The forest-land owners of New Jersey

Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific Knowledge, policies, or practices.

THE FOREST-LAND OWNERS
OF NEW JERSEY

by Neal P. Kingsley

USDA FOREST SERVICE RESOURCE BULLETIN NE-39
1975
FOREST SERVICE, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

6816 MARKET STREET, UPPER DARBY, PA. 19082
F. BRYAN CLARK, STATION DIRECTOR

THE AUTHOR

NEAL P. KINGSLEY, research forester, received his bachelor’s
degree in forestry from the University of New Hampshire in 1961
and his master’s degree in forest economics from the same univer-
sity in 1963. He joined the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station
in August 1962. He is presently a resource analyst in the Experi-
ment Station’s Forest Survey unit.

MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION 2 MAY 1975

ABSTRACT

Results of a mail canvass of forest-land owners in New Jersey,
conducted in conjunction with the second forest survey of the State,
show that there are 63,600 owners of the 1,537,900 acres of privately
owned commercial forest land in the State. These owners hold an
average of 24.2 acres each. However, more than half of the owner-
ships are of less than 10 acres, so the private commercial forest land
is extremely fragmented. Few owners hold forested land for timber
production. New Jersey forest-land owners hold their land either
as part of their residence or as a real-estate investment. Only
1 percent of the owners hold forest land for timber production.
These owners hold 2 percent of the private commercial forest land.
Despite this, 51 percent of the private forest land in the State is
held by owners who express a willingness to harvest timber. New
Jersey forest-land owners frequently utilize the services of a forester
when they do harvest. Only about one-third of the privately owned
commercial forest land in the State is available to the public for
any form of recreation.

KEY WORDS: forest-land owners, private commercial forest land,
available timber, forestry assistance, recreation.

THE FOREST-LAND OWNERS
OF NEW JERSEY

CONTENTS
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TraADULATE Atami area ee es RN re SW ed 11

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LET’S LOOK AT THE OWNERS

HE RECENTLY COMPLETED forest

survey of New Jersey provided estimates
of the total area of forest land, the timber
volume, and the area of forest land owned by
broad categories of owners.!. However, the
forest survey is not designed to provide esti-
mates of the volume or acreage of timber
that may be currently available for harvest-
ing. It also did not provide descriptions of
typical forest-land owners, their reasons for
owning forest land, or their attitudes toward
timber harvesting, forest management, and
the recreational use of their lands by the
public.

The purpose of this study is to provide this
kind of information in a form that will facili-
tate its use in conjunction with the informa-
tion provided by the forest-survey timber-
resource report. The user of these data is
advised to read the discussion of study meth-
ods and sampling errors presented in the
appendix.

The 1970 Census of Population revealed
that New Jersey has surpassed Rhode Island
as the most densely populated State in the
Nation. Yet, surprisingly, this State, with
953 people per square mile, has 40 percent
of its land area in forest. Of this, the great
part—83 percent—is in private ownership.

1 Ferguson, Roland H., and Carl E. Mayer. 1974.
The timber resources of New Jersey. USDA For.
Serv. Resour. Bull. NE-34 Northeast. For. Exp. Stn.,
Upper Darby, Pa. 58 p., illus.

In 1959 there were 1,379,002 acres of
farms in New Jersey, but by 1969 the farm
land had dropped to 1,035,678 acres. This
has also had its effect on the ownership of
forest land in the State. In 1956, farmers,
including incorporated farmers, owned 321,-
900 acres of commercial forest; but in 1972
they held only 108,200 acres, about 6 percent
of the State’s commercial forest land. These
are lands held by individuals or corporations
who reported that their primary occupation
or business was farming.

Today, 92 percent—all but 125 thousand
acres of the privately owned commercial for-
est land in the State—is owned by individuals
or organizations that are not engaged in
either farming or forest-based industries.
Who are these owners? Why do they own
forest land? What are their attitudes toward
timber harvesting, forest management, land
use, and recreation? This study is an at-
tempt to answer these questions.

RESULTS
63,600 Owners

There are an estimated 63,600 owners of
private commercial forest land in New Jer-
sey. The forest land they own ranges from
1 acre to 13,000 acres. The average owner
holds 24.2 acres. Most ownerships, however,
fall in the 1 to 9-acre class. In fact, more
than half of all ownerships are smaller than
10 acres. These facts demonstrate that New
Jersey’s privately owned commercial forest
land is extremely fragmented (fig. 1).

Figure |.— Estimated number of forest-land owners in
New Jersey and total acreage owned, by size class, 1972.

NO. OWNERS fi

WLLL

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KN ACRES OWNED
400,000

WLM
WLM bith,

1-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100199 200+
SIZE CLASS OF OWNERSHIP, ACRES

Individuals Hold Nearly Two-Thirds

Individuals—as opposed to corporations,
partnerships, and other groups—make up 83
percent of the owners, and they hold 63 per-
cent of the privately owned commercial forest
land in the State. Corporations account for
only 8 percent of the owners, yet they hold
24 percent of the land (fig. 2). While only
3 percent of the individual owners are farm-
ers, the other 97 percent are divided evenly
among professionals, executives, retired per-
sons, white collar workers, skilled tradesmen,
and others.

The low number of farmers who own com-
mercial forest land in New Jersey is a reflec-
tion of the decline of agriculture in the State
and the increasing importance of corporate
agriculture in the farming that remains in
the State. Of the corporations that own com-
mercial forest land in the State, 8 percent are

engaged in agribusiness. Not surprisingly,
in light of the growing urban character of
the State, 45 percent of the corporate owners
are engaged in real estate, either as land
developers or as speculators. These corpora-
tions own 14 percent of all the forest land in
private ownership in New Jersey. The re-
maining incorporated owners include various
manufacturing industries, public utilities,
service corporations, and incorporated or-
ganizations such as Boy Scouts, golf clubs,
and so forth.

Twenty-seven percent of the individual
owners in New Jersey have more than 12
years of formal education. These owners
hold 38 percent of the forest land owned by
individuals. Forty-six percent of the in-
dividual owners have incomes of $10,000 per
year or more.

