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FOREST LEAVES

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THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

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JANUARY- FEBRUARY ^

CONTENTS

c^Si*

Justus C. Strawbridge Gate, Haverford College

- Cover

The Trees of Haverford College Campus 1

Howard Knickerbocker Henry

Annual Meeting Announcement 3

^Editorial — The Farm Woodlot - - " 4

Forests in War and Peace 5

A. F. Hough

John R. Williams — Obituary - - - 5

Is Cook Forest Doomed? 7

War and the Land Owner

H. Gleason Mattoon

There's Sugar in the Yough

Letters to the Editor

Nut Growers' Association

Harry G. Eby — Obituary

William Mollenhauer, Jr.

THE FENiNSYLVAMA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

Labors lo disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of ftirest culture
and preservation, and lo secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National.

Annual Membership Fee, Three Dollars

One Dollar of which is for subscription lo Forest Leiaves

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended lo be liniiled to the
State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names lo the
Chairman of the Membership CommiUee, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President — Wilbur K. Thomas
Honorary President— Samvel L. Smedley Honorary Vice-President— Roberi S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents
Victor Beede Wm. S. B. McCaleb Dr. E. E. Wildman

Francis R. Cope, Jr. J. Curtis Platt George H. Wirt

R. D. Forbes Edward C. M. Richards Edward Woolman

Dr. J. R. Schramm
Secretary— H. Gleason Mattoon Treasurer— R. A. Wright, C. P. A.

FOREST LEAVES

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth, Pennsylvania, under the Act of March 3, 1879

Volume XXXII — No. 1 Narberth, Pa., January-February, 1942

Whole Number 308

The Trees of Haverford College Campus

by Howard Knickerbocker Henry,
Assistant Professor of Botany, Haverford College

HTHE HAVERFORD College Bulletin
^ states that, '^The College has a pleas-
ant and beautiful location in the township
of Haverford, Delaware County, Pennsyl-
vania, nine miles west of the center of
Philadelphia." The first Managers in de-
scribing the selection of the site write: ^'We
wish to procure a farm in a neighborhood of
unquestionable salubrity . . . Recommended
by the beauty of the scenery and a retired
situation." The same Bulletin also states
that the present property consists of two
hundred sixteen acres — the map accom-
panying the bulletin gives two hundred
twenty-six as the acreage — described as
follows: ''While a portion is retained as
farm and woodland, a lawn of sixty acres
was long ago graded and tastefully planted
with trees and shrubs by a landscape gard-
ener, so that the natural beauty of the loca-
tion has increased with passing years." The
phrases ''salubrity of the neighborhood, the
beauty of the scenery, and the retired situ-
ation" of the two hundred sixteen acres, to-
gether with the increase of the natural
beauty of the location brought about by
landscaping, paint a picture of horticultural
and sylvan richness false in no detail, but
particularly true in regard to our wealth of
trees, wealth both in number of kinds and
perfection and interest of individuals.

The woodland "retained" consists of four
plots, one small, north of the skating pond;
another slightly larger between Lloyd Hall
pd College Avenue; a small grove of
ocusts and mixed growth by the power
"ouse, and the largest one of the four along

the south and east boundaries of the Col-
lege grounds, which is traversed by the
Nature Walk. Strangely enough, although
blessed with these four acres of natural
woodland, few trees of authentic age equal
to that of the College are present. Two
large tulip trees, one on either side of the
Nature Walk as it leaves the southern bor-
der of the last mentioned woodlot, are the
only trees of the original purchase to sur-
vive the first hundred years of college life.
The others have gone to feed the flames of
the College fireplaces. Despite this lack of
living specimens with an authentic age
equal to or greater than the College, several
records of an older forest are still avail-
able. These are contained in the stumps of
American Chestnuts, dead since 1916, when
they were killed by a Chestnut Blight, in-
troduced from the Orient. A few of the
stumps bear evidence in their rings of at
least a hundred years of life and how much
more cannot be determined, as the central
rings have completely decayed.

The only other tree of an age equal to
that of the tulip trees and the long dead
American Chestnuts is the Osage-orange,
sprawling fantastically on the ground near
the south entrance to the Mary Newlin
Smith Memorial Garden. This tree, cer-
tainly not a part of the original forest, as
Osage-orange is not native, but an intro-
duction from the Mississippi Valley, is sup-
posed to have been planted before the orig-
inal purchase. It is, nevertheless, one of
the oldest Osage-oranges to be found, and
tradition has it that the children of all the

generations of the Haverford College facul-
ty have played in its sprawling branches.
The children may have played in it, but a
count of its rings shows considerably less
than one hundred years of growth. How-
ever, the difficulty of counting the partly
decayed and much contorted rings of the
oldest part of the trunk is too great to per-
mit an accurate determination of its age and
it may well be as old as is claimed. At least
it is one of the oldest and certainly one of
the most picturesque trees of the campus.

A comparative youngster to the ancient
Osage-orange is a scion, once removed, of
the Penn Treaty Elm. This, one of the
best-known trees of the campus, displays
the typical urn-like form of the elms direct-
ly between Founders and Sharpless Halls.
The tree is actually a living part of the an-
cient elm under which William Penn met
the Indian chiefs in 1682. Botanists regard
propagation by scions as a distinctively
vegetative process, as contrasted with sex-

English Elms on Right ; American Elm on Lejt

Two

ual reproduction by seed, and plants so nrn.
duced are to be considered a continuation
of the original, separated in space and
time. The original tree was of majestic
proportions, having a girth at the base of
twenty-four feet, and a branch spread ot
one hundred fifty feet, and many an Indian
council was said to have been held beneath
its wide, spreading branches. The old elm
finally came into the possession of General
Paul Oliver, who transplanted a shoot from
the dying tree to his home in Bay Ridge
New York. There it grew for about fifty
years. Then General Oliver moved to
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and so great
was his sentimental attachment for that
tree that he had it transplanted to his new
home. The tree survived the dangers of
moving and may still be seen near the town
chapel at Wilkes-Barre. A scion from the
General Oliver tree was presented to Haver-
ford College by Joshua Baily, at one time
head of the J. L. Baily Cloth Manufactur-
ing Company. This tree, our elm, has now
a circumference of over ten feet, a height
of ninety feet, and a branch spread of one
hundred twenty feet, not yet as large as the
original tree, but with an excellent chance
of reaching and even surpassing it within
the next one hundred and fifty years.

Other, but smaller, trees developed from
scions taken from the General Oliver tree
may be found in the vicinity of Haverford
College. The best known of these include
one on the campus of the University
of Pennsylvania, planted by Governor
Hastings, one on the grounds of the Penn-
sylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, another
in the yard of the Friends' Meeting House
on 12th Street in Philadelphia, and still an-
other on the campus of Westtown School.

About two hundred fifty feet southeast of
Roberts Hall a group of seven young elms
may be seen. These are rooted from scions
taken from our elm by Mr. C. C. Wistar,
an alumnus of the College, and presented to
the College by him in 1916. In giving seven
trees for planting, the old English custom of
planting seven trees of the same species in a
group was followed. This same custom, al-

(Continucd on Pape IS)

MARCH 17, 1942

FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETDiG

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association

benjamin franklin room
Houston Hall

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Spruce Street between 34th and 36th Streets

Philadelphia, Penna.

1 1

).■:!'

Charge $1.00

Lunch 12:30 P.M.

••••••••••

PROGRAM

"DOES THE GYPSY MOTH THREATEN THE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA?
By The Hon. John H. Light, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg

Business Meeting —

Election of Officers, Directors and Council Members
Other Business

I? I

'PRIVATE FORESTS AS THE SOURCE OF TIMBER FOR WAR USES"
By Mr. E. B. Moore, Assistant Forester, New Jersey

"TIMBER CUTTING ON THE STATE FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA"

By Mr. W. E. Montgomery, Chief, Bureau of Management, Department of Forests
and Waters, Harrisburg, Penna,

»8CUS8lOn

Forest Leaves I January - February, 1942

Three

FOREST LEAVES

Published Bi-Monthly at Narberth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Glkason Mattoon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russell

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher e. F. Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

The publication of an article in Forest Leaves does not
necessarily imply that the views expressed therein are those
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Editorial and ad-
vertising office, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia. Please notify us of any change in address.

JANUARY - FEBRUARY, 1942

THE FARM WOODLOT

jD UMORS are heard that farm woodlot
-*-^ owners, taking advantage of higher
prices caused by war demands, are selling
their timber on a lump sum basis. These
rumors are likely true. The woodlot owner
can scarcely be blamed. For years prices
have been low, and during these same years
he has been urged to consider the trees in
the woodlot as a crop. He has been told to
give them attention, to weed out undesir-
able trees and preserve the straight ones.
He has kept fire and cattle out. He has
spent days during the winter selecting the
poorer trees for fire wood. All of this he
has done in the expectation that he could
cash in on his effort and care.

He is now offered $500, say, for the
standing timber. This is twice as much as
the best offer ever received before. The saw-
mill man tells him that the government
needs timber, that wood will help win the
war. The farm woodlot owner, by radio and
Department of Agriculture releases, has
been impressed with the multitude of mate-
rials that go into a war machine. He has
read newspaper accounts of the billions of
board feet of lumber that will be needed.

Can he be blamed for accepting the offer?
If he knew how many board feet he had or
could turn to the newspaper and find out

Four

how much oak or tulip poplar is bringingnn
the stump, or could even call someone wh
could give him accurate information h
• 7"!^,!^^f some basis to judge the v'alue
of his timber. Without this information h
IS m the dark. Only two things stand out
m his mind — it is the best offer he has had
in years, perhaps, he won^t get another- and
the government needs it. Can he h
blamed? ^

As a matter of fact, farm woodlot timber
should play an important part in this war
Much of it is reasonably near centers of
demand. Its use will thereby relieve our
transportation system. From Canada word
is received that farm woodlots are making
important contributions to the war effort,
about one-third of all wood cut coming
from them.

If there is criticism, let it be directed
more particularly to the forestry agencies,
state and federal. So long as private for-
estry exists, the profit motive will govern
both management and cutting. Perhaps,
those foresters who have advised the farm
woodlot owner have paid too little attention
to the woodlot balance sheet.

A farmer produces certain crops because
he believes that he may thereby make a
living. He sells his grain when he believes
the price is high. He markets his beef or
hogs to the best advantage. If he permits
one-third or one-quarter of his farm to re-
main in woodland, it is because he has use
for wood and expects to sell the surplus at
an advantageous price. This is a natural
impulse and so long as he does not permit
the basic growing stock to be destroyed he
can not be criticized.

The numerous forestry agencies are now
cooperating to assemble marketing informa-
tion. It is hoped that before too long this
survey will cover the entire State. Such
information will be of value if it is kept up
to date and can be made available to those
who need it. But, in addition, foresters
must be able to show the woodlot owner
that there is more profit in a 16-inch tree
than in one of 10 inches. Until that can
be graphically shown, there will always be
overcutting. H.G.M.

Forest Leaves

Forests in War and Peace

by A. F. Hough

DURING the World War period of 191 7-
1918, our forests and those of much of
the rest of the world suffered a heavy drain
to supply the fighting services and also to
speed the wheels of war-time industry. To-
day we are again the so-called '^arsenal of
democracy'' and are in need of even greater
supplies of raw material for defense pro-
duction with actual hostilities now in prog-
ress.

With the cessation of hostilities on No-
vember 11, 1918, armed conflict on a titanic
scale seemed a very remote future possibil-
ity, and the Nation resumed business as
usual with little thought for any future
world crisis. In the inflationary post-war
era, we continued to exploit our forests
without regard to future needs, until mar-
kets were greatly reduced by the depression
with its widespread unemployment and in-
dustrial stagnation. Out of this latter
period has come a great public appreciation
ot the value of forests as reservoirs of useful
employment on conservation projects which
do not compete with private industry. The
indirect and social benefits of forests are
also well known though means of securing
these benefits are still lacking in many de-
pleted forest regions.

Just 20 years ago the Federal Congress
was considering two proposed bills designed
to secure continuous forest production on
privately-owned timber land. One, known
as the Snell bill, provided for regulation, if
^^y. by the States and was based on a co-
operative plan similar to the agricultural
policy in force between the States and the
Federal Government for sixty years. The
practice of forestry in the 48 states was to
oe encouraged by grants of government fi-
nancial assistance providing the State's
standards of practice came up to require-
nients of the Federal Government. The
'-apper bill of 192 1 , on the other hand, pro-
vided for direct Federal forest regulation to
become effective in 1923 and to be uniform-

Jan

UARY . February, 1942

ly applied in all States at the same time.
The cutting practice regulations were to be
drawn up in each State by a local board
familiar with local conditions. Pinchot op-
posed this bill for regulation by the individ-
ual States on the grounds that lumbermen
would be able to control the legislatures of
certain States and thus prevent effective ac-
tion. He favored the Capper Bill with Fed-
eral control of private cutting.

The choice between State and Federal
regulation, presented by these two bills in-
troduced in Congress in 192 1 , is still with us
in 1941. There is, however, a much clearer
recognition on the part of the public, and
even of industry, that some form of govern-
mental control of private forest practice is
necessary for the general welfare in both
peace and war. The myth of a complete
timber shortage has been largely exploded,
but the same stubborn facts remain today
as in 1921; (1) private ownership includes
about 75 percent of the acreage of forest
lands in the United States ; ( 2 ) the practice
of "cut out get out^continues on such lands,
both in the remaining virgin timberlands of
the west and locally in second growth in the
east; (3) forest products, which could be
produced locally, are imported at high costs
for transportation by the eastern industrial
states; (4) the quality of products pro-
duced on heavily cut lands is low; (5) all
too often such forest lands cannot support
necessary local or State governmental ser-
vices or supply employment to labor or suf-
ficient materials for industry to make them
worth holding in private ownership; hence
the problems of tax delinquency and the
public purchase programs; (6) the practice
of sustained yield forestry and maintenance
of adequate growing stock to meet the
normal drain of industry and emergency
needs for national defense has, with few
exceptions, not been accomplished on the
bulk of private forest lands despite the edu-
cational and cooperative efforts of Federal

Five

and State agencies over at least three
decades.

The present is a critical time during
which more and more of the products of
farm, range, and forest, are needed for de-
fense of our way of life. For forests to ab-
sorb the shock of war-time cutting, we
should have available an adequate supply
of growing stock of sawtimber size near the
large industrial centers of the eastern sea-
board and Great Lakes regions. Our de-
pendence on West Coast lumber may be a
serious handicap to actual production of
war supplies in factories thousands of miles
away, due to possible disruptions in trans-
portation via the Panama Canal and bottle-
necks in rail transport due to troop move-
ments to the Pacific war theater.

The war in Europe has already made
heavy drains on the forests of the British
Empire, as well as in Russia, Scandanavia,
and the conquered countries of Axis domi-
nated Europe. Post-war demands for forest
products are also likely to be huge, with the
reconstruction of countless homes destroyed
by the world-wide struggle. The job of
shifting millions of workers and soldiers
from a military to a peacetime economy will
present a tremendous task in which public
works on conservation projects will play an
important part.

The vital part played by forest products
in both war and peace, make it necessary to
adopt a nationwide forest policy, including
the regulation of cutting on the bulk of our
forest lands now in private ownership. This
is as necessary and vital today as it was
twenty years ago, in order to safeguard the
present and future economic and social prog-
ress of this country. Application of simple
standards of forest practice will safeguard
both the individual owner and the nation
and give us the economy of plenty required
by a rising standard of living. If we are to
win the peace as well as the war, our re-
sources must be equal to the task of aiding
all free peoples of the earth to share in a
worldwide prosperity, based on the wise
and fair use of human and natural re-
sources.

Six

JOHN R. WILLIAMS

John Richard Sylvanus Williams died at
the Pottsville General Hospital on Decem-
ber 24, 1941. Funeral services were held
at his home in Orwigsburg on December 27.

Born in Wales, his early life was spent
near Wilkes-Barre. He was a graduate of
the Spring Garden Institute of Art in Phila-
delphia and received his B.S. in Forestry in
the class of 1909, from the Pennsylvania
State Forest School.

His first assignment in the Pennsylvania
Forest Service was as District Forester at
Ligonier. From there he was transferred
to the Michaux Forest District. When the
Caledonia and Pine Grove Furnace State
Forests were merged to form the Michaux
State Forest in 1920, he was appointed Dis-
trict Forester, with headquarters at Cale-
donia, in Franklin County.

In 1939 he was appointed Director of the
Bureau of Parks in the Department of For-
ests and Waters, which position he credit-
ably occupied until his resignation on Octo-
ber S, 1941, on account of illness.

Familiarly known as "Jack," he had a
host of friends throughout the State. His
genial personality was among his many vir-
tues. He will be remembered for his fine
personal qualities as well as for his profes-
sional achievements. He had a sparkling
sense of humor that made him a delightful
companion.

As a great reader and a keen observer,
he was well informed on many subjects
other than his profession. He was frank
and honest in his associations with his col-
leagues and with the world in general.

''Jack" Williams was an efficient and
highly respected public servant and his loss
will not only be felt by his friends, but by
the Commonwealth to which he gave so
freely of his abundant talents during more
than three decades. It was a privilege to
have been associated with him in the forest
profession in Pennsylvania.

He is survived by his two daughters,
Mrs. Jane Seigfried, Orwigsburg, Pennsyl-
vania, and Mrs. Katherine Mitchell, Wash-
ington, D. C,

Forest Leaves

Is Cook Forest Doomed?

EARLY in the fall, word was received that
the United States Army engineers had
made two proposals, each of which called for
damming the Clarion River for power and
flood control purposes. The recommenda-
tion, which is being considered by the
Bureau of the Budget, calls for a dam at
Mill Creek which, when full, would raise the
water to the 1335 contour line. Since the
River at that point is on the 1 11 S contour,
this would mean a dam 220 feet high.

Study of the results of impounding the
water to that level shows that Cook Forest
would be seriously damaged. The village of
Cooksburg would be under water as would
most of the cabins, the picnic area, archery
range, and parking area. But the most
serious threat is to the primeval pines.
While most of these are above the 1335
feet level, the change in water table would
very likely destroy all trees below the 1350
elevation. The Cook Forest area would be
cut in two parts by a lake extending three
miles up what is now Toms Run.

To the writer there seems little justifica-
tion for a project which would destroy a for-
est park which is known and used by more
persons than any other one park in the East.
As many as 40,000 persons have used the
facilities of this area in one weekend and
crowds of 25,000 are common.

That this tract of virgin white pine and
hemlock has been preserved was due to the
untiring efforts of a group of public-spirited
citizens of Pittsburgh and vicinity, headed
by Thomas Liggett, John M. Phillips and
Arthur E. Braun. They raised $225,000.00
by private subscription which, added to the
$450,000.00 appropriated by the Common-
wealth in 1927, made the purchase possible.

This threat to Cook Forest is still in
|he Bureau of the Budget in Washington.
Whether it will be approved can not be as-
certained. Should it receive favorable ac-
tion, it will likely be included as a $30,000,-
W item in an omnibus flood control bill,
Y^ch is now in preparation in the House
01 Representatives.

January - February, 1942

It seems scarcely possible that Con-
gress would approve the spending of $30,-
000,000 at this time on such a dubious proj-
ect. It seems doubtful also that the Clarion
River water adds so greatly to the flood
condition at Pittsburgh to warrant such ex-
penditure. Moreover, it obviously is not
necessary to destroy much of the value of
Cook Forest Park in order to control the
flood waters of the Clarion River. If power
is the primary object, there is less justifica-
tion for construction of the dam.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
has been keeping in touch with the situation.
A committee has been appointed to oppose
approval of the project. The committee is
composed of John M. Phillips, Chairman;
A. E. Braun of Pittsburgh; C. F. Chubb of
Coraopolis; Bayard Henry of Sewickley;
John J. Kane, Chairman of the Board of
Commissioners of Allegheny County, and
Norwood Johnston of Pittsburgh.

Rhododendron Trail in Cook Forest

'■

:< i 1

Seven

i\'

War and the Land Owner

by H. Gleason Mattoon

TN THE mind of the public, production
^ means the making of death-dealing de-
vices. Equally important, however, is the
production of food for the armies that fight
for us and the workers who produce the
equipment with which to fight.

The pendulum has swung in a few short
years from restricted acreage and destruc-
tion of surplus to maximum production.
With the urge for greater yield will come
the temptation to plow again fields that
should never have been worked — fields
from which wind and rain have carried
away a good part of the top soil. Notwith-
standing its so-called benefits, the plow has
likely been the most destructive factor in
American agriculture. To plow agriculture
may be laid the ruination of untold mil-
lions of acres of once fertile land.

''Forest — field — plow — desert — that
is the cycle of the years under most plow
agriculture'' is the way it is expressed by
Dr. J. Russell Smith, Professor of Economic
Geography of Columbia University. In
spite of the efforts of the Soil Conservation
Service for contour plowing and strip plant-
ing, the wastage of top soil will continue so
long as the plow share is permitted in soil
susceptible to easy movement by wind or
rain.

"We Americans, though new upon our
land, are destroying soil by field wash faster
than any other people that ever lived. We
have the machines to help us destroy as
well as create.

'We, also, have other factors of destruc-
tion new to the white race and very potent.
We have tilled crops. The European grains,
wheat, barley, rye and oats, cover all the
ground and hold the soil with their roots.
Plowing corn .... is the most efficient way
for destroying the farm that is not made of
level land.''* Greedy and wasteful farming
will continue to dissipate fertility until
farming methods are changed and such

* Quotation from "Tree Crops" by J. Russell Smith.
Eight

changes can be made if the belief in the
necessity for plowing to produce stock food
crops can be overcome.

Two-story farming is the answer for
many acres. In this country there exist
strains of tree species that will produce
stock food in quantity and quality equal to
or better than that produced by corn or
other annual crops. Visualize a hillside pas
ture that not only supports an excellen
stand of grass, but yields two tons of addi
tional food per acre with the following an
alysis: 13.4% protein; Z2% fat; 30% car
bohydrates.

This is no idle dream. Such a yield can
be produced by planting on each acre 30
trees of improved strains of the honey lo-
cust. In addition, picture the saving in
labor, an important consideration in war-
time. The trees, once planted, continue to
yield crops year after year with no cultiva-
tion and no harvesting. Moreover, the
trees have a beneficial effect upon the grass.
Recent experiments in Tennessee have dem-
onstrated that a better stand of grass is pro-
duced under the light shade of a honey lo-
cust than in full sun.

The pods, produced in profusion by these
special strains, contain as much as 38^r
sugar. It has been demonstrated that beef
cattle and hogs prefer the locust pods to
several of the usual foods. The pods fall
from September to December and the stock
devour them as they drop.

The sugar is found in gelatinous tissue
surrounding the seed, while much of the
protein is in the bean itself, which is hard
and indigestible, passing out in faecal mat-
ter unless ground. For dairy cattle, the
pods are gathered with a hay rake and
mashed in a hammer mill with soy beans or
other food to prevent gumming.

The honey locust is not the only dual
purpose tree which may be used to reduce
labor costs and protect soil. The mulberry
would be more widely planted if it were an
exotic. The fruit is eagerly sought by poul-

try and hogs. Varieties can be had which
drop their fruit from early June to Septem-
ber Persimmons, likewise, are relished by
hogs Certain strains of oaks have been de-
veloped for acorn yield — a nut superior
for fattening hogs.

So long as the war lasts and longer, the
demand for pork, beef, and poultry will re-
main high. The owner of farm land has an
obligation to produce as much as possible
with a minimum of labor. If labor is not
available, the acreage of tilled crops will
necessarily have to be reduced. How long
the world conflict will last is beyond the
knowledge of anyone, but if we average the
guesses of those strategists who dare to
prophesy, trees of the species mentioned
above, if planted this year, will be bearing
stock food long before it is over.

Not only should the farm owner strive in
every way possible to produce more at this
time with less labor, but he should endeavor
to make his farm as self-sufficient as pos-
sible. He will, of course, raise ample vege-
tables and fruit for year-round consumption
by his family. To add variety and give bet-
ter balance to the home-produced meals,
nuts should be grown. Some nut kernels
are high in protein in contrast to fruits and
vegetables, while others provide carbohy-
drates. They are also a source of Vitamins
A,Bi,and G.

Among the nuts, the improved black wal-
nuts and Oriental chestnuts are not only
wholesome and valuable additions to the
diet, but an excess grown on the farm will
be a cash crop. The demand for them is
much greater than the supply. Walnuts re-
quire a deep, rich soil that contains calcium.
Each of the several varieties has its merit.
Possibly, the best for Pennsylvania and
vicinity are Ohio, Thomas, Ten Eyck, and
Stabler. The last named is one of the eas-

•

lest to crack, the meats frequently coming
out in halves, but it starts bearing later than
the others. The Ohio sometimes has a
few nuts when three years old.

The nuts of some of the Chinese chest-
nut trees will bring nostalgic recollections
of childhood and autumn treks to the woods
^0 fill sugar bags with nuts from the frost-

( Continued on Page 11)

Forest Leaves I January - February, 1942

There's Sugar in the Yough*

by Wm. Mollenhauer, Jr.,

Forester, Allegheny Forest Experiment

Station"^"^

THE SUGAR maple groves of the Yough-
iogheny Valley in western Pennsylvania
are famous for hundreds of miles around
In the fall of the year, people come from
afar to derive that comfort to body and
spirit which comes from peaceful contem-
plation of the glories of Nature. Within
this watershed, the sugar maple takes on a
coloring which rivals for variation and bril-
liance that of its usually more gorgeous
cousin, the red maple.

Not satisfied with favoring the Yough-
iogheny Valley with some combination of
soil and climate which produces this excep-
tional beauty, Providence in Its wisdom
added to this a farm product which experts
class as the finest flavored maple syrup to
be found anywhere in the world. This pro-
duct is harvested annually with a reasonable
cost for labor and equipment and has a
ready cash market at a price which rates it
as one of the most desirable farm crops.

Then to add virtue to virtue, these same
sugar bush groves, when properly cared for,
serve to clothe what would ordinarily be
barren or poorly productive lands, with a
cover of sturdy tree crowns and under-
growth which protects the soil from washing
and erosion while retaining a good share of
the rain and snow which falls upon it, thus
aiding in flood control and promoting at all
seasons an even and adequate flow which
will keep our streams clear and in fit condi-
tion for fishing, recreation, and water sup-
plies.

It is regrettable that in some instances
these groves have been allowed to decline
because of failure to provide replacement of
the old trees by young growth. This is in-
deed a loss, since there are few crops which
offer so much for the owners' efforts and to
the public. The grower derives a cash in-

* Pronounced Yock. ^ .

** Maintained in cooperation with the University of Penn-
sylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Nine

111

> H

I I
I i

I !

come and the community an esthetic bene-
fit. These gains, in turn, increase national
prosperity, which is further enhanced
through the flood and erosion control which
is a natural by-product of these groves.

And, in conclusion, we may take pride in
the fact that the sugar maple is as native
as our turkey and antedates the Pilgrims by
many a century. The Indians were probab-
ly the first people to enjoy the pleasure of
these forest sweets — maple syrup and
sugar. Truly, in every sense, the sugar
maple is American through and through.
Sturdily it builds its own life, but in so
doing it serves to protect and enrich the
lives of others. Like our citizenry, all it
asks is a fair chance to stand on its own
merits and take care of itself.

To the Editor

Dear Sir:

Have just perused your November-
December number and was delighted with
it; the fine quality of paper used, clear-cut
illustrations, careful editing, but above all,
the high quality and tolerant tone of those
intensely interesting, thoughtful articles on
regulation — pro and con.

But it seems to me that Mr. Ehrhart
(page 15, half-way down) is hardly fair to
the Forest Service in his attempted indict-
ment of their regulation results so far, on
the National Forests. Firstly, it is notor-
ious that forest reservation lands are the
poorest and least productive of all — just
the whey as it were. (True on both sides
of "the line.") Secondly, this regulation-
produced Government timber naturally
tends to have a more and more considerable
labor value in it, and so naturally cannot
compete in the open market (where the in-
exorable "law of the margin" governs)
with the God-grown timber from private
holdings — a natural resource, not a labor
product.

In considering the profoundly important
rnatter of forest management on this con-
tinent, the first need is surely to jettison the
narrow and old-fashioned viewpoint of the
"cellulose forester," and frankly and fully
realize that, after all, the value of any green

Ten

forest as a wood- factory is only a minor far
tor in the total score of its multitudinous
uses, services, functions, blessings and bene
fits to the genus homo sapiens, during his
earthly pilgrimage. It has been my happy
privilege to know a number of the master
foresters of this continent — men like Roth
Fernow, Graves, and Pinchot — and the
opinions of a number of them on this basic-
ally-important subject of forest values are
attached hereto.

Were we Anglo-Saxons only blessed with
the saving common sense of the Swedes, this
whole matter of proper forest handling
would be as easily solved here as it has been
there — under their admirable and effective
system, of free and balanced cooperation in
financing and carrying out all forest con-
servation activities. For some reason
Anglo-Saxons seem to be woefully lacking
in forest-consciousness, in a due sense of
the Providential function of Government as
applied to the handling of their renewable
resources in general, and their forest heri
tage in particular. But, perhaps, time and
education may remedy this and enable us
— as Mr. Reynolds so well puts it: "To de-
termine just what should be done and how
the cost should be distributed between the
owner and the public on the basis of benefits
received."

Again, let me congratulate you on this
fine number of your journal, with its beauti-
ful cover.

Yours very truly,
J. R. Dickson,
Economics Division,
Dominion Forest Service,
Ottawa, Canada

To the Editor: .

In reading the topic which is to be con-
sidered at the Annual Meeting of The Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association next month,
I am impressed with the opportunity the
present situation gives us to further the in-
terest of forestry in the State and in the
country. As a forester, I would like, there-
fore, to take this opportunity to write you
upon the subject.

All indications are now that both at home
and abroad the present war situation has m-

FoREST Leaves

creased the prices of forest products to such
an extent that there is increasingly greater
temptation on the part of timberland own-
ers and foresters charged with the admin-
istration of public forests, to cash in on the
present high prices by heavy liquidation of
the stands. I understand that such a policy
is actually underway to a great extent
abroad.

Under these circumstances I feel that
technical foresters owe it to their country
and to the people of the world to come for-
ward at this time and take a strong stand in
favor of a policy which will be based upon
the conservative principles of sustained
yield forest administration. If the world is
embarking upon a program of liquidating
the capital stock, the growing stock as for-
esters know it, for the purposes of trying to
win the war, the foresters, to my mind, are
obligated by their professional training and
their professional ethics, as well, to call a
halt to such an attitude.

Some day the present war will end. When
it does, the actual raw materials and the
growing capacity of the soils of our forests
will be the important thing and not what is
left of the cash which might have been se-
cured during the war by ruthless overcut-
ting. There is every reason to expect dras-
tic inflation and the depreciation of all
monies everywhere in the world, because of
the war and the destruction of so much raw
material by it. If foresters are able to pre-
serve the basic growing stock necessary for
the production of adequate timber supplies
in the future, they will have made the maxi-
mum contribution to the welfare of their
country and the future of mankind. True
patriotism for foresters today, it seems to
me, calls for a courageous and thorough-
going standing up for the principles of
sustained yield forest management, even
though they may go contrary to the general
policy of endeavoring to deplete our re-
sources regardless of the future, in the hope
of winning the war. Winning of the war is
only a partial element in the history of the
nation and of the world. What is much
more significant and important is to lay the

foundation and maintain the fundamental

January - February, 1942

productive capacity of our forests so that in
the future they will be in a position to grow
the necessary products for mankind.

As a technical forester and also as a Vice-
President of The Pennsylvania Forestry
Association, I feel obligated to write this to
you because I believe The Pennsylvania
Forestry Association would do the most
good by holding fast to the fundamental
concepts of the meaning of forest conserva-
tion in this most desperate and difficult

hour for us all.

Edward C. M. Richards,

Vice-President,

War and the Land Owner

(Continued from Page 9)

opened burrs of American chestnut trees.
Our native chestnut, prey of a foreign dis-
ease, still survives in coppice growth, but
will never again populate the woodlands. In
lieu, the Chinese chestnut should be plant-
ed. The tree, shorter of trunk than the na-
tive, is resistant to chestnut blight and pro-
duces nuts of quality and good size.

For home use and to provide variety, a
tree or two of the hican, a cross between the
hickory and the northern pecan, should be
planted. Some of the varieties of the shell
bark and shag bark hickories likewise are

worthwhile.

No attempt is made here to mention all
trees the land owner should consider, nor all
of their uses. The aim rather is to indicate
that in planning for maximum use of land,
tree crops should be considered.

The last fifteen years have seen the ze-
nith and nadir of prosperity in this country
climaxed by the most devastating war of all
time. These years have shown us that pros-
perity and security are not synonymous.
Stock market profits are ephemeral. Those
based upon bonds or industry may vanish
overnight. Fundamental security must live
upon a more solid foundation, its roots an-
chored in productive land. The joy of pos-
sessing a few acres and bringing forth from
them our creature needs, satisfies, likewise,
our spiritual hunger. Self-sufficiency, based
upon wise use of land is the essence of
man's freedom.

Eleven

Pennsylvania Nut

Growers' Association

A Practical Body of Nut Growers Whose

Aim Is to Stimulate Greater Interest

in Nut-Tree Planting

Black Walnut Kernel

Walnut Grove in New

Jersey*

TN AN article describing the City Farmers'
'*' activities for old age security (their pro-
ductive farms in the country), we find the
following of interest to our readers:

^^Another member is devoting his time
and farm to bringing back the black walnut
which is found only in this country. He
is William M. Dougherty, Manager of Sales
and Production Coordinator of the United
States Rubber Co. Mr. Dougherty got into
the walnut raising business in a most nos-
talgic way.

"Anyone who ever gathered black wal-
nuts knows that the time for that falls
around the middle of October. Back in
1933, Mr. Dougherty was spending Colum-
bus Day at his boyhood house in southern
New Jersey. After a mid-dav dinner, he
decided to revisit some of the haunts of his
childhood and bag himself a bag or two of
black walnuts. He visited all the best-
remembered parts of the woodlands, but
could find none of the well-remembered
trees.

"Mr. Dougherty asked his father about
this, and learned that most of the walnut
trees had been cut down during the first
World War, the wood being most valuable
for gun stocks and airplane propellers.

"For the next two years, Mr. Dougherty
scouted New Jersey searching for a site for
his walnut farm. He found one four years
ago a few miles from Princeton. It's a 11 5-
acre farm, and he dubbed it 'Broadacres-on-

♦ From the Rockefeller Magazine.

Twelve

Beadens,' after the brook which runs
through the meadow. He has twenty acres
in grafted walnut trees which produce nuts
whose shells are ; relatively thinner and
whose meats literally drop out in halves and
quarter pieces.

"He will start harvesting a commercial
nut crop in about ten more years, and his
trees will continue to bear until his great-
great-grandchildren decide to harvest the
trees themselves for the lumber mill.

"Mr. Dougherty has also planted some
250 Holly trees, which after ten years can
be clipped, much in the manner that a
privet hedge can be clipped without harm-
ing the plant. This, too, will be a commer-
cial crop for the metropolitan Christmas
trade."

Penna. Nut Growers^ Association
Downingtown, Pa.

Dear Sirs:

About three years ago my father bought
84 acres of dejected land, eroded and sour.
Most of this is hillside, from medium steep
to almost vertical — a little valley in itself.
Last year I was appointed manager and
named it after the Asiatic partridge,
"Chukar Valley."

