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Title:  Forest  leaves,  v.  24 

Place  of  Publication:  Philadelphia 


Copyright  Date:  1934 

Master  Negative  Storage  Number:  MNS#  PSt  SNPaAg064.2 


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STATE  COLLEGE 


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CONTENTS 

Page 

Birch  Silhouette   P?af? 


Harry  C.  Trexler   

Historical  and  Memorial  Tree  Plantings 

The  Deadly  Dutch  Elm  Disease 

Natural  Enemies  of  the  Forest   

An  Outside  Opinion  of  Forest  Practice  in  Pennsylvania   

The  Ancient  History  of  the  Conifers 

Charcoal  or   Gasoline    

Activities  of  the  Department  of  Forests  and  Waters  for  the  Year  1933. 

Forest  Taxation  in  Wisconsin   .  .  .  //I 

New  Industrial  Product  from  an  Exotic  Tree 

Forestry  in  the  Tennessee  Valley   


1 

1 

2 

3 

6 

7 

10 

11 

15 

15 

16 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 

FOUNDED  IN   JUNE.    1886 

Labors  to  disseminate  information  in  regard  to  the  necessity  and  methods  of  forest  culture 
and  preservation,  and  to  secure  the  enactment  and  enforcement  of  proper  forest  protective  laws, 
both  State  and  National. 

ANNUAL  MEMBERSHIP  FEE,  THREE  DOLLARS 
LIFE  MEMBERSHIP,  FIFTY  DOLLARS 

Neither  the  membership  nor  the  work  of  this  Association  is  intended  to  be  limited  to  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania.  Persons  desiring  to  become  members  should  send  their  names  to  the 
Chairman  of  the  Membership  Committee,  306  Commercial  Trust  Building,  Philadelphia. 

President — Samuel  L.  Smedley 

President  Emeritus — Dr.  Henry  S.  Drinker 

Vice-Presidents — Robert  S.  Conklin,  W.  B.  McCaleb,  Edward  C.  M.  Richards, 

Francis  R.  Cope,  Jr.,  Edward  Woolman 
Secretary  and  Treasurer — C.  P.  Birkinbine 


COMMITTEES  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 

FINANCE-  Edward  Woolman,   Chairman 

Mrs.  Albert  C.  Barnes  Dr.   Henry  S.  Drinker  Miss  Mary  K.  Gibson 

Ellwood  B.  Chapman  Henry  Howson 

LAW — Francis  R.  Taylor,  Chairman 

Hon.  Marshall  Brown  Grover  C.  Ladner  Thomas  Liggett  Albert  B.  Weimer 

MEMBERSHIP— George  H.  Wirt,  Chairman 
Herman  Cope  Edgar  P.  Kable  J.  A.  Seguine 


Hon.  F.  W.  Culbertson 


Dr.  George  S.  Ray 
Dr.  H.  A.  Rothrock 


Dr.  J.  Chnton  Starbuck 


PUBLICATION— C.  P.  Birkinbine,  Chairman 
Joseph  S.  Illick  W.  B.  McCaleb  George  S.  Perry 

Edward  C.  M.  Richards  Edward  Wildman 

COMMITTEE  ON  PRESERVATION  OF  VIRGIN   FOREST  AREAS 

Francis  R.  Cope,  Jr.,  Chairman 
Herman  Cope  Thomas  Liggett  Edward  E.  Wildman 

S.  L.  Smedley  Edward  C.  M.  Richards  C.  P.  Birkinbine 

OFFICE   OF   THE    ASSOCIATION,    306   COMMERCIAL    TRUST    BUILDING,    PHILADELPHIA 


^^ilf 


FOREST    LEAVES 

Published  Quarterly 

Entered  at  the  Philadelphia  Post-Office  as  second-class  matter,  under  Act  of  March  3rd,  1879 

Subscription  ^i.oo  per  Year. 


Vol.  XXIV -No.  I 


PHILADELPHIA,  JANUARY,  1934 


Whole  Number  272 


HARRY  C.  TREXLER 


Not  only  do  Allentown  and  Northampton 
County  mourn  the  loss  of  a  noted  citizen  and 
generous  benefactor,  hut  through  the  State  are 
many  who  greatly  miss  Gen.  Harry  C.  Trexler. 
Known  for  his  benefactions,  his  interests  in 
welfare  works,  his  commercial  activities  and  his 
zest  in  Nature,  he  made  and  held  many  friends. 
Forests,  parks  and  wild  life  held  a  large  place 
in  his  interest,  and  for  each  of  these  he  made 
practical  contributions  to  their  existence.  Mem- 
bers of  this  Association  who  were  his  guests  at 
the  1930  Summer  Meeting  will  be  interested 
to  know  that  he  had  provided  for  the  continua- 
tion of  the  ])ark  and  game  farm  which  we 
visited  at  that  time. 


HISTORICAL  AND  MEMORIAL 
TREE  PLANTINGS 


The  cover  i)late  of  this  issue  is  the  first  pub- 
lication from  a  series  of  noteworthy  silhouettes 
of  trees  by  our  member  Mr.  Ernest  Bartlett. 
These  are  scheduled  as  one  of  the  exhibits  of 
our  Annual  Luncheon  Meeting,  which  was  ad- 
vanced to  spring,  as  an  important  forestry  mat- 
ter appeared  close  to  maturity. 


From  16  other  states — four  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissi])pi — we  receive  membership  dues  or  sub- 
scrijnions  to  Forest  Leaves,  also  from  several 
foreign  countries,  including  distant  Australia. 
From  three  other  overseas  lands  have  come 
requests  for  coi)ies  for  libraries. 


We  are  already  ])lanning  for  another  Sum- 
mer Meeting  to  be  held  June  21.st  and  22nd 
at  Reading.  It  will  begin  with  a  "get-together" 
luncheon  on  the  21st.  Notice  of  program  will 
'>e  sent  later. 


The  October  issue  of  the  official  publication 
?  ,  ""^  Game  Commission  has  freciuentlv  set 
forth  in  bold  type 

PLANT  TREES 
and  states :  "The  backbone  of  any  state-wide 
scheme  of  wild  life  management  is  the  forest.*' 


Included  in  these  activities  we  have  learned 
of  several  plantings  in  Pennsylvania  which 
made  liberal  contribut.'-»ns  to  this  work. 

Our  member,  Mr.  John  M.  Phillips  of  Pitts- 
burgh, initiated  and  obtained  wide  support  for 
a  Nut  Tree  Planting  Week,  backed  by  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  Edible  nuts  were 
planted  in  the  park  and  rural  areas  by  Boy 
Scouts,  who  had  gathered  the  seeds,  and  trees 
from  two  national  shrines  were  set  out. 

In    Brentwood    Park,    near   Pittsburgh,   the 
Borough  Council  gave  4^  acres  for  an  Histor- 
ical   Grove.      Fifteen   acres   of    this   park   are 
being   forested,   and  5,000  nut   tree   seedlings 
have  already  been  grown,  many  of   the  nuts 
being  from  historic  locations.     In  this  and  in 
past  tree    plantings    Scoutmaster    Charles   E. 
Robbins  has  been  an  active  leader  and  worker. 
Another  of  our  members.  District  Forester 
Charles  E.  Zerby  fostered  a  i)lanting  at  Johns- 
town, in  which  the  city  officials,  the  Daughters 
of  the  American  Revolution,  Boy  Scouts  and 
Camp  Fire  Girls  participated.    By  councilmanic 
resolution  the  Westmont  Hillside  was  set  aside 
for  a  5  year  planting  program. 

These  briefly  described  activities  are  a  part 
of  a  nation-wide  program  to  plant  more  nut 
trees,  especially  from  seeds  gathered  on  historic 
sites.  Actively  co-operating  in  this  are  the  Boy 
Scouts  of  America,  the  American  Forestry  As- 
sociation, the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  the  American  Walnut  Manu- 
facturers' Association,  now  working  on  the 
second  five  year  period  of  a  National  Nut  Tree 
Planting  Project. 

The  Council  of  The  Pennsylvania  Forestry 
Association  has  expressed  accord  with  the 
scheme  and  the  desire  to  encourage  this  work 
in  our  State.  Last  autumn  the  Association  dis- 
tributed walnuts  from  historic  regions  to  a 
number  of  localities. 


11 


FOREST     LEAVES 


THE  DEADLY  DUTCH  ELM  DISEASE 


Geo.  S.  Perry,  Penna.  Forest  Research 
Institute,  Mont  Alto,  Pa. 


DURING  the  past  suninier  in  New  Jersey 
was  discovered  the  first  considerable 
outbreak,  or  establishment,  of  the  Dutch 
elm  disease  (Graphium  ulini  Schwarz).  In 
December  it  was  reported  that  700  trees  had 
been  found  attacked  in  northeastern  New  Jer- 
sey and  adjacent  New  York,  scattered  over  a 
gross  area  of  600  square  miles.  One  tree  was 
located  in  Connecticut  near  the  New  York 
State  line,  while  another  was  found  at  Fort 
McHenry,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  where  the  dis- 
ease is  believed  to  have  come  into  the  coun- 
try on  imported  elm  logs. 

In  New  Jersey  it  is  estimated  that  only  one 
tree  out  of  every  200  in  the  infection  territory 
is  as  yet  attacked,  but  conditions  are  very 
alarming  nevertheless,  since  the  disease  is 
known  to  be  disseminated  by  insects,  usually 
of  the  bark  beetle  type,  and  these  carriers  may 
scatter  the  trouble  widely  and  rapidly  in  their 
seasonal  flights  or  swarming  stages.  In  Europe 
the  large  and  small  elm  bark  beetles  (Scolytus 
scolytus  F.  and  S.  multistriatns  Mrsh.)  are 
blamed  for  spreading  the  disease.  The  latter 
of  the  pests  is  widely  introduced  in  the  United 
States  and  was  known  to  be  present  under  bark 
of  infected  logs  that  were  shipped  from  Balti- 
more and  New  York  City  to  such  inland  points 
as  Buflfalo  and  Chicago.  This  shows  the  great 
need  for  widespread  vigilance  on  the  i^art  of 
foresters  and  nature  lovers,  so  as  to  detect 
promptly  any  sporadic  outbreaks  of  the  trouble 
along  the  several  railroads  over  which  logs  are 
known  to  have  been  shipped.  Shipments  have 
been  traced  and  large  extents  of  territory  will 
be  systematically  scouted. 

If  nothing  is  done  to  combat  the  Dutch  elm 
disease,  it  will  exterminate  our  splendid  trees 
of  this  genus  just  as  certainly  as  the  chest- 
nut bark  disease  has  destroyed  our  stands  of 
that  tree.  Splendid  avenues  and  thrifty  groves 
of  elm  in  Belgium,  Holland,  and  France  are 
now  but  a  memory  because  of  this  epidemic. 

The  most  obvious  evidence  of  the  disease 
occurs  in  late  May  or  early  June,  when  the 
leaves  on  occasional  branches  and  twigs  of 
elms   here   and   there   suddenly   droop,   a   few 


days  later  die,  and  shortly  fall  off,  so  the  tree 
crown  is  soon  ragged  and  ruined,  or  more  or 
less  completely  defoliated.  Death  often  fol- 
lows in  a  single  season,  though  some  trees 
linger  two  years  or  more. 

The  Dutch  elm  disease  attacks  trees  regard- 
less of  soil  conditions  and  thrift.  In  fact,  it 
is  most  frequent  on  trees  in  middle  life  between 
10  and  40  years  old.  Nursery  row  trees  are 
often  nearly  immune,  and  it  is  very  notable 
that  those  recently  transplanted  are  never  at- 
tacked. The  elms  native  to  Japan  and  China, 
and  the  well  known  Siberian  elm  (Ulniiis  pu- 
mila  L.)  are  decidedly  resistant  to  the  disease 
in  Holland. 

As  a  means  of  identifying  the  disease,  cross 
sections  should  be  cut  from  dead  or  dying 
stems  and  branches.  These  show  dark  brown 
flecks  and  lines  scattered  along  the  annual  rings 
and  over  the  section.  If  a  solid  segment  or 
sector  of  the  sapwood  is  brown  or  discolored, 
the  trouble  is  probably  root  starvation  caused 
by  pavements,  drought,  gas  in  the  soil,  sun- 
scald,  or  a  similar  factor. 

Fungi  of  the  genus  Verticillium  at  times  kill 
stems  and  branches  of  elm  with  symptoms  very 
like  Graphium,  but  it  never  becomes  epidemic. 
However,  without  making  detailed  microscopic 
studies  and  cultures  of  the  casual  organism  it 
is  at  times  im])ossible  to  tell  which  trouble  is 
])resent. 

The  great  botanist,  Andre  Michaux,  who 
spent  many  years  in  our  eastern  U.  S.  forests, 
called  the  American  elm  "the  most  magnificent 
vegetable  of  the  North  Temj^erate  Zone."  It 
has  been  suggested  as  our  national  tree,  and  is 
undoubtedly  one  of  the  finest  shade  and  high- 
way trees  of  the  town  and  countryside.  Loss 
of  the  elms  would  detract  tremendouslv  from 
the  beauty  and  sentiment  of  the  "woods  and 
templed  hills"  of  many  localities. 

Sickly  and  dying  elm  trees  should  be  re- 
ported to  forestry  and  shade  tree  authorities 
whenever  they  are  noticed.  By  cutting  and 
burning  the  infected  trees  ])r()m])tly,  it  may  be 
possible  to  save  our  elms  from  this  dread 
menace. 


Editor's  Note:  All  readers  in  and  near 
areas  where  diseased  trees  have  been  found 
are  urged  to  join  the  "vigilantes"  against  this 
enemy. 


=       / 


FOREST    LEAVES 


(.ourtesy  U.   S.   Forest  Service. 


WlNDTlIROVVS 


NATURAL  ENEMIES  OF  THE 

FOREST^ 


By  A.  F.  Hough,  Assistant  Silviculturist 
Allegheny  Forest  Experiment  Station^' 


IT  IS  remarkable  that  animal  life  on  the 
earth,  subsisting  as  it  does  on  the  food 
products  directly  or  indirectly  manufac- 
tured by  green  plants,  does  not  con'ipletely  out- 
run the  avilable  food  sui)ply.  Only  the  green 
plants  are  enabled  to  synthesize  the  sugars, 
which  are  the  basis  for  more  elaborate  food 
products,  using  carbon  dioxide,  water,  and  sun- 
light. 

The  balance  between  the  animal  population, 
which  is  parasitic  on  the  food  produced  bv 
green  plants,  and  the  available  supply  of  this 
^^ood^is  maintained  l)y  an  infinite  number  of 

Por"^".  ^^^dress  before  the  members  of  the  Pennsylvania 
forestry  Association  at  Clearfiekl,   Pennsyhania. 

delnhfJ"^?)'"^'^.  ^^'  ^^'^  ^-  ^-  ^"^^^t  ^"^^^rvice,  at  Phila- 
Penn!  1  '  '"  co-operation  witli  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 


interrelations  between  animals  and  plants.  Were 
It  not  for  the  severe  struggle  for  existence 
faced  by  every  species  of  animal,  the  unchecked 
multiplication  of  a  single  species  would  soon 
overwhelm  the  entire  globe.  Happily  the  checks 
seem  to  be  adequate  and  nature's  balance  is 
usually  maintained. 

We  say  the  animal  is  adapted  in  its  food 
habits  to  the  environment  in  which  it  lives. 
Most  animals,  with  the  exception  of  parasites, 
use  plants  directly  as  food.  By  the  process  of 
evolution  the  species  of  vegetation  used  by  a 
given  animal  have  likewise  been  molded  into 
their  present  form  and  growth  habits.  For  ex- 
ample the  survival  of  the  grasses  used  by  herbi- 
vorous animals  may  be  explained  by  their  per- 
ennial s])reading  root  system  and  resistance 
to  grazing  of  the  leaf  stalks  which  have  growth 
centers  at  the  base  rather  than  at  the  tips. 

Man  and  the  Forest 

Pre-historic  man  with  his  simi)le  needs  for 
food,  shelter,  and  fuel  made  relatively  little 
demand  on  his  environment.     In  North  Amer- 


I- J 


rO  K  KS'I'      r.  K  A  \    KS 


I'O  K  I-:S  r     I.  KA  \'  KS 


THE  DEADLY  DUTCH  ELM  DISEASE 


Geo.  S.  Perry,  Penna.  Forest  Research 
Institute,   Mont   Alto,   Pa. 


DL'l\IX(i  the  past  siininicr  in  Xcw  Jcrscv 
was  discovered  the  hrst  considerahle 
oiithreak.  or  estal)h*s]iinent,  of  the  Dutch 
elm  (hsease  {iirapJiiitiii  itlnii  v^chwarz).  Tn 
])ecenil)er  it  was  re])orted  that  7(X)  trees  had 
heen  found  attacked  in  northeastern  New  Jer- 
sey and  adjacent  Xew  ^^ork,  scattered  over  a 
ji^ross  area  of  600  s(juare  miles.  One  tree  was 
located  in  Connecticut  near  the  X\'w  '\^)rk 
State  line,  while  another  was  foimd  at  l^\)rt 
AFcIIenry,  Haltimore,  Maryland,  where  the  dis- 
ease is  helieved  to  have  come  into  the  coini- 
try  on  imi)orte(l  elm  loj^s. 

In  Xew  jersey  it  is  estimated  that  onl\'  one 
tree  out  of  every  200  in  the  infection  territorv 
is  as  yet  attacked,  hut  conditions  are  verv 
alarmin<j^  nevertheless,  since  the  disease  is 
known  to  he  dissenn'nated  hy  insects,  usuallv 
of  the  hark  heetle  ty])e,  and  these  carriers  mav 
.scatter  the  trou])le  widely  and  ra])idly  in  their 
seasonal  flij^hts  or  swarmin*^  sta<i;es.  Tn  luu*o])e 
the  larj^a-  and  small  elm  hark  heetles  (Scolyfus 
scolytus  V.  and  S.  mulfistriafus  Mrsh.)  are 
hlamed  for  si)rea(linj^^  the  disea.se.  The  latter 
of  the  pests  is  widely  introduced  in  the  I'nited 
States  and  was  known  to  he  ])resent  under  hark 
of  infected  l()j>[s  that  were  shii)ped  from  Haiti- 
more  and  Xew  ^'ork  City  to  such  inland  points 
as  iiUlTalo  and  Chicaj^^o.  This  shows  the  ^^reat 
need  for  wi(les])rea(l  vi<rilance  on  the  ])art  of 
foresters  and  nature  lovers,  so  as  to  detect 
l)romi)tly  any  s])ora(lic  outhreaks  of  the  trouhle 
alonj^^  the  .several  railroads  over  which  loi^s  are 
known  to  have  heen  shi])j)ed.  ShijMnents  have 
heen  traced  and  lar^^e  extents  of  territorv  will 
he  systematically  scoiUed. 

If  nothin^r  is  doiu-  to  comhat  the  Dutch  elm 
disease,  it  will  exterminate  oiu'  splendid  trees 
of  this  ^renus  just  as  certainly  as  the  chest- 
ntit  hark  disease  has  destroyed  our  stands  of 
that  tree.  Si)len(lid  avenues  and  thriftv  i^n'oves 
of  elm  in  P)el<,Mum.  Holland,  and  P'rance  are 
now  hut  a  memory  hecause  of  this  epidemic. 

The  most  oh\  ions  exidence  of  the  disease 
occiu's  in  late  May  or  early  June,  when  the 
leaxes  on  occasional  hranches  and  twi'^^s  of 
elms    here    and    there    suddenly    droop,    a    feu 


days  later  die,  and  shortly  fall  off,  so  the  tree 
crown  is  soon  rai;i;ed  and  ruined,  or  more  or 
less  completely  defoliated.  Death  often  fol- 
lows in  a  single  season,  thouj^h  .some  trees 
linj^er  two  years  or  more. 

The  Dutch  elm  disease  attacks  trees  re,i(ard- 
less  of  soil  conditions  and  thrift.  Tn  fact,  it 
is  most  fre(|uent  on  trees  in  middle  life  hetween 
10  and  40  years  old.  Xtirsery  row  trees  are 
often  nearly  imnume,  and  it  is  very  notahle 
that  those  recently  trans] )lante(l  are  never  at- 
tacked. Hie  elms  native  to  japan  and  China, 
and  the  well  known  Siherian  elm  '{riiims  pu- 
iiiila  L.  )  are  decidedly  resistant  to  the  disea.se 
in   Holland. 

.\s  a  means  of  identifvini»'  the  disease,  cross 
sections  should  he  cut  from  dead  or  (lvinj( 
stems  and  hranches.  The.se  show  dark  hrowii 
flecks  and  lines  scattered  alonii;  the  annual  rin^s 
and  over  the  section.  If  a  solid  sei^nient  or 
sector  ot  the  .sa])woo(l  is  hrown  or  discolored, 
the  trotihle  is  i)rol)al)ly  root  star \at ion  caused 
hy  i)avements,  drouj^ht,  j^as  in  the  soil,  suii- 
.scald,  or  a  similar  factor. 

h'lm^n'  of  the  i^enus  I'crt'h'Uliuui  at  times  kill 
stems  and  hranches  of  elm  with  svmptoms  very 
like  iirapliiuiii,  hiU  it  never  hecomes  ei)i(leniic. 
However.  withoiU  makinj^  detailed  microscopic 
sltidies  and  cultiu'es  of  the  casual  orj^anisni  it 
is  at  times  impossihle  to  tell  which  trouhle  is 
present. 

The  j^reat  hotanist.  Andre  .Michaux,  who 
s])ent  many  years  in  oiu*  eastern  l'.  S.  forests, 
called  the  .American  elm  "the  m  »st  maj^niticent 
ve<(etal)le  of  the  .\orth  Temperate  Zone."  It 
has  heen  su<(j.iested  as  our  national  tree,  and  is 
undouhtedly  one  of  the  fmest  shade  and  hi^di- 
way  trees  of  the  town  and  C(nmtrvsi(k'.  Loss 
ot  the  elms  would  detract  tremendouslv  from 
the  heauty  and  sentiment  of  the  "woods  atul 
templed  hills"  i)\   many  localities. 

Sickly  and  dyinjn  elm  trees  should  he  re- 
])orted  to  forestry  and  shade  tree  authorities 
whenexer  they  are  noticed.  I)\  cuttini^  and 
l)in*m'n<;  the  infected  trees  i)romi)tl\,  it  may  he 
l)ossil)le  to  save  our  elms  from  this  dread 
menace. 


1m)ITok's  .Votk:  All  readers  in  and  near 
areas  where  diseased  trees  have  heen  foun<l 
are  uri;ed  to  join  the  "\  i,^ilantes"  aj^ainst  tlii> 
enemw 


(.'curtesy    i'.    S.    Forest  Scrzicc 


W'l.NDTllKdW  S 


NATURAL  ENEMIES  OF  THE 

FOREST" 


By  A.  F.  Hough,  Assistant  Silviculturist 
Allegheny  Forest  Experiment  Station- 


1''^  IS  remarkahle  that  animal  life  on  the 
t'arth,  suhsistin<4  as  it  does  on  the  food 
products  directly  or  indirectly  manufac- 
ttn-ed  hy  ^wvu  i)lants,  does  not  completely  out- 
J*un  the  avilahle  fcKul  sui)ply.  (  )nlv  the  i^nven 
plants  are  enahled  to  synthesize  the  sul,^ars, 
^^•hlch  are  the  hasis  for  more  elahorate  food 
Pi*<'<lncts,  usino  carhon  dioxide,  water,  and  sun- 
li^ht. 

'J'he  halance  hetween  the  animal  i)oi)ulation, 
^vhich  is  ])arasitic  on  the  f(M)(l  pn^luced  hv 
?reen  plains,  and  the  availahle  Mipplv  of  this 
^^^(\  is  maintained   hy   an    infnnte   nund)er  of 

|An  addr^.ss  1k-i..iv  tlu>  iiK'nilHTs  <.t  tl  -  Ponnsvlvania 
r^'^try   AssnciatK.n  at    CKarfu'ld.    Poiinsvlvan'ia. 
'Maintanu.l  by  tlu-   L'.  S.   H\.rcst   ScTvicc.  at   I>liila- 

p    ''^•*-    'a-    111    c.-npiTation    with    tlu-    Cnivcrsitv    .►{ 

'  ^'iiisylvania. 


interrelations  hetween  animals  and  plants.  Were 
it  not  tor  the  severe  strti^<^le  for  existence 
taced  hy  every  species  of  animal,  the  unchecked 
midtiplication  of  a  sin^de  species  would  .soon 
overwhelm  the  entire  ^dohe.  Hai)])ily  the  checks 
.seem  to  he  adequate  and  nattire's  halance  is 
usually  maintained. 

We  .say  the  animal  is  adapted  in  its  food 
hahits  to  the  environment  in  which  it  lives. 
Most  animals,  with  the  exce])ti()n  of  parasites, 
use  plants  directly  as  food.  P,y  the  i)rocess  of 
exolution  the  .species  of  ve<,a'tation  used  hv  a 
^iven  animal  have  likewi.se  heen  molded  into 
their  present  form  and  ^^rowth  hahits.  For  ex- 
am] )le  the  siu'vival  of  the  ^n-as.ses  u.sed  hv  herhi- 
von.us  animals  may  he  exi)laine(l  hv  their  per- 
enmal  si)rea(lin<;  root  .system  and  resistance 
t(»  i^ra/in^r  of  the  leaf  .stalks  which  have  ^^rowth 
centers  at  the  ha.se  rather  than  at  the  tii)s. 

Ma.\    AM)    THK     Im)RKST 

Tre-historic  man  with  his  simple  needs  tor 
tood.  shelter,  and  fuel  made  relativelv  little 
demand  on  his  environment.     In  Xortii  .\mer- 


INTENTIONAL  SECOND  EXPOSURE 


t. 


FOREST     LEAVES 


ica  the  simple  stone  age  agriculture  of  the 
Indians  did  little  to  disturb  the  forest.  Land 
clearing  was  only  on  a  small  scale  by  use  of 
stone  axes  and  fire ;  permanently  cleared  fields 
were  the  exception.  When  the  white  man  first 
came  to  North  America  he  found  vast  forests 
covering  the  eastern  part  of  the  country  and 
extending  to  the  prairies  of  the  middle  west. 

The  forest  was  an  enemy  to  be  cut  off  or 
burned  back.  It  barred  the  way  to  agricultural 
development  and  harbored  savage  Indians  and 
wild  beasts.  To  make  a  clearing  and  practice 
the  highly  developed  system  of  agriculture  ne- 
cessary for  his  subsistence  was  a  prime  neces- 
sity to  the  early  white  settler.  The  need  for 
shelter  in  a  substantial  and  quickly  erected  log 
house  heated  by  a  wood  fire  was  another  neces- 
sity. 

Under  these  pioneer  demands  the  forest 
gradually  gave  way  and  agricultural  or  grazing 
land  took  its  place.  Large  blocks  of  virgin 
timber  yet  remained  in  less  accessible  areas 
until  the  demand  for  ship  timbers,  construc- 
tion lumber  and  other  uses,  created  the  logging 
and  sawmilling  industry.  The  rapid  exploita- 
tion of  our  forests  followed  at  an  ever  acceler- 
ating pace,  advancing  to  new  regions  of  virgin 
timber  as  the  supply  dwindled  on  those  first 
logged.  This  brief  sketch  indicates  that  the 
white  man  of  European  origin  has  been  the 
great  natural  enemy  of  our  virgin  forest  growth 
in  North  America. 

Past  Forest  Conditions 

A  forest  may  be  generally  defined  as  an  ex- 
tensive wood  or  as  a  tract  of  land  covered  with 
trees  of  natural  growth  or  planted  by  man. 
After  the  harvest  of  our  virgin  forests,  stands 
of  second  growth  sprang  up  except  where  kept 
out  by  agriculture. 

We  know  that  the  type  or  kind  of  original 
forest  found  on  a  certain  area  is  linked  with  the 
climate,  the  soil  conditions,  and  the  competi- 
tion offered  by  plants  and  animals  in  that  vicin- 
ity. Past  fluctuations  in  climate  have  played 
a  major  part,  along  with  the  subsidence  and 
emergence  of  land  areas  from  the  ocean,  in 
the  development  of  our  land  flora.  In  the  Car- 
boniferous period  giant  tree  ferns  and  club 
mosses  flourished  and  their  debris  form  our 
present  coal  deposits.  Later  during  the  Ter- 
tiary period  forms  characteristic  of  our  modern 


vegetation  developed  and  during  the  Pleisto- 
cene or  glacical  period  the  forests  in  front  of 
the  ice  sheet  took  on  a  boreal  aspect  being 
made  up  largely  of  conifers  such  as  spruce  and 
fir.  There  is  evidence  from  pollen  deposits 
in  ancient  lakes  that  post-glacial  climate  in 
North  Amet-ica  has  fluctuated  from  wet  to  dry 
cycles  since  the  latest  or  Wisconsin  glaciation 
took  j)lace  about  50,000  years  ago.  Dry  periods 
would  favor  a  hardwood  forest  while  a  wet  or 
colder  cycle  would  bring  in  the  coniferous 
species. 

