ancients, the beautiful bush for bridal 
wreaths, which there represents this particular family 
of plants; and although copious species of Eugenia 
and other berry - hearing genera, including the aro- 
matic clove and allspice, are scattered through the 
warmer regions of Asia, Africa, and America, all per- 
vaded by essential oil, they do not constitute the 
main bulk of any forests as here, nor can their oil in 
chemie or technic properties be compared to that of 
the almost exclusively Australian Eucalyptus. This 
special industry of ours exemplifies also, in a. manner 
quite remariiable, how from apparently insignificant 
experiments may arise results far beyond original an- 
ticipations. When, in 1854, as one of the commis- 
sioners for the Victorian Industrial Exhibition, held 
in anticipation of the first Paris Exhibition, I induced 
my friend, Mr. Joseph Bosisto, J. P., to distil the oil 
of one of our Eucalypts, I merely wished to show that 
this particular oil might be substituted for the com- 
paratively costly oil of cajuput, obtained in some 
parts of India, and rather extensively used in some 
countries for medical purposes. Per the exhibition 
of 1862 about thirty different oils were prepared by 
the same gentleman, chiefly from various Eucalypts, 
and from material mostly selected by myself for the 
purpose. This led not merely to determining the 
percentage of yield, but also to extensive experi- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 9? 

inents, here chiefly by Messrs, Eosisto and Osborne, 
and in London by Dr. Gladstone, in reference to the 
illuminating power, the solvent properties, and other 
special qualities of each of these oils. The principal 
results of these esperimente were recorded in reports 
of the exhibition jurors at the time. Mr. Bosisto, 
with great sagacity and a coromendaUe perseverance, 
but also at first with much sacrifice of capital, carried 
his researches so far as to give to them great utilita^ 
rian value and mercantile dimensions ; moreover, he 
patented a process by which he was enabled to derive 
from the eucalyptus foliage the greatest amount of 
the purest essential oil with the least consumption of 
fuel and application of labor. Under this process it 
became possible to produce the oil at a price so cheap 
as to allow the article to be used in various branches 
of art — for instance, in the manufacture of scented 
soap, it having been ascertained that this oil sur- 
passed any other in value for diluting the oils of roses, 
of orange flowers, and other very costly oils, for 
which purposes it proved far more valuable than the 
oil of rosemary and other ethereal oils hitherto used. 
Suddenly, then, such a demand arose that our 
thoughtful and enterprising fellow-citizen could ex- 
port already about nine thousand pounds to England 
and three thousand pounds to foreign ports, though 
even now this oil is as yet but very imperfectly known 
abroad. The average quantity now produced at hia 
establishment, for export, is seven hundred pounds 
per month. Alcoholic extracts of the febrifugal foli- 
age of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus amygda- 
lina have also been exported in quantity by the same 
gentleman to England, Germany, and America. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Similar substances from various melaleucas might be 
added. Originally, an opinion was entertained that 
all the eucalyptus oils have great resemblance to each 
other ; such, however, proved not to be the case when 
it came to accurate experimental tests. Thus, for 
instance, the oil which in such rich percentage is 
obtained from Eucalyptus amygdalina, though excel- 
lent for diluting the most delicate essential oils, is of 
fer less value as a solvent for resins in the fabrication 
of select varnishes. For this latter purpose the oil 
of one of the dwarf Eucalypts forming the Mallee 
Scrub, a species to which I gave, on account of its 
abundance of oil, the name "Eucalyptus oleosa" 
nearly a quarter of a century ago, proved far the best. 
It is this Mallee oil which now is coming into exten- 
sive adaptations for dissolving amber. Kauri resin, 
and various kinds of copal. Mr. Bosisto's researches 
are recorded in the volume of the Royal Society of 
Victoria for 1863 ; Mr. Osborne's in the Jurors' 
Reports of the Exhibition of 1862. For alluding so 
far to this oil distillation I have a special olyect in 
view. I wish to see it adopted near and far as a col- 
lateral forest industry, now that the way for the ready 
sale of this product is so far paved. The patentee is 
willing to license any person to adopt his process, and 
he is also ready to purchase the oil at a price which 
will prove remunerative to the producer. If it is now 
considered how inexhaustible a material for this oil 
industry is everywhere accessible in our ranges, how 
readily it is obtainable, particularly at saw-mills and 
at splitters' establishments, and how easily the pro- 
cess of the distillation can be performed, it would be 
really surprising should these facilities not be seized 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 99 

upon, and should under such favorable circumstances 
not a far larger export of this mercantile commodity 
be called forth. Those Eucalypts are the most pro- 
ductive of oil in their foliage which have the largest 
number of pellucid dots in their leaves ; this is easily 
ascertained by viewing the leaves by transmitted 
light, when the transparent oil-glands will become 
apparent, even without the use of a magnifying lens. 
Mr. Bosisto is also a purchaser of scented flowers, 
indigenous as well as cultivated, including even the 
wattle flowers, for the extraction of delicate scents, 
under a clever process discovered by himself; and it 
is astonishing what an enormous demand for these 
perfumes exists in European markets. This may he 
a hint to any one living in or near the forests, where 
the extraction of the scent could be locally accom- 
plished from unlimited resources, with little trouble 
and cost. 

There exists another special industry in its incip- 
ient state among us, which might be regarded as 
essentially Australian, and which also might be wide- 
ly extended : I mean the gathering of seeds of many 
kinds of Eucalyptus, and also of some Acacias and 
Casuarinas, for commercial export. No doubt the col- 
lecthig of seeds is effected among the forest-trees of 
any country, and very important branches of industry 
these gatherings are, in very many localities abroad. 
But what gives to our own export trade of forest 
seeds such significance is the fact that we offer thereby 
means of raising woods with far more celerity and 
ease than would be possible through dissemination of 
trees from any other part of the globe, it heing under- 
stood that the operations are instituted in climatic 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



100 FOREST CULTUEE AND 

zones similar to our own. Trees with softer kinds of 
woods, such as Poplars and Willows, even though they 
may rivsd some of the Eucalypts in quicltneaa of 
growth, cannot be well drawn into coniparison, as 
most of them do not live in dry soil, nor attain lon- 
gevity, nor assume gigantic dimensions, nor furnish 
timber of durability. Bat there are still other rea- 
sons which have drawn oiir Eucalypts into extensive 
cultural use elsewhere — for instance, in Algeria, 
Spain, Portugal, Italy, the south of France, Greece, 
Egypt, Palestine, various uplands of India, the savan- 
nahs of North America, the lianas of South America, 
at Natal and other places in South Africa, and even 
as near as New Zealand.* One of the advantages 
offered is the extraordinary fijcility and quick- 
ness with which the seeds are raised, scarcely any 
care being requisite in nursery works; a seedling, 
moreover, being within a year, or even less time, fit 
for final transphmtation. Another advantage consists 
in the ease with which the transit can be elfected, 
in consequence of the minuteness of most kinds of 
Eucalyptus seed9,f there being, besides, no difficulty 
in packing on account of the natural dryness of these 
seeds. For curiosity's sake I had an ounce of the 
seed of several species counted, with the following 
results: — 
Blue Gum-tree, one ounce— Bifted fertile seed grains. ... 10,112 

Stringy-bark tree (unsifted) 2i,080 

Swamp Gum-tree (unaifted) 23,264 

Peppermint Euoalypt (unsifted) 17,600 

bU tioplc connlrlee. Inasmuch ua tills species, which ie tJiuoet incainpsFB- 
bl; vdiuble toe ilB laetiDg wood, ruiBee autmany light tlirang)i the hot 
lone of Ansttalla. 

t The aeedi ol Ihe Weet Aueti^jisn Eed Oum-tres (Eocalrptus calophylUI 
md the East Asetralian Blooawood-ltes (£acDln>tna corymboea) are com- 
paiativel; latge enA beav;. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 101 

According to this calculation we eould raise from one 
pound of seeds of the Blue Gum-tree one hundred and 
sixty-one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two 
plants. Let ua suppose, for argument's sake, that only 
half the seeds of such grew, the number of seedlings 
would be enormous ; and even if only the seedlings 
of one quarter of the seeds of one pound finally were 
eatahlislied, they would suffice, in the instance of the 
Blue Gum-tree, to cover four hundred and four acres, 
a^uming that we planted at the rate of one hundred 
trees to the acre (allowing for thinning out). The fol- 
lowing notes, for eon:iparison, may be of interest: 
One ounce of: Contains Graina. 

PiiiuB pinaater 730 

Piuua pinea 33 

Piaus haleppenaia 940 

Pinua alba 10,080 

Cupresaua Eempervirens 4,970 

FraiJDUs oruus 316 

Batalaalba 34,5e0 

Acer pseudoplatanus 1S3 

It seems marvellous that trees of such colossal di- 
mensions, counting among the most gigantic of the 
globe, should arise from a seed-grain so extremely 
minute. 

The exportation of Eucalyptus- seeds has already as- 
sumed some magnitude. Our monthly mails conveyed 
occasionally quantities to the value of over £100 ; the 
total export during the past twelve years must have 
reached several or, perhaps, many thousand pounds 
sterling. For the initiation of this new resource, by 
his extensive correspondence abroad, the writer can 
lay much claim ; and he believes that almost any 
quantity of Eucalyptus-seeds could be sold in marfcets 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



102 FOEl 

of London, Paris, Calcutta, San Francisco, Buenos 
Ayres, Valparaiso and elsewhere, as it will be long 
before a sufficient local supply can be secured abroad 
from cultivated trees. 

Monsieur Prosper Eamel, of Paris, stands foremost 
among those who promoted Eucalyptus culture in 
South Europe. 

Facts, such as just alluded to, may give an idea 
with what ease the Eucalyptus can be disseminated 
over extensive areas. Although the first cost of seeds, 
or the facilities for their transit, preservation, and 
germination, can only enter to a small extent into 
consideration, when an object so important as that of 
raising or restoring forests is to be attained, yet the 
data thus far given in reference to some of the best 
Eucalypts cannot but tend towaid encouragement of 
culture here and abroad. Indeed, among nearly all 
the trees of the globe, most of our Eucalypts, together 
with species of the allied genera — tri'tania, ango- 
phora, melaleuca and metrosidero^ — produce seeds 
the most minute and the moat copious. The seeds of 
the Birches, and of most species of iicus are, however, 
also remarkably light and numerous. 

At saw-mills and splitters' establishments, the gath- 
ering of seeds, particularly through the aid of chil- 
dren, might be carried on most conveniently and most 
inexpensively, the sums realized therefrom beingclear 
gain. The same may be said of collecting the abun- 
dant gum -resins of various Eucalypts, which, for 
medicinal and technologic purposes, are now in much 
demand for exjKirt. Purchasers in the city offer about 
one shilling per pound. The liciuid (very astringent) 
exudations of the Eucalypts are also salable. The 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TBEES. 103 

precise quantity of tannic substance to be obtained 
from saplings and foliage of various Eucalypts, acacire 
and casuarinee remains yet unascertained ; but it is 
likely large enough to base on their yield of tannic 
acid special forest industries. 

For belts of shelter-plantations, again, no country 
in the warm temperate or subtropic zone could choose 
trees of easier growth, greater resistance, rapidity of 
increment, early and copious seeding, contentedness 
with poor soil, and yet valuable wood for various pur- 
poses, than some of the Australian acacite and casua. 
rinie. They exceed much in quickness of growth the 
coast shelter-pines of South Europe, Plnua haleppen- 
sis and Pinus pinaster, but are not all equally lasting. 
The trade in seeds of this kind is also not unimpor- 
tant, and the soiirces of it are, at least partly, in our 
sylvan land. 

Still another forest industry might be viewed as 
especially Australian, namely, the supply of Fern-trees 
for comuaercial exportation. Though about one hun- 
dred and fifty kinds of Fern-trees are now known, 
they are mostly children of tropical or subtropical 
countries, and these, again, nearly all restricted to the 
humid jungles or the shady valleys meandered by for- 
est brooks. Very few species of these noble plants 
extend to a zone so cool as that of Victoria, Tasma- 
nia, and New Zealand, Again, among this very lim- 
ited number, the stout and large Dicksonia antartica 
is not only one of the tallesf of all the Fern-trees of 
the globe, but certainly also the most hardy, and the 
one which best of all endures a transit through great 
distances. Indeed, a fresh, frondless stem, even if 
weighing nearly half a ton, requires only to be placed, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



104 tOREST CULTURE AND 

without any packing, in the hold of, a vessel as ordi- 
nary goods, to secure the safe arrival in Europe,* the 
vitality being fully thus retained for several months, 
particularly if the stem ia occasionally moistened, and ■ 
kept free ftom the attacks of any animals. Througii 
my unaided exertions these hardy Fern-trees became, 
like many other of our resources, fully known in 
many countries ; and, while their value became estab- 
lished, a market for them has now been gained. I 
would, however, not countenance the vandalism of 
denuding every one of our Fern.glens of its pride, as, 
even with all care, in half a century the pristine grand- 
eur of the scenery could not be restored ; yet, when 
we consider that hundreds of gullies are teeming with 
these magnificent plants, we can well afford to render 
them accessible also to all the conservatories of the 
winterly north, In order that the inhabitants tliere 
may indulge in admiration of such superb forms of 
vegetable life, even though a Fern-tree group in a 
glass house can convey but a very inadequate idea of 
the wild splendor of our Fern ravines. Not without 
pain I have seen constructed the base of whole tram- 
way lines in some of our forest- gullies, almost exclu- 
sively of Fern-trees, for the conveyance of timber. A 
watchful Forest Board would prevent such sacrifice, 
and would save also the tali Palm-trees of East Gipps 
Land &om sharing the fate of those princely trees at 
lllawarra and elsewhere. [ Since writing this, our 
Livistonas or Fan-palms tave been protected by Gov- 
ernment interdiction ; the law forbids aiso the indis- 
criminate removal of Red Gum-trees from the banks of 
the Murray Elver, In Queensland, every bunya- 

* No Fem-tiee is Indigeaous to Europe. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TBBE9. 105 

bunya tree and native nut-tree is secured against be- 
ing felled. The very local and circumscribed Kauri 
foreats, known only in two limited spots, would also 
need some protection.] To the facilities of exporting 
the huge, sijuare Todea Ferns — a commerce initiated 
by myself — I alluded on a former occasion. 

Having dwelt on some of the technologic or mer- 
cantile products obtainable from the native forests — 
few, (t is true — I now pass on to some brief observa- 
tions in reference to enriching the resources of our 
woods. 

Among new industries which, by introduction from 
abroad, are likely to be pursued in sylvan localities, 
that of the cultivation of the Tea shrub of China and 
Assam stands, perhaps, foremost. It is a singular fiict 
that even in the genial clime of Southern Europe, and 
under advantagesof inexpensive labor, the important 
and lucrative branch of Tea-culture has received as yet 
no attention whatever. This is probably owing to the 
circumstance that hitherto the laborious manual pro- 
cess of curling the fresh Tea-leaves under moderate 
heat has never yet been superseded by adopting for 
the purpose rollers worked and heated by steam, 
though such contrivance was suggested here by me 
many years ago. 

The tea thus obtained could always be brought to 
its beat aroma by such a mode of exact control over 
the degree and duration of the heat. Tea-culture in 
the ranges would show us which soil, or which geo- 
logic formation,, produced here the best leaves. The 
yield of the latter would, in the equable air of the hu- 
mid air of the forest-glens, be Sir more copious than 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



106 FOBEST CULTURE AKD 

the harveafs which we obtain IVom the tea-bushes 
planted in poor soil or exposed localities near the 
metropolis, while localities in the ranges are often not 
accessible to ordinary cereal culture. But I do not 
speak of Tea cultivation as an ordinary Held industry, 
but rather as a collateral occupation in forest- culture 
of the lower ranges. 

Foreseeing the likelihood that this branch of rural 
culture would be adopted in many favorable >warm 
spots of this colony, I have distributed, during the 
past dozen years, the Tea - bush rather extensively 
among country residents, partly with the view of 
directing attention to a plant which, even for the 
sake of ornamental value, is so eligible and easily 
grown ; partly with an intention of seeing thus inde- 
pendent local supplies of seed forthcoming. In the 
same way the Cork Oak was very generally distributed 
by myself, in order that their acorns might, in due 
time, become locally accessible in very many places. 

The tea, in Its commercial form, will however, 
here, not likely be manufactured by the grower. It 
is more probable that whenever plantations are formed 
in any forest region, an enterprising man will estab- 
lish amidst the tea-farms a factory for preparing the 
tea-leaves, and purchase the latter from the produc- 
ers. This is the system by which, in many parts of 
South Europe, the multitude of small lots of silk- 
cocoons pass into the central reeling establishments ; 
and this is the manner in which, from numerous peas- 
ants, the beet-root is obtained for the supply of sugar 
fectoriea. In the same way the branches of the Su- 
mach, a shrub which, with care, could be reared in 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TBBE3. 107 

our ranges, would be rendered saleable at a central 
sumach mill,* The demand for tea being ao enor- 
mous, and geographic latitudes like ours being those 
which allow of its growth, it will be fully apparent 
that it must assume a prominent part in our future 
rural economy, particularly as the return for capital 
and labor thus invested and expended will be quite 
aa early as that from the vine. The Importation of 
tea into Victoria, during 1870, has been valued in 
the customs returns at £496,623; whereas Victoria 
might largely export this highly important and remu- 
nerative commodity. 

The simple process of gathering the leaves might 
be performed by children. 

In the foregoing pages I alluded cursorily to the 
Cork Oak ; let me add my opinion, that in any local- 
ity with natural boundari^, such as abrupt sides of 
ranges, deep water - courses, where fences could be 
largely obviated, the Cork-tree might well be planted 
as a forest-tree, and thus estates be established at lit- 
tle cost, with hardly any expense of maintenance, 
from which a periodic yield of cork might be obtained 
for several successive generations. The investment 
of a limited capital for raising a cork-forest in any 
naturally-deflned locality would, as I said, create a 
rich possession for bequest. Even if by new inven- 
tions an artificial substitute for cork was found, the 
wood of the Cork Oak would still be of some value. 
The State might also reserve any forest area with 
natural boundaries for its various wood requirements. 

*Ane8aftstyProIes6<irInzengfl, on aumaeb-oulturo in Sicily, translatca 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



108 F0BE9T CULTURE AND 

Many other cultural resources of forests are as yet 
very inadequately recognized. The dye-saffron might 
be grown as much for amusement as for the sake of its 
pretty flowers, juat as an ordinary bulb, wherever ju. 
venile gatherers can be had. Equally lucrative might 
be made the culture of another plant, the medicinal 
colchicum, a gay Autumnal flowering bulb worthy of 
a place in any garden. In apt forest spots both would 
become naturalized. Amidst the forests, in the glens 
which skirt the very base of alpine mountains, on the 
M' Allister Iiiver,opium was produced without any toil, 
almost as a play-work, to the value of £30, from an 
acre. Mr. Bosisto, who, on that particular locality, 
called forth this industry, found on analysis that the 
Gipps Land opium proved one of the moat powerful 
on record, ten one hundredths of morphia being its 
yield. Small samples of opium prepared in the Mel- 
bourne Botanic Garden were exhibited some years ago 
at the International Exhibition. The Hon. John Hood, 
of this city, promoted much the opium industry in 
this country by the extensive distribution of seeds of 
the Smyrna poppy ; he found the yield here, in favor- 
able seasons and by careful operation, to be from forty 
to fifty pounds on an acre, worth at present thirty to 
thirty- five shillings per pound. The value of the 
opium imported into Victoria during 1870, according 
to customs returns, was £150,681. The banks of many a 
foi-est brook, and the slopes within reach of irrigation 
from springs, might, doubtless, in numerous instances, 
be converted into profitable hop-flelds, the yield of hops 
in Gipps Land having proved very rich. Mr. A. M. 
M'licod obtained, in one instance, fifteen hundred 
pounds of hops fi-om an acre of ground at Bairnsdal^, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCAXYPTUa TKEES. 109 

Messrs. A. "W. Howifct, F. Webb, and D. Ballentine 
had there also large returns from their hop-fields. As 
an instance how large a revenue might be realized 
from forest land in various ways, quite irrespective of 
wood supply, I adduce the fa«t that the income ob- 
tained by the Forest Department of Hanover iVom the 
mere gathering of fruit — chiefly bleeberries— -amount- 
ed to £21,750 during one of the late years. The Han- 
overian forests comprise an area equal to the county 
of Bourke, our metropolitan county, and occupy one 
seventh of the territory. Speaking of Hanover, let 
nie add, that the laws promulgated this year in that 
country render it compulsory on each district to line 
its roads with trees, the widest distance allowed from 
tree to tree being thirty feet ; similar laws were in 
force long since in other parts of Germany ; fruit-treoa 
are among the trees chosen for these lines. Would, it 
not therefore be advisable to naturalize along our forest 
brooks and in our shady vales such plants as the rasp- 
berry .bush, strawberry-plant, andothers, which readily 
establish themselves ? In one of my exploring tours, 
when it fell to my lot to discover the remotest sources 
and tributaries of the River Yarra, and to ascend first of 
all Mount Baw Baw, I scattered the seeds of the large- 
fruited Canada blackberry along the alpine springs ; 
and I have since learned that this delicious fruit is now 
established on the rivulets of that mountain. We may 
hear of equal successes of experiments which I else- 
where instituted. The truIHe, though not an article 
of necessity, might be naturalized in many of our for- 
ests, especially in soil somewhat calcareous. Would 
any one imagine that during one recent year (1867) 
the quantity collected in France was valued at £1,- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



110 FOBEST CULTURE AND 

400,000 {35,000,000 francs) ? The time allotted to 
my address is not sufficient to add much to these 
instances. 

On various occasions I drew attention to the likeli- 
hood of Peru-bark plants being eligible for culture in 
the sheltered and warmer parts of our woods, inas- 
much as in brush shades of the Botanic Gardens the 
cinchonte endured a temperature two or three degrees 
under the freezing points Last year Cinchona-plants 
given by me to Mr. G. W. Robinson, of Hillesley, 
near Berwick, for experiment, passed quite well 
through the cool season without any cover. The 
lowest temperature at Harmony Valley, Blackwood 
Gully, in the Dandenong Ranges, observed during 
1866 by Mr. Jabez Richardson, who, on my request, 
kindly undertook the thermometer readings there 
during that year, was still one degree above the freez- 
ing point, while the temperature at the Melbourne 
Observatory sunk to twenty -eight degrees Fahren- 
heit. Let me note, however, that simultaneously frost' 
occurred in the open flats of Dandenong ; hence tlie! 
great importance of forest shelter in cases like this. 
East Gipps Land, with its mild temperature, is likely 
to prove the aptest part of the Victorian colony for 
Peru-bark cultivation. Who does not remember the 
deep grief into which a small insular colony sunk 
within the last few years, when its population became 
actually decimated by fever, and when, after one 
hundred and fifty years of existence of that unhappy 
colony, only j ust the first Cinchonas had been planted. 

In some of the uplands of New South "Wales, where 
it was desirable to clear away bush vegetation— such, 
for instance, in which Daviesias, or native hop, pre- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EEa. Ill 

dominated — angoras proved very effectual for the 
purpose. Doubtless there are many forest tracts where 
this measure could be adopted with advantage to gain 
grass pasture, without any injury being done to large 
native trees ; but the smaller trees are likely to suffer, 
while the underwood might in many instances be 
better utilized for potash or oil. At all events, goats 
are, among pastoral animals, the most destructive to 
vegetation, and much of the "forests on the Alps of 
Switzerland and Tyrol were destroyed by the indis- 
criminate access given to goats. The Angora, with 
its precious fleece, can therefore be located only in 
some forest regions ; it thrives, moreover, in the 
desert. 

I might allude, on this occasion, also to the great 
productiveness of bees in onr forests, the flowers of so 
many of our native plants, and anaong them those of 
the Eucalypts, being mellaginous — blossoms of some 
kind or the other being available all the year round. 
Cuba, with an area less than half that of Victoria, 
exported, in the year 1849, so iarge a quantity of 
hooey as two millions and eight hundred thousand 
pounds, and about one million pounds of wax. I be- 
lieve the export has since increased. A forest inhab- 
itant might devote a plot of ground near his dwelling 
to the earth-nut or pea-nut, an originally Brazilian 
plant, of which latterly about nine hundred thousand 
bushels were produced annually in the United States 
for the sake of its excellent table-oil. In Harper's 
Magazine of 1870 it is stated that of the earth-nut, in 
1869, not less than two hundred and thirty-five thou- 
sand bushels were brought to New York. It is esti- 
mated that Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, and Carolina 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



112 FOREST CULTUBE AND 

have conjointly sent over one million bushels to mar- 
ket in 1870. The yield, it is said, is from eighty to 
one hundred and twenty bushels on an acre. The 
seeds are slightly roasted for the table, or pressed for 
a palatable oil. As much as ten shillings to twelve 
shillings is paid for the bushel in New York. The 
plant seems well eligible for forest- farms, particularly 
in a somewhat calcareous soil. In the garden under 
my control I have reared it with ease. 