Most owners have owned forest land for

Figure 2. — Percentage of all owners and the percentage of the
total acreage they own, by form of ownership, 1972.

hae OF OWNERS
PERCENTAGE OF ACRES

10 years or more—64 percent—and 21 per-
cent have owned their forest land for 25 years
or more. These long-term owners own 61
percent of the forest land in private owner-
ship. This is also reflected in the age break-
down of individual owners in New Jersey.
Owners over 60 account for 49 percent of the
individuals who own private commercial for-
est land in the State.

The absentee landower is not an important
factor in New Jersey. Owners of 66 percent
of the private forest land live on or have
their headquarters within 5 miles of their
land. Only 18 percent of the owners are
situated more than 25 miles from their land.
Most owners in New Jersey—89 percent of
them—own only one tract of forest land.
These owners own 73 percent of the private
forest land.

Few Owners Own Forest Land
Solely for Timber

People frequently have more than one rea-
son for doing what they do. For this reason
New Jersey forest-land owners were asked
to rank their reasons for owning forest land.

The most common primary reason given
for owning forest land was that it was part
of the residence. This reason was indicated
by 47 percent of the owners, who hold 28
percent of the land.

The second most common primary reason
was land investment, possibly a reflection of
the urban-suburban growth of New Jersey.

40 50
PERCENT

60 70 80

These owners account for 38 percent of the
private commercial forest land. Though only
1 percent of the owners indicated timber pro-
duction as the primary reason for owning
forest land, these owners own 2 percent of the
private commercial forest land in the State.

It is interesting to note that although very
few owners indicated that timber production
is their primary reason for owning forest
land, 21 percent considered timber production
the second most important reason (fig. 3).

What benefits do owners derive from their
forest land? To answer this question, we
asked owners what benefits they had derived
from their land in the past 5 years and what
benefits they expect to derive in the coming
5 years. Comparison of the results of these
questions and the results of the previous
question uncover some interesting insights
into why people buy and hold forest land.

Esthetic enjoyment was considered the
most important past benefit derived from
forest-land ownership by 51 percent of the
owners. This benefit did not hold up as well
when the owners looked into the future. Only
33 percent said they expected esthetic enjoy-
ment to be the major benefit during the
coming 5 years.

Forty-one percent of the owners expect
the increase in land value to be the primary
future benefit, while only 25 percent con-
sidered it the primary past benefit. The ex-
pected increase in land value appears to be a
major motivating factor for holding forest

90

Figure 3. — First and second reasons for owning commercial
forest land, by percentage of owners, 1972.

LAND INVESTMENT

RECREATION

TIMBER PRODUCTION

GENERAL FARM USE§
PART OF eSIDENCE

OTHER

land in New Jersey. Thirty-eight percent
of the private forest land in the State is held
by owners who consider this the major bene-
fit that they have derived over the past 5
years and 46 percent is held by people who
expect it to be the primary benefit in the
coming 5 years.

How Much Timber is Available?

One of the major objectives of this study
was to provide an estimate of the volume of
timber that is available for harvesting. Be-
cause the answer to this question is influ-
enced by many social and economic factors,
it is extremely difficult to determine exactly
just how much timber is available at a given
time. Furthermore, even if such an exact
estimate could be made, its utility would be
limited to the point in time to which it ap-
plies; because industrial developments, mar-
ket conditions, and other social and economic
developments can drastically alter those fac-
tors that interact to determine how much
timber could be brought to market. We can,
however, get an idea of how much timber
might be available in New Jersey by examin-

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Will
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WLLL
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rey
OLLLLILLLL.

FIRST REASON

SECOND REASON

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60 70
Beat

ing both the owner’s past practices and his
future intentions.

Only 11 percent of the present owners of
forest land in New Jersey have ever har-
vested timber from their land. These owners
own 26 percent of the privately owned forest
land. With regard to future intentions, 41
percent of the owners said that they intend
to harvest timber in the future. These owners
own 51 percent of the privately owned com-
mercial forest land in the State. However,
only 16 percent of these owners were able to
say that they intend to harvest timber at
some time during the next 10 years. These
owners account for 16 percent of the land.

A realistic estimate of the maximum acre-
age of private commercial forest land in New
Jersey that is available for harvesting is
about 781,600 acres. In this estimate we
assume that all or nearly all of the owners
who said they are willing to harvest timber
would in fact harvest timber—if given the
opportunity. It is also assumed that they
would permit harvesting of the entire 630
million cubic feet estimated to be on their
land. Because both of these assumptions are
likely to prove incorrect, we are left in need

of a more practical estimate of available
volume.

Only 26 percent of the private commercial
forest land is held by owners who have har-
vested in the past. We feel that what own-
ers have done in the past is a better indica-
tion of what we can expect to happen in the
future than what present owners say they
intend to do. Therefore, by applying this
percentage, we would estimate that there are
322 million cubic feet of growing stock on
the 400,000 acres owned by those owners who
can be expected to harvest timber.

We have now presented two estimates of
available growing stock, each representing
a different approach to answering the ques-
tion. One, 630 million cubic feet, is based on
what the owners say they intend to do; and
the other, 322 million, is based on what the
owners have done in the past. Both are esti-
mates of the total growing-stock volume.
This leaves unanswered the question: “How
much timber could be harvested from pri-
vate commercial forest land annually on a
sustainable basis?”

In most circumstances it is considered
sound forest practice to harvest timber at
an average annual rate that does not exceed
the average annual rate of growth. This
does not mean that the harvest in any one
year cannot exceed growth, but rather that
over a period of years the average annual
harvest will be equal to or less than growth.
If we were to consider as one large forest
the private forest land in New Jersey that is
now owned by owners who express a willing-
ness to harvest, we could say that 10.6 mil-
lion cubic feet of net annual growth is avail-
able.

In 1971 a total of 13,253,000 cubic feet of
growing stock was removed from private
forest land in New Jersey. About 34 percent
of this was removed for reasons other than
for timber products. Trees were removed
from the inventory in land-clearing opera-
tions, trees were inadvertently destroyed in
logging, and some trees are on land that can
no longer be classed as commercial forest
land, such as parks and housing develop-
ments. Taking these other removals into ac-
count leaves about 9 million cubic feet for

timber-product removals. In the same year
net growth of growing stock on private com-
mercial forest land totaled nearly 21 million
cubic feet. Taking into account that 51 per-
cent of the land is growing available timber,
10.6 million cubic feet of this growth was
available.