You see, I Ve a hobby raising game birds,
and it was in this way that I got pretty well
acquainted with Bob Parllaman, a Game
Warden, who suggested planting trees on
what land I couldn't use for anything else.
Thus I heard of the Nut Growers' Associa-
tion and through the Annual Report of For-
est Leaves I'm learning about great
people doing a great work in which (if the
draft don't take me) I hope to take part.

When I first decided to join this Associa-
tion, I hoped to, at some time or other, get
some helpful hints on how to plant a tree,
to keep it growing, producing, etc. Need-
less to say, there is much more to learn than
I thought, but not more than I care to
learn. So I'm enclosing $2.50; $1.50 for
this year's membership, and $1.00 for help-
ing along research. I'm proud that I can
be one of you and will now be anxiously
awaiting my card. Thank you.

John Mihovich

Forest Leaves

Nut Growers Meet at Pennsylvania Farm Show

* v

"THE MEETING opened at 10 A. M.,
1 January 22, with a good representation
of the Association present. A most inter-
esting welcome address was given by Mr.
H. Gleason Mattoon, President, in which he
continued on his platform of more nut
groves, larger production for better market-
ing and higher prices. Mr. Mattoon, being
the manager of a 500-tree grove, has
changed the situation (in the past we
thought it was a good thing) and champions
the platform of more nut groves for better
marketing from the standpoint of one who
is doing it and has had experience in mar-
keting.

An extremely interesting paper was read
by Betty Hershey on the "Progress of the
Carpathian Walnut," written by Mr. Sam-
uel H. Graham of Ithaca, N. Y., who could
not be present. The paper set forth, in a
most fascinating manner, the fine work that
is being done by the Reverend Crath of
Canada in procuring of hardy English wal-
nut for eastern America from the northern
slopes of the Carpathian Mountains in
Poland.

Following this, L. D. Gresh, Ph.D., State
Director of Student Aid, of Harrisburg,
gave a clarifying talk on the value of our
people recognizing that the soil is a source
of all life and that to succeed as a nation,
peoples must be raised on the soil, and to
do this successfully every phase of plant
life must be utilized to procure a profit
from every type of soil or slope on the farm.

Frank C. Edminster, Chief, Biology Di-
vision, SCS, of Upper Darby, Pa., gave us
a descriptive talk on the Soil Conservation
Service's use of tree crops in their work,
which was really an enlargement on the

practical side of the talk that Mr. Gresh
gave.

The last subject discussed in the morning
session was the new factor that confronts
tne walnut industry today, which is that of
pasteurization of nut kernels for marketing
'" interstate commerce. The sanitary re-
quirements laid down by the Food and

Jan

UARY - February, 1942

Drug Administration of the Federal Secur-
ity Agency are so drastic that they have
shut up all the sources of marketing of the
wild walnut in Tennessee, with the excep-
tion of two or three large dealers who could
afford to install a pasteurizing machine.
The requirement of heating the nuts for
seven minutes at 320° F. just about ruins
the kernels. And the cost of pasteurizing
will take from the Tennessee mountaineers
what was in the past a livelihood.

In the discussion of this paper it was
recognized that the move by the Food and
Drug Administration in demanding that
kernels be marketed in a sanitary man-
ner was excellent to forestall any possibility
of spreading an epidemic, for the unsanitary
methods used in marketing of kernels in the
South is almost beyond belief. However,
the Association felt that the pasteurization
requirements were too drastic because they
ruin the kernel and the subject was dis-
cussed relative to our Association approach-
ing the Food and Drug Administration on
compromising where kernels are marketed
under sanitary conditions — eliminating the
pasteurization.

The conclusion arrived at was to table
the thought for another year as there were
no nuts to market this year among the im-
proved groves.

In the afternoon Professor F. N. Fagan,
of the Department of Horticulture, Penn-
sylvania State College, State College, Pa.,
outlined in most interesting manner the
proposed fertilization program to be in-
itiated in the spring of 1942 in three differ-
ent nut orchards in southeastern Pennsyl-
vania on limestone and free stone soils. This
work is the direct result of the effort of the
Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Association and
the Northern Nut Growers' Association to
improve grove management. This program
will be initiated by State College with Pro-
fessor L. H. McDaniels, of Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y., collaborating. It is with
a great deal of interest that we look forward
to the results and the answers that this ex-

Thirteen

1 1

' (

periment will give to the problems of the
orcharding phase of nut culture.

Following this, several Vice-Presidents
reported on nut activities in their counties.
John Rumbaugh, of Duncannon, Pa., went
to considerable length in clarifying his pro-
gram of chestnut orcharding. He not only
successfully marketed his crop of nuts this
year at a high price, but stated his trees are
moving off at an excellent pace. He dropped
the thought that a well-fertilized chestnut
tree with a balanced fertilizer is the reason
for his nuts being just about three times as
large as they were two years ago when he
brought samples to the winter meeting.

Several other instances were given of the
successful results from fertilizing of indi-
vidual trees which indicate the impor-
tance of the work Professors Fagan and
McDaniels are going to initiate.

The problem of continuing as a fixed part
of our Association the publication Forest
Leaves, as our official publicity organ, was
discussed. This was in line with the thought
a year ago that we would try it for a year
and then decide whether we would continue
it as a fixed part of Association life. A quite
enthusiastic one-sided debate resulted in
that, for the extra fifty cents, they had re-
ceived their monev's worth in one issue
alone. The editor voiced his request that
more members send in material.

Correspondence from Professor C. A.
Reed of the United States Department of
Agriculture, and from Professor Theiss of
Bucknell University, wishing the meeting
God-speed and expressing regrets that they
could not be with us, was read.

A moment of silence was held in respect
to our charter President, the late Dr. G. A.
Zimmerman.

Farm Show exhibitions were discussed
and our good friend, Mr. John Sheibly of
Landisburg has promised us a greater in-
terest in this matter than it had this year
and the problem of getting more people in-
terested in exhibiting was, we believe, cov-
ered by requesting the Farm Show to put
up bigger and better prizes to attract the
attention of the individual exhibitor. Mr.

Fourteen

Sheibly, as Chairman of the Exhibition
Committee, stated he would certainly at-
tempt to make these requests a reality.

Many expressed the opinion that this was
one of the best meetings we have had.
Sorry you were not there.
In business session, the old officers were
re-elected:

H. Gleason Mattoon, President
L. K. Hostetter, Vice-President
John W. Hershey, Secretary-Treasurer
Discussion of the summer field day re-
sulted in an invitation from the President to
the 500- tree orchard he manages at Worton
Point Farm at Chestertown, Md. — about
80 miles south of Lancaster. Inasmuch as
this is the best managed orchard, with best
results, we believe the thrill of seeing it on
the large estate of Lammot du Pont Cope-
land makes it worthwhile to consider the
invitation.

The decision was to wait a while and get
the opinion of the members by mail. Won't
you write us?

Dear Sir:

I am a farmer and I love good nut trees.
I graft them to get very best. I have about
100 black walnuts grafted and would like
to get more varieties. Have several Eng-
lish trees but still want more.

I have a good number of hickory nut
trees grafted. I am willing to try all new
varieties.

Tell me all about other kinds. Here is
what I would like to get this year: Adams,
Michigan, Grundy, Benge, Wiard, Cretz,
Edras, Bauman, Edmunds, Kalamazoo,
Corsicana.

Maybe you can tell me where I can buy
some of these besides your good ones. Be
sure and tell me what you can about your
English walnuts, heart nuts, all you have.

Yours truly,
Sylvester Shessler,

Genoa, Ohio

Can anyone help him out? — Editor.

Forest Leaves begins the new year with
a larger, more readable type page, confonn-
ing closely to standard magazine format.

Forest Leaves

Dr.Rentschler's Will Provides
for Arboretum

piR. HARRY RENTSCHLER, Reading,
U who died January 4, in his will directed
that $5,000 be set aside to create and main-
tain an arboretum on his 34-acre farm in
Penn Township, Berks County. He asked
that it be kept for the benefit of school
children of the community. Dr. Rentschler
founded the Blue Mountain Eagle Climbing
Club about 2 5 years ago and served as Ex-
ecutive Secretary ever since, never missing
the Club's Spring and Fall outings. A great
conservationist in the strictest sense of the
word, a friend of man always, he left some-
thing of cumulative worth to the youth of
the land.

HARRY G, EBY

Harry G. Eby, Manager of the Nursery
of the Soil Conservation Service at Howard,
Pennsylvania, died on New Year's Day at
his home in Pleasant Gap, Pa., in his 46th
year. Except for a period in the A.E.F.,
during World War I, Mr. Eby had been
continuously engaged in forestry or nursery
work ever since his graduation from the
Pennsylvania State Forestry School at
Mont Alto, in 1925.

Due to his administrative ability and cul-
tural knowledge, the Howard nursery is
favorably known among foresters and mem-
bers of the Soil Conservation Service for
the quantity and quality of the stock pro-
duced.

The Trees of Haverford
College Campus

(Continued from PaKe 2)

SO, accounts for the other groups of seven
to be found on the campus.

^ome of the older groups of seven may be
seen in the same section of the campus as
the young scions of the Penn Treaty Elm.
^bout midway between them and the Col-
^^e pond is a group of seven large tulip
l^ees, none equalling the size or age of the
t^o on the Nature Walk, but magnificent

January - February, 1942

specimens nevertheless, especially in au-
tumn, when their bright yellow foliage and
rugged contours make a pleasing picture
against the blue of the distant pond. Direct-
ly across the campus and about two hun-
dred feet northwest of Roberts Hall is an-
other interesting group of seven. In this
American Elms and English Elms have been
planted together, a slight departure from
the custom, but a sightly one nevertheless.
The group well illustrates the differences in
general appearance between the two
species. Viewed from the group of tulip trees
previously described, the rugged English
Elms pile up their masses of foliage on the
left of this group, while the American Elms
show their drooping, more graceful outlines
on the right. Another interesting difference
is in their leaf fall. Long after the Ameri-
can Elms are bare, the English Elms still
retain their masses of foliage. Two other
groups of seven are to be seen in the same
section of the campus, one of White Oaks
and Scarlet Oaks, at the edge of the little
copse by Professor Snyder's house, just to
the left of the spot where the walk from
Roberts Hall to Merion enters it; another
of Swamp White Oaks occurs on the brow
of the hill between the tulip trees and the
pond. Other individuals and groups are
present and worthy of mention, but it is
well to remember that the trees of Haver-
ford College, although an important element
of the "tastefully planted" lawn and cam-
pus, are now also part of the Haverford Col-
lege Aboretum.

An Arboretum, as generally defined, may
have three more or less distinct functions;
first, as an out-of-door museum in which the
public can see hardy trees and shrubs, both
native and introduced, conveniently ar-
ranged; second, as a dendrological station
and laboratory in which the scientific study
of trees is carried on, and third, as a bureau
of publication, exploration, and exchange
through which botanical exploration in dif-
ferent parts of the world is undertaken and
the results and products of these explor-
ations made known and distributed. The
first and second of these functions are the
only ones likely to be attempted at the Hav-

Fijteen

erford College Arboretum, and thus far the
emphasis has been almost entirely on the
first.

The origin of our Arboretum, or rather
the origin of the thought of an Arboretum,
is somewhat obscure. Apparently the fail-
ure of the farm land to produce an annual
profit led to some discussion of other uses
for the land. This, combined with a real
love of trees, led a number of minds to the
thought of the development of the Arbore-
tum. The thought took definite form in
1926 when Mr. R. J. Johnston presented a
tentative plan for a College Arboretum. In
collaboration with Mr. Henry W. Stokes,
Mr. Edward Woolman, President Comfort,
Professor Albert Wilson, and other mem-
bers of the Campus Club, and with the tech-
nical advice of Mr. Albert L. Baily, plans
were made, and in 1928 several hundred
small trees were purchased and planted in
a temporary nursery on the part of the Col-
lege grounds to the west of Haverford
Road. Additional trees have been purchased
in succeeding years and those first purchased
have been transplanted to the Nature Walk
or the permanent Arboretum as they reach-
ed the proper size. Although all trees on
the campus are rightfully considered ele-
ments of the Arboretum, the plantings made
since 1928 on the farm lands along the
south and west boundaries of the College
grounds have been arranged to show gen-
eric and family relationships and thus tech-
nically fulfill the definition of an Arboretum
better than the indiscriminate mixture of
species about the College buildings. Due,
however, to the number of kinds and the
beauty of individual specimens of the oaks
of the older plantings, no effort has been
made to duplicate them in the newer part
of the Arboretum, and any additional
species available will be planted in what is
now regarded as the oak section of the Ar-
boretum, the section immediately surround-
ing the College buildings.

Surplus trees of the original purchases
have been planted out to form the borders
of a path extending from the Observatory
west to Haverford Road, then south to the
southwest corner of the grounds, and then

Sixteen

east to the large tulip trees at the entrance
to the woods. The path continues through
the natural growth of the original woodlot
to its north boundary then north and east
through an avenue of Scot's pine to the
roadway by Professor Lockwood's house.

(Continued in an Early Issue)

EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS

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Red Pine (2 year) - - - 7,00
While Pine (4 year transplants)

per 100 3.50

Write for Complete List

ULRICH NURSERY

38 Waverly Street, Shillington, Pa.

I Plant CHINESE HYBRID CHESTNUT I
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Forest Leaves

DOLLARS AND CONTINUOUS EMPLOYMENT

Nearly one-half of the area of Pennsylvania (13,000,000 acres) should be in forests. Were
this acreage of growing trees properly managed, it would be capable of producing 650 million
cubic feet of wood per year — almost enough to meet the normal demands of Pennsylvanians.

To harvest this timber and convert it into finished products, between 75,000 and 100,000
men would be needed. This would add $200,000,000 to the yearly income of Pennsylvania.

This is the goal toward which The Pennsylvania Forestry Association is striving. To that
end we are working for the following:

PROJECTS

1. MARKETING SERVICE FOR PRIVATE WOODLAND OWNERS. With the incease in
our preparedness program the demand for wood products has been stepped up. Unless we can
show the private woodland owner that there is a large and consistent market for his wood products ,
he will be inclined to cut his acreage clean in order to cash in on the emergency demand. The De-
partment of Forests and Waters should provide marketing information. A list of all wood-using in-
dustries in the State, together with the kinds, sizes and quality of wood used, should be assembled.
Price ranges, also, should be published.

2. MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR THE STATE FORESTS. During the past few months
cutting on the State forest lands has increased, but this cutting is not based upon a broad program
of management. Without management plans su?h cutting may do more harm than good.

3. INCREASED TREE PLANTING. At the present rate, 150 years will be required to plant
the cut-over and burned-over acreage in the State.

4. PURCHASE OF THE KITCHEN CREEK TRACT. In the North Mountain area, between
Wilkes-Barre and Eagles Mere, there is a tract of 14,000 acres which is ideal as a multiple-use for-
est. It is a fisherman's paradise, a hunter's delight and unique in its recreational possibilities. About
800 acres still contain virgin timber. A sawmill is starting to cut this tract. Unless the State acts
soon its value will be gone.

5. COMMUNITY FORESTS. Notwithstanding the fact that Pennsylvania has been a leader in
conservation and in preserving forest areas, it has fallen behind many other states in developing
county, township and municipal forests. The value of these local forests for recreation, for tim-
ber products and as demonstrations of wise forestry practices should not be overlooked.

6. A CIVIL SERVICE LAW TO COVER THE EMPLOYEES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
FORESTS AND WATERS. It is not necessary to argue the value of such a law. Technically-trained
employees should not be subject to the whim of individuals or political parties.

7. DUTCH ELM DISEASE CONTROL. This foreign disease is gradually spreading over Penn-
sylvania. In the last two years it has killed elms in eight counties. Unless the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania and the Federal government cooperate in a concerted plan of eradication the 40,-
000,000 elms in Pennsylvania may be doomed.

8. BROADER SERVICE BY THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. The Bureau of Plant
Industry is responsible for advising property owners in the identification and control of various in-
sect and disease enemies of trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and grain and field crops. This service
has not been adequate. Insect and disease depredations cost Pennsylvanians millions of dollars a
year. With an efficient Bureau of Plant Industry much of this could be saved.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
1008 Commercial Trust Building
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

I am enclosing $ as a contribution to the work of the Pennsylvania

Forestry Association. Of the projects discussed above I am particularly interested in the fol-
owing (Please check):

12345678

ame

Address

1 1

111'

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

,' President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Honorary Vice-President

Robert S. Conklin

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
R. D. Forbes „

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
J. Curtis Platt
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Assistant Secretary

M. Claire Meyers

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

•?:-

•r.

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
R. S. Conklin
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
Reginald D. Forbes
Philip A. Livingston

Samuel F.

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

EXECUTIVE BOARD

H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
J. Curtis Platt
Edw. C. M. Richards
Ralph P. Russell
Dr. J. R. Schramm
Samuel L. Smedley

Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Edward S. Weyl
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman
Roy a. Wright

FINANCE COMMITTEE . "

Edward Woolman, Chairman . •

Houston Frank M. Hardt

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

^ Mrs. Paul Lewis
P. A. Livingston
Ralph P. Russell

Dr. J. R. Schramm
Mrs. Robert C. Wright

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, Chairman

Edward S. Weyl Wm. Clarke Mason

F. R. Cope, Jr. W. W. Montgomery

E. F. Brouse

AUDITING COMMITTEE }

Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

TIONESTA COMMITTEE

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman

Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

FOREST

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

MARCH -APRIL
1

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Honorary Vice-President

Robert S. Conklin

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
R. D. Forbes

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
J. Curtis Platt
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Assistant Secretary

M. Claire Meyers

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
R. S. Conklin
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
Reginald D. Forbes
Philip A. Livingston

EXECUTIVE BOARD

H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
J. Curtis Platt
Edw. C. M. Richards
Ralph P. Russell
Dr. J. R. Schramm
Samuel L. Smedley

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Edward Woolman, Chairman

Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Edward S. Weyl
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman
Roy a. Wright

Samuel F. Houston

Frank M. Hardt

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis
P. A. Livingston
Ralph P. Russell

Dr. J. R. Schramm
Mrs. Robert C. Wright

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, C/iairman

Edward S. Weyl Wm. Clarke Mason

F. R. Cope, Jr. W. W. Montgomery

E. F. Brouse

AUDITING COMMITTEE

Ralph P. Russell, Clmirman

Edward Woolman

TIONESTA COMMITTEE

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman

Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

FOREST

1 1

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

MARCH -APRIL
1942

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Yellow Adder's Tongue

CONTENTS

Photograph by Devereux Butcher

- Cover

War's Challenge to Forest Conservationists ----.. i

Hardy L. Shirley

Community Forestry and Illegal Mining ....... 3

Stanley Mesavage

Editorials a

Plastics from Wood Waste 5

R. A. Caughey

Maple Sugar and Syrup ^

Annual Meeting 7

Report of the Secretary g

Private Forests a Source of War Timber - - - - . . . 10

E. B. Moore

The Trees of Haverford College 1 1

Howard K. Henry

Treasurer's Report 14

Fertilizer and Nut Maturity 15

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest cuhure
and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National.

Annual Membership Fee, Three Dollars

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forest Leaves

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
btate of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send I heir names to the
Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President— Wilbur K. Thomas
Honorary President— Samuel L. Smedley Honorary Vice-President— Kouemt S. Conkli.n

Vice-Presidents
Victor Beede Francis R. Taylor

Francis R. Cope, Jr. Wm. S. B. McCaleb Dr. E. E. Wildman

Dr. O. F. Jennings Edward C. M. Richards George H. Wirt

F. G. Kmghts Dr. J. R. Schramm Edward Woolman

Secretary-H. Gleason Mattoon Treasurer-R. A. Wright, C. P. A.

FOREST LEAVES

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth, Pennsylvania, under the Act of March 3, 1879

Volume XXXII— No. 2

Narberth, Pa., March -April, 1942

Whole Number 309

War's Challenge to Forest

Conservationists

By Hardy L. Shirley, Director
Allegheny Forest Experiment Station^

A NATION at war requires wood, and
lots of it. Lumber for cantonments,
factory expansion and housing; special ply-
woods for propellers, fuselages, gunstocks,
and skis; packaging for airplanes and food
— these and many other uses require vast
quantities. The War Production Board es-
timates that our country will use 33,600,-
000,000 board feet of lumber and 15,800,-
000 cords of pulpwood in 1942. Operators
are literally scouring the country hunting
for timber to cut. Estate owners have been
told by operators: 'The Navy needs your
timber. We have a contract to supply them.
It is your patriotic duty to sell timber now."
It is both patriotic and self-serving to sell
timber now; to sell the large trees that pro-
duce high grade timber, to sell small trees
that are crowding their associates, and to
sell diseased trees that otherwise might die.
But our war strength is not augmented by
using scarce labor and scarcer rubber and
jogging and milling equipment working up
immature timber from clearcut areas.

We lost our first opportunity to organize
our forest lands for permanent productiv-
ity at a high level by clear cutting our old
growth timber. Today's second growth
gives us another chance. What are we
doing? Federal foresters currently visiting
sawmills in Maryland report that business
li_^ming and clear cutting the almost

In cooperation with the University of Pennsylvania.

universal rule. Similar reports come from
Pennsylvania, New York, and New Eng-
land.

The war presents a tremendous challenge
to foresters, and behind them to forest con-
servationists. This challenge is to supply
war needs without reducing future forest
productivity. Are we meeting this chal-
lenge? The answer is emphatically^ ''No."
The war market has changed methods of
timber harvesting only in the direction of
making them more destructive. The public
might well ask why foresters are compla-
cent, if in fact they are, before such a de-
vastating challenge. Let us face the situa-
tion frankly. Our country simply does not
possess the economic and legislative tools
which foresters require to do their job
properly. Machinery inadequate to arrest
forest devastation during peace proves all
the more inadequate during war.

What, then, is needed? Some conserva-
tionists advocate better fire control; others,
better protection against insects and dis-
ease; or better organized marketing; tax-
ation reform; research, demonstration and
extension in timber planting, management,
harvesting, marketing, and utilization; fi-
nancial and technical aid to forest cooper-
atives, and cheap, long-term credit. Each
and all of these are needed, and no single
measure will prove a panacea. But some-
thing still more powerful is needed to arrest

v\\

: I

yt'

II 'I

clear cutting of immature timber. This is
a declaration on the part of all our people
that unnecessary forest devastation must
stop. Why are large areas of forest land
tax delinquent? Why are markets unor-
ganized? Why is labor wasted on immature
timber? And why is rural poverty so wide-
spread in forested areas? Are not these all
the result of unregulated cutting, and are
not these all questions in which the public
as well as the private owner has a stake?

Some avoid the question of public regu-
lation of timber cutting because they fear
that good management does not pay. Per-
haps some refinements do not always pay.
Foresters are not perfect; but who will
maintain that timber lands managed by
foresters yield less in the long run than
those managed and harvested with no
thought of continued forest productivity?
Oak and northern hardwood forests yield-
ing currently without forest management
200 board feet per acre annually, or loblolly
pine yielding 360 board feet, are common
in the Northeast. With good management
this yield could be increased by at least 50
percent. This would mean a return of
from 4 to 6 percent on the growing stock.
Such lands should attract private forest
investment. But steep, dry ridges and bad-
ly burned lands often remain indefinitely
covered with grass, aspen, pin cherry, or
scrub oak. These can and should be ac-
quired for rehabilitation by local communi-
ty, county, state, or national governments.
Additional public acquisition is desirable
for watersheds, recreation areas, and for
demonstration in timber management.

We need more intensive aid to private
owners, we need protection for sustained
yield forestry from products of liquidation
cutting, and we need public management of
poor lands to meet the forestry challenge of
today. One more tool is needed, the master
key to the entire chest. We need inte-
grated, cooperative planning in each forest-
producing community to gear local forest
consuming industries to local forest produc-
tive capacity. Such planning must be high-
ly flexible and should not be dominated by

Two

any one industry, landowner, or working
group. The resources, processing plants
and labor must be integrated into a single
overall, productive entity in which all have
a voice in accordance with democratic prin-
ciples, and from which all receive benefits in
proportion to their contributions.

To many, such a program will appeal.
Others will claim that it is regimentation to
the nth degree. But planning in itself is
neither democratic nor autocratic; it is
simply a tool by which the efficiency of any
organization can be greatly increased.
Democracies cannot hope to compete per-
manently with totalitarian regimes if they
do not adjust their economic and financial
machinery to permit full employment of
labor and full use of our renewable re-
sources of forest and field. In no country
do people want unbridled freedom. What
they do want is ojDportunity to participate
in plans to improve their own welfare and
thereby to build an immensely more satisfy-
ing freedom for all.

Here, then, is a real field for militant
conservationists — to bring timberland
owners, woods operators, wood using indus-
tries, labor, and communities together to set
realizable conservation goals; and to gal-
vanize such groups into planning to attain
these goals. Forestry associations, wildlife
clubs, sportsmen's clubs, and civic organiza-
tions can all join hands. I am gratified that
our Pennsylvania Forestry Association has
already taken the initiative in such work,
but we have progressed little beyond the
first step. Our job for the future is to stim-
ulate integrated forest use planning from
the tree roots up, and to provide the public
and foresters with the tools needed to re-
alize our plans. With such tools, profes-
sional foresters can meet the challenge o
war, and also the greater challenge that
the peace will bring to America. Lay
societies working in close cooperation witn
professional men, government agencies, ana
producing communities can make conserva-
tion policies resilient and dynamic. By this
means the American Way can be preserveo,
the American ideal attained. This
democracy.

Forest Leaves

CommuifLity Forestry as a Substitute

for Illegal Mining

By Stanley Mesavage

ABOUT 6,000 persons are employed in
the illegal mining of more than 3,000,-
000 tons of anthracite in competition with
the legitimate mining industry in Schuyl-
kill, Northumberland, and parts of Luzerne
County. Their unrestricted activities are
keeping insolvent a major anthracite pro-
ducer, The Philadelphia and Reading Coal
and Iron Company, and threaten the entire
structure of voluntary production restric-
tions imposed by legitimate mining com-
panies on themselves and upon which the
legitimate industry depends for stabiliza-
tion.

The situation can be corrected either
through effective law enforcement or by
substituting other employment for illegal
mining. Partly because of sympathy for
the miners left without employment when
legitimate mining in these areas was
stopped, partly because this mining repre-
sents a considerable portion of community
business, and partly because it is feared
that much violence may result, intensive
law enforcement had not been carried out
since the outset and in consequence most
emphasis at present is being placed on the
perfection of substitute plans to employ
bootleg miners in either the legitimate in-
dustry or in other types of work.

The "Reforestation" Plan
Among such plans under consideration
is one popularly known as the ''reforesta-
tion" plan which would absorb bootleg labor
in constructing fire trails, fire lanes, truck
trails, water holes, etc., to make protection
from forest fires more effective. The plan
also includes tree planting and other cul-
tural forest work to improve the quality
of local forests. This plan was embodied
^^ a paper published by the Allegheny For-
est Experiment Station of the United States
forest Service, which, through the efforts of

March -April, 1942

the Wyoming Valley Chamber of Com-
merce and Congressman J. Harold Flannery
and Senators Joseph Guffey and James J.
Davis, was authorized by Congress to make
a survey of the forest employment possi-
bilities in the Pennsylvania Anthracite Re-
gion. It was suggested by the Forest Ser-
vice that the work could be financed by re-
lief agencies, particularly WPA, under a
ruling which permits WPA expenditures for
forest fire control improvements on private
lands, when these occur as part of district-
wide systems. The '^reforestation" plan
was presented by the Anthracite "Commit-
tee of Twelve,'^ as part of a program to the
Governor, but the best information to date
has been that although the plan is favorably
regarded by the Governor and representa-
tives of the operators and mine union, the
plan has snagged because of lack of funds.

The Community Forest Plan
The Wyoming Valley Chamber of Com-
merce is solidly in accord with the effort
now being made to finance a "district- wide
system'^ of forest fire control improvements
on private forest lands (which is the basis
for the Reforestation Plan), and is itself
conducting further investigations to deter-
mine ways and means of projecting such a
plan. To supplement the "Reforestation
Plan" discussed above, however, it offers
the Community Forest Plan. Under this
plan, nearby forest lands would be acquired
by local governments in the bootleg region
and local unemployed miners would be put
to work in improving these community for-
ests. Such forests may be in small blocks or
large tracts, but preferably they should be
scattered so that men could be employed
with a minimum of transportation costs to
both sponsor and worker.

Lands owned by coal companies in each

(Continued on Page IS)

Three

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FOREST LEAVES

Published Bi-Monthly at Narberth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russell

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher e. F. Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

The publication of an article in Forest Leaves does not
necessarily imply that the views expressed therein are those
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Editorial and ad-
vertismg office, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia. Please notify us of any change in address.

MARCH - APRIL, 1942

THE BERRY PICKERS WIN

A S Forest Leaves goes to press, word is
^ ^ received that the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania is admitting defeat in its
battle to prevent the berry pickers of Mon-
roe and Carbon Counties from burning the
forest land at will. In an area of 27,000
acres of once magnificent timber, extending
from Tannersville in Monroe County al-
most to Hickory Run in Carbon County, all
fire suppression activities are being with-
drawn. The lawless and malcontent may
now burn the area as often as they wish.

Matters have come to a pretty past when
the authorities admit it is impossible to curb
lawlessness, but before condemning the De-
partment of Forests and Waters, let us look
at the record. During the last ten years, all
of that 27,000 acres has been burned at
least once, and much of it four times, not-
withstanding special suppression measures
mstituted by the Chief Forest Fire Warden.
On that tract of less than one one-thou-
sandth of the land area of the State, nearly
five per cent of the total appropriations for
the last ten years for forest fire suppression
has been spent. It would appear, therefore,
that the Department of Forests and Waters
has more than tried to do a satisfactory job.
The fault lies not with the Department,
but with the people of Monroe and Carbon
Counties. Their indifference to the situ-
ation is appalling. Even the local magis-
trates wink at such lawlessness. On more

Four

than one occasion, a person apprehended in
the act of setting a forest fire has been taken
before a magistrate only to be released with
nothmg more than a reprimand It [,
rumored that the hunters of those counties
condone burning of the forest because it
provides more browse for deer. If the
hunters are so selfish, if public-spirited citi-
zens of the area are indifferent, and if the
local authorities permit lawlessness to con-
tmue by freeing confessed incendiaries, it is
time the situation is brought to the atten-
tion of the whole State. H.G.M.

FIRE SUPPRESSION FUNDS
EXHAUSTED

'X'HE FOREST fire suppression funds of
the Department of Forests and Waters
are exhausted, with two fire seasons yet to
be faced. Not a cent remains of the regular
appropriation for this work. It is agreed
that a minimum of :?2 00,000 is needed each
biennium for fire extinction, yet this item
has been cut twenty-five per cent in every
appropriation bill since 1935. The result
IS a continuing deficiency and the usual
juggling of funds. Moreover, this short-
sighted policy of the last two administra-
tions has worked a distinct hardship on the
fire fighting organization. At times, the
fire wardens and their helpers have had to
wait three, four and five months before
being paid for putting out fires. This un-
fair practice has demoralized many of the
crews.

On top of this, many of the fire fighters
are now finding regular employment in the
defense industries, which will reduce the
organization still further. With the in-
crease in timber cutting, due to war de-
mands, the danger of fire is greatly in-
creased. Now, above all times, a large and
efficient force for fighting forest fires is
needed.

It is too late to expect a sympathetic at-
titude by the present administration, but it
is hoped that the next governor will recom-
mend an adequate appropriation and will
do everything possible to build up the fire
fighting organization. H.G.M.

Forest Leaves

Plastics from Wood Waste

By R. A. Caughey, Research Assistant
University of New Hampshire

THE PROBLEM of wood waste disposal
i is becoming more and more serious,
both because of the expense of simply get-
ting rid of it and also because the advance
of chemical technology is beginning to make
possible the realization of a profit from the
waste by converting it into products of
value.

Heretofore the larger portion of mill
waste has been dumped or burned, which
procedure was an expense with no possible
hope of return, except in those cases where
the combustion of the wood was used in
providing heat and power.

It has been estimated that at the present
time, in the State of New Hampshire alone,
there is produced annually from 60-70 thou-
sand tons of waste, exclusive of logging
wastes. Of this amount only a small por-
tion can be disposed of with a real profit.

Many articles have been published on the
treatment of waste wood to produce a wide
variety of products such as fuel briquettes,
plastic materials, wood distillation prod-
ucts, fibre-boards, paper, rayon, etc. Sev-
eral thousand patents have been issued cov-
ering the chemical utilization of waste wood
and related waste products. Most of these
patents are of only slight value, due to ex-
cessive operating costs.

Within the last three or four years, con-
siderable attention has been given to the
development of plastic materials from
JJ'ood. A good deal of the pioneer work has
been done at the U. S. Forest Products Lab-
oratory at Madison, Wisconsin, where sev-
eral methods have been devised for the
preparation of plastic molding powders, us-
ing wood as a raw material. The product
tney obtain is a hard, dark brown or black
"material which can be handled much the
same as ordinary thermosetting plastics
such as bakelite.

A review of the plastic industry indicates
^ very rapid growth, with continually in-

March. April, 1942

creasing applications. In 1940, the produc-
tion of synthetic resins for use in making
plastic products, including enamel finishes,
but exclusive of cellulose acetate and nitro-
cellulose, was around 150,000 tons. Thirty
per cent of this production was phenol-
formaldehyde, or bakelite, resin, which can
be made to sell at a cost of as low as eight
cents a pound in the cheapest grades. When
transparent or colored plastics materials are
required, the cost immediately becomes
much higher, and for some of the transpar-
ent types may run to over a dollar a pound.
This high cost, of course, prohibits the use
of such materials for the manufacture of
products of large size, such as furniture or
building construction parts.

The methods developed at the Forest
Products Laboratory are capable of pro-
ducing from sawdust or similar wood waste,
a plastic molding powder at a cost of from
three to six cents a pound, depending on
the method used and the properties desired
in the finished product. This price should
afford the production of larger size pieces
and profitable utilization of large amounts
of material that is now practically valueless.
There are some disadvantages, however. In
the first place, the initial cost of a plant and
equipment for producing the molding com-
position would be rather high, since high
pressure, acid-resisting equipment would be
required. Also, in the case of the wood plas-
tic powders as produced by these methods,
more time and higher pressures are required
in molding than with the present type of
plastic now being used, and the longer pro-
duction cycle and higher equipment cost
thus necessitated are a disadvantage.

The Masonite Corporation has succeeded
in developing a process in which wood or
other fibrous material is subjected to very
high temperature and steam pressure and
suddenly blown out of a nozzle, whereby

Five

i>>

the cells in the wood are expanded and rup-
tured, and the produce can then be felted on
a screen and rolled into a sheet. The prod-
uct is familiar to everyone in the form of
Masonite wallboard, which is quite strong
and hard and has a fair water resistance.

Another waste which should be consider-
ed in this connection is that produced in
pulping wood for paper manufacture. In
this operation, pulp wood is cooked for sev-
eral hours at elevated temperature and
pressure. This treatment dissolves 35%
of the wood. The remaining 65% is wood
fibre and is washed and used for paper
making. The 35% of the wood which is
dissolved is thrown away with the spent
cooking liquor. This dissolved material was
the lignin, or the cementing material which
bound the wood fibres together. The pulp
mills of New Hampshire annually allow up-
wards of 100,000 tons of lignin to flow down
the river.