Present  Forest  Types  in  Pennsylvania 

There  are  three  broad  types  of  forest  now 
in  Pennsylvania.  Like  the  virgin  forest,  which 
formerly  covered  the  State,  these  stands  are 
based  on  associations  of  tree  species  brought 
together  by  similar  climatic  demands  and  re- 
sistance to  their  natural  enemies. 

( 1 )  The  beech-birch-maple  type  with  the  as- 
sociated conifer  hemlock. 

(2)  The  oak-hickory  or  oak-yellow  poplar 
ty]Xi  with  associated  hard  j)ines  as  pitch  pine, 
Table  Mountain  pine,  and  Virginia  scrub  pine. 

(3)  A  transition  belt  of  forest  containing 
species  characteristic  of  both  northern  and 
southern  types  and  associated  with  white  pine. 
This  may  be  noted  in  the  vicinity  of  Clearfield, 
Pennsylvania.  The  view  that  white  pine  is 
more  often  found  with  species  of  southerly 
range,  such  as  chestnut  and  red  maple,  in  this 
transition  forest,  is  not  accepted  by  all  foresters 
but  has  been  advanced  by  the  Allegheny  Forest 
Experiment  Station  after  study  of  these  types. 

Natural  Enemies  ok  the  Forest 

A  natural  enemy  may  be  defined  as  an  agency 
or  organism  o])erating  to  injure  or  sometimes 
destroy  a  forest  stand  or  its  means  of  reproduc- 
tion. 

There  are  three  major  classes  under  which 
these  natural  enemies  may  be  ])ut :  ( 1 )  Climatic 
agencies,  such  as  drought,  floods,  sun  scalds, 
wind,  lightning,  frost,  sleet,  snow,  hail,  ero- 
sion, etc.,  (2)  biotic  or  living  organisms  such 
as  man  and  the  lesser  mammals,  insects,  fungi, 
bacteria,  and  understory  or  climbing  vegeta- 
tion:  and  (3)  fire  which  is  an  agency  some- 
times produced  in  nature  by  lightning,  but  more 
often  set  free  by  man. 

The  virgin  forest  on  East  Tionesta  Creek  in 


=: 


FOREST    LEAVES 


Courtesy   U.   S.   Forest  Serviee. 
VVeeviled    White    Pine 

Warren  and  McKean  Counties  has  yielded 
data  on  the  damage  which  may  be  exi)ected 
from  certain  natural  enenn'es.  Windthrow  ac- 
counted for  18  per  cent  of  the  dead  trees  tallied 
on  a  strip  cruise  of  the  tract  made  in  1930. 
The  1930  drought  with  subsequent  insect  at- 
tack by  the  eastern  hemlock  borer,  Mclauophila 
fidvoguttata,  has  caused  serious  losses  of  hem- 
ock  tnnber.  Thousands  of  seedlings  were 
killed  by  the  drought.  A  few  trees  killed  by 
Iightnmg  were  observed. 

,    Of  the  animal  life  in  this  tract  the  porcupine 
IS  one  of  the  most  important  influences  on  the 
torest.     On  40  i)er  cent  of  the  600  tenth-acre 
plots  exammed.  i)()rcui)ine  damaged  trees  were 
tound.     The  largest  tree  killed  was  a  yellow 
poplar  50  mches   in  diameter.     Deer  grazing 
's  important  in   its   influence  on   reproduction 
and  squirrel  damage  to  the  crop  of  beech  nuts 
^s  very  great.     The  efi^ect  of  an  overpopulation 
ot  deer  on  the  undergrowth  and  tree  species 
ot  the  forest  may  be  noted  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Clearfield  Nursery.     Rabbits  and  squirrels 
^re   very     nnportant    agencies     damaging    the 
natural  sources  of  seed  supply  and  the  young 
seedbng,  ,„  the  oak   forests  of  Pennsylvania 
ami  New  Jersey.     For  example,  no  oak  seed- 
ngs  could  be  raised  for  experimental  purposes 
the   New   Jersey  branch  of   the  Allegheny 


Forest  Experiment  Station  until  the  seed  beds 
were  screened  to  prevent  squirrel  depredations. 
But  for  the  fact  that  all  these  natural  en- 
emies, classed  as  biotic  agencies,  have  their  own 
parasitic  and  predatory  foes,  our  forests  would 
mdeed  be  in  a  bad  way.  It  is  apparent  when 
one  lists  the  injurious  or  tree  destroying  organ- 
isms that  all  portions  of  a  tree  from  roots  to 
crown  and  all  stages  in  tree  growth  from  seed 
and  seedling  to  400  year-old  veterans  are  sub- 
ject to  attack. 

• 

Other  Important  Tree  Enemies 
Of  the  organisms  prone  to  attack  the  roots 
and  heartwood  of  trees  the  parasitic  fungi  are 
perhaps  most  important.  Tiny  newly  germi- 
nated seedlings  are  often  killed  by  the  so-called 
"damping  oflf"  fungi  which  attack  the  roots  and 
tender  stems  to  cause  root  rot  and  wilting. 

The  shoe-string  fungus  Annillaria  mellea  at- 
tacks the  root  and  lower  stem  of  a  great  variety 
of  species  and  is  often  the  cause  of  death  of 
mature  trees.  Other  fungi  such  as  species  of 
Fomes,  Polypoms,  Dacdalia,  Hydnum,  and 
franiefcs.  cause  heartrots  and  saprots  on  liv- 
mg  trees  thereby  weakening  them.  Lesser  par- 
asites on  roots  are  certain  plants  lacking  chloro- 


m\ 


Courtesy    U.   S.    Forest  Service. 
Fire    Scar    and    Rot 


Fo  R  KS  T     L  r:  A  \  I^S 


ica  the  sini])le  stone  a^c  aj^riculturc  of  the 
Indians  did  little  to  disturb  the  forest.  Land 
clearing  was  only  on  a  small  scale  by  use  of 
stone  axes  and  tire ;  ])ernianently  cleared  tields 
were  the  exception.  When  the  white  man  first 
came  to  North  America  he  found  vast  forests 
covering  the  eastern  ])art  of  tlie  country  and 
extending  to  the  i)rairies  of  tlie  middle  west. 
The  forest  was  an  enemy  to  he  cut  off  or 
burned  back.  It  barred  the  way  to  agricultural 
develo])ment  and  harbored  savage  Indians  and 
wild  beasts.  To  make  a  clearing  and  ])ractice 
the  highly  (levelo])ed  system  of  agriculture  ne- 
cessary for  his  subsistence  was  a  ])rime  neces- 
sity to  the  early  white  settler.  The  need  for 
shelter  in  a  substantial  and  cjuickly  ^-rected  log 
house  heated  by  a  wood  tire  was  another  neces- 
sity. 

Under  these  ])i()neer  demands  the  forest 
gradually  gave  way  and  agricultural  or  grazing 
land  took  its  ])lace.  Large  blocks  of  virgin 
timber  yet  remained  in  less  accessible  areas 
until  the  demand  for  shi])  timbers,  construc- 
tion lumber  and  other  uses,  created  the  logging 
and  sawmilling  industry.  The  ra])id  ex])loita- 
tion  of  our  forests  followed  at  an  ever  acceler- 
ating ])ace.  advancing  to  new  regions  of  virgin 
timber  as  the  sui)])ly  dwindled  on  those  first 
logged.  This  brief  sketch  indicates  that  the 
white  man  of  luiro])ean  origin  has  been  the 
great  natural  enemy  of  our  virgin  forest  growth 
in   Xorth  America. 

Past   Forest   Conditions 

A  forest  may  be  generally  defined  as  an  ex- 
tensive wood  or  as  a  tract  o?  land  covered  with 
trees  of  natural  growth  or  planted  by  man. 
After  the  harvest  of  our  virgin  forests,  stands 
of  second  growth  sprang  u])  except  where  kept 
out  by  agriculture. 

We  know  that  the  tyi)e  or  kind  of  original 
forest  found  on  a  certain  area  is  linked  with  the 
climate,  the  soil  conditions,  and  the  competi- 
tion offered  by  ])lants  and  animals  in  that  vicin- 
ity. Past  fluctuations  in  climate  have  ])layed 
a  major  part,  along  with  the  subsidence  and 
emergence  of  land  areas  from  the  ocean,  in 
the  development  of  our  land  flora.  In  the  Car- 
boniferous ])eriod  giant  tree  ferns  and  club 
mosses  flourished  and  their  debris  form  our 
present  coal  deposits.  Later  during  the  Ter- 
tiary period  forms  characteristic  of  our  modern 


vegetation  (levelo])e(l  and  during  the  Pleisto- 
cene or  glacical  ])erio(l  the  forests  in  front  of 
the  ice  sheet  took  on  a  boreal  aspect  bein^^ 
made  uj)  largely  of  conifers  such  as  spruce  and 
tir.  There  is  evidence  from  i)ollen  deposits 
in  ancient  lakes  that  ])ost-glacial  climate  in 
Xorth  America  has  fluctuated  from  wet  to  dry 
cycles  since  the  latest  or  Wisconsin  glaciation 
took  place  about  5(),0(X)  years  ago.  Dry  ])erio(ls 
would  faxor  a  hardwood  forest  while  a  wet  or 
colder  cycle  would  bring  in  the  coniferous 
species. 

Prksknt  Im)rkst  Tyi'Ks  in   Pennsylvania 

There  are  three  broad  ty])es  of  forest  now 
in  IVnnsylvania.  Like  the  virgin  forest,  which 
formerly  covered  the  vState,  these  stands  are 
based  on  associations  of  tree  species  brought 
together  by  similar  climatic  demands  and  re- 
sistance to  their  natural  enemies. 

(  1  )  The  beech-birch-maple  ty])e  with  the  as- 
sociated conifer  hemlock. 

(2)  The  oak-hickory  or  oak-yellow  jxiplar 
ty])e  with  associated  hard  ])ines  as  ])itch  i)ine. 
Table  Mountain  i)ine.  and  X'irginia  scrub  j)ine. 

(3)  A  transition  belt  of  forest  containing 
s])ecies  characteristic  of  both  northern  and 
southern  tyi)es  and  associated  with  white  i)ine. 
This  may  be  noted  in  the  vicinity  of  Cleartield. 
Pennsylvania.  The  view  that  white  pine  is 
more  otteii  found  with  species  of  southerlv 
range,  such  as  chestnut  and  red  ma])le,  in  this 
transition  forest,  is  not  acce])te(l  by  all  foresters 
but  has  been  advanced  by  the  Allegheiiv  Forest 
h'.x])eriment  Station  after  study  (  1  these  ivpcs. 

Xatirai.  ICnk.miks  or  tiik  h'oKKsr 

•A  natural  eneniv  mav  be  defined  as  an  aueiicv 
or  organism  o])erating  to  injure  or  sometimes 
destroy  a  forest  stand  or  its  means  of  rei)ro(luc- 
tion. 

There  are  three  major  classes  under  which 
these  natural  enemies  may  be  jnit :  (  I  )  Climatic 
agencies,  such  as  drought,  floods,  sun  scalds, 
wind,  lightning,  frost,  sleet,  snow,  hail,  ero- 
sion, etc.,  (2)  biotic  or  living  organisms  such 
as  man  and  the  lesser  mammals,  insects,  fun^i. 
bacteria,  and  understory  or  climbing  vegeta- 
tion; and  (.S)  fire  which  is  an  agencv  some- 
times ])roduced  in  nature  by  lightning,  but  more 
often   set    free  by  man. 

The  virgin  forest  on  Ivist  Tionesta  Creek  in 


F  O  R  K  S  T    L  K  A  \^  F  S 


5 


(  oiirtrsy    I  \    \.    l-orcst    Scrriic. 

Warren  and  AFcKean  Counties  has  vielded 
data  on  the  damage  which  mav  be  expected 
•hmii  certain  natural  enemies.  U'indthrow  ac- 
counted \nv  IS  per  cent  of  the  dead  trees  tallied 
|>;i  a  strip  crin"sc'  of  the  tract  made  in  1930. 
The  \')M)  drouoht  with  sul)se(|ueiit  insect  at- 
tack by  the  eastern  hemlock  borer.  Mchumphihi 
fnlr(>(/iitfala,  has  caused  serious  losses  of  hem- 
l<)ck  timber.  Thousands  of  seedlings  were 
Ivillcd  by  the  drought.  A  few  trees  killed  bv 
hgh tiling  were  observed. 

^>t  the  animal  life  in  this  tract  the  i)orcupine 
>/>  'Mie  ot  the  most  important  infhiences  on  the 
b)rest.     On  40  per  cent  of  the  OOO  tenth-acre 
Pl'>ts  examined.  i)orcupine  damaged  trees  were 
<'>iind.      The   largest    tree   killed    was   a   vellow 
P'M^lar   .-^O   inehes    in    diameter.      Deer   grazing 
'^   jniportant    in    its    infhieiice   on    reproduction 
:^'i^'  s(|un-rel  damage  to  the  crop  of  beech  nuts 
'yt^'ry  great.     The  effect  of  an  overp.,pulation 
^'     ^^^*^*i*  on   the   undergrowth  and   tree  species 
II'   the   torest   may  be  noted   in  the  vicinitv  of 
I'H'  Clearheld   Xursery.      Kabbits  and  s(|uirrels 
•^'^*    very     imp(,rtant    agencies     damaging    the 
'^'i^^inil  sources  of  seed  supplv  and  the  voung 
•Hecllnigs   ni    the   oak    forests   of    Pennsvlvania 
'i"^l   Aew  jersey.      |A)r  example,  n.)  oak  seed- 
'".^.^p'oulcl  Ik.  raised  for  experimental  purp,.ses 

tiH'    Xew   jersey   branch   of   the   Alleiihenv 


lM)rest  Ivxperiment  Station  until  the  seed  beds 
were  screened  to  ])revent  scjuirrel  depredations. 
Hut  for  the  fact  that  all  these  natural  en- 
emies, classed  as  biotic  agencies,  have  their  own 
parasitic  and  ])redatory  foes,  our  forests  would 
indeed  be  in  a  bad  way.  [t  is  a])parent  when 
one  lists  the  injurious  or  tree  destroying  organ- 
isms that  all  ])()rtions  of  a  tree  fnmi  r;)ots  to 
crown  and  all  stages  in  tree  growth  fr:);n  seed 
and  seedling  to  400  year-old  veterans  are  sub- 
ject to  attack. 

Other  Important  Tree  Knemies 
Of  the  organisms  ])rone  to  attack  the  r()r)ts 
and  heartwood  of  trees  the  parasitic  fungi  are 
perhaps  most  important.  Tinv  newlv  germi- 
nated seedlings  are  often  killed'bv  the 'so-called 
'•damping  otT"  fungi  which  attack  the  roots  and 
tender  stems  to  cause  root  rot  and  wiltin< 


The  shoe-string  fungus  AnniUaria  incllca  at- 
tacks the  root  and  lower  stem  of  a  great  variety 
'>f  species  and  is  often  the  cause  of  death  of 
mature  trees.  ( )tlier  fungi  such  as  species  of 
I'omcs,  rolyporiis,  Dacdalia,  Ilydnum,  and 
I  nuuctcs,  cause  heartrots  and  saprots  on  liv- 
ing trees  thereby  weakening  them.  Lesser  ])ar- 
asites  on  roots  are  certain  ])lants  lacking  cliloro- 


i'oiirtrsy    I  .    S.    /'.nrst    Scrricc 

I'lKi:     SCAK     .\M>      koT 


FOREST  LEAVES 


FOREST  LEAVES 


phyl.  The  role  of  fungi  in  causing  mycor- 
rhizae  on  tree  rots  is  not  definitely  known  but 
may  be  beneficial  rather  than  the  reverse. 

Above  ground  the  tree  is  subject  to  attack 
by  a  variety  of  enemies.  Fungi  which  cause 
bark  lesions  or  cankers,  sap  rotters,  those  which 
girdle  the  trunk  killing  the  cambium  layer  such 
as  the  chestnut  blight  and  white  pine  blister 
rust,  and  a  host  of  others  are  known.  Insects 
are  also  very  important  and  take  great  toll  of 
our  forests  annually.  The  bark  beetles  espec- 
ially the  genus  Dcudroctonus,  are  well  known 
as  a  natural  enemy  of  our  southern  and  western 
conifers.  Boring  grubs  such  as  the  locust, 
birch,  maple,  chestnut  and  hickory  borers,  and 
the  eastern  hemlock  borer  are  destructive  en- 
emies of  these  tree  species.  The  white  pine 
weevil  which  kills  back  the  terminal  shoot  and 
Hylobius  pales,  a  weevil  which  girdles  and  kills 
young  reproduction,  are  problems  to  any  one 
seeking  to  perpetuate  white  pine. 

Defoliating  insects  often  cause  the  death  of 
trees  by  repeated  attacks.  The  larch  sawfly, 
hemlock  looper,  gypsy  moth,  tent  caterpillar, 
army  worm,  and  others,  may  be  placed  in  this 
class.  Damage  is  done  by  the  larvae  or  cater- 
pillar stage  which  feeds  on  tree  foliage  and  so 
reduces  the  vigor  of  the  trees.  Certain  beetles 
as  the  introduced  Japanese  beetle  and  the  May 
beetle,  damage  leaves  by  feeding  in  the  adult 
stage  but  do  not  usually  kill  mature  trees.  Less- 
er enemies,  which,  however,  in  the  aggregate, 
take  enormous  toll  upon  the  vitality  of  the 
forest,  are  aphids,  leaf  hoppers,  spittle  bugs, 
scale  insects,  gall  ])roducing  insects,  leaf  spot 
fungi,  leaf  miners  and  skeletonizers,  mistletoes 
and  witches  brooms. 

New  diseases,  both  native  and  introduced, 
are  being  discovered  and  studied.  Man  has 
been  able  to  work  out  j^ractical  control  measures 
for  some  of  the  forest  enemies,  but  by  far  the 
most  effective  control  for  inaccesible  and  wide- 
spread forest  areas  has  been  the  natural  bal- 
ance achieved  by  nature.  In  kee])ing  down  the 
rodent  and  insect  i)opulation  both  the  i)reda- 
tory  and  insect  feeding  birds  are  necessary. 
Climatic  and  topographic  barriers  to  the  spread 
of  forest  enemies  are  more  effective  than  man 
made  barriers.  The  natural  enemy  of  any  one 
species  may  not  entirely  exterminate  it  but 
merely  keep  it  in  check  and  enable  other  species 
to  compete  on  even  terms  with  it.     For  this 


reason  it  is  unwise  to  assume  that  all  agencies 
taking  toll  of  the  forest  are  unqualifiedly  detri- 
mental to  all  species  in  it.  We  should  rather 
expect  that  over  a  long  period  of  development 
the  tree  species  best  fitted  to  survive  would 
achieve  a  balance  with  the  natural  factors  of 
their   environment. 

In  spite  of  all  enemies  the  growth  and  de- 
velopment of  our  forests  continues  on  areas 
of  non-agricultural  land.  Much  remains  to  be 
done  to  put  them  in  a  condition  to  produce  the 
greatest  ])ublic  benefits  of  which  they  are  cap- 
able ;  cellulose  production,  watershed  protec- 
tion, wild  life,  and  recreation.  It  is  the  aim 
of  forest  research  to  determine  the  ])rinci])les 
which  govern  the  protection  and  use  of  our 
forests  in  order  that  fundamental  laws  of  na- 
ture may  be  applied  in  building  better  forests 
for  the  benefit  of  present  and  future  genera- 
tions. 

Under  friendly  care  and  i)rotei:tion  from 
man,  Penn's  woods  can  be  restored  to  high 
])roductivity,  and  even  greater  usefulness  than 
the  original  forest,  because  we  see  the  need 
for  forests  and  have  the  diversity  of  species, 
the  soil,  and  the  climate,  which  makes  it  pos- 
sible to  grow  them  successfully. 


"Man  must  ever  be  careful  not  to  extermin- 
ate any  one  species  of  predator,  for  although 
they  take  game,  they  also  devour  other  small 
mammals  that  are  destructive  to  forest  trees, 
forest  crops,  etc." — Pcnnsyhaiiia  Game  News. 


AN   OUTSIDE   OPINION   OF   FOREST 
PRACTICE  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


"Of  all  the  States,  Pennsylvania  has  achieved 
most  in  jmtting  into  effect  actual  forest  man- 
agement and  reclaiming  to  economic  produc- 
tiveness, through  State  acquisition  and  admini- 
stration, extensive  areas  of  de])leted  and  de- 
generated forest  and  idle  cut-over  land." 

"To  this  reliance  upon  outside  leadership 
Pennsylvania  was  an  exception.  Like  New 
York,  its  forestry  movement,  while  gaining 
]x)wer  from  the  stimulus  of  the  general  for- 
estry movement,  was  essentially  indigenous. 
The  ])rinci])al  credit  for  it  belongs  to  one  man, 
Dr.  J.  T.  Rothrock,  who  practically  gave  his 
life  to  it." 

"The  Pennsylvania  I^'orest  Research  Insti- 
tute at  Mont  Alto  is  outstanding  as  a  forest 


research  agency  which  is  an  integral  part  of 
the  State  forestry  department  and  is  provided 
as  a  part  of  its  equipment  for  performing  its 
practical  duties.'' 

"This  institute  was  dedicated  to  forest  re- 
search on  June  5,  1930,  to  bring  about  the 
betterment  of  forest  practices  on  all  types  of 
forest  land  in  Pennsylvania." 

"The  Pennsylvania  Forest  Research  Insti- 
tute is  an  example  of  what  might  easily  be 
done  by  a  number  of  the  more  wealthy  states, 
at  least,  to  enable  their  forestry  department  to 
work  out  their  more   fundamental  problems." 

All  the  above  are  quoted  from  "A  National 
Plan  for  American  Forestry,"  prepared  by  the 
United  States  Forest   Service. 


THE  ANCIENT  HISTORY   OF  THE 

CONIFERS 


THROUGH  the  courtesy  of  the  Louisiana 
Conservation  Review,  and  of  the  author, 
Mr.  Robert  Glenk,  Ph.D.,  Curator  of  the 
Louisiana   State   Museum,   we  present  a  con- 
densation of  an  extremely   interesting  article, 
''The    Pines   as    Living    Fossils   of    the    Plant 
World,"  with  the  comment    that  only  our  space 
demands  cause  curtailment  of  the  original  text. 
**The  history  of  the  pines  constitutes  one  of 
the  surprising  romances  of  the  plant  life.    The 
'conebearers'  or  'conifers'  of  which  the  pines 
and  our  common  cypress  are  typical  examples, 
originated  upon   the  earth  at   a  much  earlier 
period  of  geologic  time  than  any  other  mem- 
bers of  our  present  day  forest  trees.    Through- 
out the  millions  of  years  of  the  earth's  history, 
they  have  persisted  in  much  the  same  simple 
biological  form  since  the  Coal  Age.     Convinc- 
ing proof  of  their  long  existence  occurs  plenti- 
fully in  the  records  of  the  rocks,  and  definitely 
marks  them  as  the  oldest  living  representatives 
of  the  forests  of  the  Paleozoic  Era. 

''This  curiously  interesting  group  of  plants 
retains  the  primitive  flower  structure  which 
distinguishes  the  vegetation  of  the  ancient 
world.  In  fact,  so  close  is  the  resemblance 
to  the  rudimentary  forms  of  plant  life,  most 
o^  which  have  long  ceased  to  exist,  that  the 
stock  IS  considered  as  having  lived  at  the  same 
tinie  as  the  cycads,  giant  mosses,  and  sigillaries 
pose  collective  fossil  remains  make  up  the 
•^u  k  of  the  coal  which  was  formed  a  hundred 
"n'lion  or  more  years  ago. 


*'In  a  casual  examination  of  one  of  the 
stately  pines  that  constitute  to  a  large  degree 
the  forests  of  the  North  Temperate  Zone,  the 
botanical  relationship  which  places  them  in  the 
same  category  with  the  club  mosses  and  cat- 
tails of  the  marshes,  is  not  readily  suspected. 

''The  true  position  of  the  'gymnosperms'  or 
naked  seeded  plants  was  recognized  by  Jussieu 
a  generation   before  the   investigators   of   the 
modern  conifers  came  to  an  agreement  in  this 
respect  relative  to  the  proper  classification  of 
the  pines.     There  is  no  ovary  in  the  flower  of 
a  conifer,  but  the  ovule  lies  naked  upon  the 
surface  of  a  scale.     Stigmas  are  entirely  want- 
ing and  fertilization  depends  upon  the  distri- 
bution of  the  pollen  by  the  wind  without  the 
aid  of  insects.     The  fruit  is  a  woody  strobile 
called  a  cone  which  matures  the  second  or  third 
year  after  flowering.     The  seeds  are  usually 
in  pairs  attached  at   the  base  in  shallow  de- 
pressions on  the  surface  of  the  scale.     These 
are    features   which    immediately   diflferentiate 
them  from  the  higher  classes  of  plants.     Fur- 
thermore,   the    internal   anatomy   and   cellular 
frame  work  are  so  distinctive  as  to   relegate 
the  pines,  as  far  as  structural  organization  is 
concerned,  a  long  distance  from  their  associates 
in  the  forest. 

'*A  definite    progression  and    more  perfect 
specialization  is  indicated  from  even  the  earl- 
iest geological  periods  in  the  course  of  develop- 
ment of  the  plant  world  up  to  its  present  state, 
and   in   almost   every  class   of   plant   life   the 
number  of   fossil   forms  considerably  exceeds 
the  recent  or  living  ones.      No  adequate  ex- 
planation of  the  causes  underlying  the  extinc- 
tion of  former  species  or  families  has  yet  been 
found.     It   may  be   that  changes   in  external 
conditions  .with  regard  to  the  distribution  of 
land    and    water,    salinity   of    water,    volcanic 
eruption,  natural  enemies,  or  diseases  may  have 
led  to  the  extinction  of  certain  forms,  but  such 
theories  fail  to  account  for  the  disappearance 
of  entire  species  or  groups  of  plants. 

''Botanists  delight  in  dwelling  on  the  auda- 
city of  the  geologists  in  determining  species 
from  leaf  impressions.  That  some  uncertainty 
exists  in  such  identifications  based  upon  frag- 
mentary material  perhaps  may  be  granted;  it 
fias,  however,  been  definitely  shown  that  foli- 
age characters  in  general  are  more  fixed  than 
those  of  almost  any  other  organ  of  plants,  and 


i 


8 


FOREST  LEAVES 


FOREST  LEAVES 


leaves  are  much  less  subjected  to  complex 
environment  factors.  Impressions  of  plants  in 
the  rocks  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  objects 
with  which  the  paleontologist  has  to  deal. 

"The  first  evidence  of  land  plants  occurs 
about  the  latter  half  of  the  Age  of  Fishes,  or 
the  Devonian,  as  it  is  called.  As  geological 
time  progressed  the  land  plants  became  more 
prolific,  individuals  grew  to  greater  dimensions 
and  greater  heights  and  hence  lived  to  a  great- 
er age.  In  the  upper  Devonian  strata  there 
were  found  petrified  trunks  of  trees  whose 
structures  bear  a  close  resemblance  to  present 
day  pines  or  conifers  in  cell  structure  and  are 
readily  recognizable  as  such. 

"Ferns,  conifers  and  cycads  flourished  in 
the  Coal  Age  following,  and  'Cordaites',  as 
certain  conifers  are  called,  were  dominant  gym- 
nosperms  or  naked  seeded  plants  of  the  Pale- 
ozoic era.  The  woody  trunks  of  these  trees, 
while  quite  similar  to  those  of  modern  pines, 
difl^ered  from  them  in  having  a  central  pith 
present.  Cordaites  did  not  produce  seeds  in 
cones  and  the  leaves  were  not  needle  shaped, 
but  had  a  family  likeness  to  the  gingko  or 
maiden-hair  tree  which  ap])eared  about  this 
time  on  the  earth. 