This analysis indicates that in 1972 timber
removals in New Jersey were slightly less
than the available growth. But the data also
indicate that only 26 percent of the land is
held by cwners who have harvested timber
in the past, and we said that this, in our
opinion, is a better indicator of future har-
vesting than the stated intentions of owners.

Does this mean that more timber was
harvested in New Jersey in 1972 than actu-
ally should have been? No, not necessarily.
Forest land and the ownership of it is not
static. Land is bought and sold frequently,
as evidenced by the fact that 39 percent of
the private forest land in New Jersey has
been owned by its present owner for fewer
than 10 years. A tract of forest land that is
owned today by an owner who is opposed to
timber harvesting or for any other reason
will not harvest timber may be sold to some-
one who does in fact harvest. Considering
that it may take 60 to 80 years for a tree to
reach harvestable size, a tract could have 8 or
more owners before an _ individual tree
reaches maturity.

Without asking our respondents again at
scme later date, we will have no way to
analyze the effect of this turnover rate in de-
tail. Thus we are not dealing with a fixed
population of either owners or acres. And
this is another reason why any analysis of
available timber is tied to the time in which
it is made. Ina state like New Jersey, which
has been settled for over 300 years, it is
probably safe to say that nearly every acre of
commercial forest land has been cut over for
timber at least once.

Harvesting Practices

When New Jersey forest-land owners har-
vest timber, they frequently obtain the serv-
ices of a forester. Of the 6,800 New Jersey
owners who have harvested timber, 2,500
said that the selection of what trees would be

Figure 4. — The acreage owned by owners who have harvested
timber, by harvesting system and product harvested, 1972.

LA LF L A

SELECTION 22222

20 30

harvested was made by a forester. These
owners also owned 37 percent of the land
owned by harvesting owners. The buyer of
the timber decided which trees would be
harvested on 28 percent of the ownerships
and 27 percent of the land that was har-
vested. Only on 4 percent of the New Jersey
ownerships where harvesting has occurred
did the landowner himself select which trees
would be harvested.

The diameter-limit method of tree har-
vesting is the most widely used method of
harvesting among owners in New Jersey.
But a greater area is involved with the in-
dividual-tree selection method. While 43
percent of those owners who harvested indi-
cated that they used the diameter-limit meth-
od, this method was used on only 30 percent
of the commercial forest land harvested. The
single-tree selection method was used by 25
percent of the owners, but they own 41 per-
cent of the commercial forest land on which
harvesting took place. Clearcutting was em-
ployed by 19 percent of the owners, and these
account for 13 percent of the acreage in-
volved in harvesting.

Pulpwood accounted for the largest volume
of all products harvested from commercial
forest land in New Jersey in 1970. Yet the
harvest of sawlogs, the second most abundant
product harvested, involved nearly twice as

SAW LOGS

ZZZ77777) VENEER LOGS
Ss | PUUPWOOD
OTHER PRODUCTS

40 50 60 70 80

THOUSAND ACRES

many acres as did pulpwood (fig. 4). This is
because much more of the pulpwood harvest
comes from clearcutting and diameter-limit
harvests. These methods of harvesting
produce a large volume of wood from a
smaller area of land.

Public Forestry Assistance

In New Jersey 66 percent of the owners
of commercial forest land said that they did
not know where to obtain forestry assistance.
These are usually the owners of small tracts,
as evidenced by the fact that they account for
50 percent of the privately owned commercial
forest land in the State. Undoubtedly many
owners have never perceived a need for for-
estry assistance.

The New Jersey Bureau of Forestry, De-
partment of Environmental Protection, is

’ responsible for providing forestry services to

landowners. These services may be ob-
tained either through the Bureau or upon ap-
plication to the County Agricultural Agent,
Soil Conservation District, USDA Soil Con-
servation Service, or USDA Agricultural
Stabilization and Conservation Service.

Of the 34 percent of owners who indicated
that they knew where to obtain forestry as-
sistance, 9 percent said “the State’. Of the
other owners, 15 percent said “the County”,
and presumably most of these meant the

County Agent. Another 2 percent mentioned
the USDA Soil Conservation Service. The re-
maining 8 percent all indicated an agency
that would undoubtedly put them in contact
with the Bureau of Forestry.

Forestry assistance has been utilized by
6,600 of New Jersey’s forest-land owners.
These owners account for 294,900 acres or 19
percent of the private commercial forest land
in the State. Most of this assistance was for
tree planting — by 2,300 owners owning
75,200 acres. Assistance for general forest
management was utilized by 2,100 owners,
and they own 92,500 acres. These are the
larger ownerships.

Recreation on Private Forest Land

Two-thirds of the privately owned com-
mercial forest land in New Jersey is unavail-
able for public recreational pursuits.

New Jersey owners were asked “Is the
general public (other than your family and
immediate circle of friends) permitted to
use your forest land for any of the following:
hiking, picnicking, camping, fishing, or
hunting?”

Hiking is permitted on 33 percent of the
private commercial forest land. Picnicking
and camping both had a low level of ac-
ceptability by owners. Picnicking was per-
mitted on 25 percent of the land and camping
on 22 percent. The low level of acceptance
of these recreational uses may be related to
littering and other forms of site degradation.

Fishing was permitted by only 8 percent
of the owners. The fact that many owners
do not have suitable sites for fishing or lack
of water on their land undoubtedly con-
tributes to the low response for this use.

Quite surprisingly, more owners said that
they permitted hunting than any other recre-
ational use. Hunting is permitted by 38 per-
cent of the owners, and they own 35 percent
of the land.

In New Jersey a total of 844,100 acres —
55 percent — of the privately owned commer-
cial forest land is posted against either hunt-
ing specifically or trespassing in general. Not
all of the land that is posted is closed to
hunting or other uses, nor is all of the land

not posted open to use by the public. Many
owners post their land to restrict or limit its
use, or because they want to know who is
using their land, for what, and when. Others
do not take the time or expend the effort to
post their land although they do not permit
use by the public.

IN CONCLUSION

The results of this study show that the 83
percent of New Jersey’s commercial forest
land that is privately owned is extremely
fragmented. Its owners, who are by and
large well educated, affluent people, hold
forest land for their own enjoyment or in
anticipation of increasing land values. A\l-
though they seldom hold forest land primarily
for the production of timber products, an
estimated 51 percent of the land is owned by
owners who are willing to or expect to har-
vest timber from their land.