I intended to have spoken of the various imple- 
ments especially designed for wood-culture; but time 
will not admit of it. Thus, merely by way of exam- 
ple, I place before you one of those utensils — the 
hohlborer, or, as it might be called, the "bore-spade" 
— brought into use nearly fifty years ago by a scientiflc 
forester. Dr. Heyer, of Giessen. Several thousand 
plants of the Scotch Fir and of other pines can be lifted 
with this bore-spade in a day by one forest laborer, 
the object being that each seedling should retain a 
small earth-ball, to facilitate the success of the mov- 
ing process. About ten tliousand such seedlings are 
convej-Bd at a time in a forest wagon.* 

And yet, it must be confessed, our colony, with 
others in the Australian group, has accomplished but 
very little in any branch of sylvan maintenance, or 
forest culture, or the advance of industrial pursuits 
In our woodlands. 

One precursory step, however, has been made, and 
this Is likely to be followed. I allude to the exten- 
sive gratuitous distribution of plants to public grounds 
in most parts of our colony — a distribution which has 
been in operation under the authority of (government 

L 8 short acoonnt o( the l>ote,epBdo bii 



eared In ttie Melbou 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 113 

from ground under my control for the last twelve 
years. I should think it not unlikely that this rais- 
ing of trees in masses will soon become also a special 
object of attention to the railway department, within 
its own areas, to re-supply its own wants. 

While a divine may withdraw some of his slender 
means, or a teacher may devote a share of his scanty 
earning, to Inclose the ground of his dwelling, with 
a view of protecting a few trees on spots not really 
their own, we may be sure that the authorities do 
not wish to see hundreds of miles of railway fences 
long left unutilized, so far as planting of trees is con- 
cerned, particularly as such fences for this purpose 
afford much ready inducement. The average width 
of the railway area is two and a half chains, both on 
the Ballarat and Echoea lines, therefore far wider 
than that of European lines, and spacious enough for 
tree plantations, at least of some kinds. The length 
of the N. E. Bailway line will be one hundred and 
eighty-flve miles, giving, consequently, three hundred 
and seventymiles' length for plantations. The slower- 
growing or less - lofty trees would there be on their 
place, such as our Red Gum-tree, the Iron-baris-tree, 
the W. A, Yarrah, the Black wood- tree, the British 
Oak, the Quebec and Live Oak, the Cork Oak, the 
Elm, the Ash, the Totara, the Chestnut - tree, the 
Walnut, the Hickory, and many others which do not 
suffer from exposure ; for while the railway loan will 
last for an indefinite period, the railway material, 
such as the fences, sleepers, cars, will not last forever, 
and for these the wood might thus inoKpensiveiy 
become ro - available in due time. Even where the 
railway space is narrow the operation of lopping the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



114 FOREST CULTURE AND 

planted trees along its linea might most readily be 
resorted to, and dangerous encroachments thereby be 
avoided. 

No one ever expected our most serviceable Bailway 
Department to be burdened with the additional heavy 
task of entering on cultural pursuits, and I see no 
way of attaining the object here specially indicated 
unless purposely financial means and administrative 
organizations were provided by the State. 

In a special work {Die Be^ifianzung der Eisenbahn 
Damme, etc., by E. Lucas, second edition, 1870) the 
methods adopted inGermanyfor utilizing the railway 
dams, and the free space within railway fences, for 
wood and fruit culture, is amply discussed. With 
the increasing value of culture-land this question of 
utilizing the spare ground along railways becomes 
more and more important. Where the space proves 
too narrow for roaring timber- trees, Hazel, Olives, 
Figa, Mulberries, Almonds, Osiers, Sumach, Myall, 
Ricinus, Blackberries, and such other lower trees or 
bushes as require no great attention, could doubtless 
be grown with profit It might also be possible to 
establish advantageously permanent hedges of Haw- 
thorn, Opuntias, Osage Orange, and other not readily- 
inflammable and easily-managed bushes. Luzern and 
Sainfoin are much cultivated along continental rail- 
way-lines as fodder-herbs. 

In North America six hundred and fifty Walnuts 
or Hickories are planted on an acre ; though standing 
so close, (hey are worth twelve shillings in twenty 
years for a variety of purposes. If wanted for heavy 
timber or nuts, they are thinned out so as to keep 
them twenty feet apart. This may serve as an indi- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 115 

cation how spare places on railways might be utilized. 
Our regular and quick communication with California 
is giving now easy opportunity for importing nuts of 
the various American Hickories and Walnut-trees in 
quantity ; while of the ordinary Persian Walnut-tree 
seeds can already be obtained both here and in Tas- 
mania. Kesinous Pine-trees may possibly increase 
any danger of conflagrations on railway-lines. Nur- 
series for sowing seeds of hardy utilitarian trees might 
at once be established on all the railway-stations at 
comparatively little cost. 

The only effective public effort hitherto made to 
anticipate the necessities of forest culture consists in 
the planting of public reserves, parks, church-yards, 
school-grounds, .cemeteries, and the area of many of 
our public buildings. The trading horticulturists 
have also largely aided in the importation and raising 
of foreign trees. 

In this effort, as already reinarked, I took a promi- 
nent share, or perhaps, in many instances, it origi- 
nated from impulses or supports given by myself 

Undoubtedly, it was a primary object to cover the 
dismal barrenness of public grounds, to help in miti- 
gating thereby local dryness and heat, to afford shade 
and shelter, and to render many a barren spot a pleas- 
ing retreat. 

But this was not my only object. I had a second, 
and, to my mind, higher one in view. 

I wished that, locally, many nuclei for forest cult- 
ure should bo formed ; that, within comparatively few 
years, seeds should almost everywhere become avail- 
able in masses from local tree-plantations ; and that 
thus efforts now made for parks and pleasure-grounds 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



116 FOEEai CULTURE AND 

should be enlarged for creating more or less extensive 
forests. 

These ideas may, perhaps, excite some surprise, 
yet I feel confident that they will and must be acted 
on before, in frightful truthfulness, the terrors of a 
woodless country in our zone, and settled with a fu- 
ture dense population, will be encountered. 

Should, however, my warnings fail to impress the 
public mind, then at least I have placed my views on 
record, and should not be held responsible for inter- 
ests, however vital, which the trust of my position 
must largely bring under my reflection and care. 

My effort in supplying merely material for raising 
local plantations all over the colony is, however, but 
the first step in a great national work of progress ; 
and I think we may reflect, not without some pride, 
that this public step was made in Australia here first 
of ^1. 

Haifa million of plants distributed by me to public 
institutions is, after all, but a trifle in a country that 
requires hundreds of millions of foreign trees, if it 
really is to advance to greatness and the highest pros- 
perity ; a greatness that will be retarded in the same 
(fegree as attention to this, one of its most urgent in- 
terests, is deferred. 

The gifts of plants from the establishment under 
my control have provided the country with many a 
species that otherwise would not have existed here 
yet. Many of the magniflceut or quick-growing Him- 
alayan and California Pines, not to speak of others, 
became through my hand first dispersed by thousands 
and thousands ; and although I may have incurred 
tbe displeasure of a few of the less thoughtful of my 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 117 

fellow- citizens, who wished the slender means of my 
young establishments appropriated for the ephemeral 
glory of floral displays, and who wished to sacrifice 
lasting progress to unproductive gaiety, yet I feel 
assured that the fair feelings of the inhabitants of 
Victoria in general will approve of the path of pre- 
dominant utility which I struck out for myself, and 
will respect the considerations which prompted me, in 
an equitable spirit toward town and country to attend 
in the first instance to pressing necessities, leaving 
the unnecessary or less useful for the exertions of a 
later time. 

If a census of the trees, which are to furnish us 
much seed for forest culture, could be held all over 
the colony, perhaps my early efforls would be viewed 
with more Justice and gratitude. 



And Willi ijro6Q bough dedied tba gloomy glade." 

In passing through a demolished forest, how sad- 
dening to us its aspect I What mind, capable of high- 
er feelings, can suppress its sympathy, when we see 
stretched and withering on the ground a princely tree 
which but a few hours previously was an object of our 
admiration and a living monument of magnificence 
and glory. Do you think it had Its enjoyment ? 
Does it send mere automatically, without animation 
or sensibility of any kind, it9 crown to the sunny sky, 
or drink joyless the pearly dew ? Do you think it 
closes its flowers but mechanically, or unfolds them 
again to imbibe light and genial warmth, absolutely 
ffithout gladness or pleasure of my kind ? What is 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



118 FOREST CDLTUBE AND 

vitality, and what mortal wiil measure the share of 
delight enjoyed by any organism I Why should even 
the life of a plant be expended cruelly and wastefully, 
especially if, perhaps, this very plant stood already in 
youthful elegance, while yet the diprotodon (a wom- 
bat of the size of a buffalo) was roaming over the for- 
est ridgea encircling Port Phillip Bay— when those 
forest ridges on the very place of this city were still 
clothed in their full natal garb. Do not assume that 
I lean to transmutation doctrines ; or that to my un- 
derstanding there is an uninterrupted transit from 
the thoughts which inspire the mind to the faculties 
of animals and to the vitality of plants ! Yet that 
individual life, whatever it may be, which we often 
so thoughtlessly and so ruthlessly destroy, but which 
we never can restore, ghould be respected. Is it not 
as if the sinking tree was speaking imploringly to us, 
and when failing wished to convey to us its sadness' 
and its grief? Like the nomadic wanderer of the 
Australian soil passed away before us, so I fear most 
of the traces of our beautiful and evergreen forest 
will bo lost ere long. 

. . . " It IB a goodly Bight lo eee 



Beyond the plain utilitarian purposes of our forests 
(some of which I endeavored briefly to explain), and 
beyond all, the important functions which the woods 
have to perform in the great economy of Nature, they 
possess still other claims on our consideration, such as 
ought to evoke some feeling of piety toward them. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEES. 119 

It was ill the forests where the poetic miod of Schil- 
ler, during his early boyhood,* first of all awoke to 
its deep love for nature ; where his strong sense for 
noble rectitude was formed ; where he framed his 
ideals of all that is elevated and great. This influ- 
ence of nature we see reflected in other lofty nainds ; 
it leads true genius on its luminous path. Contrast 
the magnificence of a dense forest, before the de- 
structive hand of man de&iced it, with the cheerless 
aspect of wide landscapes devoid of wooded scenery — 
only open plains or treeless ridges bounding the hori- 
zon. The silent grandeur and solitude of a virgin 
forest inspires ua almost with awe — much more so 
than even the broad expanse of the ocean. It con- 
veys, also, involuntarily to our mlad a feeling as if 
we were brought more closely before the Divine Pow- 
er by whom the worlds without end were created, 
and l)efore whom the proudest human worii must 
sink into utter insignificance. No settlement, how- 
ever princely — no city, however great its splendor, 
brilliant its arts, or enchanting its pleasures — can 
arouse those sentiments of veneration which, among 
aU the grand works of nature, an undisturbed noble 
forest-region is most apt to call forth. I never saw 
truly happier homes of unmingled contentedness than 
in the seclusion of the woods. It is as if the bracing 
pureness of the air, the remoteness from the outer 
world, the unrestricted freedom from formal restraint, 
give to forest-life a charm for which in vain we will 
ever seek elsewhere. The forest inhabitant, as a rule, 
sees his life prolonged ; an air of peace on all sides sur- 
rounds him ; even with less prosperity, he is glad to 

» atftcft itflht Lift nf SchiUa; by Sir Eawacd Bulwer Lytton, p. a. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



120 F0EE9T CULTUBB. 

break away from the turmoils and enmities into which 
elsewhere he is thrown by the bustle and struggle qf 
the world, and to seek again this calm retreat in forest 
mountains. The existence of many an invalid might 
be prolonged and rendered more enjoyable, while 
many a sufferer might be restored to health, were he. 
to seek timely the patriarchal simplicity of forest 
life, and the pure air, wafted decarbonized in deli 
clous freshness through the forest, ever invigorating 
strength, restoring exhilaration and buoyancy of his 
mind. In this young country new lines of railway 
are early to disclose some of the almost paradisic fea 
tures of sylvan scenery, hitherto known to most of us 
only through the talent of illustrious landscape-paint 
ers of this city. 



I regard the forest as an heritage given to us by 
Nature, not for spoil br to devastate, but to be wisely 
used, reverently honored, and carefully maintained'. 
I regard the forests as a gift, intrusted to any of us 
only for transient care during a short space of time, 
to be surrendered to posterity again as an unimpaired 
property, with increased riches and augmented bless- 
ings to pass as a sacred patrimony from generation to 
generation. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Application of Phytology 
industrial pueposes op life. 



A POPULAR DISCOURSE, 



By Ferdinand von Mueller, C.M.G., M,D-, Ph. D., F.R.S. 



Called upon somewhat suddealy to choose the 
.heme for the discourse of this evening, I made my 
if^oice unguardedly. I anticipated in my thoughts 
1 ow, during the intended instructive recreation of 
h is hour, the bearings of intimate botanic knowledge 
in, many an industrial pursuit might readily be dem- 
iiliStrated by some impressive facts. But, on reflec- 
iosn, I saw myself at once surrounded by so varied 
n(d bewildering a multitude of oi^jects that to do jus- 
ice in a few words to my theme became a hopeless 
ask. But while I offer this mere introductory ad- 
Lress for a series of lectures on the phytologic section 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



122 rOEEST CULTURE AND 

of this institution, we might learn by a rapid glance 
over an area of knowledge singularly wide that only 
through many successive discourses, explaining sub 
jeets in detail, the student can become aware of fh e 
importance of phytologic knowledge in its relation to 
the industrial purposes of life. In all zones, excepit 
the most icy, mankind depends on plants for its prin- 
cipal wants. For our sustenance, clothing dwellings, 
or utensils ; for our means of transit, whether by sea 
or land; indeed, for all our ordinary daily require- 
ments, we have to draw the material largely, and 
often solely, from the vegetable world. The resources 
for all these necessities must be— it cannot be other- 
wise — manifold in the extreme, and singularly varied , 
again, !n different climatic zones, or under otherwise 
modified conditions. 

To render, therefore, these vegetable treasures 
accessible to our fullest benefit, not only locally, but 
universally, must ever be an object of the deepest sig- 
nificance. Increasing requirements of the human 
races and augmented insight into the gifts of natui-e 
render now-a-days quite imperative the closest appli- 
ances of science to our resources and our daily wants. 

' ' Omnia tellus optima ferat ! ' ' has become the mott o 
of our Acclimatization Society ; or let me quote from 
Virgil ! " Non omniefert omnia tellus, hie segetes, iUio 
vmiunt feliciua uvae," Striving to unite the products 
of many lands, it suffices for us nowhere any longer 
to discriminate among these resources with merety 
crude notions ; but it becomes necessary to fix accu- 
rately, also, as far as plants are concerned, their indus- 
trial value, trace their origin, test their adaptability, 
investigate their productiveness, durability, qualities ; 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEES, 123 

and to reduce al! these inquiries to a sound basis by 
assigning to any species that position in the phyto- 
logie system by which it can be recognized by any one 
in any part of the globe. "When the wants of phy- 
toglaphy are satisfied we have to call to aid chemistry, 
therapy, geology, culture, raicroseoptic investigation, 
pictorial art, and other branches of knowledge, to 
illustrate the respective value of the species, and the 
degree of its importance to any particiilar community. 
But in the discussions of one evening we can do no 
in ore than to touch succinctly only on a few of those 
vegetable olyecls most promising to our own colony 
for introduction, or most accessible among those indig- 
enous here j we may glance on them, also, with a 
view of learning how their elucidation might practi- 
cally be pursued, and the knowledge thus gained be 
diffused. To aid in the latter aim the phytologic sec- 
tion in the Industrial Museum Is to be established ; 
of the requirements of this section I shall say a few 
pas.sing words. 

The products and educts of the vegetable world are 
i uimense ; any display of them in the order of sci-. 
ence, as intended for this museum, must carry with 
i t a permanency of impressive Instruction which any 
Oither modes of teaching, sure to be more ephemerous, 
fail to convey. But these eiforts at diffusing knowl- 
edge should be seconded by means not inadequate to 
a groat object, and should be worthy of the dignity 
and name of this rising country. Who would not 
i:ike fo see the best woods of every country stored up 
bere in instructive samples — nearly a thousand kinds 
alone to choose from, as far as our continent Is con- 
cerned ? Who would not wish to have here at hand 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



124 FOREST CULTURE AND 

for comparison the barks, exudations, grains, drugs, 
as raw material ? "Wlio would not desire to have 
ready access to a series of oils, whether pressed or 
distilled, whether from indigenous or imported plants ? 
Who would not have it in his power to compare the 
starches, dyes, casts of our luscious fruite, or the 
paper- material, tars, acids, coals of various kinds, 
fibers, alkaloids, and other medicinal preparations 
from various plants ? 

"Why not place here a series of all the weapons and , 
implements, traced accurately to their specific origin 1 
From such even in many instances we have learned, 
through keen observations of the first nomadic occu- 
pants of the soil, the use of many idnds of wood. All 
these objects, crude or prepared in the multitudinous 
way of their adaptations, ought to be accompanied, 
wherever necessary, by full explanatory designations, 
microscopic sections, and other means of elucidation ; 
while the periodic issue of descriptive indices, detail- 
ing still more copiously the derivation, uses, prepa- 
ration, and monetary v^ue of such objects, will enable 
us to serve the full intentions for which this museum 
section has been formed. 

Lectures, however valuable, demonstrations, how- 
ever instructive, cannot alone form the path of exten- 
sive industrial education ; most minds, indeed, prefer 
to dwell tacitly on the otgecta of their choice, and 
muse quietly about the adaptability of any of them, 
for operations or improvements in which they may 
be specially interested. 

How many inventions have received their first 
impulse from an institution such as we wish to form ! 
Investigators, eminent in their profession, will doubt- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 125 

less unite here, aoonec or later, to bring to bear the 
aum of their knowledge, earned by a life-long toil, for 
giving vitality to that information which is to eater 
guidingly Into the ordinary purposes of life. Thus, 
the happiness and prosperity of our fellow-men should 
be enhanced and exulted, and one of the loftiest ob- 
jects of our striving after truths be fulfilled. 

But the unassuming worlcer, conscious how far his 
own honest intentions advanced beyond his i>est re- 
sults, may well exclaim with Moore, in his soft melo- 
dies : 

" Ah I acMina too fuU of SBddBning trulh, 



Let us first take a glance at one of our innumerable 
forest glens. We see in the deep, rich detritus of 
rocks and fallen leaves, accumulated in past centu- 
ries some of tlie grandest features of the world's veg- 
etation. Fern-trees* rise, at least exceptionally, to 
a height of eighty feet, higher, therefore, than any 
other parts of the globe, unless in Norfolk Island. 
Maiumoth-Eucalypts abound, having, in elevation, 
rivals only in the Californian Sequoia Weliingtonia ; 
we may, indeed, obtain, from one individual tree, 
; planks enough to freight almost a ship of the tonnage 
of the Great Britain. Todea Ferns, now siJught in 
trade, occur in these recesses, weighing, deprived of 
their fronds, almost a ton ; and, if the Xanthorrhcea'j 
do resemble, as popularly thought, our once spear- 
armed natives, then the Todea stems bear certainly 
as justly a resemblance to large black bears, as has 
tieen comically contended. The Fan Palms,t though 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



126 FOREST CULTURE AND 

only occurring in East Gipps Land, within our terri- 
tory, rank among the mo3t lofty of the globe, though 
also among the moat hardy. All this, in our latitude, 
seem astounding — but more, it demonstrates, also, 
great ricihes ; and I allude to it here only because I 
wished to show how a vegetation so prodigious points 
to the facilities of a natural, magnificent, industrial 
culture. The complex of vegetation is always an in- 
dicator of the soil and climate ; as such alone, plants 
deserve close study. In this instance it reveals un- 
told treasures, and yet, without phytographic knowl- 
edge they could never be understood, nor any intelli- 
gent appreciation of them be conveyed beyond the lo- 
cality. 

But can this grand picture of nature not be further 
embellished? Might not the true Tulip-tree, and the 
large Magnolias of the Mississippi and Himalaya, 
tower fkr over the Fern-trees of these valleys, and 
widely overshade our arborescent Labiafae ?* Might 
not the Andine Wax Palm, the Wettinias, the Gin- 
gerbread Palm, the Jubea, the Nicau, the northern 
Sabals, the Date, the Chinese Fan Palms, and Bhapis 
flabelliforrais, be associated with our Palm in a glori- 
ous picture? Or, turning to still more utilitarian ob- 
jects, would not the Cork-tree, the Red Cedar, the 
Camphor-tree, the Walnuts and Hickories of North 
America, grow in these rich, humid dales, with very 
much greater celerity than even with all our tending 
in less genial spots ? Could not, of four hundred co- 
niferous trees, and three hundred sorts of Oaks, nearly 
every one be naturalized in these ranges, and thus 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCAtYPTUS TREES. 127 

deals, select tanning material, corlc, pitch, turpoiitine, 
and many other products be gained far more readily 
there than elsewhere in Victoria, from sources ren- 
dered our own? Ought we riot to test in these val- 
leys how far the Sisso, the Sal, the Teak, may prove 
hardy, and as important here as our Blackwood and 
Eiicalypts abroad? Or shall I enumerate all the orna- 
mental woods for furniture, machinery, instruments, 
which form an endless array of genera, and species 
might be chosen as introducable, indeed, from most 
lands ; manyofthese, perhaps, to find an asylum in out 
mountains before— like in St Helena and other isolated 
spots — the remarkable and endemic trees are swept 
by man's destructive agency from the fece of the 
globe ? Shall I speak in detail of the trees which 
yield dyes, and many medicinal substances ? If the 
Turkey Box - tree should continue the best for the 
wood-engraver, it would, In these valleys, assume it-s 
largest dimensions. I do not hesitate in affirming 
that out of ten thousand kinds of trees, which proba- 
bly constitute the forests of the globe, at least three 
thousand would live and thrive in these mountains 
of ours ; many of them destined to live through cen- 
turies, perhaps, not a few through twice a thousand 
years, as great historic monuments. Within the 
railway-fences, hitherto in this respect unused, trees 
might be raised as materials for restoring, locally, the 
sleepers, posts, and rails, prior to their decay. The 
principles of physiology, the revelations of the micro- 
scope, aud the results of chemical tests guide us, not 
only in our selections of the trees, but often teach os, 
beforehand, the causes and reasons of durability or de- 
cay. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



128 t"OREST cuLTiTRE And 

The longevity of certain kinds of trees is marvel- 
ous. British Oalts are estimated to attain an age of 
two thousand years. The Walnut-tree, the Sweet 
Chestnut, and Black Mulberry-tree, live through many 
centuries, if cared for. Wellingtonias are found to be 
one thousand one hundred years old. Even the South 
European Elm, which, since the time of the Romans, 
has also made Britain its home, is known to stand six 
hundred years. Dr. Hooker regards the oldest Ce- 
dars yet existing, at Mount Lehanon, as two thousand 
Ave hundred years old. Historic records are extant 
of Orange- trees having attained an age of seven hun- 
dred years, yet aged trees continue in full bearing, 
under favorable circumstances ; a single tree is said 
to have yielded, in a harvest, twenty thousand oran- 
ges. Individual Olive - trees ate also supposed to 
have existed ever since the Christian era. The Eu- 
ropean Cypress, the Brltisli Yew, the Ginkgo, and the 
Kauri afford other remarkable instances of longevity. 

The Date- Palm gratefully bears its rich crop of fruit 
for two hundred years. The Dragon-tree of Orotava 
is another familiar example of extraordinary longevi- 
ty. Here, in Victoria, the native Beech, and several 
Eucalypts are veritable patriarchs of the forests, and of 
a far more venerable age than is generally supposed. 

So much for the lasting of some of our work, to en- 
courage planting operations. 

If Cook, who stepped with the pride of an explorer 
on these shores precisely a century ago, could view 
once more the scene of his discoveries, he would be 
charmed by the sight of noble cities, and the happy 
aspect of rural industry ; but he would turn bis eyes 
in dismay from the desolation and aridity which a 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALVrTUS TKEES. 12 9 

merciless sacrifice of the native forests has already so 
sadly brought about — a sacrifice arising from an utter 
absence of all thoughts for the future. Ever since an- 
tiquity this work of forest destruction has gone on in 
every country, until, sooner or later, such reckless 
improvidence has been overtaken hy a resentful Ne- 
mesis, in hindering the progress of national prosper- 
ity, and the comfort of whole communities. 

After lengthened periods of toil there partially arose, 
but partially only, what an early guardianship might 
have readily retained for most countries. When I 
largely shared in the labors of establishing, for Aus- 
tralian trees, a reputation abroad, I certainly did, also, 
entertain a hope to awaken here, likewise, a univer- 
sal interest in the dissemination of an almost endless 
number of trees from the colder and subtropic girdles 
of the whole globa (Vide Phil. Inst, 1858, pp. 98 to 
109.) A few scattered trees are of no national mo- 
ment. We want the massive upgrowth of the Pitch- 
pines, just as on the Piue barrens of the United States ; 
we want whole forests of the Deal Pines, both cis and 
transatlantic; we want over all our mountains the 
Silver Fir, already the charm of the ancients; we 
want the Australian Red Cedar, scarcely any longer 
existing in its native haunts ; we want the Yarrah- 
tree, forest-like, as in West Australia ; we want the 
various elastic Ash-trees, which are so easily raised ; 
we want, indeed, no end of other trees, because the 
greater part of Victoria is il! - wooded ; because our 
climate is hot and dry ; because extensive coal layers 
we have not yet found. What practical bearing can 
all the teaching in this hall, all the display in this mu- 
seum, really exercise, if, finally, thg artisan finds him- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



180 FOREST CULTUnE AXD 

self without an adequate and inexpensive material for 
his work? Annually, the timber of one hundred and 
fifty thousand acres is cut away in the United States 
to supply the want for railway-sleepers alone. The 
annual expenditure there In wood, for railway build- 
ings and cars, is iC7,600,000. In a single year the lo- 
comotives of the United States consume £11,200,000 
of wood. The whole wood industries of the United 
States represent, now, an annual expenditure of one 
hundred million sterling. There, forty thousand arti- 
sans are engaged alone in woodwork. Here, in Vic- 
toria, notwithstanding the activity of many saV-mills, 
we imported, only last year, timber to the value of 
£270,572 for our own uSe. As these remarks may 
find publicity, I have appended further notes on tim- 
ber-trees, eminently desirable for massive introduc- 
tion, but do not wish to exhaust by details the pa- 
tience of this audience. 