*' Cone-bearing  evergreens  developed  during 
the  Coal  Age  and  the  'Coniferales',  as  this  or- 
der became  known,  embraced  the  genera  arau- 
caria,  sequoia,  cypress,  cedar,  spruce,  pine  and 
others  from  which  the  i)arent  trees  of  the 
l)resent  day  species  evolved.  The  wides])read 
uniformity  of  physical  conditions  prevailing 
on  the  earth,  such  as  equability  of  climate  and 
abundant  rainfall,  continuing  over  a  long  period 
of  time,  cons])ired  to  make  the  carboniferous 
forests  a])])ear  strange  and  wonderful.  Two 
thousand  or  more  s])ecies  of  ])lants  made  uj) 
these  forests  and  have  been  identified  from  the 
fossil  remains  in  the  rocks  above  and  below 
the  C'lal  denosits. 

"The  Triassic  Conifers,  which  came  after 
the  Coal  Age  plants,  in  a  certain  degree  rep- 
resented all  the  persistent  orders  and  families. 
Deposits  of  this  age,  consisting  of  wood,  twigs, 
and  single-seeded  cone  scales,  closely  resemble 
those  of  the  present  day  species.  Logs  of 
this  age  make  u])  the  fossil  remains  found  in 
the  Petrified  Forest  of  Arizona  and  in  the  form 
of  beautifully  agatized  trunks  of  large  dimen- 
sions, ancestors  of  the  present  day  araucarias. 


"The  Jurassic  period,  sometimes  referred 
to  as  the  'Age  of  Gymnosperm'  or  naked 
seeded  plants  represented  by  the  pines,  seems 
to  have  been  especially  favorable  for  their  de- 
velopment .and  distribution  over  the  earth. 
These  queer  conifers  were  abundant,  also,  all 
through  the  Mesozoic  era  when  giant  reptiles 
were  swarming  all  over  the  earth.  They,  with 
their  low  resistance  to  cold,  were  adapted  to 
a  mild  climate.  They  had  nothing  like  the 
rigid  tenacity  of  life  of  the  present  day  pines 
and  firs  that  clothe  the  sides  of  the  snow  capped 
peaks  of  northern  mountains  uiider  extremes 
of  cold  and  high  winds. 

"The  Ginkgos  or  'Maidenhair  Trees'  of  many 
varieties,  were  among  the  very  first  of  these 
j^rimitive  conifers.  They  were  both  abundant 
and  widespread.  At  the  present  day  their  range 
is  restricted  to  parts  of  China  and  Japan. 

"The  Sequoias  or  'big  trees'  appeared  be- 
fore the  close  of  the  Jurassic  period  and  were 
very  generally  distributed  over  the  United 
States  and  still  persist  in  California.  By  well 
nigh  universal  consent  the  *big  tree'  is  re- 
garded as  the  most  remarkable  member  of  the 
earth's  silva.  Its  enormous  bulk,  its  restricted 
habitat,  its  precarious  foothold  in  the  north- 
ern ])art  of  its  range  and  its  plain  relationship 
to  the  flora  of  the  ancient  world,  combine  to 
give  this  species  a  unique  interest  among  all 
the  existing  trees  of  the  earth. 

"The  Araucarias  were  widely  distributed 
and  abundant  in  the  Mesozoic  era  and  were 
found  from  New  Jersey  and  South  Dakota, 
south  to  Patagonia.  At  the  present  time  they 
are  confined  to  very  restricted  areas  in  Chile. 
Brazil.  Australia  and  a  few  Pacific  islands. 
They  have  the  appearance  of  large  ])alms  with 
the  limbs  confined  to  a  crown  carried  on  a 
straight  columnar  trunk. 

"The  deciduous  or  bald  cypress,  common  to 
our  Louisiana  swamps,  is  somewhat  doubtfully 
re])resented  by  the  Leptostrobus  of  the  Jurassic 
])eriod.  Cypress  is  consequent! v  less  ancient 
than  Sequoia  but  became  equally  well  distri- 
buted over  the  earth  in  this  and  subsequent 
periods.  The  maximum  range  and  develop- 
ment of  these  handsome  trees  anpears  to  have 
taken  place  during  the  middle  Eocene.  They 
flourished  abundantly  in  the  Arctic  regions. 
es])ecially  in  Alaska,  Greenland,  and  in  Spit- 
zenl)ergen  during  tertiary  time,  due,  no  doubt. 


Courtesy   American   Museum    of   Natural   History. 
Fossilized    Cone    of    Pinus    Wheeleri — Florissant,    Colo, 

to  an  extension  of  tropical  conditions  over  a 
large  area  of  the  northern  hemis])here. 

"With  the  coming  of  the  Ice  Age  when  the 
Northern  continents  became  covered  with  an 
accumulation  of   ice  a  thousand  or  more  feet 
thick,  cy])ress  was  exterminated  over  the  great- 
er part  of  its  former  range.     At  the  close  of 
the  Ice  Age  which  lasted  about  300,000  years. 
Cypress  seems  to  have  been  able  to  retain  but 
a  precarious  foothold  and,  at  the  present  time, 
it  survives  in  only  a  very  snail  area  along  the 
Gulf  Coast  and  in   Mexico  and  nowhere  else 
on  earth.     It  is  a  singular  fact  that  cy])ress  was 
never  found  as  a  forest  tree  in  South  America. 
The   ])resent   structure,   habits   and   ranges   of 
the  deciduous  cypress  are  the  res.ult  of  ages 
of  adjustment  to  the  constantly  changing  en- 
vironmental   forces.      The    extinct    s])ecies    of 
Taxodiaceae    greatly    outnumber    the    existing 
genera   and    species,    onlv    13    now    surviving. 
That  the  family  seems  destined  for  extinction 
"1  the  not    far   distant     future,   comjnited    in 
geologic  time  periods,  there  is  everv  reason  to 
believe. 

"Fossil  swani])  strata,  once  cypress  bogs,  have 
been  uncovered  bv  artificial  excaxation  or  by 
natural  erosion  of  Pleistocene  sediments  in  a 


number  of  instances.  Cypress  wood,  it  is  said, 
contains  phenolic  compounds  and  geranyl  al- 
cohol and  esters,  which  seem  to  be  distasteful 
to  termites  and  to  acts  as  preservative  agents. 
It  has  received  the  trade  name  'The  Wood 
Eternal'  because  of  its  slowness  to  decay,  espec- 
ially in  wet  soil. 

"The  pines  appeared  in  the  form  of  *Abie- 
tites',  supposedly  the  ancestor  of  the  existing 
family,  towards  the  end  of  the  lower  Cretace- 
ous period.  The  record,  however,  is  question- 
able and  many  uncertainties  exist  as  to  the 
original  stock.  But  it  is  known  that  undoubted 
species  of  Pinus  existed  before  the  close  of  the 
Mesozoic  era. 

"From  covering  a  wide  territorial  range  in 
earlier    geologic   times,    the    conifers   became 
greatly  reduced  in  species  and  numbers,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  tertiary  or  the  Age  of  Mam- 
mals.   The  soil  conditions,  rainfall  and  humid- 
ity, all  were   favorable  to  their  extensive  de- 
velopment, but  strange  to  say  certain  adverse 
conditions    i)revailed    which    efifectually    pre- 
vented their  spreading  in  the  ^Mississippi  Val- 
ley.    The  only  explanation  that  the  geologist 
can  give   to  account   for  the   singular   fact   is 
that  the  climate  must  have  been  excessively  hot. 
The   ])ines    fail   to   compete   successfully   in 
nature,  except  under  rigid  or  special  conditions 
of  life,  with  their  angiosperm  or  more  modern 
competitors.     They  are  greatly  handicapped  in 
the  race  of  life  because  of  their  inability  to 
reproduce  themselves  with  the  vigor  of  other 
trees.     As  soon  as  a  pine  tree  is  cut  down  the 
root  dies  and  there  is  no  power  to  send  forth 
shoots  from  the  stump  for  new  growth.     Pine 
seed  is  light  and  its  vitality  is  fleeting.  'Mother 
Nature  matures  a  million  pine  seeds  for  each 
one  she  permits  to  grow  up.'     The  pine  tree  is 
steadily  driven  backward  by  the  nut  bearing 
trees,  especially  by  the  oaks.  As  Darwin  so  sig- 
nificantly   stated,    'the    oaks    have    driven    the 
pines  to  the  sands.'     The  natural  pine  forests 
of  the  present  day  may  well  be  defined  as  being 
'areas  of  preservation'  and  not  as  being  'centres 
of  distribution'  of  the  species. 

"There  are  nine  genera  and  over  a  hundred 
existing  species  of  the  Abietinaceae  in  the 
world  today,  confined  to  the  North  Temper- 
ate Zone.  The  extinct  species  are  perhaps 
much  more  numerous. 

"Pines   endeavor   to    fulfil   the   highest   and 


all 


I 


I 


8 


1  O  RKST      LE A \   ES 


FOR  E  S  1'    L  K  A  \^  K  S 


leaves  arc  niiicli  less  sul)jecte(l  lo  complex 
cnvironinenl  factors.  Ini])ressioiis  of  ])lants  in 
the  rocks  constitute  the  hulk  of  the  ohjects 
with  which  the  i)aleontoloj4ist  has  to  deal. 

"The  first  evidence  of  land  i)lants  occurs 
ahout  the  latter  half  of  the  A<^e  of  l^'ishes.  or 
the  Devonian,  as  it  is  called.  As  t»eolo,^"ical 
time  ])r()i^ressed  the  land  i)lants  hecame  more 
prolific,  individuals  ,i(rew  to  i^^reater  dimensions 
and  ji^reater  heij^hts  and  hence  lixed  to  a  j^reat- 
er  ai^e.  in  the  ui)])er  Devonian  strata  there 
were  found  ])etriried  trunks  of  ti*ees  whose 
structures  hear  a  close  resemhlance  to  ])resent 
day  ])ines  or  conifers  in  cell  structure  and  are 
readily  recoj^nizahle  as  such. 

"I^Vrns,  conifers  and  c\cads  Hourished  in 
the  Coal  A<;e  followin<(.  and  'C'ordaites'.  as 
certain  conifers  are  called,  were  dominant  <;vm- 
n()S])erms  or  naked  seeded  ])lants  of  the  Pale- 
ozoic era.  'i'he  woody  trunks  of  these  trees, 
while  (|uite  similar  to  those  of  modern  i)ines. 
differed  from  them  in  having"  a  central  ])ith 
present.  C'ordaites  did  not  ])roduce  seeds  in 
cones  and  the  leaves  were  not  needle  shai)ed. 
hut  had  a  familv  likeness  to  the  <rin<»ko  or 
maiden-hair  tree  which  a])i)eared  ahout  thi> 
time  on  the  earth. 

"Cone-hearing  exermreens  developed  during 
the  Coal  .\!L;e  and  the  'Coniferales',  as  this  or- 
der hecame  known,  emhraced  the  i/enera  arau- 
caria,  secjuoia,  cyi)ress,  cedar,  si)ruce,  i)ine  and 
others  from  which  the  i)arent  trees  of  the 
present  day  s])ecies  evolved.  The  wi(lesi)read 
uniformity  of  ])hysical  conditions  ])revailin<( 
on  the  earth,  such  as  ecjuahility  (>\  climate  and 
ahundant  rainfall.  continuin<^^  over  a  lonjL;-  i)erio(l 
ot  time.  consi)ired  to  make  the  carhoniferous 
forests  a])])ear  stran<.(e  and  wonderful.  Two 
thousand  or  more  s])ecies  of  plants  made  u]) 
these  torests  and  ha\e  heen  identified  from  the 
fossil  remains  in  the  rocks  aho\e  and  helow 
the  c  )al  dei)')sits. 

"The  Triassic  Conifers,  which  came  after 
the  Coal  -Xt^^L'  i)lants,  in  a  certain  dei^nve  rep- 
resented all  the  i)ersistent  orders  and  families. 
Deposits  ot  this  aj^a*.  consistinj^^  of  wood,  twii^s, 
and  siniL^le-seeded  cone  scales,  closel\-  resemhle 
those  ot  the  present  day  s])ecies.  I.nj.(s  of 
this  li^v  make  up  the  fossil  remains  found  in 
the  Petrified  h'orest  of  Arizona  and  in  the  form 
of  heautifullx'  aj.(atized  trunks  of  larj^e  diinen- 
.sions,  ancestors  of  the  present  dav  araucarias. 


..'iM 


The  Jurassic  ])eriod,  sometimes  ret  erred 
to  as  the  'Ak<-'  <>*  Ciymnospenn'  or  naked 
seeded  ])lants  re])resente(l  hy  the  ])ines,  seems 
to  have  heen  es])ecially  favorahle  for  their  de- 
veloi)inent  and  distrihution  over  the  earth, 
'i'hese  (jueer  conifers  were  ahundant,  also,  all 
throuj^h  the  Mesozoic  era  when  ^nant  re])tiles 
were  swarmin<;  all  over  the  earth.  1'hey,  with 
their  low  resistance  to  cold,  were  ada])te(l  to 
a  mild  climate.  They  had  nothinj^  like  the 
rii(i(l  tenacitv  ol  life  of  the  ])resent  day  ])ines 
and  firs  that  clothe  the  sides  of  the  snow  cap])e(l 
])eaks  of  northern  mountains  luider  extremes 
of  cold  and  hij.;h   winds. 

"The  Ciink<n)s  or  'Maidenhair  Trees'  of  manv 
varieties,  were  anions;"  the  very  hrst  ot  these 
primiti\e  C(Hiifers.  They  were  both  ahundant 
and  wi(lesi)rea(l.  .\t  the  present  day  their  range 
is  restricted  to  i)arts  oi  China  and    |ai)an. 

"'i'he  Se(|uoias  or  'hii^'  trees'  a])i)eared  he- 
fore  the  close  of  the  Jurassic  ]>eriod  and  were 
ver\'  i>enerall\'  distributed  over  the  Cnited 
States  and  still  jx'rsist  in  California.  P)\'  well 
nii;h  unixersal  consent  the  1)i<;"  tree'  is  re- 
l^arded  as  the  most  remarkable  member  of  the 
earth's  silva.  Its  enormous  bulk,  its  restricted 
habitat,  its  ])recarious  foothold  in  the  north- 
ern jiart  of  its  ranj^e  and  its  ])lain  relationshi]) 
to  the  flora  of  the  ancient  world,  combine  to 
^ixe  this  si)ecies  a  uni(|ue  interest  amoii^"  all 
the  existini^  trees  of  the  earth. 

"The  .Araucarias  were  widely  distributed 
and  abundant  in  the  Mesozoic  era  and  were 
found  from  Xew  Jersey  and  South  Dakota, 
south  to  i*atai(onia.  .\t  the  present  time  they 
are  confined  to  \ery  restricted  areas  in  Chile. 
P)razil.  Australia  and  a  few  Pacific  islands. 
They  have  the  ai)pearance  of  larj^e  ])alms  with 
the  limbs  coiituied  to  a  crown  carried  on  a 
straight  columnar  trunk. 

"'Hie  deciduous  or  bald  c\i)ress.  common  to 
our  Louisi.'uia  swam])s.  is  somewhat  doubttnlly 
represented  by  the  Le])tostrol)Us  of  the  Jurassic 
jK'riod.  C'vi)ress  is  conse(|uentl\'  less  ancient 
than  vSe(|uoia  but  became  e(|ually  well  distri- 
buted over  the  earth  in  this  and  subse(|iient 
periods.  The  maximum  rani^e  and  de\elo])- 
iiieiit  of  these  handsome  trees  appears  to  have 
taken  i)lace  during-  the  middle  h'ocene.  1  hey 
flourished  abundantly  in  the  Arctic  rei^n'oiis. 
es])ecially  in  Alaska,  (ireeiiland,  and  in  vSpit- 
zenbert^^en  durin<;  tertiarx'  time,  due,  no  douht- 


(  (•iirtrsy    .Imrrican    Miisi-niii    ,•!     Xiifiiral    1 1  istory. 
l''ns<||.|/.i;i,      C*(>\|.;      o|.-       I'im.s      \\   (I  KKLIki        Im.i'kiss  \.\  T.      C<i|... 

« 

to  an   extension   of   tro])ical   conditions   over   a 

large  area  of  the  northern  hemis])here. 

"With  the  coming  of  the   Ice  .\ge  when  the 

Xorthern   continents   became   covered    with   an 

accumulation   of   ice  a  thousand   or  more    feet 

thick,  cv])ress  was  exterminated  o\er  the  <jreat- 

er  part  ol    its   former  range.     At  the  close  of 

the   Ice  Age  which  lasted  about  .^0:),{)(K)  years, 

Cy])ress  seems  to  ha\e  been  able  to  retain  but 

a  ])recarious   foothold  and,  at  the  ])resent  time, 

it  sur\i\es  in  only  a  \ery  snail  area  along  the 

^'iilt    Coast   and    in    Mexico  and    iKra'hrrc   else 

Oil  earth.     It  is  a  singular  fact  that  cvpress  was 

never  tound  as  a  forest  tree  in  South  America. 

I  he    present    structure,    habits    and    ranges    of 

the   deciduous   cyi)ress   are    the   result    of   ages 

'»!   adjustment    to  the  constantlv   chani'inir  en- 

vironniental     forces.       The    extinct    snecies    of 

laxodiaceae    greatly    outnumber    the    existing 

.i^C'iiera    and    si)ecies.    onlv     K^    now    surviviiu^ 
'Pi         1       -       • 
'  'I'lt  the   tamily  seems  destined   for  extinction 

in   the    not     far    distant     future.    coini)Uted     in 

ge()logic  time  ])erio(ls.  there  is  every  reason  to 

heliexe. 

I'ossil  swamp  strata,  once  cypress  bogs,  have 
Ix^vii  uncovered  bv  artilicial  cxca\ation  or  bv 
natural  erosiim   of    Pleistocene   sediments   in  a 


number  of  instances.  Cypress  wood,  it  is  said, 
contains  ])hen()lic  comjxnmds  and  geranyl  al- 
cohol and  esters,  which  seem  to  be  distasteful 
to  termites  and  to  acts  as  preservative  agents. 
It  has  received  the  trade  name  'The  W'oijd 
lUernal'  because  of  its  slowness  to  decay,  espec- 
ially in  wet  soil. 

"The  ])ines  ai)])cared  in  the  form  of  'Abie- 
tites',  su])i)osedly  the  ancestor  of  the  existing 
tamily,  towards  the  end  of  the  lower  Cretace- 
ous period.  The  record,  however,  is  (|uestion- 
able  and  many  uncertainties  exist  as  to  the 
original  stock.  P>ut  it  is  known  that  undoubted 
>])ecies  of  Pinus  existed  before  the  close  of  the 
Mesozoic  ei*a. 

"h'roni  covering  a  wide  territorial   range  in 
earlier     geologic    times,     the    conifers    became 
greatly  reduced  in  si)ecies  and  numbers,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  tertiary  or  the  Age  of  .Mani- 
mals.     The  .soil  conditions,  rainfall  and  humid- 
ity,  all    were    favorable  to  their  extensive   de- 
\elo])ment.  but   strange  to  say  certain  adverse 
conditions     prevailed     which     eff  ecttiallv     pre- 
vented their  spreading  in  the   Mississii)i)i   Val- 
ley.     The  onlv  exi)lanation    that   the   <a^olo<nst 
can    give    to   account    for   the    singular    fact    is 
that  the  climate  must  have  been  excessively  hot. 
The    ])ines    fail    to    compete    successfullv    in 
nature,  except  under  rigid  or  special  conditions 
ot   lite,  with  their  angiosperm  or  more  modern 
competitors.     They  are  greatly  handica])i)ed  in 
the   race  of    life   because   of   their   inability   to 
rei)ro(luce  them.selves   with   the   vigor  of  other 
trees.     .\s  soon  as  a  pine  tree  is  cut  down  the 
root  dies  and  there  is  no  ])ower  to  send  forth 
shoots  from  the  stimi])  for  new  growth.      Pine 
seed  is  light  and  its  vitality  is  fleeting.  'Mother 
Nature  matures  a  million  i)ine  seeds   for  each 
one  she  permits  to  grow  up.'     The  pine  tree  is 
steadilv   driven    backward   bv   the   nut   bearinir 
trees,  especially  by  the  oaks.  .\s  Darwin  so  sig- 
nificantly   stated,    'the    oaks    have    driven    the 
pines  to  the  sands.'     The  natural  pine   forests 
ot  the  present  day  may  well  be  defined  as  bein^^ 
'areas  of  i)reservation'  and  not  as  being  'centres 
ot    distribution'  of  the  species. 

"There  are  nine  genera  and  over  a  hundred 
existing  si)ecies  of  the  Abietinaceae  in  the 
world  today,  confined  to  the  Xorth  Temper- 
ate Zone.  1'he  extinct  species  are  perhaps 
much  more  numerous. 

"Pines    endeavor    to    fulfil    the    highest    and 


INTENTIONAL  SECOND  EXPOSURE 


10 


FOREST     LEAVES 


noblest  existence  which  the  limitations  placed 
upon  them  by  heredity  permit.  Their  elements, 
in  addition,  are  more  or  less  plastic  in  their 
reactions  to  the  infinite  complexity  of  their 
surroundings.  They  patiently  endure  the  cold 
and  snow  and  death-dealing  blasts  of  w^inter 
in  northern  climates  and  occupy  the  most  pre- 
cipitous slopes  in  the  high  places.  The  leaves 
are  especially  constructed  for  such  hardships, 
because  there  is  little  resistance  to  air  pressure. 
Snow  and  ice  readily  slide  off.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  can  endure  heat  and  drought  quite 
bravely. 

"The  pines  are  the  most  important  timber 
trees  of  the  world  from  the  fact  that  the  wood 
possesses  the  qualities  of  strength  and  elasticity 
combined  with  lightness  of  weight  and  ease  of 
working.  The  wood  is  used  in  such  enormous 
quantities  that  we  are  beginning  to  realize  that 
the  timber  supplies  are  not  unlimited,  and,  at 
the  present  rate  of  consumption,  the  destruc- 
tion of  pine  forests  is  inevitable.  So  far  as 
the  production  of  pine  timber  is  concerned  the 
practice  of  forestry  or  reforestration  has  be- 
come a  necessity.  As  a  natural  forest  tree  the 
pine  is  undoubtedly  doomed.  It  must  live  here- 
after, if  it  lives  at  all,  'as  a  domestic  tree,  the 
object  of  man's  care  and  protection.' 

"The  pines  have  certainly  far  outlasted  all 
of  their  companions  of  the  forest  and  hence 
may  very  appropriately  be  termed  the  living 
fossils  of  the  Plant  World/' 


CHARCOAL  OR   GASOLINE 


By  George  S.   Perry,   Pennsylvania  Forest 

Research  Institute 


DURING  1932  a  movement  promising  to 
be  of  considerable  economic  importance 
to  forestry  the  world  over,  and  also  of 
significance  to  international  trade,  has  gained 
headway  in  Sweden  and  some  other  neighbor- 
ing countries.  Gas  generated  from  charcoal 
has  become  a  practical  factor  to  reckon  with 
as  a  motor  fuel,  esi)ecially  for  driving  trucks, 
tractors,  busses,  and  machinery  whose  power 
requirements  are  similar  to  these.  Touring  cars 
and  smaller  motor  vehicles  may  also  be  driven 
by  charcoal  but  are  not  so  well  adapted  because 
the  fuel  container  and  generator  are  necessa- 
rily bulky  and  clumsy  in  appearance.     A  num- 


ber of  types  of  gas  generators  have  been  de- 
veloped for  use  with  internal  combustion 
engines.  Both  wood  and  charcoal  have  been 
used  as  fuel,  but  the  latter  has  proven  best 
because  it-  is  quite  free  from  the  resins,  tar, 
and  soot  that  are  troublesome  when  wood  is 
used. 

The  most  popular  charcoal  generator  hook- 
up is  one  which  permits  starting  the  motor 
with  gasoline,  or  some  similar  volatile  fuel, 
and  then  after  a  few  minutes  when  every- 
thing is  warmed  up,  a  change  is  made  to 
generator  gas.  Three  or  four  of  the  foremost 
American  auto  and  tractor  manufacturers  have 
co-operated  in  the  experimental  work  with 
charcoal  and  wood  fuel  in  Europe,  and  their 
ix)pular  models  are  readily  adapted  to  gas 
generator  attachments.  This  has  contributed 
greatly  to  the  increasing  use  of  charcoal.  The 
effectiveness  of  a  motor  driven  by  charcoal, 
according  to  Swedish  government  tests,  is  88% 
to  92%  of  that  secured  from  gasoline  or  raw 
oil  for  tractors,  and  yZ'/r  to  78%^  for  trucks, 
calculated  on  the  basis  of  speed  and  draw-bar 
results. 

The  money  economy  in  o]:)eration  is  note- 
worthy. Records  are  available  for  the  com- 
parison of  a  three-ton  truck  using  charcoal 
as  against  gasoline,  over  a  given  stretch  of 
road,  and  considering  every  item  of  added  ex- 
pense on  account  of  the  generator  installment 
and  amortization.  The  charcoal  using  truck 
cost  only  6.1  cents  per  mile  to  operate,  as 
against   17.6  cents  for  the  one  using  gasoline. 

National  necessity  is  a  weighty  reason  for 
the  rapidly  growing  use  of  charcoal  driven 
motors.  Sweden  and  many  other  Euroj^ean 
countries  must  import  all  their  liquid  motor 
fuel,  except  alcohol.  This  has  been  a  grow- 
ing debit  item  in  their  commerce  with  foreign 
lands,  and  was  a  factor  of  importance  in  forc- 
ing them  off  the  gold  l)asis.  Since  it  is  now 
very  difficult  to  balance  international  budgets 
and  commercial  transactions  by  the  former 
easy  scheme  of  borrowing  from  America, — the 
World's  Santa  Claus  since  1920, — many  coun- 
tries must  economize  in  their  foreign  pur- 
chases. Their  depreciated  money  is  a  strong 
urge  toward  such  economy,  but  the  govern- 
ments naturally  do  all  in  their  power  to  find 
domestic  substitutes  for  expensive  foreign 
necessities.      Sweden    has   ordered    her   anny, 


FOREST    LEAVES 


11 


post-office  and  other  government  agencies  to 
use  charcoal-driven  motors  wherever  practi- 
cable. Half  of  the  very  high  annual  license 
fees  on  privately  owned  cars  and  trucks  is  re- 
funded if  they  are  charcoal  driven,  and  loans 
without  interest  are  offered  by  the  government 
to  all  truck  or  tractor  owners  for  the  installa- 
tion of  a  gas  generator  on  their  motors.  Re- 
sults are  reported  to  be  highly  satisfactory  all 
around.  Several  hundred  heavy  trucks  were 
equipped  with  generators  during  1932  and  now 
the  factories  are  literally  buried  with  orders. 
Users  make  a  saving  varying  from  60%  to 
80%  on  use  of  charcoal  as  compared  to  gaso- 
line (see  graph)  and  local  labor  is  occupied  in 
the  manufacture  of  charcoal  from  cheap  wood 
or  material  that  otherwise  would  find  no  use 
whatever.  Foresters  see  a  good  future  possi- 
bility for  thinnings  and  improvement  cutting  in 
the  present  development.  They  have  intro- 
duced and  improved  a  portable  sheet-iron 
charcoal  oven  that  was  originated  in  France, 
and  by  this  means  can  utilize  small  quantities 
of  wood  that  might  not  justify  charcoaling  in 
the  usual  large-scale  manner. 

Grai)hic  Representation  of  Economy  of 
Charcoal  over  Gasoline  in  Norway  (Gasoline 
costing  about  21c.  i)er  gallon) 

Distance  Traveled  on  Gasoline  Costing  $1. 


Distance  Traveled  on  Charcoal  Costing  $1. 

The  war  cry  used  in  these  foreign  lands  to 
bring  about  the  use  of  charcoal  instead  of  gaso- 
line has  something  of  the  "Buy  American" 
nng.  It  runs  like  this,  '* Drive  a  charcoal- 
burner  and  save  70%  for  yourself  and  100%6) 
for  your  country." 

America  as  one  of  the  great  oil  and  gasoline 
exi)orting  countries,  gains  no  present  advan- 
tage from  the  charcoal  using  motor,  but  in 
course  of  time,  the  whole  world  may  be  glad 
to  turn  to  a  chea])ly  ])roduced  and  renewable 
fuel,  when  exhaustible  and  irreplaceable 
mineral  su])plies  begin  to  dwindle  and  prices 
cnnib.  To  keep  wheels  turning  merrily  on  our 
highways,  we  may  change  our  filling  station 
order,  in  course  of  some  decades  or  a  century, 
irom  ''fiv^  gallons  of  gas,  please,"  to  '^please 
give  me  two  bushels  of  charcoal."  The  whole 
development  is  just  one  more  important  rea- 
son why  no  countrv  should  neglect  its  forest 
resources. 