These results indicate that the productive
capacity of New Jersey’s commercial forest
land to produce timber products is under-
utilized. One might conclude that, this being
the case, New Jersey’s private forest land is
merely a surplus commodity. Further, con-
sidering the expanding urban areas of the
State, one might conclude that this forest
land will give way to residential or industrial
development with no great detriment to the
populace. In a metropolitan State such as
New Jersey, the value of forest land lies not
in the tangible products it produces, but in
the amenity values it provides. Urban-
ologists have for years recognized that areas
of forest land interspersed and woven
through areas of dense population provide a
more relaxing human environment. Forests
also provide an air-purifying effect and a
cooling influence. And they also provide rec-
reational opportunities and watershed pro-
tection.

What do the results of this study indicate
with regard to forestry programs? While
only a few of New Jersey’s forest-land
Owners are primarily interested in produc-
ing timber on the land they own, all owners
have access to forestry assistance for various

objectives. The objectives of the assistance watershed protection, or recreational plan-
sought may concern wildlife management, ning.
APPENDIX

Study Method

The sampling scheme for this study is de-
rived from the sampling design used in the
forest survey by the Northeastern Station.
Forest-survey field crews attempted to ob-
tain the correct name and mailing address
of the owner of each of the 230 privately
owned forested field plots in the State. They
also attempted to obtain the names of per-
sons owning the land on which 426 photo-
interpretation points were randomly located
on aerial photographs of the State. The
field crews were able to obtain usable ad-
dresses for nearly 90 percent of the field
plots and photo-interpretation points. In
all, 493 questionnaires were mailed to owners
of commercial forest land in New Jersey. A
total of 265 were returned with usable in-
formation.

The questionnaire used in this study was
developed after investigation of several
earlier ownership studies and consultations
with other investigators. It was field-tested
before the mass mailings. The mailing con-
sisted of the questionnaire plus a cover letter
explaining the purpose of the survey. Ap-
proximately 2 weeks after the first mailing,
those addressees who had not responded re-
ceived a second copy of the questionnaire
and its cover letter plus a second letter urg-
ing cooperation with the study. Approxi-
mately 1 month later, 177 owners had re-
sponded. Then a 100-percent field canvass
of the nonrespondents was undertaken. This
effort resulted in an additional 88 usable
questionnaires.

The resulting data were compiled by elec-
tronic computer, using the FINSYS general-
ized computer system.2 Since the sampling
scheme used in this study is essentially the

2 Wilson, Robert W., Jr., and Robert C. Peters.
1967. The Northeastern Forest Inventory Data Proc-
essing System. I. Introduction. USDA For. Serv.
Res. Pap. NE-61. Northeast. For. Exp. Stn., Upper
Darby, Pa. 20 p., illus.

one used in the forest survey of timber re-
sources, it introduces a bias because the
sample is proportional to the forest area
being sampled and is not proportional to the
number of owners of forest land. To over-
come this bias, it was necessary to weight
the numbers cf owners obtained in the sam-

ple. This procedure can be stated mathe-
matically as:
CFLp/Nr
wx =———__
Ai
and = wx=estimated number of private

owners in the State

wx=the weighted number of
private owners represented
by the respondent

CFLp=the area of privately owned

commercial forest land in
the State

Nr=number of respondents in
the survey

Ai=acres owned by individual
respondent

where

The sum of the weighted number of owners
then provides an unbiased estimate of the
total number of persons who own commer-
cial forest land in New Jersey.

The acreage of commercial forest land was
estimated in a manner similar to that used
in the forest survey. The total area of pri-
vately owned commercial forest land was
divided by the number of field plots repre-
sented in the ownership canvass. ‘Thus, if a
particular respondent owned land on which
one forested plot was located, his response
was given a weight of 1, or his response was
said to account for 5,803 acres of commer-
cial forest land. If a respondent represented
two forested plots, his response received a
weight of 2 or double the acreage and so on.
Actual reported acreage was used only to
calculate the sample, mean, mode, and
median.

It was also necessary to determine if those
questionnaires obtained through the mail and
those obtained by means of the field follow-
up were both samples of the same popula-
tion. The hypothesis tested was that there
was no significant difference in the mean
acreage of the subsamples. Student’s t-test
showed that no significant difference existed
at the 99-percent probability level.

Sampling Errors

Sampling errors were calculated for the
estimated total number of forest-land owners
in the State. The sampling error for the
number of acres of commercial forest land in
private ownership, calculated as part of the
forest survey, is +76,606 acres or +5 percent
of the estimate. That is, we would expect
that the true acreage falls within the range
1,461,294 and 1,614,506 acres. The sampling
error for the estimated total number of
owners is 7,589 or +12 percent.? Thus, we
expect that the true number of owners lies
within the range 56,011 and 71,189. The
user of these data is cautioned that, as the
size of any estimate decreases in relation to
the total estimate, the sampling error, ex-
pressed as a percentage of the estimate, in-
creases drastically.

Definition of Terms

Forest land. — Land that is at least 16.7
percent stocked (contains at least 7.5 square
feet of basal area) by forest trees of any size,
or that formerly had such tree cover and is
not currently developed for nonforest use.
(Forest trees are woody plants that have a
well-developed stem and usually are more
than 12 feet in height at maturity.) The
minimum area for classification as forest
land is 1 acre.

Commercial forest land. — Forest land
that is producing or capable of producing
crops of industrial wood (more than 20
cubic feet per acre per year) and is not

3 Cochran, William G. 1968. Sampling techniques.
2nd ed., p. 252. Theory for selection with arbitrary
probabilities. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

withdrawn from timber utilization. (In-
dustrial wood: all roundwood products ex-
cept fuelwood.)

Private commercial forest land.—All com-
mercial forest land other than that owned by
federal, state, or local governments or their
agencies.

Softwoods. — Coniferous trees that are
usually evergreen, having needles or scale-
like leaves.

Hardwoods. — Dicotyledonous trees that
are usually broad-leaved and deciduous.

Stand. — A growth of trees on a minimum
of 1 acre of forest land that is at least 16.7
percent stocked by forest trees of any size.

Growing-stock trees. — Live trees of com-
mercial species that are classified as saw-
timber, poletimber, saplings, and seedlings;
that is, all live trees of commercial species
except rough and rotten trees.