But it would be vain to expect that Europe and 
America will continue foreyer to furnish for us their 
timber, Theconstantly-increasing population and the 
augmented requirements of advancing industries will 
render no longer yonder woods accessible also to us 
before the century passes, because even in those north- 
em countries the timber supply will then barely sat- 
isfy local wants. 

An idea may be formed of forest value when we 
enter on some calculations of the supply of timber or 
other products available from one of our largest Eu- 
calyptus-trees. Suppose one of the colossal Eucalyp- 
tus amygdalina at the Black Spur was felled, and its 
total height ascertained to be four hundred and eighty 
feet, its circumference toward the base of the stem 

H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TKEES. 131 

eighty-one feet, its lower diameter to be twenty-six 
feet, and at the height of three hundred feet its diam- 
eter six feet. Suppose only half the available wood 
waa cut into planks of twelve inches width, we would 
get, in the terms of the timber trade, four hundred* 
and twenty-six thousand seven hundred and twenty 
superficial feet at one incli thickness, suflicient to cover 
nine and three fourths acres. Thesame bulk of wood 
cut into railway-sleepers, six feet by six inche'i by 
eight inches, would yield in number seventeen tliou 
sand seven hundred and eighty. Not lo^s than a 
length of twenty-tliree miles of three raii fencing, 
including the necessary posts, could be constructed 
It would require a ship of about one thousand tonnage 
to convey the timber and additional firewood of half 
the tree ; and six hundred and sixty-six drayloads at 
one and one half tons would thus be formed to remove 
half the wood. The essential oil obtainable from the 
foliage of the whole tree may be estimated at thirty- 
one pounds ; the charcoal, suppose there was no loss 
o( wood, seventeen thousand nine hundred and flfty 
bushels ; the crude vinegar, two hundred and twenty- 
seven thousand two hundred and sixty-nine gallons ; 
the wood-tar, thirty-one thousand one hundred and 
fifty gallons ; the potash, two tons eleven hundred 
weight. But how many centuries elapsed before un- 
disturbed nature could build up by the nubtle process- 
es of vitality these huge and wondrous structures ! 

Some feelings of veneration and reverence should 
also be evinced toward the native vegetation, where 
it displays its rarest and grandest forms. It is la- 
mentable that in all Australia scarcely a single spot 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



182 POEEST CULTURE ANP 

has been secured* for preserving some relics of its 
most ancient trees to convey to posterity an idea of 
the original features of our primeval forests, Tliougli 
it may appear foreign to my subject, I cannot with- 
iiold also on this occasion an imploring word, more 
particularly when I notice land - proprietors in East 
Australia to hold not even sacred a single native 
Banyan-tree, which required centuries for building 
its expansive dome and its hundreds of columnar pil- 
liirs ; nor to allow a single Cyrtosia Orchid to continue 
with its stem trailing to the length of thirty feet, and 
to remain with its thousands of large, fragrant blos- 
soms, the pride of the forest. That very Cyrtosia 
gives a clue to the affinity and structure of other plants 
not nearer to us than Java ; and its destruction, with 
probably that of many others which the naturalist 
forever is now prevented to dissect, or the artist to 
delineate, or the museum custodian to preserve, will 
be a loss to systematic natural history, also, forever. 
Again, in a spirit of Vandalism, a Fan-Palm, after a 
hundred years' grovrth, is no longer allowed to raise 
its slender stem and lofty crown in our own forests of 
Gipps Land, simply because curiosity is prompted to 
obtain a dishful of Pa]m-Cabt)age at the sacrifice of a 
century's growth. 

Let it be remembered that the uncivilized inhabit- 
ants of many a tropical country know how to respect 
the original and not always restorable gifts of a boun- 
tiful Providence. They will invaribly climb the Palm- 



he foreBtaof the] 
10 also secured sg 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 133 

tree to obtain its nuta or to plait its leaves ; so, also 
a resident in our forests might obtain from a grove 
of our hardy Palms, if still any are left in this land of 
Canaan, an annual income by harvesting the seeds as 
one of the most costly articles of horticultural export. 
Speaking of Palms, lot me observe that the tall 
Wax Palm of New Granada (Ceroxlyon andicola) 
extends almost to the snow -line. It is needless to 
add that we might grow this magnificent product of 
umdine vegetation in many localities of the country 
of our own adoption. Each stem yields annually 
about twenty-flve pounds of a waxy, resinous coat- 
ing, which when melted together with tallow forms 
an exquisite composition for candles. Chamseroiw 
Fortune!, a Chinese Fan Palm of considerable height, 
is here hardy, like in South Europe ; so would be, prob- 
ably, the Gingerbread Palm (Hyphaene Thebalca). 
Of the value of some Palms we may form an appreci- 
ation when we reflect that Blais Guineensis, which 
at the end of this century should be productive in 
Queensland and North-west Australia, yields from 
the fleshy outer portion of its nut the commercially 
&med Palm - oil, prepared much in the manner of 
Olive-oil ; the value of this African Palm-oil import- 
ed in 1861 Into England was two millions sterling, 
the demand for it for soap manufacture, and railway 
engines and carriages, being enormous.* The Chilean 
Jubaea or Coquito Palm grows spontaneously as far 
south as the latitude of Swan Hill, and is rich in a 
melligioous sap.f A Date Palm planted now would 
still be in full bearing two hundred years hence. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



134 li-OREST CUI-TURE AND 

When hopeful illusion steps beyond the stem reali- 
ties of the day, it cannot suppress a desire that en- 
lightened statesmanship will always wisely foresee the 
absolute requirements of future generations. The 
colonist who lives in enjoyment of his property near 
the ranges and sees a flourishing family growing up 
around him, asks ominously what will be the aspect 
of these forests at the end of the century, if the pres- 
ent work of demolition continues to go on ? He feels 
that though the forests not solely bring us the rain, 
through forests only a comparatively arid country can 
have the full advantage of its showers, as bitter ex- 
jH-rience has taught generation after generation since 
Julius Cfflsar's time. The colonist reflects with appre- 
hension tliat while no year nor day, when passed into 
eternity, can be regained, no provision whatever is 
made for the coming population, in whose welfare, 
perhaps as the head of a i^mily, and perhaps even 
bearing political responsibility, he is interested. He 
would gladly co-operate in the labors of a local Forest 
Board, just like members of Road Boards and Shire 
Councils enter cheerfully on the special duties alloted 
to their administration. His local experience would 
dictate the rules under which in each district the tim- 
ber and other products of the forest could be most 
lucratively utilized without desolation for the future ; 
and he would be bestable to judge, and to seek advice 
how the yield of the forest could be advantageously 
mainlined, and its riches methodically be increased. 
All this will weigh more heavily on his mind when he 
is C(^nizant that even in Middle Europe, in countries 
so well provided with coals, and of a much cooler 
clime than ours, the extent of the forests is kept scru- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Eucalyptus trees. 135 

pulously intact, and their regular yield remains secur- 
ed from year to year and from century to century. 
He would rest satisfied if only the trifling revenue 
of the forests could be applied by hina and his neigh- 
bors to an inexpensive restoration of the woods con- 
sumed. He would delight in seeing the leading for- 
eign timber trees disseminated with our own Red 
Gum-tree, Red Cedars, Yarrahs or Blackwoods, not 
by hundreds hut in time to come by millions, well 
aware that the next generations may either censure 
reproachftilly the shortcomings of their ancestors, or 
may point gratefully to the results of an earnest and 
well -sustained foresight of future wants. As a first 
step, at least in each district a few square miles should 
be secured for subsequent forest nurseries in the best 
localities, commanding irrigation by gravitation, and 
ready access also, before it is too late, and all such 
spots are permanently alienated from the Crown. 

Physical science must yet largely be called to our 
experimental aid before we can dispel the many crude 
notions in reference to the effect of forest vegetation 
on climate in all its details.- It Is thus a startling fact, 
as far as cxpeuments under m> guidance hitherto 
could elucidate the subject, that on a sunny day 
the leaves of oui common Eutiljpts and Casuarinas 
exhale a quantity of water se\eral times, or even 
many time's, larger than those of the ordinary or 
South European Elm, English Oak, or Black Poplar ; 
while from the folnge of our native Silver Wattle 
only half, or e\eu Icis thi,n half, the quantity of 
\vater is e\apoiattd than fiom the Poplar or Oak. 
This degree of exhalation, ^o different in various 
trees, depende on the numbei, position, and size of 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



186 FOREST CULTURE AND 

their stomata, and stands in immediate correlation to 
the power of absorption of moisture. Besides, if the 
evaporation of Eucalyptus- trees is so enormous during 
heat, and if the often horizontal roots of these trees 
thus render soil around them very dry, in consequence 
of the copious conveyance of moisture to the air, 
they simultaneously, by the rapidity of their evapo- 
ration in converting aqueous to gaseous liquid, or 
water into vapor, cause alowering of the temperature 
■ most important in our climate during the months of 
extreme heat, while their capability of absorbing 
moisture during rain or from humid air must bscom- 
iiiensurately great. 

It is beyond the scope of this address to dwell fur- 
ther on facts like these ; but I was anxious to demon- 
strate by a mere example how much we have yet to 
learn by patient research before we will have recog- 
nized in all its details the important part which forest 
vegetation plays in the great economy of nature. 
Ooncerning forest culture, I would very briefly allude 
to an instance showing how, by the teachings of natu- 
ral science and thoughtful circumspection, the rewards 
of industrial pursuits may become surprisingly aug- 
mented. In the uplands of the Madras Presidency, 
an Ingenious method has been adopted iu gathering 
the harvest of Cinchona-bark, in recent very extensive 
plantations, by removing it in strips without destroy- 
ing the cambium layer. Then, by applying moss to 
the denuded part of the stem, not only Is the remov- 
ed portion of the bark renewed within a year, to the 
thickness of tliree years' growth, but the protection 
of the tender bai-k against the influence of light and 
ali' allows nearly all the quinine and other alkaloids 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYTTUa TREES. 137 

to remain retained In the cortical layer without de- 
composition, while in the ordinary three yeara' bark 
half or more of these principles is lost. 

Facts like these lead us to appreciate the important 
hearings of the natural sciences on all branches of in- 
dustiy ; but they warn us, also, to pause before we 
give our further consent to the unlimited and reckless 
demolition of our most accessible forest lands, on the 
maintenance of which so many of our industries de- 
Just as it required, even under undisturbed favor- 
able influences, centuries Ijeforeour forest riches were 
developed to their pristine grandeur, so it will neeit, 
in the ordinary laws of nature, at least an equal 
lengthened period before we can see towering up again 
the sylvan colosses, which eminently contributed to 
the fame of the naturalhistoryof this land — if, indeed, 
the altered physical condition of the country will ren- 
der the restoration of the trees on a grand scale possi- 
ble at alL 

Has science drawn in vain its isothermal girdles 
around the globe,' or has the searching eye'of the 
piiilosopher in vain penetrated geologic structure, or 
in vain the exploringphytographer circumscribed the 
forms ? Well do we know what and where to choose; 
botanic science steps in to define the oljjects of our 
choice, which other branches of learning teach lis to 
locate and rear. 

The Tea would as thriffcly luxuriate in our wooded 
valleys as In its native haunts at Assam, and yield a 
harvest far more prolific than away from the ranges. 
Indeed, we may well foresee that many forest slopes 
\yill be dotted in endless rows with the bushes of the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



138 FOEEST CULTUKE AND 

Tea, precisely as our drier ridges are verdant with the 
vine, Erytliroxy Ion-Coco, the wondrous stimulating 
plant of Peru, should be raised in the mildest and 
most sheltered forest glens, where the stillness of the 
air excludes the possibility of cutting frosts. Hop, 
cultivated as a leading industry in Tasmania since a 
quarter of a century, will also take a prominent place 
on the brooks of our mountains, Peru-bark trees of 
various kinds should in spots so favored be subjected 
to culture trials. How easily could any swampy de- 
pression, not otherwise readily of value, be rendered 
productive by allowing plants of the handsome New 
Zealand fiax lily quietly to spread as a source for fu- 
ture wealth. How far the demand of material for 
industrial purposes may quickly exceed the supply 
may be strikingly exemplified by the feet that hun- 
dreds of vessels are exclusively employed for bringing 
the Esparto grass (not superior to several of our most 
frequent sedges) from Spain to England, to augment 
the supply of rags for the endless increasing require- 
ments of the paper-mills. Conversion of manifold 
material, even saw-dust, into paper, is carried on to a 
vast extent ; a multitude of samples placed here be- 
fore you will help to explain how wide the scope for 
paper material may extend. But the factories want 
materia], not only cheap, but readily convertible, and 
adapted to particular working. 

In all these selections, a few glances through the 
microscope, and the result of a few chemical reactions 
taught in this hall, may at once advise the artisan in 
his choice. 

Phytologic inquiry is further lo teach us rationally 
the nature of maladies to which plants are subject, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 139 

just as it disclosea even the sources of many of the 
most terrific and ravaging diseases of which the 
human frame is the victim. The microscope, that 
marvelous tool for discovery, has hecome, also, the 
guardian of many an industry. The processes of 
morbid growth, or the development and diffusion of 
the minute organism, between which descriptive bota- 
ny knows how to discriminate, are thus traced out as 
the subtle and insidious causes which at times involve 
losses that count by hundreds of thousands in a single 
year, even in our yet small communities. But while 
the microscope discloses the form and development 
of the various minute organisms which cause, through 
the countless numbers of individuals, at times the 
temporary ruin of many branches of rural industry, it 
leaves us not helpless in our insight how to vanquish 
the invaders. In correctly estimating the limits of 
the specific forms, calling forth or concomitant with 
some of the saddest human maladies, phytography 
shares in the noble aim of alleviating human suffer- 
ings, or restoring health and prolonging vital exist- 
ence. 

But it comes most prominently within the scope of 
this Industrial Museum to delineate for the agricul- 
tui-al and forest section, in explanatory plates, the 
morbid processes under which crops and timber may 
succumb, and an industry be paralyzed or a country 
be verily brought to famine ; it devolves on us, also, 
simultaneously to explain the effect of remedial agents, 
such as sound reasoning from inductive science sug- 
gests or confirms. To array samples of all field 
products which our genial clime allows us to raise 
is doubtless the object of an instructive institution, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



140 FOREST CULTURE AND 

more particularly in a young country, to which im- 
mig^ration streams mainly from a colder zone ; but 
thi8 display of increased capabilities, and of more, 
varied products of a naoatly winterless land, may 
entice- ttie inexperienced to new operations without 
guarding him against failures. I should even like to 
see tables of calculations in this Museum, from which 
could be leai'ued the yield and value of any crop with- 
in a defined acreage and from a soil chemically exam- 
ined ; but from this I would regard inseparable a dose 
calculation of the coste under which each particular 
crop can only be raised. Unfortunately, surprising 
data are often furnished concerning the productive- 
ness of new plants of culture ; but it ia as frequently 
forgotten that the large yield is, as a rule, dependent 
on an expenditure conamensurately large. 

Among the most powerful means for fostering phy- 
tologic knowledge for local instructive purposes, that 
of forming collections of the plants themselves remains 
one of the foremost No school of any great preten- 
sion should be without a local collection of museum 
plants, nor should any mechanics' institute be without 
such. It serves as a means of reference most faith- 
fully ; it need not be a source of expenditure ; It 
might be gathered as an object of recreation ; it may 
add even to the world's knowledge. Through tho 
transmission of numbered duplicate sets of plants to 
my office the accurate naming may be secured.* From 
such a normal collection in each district the inhablt- 



eus at nay kiud, for BscettalDlng the iiatare uid 
moat BCieptslili) ; while full tniopmition OD sncb. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYrTUS TUEKS, HI 

ant may learn to discriminate at once with exactness 
between the different timber-trees, the grasses, the 
plants worthy of ornamental culture, or any others 
possessing industrial or cultural interest. The saw- 
yer, as well as the trader in timber, may learn how 
many of the one hundred and forty Australian Eu- 
calypts occur within hia reach — how phytography 
designates each of them by a specific appellation ac. 
knowledged all over the globe. Phytologic inquiry, 
aided by collateral sciences, will disclose to him before- 
hand the rules for obtaining the wood at the best sea- 
sons, for selecting it for special purposes, for securing 
the beat preservation. Phyto-chemistry will explain 
to him what average percentage of potash, oils, tar, 
vinegar, alcohol, tannic acid, etc., may be obtained 
under ordinary circumstances from each. He will 
understand, for instance, that'the so-called Red Gum- 
tree of Victoria, the one so famed for the durability 
of its wood and for the peculiar medicinal aatringency 
of ita gum-resin, is widely different from the tree of 
that vernacular named In Western Australia ; that it 
is wanting in Tasmania, yet that it has an extensive 
geographic range over the interior of our continent ; 
and that thus the expei-iences gained on the products 
of this particular species of tree by himself or others 
are widely applicable elsewhere. Through collections 
of these kinds the thoughtful colonist may have his 
attention directed to vegetable objects of great value 
in his own locality, of the existence of which he 
might otherwise not readily become aware. New 
trades may spring up, new exports may be initiated, 
new local factories be established. Phytographic 
works on Australian plants, now extant in many vol- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



142 FOREST CULTURE AND 

times, can reatlily be attached and rendered explana- 
tory of such collections. A prize iield out by the 
patrons of any school might stimulate the juvenile 
gatherer of plants to Increased exertions ; his youth, 
ful mind will be ti'ained to observation and reflection 
and the faculties of a loftier understanding will be 
raised. 

To the adult also, and particularly often to the 
invalid, now sources of enjoyment may thus be dis- 
closed. What formerly was passed by unregarded 
will have a meaning ; every blade over which he 
stepped thoughtlessly before will have a new inter- 
eat; and even what he might have admired will gain 
additional charm ; but while penetrating wonders he 
never dreampt of before he ought piously to ask who 
called them forth ? 

"Bright flowers sbiJl lildom whBfevec WB roam, 

Tbe Btacs Hhali look iiko worldB of loTe, 
And this eBMh shall be one twaatiful dream." 

What one single plant may do for the human race 
is perhaps best exemplified by the Cotton-plant. The 
Southern Stotea of North America sent to England in 
1860 nearly half a million tons of cotton (453,522 t^ 
by which means, in Britain alone, employment was 
given to about a million of people engaged in indus- 
tries of this fabric, producing cotton goods to the 
value of ^£121, 364,458. From rice, which like cotton 
will mature its crop in some of the warmer pat 
Victoria,* sustenance is obtained for a greater num- 
ber of human beings than from any other plant. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



KucatjYptus trees. 143 

the greater part of the Australian continent, where- 
ever water supply could be commanded, the rico 
would luxuriate. I found It wild in Arnheim's Land 
ill 1855. Of sugrar - cane the hardier varieties may 
within Victoria succeed in East Glpps Land and 
other warmer spots. Great Britain imported in 1863 
not less than five hundred and oighty-six thousand 
six hundred tons.* Even our young colony import- 
ed last year to the value of nearly a million sterling 
(£948j329). Think of the commerce in other vegeta- 
ble products, such as require in different places our 
local fostei'ing care in order to add still more to our 
resources. Of various tobaccos we imported into 
Victoria in 1869 (deducting exports) to the value of 
£83,788; of wine, £84,687; of cereals, £781,250; of 
paper, £123,158. I will not enter on any remarks 
about sugar-beet, on which one of our fellow- colonists 
has lately compiled an excellent treatise. Of tea, in 
1865, Britain required for home consumption eighty- 
five millions of lbs. f What a prospect for tea growth 
in Victoria, where this bush cares neither for the 
scorching heat of the Summer nor for the night-frosts 
of our lower regions ; whereas, in the forest glens of 
(lur country, Tasmania, and elsewhere, the Tea-bush 
would yield most pfoliflc harvests. Test plantations 
for manifold new cultures were recommended by me 
years ago in one of my official reports to the Legisla- 



Goog[c 



144 FOREST CULTURE AND 

ture ; one plantation for the desert, one for subalpine 
regions, one for the deep valleys of the woodlands. 
The two latter might be in close vicinity at the Black 
Spur, and thus within the reach of ready traffic. The 
outlay iu each case would be modest indeed. What 
an endless number of new industrial plants might 
thus be brought together within a few hours' drive 
of the city, under all the advantages of rich soil, 
shelter, and irrigation ! What an attractive collection 
for the intelligeut and studious might thus be per- 
manently formed, 

I will not weary this audience by giving a long 
array of names of any plants resisting alpine Winters, 
such as in our snow-clad higher mountains they would 
have to endure. We know that the Apple will live 
where even the hardy Pear will succumb ; both will 
still thrive on our alpine plateaus. The Larch, strug- 
gling in vain with the dry heat of our open lowlands, 
would be a tree of comparatively rapid growth near 
alpine heights. The Birch, iu Greenland, the only 
tree in Italy ascending to six thousand feet, in Rus- 
sia the most universal, and there yielding for famed 
tanning processes its valued bark, is living — to quote 
tlie forcible remarks of an elegant writer — " is living 
on the bleak mountain sides from which the sturdy 
Oak shrinks with dismay." Add to it, if you like, 
the Paper -Birch, and a host of arctic, andine, and 
other alpine trees and bushes. Disseminate the Straw- 
berries of the countries of our childhood, naturalize 
the Blackberry of northern forest moors. The Ameri- 
can Cranbeny-bush {Vacciniuna macrocarpuin), with 
its large fruits, is said to have yielded on boggy mead- 
ows, such as occupy a largo terrain of the Australian 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 145 

Alps, fully one hundred bushels on one acre in a year, 
worth so many dollars. If once established, such a 
plant would gradually spread on its own account for 
the benefit of future highland inhabitants. The Su- 
gar Maple would seek these cold heights, to be tapped 
when the "Winter snow melts. For half a century it 
will yield its saccharine sap, equal to several pounds 
of sugar annually. 

Let us translocate ourselves now for a moment lo 
our desert tracts, changed as they will likely be many 
years hence, when the waters of the Murray River, 
in their unceasing flow from snowy sources, will be 
thrown over the back plains, and no longer run en- 
tirely into the ocean, unutilized for husbandry. The 
lagoons may then be lined, and the fertile depres- 
sions be studded with the Date Palm ; Fig-trees, like 
in Egypt planted by the hundreds of thousands to in- 
crease and retain the rain, will then also have ame- 
liorated here the clime ; or the White Mulberry-tree 
will be extensively extant then instead of the MaUee 
■scrub ; not to speak of the Vine, in endless variety, 
nor to allude to a copious culture of Cotton in those 
regions. To Fig-trees and Mulberry- trees I refor 
more particularly, because it must be always in the 
first Instance the object to raise in masses those utili- 
tarian plants which can be multiplied witli the uf^ 
most ease, and. without any special skill, locally, and 
which, moreover, as in this case, would resist the dry 
heat of our desert clime. When recommending such 
a culture for industrial pursuits, it is not the aim to 
plant by the thousand, but by the niillion. Eemem- 
ber, also, that a variety of the Morus Alba occurs in 
' Affghanistan, with a delicious fruit ; and that the im- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



146 FORKST Cm-TUEB ANJJ 

portatlon of Figs into Britain alone, from countries in 
climate alilce to large tracts of Victoria, has been of 
late years about one thousand tons annually. "What 
the Pig-tree has effected for rainless tracts of Egypt 
is now on hlstorii; record. 

1 have spoken of horticultural industries as not al- 
together foreign to this institution — indeed, as repre- 
senting a rising branch of commerce. Were I' to en- 
ter on details of this subject the pages of this address 
might swell to a volume. But this I would mention, 
that in out young country the manifold facilities for 
rearing exotic plants in specially selected and adapted 
localities could only as yet receive imperfect consid- 
eration. We have, however, ample opportunities of 
selecting genial spots for the growth of such singular 
curiosities as the Flytrap plant (Dionsea Muscipula), 
and the Pitcher-plants (Sarracenias) of the bogs and 
swamps of the pine barrens and savannahs of Caroli- 
na, if we proceed to moory portions of our springy 
forest land. There is no telling, too, whether the 
Pitcher-plants of Khasya and China (species of Ne- 
penthes) could not readily be grown and multiplied in 
similar localities, and the hardier of grand Epiphytes 
among the orchids, such as the subalpine Oncidium 
Warcaewickyi, of Central America, which might 
readily be reai-ed in our glens by horticultural enter- 
prise, together with all the hardier Palms. which mod- 
ern taste has so well adopted for the ready decoration 
of dwelling- rooms. 