A large amount of work has been done
to find a practical method of recovering the
lignin from the liquor, and it seems quite
probable, in the light of the present accom-
plishments, that satisfactory methods will
be worked out soon. The value of this re-
covered lignin is immediately apparent, for
it has been found to be capable of conver-
sion into a good plastic material and may
have valuable aoolication for use in con-
junction with other wood plastic molding
composition.

One of the large midwestern paper com-
panies has perfected a process in which
paper sheets are impregnated with recover-
ed lignin compounds. The impregnated
sheets may then be hot-pressed to form a
hard black material which has excellent
properties as far as hardness, strength, elec-
trical resistance, and water resistance are
concerned. The price, however, is much
higher than that of the materials developed
by the Forest Products Laboratory.

The Engineering Experiment Station at
the University of New Hampshire has con-
sidered the problem of plastic production
from wood waste and has done a consider-
able amount of research on it. A number
of samples have been prepared, and some

Six

new methods worked out, in a rather small
way, both for the plasticizing of wood and
the recovery of lignin from waste pulping
liquor. It is felt, however, that since wood
is probably New Hampshire's most valuable
natural resource, a great deal more work
on the problem is easily justifiable, and
ought to be done, in order to establish
definitely the economic possibilities as well
as the properties and applications of such
products.

Maple Sugar and Syrup

T> EPORTS received by the Pennsylvania
-^^ Department of Forests and Waters in-
dicate a fair season for maple sugar and
syrup this year. The rationing of cane
sugar may result in an increased demand for
the sweet products made from the sap of
sugar maple trees.

In Pennsylvania last year, 411,000 trees
were tapped and produced 82,000 gallons
of syrup and 25,000 pounds of sugar. In
the event of favorable conditions there will
be a decidedly increase in the quantities pro-
duced during the current year.

Timeliness of tapping and harvesting has
much to do with the quality and quantity
of the yield of sap. The sugar water is
present in the trees only during the winter
and early spring and the best flavored and
sweeter sap is usually obtained early in the
season.

The several species of maple that are na-
tive to Pennsylvania will yield sap which
can be converted into maple syrup or sugar,
but generally liard or sugar maple is the
best producer. Experiments show that on
an average soft maple will only produce
two-thirds as much sap and this sap con-
tains only two-thirds as much sugar as the
sap from hard maple trees.

It is estimated that there are approxi-
mately 140 million hard maple trees with
diameters of four inches and above within
the State. Counties that lead in the pro-
duction of maple syrup and sugar are Som-
erset, Wayne, Erie, Crawford, Tioga, Brad-
ford, Potter, Susquehanna, Warren, Mer-
cer, Sullivan, and McKean.

Forest Leaves

The Annual Meeting

THE S6th Annual Meeting of The Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association was held
at Houston Hall, University of Pennsyl-
vania, on March 17. Following luncheon.
President Wilbur K. Thomas called the
meeting to order to listen to annual reports,
elect officers and directors, and to transact
such other business as should come before
the meeting. Both the Treasurer's report
and that of the Secretary will be found else-
where in this issue.

The President then called upon the Nom-
inating Committee, composed of Reginald

D. Forbes, Chairman; J. R. Schramm, and
Victor Beede to present the slate prepared
by them, which was as follows:

Honorary President — Samuel L. Smedley

President — Wilbur K. Thomas

Honorary Vice-President — R. S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents — Victor Beede

Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
Francis R. Taylor
Dr. Edward E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Secretary—U. Gleason Mattoon

Assistant Secretary — M. Claire Meyers

Treasurer—Roy A. Wright

EXECUTIVE BOARD

E. F. Brouse Philip A. Livingston
I^r. G. A. Dick Stanley Mesavage

J- W. Hershey H. L. Shirley

COUNTY COUNCIL MEMBERS

Allegheny— Arthur E. Braun, C. F. Chubb,
Ralph E. Flinn, Dr. O. E. Jennings, Frank
J. Lanahan, J. O. Langguth, John M. Phillips.

Armstrong— E. F. Meyer

Berks— Miss Mary Archer, Rev. Lee M. Erd-
man, George Baer Hiester, Mrs. F. W. Nicolls.

Blair— Harry F. Beegle.

Bradford— Miss M. S. Maurice, Fisher Welles,
Jr.

Bucks— Walter Dietz, Helen H. Ely, Mrs. Irvin

M. James, Mrs. Henry D. Paxson.
Cambria— D. M. Stackhouse.
Cameron— Josiah Howard.

March . April, 1942

Carbon— A. C. Neumuller, Harry C. Sauers, Jr.

Centre— Robert C. Auker, W. G. Edwards, Mrs.
May E. Emerick.

Chester— Albert L. Baily, Jr., Robert G. Kay,
Mrs. Paul Lewis, Robert C. Liggett, J. B.
Stoltzfus, Curtin Winsor.

Clarion— H. M. Amsler, M. M. Kaufman.

Clearfield — ^W. F. Dague.

Cumberland— W. Gard Conklin, Sherman Jones.

Delaware— Prof. H. K. Henry, Walter M. Jef-
fords, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Dr. J. C. Starbuck,
Grahame Wood.

Dauphin— Miss Mary Cameron, R. Lynn Emer-
ick, Miss Anne McCormick, J. Horace McFar-
land, W. E. Montgomery, Edward Stackpole,

Jr.

Erie— Dorothea Conrad, Glow G. Taylor, Mrs.

Arthur Vicary.
Franklin — J. A. Aughanbaugh, H. H. Chisman,

Theo. W. Wood.
Huntingdon— T. Roy Morton, Mrs. C. M. Tay-
lor.
Indiana — S. J. Sides.
Lackawanna— Mrs. Paul B. Belin, Nicolai H.

Hiller, J. Curtis Piatt, Col. L. H. Watres.
Lancaster— Miss Mildred M. Jones, Martin M.

Harnish, John E. Malone.
Lebanon — William C. Freeman.
Lehigh— Dr. M. J. Backenstoe, Mrs. Elmer J.

Faust, Stanley W. Lutz.
Luzerne— Col. Thomas H. Atherton, Cornelius

B. Kunkle, Clement Mesavage, Mrs. C. M.

Young.
Lycoming — Henry E. Kirk.
Mercer— N. G. Brayer.

Mifflin— F. W. Culbertson, F. H. Dutlinger.
Monroe— J. A. Seguine, R. W. Stadden.
Montgomery— Mrs. A. C. Barnes, Mrs. Curtis

Bok, F. J. Doolittle, Dr. Wm. J. Phillips, Mrs.

Robert C. Wright.
Northampton— Mrs. Quincy Bent, Prof. R. W.

Hall, W. R. Okeson.
Northumberland— Charles Steele, Mark N.

Witmer.
Perry— George M. German.
Philadelphia— Samuel N. Baxter, Jay Gates,

John Kremer, E. S. Weyl, S. P. Wetherill.
Pike— Hon. Gifford Pinchot.
Schuylkill— Samuel L. Kurtz, J. O. Powell.
Somerset— V. M. Bearer, A. A. Dupre.
Sullivan— A. F. Snyder.
Susquehanna— Dr. Fred Brush, Dr. Geo. W.

Norris.
Union — David Libby, Raymond B. Winter.
Warren— Warren W. Beaty, R. F. Hemingway.

Seven

i^i

Westmoreland— F. M. Sloan, Mrs. C. Rollings-

worth, Allan Scaife.
York — Carey E. Etnier, Joseph B. Gable, Edgar

P. Kable, C. N. Myers.

Since there were no additional nomina-
tions, the Secretary was instructed to cast a
unanimous ballot for the slate as submit-
ted. The President then turned the meet-
ing over to Mr. Forbes, who presented the
speakers of the day. The first speaker
called upon was Frank T. Murphey, Ex-
tension Forester, whose topic was ''The
Markets for Private Timber in Pennsyl-
vania."

Mr. Murphey emphasized the sacrifices
that will be necessary for all to make if we
are going to win this war, sacrifices of men
and resources. ''It may be necessary," he
said, "for timber land owners in the eastern
part of this country to sacrifice timber in
order to provide the raw material necessary
for our war effort. To the woodland owner,
raw material is the standing tree which rep-
resents less than one-half the value of the
finished product."

The Department of Forests and Waters
is entering upon a program now of cutting
100,000,000 board feet of timber from the
State lands. This is less than one-half the
annual growth on the State forests of
Pennsylvania. However, it represents
more than one-half of the total amount of
timber cut in 1939 in Pennsylvania.

Murphey feels there is an abundant sup-

ply of medium size sawtimber in Penn-
sylvania, but scarcely enough of large di-
mensions. While the standing timber is here
it may not be possible to secure the labor to
cut and manufacture this for war purposes.
The demand for wood pulp is going to be
very heavy. However, the supply in the
State is ample. Here, also, labor is going to
be the biggest problem.

The chemical wood and charcoal indus-
tries of Pennsylvania are no longer impor-
tant. While there has been an increase in
the business done by these smaller indus-
tries, it is not large enough to affect the
timber supply seriously.

The demand for fence posts will likely
increase because steel posts will be less
available. The demand for farm timber in
general will increase only slightly, he be-
lieves. Here, again, the conversion problem
is the difficulty. In many cases, Mr. Mur-
phey says, he has heard it stated it is far
cheaper to buy timber in the market than
to cut it on the farm and try to convert it
with local labor.

Cross ties market is active and with the
burden on railroads, this demand will con-
tinue.

Mr. Murphey feels that unless the war is
an unusually long one and the need for tim-
ber is greater than in the past six months,
Pennsylvania will have ample timber to
meet the demand.

Report of the Secretary

CINCE World War I, emphasis has been
^ laid upon the conserving of our forest
resources. Great acreages have been taken
out of private ownership by the states and
federal government, to be, among other
things, demonstrations of wise forest man-
agement. Such areas of public forests in
the eastern half of the country were largely
cut over lands with the best only a fair stand
of second growth timber.

During the last 25 years, public acquisi-
tion has been agitated by both public and
private agencies until, today, public hold-

Eight

ings amount to nearly 200,000,000 acres in
the country. In the northeastern section,
there are seven national forests, totalling
nearly 10,000,000 acres. These have been
developed for recreation, hunting, fishing,
and other uses, as well as the production of
timber.

With the active participation of the
United States in World War II, the orderly
development of public forests and the long-
range program of increasing growing stock
on private forests will have to be aban-

FoREST Leaves

doned, at least in part. Enormous war de-
mands for wood and wood products will
have to be met. Estimates of total war needs
are varied and fantastic, but there is general
agreement that eleven billion board feet of
sawtimber and 17 million cords of pulp
wood will be required in 1942.

If the U. S. Forest Service and the state
forestry departments do no more cutting on
public lands than in the past, much of this
enormous demand will have to come from
private forests. The Pennsylvania Depart-
ment of Forests and Waters is to be con-
gratulated for starting a cutting program
on the state forests to yield 100,000,000
board feet. Not only will this be a direct
contribution to war needs, but this action
will relieve somewhat the pressure on pri-
vate forest owners. In addition, the open-
ing up of dense stands will increase game
population. The Pennsylvania Forestry
Association for two years has urged such a
cutting program. We are grateful, there-
fore, that it has been started.

Since 1941 was a Legislative year, this
Association, along with others, introduced
bills affecting the forest areas of the State.
We actively supported the Ricketts Glen
Bill, which called for the purchase of 1 1 ,000
acres in Sullivan, Luzerne, and Wyoming
Counties, to be added to the State forests.
This bill was passed with but one single vote
and the details of acquisition are now being
worked out. A State Arbor Day Bill, intro-
duced by The Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation, was likewise passed and approved
by the Governor. Not only does this desig-
nate April 9, the birthday of Dr. Joseph T.
Rothrock, as Spring Arbor Day when it does
not fall on Sunday or Good Friday, but it
also designates the week in which April 9
lalls as Conservation Week and prescribes
certain activities to be carried on in the
schools of the State.

The Bill to set up a Civil Service Com-
jnission and to blanket certain agencies and
bureaus of State government in a merit sys-
tem was so badly emasculated in the Legis-
lature, that most of its benefits were lost,
although the Bill as finally passed does set
up a Civil Service Commission.

RCH- April, 1942

For the last two years the Association has
actively urged some sort of a market service
for private woodland owners, that is, some
means by which the forest owner could find
out what kinds of timber are in demand and
approximately the stumpage price. A year
ago several agencies cooperating carried on
a market survey in Adams and Franklin
Counties and last fall, with state and federal
agencies working together, plans were
drawn up to complete a market survey for
the entire State. When this information is
finally assembled and put on cards, it should
be of great value to the forest owners of the
State, providing it is kept up to date.

One of the most successful meetings the
Forestry Association has had in many years
was held at State College last October, with
the Northeast Town Forest Conference and
the Pennsylvania Community Forest Coun-
cil cooperating. It was a two-day session
with community forests and forest regula-
tion as the topics for discussion. Approxi-
mately 150 were in attendance and the re-
actions were gratifying.

Late in the fall, word was received that
the U. S. Army engineers had submitted a
report recommending a dam on the Clarion
River at Mill Creek, above the town of
Clarion, of sufficient height to raise the
water to the 1335 contour line. If such a
dam were built, it would mean destroying
much of Cook Forest. It would create a
lake three miles long, through the center of
the forest area and would kill many of the
virgin pines. In addition, the recreational
areas, cabins and inns would be under water.
Your Secretary immediately went to
Pittsburgh and talked with several of the
men who had been instrumental in raising,
through private subscription, the money
necessary to purchase this tract. With these
men as a nucleus, a committee was set up,
which has been actively opposing the erec-
tion of such a dam. So far, the proposal has
not been approved by the Bureau of the
Budget, and the latest information is that it
will not be included in the 1942 Omnibus
Rivers and Harbors Bill.

Nine

'l\ .11

Private Forests as a Source of Timber

for War Uses

By E. B. Moore

Assistant Forester of New Jersey

T^HROUGH a running talk accompanying
^ pictures, Mr. Moore explained clearly
the unusual service the Department of Con-
servation and Development is furnishing
private land owners in New Jersey. In that
state there are no portable saw mills. The
timber buyers bid for timber on the stump
and haul it 70 or 80 miles to the mill, cut-
ting on order.

Previous to 1938, the Department of Con-
servation and Development relied upon the
usual extension system of advising the
woodland owner in a general way what
timber he had and what it was worth, then
giving him a list of buyers. But this system
was not satisfactory, so in that year the
plan was changed. Now the Department,
when called upon, after a preliminary ex-
amination, measures and marks all timber
that should come out on a selective cutting
basis. The owner supplies the man to
blaze the trees. In this way, the owner
knows exactly how many trees are to come
out and what volume of timber can be sold
without destroying the woodland.

This information is turned over to a
timber agent, three of whom have been ap-
pointed by the Department, who sends out
the contract and takes bids from timber
buyers. He then supervises the cutting and
scales all logs. In other words, he acts as
the owner's agent to see that the cutting is
done properly and to enforce penalties for
poor felling or other infringements.

This method has worked well. The de-
mands upon the Department are so great
they will have to add additional foresters
to keep up with the work.

The next speaker of the day was Honor-
able John H. Light, Secretary of Agriculture
of Pennsylvania, who spoke on the gypsy
moth problem in Pennsylvania. He re-
viewed the history of the gypsy moth
in the United States and the work that
had been done in New England in trying to
eradicate it. He also mentioned the bar-
rier zone which has been set up, running
approximately along the Hudson River
from Canada to Long Island, in the hope
that the gypsy moth can be prevented from
spreading to other sections of the country.

Unfortunately, an infestation was dis-
covered in Pennsylvania in 1932, centering
approximately in Wilkes-Barre. More than
$4,000,000 has been spent in trying to
eradicate this infestation. While this has
not been accomplished, the number of cater-
pillars has been reduced and the infestation
has been held within bounds. Unless funds
are continued for this work, there is grave
danger that the gypsy moth will spread over
the entire state of Pennsylvania. Its favor-
ite food plants are oak, birch, basswood,
with hemlock, pine, and spruce susceptible
to attack in heavy infestations. This indi-
cates the danger to the forests of Pennsyl-
vania and ultimately to those of other
states.

Mr. Light was emphatic in his belief that
the work in controlling the gypsy moth in
the Pennsylvania infestation should not be
stopped, because it is important as a war
measure, in order to preserve timber that
must be used in our war program.

Ten

Forest Leaves

The Trees of Haverford College Campus

by Howard Knickerbocker Henry,
Assistant Professor of Botany, Haverford College

(CONTINUED from LAST ISSUE)

THE SCOT'S pine and the flowering
shrubs of the east section of the Nature
Walk were given by Mr. Edward Woolman.
Mr. Francis J. Stokes has generously con-
tributed a fund, the interest from which
help to support the growing needs of the Ar-
boretum.

At present the Arboretum has two
hundred and forty- two species of trees,
either as nursery stock or actually in the
Arboretum. Of these, eighty-nine are con-
ifers and pinetum. The first section of the
Nature Walk beyond the Observatory con-
tains young and vigorous specimens from
many parts of the world and is well worth a
visit by anyone at any time. It is especially
attractive during the winter when snow
transforms the whole planting into a green
and white fairyland of strangely shaped
Christmas trees. The casual visitor may or
may not notice that pines with two needles
in a cluster are first in the planting, fol-
lowed by those with three, two and three
mixed on the same tree and last those with
five needles. In the first group, just to the
left of the walk as it drops over the brow of
the hill, appears the low, bushy Mugho
pine, often used in foundation planting. The
other common name, Swiss Mountain pine,
furnishes a clue to its native habitat, which
IS the mountainous region from Spain to the
Balkans. A large and exceptionally fine
tree of this species may be seen about fifty
leet northeast of South Barclay.

To the left of the Mugho Pine group,
along the crest of the slope, other two-
needle pines are in sequence, Scot's Pine,
Jack Pine and last the Table Mountain
nne. This is a pine found only near the
I^P of the Appalachian Mountains from
* ^"nsylvania to Georgia. Its cones are re-
"larkable both because of their long, sharp,
Recurved prickles and their firmness of at-
tachment to the trunk. They often remain

ARCH -April, 1942

and are covered over by the growing bark
and wood of the tree. The Japanese Red
Pines, easily recognized by their groups of
three needles and luxuriance of cone pro-
duction, are planted a little farther along
the Nature Walk. With them are the Pitch
Pines of New Jersey, also three needles, but
with thicker prickly cones. Nine other
species of Pine occur in this first section of
the pinetum, but each cannot be separately
described. Following the pines, about mid-
way between College Avenue and Feather-
bed Lane is a group of junipers and Retin-
osporas. These vary in habit from the tall
columnar form of the Chinese Juniper to
the low-spreading, prostrate forms of the
Common Juniper.

Beyond the junipers, there follows in or-
der, the yews, the Giant Sequoia, the larch-
es, the true cedars, including specimens of
the Cedar of Lebanon, the Atlas Cedar and
the Deodar Cedar. Along the upper margin
of the field, just below the practice field and
the tennis courts, are the plantings of the
firs, hemlocks and spruces in order. Ten
species of firs, four of hemlock, and nine of
spruce have been transplanted from the
nursery.

The decidous trees occupy the former
cornfield to the south of Featherbed Lane
and are arranged as are the conifers in a
sequence to illustrate degree of relationship.
With few exceptions the groups adjacent to
each other are the most closely related. In-
cluded in this section are many interestinc;
trees, but as larger, more easily located
specimens of many of them occur about the
College building:, it might be better to select
from that section a few of the most inter-
esting.

The main campus being the oak section
of the Arboretum, many species of that
genus may be expected there. Thus, in the
space between Lloyd, Roberts Hall and

Eleven

■V. V'-^

^^*^

tNil^->:

% ^'^'

^m.^^

,,/•*#*«

TWO VIEWS OF SOME OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE'S TREES

Twelve

Forest Leaves

Sharpless Hall, are specimens of Northern
Red Oaks, pin oaks (a large tree at the en-
trance of Sharpless Hall), turkey oaks (the
only campus specimen is to be found be-
tween Roberts Hall and North Barclay),
Burr Oaks or Mossy Cup Oaks (the two
names are used about equally), and Swamp
White Oaks. The Burr Oak, standing by
the walk between Roberts Hall and Found-
ers is the most massive tree of the campus,
although another almost as large is located
near the east entrance to the Mary Newlin
Smith Memorial Garden. In the rear of
Sharpless Hall are three young specimens
of the Cow Oak, planted in honor of Chalk-
ley Palmer, and a Spanish Oak, planted by
the class of 1940. North of Barclay are two
Overcup Oaks and to the east, along Col-
lege Lane, a Scarlet Oak. Between the
planetrees, along the margin of Merion
Field, are a number of English oaks. In-
teresting to most who have seen only the
lobed-leaved oak of the northeast is the en-
tire-leaved Willow Oak. A magnificent
specimen shades the tennis court by the
Chemistry Laboratory. The Planting along
Featherbed Lane is also composed of this
species. Two specimens of another entire-
leaved oak, the Basket Oak, are to be found
along the roadway between Lloyd Hall and
Railroad Avenue, one to the east of the
road and the other almost in the center of
the triangular plot formed by the road.
Railroad Aveni>3 and Meetinghouse Lane.

In the small area of the triangle many
other interesting species are to be seen. A
Soapberry, native to the Southwest, grows
to the right of Meetinghouse Lane. The
blue berries of this tree are saponaceous and
have been used as a soap, hence its com-
mon name. Near it stands a small elm with
golden-yellow foliage, the Golden Elm.

Nearer the road and directly opposite the
Basket Oak is a Cedrela, a tree with com-
pound leaves and stringy bark. It is also
known as Cigarbox-cedar from its use in the
niaking of cigar boxes. Near it is a tree
^ith large, heart-shaped leaves and numer-
ous seed pods, displayed during both sum-
"^cr and winter. In the early spring this
^ree, the Empress Tree or Paulownia, is

March -April, 1942

often covered with pale lavender-colored
flowers which open before the leaves de-
velop.

Directly in front of Center Barclay and
exposed to the flames of student celebra-
tions, is a Bald Cypress. This, a tree of the
southern swamps, develops knees, or
breathing roots, when growing in water, but
lacks them when grown in dry soil. Small
Bald Cypresses have been planted along the
margin of the pond, and in time a fringe of
"knees'^ should appear. This conifer also
has the habit, unusual for conifers, of drop-
ping its needles during the winter season.
With the needles it drops the small branch-
lets bearing them, a habit unusual for any
tree.

Near the Bald Cypress and enclosed in a
triangle formed by the roads, is a single tree.
This is the Katsura, a tree of Japan, which
starts life as a small, bushy plant with num-
erous upright stems. These coalesce as it
grows older to form a single braided trunk.
An older specimen immediately south of
Morris Infirmary shows the coalescence
much better than the one by Barclay.

Another tree with fluted trunk somewhat
similar to the Katsura is the Styrax. One
specimen of this beautiful tree may be seen
in the opening behind the gymnasium. Its
fluted and buttressed trunk and horizontal
branches compressed to a plank-like thin-
ness gives this tree of the southwest a truly
tropical appearance. In late May, the
spreading branches bear a profusion of tiny
flowers, outlining the tree with horizontal
bars of white. Near it is a small Epaulette-
tree, so called because the masses of small
flowers bear a resemblance to the shoulder
ornament of that name.

Many more kinds of trees are present and
many of them are as interesting as those
mentioned, but not all can be given space
here. However, two more have to be in-
cluded in any mention of Haverford Col-
lege trees. First, the Ginkgo, known to
every student who has occasion to travel the
road to Meeting or pass in front of Found-
ers Hall. The rancid-smelling fruits are
produced only by female trees which usual-
ly have more widely-spreading branches

Thirteen

1 1

TWO VIEWS OF SOME OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE'S TREES

Twelve

Forest Leaves

In the small area of the triangle many
other interesting species are to be seen. A
Soapberry, native to the Southwest, grows
to the right of ^Meetinghouse Lane. The
blue berries of this tree are saponaceous and
have been used as a soap, hence its com-
mon name. Near it stands a small elm with
golden-yellow foliage, the Golden Elm.

Nearer the road and directly opposite the
Basket Oak is a Cedrela, a tree with com-
pound leaves and stringy bark. It is also
Known as Cigarbox-cedar from its use in the
making of cigar boxes. Near it is a tree
with large, heart-shaped leaves and numer-
ous seed pods, displayed during both sum-
^^r and winter. In the early spring this
^^ee, the Empress Tree or Paulownia, is

^R'^'"- April, 1942

often covered with pale lavender-colored
flowers which open before the leaves de-
velop.

Many more kinds of trees are present and
many of them are as interesting as those
mentioned, but not all can be given space
here. However, two more have to be in-
cluded in anv mention of Haverford Col-
lege trees. First, the Ginkgo, known to
every student who has occasion to travel the
road to Meeting or pass in front of Found-
ers Hall. The rancid-smelling fruits are
produced only by female trees which usual-
ly have more widely-spreading branches

Thirteen

' I

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

than the males. Unfortunately, the sex of
the young trees could not be determined at
the time the Haverford specimens were
planted. However, if the outer pulp is
washed away, the inner meat is without
odor and is not unpalatable when roasted.
The tree is of great interest to botanists as
it is one of the oldest trees in existence (it is
often described as a living fossil), and is
unknown in the wild state.

Another famous tree is the Gordonia or
Franklin-tree. This is a small tree or large
shrub with gardenia-like flowers produced
throughout the summer and fall. It was dis-
covered by John Bartram in Georgia. Speci-
mens were sent by him to England, and it
became a favorite garden shrub. The num-
ber of specimens sent to England either ex-
hausted the supply of wild plants or the
original site has been lost, as no botanist
has been able to find a wild plant in the
past hundred years. This, despite the fact
that repeated searches of Georgia swamps
have been made by experienced botanists
during that time. A small specimen of this
tree is on the left of the Nature Walk just
within the entrance by Professor Lock-
wood's house. Another, which has borne
flowers for the past few years, may be seen
by the Nature Walk, about two hundred
feet from the large tulip trees at the edge
of the woodlot.

These and the many other trees not men-
tioned help to preserve "the beauty of the
scenery,'' observed by the first Managers
and will certainly continue to increase the
natural beauty of the location with passing
years.

Treasurer's Report

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS

Year ended December 31, 1941

Receipts

Cash Balance :

December 31, 1940 — The

Cheltenham National Bank $45.95

Receipts :

Dues -1940 $ 58.00

1941 2,021.00

1942 109.00

Forest Leaves 76.42

Fourteen

Donations 2,877.50

Interest on Bonds 314.03

Dividend on Stocks 493.25

Life Memberships 280.00

Miscellaneous 46.01

Rent 440.00

Seedlings 29.00

Loan 500.00

Transfer from Investment

Account 300.00

$7,544.21

Disbursements

Salaries $3,522.63

Travelling Expenses 537.39

Office Expenses 69.09

Stationery and Printing 762.51

Postage 369.00

Rent 590.00

Forest Leaves 955.06

Telephone 146.99

Interest 64.83

Life Membership - Transfer 280.00

Miscellaneous 241.22

Cash Balance:

December 31, 1941 — The
Cheltenham National Bank

$7,590.16

$7,538.72

51.44

Cash

$7,590.16

INVESTMENT ACCOUNT
Assets

The Cheltenham National Bank $ 1,091.88
Securities 12,740.25

$13,832.13

Funds

Forest Leaves $ 2,818.88

General Fund $1,968.50

Profit — Scranton

Spring Brook

Water Co. 5's $ 72.00

Loss — American

Tel. & Tel. Co 172.42

100.42

$1,868.08
Less: Transfers 1,800.00

Lije Membership Fund $7,575.17

Additions during 1941 280.00

M. H. Hansen - Bequest

Louise A. McDowell -
Bequest

68.08

7,855.17
3,000.00

90.00

$13,832.13

Forest Leaves

Forestry as a Substitute for
Illegal Mining

(Continued from Page 3)

affected township would first be classified
as follows:

Class 1 — Forest or potential forest land
not underlain with coal.

Class 2 — Forest or potential forest land
underlain with coal but abandoned or re-
served.

Class 3 — Forest or potential forest land
underlain with coal which is now being
mined.

It is recommended that Class 1 lands be
donated outright to the local townships,
boroughs, or cities, as community forests, to
be developed by community labor. It is
recommended that the surface of Class 2
lands be also turned over to this purpose,
with a proviso, however, that would permit
development of the coal resource by the
company. It is recommended that the sur-
face of Class 3 lands be developed and
managed by the coal company as Colliery
Forests.

Sections 3040, 3830, and 2750 of the
Pennsylvania State Forest Code, authorizes
townships, cities, and boroughs to acquire
forest lands by purchase, gift, or lease and
hold forest or potential forest lands, admin-
istering the same under the direction of the
jaws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
in accordance with the practices and prin-
ciples of scientific forestry, for the benefit
of the communities involved. Such tracts
"lay be of any size suitable for the pur-
pose, and may be located within or without
the limits of the townships, boroughs, or
cities.

These community forests can be devel-
oped by the WPA, NYA, or DPA, with
projects sponsored by the local govern-
ments. Technical direction for the work
"|ay be secured not only from qualified in-
dividuals on WPA, but also by a Forester
^"iployed by the coal companies who would
also direct the forest work done on Colliery
forests in Class 3 lands.

Court records show a considerable acre-

^RCH- April, 1942

age of tax delinquent forest land already
owned outright by Schuylkill County. Some
forest land is being held by the county
treasurer for a two-year redemption period.
Lands thus reverting to county ownership
may also be developed as county or com-
munity forests.

Lands of all classes listed above can be
managed for watershed protection and ero-
sion control; control of surface water to
prevent rapid inflow into the mines; pro-
vide local recreational facilities for the pic-
nicker, hunter or fisherman, and ultimately
give the community an income from forest
products as well as stable jobs in the woods.
National Defense

From a national defense point of view the
above plans will bring about improved re-
lationship between the mine operators and
the coal miners, particularly in the southern
field. The "reforestation plan," calling for
physical improvements to aid in combatting
the fire menace, will make possible a reduc-
tion in forest fire damages and costs of ex-
tinction. The development of local com-
munity forests will not only create jobs
for the unemployed, but will also bring
about a future natural supply of wood prod-
ucts and other related benefits.

The Effect of Fertilizer On
Nut Maturity

The following letters tell their own story.
These trees, located on the west branch of
the Susquehanna River in the northern end
of Clinton County, have made a remark-
able response to fertilizing.

This year I recommended an addition of
5 lb. of potash with 20 lb. of bone meal.

Hyner, Pa.
February 6, 1941
Mr. John M. Hershey
Downingtown, Pa.
Dear Mr. Hershey:

Some time ago you had an article in the
Pennsylvania Farmer regarding pecan nut
trees not maturing their fruit. We have
two fine big pecan nut trees bought from
Mr. Jones 22 years ago. They are loaded
with nuts in the fall, but they never mature.

Fifteen

Your article has become mislaid. Would
you kindly advise what we could do, if any-
thing, to help these trees ripen their fruit?
They are paper shell variety, I believe.

Your very truly,

L. K. Condon
Hyner, Pa.
February 19, 1942
Mr. John M. Hershey
Downingtown, Pa.
Dear Mr. Hershey:

If you remember, I wrote you about a
year ago regarding two pecan trees we have
on our place which did not ripen their fruit.
You advised a system of fertilization and
said you would be interested in knowing
how it came out.

Last March we made a series of holes
about two feet deep with a bar about two
feet apart each way under one tree. These
holes began about two feet from the trunk
of the tree and extended to the outer ends of
the limbs.We filled each hole about half with
20% phosphate and finished filling with fine
chicken manure. Then we poured water in
each one as much as they would take. The
other tree we did nothing to at all. The tree
we fertilized came out in bloom a few days
earlier than the other and the blossoms
were larger. Then we had a late frost and
the blossoms got black and fell off. In a
few days the fertilized tree again came in
bloom with a good percentage of blooms
again. Good, big, healthy ones. Later the
other tree brought a few out and you could
see a big difference in them. They both had
fruit this fall, but the unfertilized tree's
fruit was very immature, not very many,
and most of them are on the tree yet. The
fertilized tree's fruit fell early. There
wasn't very much of it and we did not pay
very much attention to it. A few days ago
we were looking at the tree and picked up
a few of the nuts lying on the ground and
were surprised to find the kernels in most
of them were almost fully developed.

As soon as the ground permits, we intend
giving both trees an application of fertilizer
and believe that if we have no late frosts in
the spring we may get some nuts for our
pains.

Sixteen

We used about 30 lbs. 20% phosphate
and probably one bushel of chicken manure
on this tree.

Any suggestions thankfully received.

Yours very truly,

L. K. Condon

EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS

Grotv Christmas Trees for Profit

Douglas Fir (2 year) - - $7.0Q

Red Pine (2 year) - - _ j^qq

White Pine (4 year transplants)

per 100 3.50

Write for Complete List

ULRICH NURSERY

38 Waverly Street, Shillington, Pa.

I Plant CHINESE HYBRID CHESTNUT
I TREES for Pleasure and Profit

I Blight Resistant and Early Bearers, Sweet Like
the Old American, Send for Catalog.

RUMBAUCH CHESTNUT FARM

DUNCANNON, PA.

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I UIIUllJ II UU O One of Our Specialties

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1 R. D. 1 WRIGHTSVILLE, PA.

2 Complete catalog furnished upon request,

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CHESTNUTS

Bearing Blight - Resistant

Easily grown, heavy yielders. Northern strains

Plant in the dooryard for Beauty - Profit - Shade - Nuts
- Fun. Send postcard today for FREE Booklet and price
list on Enjrlish Walnuts, Stabler Black Walnuts, etc.
Excellent for ornamental purposes. I have experi-
mented with nut trees for over 44 years.

SUNNY RIDGE NURSERY Box F. L SWARTHMORE, PA.

NUT BEARING TREES

Since 1896 Jones' Nurseries have been
growing improved varieties of nut trees.
Descriptive catalogue free.

J. F. JONES NURSERIES

Dept. 1441 LANCASTER, PA.

1^^

Jf JONIS

l^yy TREES ^^'*^" you're stumped as to how to make

your farm pay, just write us for list of

and ""t and crop trees and liow to use them..

YQP^ PDHDC ^^^^^^ ^^'^'^^ °^ experience in twenty gives
' ntt Unllr O us a good background as a consultant.

NUT TREE NURSERIES

JOHN W. HERSHEY
DOWNINGTOWN, PA.

Box 65F

Forest Leaves

DOLLARS AND CONTINUOUS EMPLOYMENT

To harvest this timber and convert it into finished products, between 75,000 and 100,000
men would be needed. This would add $200,000,000 to the yearly income of Pennsylvania.

This is the goal toward which The Pennsylvania Forestry Association is striving. To that
end we are working for the following:

PROJECTS

1. MARKETING SERVICE FOR PRIVATE WOODLAND OWNERS. With the incease in
our preparedness program the demand for wood products has been stepped up. Unless we can
show the private woodland owner that there is a large and consistent market for his wood products
he will be inclined to cut his acreage clean in order to cash in on the emergency demand. The De-
partment of Forests and Waters should provide marketing information. A list of all wood-using in-
dustries in the State, together with the kinds, sizes and quality of wood used, should be assembled.
Price ranges, also, should be published.

3. INCREASED TREE PLANTING. At the present rate, 150 years will be required to plant
the cut-over and burned-over acreage in the State.

7. DUTCH ELM DISEASE CONTROL. This foreign disease is gradually spreading over Penn- (
sylvania. In the last two years it has killed elms in eight counties. Unless the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania and the Federal government cooperate in a concerted plan of eradication the 40 -
000,000 elms in Pennsylvania may be doomed.