Growing-stock volume. — Net volume, in
cubic feet, of live growing-stock trees that
are 5.0 inches dbh and larger, from a 1-foot
stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top diameter
outside bark of the central stem. Net vol-
ume equals gross volume less deduction for
rot.

Sawtimber trees. — Live trees of commer-
cial species: (1) that are of the following
minimum diameter at breast height: soft-
woods 9.0 inches and hardwoods 11.0 inches,
and (b) that contain at least one 12-foot
merchantable sawlog and meet regional speci-
fications for freedom from defect.

Sawtimber volume.—Net volume in board
feet, International 14-inch rule, of merchant-
able sawlogs in live sawtimber trees. Net
volume equals gross volume less deductions
for rot, sweep, and other defects that affect
use for lumber.

Board foot. — A unit of lumber measure-
ment 1 foot long, 1 foot wide, and 1 inch
thick, or its equivalent. By forest-survey
convention, softwoods less than 9.0 inches
dbh and hardwoods less than 11.0 inches dbh
do not contain board foot volume.

Annual net growth. — The annual change
(resulting from natural causes) in volume of
sound wood in sawtimber and _ poletimber
trees.

Timber removals. — The net volume of
growing-stock trees removed from the in-
ventory by harvesting, cultural operations
such as timber-stand improvement, land-
clearing, or changes in land use.

Forest industries. — Companies or in-
dividuals operating wood-using plants.
Timber salvage. — Removals of down,

damaged, or diseased trees.

Selection system. — The method of timber
harvesting in which usually only the oldest
or largest trees in a stand are harvested.
Trees are taken singly or in small groups, but
the entire stand is never cleared off com-
pletely.

Clearcutting. — The method of timber
harvesting in which the area is cutclear in
the literal sense of the word; virtually all

10

the trees, large and small, are removed. (The
term is often erroneously applied to any
type of cutting in which all the merchant-
able timber is removed and all that is not
merchantable is left.)

Diameter limit. — The method of timber
harvesting in which all trees above a speci-
fied diameter are removed.

Sawlog. — Any log from which lumber
is to be sawn.
Veneer log. — Any log from which veneer

is to be made either by peeling (rotary cut)
or slicing.

Pulpwood. — Any log from which wood-
pulp is to be made. Usually measured in
bolts of 4, 5, or 8 feet and somewhat smaller
in diameter than either sawlogs or veneer
logs.

Tabular Data

Table

abe

18.

GE

28.
29.

Estimated number of private owners of commercial forest land and
percentage of all private owners, by ownership form and size class;
New Jersey, 1972.

Estimated acreage of private commercial forest land and percentage
of all private commercial forest land, by ownership. form and size
class; New Jersey, 1972.

Estimated number of private owners of commercial forest land and
acreage owned, by size class and past harvest category; New Jersey,
1972.

Form of ownership, by number of owners and acreage of commercial
forest land; New Jersey, 1972.

Number of owners who have harvested timber and the acreage of
commercial forest land they own; New Jersey, 1972.

Incorporated ownerships, by estimated number of owners and acreage
of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Occupations of individual owners, by number of owners and acreage
of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Occupations of individual owners who have harvested timber, and
acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Age class of individual owners, by number of owners and acreage of
commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Years of formal education completed by individual owners, by number
of owners and acreage of commercial forest land; New Jersey, 1972.
Individual owners by income groups, by number of owners and by
acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Early life environment of individual owners, by number of owners
and acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.
Period of ownership of commercial forest land, by number of owners
and acreage owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Distance owner’s residence is from his nearest tract, by number of
owners and acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey,
1972.

Number of tracts owned, by number of owners and by total acreage
of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.

First and second reasons for owning commercial forest land, by
number of owners and by those who have and those who have not
harvested timber; New Jersey, 1972.

First and second reasons for owning commercial forest land, by
acreage owned for owners who have and owners who have not
harvested timber; New Jersey, 1972.

Benefits derived in the past 5 years and benefits expected in the next
5 years, by number of owners who have and number who have not
harvested timber; New Jersey, 1972.

Benefits derived in the past 5 years and benefits expected in the next
5 years, by acreage owned by owners who have and owners who have
not harvested timber; New Jersey, 1972.

Reason for past harvesting of timber, by number of owners and
acreage owned, and by form of ownership, New Jersey, 1972.
Reason for not harvesting timber, by number of owners and by
acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.
Individual who selected the timber to be harvested, by number of
owners and acreage owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Method of selecting timber to be harvested, by number of owners and
by acreage owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Method of selecting timber to be harvested, by product harvested and
number of owners; New Jersey, 1972.

Method of selecting timber to be harvested, by product harvested and
acreage owned; New Jersey, 1972.

Expected time of future timber harvest, by number of owners and
acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.
Agency that owners would contact for forestry assistance and the
acreage of commercial forest land these owners own; New Jersey,
1972.

Owners who have received forestry services, by nature of service and
acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972.
Recreational use of commercial forest land permitted, by number of
owners and acreage owned; New Jersey, 1972.

11

Table |.— Estimated number of private owners of commercial forest land and
percentage of all private owners, by ownership form and size class;
New Jersey, 1972