Such plants as the Beaucarnea reeurvata of Mexico, 
with its Ave thousand flowers in a single panicle, and 
the hardier Vellozias, from the bare mountain regions 
of Brazil, would endure our open air ; while the in- . 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 14? 

numerable South African Heaths, Stapeliie, the Me- 
sembryaiithema, Pelargonia, lily-like plants, and many 
others, once the pride of European conservatories, 
can, with increased sea traffic, now gradually be in- 
troduced as beautifnl ofjects of trade into this coun- 
try, where they need no glass protection. It leads 
too far to speak of the still more readily^ accessible 
numerous showy plante of South-west Australia, but 
among which, as a mere instance, the gorgeous Ani- 
goaanthi, the lovely Stylidia, the gay Banksiie, and 
the fragrant Boronias may be mentioned. 

Before leaving this topic, I may remind you that 
many esculent plants of foreign countries are deserv- 
ing yet of test culture, and, perhaps, general adop- 
tion In this country. The Doliehos sesquipedalis, of 
South American, is a bean, cultivated in France on 
account of its tender pod. The Arracha esculenta, an 
umbellatefrom the cooler mountains of Central Ameri- 
ca, yields there, for universal use, its edible root. 
■ The climbing Chocho, of West India (Sechium edule), 
proved hardy in Madeira, and furnishes a root and 
fruit both palatable and wholesome. Vigna subter- 
ranea is the Earth Nut of Natal. The Tare of Tahiti 
(Calocasi macrorrhiza), though perfectly enduring our 
lowland elime, is, as yet, with allied species, but lit- 
tle cultivated — neither the Soja of Japan {Glycine 
Soja), nor the Caper of the Mediterranean. The Sea- 
kales (Crambe Maritima and C. Tatarica) might he 
naturalized on our sandy shores. 

Regarding fibres, much yet requires to be effected 
by capitalists and cultivators, to turn such plants as 
the Grasseloth shrub, which I distributed for upward 
of a dozen years, to commercial importance for faoto- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



148 FOREST CULTURE AND 

I'ies. A kind of Jute (Corehorus olitorius) succeeds 
as far north as the Mediterranean, and grows wild 
with the Sun Hemp ( Crotalaria juncea ) in tropical 
Austi-alla; the latter plant comes naturally almost 
to the boundaries of our colony, A Melbourne rope- 
fectory offers £86 for the ton of New Zealand Flax, 
and can consume six tons per week. Hemp, used 
since antiquity, produces, along with its fibre, the 
Hypnotic Churras. England imported. In 1858, 
Hemp, to the value of more than £1,000,000.* This 
may suffice to indicate new resources in this direction. 
For Sumach our country offers, in many places, the 
precise conditions for Its successful growth, as con- 
firmed by actual tests. Tannic substances, of which 
the indigenous supply is abundant and manifold, 
would assume still greater commercial importance by 
simple processes of reducing them to a concentrated 
form. How on any forest river might not the Pil- 
bert-tree be naturalized ; on precipitous places, among 
rocks, it would form a useful jungle, furnishing, be- 
sides, its nuta, the material for fishing-rods, hoops, 
charcoal craVoiis, and other purposes. From a single 
forest at Barcelona sixty thousand bushels are obtain- 
ed in a year. (For these and many other data brought 
before you in this lecture you may refer further, most 
conveniently, to a jwsthumous work of the great Pro- 
fessor Lindley, Treasury of Botany, edited .by Mr. 
Th. Moore, with the aid of able contributors.) Even 
the Loquat would attain in our forest glens the size 
of a fiiir, or even large tree. 

" The import of Hemp md Jute Inio Briinin autiiig 18(i8 wbb three mil. 
lion two iinndred and eli^ht;-0De Cboaund tnu huodred sud siity-eliilit 
hundred wei(^t; during IMS, tluee million Ave hundred tad Ufty-oue 
ttaousBud eigul Qundred sad (hltty-eight hundrefl veigiit. Tbe uodreeeed 
Uemp imiiDned iu laUB was valued at £2,<m,110. 

H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTttR tEEES. 149 

O.iiers and other willows used for basket-work, for 
charcoal, or for the preparation of salicine, might line 
any river banks, quite as much for the sake of shade 
and consolidation of the soil as for their direct utili- 
tarian properties. In the forest ranges any dense line 
of Willows and Poplars will help to check the spread 
of the dreadful conflagrations in which so much of the 
best timber is lost, and through which the tempern- 
ture of the country is for days heightened to an intol- 
erable degree far beyond the scenes of devastation, 
while injuries are inflicted far and wide to the labors 
in the garden or the field. In the most arid deserld 
the medicinal Aloes might readily be established, 
to yield by a simple process the drug of commerce. 
Gourds of half a hundred weight have been obtained 
in Victoria, and show what the plants of the Melon 
tribe might do here, like in South Africa, for eligible 
spots in the desert land. Among the trees for those 
arid tracts, the glorious Grevillea robusta., with its in- 
numerable trusses of fiery red, and its splendid wood 
for staves, is only one of the very many desirable ; 
just as in the oases the Carob-tree will live without 
water, uninjured, because its deeply-penetrating rootJ^ 
render it fit to resist any drought. But it may be said 
tliat much that I instance Is well known and well 
recorded — so, doubtless, it is, in the abstract — but va- 
riety requires to be distinguished from variety, spe- 
cies from species, and their geography, internal struc- 
ture and components need carefully to be set forth, 
before any industry relating to plants can be raised 
on sound ground in proper localities, and be brought 
to Its best fruitfulness. 

Even a pond, a streamlet — how, with intelligent 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



150 FOEEST CULTURE AND 

foresight, may it be utilized and rendered lucrative 
to industry I Tlie "Water Nuts,* naturally distributed 
through large tracts of Europe and Asia, afford at 
Ciishmere alone, for five months in the year, a nutri- 
tious and palatable article of food for thirty thousand 
people. Can the Menyanthes not be made a native 
here — one of the loveliest of water-planta, one of the 
best of tonies ? The true Bamboo, which I first prov- 
ed hardy here, used for no end of purposes by tiie 
ingenious Chinese — can we not plant it here at each 
dwelling, at each stream, a grateful yielder to indus- 
trial wanta, not requiring itself any care — an object 
destined to embellish whole landscapes ? An Arun- 
dinaria Bamboo from Nepal (A. falcata) proved very 
tall and quite hardy, even in Britain ; and yet taller 
is the Mississippi Arundinaria (A. maerosperma) — 
indeed, rivaling in height the gigantic Chinese or 
Indian Bamboo. 

Imagine how there might arise on the bold rocky 
declivities of the Grampians the colossal columns 
of the Cereus giganteus of the extra-tropic Colorado 
regions — huge candelabraa of vegetable structure, 
which would pierce the roof of our museum hall if 
planted on the floor, and would be as expansive in 
width as the pedestal of the monument consecrated 
to our unfortunate explorers. Picture to yourselves 
an Echinocaetus Visnago of New Mexico, lodged, in 
the wide chaam of our Pyrenees, one of these mon- 
stei-s weighing a ton, and expanding into a length of 
nine feet, with a diameter of three feet." Think of 
such plants mingled with the Canarian Dragon-tree, 
one of which is supposed to have lived from our 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



KUCALYPTUS TREES. 151 

* time to this age, because four centuries 
eiFected on these Giant Lilies but little change. 
"Welwitchia here, like in rainless Damaraiand, might 
grow in our desert sands as one of the most wonder- 
ful of plants, its only pair of leaves being eotyledo- 
nou3 and lasting well-nigh through a century. Or 
associate in your ideas with these one of the medici- 
nal Tree Aloes of Namaqua, or one of the Poison Eu- 
phorbias, never requiring pluvial showers (Euphorbia 
grandidens), some as high as a good-sized two-storied 
dwelling-house ; transfer to them also Cereus senilis, 
thirty feet high, which, with ail its attempts to loolc 
venerable, only suceeds to be grotesque ; add to these 
extraordinary forms such Lily-trees as the Foureroya 
longseva, with a stem of forty feet and an inflorescence 
of thirty feet, wliereas Agave Americana, Agave 
Jlexicana and allied species, while they quietly pass 
through the comparatively short space of time allotted 
to their existence, weave "in the beautiful internal 
economy of their huge leaves the threads which are 
to yield the tenacious Pita-cords, so much in quest for 
the rope-bridges of Central America. 

Some of the Echinocaeti extend as far south as 
Buenos Ayres and Mendoza, and would introduce 
into many arid tracts of Victoria, together with the 
almost numberless succulents of South Africa, a great 
ornamental attraction, which horticultural entei-prise 
might turn to lucrative account ; just like our native 
showy plants will become objects of far higher com- 
mercial importance than hitherto has been attach- 
ed to them. The columns of Cereus Peruvianus rise 
sometimes to half a hundred feet; some Cactess are 
in reality the vegetable fountains of t&e desert Such 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



152 FOBEST CULTURE AND 

plants as Etihinoeactus platyceraa, with its fifty thou- 
sand thorns and sette, should be cultivated in our open 
grounds for horticultural trade, whereas the Cochineal 
Cacti (Opuntia Tuna, O. coccinelllfera and a few other 
species), might well be still further distributed here, 
in order that food may be available for the cochineal 
insect-s when other circumstances in Australia will 
become favorable for the local production of this cost- 
ly dye. 

These are a few of naany instances which might be 
adduced to demonstrate how the landscape pictures 
of Victoria might be embellished in another century, 
and new means of gLiin be obtained from additional 
manifold resources. 

But while your thoughts are carried to other zones 
and distant lands, let us not lose sight of the reason 
for which we assembled, namely, to deal with utilita- 
rian objects and the application of science thereon. 
All organic structures, however, whether giants or 
pigmies, whether showy or inconspicuous, have their 
allotted functions to fulfill in nature, are destined to 
contribute to our wants, are endowed with their spe- 
cial properties, are heralding the greatness of the Cre- 
ator. But here in this hall I would like to see dis- 
played by pictorial art the niost majestic forms in 
nature, were it only to delineate for the studious the 
physiognomy of foreign lands, irrespective of any 
known industrial value of the objects thus sketched. 
The painter's art in choosing from nature does impress 
as most lastingly with the value and grandeur of its 
treasures. Each plant, as it were, has a history of 
discovery of its own ; who would not like to trace it ? 
And this again brings us face to face with those who 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TBEIS. 153 

carried before us the torch of scientific inquiry into 
the dark recesses of mystery, and shed a flood of light 
on perhaps long-concealed magnificence and beauty. 
The youth, aroused to the sublime feeling of wishing 
at least to follow great men in independent research- 
es, may be animated if in a hall Ulce this each divis- 
ion were ornamented with the portraits of the fore- 
most of those discoverers who through ages advanced 
tnowedge to the standard of the present day. 



LOKOraLLOlV. 

Discovery proceeds step by step. Commenced by 
original thinkers, enlarged by sedulous experimenters, 
fostered by the thoughtful portion of the community, 
and by any administration of high views, it is util- 
ized by well-directed enterprise, and marches onward 
steadily in its progress, Guttenberg and his collabo- 
rators gave us the printing art, which has done more 
to enlighten the world than all other mechanisms 
taken together; and though four centuries have alter- 
ed much in tlie speed and cost of producing prints, 
they have not materially changed the forms of this 
glorious art, as the beautifully-decorated pages of the 
earliest printed Bibles testify. Thus we have reason 
to be yet daily grateful for this invaluable gain from 
the genius of days long passed. 



bvGooglf 



154 POKEST 

Thoughdess criticism is but too often impatient of 
success, and demands results premature and unreason- 
able. Incompetent and perversive censure may even 
carry the sway of public opinion — misleading, and 
misled ; and, still worse, organized tactics may apply 
themselves, for sinister purposes of their own, to dis- 
turb the quiet work of the discoverer, mar the results 
of his labors, or paralyze the vitality of research, not 
understanding, or not wishing to understand, its di- 
rection or its object. 

And yet, should we have no faith in science, wheth- 
er it reveals to us the minutest organisms in a perfec- 
tion unalterable, * or the grandest doctrines of truth, 
sure ever to bear on human happiness and the peace 
of our soul; should we have no faith in science, 
whether it unravels the metallic treasures of the depth 
and the coals of the forests of bygone ages, or by eter- 
nal laws permits us to trace the orbits of endless ce- 
lestial worlds through space ; no f^ith, if it allows us 
through spectroscopic marvels to count unerringly the 
billions of oscillations of each ray of dispersed light 
within a second ; or if it discloses the chemism of 
distant worlds, and therewith an applicability of re- 
search, both tellural and sidereal, ever endless and 
inexhaustible. Science, as the exponent of God-like 



» As an loBtsDoe of the msrveloHB eomplesity, and yi 


«te,quisi 


ieperfeotiOQ 












jiany iofleota 




leae pro\ 


'Idcd vitH a 


aiaanet comea. lena, iris, pupil, and s whole nerrou 






deapised ordinary tauuse-fl; may be counted about to 


L'thint 


and of tbeaa 


meet Bnbfl« InatcumeElB of vision; in eome dr.gon.fll 






sand, KeliaWBmfccoseopists have oonnted eveosevf 







hundred and actj-flye in a kind ( 

della tbeae most delicate ejelflls have been found to rlee to the sLmost Incred. 

ibie numbarof twenty. BTethonsaiidipdeighty-eJght.— (Prom Th. Bym, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALVPTUS TREES. 165 

laws, draws us in deepest veneration to tlie power 
divine. Tliat is true science ! 

" As Inlo tints of seTentoia my 

Breaks soft the eilver; eblmmoriag white ; 
As faOa the aetenfold tints awer, 
And &11 the laisbow melts In llglit ; 



AndUght its eingla straaoi regiin." 

—BaliiierLytlm,fi-oni SMlkr, 

If a series of experiments with coloring principles 
from coal-tar and bituminous substances led to the 
Invention of the brilliant aniline colors, and brought 
about an almost total change in many dye processes, 
how many new wonders may not be disclosed to tech- 
nology by the rapid strides of organic chemistry ? 
As is well-known, three or four chcmic elements are 
only engaged in forming numberless organic com- 
pounds, by a slight increase or decrease or rearrange- 
ment of the atomic molecules, constructing, for in- 
stance, from these three or four elements, ever pres- 
ent and ever attainable, the deadly hydrocyanic acid, 
the terrible atropin, or the dreadful aconitin at one 
time ; or at another time, harmless ammonia com- 
binations universally used for culinary and other pur- 
poses of daily life. Our wood-tars, we may remem- 
ber, are left, as yet, almost unexamined as regards 
their chemic con stitu tents. Few of our timbers have 
been chemically analyzed j few other of our vegetable 
products are as yet accurately tested. What an end- 
less expanse for exploration does organic chemistry 
thus offer us ! We are called on, among a thousand 
things, to trace out similar mutual relation and coun- 
teraction of such extremely powerful plants as the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



156 FOREST CULTURE i 



a and Calabar Bean. Here medicine, chem- 
istry, and phy tology go hand In hand. How, again, 
13 any analysis of the chemic constituents of any 
plant, for cuitural purposes or otherwise, to be ap- 
plied,unles3 we conamand a language of phytographic 
expressions which will name with never-failing pre- 
cision the object i)efore ns, and give to its elucidation 
value and stability ? 

We may speak chemically ot potash plants, lime 
plants, and so forth ; we may wish to define thereby 
the direction of certain industrial pursuits, and we 
may safely thereby foretell what plants can be raised 
proiitably on any particular soil or with the use of 
any pai'ticular manure ; but how is this knowledge to 
be iixed without exact phytologic information, or how 
is the knowledge to be applied, if we are to trust to 
vernacular names, perplexing even within the area 
of a small colony, and useless, as a rule, beyond it ? 
Colonial Box-trees by dozens, yet all distinct, and 
utterly unlike Turkey Box ; colonial Myrtle, without 
the remotest resemblance to the i^oet's myrtle ; colo- 
nial Oaks, analogous to those Indian trees which as 
Casuarinffl were distinguished so gi-apliically byRumpf 
two hundred years ago, but without a trace of simi- 
larity to any real. Oak — afford instances of our confused 
and ludicrous vernacular appellations. A total change 
is demanded, resting on the rational observations and 
deductions which science already has gained for us. 
Assuredly, with any claims to ordinary Intelligence, 
we ought to banish such designations, not only from 
museum collections, but also from the dictionary of 
the artisan. 

One of the genera ot Mushrooms, certainly the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 157 

largest of them (Agariciis), contains alone about a 
thousand species, well distinguished from each other, 
a g'ood many even occurring in this country. For the 
practical purposes of common life it becomes an object 
to distinguish the many wholesome from the multi- 
tude of deleterious kinds, or the circumstances under 
which the harmless sorts may become hurtful. In 
France the cultivation of mushrooms in under-ground 
caverns has become a branch of industry not altogeth- 
er uniraportaut. How, in other instances, is many a 
culinary vegetable to be distinguished from the poi- 
son herb without the microscope of the phytographer 
being applied to dissections, or without the language 
of science recording the characters ? How many a 
life, Jost through a child's playfulness, or through the 
un acquaintance of the adult, even with the most ordi- 
nary objects of knowledge among plants, might have 
been saved, even in these times of higher education, 
if phytologie knowledge was more universal ! The 
species of fungi which can be converted into pleasant, 
nutritious food are far more numerous than popularly 
supposed, but for extending industries in this direc- 
tion botanic science must assume the guardianship. 
In a technologic hall like this I should like to see 
instructive portraits also of all the edible and noxious 
plants likely to come within the colonist's reach. 

Among aljout one thousand kinds of Fig-trees which 
(so Mons. Alphonae de Candolle tells me), thi-ough 
Mons. Bureau's present writings for the Prodromus, 
are ascertained to exist, only one yields the fig of our 
table, only one forms the famed sycamore lig, planted 
along so many roads of the Orient ; only one consti- 
tutes our own Ficiis -inacrnpfiyUn , destined, in Its 



Goog[c 



158 F0BE3T CULTURE AND 

unsurpassed magniflcenee, to overshade here our patli- 
waya. How are these thousands of species of Ficus, 
all distinct in appearance, in character, and in uses — 
how are they to be recognized, unless a diagnosis of 
each becomes carefully elaborated and recorded, head- 
ed by a specific name ? 

Without descriptive botany all safe discrimination 
becomes futile. To bear our share in building up an 
universal system of specific delimitation of all plants 
isatask well worthy of the patronage.of an intelligent 
and high-minded people. The physician is thereby 
guided to draw safe compaiiaons in reference to the 
action of herbs and roots which he wishes to prescribe, 
as available from native resources. Thus it was 
through Victorian researches that not only the close 
affinity of Goodeniacefe to the order of Gentianefe was 
brought to light, but simultaneously a host of herbs 
and shrubs of the former order gained for therapeutic 
uses. When once it was ascertained that the so- 
called Myrtle- tree of our forest moors was a true Beech 
the artisan then also found offered to him a timber of 
great similarity to that of the Beech foresfe of his 
British home. 

Of the grass genus Panlcum we know the workl 
possesses, according to a recent botanic disquisition, 
about eight hundred and fifty species, alt more or less 
nutritive. But one only of these is the famous Coa- 
pin of Angola (Panicum spectabile), one of the War- 
ree (Panicum miliaceum), one the Ehadlee (Panicum 
piloaum), one the Uerran (P. frumentaceum). We 
might dispense, perhaps, as far as these few are con- 
cerned, with their scientific appellations, though not 
even the mere task of naming haa become therewith 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 159 

easier, and no Information whatsoever of their char- 
acteristics has been gained. But if we wish to refer 
to any of the many hundred other species of Panicum, 
ill what way are we to express oursetves if even their 
vernacular names could be collected from at least a 
dozen of languages, and impressed on any one's mem- 
ory? They are, as may readily be imagined, very 
different indeed in their special nutritive ness, degree 
of endurance, and length of life. Of one hundred and 
forty species of Bromus only one is the Prairie Grass, 
which has attained already a great celebrity as a pas. 
ture grass naturalized in this country ; and it is only 
one other Bromus, among thB many nutritious liinds, 
which carries the palin as the most fattening fod- 
der-grass for cold, marshy pastures, and gradually, 
through depasturing, suppresses completely all other 
grasses and weeds ; so it is proved on the marsh- 
lands of Oldenburg, This Bromus (B. secalinua), as 
ftir as I am cognizant, is nowhere as yet economically 
cultivated in Victoria. 

Nothing would be easier than to commence dissem- 
inating a number of the l>est grasses in addition to 
those already here ; for instance, the Canadian Eice- 
Qrass (Hydropyrum esculentum) for our swamp-lands. 
Their nutritive value must be tested by analysis and 
other experiments, just like that of the Saltbushes of 
the Murray Mats. Hence ample scope for the exer- 
tions of science also in this direction. 

In Cotta's celebrated publishing establishment at 
Stuttgart a most useful work Is issued by my friend, 
Prof. Noerdlinger, on the structure of timber of vari- 
ous kinds, illustrated by microscopic sections of the 
wood itself; for the latter fascicles I furnished some 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



CULTURE AND 

1 from this colony. The work should be ac- 
cessible in this Museum to all iuterestod in wood- 
work. 

How much we have yet to learn of the value of ouc 
forest products is instonced when we now know from 
Spanish physicians to combat ague with Eucalyptus- 
leaves, or when Count Maillard de Marafy, from ex- 
periments instituted this year in Egypt, announced 
to us that Eucalyptus-leaves can be used as a substi- 
tute for Sumach (Egypte Agricole, 1870.) 

Already, in the earlier part of this lecture, I spoke 
of the Peru Bark pi mts , but the Cin honas are not 
all of the same kind. Some endure a lower degree 
of temperature thin otheis, some ate richer in qui- 
nine, others richer in cinLhonmo, others in quinoi- 
dine ; and this again is much subject to fluctuations 
under different effects of climate and soil. Great er- 
rors may be committed, and have been committed, 
by adopting from among a number of species the least 
valuable, or one undei ordinary circumstances almost 
devoid of alkiloid, though a representative of the 
genus cinchona, and not unlike the lucrative species. 
When cilculations m India prognosticate the almost 
incredible annual return of one hundred and thirty 
percent., aftei foui jeirs, on the original outlay for 
Cinchona plantation, it is supposed that the conditions 
for this new industiial culture are to the utmost favor- 
able. That one of the best species did not thrive 
fljere at ill m propoition to expectations is owing, in 
my opinion, to geologic conditions. The Cinchonas 
before jou, reired in soil from our Fera-tree gullies, 
I intended to have teste«J for the percentage of their 
filkaloid'5 prioi to this evening ; Ijut the timely per- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TBEES. 161 

formance of this investigation was frustrated. I 
think that I have proved the hurdiness or adaptabil- 
ity of these important plants for the warm Palm val- 
leys of East Gipps Land, as many indigenous plants 
from that genial spot are quite as much, if not more, 
susceptible to the night- frosts of our city than the 
CinehonfB, if harsh, cutting winds are isept from the 
latter. But as yet I am unacquainted with thelilcely 
results of remunerative Cinchona cultivation within 
tlie boundaries of this colony, as far as such depends 
on the constituents of the soil. That inquiries of this 
liind are not mere chimeras may be conceded after 
an explanation of this Itind for the benefit of future 
technology. Geology, one of the brightest satellites 
which rotate around the sun of universal science, con- 
tinues to send its lustre into the darkness which yet 
involves so many of tlie great operations in tellurian 
nature. Further insight into the relation of this dis- 
cipline of science to vegcfeible physiology is certain 
to shed abundance of light also on many branches of 
applied industry. The causes why the Iron-barli 
trees of our auriferous quartz ridges differ so material- 
ly fj-om the conspwiflc tree of alluvial flats can only 
be explained geologically. So it is with the narrow- 
leaved Eucalyptus amygdalina on open stony decliv- 
ities as eqmpai'ed with the broad-leaved Eucalyptus 
flssilis, which In such gigantic dimensions towers up 
from our deep forest valleys. But all this has an im- 
portant bearing on technological exertions in manifold 
directions. The timber chosen by the artisan from a 
wrong locality may impair the soundness of a whole 
building ; or a factory may prove not lucrative simply 
because it is placed on a wrong spot for the best raw 
material. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



162 FOREST CULTURE AND 

A thousand of other industrial purposes miglit yet 
be served by a close knowledge of plants. So the 
designer might choose patterns far more beautiful 
from the simple and ever-perfect beauty of nature than 
he gains from distorted forms copied into much of our 
tapestry ; thus a room, now-a-days, as a rule, decorate 
ed with unmeaning and often, as far as imitation of 
nature is concerned, impossible figures, might become, 
geographically or phytographically, quite instructive. 
If here the founders of territorial estates — some, per- 
haps, as large as the palatinates of the Middle Ages — 
should wish to perpetuate the custom of choosing a 
symbol for family arms, they — as the Highland clans, 
who adopted special plants of their native mountains 
for a distinguishing badge — might select, as the an- 
cestral emblem, the flowers of our soil, destined, per- 
haps, to be traced, not without pride, by many a 
lineage through a hundred generations. 