8. BROADER SERVICE BY THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. The Bureau of Plant
Industry is responsible for advising property owners in the identification and control of various in-
sect and disease enemies of trees, shrubs, herbace )us plants, and grain and field crops. This service
has not been adequate. Insect and disease depredations cost Pennsylvanians millions of dollars a
year. With an efficient Bureau of Plant Industry much of this could be saved.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
1008 Commercial Trust Building
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

I am enclosing $ as a contribution to the work of the Pennsylvania

Forestry Association. Of the projects discussed above I am particularly interested in the fol-
owing (Please check):

12 3 4 5 6 7

ame

Address

li ll

I I

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Honorary Vice-President

Robert S. Conklin

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. 0. F. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Assistant Secretary

M. Claire Meyers

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
R. S. Conklin
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick .
J. W. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

EXECUTIVE BOARD

H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman
Roy a. Wright

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Edward Woolman, Chairman

Samuel F. Houston

Frank M. Hardt

••4

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

-- *V

\ "*
^ ^

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wright

Ralph P. Russell

Edward S. Weyl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, Chairman

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery

'if

E. F. Brouse

AUDITING COMMITTEE

Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

? ♦

»-•

TIONESTA COMMITTEE

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

FOREST

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THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

MAY - JUNE

CONTENTS

Giant White Oak at Hanover, Pennsylvania Cover

Photograph by Robert Myers

Developing Private Forestry in New Jersey ]

E. B. Moore

Safeguarding Community Timber Supplies «

Hardy L. Shirley

Editorial

" ■ 4

Soy Flour Pinch Hits for Pollen 4

Forest Regulaiion k

H. H. Chapman

Pennsylvania Nut Growers j^j

Tree Crops in the Post War Era 14

John W. Hershex

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Fouutted in Jiinr. !««(>

and preirta;ionTr'';;','™'r'""' 7 '"«""' I" ""= "'^'^^''"V a.ul n.eth.Kls „f f,>,cs. culture
Ch'^sT^e a.;rNa.i«nal «="«"■"-'" an.l enforcement of proper fores, protective laws.

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Fokkst Lkavks

State'^oM'enmvlvT.ra'''7.et^.,','r,l«i';""'!' "I ""' •^»«'"'"«>" '» ""ou<le.l to he li,„ite<l to the

Chairman of he Me nl,e shipv. S umR?T' """ T """'"" '<="" '"<=" '"""- '» ">e
uic i>itnii>ersnip t.ommittee. 1008 Commercial Trust BniUling, Philadelphia.

Presideiil-Wii.nvK K. Thomas
Ho„or„n Pr.,,rf,.,„-S.„.,K,, I.. Smk„,.kv „„„„,„,,, r,r..P,o,rf<.„/-Ro..K.T S. Conkun

Victor Bkfdk
Francis R. Copf, Jr.
Dr. O. F. Jknnings
F. G, Kmohts

Secretary-H. Gi.kason Matioon

1' ire-Presidents
Wm. S. B. McCai.kb
Edward C:. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Francis R. Tavi.or
Dr. E. E. Wildman
Gforcf, H. Wirt
Edward Wooi.man

Trensiirer-K. A. Wric;ht, C. P. A.

FOREST L EAV E S

PUBLISHED BI MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth, Pennsylvania, under the Act of March 3, 1879

Volume XXXII— No. '^

Narberth, Pa., May - June, 1942

Whole Number 310

Developing Private Forestry in New Jersey

E. B. Moore
New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development

Ninety-five percent of tlie forest area of the eastern states is privately-owned. Including accessi-
ble lands of high quality, these private holdings offer an excellent opportunity for the practice
of silviculture and for gathering documentary evidence as to the financial practicability of
forestry. It has long l)een recognized that the use of improper methods prevents obtaining
adequate returns from woodland, and so three years ago the New Jersey Department of Conser-
vation and Development began providing an intensive type of assistance in woods management
in an effort to find an answer to the specific question. "Does private forestry pay in New Jersey?"

FOR the small forest owner everywhere
the handling of woodland presents
serious difficulties. It is usually imprac-
ticable for him to employ a forester and
yet without detailed technical guidance
he is at a tremendous disadvantage in
even so primary a matter as the sale of
merchantable stumpage, let alone the ap-
plication of any silvicultural practices.
Thus when tenclered the small offers us-
ually made for standing timber, most
owners become convinced that if this is all
the woods are worth, forestry does not
pay, and in addition the unsightly wreck-
age resulting from logging leaves many
with an aversion to all cutting operations.
This situation is unfortunate both for the
owners and for the forestry profession.
It is the writer's opinion that forestry can
be made to pay; that through the use of
practicable techniques the net financial
yields in this region can be more than
ooubled and the tracts left in excellent
shape for future growth. As to the rea-
sons why these possibilities are not more
J^iaely explored and developed it might

e asked whether public foresters take
sutticient cognizance of their responsibil-
j y to promote the management of private

^"as. Faced now with the gravest na-

n»'ntc(l f,(„„ ti,^. Journal of Forestry. May 1912

tional crisis in our history shall we con-
tinue to acquiesce in the relative neglect of
the most productive portion of our forest
lands?

Ownership

North Jersey and the Delaware Valley
— where most private forestry work is
carried on in New Jersey — contain
about 740,000 acres of woodland. The
oak-chestnut-yellow poplar type pre-
dominates with trees reaching 25-30
inches in diameter and 1 1 0 feet in height
on the best sites at 125-150 years.

Private holdings here may be grouped
in two main classes: ( 1 ) farms, and (2)
country estates. The average farm in
this section contains approximately ten
acres of woodland. While excellent tim-
ber is to be found on some of these, the
greater number show an over-abundance
in the smaller diameter classes, reflecting
the economic pressure which forces far-
mers to sell as soon as the trees reach the
lower limits of merchantability, generally
from 12-14 inches on the stump.

The woodlots on the country estates
on the other hand are larger in area and
generally in better condition. Because
most of these owners are in a stronger po-
sition economically to meet the pressure

for liquidation, they retain their wood-
lands for hunting or riding, or for aes-
thetic purposes, and allow the trees to
grow into the larger size classes. Many
refuse to sell timber because of the un-
sightly slashings and logging debris
which result from the usual commercial
lumbering operation.

Markets

In New Jersey the combination of
mechanical transportation and good
roads has tended to eliminate the portable
sawmill and establish the semi-permanent
type of mill. Crawler-type tractors are
used for skidding and loading, and truck
hauls up to 70 miles are often made from
woods to mill. Logs are commonly han-
dled in long lengths, i. e. from 20-50 feet.
Most of the saw timber is cut into plank
and flitch for barge and ship construction.
Some goes into ties and machine frame
stock. The poorer quality material is
sawed into dunnage wood for wedging
car and ship cargoes, or is cut into boat
fenders. Trees suitable for piling bring
the best prices, and furnace poles used for
purifying molten copper at the smelters,
offer an outlet for defective and undesir-
able hardwoods which could be utilized
to real silvicultural advantage under an
effective system of regulation. There is
a fair demand for cordwood in the metro-
politan suburbs.

In New Jersey timber Is usually sold
on the stump either for a lump sum or by
log scale, and ordinarily all sound trees
oyer 12-inches in diameter are taken. The
Doyle rule is used in scaling and the dia-
meters are taken at the middle of the log
mside bark. After buying stumpage the
operators generally cut the trees as orders
are received and deliver the sawed lumber
m green condition, thereby avoiding the
need for storage and seasoning. While
some farmers cut their own logs and have
them custom-sawn for home use, there is
relatively little sale of logs by land own-
ers to the regular mills. This is dae both
to the uncertainty of such supplies and to

Two

the demand for long lengths requiring
heavy equipment and special skills in
handling.

What New Jersey is Doing to Help
Private Forestry

the old methods

For many years the Department of
Conservation and Development has given
advisory assistance to forest owners upon
request. This help has usually consisted
m going over the woods, estimating the
volume which should be removed, dis-
cussing the type of cutting with the
owner, and marking an acre or so to serve
as a guide. Data on current stumpage
prices, a list of operators, and a simple
timber sale contract were provided.

The results of this type of assistance
have been distinctly unsatisfactory, and
the writer is convinced that more inten-
sive methods are necessary if private for-
estry is to realize its possibilities in this
region.

THE NEW METHODS

In 1938 New Jersey adopted a pro-
gram of intensive forestry help for the
private owner. Believing that public
regulation in some form would be adopt-
ed sooner or later, it was decided that de-
tailed assistance would be given in order
to build up a skeleton of well-handled
tracts on which the financial and silvicul-
tural advantages of good forestry could
be adequately shown. It was thought
that these tracts would serve both as
nuclei for future cooperatives and also as
a cushion to ease the shock of regulatory
measures.

The methods now in use begin with
the usual brief reconnaissance of the prop-
erty and boundary lines and a discussion
of the possibilities with the owner. If a
map of the woodland is not available a
rough compass survey is made. If the
area does not exceed 75 acres, a 100 per
cent cruise is made of trees 6-inches in
diameter and up. For tracts of larger

(Continued on pn^e 10)

Forest LeavB

Safeguarding Community
Timber Supplies

by Hardy L. Shirley

Allegheny Forest Experiment Station

"There is a time in every man's education when lie arrives at the conviction that envy is

ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better for worse as his portion;

that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him

but through his toil bestowed on that plot of ground which is given to him to till."

Self-Reliance, by Ralph Waldo Emerson

Emerson's admonition to men as in-
dividuals applies with singular apt-
ness also to men associated together in
communities. Caught in the maelstrom
of world-wide depressions and wars,
local communities have been forced to ac-
cept Federal and State subsidies for
schools, roads, and relief, but these have
provided no foundation for permanent
economic stability. Prosperity induced
from without is usually shortlived. Here
and there we find communities whose
people realize full well that local pros-
perity is dependent upon their own co-
operative effort applied unstintingly to
the resources — both natural and human
— that lie at hand. Citizens of Man-
chester, New Hampshire, by their own
effort ancl capital converted bankrupt
textile mills into a series of new indus-
tries to maintain productive employment
for their people. Far sighted commun-
ity leaders in York, Pennsylvania, de-
veloped a plan whereby machine tools
from all plants could be made available
through common pool to speed war pro-
duction. Such bold and determined ac-
tion renews our faith in decentralized au-
thority, but unfortunately examples are
311 too few. In the field of forest conser-
vation they are even more rare.

When their timber was exhausted,
"lost forest communities in Pennsylva-
nia and elsewhere entered a long period
ot decline or disappeared completely. The
Pproach of second growth timber to
p/L '^ size, an event that is hasten-

^y war demands for timber of all

'^''^^ ■ JlJNE, 1942

sorts, is giving many such communities
a new lease on life. Where no positive
effort is made, the usual pattern is an in-
flux of portable sawmills, often accom-
panied by mine prop, pulpwood or chem-
ical wood operators which together strip
off the country within a few years before
the timber becomes large enough to at-
tract permanent industries. To be sure,
these bring the semblance of prosperity
for the moment, but leave in their wake a
depleted forest resource that will require
another 30 or more years to grow to pro-
ductive size. Even the ephemeral pros-
perity experienced is limited because the
raw timber products are shipped elsewhere
for drying, planing, and remanufacture,
thereby precluding the realization of
those increments of value that result from
refining and remanufacture and that pro-
vide the most labor.

(Continued on page 8)

Logs and Chemical WockI are harvested in narrow
strif) cuttings. These two will he allowed to restock
hcfore adjacent strips are cut.

Three

Markets

In New Jersey the combination of
mechanical transportation and good
roads has tended to eliminate the portable
sawmill and establish the semi-permanent
type of mill. Crawler-type tractors are
used for skidding and loading, and truck
hauls up to 70 miles are often made from
woods to mill. Logs are commonly han-
dled in long lengths, i. e. from 20-50 feet.
Most of the saw timber is cut into plank
and flitch for barge and ship construction.
Some goes into ties and machine frame
stock. The poorer quality material is
sawed into dunnage wood for wedging
car and ship cargoes, or is cut into boat
fenders. Trees suitable for piling bring
the best prices, and furnace poles used for
purifying molten copper at the smelters,
ofl'er an outlet for defective and undesir-
able hardwoods which could be utilized
to real silvicultural advantage under an
efl'ective system of regulation. There is
a fair demand for cordwood in the metro-
politan suburbs.

In New Jersey timber is usually sold
on the stump either for a lump sum or by
log scale, and ordinarily all sound trees
over 12-inches in diameter are taken. The
Doyle rule is used in scaling and the dia-
meters are taken at the middle of the log
mside bark. After buying stumpage the
operators generally cut the trees as orders
are received and deliver the sawed lumber
m green condition, thereby avoiding the
need for storage and seasoning. While
some farmers cut their own logs and have
them custom-sawn for home use, there is
relatively little sale of logs by land own-
ers to the regular mills. This is dae both
to the uncertainty of such supplies and to

Two

the demand for long lengths requirins;
heavy equipment and special skills ;!
handling. ^"

What New Jersey is Doing to Help
Private Forestry

THE OLD METHODS

For many years the Department of
Conservation and Development has given
advisory assistance to forest owners upon
request. This help has usually consisted
in going over the woods, estimating the
volume which should be removed, dis-
cussing the type of cutting with the
owner, and marking an acre or so to serve
as a guide. Data on current stumpage
prices, a list of operators, and a simple
timber sale contract were provided.

THE NEW METHODS

The methods now in use begin with
the usual brief reconnaissance of the prop-
erty and boundary lines and a discussion
of the possibilities with the owner. If^
map of the woodland is not available a
rough compass survey is made. If the
area does not exceed 75 acres, a 100 per
cent cruise is made of trees 6-inches in
diameter and up. For tracts of larger

Safeguarding Community
Timber Supplies

by Hardy L. Shirley

Allegheny Forest Experiment Station

"There is a time in every inan's ediuation when he arrives at (he (onviction that envy is

ignorance; that imitation is snicide; that he nnist take himself lor hetter lor worse as his portion;

that thongh the wide nniverse is fnll of good, no kernel of nonrishing com tan come to hiiii

hut throngh his toil hestowed on that plot of ground which is given to him to till. "

Sclf-Ilcliaiuc, hy Ralph Waldo Emerson

(('Onlimird on fxii^r 10)

FORKST LeAVKN

Emerson's admonition to men as in-
dividuals applies with singular apt-
ness also to men associated together in
communities. Caught in the maelstrom
of world-wide depressions and wars,
local communities have been forced to ac-
cept Federal and State subsidies for
schools, roads, and relief, but these have
provided no foundation for permanent
economic stability. Prosperity induced
from without is usually shortlived. Here
and there we find communities whose
people realize full well that local pros-
perity is dependent upon their own co-
operative effort applied unstintingly to
the resources — both natural and human
— that lie at hand. Citizens of Man-
chester, New Hampshire, by their own
effort ancl capital converted bankrupt
textile mills into a series of new indus-
tries to maintain productive employment
for their people. Far sighted commun-
ity leaders in York, Pennsylvania, de-
veloped a plan whereby machine tools
from all plants could be made available
through common pool to speed war pro-
duction. Such bold and determined ac-
tion renews our faith in decentralized au-
™nty, but unfortunately examples are
^11 too few. In the field of forest conser-
^'ation they are even more rare.

When their timber was exhausted,
"lost forest communities in Pennsylva-
"ta and elsewhere entered a long period
or decline or disappeared completely. The
^PProach of second growth timber to
p .T"^"^^ble size, an event that is hasten-

^y war demands for timber of all

{Conlinucd on lfay^<- H)

I-o^s and Chcnncal Wood ;nc harvested in narrow
slrip (ntlings. Those two will he allowed to restock
i)efoie adjacent stri|)s are cut.

Three

FOREST LEAVES

Published Bi-Monthly at Narbertfi, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related sul)jects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Maitoon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russi ll

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher e. p. Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

MAY - JUNE, 1942

PRESCRIBED READING

TN this issue appear two articles, both
-*■ reprints from the Journal of Forestry,
the official organ of the Society of Ameri-
can Foresters. They are "Developing
Private Forestry in New Jersey," by E. B.
Moore, and "Forest Regulation as Treat-
ed in the Report of the Chief of the Forest
Service 1941," by H. H. Chapman.

The article by Mr. Moore answers defi-
nitely and affirmatively the oft repeated
question, "Does private forestry pay?"
It is an exposition of the progressive and
enlightened attitude of the New Jersey
Department of Conservation and De-
velopment toward the marketing prob-
lems of the private timberland owner.
This service so adequately and success-
fully offered by New Jersey should be
duplicated in Pennsylvania by the De-
partment of Forests and Waters for it is
a concrete illustration of the service the
Department was expected to render when
It was created. Every member of
The Pennsylvania Forestry Association
should read the article carefully and
thoughtfully.

The article by H. H. Chapman is re-
printed because of its terse and lucid dis-
cussion of forest regulation, that much
cussed and discussed topic of the day in

Four

forestry circles. Unfortunately, the
smaller timberland owner, who is as sub-
ject to regulation as the large one, has
been too little aware of the portent of fed.
eral regulation. The fallacies in the rea-
soning of the proponents are clearly pre-
sented in characteristic fashion.

This article merits the thought and
consideration, not only of the timberland
owner, but also of every citizen who pre-
sumes to have knowledge of important
public policies.

H. G. M.

SOY FLOUR PINCH HITS FOR

POLLEN

CCIENTIFIC ingenuity has found a
^ way to boost results from the pro-
verbial busyness of bees. A new bee food
— part pollen collected by the bees them-
selves and part soybean flour — is being
tested this spring by the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture bee specialists in the
colonies at the Beltsville Research Center.
Bees require some pollen in their diet.
but recent research shows that a colony's
pollen supply can be stretched by dilut-
ing it with another protein food. A bee
colony that has consumed the last of its
winter pollen reserves can not be depend-
ed oil to multiply its working; force rap-
idly in early spring — one of the critical
periods in bee development. Given one
of the new cakes — a combination of 25
per cent pollen and 75 per cent soybean
flour, mixed with sugar sirup — a colony
reaches maximum size for the earlier
honey flows.

The pollen used in making the cakes
fed this spring to the Beltsville bees was
obtained last summer and fall by robbing
bees of the pollen they were bringing back
to their hives.

With the beekeeper contributing the
soybean flour one strong colony can
gather enough surplus pollen in the
growing season to provide the new bee
cakes for 50 colonies early the following
spring.

Forest Lkaves

Forest Regulation

As Treated in the Report of the Chief of the Forest Service 1941

by H. H. Chapman

THIS report discusses the need for na-
tion-wide regulation of private for-
ests. By stressing the national character
of the need it constantly emphasizes fed-
eral rather than state regulation. The
argument is ostensibly for the principle of
regulation as such, but state regulation is
mentioned only in passing and as an op-
portunity for states to formulate state
plans, and for owners to prepare plans.
This "opportunity" is, of course, extend-
ed by the federal government. Thus, as
usual the case for regulation is tied in
with the need for federal regulation.

The chief attack is made on private
owners. The statement that "it just
isn't in the cards for owners, most of
whom are practicing destructive liquida-
tion for maximum immediate profits,
voluntarily to enforce adequate forest
cropping practices on themselves" is spe-
cific denial of known facts. If by "en-
force" is meant legal enforcement, then
this is disproved by the recent law in Ore-
gon which was passed with the support
of the lumberman. If it means volun-
tary enforcement by individual operators
on their own holdings, it is refuted specifi-
cally by many known instances, such as
at Crossett and Urania in the South. The
Forest Service knows the extent of volun-
tary enforcement of this kind but chooses
^0 ignore it in order to further congres-
sional action giving it power over private
property owners within the states. If it
nieans enforcement through associations,
Q.n their members, as far as such associa-
tions can enforce regulation, it is again re-
nted by the activities of several associa-
tions and this fact is also known to the
forest Service.

sprinted from the Jomnal of Forestry, May 1942.
'^'^V r JuNE^ ,912

It is also a fact that clear cutting is be-
coming more and more a problem of the
small woodlot owners everywhere and
less and less a problem of large owners.
Does the Forest Service intend to secure
authority to tell the farmer how he shall
cut his timber? Perhaps!

If "a few organized big men should
not have the power to regulate many un-
organized little men/' (and I fail abso-
lutely to see how of themselves they could
get this power) why is it preferably for
the Forest Service to possess similar
power? Again the power of the state
and its jurisdiction are flaunted. The in-
ference is that big operators, actuated by
self interest, can render futile any effective
state regulation, and second, that if and
when the citizens of a state secure such
legislation it will only be by the power of
organized big men, i. e., these same oper-
ators, who will proceed to oppress the
little men by requiring them to do,
through state laws, state sentiment, and
state officials, what the Forest Service
intends to do in defiance, if necessary, of
state laws, state sentiment and state offi-
cials. Either way, why the concern over
the small man's jeopardy unless the be-
lief is held that he should escape regula-
tion. This quoted statement does not aid
in creating a cooperative attitude within
the states.

The report states that "the immediate
aim of this recommendation is nation-
wide control of how privately owned for-
ests may be cut if and as cutting takes
place. It does not cover control over
when the owner may or may not cut his
timber or prices." Just what does this
distinction signify? If an operator is
graciously permitted by the government
to cut his timber whenever he decides to

Fwe

do so, he cannot at the same time be lim-
ited as to how much timber he can cut in
a given year — but only as to how he can
cut it. We will examine this "how"
later and deal now with the far different
problem of "how much." It is well that
the government proposals do not extend
to the determination of the volume of
the annual cut to be permitted. Possibly
by stretching the interpretation of the
word "how," this volume control may
be affected. But if the actual objective is
to regulate the amount of the cut and not
merely the methods of cutting, control of
the enterprise will thereby actually pass
to the agency having this power, and this
would mean confiscation and federal
operation of the enterprise.

For when an objective is set up and
constantly agitated, and a half-way
measure or entering wedge is adopted
and then fails to accomplish its purpose
to the satisfaction of the authorities, the
precedent of power and control already
gained makes it simpler to extend this
control, always in the interests of the
beneficiaries. Lest anyone imagine that
this statement is farfetched I may at this
point say that a well informed and high-
ly trained physician to whom I showed
this portion of the report dealing with
regulation, immediately exclaimed "Do
you know what this reminds me ot?
The propaganda that Hitler was putting
out when I was in Germany in 1933, at
the time when he was persuading the peo-
ple that everything would be all right if
they would just trust him to manage
affairs!"

The objective set forth in the propa-
ganda issued by the Forest Service and
contamed in this report is that of achiev-
ing sustained yield from forest lands.
With this purpose no one will quarrel.
But sustained yield can mean but one
thing as it now affects the output of loi^s
and forest products, and that is, a curtail-
ment of the present rate of cutting, to a
point where it does not exceed the growth.
What else can be meant by the constant
reiteration of the theme of overcutting,
Six

liquidation, and ghost towns? How is
this condition to be checked or corrected
if overcutting is to be permitted? Rg.
gardless of the conservation practices em
ployed by which the word "destructive''
is eliminated as an adjunct of "liquida-
tion," the latter is inevitable for every en-
terprise whose rate of cutting greatly ex-
ceeds the annual growth. Such a concern
cannot go on a "sustained yield" merely
by leaving seed trees, planting, or even by
selective logging. Again these facts must
be known to the Forest Service personnel.
Hence, unless the government actually
takes over the plant, which would be the
effect of arbitrarily determining in each
instance when, that is, how much, shall
be cut annually, all these evils of ghost
towns, unemployment, public relief, loss
of the tax base, and other effects will
occur contemporarily with and in the face
of the best silvicultural practices that can
be invented or applied by private owners
or on public forests. Ultimately, of
course, the forest economy will auto-
matically be adjusted, for we cannot per-
manently cut more than we grow. The
continued agitation about destructive
liqfuidation as the justification for nation-
wide federal control fails to reveal the
fact that even if the proposed control as
to methods of cutting is one hundred per
cent effective, liquidation as such must
continue for a large percentage of present
operators unless this parallel, and imme-
diate, reduction of the total annual cut
can also be effected. The Forest Service
has made no attempt to explain how the
cut for an enterprise can be reduced, say
one half, and the business remain solvent,
or even if it can weather the storm, how
this reduction will fail to diminish em-
ployment. Some private enterprises,
however, have been able to solve the
problem by the use of business imagina-
tion and inventiveness. We may j^rant,
and endorse, every argument as to the de-
sirabilitv of such a reduction of opera-
tions. We may even feel that they are
justified in the face of war needs, provid-
ed war is considered a secondary objec-

Forest Leaves

uve! But no one can find a way to efifect
a nation-wide and drastic curtailment of
liquidating operations except by sacrific-
ing present for future output, and present
for future employment, and by its own
frank statement, the Forest Service does
not intend to make this * 'forward" step
mandatory — not now! Hence sustained
yield, ghost towns, and social relief are
either being used as arguments to pave
the way for complete federal operation of
private enterprise in this field, or merely
as a means for securing the control over
methods of cutting, which quite evident-
ly will not and cannot solve the immedi-
ate problem of liquidation, nor reverse
the conditions drastically or effectively,
for several decades to come.

What the Forest Service is really at-
tempting to accomplish by these appeals
for social uplift and the protection of the
little fellow is the establishment of so-
called minimum requirements for restor-
ing the growth, preventing the destruc-
tion of the capacity of the forest as a pro-
ductive area, and cutting existing stands
in such a way as to extend their life and
increase their ultimate yield before final-
ly cut and reproduced. But the rules for
these practices are to be prescribed by the
members of the organization which is to
be given the last word in determining
these rules. Are they competent to exer-
cise this responsibility? Do they know
what the requirements should be? In my
opmion they do not as yet, at least in the
!>outh and in New England. Perhaps no
one is certain as yet. There are funda-
mental differences of professional opin-
ion on the exact technique of what is call-
ed selective logging, and still greater dif-
ferences in the South over the use of fire
as a silvicultural tool in maintaining the
dominance of the valuable pines over the
Invasion of worthless hardwood brush.
Progress in solving these silvicultural
problems has been made, at least initially,
as often from outside sources as from
orest Service investigations, regardless
1^ the much greater sums at its disposal
or research. Progress in applying these
'^''^^ - June, 1942

principles on national forests, at least in
the South, lags far behind the findings of
research.

The formulation of sound minimum
requirements, which can be legislated or
regulated, is something that cannot be ac-
complished over night, and the nation
saved, by edicts from Washington even
with the help of "advisory" local com-
mittees. The rule or ruin character of
such a plan for federal — I mean, of course,
nationwide — regulation is well illus-
trated by the proposals in the Bankhead
bill S-2043 which would attempt to
force the states to pass regulatory laws
satisfactory to the ruling power by
threats to smash the existing cooperative
efforts in fire protection and other lines by
withdrawing federal funds for non-com-
pliance, and by proposing a fantastic
scheme of interference with interstate
shipments of lumber except from certi-
fied tracts complying with minimuni ' re-*
quirements. I am given to understand
that the committee of Congress, not the
Forest Service, is responsible for these
two proposals, the Service adhering to the
plan for taking over regulation on the
states' failure to perform to its satisfac-
tion. Either way is bad enough, whoever
is to blame. To use the war as an oppor-
tunity for this unwise and unjustified ag-
gression on the power of the states is in-
defensible.

I have been actively associated with
the development of forest practice for 45
years and have seen the enormous prog-
ress made in fire protection under the co-
operative Clarke-McNary principle —
with the federal government falling far
below its understood 50 per cent contri-
bution. I have seen the gradual growth
of sound silvicultural practices on federal,
state, and private lands, and the slow ac-
cretion of real knowledge on how to re-
produce and grow timber crops. This
evolutionary process, as stated at Balti-
more, Md., on February 21, by the Act-
ing Chief of the Forest Service, may
belong to a past era, and with the advent
of the predicted new era, drastic and effec-

" Seven

1 r

' '

Hi'

tivc '*nation-wide" public measures are
necessary. My own opinion is that
''drastic*' force usually destroys more
than it creates and when applied to nat-
ural processes, nature has a way of stick-
ing to facts and to evolution, and man
gets nowhere unless he exercises similar
intelligence and patience. I am therefore
a believer in continuing the out-moded
era of cooperation, research, experimental
approach, discussion, and education by
which processes, though inadequate,
compromising, and dilatory, all produc-
tion dependent on natural forces is
guided. It is not prudent of this nation
to take too many rules from the code of
'modern" practice which attempts to ac-
complish by edict objectives that do not
lend themselves to regimentation.

Safeguarding Community
Timber Supplies

{continued from page 3)

Can communities retain and enlarge
this recaptured prosperity? An example
of one community in Pennsylvania is il-
luminating. Coudersport and nearby
Roulette enjoyed very active prosperity
at the turn of the century. Sawmills
were running at full capacity and timber
harvesting proceeding at a rapid rate.
Wood chemicals companies cleaned up
the trees that were too small to saw. But
one by one as the timber supply became
exhausted, the sawmills dropped out and
later on, one by one the wood chemical
companies also dropped out either because
local timber supplies became scarce or be-
cause the companies were unable to meet
the competition of chemicals from other
sources.

One, the Gray Chemical Company re-
mained. Ill content with its role as a
scavenger for the lumber industry, it pur-
chased land of its own. Gradually, it
built up holdings ample to supply more
than half its needs on a permanent basis.
Instead of applying the usual clear-cut-
Eight

ting practice wherever it operated, it
adopted cutting by strips or by small
areas, and in places, selective cutting. The
timber on its own and surrounding land
grew. It grew faster, in fact, than the
chemical company could use it, and some
of It grew to sawtimber size. The com-
pany built a mill in which it sawed and
finished lumber from the better quality
logs, and turned the slab wood and tops
mto chemical wood. This company hap-
pened to have a forester, Robert R. Ly-
man, on its managerial staff. Eventually
he became president of the company. He
was responsible not only for the far-
sighted forest policy but also introduced
the latest developments in chemical wood
distillation in the plant and spent consid-
erable money for research to keep the
plant and its products up-to-date. He
made the plant and the community per-
manent institutions. Today, when many
of his competitors are planning on one
last, grand fling during the war period, he
IS looking 25 to 50 years ahead. He is
building up a permanent force of woods
workers, housing them in modern homes
scattered throughout his holdings. These
men both protect and harvest the forest
crop. Local employees are encouraged to
purchase stock in the company, a policy
made effective by paying liberal wages
and providing non-interest loan ac-
counts. Here is one community, then,
that has a permanent forest industry
largely owned by local citizens and work-
ers, amply supplied with raw forest pro-
ducts for permanent operation, and a new
sawmill industry gradually emerging
which can ultimately open the way for
furniture factories or other wood using
industries. Incidentally, the saw mill is
now the largest remaining in the State of
Pennsylvania.

It so happened that this particular in-
dustry was controlled by a man having a
high sense of community responsibility
and a strong urge to make his industry
permanently prosperous. But other com-
munities need not remain helpless, wait-
ing for some benevolent industrialist to

Forest Leavf^s

The sawmill and wood distillation i)lanl of the (iray Chemical Company at Roidette, Pa. provide close
utilization of the timber crop.

purchase and develop their resources.
Communities can control the timber re-
source through right of ownership just as
a private individual does and they can
also control it through rights of legal jur-
isdiction residing in the counties and local
communities. The County Code as
amended by the passage of the Zoning
Enabling Act by the Pennsylvania Legis-
lature on June 25, 1937, 'P.L.2129"
provides: in Section 510.1 *'The board
or county commissioners of any county is
hereby empowered ... by ordinance, to
regulate in any portion or portions of
such county which lie outside of cities,
•boroughs and townships of the first class
• • . the uses of land for . . . industry . . .
forestry or other purposes." The pur-
poses of such zoning and regulation in-
jude. Section 510.7 "... promoting the
ealth, safety, morals, convenience, order,
psperity or welfare of the present and
future inhabitants of the State of Penn-

^^^^ ■ Jl'NF, 1912

sylvania . . . *' The counties are author-
ized further (Section 510.9) to "cooper-
ate with the zoning commissions of
other counties and with the planning,
zoning, legislative, and administrative
authorities of cities, boroughs, first-class
townships or other municipalities, either
within or without such county with ?
view to coordinating and integrating the
zoning of other counties or municipali-
ties. The zoning commission shall also
have power to appoint such committee or
committees ... as it may deem proper to
effect such cooperation . . . Similar powers
were granted to townships of the second
class in the Act of June 1, 1937, "P.L.-
504.'^

A discussion of planning and zoning
is given in Publications 11, 12, and 13
of the Pennsylvania State Planning
Board 1938 and 1940. Ten other states
have county zoning laws somewhat simi-
lar in intent and scope to those of Penn-

tive "nation-wide" public measures are
necessary. My own opinion is that
"drastic" force usually destroys more
than it creates and when applied to nat-
ural processes, nature has a way of stick-
ing to facts and to evolution, and man
gets nowhere unless he exercises similar
intelligence and patience. I am therefore
a believer in continuing the out-moded
era of cooperation, research, experimental
approach, discussion, and education by
which processes, though inadequate,
compromising, and dilatory, all produc-
tion dependent on natural forces is
guided. It is not prudent of this nation
to take too many rules from the code of
"modern" practice which attempts to ac-
complish by edict objectives that do not
lend themselves to regimentation.

Safeguarding Community
Timber Supplies

{continued from Ixigc 3)

One, the Gray Chemical Company re-
mamed. Ill content with its role as a
scavenger for the lumber industry, it pur-
chased land of its own. Gradually, it
built up holdings ample to supply more
than half its needs on a permanent basis.
Instead of applying the usual clear-cut-

FAght

ting practice wherever it operated it
adopted cutting by strips or by small
areas, and in places, selective cutting. The
timber on its own and surrounding land
grew. It grew faster, in fact, than the
chemical company could use it, and some
of It grew to sawtimber size. The com-
pany built a mill in which it sawed and
finished lumber from the better quality
logs, and turned the slab wood and tops
into chemical wood. This company hap-
pened to have a forester, Robert R. Ly-
man, on its managerial staff. Eventually
he became president of the company. He
was responsible not only for the far-
sighted forest policy but also introduced
the latest developments in chemical wood
distillation in the plant and spent consid-
erable money for research to keep the
plant and its products up-to-date. He
made the plant and the community per-
manent institutions. Today, when many
of his competitors are planning on one
last, grand fling during the war period, he
IS looking 25 to 50 years ahead. He is
building up a permanent force of woods
workers, housing them in modern homes
scattered throughout his holdings. These
men both protect and harvest the forest
crop. Local employees are encouraged to
purchase stock in the company, a policy
made effective by paying liberal wages
and providing non-interest loan ac-
counts. Here is one community, then,
that has a permanent forest industry
largely owned by local citizens and work-
ers, amply supplied with raw forest pro-
ducts for permanent operation, and a new
sawmill industry gradually emerging
which can ultimately open the way for
furniture factories or other wood using
industries. Incidentally, the saw mill is
now the largest remaining in the State of
Pennsylvania.