ACTIVITIES    OF    THE    PENNSYLVA- 
NIA DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTS 
AND  WATERS  FOR  THE  YEAR 

1933 


By  Lewis  E.  Staley,  Secretary 

State  Forest  Land 

THE  TOTAL  area  of  the  State  Forests  as 
of  January  1,  1934,  was  1,647,800  acres, 
acquired  at  a  cost  of  $2.43  per  acre  and 
located  in  35  counties  of  the  Commonwealth. 

Protection 

The  total  forest  area  burned  in  1933  is  the 
lowest  on  record  for  any  one  year.  The  num- 
ber of  fires  is  the  least  since  1927,  the  cost  of 
extinction,  the  lowest  since  1919.  The  aver- 
age area  per  fire  will  be  less  than  14  acres, 
which  is  the  smallest  average  on  record.  The 
total  number  of  fires  for  the  year  was  2,028, 
with  28,599  acres  in  area  burned  over,  and  a 
total  cost  of  extinction  of  $43,760.63. 

The  fire  observation  system  has  been  im- 
proved by  the  addition  of  three  stations  at 
which  80  foot  steel  towers  were  erected.  The 
towers  at  six  other  stations  were  raised  80 
feet  in  height. 

Each  emergency  conservation  work  camp 
was  furnished  with  a  supply  of  forest  fire 
fighting  tools  and  at  least  two  forest  fire  crews 
were  organized  and  trained  in  each  camp. 

Forest  Tree  Extension 
During  the  year  8,299,208  trees  were  shipped 
from   the  nurseries  operated   by   the   Depart- 
ment of  Forests  and  Waters.    Of  this  number, 
499,148  trees  constituted  the  fall  shipment. 

The  classification  of  shipments  during  the 
year  is  as  follows: 

No  Trees 
Class  Planted 

Individuals    3,576,850 

Mining    Companies    126,500 

Water  and  Power  Companies  495^500 

Other   Industrial  Organizations    396,200 

Schools  and   Colleges    37,169 

Municipalities  and   Counties    498!750 

Churches,  Homes  and  Private  Hospitals 60,000 

Associations  and   Clubs    284,000 

State  Forests   1,757^702 

Other  State  and  Federal  Lands 657,629 

State    Nurseries    210,000 

Transfer  Orders   198,758 

Outside  of  State   150 

Total    8,299,208 


p 


12 


FORES  T  L  E  A  \'  E  S 


FOREST  LEAVES 


13 


A  total  of  2,030  orders  was  filled  during  the 
year  for  state  and  private  agencies  in  nearly 
every  county  in  the  Commonwealth. 

Planting  on  the  State  Forests  consisted  of 
1,757,702  trees,  the  largest  number  in  any 
one  year  since  1919.  Since  1899,  42,985,948 
trees  have  beer  planted  on  the  State  Forests. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  immediate  need 
for  the  utilization  of  millions  of  acres  of  idle 
land  in  our  Commonwealth  so  that  they  may 
yield  their  just  share  of  taxes,  provide  a  crop 
revenue,  and  furnish  work  for  many  of  those 
who  are  unemployed.  The  amount  of  idle 
land  has  been  conservativelv  estimated  at  from 
4,000,000  to  6,000,000  acres.  This  is  largely 
the  result  of  the  abandonment  of  marginal 
farm  land.  It  is  estimated  that  at  least  3,000,- 
000  acres  of  this  total,  privately  owned,  should 
be  planted  with  forest  trees. 

During  the  year  every  effort  was  made  to 
insure  that  State  trees  were  used  as  the  law 
provides,  and  to  safeguard  the  interests  of  the 
commercial  nurseryman.  All  applications  for 
State  trees  in  the  eight  southeastern  counties 
are  first  referred  to  the  district  forester  for 
investigation  before  they  are  approved.  The 
same  plan  was  followed  in  Erie  County  and 
has  been  started  by  Allegheny  County. 

Four  nurseries  are  operated  by  the  Depart- 
ment and  while  it  a])peared  that  operations 
would  have  to  be  curtailed  for  lack  of  funds, 
yet  with  the  emergency  conservation  work 
camps  and  relief  labor  available,  a  great  deal 
was  accomplished  and  an  additional  water  line 
for  the  Mont  Alto  Nursery  was  provided. 

During  the  fall  of  1933  seed  was  collected 
in  Pennsylvania  for  use  in  the  Department's 
nurseries  as  follows : 

Species  Quantity 

Black   walnut    636  bu. 

5^f.  «a^   ■ 360  bu. 

i  uhp  poplar   y  y^^ 

^^''\^  P'"e : : : :  98  bu! 

Hemlock     7  hu 

P^^ch  pine    '/.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.     76  bu.' 

A  total  of  2,410  acres  were  added  during  the 
year  as  Auxiliary  Forest  Reserve.  The  total 
area  now  classified  is  48,307  acres.  This  con- 
sists of  76  tracts  held  by  56  different  owners. 

Two  municipal  forests,  as  specified  by  the 
Act  of  1909,  are  registered,  one  at  Coudersport 
and  the  other  at  Kmlenton.  There  are  25 
municipal  forests  in  Pennsylvania,  mostly  used 


for  park  purposes  and  covering  14,785  acres. 
Four  new  municipal  forests  were  reported  dur- 
ing the  year. 

Foresters  were  especially  watchful  of  planta- 
tions during  the  year,  with  the  result  that  only 
one  acre  of  a  privately  owned  plantation  was 
burned  and  5.5  acres  belonging  to  the  State. 
Examinations  were  made  of  849  State  Forest 
plantations  and  850  private  plantations. 

Rkcre:ation 

A  constantly  increasing  number  of  people 
use  the  nine  State  Parks,  ni-ne  State  Forest 
Parks,  eleven  State  Forest  monuments,  and 
50  Public  Camp  Grounds,  scattered  through- 
out Pennsylvania  and  maintained  by  the  De- 
l)artment  of  Forests  and  Waters.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  more  than  5,000,000  people  en- 
joyed these  recreational,  historic,  and  scenic 
areas  during  1933.  An  additional  number 
visited  the  forest  fire  observation  towers  and 
hunted  and  fished  within  the  State  Forests. 

The  resources  of  the  Department  personnel 
have  been  taxed  to  the  limit  during  the  year, 
to  provide  the  necessary  facilities  for  the  health 
and  comfort  of  these  visitors. 

During  the  year  210  new  State  Forest  per- 
manent cam])  sites  were  granted.  The  total 
number  leased  on  January  1,  1934,  was  2,852. 
as  compared  with  2,723  on  January  1,  1933. 
That  the  granting  of  permanent  camp  site 
leases  on  the  State  Forests  meets  with  po])ular 
favor  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  only  209 
new  leases  were  granted  dtiring  1929  and  144 
in  1928.  During  the  ])ast  year  140  leases  were 
renewed,  some  of  them  being  for  a  third  10 
year  period,  which  means  that  some  of  them 
have  been  under  lease  for  20  years. 

The  total  value  of  the  improvements  estab- 
lished in  the  State  Forests  by  the  cam]:)  site 
lessees  is  now  almost  $3,000,000.  The  receipts 
from  cam])  site  rentals  during  1933  amounted 
to  nearly  $28,000. 

Public  Rki.attons  and  Co-opkration 

During  the  year  the  De])artment  distributed 
close  to  250,000  copies  of  bulletins,  circulars, 
and  ma])s.  Each  of  the  emergency  con.serva- 
tion  work  camps  located  in  the  State  Forests 
was  furnished  with  an  adequate  su])])ly  of  all 
available  bulletins,  circulars,  and  ma])s  of  the 
De])artment. 


Most  of  the  enrolled  men  in  the  E.  C.  W. 
camps  located  in  the  State  Forests  are  exper- 
iencing, for  the  first  time,  new  contacts  with 
forestry  operations.  To  make  it  possible  for 
the  men  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  forestry 
and  an  aj^preciation  of  the  many  values  of  our 
forests,  an  educational  program  was  arranged 
under  the  direction  of  the  Department  of  For- 
ests and  Waters. 

A  truck  equijDped  with  a  generator  develop- 
ing 1500  watts  was  in  use  for  showing  35  mm. 
motion  pictures,  two  small  j^ortable  generators, 
callable  of  producing  600  watts,  were  in  use 
for  showing  16  mm.  motion  pictures  and  stere- 
ojiticon  slides,  and  a  series  of  batteries  were 
rigged  up  for  projecting  strip  film  views. 

The  three  graduate  foresters  delivered  illus- 
trated lectures,  either  film  strips  or  stereopticon 
slides. 

An  outline  for  a  course  in  forestry  instruc- 
tion, comprising  409  ])ages  of  mimeograjDhed 
material,  was  prej^ared  and  distributed  to  each 
camp  forester.  The  schools  of  instruction  do 
not  conflict  with  the  regular  hours  of  work  of 
the  men  and  attendance  is  voluntary.  Satur- 
day mornings  are  usually  set  aside  for  this 
jxirpose  and  the  time  consumed  for  each  lesson 
does  not  exceed  an  hour  and  a  half. 

In  addition  to  these  lectures  district  foresters 
and  forest  rangers  gave  occasional  talks  on  for- 
estry and  the  local  history  of  the  region.  Camps 
that  are  not  too  remote  from  colleges  and  uni- 
versities were  suj^plied  with  lecturers  from 
these  institutions  on  Wednesday  evening. 

The  De})artment  furnished  each  camp  with 
an  adequate  suj^ply  of  bulletins  and  a  traveling 
library  comj^rising  a])])roximately  300  books 
was  made  available.  As  a  whole,  the  response 
to  this  educational  ])r()ject  was  most  encourag- 
ing and  the  schools  of  instruction  in  forestry 
well  attended. 

Emergency  Forest  Work 

Unfortunately  few  peoj)le  in  Pennsylvania 
have  had  an  o])])ortunity  to  inspect  the  activi- 
ties and  accomj^lishments  of  the  Civilian  Con- 
servation Corps.  By  the  end  of  the  year  there 
^ere  92  camps  in  the  State  Forests  and  on 
^tate  game  lands  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
i^epartment  of  Forests  and  Waters.  The  total 
enrollment  was  aj^proximately  18,000  men. 


Although  the  first  of  the  forest  workers  to 
arrive  in  the  State  Forests  came  as  early  as 
last  May,  it  was  not  until  June  that  they  be- 
gan to  get  much  done  in  the  way  of  actual 
woods  operation.  Accordingly,  the  accomplish- 
ments of  the  C.  C.  C.  can  only  be  recorded  for 
the  last  six  months  of  1933,  but,  short  as  the 
])eriod  has  been,  their  record  is  an  impressive 
one. 

Although  the  camps  were  set  up  on  the  basis 
of  200  enrolled  men  in  each  camp,  at  very  few 
times  were  the  camps  manned  in  full  strength, 
owing  to  dismissals,  resignations,  and  other 
causes.  The  enrollment  has  averaged  between 
135  and  175  for  all  camps. 

Ordinarily,  the  number  of  men  from  each 
camp  released  for  woods  operation  seldom 
averaged  more  than  100.  This  figure  will  un- 
doubtedly seem  extremely  low  until  it  is  re- 
membered that  a  considerable  body  of  men 
was  required  daily  in  camp  to  take  care  of  such 
details  as  mess,  sanitation,  camp  construction, 
and  other  miscellaneous  duties.  Then,  too,  ill- 
ness further  reduced  the  number  of  men  avail- 
able for  work  in  the  woods. 

During  the  year  one  of  the  largest  under- 
takings of  forest  workers  was  the  construction 
and  maintenance  of  some  1,600  miles  of  truck 
trails,  commonly  known  as  forest  roads.  Horse 
and  man  trails  completed  and  maintained  were 
in  excess  of  1,400  miles.  In  connection  with 
this  work  150  bridges  spanning  streams  and 
mountain  ravines  were  built. 

Some  330  miles  of  State-owned  telej^hone 
lines  were  built  and  rej:)aired.  Forest  fire  haz- 
ards were  eliminated  from  1,850  acres,  and  130 
miles  of  firebreaks  for  the  control  of  woods 
blazes  were  cut  through  the  forest.  Three  80- 
foot  steel  forest  fire  observation  towers  were 
erected  and  one  tower  replaced,  bringing  the 
total  of  such  lookouts  in  the  State  to  125. 

More  than  300  miles  of  woodlands  bordering 
roadsides  were  cleared  and  2,000  acres  of  for- 
est stands  were  given  improvement  cuttings. 
Approximately  360  acres  were  cleared  and  de- 
veloped for  public  camps.  Another  operation 
conducted  on  a  scale  never  before  attempted 
in  Pennsylvania  was  the  control  of  the  deadly 
white  pine  blister  rust  by  the  eradication  of 
currant  and  gooseberry  plants  from  some 
40,000  acres  of  woodland.  The  southern  pine 
beetle  was  eradicated  from  475  acres. 


Ml 


i   « 


14 


FOREST  LEAVES 


FOREST  LEAVES 


During  this  period  456  buildings  of  various 
kinds  were  erected.  These  inckided  every 
type  from  shelters  and  public  camps,  to  offices, 
garages  and  tool  sheds.  Twenty-seven  w^ater 
supply  systems  and  26  water  disposal  plants 
were  installed. 

To  improve  fishing  in  mountain  streams  371 
fish  dams  were  constructed.  Eight  dams  for 
the  control  of  flood  waters  were  built. 

The  forest  workers  spent  1,725  man-days 
in  forest  fire  extinction  and  4,140  man-days 
in  State  forest  nursery  work.  They  collected 
420  bushels  of  various  kinds  of  native  Penn- 
sylvania tree  seeds  and  planted  220  acres  of 
idle  land  with  seedlings. 

Civil.  Works  Administration 

Under  authority  of  the  Petmsylvania  Civil 
Works  Administration  135  projects,  providing 
employment  for  some  5,500  men,  have  been 
started  by  the  Pennsylvania  Department  of 
Forests  and  Waters.  Labor  charges  alone  on 
these  projects  will  exceed  $875,000. 

Most  of  the  work  consists  of  truck  trail  and 
fire  line  construction  through  the  woods  and 
marking  State  Forest  boundary  lines.  Im- 
provement cuttings  are  being  carried  on  in 
natural  forest  stands  and  some  of  the  older 
plantations  are  being  thinned. 

Two  sawmill  o])erations,  one  in  Huntingdon 
County  and  the  other  in  Somerset  County,  have 
provided  for  the  removal  of  many  thousand 
board  feet  of  waste  and  unpromising  trees. 
The  lumber  is  being  worked  up  for  general 
utilization  in  the  State  Forest. 

Other  State  Forest  o]:>erations  consist  of 
safety  strip  construction  along  railroad  rights 
of  way  for  the  prevention  of  forest  fires,  the 
construction  of  cabins  and  forest  fire  observa- 
tion towers,  and  development  of  a  number  of 
new  recreational  areas  and  camp  sites  for  use 
of  the  general  ])ul)lic  in  popular  woodland 
areas. 

FoRKST  Research  Institute 

The  Emergency  Conservation  Work  pro- 
gram broke  into  the  routine  and  research  sched- 
ule considerably.  Members  of  the  staff  hel])ed 
to  select  supervisory  i)ersonnel,  inspected  for- 
est activities,  drafted  and  mimeographed  two 
editions  of  forest  instruction  outlines  in  six- 
teen lessons  each  for  courses  offered  enlisted 
men,  and  assembled  material  and  equipment  for 


a  series  of  six  illustrated  lectures  which  were 
given  in  the  E.  C.  W.  camps  located  in  south- 
ern and  central  Pennsylvania. 

The  bulletin  "Reforesting  Idle  Lands  in  Penn- 
sylvania as  a  Self-liquidating  Public  Work," 
was  compiled  and  published.  Three  manu- 
scripts on  forest  taxation  and  forest  economics 
were  completed.  An  illustrated  manuscript  re- 
port on  "White  Pine  Weevil  in  Pennsylvania" 
was  submitted  for  publication. 

The  study  on  "Results  from  Forest  Plant- 
ing in  Pennsylvania"  was  continued.  In  all 
85  ])ermanent  and  155  temporary  plantation 
plots  have  been  investigated  in  46  different 
counties.  Notes  were  also  assembled  on  about 
500  examinations  of  planted  trees.  The  pre- 
valent partial  or  complete  failures  where  hard- 
wood trees  were  planted,  and  the  unsatisfactory 
results  shown  by  older  Scotch  pine  plantings, 
are  notewx)rthy.  The  growth  and  yield  study 
of  the  oak-hard  pine  forest  type  was  prosecuted 
steadily.  Data  have  been  assembled  and  coni- 
])iled  from  80  fully  stocked  plots  located  in 
20  different  counties. 

Special  experimental  forest  plantations  cov- 
ering an  area  of  more  than  twenty  acres,  were 
established  dealing  with  special  problems,  such 
as  exotic  species,  fire  and  deer  damage,  scrub- 
oak  elimination,  soil  cultivation,  ])rotection 
against  insects,  and  mixture  of  species. 

More  than  50  new  varieties  of  forest  trees 
and  shrubs  were  added  to  the  Institute  Ar- 
boretum or  grown  in  ex])erimental  beds.  All 
seeds  sown  in  the  State  Forest  nurseries  were 
tested  before  purchase. 

The  mycorrhizal  roots  of  coniferous  seed- 
lings were  studied  em])irically  and  a  definite 
advantage  of  associated  fungi  was  proven. 

The  definite  effects  of  forest  fire  on  tree 
growth  and  forest  soils  were  studied  on  numer- 
ous sites  under  varying  conditions,  but  special 
studies  on  the  Mont  Alto  Forest  are  worth 
citing.  Pitch  pine  seedlings  one  to  three  years 
after  ])lanting,  sprouted  almost  100  \^v  cent 
after  being  killed  back  to  the  ground  by  fire. 
Many  hardwood  trees  not  killed  outright  by 
fires  later  died  or  became  hopelessly  defective, 
while  others  a|)])arently  uninjured  on  close  and 
continued  study  showed  a  great  increase  in 
susce])tibility  to  insects,  disease,  and  climatic 
damage.  Soil  from  burnt  areas,  es])ecially  that 
of  the  uj^per  two  inches,  was  much  less  suited 


15 


to  support  coniferous  seedling  growth  during 
dry  weather  in  particular.  Much  more  damage 
by  a  given  fire  was  found  where  dead  chestnut 
and  other  worthless  growth  had  been  cut  and 
was  lying  undecayed  on  the  ground. 

FOREST  TAXATION  IN  WISCONSIN 

MR.  PAUL  D.  KELLETER,  Conserva- 
tion Director  of  Wisconsin,  addressed 
the  forestry  students  at  the  New  York 
State  College  of  Forestry,  on  fish  and  game 
conservation  and  taxation  schedules  now  in  ef- 
fect in  his  State  and  designed  to  encourage 
forestry. 

In  Wisconsin  tax  delinquent  lands  revert  to 
the  counties,  which  now  own  two  and  one-half 
million  acres  thus  acquired.  In  addition,  the 
Director  stated  that  there  were  seven  and  one- 
half  million  acres  in  various  stages  of  delin- 
quency which  will  become  county  lands. 

To  relieve  this  tax  burden  there  has  been 
enacted  a  special  forest  crop  tax  law  which 
permits  the  owner  to  register  such  area,  and  in 
lieu  of  the  regular  property  tax  the  owner 
pays  10c  annually  i)er  acre  to  the  town,,  which 
is  matched  by  an  equal  contribution  by  the 
State.  A  fifty  year  agreement  is  made  between 
the  owner  and  the  State  and  only  potential  for- 
est lands  are  registered.  Periodic  examinations 
are  made  by  the  State,  and  if  the  lands  do  not 
give  promise  of  a  new  crop  of  timber  within  a 
reasonable  time,  such  tax  entered  lands  are 
rejected. 

Counties  may  also  enter  lands  under  the  for- 
^^^^^^^P  ^aw,  in  which  case  the  State  only  pays 
iOc  per  acre  per  year  to  the  town.  An  exten- 
sion of  this  forest  crop  law  authorizes  the 
creation  of  county  forest  reserves,  which  when 
authorized  draws  10c  per  acre,  annually  paid 
to  the  county  by  the  State,  which  fund  must 
he  used  for  the  development,  ])rotection  and 
nianagement  of  the  lands  within  the  county 
lorest  i^reserves.  A  statutory  provision  per- 
mits the  zoning  of  counties  to  restricted  or  un- 
restricted uses.  Restricted  uses  include  for- 
estry and  conservation,  and  in  th?se  areas  resi- 
dence is  restricted.  Eight  counties  have  al- 
ready taken  necessary  preliminaries  to  be  zoned 
*or  forestry,  recreational  and  general  uses,  the 
zoning  being  done  by  county  ordinances,  which 
assure  more  continuitv  than  easilv  altered  coun- 
ty board  resolutions. 


Citizens  of  Pennsylvania  are  reminded  that 
we  have  an  Auxiliary  Forest  Act,  which  en- 
courages growing  a  timber  crop  by  lowering 
taxation  costs  on  private  land  devoted  to  this 
purpose,  after  examination  and  authorization  • 
and  that  we  also  have  a  law,  passed  in  the  last 
bession,  authorizing  counties  to  establish  coun- 
ty forests  as  a  means  of  bringing  tax  delin- 
quent lands  into  productivity. 


NEW  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCT  FROM 
AN  EXOTIC  TREE 


From  the  Industrial  Bulletin  of  Arthur  D 
Ivittle,  Inc.,  we  quote: 

"Seldom  in  any  botanical   family  are  ^ood 
and  bad  qualities  so  intermingled  as  the/ are 
in  the  Anacardiacae  or  cashew-sumac  group  of 
plants.     In  the  temperate  zone  there  are  the 
two  sumacs,  the  harmless,  decorative  one  which 
reddens  the  roadsides  in  early  fall,  and  the  poi- 
sonous one  of  the  boggy  sections,  as  well  as  the 
fluflFy  smoke  tree,  and  the  all-too-common  poi- 
son oak  or  ivy.     In  the  warmer  sections,  there 
are  the  graceful  so-called  pepper  tree  of  Cali- 
tornia,  the  pistachio-nut  tree,  the  Japanese  lac- 
quer plant,  and  the  several  rhus  shrubs  which 
yield  Japan   wax.     In   the  tropics   are  many 
varieties,  the  mango,  the  marking  nut,  the  juice 
of  which  makes  indelible  marks  on  linen,  and 
the  cashew  nut.     This  last  is  of  great  interest. 
Ihe  cashew  nut  grows  in  a  leathery-skinned 
shell  at  the  end  of  a  swelling  of  the  stem,  which 
ooks  like  a  juicy  fruit.    The  apple,  as  the  swol- 
len stem  IS  called,  is  not  only  edible,  but  zest- 
ful  and  delicious,  if  sometimes  a  bit  astringent 
It  is  used  by  the  Brazilians  to  make  the  soft 
drink  cajuda,  and  also  a  strongly-flavored  wine. 
The  nut.  as  we  know  it  in  the  cooked  condi- 
tion, IS  edible  and  tasty.    The  pericarp  or  shell 
of  the  nut,  which  is  the  true  fruit,  contains  a 
dark    reddish   oil    of   great   chemical    interest, 
which  burns  the  skin  of  sensitive  people,  as 
does  the  juice!  of  the  poison  ivy  or  the  Japanese 
lacquer  plant.     This  non-drying  oil  is  used  lo- 
cally  for  making  wood  immune  to  white-ant 
attack,   and   by   the  natives  of   the   Andaman 
Islands  to  protect  their  fishing  nets  from  de- 
composition." 

This  article  further  relates  that  Dr.  M.  T. 
Harvey,  after  years  of  work,  has  produced 
from  this  oil  several  j^roducts,  such  as  coat- 
ings and  binders,  which  are  jmrticularly  adapted 
to  resist  many  corrosive  and  disintegrating  in- 
fluences and  materials,  and  which  are  already 
being  used  in  a  number  of  industries. 


16 


FOREST     LEAVES 


Supplementing  the  article  in  a  recent  issue 
on  White  Pine  Blister  Rust,  the  following  sup- 
plied by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 
is  of  interest : 

*'In  the  campaign  in  Northeastern  States  to 
eradicate  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes  to 
prevent  them  harboring  white  pine  blister  rust, 
control  agents  of  the  Department  have  found 
bushes  growing  in  trees  as  well  as  on  the 
ground.  In  Warren  County,  N.  Y.,  an  agent 
removed  eight  wild  gooseberry  bushes  from 
fivt  maple  trees  growing  along  an  old  road. 
Two  of  the  bushes  were  fruiting  heavily  and 
were  above  planted  white  pine.  The  bushes 
were  growing  so  high  in  the  trees  that  an  ex- 
tension ladder  had  to  be  used  to  reach  them." 


FORESTRY  IN  THE  TENNESSEE 

VALLEY 


By  Edward  C.  M.  Richards,  Forester  T.V.A. 


AS  ALL  the  people  of  America  know,  tfe 
Tennessee  Valley  project  is  a  gigantic 
attempt  on  the  part  of  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment to  put  into  practice  some  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  sensible  regional  planning.  Among 
the  various  objectives  are  the  develo])ment  of 
low  cost  electric  power  generated  by  streams. 
the  manufacture  of  new  and  better  forms  of 
fertilizer,  the  development  of  small  industry 
co-ordinated  with  agriculture,  and  other  aims, 
all  of  which  look  toward  the  organized  build- 
ing up  of  the  Valley  in  the  interests  of  the 
inhabitants  and  of  the  peoi)le  of  the  United 
States  as  a  whole. 

Intimately  connected,  and  of  basic  impor- 
tance in  the  above  program,  is  the  job  of  the 
Forester.  It  is  upon  his  shoulders  that  the 
task  of  protecting  the  watershed  from  floods 
and  erosion  rests.  This  is  his  first  duty  and  it 
involves  the  studying  out  of  the  various  fac- 
tors affecting  the  control  of  water,  the  run- 
off of  the  rain-fall,  and  the  washing  away  of 
the  soil  in  the  Valley.  In  order  to  make  a 
beginning  at  this  great  task,  the  services  of  25 
C.  C.  C.  Camps  were  obtained  commencing  in 
October.  Twenty  of  these  were  located  im- 
mediately above  the  site  of  the  new  Norris 
Dam  and  scattered  around  what  will  ultimately 
become  the  Norris  Lake.  The  fivt  remaining 
Camps  have  been  placed  on  government  lands 


at  Muscle  Shoals  to  do  soil  erosion  and  other 
important  work  there. 

With  the  building  up  of  the  organization  of 
the  T.  V.  A.  and  the  development  of  its  ac- 
tivities around  the  Norris  Dam  and  the  town 
of  Norris,  certain  areas  of  forest  have  been 
acquired  by  the  T.  V.  A.  along  with  other 
lands.  One  thousand  and  ninety-five  acres  of 
such  forest  land  have  been  turned  over  to  the 
Division  of  Forestry  and  Soil  Erosion  and  de- 
signated by  that  Division  as  the  Norris  Town 
Forest.  This  is  the  first  public  forest  owned, 
organized  and  directed  by  the  Forestry  and 
Soil  Erosion  Division.  It  is  being  handled 
along  strictly  sustained  yield  forest  lines  for 
the  purpose  of  making  it  a  nucleus  for  the 
development  of  real  sustained  yield  forestry 
in  the  entire  Valley.  Located  near  the  Norris 
Dam  it  will  be  a  show  window  illustrating  how 
forestry  should  and  can  be  i)racticed  so  that 
all  the  visitors  who  may  come  this  way  will 
have  a  chance  to  see  what  a  forest  under  in- 
tensive management  looks  like. 

The  development  of  other  activities  of  in- 
terest to  forestry  people  and  those  interested 
in  wild  life  management  is  receiving  consider- 
ation, and  as  soon  as  opportunity  is  given  for 
such  work,  enterprises  along  these  lines  will 
be  undertaken.  In  the  meantime,  publicity  in 
regard  to  soil  erosion  prevention,  sto])])ing  for- 
est fires,  and  the  building  up  of  the  forests 
of  the  Valley  has  been  pushed  by  the  Division, 
and  most  satisfactory  progress  has  been  made 
in  securing  the  support  and  co-oi)eration  of 
peo])le  in  this  part  of  the  country.  A  carefully 
selected,  well  trained  and  efficient  corps  of  for- 
esters and  soil  erosion  technicians  has  been 
built  uj)  in  the  Division  of  Forestry  and  Soil 
Erosion,  and  as  the  time  goes  on  an  ever-in- 
creasing efficiency  has  enabled  the  Division  to 
be  of  increasing  service  to  the  T.  V.  A.  and 
to  the  people  in  the  Valley. 