Precise knowledge of even the oceanic vegetation, 
in its almost infinite display of forms, offers not mere- 
ly the mo,st delicate objects for design, but brings be- 
fore us its respective value for manure, or the impor- 
tance of various herbage on which fishes will browse ; 
while such marine weeds may as well be transferred 
from ocean to ocean, as ova of trout have been brought 
Jrorn the far north to these distant southern latitudes. 
"Who could foresee when first iodine was accidentally 
discovered in sea - weeds, through soda factories, or 
bromine subsequently appeared as a mere substance 
of curiosity, what powerful therapeutic agents there- 
by were gained for medicine, what unique results they 
would render for chemical processes, of what incalcu- 
lable advantages they woiild prove in physiological 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TKEES. 163 

i or microscopic tests ; and how, without 
them, photographic ai't could not have depictured, 
with unerring fidelity, millions of ohjects, whether of 
landscapes or of the starry sky, whether of the beings 
dear to us or the relics of aatiqulty, whether enlarging 
the.scope of lithography or recording the languages, 
which the flashing of telegraphic electricity sends to 
a dwelling or to an empire ? Even the vegetable 
fossils, deep-buried in the earth or in the cleavage of 
roeits, when viewed by the light of phy tology, become 
so many letters on the pages of nature's revelation, 
from which we are to learn the age of strata, or may 
ti-ace the sources of metallic wealth, or by which we 
may he guided to huge remnants of forests of bygone 
ages, stored up for the utilization of this epoch, or 
may comprehend, as far as mortal understanding 
serves us, successive changes in tellurian creation. 

When Kay and, subsequently, Jussieu, framed the 
first groundwork for the ordinal demarcation of 
plants ; when Tournefort, by defining generic limits, 
brought further clearness into the chaos of dawning 
systematic knowledge, [and when Linnsegave so hap- 
pily to each plant its second or specific name, hut lit- 
tle was it indeed foreseen what a vast influence these 
principles of sound methodic arrangement would ex- 
ercise, not only on the easy recognition of the varied 
forms of vegetable life, but also on the philosophic 
elucidation of their properties and uses, and this for 
all times to come. Many, even at the present day, 
and among them at times those on whom the desti- 
nies of whole states and populations may depend, can 
recognize in phytographic and other scientific labors 
but little else than a mere play-work ; yet, without 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



164 FOR] 

such labors, every solid basis for applying the knowl- 
edge of plants to uses of any kind would be wanting. 
We would stray, indeed, unguided in a labyrinth 
between crude masses or inordinate fragments, instead 
of dwelling in a grand and lasting structure of knowl- 
edge, unless science also In this direction had raised 
its imperishable temples. But how much patient and 
toilsome research had to be spent thus to bring togeth- 
er in a systematic arrangement all the products of 
this wide globe ; how many dangers of exploring 
travelers had to be braved to amplify the material for 
this knowledge, and how many have to pass away, 
even now-a-days, persecuted and worried like Galileo 
at liis time, no one yet has told, nor will tell. Well 
may wo fool with the great German poet, as expressed 
in Butwer Lytton's beautiful wording : 

■■ I win rewsra Uiee In « baUec Una, 



But is there nothing higher than the search of 
earthly riches, and is to this all knowledge of the 
earth's beautiful vegetation also to be rendered sub. 
servient ? Is there nothing loftier than to break the 
flowers for our gayeties or to strew them along a 
mirthful path ? There is ! They raised the noblest 
feelings of the poet at all ages ; they spoke the purest 
woi"ds of attachment; they ever were the silent har- 
bingers of love. They smilingly inspired hope anew 
in unmeasured sadness, and on the death-bed or at 
the grave they appear to link together, as symbols of 
ever -returning springs, the mortal world with im- 
mortality ; they ever teach us some of tlie sublimest 
revelations of our eternal God, 

h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



EUCALVPTUa TREES. 165 

The laurel crown of the hero was a people's high- 
est reward of chivalrous and glorious deeds. 

The myrtle or orange - wreath for bridal curls re. 
mains the proudest gift to youthful hope. 

The little hlooming weed, content in a parched and 
dreary desert, revived the strength of many a sinking 
wanderer (Mungo Park) ; the ever unalterable beauty 
and harmony of moral structures preaches the truths 
of eternal laws in the universe — a faith that gave 
expression to Schiller's memorable words, as repeated 
by that leading British statesman, Gladstone : " It's 
not all chance the world obeys," The innocent love- 
liness of nature's flowers has often aroused anew the 
shaken spirit of the philosopher, and to these and 
other gifts of nature the American bard alludes when 
ho speaks of the great zoologist, Agassiz, of whose 
friendship 1 may well be proud : 



And when It seems that all hopes of the weeping 
mother ai-e extinguished, or oven the teachings of 
religion may well-nigh forsake her, then the deep 
meaning of some of our noblest poems, inspired by 
nature, is understood, and faith in eternity once more 
embraced. 



IB otthebriglitsFLd belt 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 




Eucalyptus Globulus. 

ISliowiEB tLe Seod Cupe.) 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



AUSTRALIAN VEGETATION, 



The great continent of Australia exhibits througli- 
out its varied zones marked diversities in the physi- 
ognomy of its vegetation. These differences stand 
less ill relation to geographical latitudes than to geo- 
logical formations, and especially climatical condi- 
tions. Yet it is in few localities only where the pecu- 
liar features, impre'Ssed by nature as a whole on the 
Australian landscape, cannot at once be recognized. 
The occurrence of Eucalypts and simple-leaved Aca- 
cias in all regions, and the preponderance of these 
trees in most, siifflce alone to demonstrate that in 
Australia we are surrounded largely by forms of the 
vegetable world which, as a complex, nowhere re-oc- 
cur beyond its territory, unless in creations of ages 
passed by. 

In a cursory glance at the vegetation, as intended 
on this occasion, it is not the object to analyze its 
details. In viewing vegetable life here, more parti- 
cularly as the exponent of clime, or as the guide for 
settlement, or as the source of products for arl~s and 
manufactures, we may content ourselves by casting a 
view only on the leading features presented by the 
world of plants in this great country. While the 
absence of very high and wooded mountains imparts 
to the vegetation throughout a vast extent of Austra- 
lia a degree of monotonj', we perceive that the occyr- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



rence of lofty forest ranges along the whole eastern 
and south-eastern coa.st changes largely there the as- 
pect of the country, and in this alteration the moun- 
tainous island Tasmania greatly participates. Thus 
the extensive umhrageous forest regions of perpetual 
humidity commence in the vicinity of Cape Otway ; 
extend occasionally, but not widely interrupted, 
through the southern and eastern part of Victoria, 
and thence, especially on the seaside slopes of the 
ranges, throughout the whole of extra^and intra-trop- 
Ical East Australia in a band of more or leas width, 
until the cessation of elevated mountains on the north- 
ern coast confines the regions of continued moisture 
to a narrow strip of jungle-land margining the coast. 
In this vast line of elevated coast-country, extend- 
ing in length over nearly three thousand miles, and 
which fairly may pass as the " Australian jungle," the 
vegetation assimilates more than elsewhere to extra- 
Australian types, especially to the impressive floral 
features of continental and insular India. Progressing 
from the Victorian promontories easterly, and thence 
northerly, we find that the Eucalypts, which still pre- 
ponderate in the forest of the southern ranges, gradu- 
ally forsake us, and thus in eastern GIpps Land com- 
mences the vast assemblage of varied trees which so 
mifch charms by its variety of forms, and so keenly 
engages attention by the multiplicity of its interest. 
Bathed in vapor from innumerable springs or torrents, 
and sheltered under the dark foliage of trees very 
varied in form, a magnificent display of the Fern- 
trees commences, for which further westerly we 
would seek in vain the climatic conditions. Even 
Isolated sentries, as it were, of the Fetn-tree masses 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEES. 169 

are scattered not further west than to the craters of 
extinct volcanoes near Mount Gambler, and although 
colossal Todea Ferns, with stems six to ten feet high, 
and occasionally as thick, emerge from the streamlets 
which meander through the deep ravines near Mount 
Lofty, on St. Vincent's Gulf, we miss there the stately 
Palm-like grace of the Cyatheffi, Dieksoniie, and Al- 
sophilje, which leave on the lover of nature who ever 
beheld thera the remembrance of their inexpressible 
beauty. These Fern- trees, often twenty to thirty, 
occasionally fifty to seventy feet high, and at least as 
many years old, if not older, admit readily of removal 
from their still mild and humid haunts to places where, 
for decorative vegetation, we are able to produce the 
moisture and the shade necessary for their existence. 
Of all Fern-trees of the globe that species which pre- 
dominates through the dark glens of Victoria, Tasma- 
nia, and parts of New South Wales, the Dicksonia 
Antarctica (although not occurring in the antarctic 
regions), is the most hardy and least susceptible to 
dry heat. This species, therefore, should be chosen 
for garden ornaments, or for being plunged into any 
park glens ; and if it is considered that trees half a 
century old may with impunity be deprived of their 
foliage and sent away to distant countries as ordinary 
merchandise, it is also surprising that a plant so abund- 
ant has not yet become an article of more extended 
commerce, 

A multitude of smaller ferns, many of delicate 
.forms, are harbored under the shade of jungle vege- 
tation, amounting in their aggregate to about one 
hundred and sixty species, to which number future 
isin north-east Australia will undoubtedly 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



X70 

add. The circular Asplcnluin nidus, or great Nest 
Fern, witli frynda often six feet long, extends to the 
eastern part of Gipps Land, hut the equally grand Stag- 
horn Fern ( Platycerium alcicorne and P. grande ) 
seemingly cease to advance south of lUawarra, while 
in northern Queeonsland Angiopteris evecta count 
among the most gorgeous, and two slender Alsopiiil© 
among the most graceful forms. The transhipment 
of all these Ferns offers lucrative inducements to trad- 
ers with foreign countries. Epiphytal Orchids, so 
much in horticultural request, are less numerous in 
these jungle-tracts than might have been anticipated, 
those discovered not yet exceeding thirty in number. 
Their isolated outposts advance in one representative 
species — the Sarcochiius Ounnli — to Tasmania and the 
vicinity of Cape Otway, and in another — Cymbidiura 
canaliculatum ^toward Central Australia. The com- 
parative scantiness of these epiphytes contrasts as 
strangely with the Indian Orchid- vegetation as with 
the exuberance of the lovely terrestrial co-ordinal 
plants throughout most parts of extra^troplcal Austra- 
lia, from whence one hundred and twenty well-defined 
species are linown. Still more remarkable is the al- 
most total absence of Orchids, both terrestrial and epi- 
phytal, from north and north-west Australia, an ab- 
sence for which in the central parts of the continent 
aridity sufficiently accounts, but for which we have 
no other explanation in the north than that the spe- 
cies have as yet there eifected but a limited migra- 
tion. To the jungles and ceda'r-bmshes — the latter 
so named because they yield that furniture- wood so 
famed as the Red Cedar (Cedrela taona, a tree identi- 
cal as a species with the Indian plant, though slight- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 171 

ly different in its wood) are absolutely confined the 
Anonaeese, Laurinese, Monimiese, Meliaeefe, Rubi- 
aeeffi, Myrsinete, Sapotete, Ebenaceie, and Anacardiere, 
together with the Baccate Myrtaee^, and nearly all 
the trees of Euphorbiacge, Rufjwjefe, Apocynese, Celas- 
trinese, Sapindacese, which, while often outji umbering 
the interspersed Eucalypts, seem to transfer the ob- 
server to Indian regions. None in the multitude of 
trees of these orders, with exception of our tonic-aro- 
matic Sassafras-tree (Atherospermum moschatum) and 
Hedycarpa Cunningham!, which supplies to the na- 
tives the friction-wood for igniting, transgress in the 
south the meridians of Gipps I^and. Palms cease also 
there to exist, but their number increases northward 
along the east coast, while in Victoria these noble 
plants have their only representative ih the tall-cab- 
bage or Fan -palm of the Snowy River — that Palm 
which, with the equally hardy Areea sapida of New 
Zealand, ought to bo established wherever the Date Is 
planted for embellishment. Rotang Palms (Calami 
of several species) render some of the northern thick- 
ets almost inapproachable, while there, also, on. a few 
spots of the coast, the Cocoanut-tree occurs spontane- 
ously. A few peculiar Palms occur in tlie Cassowary 
cou iitry, near Cape York, and others around the Gulf of 
Carpentaria, as far west as Arnhemsland. The tallest 
of all, the lofty Alexandra Palm (Ptychosperma Alex- 
drre), extends southward to the tropic of Capricorn, 
and elevates its mtyestic crown widely beyond the or- 
dinary trees of the jungle. The products of these en- 
tire forests is as varied as the vegetation which con- 
stitutes them. . As yet, however, their treasures have 
been but scantily subjected to the test of the physi- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



172 tWREST COLTlfEt! AND 

cian, the manufacturer, or the artisan. The bark of 
Alstonla coDstrkta, like that of allied Indian species, 
is ascertained to be febrifugal, so that of Chionanthua 
axillaris, and Brucea Sutnatrana. Caoutchouc might 
be produced from various trees, especially the tall 
kinds of Ficus. The lustre and tint of the polished 
woods of others is unrivaled. Edible fruits are yield- 
ed by Achras Australia, Aehras Pohlmaiiiana, Mimu- 
sops kauki, Zizyphus jujuba. Citrus Australia, Citrus 
Planchonii, Eugenia Myrtifolia, Eugenia tierneyana, 
Parinarium nonda, the Candlenut-tree (Aleurites tri- 
loba), and the duster Fig-tree (Ficus veaea, which 
produces its bunches from the stem) ; also by species 
of Owenia and Spondias, and by several brambles 
and vines. Starchy aliment or edible tubers are fur- 
nished by Taccapinnatiflda, by several Cissi (C. opaca, 
C. elematidea, acrid when unprepared), Marsdeni vlr- 
idiflora, Colocasia antiquorum, Alocasia macrorrhiza, 
by a colossal Cycas, some Zamls9, and several kinds of 
Yam (DiosGorea bulbifera, Dioscorea punctata, and 
other apeeies). Backhousia citriodora and llyrtus 
fragrantissima yield a cosmetic oil ; so, also. Euca- 
lyptus citriodora, a tree not confined to the Jungle, 
and two kinds of Ocimum. Semecarpus anacardium, 
the marking Nut-tree, is a native of the most north- 
em brush-country. The medicinal Majlotua Phillp- 
pinensis, and the poisonous Exctecaria Agallocha are 
more frequent. Baloghia lueida furnishes a red dye 
never to be obliterated. 

Many of the trees of the coast-forests of East Aus- 
tralia range from the extreme north to the remotest 
south, among them the Palm-panax; others, like 
Araucaria Cunninghami, extend only to the northern 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 173 

part of New South Wales, while some, iacluding 
Arauearia Bidwelli, or the Bunya^Bunya-tree, bo re- 
markable for its large, edible, nuilike seeds, and the 
Australian Kauri, Dammara robusta, are confined to 
very circumscribed or solitary areas. The absence of 
superior splce-plants (as far as hitiierto ascertained) 
amidst a vegetation of prevailing Indian type is not 
a little remarkable, for Cinnamomum Laubatii ranks 
only as a noble timber-tree, and the native nutmegs 
are inert. The scantiness of acantiiaceous plants is 
also a noticeable fact. PodostemonOEe have not yet 
been found. Many plants of great interest to the 
phytographer are seemingly never quitting the north- 
eastern peninsula j among these the Banksian l)a- 
nana (Musa Banksii), the pitcher-plant (Nepenthes 
Kennedyana), the vermillion - flowered Eugenia Wil- 
sonii, tlie curious Helmholtaia acorifolia, the Mar 
shai-tree, Archidendron VaiSlantii (the only plant of 
the vast order of Iieguminosas with numerous styles), 
the splendid Diplanthera quadrifolia, Fieus magnifo- 
lia, with leaves two feet long, the tali Cardwellia sub- 
limis, and the splendid Cryptocarpa Maekinnoniana, 
are especially remarkable. Hhapldophara, Pothos, 
Piper, together with a host of Lianes, especially gay 
through the prevalence of Ipomieas, tend with so many 
other plants to impart to the jungle part of Australia 
all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation. Of the two 
greatNettIe-trees,theLaporteagiga3 occurs in the most 
northern regions, while Laportea photinifolia Is more 
widely diffused. Helicia is represented by a number 
of fine trees far south, some bearing edible nuts, 
Doryanthes excolsa, the tali spear-iily, is confined to 
the forests of New South Wales. The flowers of Ob- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



174 FOREST CULTUEE AND 

eronia palmicola are more minute than those of any 
other orchideous plant, althongh more than two thou- 
sand species are known frum various parts of the globe. 
The display of trees eligible for avenues from these 
Jungles is lai'ge. The tall Fern-palm (Zamia Deniso- 
nii), one of the most stately members of the vai-Ied 
Australian vegetation, is widely, but nowhere copi- 
ously, diffused along the east coast ; it yields a kind 
of sago, like allied plants. The beans of Castanosper- 
mum Australe, which are rich in starch, and those of 
Entada purssetha, from a pod often four feet long, are, 
with very many other vegetable substances, on which 
Mons. Thozet has shed much light, converted by the 
aborigines into food. 

If plants representing the genera Eerberis, Inipa- 
tiens, Eosa, Be<'onia Ilex rhododendron, Vaccini- 
um, or, perhap e F g Cypresses, and Oaks, do 
at all occur In Au tr 1 n the middle regions of 

the mountains of I d t will be on the highest hills 
of north-east Au t la — n nely, on the Eellenden 
Ker ranges, raounta n t II unapproachable through 
the hostility of the natives — where they will find the 
cooler and simultaneously moist tropical climate con- 
genial to their existence. But whatever may be the 
variety and wealth of the primitive flora of East Aus- 
tralia, it is only by the"active intelligence and exer- 
tions of man that the greatest riches can be wrought 
from the soiL "Whatever plants he may choose to 
raise — whatever costly spices, luscious ftults, expen- 
sive dyes ; whether cacao, manihot, or other aliment- 
ary plants J whether sugar, coffee, or any others of 
more extensive tropical tillage — for all may be found 
wide tracts fitted for their new home. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 175 

Tho close access to harbors facilitates culture, while 
the expansive extent of geographical latitude on the 
east coast admits of choosing such spots as in each in- 
stance present the most favorable climatic conditions 
for the success of each special plantation . Beyond the 
coast ranges the country westward changes with aug- 
menting dryness generally at once into more open 
pastoral ground. Basaltic downs and gentle verdant 
rises of eminent richness of herbage may alternately 
give way to Erigalow scrubs, or sandstone plateaux, 
or porphyritic or granitic hills, and with the change of 
the geological formation a change, often very appa- 
rent, will talie place alsoin the vegetation. Inland we 
will lose sight of the glossy, dense, umbrageous foliage, 
which now only borders a generally low coast in 
the north, terminating there frequently in mangroves. 
Strychnos nux vomica occurs among tho coast-bushes 
here, and also an Antiaris ( A. maorophylla ) ; but 
whether the latter shares the deadly poison of the 
Upas-tree of Java and Sumatra requires to be ascer- 
tained. Tamarindus Indica is known from Arnhems- 
land, and the French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in a 
spontaneous state from the north-west coast. Euca- 
lypti, again, form away from the sea the prevailing 
timber, but with the exception of tho Red Gum-tree 
(Eucalyptus rostrata), which lines most of the rivers 
of tho whole of tho Australian interior, the southern 
species are replaced by others, nover of gigantic 
growth, in some instances adorned with brilliant scar- 
let or crimson blossoms. But neither these nor many 
distinct kinds of northern Acacias and Melaleucas 
stamp on the country the expression of peculiarity. 
Familiar Australian forms usually surround us, though 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



176 FOREST CULTURE AND 

those of the cooler zone, and even the otherwise al- 
most universal Senecios, are generally absent. Cype- 
rua vaginatus, perhaps the best of all textile nishes, 
ranges from the remotest south to these northern re- 
gions. Hibiscus tlliaceus, with other malvaceoua 
plants, is here chosen by the natives for the fibre of 
their fishing-nets and cordage. An occasional inter- 
spersion of the dazzling Erythrina vespertilio, of 
Eauhinia Leichardti, Erythrophlteum Laboucheri, 
Livistonia Palms, and many Terminalife, some with 
edible fruits, Cochlospermum Gregorii, C. heterone- 
mum, remind, however, of the flora of tropical lati- 
tudes, which, moreover, to the eye of an experienced 
observer, is revealed also in a multitude of smaller 
plants, either identical with South Asiatic species or 
representing in peculiar forms tropical genera. The 
identity of about six hundred Asiatic plants (some 
cosmopolitan) with native Australian species, has been 
placed beyond doubt, and to this series of absolutely 
identical forms, as well derived from the jungle as 
from grounds free of forest, unquestionably several 
hundred will yet be added. 

Melaleuca leucadendron, the Cajeput-tree of India, 
is among Indo- Australian trees one of the most uni- 
versal ; it extends, as one of the largest timber-trees 
of north Australia, along many of its rivers, and in 
diminutive Size over the dry sand-stone table-lands. 
The Asiatic andPaciflc Casuarina equisetifolia accom- 
panies it often in the vicinity of the coast. By far 
the most remarkable form in the vegetation of north- 
west Australia is the Gouty - stem - tree (Adansonia 
Gregorii) ; but it is restricted to a limited tract of 
coast-country. It assumes precisely the bulky form 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 177 

of its only congener, the Monkey- bread-tfee, or Bao- 
bab of tropical Africa (Adansonia digitata), dissimilar 
mainly in having its nuts not suspended on long fruit- 
stalks. Evidence, though not conciusive, gained in 
Australia, when applied to the African Baobab, ren- 
ders it improbable that the age of any individual tree 
now in existence dates from remote antiquity. Thia 
view is also held by Dr. G. Bennett, of Sydney. The 
tree is of economic importance ; its stem yields a mu- 
cilage indurating to a tragacantli-Iike gum. It is also 
one of the few trees which introduces the unwonted 
sight of deciduous foliage into the evergreen Austra- 
lian vegetation. Numerousswarapsandsmallerlakea 
exist within moderate distance of the coast; as in 
many other parts of Australia, these waters are sur- 
rounded by the wiry Polygonum (Muehlenbockia 
Cunningham!), and in Arnliemsland occa,?ionally also 
by rice-plants, not distinct from the ancient culture- 
plant. But here. In almost equinoctial latitudes, the 
stagnant fresh waters are almost invariably nourishing 
two Water-lilies of great beauty (Nymphiea stellata 
and I^ymphtea gigantea), which give, by the gay dis- 
play of their blue, pink, or crimson shades of flowers, 
or by their pure whit«, a brilliant aspect to these lakes ; 
and even the Pythagorean bean (Neiumbo nucifera) 
sends occasionally its fine shield-like leaves and large 
blossom and esculent fruits out of the still and shel- 
tered waters. But how much could this splendor of 
lake- vegetal Ion be augmented if the reginal Vietorfa, 
the prodigious Watsr-lJly of the Amazon River, was 
scattered and naturalized in these lakes, to expand 
over their surface its stupendous leaves, and to send 
forth Its huge, snowy, and crimson, fragrant flowers, 



Goog[c 



178 FOEKaT CUI-TUBB AND 

It would add to the aliment which the natives now 
obtain from these laltes and swarapa by diving for the 
roots and fruita of the Nymphte, or for the tubers of 
Heleocharis sphacelata, of species of Aponogeton, or 
by uprooting the starchy rhizomes of Typha augusti- 
folia {the Bullrush), when eager of adding a vegetable 
compound to their diet of Unio shelis, or of water- 
fowls and fishes, all abounding on these favorite plaeea 
of their resort Trapa bispinosa, already living, like 
the Victoria, in the tanks of our conservatories, ought, 
with Trapa natans, for the sake of its nuts, not only 
to be naturalized in tlie waters of the north, but also 
in the lagoons and swamps of the south. Around 
these lakes Screw- Pines (Pandanus spiralis and Pan- 
danus aquaticus) may often be seen to emerge from 
the banks, the latter, as recorded already by Leich- 
hardt, always indicative of permanent water. The 
young top-parts of the stems of these Pandans, when 
subjected to boiling, become free of acridity, and thus 
available, in cases of emergency, for food. Opilla 
amentaeea and the weeping Eugenia eucalyptoides, 
together with a native cucumber (Cucumis >ugunda), 
are here among the few plants yielding edible fruit. 
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) abounds, and in sandy 
soil it is found pleasantly acidulous. It will always 
be acceptable, as a salad or splnaeh, especially in affec- 
tions from scurvy, and its amylaceous seeds might, 
in cases of distress, be readily gathered for food. A 
delicious tall perennial spinach (Chenopodium auriea- 
mum) is not unfrequent. Beyond one kind of San- 
darach Callitris no Pines exist in the north, except 
the Araucaria Greyi, noticed on a circumscribed spot 
on the Glenelg river, The true Bamboo (Bambusa 



HoElDdbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEBE8. 179 

arundinafiea) lines, ait far as yet discovered, only the 
banks of a few of the rivers of Arnhems-land. 

To the pastoral settler, for whom more particularly 
the generally open Eucalyptus country or the treeless 
or partly scrubby tracts are eligible, it must he of aig- 
nifleanee that the ralufiill occurs with frequency during 
the hottest part of the year. Hence, during the Sum- 
mer, grass and herbage is pushing forth with extra- 
ordinary rapidity and exuberance, while a judicious 
burning at the cooler season, together with the effect 
of regular dews, is certain to produce fi:esh forage 
during the dryor montlis. An almost endless variety 
of perennial nutritious grasses, allied to Indian spe- 
cies, or even identical with them, are known to exist; 
The basaltic downs of the north and north-west pro- 
duce almost precisely the same vegetation which has 
rendered Darling and Peak Downs so famed in the 
east. This almost absolute identity of plants is a suf- 
ficient indication of great semblance of climate, for 
which the rise of the country, though one not very 
considerable, to some extent may account. On the 
ranges whicli divide the waters of the east coast from 
those of Carpentaria the vine luxuriates ; its fruit, 
indeed, suffers occasionally from frost. 