FORFST LKAVK.S

riic sawmill and wood distiilalion plant ol tlif (iiay (Jinnital (onipanv a( RonlcMc, i'a. provide dost'
iilili/ation ol (he (iini)ei crop.

purchase and develop their resources.
Communities can control the timber re-
source through right of ownership just as
a private individual does and they can
also control it through rights of legal jur-
isdiction residing in the counties and local
communities. The County Code as
amended by the passage of the Zoning
Enabling Act by the Pennsylvania Legis-
lature on June 25, 1937, •P.L.2129"
provides: in Section 510.1 "The board
of county commissioners of any county is
hereby empowered ... by ordinance, to
regulate in any portion or portions of
such county which lie outside of cities,
boroughs and townships of the first class
• • • the uses of land for . . . industry . . .
forestry or other purposes." The pur-
poses of such zoning and regulation in-
Jde. Section 510.7 "... promoting the
^ ' safety, morals, convenience, order,
pspentv or welfare of the present and
"ftire inhabitants of the State of Penn-

^ ■ J'NK, I(M1>

sylvania ..." The counties are author-
ized further (Section 510.9) to "cooper-
ate with the zoning commissions of
other counties and with the planning,
zoning, legislative, and administrative
authorities of cities, boroughs, first-class
townships or other municipalities, either
within or without such county with ?
view to coordinating and integrating the
zoning of other counties or municipali-
ties. The zoning commission shall also
have power to appoint such committee or
committees ... as it may deem proper to
efl^ect such cooperation . . . Similar powers
were granted to townships of the second
class in the Act of June 1, 1937, "P.L.-
504."

A discussion of planning and zoning
is given in Publications 11, 12. and 13
of the Pennsylvania State Planning
Board 1938 and 1940. Ten other states
have county zoning laws somewhat simi-
lar in intent and scope to those of Penn-

Nin^

sylvania. The Pennsylvania Acts seem
to be broad enough in scope to allow a
county to zone certain areas for timber
production and to prescribe the methods
of managing such land so as to produce
the yield of timber products that is re-
quired to maintain a prosperous, local in-
dustry. In other words, the county and
townships, and through them the local
communities, have the authority to regu-
late the way in which private forest land
is managed, provided the courts can be
convinced that such regulation is neces-
sary for the continued prosperity of the
community. Armed with this authority
citizens organized in private corpora-
tions, cooperatives, or public authorities
could raise capital for local wood using
industries with the assurance that timber
supplies would always be adequate for
their needs. In this way, communities
could do for themselves what one man
did for the community of Roulette. To
make such a venture successful the com-
munity would need technical informa-
tion on the extent and productivity of
forest land, on the species and grades of
timber available, on how forests can be
maintained, and on the products it can
manufacture and sell. It also needs an
overall planning authority composed of
landowners, citizens, stockholders in the
local industry, and laborers that can ad-
vise the county zoning board as to what
they wish to do and how they wish to do
it.

It is only prudent to add that such a
program of community planning and ac-
tion must be preceded by an intensive ed-
ucational effort on the part of local citi-
zens, local officials, and courts. It can-
not be expected that all local timberland
owners will surrender without a struggle
of their right to handle their forest prop-
erties as their own individual interest or
whim dictates. Early attempts must be
considered as experimental until such ob-
stacles are overcome, but this need not
deter vigorous action. In fact the strug-
gle to obtain court approval of commun-
ity control over cutting will in itself be

Ten

an educational venture of signal import-
ance.

Participation in such planning and ac-
tion restores dignity, self-reliance, and in-
dependence to the individual community.
It builds up local pride and confidence in
the ability of the people to plan their own
destiny. It removes the necessity for ex-
cessive paternalism, subsidy, and super-
vision from higher governmental bodies.
It places the most competent and respon-
sible citizens in positions of economic and
political leadership. It is equivalent tea
New England town meeting attack on the
economic front. It is democracy in ac-
tion.

Developing Private
Forestry in N. J.

{Continued from page 2)

size the estimate is based on sample plots.
The data are computed by the Doyle log
rule for trees 10 inches d.b.h. and up and
in tons of furnace poles for smaller trees.

Allotting and Marking of the Cut

In allotting the cut the condition of the
stand and its rate of growth are given
consideration, and an effort is then made
to balance silvicultural needs with prac-
tical logging requirements. This always
calls for compromise, such for example
as "sweetening the pot" with a large
choice white oak to induce the operator
to take along some top-broken scarlet oak
and defective red maple. An effort is
made to limit the cut to 30-40 per cent of
the board foot volume, but in many cases
the proportion of overmature and sup-
pressed trees is such that more has to be
taken.

The cutting cycle for poles and saw
logs is usually set at 20-25 years, and
trees the appearance of which make them
seem poor risks to leave for that period
are marked for cutting. It is recogniz^^
that a cycle of this length may not be the
ideal one for this type and region. It prO'

Forest Leaves

Comfortable modern homes are provided for per
inanciit woods workers.

vides however for a more conservative
operation than the current unregulated
methods of cutting and is therefore look-
ed upon as a step in the right direction.
Later as both owners and lumbermen be-
come more accustomed to partial cuttings,
the cycle may be shortened and the vol-
ume of cut reduced.

The rotation age has been tentatively
set at 75-100 years for chestnut oak,
100-125 years for the black oak group,
and 150-200 years for white oak. Ob-
servation and stump analysis indicate
that in most stands mortality and decays
are apt to increase appreciably after these
ages.

In marking the allotted cut a crew of
3 5 iTien is used, with a state forester in-
dicating and measuring the trees to be
taken. Trees are blazed on opposite
faces at breast height to facilitate inspec-
tion by bidders, and also on the stump,
and the letters NJ are stamped on the lat-
ter blaze.

Appraisals and Advertising of
Marked Timber

The volume of the marked trees is
computed and the owner furnished with
f^n appraisal sheet showing the amount to
^c cut and its approximate value. Pros-
P^ctus sheets describing the marked tim-
^^r are then mailed to all lumber opera-
tors, together with a map showing the
^^^^ - Jink, 1912

boundaries of the woodlot and how it
may be reached. The forms of appraisal
and advertising are modeled after those
used by the Maryland Department of
Forestry in handling similar work.

Selling the Timber

Even with the information outlined
above at their disposal, most woodland
owners are still ill-prepared to handle the
details of a timber sale. Experience
shows that without further help they are
almost certain to have trouble in connec-
tion with the payments or cutting opera-
tions. Skilleci supervision is necessary,
and to meet this situation, arrangements
have been made with several competent
and reliable parties to act as timber agents
for the owners.

The specific duties of a timber agent
consist in showing prospective buyers
over the ground, receiving bids, drawing
up the sales agreement, accepting the
bonds posted for satisfactory execution
of the work, scaling the logs, collecting
the money and checking up on the cutting
operations. While logging is going on the
agent and the purchaser ordinarily spend
part of one or two days each week scaling
and computing the volumes. Payment is
made at once before the logs are removed.
Furnace poles are weighed on registered
scales, and payment made on the basis of
weight slips. For his services the timber
agent charges from 10-15 per cent of
the stumpage price, depending on the size
and accessibility of the operation.

The need for a timber agent might be
questioned on the grounds that since a
100 per cent cruise is made at the time of
marking, this known volume could well
be sold for a lump sum. Experience has
shown, however, that the buyers simply
will not offer as much on this basis as they
will ultimately pay by scale, which af-
fords them opportunity of making de-
ductions for defects. In addition to this
the timber agents are continually urcjing
lower stumps and more complete utiliza-
tion.

cvru

Ten

an educational venture of signal import-
ance.

Participation in such planning and ac-
tion restores dignity, self-reliance, and in-
dependence to the individual community.
It builds up local pride and confidence in
the ability of the people to plan their own
destiny. It removes the necessity for ex-
cessive paternalism, subsidy, and super-
vision from higher governmental bodies.
It places the most competent and respon-
sible citizens in positions of economic and
political leadership. It is equivalent to a
New England town meeting attack on the
economic front. It is democracy in ac-
tion.

Developing Private
Forestry in N. J.

{Continued from page 2)

size the estimate is based on sample plots.
The data are computed by the Doyle log
rule for trees 10 inches d.b.h. and up and
in tons of furnace poles for smaller trees.

Allotting and Marking of the Cut

The cutting cycle for poles and saw
logs is usually set at 20-25 years, and
trees the appearance of which make theni
seem poor risks to leave for that period
are marked for cutting. It is recognized
that a cycle of this length may not be the
ideal one for this type and region. It pfO'

Forest Leaves

Comfortable modern homes are provided for per-
manent woods workers.

In marking the allotted cut a crew of
3-5 men is used, with a state forester in-
dicating and measuring the trees to be
taken. Trees are blazed on opposite
faces at breast height to facilitate inspec-
tion by bidders, and also on the stump,
and the letters NJ are stamped on the lat-
ter blaze.

Appraisals and Advertising of
Marked Timber

The volume of the marked trees is
computed and the owner furnished with
^ appraisal sheet showing the amount to
^^ cut and its approximate value. Pros-
pectus sheets describing the marked tim-
ber are then mailed to all lumber opera-
ws, together with a map showing the
^'^^ - Junk, 1912

boundaries of the woodlot and how it
may be reached. The forms of appraisal
and advertising are modeled after those
used by the Maryland Department of
Forestry in handling similar work.

Selling the Timber

Even with the information outlined
above at their disposal, most woodland
owners are still ill-prepared to handle the
details of a timber sale. Experience
shows that without further help they are
almost certain to have trouble in connec-
tion with the payments or cutting opera-
tions. Skilled supervision is necessary,
and to meet this situation, arrangements
have been made with several competent
and reliable parties to act as timber agents
for the owners.

Elexfrn

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Ill

Timber Sale Agreements

Written contracts are always used on
these projects and a cash bond is required
of the buyer to guarantee faithful per-
formance of the agreement. The cutting
of unmarked trees is penalized at $25,00
per M. with the stump diameter used for
measurement and an arbitrary log length
of 50-feet. The purchaser is also requir-
ed to cut and remove at penal prices un-
marked trees which have been so severely
damaged by the logging operations as to
be valueless if left standing. To protect
the owner the purchaser is furthermore
required to produce satisfactory proof
that he carries adequate personal liability,
property damage insurance, and work-
men's compensation while working on
the lands of the seller.

It is of interest to note at this point
that the general attitude of the lumber
operators toward this new type of service
has been favorable and cooperative. Read-
ily admitting that their present cutting
practices are bad, the feeling — particu-
larly among the old established concerns
— seems to be that these new methods, if
carried out on a large enough scale and
implemented with some form of regula-
tion, would assure a permanent supply of
saw timber for their mills.

Slash Disposal

The disposal of the logging slash as
cordwood is a phase of work which has
just recently been undertaken, and is also
handled by the timber agents. Two
methods are being tried; (1) Choppers
working by the cord are paid by the
owner. This wood will be seasoned and
sold at the roadside. (2) The slash is
sold by the cord as it lies. Data are being
collected on both of these methods.

Costs of Service

On the basis of records up to the pres-
ent, the costs to the state of this type of
forestry cooperation is approximately as
follows:

Mapping plus 100 per cent cruise: 1
man day per 10 — 15 acres.

Tivelve

Marking plus 100 per cent cruise of
marked trees: 1 man day per 6 — 8 acres

At present, this assistance is supplied
gratis, since the work is considered as still
in the educational stage. Ultimately a
nominal fee will be charged — based
probably on a percentage of the stumpage
price.

The costs of this intensive type of as-
sistance are admittedly high, although
nothing like the per acre expenditures
made in recent years on some public lands.
In this connection it should be emphasiz-
ed again that the work is being done on
the most productive forest sites, and that
the proper management of this class of
lands throughout the country can easily
have a significant bearing both on our na-
tional defense effort and on the economy
of the post war period.

Case Histories

The following case histories illustrate
the type of work being done:

Case No. 1 . — A 6 5 -acre tract in North
Jersey. Original stand 6,000 board feet
per acre, Doyle. Age 101-120 years.
Considerable mortality. Sixty per cent
of volume marked in trees over 1 5 -inches.
Lump sum bids ranged from $1,500 to
$2,550; log scale bids from $12 to $14
per M. Sale made at $ 1 4 per M. for saw
logs and $1 per ton for furnace poles.
Receipts from this logging job were
$3,935, or nearly $1,400 more than the
highest lump sum offer. The slash is be-
ing worked up by the owner and sold at
$6 per cord at the roadside.

Case No. 2. — A 40-acre tract in the
lower Delaware Valley. Original stand
22,000 board feet per acre, Doyle. Max-
imum diameter 42 -inches. Age classes
present 121-140 and 201-220 years.
Considerable mortality. About fifty p^f
cent of volume marked — mostly in black
oaks over 18-inches and white oaks over
20-inches. Lump sum bids ranged from
$2,000 (for everything before marking)
to $2,500 for marked trees. Sale made at
$ 14 per M. and $ 1 per ton. Receipts from
this logging job were $4,735, or $2,235

Forest Leaves

more than the top lump sum offer. The
slash has been sold for $3 per cord as it
lies, and will net approximately $600 ad-
ditional.

Case No. 3 — A 15 -acre tract in North
Jersey. Original stand 7,500 board feet
per acre, Doyle. Age classes present:
101-120 and 161-180 years. Consider-
able mortality. About 50 per cent of
volume marked, mostly in chestnut oak
over 15 -inches. Lump sum bids ranged
from $200 to $250 (for everything be-
fore marking). Sale made for $12 per
M. and $0.90 per ton. Receipts $971
with a good stand left for future growth.

In contrast to the above, the following
two cases are submitted to show the losses
which can be incurred by incorrect hand-
ling of woodland.

Case No. 4. — An 18-acre tract in Cen-
tral Jersey. Original stand 1 7,000 board
feet per acre, Doyle. Age classes present:
141-160 and 221-240 years. Against
the state's advice the owner decided to sell
everything, so no marking was done.
Lump sum bids ranged from $1,000 to
$1,650. One log scale bid of $12 per
M. for the black oaks and $ 1 5 per M. for
the white oaks was received. (The
cruise showed 104,000 board feet of
black, and 138,000 board feet of white
03k.) Again disregarding the state's ad-
vice the sale was made for the lump sum
of $1,650 representing a rate of $5.30
per M. Had the log scale bid been ac-
cepted, the owner would have received
$3,318 for the oak alone. In this case
$1668 was sacrificed by poor manage-
ment and in addition the woods were
completely devastated.

Case A^o. 5.— A 150-acre tract in east-
ern New Jersey. Original stand 6,000
Doard feet per acre (estimated). Age
wT '°1-J20 and 141-160 years.
Without contacting the state the owner
sola all oak merchantable for saw logs or
P^^ing at $5 per M. The buyer agreed to
w V^ the slash in return for the cord-
ood. No check was made on the oper-
^^s scaling. After approximately

500,000 board feet had been removed the
owner stopped operations because pay-
ments were far in arrears. In this vicinity
poorer timber was being sold at the same
time under state marking at $14 per M.
The owner sacrificed at least $4,500 in
this independent transaction.

Conclusions

The current unregulated methods of
handling woodland in New Jersey are
characterized by a complete absence of
technical management. Cuttings are
made without any consideration for per-
manent productivity. The results are
meager returns for the present owners and
devastation of the growing stock. On
the basis of actual cases the writer is con-
vinced that the periodic annual income
from woodland can be more than doubled
if detailed technical guidance is furnished
to cooperating land owners. Private
lands include the most productive and ac-
cessible sites, and the grim realities of to-
day demand that these potentialities be
fully utilized and not needlessly wasted.

Junk, |942

No Summer Number

The next issue of FoREST Leaves will
be issued about the first of October, and
will combine the material usually includ-
ed in the summer issue dated July-Au-
guest. The Association decided to follow
this plan rather than to revert to the quar-
terly publication schedule formerly fol-
lowed.

Members and other readers are asked to
send the Editor short articles and photo-
graphs of subjects falling within the
scope of this magazine. Its publication
is a cooperative venture and the help of
readers is particularly important in these
fast-moving times.

Thirteen

■pm

!■

I ;

Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
Association

A Practical Body of Nut Growers Whose

Aim Is to Stimulate Greater Interest

in Nut-Tree Planting

Black Walnut Kernel

NO SUMMER MEETING

AT the winter meeting I extended to
the members of The Pennsylvania
Nut Growers Association an invitation to
hold the summer meeting at Chestertown,
Maryland, where a 3 5 -acre orchard of
black walnuts has been bearing a market-
able crop since 1937. In January we lit-
tle knew how completely the activities of
the people of this country would be on a
war basis in six short months. The ra-
tioning of gasoline and tires and the re-
striction in other modes of travel make
holding the summer meeting a matter of
doubtful wisdom. In lieu, may I ask
that members of the Association send to
me articles or items of interest on nut cul-
ture, markets, new developments and
other related subjects. In this way, we
can disseminate through FOREST
LEAVES the information which might
be presented at the summer meeting.

H. Gleason Mai iOON, President

TREE CROPS IN THE POST WAR

ERA

liy John W. Hkrshky

Dear Folks: I suppose you wonder
why the nut news was so light in the
last issue. Well due to war conditions
we've been pretty busy over the spring
rush. I insisted Mr. Mattoon had a
bunch of material lost in his files but he
insists there isn't. What I believe is he
too was too busy to hunt it up. As it
stood it showed up how democracy
works and why it's a failure in the human

Fourteen

family to date, and will be until we all
learn to do our part. Remember at Har-
risburg and in fact at all other meetings
I coaxed all co-workers in nut tree inter-
ests to help us editors and secretaries out
by contributing facts, ideas, and ideals.
But as in a democracy we elect some one
to represent us — some one to do the
work and then we retire with the feeling
the job is being done without our per-
sonal responsibility put into use.

So the last Forest Leaves showed what
happens when the appointed leaders are
not checked on. Will you help us out?

This leads me to comment on the cha-
otic status our republic has drifted into in
150 years.

As too much of American editorial
space is used today to promote the gods
of selfishness in the shape of a righteous
war my attempt here is to deal with what
you and you and you are planning after
sanity rides again in the post war days.
Planning so it will be sanity instead of
abstractisms riding the tide.

Recently reading some propaganda for
a politician it stated: "A vote for him
will be a vote for the continuation of en-
during Americanism."

Let us examine the results of the
"Americanism" as declaimed for two and
a half centuries and decide if we honestly
wish it to continue. Being interpreted
means: "I get mine and to hell with you
and everybody else. ' ' Watching the slow
movie of it we see our forefathers in the
name of God and liberty steal a continent
from an innocent people. Then steal one
half to three quarters of the natural re-
sources from the breasts of that continent,
riches and life-giving wealth the use of
which we should have spread over five
thousand years or more. The "to hell
with you" attitude under the veneer of
the slogan "Americanism" has about
wrecked our forests, soil, game, fish, song
birds and the natural balance needed be-
tween these for health and constant pros-
perity, — jeopardized the future of our
children's children.

Forest Leaves

This cancerous thinking has become
the backbone of college and university
standards. Even our christian religion is
debased to the pagan plane where its ex-
ponents declaim it as a mystic power to
help us overcome whatever opposition is
before us in a personal effort to get what
Uije want whether it's winning a war, or
getting new tires. This too is a phase of
ruthless "Americanism." Under this
banner the great and glorious age of high
finance and industrialism was born as
men without feeling saw an opportunity
to build an empire out of blood, sweat
and tears of the human masses.

This is known as industrialism. It
created the conditions of the '30s and laid
the foundation for the present war. This
is the philosophy of creating wealth by
using the people as grist in the mill of in-
dustry instead of creating wealth by in-
dustry serving society.

The malcontent created by the pressure
on the people; the thinking started in the
economist's mind by the wanton waste;
the birth of the union racketeer and half-
baked social reforms by New Dealers;
the unquenchable thirst for power by
those who never earned it, all had their
origin in the virus known as industrial-
ism under the "American way."

Watching its growth unfold we see the
American way" set labor against capi-
tal capital against capital; isms against
religion and malcontent against malcon-
tent; union against union; consujner
against producer; state against state in the
form of tariffs and quarantines.

These deplorable conditions, — result

of the American way" are enough to

create and maintain a continual depres-
sion.

Internationally, it has given us the best
"ated feeling of any nation. The results
r^ "T" ^'' ^^^ nations of the world are
^^"^d up against us except England who
!""st retain us as her chief bouncer in her
international gambling hall of economic
j^ance and skulldruggery, and the smal-

r nations who side with us for ex-
pediency.

^'^^ - June, 1942

A Solution to this Problem

At the extreme opposite of this type of
thinking is the individual living the "un-
selfish way," (living for others) and by
his example others do likewise.

The answer to the social questions and
economic prosperity in America has not
been solved by pseudo-educators herding
the youth to the city where they don't get
dirt on their hands spreading manure but
become tainted in cultural filth. Nor in
social studies made by malcontents from
the ranks of ambitious European cultural
emigrants who, — having been repressed
many centuries find expression in Ameri-
ca "bossing somebody around." They
staff the union, co-operative and social
science movements, industriously prose-
cuting the "American way," with social
problems, ideal grist for their mill. These
parasites too are rapidly assisting our to-
boggan toward economic disaster, for they
blind the people to true solutions.

The only solution to this problem is
— throw the cityward trend into reverse,
decentralize the large masses of unidenti-
fied protoplasm and return them to the
land where self reliance and individuality
are bred. To return to the machine age
agriculture with the soil ruining practice
of the "American way" as championed
by today's agricultural experts will only
hasten the knockout blow Americanism
is heading us for. Too much scientific
emphasis is put on spectacular and phe-
nomenal production and none on a con-
tinued insurance in maintaining a healthy
soil and a healthy crop production — a
"living" for the generations to come.

Let private enterprise control the post
war movement to the land in "an unsel-
fish living for others" policy. Finance the
land movement in a big way. Hire
technicians on a balanced land use
through tree crops, plow crops, pasture,
and forests. Not the present expert's ad-
vice of land abuse with the fundamental
effort centered on get riches to burn up
tires and health. Peasantry of the soil
carries such an inconspicuous contented-
ness our pseudo ambitious leaders have

Fifteen

Ifj

tried to annihilate it as a personal matter
of self embarrassment. It's so simple in a
simple life of soil husbandry, the success
of it makes their colossal social science
idealogies of, "the managed economy"
look silly by comparison.

Although the best way civilization can
be continued is the small unit operation,
small farms, small businesses, and small
ambition of the individual, because of
bigness riding the tide in American eco-
nomics "bigness" MUST too be consider-
ed when we think of post war readjust-
ment.

The Bankers* Opportunity — A
Challenge to Private Enterprise

Will business rise to the occasion? Or
will it do as in '33, rush to Washington
for its answer and come home with an-
other edition of state socialism and in-
competence, as a millstone around its
neck. Remember what handicaps busi-
ness, handicaps all. The answer:

In addition to financing small farmers,
as just described, form land corporations.
Buy large acreage — millions of acres.
Develop a balanced land use. Decentral-
ize by attracting workers and industry to
the medium-sized country towns where
sunlight and air discourage the growth
of isms that thrive on large human
masses. Coordinate factory and land labor
on a part-time cash, self-sustaining basis.
The Pennsylvania Nut Growers offer the
benefit of the 40 years experience of it's
members for such a post war program.

The Philanthropists' Opportunity

To win undying fame by creating a
mountain agriculture foundation to
breed, select and test the mine run of
America's natural tree crop flora for the
nuggets in new variation, new strains,
new sports and new uses for all. Here
lies our future salvation America. Mr.
Investor and Banker will you lose all by
insisting that "your investment MUST
have its immediate profit." Mr. Philan-
thropist will you fail to move until it's
too late, soothed in ease believing this to
be the work for the experiment stations.

I referred again to the politician's dec-

Sixtrrn

laration that he will continue the 'Anier
lean way." His manager calls him "a
nian of destiny" _ such politicians are
champions of disaster. Let's forget th'
American way so proudly declaimed and
go forward on the way of living laid
down 2000 years ago, ''live for others'

EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS

Grow Christmas Trees for Profit

Douglas Fir (2 year) . . . ,%'^^^

Red Pine (2 year) 70Q

White Pine (4 year transplants)

per 100 3.50

Write for ( oinplete IJst

ULRICH NURSERY

38 Waverly Street, Shillington, Pa.

) Planf CHINESE HYBRID CHESTNUT 1
I TREES for Pleasure and ProHf

I Bliffht Resistant and Early Bearers, Sweet Like
! the Old American, Send tor Cataloft. !

RUMBAUGH CHESTNUT FARM I

I DIINCANNON, PA. j

Cherry Trees ^^ Mazzard Roots

* One of Our S|M><ialtieK

ENTERPRISE NURSERIES

Geo. K. Stein & Son

"• ■*• * WRIGHTSVILLE, PA.

Complete cataioKr fumiNlied u|M>n reqiieNt.

CHESTNUTS

Bearing Blight - Resistant

Ka«ily grown, heavy yielders. Northern strains

Plant In the dooryard for Beauty - Profit - Shade -
Nuts - Fun. Send postcard today for FREE booklet
and price list on English Walnuts, Stabler Black Wal-
nuts, etc. Excellent for ornamental purposes. I have
experimented with nut trees for over 44 year.s.

SUNNY RIDGK NIIKSKK%'
"*'* *"• ^' SWAKTHMOKK. PV

NUT BEARING TREES

since 1K96 JoneM* NunierieN liave been
K:rouin|{: improved varieties of nut trees.
Ueseriptive cataloKiie free.

J. F. JONKS NURSERIKS
I>ept. 1441 I.ANCASTKK, PA.

Jf JONI

Wh«'n you're stumped as to how to
make your farm pay, just writ? u«
for list of nut and crop trees and

TDBB /^D/\Br ^"^ '** "''"' them. Fifty y^ra of
' KCE CROPS experience In twenty gives us a
^ Kood background as a con«ultant.

NUT TREES
and

NUT TREE NURSERIES

JOHN W. HKRSHKY
DOUNINGTOWN. PA.

Box «5F

Forest I^KAVts

■, I

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Victor Beede '; /^
Francis R. Copt, Jr.
Dr. O. F. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Honorary Vice-President

Robert S. Conklin

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Assistant Secretary

M. Claire Meyers

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
R. S. Conklin
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John W. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright "'

EXECUTIVE BOARD

H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur I^. Thomas
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman
Roy a. W^iight

Samuel F. Houston

finance committee

Edward Woolman, Chairman

Frank M. Hardt

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

Edward S. Weyl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

E. F. Brouse

Dr. Arthur W. Henn
Edward C. M. Richards

*' PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Maitoon, Chairman

Mrs Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wright

Ralph P. Russell

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE
F. R. Taylor, Chairman

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery
AUDITING COMMITTEE
' Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman
TIONESTA COMMITTEE
Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman

Dr. J. R. Schramm
Dr. H. H. York

EST LEAVES

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

JULY -OCTOBER
1942

CONTENTS

Red Pine Cones

Photograph by Devereux Butcher

Cover

Timber Cutting on the State Forests

H. (.leason Mat toon

The Myers Arboretum

H. Cleason Mat toon

Editorial

Forestry Goes Skiing

Mrs. Max Derruni

Wood Substitutes for Metals

Improved Radio for Fire Fighting
Mountain Troops at Mt. Rainier

Pennsylvania Nut Growers

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture
and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National. i- f i

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLX.ARS

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forest Leaves

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
Mate of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1008 Commercial Trust Building. Philadelphia.

Prei/dtfnf— Wilbur K. Thomas
Honorary President-SAMVF.L L. Smedley Honorary Vice-President-RohFRT S. Conklin

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. F. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary— H. Gleason Mattoon

Vice-Presidents
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Treasurer— K. A. Wright, C. P. A.

FOREST L EAV E S

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth, Pennsylvania, under the Act of March 3, 1879

Volume XXXII— No. 4 & 5

Narbeth, Pa., July - October, 1942

Whole Number 311

Timber Cutting on the State Forests

by H. Gleason Mattoon

ON June 26 and 27 former Governor
Pinchot and I visited two timber
cutting operations being carried on by
private operators on the State forests.
Since The Pennsylvania Forestry Associ-
ation had urged two years ago that a
management plan be instituted, which
should include selective cutting, I was
particularly grateful for the invitation
from Mr. Pinchot to accompany him on
such a trip.

We met at Wilkes-Barre on the morn-
ing of the 26th and started for Hills-
grove, our first stop, in a Crosley. an
ideal mode of travelling in these days of
gasoHne rationing, for the "potato bug,"
as it was christened, carried us 252 miles
the first day on 5.8 gallons of gasoline.
At Hillsgrove we were met by Ranger
S. F. McCarty of the Wyoming District,
who directed us to the cutting operation.
This was located in rugged country back
of High Knob on both sides of a dirt
road from Hillsgrove to Eagles Mere.
Unfortunately, rain started to fall as we
reached the tract and continued intermit-
tently throughout the remainder of the

^^u ^^^ ^^^^ P'^^ ^^ inexperience as a
Photographer resulted in a mediocre col-
lection of photographs of the tour.

This forest, predominantly of the

eech. birch, maple type, contained trees
Or many age classes. The cutting was
^ne under Department of Forests and

.iters' supervision, the contract speci-
fying that the timber sold include all

dead, standing and down timber and all
live timber to a specified diameter limit.
The tulip poplar cutting was done to a
14-inch limit d.b.h. and the beech, birch
and maple to 12 inches. This is not ideal
forest practice yet I can see that with an
under-staffed Department, partly the
fault of the administration and partly
depleted by loss to the armed forces, a
cutting operation based upon marked
trees might not have been feasible. I was
pleased to see little damage to the under-
story trees due to felling. In some cases,
holes of varying sizes were left in the
stand, where from three to twenty large
trees in a group had been removed. Gen-
erally speaking, I found a considerable
stand remaining, varying from 100 to
300 trees per acre. On this tract, the tops
had not been lopped as much as they
should have been. But I was told by
Ranger McCarty that further lopping
would likely have to be done before the
Department would O. K. the operation.

On the opposite hillside additional
cutting was going on, but due to the
steepness of the wood road and the rain
we decided not to visit the tract. Late
that afternoon, we left for Wellsboro
where we spent the night. At the hotel,
as elsewhere on the road, wherever we
stopped, one or more persons would rec-
ognize the former Governor. At times,
it seemed like a triumphal tour.

Early on the morning of the 27th, we
picked up District Forester Paul Mul-

! :

I ■

Iill

ford, who took us to the second opera-
tion. Those who have ridden in cars of
the proportion of the "potato bug*' may
find it difficult to visualize three long-
legged, six-footers and a chauffeur fitting
themselves into it. I confess it was nec-
essary to adopt a system. Mulford and
I in the back seat found that if we treated
ourselves as pieces in a jigsaw puzzle and
gently worked our way into the available
space in unison we rode with a degree
of comfort.

The stand on the State forest near An-
sonia on Pine Creek was of a different
character from the one near Hillsgrove.
Most of the trees cut were white pine and
hemlock, much of which were mature or
past maturity. The log in the sawmill
illustration will give you an idea of the
size of m.any of these trees. Several that

we saw were from 22 to 30 inches in di-
ameter, while one ash log was 35 inches
through. These trees were generally
found in groups of from ten to twenty-
five in a stand. Removal of all of them
above 14 inches in diameter sometimes
left large holes in the understory. Ques-
tioning Paul Mulford, he said he had
considered leaving two or three of each
group, but from past experience he was
convinced they would blow over when
unsupported by the surrounding crowns.
Since Mr. Mulford has been familiar
with the forests of the Tioga District for
twenty-five years I respect his judgment.
As on the first tract, little damage to
the understory was noticed. The remain-
ing stand varied considerably in dense-
ness, but generally was more than ample
to permit the crowns to close within a

{Continued on page 8)

Upper left: Former Governor Pinchot and the author in the "potato bug." Upper riglit: Ihrcc large trees
removed. Note dense iniderstory in background. Loiver left: Twenty over-matuie trees were cut, leaving this
opening. Lower right: Saw mill at Ansonia. Note size of log.

Two FoRKST Leaves

The Myers Arboretum

by H. Gleason Mattoon

NEAR Hanover, Pennsylvania, is an
arboretum of considerable merit,
which is not so well known as it should
be. It was started twenty years ago by
Mr. C. N. Myers, Secretary and Treas-
urer of the Hanover Shoe Company, as
an expression of his love for trees. It
has grown in size until today it contains
over 700 species and varieties of trees and
shrubs.

A visitor travelling to the arbore-
tum passes large fields of Kentucky blue
grass, where are pastured hundreds of
horses, mares and colts, another interest
of Mr. Myers. On these fields have been
raised many of the greatest trotting horses
in the country. For years scarcely a sul-
ky race at Goshen, New York, has been
run without one or more Hanover horses
among the favorites.

Reaching the arboretum, the visitor
will be loudly welcomed by fifty or more
bird dogs kenneled near the entrance.
The walls of the office are literally paper-
ed with blue ribbons won by these setters
at shows throughout the country. These
are but another example of Mr. Myers
many interests.

The arboretum now located on a
part of the rolling acres of the Myers
farm adjoining the Hanover Shoe Stock
Farm is an outgrowth of his early plant-
ing of a small collection of specimen trees
on a plot of ground near his home in
Hanover Borough. This plot had for
years been a dump. Because of its un-
sightliness, he acquired it and filled it in
twenty years ago. Today, this former
^ump supports some of the finest speci-
mens of oaks, beech, and magnolias to be
^pund in Pennsylvania. Sequoia gigan-
tic, a beautiful pond cypress, Taxodium
^scendens, a cut leaf black walnut, an
enormous specimen of Eleagnus angusti-

JuLY . October, 1942

folia and many other interesting and un-
usual trees are thriving here.

But it was not long before Mr. My-
ers' collecting enthusiasm outgrew this
plot of less than two acres. When the
larger acreage at the Farm was set aside
for trees and shrubs, he decided to devote
special attention to the genus Quercus.
This particular interest was, no doubt,
fostered by the success he had had in
growing the blue oak of California, Qu-
ercus douglasii, one of which is here illus-
trated. Today, the oak collection num-
bers 46 species and hybrids and is aug-
mented by several seedlings of some of
the *'Penn Trees." These are trees which
were growing in eastern Pennsylvania
and surrounding states when William
Penn landed and are still healthy. Three
years ago the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation undertook to collect the seed
from some of these trees because it was
felt that trees 250 years of age or more,
which are still healthy, may have certain
qualities of longevity and resistance to
enemies which could be transplanted to
the seedlings. Several seedlings of the
historic burr oak at West Chester, the
300-year old white oak at King of Prus-

(Continued on page 13)

> ' .

^ :.

:-f^^

'^^^3^ ^

^^*

■»*. »>? . »» *i^

'»«a

The pond cypress, Taxodium aseendens on left; a cut-leaf
variety of the native black walnut on right.

Three

ford, who took us to the second opera-
tion. Those who have ridden in cars of
the proportion of the ''potato bug" may
find it difficult to visualize three long-
legged, six-footers and a chauffeur fitting
themselves into it. I confess it was nec-
essary to adopt a system. Mulford and
I in the back seat found that if we treated
ourselves as pieces in a jigsaw puzzle and
gently worked our way into the available
space in unison we rode with a degree
of comfort.

(Contuiued <ni [uigc 8)

Vpfwr left: Former C.ovcruor I'iiuhot imd the imtlior in lUv "jxXato l)ii>?." l'l)f)(r riii^ht: llirce large trees

removed. Note dense understory in hackj^romid. l.tnccr left: luentv over-matnie trees were (Ut. leaving thi^
opening. I.oxvrr riir/tl: Saw mill at Ansonia. Note si/e of log.