Not  the  least  pleasant  of  the  activities  in- 
volved, is  that  of  showing  visitors  some  of  the 
forests  and  soil  erosion  work  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Norris  Dam.  It  is  sincerely 
hoped  that  visitors,  especially  those  from  Penn- 
sylvania, will  not  fail  to  get  in  touch  with 
the  headquarters  of  the  Division  in  Knoxville 
when  they  come  this  way.  In  other  words,  to 
use  a  colloquialism,  "Come  and  see  me  some 
time !" 


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In   tmk   Forkst   Primeval 


Courtesy    of    U.    S.    Forest   Service. 


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PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

PENNSYIVANIA  FORESTRY  ASSOCl 

PHILADELPHIA.  PA. 


JION 


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<  I 

1 1 1 


CONTENTS 

In  the  Forest  Primeval 

Tionesta  Tract  Saved 

4,000  Acres  of  Pennsylvania  Virgin  Forest  Saved 

Letter  from  the  Chief  Forester 

Tionesta  Victory  1,000  New  Members 

A  Preliminary  Survey  of  the  Flora  and   Fauna  of  the  East  Tionesta 
Virgin  Forest 

Editorial    

Annual  Meeting  Notice 

Narrative  of  the  1934  Summer  Meeting 

1934  Luncheon  Meeting 

Reforestation  and  Recreation 

Private  Forestry • 

How  Our  Forests  Are  Planted  and  Grown 

Mr.  McCaleb's  Account  of  Association  Activities 

America,  Do  You  Want  Your  Elms? 


Page 

Cover 
Plate 

19 
20 
22 

22 

23 
27 
27 
28 
31 
32 
34 
36 
39 
39 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 

FOUNDED  IN  JUNE.    1886 

Labors  to  disseminate  information  in  regard  to  the  necessity  and  methods  of  forest  culture 
and  preservation  and  to  secure  the  enactment  and  enforcement  of  proper  forest  protective  laws, 
both  State  and  National. 

ANNUAL  MEMBERSHIP  FEE,  THREE  DOLLARS 
LIFE  MEMBERSHIP,  FIFTY  DOLLARS 

Neither  the  membership  nor  the  work  of  this  Association  is  intended  to  be  limited  to  the 
Mate  ot  Pennsylvania  Persons  desiring  to  become  members  should  send  their  names  to  the 
l>hairman  ot  the  Membership  Committee,   306  Commercial  Trust  Building,  Philadelphia. 

President — Samuel  L.  Smedley 
-.       _  President  Emeritus — Dr.  Henry  S.  Drinker 

Vice-Presidents— Robert  S.  Conklin,  W.  B.  McCaleb,  Edward  C.  M.  Richards. 

Francis  R.  Cope,  Jr.,  Edward  Woolman 
Secretary— W.  B.  McCaleb  Treasurer— R.   A.   Wright 


COMMITTEES  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 

FINANCE— Edward  Woolman,   Chairman 
Mrs.  Albert  C.  Barnes  Dr.   Henry  S.  Drinker  Miss  Mary  K.  Gibson 

Ellwood  B.  Chapman  Henry  Howson 

LAW — Francis  R.  Taylor,  Chairman 

Hon.  Marshall  Brown  Grover  C.  Ladner  Thomas  Liggett  Albert  B.  Weimcr 

MEMBERSHIP— George  H.  Wirt,  Chairman 

Herman  Cope  Edgar  P.  Kable  J.  A.  Seguine 

Hon.  F.  W.  Culbertson  Dr.  George  S.  Ray  Dr.  J.  Clinton  Starbuck 

Dr.  H.  A.  Rothrock 

PUBLICATION— Edward  E.  Wildman,   Chairman 

Joseph  S.  Illick  W.  B.  McCaleb  George  S.  Perry 

Edward  C.  M.  Richards  H.    G.    Mattoon 

COMMITTEE  ON  PRESERVATION  OF  VIRGIN   FOREST  AREAS 

Francis  R.  Cope,  Jr.,  Chairman 
Herman  Cope  Thomas  Liggett  Edward  E.  Wildman 

E.   B.   Chapman  S.    L.   Smedley  W.    B.    McCaleb  Edward    C.    M.    Richards 

OFFICE   OF  THE   ASSOCIATION,    306   COMMERCIAL   TRUST   BUILDING,   PHILADELPHIA 


FOREST    LEAVES 


Published  Quarterly 


Subscription  $i.oo  per  Year. 


i 


Vol.  XXlv-No,.  2.3.4  PHILADELPHIA.  APRIL-JULY-OCTOBER,  1934 


Whole  Numbers  273-74-73 


Tionesta  Tract  Saved 


Three  years  of  work  by  Our  Association  Crowned  with  Success.     We  can  well  be 
IZtll  test-  "'    '^^  ''^'^^  ^"  '""^'"^  ^'°"^  ^"^  preservation  of  this  great  :::ct  of 

4000  Acres  of  Penn's  Own  Woods 

in  western  Warren  County,  five  miles  southeast  of  Sheffield. 

For  the  nature-loving  public,  we  have  helped  to   provide  a   Sanctuary  for  wild  life 
unique  m  the  Middle  Atlantic  States.  ^ 

nf  Z°'  *!  "."•*''^  l'^*"  ^°"'''  ^"^'"'  ^"  ^^""^  ^^JP^^  t°  P^°^id«  «  Forest  Laboratory 
of  the  greatest  immediate  value,  and. wholly  impossible  to  reproduce. 


A  LETTER  OF  THANKS  FROM  THE  NATIONAL  FOREST  SERVICE 

The  Forest  Service,  through  the  Allegheny  Forest  Experiment  Station,  takes 
this  occasion  to  ex,)ress  ,ts  very  great  indebtedness  to  the  Pennsylvania  Forestry 
Association  for  its  support  of  the  Tionesta  purchase.  We  feel  that  without  the 
astute  and  tireless  efforts  of  the  Association's  special  committee  on  Tion  I  a  bacS 

fil  of  r     '^     •■'"'''"'  ^r,"""^-  ^"'■'"^^  ^'"'''^'y  I^irkinbine.  and  the  rank  and 
hie  of  membership,  we  could  never  have  obtained  favorable  consideration  for  the 

virH?  '  '"■■"^'^•^?-  "■^''-     ^°  °""  ^^'^"  ^^'  "Ot  1^^^"  intimately  in  touch 

V  .th  the  movement  to  buy  1  lonesta.  and  has  not  seen  his  correspondence  file  since 

inrl     ^1  •  ''H  ^"''  ''«^"'"^"t^  concerning  it.  can  realize  how  much  hard 

vork  vv.thin  the  committee  went  to  its  consummation.  Chairman  Francis  R.  Cope 
lade  hve  trips  to  Washington  on  committee  business,  and  several  others  members 

made  two  or  three ;  nearly  the  entire  body  has  visited  Tionesta  at  least  once     Mr 

mntl"!"    .r'l^-  '"  '''*''"*''°r   !°  ''"  ^''  °^''^''  ^^'''^''  &?^^  "«  the  absolutely  vital 
contact  with  the  owners  of  the  property.    The  enthusiasm  and  eloquence  of  every 

ember,  at  conferences,  interviews,  and  meetings  innumerable,  and  culminating  in 
lie  chairman  s  masterly  summary  of  our  case  before  the  National  Forest  Reserva- 
tion Conimission  at  its  decisive  session,  were  the  driving  power  that  brought  suc- 
cess. Knowmg  the  extreme  modesty  of  the  officers  and  committees  of  the  Forestry 
Association  in  all  their  good  works.  I  take  especial  delight  in  preparing  this  most 
nadequate  vvonl  of  thanks.  The  Forest  Service  of  the  United  State's  feels  it  ha?  no 
Detter  friend  than  the  Pennsylvania  Forestry  Association. 

Reginalo  D.  Forbes.  Director, 
Allccjiicny  Forest  Experiment  Station.  Philadelphia. 


20 


FOREST    LRAVICS 


?l 


\'' 


I 


4000     ACRES     OF     PENNSYLVANIA'S 

VIRGIN  FOREST  SAVED.    HARD 

WORK,  BUT  SUCCESS  AT  LAST 


For  obvious  reasons  it  has  not  l)een  possible 
for  the  Council  to  keep  our  members  com- 
pletely informed  as  to  the  i)rogress  of  negotia- 
tions and  activities  involved  in  our  successful 
effort  to  save  the  Tinoesta  Tract  of  virgin 
timber. 

At  the  outset,  we  had  no  thought  of  at- 
tempting to  save  such  a  large  acreage. 

Briefly,  this  is  the  history  of  the  project. 
In  early  December,  1931,  a  member  of  the 
Council  heard  Mr.  R.  D.  Forbes  suggest  in  a 
lecture  before  the  Philadeli)hia  Hotanical  Club 
that  if  a  tract  of  a])out  250  acres  of  the  prime- 
val forest  still  standing  w^ithin  the  limits  of 
the  Allegheny  National  Forest  Reservation  in 
Warren  and  McKean  Counties  could  be  se- 
cured and  added  to  that  station  as  a  forest 
laboratory,  not  for  exi)erimentation,  but  purely 
for  observation,  it  would  be  a  priceless  addi- 
tion to  cur  present  equipment  for  Forest  Re- 
search. 

This  member  was  then  giving  a  good  deal 
of  thought  to  the  best  methods  to  celebrate  in 
1932  the  250th  anniversary  of  the  coming  of 
William  Penn  to  America.  So  this  project  ap- 
pealed as  one  especially  appropriate.  At  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  Council  held  a  few  days 
later,  the  project  was  proposed  and  received 
sufficient  attention  to  warrant  President  vSmed- 
ley  in  a])iK)inting  a  small  committee  to  give  it 
further  thought,  and  if  "way  oix^ned"  to  bring 
a  suggestion  for  a  plan  of  action  to  the  Coun- 
cil. This  was  done,  and  the  Committee  en- 
larged. 

Federal  foresters  on  the  ground  were  then 
asked  to  supply  mai)s,  advice  and  contacts  with 
representatives  of  the  operating  company.  The 
first  of  these  were  supplied  readily  and  cordi- 
ally, but  the  contacts  were  slow  and  of  course 
delicate.  Mr.  Forbes  and  Mr.  l^ishop,  with 
their  assistants,  arranged  several  visits  of  our 
members  and  others  interested  to  the  Tract 
during  1932  and  1933.  The  i)hotograph  be- 
low, taken  by  Vice  President  Woolman,  shows 


a  ])arty  of  fourteen  who  si>ent  a  beautiful  day 
in  the  Tract  in  October,  1932. 

In  1933  a  change  of  policy  in  Washington 
concerning  the  purchase  of  forest  lands  gave 
us  renewed  hope.  Mr.  Forbes  secured  the  in- 
terest of  Chief  Forester  F.  A.  Silcox  who  suc- 
ceeded Major  R.  Y.  Stuart,  deceased.  Mean- 
time our  Council  member,  Herman  Cope, 
formed  contact  with  representatives  of  the  lum- 
ber holding  company  concerned.  And  in  all 
of  these  activities  we  were  constantly  stimu- 
lated by  the  wise  enthusiasm  and  guidance  of 
our  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Preserva- 
tion of  Virgin  Areas,  Francis  R.  Cope,  Jr. 
and  by  President  Smedley.  . 

While  it  was  considered  desirable  to  acquaint 
the  jxibhc  with  the  treasure  there,  it  was  always 
a  question  how  much  i)ublicity  to  use  while 
the  negotiations  were  under  way. 

Mr.  Francis  Cope  read  an  exceedingly  inter- 
esting paper  before  our  Annual  Meeting  in 
Philadeli)hia  in  Deceml)er,  1932,  under  the 
title,  *'Five  Remnants  of  Primeval  Forest  in 
[Pennsylvania."  This  pai^er  described  the  Tio- 
nesta  Tract  much  more  fully  than  the  other 
smaller  ones,  and  pointed  out  its  great  value 
as  a  forest  laboratory,  both  from  the  stand- 
ix)int  of  its  character  and  of  its  location  within 
the  boundaries  of  the  Allegheny  Forest  Re- 
servation. It  was  published  in  March,  1933,  as 
Chapter  8  in  PENN'S  WOODS,   1682-1932. 

Again,  late  in  1933  Mr.  Forbes  wrote  about 
this  stand  in  American  Forests  under  the  title 
"The  Thousandth  Acre."  It  was  at  about  this 
time  that  the  attention  of  Mr.  Silcox  was 
directed  to  the  value  of  the  Tract.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  have  the  Tract  cruised  and  the  value 
of  the  timber  appraised.  The  owners  also  had 
appraisals  niade.  The  first  offer  on  the  prop- 
erty the  Forest  Service  declined  to  accei)t,  hut 
as  a  counter  i)rop()siti()n  named  an  offer  which 
they  considered  reasonable.  After  considera- 
tion for  .some  weeks,  this,  the  owners  decided 
to  accept. 

Mr.  Silcox  was  then  prepared  to  go  before 
the  National  Fore.st  Reservation  Commission 
and  ask  that  they  approve  this  purchase,  but 
various  dela>'s  jx)stponed  his  opportunity. 

Finally  the  secretary  of  the  Commission,  Mr. 
John  F.  Burch,  notified  us  that  the  Commission 
would  meet  at  the  Atlantic  Building,  930  F  St., 
N.  W.,  on  November  23rd,  at  10  A.  M.,  and 


FOREST    LEAVES 


21 


Photograph  by   Edward    Woolman. 
Croup   of   Our    Council    Members   and    Friends   on    an    Old    Pipe    Line    Clearing 

IN   Tionesta  Forest,   October   16,    1932 


in  reply  to  our  further  inquiry,  stated  that  he 
thought  a  small  delegation  would  he  permitted 
to  attend  the  hearing,  hut  added,  '^However, 
It  may  be  stated  for  your  information  that  the 
Forest  Service  has  an  immense  program  to 
present  to  the  Commission  at  the  coming  meet- 
ing", and  therefore  he  doubted  if  much  time 
could  be  allowed  for  our  delegates  to  discuss 
the  projx>sed  purchase. 

Seven  meml)ers  of  your  committee  attended 
the  session  of  the  Commission.     Before  going 
to  the  Atlantic  Building  we  decided  that  our 
chairman,    IVIr.    Francis   Cope,   should   be   the 
only  one  to  speak  for  us,  if  any  one  was  to 
nave  an  opix>rtunity  to  si^eak.     Congressman- 
elect  Driscoll,  the   representative  in  Congress 
for  the  Sheffield  district,  had  come  to  Wash- 
ington to  attend  the  hearing  and  to  oppose  the 
purchase,    on   the   ground   that   reserving   this 
^arge  acreage   would   shorten   the   life   of   the 
town  of  Sheffield  as  a  lumber  town.     Secre- 
tary of  War  Dern,  Chairman  of  the  Commis- 
sion, granted  each  side  ten  minutes  to  present 
their  arguments.     The   Chair  then   ruled  that 
tor  final  decision  this  purchase  would  be  re- 


ferred to  an  executive  session  of  the  Commis- 
sion. We  wondered  if  this  would  mean  fur- 
ther delay,  but  fortunately  it  did  not.  The 
Commission  then  proceeded  with  the  consider- 
ation of  the  other  items  in  the  very  large  pro- 
gram submitted  by  the  Chief  Forester.  Final- 
ly, at  12.55,  executive  session  was  called  for. 
No  other  item  except  ours  had  been  referred 
to  It,  so  at  1.03  the  affirmative  vote  of  approval 
was  reported  to  us  informally  by  Mr.  Silcox 
and  Mr.  Forbes. 

This  purchase  involves  16,000  acres,  all  told. 
It  includes  4,000  acres  of  virgin  timber  and 
12,000  acres  of  cut-over  land.  The  price  agreed 
upon  for  the  whole  is  approximately  three 
quarters  of  a  million  dollars. 

The  Comm'ission  was  made  up  of  Secretaries 
Dern,  Ickes  and  Wallace,  Senators  Keyes  and 
George,  and  Member  of  Congress  Doxey. 
Members  of  our  committee  present  were 
Messrs.  Smedley,  F.  R.  Cope,  H.  Cope,  True, 
Jennings  and  Wildman. 

The  American  Forestry  Association  was 
represented  at  the  hearing  by  Mr.  Collings- 
wood.      Soon   after   the   adjournment   of   the 


22 


FOREST    LEAVES 


!liii 


session  of  the  Commission  messages  were  sent 
to  those  interested  at  a  distance,  and  to  the 
evening  papers  of  Philadelphia.  These  papers 
made  the  announcement  in  their  later  editions. 

Under  date  of  November  28,  1934,  a  brief 
report  or  news  item  went  to  the  editors  of  the 
journals  which  will  reach  scientists  and  nature 
lovers  throughout  the  state  and  nation  within 
a  few  days  or  weeks. 

Your  committee  wishes  to  express  deep  ap- 
preciation to  all  who  helped  us  in  this  great 
endeavor,  both  members,  and  those  who  are 
not  yet  members  of  our  Association.  Mr. 
Roland  H.  Zinn  and  Mr.  Wm.  McAdoo,  Jr., 
of  the  Central  Pennsylvania  Lumber  Co.,  have 
at  all  times  been  most  sympathetic  and  helpful. 
Letters  to  Chief  Forester  Silcox  from  such  men 
as  State  Superintendent  James  N.  Rule,  Super- 
intendent Edwin  C.  Broome,  of  Philadelphia, 
President  Cheeseman  A.  Herrick,  of  Girard 
College,  and  many  other  leaders  in  the  cultural 
life  of  the  Commonwealth  attested  to  the  inter- 
est of  the  public  in  our  effort.  > 

Finally,  whenever  you  hear  a  friend  of  yours 
congratulating  you  on  our  success,  ask  them 
to  back  it  up  by  joining  the  Pennsylvania  For- 
estry Associations  now  for  1935. 


WRITES  THE  CHIEF  FORESTER  OF 

TIONESTA 


Mr.    Silcox  replies  to  a  recent  letter  from 
one  of  our  members : 

Your  letter  of  November  21  is  received. 

You  will,  I  am  sure,  be  as  much  gratified  as 
I  am  by  the  knowledge  that  the  National  For- 
est Reservation  Commission  at  its  meeting  of 
November  2Z  approved  the  purchase  of  the 
Tionesta  Area  within  the  Allegheny  National 
Forest.  Steps  promptly  will  be  initiated  to 
consummate  the  purchase  so  that  without  too 
great  a  delay  this  unique  body  of  virgin  hem- 
lock-hardwood timber  can  be  so  managed  as  to 
conserve  its  scientific,  inspirational  and  other 
social  values.  It  is  my  sincere  hope  that  the 
future  management  of  this  tract  of  virgin  for- 
est by  the  Forest  Service  fully  will  meet  the 
expectations  of  the  people  who  have  concerned 
themselves  with  its  preservation  and  have  so 
effectively  supix)rted  the  proposal  that  it  be 
acquired  by  the  Federal  Government. 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

F.  A.  Silcox,  Forester. 


Courtesy    U.    S.    Forest    Service. 

•    Deep    in    Tionesta — One    of    the    Few    Spots   Where 
:'       SuNuiGHT  Reaches  the  Forest  Floor  in   Summer 

TIONESTA  VICTORY  WORTH    1000 
;;    NEW  MEMBERS  BY  THE  TIME 

» 

/;*  .   OF  OUR   ANNUAL   MEETING 


'<'',  When  in  all  of  its  history  has  our  Associa- 
tion had  a  better  selling  ]X)int  for  new  members 
among  our  friends  who  love  the  out-of-doors? 
Already  they  are  beginning  to  come  in.  If 
each  of  us  gets  one,  we  will  double  our  mem- 
l)ership  by  January  21.  Let's  even  do  better 
than  that.  A  new  membership  now  is  good 
till  December  31,  1935. 

And  let  us  not  forget  the  advantages  of  Life 
Membershi])  in  an  organization  like  ours.  Think 
what  a  heritage  we  can  give  our  children  in 
our  field  of  better  forests  for  them  to  enjoy. 

Let  us  all  go  after  Life  Membershii)s,  too. 
What  better  Christmas  gift  than  a  chance 
to  share  in  such  work  as  ours — helping  to  save 
and  increase  our  natural  resources,  and  to  in- 
crease opportunities  for  health  ?  Find  member- 
ship blank  under  front  cover. 


FOREST    LEAVES 


23 


A  PRELIMINARY   SURVEY   OF  THE 
FLORA  AND  FAUNA  OF  THE  EAST 
TIONESTA  VIRGIN   FOREST 
PENNSYLVANIA 

By  Theodora  M.  Cope  and 
Arthur  S.  Hawkins,  Cornell  University 

THE    following    preliminary    report    con- 
tains the  observations  recorded  during  the 
periods   from   June    14   to   July    15   and 
from  July  29  to  August  10,  1933,  when  a  gen- 
eral survey  was  made  of  the  flora  and  fauna 
of  the  East  Tionesta  Virgin  Forest  of  Warren 
and    McKean     Counties,     Pennsylvania,     and 
covers  the  basins  of   Cherry  and  Fork' Runs 
and  part  of  the  valley  of  the  East  Branch  of 
the  Tionesta  Creek.    The  virgin  region  around 
Deer  Lick  Creek  north  of  Sheffield  was  also 
briefly    studied,    and    small    areas    of    second- 
growth  timber  lying  on  the  outskirts  of   the 
virgin  woods  were  included  because  there  is 
more  or  less  overlapping  of  species  between  the 
two  areas.    The  survey  covered  only  the  higher 
flowering    plants    including    lycopodiums    and 
ferns  and  the  vertebrate  animal  forms.    Owing 
to  the  shortness  of  the  time  spent  in  the  area 
this  survey  is  of  course  far  from  complete,  and 
the  writers  feel  that  other  species  of  plant  and 
animal  forms  will  probably  be  found  after  fur- 
ther study  even  though  the  variety  of  faunri 
and  flora  in  a  virgin  forest  is  generally  rather 
limited.      Where    noted,    observations   of    the 
writers  have  also  been  supplemented  by  infor- 
mation received  through  several  of  the  natives 
tamihar  with  the  wild  life  of  the  region. 

This  virgin  forest  area  lying  mainly  south 
of  the  East  Branch  contains  about  4,000  acres, 
and   IS   now   a   part   of    the   great    Allegheny 
National  Forest.     This  virgin  tract  is  a  superb 
example   of    the   typical   northeast   coniferous 
hardwood  association  and  is  probably  the  only 
virgin   forest  of   its   particular  type  and   size 
east  of  the  Rockies  and  the  largest  tract  left  in 
the  Central  Atlantic  States.     It  is  this  area  of 
original  timber  which  the  Pennsylvania  For- 
estry Association  has  been  making  every  effort 
to  save  and  to  have  set  aside  especially  for 
ecological  and  forestry  experiments  as  well  as 
lor  Its  great  educational  and  recreational  value 
to  the  general  public.    In  other  words,  it  should 
f>e  protected  from  all  possible  interference  in 


order  to  observe  how  the  flora  and  fauna  of 
an  area  largely  unspoiled  by  man  will  work  out 
Its  life  cycles. 

The  highest  points  of  elevation  covered  in 
this  survey  are  supposed  to  be  about  1,900  feet 
above  sea  level.  The  region,  once  a  plateau,  has 
been  dissected  by  stream  action  forming  gently 
sloping  valleys,  although  the  conglomerates  and 
sandstone  rocks,  which  are  of  the  Pottsville 
series,  have  upheld  much  of  the  original  pla- 
teau. The  exposed  rocks  belong  to  the  Car- 
boniferous Period.  On  steeper  slopes,  espe- 
cially along  the  East  Branch,  are  a  few  strik- 
ing boulders  and  rock  masses. 

The  major  factors  which  control  the  abun- 
dance of  wild  life  in  any  region  seem  to  be 
particularly  favorable  in  this  Tionesta  Forest. 
Food,  water  and  shelter  areas  are  distributed 
m  such  a  way  as  to  afford  the  maximum  pro- 
duction of  animal  life  of  all  kinds.  Man,  an- 
other controlling  factor  of  animal  abundance, 
has  opened  the  area  to  gas  and  oil  operations,' 
but  these  have  apparently  done  little  harm  to 
the  wild  life. 

It  is  needless  to  point  out  how  valuable  such 
an  experimental  area  might  prove  to  the  for- 
ester, zoologist  and  botanist,  in  addition  to  the 
value  of  the  timber  itself.  Man  and  science 
can  do  wonderful  things  but  they  can  never 
rebuild  or  imitate  an  area  of  virgin  forest. 

The  writers  owe  much  to  the  continued  help 
and  encouragement  of  Mr.  Francis  R.  Cope, 
Jr.,  Vice-President  of  the  Pennsylvania  For- 
estry Association,  who  made  the  study  of  this 
area  possible  and  assisted  greatly  in  the  census 
of  plants  and  animals.    They  are  also  grateful 
to  Mr.  A.  F.  Hough  of  the  Allegheny  Forest 
Experiment  Station  at  Kane,  who  gave  them 
valuable  information  on  the  forestry,  geology, 
and  plant  life  of  this  region,  and  to  Mr.  Arthur 
N.  Leeds  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,   for  permission  to  compare  the 
list  of   ferns  which  he  noted  during  a  brief 
visit  to  this  region  in  May,  1933. 

Woody  Plants 

White  Pine.  Rare  except  in  one  section  of 
the  north  side  of  the  East  Branch.  Here 
there  is  a  fine  stand  of  trees  approximately 
one  hundred  years  of  age  which  evidently 
succeeded  an  older  stand  destroved  by  a 
hurricane. 


24 


FOREST    LEAVES 


-fti:?:^'-->'\: 


Hemlock.  Trees  exceptionally  fine  and  abun- 
dant, with  an  almost  pure  stand  of  mature 
timber  in  favored  localities.  One  tree  noted 
with  DBH  of  53". 

Willow. 

Pussy  willow.     S.  G. 

Cottonwood.    Rare. 

Large-Toothed  Aspen. 

Quaking  Aspen. 

Bitternut  Hickory.    S.  G.    Rare. 

Iron  wood. 

Blue  Beech. 

Black  Birch. 

Yellow  Birch. 

Beech. 

Chestnut.     Rare.     Dead  trees. 

Red  Oak.    S.  G.    Rare. 

American  Elm.    Rare. 

Slippery  Elm.     S.  G.    Rare. 
♦Virgin's  Bower.     S.  G. 

Cucumber  Tree.     Rather  Rare. 

Tulip.     Not  common.     One  tree  noted  with 

DBH  of  48". 
*Wild  Gooseberry. 
♦Skunk  Currant. 

Witch  Hazel. 

Apple.    S.  G. 
♦Juneberry  Shadbush. 
♦Blackberry. 
♦Red  Raspberry. 
♦Flowering  Raspberry. 

Fire  Cherry. 

Wild  Black  Cherry. 

Chokecherry.    S.  G. 

Black  Locust.    S.  G.    Rare. 
♦Dwarf  Sumac.    S.  G. 
♦Poison  Ivy. 

Staghorn  Sumac.    S.  G. 

Large-leaved  Holly. 

Black  Sugar  Mapfe.    Rare. 

Striped  Maple. 

Red  Maple. 

Sugar  Maple. 
♦Virginia  Creeper.     S.  G. 

Basswood. 

Hercules'  Club.     S.  G. 

Alternate-leaved  Dogwood. 
♦Rhododendron.    Rare  except  in  one  swamp  at 
the  head  of  the  North  Branch  of  Fork  Run. 
♦Laurel. 

♦Wintergreen. 
White  Ash. 
♦Partridge  Berry. 
♦Bush  Honeysuckle.  S.  G. 
♦American  Fly  Honeysuckle. 
♦Black  Elderberry. 
♦Red-berried  Elder. 


'if' I 


Maple-leaved  Viburnum. 

Hobblebush. 

Wild  Raisin  or  Withe-Wood. 

Arrow-Wood. 


, 


Note:  Unless  otherwise  indicated  species  named  in 
all  lists  were  abundant  or  fairly  common  in  the  Vir- 
gin Timber  area. 

S.  G. — Indicates  species  found  primarily  in  second 
growth  timber. 

*  Not  trees. 

Editor's  Note:  Owing  to  lack  of  space  scientific 
names  of  species  have  been  omitted. 


Ferns 

Ostrich  Fern.     Second  growth  timber,  along 

streams. 
Sensitive  Fern. 
Oak  Fern. 
Long  Beech  Fern. 
Marsh  Fern. 
New  York  Fern. 
Marginal  Shield  Fern. 
Crested  Shield  Fern. 
Spinulose    Wood    or    Spiny-Toothed    Shield 

Fern.     Most  common  fern  of  forest  floor. 
Christmas  Fern. 