How far the tract south of the more littoral north- 
ern country may continue to bear prevailingly the 
features of fertility cannot be predicated. There can 
be no greater fallacy than to prejudge an untraversed 
country— a fallacy to which explorers are prone, and 
wliich, in some instances, has refcirded advancement 
of geographical discoveries and of new locations of 
permanent abodes, while, in other instances, it has 
led to disastrous consequences. A country should be 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



180 rOBEST CULTURE AND 

judged witli caution. Even from elevations compar- 
atively inconsiderable, as such nearly always proved 
away from the eastern coast, the orb of vision is lim- 
ited. A traveler may, buoyant with hope, commence 
his new daily coiic[uest on the delightful natural lawns 
or the vei-dant slopes of a trap formation ; and, before 
many hours' ride, he may, to his dismay, be brought 
without water to a bivouac between the sand - waves 
of decomposed barren rocks, lint as suddenly a few 
hours' perseverauce may bring him again into geo- 
logical regions of fertility when he least expected it ; 
smiling landscapes may again burst Into his view, 
and he may establish his next camp on limpid water, 
sufficient for the requirements of a future city. The 
nature of a country is not ruled by climate and lati- 
tude alone, but quite as much, if not more, by its 
geological structure. Glancing on the map of an un- 
explored country, we are apt to take in our conject- 
ures the former alone for a guide, until the latter, by 
actual field-operations, becomes our stronghold in to- 
pographical mapping. It would thus be unsafe to as- 
sume that the great western half of the interior consists 
mainly of desolate, uninhabitable desert-country, or 
even to contend that the reappearance on Termination 
Lake, or on the Murchison river, of so very many of 
the plants which give to the saltbush country, or the 
Mallee and Brigalow scrubs, on the extensive depres- 
sion of the Darling system, their physiognomy, neces- 
sitates their uninterrupted extension from the rear of 
Arnhems-land to the Murray I>esert, or to Shark Bay. 
From deraonstrating.fhcts like these we dare no more 
infer but that likely many similar tracts of flat coun- 
try are stretctung over portions gf the wide interveii> 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 181 

ing spa«es. But who will predict more ? May not 
the large system of salt lakes formed by the drainage 
of rain into cavities of saline iiats be found limited to 
the less distant portions of the interior of Western 
Australia, and may it not thus, by a gradual rise of 
the ground (evidently manifest northerly), give place 
to a system of fresh- water lakes or lagoons, or even of 
such springs as rewarded the exertions of the keenly- 
searching explorers west of Lake Eyre? And although 
it must be admitted that no ranges simultaneously 
lofty and wooded, and thus originating springs and 
rivulets for the formation of larger rivers, are likely 
to exist to any extent in the extra- tropical part of the 
western interior, because such rivers have not found 
their way to the coast; yet it is still possible, and 
rather probable, that mountains as high, and much 
ies? bare than Gawler Eange, and even much more 
extensive, may give rise to interior water-courses, 
along which the dwellings of new colonists may be 
established, and to which our pasture-animals may 
flock, but which, in their sluggish progress, cannot 
force their way to the ocean, and are thus lost in nu- 
merous more or less ample inland basins. Years hence, 
on even iess-favored spots, artesian borings may affiard 
the means of stay for a dense population, should, as 
may I>e anticipated, mineral riches prove to be scat- 
tered not merely over the vicinity of the west coast 
and Spencer's Gulf, but also over inteijacent areas of 
geoiogical similarity. York's Peninsula, close to seir 
tlcraents, was long left an uninhabited and desolate 
spot until its richness of copper-ore was disclosed. 
So other unmapped parts of Australia are also likely 
to prove rich ; and, although equal faeilitiee for the 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



182 POBEST CULTURE AND 

transit of the mineral treasures would not always 
exist, its discovery would be certain to lead to the 
occupation of the country and to tiie extension of 
pastoral colonization, until an incroaalng population 
and augmented conveniences for traffic could turn 
mineral wealth, however distantly located, advanta- 
geously to account. But how vastly might not any 
barren tracts of the interior be improved, and how 
many a lordly possession be founded, by patient in- 
dustry and intelligent judgment I Storage of water, 
raising of woods, dissemination of perennial fodder- 
plants, will create alone marvellous changes ; and for 
these operations means are readily enough at com- 
mand. Even the scattering of the grains of the com- 
mon British Orache (Atriplex patulura), an annual but 
autumnal plant, would, on the barest ground, realize 
fodder for sheep ; and the number of plants which for 
such purpose could be chosen are legion. The storage 
of rain-water might, in any rising valley, be so effect- 
ed as to render it, simply by gravitation, available 
for irrigating purposes. 

As a curious fact, it may be instanced that, in some 
of the waterless sandy regions of South Africa, the 
copious naturalization of melon - plants has affoi-ded 
the means of establishing halting-places in a desert 
country. On the sandy shores of the Great Bight, 
and also anywhere in the dry interior, such plants 
might be easily established. The avidity with which 
the natives at Escape Cliffe preserved the melon- 
seeds, after they once had recognized the value of 
their new treasure, holds out the prospect of the grad- 
ual diffusion of such vegetable boons over much unset- 
tled country. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEBS. 183 

No part of Australia has the marked peculiarities 
of its vegetation so strongly expressed, and no part 
of tiiis great country produces so ricli an assemblage 
of species within a limited area as the remotest 
south-westorn portion of the continent. Indeed, the 
southern extremity of Africa is the only part of the 
globe in which an equally varied display of vegetable 
forms is found within equally narrow precincts, and 
endowed also with an equal richness of endemic gen- 
era. It is beyond the scope of this brief treatise to 
enter fully into a detailed exposition of the constitu- 
ents of the south-western flora. It may mainly suffico 
to view such of the vegetable products as are dmwn 
already into industrial use, or are likely to be of avail 
for the purpose. Foremost in this respect stands, 
perhaps, the Mahogany- EucaJypt {Eucalyptus margi- 
nata). The timber of this tree exhibits the won- 
derful quality of being absolutely impervious to the 
inroads of the limnoria, the teredo, and chetura — those 
minute marine creatures so destructive to wharves, 
jottles, and any work of naval architecture exposed ■ 
to the water of the sea ; it equally resists the attacks 
of termites. In these properties the Bed Gum-tree 
of our own country largely shares. The Mahogany- 
Eucalypt has, in the Botanic Gardens of this city, 
been brought for the first time largely under cultiva- 
tion, and as, clearly, the natural supply of this impor- 
tant timber will, sooner or later, prove inadequate to 
tho demanded requirements, it must be regarded as 
a wise measure of the governments of France ana 
Italy now to establish this tree on the Mediterranean 
shores — a measure for which still greater facilitiai 
ai-e here locally offered. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



184 FOBEST CULTUBE AND 

The Tiiart (Eucalyptus gomphocephaJa) is another 
of the famed artisan's woods of south-western Aus- 
tralia. The Kari'i (Eucalyptus colossea or diversicolor) 
attains, in favorable spots, a height of four hundred 
feet. Eucalyptus mogacarpa constitutes the Blue 
Gum-tree, which rivals that of Tasmania and Tieto- 
ria in size, but is otherwise very distinct. Its timber, 
as well as that of the Tuart, on account of their hard- 
ness, are employed for tramways and other works of 
durability. The fragrant wood of several species of 
Santalum forms an article of commercial export. 
Some kinds of Casuai-ina, quite peculiar to that part 
of Australia, furnish superior wood for shiuglea and 
for a variety of implements. Several species of Aca- 
cia, especially Acacia acuminata, the raspberry-scented 
Wattle, equally restricted to the south-west coast, 
yield fragrant and remarkably solid wood and a pure 
gum. To this part of Australia was naturally also re- 
stricted the Acacia lophantha, which has, for the sake 
of its easy and rapid growth and its umbrageous fo- 
liage, assumed such importance, even beyond Austra- 
lia, for temporary shelter - plantations. Many other 
products, such as gum -resins, sandarach, tanner's 
bark, all of great excellence, are largely available ; 
but these substances show considerable similarity to 
those obtained in other Australian colonies. 

The extraordinary abundance, however, of the Xan- 
thorrh(eas through most parts of the south-west terri- 
tory gives special interest to the (act, (1845) promul- 
gated by Stenhouse, that anthrazotle, or nitro-picric 
acid — a costly dye — may, with great ease and little 
cost, be prepared from the resin of these plants. In- 
deed, this la the richest soui'ce for this acid, the resin 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEES. 185 

yielding half its weight in dye. Fiber of great excel- 
leocQ and strength is obtained from the bark of Pim- 
elea clavata, a busli widely distributed there. It 
resembles that of bast from Plmelea axiflora in Gippa 
Land, and that from Pimelea microcephala of the Mur- 
ray and Darling desert. A Fern-palm (Zaniia Fraseri) 
attains in "West Australia a height of fifteen feet. It 
is there, like some congeners of America and South 
Africa, occasionally sacrificed for the manufacture of 
a peculiar starch, though the export of the stems (and 
perhaps of those of the Xanthorrhccas also) would 
prove much more profitable, inasmuch as these, when 
deprived of their noble crown of leaves, though not 
of their roots, will endure a passage of many months, 
even should the plants be half a centurj' old. Such 
any wool-vessel might commodiou sly take to Europe. 
This alimentary Fern-palm, well appreciated by the 
aborigines for the sake of its nuts, together with a 
true kindof Yam(Dioscorea hastifolla), the only plant 
on which the natives, in their pristine state, anywhere 
in Australia, bestowed a crude cultivation, are, with 
species of Borya, Sowerbiea, Htemodorum, liicinoear- 
pus, Macarthuria, Chloanthes, Aphanopetalum, Xylo- 
melum, Caleana, Calectasia, Petrophila, Leschenaul- 
tia, Pseudanthus, Nematolepis, Nuyteia (the terres- 
trial mistletoe), Leucolana, Commersonia, Bulingia, 
Keraudrenia, Mirbelia, Gastrolobium, Labichea, Meli- 
chrus, Monotaxis, Actinotus, and Stypandra, remark- 
able for their geographical distribution ; because, as 
far as we are hitherto aware, these West Australian 
genera have no representatives in the wide interja- 
cent space until we approach toward the eastern, or. 
In a few instances, to the northern regions of Austra- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



186 FOEEST CULTURE AND 

lia, Zamia alone having been noticed in South Austrar 
lia (Zaniia Ma^donnellii), but there as an exceedingly 
local plant. Neither climate nor geologic considera- 
tions explain this curious feet of phytogeography. 
Over some of the healthy tracts of scrub-country, to- 
ward the south-west coast, poisonous species of Gas- 
trolobium (Qastrol bilobum, G. oxylobioides, G. caly- 
cinuna, G. caUistachys) are dispersed. These plants 
have, in some localities, rendered the occupation of 
country for pastoral pursuits impossible, but these 
poison-plants are mostly confined to barren spots, and 
it is not unlikely that, by repeated burnings, and by 
the raising of perennial fodder-plants, they could be 
suppressed, and finally extirpated. Portunately, in 
no other parts of Australia Gastrolobium occurs, ex- 
cept on the inland tract from Attack Creek to the Sut- 
tor Eiver, where flocks must be guarded against ac- 
cess to the scrub-patches harboring the only tropical 
species (Gastrolobium grandiflorum). The deadly ef- 
fect occasionally produced by Lotus Austi-alis, a herb 
with us of very wide distribution, and extending also 
to New Caledonia, and the cerebral derangements 
manifested by pasture animals, which feed on the Dar- 
ling River pea (SwainsonaGreyana), needyet extensive 
investigation, but may find their explanation in the 
fact that the organic poisonous principle is only local- 
ly, under conditions yet obscure, developed ; or in 
the probable circumstance that, like in a few other 
leguminoiia plants, the deleterious properties are 
strongly concentrated in the seed. The gorgeous des- 
ert-pea (Clianthus Dampierii), which, in its capricious 
distribution, has beeu traced sparingly from the 
Lachlau River to the north-west coast, offers still to 
eeed-eollectors a lucrative gain. 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES, 187 

A prominent aspect in the vegetation of south-west 
Australia emanates IVom the comparatively large num- 
ber of singularly beautiful Banksla-tree, preponderant 
there as tfie arborous Qrevilloffi in North Aastralia, 
The existence of but two of that genus, Banksia Aua- 
traiis, and B, ornata, in the extensive tract of interior 
and coast land, from the head of the Australian Bight, 
to the vicinity of Port Philip, renders tiie occurrence 
of an increased number of trees of this kind in East 
Australia again stili more odd, Kutaceous and good- 
eniaceoua planta, though in no part of the Australian 
continent rare, attain in the south-west their greatest 
numerical development, and should not be passed si- 
lently, or, like Epacridcie, as merely ornamental plants, 
though still so rare in our gardens ; but these elegant 
plants deserve also attention for their diaphoretic prop- 
erties, or for the bitter tonic principle which pervades 
nearly all the species of the two orders. Stylidcgjare 
here still more numerous than in our north, and com- 
prise forms of great neatness ; while sundews {Dro- 
serte) are also found to be more frequently than in 
anyo ther part of Australia, and indeed of the globe. 
When, glittering in their adamantine dew, they rer 
appear as the harbingers of Spring from year to year, 
they are greeted always anew with admiration. But 
the greatest charm of the vegetation consists in the 
hundreds of myrtaceoua bushes peculiar to the west, 
all full of aromatic oil ; among these again, the feath- 
er-flowered numerous Verticordiai, the crimson Calo- 
thamni, and the healthy Galythriees vie with each 
other as ornaments. Still also of thLs order many gor- 
geous plants exist in other parts of, especially extra- 
tropical Australia. The numerous bushes of Legii- 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



188 rOBEST CULTURE AND 

minosie, and ProteacEe, in eouth-west Australia, are 
also charming. The introduction of all these into 
European conservatories might be made the object of 
profitable employment. Annual herbs of extreme 
minuteness, belonging chiefly to Compositte, TJmbelii- 
ferse, StylidosB, and Centrolepidcie, are here, as in oth- 
er parts of extra-tropical Australia, in their aggregate 
more numerous than minute phanerogamic plants in 
any other part of the globe. A line of demarcation 
for including the main mass of the south-west Austra- 
lian vegetation may almost be drawn from the Mur- 
chison Biver, or Shark Bay, to the western extremity 
of the Great Bight ; because to these points penetrates 
the usual interior vegetation, which thence ranges to 
Sturt's Creek, to the Burdekin, Darling, and Murray 
rivers, while the special south-west Australian flora 
ceases to exist as a whole beyond thelimits indicated. 
The marine flora of south - west Australia is like- 
wise eminently prolific in specific forms, perhaps more 
so than that of any other shore. Many of the algte are 
endemic, others extend along the whole southern coast 
and Tasmania, where again a host of species proved pe- 
culiar ; some are also ^xtra- Australian. The whole 
eastern «joast contrarlly, and also the northern and the 
north-western, with the exception of a few isolated 
spots, such as Albany Island, contrast with the southern 
coast as singularly poor in algte. In a work exclusively 
devoted to the elucidation of the marine plants of Aus- 
tralia—a work which as an ornament of phytograph- 
ic literature stands unsurpassed, and which necessitat- 
ed lengthened laborious researches of ita illustrious 
author, the late Professor Harvey, here on the spot — 
the specific limits of not less than eight hundred algte 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYFTUe TREES. 189 

are fixed. Some of these are not without their par- 
ticular uses. A few yield earagaheen, all bromine and 
Iodine. Macrocystis pyrifera, the great kelp, which 
may be seen floating in iarge masses outside Port 
Philip Heads, attains the almost incredible length of 
many hundred feet, while a single plant of the leath- 
ery, broad Urvillea potatorum constitutes a heavy 
load for a pack-horse. 

The wide, depressed interior, once supposed to be 
aa untraversable desert, consists, as far as hitherto 
ascertained, much less of sandy ridges than of ssb- 
saline or grassy flats, largely interspersed with tracts 
of scrub, and occasionally broken by comparatively 
timberless ranges. The great genus Acacia, which 
gives to Australia alone about three hundred species 
(and, therefore, specific forma twice as numerous as 
that of any Australian generic type), sends its shrubs 
and trees also in masses over this part of tlie country, 
where, with their harsh and hard foliage, they are 
well capable to resist the effect of the high tempera- 
ture during the season of aridity, while they are 
equally contented with the low degree of warmth to 
which, during nights of the cool season, the dry at- 
mosphere becomes reduced. Handsome bushes of 
Eremophila, with blossoms of manifold hue, decorate 
the scrubs throughout the whole explored interior. 
Among the desert Cassise two simple-leaved kinds are 
remarkable. Of the Acaci», none here, except A. 
Farnesiana, have pinnated leaves, and even one Is 
leafless ; the pinnated Acacia being restricted to the 
more littoral tracts, and even there from the Great 
Bight to Guichen Bay entirely absent. If shelter 
pl^utatioȤ of the rapidly-growing Eucalypts, Acacias, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



190 

and Casuarinas were raised, a vast variety of useful 
plants could be reared along the water-courses of tlie 
more central parts of Australia. Saltbushes, in great 
variety, stretch far inland, and this is the forage on 
which flocks so admirably thrive. Probably the ex- 
tensive Asiatic steppes have to boast of no greater di- 
versity of salsolaceous plants than our own. Never- 
theless, even here much could be added to the pro- 
ductiveness of these pasturages by the introduction of 
other perennial fodder herbs. Grasses, wherever they 
occur, are varied, and a large share is perennial, 
nutritious, and widely diffused. As corroborative, 
it may be instanced that Anthistiria ciliata, the 
common kangaroo-grass, almost universally ranges 
over Australia, and thus also over the central steppes 
of the continent. It extends, indeed, to Asia and 
North Africa also. Besides, through the interior, 
grasses, especially of Panicura and Andropogon, are 
numerous, either on the oases, or interspersed with 
shrubs on barren spots. Festuca or Triodia irritans, 
the porcupine-grass of the settlers, is restricted to the 
sands of the extra- tropical latitudes ; Festuca or Triodia 
viseida, chiefly to the sandstone table-lands of the 
tropics. 

Only in the south-eastern parts of the continent, 
and in Tasmania, are the mountains rising to alpine 
elevations. Mount Hotham, in Victoria, and Mount; 
Kosciusko, in New South Wales, form the culminat 
ing points, each slightly exceeding seven thousand 
feet in height. In the i-avines of these summits 
lodge perennial glaciers ; at six thousand feet snow 
remains uumelted for nearly the whole of the year, 
and snow-storms may occur in these eloyatiops ^m^ 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EES. 191 

ing the midst of Summer. At five thousand feet 
the vegetation of shrubs generally commences, and 
up to this height ascend two Eucalypts, Eucalyptus 
coriaceEe and Gunnii, forming dense and extensive 
thickets ; E. eoriacese assuming, however, in lower 
valleys, huge dimensions. Both these, with most of 
our alpine plants, would- deserve transplanting to 
middle Europe, and to other countries of the 
temperate zone, where they would well cope with 
the vicissitudes of the climate. In Taamania, the 
Winter snow-line sinks considerably lower, and in its 
moister clime many alpine plants descend there along 
the torrents and rivulets to the base of the mountains 
which here are constantly clinging to cold elevations. 
Mount "William is the only sub-alpine height isolated 
in- Victoria from the great complex of snowy mount- 
ains, but it produces, beyond Eucalyptus alpina, and 
Pultenroa rosea, which are confined to the crest of that 
royal mountain, only Celmisia longifolia and little else 
as the mark of an alpine or rather subalpine flora. 
Celmisia also is one of the few representatives of cold 
heights in the Blue Mountains ; and from New Eng- 
land we know only Scleranthus biflorus, a cushion- 
like plant, exquisitely adapted for margining garden 
plots, and Gualtheria hispida, as generally indicating 
spots on which snow lodges for some of the Winter 
months. The mountains of Queensland would need 
in their tropical latitudes a greater height than they 
possess for nourishing aiutlogous forms of life, but the 
truly alpine vegetation of the high mountains of Tas- 
mania contrasts in some important respects with that 
of the Australian Alps — namely, therein that under 
the prevalence of a much higher (Jegree of humidity, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



192 FOEEST CULTURE AND 

plants which delight to be bathed In clouds, or in the 
dense vapors of the surrounding Fern-tree valleys, 
are much more universal ; and that the number of 
peculiar alpine genera is much greater than here. 
Thus, while in Tasmania the magnificent Evergreen 
Beech (Fagus Cunninghami) covers many of the 
ranges up to sub-alpine rises, it predominates as a for- 
est-tree in Victoria only at the remotest sources of 
the Yarra, the Latrobe, and the Qoulburn rivers, and 
on Mount Baw-Baw. To this outpost of the Austra- 
lian Alps (now so accessible to metropolitan tourists) 
are restricted also several plants, such as Oxalis Ma- 
gellanica and Libettia Lawreneii, which are almost 
universal on all the higher hills of Tasmania. Fagus 
Cunninghami, though descending into our Fern- 
tree ravines, transgresses nowhere the Victorian land- 
boundaries, but a noble fagus-forest, constituted by a 
distinct and equally evergreen species, Fagus Moorei, 
crowns the high ranges on which the Bellinger and 
M'Leay rivers rise. This, however, the snowy moun- 
tains of Tasmania and of continental Australia have 
in common, that the majority of the alpine plants are 
not representing genera peculiar to colder countries, 
but exhibit hardy forms, referable to endemic Austra- 
lian genera, or such as are allied to them. So, as al- 
ready remarked, we possess alpine species, even of 
Eucalyptus and of Acacia, besides of hibbertia, oxylo- 
bium, bosslsea, pultenffia, eriostemon, boronia didiscus, 
epaeris, leucopngon, prostanthera, grevillea, hakea, 
persoonia, pimelea, kunaea, baeckea, stackhousia, 
Rjitrasaeme, xanthosia, coprosma, velleya, prasophyl- 
lum ; yet anemone, caltha, antennaria, gaultheria, 
alcttemiUa^ seseli, c^nothera, buamtca, abrotapella, 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEE8. 193 

iigusticum, astelia, gunnera, and other northern or 
western tj'pes, are not altogether missing, though 
nowhere else to be found in Australia hut in glacial 
regions. 

About halfahuudred of the highland planta are 
atrietly peculiar to Victoria ; the rest prove mainly 
identical with Tasmanian species ; but a few of ours, 
not growiijg in the smaller sister-land, are, strange 
as it may appear, absolutely conspeciflc with Euro- 
pean forms. Bather more than one hundred of the 
lowland plants ascend, however, to the glacial regions ; 
some of these are simultaneously desert-species. 

The only genus of plants absolutely peculiar to the 
Victorian territory, Wittsteinia, occurs as a dwarf sub- 
alpine plant, of more herbaceous than woody growth, 
restricted to the summits of Mount Baw-Baw ; this, 
moreover, remained hitherto the only representative 
of vaeeiniete in all Australia; it produces, like most 
of the order, edible berries. 

The verdant Summer -herbage of valleys, which 
snow covers during the Winter months, will render 
with increasing value of land-estates these free, airy, 
and still retreats in time fully occupied as pasturage 
during the warmer part of the year. Here, in shel- 
tered glens, we have the means of raising all the 
plants delighting in the coolest clime. Eye-culture 
could probably be carried on at considerable eleva- 
tion. 

Of all the phanerogamic plants of Tasmania, about 
one hundred and thirty are endemic ; of those about 
eighty are limited to alpine elevations, or descend 
from thence only into cool, umbrageous valleys. The 
generic types peculiar to the island are again almost 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



194 FOREST CULTURE AND 

all alpine (milligania, campynema, hewardla, ptery- 
gopappus, tetracarpffia, anodopetalum, eystanthe, pri. 
OQotis, mierocachrys, di.gelma, athrotaxis, pherosphse- 
ra, bellendena, cenarrhenes, arclieria), only aeradenia 
and agastachys belonging seemingly to the lowlands, 
but show at once a fondness for a wet, iR.^ular clime. 
The few Tasmanian genera, represented tiesides only 
in Victoria, are richea, diplarrhena, drymophila, jun- 
cella. In the Tasmanian highlands flora endemic 
shrubby asters and epacridese, and the singular endem- 
ic pines of various genera, constitute a marked feat- 
ure. A closer and more extended inquiry into the 
geological relation of great assemblages of vegetation 
will shed probably more light on tho enigmatic laws 
by which the dispersion of .plants is ruled. Austra- 
lian forms predominate also in Tasmania, at snowy 
heights, so Eucalyptus gunnii, E, coccifera, and E. 
urnigera. The famous Iluon-pine (Dacrydium Prank- 
lini), the Palmheath (Bicheapandanifolia), the celery, 
topped pine (Phyllocladus rhomboidalis), and the de- 
ciduous beech (Fagus Gunnii). are among the most 
striking objects of its insular vegetation. Mosses, 
Ilehenastra, lichens, and conspicuous fungs abound 
both in alpine and low regions ; indeed, cryptogamic 
plants, except Algs and microscopic fungs, are no- 
where in Australia really frequent except in Tasmania, 
in the Australian Alps, and in the Fern-tree glens of 
Victoria and part of New South Wales. The Musk- 
tree (Aster argophyllus) of Tasmania and south-east 
Australia is the largest of the few trees produced by 
the vast order of compositte in any part of the globe, 
while Prostantheralasianthos, its companion, exhibits 
the only real tree known in the extensive family of 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TREES. 195 

Labiata;. The almost exclusive occupation of vast 
littoral tracts of Gippsland, andsomeoftlie adjoining 
islands, fay the dwarf Xanthorrhcea minor, is reinarli- 
able. Mistletoes do not extend to Tasmania, though 
over every other part of Australia ; neither the Nar- 
doo (Marsilea quadrifolia), of melancholic celebrity, 
though to be found in every part of the continent, and 
abounding in innumerable varieties throughout the 
depressed parts of the Interior. Equisetaceaj occur 
nowhere. The total of the species to be admitted as 
well-defined, and hitherto known, from all parts of 
Australia, approaches (with exclusion of microscopic 
fungi) to ten thousand. 