Size class Individual

(acres) Oumnerce Corporations Otherb Total
No. Rots No. Pct. No. Pet. No. Ret:
1- 9 31,300 49 200 (**) 3,100 5 34,600 54
10- 19 9,300 15 1,700 3 300 if 11,300 18
20- 49 9,600 15 1,900 3 1,200 2 12,700 20
50- 99 1,800 3 600 1 700 1 3,100 5
100 - 199 800 1 400 1 PAID) = ((6754)) 1,400 2
200 - 499 200% (GES) 200.4 (5%) (ye Ges) 400 1
500 + (ea) MO (Ee) G) a Gas) 100; 2s)
Total 53,000 83 5,100 8 5 500 se 9 63,600 100
* Fewer than 50.
** Less than 0.5 percent.
a Includes joint ownerships.
b Includes partnerships, associations, clubs, and undivided estates.
Table 2. — Estimated acreage of private commercial forest land and percentage of all
private commercial forest land, by ownership form and size class; New
Jersey, 1972
ve Individualsa Corporations All othersb Total
Acres Pct. Acres Pct. Acres Pct. Acres Bet
t=. 29 161,900 11 11,600 1 17,300 aL 190,800 12
10- 19 161,900 11 23,100 2 11,600 1 196,600 13
- 20- 49 277,500 18 52,100 3 40,400 3 370,000 24
50- 99 144,500 9 52,000 3 57,900 4 254,400 If
100 - 199 109,800 7 75,200 5 23,100 i 208,100 13
200 - 499 69,400 4 63,600 4 17,300 al 150,300 10
500 + 40,500 3 98,300 6 28,900 2 167,700 11
Total 965,500 63 375,900 24 196,500 138 1,537,900 100
a Includes joint ownerships.
b Includes partnerships, associations, clubs, and undivided estates.
Table 3. — Estimated number of private owners of commercial forest land and acreage owned, by size
class and past harvest category; New Jersey, 1972
Siverelace Harvested Did not harvest Total
average tract Commercial Commercial Commercial
(acres) Owners forest land owned Owners forest land owned Owners forest land owned
1=- 9 1,500 23,100 33,100 167,700 34,600 190,800
10- 19 1,900 40,500 9,400 156,100 11,300 196,600
20- 49 2,200 98,300 10,500 271,700 12,700 370,000
50- 99 500 46,300 2,700 208,100 3,100 254,400
100 - 199 600 80,900 700 127,200 1,400 208,100
200 - 499 100 46,200 300 104,100 400 150,300
500 + 5 AG) 63,600 100 104,100 100 167,700
Total 6,800 398,900 56,800 1,139,000 63,600 1,537,900

* Fewer than 50.

12

Table 4. — Form of ownership, by number of owners
and acreage of commercial forest land;
New Jersey, 1972

Commercial forest

Category Owners land owned
No. Rete Acres Pet.
Individuals 53,000 83 965,500 63
Partnerships 3,300 5 127,200 8
Corporations 5,100 8 375,900 24
Other» 2,200 4 69,300 5
Total 63,600 100 1,537,900 100

a Individual includes joint ownerships.
b Other includes associations, clubs, and undivided

estates.

Table 5. — Number of owners who have harvested timber and acreage of commercial
forest land they own; New Jersey, 1972

Item Individuals# Corporations All othersb Total

Owners:

Number of owners 5,800 300 700 6,800

Percent in category 11 6 13 ital

Percent of all owners 9 (3) 1 11
Acreage:

Acres owned 248,500 92,600 57,800 398,900

Percent in category 26 25 29 26

Percent of all acreage 16 6 4 26

* Less than 0.5 percent.
a Includes joint ownerships.
b Includes partnerships, associations, clubs, and undivided estates.

Table 6. — Incorporated ownerships, by estimated number of owners and acreage of
commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972

Commercial forest

Corporation Owners Avance
No. Reta Acres Pct.

Real estate 2,300 45 214,000 57
Corporate farms 400 8 46,300 12
Forest industries (@) (=*) 5,800 2
Other industries@ 900 18 57,800 15
Other corporations» 1,500 29 52,000 14
Total 5,100 100 375,900 100

* Fewer than 50 owners.
** Less than 0.5 percent.
a Includes public utilities.
b Includes incorporated organizations such as Boy and Girl Scouts, Golf Clubs,

recreation, conservation groups, etc.

13

Table 7. — Occupations of individual owners, by number of owners
and acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972

Owner Commercial forest
occupation Owners land owned

No. Pct. Acres Pct.

Professional 6,200 12 150,400 15
Executive 7,900 15 213,200 22
Retired 10,200 19 163,000 17
White collar 7,900 15 144,200 15
Skilled laborer 10,900 21 100,300 10
Farmer 1,700 3 56,200 6
Othera 8,200 15 138,200 15)
Total 53,000 100 965,500 100

«Includes unskilled laborers, housewives, and others not elsewhere
classified.

Table 8. — Occupations of individual owners who have harvested timber, and acreage
of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972

on Owner Owners who Acreage owned by owners Percentage of total
occupation have harvested who have harvested acreage owned
No Pet. Acres Ret:

Professional 1,300 2 31,100 3
Executive 600 1 43,500 5
Retired 1,100 2 49,700 5
White collar 300 1 43,400 4
Skilled laborer 500 1 24,900 3
Farmer 300 1 24,900 3
Othera 1,700 38 31,000 3

Total 5,800 11 248,500 26

a Includes unskilled laborers, housewives, and others not elsewhere classified.

Table 9. — Age class of individual owners, by num-
ber of owners and acreage of commer-
cial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972

Age class Commercial forest
(years) Owners land owned

No. Ret: Acres IRot
Under 40 7,200 14 149,900 16
40-49 7,000 13 155,900 16
50-59 12,600 24 287,900 30
Over 60 26,200 49 371,800 38
Total 53,000 100 965,500 100

14

Table 10.— Years of formal education completed by individual
owners, by number of owners and acreage of com-
mercial forest land; New Jersey, 1972

Commercial forest

Education level Owners farowned
No. Pct. Acres iRcte
0- 8 years 7,100 13 116,100 12
9-12 years 31,600 60 482,800 50
1-4 years of college 7,000 13 189,400 20
More than 4 years of college 7,300 14 177,200 18
Total 53,000 100 965,500 100

Table 11. — Individual owners by income groups, by num-
ber of owners and by acreage of commercial
forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972

Commercial forest

Category Owners landowned
No. Pct. Acres Pct.
Under $10,000 28,500 54 360,500 37
$10,000-$30,000 21,500 40 392,600 41
Over $30,000 3,000 6 212,400 22
Total 58,000 100 965,500 100

Table 12. — Early life environment of individual owners, by num-
ber of owners and acreage of commercial forest land
owned; New Jersey, 1972

Commercial forest

Type of environment@ Owners ERC LOT
No. Pet. Acres Pct.
City over 100,000 population 11,400 Dill 229,000 24
City 15,000 to 100,000 7,400 14 142,300 15
Town under 15,000 9,500 18 229,000 24
Rural area 24,700 47 865,200 387
Total 58,000 100 965,500 100

a First 12 years of life.