'^^'^'^ Fori ST LKAVts

The Myers Arboretum

by H. Gleason Mattoon

The arboretum now located on a
part of the rolling acres of the Myers
farm adjoining the Hanover Shoe Stock
Farm is an outgrowth of his early plant-
ing of a small collection of specimen trees
on a plot of ground near his home in
Hanover Borough. This plot had for
years been a dump. Because of its un-
sightliness, he acquired it and filled it in
twenty years ago. Today, this former
dump supports some of the finest speci-
mens of oaks, beech, and magnolias to be
found in Pennsylvania. Sequoia gigan-
tic, a beautiful pond cypress, Taxodium
ascendens, a cut leaf black walnut, an
enormous specimen of Eleagnus angusti-

JiLY - October, 1942

folia and many other interesting and un-
usual trees are thriving here.

But it was not long before Mr. My-
ers' collecting enthusiasm outgrew this
plot of less than two acres. When the
larger acreage at the Farm was set aside
for trees and shrubs, he decided to devote
special attention to the genus Quercus.
This particular interest was, no doubt,
fostered by the success he had had in
growing the blue oak of California, Qu-
ercus douglasii, one of which is here illus-
trated. Today, the oak collection num-
bers 46 species and hybrids and is aug-
mented by several seedlings of some of
the *Penn Trees." These are trees which
were growing in eastern Pennsylvania
and surrounding states when William
Penn landed and are still healthy. Three
years ago the Pennsylvania Forestry As-
sociation undertook to collect the seed
from some of these trees because it was
felt that trees 250 years of age or more,
which are still healthy, may have certain
qualities of longevity and resistance to
enemies which could be transplanted to
the seedlings. Several seedlings of the
historic burr oak at West Chester, the
300-year old white oak at King of Prus-

(Citulinufd oil fxr^c l-i)

riic pond typrcss. Taxodium asrctidrns on left; a cut-leaf
variety of the native black walnut on right.

Three

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES

Published Bi-Monthly at Narberth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russell

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher e. F. Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

Tiie publication of an article in Forest Leaves does not
necessarily imply that the views expressed therein are those
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Editorial and ad-
vertising office. 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia. Please notify us of any change in address.

JULY - OCTOBER, 1942

Don't Burn Your Property

T T WON'T BE long now before a piece
-■- of your property will burn. Per-
haps you think you don't own any real
estate, but if you live in Pennsylvania
and have paid taxes you own a piece of
forest land. Your taxes and mine bought
the State Forests of Pennsylvania and
your taxes and mine pay to extinguish
fires on these forests. When trees burn,
your money and mine goes up in smoke.

It won't be long before hunters will be
tramping through the forests, hoping to
wmg a bird for the pot and some of those
hunters will burn up more birds than
they ever hit, by carelessness with fire. It
won't be long before families, having
saved their gasoline coupons, will be driv-
mg to the forests to see the fall coloring
and there will be some who will burn up
more leaves than they can see through
carelessness with fire.

It won't be long before oak timber
badly needed by shipbuilders for boats
to protect our coastal shipping from the
depredations of Axis U-boats will be lost
forever because some resident of Pennsyl-
vania is careless with fire.

Last spring, Pennsylvania had 2,000
forest fires, an average number for recent
years — considerably less than the aver-
age of twenty years ago but still 2,000
Four

too many. Sixty thousand acres were
burned in those 2,000 fires. The report
did not say how much timber was on
that acreage but if it had only a fair stand
of trees it might amount to more th;»n
500,000,000 board feet. '

This year our forests are in added
danger. They are in danger of sabotage.
Destroying a stand of war time timber
would be a stroke of luck for under-cover
agents of the Axis to gloat over. There
is always the possibility of incendiary
attack from the air. There is nothing
fantastic about such possibilities. We can
not forget that submarines have landed
Nazi saboteurs on our shores or that the
R. A. F. found it worthwhile to start
great fires in the forests of Germany.

With the emphasis upon steel, alumi-
num and other metals we are apt to forget
that wood is playing a major role. The
estimated requirements of this country
for 1942 are 38 billion board feet, a pro-
digious amount, yet the demand for
1943 will be considerably greater. We
can not cut that much timber if we are
going to burn 30,000,000 acres of for-
est land every year.

Every fire in our fields or forests this
year is an enemy fire. In the end it makes
no difference whether a forest blaze has
been started intentionally by enemy ac-
tion or through the carelessness of a loyal
American. Remember the foresters' slo-
gan, "Careless Matches Aid the Axis."

H. G. M.

Forest Leaves

Forestry Goes Skiing

by Mrs. Max Dercum

TO view skiing from a skier's view-
point is one thing but to view it
from a forester's must be another. Even
though my husband is a forester, I know
little or nothing about forestry, but I
must admit that I have become appreci-
ative of his profession through skiing. It
is rather phenomenal how the foresters
in charge of the snowy regions, have tak-
en over our sport and made it theirs,
while at the same time they have improv-
ed it for us.

During the summer of 1938, we
visited Timberline at Mt. Hood, in Ore-
gon, to do some summer skiing. While
we were there, we found Forest Ranger
Max Becker busy with forest fires, tour-
ists, and a hundred and one other things.
However, in the middle of this certain
summer, there was one special thing
which was taking up much of his time
and interest. He told my husband and
me that it was highly possible that the
Olympic Ski Tryouts for 1939 would be
held on Mt. Hood. At that time, the
committee, which was to decide the scene
of the tryouts, was trying to decide be-
tween an area in Colorado and that of
Mt. Hood. Therefore, the foresters and
ski enthusiasts of the Mt. Hood area were
very much preoccupied in laying out a
downhill course that would defy any-
thing which they thought Colorado
"light be offering.

The year previous to our visit to
Mt. Hood, we had spent on the Stanis-
laus National Forest in California, where
fly husband had a ski school. Here I
had every opportunity to become ac-
quainted with the relationship of fores-
try to skiing, but I was too busy enjoying
^he sport to take much time off for ob-
servation. However, as I look back on
that year of both recreational and com-
petitive skiing, and on the more recent

July . October, 1942

J^-i

^"■? . .

Championship Skiing Is a Sight on the
State College Trails

years of skiing in the east, I have begun
to realize how the sport has been affected
by those in charge, and more times than
one imagines, those in charge are fores-
ters.

On the Stanislaus National Forest
it was not unusual to find the Forest
Supervisor enrolled in the ski class.
Supervisor Hall had no doubt anticipa-
ted, with the opening of the highway for
the winter, that there would be hordes
of skiers swarming over the hills, and
along with them would come numerous
problems never dreamed of in a forest
training school. He had decided to learn
every angle, from the ground up, so as
to be prepared for anything which might
arise. Local ski clubs decided to hold
races on the area and were constantly
calling on the foresters for aid. The traf-
fic during the week-ends presented a
gigantic problem. When we left our
cabin at seven in the morning for the ski
school, we would find the foresters and
the state highway police already directing
a heavy traffic, with cars end to end for
a distance of four miles or more. When

Five

^ 1

FO REST LEAVES

Published Bi-Monlhly at Narherth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

J*"^LiP A. Livingston Ralph P. Russell

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

DiVEREux Butcher e, ^ b^o^^^e

Dr. J. R. Schramm

Ihe publication of an article in Forest Leaves does not
necessarily imply that the views expressed therein are those
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Editorial and ad-
vertising office. 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia. Please notify us of any change in address.

JULY - OCTOBER, 1942

Don't Burn Your Property

T T WON'T BE long now before a piece
^ of your property will burn. Per-
haps you think you don't own any real
estate, but if you live in Pennsylvania
and have paid taxes you own a piece of
forest land. Your taxes and mine bought
the State Forests of Pennsylvania and
your taxes and mine pay to extinguish
fires on these forests. When trees burn,
your money and mine goes up in smoke.

It won't be long before hunters will be
tramping through the forests, hoping to
wmg a bird for the pot and some of those
hunters will burn up more birds than
they ever hit, by carelessness with fire. It
won't be long before families, having
saved their gasoline coupons, will be driv-
ing to the forests to see the fall coloring
and there will be some who will burn up
more leaves than they can see through
carelessness with fire.

Last spring, Pennsylvania had 2,000
forest fires, an average number for recent
years — considerably less than the aver-
age of twenty years ago but still 2,000
Four

too many. Sixty thousand acres were
burned m those 2,000 fires. The report
did not say how much timber was on
that acreage but if it had only a fair stand
of trees it might amount to more th;in
500,000,000 board feet.

In peace time such carelessness is
stupid; in time of war, it might well be
considered sabotage for it permits de-
struction of needed war material. Pro-
tecting our forests is a never ending fight.
Even in normal times, taking the country
as a whole, fires sweep over more than
30,000,000 acres of woodland each year,
destroying timber and property worth
more than $35,000,000. That is just
the commercial damage. It does not in-
clude the destruction of young growth,
the loss of woodland birds and animals,
the loss of equipment, the stoppage of
industry and the damage to watersheds.
This year our forests are in added
danger. They are in danger of sabotage.
Destroying a stand of war time timber
would be a stroke of luck for under-cover
agents of the Axis to gloat over. There
is always the possibility of incendiary
attack from the air. There is nothing
fantastic about such possibilities. We can
not forget that submarines have landed
Nazi saboteurs on our shores or that the
R. A. P. found it worthwhile to start
great fires in the forests of Germany.

H. G. M.

FoRKsr Lkaves

Forestry Goes Skiing

by Mrs. Max Dercum

The year previous to our visit to
Mt. Hood, we had spent on the Stanis-
laus National Forest in California, where
"^y husband had a ski school. Here I
had every opportunity to become ac-
quainted with the relationship of fores-
^[y to skiing, but I was too busy enjoying
^he sport to take much time off for ob-
servation. However, as I look back on
that year of both recreational and com-
petitive skiing, and on the more recent

J'^'^ - OcroijKR, 1942

Championship Skiing Is a Sight on the
State College Trails

years of skiing in the east, I have begun
to realize how the sport has been affected
by those in charge, and more times than
one imagines, those in charge are fores-
ters.

Five

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

we returned at six in the evening they
were still at it. In between this time
they had probably been called upon for
first aid assistance, to help time a race,
or to locate a lost party of skiers. Now,
after four years, I like to look back and
see what they have done with what must
have often seemed an impossible task.

Today, if one looks through any
of the numerous ski publications, it is
not uncommon to see many an article
written by foresters. Take the Western
Ski Annual, for instance, which has
around a dozen articles written by Forest
Service men. Also in the lists of com-
petitive skiers one finds their names. It
seems that they are not only helping to
run the show these days but are taking a
part as well!

On our National and State Forests,
where one finds snow, skiing has made it-
self felt during the other seasons, for it
is only during the time when there is no
snow on the ground that the clearing and
marking of trails is possible. Besides
touring trails and novice trails, there has
been a great demand for good expert
downhill trails. This means, of course,
that some knowledge of the requirements
of downhill racing was necessary. No-
thing is more disappointing to a compet-
ing skier than to have to race on a trail
that is not well planned. An example of a
poorly laid course was a downhill course
chosen for a state championship out west
in which I was entered. Perhaps the fores-
ter who was responsible for that trail
never heard the comments of the competi-
tors, but we were all rather surprised, to
put it mildly, to find an "uphill climb" in
the middle of the downhill race. Fortun-
ately, such a case is almost unheard of
now, and the skier in America, whether
he skis for recreation, competition, or
both, can thank those who have cooper-
ated in advancing the sport, both safely
and sanely, for the pleasure of all.

Recently, there have been voices
here and there, bringing up new ideas and
more problems. One hears there is a need
for more ski huts, especially scattered

Six

throughout the high country of the west
where skiers can take trips back into these
sections which are seldom explored in the
winter. There is a need for a greater
backing of the National Ski Patrol, for
more ski instructors with good training
for more defense work in skiing, and for
ski-trained foresters. For the last men-
tioned need of the future, the forest
schools nearby to ski areas have a won-
derful opportunity for developing train-
ing courses in the various phases of skiing.
There is no doubt in the minds of most
skiers that the foresters who are develop-
ing our ski regions are doing so today
with far more training and experience
than formerly. One reads of training
courses in the methods of handling the
winter sports problems, given especially
for Forest Rangers employed on the areas
affected by these problems. However, a
previous training, knowledge and experi-
ence would seem to be even more desir-
able.

A few years ago, when my husband
started the ski club at the Pennsylvania
State College, little did he or the first
members of that club realize how the
sport was to grow within the school. Out
of their enthusiasm grew the desire for a
centralized ski area and in constructing
the first ski trail they called upon the
foresters in the forest school for aid. This
was not hard to do since most of those
first members were forestry students. In
one autumn they built a ski trail and
cleared a novice practice slope. That
same year they organized a college ski
team. Many of these boys had never
had any previous skiing knowledge but
they learned quickly. Two years after
the building of the first trail, we had a
letter from one of the students, who,
after his graduation had gone out west
and was at the time working in building
a ski trail on Mt. Baker. A year ago we
heard of another graduate forester, who
had decided to build his own ski area near
Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and ac-
cording to all reports, he was making 3
success of it. Another graduate of both

Forest Leaves

"Wm

forestry and skiing at the col-
lege is now a ranger on the
Cochetopa National Forest,
and last winter made the first
ascent on skis of Mt. Elbert.
These are a few examples of
how skiing has helped those
forestry students who took
an active interest in it.

At Penn State the varsity
ski team enjoys the distinc-
tion of being the only official-
ly recognized varsity ski team
in the state. This fact, and
the fact that they have been
able to build up their ability
as a team to enable them to

compete against the best college teams in
the east, is due mainly to the efforts of the
forestry students along with the aid of
some others. The practice areas, trails,
slalom glades, 30 meter jump, a six-mile
cross country course, and two adiron-
dack-type lean-tos, were built almost en-
tirely by the forestry students at the col-
lege. It is gratifying to see the pride some
of these boys have taken in their part of
the development. Many of them come
out in the ski season to see how their
work is being utilized and also to fully
enjoy it themselves by bringing their skis
with them. On the ski team squad of
six letter men, every year there have been
one or two forestry students. This is a
good representation out of a student
body of 5,000 of whom the foresters
number around 275.

Besides the builders, recreationists
and competitors among the forestry stu-
dents we find some volunteering their
services in helping conduct races. In the
last two years the State Ski Champion-
ships of Pennsylvania, both meets sanc-
tioned by the United States Eastern
Amateur Ski Association, have been held
^ere. For these two major races, the
forestry students and also many of the
forestry faculty have co-operated in sev-
^ral official ways, such as timing, check-
JuLY - October, 1942

The Adirondack Type Lean-tos Are a Popular Feature

ing, scoring and first aid. One year there
were three of the forestry faculty entered
in the competitions along with skiers
from ten different clubs, representing four
different states in the east.

To an ordinary skier-observer, as
myself, it seems that these students are
contributing a great deal, not only to the
college and the community, but to their
own future and the future of their coun-
try. Out of their spontaneous enthusi-
asm, if it is correctly led, grow many
useful projects and icleas. One of these
ideas, which is in the process of develop-
ment at present, is the organization and
training of a group of students in Mili-
tary Ski Tactics. The results of such a
training should not only help build phy-
sical strength and endurance but will also
help in the moral defense of our country
as well as actual defense. This should
be brought home to all of us at this time,
when we realize that 3,000 miles of our
National Border, not including snow-
covered Alaska, are under snow up to
six months of the year. And last, but
not least, it would seem to follow, that
a development such as skiing has become,
would bring about a better appreciation
of our forests, even if it be only for the
pleasure and peace it brings so many
of us.

Seven

Recently, there have been voices
here and there, bringing up new ideas and
more problems. One hears there is a need
for more ski huts, especially scattered

Six

throughout the high country of the west
where skiers can take trips back into these
sections which are seldom explored in the
winter. There is a need for a greater
backing of the National Ski Patrol, for
more ski instructors with good training,
for more defense work in skiing, and for
ski-trained foresters. For the last men-
tioned need of the future, the forest
schools nearby to ski areas have a won-
derful opportunity for developing train-
ing courses in the various phases of skiing.
There is no doubt in the minds of most
skiers that the foresters who are develop-
ing our ski regions are doing so today
with far more training and experience
than formerly. One reads of training
courses in the methods of handling the
winter sports problems, given especially
for Forest Rangers employed on the areas
affected by these problems. However, a
previous training, knowledge and experi-
ence would seem to be even more desir-
able.

Forks r Leavks

Besides the builders, recreationists
and competitors among the forestry stu-
dents we find some volunteering their
services in helping conduct races. In the
last two years the State Ski Champion-
ships of Pennsylvania, both meets sanc-
tioned by the United States Eastern
j^niateur Ski Association, have been held
nere. For these two major races, the
forestry students and also many of the
forestry faculty have co-operated in sev-
eral official ways, such as timing, check-

J^^'^' - OcioBiR, 1942

The A(li)<>)Kl(i( f{ 'I'xfx' Lcan-los Arc (i P()j)ul(n Feature

ing, scoring and first aid. One year there
were three of the forestry faculty entered
in the competitions along with skiers
from ten different clubs, representing four
different states in the east.

To an ordinary skier-observer, as
myself, it seems that these students are
contributing a great deal, not only to the
college and the community, but to their
own future and the future of their coun-
try. Out of their spontaneous enthusi-
asm, if it is correctly led, grow many
useful projects and ideas. One of these
ideas, which is in the process of develop-
ment at present, is the organization and
training of a group of students in Mili-
tary Ski Tactics. The results of such a
training should not only help build phy-
sical strength and endurance but will also
help in the moral defense of our country
as well as actual defense. This should
be brought home to all of us at this time,
when we realize that 3,000 miles of our
National Border, not including snow-
covered Alaska, are under snow up to
six months of the year. And last, but
not least, it would seem to follow, that
a development such as skiing has become,
would bring about a better appreciation
of our forests, even if it be only for the
pleasure and peace it brings so many
of us.

Seven

Timber Cutting on the
State Forests

{Co7itinii(d from page 2)

short time. In the openings, seedlings of
both pine and hemlock were plentiful.
Fortunately, in that locality, according
to Mr. Mulford hemlock produced a
heavy crop of seed in 1940, while 1941
was a seed year for white pine. This, no
doubt, accounts for the multitude of
seedlings. In several places, we noticed
large accumulations of unlopped slash
which disturbed me, but Mulford point-
ed out that the operation was far from
completed and that the provisions of the
timber sale agreement regarding brush
disposal will be enforced. He went on to
say that some of the large accumulation
of brush was to be burned in the open-
ings when snow was on the ground, some
was to be lopped and spread to prevent
erosion on the steep slopes and the re-
mainder was to be lopped and piled away
from the live trees where it will de-
compose.

Governor Pinchot and I viewed the
same cutting operations together, but we
did not see the same things. It was to me
a striking example of variation in inter-
pretation influenced by consideration
which had no bearing on the situation.
We were in wholehearted agreement that
the local supervision of the operations
had been excellent, but we could not
agree as to the reasons that dictated the
type of timber sale agreement. These dif-
ferences were brought out in subsequent
letters so it seems wise to append them to
this account.

Shortly after our trip, Mr. Pinchot
wrote an open letter to Governor James
which described what he saw. A draft
was transmitted to me on June 30. My
refusal to commit the Association to the
over-statements in this letter and the im-
plied assumption by Mr. Pinchot that the
operations were completed inspired the
subsequent correspondence:

Eight

His Excellency Arthur H. James

Governor of Pennsylvania,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

My Dear Governor:

Our State Forests are in danger from
destructive lumbering, now going on
under the largest sales of State Forest
timber ever made. No such threat to
their welfare has appeared since they were
established half a century ago.

Our State Forests are of vital concern
to the people of Pennsylvania. As a citi-
zen, a forester, and a former Commis-
sioner in charge of State Forests, it is my
clear duty to report to you what I have
learned and urge you to stop the damage.

Stories of bad lumbering led me re-
cently to examine two areas of State
Forest timber sold to lumbermen in the
last two years. On both the Department
of Forests and Waters had sold for cut-
ting all sound trees of merchantable
kinds above certain sizes. Whether or
not they should have been left to furnish
seed for new growth, to maintain the
forest cover, or to protect the soil from
washing; whether for any other reason,
they should have been kept standing,
made no difference. They were all cut
anyhow. This is not forestry, but for-
est butchery.

The war calls for wood, but not for
forest destruction. We shall have need
of our forests after the war is won. They
can be used and safeguarded too. That
is what forestry is for.

On the first area, between Eaglesmere
and Hillsgrove, I found that all Poplar
trees 14 inches in diameter and up, breast
height, had been sold without discrim-
ination; all Beech. Birch, and Maple 12
inches and up. The Birch needed to be
cut. Much or most of the Beech, Maple
and Poplar was too young for cutting.

The local forester was authorized to
mark for cutting trees below the diameter
limit, but not to save from cutting trees
above the limit which should have been
saved.

Forest Leaves

This lumbering made great holes in
the forest. No tops were burned. That
left a dangerous fire trap.

On this area young trees already started
were unusually well protected by the
local forest officers. I find no fault with
them here or on the second area. But I
do find fault with the failure of the tim-
ber sale agreement, approved by Harris-
burg, to protect the State Forests. Under
it lumbermen cut too much and too soon.
It has endangered the forest.

On the second area, on Pine Creek near
Ansonia, all Pine and Hemlock was sold
down to a diameter of 14 inches, again
without discrimination. Much of this
cutting was on a steep slope, where
erosion threatened.

This lumbering too left great gaps. In
one spot twenty stumps stood in a radius
of 100 feet; in another, twenty-eight. No
tops were burned, leaving another fire
trap.

That the Department would thus in-
crease the danger from forest fires seems
impossible. But I saw it myself.

What I saw on these two areas is like
taking for the Army all boys over six-
teen, without regard to whether they had
reached their growth, whether they were
needed at home, or how they could best
help win the war. and then needlessly
exposing them to smallpox.

The present cutting also gives a bad
example to lumbermen, farmers, and
other forest owners. When they see the
State Forests abused, they are not likely
to treat their own woodlands any better.

Pennsylvania has been the leader of all
the States in the practice of forestry. All
of us, men, women and children, farmers
and miners, workers and planners, busi-
nessmen and sportsmen, have a vital
interest in the welfare of her forests. We
^ant them used, but we also want them
protected and preserved for the prosper-
ity, the health, and the pleasure of us all.
^ I he purposes of our State Forests are,
y law: "To provide a continuous sup-
ply ot timber, lumber, wood and other
or^st products, to protect the water-

JiLv . October, 1942

sheds, conserve the water, and regulate
the flow of rivers and streams of the State
and to furnish opportunities for health-
ful recreation to the public.''

As Governor of Pennsylvania, you
have power to enforce the law, stop these
violations, and this destructive lumber-
ing, and put sound forestry in its place.
I believe I speak for our people generally
when I urge you to do so.

I am making this letter public because
I believe the people of this Common-
wealth, to whom the State Forests belong,
have a right to be informed of what is
being done with their property.
Sincerely yours,

GiFFORD Pinchot.

In answer to this and other letters sent
me by Governor Pinchot, I replied on
July 2:

Dear Governor:

When you called me from Washing-
ton early in May and suggested a joint
tour of some of the State Forests to see
how the cutting was being done, I was
happy to accept as I was equally inter-
ested. Now that the trip is over I want
you to know how much I enjoyed it.

Fortunately, or otherwise, our discus-
sions plus your subsequent letters have
impressed upon me the divergence of our
views on forestry, particularly the future
role of public forestry in this country.
Since we are both sincerely interested in
the improvement of cutting practices on
all forest lands, I had hoped we might
devise a common statement concerning
our observations. This, I now see, is
quite impossible because our disagree-
ment is fundamental, stemming from op-
posing political philosophies.

Two years ago in Forest Leaves
I urged the Department of Forests and
Waters to set up a management plan for
each State Forest. I pleaded also for a
program of selective cutting to demon-
strate to private forest owners that tim-
ber is a crop to be harvested when mature.
I urged this action also to provide raw

Nine

tjllf =j

III

11 !

I !

li
I-

material for small wood-using industries
to be established to rehabilitate towns
surrounded by State forests with no
other source of income.

You see, Governor, I believe one of the
primary purposes of the State Forests is
to aid private enterprise. I believe in
private enterprise.

In time of war, we sacrifice willingly
for the preservation of the Nation. We
give up many of the cherished perquisites
of democracy. We regiment ourselves in
order to wage a victorious war, but we,
in a democracy, do not look forward to a
regimented peace. We strive for victory
that we may return to a system of free
enterprise circumscribed as little as pos-
sible for the public good.

I said earlier in this letter that our dis-
agreement is fundamental. Because of
that fundamental difference in viewpoint
we looked at the results of the cutting in
the Wyoming and Tioga districts with
different eyes. You saw deviation from
ideal forestry practices; I saw an attempt
of an under-manned Department to do
as good a job as possible. You saw great
holes in the stand with no understory
left; I saw an understory of as many as
300 trees per acre, surprisingly free from
felling damage. You saw a "destructive
attack" on the State Forests; I saw need-
ed timber for barracks and crates and for
other war uses.

I do not condone temporizmg but I do
recognize the limitations placed upon the
Department by a reduced personnel. By
its political attitude toward the Depart-
ment of Forest and Waters and its
financial indifference to its needs, the ad-
ministration is in part to blame, but in
addition, several Department foresters,
who might have given assistance, are in
the armed forces.

I regret sincerely that our viewpoints
are so diametrically opposite. Were it
possible to divorce our opinions on for-
estry from extraneous, political and soc-
ial attributes we might find ourselves in
complete agreement. Since that, how-
ever, can not be done, therein lies the crux

Ten

of the matter. Such being the case, I
presume you will wish me to return your
letter to Secretary Stewart. This I en-
close together with the draft of the pro-
posed letter to Governor James.

Time alone will determine the merits
of our respective ideologies. In the mean-
time, my every good wish.

Sincerely yours,

H. Gleason Mattoon.

Secretary.

This elicited a lengthy reply which
should be included:

Dear Mr. Mattoon:

By your letter of July 2nd you refuse
to go on with the joint effort we had
undertaken to protect the State Forests
of Pennsylvania from the destructive
lumbering, in progress under much the
largest selling of their timber ever made
during the half century of their existence.

The purpose of our trip of June 26th
and 27th, in which we examined together
two recently cut over State Forest areas,
was fully understood between us in ad-
vance. It was to ascertain whether or
not this cutting was being done carefully
and conservatively, with due regard to
the welfare of the State Forests, or
whether it was not.

During those two days we discussed
very thoroughly the whole question of
the cuttings which we visited. What we
saw, we saw together, and we agreed on
what we saw. We agreed that the lum-
bering was destructive: that it was not
the fault of the local forest officers, but
of the timber sale agreement sent out
from Harrisburg; and that such lumber-
ing was highly dangerous to the future
of the State Forests.

Indeed, the only subject on which we
did not agree was an incidental reference
to the matter of State as against National
control of forests, which could have
nothing whatever to do with whether or
not the cuttings we were examining had
been well or badly done, whether they
amounted to permanent forestry or de-
structive lumbering.

FoRFST Leaves

We noted and discussed the fact that
none of the trees had been selected and
marked with the future of the forest in
mind, but that all the trees above a fixed
diameter limit had been cut without dis-
crimination. In mixed forests like these,
that is nothing but tree butchery.

When the trip was over, at Wilkes-
Barre, we agreed together that I should
draft a letter for our joint signatures to
the Secretary of Forests and Waters, ask-
ing for certain information, and submit
it to you for your approval. We agreed,
also, that each of us should make a draft
of a letter to the Governor of Pennsyl-
vania, describing what we had seen and
setting forth our common conclusions
upon it, each of us to submit his draft to
the other, and the final form to be ap-
proved and signed by both.

To this plan you gave your full as-
sent. On June 30th I sent you the two
drafts I was to make. You now return
the drafts and decline to proceed with our
plan. Your letter alleges three reasons
for your change of front.

The first is "the divergence of our
views on forestry, particularly the future
role of public forestry in this country. *'

The second is that you believe '*one
of the primary purposes of the State For-
ests is to aid private enterprise."

Your third reason is that "were it pos-
sible to divorce our opinions on forestry
from extraneous political and social at-
tributes, we might tind ourselves in com-
plete agreement.''

This is merely to sidestep the issue.
Extraneous political and social attributes
are indeed extraneous. None of your
reasons have any bearing whatever on
the bald fact of the destructive attacks
on the State Forests which you and I saw
together, which we discussed together,
and over which we developed no dis-
^^^^^"^^nt whatever on the ground.

Whatever your political and social at-
^"Dutes may be, facts are facts. Either
you agreed with me on the facts when we
^ere together on the ground, or you con-
<^ealed your disagreement. If you did con-

JLLY . OCTOBKR, 1942

ceal it, your reason for so doing is for you
to explain.

In any case, it is completely clear that
whatever political and social attributes
may have led to your revised opinion,
they can not alter the facts in the forest.
They are certainly not for me, as you
assert they are for you, "the crux of the
matter.'' For me the crux of the matter
is the condition of the forest after the
cutting, and nothing else. We are dealing
with the forest, and not with ideologies.
I ought to know destructive cutting when
I see it.

This statement of yours makes the
reason back of your change of sides as
clear as day. It shows that your interest
in stopping forest devastation vanishes
the moment private interests stand in the
way. My position is that, in the words
of Theodore Roosevelt, "The public
good comes first.''

The question, and the only question
at issue, is whether or not this timber was
sold by the Department of Forests and
Waters, and cut by the lumbermen who
bought it, so as to ensure, or so as not to
ensure, the future welfare of the forest.
You and I, standing in the woods and
looking at it, agreed fully that it had
not done so. Since then your political
and social attributes seems to have
changed your mind.

The great holes your letter refers to,
left in the stand by the first cutting we
visited, are actually there. The fine under-
story of smaller trees you mention out-
side of these holes, to which I called your
particular attention on the ground, is
there. My draft letter to the Governor
specifically recognized the excellent work
done by the forest officers in preserving
these young trees.

Your letter does not deny any of the
statements in that letter about the con-
dition of the lumbered forest we saw to-
gether. I challenge you to deny them.
And I ask that you carry out your prom-
ise to send me copies of the photographs
of this forest destruction which you took
at my suggestion.

Eleven

The "needed timber for barracks,
crates, and other war uses/' which this
cutting represents to you, could of course
be supplied under forestry as well as
under destructive lumbering. The United
States Forest Service, which ought to
know, maintains uncompromisingly that
it can be and should be. There is no ex-
cuse, and there can be no excuse, for the
Department of Forests and Waters to as-
sist in bringing needless damage upon the
State Forests, for whose safety it is re-
sponsible.

Neither is it an excuse that the Depart-
ment has a reduced personnel. I am suf-
ficiently familiar with its work, having
been in charge of it, to be certain that it
would have been possible to find the for-
esters for marking the timber as it should
have been marked, in spite of this reduced
personnel. And in any case, if the timber
could not be cut properly, it should not
have been cut at all.

I am disillusioned and completely un-
impressed by your letter. If your point
of view would not permit you to rec-
ognize facts on the ground, and testify to
these facts when the safety of the State
Forests required it, the least you could
have done was to notify me in advance
that there was no use in your accepting
my invitation to make the trip.

Yours truly,

GlFFORD PlNCHOT

After receiving this, I quite naturally
felt that it was presumptuous of me to
take a view of what we saw contrary to
that of so able a forester, but I did reply
and at the same time mailed the photo-
graphs of which he spoke. The illustra-
tions are made from some of them.

Dear Governor:

I enclose an enlarged set of the snap-
shots I took on our trip on June 25 and
26. You will find them poor, partly the
fault of the photographer and partly due
to the rain which made it difficult to get
depth in the pictures.

If I might choose one phrase to illus-

Tweh)e

trate the difference in our viewpoints of
the cutting operations on the State for-
ests, it would be ''forest butchery," the
last two words of the third paragraph of
your open letter to Governor James. In
that letter, you speak of great holes in
the forest. Two years ago I saw equally
great holes in the canopy of a National
forest after a cutting operation, carried
on under the direction of the supervisor.
He explained that such holes were the
results of the removal of a group of over-
matured trees and contended that if any
had been left they would have blown
down, hence the removal of all. I believe
a similar situation exists on the tract near
Ansonia.

You, also, mentioned that no tops
were burned, thereby leaving a dangerous
fire trap. Neither of the operations we
visited had been completed. I recall Paul
Mulford saying that much of the slash
would be burned after snowfall next
winter. Frankly, I did not see "forest
butchery" and am glad now to know
that foresters not in State employ who
have visited the cutting operations did
not see "forest butchery.'*

Those who believe that deviation from
selective cutting by marked trees can never
be made may find fault with the cutting
operations, but most foresters with
whom I have talked since our trip can
see that such an ideal is not always
feasible.

I believe I am as zealous as any forester
in championing management practices
which will conserve and perpetuate our
forests. I deplore overcutting. I believe
understocking of forests to be waste.
Management practices, however, must be
suited to the conditions and adjusted to
the times.

I shall want to see these operations
again when they are completed, but in
the light of what has been done so far
little criticism can be made of them.

Sincerely yours,

H. Gleason Mattoon,

Secretary.

(Continued on page 15)

Forest Leaves

Wooci Substitutes for Metals

MORE than 1 00 ways in which wood
can be used in place of tin or steel
have been listed by the Department of
Agriculture's Forest Service in response to
a growing number of requests for sug-
gestions about possible substitutes for
materials no longer available in quanti-
ties for civilian purposes.

Many items such as fence posts, freight
car roofs and sidings, furniture, and grain
storage bins, represent familiar wood uses
of long standing, and although metals
have displaced considerable wood in re-
cent years, the wood revival will be rela-
tively easy.

Technicians of the Department's For-
est Products Laboratory point out that
substitutes for steel can in many cases be
made by using wood in its natural form,
that is, shaped and turned as lumber to
replace steel items. Wood may be treated
with preservatives that make it resistant
to fire, decay, and injury by insects. On
the other hand, substituting wood for tin
frequently calls for conversion products,
such as paper and pulps from wood.

Some uses in which wood is already
displacing steel are arches in buildings
(up to 150 feet spans) ; barges; tempor-
ary buildmgs; snow fences; lookout
towers; agricultural implements; silos;
trucks and trailers; and wheelbarrows.
With some further technological work or
development of production facilities,
wood can also replace steel in automobile
license plates; fire doors; gutters; putty
and paint, kegs, mechanical refrigerator
cabinets, acid and hot grease tanks and
"^any other items.

Possibilities of wood substitutes for

m include compregnated wood bearings,

ontainers for paints, liquids, vegetables

ana truits, compregnated wood tubing

non-corroding), refrigerator trays, col-

^apsible tooth paste tubes, shoelace tabs,

^anous plastic household utensils, and

^^uulose coatings instead of tin coatings

JiLY - October, 1942

on such items as pins, clips and wire.

"Compregnated" is a word coined by
the Forest Products Laboratory to de-
scribe the promising new materials made
up of wood veneer impregnated with
chemicals and pressed into solid pieces.

Research on wood uses at the Forest
Products Laboratory has been stepped up
to meet emergency needs, and it is expect-
ed that the use of wood substitutes for
strategic materials will continue on a
widening scale.

THE MYERS ARBORETUM

(Continued from page 3)

sia, and the giant Wye oak at Wye Mills,
Maryland, are thriving in the arboretum.

Among the foreign oaks are the
Japanese tan bark oak, Q. dentata; Tur-
key oak, Q. cerris; the English oak, Q.
robur; and Q. robur fastigiata, the pyra-
midal English oak. From the western
part of this country in addition to the
California blue oak mentioned above
there is a nice specimen of the valley oak
or California white oak, Q. lovata, the
California black oak, Q. kelloggii, and
the Texas oak, Q. texana, which is close-
ly related to Q. shumardii.