It has been deemed of sufUcient importance to ap- 
pend to this brief memoir an index of ail the trees 
hitherto discovered in any part of Australia.* Such 
statistics lead to reflection and comparison. They also 
bring more prominently before the contemplative 
mind the real access which in any branch of special 
knowledge may have been obtained. In this instance 
it is the only table with which this document has been 
burdened, though kindred lists might have readily 
been elaborated. Nor would this imperfect sketch of 
Australian vegetation have been extended to any de- 
tailed enumerations whatever did not the trees im- 
press on the vegetation of each country its most dis- 
tinctive feature, and had we not learned how great a 
treasure each land possesses in its timber— whether 
as raw product to artisans or as objects of therapeutic 
application, whether as material for the products of 
manifold factories or as the source of educts in the 
chemical laboratory ; whether as the means of afford- 
ing employment to the workman, or even as the me- 



h<Kk;ll,vG00glf 



196 J'OBEST CULTURE AND 

dium for regulating the climate. May we revert only 
to the circumstance, as elucidating the great physio- 
graphic characters of countries and their mutual re- 
lation, that notwithstanding the close proximity of 
New Zealand, none of its trees (though very many of 
its herbs) are positively identical with any observed 
in Australia ; and yet, hundreds of ours can in no 
way be distinguished from Indian trees. Moreover, 
in a philosophical contemplation of the nature of any 
country and the history of its creation, our attention 
is likely to be in the first instance engaged in a survey 
of the constituents of its pristine forests, and greatly 
is it to be feared that in ages hence, when much of 
the woods will have sunk under ruthless axes, the 
deductions of advanced knowledge thereon will have 
to be based solely on evidence early placed on record. 
The marvellous height of some of the Australian, 
and especially Victorian trees, has become the eutject 
of closer investigation since, of late, particularly 
through the miners' tracks, easier access has been 
afforded to the back-gullies of our mountain system. 
Some astounding data, supported by actual measure- 
ments, aro now on record. The highest tree previ- 
ously known was a Karri - Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus 
colossea), measured by Mr. Pemberton Walcott, in 
one of the delightful glens of the Warren Elver of 
western Australia, where it rises to approximately 
four hundred feet high. Into the hollow trunk of 
this Karri three riders, with an additional pack-horse, 
could enter and turn in it without dismounting. On 
the desire of the writer of these pages, Mr. D. Boyle 
measured a fallen tree of Eucalyptus amygdalina, in 
the deep recesses of Dandenong, and obtained for it 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



the length of four hundred and twenty feet, with 
proportions of width, indicated in a design of a monu- 
mental structure placed in tlie Exhibition ; whiie Mr. 
G, Klein took the measurement of a Eucalyptus on 
the Black Spur, ten mllea distant from Healesviile, 
four hundred and eighty feet high! Mr. E. B.Ueyne 
obtained at Dandenong as measurements of height of 
a tree of Eucalyptus amygdalina: Length of stem 
from the base to the flfst branch, two hundred and 
ninety -Ave feet; diameter of the stem at the first 
branch, four feet ; length of stem from first branch 
to where its top portion was broken off, seventy feet; 
diameter of the stem where broken off, three feet ; 
total length of stem up to place of fracture, three hun- 
dred and sixty -ftve feet; girth of stem three feet 
from the surface, forty-one feet. A still thicker tree 
measured, three feet from the base, fifty-three feet in 
circumference. Mr, George "W. Robinson a.seertained, 
in the back-ranges of Berwick, the circumference of 
a tree of Eucalyptus amygdalina to be eighty - one 
feet at a distance of four feet from the ground, and 
supposes this Euealypt, toward the sources of the 
Yarra and Latrobe rivers, to attain a height of half 
a thousand feet. The same gentleman found Fagus 
Cunninghami to gain a height of two hundred feet 
and a circumference of twenty-three feet. 

It is not at all likely that in these isolated inquiries 
chance has led to the really highest trees, which the 
most secluded and the least accessible spots may still 
conceal. It seems, however, almost beyond dispute, 
that the trees of Australia rival in length, though evi- 
dently not in thickness, even the renowned forest-gi- 
ants of California, Sequoia Wellingtonia, the highest 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



198 F0KE9T CULTURE AND 

of which, aa far as the writer is aware, rise in tlieir 
favorite haunts at the Sierra Nevada to about four 
hundred and fifty feet. Still, one of the mammoth 
trees measured, it is said, at an estimated height of 
three hundred feet, eighteen feet in diameter ! Thus 
to Victorian trees for elevation the palm must appa- 
rently be conceded. A standard of comparison we 
possess in the spire of the Munster of Strasbourg, the 
highest of any cathedral of the globe, which sends 
its lofty pinnacle to the height of four hundred and 
forty -six feet, or in the great pyramid of Cheops, 
four hundred and eighty feet high, which, if raised 
in our ranges, would be overshadowed probably by 
Eucalyptus- trees. 

The enormous height attained by not isolated, but 
vast masses of our timber-trees in the rich diluvial 
deposits of sheltered depressions within Vietorian 
ranges, flnds its principal explanation, perhaps, in the 
circumstance that the richness of the soil is combined 
with humid geniality of the climate, never sinking 
to the colder temperature of Tasmania, nor rising to 
a warmth less favorable to the strong development of 
these trees in New South Wales, nor ever reduced to 
that comparative dryness of air which even to some 
extent, in the mountain-ravines of South Australia, is 
experienced. The absence of living gigantic forms of 
animal life amidst these the hngest forms of the vege- 
table world is all the more striking. 

Statistics of actual measurement of trees compiled 
in various parts of the globe would bo replete with 
deep interest, not merely to science, but disclose also, 
in copious instances, magnitudes of resources but lit- 
tle understood up to the present day. Not merely, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Eucalyptus tkees. 199 

however, in their stupendous altitude, but also In 
their celerity of growth, we have, in all probability, 
to accede to Australian trees the prize. Extensive . 
■comparisons instituted in the Botanic Garden of this 
metropolis prove several species of Eucalyptus, more 
particularly Eucalyptus globulus, and Eealyptus obli- 
qua, as well aa certain Aca«ias — for instance, Acacia 
decurrens, or Acacia mollissima — far excelling in their 
ratio of development any extra- Australian trees, even 
on dry and exposed spots, such into which spontane- 
ously our Blue Gum-tree would not penetrate. This 
marvellous quickness of growth, combined wltli a 
perfect fitness to resist drought, has rendered many 
of our trees famed abroad, especially so in countries 
where the supply of fuel or of hard woods is not read- 
ily attainable, or where for raising shelter, like around 
the Cinchona-plantations of India, the early and copi- 
ous command of tail vegetation is of imperative im- 
portance. To us liere this ought to be a subject of 
manifold significance. I scarcely need refer to the 
fact that for numerous unemployed tlie gathering of 
Eucalyptus-seeds, of which a pound weight sufQcea 
to raise many thousand trees, might be a source of 
lucrative and extensive employment ; but on this I 
wish to dwell : that in Australian vegetation we prob- 
ably possess the means of obliterating the rainless zone 
of the globe, to spread at last woods over our deserts, 
and thereby to mitigate the distressing drought, 
and to annihilate, perhaps, even that occasionally ex- 
cessive dry heat evolved by the sun's rays from the 
naked ground throughout extensive regions of the 
interior, and wafted with the current of air to the 
east and south — miseries from which the prevalence 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



200 FOR] 

of sea-breezes reuders the more littoral tracts of West 
and North Australia almost free. But in the econo- 
my of nature the trees, beyotid affording shade and 
shelter, and retaining humidity to the soil, serve 
other great purposes. Trees, ever active in sending 
their'roots to the depths, draw unceasingly from below 
the sur(kce-strata those mineral elements of vegetable 
nutrition on which the life of plants absolutely de- 
pends, _and which, with every dropping leaf, is left as 
a storage of aliment for the subsequent vegetation. 
How much lasting good could not be effected, then, 
by mere scattering of seeds of our drought- resisting 
Acacias, and Euealypts, and Casuarinas, at the termi- 
nation of the hot season along any water-course, or 
even along the crevices of rocks, or over bare sands 
or hard clays, after refreshing showers ? i-ven the 
rugged escarpments of the desolate ranges of Tunis, 
Algiers, and Morocco might become wooded ; even 
the Sahara itself, if it could not be conquered and 
rendered habitable, might have the extent of Its oases 
vastly augmented ; fertility might be secured again 
to the Holy Land, and rain to the Asiatic plateau, or 
the desert of Atacama, or timber and fuel be furnish- 
ed to Natal and La Plata. An experiment instituted 
on a bare ridge near oiir metropolis demonstrates 
what may be done. 

Not Australia alone, but some other countries, have 
judiciously taken advantage of the facilities afforded 
by Australian tree-vegetation for raising woods — an 
object which throughout the interior might be ini- 
tiated by rendering this an additional purpose of the 
expeditions to be maintained in the field for territo- 
rial and physiographical exploration ; and more, it 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TEEEB, 201 

might deserve the reflection of the Legislature, which 
allots to the pastoral tenants their expansive tracts of 
country, whether or not along with squatting pur- 
suits — indeed, for the actual benefit of the pastoral 
occupant himself the inexpensive flrst steps for gen- 
eral forest-culture in the woodless regions should be 
commenced. 

Within the ranges which produce these colossal 
trees but few habitations exist; indeed, we might 
traverse a lino of a thousand miles as yet without a 
dwelling. The clime is salubrious ; within the shel- 
tered glens it cannot in excellence be surpassed. Hot 
winds, from which our exposed plains, as well as any 
rises of northern and western aspect, so much suffer, 
never reach the still and mild vales of the forests; 
frosts are only experienced in the higher regions. 
Speaking »f Victoria especially, it is safe to assert that 
there alone many thousand square miles of mount- 
ainous country, timbered with Stringy-bark trees (Eu- 
calyptus obliqua) are as yet lying dormant for any 
other but isolated mining operations. And yet, might 
not families which desire to strike out a path of inde- 
pendent prosperity, which seek a simple patriarchal 
life in & salubrious locality of seclusion, and which 
command the needful strength of labor within their 
own circle, choose these happy glens as their perma- 
nent abodea? Though the timbered rises of the ranges 
may be as yet unlucrative for cultivation, or even be 
sterile, the valleys are generall\ nth, irngited b\ 
clear brooks, and spacious enough for isolated hotn* s, 
and the limited number of pasture inimala peitim- 
iug to them. The costlier products of culture might 
be realized, especially so in the Fern-ti-ee glens ; tea, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



202 FOREST CULTURE AND 

and piMSibly cinchona, and coffee also ; so, lucrative 
fibres, dye-plants of easy growth and simple prepara- 
tion, as instanced by graaa-cloth, or madder ; or medi- 
cinal plants, such as senna, and various herbs, or, per- 
haps, even the Erythroxylon coca, a plant of almost 
fabulous properties. Or should the settler prefer, be- 
yond raising the simple requirements for his rural 
life, to devote his attention solely to the gain which 
the surrounding timber treasuries are certain to offer, 
he will find ample scope for his energy and industry. 
The Eucalypts, as now proved by extensive and accu- 
rate experiments, will yield him tar in abundance ; 
they will furnish fibres, even those of Stringy-bark as 
one of the cheapest and most extensively available 
paper material. By a few simple appliances he may 
secure, simultaneously with the tar, also wood- vine- 
gar and wood-spirit; and these again might locally be 
at once converted into dye materials and varnishes. 
He might obtain potash from woods, and volatile oils 
from the leaves of Eucalypts in almost any quantity, 
by artless processes and with scarcely any cost. He 
might gather the gum -resins and barks for either 
medicinal or tanning purposes, or he might effect a 
trade in Fern-trees ; he might shake the Eucalyptus 
grains out of their capsules, and might secure locally 
other mercantile substances far too numerous to be 
ennmerated here. Whoever may choose these ranges 
as a permanent home, and may direct thoughtfully his 
attention to the future, will recognize that the mere 
scattering of the acorns of the Cork-tree or the seeds of 
the Bed Cedar over cleared and yet sheltered ground, 
or the planting of the vine and olive, will yield to UJs 
(Jeseeqdants sources of great riches. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



EUCALYPTUS TItEES. 203 

In closing these concise and somewhat chaotic sug- 
gestions, which scarcely admit of methodical arrange- 
ment, unless by expansion into the chapters of a vol- 
ume, we may — indulging in a train of thought— pass 
from special to general considerations. 

Belgium, one of the most densely populated of alt 
countries, and yet one of the most prosperous, nourish- 
ed within an area less than one half that of Tasmania 
a population three times exceeding that of all the 
Australian colonies ; yet one fifth of the Belgian ter- 
ritory consists of forests. Not to any considerable 
extent smaller than Europe, our continent is likely to 
support in ages hence a greater population ; because, 
while here no frigid zone excludes any portion of the 
territory from productiveness, or reduces it anywhere 
to very circumscribed limits, it embraces a wide trop- 
ical'tract, destined to yield us products nowhere to be 
raised under the European sky. The comparatively 
unbroken uniformity of vast tracts of Australia cer- 
tainly restricts us for the magnificent sceneries and 
the bracing air of the countries of our youth here to 
the hilly coast-tracts ; but still we have not to endure 
the protracted colds of middle and northern European 
"Winters, nor to contend with the climatic difficulties 
which beset tillage operations or. pastoral pursuits, 
and which, by patient perseverance, could not be 
removed or be materially lessened. 

While we are deprived of advantages so pleasing 
and so important as those of large river communica- 
tions, we enjoy great facilities for land traflc, facili- 
ties to which every new discovery of coal-layers will 
add, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Judicious forest culture, appropriate to each zone, 
will vastly ameliorate the clime, and provide for the 
dense location of our race ; for transplanting of almost 
every commodity, both of the vegetable and animal 
empire, we possess, from the Alps to the Steppes, from 
the cool mountain forests to the tropic jungles, condi- 
tions and ample space. 

Eiver- waters, now flowing unutilized to the ocean, 
when cast over the bacli plains, and artesian borings 
also, will effect marvellous changes. Steam power 
and the increased ingenuity of machinery applied to 
cultivation will render the virgin soil extensively 
productive with far less toil than in older countries, 
while the teachings of science wiil guard us against 
the rapacious systems of culture and the waste of fer- 
tilizers which v?ell- nigh involved ruin to many a land. 
Of ferocious land animals Australia is free. We have 
neither to encounter extensive hofdes of savages to 
dispute the possession of the soil, nor the still more 
dangerous opposition of half-civilized bai'barians, such 
as for ages yet may obstruct the progress of civiliza- 
tion in the great interior of Africa. 

Our continent, it may be foretold prophetically, will 
ere long be regarded of so high a territorial value that 
no tract, however jnuch disregarded now, will remain 
unoccupied. Our continent, surrounded moreover by 
the natural boundaries of three oceans, free and un- 
connected, must advance, by extraneous influences 
undisturbed, by aftcient usages unrctarded, to that 
greatness to which British sovereignty will ever give 
a firm stability. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



:;.VTAXOGIJE 



Santa Barbara College 



Santa Barbara, Qstlitornis.. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



.dbvGooglf 



Board nf Birectors. 



Col. AV. W. HOLLISTER, 
ELLWOOD COOPER, 
CHAS. FEENALD, 
JOHN P. STEAEKS, 
JOHN EDWAEDS, 
CHARLES E. HTJSE, 
E. W. FROST, 
WILLIAM M, EDDY, 
T. WALLACE MORE, 
G. P. TEBBETTS. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



©IfftcBi's and 0ttmmlttet!S. 



F. W. FROST. 



G. ^', T-.^B.; 



JTinanGB and Buildimi ^omraillEC. 

CHAS. FERNALD, CHARLES E. HUSE, 

J. P. STEARNS, JMHN EDWARDS, 

G, P. XEBBETTS. 

Kxecutiue Ifommittee. 
ELL WOOD COOPER, T. WALLACE MOKE, 

Col. W. W. HOLLISTER, F. W. FROST, 
WILLIAM M. EDDY. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



'Mn&xA ni Instructars. 



FmsciPAL. 
ELLWOOD COOPER. 



Associate Peikcipal. 
Mrs. ell wood COOPER. 



Pkof. a. NEUMBYER, Miss LTJCY E. WHITTON, 
Pbof.C.H.SILUMAN, MissL. K. PERSHING, 
Prof. ALPHONSE BEL, Miss KATE BEONSON, 
pBOF. M. J. GORDON, Miss S. L. ANDERSON. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



students 



^kutkS^ffekf^ College, 



LIST OF PUPILS, 



ACADEMIC 
Ayers, Jennie 
Bailard, Theresa B. 
Bailard, John 
Barnard, Prank E, 
Barnard, Nellie D. 
Barham, John H. 
Borrowe, Fannie 
Bowers, Anna A, 
Bowers, Demoss 
Bowers, John 
BrastoWj George B. 
Bradbury, Nora A. 
Bronson, Lulu 
Bronson, Kate 
Casebeero, labella 
Castinoa, Albert 
Cook, Fairie 
Cook, Nina 
Cooper Ellen 
Cooper, Fannie 
Conant, Mrs. T. B, 



COURSE. 

Des Granges, Otto 
Dimmiek, Walter 
Dtfgdale, Horace C. 
Dunne, James C. 
Duval, Charles 8, 
Edwards, Anna 
Edwards, Charles ' 
Elwell, Frank 
Fern aid, Beatrice 
Franklin, Anabel E. 
Franldin, Mrs. 
Frost, Clarinda 
Gibba, Annie 
Gibbs, George 
Gibbs, Laura W. 
Gibbs, Lausian 
Gibbs, Mrs. E. H. 
Greenwell, Arty C. 
Oreenwell, Charles B, 
Goss, Josephine 
pampton, Pannle 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



SANTA BABEARA COLLE( 



Hampton, Pallie 


Olsen, Fred. 


Hampton, Jeflf, 


Olsen, Minnie 


Harrison, James K. 


Pacheco, John 


Haight, Charles B. 


Peritins, Allie T. 


Harford, Freddie 


Perkins, Grace P. 


Hatct>, Mrs. 


Perkins, Isabel D. 


Hawley, Ernest S. 


Perkins, May W. 


Hawley, Lilian 


Pedn, Edith 


HTw!?y, Jessi? R. 


Pierce, Chfirles D. 


Eiyu^'lCrmie' '" 


kiKK.-ri," William 


Hiync, Al-ton 


aifford, Morton 




tVw .-.Ic Vivl.i F. 


HifigiiU Fred. L. 


Shaw, J mes B. 


Hill, Jessie 


Skeels, Kntie 


Huae, Alice R. 


Skeels, William 


Johnson, Mae key 


Smith, De Witt 


Kalisher, Fannie 


Snodgrass, David C. 


Knapp, Sadia R. 


Stearns, Edith 


L':ike, Georj^e B. 


StepI, John Jay 


L-uc^, W::i.:iv- 


s,<c;, wii'.if- 


Low, F..rinie 


Sicv.r'ii.-!, Ai'oer; B. 


Lm-arf, Huttie M. 


Stoddsrd, Hirrie 


Miyhew, Jennie 


Stone, George Fred. 


McLaren, Anna 


Stone, Luella 


McJjaren, Jennie 


Tiillant, Lucy 


More, Belle 


Tebhetts, Horace B, 


More, Mary 


Tehhetts, John E. 


More, Wallace 


Tebbetts, Mollie V. 


More, Alex, a 


Tryce, James 


More, Willie 


Upson, Grace 


Newmayer, Bene 


Wnlcott, Earle A. 


Newmayer, Bismarck 


Walcott, Mabel 


Newmayer, Liilie 


Walcott, Maude 


Newmayer, Walter 


Weldon, Jennie 


Norway, William ^. 


Wright, Siillie 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



The Foundaticn. 



Under the laws of California, in the year 1869, the 
College of Santa Babbaba was incorporated. It 
owes its origin to the feeling that, with its health- 
giving breezes and almost perfect climate, southern 
California is destined to be the Paradise of America, 
and that consequently a necessity exists for an edu- 
cational institution which shall carry its pupils further 
than is the province of the public schools. The citi- 
zens of Santa Barbara and vicinity felt that the rap- 
idly - increasing population and wealth of their own 
county and those adjoining would justify considerable 
expense in providing for their children better means 
and methods of education. In obedience to this feel- 
ing, a number of public - spirited citizens of Santa 
Barbara organized a stock company, who erected suit- 
able buildings for the immediate wants. The success 
attained by their first efi'orts, and the encouragement 
of almost the entire community, induced the incor- 
porators to re-organize under the new Code, with a 
csipital stock of One Hundred Thousand Dollars'. 

The institution is governed by a Board of eleven 
Directors, who have been chosen from among the 
most prominent and intelligent citizens of the county, 
They serve only in order to promote the educational 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



COLLEGE. 

interest of the State, and to open wider fields of learn- 
ing for the sons and daughters of the country. Their 
best thoughts are given to the Institution. 

Location. 
Santa Barbara, the seat of the college, lies on the 
coast, two hundred and ninety miles south of San 
Francisco. Situated to the south of the Santa Inez 
mountains, it is sheltered from the coast winds. The 
cool and invigorating sea-breeae renders the climate 
naild and even. All fruits common to temperate and 
semi-tropical climates grow luxuriantly in its vicinity. 
Frosts seldom come, and Winter is a word scarcely 
found in the language of its people. From January 
to January the trees are covered with leaves and the 
ilelds are green with the revolution of crops. The 
fevers often found in other localities of the same lati- 
tude are never experienced. The climate is very 
beneficial -in cases of consumption and all pulmonary 
diseases. The advantages of its climate are so wide- 
ly admitted that people from all parts of the country are 
coming to make it their home. To no other locality 
can the parent send his child and be so assured that 
in every respect the climate is any nearer perfection. 

Chabactbr of the Institution. 
Director3_ and Faculty of Instruction pledge them- 
selves to do ail fn- their power to make the Santa Bar- 
bara College absolutely, not relatively, a good institu- 
tion ; to requite the trust which the people place in 
them with the best possible instruction ; and to cul- 
tivate among all their pupils true n}ai;liness and trug 
vromanliness, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



6ANTA BAEEABA COLLKGE. 215 

" Our plans of education are disposed to include 
all that the Past has handed down of good, all that 
the Future may offer to us. By the study of Lan- 
guage, Philosophy, and History, we inherit the rich 
experiences of Humanity; by the study of Natural 
Science we search after the Laws of Creation, and 
reach out for the Divine." 

Regular attendance and punctuality at all recitations 
and exercises will be demanded. It will be impossi- 
ble for any pupil who does not attend to his entire 
duty and is not prompt at every exercise to long 
renia,in in the Institution and retain his class rank. 
Each recitation la a link in a chain. The loss of one 
lesson destroys the unity of aH lessons given upon the 
same subject. All knowledge afterward obtained is 
incomplete. By absence or tardiness, the pupil not 
only injure* himself, but ftnpedes the entire class 
with which he is associated. The others must wait 
while the subject is again explained to hina. No 
puplt will be permitted to thus do himself and others 
injustice. 

It is our aim not to burden students with arbitrary 
rules and useless restraints. Students will be given 
all liberty consistent with their own welfare. The 
government is intended to be liberal but firm in 
character. It will be advisory rather than compulso- 
ry. . We believe that he who teaches one to govern 
himself is a better teacher than he who governs a 
score by compulsion. 

The institution will bo entirely free from sectarian 
bias. The pure morality and piety of the Scriptures, 
excluding everything sectarian and denominational, 
is the foundation Qt aU moral and religious teaehlng:s, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



COLLEGE, 

The patrons, stockholders, and directors are members 
of every sect and denomination. Justice to them de- 
mands the utmost liberality. The Sabbath will be 
observed as a day of rest and religious teaching, and 
should be made the pleasantest of the week. Attend- 
ance upon Divine worship is expected, and parents 
are requested to signify the church which they pre- 
fer their children shall attend. An instructor will 
accompany the younger pupils. 

All classes are to be frequently visited by an ex- 
amining committee, whose duty it will be to see that 
they are making commendable progress, and report to 
the Board of Directors. It is requested that parents 
having children in the institution, or contemplating 
putting children under its charge, visit the class- 
rooms, and then consult with the Principal with re- 
gard to the progress made or desired. 

The College receives pupils of both sexes. It thus 
places itself in accord with the progressive "spirit and 
the necessities of the West, Girls and boys have each 
an equal share in the instruction, and will be treated 
alike. 