Hay-scented  Fern.     Along  trails  and  in  old 

clearings. 
Silvery  Spleenwort. 
Ebony    Spleenwort.       North    side    of    East 

Branch. 
Blunt-lobed  Woodsia.     On  a  few  rocks  and 

boulders.     Not  common. 
Lady  Fern. 
Maidenhair. 

Bracken.     Second  growth  timber. 
Polypody. 

Interrupted  Fern.     Chiefly  along  trails. 
Cinnamon  Fern. 
Adder's    Tongue.       Second    growth    timber. 

(From  the  list  of   Mr.  Arthur  N.  Leeds: 

One   s])ecimen   found  by   Mrs.   Arthur  C. 

Emlen.) 
Matricary    Fern.      (From    the    list    of    Mr. 

Arthur  N.  Leeds.) 
Common  Grape  Fern. 


Lycopodiums 

Shining  Club  Moss. 
Running  Pine. 
Ground  Pine. 
Trailing  Christmas  Green. 


FOREST    LEAVES 


25 


Herbaceous  Plants 

Sedge — ^Carex  folliculata. 
False  Hellebore — Veratrum  viride. 
Bellwort— Oakesia  sessilifolia. 
Wild  Leek— Allium  tricoccum. 
Clintonia— Clintonia  borealis. 
False  Solomon's  Seal— Smilacina  racemosa 
False  Lily-of-the- Valley. 
Twisted   Stalk— Streptopus   roseus. 
Great  Solomon's  Seal. 
Indian  Cucumber  Root. 
Purple  Trillium— Trillium  erectum. 
Painted  Trillium— Trillium   undulatum. 
Bue-eyed  Grass— Sisyrinchium  ang. 
Mocassin    Flower— Cypricedium   acaule. 
Habenaria — Hal>enaria  orbiculata. 
P.  Fringed  orchis— Hab.  psychodes. 
*Coral  Root— Corallorrhiza  mac. 
Wild  Ginger— Asarum  canadense. 
Curly  Dock— Rumex  crispus.     S.  G. 
*Sheep  Sorrel — Rumex  Acetosella. 
*Lady's  Thumb— Polygonum  Persicaria. 
*Tear  ThumI)— Polygonum   Persicaria. 
*  Poke  weed— Phytolacca  americana. 
White  Campion — Lychnis  alba.     S.  G. 
White   Baneberry— Actea  alba. 
Gold  Thread— Coptis  Tri folia. 
Field  ButtercufD — Ranunculus  acris. 
Cress — Cardamine  pennsylvanica. 
False    Mitre  wort— Tiarella   cordi  folia. 
Mitrewort— Mitella  diphvlla. 
Golden^  Saxifrage — Qirysophenium  amer. 
*Wild  Strawl>errv'-— Fragaria  virginiana. 
tBarren  Strawberry— Waklsteinia  fragarioides. 
*Potentilla— Potentilla   canadensis. 
Dalibarda — Dalibarda  repens. 
Wood  Sorrel — Oxalis  acetosella. 
Jewel  Weed— Impatiens  biflora. 
^St.  Johnswort — Hyi^ericum  perforatum. 
*Common  X'iolet- Viola  sororia. 
Round-leaved  Yellow  Violet— V.  rotundi folia. 
Fireweed— Epilobium   angustifolium. 
*Sundrops — Genothera  pratensis. 
Wild  Sarsaparilla— Oralia  nudicaulis. 
Sweet  Cicely— Osmorhiza   Claytoni. 
Indian   Pii>e— Monotropa  uniflora. 
Shinleaf— Pyrola  elliptica. 
^Arbutus— Epigaea  repens.     S.  G. 
^Yellow  Losestrife— Lysimachia  quadrifolia. 
Closed  Gentian— Gentiana  Andre wsii. 
^Milkweed— Asclepias  syriaca.     S.  G. 
^Water  Leaf— Hydrophy Hum  virginianum. 
^  orget-me-not— Myosotis  scorpioides. 


*Blue  Vervain— Verbena  hastata. 

Heal-all — Brunella  vulgaris.     S    G 

Oswego  Tea— Monarda  didima,"    S*  G 
'^Veronica— Veronica  officinalis 

Wood  Betony— Ped.  canadensis.     S    G 
jBedstraw — Galium  aparine. 
tRough  Bedstraw— Galium   asprellum. 

Daisy— Bellis  perennis.     S.  G. 
jAster — Aster  divaricatus.     S.  G 
f Aster— Aster  macrophyllus 
"Aster— Aster  cordi  folius. 

Aster — Aster  acuminatus. 

Fleabane— Erigeron  ramosus. 

^^Q"'s  Foot— Prenanthes  trifoliata. 

*S.  G. 

tFrom  the  list  of  Mr.  A.  F.  Hough. 

Fish 

Brown  Trout.    F.  C. 
Rainbow  Trout.    S. 
Brook  Trout.    C. 
Common  Sucker.    A. 
Stone  Roller  Sucker.    C. 
Horned  Dace.    A. 
Black-nosed  Dace.    A. 
Common  Shiner.    A 
River  Chub.    A. 
Bull-head.    F.  C. 
Small-mouth  Black  Bass.    S. 
Johnny  Darter.    A. 
Black-sided  Darter.    F.  C. 
Shielded  Darter.    R. 
Sculpin.    R. 


Note:    Inability  to  secure  a  collecting  permit  nv,v\c 
It  impossible  to  collect  any  of  the  smalllr  species 
A.     — Indicates  Abundant 

S  V«  —  <"  Common 

F.  C—  "  Fairly  Common 

R.     —  ;;  Rare 

S-     —  "  Stocked 

Amphibians 

Common  newt.    R. 
Dusky  Salamander.    A. 
Mountain  Salamander.    A. 
Slimy  Salamander.    R. 
Red-backed  Salamander.    F.  D. 
Purple  Salamander.    F.  D. 
Two-lined  Salamander.    F.  C. 
Common  Toad.    A. 
Spring  Peeper.    R. 
Green  Frog.    R. 
Leopard  Frog.    R. 
Pickerel  Frog.     F.  C. 
Wood  Frog.     A. 


26 


FOREST    LEAVES 


Reptiles 

Smooth  Green  Snake.     R. 
Milk  Snake.     R. 
Red  Bellied  Snake.     R. 
Garter  Snake.     F.  C. 


F.C. 

— Indicates  Fairly  Common 

R. 

a 

Rare 

A. 

a 

Abundant 

C. 

<( 

Common 

Birds 

Great  Blue  Heron.     R. 

Red  Tailed  Hawk.     F.  C. 

Red  Shouldered  Hawk.     F.  C. 

Sharp  Shinned  Hawk.     F,  C. 

Eastern  Ruffed  Grouse.     F.  C. 

Woodcock.     R. 

Mourning  Dove.     R.,  S.  G. 

Yellow-Billed  Cuckoo.     A. 

Great  Horned  Owl.     F.  C. 

Northern  Barred  Owl.     C. 

Saw-whet   Owl.     R.     One   seen,   and   heard 

several  times. 
Chimney  Swift.     A. 
Humming  Bird.     R. 
Belted  Kingfisher.     F.  C. 
Northern  Flicker.     R.,  S.  G. 
Pileated  Woodpecker.     F.  C. 
Yellow-Bellied  Sapsucker.     F.  C. 
Eastern  Hairy  Woodpecker.     F.  C. 
Northern  Downy  Woodpecker.     C. 
Eastern  Phoebe.     R.,  S.  G. 
Alder  Flycatcher.     R. 
Least  Flycatcher.     R. 
Eastern  Wood  Pewee.     F.  C. 
Olive-sided  Flycatcher.   R.  One  sine^ins:  male. 
Blue  Jay.     F.  C. 
Eastern  Crow.     F.  C. 
Black-Capped  Chickadee.     C. 
Northern  White-breasted  Nuthatch.     C. 
Red  Breasted  Nuthatch.     F.  C. 
Brown  Creeper.     F.  C. 
House  Wren.     R.,  S.  G. 
Eastern  Winter  Wren.     F.  C. 
Catbird.     F.  C,  S.  G. 
Brown  Thrasher.     R.,  S.  G. 
Eastern  Robin.     C,  S.  G. 
Wood  Thrush.     A. 
Eastern  Hermit  Thrush.     A.,  chiefly  in  S.  G. 

and  edges  of  Virgin  Timber. 
Olive-Backed  Thrush.     F.  C.  in  deep  forest, 

especially  near  water  courses. 
Eastern  Bluebird.     R.,  S.  G. 
Cedar  Waxwing.     C. 
Starling.     C,  S.  G. 
Blue-Headed  Vireo.     C. 


Red-Eyed  Vireo.     C. 

Black  and  White  Warbler.     R. 

Northern  Parula  Warbler.     R.     Two  singing 

males. 
Magnolia  Warbler.     A. 
Black  Throated  Blue  Warbler.     A. 
Black  Throated  Green  Warbler.     A. 
Ovenbird.     A. 
Blackburnian  Warbler.     C. 
Chestnut-sided  Warbler.     F.  C. 
Northern  Water  Thrush.     R. 
Mourning  Warbler.     R.     One   family  with 

young  birds  found. 
Northern  Yellow  Throat.     A.,  S.  G. 
Hooded  Warbler.     R. 
Canada  Warbler.     C. 
American  Redstart.     F.  C,  S.  G. 
Scarlet  Tanager.     C. 
Cardinal.     R.,  S.  G. 
Rose-Breasted  Grosbeak.     F.  C. 
Indigo  Bunting.     F.  C,  S.  G. 
Eastern  Purple  Finch.     R.,  S.  G. 
Eastern  Goldfinch.     C,  S.  G. 
Red-Eyed  Towhee.     C,  S.  G. 
Slate-colored  Junco.     A. 
Eastern  Song  Sparrow.     F.  C,  S.  G. 


Note :  All  the  birds  noted  at  this  season  of  the  year 
were  probably  nesting  species.  Pellets  of  either  Long- 
eared  or  Screech  Owls  were  collected.  It  is  probable 
that  both  these  species  of  owl  are  present,  although 
neither  was  found  during  the  time  when  the  survey 
was  made.  Particularly  striking  was  the  apparent 
absence  of  the  Veery  Thrush  even  along  the  streams 
where  one  would  expect  to  find  it,  although  it  is  a 
common  breeding  bird  in  the  Cook  Forest  further 
South. 

S.  G. — hidicates   Species  in  Second  Growth  rather 

than  Virgin  Timber. 

F.  C. —       "  Fairly  Common 

R.     —       "         Rare 

C.     —       "         Common 

A.     —       "         Abundant 

Mammals 

Common  Oppossum.     According  to  trappers 

becoming  increasingly  common. 
Smoky  Shrew.    One  specimen  taken. 
Short-Tailed  Shrew.     Five  specimens  taken. 
Long-Eared  Brown  Bat.  One  specimen  taken. 
Black  Bear.    R.    A  large  one  seen  ;  also  tracks 

on  several  occasions. 
Common  Raccoon.     C. 
Common  Skunk.     F.  C. 
Mink.     F.  C. 
New  York  Weasel.     C. 
Short-Tailed  Weasel.     F.  C.  but  probably  less 

so  than  New  York  Weasel. 
Red  Fox.     F.  C. 
Gray  Fox.     F.  C. 


FOREST    LEAVES 


27 


Wild  Cat.     Formerly  quite  common  and  still 

found  in  some  of  more  inaccessible  places 
Woodchuck.     C. 
Chipmunk.     A. 
Red  Squirrel.     R. 
Gray  or  Black  Squirrel. 

Gray— F.  C. 

Black — C.     According  to  reports  of  natives 
outnumber  Gray  about  10- L 
Flying  Squirrel.     Two  specimens  seen.     One 

livmg  m  tree  where  hairy  woodpecker  was 

nesting. 

American  Beaver.     F.  C. 
Muskrat.     F.  C.  along  main  streams. 
Deer  Mouse.     Several  specimens  taken. 
White-Footed  Mouse.  About  thirty  specimens 
taken. 

Jumping  Mouse.    Two  specimens  taken. 
Meadow  Mouse.    Two  specimens  taken. 
Red-Backed  Mouse.     Two  specimens  taken. 
Canada  Porcupine.     A. 
Snowshoe  Rabbit.     C. 
Cottontail  Rabbit.     C. 
White-Tailed  Deer.     A. 


A. 

C.     - 
F.C.- 


-Indicates  Abundant 
Common 
Fairly  Common 


Philadelphia  contains  a  private  aboretum  of 
hemlocks  on  the  estate  of  Mr.  Charles  F.  Jen- 
kins. It  now  includes  thirty-three  species  and 
varieties,  many  of  them  extremely  rare.  This 
IS  probably  the  only  hemlock  aboretum  in  the 
State,  and  Mr.  Jenkins  (a  member  of  this 
Association)  plans  to  add  other  varieties  as 
they  become  available. 


The  southern  pine  beetle,  a  destructive  in- 
sect which  can  destroy  any  species  of  native 
pine,  has  been  found  in  the  southern  part  of 
this  State.  These  insect  and  their  larvae  work 
jn  the  bark  and  cambium  layer  of  the  trees. 
The  first  indications  are  tubes  of  pitch,  which 
exude  where  the  adults  enter  to  lay  eggs.  Small 
amounts  of  sawdust-like  borings  are  also  visi- 
ble m  the  crevices  of  the  bark ;  and  the  foliage 
becomes  yellow  and  gradually  turns  brown.  If 
the  outer  bark  is  removed  the  cream-colored 
larvae  can  be  seen  in  their  galleries. 

Because  of  the  destructive  nature  of  this  tree 
enemy,  the  Department  of  Forests  and  Waters 
urges  that  affected  trees  be  at  once  cut,  and  the 
hark  and  slash  burned. 

Excerpted  from  The  Service  Letter. 


EDITORIAL 


W.  B.  McCaleb 


This  issue  of  Forest  Leaves  contains  more 
pages  than  usual  as  it  covers  the  July,  October 
and  December  numbers. 

We  greatly  regret  that  it  has  not  been  pos- 
sible to  publish  the  magazine  regularly  this 
/ear  but  it  was  deemed  inadvisable  mainly  on 
account  of  finances. 

The  Pennsylvania  Forestry  Association  in 
common  with  other  organizations,  has  suffered 
losses  in  membership,  but  it  still  has  a  substan- 
tial number  and  intends  to  carry  on  and  work 
for  the  cause  of  Forestry  as  in  the  past. 

A  campaign  to  secure  new  members  is  now 
under  way.  The  interest  of  our  members  and 
friends  in  securing  new  members  will  be  great- 
ly appreciated. 

An  issue  of  Forest  Leaves  will  appear  in 
January  next. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Council  on  November 
21st,  the  resignation  of  Carl  P.  Birkinbine  as 
Secretary  and  Treasurer  was  accepted.  To 
fill  out  the  unexpired  term  William  B.  McCaleb 
was  elected  Secretary,  and  Roy  A.  Wright 
Treasurer.  Edward  E.  Wildman  was  ap- 
pointed Chairman  of  the  Publication  Commit- 
tee. 

The  office  will  be  continued  at  Room  306 
Commercial  Trust  Building,  where  members  of 
the  Association  are  welcome. 


ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE 

PENNSYVANIA   FORESTRY 

ASSOCIATION 


Our  annual  meeting  will  be  held  in  Phila- 
delphia on  Monday,  January  21,  1935.  The 
program  will  be  a  most  interesting  one,  for 
Mr.  Forbes  and  Mr.  Cope  will  tell  us  all  about 
the  Tionesta  Tract,  illustrating  their  reports 
with  good  photographs. 

We  are  inviting  Mr.  Silcox  to  come  and  help 
us  celebrate  this  great   Tionesta  victory. 

Details  of  the  program  will  be  sent  to  our 
membership  later,  but  save  the  date.  It  will 
be  a  luncheon  meeting,  and  we  expect  a  much 
larger  number  than  usual. 


28 


FOREST    LEAVES 


NARRATIVE  OF   1934  SUMMER 

MEETING 


PRACTICAL  forestry  by  individuals,  as 
well  as  by  the  City  and  County,  were  dem- 
onstrated to  our  members  during  an  in- 
teresting and  delightful  two  days  at  Reading 
on  June  21st  and  22nd. 

On  the  first  day,  after  luncheon  at  the  Berk- 
shire, members  visited  the  nearby  old  Friends' 
Meeting  House,  the  Reading  Museum,  and 
Library,  the  local  office  of  the  Weather 
Bureau,  and  the  attractive  Park  which  the  City 
has  developed. 

After  dinner  the  first  session  was  held  in  the 
auditorium  of  the  Berkshire,  which  had  been 
given  a  forestry  atmosphere  by  exhibits  sent 
by  the  Department  of  Forests  and  Waters  and 
the  Game  Commission,  and  a  special  exhibition 
of  photographs  of  the  Tionesta  virgin  forest. 

Hon.  Heber  Ermentrout,  Mayor,  welcomed 
the  Association  to  Reading,  where  the  people 
appreciated  and  practiced  forestry. 

In  reply  President  Smedley  said : 

Eighteen  years  ago  the  Pennsylvania  For- 
estry Association  held  a  Summer  Meeting  in 
Reading.  Of  this  meeting  Dr.  Rothrock  wrote 
that  it  "was  a  splendid  success" ;  and  referring 
to  the  inspection  trips  said  that  "they  were 
revelations  of  what  has  been  accomplished  in 
a  few  years  in  the  way  of  reforesting  lands 
which  were  too  poor  for  paying  farm  pur- 
poses." 

May  I  quote  also  from  some  of  the  addresses 
made  at  that  time  ?  Mr.  Jonathan  Mould,  then 
President  of  the  Berks  County  Conservation 
Association  said :  "We  realize  fully  the  impor- 
tance and  necessity  of  the  work  in  relation  to 
forestry.  A  great  many  people  are  uncon- 
cerned on  this  subject,  and  have  an  idea  that 
the  forest  can  take  care  of  itself.  Something 
must  be  done  to  arouse  a  greater  and  stronger 
interest  among  those  who  own  and  manage 
these  extensive  areas  of  our  State." 

Dr.  Rothrock  said,  in  his  Presidential  ad- 
dress: "I  especially  ask  you  to  consider  the 
wisdom  of  entering  into  a  close  federation  with 
all  allied  organizations  which  are  in  any  way 
concerned  with  the  extension  and  protection  of 
the  now  unutilized  lands  of  this  State,  which 
are  better  adapted  to  the  production  of  timber 


than  of  any  other  crop.  Such  a  federation  is 
possil:)le  without  losing  our  specific  place  as  a 
strictly  State  Forest  Association." 

Dr.  Drinker,  speaking  for  the  American 
Forestry  Association,  referred  to  the  high  ap- 
preciation in  which  the  work  of  the  members 
of  the  Berks  County  Conservation  was  held  by 
foresters  throughout  the  country,  and  how  it 
was  looked  upon  as  a  marked  example  of  thor- 
ough, intensive  and  progressive  work. 

From  what  we  have  seen  this  afternoon 
Berks  County  has  in  no  way  relaxed  her  pace 
in  conservation  and  civic  improvement. 

In  casting  about  for  a  place  to  hold  our 
Annual  Summer  Meeting  this  year,  a  number 
of  places  w^ere  suggested,  but  when  Reading 
was  mentioned  the  others  seemed  to  just  dis- 
appear. So  many  of  our  Council  recalled  the 
delightful  memories  of  our  last  visit.  Then  the 
many  forest  plantings  were  seen  in  their  in- 
fancy— but  the  thought  of  what  18  years  have 
wrought  seemed  to  sound  a  call  that  none  could 
resist. 

If  Dr.  Rothrock  was  so  enthralled  with  what 
he  saw^  at  that  time,  can  you  imagine  how  his 
soul  would  fairly  leap  for  joy  if  he  could  be- 
hold the  wonderful  progress,  and  the  heights 
to  which  the  stepping  stones  which  he  laid 
nearly  50  years  ago  have  attained. 

The  cause  for  which  he  and  many  others  of 
our  Association  fought  so  valiantly  year  after 
year  and  against  great  opposition  seems  in  the 
year  1934  to  have  arrived  at  a  plane  above 
many  of  our  State  and  National  activities,  and 
is  commanding  the  attention  of  a  large  per- 
centage of  our  citizens. 

Nothing  is  doing  more  to  relieve  the  de- 
pressed social  condition  of  the  present-day  than 
the  ins])iration  and  new  vision  of  life  that  many 
are  finding  in  the  C.  C.  C.  camps.  And  the 
gospel  of  forestry  is  being  sounded  in  no 
greater  way  than  through  the  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands in  these  camps. 

Those  of  us  who  are  seeking  to  perpetuate 
the  endeavors  of  our  forefathers  in  forestry 
can  take  courage  and  reassurance  that  the 
Great  Out-of- Doors  is  going  to  be  appreciated 
far  more  in  the  future  than  in  the  past,  and 
that  we  have  not  striven  in  vain. 

The  efforts  of  our  Association  may  not  be  as 
locally  visible  as  those  of  your  county  conser- 
vation  association.      Yet    since   our   last   visit 


FOREST    LEAVES 


29 


with  you  we  have  had  our  shoulder  to  the 
wheel  in  many  lines  of  activity.  Each  biennium 
we  are  watchful  that  helpful  legislation  can  be 
procured  in  the  interest  of  forestry  and  con- 
servation. At  the  last  regular  session  we  were 
able  to  get  a  bill  through  and  signed,  by  which 
the  County  Commissioners  can  hold  tax-sale 
lands  for  forestry  and  recreational  purposes. 
As  there  are  now  over  a  million  acres  of  such 
land  in  the  State,  this  Act  should  facilitate  the 
disposition  of  such  lands:  and  the  fact  that 
these  are  increasing  very  rapidly  should  make 
such  legislation  most  helpful. 

Our  attention  has  been  called  the  past  year 
to  the  few  remaining  primeval  forests  in  our 
State.  We  are  now  in  the  midst  of  a  very 
active  campaign  in  which  we  very  much  hope 
in  the  near  future  to  rescue  and  save  for  pos- 
terity a  priceless  tract  of  virgin  forest.  If  the 
commercial  sawmill  cannot  soon  be  stilled  this 
tract  will  soon  be  gone —  and  can  never  be 
replaced. 

We  are  pleased  to  note  that  largely  through 
the  efforts  of  a  member  of  our  Council,  for- 
estry and  conservation  are  being  taught  in  the 
public  schools  of  our  State.  The  same  persori 
had  recently  prepared  and  published  a  most 
interesting^  book  entitled  "Penn's  Woods— 
1682-19v32,"  in  which  he  has  enumerated  and 
described  many  of  the  trees  which  were  in 
existence  when  William  Penn  first  founded  our 
Commonwealth. 

I  have  mentioned  a  few  of  the  activities  we 

are  all  more  or  less  mutually  interested  in 

the  conservation  of  what  is  our  greatest  Na- 
tional asset.  And  in  our  co-operative  work  let 
us  ever  remember  the  last  line  of  Joyce  Kilmer's 
beautiful  poem: 

''But  only  God  can  make  a  Tree." 

We  then  had  what  has  proven  to  be  the  most 
popular  and  most  often  requested  talk  on. for- 
estry in  the  State :  "Trees— Great  and  Other- 
wise," by  W.  E.  Montgomery,  Director  Bureau 
of  Forest  Management,  Lands  and  Parks,  De- 
partment of  Forests  and  Waters. 

This  was  followed  by  a  talk  on  "Private 
forestry,"  by  our  member  Mr.  H.  Gleason 
Mattoon,  Consultant  in  Arboriculture,  and 
which  is  printed  later  in  the  text. 

Vice    President    McCaleb    spoke    on    "Our 


Association's  Aid  to  Forestry,"  which  we  give 
elsewhere. 

The  session  concluded  with  "Twenty  Years 
of  Forestry  in  Berks  County"  by  Mr.  Harvey 
F.  Heinly,  the  active  President  of  the  Berks 
County  Conservation  Association. 

The  following  day  was  devoted  to  the  in- 
spection of  nearby  forests.  The  first  visited 
was  the  famous  Nolde  Forest  Estate,  begun  by 
the  late  Mr.  Nolde  about  forty  years  ago  and 
continued  by  the  present  generation.  This  tract 
is  under  the  care  of  our  member  Mr.  C.  A. 
DeLong,  who  guided  the  party  along  the  roads 
which  showed  what  forestry  can  accomplish, 
from  nursery  and  underplanting  to  established 
mature  forests  of  both  hardwoods  and  soft- 
woods, including  the  establishment  of  some 
non-native  species  like  the  western  yellow  pine 
The  courtesy  of  the  Nolde  family  was  further 
shown  by  a  representative  of  the  family  who 
made  us  welcome  and  furnished  welcome  cool- 
ing lemonade. 

The  next  visit  was  to  the  nearby  Horst 
Estate,  where  again  the  Association  members 
had  the  visible  illustration  of  what  a  few  dec- 
ades of  planting  and  care  can  accomplish  in  the 
establishment  of  practical  forests.  Here  too 
we  were  shown  i)ersonal  welcome  and  atten- 
tion by  Mr.  George  D.  Horst,  and  were  di- 
rected by  him  and  Mr.  John  Downing,  Land- 
scape Architect  of  the  Horst  Estate.  This  trip 
included  a  climb  to  the  top  of  their  observa- 
tory, from  which  a  splendid  view  was  had,  not 
only  of  the  plantings,  but  of  the  City  and  the 
Schuylkill  Valley. 

Then  the  motorcade  traveled  to  Reading 
Park,  where,  in  accordance  with  custom,  we 
planted  a  hemlock  as  a  memorial  of  our  Sum- 
mer Meeting,  and  a  beautiful  specimen  had 
been  donated  by  the  Nolde  family. 


REMARKS  OF  PRESIDENT  SMEDLEY 
AT  THE  PLANTING  OF  THE  ME- 
MORIAL HEMLOCK  AT  CITY  PARK 
AT  READING,  JUNE  22,  1934 

THE    Pennsylvania    Forestry   Association 
is  indebted  to  our  member,  Mr.  Edward 
Woolman,  not  only  for  his  gift  of  this 
tree  and  the  marker,  but  also  for  the  idea  that 
at  each  Summer  Meeting  we  should  plant  a 


II 


30 


FOREST  LEAVES 


FOREST  LEAVES 


tree  as  a  memorial  of  our  visit  and  as  a  re- 
minder of  our  enterprise. 

It  is  told  that  one  of  the  wise  men  who 
helped  to  build  our  Nation  was  planting  a  tree, 
when  one  of  his  neighbors  remarked  that  he 
was  foolish  to  plant  that  tree,  for  he  would 
never  live  to  enjoy  it.  To  which  he  replied: 
'*If  I  knew  that  I  would  die  tomorrow,  I  should 
plant  this  tree  today.'' 

That  spirit,  of  planting  trees  for  those  who 
will  follow  us,  is  ingrained  in  all  forestry.  Yet 
this  tree — one  of  our  native  species,  and  offi- 
cially designated  as  the  State  Tree — will  be 
enjoyed  by  us  today,  and  for  many  years  to 
come  will  be  enjoyed  by  the  people  of  your 
city  and  county,  and  by  others  who  visit  this 
park. 

As  told  on  the  bronze  marker,  it  is  a  symbol 
of  our  desire  and  our  work  to  Restore  Penn's 
Woods.  It  typifies  what  others,  as  well  as  our 
Association,  are  doing  all  over  the  State.  This 
work  will  not  only  again  clothe  with  living 
green  our  scarred  and  barren  hillsides,  but  it 
will  bring  rest  and  pleasure  to  our  people. 
This  has  been  well  expressed  by  a  man,  not 
only  well  known  and  admired,  but  well  known 
and  admired  for  his  common  sense.  President 
Coolidge  said: 

"Strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  American  Peo- 
ple, bred  for  many  generations  to  forest  life, 
drawing  no  small  measure  of  their  wealth  from 
the  forest,  have  not  yet  acquired  the  sense  of 
timber  as  a  crop.    These  immense  stretches  of 
cut-over  land,  mostly  too  rough  or  too  sterile 
for  tilling,  have  not  yet  awakened  us  to  their 
vast    potential    worth    as    growers    of    wood. 
Fully  one-fourth  of  our  land  area  ought  to  be 
kept  in  forest — not  poor,  dwindling  thickets  of 
scrub,  but  forests  of  trees  fit  for  bridges  and 
houses  and  ships.    Handled  by  the  best  timber- 
cropping    methods,    our    present    forest    lands 
could  be  made  to  grow  even  more  timber  each 
year  than  we  now  use.     But  much  of  our  cut- 
over  land,  lying  idle  or  half  productive,  is  now 
an  immeasureable  loss.     It  pays   little  or  no 
taxes,  it  keeps  few  hands  busy,  it  turns  few 
wheels,  it  builds  no  roads.    Idle  forest  land  has 
scrapped     schools,     factories,     railroads     and 
towns;  it  has  dotted  the  land  with  abandoned 
farms;  it  has  created  a  migratory  population. 
Our  forest  problem  is  a  land  problem  of  the 
first  magnitude." 