Here in the East because of the many
native species of oaks blossoming at ap-
proximately the same time there have
developed numerous natural crosses. Mr.
Myers recently has become much interest-
ed in these hybrids with the result he
has an unusually fine collection. It is
quite possible that from his collection
will come some interesting and worth-
while types which have particular merit
for shade or ornamental purposes. If
so, they can be propagated by clones and
disseminated by nurseries.

The principal crosses have occurred
between the scrub oak, Q. ilicifolia, and
the black, red or scarlet oak. Some inter-
esting hybrids of the southern red oak,

Thirteen

Q. rubra, and the willow oak, Q. phellos,
arc also to be found.

Anyone who believes oaks arc slow
growing should visit the Myers Arbore-
tum and this misbelief will soon be
dispelled. Several of the species and
hybrids are making from two to three
feet of growth a year, a rate that com-
pares favorably with most other trees.

Because he has specialized in oaks,
one is apt to forget the worthwhile col-
lections of ash trees, hickories, named
varieties of walnuts, as well as individual
specimens of numerous other species.
While the shrub collection is not as out-
standing it likewise has considerable
merit. Those interested in trees are in-
debted to Mr. Myers for this valuable
and instructive collection.

^ V

m/.:^:\

"V4

r\^'^-^ • '• \

*SV'.^-

■L^'
^ U

At left: the laurel oak, Qxiercus laurifolia, one of the most attractive natives. 7V>p: A California blue oak, Q-
Douglasii. Bottom : Q. conferta from southern Europe, all specimens in the Myers Arboretum, near Hanover, Pa-

Fourteen

Forest Leaves

Improved Radio for Fire Fighting

TWO new devices in emergency radio
communication are aiding the U. S.
Department of Agriculture's Forest Serv-
ice in this year's fight against fires which
might seriously impede the war effort.
One is a simplified radio antenna perfect-
ed recently at the Forest Service's Radio
Laboratory. Another is an improved re-
ceiver for use on mobile fire control equip-
ment.

Pioneering in forest radio activities for
the past 1 5 years, the Forest Service has
developed specialized equipment to meet
the problems of rapid communication in
remote areas and rough terrain. Because
prompt attack is necessary to keep fires
from developing into large and costly
conflagrations, quick and reliable com-
munication is vital to eff^ective fire con-
trol. Approximately 3500 semi-perma-
nent mobile and portable radio stations
are now in operation in National Forests,
and more than 1,000 are maintained by
State forestry agencies.

Out of the Forest Service Radio Labor-
atory have come several types of radio
equipment, including portable sets rug-
ged enough for transportation on mule
back, and the two-way "pocket" voice
radiophone weighing only six pounds,
first used two years ago by the Service's
parachute fire fighters. Similar equip-
ment has since been adopted by a number
of other federal, state and local authori-
ties concerned with portable radio com-
munication.

The new forest radio antenna has no
insulators, requires no elaborate installa-
tion, and can be pre-tuned before installa-
tion. Costing but a small fraction of
yhat the usual commercial antenna costs,
It is called the PD ("plumber's delight")
antenna by forest rangers because it can
easily be made from simple materials like
pipe and fish poles and installed with the
^la of a few plumbers' tools. The fact
'^^t no insulation is necessary prevents

Jlly - October, 1942

power losses and reduced efficiency due to
insulator leakage. Resistant to snow and
ice, the antenna is especially suitable for
lookout stations at high elevations.

It is equally effective on wood and
metal buildings. Another asset is that
instead of representing a lightning haz-
ard, it acts as a lightning rod, adding to
the safety both of the structure to which
it is attached and the occupants. Reduc-
ed to barest essentials, the PD antenna
consists of a vertical radiator, working
against a ground established by four hori-
zontal c^uarter-wave radials. For For-
est Service radio frequencies, the antenna
is only six to seven and one-half feet
long.

Both the PD antenna and the new mo-
bile radio receiver used on Forest Service
fire trucks and patrol cars will be invalu-
able in efforts of Forest Service personnel
this year to suppress incendiarism or pos-
sible sabotage in the 160 National For-
ests. The mobile receiver discriminates
against ignition noises and is therefore
more effective than previously used types
in establishing quick contact with fire
crews enroute to fires.

TIMBER CUTTING ON THE
STATE FORESTS

(Continued from page \2)

There ends the correspondence. If I
seemed to Gifford Pinchot to have agreed
with him in his deductions from our
tour, it was perhaps because I was some-
what hypnotized by his persuasive elo-
quence in describing the laxness of the
Department of Forests and Waters and
the iniquities of the form of Timber Sale
Agreement in use. I shall be grateful if
I possess half as much mental and physi-
cal energy when I reach his age as Mr.
Pinchot exhibited on the trip, but I pray
that I shall be more tolerant and less
given to impugning the motives of those
with whom I disagree.

Fifteen

Q. rubra, and the willow oak, Q. phellos,
are also to be found.

Anyone who believes oaks are slow
growing should visit the Myers Arbore-
tum and this misbelief will soon be
dispelled. Several of the species and
hybrids are making from two to three
feet of growth a year, a rate that com-
pares favorably with most other trees.

Improved Radio for Fire Fighting

At left: the laurel oak. (hirrrus laurifolia, one of the most altrailivc natives. Tof): A (alitornia blue oak, Q.-
Douglasii. Bottom : Q. conferta from southern Europe, all specimens in the Myers Arboretum, near Hanover, Pa

Fourteen

Forest Leaves

Pioneering in forest radio activities for
the past 1 5 years, the Forest Service has
developed specialized equipment to meet
the problems of rapid communication in
remote areas and rough terrain. Because
prompt attack is necessary to keep fires
from developing into large and costly
conflagrations, quick and reliable com-
munication is vital to effective fire con-
trol. Approximately 3500 semi-perma-
nent mobile and portable radio stations
are now in operation in National Forests,
and more than 1,000 are maintained by
State forestry agencies.

ties concerned with portable radio com-
munication.

The new forest radio antenna has no
msulators, requires no elaborate installa-
tion, and can be pre-tuned before installa-
tion. Costing but a small fraction of
)vhat the usual commercial antenna costs,
It is called the PD ("plumber's delight")
antenna by forest rangers because it can
easily be made from simple materials like
pipe and fish poles and installed with the
^iQ of a few plumbers' tools. The fact
nat no insulation is necessary prevents

J*'^ - October, 1912

power losses and reduced efficiency due to
insulator leakage. Resistant to snow and
ice, the antenna is especially suitable for
lookout stations at high elevations.

It is equally effective on wood and
metal buildings. Another asset is that
instead of representing a lightning haz-
ard, it acts as a lightning rod, adding to
the safety both of the structure to which
it is attached and the occupants. Reduc-
ed to barest essentials, the PD antenna
consists of a vertical radiator, working
against a ground established by four hori-
zontal quarter-wave radials. For For-
est Service radio frequencies, the antenna
is only six to seven and one-half feet
long.

TIMBER CUTTING ON THE
STATE FORESTS

(Coutiuued from fxigc 12)

Fijteen

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Mountain Troops at Mt. Rainier

BY AGREEMENT between the Na-
tional Park Service of the Interior
Department and the War Department,
ski and mountain troops used certain
areas in Mount Rainier National Park
last winter on a temporary basis for test
training purposes.

The 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry
Mountain Regiment (Reinforced), was
activated at Fort Lewis, Washington, on
November 15, 1941, and went into train-
ing at the park. The Tatoosh Club and
Paradise Lodge serve as winter quarters
for the soldiers, but the new national
park ski lodge is open for the public. Ac-
cording to the National Park Service,
there were 136,000 recreational skiers at
Rainier in the winter of 1940-41, and
there was an even heavier week-end use
of the ski slopes last season.

The Army is developing the present
small force of mountain troops in order
to test the best procedures for training
soldiers to travel over rough mountain
terrain in winter and summer, as well as
to determine the best means for bringing
up equipment and supplies for such
troops. This experimental force is also
testing the new equipment items designed
by the Quartermaster Corps for winter
and mountain warfare.

Official assurances have been given that
preservation of scenic and wildlife values
will not be relaxed for the new training
program. Realizing the interference with
wildlife that might result from firing of
rifles, machine guns and artillery, the
Army did not request that any exception
be made to the National Park Service reg-
ulation against firing weapons in the
park. Notwithstanding the lurid imag-
ination of the artist who pictured enemy
troops on Mount Rainier in the March 2
issue of Life magazine, the possibility of
this area being "invaded" is fantastic.

Winter use of Mount Rainier for test
training purposes should have no appreci-

Sixtecn

able effect upon the park, but summer use
by mountain troops would be detrimen-
tal to natural conditions. During the
period when ample snow cover does not
protect the ground, even the experimen-
tal force should be transferred to areas
outside of the National Parks.

When the Army mobilizes its pro-
jected thousands of mountain troops,
other areas should be used for their prac-
tice maneuvers on an extensive scale.
Many less restricted and equally suitable
areas are available in the National For-
ests, and the Forest Service has long since
furnished a list of them to the War De-
partment.

A BEARING McCALLISTER AT
ALLENTOWN, PA.

Maligned and discredited, the McCal-
lister Pecan, one of the most beautiful
shade trees known and one of the largest
nuts ever grown except the cocoanut
shows signs of vindicating itself in
the east.

True, the two trees at Milford, Dela-
ware bear beautifully when fed. Ford
Wilkinson reports a bearing tree now
and then in southern Indiana. But still
those who are sure that ''whatever you
recommend new or different is wrong
used the argument that they hadn't borne
in Pennsylvania . . . that what few have
borne are not well filled and are irreg
ular bearers.

From a conversation with Henry L
Guth of Wescoeville, a suburb of Allen-
town, I gleaned the following notes from
my file.

Planted about '34 size 4-5;. Bore 40
nuts — size normal. Filled fairly well as
expressed by the planter.

One Busseron Pecan — these never fall
Busseron always blooms ahead of Mc
Callister, therefore, McCallister must
have self pollenated or crossed with wil(^
hickory. Soil low — wet — rich.

Forest LEA^t^

Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
Association

A Practical Body of Nut Growers Whose
Aim Is to Stimulate Greater Interest
in Nut-Tree Planting

Black Walnut Kernel

Your Part in the
War Effort

by H. Gleason Mattoon

ONLY wishful thinking bolsters our
hopes that this war will be conclud-
ed in a year or two, for there is no tangible
evidence upon which to base such an ex-
pectation. Production of war materials
and food stuffs will, in the end, determine
the victor. Production of guns, tanks,
shells and ships is speeding along at a
pace undreamed of, but the production
of food stuffs has not kept pace with the
needs of our people and our allies.

This may sound fantastic when we
recall that not so long ago this country
was wrestling with surplusses and penal-
izing over-production. But the picture
has changed. Countless farm workers
are in the Army and Navy. Others, at-
tracted by high wages, have migrated to
centers of war production, where they are
niaking more in a week than the farmer
could afford to pay them for a month's
^ork. Food produced on the farms is
actually going to waste because help can
"ot be had to harvest it. Moreover, the
problem of transporting food stuffs is be-
coming increasingly difficult. All means
of transportation are being taxed to the
utmost in our all-out war effort.

All of this was realized this spring
^hen the victory garden movement was
started. But we must do more than raise
^ few carrots, peas and cabbages. We

i'l.

OCTOBKR, 1912

should plan for maximum production on
the space available. Berries, tree fruits
and nuts should be included in our plans
for the coming year.

You may say that it takes too long
for apples, or chestnuts, or walnuts to
come into bearing; that there is little use
in planning for five or ten years ahead.
How do we know? We have no assur-
ance that five or ten years from now the
food situation will not be more acute rat-
her than less. Whether the war will have
been won in ten years or not, you who
plant tree crops and berries now will be
grateful for having done so. The satis-
faction of being able to pick chestnuts
or other nuts from your own trees will
make you appreciate your foresight.
Moreover, nuts are high in protein and
may be a necessary substitute for meat.

As this is written, items are appearing
in the newspapers indicating that our
armed forces and our allies require such
a large percentage of our supply of meat
that the civilian allotment will have to be
cut drastically. Meat rationing is in the
offing. No finer or more palatable sub-
stitute for meat to supply proteins can be
found than the black walnut. Chestnuts
and hickories contain proteins, as well as
carbohydrates. These are all dual pur-
pose trees, that is they are distinctly orn-
amental, as well as food producers.

You should plan now for fall plant-
ing. It will take time to decide upon
the location for these trees and which to
choose for the space available.

FERTILIZER RESEARCH
UNDER WAY

L. K. Hostetter, of Lancaster, Pennsyl-
vania, R. D. No. 3, writes this office that
Professor Pagan of State College sent him
the fertilizer announcing that Professor
Pagan was continuing the set up as dis-
cussed in these columns before, except
that representatives of State College and
Cornell expected to supervise this work
personally, but since we are trying to
fertilize Hitler under, many activities are
being curtailed everywhere.

Seventeen

Mountain Troops at Mt. Rainier

Winter use of Mount Rainier for test
training purposes should have no appreci-

Sixteen

A BEARING McCALLISTER AT
ALLENTOWN, PA.

From a conversation with Henry L
Guth of Wescoeville, a suburb of Allen-
town, I gleaned the following notes from
my file.

Planted about '34 size 4-5;. Bore 40
nuts — size normal. Filled fairly well as
expressed by the planter.

One Busseron Pecan — these never fall
Busseron always blooms ahead of Mc
Callister, therefore, McCallister must
have self pollenated or crossed with wil^
hickory. Soil low — wet — rich.

Forest LEA^^^

Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
Association

A Practical Body of Nut Growers Whose
Aim Is to Stimulate Greater Interest
in Nut-Tree Planting

Black Walnut Kernel

Your Part in the
War Effort

by H. Gleason Mattoon

This may sound fantastic when we
recall that not so long ago this country
was wrestling with surplusses and penal-
izing over-production. But the picture
has changed. Countless farm workers
are in the Army and Navy. Others, at-
tracted by high wages, have migrated to
centers of war production, where they are
niaking more in a week than the farmer
could afford to pay them for a month's
Work. Food produced on the farms is
actually going to waste because help can
not be had to harvest it. Moreover, the
problem of transporting food stuffs is be-
coming increasingly difficult. All means
of transportation are being taxed to the
utinost in our all-out war effort.

AH of this was realized this spring
When the victory garden movement was
started. But we must do more than raise
^ fw carrots, peas and cabbages. We
July . Octobkr, 1942

should plan for maximum production on
the space available. Berries, tree fruits
and nuts should be included in our plans
for the coming year.

You should plan now for fall plant-
ing. It will take time to decide upon
the location for these trees and which to
choose for the space available.

FERTILIZER RESEARCH
UNDER WAY

Seventeen

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

HERE FOLKS— A CHANCE FOR A
REAL INVESTMENT

Dear Mr. Hershey:

From a card I received from Chas.
Stephens, Columbus, Kas., I saw that
you are still in the pecan tree nursery
business. I often saw your name in the
American Nut Journal while it was
published.

As you are an experienced pecan nurs-
eryman and have come in contact with
many pecan tree enthusiasts I make this
proposition to you. As I am now nearly
86 years old I wish to retire, and sell my
place to a pecan lover to carry on.

The total number of pecan trees on
my 236 acres is 4,000, 1,000 natural
seedlings 2 ft. in diameter, 2,200 of the
100% Harris pecan about one-half of
them in bearing 326 topgrafted to Bus-
seron, Indiana, Green River, Wiblack,
Warrick, Posey, Butterick, Marmiton,
Osage, McMurray, Collins, 1 Squirrels
Delight, 1 Williams, 1 Texas Prolific,
1 Burcket, 1 Alexander, 1 Robinson,
480 in Orchard rows, which are Max-
miton Osage, Stump, Lite, Busseron and
Indiana.

Will sell for $8,000.00 cash. It is
worth easily three times that much to a
younger man or a man having children.
I, myself, was never married and have
only one old maid sister living, nearly 70
years old. Glad to answer any questions
from you.

J. F. TiEDKE,

Rich Hill, Mo.

Located in Bates County south of Kansas City
near Kansas border. — Ed.

Dear Mr. Hershey:

So far the Stambough and Stabler are
the most dependable varieties as to bear-
ing. The Stambough bears almost too
heavy; for then this year is the off year
but the Stablers are full. The Thomas
is full too, but over half of them have

Eighteen

black kernels. This spring I put about
12 lbs. of 10-6-4 fertilizer around the
tree which is from 15 to 20 feet high,
trunk diameter 10 or 12 inches. The tree
has nice dark green leaves this year.

The Ohio is a pretty good bearer but
I don't think so much of it. Too
poor a cracker. Ten Eyck is a heavy
bearer but not much better than the
Ohio. The Mintle and the Elmer Meyers
bore a few nuts last year. The Elmer
Meyers appears to be a very good walnut,
but the Mintle is a little small. The Korn
is bearing its first crop this year. It's a
young tree with about 17 walnuts
on it.

Enos D. Peachey,

Belleville, Pa.

July 28, 1942
Mr. John W. Hershey,

Downingtown, Pa.

Dear Sir:

About Pinecrest and Waite Black
Walnuts. With me the Pinecrest seems
to bear young and quite heavy at times.
A large nut, but not as good quality as
Thomas. Thin shell. Trees shed leaves
early.

The Waite bears quite well — a large
nut has a thin hull but a hard thick shell
quality very good.

Yours truly,

E. G. Rice,

Alisher, Ky.

NOTICE — NOTICE
Walnut Kernels Wanted

The Grigsby Nut Kitchen owner,
13 Watchung Ave., Plainfield, N. J'
stopped in the other day and says he
would like to contact orchard men who
have quality walnut kernels to sell-
Write him if you are looking for ^
market.

Forest Leaves

The Influenza of Mycorrhiza on
Growth of Korean Nut Pine

by John W. Hershey

tNTHE spring of 1938 we had stand-

1 ing in our nursery at Downingtown
24 of these plants, running from 6 to 15
inches tall 13 years of age. These had
been transplanted from the seed bed.
Some time later, probably 6 years, they
were moved to their present site, for they
had been making no growth and we had
to keep moving them out of the road of
commercial nursery practice.

In the spring of 1938 a cigar box full
of soil from a thriving Pinas Koriensis,
standing in Warren, N. H., was spread
over 12 of these trees. Being in a single,
continuous row, it is natural that the
cultivator dragged the bacteria from the
trees inoculated to all of them in the row.

On November 6, 1941, after 4 grow-
ing seasons, these 24 trees measured from

2 to 4H feet. A 37" tree was dug, bare
root, and the roots carefully examined,
showing a heavy infection of mycorrhiza.
This individual tree measured 15" in the
spring of 1938, making a phenomenal
growth in 4 seasons of 25" in height,
with an excellent spread and nicely devel-
oped shape.

This proves the value of inoculation
of soil with mycorrhiza in the planting
, of forest species in soil that has been
plowed for centuries.

FINDINGS IN GUINEA
HEN'S CROP

August 4, 1941

Nearly 2 dozen Japanese beetles, one
s^ing bug. one praying mantis, large
number of grasshoppers. In addition to

3 mass of unidentifiable crushed bugs
^ith grass.

In the gizzard: 8 wild cherry stones,
^nis shows the value of these fowl in a
f3rm program.

jlI.Y - OCTOBKR, 1942

Winter Meeting

The Farm Show will not be a
show this year. Exhibits have been
banned because of the war and its
attendant strain on the transporta-
tion systems of the country. Organ-
izations which normally meet
during the Farm Show week are
invited to hold their meetings in the
Farm Show Building on January
12, 13, and 14. On one of those
days, the winter meeting of the
Pennsylvania Nut Growers Associa-
tion is to be held.

There will be a round-table dis-
cussion of the problems of and prog-
ress in nut growing to which every-
one, whether he is a member of the
Association or not, is invited. Each
person should be prepared to take
part in the discussion. Frequently,
more points of practical value are
brought out in such informal meet-
ings than with prepared papers.

H. Gleason Mattoon,

President.

PECANS IN UTAH

"The story is told that in 1854 Syl-
vester L. Perry and three others took
their axes and left Mount Fort, a place
built by the Mormons for protection
from the Indians, and went down the
Weber River about eight miles, and
staked their homestead claims. In 1856
Mr. Perry, with others, took their teams
and went to Winter's Quarters, a place
nearly opposite Council Bluffs, on the
west side of the Missouri River, for
freight, a distance of more than a thou-
sand miles from Ogden. While there,
Mr. Perry dug up three small pecan trees
and brought them back with him in the
jockey box of his wagon.

"The return trip required at least three
months. These trees were dug up in the
middle of the growing season and were

Nineteen

carried for ninety days in a wagon and
were planted on his claim at what is now
known as Slatersville. Two of them
grew.

*'The subject of our story was planted
on a little elevation (a knoll) about sev-
enty feet from a swale, which is now used
as an irrigation ditch, and a small ditch
is now close to the foot of the tree.

**The tree is nearly seven feet in cir-
cumference; has a spread of more than
fifty feet and is about sixty feet tall. It
is very vigorous and healthy and bears
a crop of nuts each year.

The above story was sent to us by P.
L. Orth, Ogden, Utah.

The rainfall in the region where this
pecan tree is growing is 1 6 inches, accord-
ing to the county agent. The fact that it
has stood there and produced annual
crops for so many years is undoubtedly
due to the fact that there is a small ditch
(a ditch in the west means it's full of irri-
gation water) near the foot of the tree.

WALNUT SHELLS SPEED
BOMBER OUTPUT

A few walnut shells, a baker's bread
mixer and a copper kettle — and you have
a plastic compound used in the produc-
tion of flving fortresses. The process was
perfected by "Mop" Basolo, foreman of
the Lockheed wood shop. The walnut
shells are ground to a fine flour-like pow-
der and then mixed with an oil resin and
a catalyst or accelerator. This mixture
is placed in an ordinary baker's bread
mixer, stirred thoroughly and poured
into molds which previously were made
from a special compound mixed in a cop-
per kettle.

After being allowed to set for a few
minutes the "walnut bread" is placed in
a cookie oven and allowed to bake at a
temperature of 175 degrees until it is
done. When completed the plastic cast-
ing may be used as a drill jig, a forming
die that will stand up to 8,000 pounds
pressure per square inch, a formed router

Tufrnty

black, a shaper block, saw jig, p^jj^j
jig, checking fixture or forming die for
plexiglass noses. Anyway, it saves metal
and time.

From Chemergic Digest

EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS

Grow Christmas Trees for Profit

Per 1000

Douglas Fir (2 year) - - - - jyQQ

Red Pine (2 year) 7.00

White Pine (4 year transplants)

per 100 3.50

Write for Complete List

ULRICH NURSERY

38 Waverly Street, Shillington, Pa.

Plant CHINESE HYBRID CHESTNUT
TREES for Pleasure and ProHf

Blight Resistant and Early Bearers, Sweet Like
the Old American, Send for Catalog:.

RUMBAUGH CHESTNUT FARM

DUNCANNOX, PA.

Cherry Trees ^^ Mazzard Roots

* One of Our SpeoialtieH

ENTERPRISE NURSERIES

Geo. K. Stein & Son

K- 1>. 1 WRIGHTSVILLE, PA.

Complete catalog: furnished ii|>on request.

CHESTNUTS

Bearing Blight - Resistant

Easily grown, heavy yielders. Northern strai*

Plant in the dooryard for Beauty - Profit - Shadf
Nuts - Fun. Send postcard today for FREE boote
and price list on English Walnuts, Stabler Black Wil
nuts, etc. Excellent for ornamental purposes. I bav
experimented with nut trees for over 44 years.

SUNNY RIDGR NIRSERY
Box F. I.. SUARTHMOKE. F»

NUT BEARING TREES

Since 1896 fjoneN* Nurseries liuve been
fCrowiuK: imiiroved varieties of nut trees.
Deseriptive eatalofcue free.

J. F. JONES NURSERIES

I>ept. 1441 L.ANCASTKR, PA,

When you're stumped as to how to
make your farnj i)ay, just writ<' "•'
for list of nut and crop trees and
how to use them. Fifty yours

NUT TREES
and

TREE CROPS experience in twenty gives us f^

good background as a consultant-

NUT TREE NURSERIES

JOHN AV. hf:rshiov

DOWNINCiTOUN, PA.

Box

6Sf'

FORE-ST LEA«'

LIVINGSTON PUBLISHING COMPANY
NARBERTH, PENNA.

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

■-

■ ^

Samuel L. Smedley

President

Honorary Vice-President

Wilbur K. Ihomas

Robert S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope^ Jr.
Dr. O. F. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Francis R. 1 aylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Secretary

Assistant Secretary

H. Gleason Mai toon

M. Claire Meyers

Treasurer

.-■

•

Roy a. Wright

_ 1

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
r. s. conklin
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John W. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavagi:
Edw. C. M. Rk;hards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
■ H. L. Shirley

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman
Roy A. Wright

FINANCE COMMITTEE

►

Edward Woolman, Chairman

Samuel F. Houston

Frank M. Hardt

' >'

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H
E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

[. Gleason Maiioon, Chairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wrighi

Ralph P. Russell

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

Edward S. Weyl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

F. R. Taylor, Chairman
AUDITING COMMITTEE

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery

E. F. Brouse

Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

Dr. Arthur W. Henn
Edward C. M. Richards

TIONESTA COMMITTEE ,

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman

Dr. J. R. Schramm
Dr. H. H. York

FOREST LEAVES

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER
1942

'• >

Content

Luzerne County Looks at Her Forests 1

by Hardy L. Shirley

An Appreciation of Robert S. Conklin 3

by George H. Wirt

Editorial 4

Bulletins on Maple Syrup Production 4

Wood as Emergency Fuel 5

Strip Mining of Coal 8

England's Wooden Walls Reborn - - - - 1 0

by Geoffrey Partner

Wood Pulp and Cotton Have Gone to War 12

Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Section 15

Report on Chestnut Breeding 15

by Arthur Hannount Graves

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forest Leaves

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President— WiLnvvi K. Thomas

Honorary President—SAMVF.L L. Smedlev Honorary Vice-President— Kot^ert S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents

Victor Beede Wm. S. B. McCaleb Francis R. Taylor

Francis R. Cope, Jr. Edward C. M. Richards Dr. E. E. Wildman

Dr. O. E. Jennings Dr. J. R. Schramm George H. Wirt

F. G. Knights Edward Woolman

Secretary— H. Gleason Mattoon

Treasurer— K. A. Wright, C. P. A.

FOREST L EAV E S

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth. Pennsylvania, under the Act of March 3. 1879

Volume XXXII — No. 6 Narberth, Pa., November-December, 1942

Whole Number 312

Luzerne County Looks at Her Forests

by Hardy L. Shirley
Allegheny Forest Experiment Station

LUZERNE, in common with other Penn-
sylvania anthracite counties, is coal
poor. So much of her prosperity is de-
pendent upon coal mining and accessory
industries that when chronic depression
gripped the anthracite industry, the base
of local prosperity became as uncertain as
the soil over abandoned workings. The
textile industry, long considered para-
sitic, became a real bulwark in the dark-
est period. The dismal outlook for a
return to prosperity based on mining
alone caused leading citizens to search for
other industries to employ their thous-
ands of jobless workers. It was only
natural that they should early have
looked to the other natural i:esources of
the County. Among these are the for-
ests. They frankly asked themselves,
"Do the forest lands of Luzerne County
contribute their fair share to local wel-
fare, and if not, can we improve them
so that they will? What will the cost of
improvement be, and how many men
will be employed to do the job?" These
are simple and direct questions, but to
answer them intelligently requires spe-
cific information on the area and owner-
ship of forest lands, the volume, growth,
and quality of the timber, and the eco-
nomic contribution forests make to the
bounty in terms of income to landown-
ers, wages for workers, and products for
industry.

Realizing the magnitude of the task,
and lacking the resources and trained per-
sonnel to undertake the job themselves,
^hey appealed to the federal government

for assistance. Their appeal was granted
in the form of an allotment to the Alle-
gheny Forest Experiment Station for
forest economics investigations in the
Anthracite Region. Work began in the
fall of 1939. The first task undertaken
was to discover what immediate steps,
clearly in the long time interests of bet-
ter forest practice, might be taken that
would furnish useful work to unem-
ployed and be within the resources of
local and state government sponsorship.
Projects designed to improve access to
forest land for better fire protection and
utilization appeared most satisfactory in
meeting this need. Having a reasonable
backlog of work projects lined up for
immediate use if needed, attention was
then directed to the long term job. Data
on forest land ownership were obtained
directly from coal and water companies,
and indirectly from county records for
small landholders. At the same time,
information on the amount of land tax
delinquent and the duration of delin-
quency was determined. Lacking spe-
cific information on the condition of for-
est land a field forest inventory was
planned and set in motion. This involved
gridironing the county with forest cruise
lines spaced three miles apart running
across the topography. Along these sam-
ples of timber size, volume, and growth
were taken at one-tenth mile intervals.
Special timber volume tables were con-
structed to convert field tallies into board
feet and cubic feet of timber, and tons
of mine props.

The Work Projects Administration,
O. P. 165-2-23-834 and -1605, furn-
ished indispensable aid in the field and
office. From aerial photographs, base
maps, and others showing land devoted
to urban use, mining use, agriculture, and
forest were built up. Mining compan-
ies, railroads, lumber yards, farmers, and
others were interviewed to determine the
annual requirements of the County for
forest products. Timber operators and
sawmill owners furnished information
on the amount of timber harvested from
forest lands of the County. Special
studies were made of utilization stand-
ards for mine timbers and saw timber.

The data so collected were analyzed,
correlated, and interpreted in terms of
present county welfare. Further anal-
yses were made to form a basis for pre-
dicting the ultimate potentialities of the
forest land if it were all placed on sus-
tained production at a high level, and
suggestions as to how soon and by what
means such a level could be attained were
set forth. A sample of the data is given
in table 1.

Armed with this specific information,
citizens of Luzerne County can appraise
accurately the present value of forests in
the local economy, and they can intelli-
gently plan for improving the forests.
They now know that forests cover 63
per cent of the land area, and that neither
agriculture nor mining use is likely to
encroach much on the timber area. They
know that almost 60,000 acres, covered
with brush, will require planting before
they contribute appreciably to county
income. The forest is predominantly
young growth and current cutting prac-
tices press hard on the immature forests
as soon as they bear a merchantable crop
of small props. Because timber of mer-
chantable size occupies such a small pro-
portion of total area, growth is less than
one-third the potential productive power.
Board foot volume should be increased
almost six-fold. Current income from
forests is substantial but hardly one-sixth
what it might be. A yield of 45 million

Two

PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
OF LUZERNE COUNTY'S FOREST LAND

Item Luzerne Co. Luzerne Co.

Pres. Forests Pot. Forests

Forest Areas, acres

Sawtimber 28,600 240,000

Merchantable cordwood... 82,000 60,000

Unmerchantable cordwood 188,500 40,000

Scrub growth 59,400 5.200

Recreation lands 6,700 20.000

Total 365,200 365,200-f

Merchantable Forest Volumes Total

Sawtimber, M bd. ft 138,715 800.000

Mine timbers, tons 1.600,000 4,500,000

Forest Growth Annual

Sawtimber, M bd. ft 13,025 45,000

Mine timber, tons 204,000 360.000

Forest Drain Annual

Sawtimber, M bd. ft 6,380 45,000

Mine timber, tons 122,500 360,000

Value of Forest Products

Annual $650,000 $4,000,000

Income to forest owners $120,000 $ 675,000

Taxes on timberland .... 40,000 80,000

Year-long jobs, number 276 3,000

board feet annually can be attained by
the year 1982 if the county begins today
to divert the cutting of some 5 million
board feet of props from trees that can
make saw timber to trees suitable for
props but unsuited for sawlogs. An an-
nual deposit of 5 million board feet in
the county's timber savings bank where
it draws interest at 5.6 per cent com-
pounded annually will within 40 years
increase forest growing stock to the 800
million level. This need cause no im-
portant disturbance in present income to
labor or landowners, and no decrease in
tons of props for the mines. Labor and
landowner income can in fact be increased
by concentrating saw timber cutting on
the larger trees that yield good lumber.
provided this in turn is remanufactured
into such products as patterns, toys, fur-
niture, handles, etc., that use much labor
but little wood. Timber requirements
are in excess even of ultimate forest prO'
ductivity ; hence an active market for for-
est products is likely to remain V^^'
manently.

Few will deny that Luzerne's forests
offer an excellent opportunity for i^' i

An Appreciation of Robert S. Conklin

(Continued on Page 11)

Forest Leaves

THE GREATEST teacher of the world
stated that greatness is in direct pro-
portion to service. On that basis there
passed from our midst a great man, when
Robert S. Conklin, honorary Vice-Presi-
dent of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation died September 26, 1942. It is
not unusual in newspaper work to have
important activities and personalities
crowd each other from front page space.
It is not unusual for quiet, persistent, and
unspectacular service to be unnoticed and
unsung. Such were the situations and
conditions with respect to Mr. Conklin
in the field of forestry in Pennsylvania.
After ten years of service at the head
of the Department of Forestry, Mr.
Conklin, himself, paid a beautiful tribute
to Dr. J. T. Rothrock and expressed his
own loyalty to him in these words:

'To have been the successor of
Dr. Rothrock in the office of Com-
missioner of Forestry is by me es-
teemed in a manner far higher than
I feel I am capable of expressing.
The man who won the fight for
forestry in Pennsylvania: who laid
its broad foundations so well: and
who, while he filled that office, ad-
hered so admirably to the principles
for which he contended, makes it
difficult for his successor to reach,
or, indeed, in any way make a near
approach to the high mark of his
achievement. As the head of the
Department which he founded, it
has always been my aim to follow
the well known lines pursued by
Dr. Rothrock. ''

Once when the newspapers of the State
were mis-stating facts with respect to
Department activities, he was asked why
he did not reply and correct the stories.
His answer was to the effect that the
Work would speak for itself louder and
for a longer time than anything he
could say.

November - December, 1942

Robert S. Conklin was born In
Mountville, West Hempfield township,
Lancaster county, July 24, 1858. He
attended the public schools and then
served an apprenticeship in a printing
office. He became a foreman in the plant
of the Columbia News and worked for
a time in the State printing establishment
at Harrisburg. For a time he was associ-
ated with his father-in-law, William Pat-
ton, in a merchant tailoring firm.

In 1893 he was appointed as message
clerk of the House of Representatives in
Harrisburg. On November 8, 1895, he
was appointed to the position of clerk
in the Bureau of Forestry, Department
of Agriculture. Dr. J. T. Rothrock
had become the Commissioner of For-
estry in this new function of State gov-
ernment on September 14. At that time
these two men began a long period of
close association and cooperation and
their friendship grew with each passing
year.

On February 25, 1901, by legislative
enactment approved by the Governor,
the Bureau of Forestry of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture was promoted to
the position of a full fledged Depart-

(Continued on Page 12)

Three

FOREST LEAVES

Published Di-Monihly at Narherth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russell

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher E. F. Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

Tlie publication of an article in Forest Leaves does not
necessarily imply that the views expressed therein are those
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Editorial and ad-
vertising office, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia. Please notify us of any change in address.

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1942

Maple Sugar in Pennsylvania

'n ATIONING of sugar should give impe-
-*^ tus to the maple sugar industry in
Pennsylvania. In the northern half of
the State from Mercer County which
borders Ohio to Wayne County on the
Delaware River, the sugar maple tree,
Acer saccharum, grows naturally and is
plentiful. Since the days of the Indians
this species has been the source of the
sugar and syrup produced by Pennsyl-
vania woodland owners.