Special Features, 

The points in which Santa Barbara College differs 
from most other educational institutions of a similar 
general character may be briefly summed as follows : 

1, Special attention is given to Physical Culture, 
Recognizing the great fundamental ikct that a sound 
mind cannot exist without a sound body, we have 
given much thought to the physical development of 
those intrusted to us. 

The best gymnasium in the State, the only one con- 
nected with a school in California, is now completed 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



yANTA HARBAltA COJ.LEGK. 21? 

and fitted up with all the apparatus necessary forprafi- 
tieing both heavy and light gymnastics. Every pu- 
pil will have an opportuoity daily to take part in the 
exercise.9. Physiological laws will be our guide in di- 
recting them. Parents should encourage their chil- 
dren to be earnest in these pursuits ; for in this way 
alone can the young be given sound bodies to supply 
vigor to inquiring minds. Disciplined thus in body, 
young men and young women will leave our institu- 
tion better fitted to use that itnowledge which they 
have acquired, both for their own good and for the 
good of the community. 

2. The Modern Ijanguages wilt receive special at- 
tention. The benefits arising from a study of the 
Modern Languages, both in respect to discipline and 
practical value, are so many and so well known that 
a list of them here is unnecessary. Those who desire 
will be offered an opportunity constantly to converse 
in French, German, and Spanish. 

3. Vocal music will be taught every pupil. In- 
atrumental music wUi receive special attention. AU 
who have thought upon the subject acknowledge the 
refining influence which music has upon the individ- 
ual. It also affords measureless comfort and enjoy- 
ment to the home circle. We need not assure parents 
that this important branch of study will always be 
superintended by a teacher of much experience and 
culture. 

4. Every pupil will be instructed iu the rudiments 
of Drawing. By no other method is a pupil taught 
so well to observe minutely and attentively the phe- 
nbmena of nature as by a course of instruction in the 
art of Drawing. If any one doubts this, let him ait 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



218 saSta baebaba college. 

down and attempt to put upon paper the eimpleat 
object within sight He will be skeptical no longer. 
Drawing ia but an attempt to reproduce what we see, 
and ia the teat of the accuracy of oiir observation anii 
comparison. 



]&e»8val Staifiment. 



The Santa Barbara College contains eight depart- 
ments, with six grades in each. 

1st. Mathematics. 
2d. Natural Sciences. 

8d. English. 

4th. Hlatory and Geography. 

&th. Modern Languages. 

6th. Ancient Languages. 

7th. Drawing and Painting. 

8th. Vocal and Instrumental Music. 

The classes are : The Elementary, Preparatory, 
First Year, Second Year, Junior Year, and Senior 
Year. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



©aurse nf Study;. 



ELEMENTARY CLASS. 
First Teem, 

Arithmetic, Robinson's Rudiments. 

Geography, Guyot'a Primary- 
English, Swinton's Language Primer. . 

Penmanship, Payson, Dunton and Scribner's No. 3. 

Reading, Bancroft's Fourth Reader. 

Drawing, Knudsen's first year's instruction in draw- 
ing. 

Spelling, Swinton's Word Book to Lesson 106. 

Music, Voeal and Instrumental. 

French, Oral Exercises. 

German, Ahn'a Rudiments of the German Lan- 
guage. 

Spanish, Oral Exercises. 

Second Term. 
Arithmetic, Robinson's Rudiments. 
History, Swinton's First Lessons. 
English, Swinton's Language Primer. 
Reading, Bancroft's Fourth Reader. 
Penmanship, No. 4. 

Spelling, Swinton's Word Book to end of first year's 
work. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



220 SANTA barHara codluge!. 

Drawing, Condusion of first year's instruction. 

Music, Vocal and Instrumental. 

French, Ahn's first Primer. 

German, Ahn'a Rudiments continued. 

Spanish, Oral Exercises continued ; first lessons i 



Science, Hotze's First Lessons. 

PltEPARATOUY CLASS. 

FiBST TkBM, 

Arithmetic, Robinson's Practical and Intellectnal. 

Geography, G-uyot's Elementary. 

English, Swinton's Language Lessons. 

Reading, Bancroft's Fifth Reader, 

Penmanship, No. 5. 

Spelling, Swinton's Word Book, second year's work 
to lesson 106. 

Drawing, Second year's instruction in drawing. 

Music, Vocal and Instrumental. 

French, Ahn's first course. 

German, Ahn's Method of learning the German 
language to ex. 60. 

Spanish, Elements of Grammar. 

Science, Youman's Botany. 

Second Teem. 
Arithmetic, Robinson's Praetical and Intellectual. 
History, Higginson's United States. 
English, Swinton's Language Lessons. 
Penmanship, No. 6. 
Reading, Bancroft's Fifth Reader, 
Drawing, Conclusion of second year's instruction. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



SANTA BAEBAEA 

Spelling, Swinton's Word Book to end of second 
year's work. 

Music, Vocal and Instrumental. 

French, Ahn'a first course concluded ; colloquial ex- 
ercises. 

German, Alin'a IMethod continued. 

Spanish, Spelling ; colloquial exercises. 

Science, Morse's Zoology. 

FIRST YEAR. 
First Term, 
Arithmetic, Robinson's Practical and Intellectual. 
Geography, Guyot's Intermediate. 
English, Swinton's Progressive Grammar. 
Penmanship, No. 7, 

Spelling, Swinton's Word Analysis, begun. 
Drawing, Third year's instruction in drawing. 
Music, Vocal and Instrumental. 
French, Ahn's second course; verbs. 
Spanish, Ahn'a Grammar. 
German, Otto's Grammar. 
Science, Physiology, 

Second Term. 
Arithmetic, Robinson's Practical and Intellectual, 
completed. 
History, History of England. 
English, Swinton's School Composition. 
Penmanship, No. 8. 

Spelling, Swinton's Word Analysis, completed. 
Drawing, Conclusion of Third year's instruction, 
Music, Vocal and Instrumental, 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



222 SANTA BARBARA COLLEGE. 

French, Ahn's Second Course concluded j Hachet- 
te'a First Eeader ; irregular verbs, 

German, Otto's Grammar ; exercises in composition. 

Spanish, Ahn's Grammar, continued ; irregular 
verbs ; First Header of Mantilla. 

Science, Introduction to Geology (Dana). 

SECOND YEAH. 

FlBST TbB-M. 

Mathematics, Robinson's Higher Aritbmetiu, and 
Elementary Algebra, 

Geography, Guyot's Common School. 

English Composition and Bhetoric, Word Analysis, 

Penmanship, No. 9. 

Drawing, Crayon drawing. 

Spelling, McElligott's Manual. 

Music, Vocal and Instrumental, 

French, Fa'^quelle'a Grammar j First Reader con- 
cluded. 

German, Exercises in writing German ; translation. 

Spanish, De Torno's combined Grammar; Second 
Reader of Mantilla ; elements of composition. 

Science, Gray's Botany. 

Latin, Harkneas' Latin Grammar and Reader. 

Greek, Goodwin's Greek Grammar and Leighton's 
Reader. 

SECOND TEEM. 

Mathematics, Robinson's Higher Arithmetic and 
Elementary Algebra, completed. 
History, Swinton's Outlines, 

English, Composition and Rhetoric, Word Analysis. 
Penmanship, No. 10. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



COLLEGE. 223 

Drawing, Crayon drawing concluded. 

Spelling, McElIigott's Manual. 

Music, Voeal and Instrumental. 

French, Fasquelle's Grammar continued; Elements 
of Composition ; Beading of Guillaumo Tell (Lamar- 
tine). 

German, Peterraann's First Leaebuch. 

Spanish, Do Torno's Grammar continued ; Roemer's 
Reader ; Conversation. 

Science, Chemistry. 

latin, Harkness' Introduction to Latin Composi- 
tion ; Cte.^ar's Commentaries, books I. and II. 

Greek, Jones's or Arnold's Exercises ; Xenophon's 
Anabasis begun. 

JUNIOR YEAR. 
First Term. 

Mathematics, Robinson's University Algebra to 
Equations; Daviea' Geometry, books I., H. and in. 

History, Quizot's History of Civilization. 

English, Underwood's British Authors. 

Music, Voeal and Instrumental. 

Spelling, Study of Words. 

French, Composition; Grammar continued; Lalle- 
magne (Mad. de Stael). 

German, Whitney's Grammar and Exercises. 

Spanish, Ollendorfs Grammar ; Introduction to 
Spanish classics. 

Science, Quackenboss' Natural Philosophy. 

Latin, Csfear's Commentaries, books III. and IV.; 
Cicero's Orations against Cataline. 

Greek, Boise's First Greek Lessons ; Anabasis. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



224 santa barbara colleoe. 

Second Term. 

Mathematics, Robinson's University Algebra to Se- 
ries. Daviea' Geometry, books IV., V. and VI. 

History, Hopkins' American Ideas. 

English, Underwood's American Authors. 

Music, Vocal and Instrumental. 

Spelling, Study of Words. 

French, Correspondence ; Conversation ; Introduc- 
tion to Gassics. 

German, Goethe's Hermann and Dorothea. 

Spanish, Correspondence ; Conversations ; Classics. 

Science, Mineralogy, lectures. 

Latin, Cicero de Amicitia ; ^neid. 

Greek, First three hooks of the Anaiiasis completed. 
Smith's History of Greece. 

SENIOR YEAR. 
First Term. 

Mathematics, Davies' Geometry, and Robinson's 
University Algebra completed. 

History, Ancient History. 

English, Elements of Criticism. 

Music, Vocal and Instrumental. 

Spelling, Words and their Uses, by Richard Grant 
Whits. 

French, Qrammaire complete de Poitevin ; Compo- 
sition ; French Classics. 

German, Lessing, 

Spanish, Gramatica de la Academia ; Conversation; 
Composition. 

Science, Guyot's Physical Geography. 

Latin, First Six Books of the iEneid completed, 

Greek, Homer's Iliad, three books ; 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



SAKTA BARBARA COLIEQE. 225 

SECOSD TERM. 

Mathematics, Davies' Trigonometry and Mensura- 
tion. 

History, Lord's Modem History. 

English, Elements of Criticism. 

Music, Vocal and Instrumental. 

French, Grammaire de Poite vin, concluded ; Mod- 
ern Literature; Conversation ; Philology of the French 
language. 

German, Goethe's Faust. 

Spanish, Modern Literature of Spain and South 
America compared. 

Science, Burrltt's Geography of the Heavens. 

Latin, Odes of Horace. 

Greelr, Eiad continued. 

OPTIONAL STUDIES. 

Book-keeping, Single and Double Entry, 

Instrumental Music, Piano and Violin. 

Special Singing Lessons. 

Painting and Special Drawing. 

The grade of each pupil is determined at the time 
of admission, by a careful examination in hia or her 
previous studies ; and at the close of each subsequent 
terra the pupil is advanced to the next higher grade, 
provided that on examination he or she is found quali- 
fied. 

The lack of thoroughness in the elementary branches 
on the part of the older pupils who enter the college — 
Indeed, the almost total neglect of training in these 
important steps of education, makes it necessary for 
us to advise those who are looking forward to placing 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



226 SANTA BABBAEA COLLEGE. 

their chilclten under the care of this institution to 
see that this elementary work be carefully looked 
after, so that when these same children enter they 
may be able to grade with pupils who have come tip 
through the different classes of this school. 

To accommodate those who may wish to have their 
children's education begin in this school, we have 
established, in connection with it, a Kindebgabten 
on the most improved plan. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



SAHTA BAEBAEA COLLEGE. 



TIME-TABLE— SANTA BARBAHA COLLEGE. 







i 






^■ 




1 




s 


4 


1j? 


1 1 

35 


f 


. p- 




K 


w o 




a pj 


9:00 A.M. 


Sr. 


E. 


p. 


F. 


s. 


J. 


9:45 " 


J. 


Sr. 


E. 


P. 


F. 


s. 


10:30 " 


a 


J. 


Sr. 


E. 


P. 


F. 


11:15 " 


F. 


S. 


J. 


Sr. 


E. 


P. 


2:00 p.m. 


p. 


F. 


S. 


J. 


Sr. 


E. 


2;45 " 


E. 


P. 


F. 


S. 


J, 


Sr. 




B. 

























School opens at 8:45 A. M., fifteen minutes being 
occupied in the morning exercises. Tiie scliool-day 
is divided into seven recitation periods, with flve- 
miiiute recess between each recitation. Drawing 
will alternate with writing, and reading with vocal 
music. In the table, Sr. stands for Senior Class; J, 
Junior Class; S, Second Year Class; F, First Year 
Class ; P, Preparatory Class ; E, Elementary Class ; 
and B, for. Eooli-keeping. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



Miscellaiiexxus. 



Expenses. 

Day Pupils. 
Kindergai-teii course, boacd, lights, washing, 
and tuition in all studies (excepting those un- 
der the head of extra charges), per term of 

five months 8140 

Elementary course 150 

Preparatory course, with first, second, junior 

and senior years 175 

Where two children occupy the same sleeping- 
room a deduction per term of $12.50 each will be 
made. 

ExTEA Charges. 

Piano or Violin Lessons, each 5 00 per month. 

Special Singing Lessons 5 00 " " 

Painting and Special Drawing 5 00 " " 

Book-keeping 2 00 c " 

When more than one modern lan- 
guage is taken, an extra charge 

will be made of, 6 00. " " 

Books and stationery f(yr the itse of pupils are fur. 
nishedfree of charge. They musty however, be kept in 
perfect order, and be returned to the sehooL All abused 
articles will be charged. Books should be covered. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



SANTA UAEBABA COLLEGE. 229 

jpupik, in addition to their ordinary wearing appa- 
rel and toilet articles, wHl be require dto furnish nothing 
but a pair of heavy colored blankets. Each article of 
apparel must be marked with the pupil's name iii full ; 
otherwise the laundry cannot be responsible. 

Calender Yeab — 1876-77. 

Begina Angust Ist, 187G. 

Inda May 24th. 1877. 

Vacation. 

B«giiia December IStli, 1876. 

Emlfl January 8th, 1877. 

GeNEBAL EtlMAEKS. 

Pupils will not be received in fhe Boarding Depart- 
ment unless they can furnish satisfactory evidence of 
good moral character, and give suffteient security for 
tJie prompt payment of their bills. 

Any donations to the eabitiets or library will be 
gladly received, 

Ali possible care will be taken of pupils who may 
become sick. Parents may rest assured they will be 
early informed of any illness on the part of their chil- 
dren. 

A variety of good and wholesome food will be put 
upon the (able, and every means adopted to remove 
the common prejudice against the board supplied by 
educational institutions. 

Simplicity in dress is suggested. No uniform has 
been deemed advisable, but, in order better to per- 
form the various exercises in gymnastics, A loose 
attire is essential. 

Ail bills payable at the end of every four weeks. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



280 SANTA BAEBABA COLLKGE. 

Pupils are requested to make no presenfe to teach- 
ers. It is hard to accept, still harder to refuse. 

Pupils guilty of habitual disorder, insubordination, 
or immorality, will be sent before the Board of Di- 
rectors. 

The only acceptable excuse for absence or tardiness 
is sickness or unavoidable prevention. 

Be&UL 4.TI0NS FOK BOAKDING PuPILa. 

Eismt bell at 7 o'clock Dinner at 12;30 p. m. 

Breakfaat . .at 7:45 Supper at G p. m. 

Ketirmg bell at 9 p. m. 

Each pupil, on entering the college, obtains a copy 
of the Rules to be observed, and a Time-table show- 
ing how he or she is employed every hour daily 

Ttx iha Teachers. 

First. You should be well qualified. You should 
have the knowledge of the science, which you can 
acqun-e by close application only, under an able teach- 
er, for a considerable length of time. 

Second. Secure the confidence and respect of your 
class by thorough teaching and a gentlemanly de- 
portment on aU occasions. 

Third. Strive to have your class make the degree 
of advancement which will recommend you to to the 
public as an able teacher. 

Fourth. Stand or sit before your class, place your 
eyes upon the whole, and give special attention to 
him who is the process of analysis. 

Mfth. Give each member of the class the amount 
of time for the examination of his subject which his 
peculiar structure of mind may require. 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



SANTA BARBABA COLLEGE. 231 

Sixth. Never drill your class unles.'i you have the 
page ill which you are exercising them. 

Seventh, Allow no time to elapse between the 
pupiVs error and your correction. 

•Mghth. Do not interrupt the process of analysis 
with a long explanation. Say wrong, sir, or wrong. 
Utter these words the very mmnent in which he com- 
mits the error. 

Ninth. You should speak with propriety. You 
should set an example which your pupils may safely 
follow. 

Tenth. Do not play with your knife, with your 
rvler, with your walMng-stiek, with your book, with 
yoaxpmdl, with yoar watch-chain, with your fingers, 
etc., etc, while you are teaching. No man of sound 
mind will ever waste his time in the practice of these 
dandy tricks. 

Eleventh. You should not permit your pupils to 
indulge in any of the above crazy feats. Pupils are 
much disposed to be shaking their feet, thumping the 
books and tables with their fingers, twisting and turn- 
ing their persona ; these are pranks which modest 
persona will never play off upon themselves or others. 
AH hufil'oonery, debasing jests, scurrility, and low 
mirth are entirely destructive to anything like prog- 
ress ; and all who indulge in them, whether young 
or old, rich or poor, should be cut off from the class 
at once. 

TwafUi. You should not permit one pupil to teach 
another while you are giving instructions. Each 
member should listen to the teacher. 

Thirteenth. Devote all your spare hours to the study 
of valuable books ; acquire all the information which 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



232 SANTA BARBARA COLLEGE, 

your health and opportunities will permit. The more 
knowledge you have the better you can teach. Never 
alight the poor, nor flatter the cieh ; view all as the 
children of om Father. Do all the good you can, and 
prevent all the harm in your power. 

Fourteenth. The teachers will be held responsible 
for the hooks, pens, pencils, rubbers, rulers, and ink- 
wells belonging to the several departments over which 
they preside ; also for the defacing of desks, walla, or 
black-hoards. 

Ta yjje Stuaeuts. 

" On Study. Sit down to your studies every day 
under the deep impression that what you have to do 
demands your best powers and your utmost diligence. 
Strive to acquire the habit of close and iixed atten- 
tion in study. He who has not learned the art of 
fastening his mind on the subject, and of holding that 
subject strictly and firmly before it, will never look 
deeply into anything ; will never accomplish anything 
which deserves the name of investigation. 

Constantly implore the aid of the Holy Spirit in 
study. The duty of humbly and importunately ask- 
ing the blessed Spirit's influence to sanctify our aflec- 
tions, and to aid us in cultivating all the graces and 
virtues of the Christian life, will not-, I suppose, be 
disputed by any one who has the smallest tincture of 
piety. Never imagine that any valuable amount of 
knowledge, and especially of accurate knowledge, is 
to be obtained without labor. Leave nothing till you 
have done it well. Skimming over the surface of 
any subject is of little use. Passing on tO something 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



SASTA EATiBARA- COr.LEGE. 233 

else before that which prececles is half understood is 
reaily oftentimes worse than useless. Bring your ac- 
quaintance with any subject to the test of writing. 
It is wonderful how fkr the crudeness and inadequacy 
of a man's knowledge, on a given subject, may be 
hidden from his own mind, until he attempts to ex- 
press what he knows on paper. He then finds him- 
self at a loss at every step, and cannot proceed with- 
out much extension, and no less correction of his for- 
mer attainments. Carefully maintain order in study. 
i-Ie who does not study upon a plan will never pursue 
his studies to mucli advantage. Be a clo.se student 
through life. 

A good acholar. It is found to be a great deal easi- 
er to become a good scholar than an indifferent one. 
He who studies everything thoroughly, to which he 
turns his attention, doubles his power sit almost every 
-,tpp. All men, whether they understand the philos- 
ophy of language or not, judge, and generally very 
correctly, of the improvements of any man's mind by 
the ease with which they undei-stand what he pro- 
po&os to communicate. There can be no accurate 
thinking, and of course no correct reasoning, without 
a precise and correct use of words. 

1. Every pupil must conform in all respects to the 
regulations of the College. 

2, Pupils late, and those returning after absence, 
must, before joining their classes, present a written 
excuse, signed by parent or guardian. 

U. When the College-bell rings, every pupil is at 



H0El.dbvGoOglf 



284 SAKTA liAKBAEA COLLEGE. 

once to go to his class-room, and take his place quiet' 
ly and orderly, having all necessary books, pencils, 
etc., etc. 

4. "When the lesson is finished, every pupil is to 
leave the class * room quietly and orderly ; and all 
shouting, pushing, running, and boisterous behaviour 
about class-room doors at the hours of meeting, chang- 
ing or dismifssal of classes, are strictly prohibited. 

5. Ko playing or jumping over forms or desks is al- 
lowed In any class-room at any time. 

6. When dismissed, each boy or girl is at once to 
proceed to the play-ground, or go home. Loitering 
in or about class-rooms la strictly prohibited. 

". All school-books must be covered and kept as 
clean as possible ; and no writing on or destroying 
books will be permitted. 

8. No school-books are to be left lying about any of 
the «las3-rooms or College premises, 

9. No pupil is permitted to destroy or injure pens, 
desks, maps, windows, or any College property what- 
ever; all such damages to be repaired at the expense 
of the defaulter. 

10. No pupil is permitted to cut or write upon the 
desks, offices, walls, boards, fences, or other College 
furniture or property. 

11. Throwing stones or other missiles within the 
College grounds, or in the roads or streets adjoining, 
is strictly prohibited. 

12. When a pupil accidentally or otherwise breaks 
a window, or injures College property, he must im- 
mediately report it to the officer on duty. 

13. No waste paper is to be thrown about class- 
rooms, premises, or play-ground, but into "the 
waste-paper box." 



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14. Every pupil must carefully prepare all lessons 
prescribed ; and no excuse will be sustained for non- 
preparation, except a written one from a parent or 
gua,rdian. 

15. Quiet, order, decorum, and gentlemanly con- 
duct must bo strictly observed at all times. 

16. Every pupil must be respectful and obedient to 
masters. Any marks of disrespect or impertinence 
in word or manner will be .summarily punished. 

17. The use Of all improper language is strictly pro- 
hibited ; and any pupil who persists in it, after hav- 
ing been warned, will be expellgd from the College. 

l|ules ittv Boarding: 3f upils. 

1. The use of tobacco positively porbiddex. 
Under no circumstances will a boy be allowed to use 
tobacco in any form. 

2. Boys will be allowed to ramble on tlie hille on 
Saturdays, also to take early morning walks ; but no 
boy, ynung or old, will be allowed to go down town 
unless accompanied by a teacher. 

3. Not more than two boys will occupy the same 
sleeping-room, and no visiting in each other's rooms 
will be permitted unless by special permission from 
a teacher and for a special purpose. No jumping on 
beds or romping of any kind is allowed in bed-rooms. 

4. Boys who rise early, and before the rising-bell, 
must wear slippers so as not to disturb the household 
or those who desire rest. 

5. Boys are required to keep their rooms in perfect 
order and appear at the table with hair and clothes 
brushed, boots blacked and nails cleaned, and must 
bathe every week. 



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23() 3AKTA BARBARA C. 

6. Girls will not be allowed to go outside the Col- 
lege grounds unless accompanied with a teacher. 
Pupils will be encouraged to walk out eveiy day at 
four, when the day's exercises are over. A teacher 
will always be in readiness to go with them. 

7. Girls will be expected to make their own beds, 
and to keep their rooms in perfect order. 

8. No pupil, either boy or girl, will be allowed to 
visit friends of their parents, unless, under the super- 
vision of a teacher, as tliey might make acquaintances 
whose company may retard the progress in their stud- 
ies. 

9. Pupils who do not receive instruction in instru- 
mental music will not be allowed to use the pianos. 
Those receiving instruction will have a fixed time 
for practice, and no disturbance by the presence of 
other pupils during the practice periods will be per- 
mitted. It has been- found that indiflfereut thumping 
for mere jiastime is detrimental to progress. All 
pianos will be closed wlien not required for schedule 
use. 

10. Pupiis will not be permitted to attend theatres, 
entertainments, or places of amusement of any kind, 
neither to go out in the evenings. On Sunday eve- 
nings, from 7 to.8, instruction wiil be given in Bible 
History. 

11. Perfect silence must prevail in the buildings 
.ifter 9:15 p. m. 



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BANTA BARBARA COLLEGE. 237 

The Hules and Regulations have been inserted that 
parents may know Just what is expected of then- chil- 
dren. 

The college curriculum is laid down on a plan that- 
will not overwork pupils ; but in order to maintain a 
good standing in any grade it will require application, 
industry, and study. Idle boys, indifferent to their 
recitations, will not be tolerated, but excused from the 
school. Irregular attendance or absence, unless caus- 
ed by sickness, cannot be permitted. The object of 
the school is to make students, to teach children how 
to apply themselves, that they may become scholars, 
and that their conduct may be unexceptional. Too 
many ate of the opinion that school work tends to 
weaken the constitution of children ; tlie effect is quite 
to the contrary ; at least nine out of every tea whose 
imrents are able to give a good education at private 
schools will be benefited by strict school discipline. 
We do not mean overwork — but work. It refines the 
mind and strengthens the body. Nothing is a» dan- 
gerous as idleness, and parents who do not wish their 
children to study or to come under the Rules and 
Regulations had bettor not send thera. 

A course of ten lectures wili be delivered in tlie 
College Hall upon various subjects during the Pall 
and Winter. Proceeds for the benefit of the College 
Library. (Free to the pupils.) 



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