The  tree  was  accepted  for  the  City  of  Read- 
ing by  Mr.  George  W.  Yocum,  Chief  of  the 
Department  of  City  Parks  and  Property,  who 
assured  us  of  the  City's  gratification  to  have 
this  tree  which  it  would  be  glad  to  give  care 
so  that  it  might  long  stand  as  a  tribute  to  the 
work  of  the  friends  of  forestry. 

Each  officer  present  wielded  the  shovel  to 
help  plant  this  tree  among  the  others  which 
beautify  this  park,  and  the  tour  continued  on 
to  the  Tower  Hotel  for  lunch.  Here  we  were 
joined  by  a  number  of  our  good  friends  and  co- 
workers from  Harrisburg,  including  Mr. 
Staley,  Mr.  Wirt,  Mr.  Perry  and  Mr.  Meek. 

Having  seen  tree  planting  in  hundreds  of 
acres,  we  then  started  off  to  view  trees  by 
the  million,  which  the  City  has  been  planting 
on  the  watershed  of  Maiden  Creek.  A  stop 
was  planned  en  route  to  the  C.  C.  C.  camp,  to 
view  the  work  which  was  being  done  under 
Mr.  Albert  Gotch,  Regional  Planning  Engi- 
neer; but  a  short  and  severe  thundershower 
intruded  at  the  wrong  time.  Continuing  on  to 
Lake  Antietam  and  Lake  Ontelaunee,  City 
Water  Supplies,  a  stop  was  made  at  the 
Mother's  Tree,  and  then  on  to  see  the  impres- 
sive covering  of  trees  which  the  City  has  been 
yearly  adding  to  protect  its  watershed.  Few 
localities  can  show  as  much  actual  forestry  as 
we  saw  in  and  about  Reading,  and  nowhere  in 
the  country  has  there  been  such  a  quantity  of 
new  planting  by  any  municipality  or  county, 
as  was  lately  done  here. 

The  evening  session  was  preceded  by  a  show- 
ing of  forestry  motion  pictures  by  our  reliable 
standbys,  Mr.  Emerick,  Mr.  Clepper  and  Mr. 
Ziegler,  of  the  Bureau  of  Information  and 
Research. 

In  the  unavoidable  absence  of  Dr.  E.  A. 
Ziegler,  Director  of  the  Pennsylvania  Forest 
Research  Institute,  Prof.  George  S.  Perry  read 
his  paper  on  Practical  Forest  Research. 

This  was  followed  by  "The  Work  of  the 
C.  C.  C.  in  the  State  Forests"  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
Rupp,  Director  Emergency  Conservation  Work 
for  the  Department  of  Forests  and  Waters. 

Mr.  Daniel  K.  Hoch,  President  of  the  Blue 
Mountain  Climbing  Club,  told  of  their  interest 
in  the  Appalachian  Trail,  illustrated  with  mo- 
tion pictures.  His  talk  demonstrated  that  the 
people  of  this  region  were  not  only  interested, 
but  had  accomplished  much  toward  the  estab- 


31 


lishment  of  this  mountain-crest  trail. 

The  Association  then  contributed  to  the  Boy 
Scouts  and  Girl  Scouts  of  Reading,  each  a  copy 
of  Dr.  Wildman's  book  "Penn's  Woods,  1682- 
1932,"  and  to  the  Camp  Fire  Girls  of  Reading 
a  copy  of  Pennsylvania  Trees. 

Dr.  L.  W.  R.  Jackson,  of  the  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture,  spoke  of  "New  Enemies  of  the 
Forest,"  relating  of  several  recently  found 
fungi  which  were  destroying  certain  species  of 
trees. 

The  session  concluded  with  a  condensed  talk 
by  Mr.  George  H.  Wirt,  Chief  Bureau  of 
Forest  Protection,  on  "The  Value  of  Roads  in 
the  Protection  of  Forests  from  Fire."  This, 
given  with  Mr.  Wirt's  customary  clarity  and 
force,  showed  clearly  that  if  the  forests  are  to 
be  saved  from  both  the  accidental  and  incen- 
diary fires,  it  is  essential  that  access  to  the 
fire  be  available. 

With  members  attending  from  Wilkes-Barre, 
Harrisburg,  Reading,  Lancaster,  Hazleton' 
Mont  Alto,  Philadelphia  and  its  adjoining 
areas,  and  with  hearty  co-operation  from  the 
people  of  Reading,  we  had  a  pleasant  and  suc- 
cessful Summer  Meeting.  Much  credit  should 
go  to  Mr.  E.  F.  Brouse,  who  with  Mr.  McCaleb 
and  the  Secretary,  arranged  the  schedule,  and 
to  Mr.  Harvey  L.  Heinly  of  Reading,  who  so 
well  looked  after  many  local  matters. 

At  the  close  of  the  last  session  the  Associa- 
tion was  glad  to  pass  the  following  resolution 
unanimously : 

"The  Pennsylvania  Forestrv  Association,  at 
the  close  of  its  1934  Summer'Meeting,  desires 
to  record  its  gratitude  and  appreciation  to  the 
citizens  of  Reading  for  the  hospitalities  and 
tnendliness  shown  to  us  during  the  past  two 
days. 

"We  especially  desire  to  thank  the  Berks 
County  Conservation  Association,  and  the 
niany  other  organizations  which  have  so  well 
and  helpfully  aided  us. 

"We  are  also  grateful  to  Mayor  Ermentrout, 
Mr.  George  D.  Yocum,  Mr.  Hans  Nolde,  Mr. 
^eorge  D.  Horst,  Mr.  Harvey  F.  Heinly,  the 
Keading  Automobile  Club,  the  Berkshire  Hotel, 
and  their  associates  and  co-workers  for  their 
tnendly  aid  and  co-operation. 

"The  1934  Summer  Meeting  will  remain  a 
aelightful  memory." 


1934  ANNUAL  LUNCHEON  MEETING 

WHAT  was  really  the  1933  meeting  of 
this  type,  postponed  because  the  Tion- 
esta  purchase  had  appeared  imminent, 
occurred  on  May  24th.     Fifty  members  and 
friends  attended,  and  it  was  evident  that  they 
enjoyed  the  occasion. 

The  Tionesta  tract  purchase  could  not  be  an- 
nounced, although  it  has  since  been  consum- 
mated to  our  great  gratification.  However, 
through  the  courtesy  of  Hon.  Lewis  E.  Staleyi 
Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Forests  and 
Waters,  each  place  was  decorated  with  a  grow- 
ing young  hemlock,  the  State  tree,  a  personal 
gift  from  Mr.  Staley,  who  was  unable  to  be 
present.  In  addition  at  each  place  was  a  copy 
of  the  booklet  on  the  Hemlock,  and  of  the 
Recreation  map  which  showed  where  the  State 
Forests  are  located. 

An  interesting  panel  on  forestry  was  loaned 
by  the  Allegheny  Forest  Experiment  Station, 
which  attracted  much  attention. 

A  further  exhibit  consisted  of  30  original 
silhouettes  of  native  trees  by  our  member  Mr. 
Ernest  Bartlett,  and  several  paintings  of  forest 
fires,  which  produced  much  favorable  com- 
ment, and  added  to  the  success  of  the  meeting. 
President  Smedley  opened  the  meeting  with 
cordial  greetings  and  then  after  lunch  we  had 
a  most  interesting  talk  on  "How  our  Trees 
found  their  Habitats,"  by  Dr.  John  M.  Fogg, 
Jr.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Botany  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  Dr.  Fogg  has  kindly 
consented  to  dictate  this  talk  for  publication, 
and  it  will  be  an  interesting  contribution  to 
Forest  Leaves. 


Vice-President  Richards  describes  his  work 
as  Chief  Forester  of  the  Tennessee  Valley 
Authority  as  "an  intensely  interesting  job" — in 
fact  two  jobs,  forestry  and  erosion  control. 

Our  Association  will  miss  his  energy  and 
zeal  for  forestry  in  Pennsylvania,  which  he  has 
given  both  as  an  active  member  and  as  a  citi- 
zen interested  in  the  practical  and  sociological 
phases  of  forestry. 


The  State  Forest  Nurseries  planted  1,600 
pounds  of  seeds  and  844  bushels  of  walnuts 
and  acorns. 


im 


32 


FOREST    LEAVES 


REFORESTATION   AND 
RECREATION* 


I 


By  Lewis  E.  Staley,  Secretary  Department 
of  Forests  and  Waters,  Common- 
wealth of  Pennsylvania 

WHEN  Emperor  Napoleon  the  Third  of 
France  declared  war  against  Germany 
in  1870,  it  is  said  that  General  Von 
Moltke  was  awakened  about  three  o'clock  in 
the  morning  and  notified  that  the  French  had 
declared  war  against  Germany,  and  that  he 
replied :  "You  will  find  instructions  in  portfolio 
42,"  and  then  rolled  over  and  went  to  sleep. 
He  was  prepared  for  that  emergency. 

Preparedness  is  the  key  to  success.  Our  tim- 
ber in  Pennsylvania  is  almost  gone  and  we  must 
provide  a  new  supply  by  growing  it.  When 
the  first  settlers  came  to  Pennsylvania  they 
were  confronted  with  forests  everywhere. 
Pennsylvania  or  Penn's  Woods,  as  it  is  often 
called,  comprised  28^  million  acres,  nearly  all 
of  which  was  originally  covered  with  timber. 
In  this  Grand  Old  State  grew  a  liberal  sprin- 
kling of  practically  all  species  of  trees  that 
grew  anywhere  under  similar  climatic  condi- 
tions. Stands  of  white  pine,  hemlock,  oaks  and 
other  valuable  species  were  unexcelled  any- 
where in  any  State. 

Wood  has  always  been  and  will  continue  to 
be  one  of  the  main  agencies  of  satisfactory 
progress  and  development.  This  has  been  true 
from  time  immemorial.  The  forests  have  al- 
ways been  one  of  the  greatest  servants  of  man- 
kind. The  forests  were  the  happy  hunting 
grounds  of  the  Indians.  From  them  was  taken 
much  of  their  food  and  their  greatest  enjoy- 
ment was  gotten  in  the  woods.  At  that  time 
there  seemed  to  be  no  end  to  the  forests  and 
\yood  supply  for  the  advancement  of  civiliza- 
tion. 

A  great  change  has  taken  place  since  the 
days  when  the  first  settlers  began  building 
their  log  cabins  and  clearing  fields  for  agricul- 
ture. Then  timber  was  a  menace  to  the  pro- 
gress and  development  of  Pennsylvania.  Huge 
piles  of  valuable  logs  were  rolled  together  and 
burned  in  making  way  for  agricultural  develop- 
ment. That  is  all  a  matter  of  history.  It  will 
never  happen  again. 

Fortunately,  forestry  had  an  early  beginning 

♦  Read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Pennsylvania  Forestry  Association  June 
21,  193* 


in  Pennsylvania.  In  1681,  Wm.  Penn,  in  his 
Charter  of  Rights  directed  that,  "care  should 
be  taken  to  leave  one  acre  of  trees  for  every 
five  acres  cleared."  It  is  significant  that  as 
early  as  1819,  the  French  Naturalist,  Andre 
Michaux,  in  his  North  American  Silva  spoke 
warningly  of  the  destruction  of  the  forests. 
That  warning  has  become  a  reality. 

In  1874,  Governor  Hartranft  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  his  message  to  the  Legislature  called 
attention  to  the  importance  of  forest  conserva- 
tion and  recommended  an  investigation  and  re- 
port of  both  scientific  and  practical  forestry 
in  the  State.  The  wanton  and  indiscriminate 
destruction  of  the  forests  had  already  been 
long  under  way  and  the  time  had  come  to  do 
something  about  it.  In  1888,  Governor  Beaver 
appointed  a  Commission  of  Forestry,  which 
made  its  report  to  the  Legislature  in  1889.  In 
1895,  a  Division  of  Forestry  was  created  in  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  our  beloved 
and  foresighted  Dr.  Joseph  T.  Rothrock  was 
wisely  appointed  the  First  Commissioner, 
where  he  served  until  June  1,  1904.  Dr.  Roth- 
rock organized  the  Department  of  Forestry, 
giving  it  equal  rank  with  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  other  State  Departments.  In 
1920,  the  Department  was  reorganized  by  the 
present  Governor,  GifYord  Pinchot,  and  in 
1923,  it  was  greatly  enlarged  to  include  the 
Water  Service  and  the  Park  Service  of  the 
State. 

Appropriations  have  grown  from  a  few  thou- 
sand dollars  to  several  million  dollars  for  all 
purposes.  But  it  took  a  depression  such  as  was 
never  known  before  to  bring  about  the  result 
which  the  Foresters  of  Pennsylvania  have  been 
planning  and  hoping  for,  for  many  years.  The 
Federal  Government  finally  came  to  our  rescue 
and  supplied  the  funds,  not  only  for  Pennsyl- 
vania but  for  the  United  States,  that  were  so 
badly  needed  to  bring  the  forests  of  the  coun- 
try on  a  better  basis  for  adequate  protection 
and  sustained  yield. 

President  Roosevelt  is  conservation-minded. 
Hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  have  been  pro- 
vided from  the  Public  Works  Appropriation 
for  the  development  of  our  natural  resources. 
The  CCC  Camps  are  accomplishing  in  Penn- 
sylvania what  could  not  have  been  accomplished 
through  Pennsylvania  funds  within  the  next 
15  or  20  years.  In  addition  to  taking  more 
than  300,000  young  men  off  the  streets  of  our 


FOREST    LEAVES 


33 


cities  and  towns  and  giving  them  productive 
work,  which  in  itself  is  complementary,  the 
forests  of  the  State  are  reaping  needed  bene- 
fit in  improved  conditions  that  can  hardly  be 
measured  in  dollars  and  cents.  Pennsylvania 
forests  are  helping  to  wipe  out  the  depression 
and  the  depression  helped  our  forests. 

But  Pennsylvania  has  not  stopped  with 
growing  timber.  We  cannot  stop  there.  That 
in  itself  is  worth-while,  but  the  forests  of  the 
State  are  providing  much  needed  recreation 
facilities  for  the  enjoyment  of  our  people. 
They  are  already  putting  large  sums  into  the 
State  Treasury  and  have  only  just  begun  to 
produce  revenue.  We  are  not  setting  aside 
these  areas  in  their  entirety  as  parks,  but  we 
are  using  the  most  desirable  places  as  outing 
grounds  for  all  the  people  of  the  State. 

The  spirit  of  recreation  is  Nation-wide  and 
the  annual  expenditure  for  its  enjoyment  does 
not  run  into  mere  millions  but  into  billions  of 
dollars.  Recreation  is  a  rapidly  expanding 
phase  of  American  life.  It  is  a  reflection  of 
material  well-being  and  an  increasing  appreci- 
ation of  spiritual  value. 

It  is  believed  that  the  only  way  to  give  all  of 
the  people  of  the  country  work  is  to  shorten  the 
work  day  and  pay  for  that  shortened  day  the 
same  amount  of  money  as  was  received  for  the 
former  10-  or  12-hour  day.  A  5-  or  6-hour 
day  does  not  seem  to  be  impossible,  in  the  near 
future.  In  fact,  it  appears  to  be  the  only  way 
out  of  this  depression. 

We  must  provide  something  for  the  people 
of  Pennsylvania  to  do  while  away  from  their 
regular  jobs.  Recreation  is  a  necessary  ad- 
junct to  their  happiness.  So  long  as  recrea- 
tion is  freely  indulged  in  by  all  classes  of  peo- 
ple, it  represents  a  sound  and  healthy  economic 
and  social  life.  The  continued  enjoyment  of 
vyholesome  outdoor  life  and  the  use  of  leisure 
time  rests  upon  the  maintenance  of  accepted 
standards  of  American  citizenship. 

As  a  State  wt  have  been  singularly  blessed 
in  the  wealth  of  raw  materials  and  scenic 
beauty,  but  we  cannot  indefinitely  draw  upon 
our  capital  and  adequately  meet  the  economic 
pressure  and  social  demands  of  a  fast-growing 
population,  unless  we  properly  handle  our 
forests.  If  we  did  follow  such  a  policy,  we 
Would  condemn  administration  of  a  heritage 
we  hold  in  trust  for  future  generations.     Na- 


ture has  provided  beauty  almost  beyond  com- 
prehension in  the  mountains  and  valleys  of  our 
State,  but  man  must  keep  them  clothed  with 
trees  to  make  their  beauty  complete.  In  our 
recreation  plan  we  must  not  leave  out  correlated 
forms  of  land  use.  With  this  treatment  of  our 
landscape  recreation  can  rest  upon  a  firm  eco- 
nomic basis. 

The  development  of  a  comprehensive  pro- 
gram is  not  void  of  complications.  This  is  more 
evident  as  the  problem  is  confronted  and 
studied.  It  is  clear  that  every  governmental 
unit  from  the  villages  up  through  the  cities, 
the  towns,  the  counties  and  the  State  and  Fed- 
eral Government  must  play  a  part  in  a  well- 
rounded  and  effective  program.  It  is  not  good 
policy  for  either  unit  to  try  and  get  the  other 
unit  to  do  its  job  for  it.  Neither  should  the 
larger  unit  trespass  upon  the  smaller  unit's 
field.  Either  course  leads  to  friction  and  tends 
to  defeat  the  desired  purpose. 

Pennsylvania's  present  forest  land  program 
diflFers  somewhat  from  that  of  a  number  of 
other  States.  The  Commonwealth's  state  for- 
ests should  just  as  well  be  called  State  Parks, 
because  every  acre  is  open  for  legal  recreation 
use  by  the  public.  Timber  and  playgrounds 
for  our  citizenry  are  growing  side  by  side. 

Within  the  State  forests  we  find  many  his- 
toric spots  of  unusual  interest  with  scenery  un- 
surpassed in  the  east  in  beauty  and  extent. 
These  areas  are  the  people's  resting  spots,  and 
should  be  used  freely  by  all  who  have  an  op- 
portunity to  do  so. 

Unfortunately,  Pennsylvania  has  not  gone 
forward  as  rapidly  with  her  park  program  as 
many  of  us  had  hoped.  In  fact,  we  have  just 
made  a  beginning  and  I  think  it  is  only  reason- 
able to  assume  that  much  more  rapid  progress 
will  be  made  during  the  coming  years.  The 
first  park  appropriation  was  made  two  years 
ago,  which  while  very  small,  I  feel  sure  is  the 
beginning  of  a  very  much  enlarged  park  pro- 
gram. 

The  people  have  arrived  at  the  place  where 
they  will  demand  more  money  for  park  facili- 
ties. They  have  a  right  to  expect  them  and 
I  have  no  doubt  that  the  Legislature  will  even- 
tually accede  to  their  demands. 

The  last  Legislature  provided  machinery  for 
still  further  developing  park  facilities  for  the 
people  of  the  Commonwealth,  but  the  Depart- 


■<\\\: 


34 


FOREST  LEAVES 


FOREST  LEAVES 


ment  of  Forests  and  Waters  cannot  satisfac- 
torily develop  this  program  alone.  We  need 
the  influence  and  moral  and  financial  support 
of  every  other  agency  in  the  State  looking  to- 
ward the  better  development  of  recreational 
facilities.  We  have  already  received  liberal  and 
outstanding  co-operation  to  that  end  from 
every  section  of  the  State.  And  right  here,  I 
should  like  to  pay  tribute  to  the  work  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Forestry  Association.  Through 
its  official  organ,  Forest  Leaves,  the  people  of 
the  State  have  been  constantly  and  reliably 
informed  of  the  work  of  the  Department  of 
Forests  and  Waters.  The  Association's  policy 
has  been  clearly  set  forth  and  its  influence  has 
done  much  in  the  constructive  forward  move- 
ment of  the  State's  public  forest  and  park  pol- 
icy. I  am  sure  it  will  continue  the  good  and 
effective  work  in  behalf  of  the  people  of  the 
State. 

There  is  peace,  quiet,  and  contentment  in  the 
forest.  The  stillness  of  the  woods  is  a  stimu- 
lant to  the  tired  soul.  Quiet  is  nature's  great 
medicine.  In  the  forests  of  our  Pennsylvania 
hills  there  is  the  peace  and  contentment  that 
should  become  a  part  of  our  human  nature. 
Every  citizen  of  the  Commonwealth,  whenever 
possible,  should  visit  and  enjoy  our  State  For- 
ests and  State  Parks.  All  are  invited  and  all 
are  welcome. 


PRIVATE  FORESTRY* 


By  H.  Gleason  Mattoon,  Consultant  in 

Arboriculture 


IT  is  with  trepidation  that  I  stand  before 
this  body  presuming  to  speak  on  forestry. 
Being  but  an  humble  aboriculturist,  I  come 
not  to  question  the  program,  policies  or  prac- 
tices at  present  observed  by  foresters,  but  rather 
to  emphasize  an  aboricultural  procedure  which 
may  aid  and  abet  forestry.  When  I  have  fin- 
ished, foresters  present  may  question  the  title 
of  this  paper,  yet  forestry  is  a  broad  and  inclu- 
sive term  well  able  to  mother  a  varied  off- 
spring. 

One  of  forestry's  greatest  needs  is  a  public 
appreciation  of  its  problems  and  possibilities. 

♦Read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Pennsylvania  Forestry 
Association  June  21,  1934. 


Those  problems  and  possibilities  are  not  gen- 
erally grasped  in  the  abstract  of  public  owner- 
ship. The  dollars  and  cents  value  of  a  forest 
when  or  if  harvested  plays  a  large  part  in  state 
and  federal  reports  with  the  result  that  the 
public  thinks  of  a  forest  principally  in  terms 
of  its  products,  its  stumpage  value,  pulp  wood 
yield,  and  so  on.  Yet  a  growth  of  trees  during 
its  life  has  a  value  greater  by  far  than  its 
products. 

Of  the  benefit  of  a  tree-clothed  land  in  the 
control  of  floods,  the  amelioration  of  climatic 
excesses,  the  conserving  of  moisture,  the  check- 
ing of  erosion,  etc.,  even  though  they  affect  the 
health  and  happiness  of  all  of  us,  comparative- 
ly little  is  known  by  Mr.  Citizen  and  his  fam- 
ily. Nor  will  he  learn  much  so  long  as  the 
policy  of  public  ownership  is  preached  to  the 
exclusion  of  any  definite  and  sustained  at- 
tempt to  stimulate  private  woodland  develop- 
ment. Do  not  misunderstand  me.  I  do  not 
question  the  value  of  or  necessity  for  state  and 
national  forests.  Moreover,  I  appreciate  the 
problems  of  private  ownership,  and  I  recognize 
that  there  have  been  spasmodic  attempts  to  en- 
courage it.  But  by  and  large  the  problems  of 
private  forests  have  been  sidestepped  by  urg- 
ing public  ownership.  To  talk  of  private  wood- 
lands or  forests  now  may  be  heresy,  yet  I  feel 
very  strongly  that  an  opportunity  to  stimulate 
greater  interest  in  all  forest  matters  is  being 
neglected. 

That  which  we  learn  by  actual  experience 
we  are  most  apt  to  retain.  This  is  as  true 
in  matters  pertaining  to  forestry  as  in  our 
everyday  activities.  Moreover,  our  greatest 
interest  centers  around  that  which  we  possess. 
Let  us  suppose  we  had  a  forty  acre  field  which 
was  brought  into  cultivation  during  the  War. 
In  topography  and  fertility  it  was  not  ideal  for 
tillage  purposes.  Crop  yields  were  never  large, 
but  during  the  years  of  high  prices  it  showed 
a  profit.  With  the  depression  of  1920  and  1921 
we  decided  to  make  a  woodland  of  it.  We 
may  not  have  followed  accepted  forestry  prac- 
tices. Some  of  the  species  may  be  wrong,  the 
spacing  may  not  be  just  right  and  the  manage- 
ment has  been  hit  and  miss.  However,  we  have 
a  woodland  now,  and  we  have  enjoyed  watch- 
ing it  develop.  Rut  more  than  that,  it  has  sup- 
plied us  with  fence  posts.  We  used  to  buy 
them.     We  have  ample  firewood  too,  and  still 


35 


the  woodland  is  not  impaired.  Moreover,  it 
will  not  be  many  years  before  we  can  sell  some 
mine  props.  The  grain  crops  on  that  land 
were  only  fair,  but  it  is  growing  good  timber. 
The  trees  are  tall  enough  now  to  provide  a 
windbreak  for  the  better  fields.  Game  is  ap- 
pearing, and  there  is  no  longer  washing  on  that 
hillside.  All  in  all,  we  are  beginning  to  appre- 
ciate the  possibilities  of  forestry. 

We  may  read  of  fire  hazards  and  fire  protec- 
tion, of  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  a 
pure  stand,  of  the  depredations  of  the  white 
pine  weevil  or  the  bronze  birch  borer,  of  the 
soil  and  moisture  requirements  of  the  black 
spruce  or  of  a  pathological  trouble  of  red  pine. 
We  own  a  woodland,  so  our  interest  is  immedi- 
ately aroused.  We  are  on  the  alert  to  discover 
whether  it  will  affect  what  we  have.  We  take 
steps  to  protect  our  possession.  We  are  begin- 
ning to  appreciate  the  problems  of  forestry. 

Before  planting  this  woodland,  our  interest 
in  forests,  whether  state  or  national,  was  pas- 
sive at  best.     We  now  realize  their  value  and 
take  an  active  interest  in  movements  for  their 
expansion.     We  have  alw^ays  enjoyed  hunting 
and  invariably  sided  w^ith  the  game  protection- 
ists in  any  controversy  with  forestry  depart- 
ments.    We  have  now  learned  that  there  is  a 
balance  in  nature  which  must  be  maintained. 
If  there  are  too  many  gray  squirrels,  there  will 
be  no  natural   regeneration   of   oaks  or  other 
large  seeded  trees.     Beyond  a  certain  point  the 
protection  of  deer  is  unwise.     An  excess  of 
rabbits   means    the    destruction   of    trees.      In 
other  words,  we  have  learned  that  our  former 
viewpoint  was  based  upon  ignorance  of  facts. 
This  is  a  fanciful  case,  yet  to  a  greater  or 
less  degree  such  are  the  reactions  of  those  who 
are  aroused  to  plant  and  develop  a  woodland. 
Such  woodlands  will  add  but  little  to  the  total 
forest  lands  of  the  country,  but  they  will  add 
greatly  to  the  number  of  |)ersons  who  appreci- 
ate the  need  for  such  forests.    After  all,  if.  the 
need   is   recognized,    the   greater   part   of    the 
battle  is  won. 

The  time  is  propitious.  There  is  much  land 
now  idle  which  should  not  go  into  cultivation 
again.  These  plots  are  varied  according  to 
tbcir  location,  toi)ography  and  the  character 
of  the  holding.  It  is  not  necessary  to  go  into 
detail  regarding  them,  but  I  should  like  to  say 
a  few  words  about  one  group. 


.  Much  of  this  acreage  is  semi-rural.     It  is 
owned  largely  by  men  who  farm  as  an  avoca- 
tion, having  their  principal  business  in  a  nearby 
city.    These  men  in  the  past  have  bred  horses, 
raised  beef  cattle  or  had  a  dairy,  sometimes  on 
a  rather  elaborate  scale,  but  in  recent  years  for 
economic  reasons  they  have  either  abandoned 
or  greatly  reduced  their  activities.     The  result 
is  that  much  of  this  land  is  now  unused  and 
the  owner  is  seeking  some  use  for  it  which  will 
not  entail  costly  upkeep.     Frequently  this  class 
of  landowner  is  receptive  to  the  suggestion  of 
establishing  a  w^oodland.     From  the  standpoint 
of  forestry,  it  would  be  uneconomical,  due  to 
the  character  of  the  holding,  the  location  and 
the  high  tax  rates,  but  I  am  thinking  princi- 
pally of   inducing  these  landowners   to  grow 
trees  that  they  may  be  better  acquainted  with 
the  problems  and  possibilities  of  woodland  de- 
velopment.   Usually  it  would  be  unwise  to  con- 
sider such  a  planting  from  the  viewpoint  of  a 
forest,    but    rather   as   a   composite   woodland 
made  up  of  species  grown  for  their  aesthetic 
as  well  as  utilitarian  value. 