Table 13. — Period of ownership of commercial forest land,

by number of owners and acreage owned;
New Jersey, 1972

Commercial forest

Period of ownership Owners land owned
No. Pct. Acres Pet.
Less than 5 years 10,100 16 184,000 12
5- 9 years 12,800 20 412,100 vel
10-24 years 27,300 43 544,500 35
25 years or more 13,400 all 397,300 26
Total 63,600 100 1,537,900 100

15

Table 14. — Distance owner's residence is from his nearest tract,
by number of owners and acreage of commercial
forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972

Distance from Commercial forest

nearest tract Owners land owned
No. Pct. Acres Pct.
Lives on or within 5 miles 46,700 3 1,014,600 66
6-25 miles 5,400 9 191,500 12
Over 25 miles 11,500 18 331,800 22
Total 63,600 100 1,537,900 100
Table 15. — Number of tracts owned, by number of

owners and by total acreage of commercial forest
land owned; New Jersey, 1972

Number of Commercial forest

tracts owned Owners land owned
No. Pct. Acres Pct.
1 56,700 89 1,127,400 73
2 5,100 8 225,500 15
3 or more 1,800 3 185,000 12
Total 63,600 100 1,537,900 100

16

Table 16. — First and second reasons for owning commercial forest land, by
number of owners and by those who have and those who have not
harvested timber; New Jersey, 1972

First reason Second reason
Reason for Number Percent Number Percent
owning of of of of

owners owners owners owners

Owners who have harvested:

Land investment 1,200 18 700 10
Recreation 1,100 16 900 13
Timber production (E%)) (E)) 800 12
General farm use 1,300 19 1,600 24
Part of residence 2,900 3 1,500 22
Other 300 4 1,300 19

Total 6,800 100 6,800 100

Owners who have not harvested:

Land investment 16,900 30 9,900 17
Recreation 6,300 11 9,500 I
Timber production 400 1 12,300 22
General farm use 8,000 5 9,300 16
Part of residence 27,400 48 11,800 Zell
Other 2,800 5 4,000 vl

Total 56,800 100 56,800 100

All owners:

Land investment 18,100 28 10,600 Le
Recreation 7,400 WP 10,400 16
Timber production 400 1 13,100 21
General farm use 4,300 x 10,900 17
Part of residence 30,300 47 13,300 Alt
Other 3,100 5 5,300 8

Total 63,600 100 63,600 100

* Less than 0.5 percent.
** Less than 50 owners.

17

Table 17. — First and second reasons for owning commercial forest land, by
acreage owned for owners who have and owners who have not harvested timber;
New Jersey, 1972

First reason Second reason
Reason for Acres of Acres of
erntie commercial Percent commercial Ferent
forest land g forest land pte
owned CARES owned Loh ee
Owners who have harvested:
Land investment 156,100 39 49,800 12
Recreation 40,500 10 119,700 31
Timber production 11,600 3 79,800 20
General farm use 52,000 13 ; 79,800 20
Part of residence 115,600 29 39,900 10
Other 23,100 6 29,900 7
Total 398,900 100 398,900 100
Owners who have not harvested:
Land investment 433,100 38 192,100 17
Reereation 148,300 3 315,600 28
Timber production 11,900 1 151,000 3
General farm use 59,300 5 137,200 12
Part of residence 314,400 28 192,100 17
Other 172,000 15 151,000 13
Total 1,139,000 100 1,139,000 100
All owners:
Land investment 589,200 38 241,900 16
Recreation 188,800 12 435,300 28
Timber production 23,500 2 230,800 15
General farm use 111,300 uff 217,000 14
Part of residence 430,000 28 232,000 15
Other 195,100 13 180,900 12
Total 1,537,900 100 1,587,900 100

18

Table 18. — Benefits derived in the past 5 years and benefits expected in
the next 5 years, by number of owners who have and number who have not
harvested timber; New Jersey, 1972

Last 5 years

Next 5 years

Benefit Number Percent Number Percent
of of of of
owners owners owners owners
Owners who have harvested:
Recreation 500 7 700 10
Sale of timber 200 3 600 9
Land value increase 800 it2 2,200 oe
Aesthetics 4,900 UP 3,100 46
Other 400 6 200 3
Total 6,800 L100 6,800 100
Owners who have not harvested:
Recreation 10,000 1 9,300 16
Sale of timber — — 700 1
Land value increase 15,400 27 23,700 42
Aesthetics 27,500 48 18,200 382
Other 3,900 7 4,900 9
Total 56,800 100 56,800 100
All owners:
Recreation 10,500 U7 10,000 16
Sale of timber 200 (=) 1,300 2
Land value increase 16,200 25 25,900 41
Aesthetics 32,400 51 21,300 33
Other 4,300 it 5,100 8
Total 63,600 100 63,600 100

* Less than 0.5 percent.

19

Table 19. — Benefits derived in the past 5 years and benefits expected in the
next 5 years, by acreage owned by owners who have or have not harvested
timber; New Jersey, 1972

Last 5 years Next 5 years
Acres of Acres of
Benefits commercial Percent commercial Repent
0
forge gee) Dae
Owners who have harvested:
Recreation 35,200 9 35,700 9
Sale of timber 29,300 7 29,800 if
Land value increase 123,200 31 190,500 49
Aesthetics 170,100 43 _ 118,100 28
Other 41,100 10 29,800 7
Total 398,900 100 398,900 100
Owners who have not harvested:
Recreation 179,500 16 187,800 16
Sale of timber — — 48,500 4
Land value increase 470,500 41 521,000 46
Aesthetics 365,200 82 272,600 24
Other 123,800 11 109,100 10
Total 1,139,000 100 1,189,000 100
All owners:
Recreation 214,700 14 223,500 15
Sale of timber 29,300 2 78,300 5
Land value increase 593,700 38 711,500 46
Aesthetics 535,300 35 385,700 25
Other 164,900 11 138,900 9
Total 1,537,900 100 1,537,900 100

Table 20. — Reason for past harvest of timber, by number of owners and acreage owned, and by form
of ownership; New Jersey, 1972

Individuala Corporation Other> Total
Reason
Owners pee Owners Reeee Owners Bie Owners iereaee
No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres

Timber mature 1,100 52,300 100 30,000 300 24,800 1,500 107,100
Good price 600 58,900 100 7,000 — —_— 700 65,900
Land-clearing 700 19,600 (*) 10,400 — — 700 30,000
Need money 900 49,000 100 17,400 200 8,300 1,200 74,700
Salvage 300 13,100 (*) 10,400 — — 300 23,500
Cultural treatment 1,400 26,200 (*) 7,000 200 20,600 1,600 58,800
Other 800 29,400 (*) 10,400 (*) 4,100 800 43,900
Total 5,800 248,500 3800 92,600 700 57,800 6,800 398,900

* Fewer than 50 owners.
a Individual includes joint ownerships.
b Other includes partnerships, associations, clubs, and undivided estates.