In the southern half of the common-
wealth, the silver maple, Acer sacchar-
inum, and the red maple, Acer rubrum,
are native and sometimes abundant.
While the amount of sap and the per-
centage of sugar to be had from these
species is not as great, owners of such
trees may find tapping of them worth
while in order to supplement their re-
duced allotment of cane sugar.

Yankee ingenuity and clever advertis-
ing have created the belief that the maple
sugar and syrup from Vermont is supe-
rior to that of other states. In Pennsyl-
vania it is common gossip that the finest
Vermont maple sugar is produced in
Somerset, Tioga, Crawford, Mercer and
McKean Counties of this state and then
shipped to Vermont for repacking and

Four

labelling. This is an unverified rumor
but there is little doubt that Pennsyl-
vania produces as fine maple products as
any other state.

The harvesting and processing of a
maple sap crop is strictly a winter occu-
pation when other activities on the farm
are at a minimum. January and Febru-
ary are the two months of greatest sap
flow in most of Pennsylvania and the en-
tire operation is completed before the
weather moderates sufficiently to start
spring work.

While priorities will likely prohibit
the purchase of new evaporators, metal
spiles and buckets, the average rural
household has equipment that may be
adapted for a small operation. In other
words, to attem.pt commercial produc-
tion now would likely be unwise for any
but those who have the necessary equip-
ment, but the production of enough
sugar and syrup for home consumption
is possible for nearly every one to whom
maple trees are available. Moreover
such a move would be a patriotic gesture.

H. G. M.

Bulletins on Maple Sugar
and Syrup Production

Four years ago Pennsylvania State
College, Division of Agricultural Exten-
sion, State College, Pa., published a cir-
cular, No. 136, entitled "The Sugar
Maple Crop," which gives pertinent
facts for those who are interested in pro-
ducing maple sugar or syrup. It may
be had without charge by writing for it.

In addition to the bulletin mentioned
above, one by G. L. Collinwood and J
A. Cope entitled "Maple Sugar and
Syrup" available from the New York
State College for Agriculture, Ithaca,
N. Y., is worth while. Farmers Bulletin
No. 1366 issued by the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture also furnishes infor-
mation on the subject. This may be
obtained from the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, Washington, D, C.

Forest Leaves

Wood As Emergency Fuel

MILLIONS OF cords of wood are now
going to waste on the farm wood-
lots of the United States and Canada, as
well as the larger forests in public and
private ownership. This situation is a
serious obstacle to the practice of for-
estry. Nature is supplying us with a
valuable product for which at present
there is only a limited market. If this
condition can be remedied, landowners
will be able to secure some return from
their timber stands during the period
when they are being built up to a profit-
able basis, and the opportunity for em-
ployment of labor in the woods will be
greatly increased. In lumbering opera-
tions, tops and limbs make up another
form of waste.

Cordwood is not generally a profitable
crop, but it is an essential by-product of
forestry operations. Woodland brings
the highest return when producing saw
logs of high grade. To strip off^ the stand
by clear-cutting, or to cut out the better
trees as soon as they are big enough to
use for fuel, is a losing proposition. In
the long run the owner will make more
money by judicious thinning. This
leaves his timber capital intact, besides
increasing the rate of growth. But the
average timber owner cannot be expected
to improve his woodland by thinning
unless there is some immediate return: he
must be able to sell the fuel-wood which
be takes out. A profitable market for
fuel-wood is one of the biggest needs in
American forestry today.

Comparative Fuel Values

In heat value, wood compares favor-
ably with other fuels. Our best species,
if well seasoned, are capable of producing
as much heat per cord as a ton of coal
or 200 gallons of domestic fuel oil.
whether wood will be an economy in
any particular case, depends on the price
of Wood as compared with the price of

November - December, 1942

other fuels. In a fuel shortage the use
of wood may be a necessity. The heat
value of wood is roughly proportional
to its dry weight.

In the following table, the first col-
umn of figures gives the weight of green
wood per cord, and the second column
the weight of a cord of wood in air-dry
condition (20% moisture content), on
the basis of 75 cu. ft. of solid wood per
cord, which is a fair average for New
England hardwoods. The gross fuel
value of air-dry wood in the third col-
umn is stated in Btu (British termal
unit, the amount of heat required to
raise one pound of water through one
degree Fahrenheit) figured at 6,880 Btu
per pound (7,200 Btu for red and white
pines). In fuel consumption, the per-
centage of efficiency, that is the propor-
tion of the gross fuel value actually util-
ized, ranges from 50 to 75 per cent. With
modern equipment wood compares fa-
vorably in efficiency with other fuels.

species Wgt. per Wgt., air- Gross Heat vat.

cord grn. dry, tbs. air-dry, Btu

Shagbark Hickory... 4800 4010 27.600.000

White Oak 4650 3860 26,600.000

Beech 4050 3620 24.900,000

Sugar Maple 4200 3540 24.400.000

Red Oak 4725 3540 24.400.000

Birch 4275 3540 24,400,000

White Ash 3600 3380 23,200.000

Red Maple 3750 3060 21.000,000

American Elm 4050 2810 19.300.000

.Red Pine 3150 2730 19,600,000

Aspen 3230 2130 14.600.000

White Pine 2700 2010 14.500,000

Maximum Btu, based on Connecticut experience:
Domestic Anthracite, per ton, 25.000,000,
Buckwheat Anthracite, per ton. 24,000.000

Steam Coal, per ton. 29.000.000

No. 2 Domestic Fuel Oil. per gallon. 140.000

No. 5 Industrial Fuel Oil, per gallon. 150,000

The Slow Combustion Method

Why has wood, with its high heat
value, been steadily losing ground to
competing fuels, such as coal and oil?
The answer is that, under present meth-
ods, it costs too much to burn wood,

Five

from the standpoint both of money and
convenience. Fuelwood in the forest is
relatively cheap, but by the time it reaches
the consumer, antiquated methods of log-
ging and distribution have offset this
advantage. Furthermore, the efficiency
of the old-fashioned type of wood stove
or boiler may be low, and the fire must
be stoked at frequent intervals.

In European countries the problem of
a fuel-wood market has been even more
acute than here. Their forest research
laboratories set out to discover an efficient
method of burning wood. Because of its
high gas content, wood requires a special
type of stove or furnace. Instead of al-
lowing the combustible elements to es-
cape up the chimney or to be deposited
on the flues in the form of soot and cre-
osote, they can be passed along a cir-
cuitous route where they will be mixed
with an air current of high temperature
and practically all consumed. That is,
by slow combustion the wood is distilled
into gas, which is then burned under fa-
vorable conditions. The stoves designed
on this principle have a high efficiency.
Wood is fed automatically to the grate
by gravity from a fuel magazine.

The advantage of the new type of
stove may be summarized as follows:
1. Greater convenience. The fuel mag-
azine needs to be filled only once every
8 to 24 hours, depending on the weather,
and the stoves require little other atten-
tion. 2. Economy. The efficiency is
substantially increased, so that less wood
is required. Lower grades of fuel-wood
can be utilized. 3. Relative freedom
from soot and tar, which should reduce
the fire hazard. 4. As compared with
coal, wood is comparatively free from
ash, and such ash as there is has a ferti-
lizing value. 5. The owner of woodland
can provide his own fuel from thinnings
and other forest waste, worked up by
his own labor. 6. By making wood
cheaper to burn, we shall create a new
demand for it, especially in rural areas.
That has been the experience in various
countries of Europe. When less fuel is
required for each stove now burning

Six

wood, many more wood stoves will come
into use.

Our first step was to arrange for the
importation from Germany of a number
of stoves of this improved type. The
"Juno" stove works well when direc-
tions are carefully followed. It takes
sticks up to 4x4x8 inches, weighs packed
340 pounds, and can be used to heat a
cabin or single room. A limited number
of "Juno" stoves are still obtainable
from Robert E. Miller, Inc., 35 Pearl
Street, New York, at a reduced price of
$25.00, plus truck or freight charges
from New York

The Char-Wood Heater
After experimenting with the "Juno,"
the Marketing Committee cooperated
with Professor Lauren E. Seeley of Yale
University in designing a slow-combus-
tion stove adapted to American needs.
Although certain defects developed in the
early models which would require rem-
edy, our ''Char- Wood Heater" was giv-
ing general satisfaction and aroused a
surprising amount of interest. The in-
quiries which poured into our office from
all over the United States and Canada.
as well as from a number of foreign coun-
tries, bear witness to the demand for an
efficient and convenient wood stove. Un-
fortunately the manufacturers felt
obliged to discontinue production, ow-
ing to the pressure of war orders in their
regular line. We are negotiating with
another reliable company to undertake
the production of an improved model
Research along the same line is also being
carried out by other agencies. While wait-
ing for the ideal heater, we list below
some other stoves now on the market;
no complete tests are yet available, but
as they are equipped with thermostats
they should give an even heat and arc
designed to operate for long periods with-
out refueling.

Other Improved Wood Stoves

The Ashley line of steel stoves, inaac

by the Ashley Automatic Wood Stoyc

Co., Columbia, S. C is widely used in

the South. They are equipped with oi-

Forest Leaves

metal thermostats and patented down-
draft, and require refueling only twice a
day. The retail price for the Regular
models runs from $32.95 to $45.95.

Riteway Heaters are made by the Rite-
way Products Co., Harrisonburg, Va.
They are oval in shape and equipped
with automatic temperature regulators
and humidifiers. The Radiant model is
priced at $47.50.

Shenandoah Equipment Corporation,
Harrisonburg, Va., makes an automatic
Wood-burning residence Heater, ranging
in price from $13.50 to $18.90. This
company also supplies a line of wood-
burning poultry equipment. The price
of the Brooder, complete with canopy, is
$24.00. The Ventiheater, which is a
combination heating and ventilating sys-
tem, sells for $108.00 up.

Setting up a Stove

In spite of their limitations, old-fash-
ioned types of wood stoves are useful for
heating a room or a small house, or for
heating water. A stove can be set up
wherever there is an opening for a stove-
pipe into a separate chimney flue. (Two
heating units on the same flue tend to
interfere with one another. ) In order to
avoid a fire hazard, care should be taken
to have the joints of the stove-pipe tight
and the flue clean, and an insulated stove
board should be placed on the floor under
the stove.

When running the stove at low tem-
perature, do not use green wood, which
will deposit moisture and creosote i^i the
pipe and flue. With a hot fire, fairly green
wood can be burned. In other words,
save out some thoroughly seasoned sticks
to use in starting a fire or when you want
only a slow fire.

Wood Furnaces

The slow combustion furnaces for
steam or hot water which we introduced
TOm Sweden (Horrahammers line, han-
dled by the Sandvik Saw and Tool Cor-
Porati()n, 47 Warren Street, New York)
nave given good satisfaction but are not
^^ present available. Wood-burning
November - December, 1942

furnaces of the older type are still on the
market. As in the case of wood stoves,
green wood should be avoided when run-
ning a low fire, on account of the danger
of soot and creosote. This danger may
be reduced somewhat by insulating the
pipe connection between the furnace or
stove and the chimney. To maintain a
good draft and reduce the fire hazard,
chimneys should be cleaned periodically
and inspected for cracks and loose
pointing.

Adapting Furnaces for Wood

Ordinary coal-burning equipment can
be used for wood, although the attend-
ance periods will be more frequent. The
use of wood in the boiler of a common
hot-water heating system is not recom-
mended. When the boiler-water temper-
atures are relatively low, a large deposit
of creosote will result and frequent clean-
ing will be necessary. The same objec-
tion does not apply to steam boilers. In
general, excessive creosote formations do
not appear when the water in the boiler
is above 160° F. With steam boilers, it
is possible in some cases to secure larger
storage capacity in the combustion cham-
ber by taking out the grate and maintain-
ing a wood fire on the ash-pit floor, with
a row of fire brick to insulate the ash-pit
casing. There is less ash with wood than
with coal, and a certain amount of ash
helps to hold the fire.

A certain amount of wood can be
mixed with coal or coke in regular do-
mestic furnaces, in order to reduce fuel
cost. Wood can be used in the propor-
tion of one part wood to two of coal,
up to two parts wood to three of coal,
depending on whether there is a notice-
able condensation of moisture. The wood
may be in the form of either sticks or
chunks, and wood that is only partially
seasoned has been burned satisfactorily.
The best results are obtained by having
each piece of wood surrounded by a layer
of other fuel. In case creosote forms on
the furnace pipes and flues, it can be
burned out by putting a small amount
of salt in the fire-pot.

Seven

Strip Mining of Coal

The increased production of coal is necessary to meet war and
domestic needs. The scarcity of fuel oil has placed an added respon-
sibility on the coal mine operators to produce to the utmost. To
meet this increased demand the operators are opening up new acces-
sible veins in great numbers.

The results of such strip mining operations are illustrated on
these pages. That such denuding of the landscape is necessary, no
one can gainsay, but some plan for replanting these barren refuse
piles and guUeys should be studied. Such replanting should be
considered a legitimate charge against the mining of coal.

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Eight

Forest Leaves

November - December^ 1942

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Nine

Strip Mining of Coal

^>^'..r^i.~-;''

The results of such strip mining operations are illustrated on
these pages. That such denuding of the landscape is necessary, no
one can gainsay, but some plan for replanting these barren refuse
piles and gulleys should be studied. Such replanting should be
considered a legitimate charge against the mining of coal.

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Forest Leaves

November - December, 1942

Nine

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

England's Wooden Walls Reborn

IN THE DEADLY M. T. B/s
by Geoffrey Farmer

THERE IS a great rustling in the woods
throughout Britain as autumn draws
on, and the moving leaves reveal an
abundant crop of acorns on the great
oaks. Last year there were hardly any;
this year the trees are laden. And our
poultry keepers and farmers can do with
every one of them.

"Sole king of forests all," sang Spen-
ser of the oak, and once again in time of
need is the monarch of trees coming to
our aid. As mentioned, it is supplymg
thousands of tons of valuable food to
our agriculturists and, as well, oak tim-
ber is still going to the making of ships
for the Royal Navy. In the days of the
Saxons, oak mast, as the acorn harvest
was known, fed their swine. Now, all
over the country the school children are
once again gathering the acorns which,
crushed and mixed with other food, can
be safely fed to animals. In the peasant
countries of Central and Southwest
Europe the ancient custom of driving the
pigs into the woods to feed in autumn
still survives.

Even more important than this is the
contribution the oaks are making to the
country's war effort in the shape of tini-
bcr. As in the days of Nelson, the oak is
enabling us to assert our supremacy on
the oceans. Then English oak from the
New Forest and the Forest of Dean went
to build Nelson's men-o'-war, bulwarks
of Britain. These won the battle of
Trafalgar, and Nelson's famous com-
patriot, CoUingwood, when at home
used to go about with his pockets full of
acorns, sticking them in here and there
on his country rambles because he feared
the day would come when there would
be a dearth of oak for ship-building.

Then came the iron age, and the de-

Reptinted by Courtesy of Forest & Outdoors,
Montreal, Canada.

Ten

mand for oak ships fell off. Now, how-
ever, its timber is being used for the
building of some of the Navy's deadliest
craft, the M. T. B.'s for short, officially
motor-torpedo-boats, which carry such
a sting in their tails that Nazi U-boats
have come to fear them almost more than
any other craft pitted against them. They
skim over the water at a terrific speed,
and are able to approach almost within
a stone's throw of the enemy's shore.

In the days of Nelson it was custom-
ary for the fallen giant to be * pickled^
in a pond for a long period before bd|j1
handed over to the shipwrights. Mooerf'
warfare cannot afford such leisurely
methods. Today the cry is for more and
more M. T. B.'s, for faster and faster
building. Science has devised new meth-
ods of treating the timber so that it can
be handled immediately after felling; a
forest tree one week, a ship the next.
By new processes the beams can be
pressed and treated so that they will not
warp or crack. In some ways this proc-
ess-seasoned wood has advantages over
the old slow seasoned timber. Shells
from enemy craft go through it instead
of exploding and blowing a large hole
in the hull.

Although in the olden days the chief
reason for growing the oak was to sup-
ply timber for ships, it is still a very im-
portant timber tree. One reason is that
whereas before the last war there were
only about 400 uses for timber, now
there are well over 4,000. Proof that
the oak is still wanted is apparent from
the fact that in normal times as many as
70,000 lbs. of acorns have been gathered
on Forestry Commission property id
East Anglia for seed purposes. But there
is a difference in the growing of oaks to-
day as compared with the days of Nelson-
Then they were spaced far apart, with

Forest Leaves

plenty of room for the huge branches to
spread and bend, and for massive trunks
to grow. Such were the timbers beloved
of the shipwrights. Now industry de-
mands long, straight trunks with no
branches for a long distance, for which
reason the trees are planted closer.

Acorns from the noted oaks, such as
the Boscobel Oak, which sheltered
Charles the Second, Kett's Oak, beneath
which the Norfolk rebel dispensed just-
ice, and some from the royal estates, have
been sent to Canada and Australia to
perpetuate the race. Britain must always
have her oaks. The story is told of the
famous French colonizer, Marshal Lyau-
tey, that a storm blew down some mag-
nificent ones in his park. He mournfully
surveyed the wreckage, and said to his
gardener, "We must plant some more."

"Some more," was the dour reply,
"Why it takes centuries to grow such
oaks." "Then," exclaimed the marshal,
"we must indeed plant them immedi-
ately." The anecdote has a lesson for us.

LUZERNE COUNTY LOOKS
AT HER FORESTS

(Continued from Page 2)

proved management and that it is clearly
in the interests of the county as a whole
to encourage better management. What
are some of the possibilities? Private
landowners holding timber that is now
merchantable will find it a very profitable
venture to begin good forest practice.
The merchantable timber as a whole now
grows at the rate of 5.6 per cent. Few
stable investments today offer owners
comparable yields. Moreover, adopting
good cutting practices can increase the
money yield beyond 5.6 per cent through
improving the quality of the forest and
harvesting trees that otherwise would die.
Por example, one timber owner offered
$500 in a lump sum for his 30-acrc tract

November - December, 1942

of young timber chose instead to have it
cut selectively by the Industrial Forestry
Division of the Wyoming Valley Cham-
ber of Commerce. As a result, he re-
ceived $450 today for one-third of the
volume and the possibility of repeated
cuts yielding like amounts at eight to ten
year intervals hereafter.

Scrub oak and pin cherry land on the

other hand are not profitable for private

management, because planting will be
necessary to restore most of these to pro-
ductivity and returns must be delayed for
at least 40 years. Strategic watersheds,
particularly those like Solomon Creek
that flood populous centers and those
that contribute heavily to mine water,
require special management. Many tax
delinquent lands are suitable for county
forests and can be protected by existing
county workers at no great additional
cost. Much can be done to screen un-
sightly dumps and prevent blowing of
ash and coal dust by village plantings
around mining areas.

And so a whole series of useful public
and private works projects unfold them-
selves around a better forest economy for
the county. It is the privilege and duty
of local citizens to study the forestry
facts that have been collected, to weigh
the suggestions proposed, and to organ-
ize a county forestry board to plan for
improved use of a major resource. The
opportunities are clearly available, and
with imaginative and vigorous action
they can be realized. The decision as to
whether or not they will be realized and
if so, how, rests clearly with the local
people and their local governing and
quasi-public bodies. Local members of
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
can do much to help, and the parent or-
ganization can stimulate other counties
to review their forest lands in similar
light. In this way can the next great
step forward be taken, namely, the ex-
tension of good forest practice to the
12,000,000 acres of private forest land
in the state.

Eleven

Wood Pulp and Cotton
Have Gone to War

OLDEST OF ALL the fabulous plastics
and a tried veteran of World War
L cellulose nitrate is back in uniform in
this war. Made first by Hyatt in 1869
as a new hard material for billiard balls,
cellulose nitrate plastic today is one of
three essentials of modern war manufac-
tured from the same base — nitrocel-
lulose.

Cellulose from cotton linters or wood-
pulp, nitrated with a mixture of nitric
and sulphuric acids, gives nitrocellulose.
By varying the degree of nitration and
the ingredients subsequently added,
chemists derive smokeless powder, plas-
tics or lacquers.

Smokeless powder is a military pro-
pellant. Cellulose nitrate plastics are
used for transparent enclosures of trainer
planes, auxiliary primers for munitions
and a host of thinjs military. Nitrocel-
lulose lacquers protect ammunition,
planes and tanks against sea water, sun
and weather.

Cellulose nitrate was the first trans-
parent plastic used for enclosures on mili-
tary airplanes. Today 'Pyralin" cellu-
lose nitrate and similar plastics are in
demand for airplane mileage indicators,
parts of binoculars, containers in soldiers*
toilet kits, fittings on soldiers* ba^s, gog-
gle frames, grommets for control cables
on airplanes, and military map con-
tainers.

Airplane knobs and handles, heads of
metal working hammers, motorcycle
windshields, navigation guides, photo-
graph holders for military bases, parts of
range finders, vaccination shields and a
number of confidential parts are other
applications.

Very little cellulose nitrate is available
for such well-known peace-time uses as
fountain pens, toothbrush handles, piano
keys, dominoes, spectacle frames, shoe-
lace tips, toys, watch crystals, woodheel
coverings, cutlery handles, eye shades,
pencils, rulers and oil pipe line coverings.

Twelve

An Appreciation of R. S. Conkli

{Continued from Page 3)

ment of its own. On the 27th, Dr. Roth-
rock was appointed head of the Depart-
ment and Mr. Conklin was transferred
as clerk.

The work of the new Department
grew in amount and in recognized im-
portance. The legislature of 1903 au-
thorized the appointment of a Deputy
Commissioner of Forestry and an addi-
tional clerk in the office of the Commis-
sioner. Mr. Conklin became the first
Deputy Commissioner of Forestry on
April 1, 1903 and I. C. Williams came
to the Department as a clerk.

In 1 904 when Dr. J. T. Rothrock felt
that his health was no longer such that
he could carry satisfactorily the duties of
Commissioner of Forestry, he went to
Governor Pennypacker and submitted
his resignation on condition that Robert
S. Conklin would succeed him. He told
Mr. Conklin that the Governor would
call him with respect to the matter,
which he did.

Governor Pennypacker asked Mr.
Conklin what he knew about the scien-
tific and common names of trees and
about the technical phases of forestry.
Mr. Conklin replied that he knew noth-
ing of such things but could hire men
who did. He knew the policies of Dr.
Rothrock thoroughly, having worked
with him since 1895. He knew the State
lands, the men working on them and the
details of the management of the Depart-
ment. He told the Governor that it
would be difficult to find anyone any-
where who knew the technical side of
forestry and who at the same time could
manage a department as it then existed.
Certainly he would have to go out of
Pennsylvania to do so. Governor Pen-
nypacker said he would not do that
under any circumstances. He called his
Secretary, Mr. Bromley Wharton, and
instructed him to announce the resigna-
tion of Dr. J. T. Rothrock as Commis-
sioner of Forestry and the appointment
of Mr. Conklin to succeed him.

Forest Leaves

Mr. Conklin thanked the Governor
and suggested that the vacancy in the
position of Deputy Commissioner of
Forestry be filled at once in order to
avoid the trouble which would certainly
arise by reason of politicians requesting
the appointment of their particular
friends. The Governor said, *'Whom do
you recommend?'' Mr. Conklin referred
to Mr. I. C. Williams, who had been em-
ployed in the Department as a technical
clerk at the request of the Governor, and
stated that Mr. Williams was capable and
satisfactory to him. The Governor then
told Mr. Wharton to announce the ap-
pointment of Mr. Williams as Deputy
Commissioner to succeed Mr. Conklin.

Mr. Conklin then said, ''Now Gov-
ernor, Dr. Rothrock ought not to be al-
lowed to be divorced entirely from the
Department and its work. There is a
vacancy on the Commission and I would
like to suggest that he be appointed to
that vacancy.'' The Governor inquired
as to the vacancy and Mr. Conklin in-
formed him that Mr. Hopkins had re-
signed sometime previously and that the
vacancy had not been filled. The Gov-
ernor told Mr. Wharton to announce at
the same time as the other matters the
appointment of Dr. J. T. Rothrock as
a member of the State Forestry Reserva-
tion Commission.

Mr. Conklin thanked the Governor
for his very gracious and prompt accept-
ance of his suggestions and for the very
happy settlement of Departmental af-
fairs. Mr. Conklin, therefore, became
Commissioner of Forestry, May 27,
1904 and continued in that capacity un-
til March 10, 1920.

When he took the responsibilities of
directing the Department work there
)yere four outstanding policies estab-
lished:

1- The investigation of forest condi-
tions within the State.

2. The promotion and encourage-
ment of forestry practice through-
out the State.

November - December, 1942

3. The purchase, care and develop-
ment of State Forests.

4. The encouragement of protection
of forests from fire.

The major part of the work of the
Department was concerned with the
purchase and care of the State Forests.

On June 1, 1904, the State Forest
area was 443,592 acres. From then until
January 1, 1920 the area was increased
by 605,100 acres purchased, with ap-
proximately 78,000 acres under con-
tract.

The State Forestry Reservations, as the
State's forest holdings were first known,
had to be protected. But it was also
important that they be developed as
demonstration areas of this new land
management idea, called forestry. One
trained forester had been employed by
the Department. At Mont Alto, the for-
ester had established a small forest tree
nursery, made a forest tree plantation,
improved several roads, made some for-
est improvement cuttings, organized
some forest fire crews, and established a
school, The State Forest Academy, in
which to train young men in the funda-
meritals of forestry necessary for the pro-
tection and development of the Forestry
Reservations.

Unquestionably the Forest Academy
was the most effective factor in the sub-
sequent development of forestry in Penn-
sylvania. It had been in existence less
than a year when Mr. Conklin became
Conjmissioner. He saw to it that the
school was improved in every possible
way. The second and subsequent classes
were admitted only on competitive exam-
inations. The instructors were increased,
the course was strengthened. The facili-
ties were increased. The first class was
graduated in 1906 as foresters and not
as forest wardens. Year after year the
graduates were placed upon the State
forest areas and each one put into prac-
tice what he had learned at Mont Alto.

Thirteen

The number of foresters grew from
one to 7 1 . State Forest rangers increased
from 5 to 85.. The Mont Alto nursery
was increased and three other large nur-
series developed as well as many small
ones. Forest tree planting on State land
became a regular part of the yearly pro-
gram gradually increasing until in 1918
over six millions of trees were planted.
In 1909, legislative authority was grant-
ed to raise and distribute forest tree seed-
lings to private planters. Plans were
completed for an annual production of
25,000,000 forest seedlings.

The State Forests were intended to be
recreation grounds for the people of
Pennsylvania. Under Mr. Conklin's
jurisdiction the State Forest use was ma-
terially increased along many lines. Tem-
porary camp permits were issued first in

1904. Permanent camp leases were be-
gun in 1913. Rules for the use of State
lands by the public were first approved
by the Reservation Commission in 1904.
Game refuges were first established in

1905. From time to time authorizations
were obtained from the legislature to
grant rights-of-way for various purposes.
Water from forested valleys was made
available to many communities. The
Sanatorium at Mont Alto was contin-
ued with success until 1907 when it was
turned ov^r to the newly established De-
partment of Health. Other State insti-
tutions were aided in finding satisfactory
sites on State forest land. Parks were
developed and maintained.

i From the beginning of forestry work
in Pennsylvania, the protection of for-
ests from fire has been recognized as one
of the most important lines of activity.
Mr. Conklin realized that not only the
State owned land had to be protected
but that some kind of protection had to
be provided for all forest land. On State
land fire observation towers were built.
Telephone lines were built and just be-
fore the end of his Commissionership,
the radio was being investigated. In

' I S. V

, CT «! t a !<■•!.- -S,.! f ^fc- • •- -

1907. State forest employees were made
ex-ofiicio forest fire wardens. In 1909
the constables were relieved of the fire
duty and a new system of forest fire war-
dens was set up. This system was super-
seded in 1 9 1 5 by the organization which
is still functioning and which through
the years has brought back to produc-
tion at least 4 million acres of forest
desert.

In spite of the fact that Mr. Conklin
was a local political leader in his home
county, he did not allow politics to enter
into his handling the affairs of the De-
partment of Forestry. Dr. Rothrock said
of him, *'Bob handles the politicians bet-
ter than I could.'' And yet it was the
change of ''politics" which was largely
responsible for his being displaced when
he was.

Shortly after March 10, 1920, Gov-
ernor Sproul, who had promised him
within the month that he would con-
tinue as Commissioner of Forestry, ap-
pointed him to the Water Supply Com-
mission. He continued in that capacity
until 1923 when he retired from State
service. From then on till his death he
interested himself in community proj-
ects in and near Columbia and served
well as a good citizen.

In 1930, the dormitory at Mont Alta
which he built between 1907 and 1910,
was formally dedicated to him and named
Conklin Hall.

He had two sons, both of whom v^rerc
graduated as foresters from the State
Forest Academy, and who also served
the State in forestry work. W. Card
Conklin is now employed by the State
Game Commission. There were also four
daughters in his family.

As he said, what he has done will be
his memorial. It is of considerable mag-
nitude and will demand more attention
as time goes on.

George H. Wirt

Pennsylvania Nut Growers Ass n.

WINTER MEETING
THURSDAY. JANUARY 14, 1943 - 10:30 A. M.-1:30 P. M.

Assembly Room — Chestnut Street Hall

(on Chestnut St. between 2nd and 3rd Sts.)

HARRISBURG, PA.

The Farm Show Building is not available this year, hence the change
in location of meeting. Be sure to be present. No other notice
will be sent you. ' ■

REPORT ON CHESTNUT BREEDING

by Arthur Harmount Graves

Fourteen

Forest Leaves

THE SEASON of 1940 was the poorest
for effective cross pollination of the
chestnut that we have experienced since
we began the work in 1930. The spring
was abnormally cold, and continued so
into the month of July.

Pollen of the chestnut was received
toward the end of June and in early July,
from several institutions or persons
whose cordial cooperation we take pleas-
ure in acknowledging.

As a result of this season^s work we
harvested 401 nuts, as against 767 in
1939 and 930 in 1938. Twelve of the
combinations from which we obtained
nuts are new to science, making a total
of 48 new hybrid combinations made
since we began this work in 1930.

Because our own available land at
Hamden, Connecticut, is now fairly well
stocked with species and hybrids, we are
extending our plan of establishing coop-
erative plantations on land of responsible
persons interested in bringing back the
chestnut tree to North America. The
trees growing in the first three of these
cooperative plantations are listed in our
1939 report, but plantations are now too
numerous even to name here. During

^^printed from Forest Notes, April 1942.

NOVEM

BER - December^ 1942

1940 we distributed more than 1,500
seedlings in New Hampshire, Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, New York State,
and New Jersey. In cases where partic-
ularly valuable hybrids have been dis-
tributed, the owners are required to sign
the following statement:

The undersigned agrees to grow this
material for test purposes only, and
further agrees not to propagate, sell, give
away, or otherwise distribute the mate-
rial until authorized to do so by Arthur
H. Graves, Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

The area planted to trees is thus in-
creased many times, so that the total
number of trees growing is far larger
than we could handle on our own plan-
tation. As all plant breeders know, large
numbers increase the chances of success,
when a definite object is to be realized
through breeding. Further, by this meth-
od of extension plantation, the trees are
tested in a variety of soils and sites which
we alone could not furnish.

In the summer of 1918, when we
made a survey of the American chestnut
trees then growing in the New York City
region, a large amount of variation was
shown in the amount of disease resistance
manifested by different individuals, an-

Fifteen

other evidence of the variability of the
species. '

We are confronted with a situation
extending over the whole range of the
native chestnut tree, characterized by a
succession of young shoots arising from
the stumps (or bases) of diseased and
dead trunks. These shoots develop for a
few years, but are at length penetrated
by the blight fungus. This condition is
due to the fact, as we have learned, that
the roots of the trees are more resistant to
the attacks of the fungus than is the
trunk or its branches. This continued
development of a very large number of
new shoots from adventitious buds offers
abundant opportunity for bud variation
to occur.

Now, it is fortunate that many of
these basal shoots live long enough to
flower and bear nuts. The qualities devel-
oped through bud variations, if they are
hereditary, may be represented in these
embryos.

It is on account of the above reasoning
that we are trying to obtain as many nuts
as possible of wild American trees or
shoots of C. dentata. At present we have
growing on our plantation at Hamden,
Connecticut, more than 100 young trees
of Castanea dentata. These Americans
have been growing during the past fifteen
years from nuts obtained from many of
the states where Castanea dentata is na-
tive. They are being tested for disease
resistance. If the results are favorable
they will be used for breeding stock. Last
fall we received nuts from interested per-
sons in the following states: Massachu-
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Kentucky.

We find that the best method of han-
dling the nuts is to plant them immedi-
ately after gathering. If any nuts are
to be mailed to us, they should be wrap-
ped in damp sphagnum moss, moist cot-
ton, or paper napkins, to prevent drying
out. A few days in a heated room may
be fatal, for drying kills the embryo. Any
nuts sent us will be planted immediately

Sixteen

in our cold frames at the Garden and
labelled with the name of the sender and
the locality of the parent tree. Address:
Arthur H. Graves, 1000 Washington
Avenue, Brooklyn, New York.

EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS

Grow Christmas Trees lor Profit

Per 1000

Douglas Fir (2 year) - - - - $7.00

Red Pine (2 year) 7.00

White Pine (4 year transplants)

per 100 3.50

Write for Complete List

ULRICH NURSERY

38 Waverly Street, Shillington, Pa.

[ Planf CHINESE HYBRID CHESTNUT

I TREES for Pleasure and Pro/if

I Blight Resistant and Early Bearers, Sweet Like

I the Old American, Send for Catalog.

I RUMBAUGH CHESTNUT FARM

DUNCANNON. PA.

Cherry Trees ^ ^*"*/^ .^?^*»

' One of Our Specialties

ENTERPRISE NURSERIES

Geo. E. Stein & Son

R. D. 1 WRIGHTSVILLE, PA.

Complete catalog: fumiHhetl upon request.

CHESTNUTS

Bearing Blight - Resistant

NUTS IN 4
YEARS

Easily grown, heavy yielders. Northern strains
Plant in the dooryard for Beauty - Profit - Shade •
Nuts - Fun. Send postcard today for FREE booklet
and price list on Englisli Walnuts, Stabler Black Wal-
nuts, etc. Excellent for ornamental purposes. I have
experimented with nut trees for over 44 years,

SUNNY RIDGE NURSERY
443 NEW ST. SWARTHMORE, PA.

NUT BEARING TREES

Since 1896 Jone8* Nurseries have been
irrowing: improved varieties of nut trees.
Descriptive catalogue free.

J. F. JONES NURSERIES

Dept. 1441 LANCASTER, PA.

Jf JON!

When you're stumped as to how to
make your farm pay, just write us
for list of nut and crop trees and
VRH ^» *^°^ *^° ^^^ them. Fifty years of ^

TREE CROPS experience In twenty gives us 0^

good background as a consultant.

NUT TREES
and

NUT TREE NURSERIES

JOHN W. HERSHEY
DOWNINGTOWN, PA.

Box 65Fi

Forest Leaves

LIVINGSTON PUBLISHING COMPANY.
NARBERTH, PENNA.

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope^ Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John W. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Roy a. Wright
H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

cJAMUEL F. Houston

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Edward Woolman, Chairman

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

Frank M. Hardt

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

Edward S. Weyl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wright

Ralph P. Russell

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, Chairman i

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery

E. F. Brouse

AUDITING COMMITTEE
Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

tionesta committee ^

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

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