This  planting  may  be  done  in  a  ''carelessly 
uniform''  manner,   so  that  casual  observation 
would  give  the  impression  of  a  natural  seeding, 
yet  the  trees  are  so  spaced  that  each  has  a 
maximum    of    soil    and    sunlight    for    rapid 
growth.    One  such  planting  of  white  pines  and 
oaks  which  was  set  out  in  an  alfalfa  field  has 
made  very  rapid  growth.     These  trees   were 
planted   sixteen  years  ago,   being   spaced   un- 
evenly from  eight  to  fifteen  feet  apart.    Today 
the  pines  range  from  thirty  to  forty  feet  in 
height,  while  the  oaks  are  nearly  as  tall.    This 
planting,  which  now  covers  more  than  a  hun- 
dred acres,  has  definitely  changed  the  character 
of   the   stream   which   runs   through   it.     The 
spring    freshet    is   a   minor   matter   now,    and 
erosion  has  ceased  on  those  hillsides.   No  doubt 
within  twenty  years  this  property  which  com- 
prises about  fixG  hundred  acres  will  be  split  up 
and  developed  as  smaller  suburban  estates.  The 
land  is  worth  far  more  for  that  purpose  clothed 
with  trees  than  bare. 

Another  such  woodland  is  composed  of  a 
great  number  of  deciduous  species  with  groups 
of  hemlocks.  Everything  but  the  hemlocks 
Was  grow^n  from  seed  in  beds  established  on 
the  property.  This  landowner  has  derived  as 
much  pleasure  from  the  creation  of  this  wood- 


36 


FOREST    LEAVES 


I 


land  as  he  formerly  had  in  breeding  show 
horses.  He  has  learned  much,  not  the  least 
of  which  is  that  there  is  a  woeful  lack  of  infor- 
mation on  the  best  methods  of  propagating  and 
growing  many  deciduous  trees.  If  the  demand 
is  great  enough  perhaps  the  departments  of 
forestry  will  carry  on  the  necessary  research. 
After  the  planting  is  done,  a  forest  will  not 
spring  up  over  night,  yet  it  is  surprising  how 
quickly  the  trees  will  grow  and  take  shape  as 
a  definite  woodland  area.  But  they  may  be 
enjoyed  even  before  full  grown,  for  there  is  a 
thrill  each  spring  in  every  tree  as  it  awakens 
from  its  months  of  rest  to  stretch  its  arms 
further  towards  the  blue.  There  is  interest 
and  instruction  in  every  species,  eacli  has  its 
distinctive  habit  of  growth,  color  of  bark  and 
foliage,  flower  and  fruit. 

In  considering  the  use  of  some  of  his  land 
for  the  development  of  a  composite  woodland, 
such  a  property  owner  will  find  distinct  advan- 
tage from  whatever  angle  it  is  viewed.  It  may 
be  so  planted  as  to  enhance  the  beauty  of  the 
property,  to  delineate  interesting  vistas,  to  pro- 
tect a  hillside  from  washing,  to  prevent  the 
rapid  runoflf  of  excess  rainfall  and  to  provide  a 
haven  for  game.  But  more  important,  for  a 
very  small  outlay  it  will  put  to  use  land  which 
should  not  be  cultivated,  and  the  owner  will 
learn  through  experience  some  of  the  problems 
and  possibilities  of  forestry. 


On  August  7th  the  Administrator  for  Public 
Works  approved  an  allotment  of  two  million 
dollars  for  white  pine  blister  rust  control  on 
State  and  private  lands.  At  that  time  1 1  900 
men  in  208  C.  C.  C.  camps  in  22  states  were 
engaged  in  this  work,  and  in  the  previous  two 
months  had  removed  over  12,000,000  Rihes 
(which  transmit  the  disease  from  pine  to  pine) 
from  150,000  acres. 

The  most  recent  figures  give  a  total  eradica- 
tion by  the  C.  C.  C.  workers  in  1933  of  49,000,- 
000  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes,  from  '574^- 
450  acres.  Added  to  this  are  16,000,000  bushes 
removed  from  89.000  acres  under  N.  R.  A. 
programs  and  8,000,000  plants  from  300,000 
acres  by  the  regular  Federal,  State  and  private 
agencies.  These  total  70,000,000  bushes  from 
nearly  a  million  acres,  and  of  this,  2,000,000 
plants  were  eradicated  in  Pennsylvania. 


HOW  OUR  FORESTS  ARE  PLANTED 

AND  GROWN* 

By  Charles  R.  Meek,  Chief  Bureau  of  Forest 

Extension,  Department  of  Forests 

and  Waters 


IS  it  not  remarkable  that  with  all  the  inven- 
tions and  substitutions  for  wood,  forest 
products  are  still  essential  in  human  liv- 
ing? Many  changes  of  materials  used  in  every- 
day life  occur,  but  wood  remains  a  basic  com- 
modity. We  may  change  from  silk  produced 
from  tree  leaves  eaten  by  worms,  to  rayon  made 
from  wood,  and  still  depend  on  the  forest. 
Formerly  we  joked  about  "wooden  overcoats"; 
now  in  reality  we  take  for  granted  cellulose 
clothing  made  from  the  forest.  A  grass  skirt 
worn  in  Hawaii  is  so  near  and  yet  so  far  from 
the  artificial  one  grown  and  manufactured  in 
New  York  from  tree  products. 

Nineteen  thirty-three  (1933)  will  long  re- 
main in  memory  because  of  the  impetus  given 
forest  culture  by  President  Roosevelt's  ener- 
getic conservation  program.  Many  people  are 
now  getting,  for  the  first  time,  a  real  concep- 
tion of  what  the  forester  does.  Very  impor- 
tant, too,  many  well  intentioned  and  otherwise 
well  informed  folks,  fortunately  are  learning 
for  the  first  time  that  somebody  owns  the 
mountain  land — and  cares. 

Does  Pennsylvania  have  a  forest  problem? 
Oh  yes;  it  not  only  has  an  important  forest 
problem,  but  also  a  big  land-use  problem  too. 
Of  the  twenty-nine  million  acres  of  land 
area  in  Pennsylvania,  about  4570  or  thirteen 
million  acres  are  devoted  to  forests,  or  at  least 
this  land  is  suitable  for  nothing  else  and  is 
covered  with  vegetation.  It  is  owned  by  thou- 
sands and  thousands  of  people.  The  State  it- 
self owns  only  about  one-seventh  of  it.  The 
percentage  in  forest  cover  in  our  State  is  good, 
i)ut  it  means  only  1.4  acres  of  woodland  per 
capita,  and  that  is  too  small  an  area  to  make 
us  self-sustaining  in  wood  production.  The 
Scandinavian  countries  have  from  six  to  fif- 
teen acres  of  forest  for  each  person.  Of 
course  the  per  capita  acreage  depends  on  the 
density  of  population  and  Pennsylvania  has 
nearly  ten  million  |Xiople  using  wood. 

The     Scandinavian    countries    also    export 
wood,   but   Pennsylvania  imports   most  of  its 

*  Read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Pennsylvania  Forrestry  Association,  June 
21,  1934 


FOREST    LEAVES 


37 


limber  needs.  This  is  true  i)artly  because  our 
virgin  forests  have  been  harvested  only  re- 
cently, and  the  second  crop  has  not  had  time  to 
mature;  also  because  the  per-acre  timber  pro- 
duction or  annual  wood  growth  in  our  forests 
is  too  little.  It  is  evident  that  by  importing 
our  timber  needs  we  pay  high  transportation 
costs  for  hauling  lumber  long  distances.  Thus 
Pennsylvanians  support  industries  employing 
labor  in  other  States,  while  our  land  loafs  and 
our  lumber  jacks  are  idle. 

The  forests  of  our  State  are  not  working  as 
hard  as  they  can  and  should  work.     It  is  not 
dieir   fault  either.     It   is  ours.     Forest   fires, 
especially,   are   responsible    for   keeping   much 
of  the  forest  land  unproductive.    This  difficulty 
is    officially    recognized.       Though    the    fight 
against  forest  fire  is  slow  and  hard,  yet  it  is 
none  the  less  surc  to  be  won  in  a  comparatively 
short  time.     According  to  Dr.  E.  A.  Ziegler 
of  the  Forest  Research  Institute,  "our  forests 
should  average  3,000  to  5,000  cubic   feet  of 
growing  trees  per  acre.    We  have  not  over  one- 
sixth  of  this."     Since  we  now  grow  but  16% 
of  what  we  use,  is  there  any  doubt  but  tliat 
our  State  will  benefit  from  a  forest  conscious- 
ness aroused  by  a  *'new  deal,"  that  will  result 
in  less  damage  from   forest  fire  and  disease, 
and  will  increase  the  amount  of  wood  grown 
per  acre  in  our  forests?     Our  woodland  is  a 
I)otential  source  of  much  employment  and  great 
wealth  and  we  must  realize  it  hard  enough  to 
sit  up,  take  notice,  and  do  something. 

What  is  the  big  Pennsylvania  forest  prob- 
lem.''    It  is  to  make  every  acre  of  woodland 
produce  the  maximum  quantity  of  high  quality 
wood.     The  forest  is  now  understocked  partly 
l)ecause  of  forest  fires.    The  State  is  fast  rem- 
edying this  by  fire  control.     Also  it  is  planting 
the  waste   forest  land  with  little  trees.     Pro- 
gress in  tree  i)lanting  is  going  too  slowly..   We 
"Hist   i)lant   more   trees,   we   must   prevent  all 
destructive  fire  in  the  forest,  and  we  must  take 
better  care  of  what  woods  we  have.    We  should 
stop  destroying  our  young  tree  growth  by  cut- 
ting small   sizes.      Forest   i)roducts   from   saj)- 
hngs  give  an  immediate  money  return,  but  it 
(loes  not  pay  to  cut  trees  while  they  are  grow- 
ing most  rapidly  in  value. 

We  see  what  a  tremendous  job  it  is  to  con- 
trol forest  fires,  and  to  plant  trees  on  the  waste 
forest  areas,  and  that  progress  in  fire  control 


and  reforestation  is  being  made  even  though 
slowly.      The    forest   like   anything  else   must 
be  taken  care  of  properly  if  the  best  results  are 
to  be  obtained.     The   forest   land  is  not  the 
only  land  problem  that  Pennsylvania  has  — 
there  is  another  big  land  condition.     It  is  how 
to  use  wisely  land  not  in  forest  and  not  work- 
ing at  all.    On  this  land,  now  unproductive  the 
owners  must  pay  taxes.     Since  a  great  deal  of 
the  area  is  unfit  for  agriculture  we  can  safely 
consider  it  for  forest  purposes.     Let  us  see; 
twenty-nine  million  acres  in  our  State,  thirteen 
million  acres  of  it  forested;  about  four  million 
acres,  once  in  farms  and  now  abandoned,  that 
are  idle  and  producing  nothing  at  all !     These 
four    million    acres    are    one-seventh    of    our 
State  land  area,  and  of  them  at  least  two  mil- 
lion acres  are  idle  cleared  land.    This  area,  once 
set    aside    for    farming,    was    frequently    the 
poorer  land,  and  as  agriculture  became  more 
intensive  it  became  sub-marginal.    It  could  not 
produce  a  living  for  the  tenants,  and  usually 
cannot  produce  enough  in  farm  crops  to  pay 
the  taxes.    It  is  not  only  idle  but  in  some  cases 
IS  washing  away.     How  to  put  four  million 
idle  acres  to  work  is  a  hard  problem.     Most 
of   this  land  can  grow  timber— in   fact,   it  is 
about  all  that  it  will  grow,  and  the  sooner  it  is 
put  to  work  the  better. 

Unfortunately,  most  of  this  idle  farm  land 
IS  owned  by  those  too  poor,  or  else  unwilling, 
to  furnish  the  needed  funds  to  plant  it  with 
trees.     Some  of  this  land  has  already  reverted 
to  the  counties  for  the  unpaid  taxes.     Dr.  E. 
A.   Ziegler  tells  of  this  situation  in  detail  in 
Bulletin  51,  published  by  the  Department  of 
Forests  and  Waters.     To  really  do  something 
eflfective  about  the  idle  privately  owned  aban- 
doned  farm  land  perhaps  means  government 
purchase  and  adn^inistration.    This  involves  so 
much  money  that  it  makes  such  a  plan,  on  a 
large  scale,  impractical  just  now. 

Something  can  be  done  right  away,  however, 
about  some  of  the  lands  on  which  taxes  have 
not  been  paid.  The  counties  hold  these.  The 
1933  Legislature  provided  that,  under  certain 
conditions,  such  lands  can  be  used  for  the  ex- 
tension of  State  Forests  and  game  lands,  as 
well  as  the  establishment  of  county  forests. 
The  county  forest  idea  is  a  new  one,  but  it  is 
practical  and  the  next  few  years  should  witness 
great  strides  being  made  in  forcing  much  idle. 


if 


38 


FOREST    LEAVES 


S^i'ti;'  '■  > 


once  privately  owned  waste  farm  land  to  help 
provide  a  future  public  income.  It  can  be  done 
at  reasonable  expense — an  expense  that  the 
counties  can  afford. 

Once  again  four  million  acres  must  be  made 
to  contribute  their  share  of  income,  from  use- 
ful production,  instead  of  costly  loafing  and 
deteriorating  through  non-use,  erosion,  and  the 
silting  up  of  streams  and  reservoirs.  The  first 
step  in  this  program  has  been  taken.  The 
County  Commissioners  in  every  county  should 
examine  this  new  law  carefully,  and  decide  at 
once  to  use  it  effectively. 

Since  1910,  the  State  has  been  encouraging 
reforestation  on  private  land.  Only  since  1918, 
however,  has  the  need  for  reforestation  of  pri- 
vate lands  been  really  stressed  by  wide  public- 
ity. We  see  what  a  big  tree  planting  problem 
for  private  land  there  is.  It  is  hard  to  realize 
that  from  1910  to  date,  a  total  of  only  about 
118,000  acres  of  private  land  has  been  refor- 
ested with  trees  from  all  sources.  In  1932 
about  six  thousand  acres  of  private  land  were 
planted  to  forests.  At  this  rate  in  one  hundred 
years  only  600,000  acres  would  be  reforested. 
Can  we  wait  one  hundred  years  to  do  about 
one-seventh  of  the  tree  planting  job,  and  can 
we  afford  to  spread  all  the  work  over  700 
years?  Of  course  not.  Greater  effort  must  be 
put  forth  in  reforestation  by  private  land  own- 
ers. The  State  and  County  governments  must 
show  increased  interest  and  assume  a  greater 
share  of  the  work. 

The  small  land  owner  is  doing  something  in 
tree  planting  at  any  rate,  though  not  too  much, 
and  only  a  very  few  large  land  owners  show 
sustained  interest  in  reforestation.  The  de- 
pression has  hit  tree  i)lanting,  of  course,  but 
the  work  goes  on.  Nearly  as  many  smalMand 
owners  ordered  trees  for  planting  in  the  spring 
of  1933  as  has  ordered  trees  in  the  spring  of 
1932.  The  larger  planters,  however,  cut  down 
on  the  size  of  their  orders.  As  a  result,  fewer 
total  trees  were  planted  by  all.  Instead  of 
eight  or  ten  million  trees  being  planted  in  re- 
forestation efforts  in  Pennsylvania  each  year, 
there  should  be  from  one  hundred  to  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  million  trees  used.  That  would 
mean  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  acres  a  year  planted  to  forests. 
It  would  put  one  million  acres  of  idle  land  to 
work  again  in  each  ten  year  period.      Some 


states  such  as  New  York  and  Wisconsin  are 
going  after  the  idle  land  question  in  earnest 
and  vast  areas  are  being  planted  each  year. 
Our  state  must  do  more. 

There  is  more  to  growing  the  little  trees  than 
one  thinks.    First,  the  seed  of  trees  to  be  grown 
niust  be  collected— red  pine,  white  pine,  pitch 
pine,  and  hemlock — from  the  northern  states; 
Norway  spruce,   Scotch  pine,  and  larch  froni 
abroad;  the  hardwood  seed,  however,  as  oak, 
walnut,  tulip,  locust,  and  ash  is  collected  locally 
when  possible.     Then  come  the  nurseries.     In 
a  production  schedule  for  ten  million  seedlings 
and  transplants  annually,  Pennsylvania  devotes 
48  acres  of  land  to  nurseries.     It  takes  time 
to  grow  good  nursery  stock,  and  one  cannot 
arrange   to  i)lant   a  great   many  trees   only  a 
short  time  in  advance,  as  the  trees  cannot  be 
grown  over  night.     Good  nursery  soil  must  be 
developed,  suitable  seed  must  be  gathered  and 
planted.     Even  then,  in  our  climate,  it  requires 
one  year  to  grow  suitable  hardwood  seedlings, 
two  years  for  hard  pine  seedlings,  and  three 
years  to  develop  soft  pine  seedlings.     To  pro- 
duce transplants  takes  much  nursery  area,  and 
from  three  to  four  years  for  each  crop.     Thus 
it  can  be  seen  that  a  reforestation  program  must 
l)e   well  planned  in  advance,  and  once  begun 
must  be  sustained.   To  reforest  profitably,  costs 
must  be  kept  low,  and  the  price  of  the  trees 
must  not  be  too  great.     Costs  can  be  kept  low- 
only    when    the    trees    are    produced    in    large 
quantities. 

We  start  out   with  our   forest  problem— to 
make  the  j)resent  forest  land  i)r()duce  its  maxi- 
nuun  and  to  put  idle  waste  land  to  work.    We 
have    the    land    to    plant,    the    Department   of 
Forests  and  Waters  can   produce  the  needed 
trees,  and  the  work  should  be  done.    Of  course 
it  takes  money  to  co-ordinate  these  factors  and 
start  them  moving.    That,  just  now,  seems  like 
an  insurmountable  difticulty,  yet  it  would  melt 
before  the  efforts  of  our  citizens,  when  their 
interest  is  once  aroused  by  a  knowledge  of  the 
forest  and  idle  land  situaticms  and  their  possi- 
bilities for  the  future.     It  is  fortunate,  that  in 
1933,   Pennsylvania  had  one  million  six  hun- 
dred thousand  acres  of  State  forests  in  which 
to  send  20,000  idle  men  in  the  Emergency  Con- 
servation Corps,  from  the  centers  of  j^ojndation 
for  healthful  and  productive  work.     Already 
the  State  Forests  are  helping,  during  this  enier- 


FOREST    LEAVES 


39 


gency,  to  provide  useful  work  for  that  other 
great  resource,  the  waste  of  which  cannot  be 
tolerated — human  labor. 


MR.     McCALEB'S     ACCOUNT     OF 
ASSOCIATION   ACTIVITIES 

MR.  McCALEB  in  his  address  stated 
that  the  Association  was  interested  in 
forestry,  from  the  individual  who 
planted  a  few  trees,  to  the  larger  ownerships 
of  the  State  and  Nation.  He  referred  to  the 
proper  place  and  function  of  the  local,  state 
and  national  organizations,  how  each  had  its 
own  field  and  worked  in  it,  and  why  they  should 
be  supported  because  of  the  specific  work  they 
carried  on. 

He  paid  tribute  to  the  Presidents  who  had 
led  the  Pennsylvania  Forestry  Association  to 
the  accomplishment  of  much  practical  work, 
and  mentioned  them : 

Dr.  Joseph  T.  Rothrock,  1886-7 
Burnet  Landreth,  1887-1890 
Rev.  J.  P.  Lundy,  1890-2 
John  Birkinbine,  1892-1915 
Dr.  Joseph  T.  Rothrock,  1915-16 
Dr.  Henry  S.  Drinker,  1916-1930 
Sanuiel  L.  Smedley,  1930  to  date. 

He  also  spoke  of  the  large  amount  of  useful 
work  which  stands  to  the  credit  of  the  Asso- 
ciation and  mentioned  the  following: 

Since  June,  1886,  the  Association  has  pub- 
lished Forest  Leaves,  and  we  have  been  told 
that  it  is  the  oldest  forestry  magazine  which 
Has  been  in  continuous  publication  in  this 
country. 

In  addition  to  fostering  favorable  legislation 
for  public  forests  and  to  encourage  private 
forests,  the  Association  has  been  watchful  of 
inimical  legislation.  The  work  along  these 
jines  has  been  accomplished  without  entering 
into  political  activities  or  partv  affiliations. 

Early  in  1933  this  Asociation  presented  a 
'^111,  permitting  counties  to  utilize  tax-delin- 
quent lands  for  County  Forests,  and  this  bill 
^vas  passed  by  the  Legislature  and  signed  bv 
the  Governor. 

The  bin  authorizing  tax  delinquent  lands  for 
bounty  Forests  was  initiated  to  cope  with  the 
t^v()  situations  of  excess  idle  land,  and  with  a 
"nlhon  acres  in  this  State,  which,  having  long 


been  tax  delinquent  remained  in  a  "No  Man's 
ivand"  and  produced  no  benefit  or  revenue  to 
the  county  or  State. 

Previously  it  had  opposed  a  reduction  in  the 
hre-fightmg  allotment  below  the  safe  limits,  so 
as  to  protect  the  investment  in  a  growing  asset 
already  made. 

It  has  called  attention  to  the  great  areas  of 
abandoned  land,  and  how  they  may  be  brought 
mto  the  production  of  income  by  proper  for- 
estry methods. 

Each  year,  at  its  Annual  Meeting,  it  has 
brought  the  public  attention  to  the  cause  of 
forestry ;  and  by  holding  an  Annual  Summer 
Meetmg,  at  different  parts  of  the  State,  it  has 
spread  the  knowledge  of  the  need  and  has 
stnnulated  the  local  interest  in  forestry. 

It  has  established  and  maintained  close  and 
co-operative  relations  with  other  organizations 
active  in  the  same  field  of  endeavor. 

Through  its  office  it  maintains  correspond- 
ence with  members  and  departments  and  organ- 
izations active  in  forestry  and  distributes  in- 
formation and  literature;  while  its  library  fa- 
cilities are  available  to  those  interested. 

During  the  year  1932  this  Association  was 
active  in  co-operation  for  the  George  Wash- 
ington Memorial  Tree  Plantings,  and  in  the 
search  for  trees  which  were  growing  here  when 
William  Penn  arrived,  and  we  are  seeking  to 
further  the  National  Nut  Tree  Planting  pro- 
ject. ^  * 

That  the  organization  can  be  proud  of  its 
record  is  attested  by  the  voluntary  praises 
given  it  by  others  who  know  it  only  by  its 
accomplishments. 


AMERICA,    DO    YOU    WANT    YOUR 

ELMS? 


By  Lee  A.  Strong,  Chief  Bureau  of  Ento- 
.     mology  and  Plant  Quarantine,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture 


IF  America  wants  her  elms  apparently  she 
will  have  to  exterminate  the  Dutch  elm 
disease  which  has  invaded  an  area  of  some 
3,000  square  miles  in  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
and  Connecticut.  The  greatest  concentration 
of  the  disease,  so  far  as  we  know,  is  still  con- 
fined to  an  area  of  about  1,700  square  miles. 
Up  to  July  31,  approximately  6,500  trees  were 


40 


FOREST    LKA VES 


known  to  be  infected.  Of  these  about  4,000 
are  still  standing  and  2,500  have  been  removed 
by  Federal,  State,  municipal,  and  private 
means. 

Elm  trees  estimated  to  be  from  75  to  150 
years  old  which  two  weeks  ago  showed  no 
external  signs  of  the  disease  today  stand  dead. 
Nothing  can  now  be  done  except  to  remove  and 
burn  them.  Highly  prized  elms  on  which  the 
owners  have  spent  hundreds  of  dollars  for  sur- 
gical work  in  an  effort  to  save  them  from  de- 
cay and  other  troubles  are  killed  almost  over 
night  by  the  Dutch  elm  disease. 

The  disease  was  first  found  in  this  country 
in  1930.  It  has  been  known  in  Europe  for 
approximately  16  years,  during  which  time  it 
has  proved  very  destructive. 

A  diseased  tree  cannot  be  treated;  it  must 
be  removed  and  burned.  It  is  believed  that  a 
small  beetle  which  infests  the  trees  carries  the 
disease  to  uninfected  trees.  If  diseased  and 
beetle-infested  trees  are  not  removed  and  im- 
mediately burned,  the  beetles  leave  the  infected 
trees  and  move  to  uninfected  trees.  Thus  the 
disease  is  rapidly  and  widely  spread. 

The  indications  are  that  unless  a  vigorous, 
consistent  program  is  carried  out  to  remove 
and  burn  every  infected  tree,  the  elms  of 
America  may  follow  the  American  chestnut  to 
almost  complete  destruction  by  disease.  All 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
can  do  with  the  limited  funds  at  its  disposal 
is  to  conduct  scouting  oi)erations  to  find  the 
diseased  trees  and  co-ordinate  the  eradication 
activities,  although  some  money  is  being  s])ent 
to  take  out  trees  which  are  obviously  most  dan- 
gerous to  areas  not  yet  infected  and  which 
otherwise  would  not  be  removed  in  time.  If 
individuals,  cities,  counties,  and  States  will  at 
once  undertake  and  aggressively  carry  out  the 
right  kind  of  a  program  of  eradication,  there 
is  a  fair  chance  to  eradicate  the  disease.  Fail- 
ure to  do  this  probably  means  dedicating  the 
elms  of  America  to  disease  and  death.  The 
question  is — Do  you  think  enough  of  your 
elms  to  save  them? 

Our  Association  is  taking  an  active  interest 
by  urging  that  sufficient  funds  be  appropriated 
to  combat  the  spread  of  this  disease. 
^  Our  members  are  urged  to  write  to  their 
Congressmen  and  Senators  and  impress  them 
with  the  seriousness  of  the  situation. 


"During  the  fiscal  year  the  thirty-eight  States 
and  Territories  co-operating  with  the  National 
Forest  Service,  spent  $6,607,158  for  forest 
protection.  I'ennsylvania,  despite  it  being  one 
of  the  more  important  forest  States,  spent 
only  one  fifty-third  of  this  sum. 

"Fires  which  destroy  76,000  acres  of  wood- 
lands during  a  year  are  a  serious  matter  to  any 
State  intent  on  saving  its  forests  for  timber, 
watersheds  or  park  purposes.  But  during  1930 
forest  fires  in  this  State  destroyed  300,000 
acres  of  woodlands.  In  1928,  a  normal  year 
contrasted  with  the  drought  of  1930,  the  fires 
swept  110,000  acres.  So  this  year's  record  is 
good  beyond  expectations." 

— Public  Ledger. 

In  his  book,  "The  Important  Timber  Trees 
of  the  United  States,"  published  in  1912,  Mr. 
S.  B.  Elliott  says,  in  the  introductory: 

"It  is  being  further  comprehended  that,  like 
other  products  of  the  soil,  the  forests  which  we 
possess  can,  with  proper  management,  be  main- 
tamed  m  useful  i)erpetuity,  and  in  many  cases 
their  productive  ca])acity  be  increased,  and  that 
while  we  are  consuming  their  annual  accretion 
we  need  not  necessarily  exhaust  them;  and, 
what  IS  equally  important,  it  is  likewise  realized 
that  forests  can  be  grown  in  practically  all  sec- 
tions of  our  country  where,  in  our  early  his- 
tory, they  once  grew  but  have  since  been  de- 
stroyed, and  also  even  where  there  is  no  proof 
that  any  have  ever  existed." 

"The  growing  shortage  of  our  sui)ph  of  for- 
est products,  the  rapidly  increasing  demand  for 
such  products,  our  cut-over,  burned-over,  and 
fast-becoming-barren  lands,  the  disturbed  flow 
of  our  springs  and  streams,  and  the  erosion 
of  the  soil  that  is  going  on  in  conse(|uence  of 
the  desruction  of  the  forests,  are  conditions, 
patent  to  all;  and  these  ctmditions,  though  vo- 
cally silent,  convey  to  us,  in  a  language  that  we 
cannot  fail  to  understand,  the  importance  of 
action  on  our  part.  They  all  point  to  the  same 
conclusion, — that  the  forests  should  be  restored 
at  the  earliest  possible  moment. 
•  "The  duty  of  the  hour  can  be  summed  up 
111  (jne  sentence:  a  supply  of  forest  ])roducts 
must  be  maintained  by  properly  caring  for  what 
forests  are  left  us  and  by  planting  others  where 
necessary  to  meet  the  demand.  If  we  do  not 
do  this  the  end  of  our  nation's  prosperity  will 
soon  be  reached.  Every  day's  delay  adds  to  the 
difficulties  to  be  encountered."