20

Table 21. — Reason for not harvesting timber, by number of owners and
by acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey, 1972

Commercial forest

Reason for not harvesting Owners lend owned

No. Ret: Acres Pct.

Timber immature 13,900 22 254,200 17
No market 1,000 2 18,900 1
Low price 1,800 33 18,900 if
It would destroy hunting 1,400 2 37,600 2
Selling land 400 1 37,600 2
It would ruin the scenery 13,000 20 254,200 17
Poor quality and low volume 13,800 22 206,800 14
Insufficient area 2,100 3 18,900 1
Opposed to harvesting 200 (*) 18,900 1
Other 9,200 14 273,000 18
Total 56,800 89 1,139,000 74

* Less than 0.5 percent of all owners.

Table 22. — Individual who selected the timber to be harvested,
by number of owners and acreage owned; New Jersey, 1972

Individual Commercial forest

selecting timber Owners land owned
No. Pct. Acres Bet:
Landowner 300 4 38,200 8
Forester 2,500 37 146,300 37
Friend 700 10 13,300 3
Buyer 1,900 28 106,400 PAU
Landowner and buyer 1,400 PAA 79,800 20
Othera (*) (**) 19,900 5
Total 6,800 100 398,900 100

* Fewer than 50 owners.
** Less than 0.5 percent.
a Includes: (1) landowner and forester, (2) landowner and
friend, and (8) forester and buyer.

Table 23. — Method of selecting timber to be harvested, by
number of owners and by acreage owned; New Jersey, 1972

Method of Commercial forest

selecting timber Owners land owned

No. Pet: Acres Pct.

Selection 1,700 25 163,500 41
Diameter limit 2,900 43 117,700 30
Clearcutting 1,300 19 52,400 13
Othera 400 6 45,700 iat
Don’t know 500 fi 19,600 5
Total 6,800 100 398,900 100

a Includes diameter-limit selection, diameter-limit clearcut, and
other methods,

21

Table 24. — Method of selecting timber to be harvested, by product
harvested and number of owners; New Jersey, 19728

Product

Method of LT a al
electing timbe Veneer Other Total

selecting umber Sawlogs logs Pulpwood productsb
Selection 1,100 300 700 1,200 3,300
Diameter limit 1,300 300 500 1,100 3,200
Clearcutting 100 -— 400 900 1,400
Othere 200 (*) 100 200 500
Don’t know — — 200 400 600
Total 2,700 600 1,900 3,800 9,000

* Fewer than 50 owners. ,

« Owners are counted more than once if multiple products were harvested.

» Includes fuelwood, posts, poles, and other products.

¢ Includes: diameter limit and selection, diameter limit and clearcut,
and other methods.

Table 25. — Method of selecting timber to be harvested, by product
harvested and acreage owned; New Jersey, 1972*

Product
Method of
; ; Total
selecting timber Sawlogs ean Pulpwood Pee

Selection 75,200 28,900 40,500 80,900 225,500
Diameter limit 63,600 17,300 11,600 34,700 127,200
Clearcutting 5,800 — 17,300 40,500 63,600
Othere 23,100 5,800 17,300 34,700 80,900
Don’t know — — 11,600 11,900 23,000

Total 167,700 52,000 98,300 202,700 520,700

a Acres are counted more than once if multiple products were harvested.

b Includes: diameter limit—selection, diameter limit—clearcut, and
other methods.

¢ Includes pulpwood, posts, poles, and other products.

22

Table 26. — Expected time of future timber harvest, by number of
owners and acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey,

1972

Expected time of
future harvest

Owners

Commercial forest

land owned

No.

Ret.

Owners who have previously harvested timber:

Acres Pot

0-10 years 2,000 29 118,400 30
Indefinite 1,800 27 180,800 45
Never plan to harvest 8,000 44 99,700 25
Total 6,800 100 398,900 100
Owners who have not previously harvested timber:
0-10 years 8,500 15 127,300 11
Indefinite 14,000 25 355,100 31
Never plan to harvest 34,300 60 656,600 58
Total 56,800 100 1,139,000 100
All owners:
0-10 years 10,500 16 245,700 16
Indefinite 15,800 25 535,900 35
Never plan to harvest 37,300 59 756,300 49
Total 63,600 100 1,537,900 100

Table 27. — Agency that owners would contact for forestry assistance
and the acreage of commercial forest land these owners own; New

Jersey, 1972
Commercial forest
Agency Owners Jandowned

No. Pet. Acres Pet:

County 9,500 15 283,300 19

State 6,000 9 269,800 18

Soil Conservation Service 1,100 2 54,000 4

U.S. Forest Service 2,300 4 74,200 i)
Consulting forester 400 1 6,700 (Gs)

Cooperative Extension Service 2,200 3 67,500 4
Other (> a) 6,700 (GAs)

Don’t know 42,100 66 775,700 50

Total 63,600 100 1,537,900 100

* Fewer than 50 owners.
** Less than 0.5 percent.

23

Table 28. — Owners who have received forestry services, by nature of
service and acreage of commercial forest land owned; New Jersey,

1972

Commercial forest

Forestry service Owners Tandoumed
No. Pct. Acres Pet.
Timber-stand improvement 500 1 46,300 3
Tree planting 2,300 4 75,200 5
Timber marking 800 1 40,500 3
Timber-stand evaluation 2,100 3 52,000 3
General forest management 2,100 3 92,500 6
Other 900 1 80,900 5

Table 29. — Recreational use of commercial forest land
permitted, by number of owners and acreage owned;
New Jersey, 1972

Recreational Owners Commercial forest
activity land owned

No. Pct. Acres Pet:
Hiking 18,500 29 514,600 33
Picnicking 10,000 16 387,400 25
Camping 8,400 13 341,100 22
Fishing 4,800 8 283,300 18
Hunting@ 23,900 38 531,900 35

a A total of 844,100 acres is posted against trespassing
and/or hunting.

24

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OFFICIAL BUSINESS
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300